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i 3d Session t ee nk No. 863
REPORT OF
a SPECIAL COMMITTEE
APPOINTED BY THE
Ae "WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
TO INVESTIGATE
THE MILK SITUATION IN. THE
: DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA |
PRERORED BY
sy LOUIS WILLIGE
PRESENTED BY MR. GALLINGER ~
Marcx# 3, 1911.—Referred to the Committee on Printing
‘WASHINGTON
. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1911 :
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61st CONGRESS DocUMENT
3d Session Ae UD ; No. 863
REPORT OF
A SPECIAL COMMITTEE
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- APPOINTED BY THE ——
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WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
TO INVESTIGATE
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
PREPARED BY
J. LOUIS WILLIGE
PRESENTED BY MR. GALLINGER
Marcu 3, 1911.—Referred to the Committee on Printing
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1911
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL,
Tur WasHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C., January 31, 1911.
Sir: I‘have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
report submitted.by a special committee appointed by the Washing-
ton Chamber of Commerce to investigate the milk situation in the
District of Columbia.
The report was presented to the chamber at a special’ meeting held
January 380, 1911, and received its approval.
In pursuance of a recommendation embraced in the report, it is
transmitted herewith with the request that it be printed as a Senate
document, and its recommendations, so’far as applicable to the Dis-
trict of Columbia and pertinent to the Federal powers for regulating
interstate commerce, embodied in suitable legislation.
In view of the comprehensive and valuable nature of this report,
and its timely interest, it is hoped that steps may be taken for its
prompt publication as an official document.
Very respectfully, yours, Txos. GRANT,
Secretary.
Hon. Jacop H. GALLincEr,
Chairman Committee on the District of Columbia,
United States Senate, Washington, PD. C.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS,
ENE BELOFD CONTENDS Acs. 7.02 selec onan ee en mn nines a TEU SO)
ETSI ANB PEIN'D) EXC RIS ist 2': RAL ENS SO PCR Siam a Se Susans Sk 88 LUNE On
TEFAINGR ODIUCTION = F424 215 SU i ee ie SP a ech ea Oa i EIS
II. Compraints Fin—ep Acainst HrattH Department, Districr oF
WOE WAUB TASS S00 AB aie ise Wa bes nei Weare nan mamas AN AEA CE NE
itemsvor comp latmtyemere Sef ee he Ue Ee Se aie Ne Mihai OE tA
Hin dine shot commmmibee nn see tet wey Aer Ne cei ey aes BURMA TORN Oo)
WEELGH COMET STEHT O OTS ta saan Na NEDA UCR Ree EI 2 a Rr i
Effect of proposed changes on the price of milk...................
Authority torhealthires ulations: 22/22. 2 2
Delay anwssuanceyotpermits. 22-2 452.02 See a
Bxtent on Disinich mulkesupply ise seuss fy SEE Es
Reasonableness of railway transportation charges...................
User presenvaitiveses each ONES We CM Ci a RC VSRALSTMRCe see
Feeding of brewery and distillery by-products...............-...--
Possible milk famine in District of Columbia......................-
Milkcaimepectionisenvicess wns Sie EU eMail Aer OCs ec
Failure to prosecute consumers returning unrinsed bottles..........
Laboratory facilities of health department........................-
Reporting of communicable diseases..............
Score-card system of rating dairy farms and dairies................
Proposed investigation of health department, District of Columbia.
Mibleged:evadences ofmmilk trust) 2 e222 2 eo 7 OP
Classification of milk for local market recommended..............-
Ls GENERAT! CONSIDERATIONS. 000558 ete Cee
Importance of milk as an’ article of food-.../........22..02-.224.--
Definitions of milk and cream........ Pe ee EPA Baume ARAN
Certiiiedvandunspected mails sis oe OS NO NO eG
Sources! of comiaminationton nallikcss) 22230 2 ee
Diseases resulting from contaminated milk......................--
INutmtivenvalimevor mill ke eae se) era ees Me tee et RE SAN Ee 5
Improvement in sanitary dairy conditions................:......-
Unwholesomeness of city market milk....................2.....-.-
Federal investigations of sanitary milk production..................
Flies a potent factor in contamination of milk...................--
IV. History or FEDERAL AND LocaL REGULATION oF MILK SUPPLY.....
Federal surveillance of milk production..... eu eiele A At pn re Aa
INationalbioodsandidrugsach ween 22 cues tat oe) SE RE Ee
Sanitary arrangements for dairy farms......................-.----
Necessity tortunthersateguardst..u socket ee aa ee ee
IMilamalkcreainiecpmbestseamn serae ue cic iae erin FT AU) doaeia
Milloresulationiny District of Columibia. os 22s. see een?
Investigation of prevalence of typhoid fever...................----
NGiof War ehs2s 189 5st BeMene me lee ie iy NET ae ES Wo RUE
eanlanonston stalblmoreowpec syns ve ten ee Re CP
Imstallation. ot til trations lamin. ease sen veka he Sele tle
Washineton milk conference onl9070. tA
Recommendations of Washington milk conference indorsed.......-
Heodand drucsiact, Distruet omColumbia:-. 60. 0N eee yee
Eronosediadditionallesislapion ee eee ey ook
Detail of board to investigate outbreaks of typhoid fever.........--
Symposium of causes of typhoid fever in District................--
TET SSG VU Ss oT cE AR RDS dc” RAM ay UE 8 a ea a
Restriction of milk furnished employees of executive departments. .
Regulations concerning milk for District government employees
SENG IM SHG UELOMS eres Coane emer Sem ae ey Vue neat na) chit NANG We
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Wie Deena: Tr BRO UTI ESTES ol UNE TO cP
Extent of tuberculosis among lamar nn) sey elie 2 eee nan
Discovery ol Gubexrcrllaty yo PSO res eeNae aye rave Ry elie Ee
Method of application of tuberculim test...2.........-.-.-/.------
Importance of tuberculin as diagnostic agent..........-..---------
Test producesno harmful eilecpayyaet eee yee a ee ania ee
Proposed restriction of use of tiberculino. 200) oe eee eee
Adulteration of tuberculin should be prohibited under s2vvre p_n-
Uy ete i ie ey SOR ICP ea UE Oa 0 a
Conditions imposed by Bureau of Animal Industry in applying
tiberculim test 22 0 .6./ cues eee ee ee eee 2 eee ace
Results of tests affecting District milk supply..-..............-.-..
Results of tests throughout the United States......................
Tuberculin test mandatory in District of Columbia.-....-..........
Reliability of test affirmed by authorities............-...-.-..-..-
Report of international commission on control of bovine tubercu-
LOBES 65 2 eos A le Sh Ns aa eB ete ea
Contemplated advantages of the tuberculin test........-....--.----
Cost: of applying teste Uh aes pn ca fee ea he ae
Should Government or herd owner defray expense of test.....-- ae
Compensation forcondemmedicatples2 Seis Ub wy enol sae lee
Effect of compulsory tuberculin test on price of milch cows........
Communicability of human tuberculosis from bovine sources.....-.
British tuberculosisiordenon tO09 2322) cons years aera oye anes ere re
Results of investigations by German and British commissions. .... -
Resolutions by national and local associations for study and preven-
tion: of tuberewlosis yee ate ie eed ss pre ee ee
Bacilli introduced into human body during infancy..............-
Efficacy of tuberculin test in eradicating human tuberculosis from
ovale SOUTCES! ea sueee eee eee eee seas ee Sy eepn ey ma ete, Uri ues eS
Recommendations by Dr. John R. Mohler...............--.------
Milk used in dairy products should be tuberculin tested........-.--
Economic considerations affecting bovine tuberculosis..........-.--
Use of meat of condemned animals for food...........-.-.-.-.-- Pa
VI. MarmnTENANCE oF Low TEMPERATURE..........-..------------------
Essentiality of temperature not exceeding 50° F...............-...-
Necessity for adequate refrigerator-car service...-.-.---------------
Feasibility of providing adequate supply of ice............---.----
Prescribed hours of delivery not feasible..........-..-..--.-------
Temperature for mille goroduetes cou. ok eee ae eae eee re
Freezing of mile, oo 320 Sogo ii ee sia ia ee lee area
Vile PPA STU RIZATIO Nein We eal URONIC Ui ie LL UR EBA UI GU att Haye
Pasteurization and! sterlizatzon, dehnmed !3 e252 28 see oe ae eee
Temperature and length of exposure best suited to pasteurization. -
Kitect of pasteurization:omaenma lite see see eee See ener eee
Held and continuous, pastetnizattomey saeco eae oe eee eee
Objections to commercial pasteurization..............------------
Compulsory, pasteurization! ioe ers. ees ae lee
Advantages and disadvantages of pasteurization........-.....-....-
Views! of Drs Eis We) Wiley so eee aie eae aL Ue ne
Cost of pasteurization’! sea 800 0c Ue eee eens st eee eee
ee of pasteurization on the nutritive and digestive qualicies of
mee Re Ci a ee
Multiplication of germs in raw and pasteurized milk..........-.---
Value ofpastemrized) mille 55 Oe oo epee gee ce kote (cee
Pasteurization does not dispense with necessity for tuberculin test. -
Communicability of bovine tuberculosis to human beings...-.--...
Bacills.Garriers: 2.320 2s) Sie ee ge
Effect of pasteurization on the price of milk ......-.......----..-
‘Prices ‘of several grades: of malik) 307 Se Mee ea ae ete ase gee
Pasteurization tends:to preserve mail kee ae see ele
Pasteurizaiion in ovuherqurisdictions).yeesece soe eee eee
Isbeation ol pasteurizing plants. © oo. oeee eee eee eee eee eee
Private local plants now In opetationo: {hese soe eee a aae
Maintenance of plants under public or private auspices ....-.------
Sugeestion of a municipal dairy... 2 se eee ena ere ee erates
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
VIL. PastEurizATIon—Continued.
General milk-delivery service recommended...... PADI CHM UN
Alleged monopoly of manufacture of pasteurizing machinery.......
NTU Cy TEV ctr eh res OAT CAM CLOW 71S 0 Fe EO Te NES UT eA ER
Practicability and definiteness of bacterial count................-.--
Number of bacteria reasonably allowable......-.-......-..--------
Conclusive harmfulness of high bacterial content.........-.-.....-
Standards fixed in pursuance of Federal food and drugs act......-.
Uniform procedure in bacteriological examinations...............- ”
Compulsory pasteurization would not dispense with necessity fo
presertbed bacterial: COMME Geode eae eroeiaas aie lo aie alas) e/a enlace ae
-Necessity for additional precautions.........-.-..-..--.----------
Apparent anomaly as regards sour milk..............-.-....------
OXCAG ACE Otel LTE Kop EN SEIS Pon sysop eo sey ssp a nL Aa ly GR pad
Precalitions TECOMMENG eC see sake SBE i cee ey ec can lek he
Observance of precautions by consumers.........-.----------------
X. Inrant FeEepiIne AND Inrants’ Miux DEpoTs.............----------
Cons munullikva stim tamiipeo@ diya een uta 2 pepe euler Aan co
Establishment of infants’ milk depots.........-..-----------------
Geriaitv es) heraalliizes eae aa SMe Pla Sis SE ae aL i a Sa
Breast feeding decidedly preferable to bottle feeding.............-
IMigdiiice imma casy meh ur tee ere sag NE eh aT eel ee a ai
INDEritivenession muceatied) mail een ee ee il ee a
Susceptibility of modified milk to deterioration... -.. Hes ar Maayan ae sh
Relative casioma@rditied! mille 5 ee il aid ty se
infants’ milk depots... 6.05.22). I aes GE OAT Ae a Raps a Si UA
Disposalkoilocalistrama Me pots ne eos eke) Ws tee MT is ah
Important fiumehonvol wasitine, MuUnses. 5220 Ae ers bay ke a
ECE) VL RAST STeVND ET AO) NAY EG cS} AU ON UN Sa Us II GL RU Ag
What may be properly classed as prepared milks..............-----
Candensediiarjevamobated mallee ie. ye ne ie Nae oe
Nutritiveness of condensed milks.....................-----------:
Susceptibility of condensed milks to deterioration.............-.---
Effect of sanitary restrictions on demand for prepared milks....... a
IBFIGe oh ponemanec yen kas ee iwi a aas Oe au Na
@oncenira tearing ee sik Mee aN aU Ae at Vea Saat al
2 owe 770 SY LNG I acid eae EM A A el RUM Le a
Sicumn (skimmed) iorseparated miles sues i aks aly ae
Considerable economic value of skim milk...................-.---
Necessity for maintaining milk products at low temperatures. ...-..
Remedial legislation recommended...-..--------------------------
XAIll. SumMArRY—RECOMMENDATIONS.....-------o2-c-cece eee c ence nese eececs
1. ANTENDI DOTTED CTS ky OL aL CSS METS SI LOI PN I UP Sev ML A AE
Hae rUOWP
LIST OF APPENDIXES,
. Series of questions addressed to health officers, etc..........--------------
. List of individuals and establishments addressed.-...----....------+----+---
Responses received to series of questions propounded by committce........
. Correspondence with transportation companies. .........-...--------------
Communication addressed to president of Milk Producers’ Association of
Maryland) Varcima cand Distiet on Columbia. 00 U less skh cay
JLast of publications consulted by committees sce e ests Ses ue Sooo le
. Laws, ordinances, rules, regulations, etc., concerning the production and dis-
tribution of milk in certain municipalities throughout the United States.
. Communications from Mr. Herbert P. Carter...................-.---------
I. Testimony at hearing before District Commissioners............-..--------
J. Communication from A. S. Trundle, representing the Dairymen’s Associa-
tion of the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia, dated Nov.
PAUSINI ea ae a A Ie AE ll oR AC a A ee
361
aH MW © HO ZEA
—
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
. Communications from health officer, District of Columbia, Nov. 14 and 23
andi Dec 20 LOMO rest. eve ee cere ete ene tate re ee eta Peel
. Score cards used by the District government and United States Department
Of Moricul irene re: aise oe ctataie spent Sete tet eat ele eel lee tea tate
+Food and drugs act approved June 30) 1906222 0-2. 2-2 .cepee e-em
Communication from Chief of Bureau of Chemistry, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, referring to prosecutions under Federal pure-food law.
. Suggestions concerning sanitary arrangements for dairy farms..............
. Act to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, approved Mar.
. Regulations for Government of Dairies and Dairy Farms, promulgated July
31, 1897, together with amendments of Nov. 5, 1910..............-..---
. Act relating to the adulteration of foods and drugs in the District of Colum-
bia, approved’ Feb. WW, USO3. eis) 7 nN ee ae eee ee ee
. Bill to protect the public health by regulating the production and sale of
milk, cream, and ice cream in the District of Columbia (S. 4986).......-
. Bill to protect the public health by regulating the production and sale of
milk, cream, and ice cream in the District of Columbia (H. R. 17506)...
. Resolution authorizing the Committee on Agriculture, House of Represent-
atives, to investigate extent of tuberculosis among dairy and farm ani-
mals in Districtiot Columbia) Resy60a)s2- 45-2282 sone one eee
. Amendment to health ordinances, District of Columbia, specifying actual
content for milk bottles, ete., May 28, 1906.-......-.---..---.--.---.--
An act providing for labeling of milk vessels in JSistrict of Columbia, ap-
proved Febi27;, 190 7aads Sasa Nas eens ae es Sere re oe aa
. Excerpt from District of Columbia appropriation act inhibiting health-
department employees from serving dairymen or dairy farmers or manu-
facturers of or dealers in foods and drugs, approved Mar. 2, 1907 .......-
Y. Orders restricting sale of milk in executive departments............-..-.--
Z
Correspondence with officials of executive departments and bureaus... .---
AA. Order governing milk used in institutions under control of District gov-
ernmient Nov 8, LOMO ie Sut Sa as ee CS ecco Rae ake tee eae ea
AB. Order of District Commissioners for compulsory tuberculin testing of cattle
AC.
within District of Columbia, Nov. 27, 1909, together with amendment of
Mar. 519102... (22S at es OND aie A ea
Report of International Commission on Control of Bovine Tuberculosis. - -
AD. Resolutions by National Association for Study and Prevention of Tuber-
culosia, “Ajprs / 1910. S55 SSN SS ele DENSE ie alee Ane ee ee
AE. Resolutions adopted by board of directors, Association for Prevention of
Tuberculosis, District of Columbia, Dec) 27, 19108 ss ee eee eee
AF. List of States requiring application of tuberculin test of cattle imported . - -
AG. List of States providing for slaughter of tuberculous cattle and indemnifi-
CATON: OF OVAMETB sae ee Sy NS ACES I re eee
AH. List of States prescribing tuberculin test for cattle within their boundaries.
AI. Communication from Gen. George M. Sternberg, dated Oct. 9, 1907, con-
cerning practicability of shipping milk in cans at low temperature. ...--
AJ. Communication from Chief of United States Weather Bureau, dated Dec.
29, 1906, concerning the formation of natural ice during winter seasons
in. vicinity<of Washineton, Ds ©. .2522 22208 sae eee
AK. Report by United States Consul T. H. Norton of address by Prof. Hempel
on Treatment of Milk, before German Association of Scientists and
Phiysicianis 4 00 52502 Ee 2s 8 ee
AL. Communication addressed to Mr. D. 8. Horton requesting information con-
cerning cost of installation of plant for pasteurizing District milk supply
AM. Communication from Mr. Loton Horton giving estimate of cost of adequate
plant for pasteurizing milk supply for District of Columbia.........-..--
AN. Private pasteurizing plants in operation in District of Columbia.........-
AO. Agreement between Medical Milk Commission of Essex County, N. J.,
and Stephen Francisco, dated May 19), [S932.e2 sees ee = ene
AP. Formule for modified milk distributed by Nathan Straus Pasteurized Milk
Laboratory 0).202e02 ted ae seed cibe a oe eee ee eS eee
AQ. Report of special committee appointed by District Commissioners on dis-
posal of local Straus pasteurizing laboratory.......-.-------------------
AR. Bill to authorize the acceptance by the United States of the gift of the
AS.
Nathan Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratory (S. 9716)....-.. foal Nees
Report of Dispensary, Settlement House, southwest Washington, from
Apr. 13;to Oct: 1, 190820. be eens cory. ise) cereale a atedetelo eae Riera ae
Page.
362
372
377
381
382
383
385
388
390
391
393
394
394
395
396
399
402
402
405
411
412
412
413
414
415
415
416
418
418
419
419
424
424
425
426
REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE WASH-
INGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO INVESTIGATE THE MILK
SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
I. Iyrropwucrion.
At a meeting of the Washington Chamber of Commerce held Octo-
ber 11, 1910, the following resolution was adopted:
Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by the chair to investigate
the milk situation in the District of Columbia and report forthwith to the
chamber.
Pursuant to the terms of this resolution, the following committee
was appointed by the president of’ the chamber: J. Louis Willige
(chairman), George W. White, Benjamin W. Guy, Thaddeus C.
Dulin, and William D. Hoover. It was determined at the initial
meeting of the committee to arrange for a series of public hearings,
to which the representatives of the dairy and dairy-farming inter-
ests, the railway transportation companies, and the general public
should be invited. Meetings for this purpose were held in the cham-
ber rooms on October 21 and October 25, 1910. Mr. A. S. Trundle
and Mr. Corbin Thompson appeared before the committee as special
representatives of the Dairymen’s Association of the District of Co-
lumbia, Maryland, and Virginia, and W. A. Hartranft, president of
the association, and Messrs. W. A. Simpson and J. W. Castle, mem-
bers, also gave testimony before the committee. Mr. John Thomas,
president of the Milk Producers’ Association of Maryland, Virginia,
and the District of Columbia, was unable to be present at the meet-
ings of the committee on account of illness. Dr. William C. Wood-
ward, health officer of the District of Columbia, and Dr. G. Lloyd
Magruder, a member of the Medical Society of the District, also
appeared before the committee.
The committee, at the suggestion of the honorable the Secretary of
Agriculture, held a conference with the officials of the Bureau of Ani-:
mal Industry of that department on October 28, 1910, which was
participated in by the following-named gentlemen in charge of the
several divisions of the bureau, in addition to Dr. A. D. Melvin,
chief of the bureau, whose patience and courtesy, as well as that of
the other gentlemen named, is hereby acknowledged with the thanks
of the committee:
Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry.
Dr. A. M. Farrington, assistant chief of bureau.
Dr. John R. Mohler, Chief of Pathological Division.
Dr. R. W. Hickman, Chief of Quarantine Division.
Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Superintendent of Experiment Station.
Mr. B. H. Rawl, Chief of Dairy Division. ;
_Mr. L. A. Rogers, in charge of research laboratories, Dairy Divi-
sion.
9
10 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Dr. George M. Whitaker, in charge of market-milk investigations,
Dairy Division. D .
With a view to eliciting information from individuals qualified to
speak with authority on the subject of milk production, transporta-
tion, and distribution, as well as with regard to the relation of milk
to the public health, series of categorical questions were addressed to
the health officers of the leading cities and towns of the United
States; the Milk Producers’ Association of Maryland, Virginia, and
the District of Columbia; the Dairymen’s Association of the District
of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia; large milk producers supply-
ing the New York market; the Nathan Straus Pasteurizing Labora-
tory, New York City; the White Cross Milk Co., of New York, and
of Baltimore and Washington; Dr. T. Alexander Geddes, of Ken-
sington, Md.; certain local milk dealers; and the following-named
specialists, eminent in their professions and of national and even in-
ternational reputation, on the subject of sanitary milk production
and the relation of the milk problem to the conservation of the public
health:
Dr. Hermann M. Biggs, general medical officer, department of
health, New York City; Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.; Dr.
Rowland G. Freeman, of New York City; Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill,
Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Mazyck P. Ravenel, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, Wis.; Dr. William T. Sedgwick, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Boston, Mass.; Dr. Theobald Smith, Harvard Univer-
sity, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. William H. Park, New York City; Dr.
Samuel C. Prescott, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston,
Mass.; Prof. Victor C. Vaughan, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Mich.; Prof. Frank F. Wesbrook, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn.; and Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, College of City of
New York, New York City.
A similar series of questions was addressed to the following:
The Secretary of Agriculture; the Surgeon General United States
Army; the Surgeon General United States Navy; the Surgeon Gen-
eral United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.
Information in response to the same questions was solicited also,
by correspondence, from Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York
City; Mr. Stephen Francisco, Montclair, N. J.;* the Sheffield
Farms-Slawson-Decker Co., New York City; the Bureau of Munici-
pal Research, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr. George M. Oyster, jr.,' Mr.
E. L. Cockrell, and the Walker-Gordon Laboratory, of Washing-
ton, D. C. .
Among those to whom the committee is indebted for facilitating its
investigations should be mentioned Mr. Oliver T. Newman, of the
editorial staff of the Washington Times.
A copy of the series of questions is submitted herewith (Appendix
A), as also a list of the individuals and establishments to which the
inquiries were addressed (Appendix B).
Letters were also indited to the presidents of the steam railway
companies entering Washington, and, for*purposes of comparison,
to the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co., asking for
information concerning the possibility of installing adequate refrig-
erator-car service, the cost of refrigeration, and other information
1No response received.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 11
concerned with the transportation of milk. Copies of these letters
and the replies are subjoined (Appendix D).
Inquiries concerning the cost, etc., of pasteurizing machinery were
addressed to the following concerns: Dairy Machinery & Construc-
tion Co., Shelton, Conn.; Creamery Package Manufacturing Co..
Chicago, Ill.; A. H. Reid Co., Philadelphia, Pa.;+ Miller Pasteurizer
Co., Canton, Ohio.*
The committee appends a copy of its letter (Appendix E), ad-
’ dressed on November 28, 1910, to President Thomas, of the Milk Pro-
ducers’ Association of Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Co-
lumbia, inviting an expression of the sense of the association as to
whether the dairy farmers supplying milk to the District are receiv-
ing their proper share of the proceeds of the sale of milk and milk
products, and whether the adoption of a uniform standard through-
out the year of prices to be received by the producers was feasible;
also as to what effect compulsory pasteurization, the general appli-
cation of the tuberculin test, and the insistence on a temperature
below 50° F., would have on the prices asked by the dairy farmer for
his product. No reply has been received in response to this inquiry.
A. letter was addressed to the Chief of the United States Weather
Bureau, asking authoritative information concerning the winter tem-
peratures in this locality for some years past.
The committee has examined with scrupulous care the responses
received to the letters of inquiry (Appendix C), and has scrutinized
with diligence the publications presented to its attention by various
persons interested in the subject under investigation. A list of these
publications is annexed (Appendix F), also copies of laws, ordi-
nances, rules, regulations, etc., concerning the production and distri-
bution of milk in certain American municipalities (Appendix G).
The committee, in obtaining accurate and reliable data upon which
to base its conclusions, has availed itself of the great advantage which
Washington possesses in having in its midst the scientific statis of the
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, the Bureaus of Animal
Industry and Chemistry, of the Department of Agriculture, and of
the Offices of the Surgeons General of the Army and Navy. On these
several staffs are many specialists and investigators who have attained
universal recognition as the result, partially at least, of their studies
upon the relation of milk to the public health. The committee has
embraced with enthusiasm this exceptional opportunity for fixing its
views on the many subjects included in its inquiry. ‘Such men as
Melvin, Mohler, Schroeder, Rogers, Wiley, Anderson, Trask, and
Kastle have, through their labors, contributed immensely to the
world’s knowledge of this important field of scientific and economic
research.
The committee is indebted to Dr. George M. Kober, of this city,
for much fundamental information gained from his paper entitled
“The study of milk in relation to health and disease,” published as
early as 1896 under the auspices of the California State board of
health, in which the subject is treated in an especially elucidatory
manner. This article is elaborated by Dr. Kober in a communica-
tion ? addressed by him in 1902 to the chairman of the Senate Com-
1 No response received.
2Printed as Senate Document No. 441, first session Difty-seventh Congress.
12 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRIOT OF COLUMBIA. .
mittee on the District of Columbia, urging the necessity for the enact-
ment of legislation to regulate the production and sale of milk and
cream in the District of Columbia.
The committee has been favored with invitations from Mr. Nathan
Straus to inspect the Straus Laboratories in New York City; also
from Mr. S. M. Shoemaker, proprietor of the local Walker-Gordon
Laboratory, to inspect his model dairy farm near Baltimore, Md.;
and from Mr. Loton Horton, of the Sheffield Farms—Slawson-Decker
Co.; and Mr. Herbert P. Carter, proprietor of the Manor Farm
Dairy, at Arlington, Va., to visit their respective establishments.
While it has not been feasible to avail of these invitations, the com-
mittee has profited by the valuable information and advice tendered
by the gentlemen named.
The committee has been favored with several communications (Ap-
pendix H) from Mr. Carter, setting forth with intelligent detail the
feasibility of establishing, by private subscription, a large dairy farm
to be located, preferably, adjacent to the banks of the Potomac River
near Mount Vernon, Va., with a view to supplying milk (raw, pas-
teurized, and modified) in large quantities for the Washington mar-
ket. While the project may be a praiseworthy one and calculated to
yield a satisfactory profit to its supporters, the committee feels that
the consideration of this proposal is without the proper scope of its
investigations.
An inspection of the White Cross milk plant, at Frederick, Md.,
was made by the committee, through the courtesy of the company.
The committee was most favorably impressed with the cleanliness and
orderly manner of the operations of this plant and with the enterprise
of the company in installing the latest ingenious labor-saving and
sanitary devices. for the pasteurization, concentration, bottling, and
transportation of milk.
The committee has also inspected the local pasteurizing plants of
Mr. George M. Oyster, jr., and of the Straus Laboratory, and is
firmly convinced of the excellent results achieved by these establish-
ments.
At a public hearing before the Commissioners of the District of
Columbia, held at the Municipal Building on October 20, 1910,
there appeared, in addition to the representatives of the local milk
dealers, Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry of
the Department of Agriculture; Dr. John R. Mohler, chief of the
Pathological Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry; Dr. E. C.
Schroeder, superintendent of the Bethesda, Md., experiment station
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and Dr. John F. Anderson, chief
of the Hygienic Laboratory of the -Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service; also Mr. Herbert P. Carter, an independent milk
producer and proprietor of the Manor Farm Dairy near Arlington,
Va. Copies of the statements of these gentlemen at the hearing are
appended (Appendix I). The testimony of the experts mentioned,
which embraces the views of these recognized authorities down to
the very date of the hearing, will be discussed in this report under
the separate headings to which their remarks relate.
It may be stated that the Milk Producers’ Association of Mary-
land, Virginia, and the District of Columbia was organized in 1903.
It is an incorporated body, with a present membership of approxi-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 13
mately 300. The number of dairy farmers engaged at present in the
furnishing of milk to the District is reported to be 1,142.
The Dairymen’s Association of the District of Columbia, Maryland,
and Virginia was organized in 1895 under the designation of “ The
Milk Dealers and Producers’ Association of the District of, Columbia,
Maryland, and Virginia.” It is an unincorporated body, with a
present membership of 22. It is estimated that there are engaged
at this time exclusively in the dairy business in the District about 80
individuals, firms, and corporations, and that this number has dimin-
ished in recent years is accounted for elsewhere in this report (p. 20)
by the fact that milk is now very generally sold by grocers and other
storekeepers, and by the additional circumstance that the small
dairyman with one or two cows has in many instances retired from
business. ;
The committee avails of this opportunity to express its acknowl-
edgments and its appreciation of the kindly reception of and hearty
response to its inquiries, and the uniform courtesy shown the com-
mittee in conducting its investigations.
After full deliberation, your committee respectfully presents the
following report of its investigations.
It may be prefaced that the committee in its deliberations has rec-
ognized the responsibility devolving upon it to exert its efforts as an
integral part of the chamber of commerce toward giving the fullest
consideration and protection to the mercantile interests represented,
as affects not only individual members of the chamber itself, but
also in gener’.] terms the commercial development of the District of
Columbia, with the idea constantly in mind, however, that the con-
siderations of public health are paramount to all others, and that
the advancement of the material interests of the District in its civic
aspects is equally a charge upon the committee by reason of a funda-
mental provision in the constitution of the chamber of commerce,
which outlines, among the purposes of the organization, the promo-
tion of “the general welfare of the citizens of the District of
Columbia.”
The committee has felt, furthermore, that it could not treat intelli-
gently the complaints of the milkmen and the local milk situation
generally without going somewhat fully into the consideration of con-
ditions affecting the local milk supply and suggestions for its im-
provement. It has elaborated, somewhat at the risk of prolixity,
the statement of its conclusion, being impelled to this course by the
many ramifications of the subject, and by its appreciation of the
lack of proper knowledge on the part of laymen generally not only
of the dangers to be apprehended and avoided in the use of milk,
but of the sanitary measures which are available for the purpose of
eliminating these dangers and reducing materially the distressing
and needlessly high rate of mortality resulting from milk-borne
diseases. The committee feels ample justification, therefore, in pre-
senting, as intimated, a somewhat more lengthy report than is cus-
tomarily submitted to a business body, narrating in succinct form
_ all the information of importance concerning milk which has come
to it in the prosecution of its inquiry.
In presenting this information to the public the committee has, as
a rule, refrained as far as practicable from incorporating technical
matter and from rendering its report perhaps somewhat tedious by
14 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
the embodiment of statistical tabulations and detailed comparative
statements. No attempt has been made, furthermore, to furnish
illustrations, this desideratum being in its judgment adequately sat-
isfied by consulting the splendid series of illustrations accompanying
in most instances the publications referred to in Appendix F of this
report.
II. Comerarints Firep Acatnst HrattH Department, Disrricr oF
CoLUMBIA.
ITEMS OF COMPLAINT.
It has been charged by the representatives of the milk producers
and dealers before the committee that the administration of the
health department of the District of Columbia under the supervision
of Dr. William C. Woodward, health officer, has been inefficient and
unsatisfactory; that the regulations have been enforced without
proper consistency and without the exercise of uniform courtesy and
consideration on the part of inspectors of the department; that the
inspectors of the department have not only been abusive in their
conduct toward the dealers but have persecuted them and haled
them into court without just reason; that a number of local grocers
and other dealers have been permitted to dispense milk without
license with the full knowledge and assent of the health officer;
that the farmers of Pennsylvania, New York, and even of Maryland
and Virginia, have been permitted, without license, to ship into the
District of Columbia milk from farms which have not been subjected
to inspection or other surveillance by the local health department;
that the requirements of law with regard to the standards of milk,
cream, and other dairy products are unnecessarily stringent and im-
possible of observance generally by the producer and purveyor of
milk; that certain regulations promulgated by the health depart-
ment, with the approval of the District Commissioners, are without
authorization of law; that the contemplated insistence on the tuber-
culin test, the maintenance of temperatures not exceeding 50° F.
from time of milking to delivery to the consumer, a prescribed bac-
terial content, and the compulsory pasteurization of milk derived
from ‘cows which have not been subjected, without reaction, to the
tuberculin test, is entirely without legal justification and would re-
sult in a permanent milk famine in the District; that the require-
ments of the health department as to the amount of space, light, and
ventilation in barns where cows are stabled should be amended so as
to be less exacting where are a small number of cows are maintained
on the dairy farm; that the specification of concrete and granolithic
floors for cow stalls is unreasonable and causes rheumatism among
animals stabled in such manner; that many items in the score cards
for rating dairy farms and dairies are unjust to the small producer or
dealer and unnecessary (as, for example, the ratings allowed for the
items of convenience and for washing, bottling, and capping ma-
chines); that the contemplated additional regulations, if put into
execution, will greatly increase the wholesale and retail prices of
milk, both in winter and in summer, causing a manifest hardship to
the poor classes, who can not afford to pay the increased prices de-
manded, and consequently compelling the use of powdered milk and
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 15
other substitutes for raw milk, besides incidentally driving the small
producer and dealer out of business; that the present and proposed
regulations of the health department have, on account of their rigid-
ity, served to greatly reduce the number of licensed dealers selling
milk in the District of Columbia; that the infant-mortality statistics
of the District are inaccurate and unreliable, the records showing in
some instances a greater number of deaths than births within certain
specified periods; that the health officer has, in violation of law,
refused to issue permits to ship milk into the District, although the
sanitary requirements have been complied with; that he has, without
a scintilla of authority, cited members of the Dairymen’s Association
to appear before him and explain why milk claimed to have been
sold by them contained excessive numbers of bacteria (this in the
absence of any law or regulations specifying a given number of bac-
teria as allowable), and has threatened to have them summoned to
court; that he has made misleading statements to the District Com-
missioners, as determined by the replies of the latter to complaints
offered by the dairymen; that the policy of refusing to issue permits
and summoning dairymen to court for having excessive numbers of
bacteria in milk sold by them and the requirement of a compulsory
tuberculin test will, if proceeded with, drive producers and dealers
alike out of business or result in their shipping to other markets;
and that the recent attempt on the part of the health officer, with
the approval of the commissioners, to compel the application of the
tuebrculin test to all cattle (not only those within the District. bound-
aries) from which milk is derived for local consumption, which con-
templation has been deferred after recent. conference with representa-
tives of the producers, was without justification in law.
‘The complaints of the Dairymen’s Association are partially set
forth in the appended letter from A. S. Trundle, chairman, dated
November 20, 1910 (Appendix J).
FINDINGS OF COMMITTEE.
Referring specifically to the complaints lodged by the representa-
tives of the Dairymen’s Association, the committee finds that the
administration of the health department, under the supervision of
Dr. Woodward, health officer, has been unusually efficient and satis-
factory; that the inspectors appointed to the service have been com-
petent and capable of discharging their duties with satisfaction;
that any lack of patience or courtesy on the part of inspectors has
been quite exceptional, and that tact and diplomacy have been cus-
tomarily exhibited in the execution of their responsible duties; that
dealers have not been persecuted by the health department or sum-
moned to court without reasonable cause; that local grocers and other
merchants are neither required nor expected under the present law,
which is expressly applicable to dairies only, to obtain a permit from
the health department as a prerequisite to dispensing milk in the
District; that the present and proposed requirements of law with
regard to the standards of milk, cream, and other dairy products
Bifered for sale in the District of Columbia are not unreasonable and
impossible of observance, but tend, in the judgment of the committee,
to afford that full degree of protection which should be provided for
the public health; that such regulations as have been promulgated
16 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
by the commissioners with respect to the production and sale of milk
are, in the opinion of the committee, clearly within the authority
vested by law; and that the regulations, as at. present in force, recog-
nize a distinction in the amount of space, light, and ventilation to be
provided in barns according to the number of cows stabled therein.
On the other hand, the committee is clear in its belief that, unless
washing, bottling, and capping machines and other apparatus be
uniformly insisted upon, no demerit should be recorded against the
small dealer not possessing these appurtenances.
USE OF CONCRETE FLOORS.
In order to arrive at an intelligent conclusion on the subject of the
use of concrete floors in stabling cows the committee invited an ex-
pression of opinion from health officers throughout the country.
Approximately 75 per cent of those responding to its inquiry consider
the stabling of cows in this manner practicable, though in several
cases the necessity of this requirement is questioned. Since, accord-
ing to Dr. Woodward, there is no objection to laying a wooden or
other floor over the concrete and of using such clean bedding as may
be desired, the committee perceives no proper objection to the sensi-
bleness of this sanitary precaution, and is supported by the authori-
ties consulted by it in the view that stabling in this manner does not
tend to cause rheumatism in the animal. Dr. Levy, chief health
officer of Richmond, Va., observes that there is no tendency to cause »
rheumatism if proper bedding be used. He states:
We have concrete floors in nearly every cow barn in Richmond and have had
no complaint whatever of injury to the cow.
The health officer of Seattle, Wash., adds: |
We have as healthy stock as there is in the world, and many of our stables
have concrete floors.
EFFECT OF PROPOSED CHANGES ON THE PRICE OF MILK.
In regard to the claim adduced by the producers and dealers that
the proposed changes in existing regulations, including the insistence
on the tuberculin test, the maintenance of low temperatures and
pasteurization, would greatly increase the price of milk, both in
winter and in summer, rendering the purchase of this commodity im-
possible by the poorer classes, the committee is of the opinion that an
increase beyond 10 cents per quart is not likely to ensue, which price, in
the judgment of the committee, will not prohibit, nor even curtail to
any considerable degree, the liberal and abundant use of milk by the
poorer classes. The committee is confirmed in this belief by the fact
that milk answering all of these requirements is now furnished at
less than 10 cents per quart by at least one local concern, apparently
at a profit, and by at least two others at that figure, and there is no
reason to believe that a maximum price of 10 cents per quart for
milk ordinarily supphed will not suffice to effect such an increased
compensation per gallon or per pound to the farmer as will enable
him to meet the added requirements of the health department, not
only without loss to himself, but with a fair profit.
The effect which may be anticipated on the price of milk is, it
can not be gainsaid, a most important consideration in the solution
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 17
of the problems affecting our milk supply, for while the conservation
of the public health is a prime desideratum, the committee must, as
practical men representing the material interests of the community,
give heed to the necessity of keeping milk within such limits of price
as will not make its use prohibitive and result in greater distress and
mortality from starvation, especially of infants, than may fairly be
estimated to ensue from disease-breeding contamination of the milk.
Careful scrutiny has, therefore, been exercised by the committee in
ascertaining so far as practicable in advance, the likely effect upon the
sale price of milk of insistence on the various requirements conducing
to the establishment of a pure milk supply. A detailed analysis of
this item by Dr. Woodward, our local health officer, leads to the con-
clusion that, viewing the matter in the light most favorable to the
producer, the increased cost of providing milk from tuberculin-tested
cows should not amount to more than a small fraction of a cent per
quart. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry ventures the
assertion that such requirements should not actually increase the cost,
adding that in the city of Washington milk which practically con-
forms to these specifications is now being sold at only 1 cent per
quart over the price of common market milk. Dr. Goler states that,
except with regard to pasteurization, the carrying into effect of these
restrictions has had no influence on the price of milk in Rochester,
and ought to have none anywhere. President Thomas, of the Pro-
ducers’ Association supplying milk to the District, maintains that
there would probably be a raise of 50 per cent in the retail price of
milk. In the opinion of some authorities, :any increase would be of
only a temporary nature, while Dr. Wells, health officer of Montclair,
N. J., offers the thought that “in any trade, a good article brings
more than a poor one.”
According to Dr. Woodward, the price paid to the dairy farmer
for milk sold in the District of Columbia during the past five years
has been practically unchanged at from 14 to 16 cents per gallon
- for the summer months and 20 to 22 cents per gallon for the winter
months. During this period the consumer has paid 32 cents per
gallon in the summer time and from 36 to 40 cents per gallon in
winter. Certain milk regarded as “special” is sold at 40 cents per
gallon throughout the year.
Dr. Woodward expresses the belief that the farmer is probably not
receiving his proper share of the retail price obtained for milk. It
may be presumed, however, he states, until evidence to the contrary
is shown, that as long as farmers continue to produce and sell milk
they are finding it profitable to do so.
Dr. Woodward is of the opinion that the elimination of diseased
cows from dairy herds resulting from the application of the tubercu-
lin test, and the necessity for purchasing sound cows to replace them,
would doubtless for a while justly result in an increase in the cost of
milk, though not a substantial increase. He reasons that the only
item in the cost of milk production which would be affected would be
the amount disbursed for healthy cattle to replace diseased stock. It
is essayed by him that it costs no more to feed, house, and care for a
well cow than for a sick one.
In view of representations by producers before the committee
to the effect that they are not receiving under present conditions a
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-32
18 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
fair share of compensation for their product, the committee has dis-
cussed the feasibility of establishing a uniform standard of prices
to be paid to the dairy farmers, similar to the arrangement which
obtains generally for retail milk in this locality. It is believed, how-
ever, that, owing to the marked competition and to the importance
attached in recent years by dairy farmers to securing ratings ex-
celling those reached by their competitors and the consequent premi-
ums customarily paid for milk conforming to such higher standards,
it is not practicable to endeavor to fix a uniform scale of prices which
would be acceptable to the farmers and which would in practice be
adhered to by them. Health Officer Woodward doubts very much
whether the farmers in this vicinity are sufficiently well organized
to render the fixing of a uniform standard for the wholesale price of
milk feasible.
AUTHORITY FOR HEALTH REGULATIONS.
It has been contended, as previously stated, by the representatives
of the Dairymen’s Association that the attempts on the part of the
District Commissioners to issue regulations governing the production
and sale of milk in and for the District of Columbia, in the absence
of specific legislation, have been without authority of law. As
already set forth, the committee believes, as the result of its examina-
tion into this phase of its investigations, that such regulatory orders
as have been issued have been entirely within the rights of the com-
missioners, and the courts have uniformly sustained this view. The
committee is inclined to the opinion, however, that in order that there
may be no question as to the authority back of regulations promul-
gated by the health department, it would be well to secure the specific
approval by Congress of such modifications of large importance as
may be regarded by some as perhaps revolutionary in their effect
upon the local milk industry. The committee refers especially in this
connection to the proposed enforcement of the tuberculin test, com-
pulsory pasteurization, and the maintenance of temperatures below
50° F.
The committee has not deemed it requisite to expend any consider-
able amount of energy in considering the legal aspects of local milk
regulations, for it may be assumed that the Congress will, in its wis-
dom, provide by suitable legislation such safeguards as may be re-
quired for insuring to the residents of the National Capital a clean
and wholesome milk supply.
It may be observed in passing that the reasonableness of the ordi-
nary requirements advocated in recent years for the regulation of the
milk supply of communities throughout the United States has been
the subject of litigation, notably in Minneapolis, Minn., and Milwau-
kee, Wis., in both of which jurisdictions the courts have recognized
the reasonableness of the tuberculin test and have upheld the conten-
tion that bovine tuberculosis is communicable through milk contami-
nation to human beings.
DELAY IN ISSUANCE OF PERMITS.
In defense of the objection that the health officer has been dilatory
and has discriminated in the issuance of permits to dairy farms oper-
ating under the temporary authority conferred by the act of March 2,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 19
1895, pending action on formal applications for license to ship milk
into the District of Columbia, Dr. Woodward explains that such
delays have been due to the fact that it has come to be clearly demon-
strated and generally recognized that milk from any herd that has
not been tuberculin tested is dangerous to the public health unless
effectually pasteurized, and that while, in his judgment, the appli-
cants in such cases have complied substantially with the requirements
of the District laws and regulations, he does not feel, in the absence
of authority and means to apply such tests, that the applications
should be rejected, but has taken the position that action thereon
should be suspended pending the adoption of some general measure
looking toward the compulsory tuberculin testing of all cows supply-
ing milk to the District, and the alternative compulsory pasteuriza-
tion of milk from all cows not so tested. . .
The appended statement, furnished by the health department (Ap-
pendix K), shows that the number of permits in force June 30, 1905,
for maintaining dairies in the District of Columbia was 285; 179
applications having been received since that date to the end of the
fiscal year closing June 30, 1910, and 95 permits having been granted
in response to these applications. The number of licensed: dairies
(not dairy farms) in the District on June 30, 1905, was 140,1 as op-
posed to 58 at the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910. On
the same date, namely, June 30, 1905, 102 permits for maintaining
dairy farms in the District were in force, 80 applications for this
purpose having since been received, 28 of which were approved. The
number of licensed dairy farms located within the boundaries of the
District on June 30, 1905, was 102, as compared with 52 on June 30,
1910. On June 30, 1905, 974 permits were in force for bringing milk
or cream into the District, 1,485 additional applications having been
pcre during the subsequent five-year period and 325 permits
ranted.
By referring to the health officer’s letter of November 23, 1910
(see Appendix K), it will be observed that milk was produced and
shipped into the District of Columbia’ from 918 farms during the
fiscal year 1905-6, as opposed to 1,091 farms in the fiscal year 1909-10,
showing an increase of 178 farms, a percentage of 18.8 in five years.
The number of licensed dairy farms at present furnishing milk to
the District of Columbia is 1,142.
In addition to the farms in Maryland, Virginia, and the District
of Columbia furnishing milk for local consumption, some shipments,
particularly of cream, are received from farms in Pennsylvania, New
York, and New Jersey. The dairy farms in Maryland and Virginia
shipping milk to Washington are under the direct surveillance of
the District health department, and are subject to periodic inspection.
It has not been possible, however, with the funds available for the
purpose to inspect farms in Pennsylvania, New York, and New
Jersey, which latter are, however, supplying milk to the District
without license, by virtue of a provision in the act of March 2, 1895,
1 From the number of 285 licenses extant on June 30, 1905, should be deducted those
issued to 102 dairy farms (it being customary to issue dairy licenses also to dairy farms)
and 43 importers’ permits (which were similarly included at that time)—that is to say,
permits issued to dairy farmers outside the District of Columbia for shipping milk into
Washington. From the remaining number of 140, stated in the text, should be deducted
also a number of grocery and other establishments which have since surrendered their
permits, an interpretation of the act of March 2, 1895, allowing such establishments to
dispense milk without permit or license,
90 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
which authorizes the shipment of milk upon the filing of an applica-
tion with the health department and pending action thereon.
It may be observed, therefore, that the proposed amendments to
the regulations governing the production and sale of milk have not
tended to reduce the number of dairy farmers shipping milk into
the District. The decrease in the number of local dairies (not dairy
farms) operated under permit from the health department is attribu-
table to the fact, stated by Dr. Woodward in the hearings before the
committee, that milk is sold at present much more extensively than
before by grocers and other storekeepers, who are not required under
the law to secure a license or permit for this feature of their business.
The health department maintains no record of the number of mer-
chants (not dairymen) purveying milk in the District of Columbia.
ft is estimated, however, by Dr. Woodward, that milk is sold at 2,000
establishments. ; ;
EXTENT OF DISTRICT MILK SUPPLY.
According to the estimate of Health Officer’ Woodward, 19,000
gallons of milk are sold daily in the District of Columbia. It is
reported by him (see Appendix K) that the number of cows on dairy
farms supplying milk to the District of Columbia for the fiscal year
1905-6 was 16,250, which number had increased for the fiscal year
1909-10 to 17,688. .
REASONABLENESS OF RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION CHARGES.
So far as the committee has been able to ascertain, the existing
rates charged for transporting milk and milk products to the Wash-
ington market are reasonable, and are not the subject of complaint
on the part of producer, dealer, or consumer.
USE OF PRESERVATIVES.
Tt may be noted with satisfaction that the use of preservatives has
seldom been detected in the examination of milk supplied locally to
the District of Columbia, and it is believed that this pernicious prac-
tice is rarely, if ever, indulged in by our local dealers.
FEEDING OF BREWERY AND DISTILLERY BY-PRODUCTS.
With regard to the feeding of wet malt and other brewery products
to dairy cows, Dr. Woodward states that effort has been made to re-
strict such feeding. The only brewery product, however, that is
locally used for feeding milch cows, to the knowledge of the health
department, is wet malt. This, it is believed, can be safely fed until
it has begun to sour. The committee is cautioned by the health officer
to bear in mind the difference between wet malt and other brewery
roducts on the one hand and distillery waste on the other. Dr.
oodward is of the opinion that it has not yet been demonstrated
that the feeding of fresh, sweet, brewers’ grains has a prejudicial
effect upon the milk of animals.
According to the testimony of officials of the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry, the feeding of wet malt to cows has a deleterious effect upon
the milk derived from them, though under certain prescribed condi-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 21
tions this may be safely used to a limited extent. Brewery products
other than wet malt are not believed to be injurious to the milk, espe-
cially if they are fed in dry form.
POSSIBLE MILK FAMINE IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The fear expressed by certain interests represented before the com-
mittee that the insistence upon the tuberculin test, pasteurization, a
prescribed bacterial count, and a temperature below 50° F. would
have the tendency to create a temporary or permanent milk famine
in the District is discounted by the statement on the part of most of
the authorities consulted by the committee that, so far as the tubercu-
lin test is concerned, if the movement be locally confined to the juris-
diction from which milk is presently supplied or if the test be gradu-
ally introduced there is no sensible reason for anticipating such an
outcome from this source. The officials of the Department of Agri-
culture premise that if the test be suddenly and injudiciously en-
forced a temporary shortage in the milk supply would probably be
caused. Ravenel proposes that time should be allowed for the farmers
to adjust themselves to the new conditions. The District health offi-
cer is convinced that, under ordinary conditions, if the application
of the test in the first instance be extended over a reasonable length
of time, its enforcement would not diminish the local milk supply.
This position is corroborated by the health officer of Atlanta, Ga.,
who informs the committee that such requirements are now being in-
sisted upon in that city without an observable shortage in the supply.
The State and municipal officers at Jacksonville, Fla., share the view
that these requirements, if enforced slowly and with judgment, will
result, if at all, in a milk famine of the most transitory character.
Dr. Hamill observes that the insistence upon the proposed require-
ments for the further regulation of milk production will not result
in a famine, either temporary or permanent, unless the producers
and dealers combine to create it. The chance of such a famine would,
he states, be lessened by requiring the same standards for milk used
for making butter as are prescribed for milk for general consumption
in its raw state.
Dr. Woodward states that he can conceive of no reason why com-
pulsory pasteurization should reduce the amount of milk daily sup-
plied to the District.
It has been suggested before the committee that the extra feeding
of animals, in addition to pasturing, during the periods of scarcity
of milk, would serve to obviate, or at least to diminish substantially,
the shortage resulting annually from drought and other perhaps
natural causes toward the end of the summer months. The com-
mittee has not been able to obtain sufficiently definite information on
which to base an intelligent conclusion regarding this suggestion.
It has, furthermore, been suggested in the hearings before the com-
mittee that the practice of farmers in this vicinity of breeding their
cattle at a certain specified period of the year, with a view to provid-
ing calves for the market at a time when advantageous prices may
be commanded for veal, is also responsible, to a limited extent, for
the shortage in the local milk supply.. The committee has not been
able to establish that this practice is a material factor affecting the
paucity of the milk supply.
29 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Mr. Trundle, in his statement before the committee, ascribed the
shortage of the local milk supply during the past few months to the
unnecessary oppressiveness of the regulations of the health depart-
ment and the expense of meeting its requirements (with the exception
of the enforcement of the tuberculin test) ; to the harassment of ship-
pers, the odiousness of inspection, and the unusually protracted
period of drought.
As referred to elsewhere in this report (p. 20), it will appear, from
an examination of the accompanying statement (Appendix K), fur-
nished through the courtesy of Dr. Wiliam C. Woodward, health
officer, that the number of cattle supplying milk on June 30, 1910,
for consumption in the District of Columbia was estimated to be
17,688, and that upward of 19,000 gallons of milk and cream are daily
consumed by the Washington public. The statement of the health
officer, which embraces a compilation of the best available data on the
subject, shows a gradual increase in the number of milch cows fur-
nishing the District milk supply, though it must be admitted that
the increment does not correspond with the increase in population.
Suffice it to say, however, that the amount of milk furnished daily
for local consumption has, with the exception principally of the
period of exceeding drought prevailing in this section of the country
during July, August, and September, 1910, been adequate to supply
the normal demand, and this without an increase in price beyond 9
cents per quart.
MILK-INSPECTION SERVICE.
Mr. W. A. Simpson, in his remarks before. the committee, criti-
cized the health department for the method employed by one of its
inspectors in using a long glass tube in withdrawing, by suction with
his mouth from tanks or bottles, milk for purposes of examination,
and contended that such method was not germ proof. The depart-
ment, in response to this complaint presented in correspondence un-
der date of May 12, 1910, explained that the method stated is used
only when special circumstances call for it, and that as a general rule
‘atmospheric pressure is relied upon to fill the tube and gravity to
empty it. The department questioned the contamination, by the
method complained of, of milk collected by a reasonably skillful
inspector.
As an evidence of the tact and considerate treatment evinced by
inspectors of the health department, it may be stated that during
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, approximately 10 complaints
were filed against inspectors in the dairy-farm and milk-inspection
service, which latter service embraces 10 inspectors, showing an aver-
age of one complaint a year against each inspector, and even this re-
markably small number of complaints has proved, upon investigation,
to be based on insufficient grounds. ;
Dr. Woodward recommends that provision be made for a more
general supervision, from a bacteriological standpoint, of the milk
supply of the District, by allowing from one to four minor assistants
in the bacteriological laboratory, together with necessary additional
equipment. ‘There should, he-asserts, be provision for an assistant
bacteriologist, with salary and prospects sufficient to command the
services of a generally trained bacteriologist. An initial salary of
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 23
$1,500 per annum is suggested by him. He strongly urges, in this
connection, the provision of a competent officer of the health depart-
ment to devote his entire time to the supervision of the food-inspec-
tion service, the salary of $1,200 per annum available at present for
this purpose being quite inadequate, in his judgment, to command the
services of a properly qualified official.
With regard to the number of additional inspectors that could be
utilized to advantage by the health department in connection with
the proposed new regulations for the improvement of the local milk
supply, Health Officer Woodward suggests that two additional em-
ployees would suffice to supervise from a bacteriological standpoint
the milk supply. If all tuberculin testing is to be done by employees
of the District government, three additional veterinary inspectors
should, in his judgment, be provided, for the present at least. The
number of inspectors required to supervise properly the pasteuriza-
tion of milk would depend largely upon the number of pasteurizing
plants to be established. The insistence upon all the requirements
proposed in this report would necessitate from 6 to 10 additional
inspectors to properly supervise the work.
The present force of inspectors of the health department assignable
to dairy-farm and milk inspection is not adequate, according to
Health Office Woodward, to compel proper compliance with existing
regulations, and should the tuberculin test be mandatorily applied to
dairy herds outside the District furnishing milk for local consump-
tion, the capacity of the present force to effectually compel observ-
ance of the regulations would be still further diminished. It is
understood that, with the present force of inspectors, each local dairy
(not dairy farm) is subjected to official examination on an average of
once in two weeks, the inspections being made purposely at irregular
intervals. To be exact, the dairies in the District of Columbia (in-
dependently of those located on dairy farms) were inspected on an
average 23.6 times during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910. The
dairy farms supplying milk to the District were, during the same
period, inspected on an average 3.79 times each. The committee
heartily recommends, therefore, that Congress provide a suitable in-
crease in the number of inspectors to fully answer the requirements
of this important public service.
FAILURE TO PROSECUTE CONSUMERS RETURNING UNRINSED BOTTLES.
It was further offered in evidence that the department has not pros-
ecuted consumers returning bottles to milk dealers unrinsed, the bot-
tles in many cases giving absolute evidence of having been employed
for retaining coffee, tea, molasses, vinegar, paint, coal oil, gasoline,
preserves, and other articles. In Appendix K to this report Dr.
Woodward explains clearly and satisfactorily the reason why the
health department has failed to prosecute persons other than dealers
who have not rinsed receptacles for milk or cream before returning
them to the dairymen. The regulations of the commissioners, dated
April 21, 1903, expressly restrict their operation in this particular to
persons who receive milk or cream for sale. The further circum-
stance is related by him that milk dealers having knowledge of such
offenses have never appeared before the department to enter com-
plaint against their customers. The department states that every
24 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
effort is being made to induce the consumer to return clean bottles
to the dairymen.
LABORATORY FACILITIES OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT.
The committee is clear that the laboratory facilities of the health
department should be such as to enable the making of analyses of
samples of milk offered by producers and dealers or by consumers,
a reasonable fee being charged for the purpose. In this way the
dealer or consumer will be able to ascertain from time to time whether
milk offered for sale is up to the standards prescribed by law and
regulations.
It is understood from Health Officer Woodward that by virtue of
authority newly contained in the appropriation act for the current
fiscal year (approved May 18, 1910) the District laboratory is per-
mitted to undertake the bacteriological examination of milk and other
dairy products and of the water supplies of dairy farms. The appro-
priation act in question carries $500 for the equipment and mainte-
ance of this laboratory during the year ending June 30, 1911.
Though the lack of funds and adequate laboratory accommoda-
tions has greatly handicapped the work, the committee is convinced
that the District health department has made an excellent showing
with the limited facilities at its disposal. An examination of the
present conditions of dairy farms contributing to the Washington
milk supply affords ample evidence of this. Barns have been planned
and located with forethought and consideration for the health of the
cows and precautions against the pollution of the milk. Whitewash
has been liberally applied, both interiorly and exteriorly, cement
floors have been laid, and system has been observed in the milking
and the subsequent handling of the product. A number of dairy
houses have, at the suggestion and through the influence of the health
department, been equipped with appropriate hot-water appliances
and facilities for rapid cooling of the milk.
REPORTING OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.
No routine has ever been established by the local health depart-
ment for procuring reports of communicable diseases among dairy
farmers and their assistants shipping milk to Washington. The re-
porting of all cases of this nature occurring within the District of
Columbia is, with but few exceptions, already required by law. Out-
side the District, however, cases of communicable disease are not re-
ported to the health officer, whether occurring on dairy farms or
otherwise. The employment in and about dairies and dairy farms of
anyone who has een exposed to diphtheria, scarlet fever, erysipelas,
smallpox, or other dangerous contagious diseases is, however, forbid-
den by law.
SCORE-CARD SYSTEM OF RATING DAIRY FARMS AND DAITRIRES.
The score card devised by the present health officer of the District,
and which has been so generally adopted throughout the several
States, represents the first systematic attempt to record in graphic
1See section 3, ‘An act to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia,” etc.,
approved March 2, 1895.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 25
form the merits of the farms and dairies concerned with the Wash-
ington milk supply. The use of these cards has not been confined to .
our own country, the provincial board of health of Ontario, Canada, ,
having, for example, recommended their adoption by all of the local
boards of health in its jurisdiction.
The score-card system of dairy inspection, which has been objected
to in some respects by the representatives of the local dairymen’s
association, is not new, this method of rating dairies and dairy farms
having been introduced by Dr. Woodward as early as January 9, 1904,
and having since, as stated, met with very general acceptance through-
out the country. The system of scoring received the indorsement of
the Dairy Division of the Department of Agriculture, which believed
it to be useful in the improvement of the milk supply. A somewhat
modified form of score card was prepared by the Dairy Division on
July 1, 1906, having in view its general adaptability to all sections
of the country. This form has been introduced and adopted in a
number of cities, improvements having been made in the card from
time to time, as indicated by practical experience. There is abun-
dant proof that the score-card system produces immediate and per-
manently beneficial results wherever it is put in practice, it having
been demonstrated, for example, during a period of six months at
Richmond, Va., that the average score of 20 dairy farms increased .
from 33.4 to 56.8, showing an improved percentage of 23.4 in six |
months and furnishing an indication of the possibilities of improving
dairy conditions through the score-card system. Copies of the score
cards in current use by the District health department and those rec-
ommended by the Department of Agriculture are appended (Ap-
pendix L).
The score-card system of dairy-farm inspection has, since 1904,
been introduced into 131 cities, the Department of Agriculture having
even extended the use of the card to the rating of the sanitary condi- ©
tions of renovated-butter factories throughout the country.
The relative importance attached to the items of equipment and
methods prevailing on dairy farms and in dairies connected with the
production and distribution of the local milk supply appears to the
committee to be reasonable and calculated to stimulate diligent clean-
liness and care in the handling of milk in its journey from the cow
to the consumer. While the items embraced in the cards and the
ratings assigned appear to the committee to be generally reasonable
and appropriate, the committee is impelled to believe that the deduc-
tion from the score of the smaller producer and dealer on account of
his inability or failure to provide certain machinery (such as bot-
tling and capping machines) and to set apart in the perhaps limited
space occupied by his establishment a separate room as a salesroom
is unreasonable, and ‘that unless these appurtenances be expressly
required by law or regulation the system of scoring should be
amended in this respect. so as to rate the producer or dairyman ac-
cording to the cleanliness of his actual equipment and of the methods
which obtain in his handling of the commodity.
Since the adoption of the score card for rating dairies and dairy
farms, there has been considerable diversity of opinion as to whether
the rating should be based on an ideal condition which each dairy
or farm might be hoped to approximate, or whether the rating should
coincide with such a reasonable standard as might be expected to be
26 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
capable of actual attainment, considering the present status of the
dairy industry. The committee is disposed without hesitancy to
commend the present practice of our local health department, which
fixes a reasonable standard, as opposed to an ideal standard of per-
fection. This attitude is assumed by the committee not only on
account of the embarrassment and dissatisfaction which must obvi:
ously attend any endeavor on the part of the dairyman or producer
to maintain his dairy or farm in accordance with idealistic require-
ments, but also the prejudicial effect upon the business of the shipper
or dealer, and indeed the deception instilled in the public mind,
when a relatively low rating 1s shown based on an ideal standard.
It is, in the judgment of the committee, manifestly unfair to the
farmer and to the city dealer that practically unattainable standards
should be fixed.
PROPOSED INVESTIGATION OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT, DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA.
The committee takes pleasure in reporting that no valid reasons have
been presented before it, nor has it been able to observe the necessity,
for an investigation of the administration of the local health depart-
ment as proposed by the Dairymen’s Association. The department
has, in its view, not only been conducted with the single aim of jeal-
ously guarding the health of the residents of the District of Colum-
bia and lending an educational influence toward improved sanitary
methods throughout the whole country, but it has, in the unanimous
judgment of the committee, attained a remarkably high standard of
efficiency under the unusually intelligent and energetic supervision
of the present health officer.
ALLEGED EVIDENCES OF MILK TRUST.
Referring to the contention of the representatives of the milk
dealers, both at the hearing before the District commissioners and
before this committee, that a vast milk trust, backed by $30,000,000
of capital, was endeavoring to gain control of the raw milk product
of the country, the committee begs leave to state that it has been
unable to find any evidence whatsoever of such a combination, nor
has it transpired, as the result of its investigations, that any of the
officials of the Federal or District Governments or others appearing
in a private capacity before the committee have been controlled or
influenced in any manner by the manufacturers of pasteurizing ma-
chinery or by other commercial interests. Dr. Melvin, chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, perhaps facetiously remarks in this
connection that the local milk dealers have an organization, but that
this is not regarded as a trust or combination in the usual sense of
those terms. Freeman may be quoted as saying that the Milk Ex-
change in New York fixes the price paid to the producer, and Wins-
low observes that there is some indication of such a combination in
Boston.
Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., which has been charged with per-
haps monopolizing the condensed milk output, argues that a combina-
tion to control the raw-milk production or supply would be an im-
possibility by reason of the economic conditions surrounding the
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 27
production of milk, as each man producing milk is a unit in himself,
and must therefore be reckoned with individually. The health officer
of Seattle, Wash., expresses himself as follows on this score:
He sent one gentleman to jail for two months for conspiring with others to
raise the price of milk some two years since; we believe that the milk trust
collapsed at that time.
Dr. McNutt, health officer of San Francisco, Cal., reports that an
attempt was made to control the raw milk production and supply of
that city, but without success.
With regard to the attempted monopolization of the market for
forms of milk other than raw milk, Dr. Melvin understands that one
concern is believed to control a large part of the output of condensed ~
milk, but states that the department is unable to furnish particulars,
referring at the same time to the fact that other brands of condensed
milk are also to be found on the market. The latter consideration
does not, however, necessarily preclude the possibility that the various
brands are controlled by one central agency. It is obviously, though,
much more likely as a general proposition that condensed, evaporated,
powdered, or other compositions of milk may be the subject of cen-
tralized commercial control than that raw milk might be so monop-
olized, it being quite as feasible in the judgment of the committee to
combine the entire population of our country into a trust against the
interests of the individual, as to attempt a control nationally of the
output of raw milk.
CLASSIFICATION OF MILK FOR LOCAL MARKET RECOMMENDED.
An examination into the local demands for milk convinces the com-
mittee that the classification of market milk, proposed by Dr. A. D.
Melvin, chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States De-
partment of Agriculture, and recommended by the Washington milk
conference of 1907, is best calculated to answer the purposes for which
milk is used in this community.
The classification referred to embraces (1) certified milk, (2) in-
spected milk, and (3) pasteurized milk. The requirements affecting
these three grades of milk are set forth as follows:
Crass 1. CERTIFIED MILK.
The use of this term should be limited to milk produced at dairies subject to
periodic inspection and the products of which are subjected to frequent analyses.
The cows producing such milk must be properly fed and watered, free from
tuberculosis, as shown by the tuberculin test and physicial examination by a
qualified veterinarian, and from all other communicable diseases, and from all
diseases and conditions whatsoever likely to deteriorate the milk. They must be
housed in clean, properly ventilated stables of sanitary construction, and must
be kept clean. All persons who come in contact with the milk must exercise
scrupulous cleanliness and must not harbor the germs of typhoid fever, tuber-
culosis, diphtheria, or other infections liable to be conveyed by the milk. Milk
must be drawn under all precautions necessary to avoid infection, and be im-
mediately strained and cooled, packed in sterilized bottles, and kept at a tem-
perature not exceeding 50° F. until delivered to the consumer. Pure water, as
determined by chemical and bacteriological examinations, is to be provided for
use throughout the dairy farm and dairy. Certified milk should not contain
more than 10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, and should not be more than 12
hours old when delivered. Such milk should be certified by public health officers
or by some other properly constituted authority.
98 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Cuass 2. INSPECTED MILK.
This term should be limited to clean raw milk from healthy cows, as de-
termined by the tuberculin test and physical examination by a qualified veter-
inarian. The cows are to be fed, watered, housed, and milked under good condi-
tions, but not necessarily equal to the conditions prescribed of class 1. All
persons who come in contact with the milk must exercise scrupulous cleanli-
ness and must not harbor the germs of typhoid fever, tuberculosis, diphtheria, or
other infections liable to be conveyed by the milk. This milk is to be delivered
in sterilized containers and is to be kept at a temperature not exceeding 50° F.
until it reaches the consumer. It should contain not more than 100,000 bacteria
per cubic centimeter.
CLASS 3. PASTEURIZED MILK.
Milk from dairies which do not comply with the requirements specified for
classes 1 and 2 should be pasteurized before being sold, and should be sold
under the designation ‘‘ pasteurized milk.” Milk for pasteurization should be
kept at all times at a temperature not exceeding 60° F. while in transit from
the dairy farm to the pasteurizing plant, and milk after pasteurization should
be placed in sterilized containers and delivered to the consumer at a tempera-
ture not exceeding 50° F.
All milk of unknown origin should be placed in class 3 and subjected to
clarification and pasteurization. No cow in any way unfit for the production
of milk for use by man, as determined upon physical examination by an author-
ized veterinarian, and no cow suffering from a communicable disease should be
permitted to remain on any dairy farm on which milk of class 3 is produced,
except that cows which, upon physical examination, do not show physical signs
of tuberculosis may be included in dairy herds supplying milk of this class.
This milk is to be clarified and pasteurized at central pasteurizing plants,
which should be under the personal supervision of an officer or officers of the
health department. These pasteurizing plants may be provided either by pri-
vate enterprise or by the municipality, and should be located within the city.
By the term “ pasteurization ” as used herein is meant the heating of milk
to a temperature of 150° F. or 65° ©. for 20 minutes, or 160° F. or 70° C. for
10 minutes, as soon as practicable after milking, in inclosed vessels, preferably
the final containers, and after such heating immediate cooling to a temperature
not exceeding 50° F. or 10° C2
In addition to the requirements particularized, the committee in-
dorses as appropriate the further precaution that no milk should be
regarded as pure and wholesome which, after standing for two hours
or less, reveals a visible sediment at the bottom of the bottle.
Tt has aptly been said that, while the primary object is to exclude
all milk which may be harmful to the consumer and to provide milk
that will be wholesome and nutritious, the restrictions imposed should
not be more burdensome than is necessary to accomplish this result,
and should be considered especially with reference to their effect in
possibly so reducing the quantity of milk as to preclude its use as an
article of diet by the poorer classes.
The committee strongly recommends that, in the case of hospitals,
foundling asylums, and other charitable institutions located within
the District of Columbia, wholly or partly supported by public funds,
the milk supplied for their use comply strictly with the specifications
in the foregoing classification.
III. GenERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
Since the functions of the committee were understood to embrace,
in addition to a specific examination into the matters of complaint
offered by the local Dairymen’s Association, an inquiry generally
1 Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service, pp. 608 and 609.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT om COLUMBIA. 99
into the conditions affecting the milk supply of the District of Co-
lumbia, the committee has proceeded to secure and to incorporate
herein for the enlightenment and benefit of the Washington public
such information concerning the subject of its investigations as may
be deemed of practical importance in the solution of the great prob-
lem of providing an ample supply of clean, pure, and wholesome
milk for this community.
IMPORTANCE OF MILK AS AN ARTICLE OF FOOD.
Cow’s milk, next to bread, states Dr. Mohler, is the most important
foodstuff of the people of the United States, and is used perhaps to
a greater extent in this than in any other country. This general
use is not confined to milk in its raw state and its ‘almost universal
employment as a substitute in the feeding of infants, but extends to
its varied combination in cooked foods. This abundant use is per-
haps due to the fact that milk contains all the essentials of a perfect
ration, namely, proteids, carbohydrates, fats, inorganic salts, and
water, and to the further fact that its facility of ingestion and com-
parative ease of digestion render it an important food for the sick
and convalescent.
The essential importance of insuring to the community a supply of
pure and wholesome milk is readily realized when we consider the
fact that milk is more extensively used as an article of food than any
other animal product. It constitutes a portion of the food of almost
every person on practically every day of the year, and while, unlike
many articles of diet. it is consumed in most cases in an uncooked
state, it, as above indicated, enters very largely also into the cooked
foods, in many of which it constitutes the principal ingredient. Milk
should, therefore, when furnished for consumption — in its raw or
cooked state, be of good composition and free from adulterants and
from artificial coloring matter.
Dr. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, United State De-
partment of Agriculture, takes _exception to the expression “ raw’
milk, contending that the term “ milk ” means pure, fresh, clean, and
properly handled milk, and that the prefix “ raw ” is unnecessary and
discriminatory. It should be explained that the committee in pre-
paring this report has made use of the term as a matter of conven-
ience, to indicate milk in its natural state not subjected to pasteuriza-
tion, condensation, modification, or other treatment. It will be under-
stood, furthermore, that references to milk apply equally to cream,
save where such construction is obviously inadmissible.
DEFINITIONS OF MILK AND CREAM.
The only regulations governing the production and distribution of
milk and cream, under the power conferred by the Federal Constitu-
tion for regulating commerce with foreign nations and among the
several States and with the Indian tribes, are those contained in the
Standards of Purity for Food Products, 1 issued by the Department
of Agriculture in pursuance of authority conveyed by Congress in
the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, as follows:
(1) Milk is the fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milk-
ing of one or more healthy cows, properly fed and kept, excluding that obtained
1 Circular No, 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S, Department of Agriculture,
30 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
within 15 days before and 10 days after calving, and contains not less than 8.5
per cent of solids not fat and not less than 3.25 per cent of milk fat,
(2) Blended milk is milk modified in its composition so as to have a definite
and stated percentage of one or more of its constituents.
(3) Skim milk is milk from which a part or all of the cream has been re-
moved and contains not less than 9.25 per cent of milk solids. ;
(4) Pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated below boiling, but suffi-
ciently to kill most of the active organisms present, and immediately cooled to
50° FE. or lower.
(5) Sterilized milk is milk:that has been heated at the temperature of boiling
water or higher for a length of time sufficient to kill all organisms present.
(6) Condensed milk, evaporated milk, is milk from which a considerable
portion of water has been evaporated, and contains not less than 28 per cent of
milk solids, of which not less than 27.5 per cent is milk fat.
(7) Sweetened condensed milk is milk from which a considerable portion of
water has been evaporated and to which sugar (Sucrose) has been added, and
contains not less than 28 per cent of milk solids, of which not less than 27.5
per cent is milk fat.
(8) Condensed skim milk is milk from which a considerable portion of water
has been evaporated.
(9) Buttermilk is the product that remains when butter is removed from
milk or cream in the process of churning.
(10) Goat’s milk, ewe’s milk, etc., are the fresh, clean, lacteal secretions, free
from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of healthy animals other thau
cows, properly fed and kept, and conform in name to the species of animal from
which they are obtained.
CREAM.
(1) Cream is that portion of milk, rich in milk fat, which rises to the surface
of milk on standing, or is separated from it by centrifugal force, is fresh and
clean, and contains not less than 18 per cent of milk fat.
(2) Evaporated cream, clotted cream, is cream from which a considerable
portion of water has been evaporated. :
CERTIFIED AND INSPECTED MILK.
The terms “ Certified” and “ Inspected” have been aptly sug-
gested (the former by Dr. Henry L. Coit, whose valuable work in
promoting sanitary milk production is referred to elsewhere in this
report) to describe grades of milk produced under special require-
ments intended to insure the greatest degree of purity and cleanliness.
Requirements for “ Certified ” and “ Inspected ” milk are set forth
somewhat at length in a scheme of classification proposed by Dr.
A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States
Department of Agriculture, and heartily recommended by the Wash-
ington milk conference of 1907.1 These requirements, especially as
to “Certified ” milk, have met with general acceptance throughout
the United States, with some differentiation, however, as to the maxi-
mum number of bacteria allowable in various jurisdictions.
SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION OF MILK.
Tt is evident that in nature’s scheme for the nourishment of the
young milk was never intended to see the light of day, and that if
suckled from the normal, healthy gland it is the perfect food for the
offspring. In this natural method of nourishment, observes Mr.
EF. H. Webster, chief of the dairy division of the Bureau of Animal
Indutry,? there is little possibility of contamination from outside
1See page 27 of this report.
2Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service, March, 1909, 559,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 31
sources, but as soon as the artificial method of drawing milk is re-
sorted to there enters a set of conditions entirely new and different.
The milk then comes into contact with the air, the vessel into which
it is drawn, and with particles of dirt from many sources. The prob-
lem of securing milk corresponding as nearly as possible to its condi-
tion as it exists in the udder is the problem of dairy sanitation.
Since bacteriology teaches us that every particle of dirt introduced
into milk carries with it great numbers of bacteria which neither
strain nor clarify from the milk, the necessity of keeping the dirt
out in the first instance, instead of attempting to strain it out, is
apparent. From the time of milking to the final consumption of
the milk, every object that comes in direct contact with it may be a
source of contamination. If the udder and flanks of the cow are
covered with dirt of the yard or stable, the process of milking is
bound to dislodge a greater or less portion of this filth, causing it to
fall into the pail. It is easily conceivable how the animal in wading
in filth and sewage polluted water may infect the udder and through
it the milk with the germs of typhoid fever. We can also appre-
ciate how infected water may convey the germs when used for wash-
ing utensils or in adulteration of the milk. Clothing worn by milkers
often, unless special suits be reserved for use in milking, contains
dirt from the hogpen, the chicken coop and horse barn, or even the
swill pail, and there is great danger of contamination from these
sources. The importance of regulations requiring clean cows, clean
milkers, and clean methods of milking and handling must therefore
be apparent.
Not only is milk a very stable medium for almost every descrip-
tion of germ life which may gain access to it in its journey from the
cow to the consumer, but it may even become contaminated while
still in the udder through infectious or poisonous material present
in the cow herself. It should be understood, therefore, that milk
while in the udder of a healthy cow is rarely sterile (that is to say,
free from germ life), and can only occasionally be removed in small
quantities free from micro-organisms. Commercial milk from
healthy cows may contain organisms not only while still in the
udder, but may become contaminated in its passage through the
ducts of the animal’s teats, and at every point in its 12 to 48 hour
journey to the consumer may receive and proliferate additional
bacteria.
While it is not practicable by any known method to completely
eliminate the prejudicial qualities of milk, it is obviously feasible to re-
duce to a minimum the multiplication of bacteria and the consequent
danger of infection with disease. The principal requirements to this
end are that the cow herself be free from disease, that cleanliness,
low temperatures, and speedy transportation from the cow to the
consumer be observed, and that in order to accomplish this the dairy
farmer and distributor of milk be imbued with an intelligent interest
in safeguarding the product from deterioration up to the time of
actual consumption.
It should be asserted in fairness to the dairyman that he is not
always to blame for the furnishing of impure milk. As a rule he
attempts to supply a pure grade of milk to his customers and is not
conscious of impurities and infections in the article he is distributing.
32 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
DISEASES RESULTING FROM CONTAMINATED MILK.
The important part played by milk in the spread of certain diseases
has been realized for many years, principally in connection with
typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, tuberculosis, dysentery, and
other gastro-intestinal disorders. The colon bacillus has, besides,
often been found to be the actual cause of appendicitis, chronic perti-
tonitis, and abscesses of the liver.
Park is authority for the statement that certain pathogenic bac-
teria, known as streptococci, which excite tonsilitis (a single epidemic
of which involved 600 cases of sore throat in Stockholm), are prob-
ably the cause of septic inflammation of the udder. Many leucocytes
and streptocccci are present in the normal milk of a healthy cow,
these bacteria being more numerous, though, in the milk of diseased
than in that of healthy cows. No satisfactory method has yet been
devised for distinguishing the pathogenic from the nonpathogenic
streptococci in milk.t
As has already been set forth, milk, not only while in the cow’s
udder but up to the'time of its delivery to the consumer, receives
from its surroundings bacteria of various kinds. These organisms
come from the teats of the cow, from the uncleanly condition of the
exterior of its body, from the dust and dirt of the stable, from the
hands of the milkers and others handling the milk, from the pails
and cans used in milking, storing, and transporting the product,
the bottles and other receptacles employed in its delivery to the
consumer, and from various other sources.
Evidence has, furthermore, been accumulated during the last 50
years tending to show that milk may receive from man the specific
organisms of certain infectious diseases, and that these organisms
may produce the disease in susceptible individuals drinking the raw
milk.
While cows are known to be exempt from typhoid fever, and these
germs are not customarily found in milk freshly drawn, the typhoid
bacillus may reach milk in unexpected ways, notably by the milk
coming into contact with persons who are in the first stages of
typhoid fever or convalescing from the disease, and very frequently
through the agency of “bacillus carriers”—that is to say, persons
who are shown to be entirely healthy, but who, having experienced
a precedent attack of typhoid fever, or through contact with patients,
are known to be expelling typhoid germs. Persons who have had
the disease continue, as has been definitely shown in certain instances,
to discharge great numbers of the bacilli for months, and, remarkable
as it may seem, in some cases for years after apparent recovery.
This emphasizes the importance of having as few persons as possible
come in contact with the milk, and of insuring that those who actu-
ally handle the milk shall exercise scrupulous cleanliness and be
under strict medical supervision. In view of the numerous epidemics
from milk-borne diseases which have been recorded, the necessity for
compulsory notification of all infectious and contagious diseases is
so apparent that milk should not be permitted to leave a farm dairy,
or be shipped therefrom, during the existence of any of these diseases
1The Significance of Leucocytes and Streptococci in Milk, by William Whitfield Miller,
assistant surgeon, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, Bulletin No. 56, Hygieni¢
Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, March, 1909, page 498,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 33
among employees or other persons associated with them, nor should
any such persons be permitted to reside in or visit infected houses
while engaged in the milk traffic.
Dr. Hermann Biggs, of the New York City department of health,
like many others, considers it almost impossible to secure a safe milk
supply without repeated inspection, including complete and repeated
bacteriological examinations of every person connected with the pro-
duction and handling of milk. As a result of his report, the New
York City board of health has promulgated an order requiring satis-
factory pasteurization of all milk used for drinking purposes.
When we point to the appalling death rate due to typhoid fever,
scarlet fever, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and other diseases induced by
infection from contaminated milk, we are prone to overlook the vast
number of cases in which these attacks of disease do not result fatally.
If the mortality which ensues from the lack of proper attention to our
milk supply is alarming, how much more so is the enormous amount
of illness and distress inflicted by these preventable diseases, and the
even more widespread indisposition, exhaustion, and fatigue which
should be reckoned as a portion of the awful penalty paid by the
community for its lack of prudent care and precaution in the use of
milk. In this day of increasing artificiality in our mode of living,
when the refinements of civilization are creating greater and con-
stantly increasing demands upon our physical and mental energies,
every safeguard should be availed of to protect the impaired consti-
tution of the individual from the ravages of these ever-portending
diseases. Why not, then, instill into every citizen the prime necessity
of improving our milk supply (which admittedly plays so important
a part in the transmission of disease) until it reaches that standard
of practical perfection which will eliminate entirely its character
as a destructive agency, and which will insure to the consumer the
beneficent advantages of this world-wide product ?
Tt is earnestly hoped that, through the process of popular education,
the prevailing indifference of the average householder to the care of
milk will be converted into a proper recognition of the importance of
continuing from the hour of its receipt on the threshold to the actual
moment of consumption the same degree of cleanliness and mainte-
nance at a lower temperature while in the house that is now being
demanded of the dairy farmer and milk dealer in its production,
transportation, and delivery.
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MILK.
A prejudicial circumstance in the development of the milk industry
is the fact that the dairy business has been largely built up on a cheap
basis, with cheap cows, cheap feed, cheap stables, cheap labor, and
cheap prices for the product. When we compare the price of milk
with that of other perishable human foods it is remarkable that so
much value is given for so little money, not only from the viewpoint
of the abnormal amount of labor and attention necessarily bestowed
in the production and distribution of milk and milk products, but
from the standpoint of the amount of nutrition Seed, inmilk. In
other words, if the dairyman could sell the nutrients in his milk for
the same price per pound that the butcher receives for the nutrients
82444°—S,. Doc. 863, 61-3——3
34 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
in his meat, or the poultry dealer for his eggs, the price of milk would
be immensely higher and dairy farming would probably soon result
in the accumulation of swollen fortunes. It is a significant fact,
however, that although the prices for beef and other commodities
are arbitrarily advanced from time to time without serious, active
opposition on the part of the consumer, there is a concerted protest
ot the most vigorous nature when endeavor is made to increase the
price of milk a single cent per quart, and that, even, at the season of
the year when it is generally admitted that the farmer is put to extra
expense in supplying silage, hay, and other feed not demanded in the
warmer months, when pasturine is almost exclusively depended upon.
It is of interest to note in this connection that a quart of milk sup-
plies practically as much of both protein and energy as three-quarters
of a pound of beef of average composition or eight average eggs.
When we compare the price of milk with the prevailing prices of beef
and eggs, the cheapness of milk as a food may therefore readily be
recognized. It may be said even in favor of skim milk that so far
as its nutritive value is concerned it is a trifle more potent, volume for
volume, than whole milk. As a wholesome and nutritious food but-
termilk is also valuable, since it has 3 per cent of proteids, and a
quart contains one-quarter as much proteid as a man needs in a day,
even when the most liberal estimate of his requirements is considered.
IMPROVEMENT IN SANITARY DAIRY CONDITIONS.
Tn all sections of the country great improvement is being made in
dairy conditions, resulting from the agitation of the necessity for a
cleaner and safer milk supply, and the public is gradually awaken-
ing to the extreme importance of insuring that the milk furnished
for consumption by the community shall be initially as free from
contamination as possible and so handled as to reduce to the utmost
“minimum, so far as compatible with economic considerations, the
possibility of subsequent infection from this abundant factor in its
food supply. |
It should be borne in mind that the meeting of these requirements
for safeguarding the public health necessarily entails an additional
expenditure all along the line, and especially at the point of produc-
tion, and it would not be dealing fairly with the producer if some
adequately increased compensation were not received by him in reim-
bursement for this necessary additional outlay. The committee is
inclined to the opinion that the dairy farmer has, on the whole, been
receiving a smaller price for his output of milk than is proportion-
ately due him, and it is recommended that steps be taken with a view
to readjusting existing conditions so as to effect a more adequate
remuneration for the important services rendered by him to the
community.
UNWHOLESOMENESS OF CITY MARKET MILK.
In order to correctly convey to the public mind the unusual amount
of contamination in milk ordinarily produced for the market, it may
be stated that nearly every city throughout the world has to contend
with the problem of dirty milk: According to some authorities the
residents of Berlin consume 300 pounds of cow dung in their milk
daily, and the inhabitants of New York City consume half a ton of
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 35
filth and refuse in the same manner. Many medical authorities take
the position that the question of dirt and the bacterial contamination
of nilk is of infinitely greater importance from the standpoint of
health than a high chemical standard governing the composition of
milk, for the reason that very poor milk (that is to say, that which is
low in proteids, fat, and milk sugar) is still very valuable as a food
and contains a great deal of nutriment, providing it is sufficiently
clean to be consumed with safety, while, on the other hand, it is well
understood that dirty milk and milk bacterially contaminated is not
only responsible for the high death rate prevailing among young
children from cholera infantum, but that polluted milk is also re-
sponsible to a large degree for the spread of such infections as diph-
theria, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis, and for acute
cases of milk poisoning, which are by no means uncommon.
The investigations of the market milk of Washington,t made in
1907, demonstrated that the milk was for the most part old, stale,
and dirty, its bacterial content averaging in 1907 over 22,000,000
per cubic centimeter and in 1908 over 11,000,000. It was further
established that at least 11.3 per cent of the cases of typhoid fever
occurring during the summer of 1906 in Washington were certainly
attributable to contaminated milk, while in 1907 9.18 per cent and
in 1908 approximately 10 per cent of the typhoid cases were abso-
_lutely traced to infected milk. In fact, it may be stated without
hesitancy that the average commercial milk of large cities is not a
safe food.
In an interesting article on “ The future of milk supplies of large
cities from,a sanitary standpoint,” by Dr. Ernst J. Lederle, health
officer of the city of New York,’ published under date of March 19,
~ 1910, the writer refers to the fact that the milk dealer of to-day occu-
ples a unique position in the commercial world, trafficking in a prod-
uct which is one of our most important foodstuffs, bringing blessings
to millions of people when properly produced and carefully handled
and distributed, but which, when coming from unhealthy and insani-
tary sources and when carelessly handled, is capable of spreading
disease and misery. It is clearly the duty of the milk dealer, he
states, to supply the quality of milk which is approved by those dis-
interested physicians and sanitarians who have made a special study
of the requirements of infants and invalids, and who are familiar
with public-health problems in their broadest application. In the
light of present knowledge on the subject, he says, it would appear
that the dealer should not be satisfied to offer the public any milk
unless it be clean and safe—either a clean, high-grade market milk,
a scientifically pasteurized, or a clean, raw milk of low bacterial count
from healthy animals. Under existing conditions no large dealer,
he continues, can afford to supply milk in large cities unless it be
either of the certified type, guaranteed or inspected, or scientifically
pasteurized. New conditions, he continues, are forcing great changes
in the character of conducting a large milk business.
The dealer, to be successful and progressive, requires the services
of veterinarians to inspect the cattle from which his supply is re-
ceived and to assist in the elimination of diseased animals, and of the
1 Rosenau, Lumsden and Kastle, Bulletins Nos. 385 and 44, Hygienic Laboratory, U. S.
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.
2 Journal of American Medical Association, Vol. LIV, No. 12.
\
36 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
chemist and bacteriologist to supervisorily control the supply by con-
stant tests of quality and of cleanliness. The high standards set, in-
cluding restrictions as to the types of buildings, the cleanliness de-
manded in every step of production of the milk from the washing of
the udders of the cows to the sterilization of the utensils, the outlay
entailed, and the increase in running expenses, while having a mark-
edly beneficial effect on the whole dairy industry, is rather discourag-
ing, he observes, to the small producer of eat milk; it all seems
so impossible to him, considering the small value placed on his prod-
uct. In conclusion, he asseverates that the public must be educated
to an appreciation of the value of these new conditions, which will
inevitably result in higher prices paid to the farmer and a general
advance in the cost of milk to the public.
FEDERAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SANITARY MILK PRODUCTION.
Although it is conceded that milk, up to the moment that it leaves
the cow (except, perchance, through contamination from germs enter-
ing the teat from the outside), is not possibly contaminated with
diphtheria, typhoid, or scarlet fever bacilli, since cows are not sus-
ceptible to these diseases, milk is coming to be recognized more and
more as a most important factor in the spread of these diseases. In-
teresting charts illustrating the potency of milk as a medium for dis-
seminating these and other ailments are presented in Bulletin No. 56
of the Hygienic Laboratory of the Public Health and Marine-Hos-
pital Service.t This subject has been the basis for long-continued
and thorough investigation on the part of this branch of the Federal
service, several bulletins being devoted to publishing results regard-
ing the influence of milk in the transmission of typhoid fever, diph-
theria, scarlet fever, and tuberculosis.?
Most valuable information concerning milk in its relation to the
public health has also resulted from the active, energetic work of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agricul-
ture, the contents of whose important publications on the subject are
fully discussed in the pages of this report.
FLIES A POTENT FACTOR IN CONTAMINATION OF MILK.
A most important contributing factor in the contamination of
milk, and one which has, until the past few years, been almost. uni-
versally regarded as negligible, is the effect produced by flies coming
into contact with milk, either at the dairy farm, the city dairy, or at
the home of the consumer. It has been recently demonstrated beyond
peradventure that a single fly may contaminate sterile water, for
example, to the extent of 1,500,000 bacteria, a fly captured in Brook-
lyn in the summer of 1907 having been found actually to carry in its
mouth and upon its legs over 100,000 fecal bacteria which it had
collected in walking over human excreta and which it was probably
intending to transmit to the nearest milk pitcher. This observation
emphasizes not only the importance of keeping manure piles, pigpens,
and other possible breeding places for flies (and likewise for the con-
1See pages 25 et seq.
2 Bulletins Nos. 35, 44, 52, and 65, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service, U. S. Treasury Department.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 37
tamination of the latter with bacteria) removed to a safe distance
from cow barns and milk houses, but points to the advisability of the
exercise of extreme care and caution on the part of the householder
to keep the home free from flies, and especially on the part of handlers
of milk to be watchful that flies be not permitted to drop into the
milk at any stage of its transport from the barn to the table. It is im-
portant that barns and milk houses be screened from flies, and that
greater diligence be exercised in keeping these dangerous, though
heretofore generaliy regarded as harmless, insects away from milk
and milking utensils. Great credit is due in this connection to Dr.
George M. Kober, of this city, whose laborious investigation in 1895
developed for the first time a recognition of the potency of flies in the
communication of typhoid fever and other diseases, and whose com-
prehensive task in collating data regarding epidemic diseases result-
ing from contaminated milk and other causes is elsewhere referred to
in this report.
IV. Hisrory or Freprrat ann Locat ReGguuatTion oF MinK SupPPuy.
FEDERAL SURVEILLANCE OF MILK PRODUCTION.
Prior to the establishment of the Dairy Division of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, on July
1, 1895, very little attention had been bestowed by the Federal Gov-
ernment upon the subject of milk production, but at this juncture
actual steps in promoting the sanitary production and distribution
of milk were taken; and in 1900 a paper entitled “ Market Milk: A
Plan for Its Improvement,” was issued in order to meet the frequent
requests received by the Bureau of Animal Industry for advice re-
garding the improvement of the milk supply of cities and towns.
This plan comprised, in brief, recommendations for the organization
in each community of an unofficial milk commission to inspect dairies
and methods of producing and handling milk, and to prescribe re-
quirements therefor. In recent years the bureau has worked in vari-
ous ways to bring about improvement in the wholesomeness of the
milk supply of various communities. It has made scientific investi-
gations regarding tuberculosis, pasteurization, and other subjects; has
studied practical methods of dairying, with a view to helping dairy-
men to improve their methods, for the benefit of both producer and
consumer; has cooperated with numerous cities and towns in the mat-
ter of their milk supply, and has studied their methods of producing,
transporting, handling, and delivering milk; has promoted competi-
tive exhibitions of milk and cream and encouraged the production
of wholesome products; has furnished tuberculin to public-health
officers, and has applied the test to a large number of cows; has given
numerous lectures and addresses at public meetings; and has pre-
pared and distributed a large quantity of literature relating to the
various phases of the milk question.
No attempt has thus far been made by the Federal Government,
in pursuance of authority vested by the Federal Constitution for the
regulation of interstate commerce, to prescribe the application of
the tuberculin test, pasteurization, a maximum bacterial content, a
fixed maximum temperature, or analogous restrictions to govern milk
produced in one State and transported into another, the jurisdiction
of the Federal Government being exercised in this regard only so far
38 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
as it has been endeavored by the Bureau of Animal Industry to pre-
vent the interstate shipment of tuberculous animals and to prohibit
the adulteration, artificial coloring, or misbranding of milk concerned
in interstate commerce.
NATIONAL FOOD AND DRUGS ACT.
The food and drugs act approved June 30, 1906, provides that it
shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture within the District
of Columbia any article of food which is adulterated or misbranded,
and prohibits the introduction into the District of Columbia, or from
the District into any State, of any article of food which is adulterated
or misbranded. Severe penalties are prescribed for the violation of
the provisions of the act, under the terms of which the Secretaries of
the Treasury, Agriculture, and Commerce and Labor are charged
with framing uniform rules and regulations for carrying out its pro-
visions. In accordance with this empowerment standards of purity
for food products have been issued by the Secretary of Agriculture.t
A copy of the food and drugs act is appended (Appendix M).
‘The act imposes upon the Department of Agriculture the duty of
publishing notices of judgments in cases brought for enforcement of
its provisions. An examination of the series of notices issued to date
reveals the fact that 94 cases have related to proceedings against per-
sons or corporations charged with violation of the provisions of the
act appertaining to the adulteration and misbranding of milk. It
appears that of these 94 cases 37 have been instituted against inhabit-
ants of the several States and 57 against residents of the District of
Columbia. The charges have been based upon the excessive skim-
ming of cream and butter fat from milk, dilution with water, the
addition of formaldehyde as a preservative, and of coloring matter,
designed to deceive as to richness. Indictments have also been pre-
sented in several instances based upon an excessive number of bac-
teria, and others on account of the mill being putrid. These cases
extend over a period from December 28, 1907, to May 17, 1910, the
notices of judgment referred to issuing between August 13, 1908, and
November 12, 1910. In the larger number of cases judgment was
confessed or collateral forfeited, the fines ranging in most instances
from $5 to $40. In a few prosecutions the defendant stood trial,
resulting in acquittal in some cases and conviction in others.
There is appended a communication from Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief
of the Bureau of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture, under date
of December 2, 1910, inclosing a memorandum from Dr. W. D. Bige-
low, assistant chief of the bureau, dated the preceding day, referring
to prosecutions for violations of the provisions of the Federal pure
food law respecting the composition of milk (Appendix N).
SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS FOR DAIRY FARMS.
The paper by Mr. E. H. Webster, Chief of the Dairy Division of
the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, on
“ Sanitary inspection and its bearing on clean milk”? (Appendix QO),
1 Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. :
2 Bulletin No. 56 of the Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Sery-
ice, p. 559.
THE MILK SITUATION IN .THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA... 39
concludes with 21 suggestions concerning the treatment of cows, sta-
bling, milking, and conditions pertaining to the milk house, which,
if followed, must appeal to the intelligent observer as destined to
produce important results in effecting a clean and wholesome milk
supply. The fact is emphasized that the location of the barn and
establishment of the milk house with particular reference to remote-
ness from sources of pollution constitutes an important factor in the
production of pure milk, as does also the provision of an adequate
water supply to afford a convenient and abundant source of this essen-
tial adjunct of cleanliness.
Of importance in this connection is the periodical examination of
the water supply of dairies. An analysis, under the auspices of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, of the water employed by dairy farms
showed that in comparatively few instances is the water free from
sanitary objection, though it is apparent that in most cases the im-
purification may be rectified with but little expense.
NECESSITY FOR FURTHER SAFEGUARDS.
As late as January 24, 1910, Dr. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, in transmitting for publication by the Department
of Agriculture a series of papers on “The dissemination of disease
by dairy products and methods for prevention,” + makes the statement
that, notwithstanding the fact that within the last few years there
has been great improvement in the direction of obtaining more whole-
some and sanitary milk, much yet remains to be done in safeguarding
the health of the community. To this end it is important, he con-
tinues, that there should be not only additional legislation and effec-
tive official supervision, but a better understanding on the part of
producers themselves and of the public concerning the dangers lurk-
ing in contaminated dairy products and the latest approved methods
of guarding against and eliminating these dangers. He renews the
proposal made by him to the Washington milk conference of 1907,
and included in its recommendations that the classification of milk
should provide, first, for clean raw milk from healthy, tuberculin-
tested cows, drawn and handled in a cleanly manner by healthy at-
tendants and transported and delivered to the consumer at a tempera-
ture not exceeding 50° F. and within the least possible time. When
these conditions can not be met, he urges pasteurization, “ not for the
purpose of making bad milk good, but to render milk of doubtful
healthfulness safe.” He further emphasizes the importance of han-
dling milk properly after its arrival in the home.
Safe and clean milk can not be had without the active and energetic
cooperation of the farmer, the transportation agent, the dealer, and
the housewife, and it is only by inculcating in these various agents a
proper conception of the extreme care which must be observed in the
handling of milk to minimize the dangers resulting from impurities
therein that we can hope to secure substantial advancement in re-
ducing the inordinate amount of illness and disease communicated
through milk and in directly conserving in this manner the public
health.
1 Circular No. 153, Bureau of Animal Industry, issued Apr. 28, 1910.
40 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
MILK AND CREAM CONTESTS.
The first milk and cream contest in this country was held in con-
nection with the National Dairy Show in Chicago from February 15
to 24, 1906, under the direction of the Dairy Division of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. The ob-
jects of the.contest were, first, educational; second, to determine the
possibilities in the handling and keeping of milk and cream produced
under sanitary conditions and kept cold; and, third, to test a score
card for rating fairly and accurately this class of dairy products.
Since this national contest was held, several States, notably New
Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Massachusetts, have arranged
similar exhibits in connection with State dairy association meetings.
These contests have proved of great benefit to dairymen in pointing
out defects in their product and suggesting remedies, and in indicat-
ing the most satisfactory forms of bottles to be used. The plan for
holding these contests was first applied to a municipality when the
city of Cleveland, which had already adopted the Dairy Division score
card for rating dairy farms and was making a special effort to im-
prove the conditions of its dairies and the quality of its milk supply,
arranged with the chamber of commerce of that city to conduct the
contest under its auspices. Medals were offered for the best milk
and cream and the best dairy farms represented, and addresses ger-
mane to the purposes of the contest were delivered by representatives
of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Cleveland
Chamber of Commerce, followed by a general discussion among the
dairymen present, which was productive of valuable results. These
contests, national, State, and municipal, give evidence of the general
interest manifested throughout the country in improved standards of
milk production. Detailed information concerning the contests re-
ferred to may be gained by consulting Circular No. 117 of the Bureau
of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture.’
NEW YORK MILK CONFERENCE.
Upon the invitation of a special committee of the New York milk
committee a conference was held in New York City on December 2
and 3, 1910, for the purpose of considering plans for the improve-
ment of the national milk supply and with the idea of forming a
national association with that object in view. The conference was
participated in by specialists of national reputation on the subject of
sanitary milk production and the relation of milk to the public health,
and a number of interesting papers were presented. The conference
was attended by Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, Dr. E. C. Schroeder, of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, and Mr.
Emile Berliner, of this city. After mature deliberation the following
resolutions, offered by the gentlemen mentioned and favorably re-
ported from the committee on resolutions, received unanimous approval
by the conference: |
RESOLUTION 1.
Whereas dairy products are among the most valuable assets of the world,
billions of capital being invested in them in the United States alone;
Whereas milk, cream, butter, and cheese are the most generally employed
articles of food and which have been proved by indisputable evidence to be
1A City Milk and Cream Contest as a Practical Method of Improving the Milk Supply,
by C. B. Lane and Ivan C. Weld, issued October 28, 1907.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 41
readily contaminated by disease-producing germs, thus greatly impairing the
public health and increasing the general mortality rates;
Whereas this dissemination of disease by dairy products has been pointed out
by writers the world over, and has in this country been especially disseminated
in Circulars Nos. 114, 116, and 158 of the Bureau of Animal Industry. of the
United States Department of Agriculture, and Bulletins Nos. 41 and 56 of the
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service;
Whereas these facts have been confirmed by numerous authorities here and
in Europe, and have been recognized within the past month by the United States
Department of Agriculture, United States Department of the Interior, United
States Department of Commerce and Labor, United States Navy Department,
United States War Department, United States Department of State, and by the
Commissioners of he District of Columbia: Be it
Resolved, That the United States Congress be requested to appoint a com-
mittee to investigate the questions of dairy products in their relation to the
public health, in order that proper standards for dairy products may be adopted
by the United States Congress; and be it further
’ Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President of the
United States, to the Vice President, to the Speaker of the House of Representa-
tives, to the chairman of the Public Health Committee of the United States
Senate, and to the chairman of the Committee on Agriculture of the United
States House of Representatives.
RESOLUTION 2.
Resolved, That the conference on milk problems of the New York milk com-
mittee indorses the classification of milk recommended by Dr. A. D. Melvin,
Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, approved by the milk conference of the District of Columbia in 1907,
and published in Circular No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal Industry and in
Bulletins Nos. 41 and 56 of the United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service.
This ppeciacwtion designates three kinds of milk: Certified, in-
spected, and pasteurized.
I. Certified milk must be produced in accordance with the require-
ments of the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions.
IL. Inspected milk must be a wholesome, clean article, obtained
under sanitary conditions from cows shown to be free from tubercu-
losis by the tuberculin test, and contain not more than 100,000
bacteria per cubic centimeter.
III. Pasteurized milk must be a clean, inspected milk, which has
been properly pasteurized under an official standard, any shipment
of which shall at all times be subject to inspection and test by public
inspectors.
RESOLUTION 3.
Whereas it has been demonstrated by papers presented to the discussions by
this conference held at the invitation of the New York milk committee, that it
is imperative that definite standards and regulations should be adopted to gov-
ern the production and handling of dairy products for the prevention of disease
and the saving of lives:
Resolved, That the New York milk committee be requested to invite between
12 and 20 recognized experts on milk problems to meet in conference, and that
these experts be asked to make a unanimous report recommending proper milk
standards on which Congress or State authorities may formulate milk legisla-
tion.
The following additional resolution was ERR IOUS) approved by
the conference: :
RESOLUTION 4.
Resolved that whereas 16,000 babies die annually in New York City, of which
number 4,000 are killed by bad milk and improper food; and
Whereas there are 500,000 children in New York City under 5 years of age,
whose future health and strength depends upon their proper nourishment and
development; and
49 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Whereas pure milk is the most important food in the diet of these children:
Now therefore be it
Resolved, That the problem of securing a clean, safe milk for babies and
young children is the most immediate and pressing problem confronting the
health authorities of this city; and be it further
Resolved, That it is the sense of this conference that steps should be taken to
label milk so that mothers may know what milk is safe for their babies and
what milk they must avoid.
Resolved, That it is the sense of this conference that milk from tuberculin-
tested cows, produced and kept under conditions which satisfy the highest med-
ical and sanitary standards, is reasonably safe for babies, in a raw state.
Resolved, That it is the sense of this conference that milk from cows which
have been physically examined for tuberculosis and are kept on farms which
score at least 75 per cent by the health department methods is safe for babies
’ if pasteurized at a temperature not lower than 140° F. and for a time not less
than 20 minutes, provided such milk has a bacteriological count not higher than
100,000 per cubic centimeter, pasteurized, and not more than 10,000 per cubic
centimeter not pasteurized.
Resolved, That it is the sense of this conference that all other milk is not
safe for babies; that it should be pasteurized as above described, and that it
should be recommended for cooking purposes only and not for drinking pur-
poses.
Resolved, That this conference recommend to the New York health authori-
ties that an effort be made immediately to secure a quantity of milk of grades
I and II above described sufficient for the 500,000 infants and children under 5
years of age in New York City.
The conference took the position squarely that certified milk was
only reasonably safe, and the sentiment of members was almost
unanimously favorable to pasteurization as defined by the Washing-
ton milk conference of 1907.
An additional resolution was passed, the phraseology of which is
not at hand, providing that besides the committee of from 12 to 20
experts arranged for, a separate committee of 20 experts be ap-
pointed for the purpose of considering the various resolutions sub-
mitted to the conference. Dr. Magruder and Mr. Berliner have been
designated as members of this latter committee. The membership
of the first-named committee has not yet been announced.
MILK REGULATION IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Tt is interesting to review the history of local milk regulation, a
subject with which, in its general aspects, the District of Columbia
has been conspicuously identified in setting the pace for development
elsewhere throughout the country along the lines of sanitary milk
production and distribution.
As early as August 1, 1863, an ordinance was enacted by the board |
of aldermen and board of common council of the city of Washing-
ton, providing against insanitary conditions in and about cow yards,
pens, and stables in the District of Columbia,'a similar ordinance
being enacted by the board of aldermen and board of common coun-
cil of the corporation of Georgetown on April 22, 1865. Pursuant
to a provision of the act to establish a government for the District
of Columbia, approved February 21, 1867, a board of health was
created, and on May 15 of the same year this newly appointed board
adopted an ordinance prohibiting the sale of unwholesome, watered,
or adulterated milk, and of butter and cheese made therefrom. As
far back as October, 1873, the food inspectors in the service of the
board of health seem to have realized the importance of the inspection
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 48
of milk at the place of production as well as when offered for sale,
though this suggestion was not generally accepted by sanitarians
until a generation later. The board of health was abolished by the
terms of the act providing a permanent form of government for the
District of Columbia, approved June 11, 1878, the commissioners
being authorized in lieu thereof to appoint a physician as health
officer, charged with the execution and enforcement, under the direc-
tion of the commissioners, of all laws and regulations relating to
the public health and to vital statistics. During the fiscal year
1883-84 the then health officer undertook to inspect the dairy farms
supplying milk to the District, and as a result of this investigation
he strongly emphasized the necessity of going beyond the analyses
of samples of milk sold in the community, and rigidly examining
into conditions affecting, from a sanitary standpoint, the dairy farms
from which shipments of milk were made to the National Capital.
On October 12, 1888, Congress passed an act to prevent the manu-
facture of adulterated foods or drugs in the District of Columbia,
in consequence of which the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, to
whom the enforcement of this act was committed, fixed as a standard
for milk offered for sale in the District that the minimum specific
gravity should be 1.030 at 60° F., and that the milk should contain
not less than 13 parts in 100 of solids as follows: Fat, 3.5; solids, not
fat, 9.5; water, not more than 87. The removal of cream, or the addi-
tion of water, foreign fats, or coloring matter were to be considered
as adulterations.
INVESTIGATION OF PREVALENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER.
As the result of the prevailing high death rate from typhoid fever
in the District, a committee, of which Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder was
chairman, was appointed by the District Medical Society for the pur-
pose of investigating the prevalence and causes of the disease. The
report of this committee was submitted to the Committee on the
District of Columbia, House of Representatives, and published as a
congressional document in 1894. The report attributed the alarming
prevalence of typhoid fever to the Potomac water, the pollution of
the soil from defective sewers, the backing up of sewage from tidal
movements, and the drinking of well or pump water and contaminated
milk.» The committee recommended the careful inspection of dairies
contributing to the District milk supply and the enactment of a
statute prohibiting the selling of milk in the District without a per-
mit from the health ofiice.
ACT OF MARCH 2, 1895.
The act approved March 2, 1895 (Appendix P), requiring the in-
spection of all dairy farms furnishing milk for consumption in the
city.of Washington, including not only farms located within the
boundaries of the District, but also those in the States from which
the supply is largely received, secured for the national capital the
credit of being the first city in the country to extend inspection to
dairy farms as well as to city milk depots.
This act charged the health officer, under direction of the com-
missioners, with the duty of making and enforcing regulations to
44 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
secure a proper water supply, drainage, ventilation, air space, floor
space, and cleaning of all dairies and dairy farms, and to secure the
isolation of cattle suffering from contagious disease.
It is represented by the health department that this law, being a
departure from established precedents, was a more or less experi-
mental measure, and that experience has revealed certain defects,
which it has unsuccessfully endeavored to remedy by bills intro-
duced in Congress from time to time, all such efforts proving without
avail, owing to the active opposition of persons interested in the
production and sale of milk in the District.
One can scarcely realize, however, the tremendous improvement in
the conditions and surroundings of dairy farms which has resulted
from. the inspection provided by the act of Congress approved March
2, 1895. It is well within the recollection of the present generation
that insanitary barns and milk houses were commonly and typically
characteristic of most dairy farms in this section of the country.
Laborers on the farm were not only ignorant and careless in their
habits, but uncleanly and in some instances even suffering from dis-
ease. No endeavors whatever were made to maintain the cows in a
cleanly condition, and the resulting filthy character of the milk was
unavoidable. There were few, if any, facilities for heating or boil-
ing water for cleansing the utensils used in handling and transport-
ing the milk or for washing the udders of the cows or the hands of
the employees. The water supply was in many cases at an incon-
veniently remote distance from the barn, and no attempt was made
to avoid pollution or impurification from drainage or other sources.
The improvement in all these particulars has been a process of very
gradual accomplishment, and the importance of educating not only
the producer and purveyor of milk but the ordinary farm hand to
a proper recognition of the essentiality, from a hygienic viewpoint,
of maintaining cleanly conditions is generally appreciated by all
authorities on the subject of sanitary milk production. It may
safely be asserted that, without the intelligent cooperation of every
individual concerned with the furnishing of milk from the time it
leaves the cow until it is deposited on the doorstep of the consumer,
but little substantial progress can be expected in eradicating the
dangers which are ever present in milk.
REGULATIONS FOR STABLING OF COWS..
The annexed copy of the regulations of the health department
relative to the stabling of cows (Appendix Q) sets forth specifically
the present requirements of the department in this regard.
INSTALLATION OF FILTRATION PLANT.
With a view to removing the causes of the extraordinarily high
death rate from typhoid fever and kindred diseases in the District,
a filtration plant was installed (completed in 1905), as a result of the
recommendations contained in the medical society’s report of 1894,
at a cost of approximately $3,400,000. It was expected that the
installation of this important service would appreciably diminish
the mortality resulting from such diseases, but strange to say there
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 45
was but a slight decrease in the number of deaths reported, as will
be observed by consulting the statement below:
Death rates in the District of Columbia before and after the enactment of the
: ; milk law of Mar. 2, 1895.
Death rates per 1,000 of entire population.!
; From diar-
Years. General | Of persons | Of persons} rhea and
dente rate, | 1 year and under 1 enteritis
; over. year. under 2
years.
Fiscal year:
23. 88 16.93 6.95 2.09
24. 60 18. 06 6. 54 1.14
22.33 16. 47 5. 86 2.21
23.74 17. 83 5.91 1.55
24. 64 18. 28 6. 36 1.16
23. 85 17. 54 6.31 1.62
94.77 18. 64 6.13 1.79
22.97 17.03 5. 94 1.44
22.30 16. 14 6.16 1.65
24. 23 17.31 6. 92 1.58
23.15 _ 17.28 5. 87 1.49
23. 48 17. 27 6. 21 1.68
23. 81 17. 48 6. 38 1.85
25. 16 19. 04 6. 12 1.46
25. 36 18.58 6.78 1.69
23. 25 16. 96 6.29 1.88
21. 89 16. 19 5. 70 1.89
23.95 17.70 6. 25 1.75
21. 23 16. 00 5. 23 1.10
21.16 15. 84 5. 32 1.68
19.75 15.05 4.70 eo
20. 54 16. 13 4.41 1.36
20. 32 15. 93 4.39 1.10
20. 59 TBs 7/2 4. 82 1.35
20. 61 16. 04 4.57 1.32
20. 19 16. 07 4.12 1.15
18.95 14.91 4.04 1.08
19.08 15.57 3.51 -91
19. 61 16. 05 3.56 1.02
19. 68 15.73 3.95 1.09
19. 20 15. 68 3. 52 1.04
19. 35 15. 57 3.78 97
19. 25 15. 85 3. 40 98
18. 08 14. 84 3.24 98
18. 12 15. 08 3.04 73
18. 80 15. 40 3. 40 92
18.71 15. 64 3.07 86
RO LAIN UIT eT OMGlealt las 71 Oil (wera heii) 0 SARE AES aa URa Siesta ONL LIE Ss UN aa 6, 520
WME CAnanldlOvel aces eee ae see oo aisle eee tens Meee ie Smee ME ele er ee Ue Nal os Sales 5, 450
ADs eve TDA Rep ONC UN Ee Ae AE a ae CC Ee Se Oe Lei a ei ae ee eet GOS ee a te el 1,070
DVR AAOSEY ahNOs, UAC Kel Aare ish A AO IRA eo eee eee ae ee ee Tee See see Seo deeeericeraccs 301
1 Reasonably accurate data are not available for the calculation of these infantile death rates upon the
basis of the infantile population alone.
2 The act now regulating the sale of milk in the District was approved Mar. 2, 1895.
The markedly beneficial effect of the enactment of the milk law
of 1895 is indicated by the fact that the death rate from diarrheal
diseases among infants in the District of Columbia during the five-
year period extending from 1880 to 1884, inclusive, was 162 per
46 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
100,000; during the next five-year period it increased to 168, and dur-
ing the succeeding period ending with 1894 it was further augmented
to 175. The milk law was enacted, as stated, in 1895. From the
date of its enactment to 1899, the death rate decreased to 135, and
during the subsequent five-year period it dropped to 109, in the year
1909 reaching the gratifying minimum of 73, increasing slightly,
however, to 86 for the year 1910.
A statement prepared by Health Officer Woodward (Appendix K)
shows that while the total number of deaths from all ages in the
District of Columbia increased from 4,243 in 1880 to 6,216 in 1909
the number resulting from diarrhea in infants under 2 years of age
showed a marked reduction, from 372 in 1880 to 250 in 1909, deaths
of infants under 1 year of age, resulting from all causes, showing a
diminution from 1,235 in 1880 to 1,042 in 1909.
While it is impossible to estimate the extent to which the decrease
in mortality in the District has been due to the improvement of our
milk supply, the fact, states Dr. Woodward, that the decrease in in-
fant mortality has been greater than the decrease in mortality gen-
erally, and the fact that there has been a very marked decrease in the
infant mortality from diarrheal diseases (the decrease in infant
mortality coinciding practically with the date of enforcement of the
mill law of 1895) suggests very strongly the extent of the relation
of the milk supply to this result. There have, of course, been other
important factors tending toward a reduction of infant mortality,
not the least essential of which has been the extremely valuable serv-
ice rendered by the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society and by the
physician attached to the Straus Laboratory in disseminating infor-
mation, especially among the poorer classes, with reference to the
proper handling of the infant, its bathing, clothing, feeding, ete.
This latter service, it must be admitted, has been a potential factor in
the decrease of infant mortality.
WASHINGTON MILK CONFERENCE OF 1907.
The failure of the newly installed filtration plant to improve the
typhoid situation in the District attracted more attention than ever
to the investigation of milk as a potent factor in the causation of this
malady, and every one of the farms supplying milk to the city of
Washington was inspected by the Bureau of Animal Industry in the
winter of 1906-7. The conditions obtaining on dairy farms furnish-
ing milk to the District were brought to the attention of the commis-
' sioners and resulted in the appointment of what is known as the
Washington milk conference, called to deliberate with respect to the
milk supply of the District of Columbia, and to advise the commis-
sioners with reference to its improvement. This conference marked
an epoch in the development of the movement for sanitary milk
production, with particular reference to the District of Columbia,
but having an extremely important bearing likewise on the encourage-
ment of similar action in various States and municipal jurisdiction
throughout the country, its influence extending even to foreign lands.
The report of its deliberations was published under the title
“ Sanitary milk production,” constituting Circular No. 114 of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agri-
culture, issued August 2, 1907.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 47
This conference was composed not only of scientific and profes-
sional men, but embraced among its participants, in addition to
officials of the Department of Agriculture and the Public Health and
Marine-Hospital Service, representatives of the local producers and
dealers in milk for the Washington market, the presiding officers of
the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, the Homeopathic
Medical Society of Washington, the Veterinary Medical Association
of the District of Columbia, the Academy of Sciences of the District
of Columbia, the Chemical Society of Washington, the Washington
Board of Trade, the Business Men’s Association of Washington, and
the District Bar Association, as well as a number of other gentlemen
interested in the affairs of the National Capital.
This conference, after a number of meetings, arrived at the follow-
ing conclusions:
That, in order that the milk supply of the District might be pure, it
must come from healthy cows properly fed, that are neither about to
-calve nor have recently calved; that it must be drawn in a cleanly
manner and be promptly cooled; that all persons engaged in handling
it must be free from communicable diseases and be of cleanly habits;
the receptacles into which the milk passes and the utensils and ap-
paratus used in handling it must be perfectly clean, and the milk,
after having been promptly cooled, must be kept cool until delivered
to the consumer.
The conference recommended that there be recognized by law three
grades of milk, namely, (1) certified, (2) inspected, and (3) pas-
teurized, the requirements for which are set forth on pages 27-28 of
this report.
The conference further recommended that the District Commis-
“sioners be empowered to make, on the recommendation of the health
officer, such regulations as might be necessary, in their judgment, to
safeguard the milk supply of the District; that an adequate force of
inspectors be provided; that increased laboratory facilities for the
making of chemical and bacteriological analyses of milk and water
from dairy farms and other places where milk is handled and sold be
authorized; that, as intimated under the last-named classification of
milk, plants be established by private enterprise or otherwise by the
District government for the pasteurization of milk under the imme-
diate supervision of the health officer; that the health officer be em-
powered to suspend and to revoke summarily any license to produce
or sell milk in the District of Columbia, and any license to bring milk
into the District; that a similar temporary suspension for a period
not exceeding 48 hours be authorized to be made by inspectors in the
service of the health department; that all cows on dairy farms pro-
ducing milk for the District of Columbia be tagged, tattooed, or
otherwise marked for the purpose of identification; that the milk
produced for use in the District should either come from cattle free
from tuberculosis as shown by the tuberculin test, which test shall be
repeated at least once every year, or be subjected to pasteurization
under the supervision of the health department in case the herd is not
tuberculin tested; that thereafter no licenses shall be granted to pro-
duce milk for use in the District of Columbia unless the herd be found
by the tuberculin test to be free from tuberculosis; that the milk of
cattle suffering from any disease of the udder or from anthrax, rabies,
gastro-enteritis, septic conditions, or showing clinical symptoms of
48 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
tuberculosis should not be utilized as human food, even though the
milk be pasteurized, which inhibition shall also apply to milk taken
from cows 15 days before or 5 days after parturition or from cows
receiving any deleterious medicaments or foodstuffs; that the veter-
inary inspectors of the health department make frequent visits to the
dairy farms; that particular attention be given to the water supply
of dairy farms and of dairies, with special reference to the location
and construction of wells, cisterns, and springs; that every dairy
farm and dairy be equipped with all necessary appliances for clean-
ing, scalding, or otherwise sterilizing all receptacles, utensils, and
apparatus used for the handling of milk, and with all necessary
appliances for properly handling the milk and keeping it cool await-
ing delivery;.that the sale of milk in grocery stores, bakery shops,
and other similar places be prohibited, except when sold and deliv-
ered in the original package in which received; that the production
and sale of milk be maintained entirely apart and separate from
household operations; that all receptacles containing milk in quanti-
ties exceeding 1 quart for delivery to customers be sealed in a man-
ner satisfactory to the health officer before being placed upon the
delivery wagon and be kept so sealed until after delivery except
when opened for the purpose of official inspection; that whenever a
sample of milk is collected for analysis the inspector divide the
sample into two parts, placing each part in a proper container, seal-
ing such containers, and delivering one sealed container to the vendor,
the sealing of samples to be done, when practicable, in the presence of
the vendor or his agent; that the immediate seizure and denaturing
with some deleterious substance or coloring matter of milk found to
contain preservatives or to be in such condition as to render its sale
unlawful be authorized; that the health officer be authorized to pub-
lish daily the rating of dairies and dairy farms and the chemical
composition and bacterial count of samples of milk analyzed; that
for the purpose of procuring modified milk for infants and persons in
ill health the milk commission of the Medical Society of the District
be requested to procure the establishment of a laboratory under its
supervision in which only certified milk shall be used and milk of a
definite chemical composition may be obtained according to prescrip-
tions of physicians; that an effort be made to procure the establish-
ment of a refrigerator-car service for the transportation of milk into
the District from May 1 to December 1 and to provide for cooling
rooms or devices at all stations where milk is held awaiting the
arrival of milk trains; that parents and guardians be urged to use
only certified milk, at least as the food of infants under the age of
three years; that systematic instruction with reference to the sanitayv
relations of milk as an article of diet, and all other foods, be mde a
part of the curriculum of the public schools of the Dirict; that
popular articles be frequently prepared for the press; tat lectures
and demonstrations be given; that pamphlets in plain 4Mguage be
prepared by the health officer for general distribution, 24 the rules
and suggestions, accomanied by a statement of the reas0S therefor,
be placed in the hands of dairymen and dairy attendar®; that con-
sumers of milk be urged not to patronize milk dealergvhose milk, .
after standing for two hours or less, reveals a visible se@ent at the
bottom of the bottle; that the consumer, unless the mil received by
him comes from a tuberculin-tested herd or from a sou otherwise
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 49
above suspicion, subject it to a process of purification by bringing it
to the boiling point, cooling it immediately thereafter, and keeping it
on ice; and that no dairy farm should be permitted to supply milk
of a higher class than that for which a permit has been issued, and
each dairy farm supplying milk of the specified class be separate
and distinct from any dairy farm of a different class.
RECOMMENDATIONS OF WASHINGTON MILK. CONFERENCE INDORSED.
The recommendations of the Washington milk conference were
indorsed by the commission of experts, who by direction of President
Roosevelt conducted an investigation, the results of which were pub-
lished in a report entitled “Milk and its Relation to the Public
Health,” issued in January, 1908, by the Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service,t a revised edition being published in January,
1910.2, ‘This commission was composed of officials from the Depart-
partment of Agriculture and the Public Health and Marine- Hospital
Service. Dr. Woodward, health officer of the District, also partici-
pated in its deliberations.
FOOD AND DRUGS ACT, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
On February 17, 1898, a measure was enacted by Congress entitled
“An act relating to the adulteration of foods and drugs in the Dis-
trict of Columbia (Appendix R).” By the terms of this act the
prescribed chemical composition of milk offered for sale in the Dis-
trict was amended by raising the minimum allowable amount of
butter fat in whole milk to 34 per cent, and the total solids in whole
milk to 125 per cent and requiring a minimum of 20 per cent of
butter fat in the chemical composition of cream.
PROPOSED ADDITIONAL LEGISLATION.
With the exception of the legislation here mentioned, all attempts
to secure favorable action by Congress on measures calculated to
compel the adoption of improved sanitary methods in the handling
of milk have failed, principally through opposition on the part of
milk producers and dealers. As late as January 10, 1910, a bill
(S. 4986) (Appendix S$) was introduced in the Senate by Mr.
Gallinger, chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia,
“To protect the public health by regulating the production and sale
of milk, cream, and ice cream in and for the District of Columbia,”
embracing among its provisions the empowering of the District com-
missioners to promulgate and amend from time to time such regu-
lations as, in their judgment, may be necessary to fix the class and
standards and the condition and manner under which milk, cream,
and ice cream must be produced, manufactured, transported, and
sold in this jurisdiction; also inhibiting the use of false or mis-
leading labels, advertisements, or other means intended to deceive
the purchaser. The bill was referred to the Committee on the Dis-
trict of Columbia, from which it failed of report. A bill with identi-
1 Bulletin No. 41, Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.
2 Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.
82444°—S. Doc. 868, 61-3-——-4
50 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
cal provisions (H. R. 17506) (Appendix T), was the same day pre-
sented in the House of Representatives by Mr. Smith, of Michigan,
and referred to the House District Committee, receiving no further
action. It is the judgment of the committee that such authority
could safely be vested in the commissioners, and that if extended the
power would not be unwisely exercised.
On April 26, 1910, Mr. Lever introduced in the House of Repre-
sentatives a resolution (H. Res. 605) directing the House Commit-
tee on Agriculture to investigate the condition of milk, cream, cheese,
and butter offered for sale or transportation in the District of Colum-
bia, and to report its findings concerning the extent to which tuber-
culosis and other diseases are communicated to the human family by
the sale of such infected articles of food, and to what extent tubercu-
losis is prevalent among farm and dairy animals in the District of
Columbia; also to report to the House the reason for the failure to
enforce the pure food law as it affects butter and butter products in
the United States. The resolution was referred to the Committee
on Rules, but failed of further action. A copy of the resolution is.
appended (Appendix U).
An amendment (Appendix V) to the health ordinances of the
District, promulgated by the commissioners on May 28, 1906, speci-
fies the actual content required for milk bottles or jars, and provides
for the inspection and sealing of receptacles used for the delivery of
milk and cream in the District of Columbia.
An act approved February 27, 1907 (Appendix W), amending sec-
tion 878 of the District Code, provides for the labeling of vessels
intended for use in seliing milk and cream, and specifies a penalty for
violation of its provisions.
In order to maintain an absolutely impartial, uninfluenced inspec-
tion service, the District appropriation act approved March 2, 1907
(see Appendix X), prohibits any officer or employee of the health
department to serve in his private capacity for compensation or re-
ward any licensed dairyman or dairy farmer, or applicant for such
license. This injunction extends also specifically against such em-
ployment by any manufacturer of or dealer in foods, drugs, disin-
fectants, or similar materials.
So far as the committee is able to learn there are no additional
orders at present in contemplation by the health department affecting
the production or distribution of milk to the Washington public, and
no legislation is proposed by the District Commissioners beyond that
embraced in the Senate bill referred to. Copies of the regulations of
the health department at present governing the production and sale
of milk are appended. (Appendix Q.)
DETAIL OF BOARD TO INVESTIGATE OUTBREAKS OF TYPHOID FEVER.
Three separate outbreaks of typhoid fever in Washington from con-
taminated milk between June and November, 1906, and the alarming
increase in typhoid infection and resulting mortality aroused public
apprehension and led to a systematic study of the sanitary conditions
affecting the District of Columbia by authorities of the Public Health
and Marine-Hospital Service, acting under request of the District
1U. S. Stat. L., XXXIV, 1006.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. al
Commissioners, the investigations being conducted in cooperation
with Dr. William C. Woodward, health officer. A board of officers
was detailed to convene on July 2, 1906, for the purpose of investi-
gating the origin and prevalence of typhoid fever in the District.
The results of the investigations by this board have been published.t
The board is still continuing its work, and a supplemental report,
constituting the fourth of the series, is understood to be now in prepa-
ration for the press.
The board reported among its findings that the milk supplied to the
citizens of the District has been, for the most part, old, dirty, and warm,
there being no endeavor to maintain a cold temperature, especially
from the farm to the city dairy and while in transit on the delivery
wagons from the dairy to the householder. Of 172 samples tested
during the warmer months only 16 were found to have a temperature
of 50° F. or lower, and only 29 contained less than 500,000 bacteria
per cubic centimeter, the average bacterial content assuming the
enormous proportion of 22,134,289 per cubic centimeter. The great
bulk of the milk sold in Washington during the summer months
would, therefore, have been condemned in New York and prohibited
from sale in Boston. The investigations of the board evidenced the
fact that many of the dairies were unsuitably located in close prox-
imity to stables and other insanitary surroundings. No attempt was
made, except in a single instance, to screen the premises against flies,
which are now recognized as a prolific source of contamination. The
employees coming into contact with the milk had dirty hands, soiled
clothing, and the milk was kept inordinately long before reaching the
consumer, a period of almost 24 hours being occupied customarily in
its handling at most of the dairies.
Of the 866 cases of typhoid fever investigated by the board about
10 per cent were attributed to infection conveyed by milk in the
course of pronounced outbreaks among the customers of three milk
dealers. In this connection the important fact developed that a local
dealer whose record showed conspicuously the smallest number of
cases of typhoid fever proportionate to the amount of milk dispensed
was the only one at the time who sterilized his bottles and pasteur-
ized the milk sold.
The board has unqualifiedly recommended the pasteurization of
milk with a view to destroying any possible infection therein and at
the same time not impairing its food value, this being in its judg-
ment the most practical manner of preventing the conveyance of
typhoid fever infection by milk.
The fact that the board found, in the case of 17 out of 38 dairies
inspected, that some of the milk received between 8 and 10 o’clock in
the morning did not leave the dairy until the following morning,
showed, in its judgment, a lack of proper systematic cooperation
between the shipper, the common carrier, and the city dealer, which
concerted action should by all means be exerted in reducing to a
minimum the interval of time elapsing between the milking and the
actual delivery to the consumer.
Dr. Kober presented to the International Medical Congress, at
Paris in 1900, the history of 195 outbreaks of typhoid fever, 99 of
scarlet fever, and 36 of diphtheria, all traceable to the milk supply. —
1 Bulletins Nos. 35, 44, and 52, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service, issued in February, 1907, May, 1908, and October, 1909, respectively.
52 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
SYMPOSIUM ON CAUSES OF TYPHOID FEVER IN DISTRICT.
In a symposium on the causes of typhoid fever in the District
under the auspices of the District Medical Society on February 19
and 26, 1908, in which Dr. H. W. Wiley, Dr. H. M. Bolton, and Mr.
C. B. Lane, of the Department of Agriculture, Dr. M. J. Rosenau,
Dr. L. L. Lumsden, and Mr. J. H. Kastle, of the Bureau of Public
Health and Marine-Hospital Service, Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, and
others participated, and which was followed by a discussion in which
Gen. George M. Sternberg, Dr. George M. Kober, Dr. William C.
Woodward, Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Dr. Henry G. Beyer, and others
took part, the attitude of the committee of the District Medical
Society with regard to the importance of the improvement of the
local milk supply as a potential factor in the elimination of typhoid
fever and other germ diseases from the District of Columbia was in
a large measure confirmed.
MILK EPIDEMICS.
The committee invites attention in this connection to a most inter-
esting and valuable article by Passed Asst. Surg. John W. Trask, of
the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, on ‘“‘ Milk as a cause
of epidemics of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and diphtheria,’* in
which the following suggestions are offered for the detection, pre-
vention, and reporting of milk epidemics: ?
When in a city an unusual number of cases of scarlet fever, diphtheria, or
typhoid fever occurs among the customers of any one dairy it may be con-
sidered a sufficient reason for causing a careful inquiry to be made and a
search for some source of milk infection. The mere finding of cases on one milk
route is not by any means conclusive that milk is the carrier of the infection,
but it is sufficient to cast suspicion and at times, undoubtedly, also to warrant
regulation, even if no source of contamination is found, for it is often exceed-
ingly difficult to find the infective focus. .
aue Nealtn oiceis of many cities have for some time been charging each case
of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and diphtheria to the dairyman supplying the
milk to the invaded household. In this way it is apparent when an nnusual
number occurs on one route, and measures can be taken to ascertain whether
the incidence of the disease has an etiologic relationship to the milk. Cases
which otherwise would show no relationship to each other are revealed #s as-
sociated, and the milkman makes neighbors of families separated by consider-
able distances. In the complicated life of cities this gives the health officer a
valuable aid in the control of certain of the common infectious diseases.
Inspection and regulation of the production, handling, and sale of milk will
lessen the number of milk epidemics. In cities the proper charging of each case
of scarlet fever, diphtheria, and typhoid fever to the dairy on whose route it oc-
curs will often reveal milk outbreaks which can then be suppressed before reach-
ing too great proportions. The most rigid inspection and regulation practicable
at the present time, however, are impotent to prevent chronic bacillus carriers
from being employed on milk farms aad at dairies. They are also unable to
keep mild ambulant cases of infectious diseases from being so engaged, for the
reason that such cases often can not be diagnosed until after other cases have
developed. Soper’s cases* of “Typhoid Mary” was a constant danger in her
capacity as family cook to the members of the family in which she happened to
be employed and to visitors eating of the salads and food prepared by her, but
what might have happened had she been employed in the handling of milk dis-
tributed over a large city route can only be surmised.
1 Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, pp.
23-115; March, 1909.
2 Op. cit., pp. 47-49.
3 Soper, George A., Jour. Am. Med. Assn., June 15, 1907, p. 2019.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 53
The only way to prevent these epidemics entirely would appear to be to
pasteurize or sterilize the milk, either at the dairy before delivery to the con-
sumer or in the household after delivery.
In reporting milk epidemics, some of the points of special interest are the
following:
1. The number of cases of the disease existing in the involved territory during
the time covered by the epidemic.
2. The number of houses invaded by the disease.
3. The number of invaded houses supplied in whole or in part, directly or in-
directly, by the suspected milk.
4. The number of cases occurring in invaded houses so supplied.
5. The number of houses supplied with the suspected milk.
6. The relative proportion of houses so supplied to those supplied by other
dairies.
7. The time covered by the epidemic.
8. The location of the case or cases from which the milk became contam-
inated.
9. The relation of the original case to the milk.
10. The time relation of the original case to the epidemic.
11. The special incidence of the disease among milk drinkers.
12. The elimination of other common carriers of infection.
13. The effect upon the epidemic of closing the dairy or taking such measures
as will eliminate possibility of milk contamination from the suspected focus.
14. The finding of the specific organism in the milk.
RESTRICTION ON MILK FURNISHED EMPLOYEES OF EXECUTIVE
DEPARTMENTS.
The Secretary of Agriculture, under date of October 14, 1910,
issued a special order to the bureaus, offices, and divisions of the
department located in Washington (Appendix Y), enjoining the sale
of milk within any building occupied by the department, not con-
forming to the requirements of the classification defined in Circular
No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal Industry. .After specifying the
three grades of milk, namely, certified, inspected, and pasteurized,
embodied in the recommendations of the Washington milk conference
of 1907 on the suggestion of Dr. A. D. Melvin, the order stipulates
that. the milk must come from healthy cows properly fed; that are
neither about to calve nor have recently calved; that it be drawn in
a cleanly manner and promptly cooled; that all persons engaged in
handling it be free from communicable diseases and of cleanly habits;
that all receptacles into which it passes and all utensils and apparatus
used in handling it be perfectly clean; and that, after having been
promptly cooled, the milk be kept cool until delivered to the consumer.
This order was issued with the express purpose of precluding the
sale within the buildings occupied by the department of (1) milk
containing extraneous matter, (2) raw milk from cows not known
to be free from tuberculosis, and (3):milk of unknown origin, unless
pasteurized.
Following the initiative of the Department of Agriculture, orders
have been issued by the Departments of State, War, Navy, Interior,
and Commerce and Labor, requiring milk sold in buildings in Wash-
ington City under their respective jurisdictions to conform to the
classification recommended by the Washington milk conference as
defined in Circular No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal Industry.
Copies of these orders are annexed. (Appendix Y.) Inquiry by
the committee developed the fact that the Treasury Department has
not promulgated such an order up to the present time; that the Post
Office Department has issued none on the subject, “ the department
54 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
considering it one coming peculiarly under the supervision of the
District health authorities;” that, in view of the inconsiderable
amount of milk purchased by employees, the Department of Justice
contemplates no such action; and that the Smithsonian Institution
and the Government Printing Office have taken no steps toward
establishing requirements of this nature. No response was received
from the Interstate Commerce Commission. Copies of the replies
from the several heads of departments and bureaus are appended.
(Appendix Z.) It will appear, therefore, that six out of the nine ex-
ecutive departments now insist that milk furnished employees at the
buildings be from tuberculin-tested cows, and otherwise safeguarded
against infection and contamination.
It is recommended that this action, with a view to insuring a purer
milk supply for employees, be extended to embrace all the executive
departments and independent establishments of the Government
located at Washington.
REGULATIONS CONCERNING MILK FOR DISTRICT GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES
AND INSTITUTIONS.
Under date of November 8, 1910, the District Commissioners issued
an order in the following terms (Appendix AA) :
Ordered, That the purchase of milk by the District of Columbia for use in
institutions under its control is limited to milk that has been properly pasteur-
ized or that has come from tuberculin-tested herds. ;
While this order is, in the opinion of the committee, a step in the
right direction, it (differing from the orders recently issued by a num-
ber of the executive departments) permits milk that has not been pas-
teurized to enter institutions under control of the District govern-
ment, with the safeguard only that il shall be from tuberculin-tested
herds. In the opinion of the committee, the order does not go as far
as it should, in that further than being limited to the product of
tuberculin-tested cows, it should prescribe that all raw, unpasteurized
milk should conform to the requirements for certified milk in the
classification recommended by the Washington milk conference of 1907.
It may be noted in this connection that an order similar to that
issued by a majority of the executive departments within the past
few weeks, specifying the character of milk which shall be supplied to
employees at the department buildings, has not been issued, protecting
the employees of the District government. The committee is strongly
of the view that such an order should be issued without delay.
DISPOSAL OF NATHAN STRAUS WASHINGTON LABORATORY.
Detailed reference is made in the chapter on infant feeding in
this report to the recommendations, under date of December 7, 1910,
of a special committee designated by the Commissioners of the Dis-
trict of Columbia to report upon the feasibility of acceptance by the
District government of the offer of Mr. Nathan Straus to donate for
public use the pasteurizing laboratory established by him in May,
1910, in Washington City, and to an account in the same connection
of legislation proposed by Senator Gallinger for the operation of
this plant under the control:-of the Surgeon General of the Public
Health and Marine-Hospital Service, with the cooperation of the
health office of the District of Columbia.
a
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 55
V. Tue Toupsercunin Test.
EXTENT OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG HUMANS.
Tuberculosis is responsible, in one form or another, for an astound-
ing percentage of the deaths occurring annually throughout the United
States. Statistics show that 14 out of every 100 persons who die
in this country are affected to a gréater or less degree with tubercu-
losis, and that throughout the entire country over 11 per cent of all
deaths primarily result from this disease.1 It may be assumed that
probably many other deaths are additionally due to tuberculosis,
though erroneously assigned to other causes. We may reliably esti-
mate, therefore, that at least one-seventh of the aggregate number of
persons dying in the United States are infected with tuberculosis.
It is safe to assume, moreover, that in a very considerable number of
these instances tubercular lesions exist without possible detection by
means of clinical examination.
It is noteworthy in this connection that autopsies indicate that few
human beings entirely escape tubercular infection, though this infec-
tion is, in a majority of cases, so relatively unimportant that many
persons are not conscious during their lives of being so infected.
Post-mortem examinations by three European investigators of 1,452
and of 500 and 100 bodies, respectively, of persons who died from
various causes, showed among this total of 2,052 bodies that not less
than 91 per cent contained lesions of tuberculosis.
Since, furthermore, tuberculosis is obviously responsible for the
death of cattle in large numbers, being beyond all measure the most
destructive malady affecting beast and man, every known safeguard
should be interposed to arrest the progress of this dread disease and
to finally accomplish its extermination.
A compilation of statistics of investigators embracing 1,734 sam-
_ ples of milk examined in recent years deduces the fact that 11.3 per
cent of the samples examined were found to contain tubercle bacilli.
It has been asserted by Dr. E. C. Schroeder, superintendent of the
Bethesda Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and one of the
foremost authorities in the world on the subject of bovine tubercu-
losis, that fully 1 sample among every 12 of milk sold throughout the
country by dairies contains living, virulent tubercle bacilli, which
conclusion is based on four of the most recent and reliable investiga-
tions on the subject.
In his summary of our information on the subject he adverts to
the fact that tuberculosis is the commonest disease of human beings
and dairy cows; that tuberculous cows expel tubercle bacilli long
before they show signs of their diseased condition; that milk is so
often infected with virulent bacilli that, unless we know it to be
derived from cows that are certainly free from tuberculosis, it is not
safe to use it in the raw state; that tubercle bacilli in milk are trans-
ferred to cream, butter, and cheese made from it, and may occur in
_ these products in greater concentration than in the milk from:which
they were derived; that the available evidence regarding the differ-
ent types of tubercle bacilli shows that bacilli of bovine types have
been found in human lesions and human types in bovine lesions, and
1 Census report for 1900.
56 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
that tubercle bacilli of the bovine type are, as a general rule, more
virulent than those of the human type for all animals.
f prime importance in the eradication of tuberculosis is the pos-
session of some adequate means of diagnosing its symptoms durin
the period of incubation and in its preliminary stages, so as to avei
the communication of the infection from the affected individual long
before the existence of the disease may be established by clinical
examination.
DISCOVERY OF TUBERCULIN,
This diagnosis has been made possible for animals by the epoch-
making discovery of tuberculin in 1890 by Dr. Robert Koch, the
world-famed specialist on tuberculosis. Tuberculin is the sterilized
and filtered glycerin extract of cultures of tubercle bacilli. It does
not contain the bacilli themselves, but the cooked products of the
growth of these bacilli. When injected under the skin of a normal
animal no effect whatever is produced. If, however, the animal is
tuberculous a decided rise of temperature ensues.
Tuberculin was first used experimentally in treating tuberculosis
inman. The fact that its injection occasioned a rise in temperature
in tuberculous persons led veterinarians to apply tuberculin similarly
to animals, and since 1891 the use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent
for tuberculous cattle has been almost universally availed of in all
parts of the civilized world.
METHOD OF APPLICATION OF TUBERCULIN TEST.
The test is applied in practice by taking the temperature (usually
three times at intervals of 2 hours) to ascertain the normal varia-
tions of temperature of the animal to be tested. The dose of tubercu-
lin is then injected hypodermically between 8 and 10 p. m. on the
same day, and on the following day, beginning at 6 a. m. and continu-
ing until 20 hours following the injection, temperatures are recorded
every 2 hours. If the temperature increases, the animal is said
to “react,” or in other words to respond to the test, which reaction
indicates conclusively in general that tubercular infection exists.
IMPORTANCE OF TUBERCULIN AS DIAGNOSTIC AGENT.
This infection may be absolutely unobservable and undetectable-
visually. There may be nothing whatever to indicate an unhealthy
condition in the animal, which may be fat, sleek, and apparently in
the most robust health, even the most careful detailed clinical exami-
nation failing to evidence the diseased condition. It is this well-
established fact that a cow may be experiencing a considerably
advanced stage of tuberculosis and not give evidence of the existence
of the disease in any outward appearance on the closest physical
scrutiny that makes the tuberculin test an invaluable asset in estab-
lishing the diseased condition in time to prevent the spread of the
infection to other animals in the herd, as well as to insure against the
intermittent contamination of the milk of the diseased animal by
tubercle bacilli.
It is estimated by the authorities consulted by the committee that
from 24 hours to 8 days is requisite for applying the test, the
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 517
chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry stating that 24 hours is, on
the average, required, covering part of 2 days. Dr. C. J. Marshall,
of the veterinarian department of the University of Pennsylvania, is
authority for the statement that an experienced man can test as
many as 100 head of cattle in a single night.
Dr. Woodward states that, as a matter of practice, the tuberculin
test would ordinarily require to be applied on the farm, though some
cattle might, in his judgment, be tested in the hands of dealers, and
possibly quarantine or testing stations might be established for
economy in applying the test.
It may be added that tuberculin is quite inexpensive, costing
approximately 10 cents per dose for a single cow, and is, besides,
distributed by the Department of Agriculture gratuitously to owners
of herds in all parts of the United States who are willing to accept it
upon the terms elsewhere indicated in this report. It is not a pro-
prietary preparation, but is compounded for the market by a number
of manufacturing chemists, and is easily procurable.
TEST PRODUCES NO HARMFUL EFFECTS.
The contention that the application of the tuberculin test has a
permanently prejudicial effect upon the animal tested is, in the judg-
ment of the committee, unsupportable, since it is generally recognized
that when prepared for use tuberculin contains no germs of tubercu-
losis and is absolutely incapable of producing any disease. It has
been demonstrated, moreover, at the Bethesda Experiment Station of
the Department of Agriculture, that as high as 1,000 doses of tuber-
culin administered at a single time has produced no appreciable
injury in healthy animals, and cattle killed after the injection of
larger quantities of tuberculin have shown no symptoms of abnormal
conditions. It has been clearly proved also that the application of
the test does not in any way interfere with the milking function in
healthy cattle, nor has any variation been detected in the quantity of
mill given or in its butter-fat value.
The test should be applied, however, only when the temperature of
the animal is normal, and not within 15 days before or 5 days after
‘parturition.
Since tubercle bacilli and colon bacilli are the only pathogenic
micro-organisms contained, as a rule, in milk as taken from the cow
(typhoid, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and other germs being intro-
duced subsequently by contamination), the tuberculin test would
appear to be the only precautionary measure of this nature which
should be required by law to be made.
PROPOSED RESTRICTION OF USE OF TUBERCULIN.
There is a lack of harmony among those consulted by the committee
as to whether the application of tuberculin should be restricted to
officials of the Government and its duly authorized agents, though
there is a preponderance of opinion in favor of such restriction.
Some authorities, however, believe that governmental, or duly quali-
fied and licensed, veterinarians should be allowed to administer the
test. The Surgeon General of the Navy agrees with the Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry that its use should be restricted to prop-
58 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
erly authorized officials, while the Surgeon General of the Army takes
the view that such ‘restriction is not necessary, with the reservation,
nevertheless, that the certificate of authorized officials or agents only
should be recognized. Dr. Crichton, commissioner of health of
Seattle, Wash., is most emphatic in his indorsement of the suggestion
that the use of tuberculin be restricted, since, as he states, a tuberculin
test is valueless unless it be known that the stock has not been pre-
viously tested. Mr. Corbin Thompson, representing the Dairymen’s
Association, affirms that the Government should control tuberculin,
that only qualified veterinarians should be allowed to use it, and that
they should be required to report each test made. Borden’s Con-
densed Milk Co., on the other hand, contends that to withhold tuber-
culin from the profession, assuming that such a thing is possible, and
to restrict its use entirely to governmental agents, would be an unfair
discrimination against the needs and rights of individual cattle
owners and an unjust restriction on the veterinary profession. The
Walker-Gordon Laboratory, of Washington City, observes that the
proposed circumscription of its use to qualified and trustworthy per-
sons should be practicable, and would unquestionably be advisable,
since it is a well-known fact that after one injection an animal may
not again react fer “‘ even six months later.”
While it is, for obvious reasons, not practicable to limit its produc-
tion and circumscribe its distribution to official agencies, as is done in
the case, for example, of paper especially prepared for the printing
of currency by the Federal Government, it is, in the judgment of the
committee, feasible to require that all tuberculin manufactured in
one State and offered for sale in another should measure up to a
prescribed standard and be administered only by authorized veteri-
narians, or other skilled persons, under the supervision of the Federal
Government, so far as this coincides with the powers granted by the
Federal Constitution for the regulation of interstate commerce, as
exemplified by the food and drugs act of 1906 and other enactments
of the Federal Legislature having relevancy to the subject.
ADULTERATION OF TUBERCULIN SHOULD BE PROHIBITED UNDER SEVERE
PENALTY.
Any attempts to adulterate or otherwise impair the efficiency or —
value of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent should be severly punished.
Such punishment should, furthermore, extend with equal force to
persons convicted of inoculating cattle with the intent and purpose
of rendering them immune for a period of time thereafter to reac-
tion under the tuberculin test, for it is known that animals may in
this manner be made unsusceptible to reaction for so long a period
as three months or more. It is advised by competent authorities that
the test be applied to all cattle once in every six months or at least
once each year. With a view to the proper enforcement of the safe-
guards against immunization, every druggist or other person dis-
pensing tuberculin should be compelled to register each sale and
maintain a detailed record of all such transactions for the scrutiny
of the supervising officials. It should also be required that every
veterinarian or other practitioner applying the tuberculin test make
an accurate report thereof to the duly constituted authority, and
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 59
that all animals tested be tagged or otherwise individualized so as
to enable an intelligent observance of the provisions of the statutes
and ordinances to govern such matters.
CONDITIONS IMPOSED BY BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY IN APPLYING
TUBERCULIN TEST.
The act regulating the sale of milk in the District of Columbia,
approved March 2, 1895, providing, inter alia, that it shall not be
lawful for any person to offer for sale within the District milk taken
from any cow known to be suffering from tuberculosis, an examina-
tion was made under the auspices of the Bureau of Animal Industry
of the Department of Agriculture of all cattle within the District as
well as of such cattle in the adjacent States of Maryland and Virginia
furnishing milk for consumption in the District whose owners volun-
teered to submit their herds for examination. As a condition prec-
edent to the making of the test by the Bureau of Animal Industry,
an understanding was entered into in each instance between the cattle
owner and the bureau, by the terms of which the owner engaged him-
self as follows:
1. I will cause all animals which react to the tuberculin test and which
also show other marked symptoms of tuberculosis to be slaughtered within
2 reasonable time under the United States meat-inspection regulations, and I
will cause the carcasses of said animals to be disposed of according to the
meat-inspection regulations of the Bureau of Animal Industry, based upon the
lesions found upon inspection.
2. I will cause all animals which react to the tuberculin test, but which
show no other evidence of tuberculosis, either to be slaughtered and disposed of
as herein, provided for animals which show also other evidence of tuberculosis,
or I will cause such animals to be removed from the herd and portion of the
farm upon which the healthy animals of the herd are maintained, and I will
cause the diseased animals to be segregated from the healthy animals, and
thereafter they shall remain so segregated.
3. In all cases where the milk from such segregated reacting cows is to be
used for any purpose whatever I will cause the said milk to be sterilized.
4. Segregated reacting bulls may be used for breeding, provided they are
_ held on leash and are not permitted to leave the premises reserved for their
use, and provided the healthy cows bred to such bulls are not unduly exposed
to infected premises or to other diseased cattle.
5. I will cause the young from segregated reacting animals to be removed
from their mothers at birth, and will not permit the said young to suck their
mothers.
6. Any of my premises contaminated by reacting animals will be submitted
by me to a thorough disinfection under the direction or supervision of the
Bureau of Animal Industry.
7. All cattle owned by me, both healthy and tuberculous, I will mark, or
allow to be marked, in such manner as to enable their identity to be retained,
and I will not change the location of or slaughter any tuberculous cattle except
after due and timely notification to the Bureau of Animal Industry, stating
the exact nature of the change of location, or the exact date, name, and address
of the official establishment at which the animal or animals are to be
slaughtered.
8. I will add no cattle to the said herd which have not passed a tuberculin
test with the tuberculin prepared by the Bureau of Animal Industry, adminis-
tered by a licensed veterinarian of the State, an authorized public agent
qualified to perform such test, or by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal
Industry: Provided, That I may purchase cattle to be added to my herd if
the said cattle are kept effectually separated from the rest of my tuberculin-
tested cattle until the same can be tuberculin tested, and I will immediately
notify the Bureau of Animal Industry and the local board of health that these
cattle are on my premises subject to test.
60 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
9. I will comply with all reasonable sanitary measures which are indicated
by the proper officials of the State or Territory wherein my herd is located,
or by the local board of health under whose permit I am disposing of dairy
products, or by the Bureau of Animal Industry.
RESULTS OF TESTS AFFECTING DISTRICT MILK SUPPLY.
Prior to October, 1907, according to Dr. John F. Anderson, direc-
tor of the Hygiene Laboratory of the Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service, 1,147 cows in the District of Columbia were sub-
jected to the tuberculin test, and of this number 214, or 18.6 per
cent, responded. About the same time 1,059 cows from 51 herds in
Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia, supplying milk
to Washington, were tested, of which number 160, or 15.1 per cent,
reacted. Even these figures fail to present a fair idea of the prevalence
of tuberculosis in the herds supplying milk to Washington, since ap-
parently only the owners of those herds who had reason to believe
their cattle free from tuberculosis permitted the tests to be made.
In the fall and winter of 1908, 272 samples of the market milk of
Washington were injected, under the direction of Dr. Anderson, into
guinea pigs. Deducting from this number 49 of the animals that
died of causes attributable partly, at least, to the effects of other bac-
teria, 15 of the remaining 223 samples, or 6.72 per cent, contained suf-
ficient tubercle bacilli to cause typical tuberculosis in the inoculated
animals. It should be explained in this connection that the upper
stratum of cream was not used in these inoculations, and that it has
been shown that tubercle bacilli are more frequent in this layer than
in the bottom milk. It is reasonable to suppose, therefore, that if
both cram and sediment had been used the percentage of positive
results would have been much higher. This investigation disclosed
the further fact that the milk from 11 of 102 dairies in the District
contained tubercle bacilli, a percentage of 10.7 of the dairies exam-
ined showing tubercle bacilli in the milk supply to their customers.
These results, observes Dr. Anderson, are sufficiently emphatic to
show the necessity for the enactment and rigorous enforcement of a
law requiring that all cows supplying milk to the District of Colum-
bia be tuberculin tested by a competent veterinarian, and that those
animals which respond be disposed of in such manner that their milk
may no longer be a source of danger to the community.
It was estimated in 1909 by Dr. John R. Mohler, of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, that from 15 to 25 per
cent of all the cows supplying milk #0 the District of Columbia were
tuberculous, and no less an authority than Dr. Melvin, Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, is responsible for the statement that
tuberculosis existed to a very considerable extent up to the time of
the general application of the tuberculin test to all cattle in the Dis-
trict of Columbia. Of 1,701 cattle tested with tuberculin, 319 reacted
to the test—that is to say, gave evidence of tubercular infection—and
2 additional cattle were held as suspects for testing at a later date,
about 19 per cent of all animals tested proving to be tuberculous. _
During the period from April, 1907, to June, 1909, inclusive. the
Bureau of Animal Industry supervised the testing of 2,471 cattle in
herds supplying milk to the District of Columbia. These tests gave
377 reactions, showing more than 15 per cent of the cows to be tuber-
culous. In Virginia, from July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1910, 899 cattle
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 61
were tested, of which 162 gave indications of tuberculosis and 39 were
held as suspicious, a percentage of 18.27 of all animals inspected
being shown thereby to be affected to a greater or less degree with
tuberculosis.
During the same period the application of the test to 289 head of
cattle in Maryland resulted in 48 reactions and 6 suspects, with a
consequent percentage of 15.74.
It is conspicuously noteworthy that during the same interval there
were retested in Virginia 966 animals, of which 923 passed examina-
tion, only 39 reacted, and 4 were held for further examination, mak-
ing a percentage on the retest of 4.45, which result contrasts strongly
with the percentage of 18.27 reactors and suspects among cattle sub-
jected in the first instance to the test.
A similarly remarkable improvement in the conditions of the herds,
so far as infection with tuberculosis is concerned, was evidenced in
Maryland, when on retest 301 animals successfully withstood the test,
while only 5 reacted and 3 cases were suspicious, making a percentage,
including those reacting and suspected, of 2.58, a marked reduction
from the percentage of 15.74 shown in the original test.
A retest of cattle in the District, embracing 455 individuals, showed
4923 to be free from tuberculosis, 31 reacting, and 1 suspect, evidencing
a very gratifying reduction in the percentage to 7.03.
These examinations have demonstrated beyond question the feasi-
bility of eliminating tuberculosis from existing herds at the con-
clusion of not more than three or four tests. Frequently a herd has
been found to be clear of tuberculous infection on a second test.
Aside from the efficacy of the test in eliminating diseased cattle
from the herds, the same examination gave convincing evidence of
the remarkable accuracy and reliability of the application of tuber-
culin in indicating infection with tubercle bacilli. In the tests made
in the District of Columbia tuberculosis was demonstrated in cattle
which reacted in something over 98 per cent of the cases, and in
examinations, of 126 cattle in and near the city of Washington tuber-
cular lesions were found in 99.21 per cent of the cases which reacted,
showing an error of but seventy-nine hundredths of 1 per cent.
RESULTS OF TESTS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES.
By consulting a statement prepared by the Bureau of Animal
Industry, giving the results of the tuberculin testing of cattle by
State and Federal officers, we find that between 1893 and 1908 there
were tested 400,008 cattle in all parts of the United States. Of this
vast number 37,000 head reacted to the test, yielding a percentage
of 9.25 of all cattle tested. Of the number reacting, 24,784 were
slaughtered under inspection, and upon post-mortem examination
24.387, or 98.39 per cent, of these were shown to be infected with
bovine tubercle bacilli.
At the Bethesda Experiment Station of the Department of Agri-
culture a number of District herds, apparently in the best of health
so far as evidenced by physical examination, were subjected to the
tuberculin test, and 40 per cent of these animals reacted. The react-
ing animals were shown to be intermittently expelling tubercle
bacilli, and, since the commonest mode of expulsion of the bacilli
from the hody of the cow is with her feces, the very general contami-
62 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COP UNEEEA:
nation of milk from this source during the ordinary process of milk-
ing compels the conclusion that tuberculosis among dairy cows is
one of the greatest dangers to which the public is exposed, and that
every effort should be exerted to remove this very prevalent cause
of the disease among human beings.
The accuracy of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent has, as has been
stated, been established in over 98 per cent of the cases tested. The
only instances, generally speaking, in which it has not been efficient
are when the disease is in an advanced stage and has become so gen-
eralized that the ordinary dose of tuberculin has no appreciable
effect. with so much natural tuberculin in the system of the animal
(in which condition the effects of the disease are usually clearly
observable by visual examination), or when, by reason of the appli-
cation of the tuberculin test shortly before, the animal fails to react
or respond, which tendency to unresponsiveness lasts generally about
six weeks. The test is also inoperative in certain instances which
are, however, as a rule clearly detectable by the veterinarian when
making the examination.
It was represented by the milk producers and dealers at the hear-
ings of the committee that the proposed enforcement of the tuber-
culin test was impracticable and onerous for the reason that the
reliability of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent had not been estab-
lished, and for the further reason that, if the test be insisted upon,
the milk producers would refuse to submit their herds to the test
and would ship their product to Baltimore and other markets, caus-
ing a permanent shortage in the milk supply of the District ‘and a
correspondingly increased price to the consumer, rendering it im-
possible for the poorer classes to purchase milk, thereby compelling
the use by them of prepared milks and other substitutes of alleged
inferior quality.
TUBERCULIN TEST MANDATORY IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
It is perhaps not generally known to the public that the tubereunlin
test has been compulsorily applied in the District of Columbia; that
is to say, that all cattle actually maintained within the boundaries
of the District have been subjected to the test since November 27, 1909.
This observation does not extend, however, to herds in Maryland
and Virginia, from which the major portion of our milk supply is
obtained.
On the date mentioned the District Commissioners issued a series
of regulations (Appendix AB) providing for the compulsory
tuberculin testing of all cattle within the District, as a result of
which practically all the cattle in the District have now been sub-
jected to the test.
The first prosecution under the above regulations was undertaken
in the local police court since the date that this committee commenced
its investigations. The defendant was arraigned on the charge of
violating section 4 of the regulations, in not permitting inspecting
veterinarians to apply the tuberculin test to a cow on November
28, last. On an agreed statement of facts, argument was had result-
ing in a verdict “against the defendant. The defendant was not
represented by counsel, and it is not known whether the case will be
appealed. It is expected that the decision in this case will confirm
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 63
the right of the District authorities to enforce the above regulation
against owners of cattle, even. where the product is not offered for
sale or used outside the owner’s family.
RELIABILITY OF TEST AFFIRMED BY AUTHORITIES.
The tuberculin test, states Dr. Schroeder, is now almost universally
accepted by veterinarians as a practically infallible means of diag-
nosis, and while we know that all cases of tuberculosis diagnosed with
the aid of tuberculin are not at the time dangerous and may not be-
come so in some instances until many months have passed, we are
obliged by the exigencies of the case to assume that, for all practical
purposes, every tuberculous cow is dangerous from the moment she
is known to be affected. It is not feasible, therefore, in eradicating
tuberculous animals from existing herds, to distinguish between
dangerously and not dangerously tuberculous cows. Since, however,
from the viewpoint of the milk supply, this may, as has been stated,
even when the animal is in the early stages of infection, be contami-
nated, the advisability of at once segregating the diseased animal
can not be questioned. It is interesting to note that animals of
entirely healthy appearance, apparently fat, sleek, and well fed and
with good appetites, may be already actually diseased with tuberculo-
sis to a somewhat advanced stage, and that as a rule cows which are
visibly tuberculous have very probably been dangerously affected
for several years.
The profound value of tuberculin in enabling an accurate diag-
nosis of animals infected in a greater or less degree with tuberculo-
sis is due, we may repeat for emphasis, to the fact that cattle, acting
in all respects like healthy animals and whose bodily condition is
apparently better than can be expected of ideal dairy cows that give
large quantities of milk and have excellent appetites and no visible
or audible respiratory difficulties, may have their tuberculous condi-
tion revealed in this manner. It is only when the substances that
are eliminated from their bodies—feces, saliva, milk, etc.—are sub-
jected to microscopic and other tests that the proof is obtained of
the dangerous character of the diseased animals toward the public
health and the health of other animals.
Authorities communicated with by the committee mainly agree
that the tuberculin test affords a wonderfully accurate diagnosis of
tuberculous infection in bovine animals. Dr. Perrow, health officer
of Lynchburg, Va., is authority for the statement that one herd of
150 cows in Lynchburg showed only one reaction. On killing it
was manifested that the animal reacting had one lung badly affected.
It is interesting to note that 33 municipalities in the United States
now require that herds which supply their milk be tuberculin tested
and that the error in the application of the test has never been found
in any of these jurisdictions to be greater than 3 per cent. Some
communities which do not insist upon the application of the tuber-
culin test require, nevertheless, that all animals coming into their
jurisdiction to be used for dairy purposes be subjected to the test
ee reaction or be shown to have recently successfully withstood
the test
During the past year laboratory experiments have been made by
the Bureau of Animal Industry, testing by microscopic examination
64 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
and animal inoculation the glands of cattle which had reacted to the
tuberculin test, but in which lesions were not found by ordinary
post-mortem examination. In more than half of the cases tubercle
bacilli were positively identified, showing that tuberculosis was really
present in these carcasses in an Incipient form, the lesions being too
slight for detection by ordinary post-mortem examination. The per-
centage of accuracy of the tuberculin test may be said, therefore, to
be even higher than indicated by the figures previously stated.
REPORT OF INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON CONTROL OF BOVINE
TUBERCULOSIS.
In this connection, reference should be made to the very valuable
report recently submitted by the International Commission on the
Control of Bovine Tuberculosis, an advance typewritten copy of
which is in possession of the committee (Appendix AC), the report
having not yet been printed for distribution. The report was not
only agreed to without dissent by the members of the commission,
but received subsequently the unanimous approval of the American
Veterinary Medical Association at its recent convention in San Fran-
cisco. The labors of the commission extended over the period of a
ear.
At the meeting of the American Veterinary Association at Chi- —
cago, Ill., in September, 1909, the following gentlemen were con-—
stituted an international commission to study the methods of the con-
trol of bovine tuberculosis and to report its conclusions at the next
annual meeting of the association. In order that all interests af-
fected might be adequately represented, the commission embraced
among its personnel Senator W. C. Edwards, a member of the Ca-
nadian Parliament and one of the most extensive live-stock breeders
of the Dominion; J. J. Ferguson, chief of the animal husbandry
work of Swift & Co., Chicago, Ill.; J. W. Flavelle, head of one of
the large packing companies of Canada; W. D. Hoard, editor of
Hoard’s Dairyman (a representative journal of the dairy interests)
and a former governor of Wisconsin; C. A. Hodgetts, health officer -
of the Province of Ontario, Canada; J. N. Herty, secretary of the
Indiana State Board of Health; Dr. John R. Mohler, chief of the
pathological division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States
Department of Agriculture; V. A. Moore, professor of pathology,
Cornell University; M. P. Ravenel, professor of bacteriology, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin; M. H. Reynolds, professor of bacteriological
science, University of Minnesota; E. C. Schroeder, superintendent of’
the Bethesda Experiment Station, United States Department of Ag-
riculture; T. W. Tomlinson, secretary of the American National
Live Stock Association; F’. Torrance, professor of bacteriological sci-
ence, University of Manitoba; and J. G. Rutherford, veterinary
director general of Canada. A cursory inspection of the make-up of
this commission gives absolute assurance of the soundness of its con-
clusions, and breadth of view is guaranteed by the diversity of inter-
ests represented. Notwithstanding the participation in the labors of -
the commission, of recognized representatives of the packing and
dairy interests, the report of the commission was a unanimous one.
It is prefaced with a reference to the great economic and sanitary
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 65
significance of animal tuberculosis to the live-stock industry of
America and the factors which must be accounted with in formu-
lating successful measures for its eradication. The commission re-
stricted its activities to the ascertainment of reasonable and economi-
cally practicable methods or systems to be recommended to both
officials and live-stock owners for eradicating this great scourge of
domestic animals. It averts to the fact that tuberculosis is increas-
ing rather than declining among cattle and other animals, and, that
.as this disease is one of the strictly preventable infections, there is
good ground for the belief that, through the formulation and en-
forcement of proper regulations, tuberculosis among animals may
eventually be entirely suppressed. -
The commission recognizing, after careful study, that the tuber-
culin test is the fundamental factor in any policy having for its
object the control of bovine tuberculosis, recommends that, as a gen-
eral policy, all contact between tuberculous and healthy cattle and
between healthy cattle and stables, cars, etc., which may contain live
tubercle bacilli, be prevented;.that there should be no sale or ex-
change of animals affected with tuberculosis except for immediate
slaughter (and for breeding purposes under official supervision) ;
that all live-stock shippers should take every precaution to see that
all cars furnished are thoroughly cleansed and disinfected before use;
that tuberculin properly used is an accurate and reliable diagnostic
agent for the detection of active tuberculosis (though tuberculin may
not produce a reaction when the disease is in a period of incubation,
when its progress has been arrested, or when it is extensively gener-
alized, which last condition is relatively rare and may usually be
detected by physical examination) ; that all exposed animals should
be retested at intervals of 6 months to 1 year; that the tuberculin
test should not be applied to any animal having a temperature higher
than normal; that any animal having given one distinct reaction to
tuberculin should thereafter be regarded as tuberculous; that the
subcutaneous injection of tuberculin is the only method of applying
same for the detection of tuberculosis which can be recommended at
the present time; that the injection of tuberculin has no injurious
effect on healthy cattle; and that a positive reaction to tuberculin
in any properly conducted test, official or otherwise, in,any animal in
any herd shall be considered evidence sufficient upon which to declare
the herd to be infected.
The commission proceeds to recommend the passage of legislation
providing for the compulsory notification, by owners and _ veteri-
narians, of the existence of tuberculosis in a herd, whether such in-
formation result from clinical examination or from the tuberculin
test, and favors the adoption of some system of marking, for the
purposes of identification, of all cattle 3 years old or over shipped for
slaughter.
._ In order to insure the eradication of tuberculosis the commission
further specifies the necessity of separating healthy and diseased
animals, maintaining that if a herd be found to be extensively in-
fected, even the apparently healthy animals should be regarded with
suspicion until they have been separated from the reacting animals
for a period of at least 3 months, after the expiration of which those
animals not reacting to the tuberculin test may be considered healthy
and classified accordingly.
82444°_§, Doc. 868, 61-3——5
66 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The commission suggests that a policy of compensation be pur-
sued as useful, proper, and necessary, and as a temporary measure
that, when tuberculosis exists in a herd to which a policy of slaugh-
ter and compensation can not reasonably be applied, such herd
be compulsorily dealt with by the owner under Government super-
vision on the principle of the separation of all sound animals from
those affected, and that in the event of anyone refusing or neglecting
to comply with this requirement, his entire herd be closely quaran-
tined and sales therefrom entirely prohibited ; that when slaughter is
necessary, In order to avoid economic loss, every effort be made to
utilize, as far as possible, the meat of such animals as may be found
fit for food; that, except when purchases are made from disease-free
herds tested by a properly qualified individual, persons buying for
breeding purposes or milk production, limit their purchases to ani-
mals successfully withstanding the tuberculin test; and that, in order
to assist in properly carrying out this suggestion, official authorities
adopt such regulations as will prevent the entry into their respective
territories of cattle for breeding purposes or milk production unless
accompanied by satisfactory tuberculin test charts.
The commission further recommends that all milk and milk
by-products used as food be properly pasteurized unless derived
from cows known to be free from tuberculosis; and, furthermore, that
legislation be enacted inhibiting the sale, distribution, or use of
tuberculin by any persons not acting with the full knowledge or under
the direction of official authorities.
The commission concludes with a recognition of the necessity for
a widespread campaign of education on the subject of its deliberations
and the importance of the cooperation of the press in convincing the
public of the vital importance of the life of farm animals to the wel-
fare of all classes of society; and with a reference to the desirability
of uniform legislation regarding the control and eradication of tuber-
culosis, it being recommended that the laws of the United States,
Canada, and other American countries governing the admission of
animals from without be made stringent and assimilated, so far as
possible, as well as those regulating the interstate and interprovincial
movement of cattle. It dwells additionally upon the urgency of
legislation to prevent the various frauds which interfere with the
satisfactory use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent and points to the
necessity of making cattle as resistant as possible to infection by
stabling them in clean, disinfected, and properly ventilated and
lighted barns, giving them abundant, clean water, nutritious food, a
sufficient amount of daily exercise in the open air, and by providing
such other conditions as are well known to contribute to the health of
animals, including the daily removal of manure from stables and the
installation of water-tight floors and proper drainage.
The foregoing recommendations were made by the commission
with the primary purpose of eradicating tuberculosis among animals
as an economic problem. The necessity for their adoption 1s magni-
fied manifoldly when we consider tuberculosis among animals in its
relation to the problem of conserving the public health.
The commission concludes its report with the admonition that the
eradication of tuberculosis among animals should have the approval
and support of all persons who are interested in curtailing human
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 67
suffering and prolonging human life. The campaign of education
recommended must, it urges, to be effective, be accompanied with a
measure of disciplinary control, accomplished through conservative
legislation calculated to insure active cooperation on the part of cattle
owners and enforced with tact and determination.
It may be concluded from the foregoing observations that the
tuberculin test is a wonderfully accurate method of detecting tuber-
culosis; that the application of tuberculin has no injurious effect upon
healthy cattle, and that its employment in diagnosing the disease in
animals makes possible the eradication of bovine tuberculosis.
CONTEMPLATED ADVANTAGES OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST.
The advantages which should result from the enforcement generally
in a given jurisdiction of the tuberculin test are well ‘specified by
Surg. Gen. Wyman, of the United States Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service. He says:
The enforcement of the tuberculin test would reduce the amount of tubercu-
losis among dairy cattle and free the milk supply from tubercle bacilli, with the
probable result that the incidence of tuberculosis among hogs fed on creamery
skimmed milk would be reduced and the incidence of infection with the bovine
tubercle bacilli among human beings would be practically eliminated.
Freeman is authority for the statement that the enforcement of
the tuberculin test will effect a marked diminution in infant mor-
tality, which opinion is shared by Ravenel, Winslow, Vaughan, and
Prescott, who include adults as well in their commentary, while the
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the Surgeon General of
the Army, and the Surgeon General of the Navy unite in the judg-
ment that it may be used in a rational way to eradicate tuberculosis
from cattle with good economic results to the live-stock industry.
Dr. T. Alexander Geddes, who has pursued studies and observations
on this subject in European countries, refers to the great advantage
which would inure: to the owners of herds from the fact that it
takes less foodstuffs to produce results in a healthy animal than in
a tuberculous one, which is especially true where glands of the
intestinal tract are involved. Dr. Perrow, health officer of Lynch-
burg, Va., calls attention to the difficulty of enforcing the test and
enjoins that it be introduced gradually, while Dr. Wheeler, health
oficer of Portland, Oreg., claims that it will, by removing diseased
cattle from the market, give us better meat for table use. The en-
forcement of the test would furthermore, it is observed by Dr. Babb,
dairy and milk inspector of Topeka, Kans., aid in educating the
people to greater caution among themselves with respect to human.
tuberculosis. Borden’s Condensed Milk Co. takes the position that
in the present state of the dairy business a general enforcement of
the tuberculin test and the slaughter of reacting cows would pro-
duce a great financial injury to the dairy business and a loss to the
people of the country'in depriving a great majority of a large por-
tion of their milk supply. The time is not ripe, in its opinion, for
the inauguration of the test. The representatives of the Milk Pro-
ducers’ and Dairymen’s Associations furnishing milk for local con-
sumption claim that the requirement of the tuberculin test will result
disadvantageously and lead to exorbitant prices for milk.
68 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
COST OF APPLYING TEST.
Regarding the criticism that the making of the tuberculin test
necessarily involves a considerable expense, which would work a
hardship upon the owner of cattle if the test be demanded, it should
be explained that the better part of two days is required in practice
for effectually applying the test, irrespective of whether the herd
comprises 5 or 50 head, requiring, if properly done, the actual
attendance of the veterinarian during this period of time. How-
ever, the expense of testing might, it is believed, be materially
reduced by providing the requisite number of officials (under Fed-
eral, State, or municipal direction) to make such tests, which plan,
it is conjectured, would reduce the cost to the owner to $1.50 per
head of cattle,'regardless of the number of cattle in each particular
herd. In the absence of such an arrangement it is manifest that
the expense of having, for example, 2 or 3 cattle tested would be
markedly greater than where a herd contains 20 or more individuals,
since the time required to make the examination is approximately
the same where a considerable number of animals is concerned as
when a single individual is tested.
The actual expense of applying the test, including the services of
a veterinarian, depends largely upon the size of the herd tested and
its convenience of access by the veterinarian. It is estimated by
the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry that the test can prob-
ably be made, if, not done gratuitously by the Government, at an
average cost to the owner of $1 per cow. Borden’s Condensed Milk
Co. intimates that it is practically impossible to make an intelligent
suggestion as to the approximate expense unless the conditions under
which the test is to be applied are given, but that, in general, if the
herd is not over 3 miles distant from the office of the veterinary, the
testing can be done for $15 on a basis of 25 cows in the herd, for
$20 on a basis of 50 to 75 cows in the herd, and for $25 for 100 cows
in the herd, including the cost of tuberculin, which is about 5 cents
per test.
SHOULD GOVERNMENT OR HERD OWNER DEFRAY EXPENSE OF TEST.
There has been considerable discussion throughout the country as
to whether, gn the event of the insistence upon the tuberculin test,
the cost of the test should be defrayed by the National, State, or
Municipal Government, as the case may be, or by the herd owner.
The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry asseverates that the
Federal Government or the State should bear the expense of making
the test when officially required in the interest of the public health,
the Department of Agriculture being willing to test without charge
herds supplying milk to the District of Columbia, and to extend
cooperation so far as possible to State and municipal authorities
elsewhere throughout the country. This view is coincided in by the
Surgeon General of the Army and the Surgeon General of the Navy,
while varying positions are taken in the matter by other authorities
consulted by the committee, some contended that the States should
undertake the expense for a fixed period; others that, if compulsory,
the Government should bear the expense, while, if voluntary, this
should be assumed by the owner; while still others suggest that the
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 69
expense be shared equally by the Government and the owner. The
president of the Milk Producers’ Association supplying Washing-
ton recommends that two-thirds of the expense be borne by the
Government and one-third by the owner.
Generally speaking, the expense of applying the test should, in
the judgment of the committee, devolve upon the government (State
or municipal). The necessary cost of testing would be slightly re-
duced to the State or municipality by the furnishing gratuitously by
the Bureau of Animal Industry of tuberculin for the purpose. In
accordance with what is known as the “half and half” principle
of appropriating for the needs of the District government, the cost
should, so far as the testing of cattle supplying milk to the Wash-
ington market is concerned, be provided, in the committee’s view,
one-half from the Federal Treasury and one-half from the revenues
of the District of Columbia.
It should be observed that many farmers, intent upon improving
their herds and with a conscientious desire to furnish for consump-
tion only milk of a high standard of purity calculated to be free
from causation of sickness and mortality, have, up to the present
time, voluntarily and anxiously submitted their cattle to the tuber-
culin test, notwithstanding the fact that this expense on their part
has been practically without appreciable advance in the price re-
ceived by them for their output of milk or for the cattle tested.
The indisposition on the part of certain farmers to submit their
herds to the tuberculin test is not a matter of surprise, since it is
the history of all reforms that objection, largely the result of preju-
dice, is interposed to advances which are later universally recog-
nized as advantageous, even by those who are at first strongest in
their opposition to them. Aside from the large benefit which must,
in the opinion of the committee, inevitably result to the milk-
drinking public, there is a decided economic advantage in the long
run to the cattle owner who, by the systematic application of the
tuberculin test to his herd, greatly reduces and finally exterminates
all tuberculous infection from his cattle. The intelligent farmer is
beginning to recognize the ultimate advantage of having his herd
free from constant. decimation through the ravages of tuberculosis.
COMPENSATION FOR CONDEMNED CATTLE.
That it is an exceedingly difficult matter to arrive at a satisfactory
solution as to the appropriate remuneration to the owner of cattle
condemned as the result of reaction under the tuberculin test is evi-
denced by the wide divergence of views expressed by authorities
consulted by the committee.
A consideration of much force adduced in opposition to the arbi-
trary condemnation and slaughter without compensation of animals
shown by the tuberculin test to be infected with tubercle bacilli is
that, since the practical confiscation of private property is insisted
upon with the avowed purpose of safeguarding and improving the
public health, the owner of the condemned cattle should be fully com-
pensated from the Public Treasury for losses sustained through such
action. In Pennsylvania all animals reacting to the test are paid for
by the State, and it is noteworthy that in this Commonwealth tuber-
culosis among cattle is being eradicated with more success than in any
;
70 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
other State, and there are usually three times as many voluntary
requests on file for the application of the test as can be made. It is
suggested by Dr. Mohler, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, that
provision should perhaps be made to pay 70 per cent of the price of
all condemned animals, not to exceed $30 per head for common stock
and $60 for registered stock. Dr. W. H. Mclain, commissioner of
health of Wheeling, W. Va., is inclined to the opinion that the owner
should receive about 75 per cent of the value of cattle condemned as
a result of the tuberculin test.
The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry takes the position
that owners should be compensated, at least in part, for cattle con-
demned, and that the respective States where cattle are owned should
make provision for compensation for cattle slaughtered as a result of
the tuberculin test, several States having, he remarks, already laws
providing for such compensation. Dr. Melvin refers to the basis of
condemnation in recent cases in the District of Columbia, which may
be briefly stated as follows: Cattle were appraised before slaughter, the
appraisal not to exceed $75 for a pure-bred or registered animal, or
$50 for a grade or unregistered animal. Eighty per cent of the
appraised value, less the amount realized as salvage, was paid on
cattle whose carcasses were passed for food on post-mortem inspec-
tion, and 40 per cent, less salvage, in the case of cattle condemned for
offal. If a reacting animal showed no lesions of tuberculosis on post-
mortem examination, the full appraised value, less salvage, was paid.
This arrangement was followed in carrying out the order of the
District Commissioners “for the suppression and prevention of
tuberculosis in cattle,” dated November 26, 1909, and now operative
in the District of Columbia, the regulations having received the
approval of the Secretary of Agriculture on the following day. The
committee is prepared to recommend this scale of compensation as
best adapted to secure justice to the herd owner. The granting of an
indemnity for animals shown by the tuberculin test to be diseased will
do more toward making the test popular with cattle owners than any
other possible action and will have the further incidental but mate-
rially important effect, if tuberculosis can be eradicated from dairy
herds with but slight loss to the owner, of making it unnecessary to
materially increase the price of milk to the consumer or to deprive
the children of the poorer classes wholly or partially of this necessary
article of diet.
EFFECT OF COMPULSORY TUBERCULIN TEST ON PRICE OF MILCH COWS.
It has been urged that the enforcement of the tuberculin test with
regard to all animals supplying milk to the District would result in
a material augmentation of the price of milch cows, which have, it
is alleged, experienced an increase from $35 to perhaps $65 per head
during the past 10 years in this section of the country.
There is a wide diversity of opinion as to the effect of the enforce-
ment of the tuberculin test on the price of cattle, referring particu-
larly to the price of milch cows. It has been contended before the
committee by a representative of the local Dairymen’s Association
that the price of cows would be increased from 20 to 30 per cent,
while the president of the Milk Producers’ Association has estimated
25 per cent as the probable advance in cost of cows. This contention
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 71
is not sustained, however, by the general consensus of opinion among
authorities consulted by the committee. The Chief of the Bureau
of Animal Industry invites attention to the fact that the price of
cows, as well as of other things, has increased all over the country
within recent years, regardless of whether the tuberculin test has
been applied or not, the statistics of the Department of Agriculture
showing that the average value of milch cows has increased from
$30.67 per head on January 1, 1908, to $35.79 per head on January 1,
1910, a ratio of 16.7 per cent in two years.
It is Dr. Melvin’s opinion that while the price of cows might pos-
sibly be affected if the tuberculin test were applied simultaneously
over a large part of the country and all reacting animals slaughtered,
the gradual application of the test, followed by slaughter, extending
over a small area would have no perceptible effect upon prices. He
takes the position, furthermore, that since all milk from tuberculous
cows is unquestionably dangerous to human health and life a slight
increase in price of cows and in the cost of milk should not be con-
sidered an adequate reason for refusing to remove this danger. He
refers, besides, to the fact that cows affected with tuberculosis are
usually not as productive as healthy cows and that their value as milk
producers would probably steadily decrease.
The State health officer of Florida opines that while the immedi-
ate effect would be to raise.the price, the ultimate tendency would be
to conserve the health and vitality of the cattle and consequently
reduce the price. Ravenel philosophically asserts that “a healthy
cow is worth more than a sick one.”
Dr. Coit estimates that the enforcement of the tuberculin test
would increase the price of cattle from 25 to 50 per cent. It is
assumed that he refers to the effect of national enforcement, or the
application of the test covering a very considerable territory, and
not to the influence on the price of cattte which might reasonably be
expected to follow the introduction of the test is so limited a terri-
tory as the District of Columbia. The initiation of the test judi-
ciously and gradually, not instantaneously and abruptly within so
circumscribed an area as the District of Columbia, could even less
reasonably be expected to produce the result predicted by Dr. Coit.
_ Dr. C. J. Marshall, of the veterinarian department of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, expresses the belief that the enforcement
of the tuberculin test, if generally applied, would undoubtedly
increase the price of cattle for a few years.
Dr. Goler, health officer of Rochester, N. Y., reports that the intro-
duction of the test has had no effect yet in his jurisdiction, while
Borden’s Condensed Milk Co. expresses the belief, based upon its
investigations in Massachusetts and other States where the enforce-
ment of the test has been attempted, that it would very greatly
increase the price of cattle.
Dr. Park, of New York City, makes the ingenious suggestion that
in order to counteract as fully as practicable the increased price of
cattle resulting from the introduction of the tuberculin te&t, the
reacting cattle be at first separated (when in sufficient number to
make this practicable) and their milk pasteurized and used. This
course would undoubtedly, in his judgment, alleviate to some extent
the effect on the price of cattle.
12 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
While the effect of the introduction of the tuberculin test on the
price of cattle is problematical, it may be conservatively estimated
with some degree of accuracy that the effect of the enforcement of the
test gradually, as proposed, or only so far as applies to eattle furnish-
ing milk to the District of Columbia, will be quite inconsiderable
and will be counterbalanced by the increased value to be derived by
the farmer for his stock already on hand and by the additional price
received by him for his milk.
COMMUNICABILITY OF HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS FROM BOVINE SOURCES.
Much attention is being devoted at the present time, by segrega-
tion and otherwise, to minimizing the danger among human beings
of infection with tuberculosis from bovine sources, with the hope
of ultimately eradicating the disease among humans. The prudence
of removing this possible source of infection by expelling from exist-
ing herds such animals as are shown to be affected with.tuberculosis
in even its preliminary stages must appeal with force to every well-
minded person. The elimination of the disease from among cattle
by rigorous insistence upon segregation of tuberculous individuals is
obviously more easy of accomplishment than among human beings,
where our sympathy and commiseration leads us to ignore many
well-established sanitary precautions for preventing contagion.
It should be understood that the movement which is now progress-
ing so successfully to oust all diseased animals from herds of milch
cows, and indeed of neat cattle, is not only substantially in the inter-
est of the public health, but will be found to be of decided advantage
from an economic standpoint to the herd owner; for tuberculosis
among animals, encouraged by conditions existing up to the present
time, is not only increasing with alarming rapidity, often extending
to every single animal in a herd and decimating its numbers with
frequency, but experience shows that the amount and quality of milk
derived from diseased animals is inferior to that which may be rea-
sonably expected from healthy cattle. maintained under proper sani-
tary conditions. When it is estimated that 25 per cent of all cows
furnishing milk to the District of Columbia are infected with tuber-
culosis the importance of proceeding at once with firmness to the
elimination of diseased cattle from such herds will be promptly
recognized.
There has been considerable dissension among the ranks of phy-
sicians and sanitarians as to the communicability of tuberculosis to
human beings from tuberculous animals, either through the medium
of milk or the use of their flesh for human food, and numerous
investigations have been in progress with a view to establishing the
facts relating to this important subject. So eminent an authority as
Prof. Robert Koch, who first discovered the primary cause of tuber-
culosis, and who first presented tuberculin to the world, while ac-
companying the announcement of the latter triumph with the
statement that he considered the disease identical in both man and
cattle (which view was almost universally accepted by scientists as
well as the general public), subsequently announced in 1901 that he
regarded the disease as different in man and in cattle, and that there
was no practicable need for prohibiting the use of the products of
tuberculous animals for human food. This latter statement gave
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 73
rise to numerous endeavors on the part of scientific men to establish
the truth or fallacy of the position newly assumed by this eminent
authority. The results obtained by governmental commissions in
different countries, as well as by many public and private scientists,
have been so strikingly in accord, in controverting the position taken
by Prof. Koch, that it is now the generally accepted opinion among
savants that the disease is communicable from beast to man, espe-
cially in the case of children. To what extent such infection occurs
it is not possible from the nature of things to definitely ascertain,
but evidence which must be considered as conclusive has been ob-
tained by the Bureau of Animal Industry, as well as by Ravenel and
a number of French investigators, showing that the percentage of
cases indicating the transmission of the disease is probably consider-
ably greater than claimed by the authorities who have estimated
the relative amount of infection from these sources. As vital sta-
tistics demonstrate that 11 out of every 100 persons who die suc-
cumb to tuberculosis of one form or another, while of the remaining
89 more than one-half show tubercular lesions on post-mortem
examination, the value of imposing every reasonable protection
against infection may readily be appreciated. Since objective experi-
ments on living human beings are not practicable, the finding of the
bovine type of tubercle bacillus in human lesions is the most direct
and positive proof that tuberculous cattle are responsible for a certain
amount of tuberculosis in the human family.
In a series of tests conducted by the British Royal Commission on
Tuberculosis, 06 cases of the disease among human beings were tested,
with the result that 14 cases were regarded by the commission as
having been infected from bovine sources.
Dr. William H. Park, of New York City, a recognized authority
in this country on the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, has
recently found 6 cases of bovine infection in 35 samples of in-
testinal tuberculosis among infants, and 10 cases due to the bovine
type of bacillus out of 35 cases of surgical tuberculosis, representing
altogether about 283 per cent of the cases in children due to bovine
infection. Of 306 cases reported by Ravenel, 63, or approximately
20 per cent, were found to be due to the bovine tubercle bacillus.
Dr. Schroeder, in his interesting article on The Unsuspected But
Dangerously Tuberculous Cow, issued December 21, 1907,' sets forth
the dangers of infection from contaminated milk in a manner which
the committee deems worthy of repetition. He says (on p. 16):
If the public were thoroughly informed of the dangers, among which tuber-
culosis is only one of many, to which it is exposed through the use of impure,
dirty, and infected milk, the demand for milk of approved purity would rise
to the magnitude of a concerted national movement and would sweep all ob- |
jections and difficulties out of its way. Inform a man that a single one among
many loaves of brea i i j
' strychnine, or some other commonly dreaded poison, and he will go very hungry
before he risks eating any loaf of the lot. He knows what arsenic and
strychnine are and what he must expect from their introduction into his
stomach. Yet he continues to use milk and dairy products and permits his
family to use them without first testing their purity or insisting that the doubt
about their purity be removed, notwithstanding that they have repeatedly been
shown to contain poisons fully as objectionable and potent as those above named,
such as the germs of tuberculosis, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and
1 Circular No. 118, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
74 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
other diseases, and the poisons that are the cause of the high death rate from
abdominal diseases among children who have not passed the milk-drinking
period of life.
There is an important moral side to the milk question which must not be
ignored. We may have the right—a very doubtful right, to be exact—to neglect
the dangers to which we as adults capable of judging and acting for ourselves
are exposed, but we have absolutely no right to neglect the conditions that
cause suffering and death among children. The failure to act and to act
quickly and unceasingly until a safe milk for children at least is within easy
reach of every mother may: be characterized as barbarous, if not criminal,
indifference.
Schroeder and Cotton, in a recent bulletin of the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry, set forth that there is no more active agent than a
tuberculous cow for the increase of tuberculosis among animals and
its persistence among man. When it is reasonably estimated that
human tuberculosis causes over 160,000 deaths a year in the United
States, the importance of introducing every possible safeguard
against the extension of the white plague may well be appreciated.
It is gratifying to note that the work of Schroeder and Cotton at
the Bethesda Experiment Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry
was considered sufficiently significant by the British Tuberculosis
Commission to make it the subject of a special investigation and a
separate report, the work of the commission fully confirming the
results obtained by our investigators. It is unfortunate that the
commission should have failed to expressly acknowledge the credit
due to these officials of the Government for the important discovery
that apparently healthy tuberculous cattle frequently expel large
numbers of virulent tubercle bacilli through the rectum with the
feces.
The International Tuberculosis Congress held at Washington,
D. C., in September, 1908, resolved—
That preventive measures be continued against bovine tuberculosis and that
the propagation of this infection to man be recognized.
In a comprehensive investigation by Dr. William H. Park and his"
associates as to the sources of tubercular infection 7.22 per cent of
the patients examined proved on post-mortem examination to be in-
fected with bovine tubercle bacilli, 26 per cent of those under 5 years
of age showing infection from bovine sources.
Dr. Theobald Smith, a leading authority on the subject, found that
10 per cent additional were conclusively demonstrated to be in-
fected with bacilli of bovine origin, thus demonstrating that about
17 or 18 per cent of all cases of tuberculosis which were the subject
of these investigations were traceable to bovine sources. This work
has been largely done since 1908, and the concensus of opinion among
scientific men has since strongly developed in favor of accepting the
view that tuberculosis is directly transmissible from cattle to man.
Dr. William C. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University, corroborates
the statement (based on his observations) that bovine tuberculosis
causes from 15 to 25 per cent of certain cases of tuberculosis in
children under 5 years of age.
In a paper by Dr. Park, director of the research laboratory of the
health department of New York, presented as recently as May 3, 1910,
before the National Association for the Study and Prevention of
Tuberculosis, it was stated that 22 out of 84 cases of tuberculosis in
—
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 75
children under 5 years of age coming under his observation clearly
manifested the bovine type of tubercle bacilli, and bore convincing
evidence of the communicability of bovine tuberculosis to man.
In a later recent investigation by Park and Krumwiede in the
research laboratory of the department of health, New York City, the
actual number of cases examined was 436, the largest number included
so far in a single investigation. Two hundred and ninety-seven
related to persons over 16 years of age (278 being pulmonary), only
1 of which indicated bacilli of the bovine type, but in 54 cases of
children between 5 and 16 years 9 exhibited bacilli of the bovine type.
In 84 cases under 5 years of age 22 individuals were infected with
bovine bacilli. In a total of 1,040 cases of human tuberculosis studied
and recorded in literature from which pure cultures of tubercle
bacilli have been obtained and identified Park and Krumwiede place
686 of these cases in the group comprising patients of 16 years and
over, and 9 of these patients exhibited bacilli of the bovine type; 182
cases in the group of patients between 5 and 16 years old showed 33
to be infected with bovine bacilli, while in the group including chil-
dren under 5 years of age, comprising 120 cases, 59 (or admost 50 per
cent) proved to be of the bovine bacillary type. The larger propor-
tion of the cases showing the bovine type of bacilli consisted of infec-
tions of the abdomen and of the glands of the neck, while in not a
single case of pulmonary tuberculosis have bacilli of undoubted
bovine origin been found.?
It has further been demonstrated with scientific exactitude that
bovine tubercle bacilli are of a most virulent type and when ingested
by human beings with cow’s milk continue their virulence in the
human body.
BRITISH TUBERCULOSIS ORDER OF 1909.
Confirmatory of the position taken by the American authorities
as to the infection of human beings with tuberculosis from bovine
sources is the action of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries of
Great Britain in issuing, under date of May 27, 1909, the Tuber-
culosis order of 1909, setting forth that—
So far as regards the possibility of the transmission of the disease from
affected bovine animals. to man, the board are satisfied that it must now be
accepted as a fact that tuberculosis is transmissible by the agency of milk
used for human consumption.
The board proceeds further to state that—
Any action which results in the reduction in the number of tuberculous
bovine animals in the country must reduce the risk of the spread of tuber-
culosis amongst the community, and if it were possible to eradicate from this
country [Great Britain] the disease in animals, a material step forward would
have been taken in the campaign against the disease in man.
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS BY GERMAN AND BRITISH COMMISSIONS.
In a series of tests conducted by the German commission on tuber-
culosis, over 10 per cent of the cultures of tubercle bacilli of human
origin were found to be virulent for cattle, and in a similar investi-
1 Park, W. H., and Krumwiede, Charles, jr.: The Relative Importance of the Bovine
and Human Types of Tubercle Bacilli in the ‘Different Forms of Human Tuberculosis,
Journal of Medical Research, Vol. XXIJI, 205.
2 Journal of Americar Medical Association, Vol. LY, No. 26, Dec. 14, 1910, 2238.
76 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
gation by the British royal commission on tuberculosis, 60 cases of
the disease in human beings were tested, with the result that 14 were
determined by the commission to have been infected from bovine
sources.
It may be stated. with scientific accuracy, as the result of the
splendid work of American investigators, corroborated by the re-
searches of the British and German Government commissions and
independent investigators, that bovine tubercle bacilli are fairly
common in human beings, the frequent occurrence of bovine tuber-
culosis among children of itself emphasizing the importance of elimi-
nating by the tuberculin test cattle proved to be infected with tuber-
cular lesions, and insisting upon pasteurization before their product
is offered for sale.
RESOLUTIONS BY NATIONAL AND LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS FOR STUDY AND
PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS.
At a recent meeting of the National Association for the Study
and Prevention of ‘Tuberculosis, held in Washington in April, 1910,
resolutions were adopted (Appendix AD) urging the efficient
supervision of dairy herds and of the handling of milk from the
dairy to the consumer, and emphasizing the importance of a clean
and pure milk supply as essential to the public health. The reso-
lutions conclude with a feeble indorsement of the position that, in a
certain percentage of cases, human tuberculosis is due to infection
by tubercle bacilli of bovine origin.
At a meeting of the board of directors of the local association
for the prevention of tuberculosis, held December 27, 1910, resolu-
tions offered by Dr. George M. Kober and seconded by Mr. Emile
Berliner and Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, were unanimously adopted
(Appendix AE) reciting that, whereas it has been shown by indis-
putable evidence that numerous epidemics of typhoid fever and
other diseases have been traced to contaminated dairy products, that
a considerable proportion of the cases of tuberculosis occurring in
children under 5 years of age is the result of infection with the
bovine tubercular bacillus, and that the mortality among infants fed
upon cow’s milk is very high, the Congress of the United States be
requested to investigate the relation of dairy products to the public
health, with a view to the enactment of remedial legislation.
BACILLI INTRODUCED INTO HUMAN BODY DURING INFANCY.
A potent factor in support of the belief that tuberculosis is di-
rectly communicable from cattle to man is the discovery in recent years
by bacteriologists of certain interrelated species of tubercle bacilli
showing apparent transition from the bovine to the human types of
tubercle bacilli and vice versa. It has furthermore been established
with apparent rationality that the bacilli may be introduced into the
human body during infancy and remain dormant until some later
period in life when they are aroused to activity and develop malig-
nant tuberculosis, their activity remaining latent, in some instances,
or being arrested until the person arrives at the age of three score or
more.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. fie
Dr. Schroeder observes in this connection that by far the largest
percentage of cases of human tuberculosis results from the ingestion
of tubercle bacilli during the first five years of infant life, during
which period the food of the child is restricted exclusively to a milk
diet, and that the bacilli develop destructive virulence and energy
often during the “high school” period of education, when the worry
and mental strain of the child has reduced it to a condition of health
which makes it impossible to combat the attacks of the germs; and in
other cases at the age of approximately 25 years, when the worry and
anxiety which may be regarded as the natural accompaniment of the
initiation seriously into one’s life work may be supposed to induce
inability to cope with the development of disease germs; and then,
again, In certain instances, about the age of 45, when those who are
failures in life’s battle begin to realize the hopelessness of their
further endeavors toward success. It is significant that, at these
periods of life, tuberculosis succeeds most effectively in its deadly
ravages.
EFFICACY OF TUBERCULIN TEST IN ERADICATING HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS
‘ FROM BOVINE SOURCES.
A number of authorities consulted by the committee unite in the
opinion that the tuberculin test, if generally applied in a given juris-
diction, will completely eradicate the disease from bovine animals, and
will remove entirely the possibility of human infection with bovine
tubercle bacilli. Freeman is authority for the statement that a third
of the cases of human tuberculosis in persons under 15 years of age
would probably be eliminated. Winslow predicts that human
tuberculous infection from milk can be largely controlled by the
tuberculin test. Dr. Babb, dairy and milk inspector of Topeka,
Kans., expresses the belief that most human pulmonary tuberculosis
is gained from the use of milk from tuberculous cows, and that the
transmission of the disease from this source would be very greatly
diminished by the enforcement of the tuberculin test in a rational,
systematic manner.
Dr. Coit is convinced that the enforcement of the tuberculin test
will curtail human infection with bovine tubercle bacilli only to the
extent that tuberculosis is now disseminated by market milk. It will,
in his opinion, reduce by 25 per cent the number of cases of tubercu-
losis occurring in children.
RECOMMENDATIONS BY DR. JOHN R. MOHLER.
With a view to insuring against the prevalence of tuberculosis
through infection from bovine sources, the following recommenda-
tions are proposed by Dr. John R. Mohler, Chief of the Pathological
Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agricul-
ture, in a paper entitled “The Importance of a Wholesome Milk
Supply ”:*
1. That all cows on dairy farms producing milk for market purposes be
tagged, tattooed, or otherwise marked for identification.
1 The Dissemination of Diseases by Dairy Products and Methods for Prevention, Circu-
lar No. 153, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, p. 37, issued
Apr, 28, 1910. These recommendations by Dr. Mohler were previously published in
almost identical phraseology in Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and
Marine-Hospital Service, pp. 525, 526, issued in March, 1909,
78 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
2. That all milk produced on such dairy farms shall either come from tuber-
culin-tested cattle, which shall be retested at least once a year, or be subjected
to pasteurization under the supervision of the health authorities in case the herd
is not tuberculin tested.
8. That no additions to any herd, whether the herd has been tested or not,
shall be made in the future without subjecting the additional cattle to the tuber-
culin test.
4. That no license for the sale of milk shall in future be granted except to
applicants having herds free of tuberculosis.
5. That the milk of cattle showing any of the udder affections above men-
tioned, or anthrax, rabies, gastroenteritis, septic conditions, or clinical symp-
toms of tuberculosis, shall not be utilized as human food, even though the milk
be pasteurized. Milk from cows 15 days before and 5 days after parturition
shall likewise be excluded.
6. That veterinary inspectors of the health department make frequent visits to
daries having untested herds, in order that they may discover all advanced cases
of tuberculosis or udder tuberculosis as early as possible.
7. That the various States pass laws granting an appropriate indemnity to all
owners of tuberculous cattle which come under their respective jurisidctions,
the said animals to be slaughtered in abattoirs having Federal or other efficient
inspection.
MILK USED IN DAIRY PRODUCTS SHOULD BE TUBERCULIN TESTED.
Numerous investigations by recognized authorities, both in Europe
and in this country, have conclusively demonstrated that tubercle
bacilli may be present in butter, buttermilk, oleomargarine, and
cheese, and that butter made in the customary manner and stored
under ordinary market conditions until time of sale may retain
virulent bacilli for several months. It is of essential importance,
therefore, that the restrictions and safeguards applied to milk and
cream should be extended to the various milk products so far as nec-
essary to protect the public from the dangers of infection from these
sources. The requirement that all dairy herds be subjected to the
tuberculin test, and in addition to this that the milk from such herds
should be pasteurized before it is used, should apply not only to milk
and cream used in their raw state, but likewise to all milk and cream
contained in ice cream, buttermilk, butter, and cheese.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS.
Aside from the imminent danger of communicating this dreaded
scourge to humanity, there is an economic consideration of great
importance to the farmers of our country in eradicating tuberculosis
from their herds. It is believed on good authority that between 15
and 25 per cent of all the cows supplying milk to the District of Co-
lumbia are tuberculous. It may be recounted that, during the period
from April, 1907, to June, 1909, inclusive, the Bureau of Animal
Industry supervised the testing of 2,471 cattle in herds supplying
milk to the District, with the result that 377, or 15.25 per cent, were
shown to be tuberculous. Nor is this startling percentage a fair esti-
mate of the extent of tuberculosis among the dairy herds of this vi-
cinity, since the number of animals tested includes many herds which
had either been examined previously or which had exhibited such a
healthy appearance as to remove any suspicions of tuberculosis.
1 Tuberculosis of the udder, botryomycosis, mammitis, mastitis, etc,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 79
Statistics show that where the tuberculin test has been established
either compulsorily or voluntarily on the part of cattle owners,
tuberculosis is gradually being eradicated, while in localities where
the tuberculin test has not been applied, the disease is spreading
rapidly and becoming widely disseminated, the cattle owner being
confronted with serious and continuous losses. Tuberculin may,
therefore, be considered a most beneficial agent to the stock raiser.
As an indication of the extent of the movement for the elimination
of tuberculosis among farm animals, it may be stated that 41 States
(Appendix AF) at present require the application of the tuberculin
test to cattle brought within their boundaries, this requirement
usually being limited, however, to cattle for dairy or breeding pur-
poses; and that 21 States and the District of Columbia (Appendix
AG) provide for the slaughter of animals found to be affected with
tuberculosis, and for the payment of an indemnity to owners; while
a few others give authority for condemnation and slaughter without
making provision for indemnity. Twenty States and the District of
Columbia (Appendix AH) provide for the tuberculin testing of
cattle within the State (not necessarily the subject of interstate com-
merce).
USE OF MEAT OF CONDEMNED ANIMALS FOR FOOD.
It is adduced that it is inconsistent on the part of the Federal au-
thorities to permit the use for food of the meat of animals condemned
on account of tuberculosis, while at the same time proposing to pre-
clude the use of milk derived from such animals. The committee is
reliably informed by officials of the Bureau of Animal Industry that
animals may be infected with tuberculosis in certain parts of the
body, this local infection not permeating the muscular portions or
other parts of the animal utilized for food purposes. The Depart-
ment of Agriculture has consequently, in the execution of the meat-
inspection law, very properly permitted, under rigid inspection, the
utilization of such parts of carcasses as are definitely and absolutely
known to be free from contamination with tubercle bacilli.
The question raised as to the propriety of slaughtering for con-
_ sumption animals having localized diseases has been the subject of
careful and protracted deliberation by the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry in enforcing the Federal meat inspection regulations, for-
mulated and promulgated in pursuance of the act of Congress ap-
proved June 30, 1906+ It was suggested from several sources that,
in order to enlist the public support and cooperation of packers which
is so manifest in the execution of meat-inspection rules in European
countries, the regulations adopted by the Department of Agriculture
for controlling the meat industry in the United States should be
submitted for criticism to a commission of experts not connected
with the department, whose findings as to the effects of disease upon
meat with reference to its fitness for human food would command
the confidence of the packers and dealers as well as of the public
generally. In pursuance of this suggestion, a commission was des-
ignated by the Secretary of Agriculture, composed of men whose
1 Provisions for Federal meat inspection incorporated in Agricultural appropriation act
for 1907, approved June 30, 1906,
80 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
eminence as authorities on the subject in question was generally con-
ceded, and this commission, after thorough discussion and conference,
reported its conclusions. The findings constituted in the main a con-
firmation of the wisdom of the regulations then in force, certain
minor emendations being suggested by the commission, which have
been approved by the department and incorporated in the rules for
the disposition of meats now in operation.
As felicitously expressed by Dr. Meivin at the preliminary meet-
ing of the commission, the department is required by law to stand as
the mediator between the slaughterers and the consumers, and its
only thought is to do justice to both. It may be observed, he ex-
plained, that if there was any error in Regulation No. 15 safeguard-
ing the public health, this was in favor of the public rather than in
favor of the butchers and packers, and that the requirements of the
department with reference to the condemnation of diseased animals
could be made less stringent without danger to the health of the
consumer.
It frequently happens that an animal is infected with a localized
disease which may not impair to the slightest degree the nutritive or
food value of the parts of the carcass which are customarily eaten in
a community, and while it is evident that, from an economic stand-
point, it would be decidedly improper and wasteful to an extreme
degree to condemn as a whole carcasses affected in certain organs
only, your committee is convinced that the regulations of the depart-
ment impose every reasonable safeguard for the protection of the
health of the public against possible infection fiom diseased meat.
Tt should be observed, however, on the other hand, that milk (con-
sisting as it does of secretions from the mammary glands) from
any cow afflicted with almost any disease, however localized, is
- fraught with danger of contamination, intermittently at least, by
death-dealing germs. The committee feels, therefore, that the sepa-
ration of a diseased animal from a herd of milch cows is justifiable
in every instance, while the use of portions of the carcass of the same
animal, when slaughtered, may be advocated as entirely unprejudicial
to the health of the consumer. Any attempt, therefore, to condemn
for food purposes cattle in the wholesale manner suggested in some
quarters would doubtless effect an absolute scarcity of the meat |
supply, resulting in high prices for beef, veal, and other products of
the cow and calf, and serving to place them entirely beyond the reach
of the purchaser of moderate means.
‘Aside from the generally recognized importance of eradicating
tuberculosis from among cattle on account of the contamination of
the milk supply derived from infected animals, and while assenting
to the proposition that the saving of human life affords the highest
motive for cembsting tuberculosis among animals, the economic im-
portance of its elimination with the object of relieving the tremen-
dous financial loss at present devolving from this cause upon the
live-stock industry of the country should not be overlooked. This
phase of the question is treated in a most convincing and capable
manner in a paper entitled “The Economic Importance of Tuber-
culosis in Food-Producing Animals,” by Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of
the Bureau of Animal Industry, read before the International Con-
1Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. 8. Department of
Agriculture, 1908,
/
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 81
gress on Tuberculosis in Washington on September 29, 1908. Dr.
Melvin observes that, while it must be realized that the exclusion of
tuberculous meat and dairy products from the food supply means
an appreciable reduction in the quantity of available food, with a
corresponding tendency to an increase in the cost of such commodi-
ties, no nation is so wealthy that it can afford to sacrifice year after
year a considerable and increasing proportion of its food supply,
especially when by proper means the loss can be reduced and in time
entirely prevented.
The animals principally infected with tuberculosis, he states, are
cattle and hogs, the disease being easily communicated from the
former to the latter by the common practice of giving skim milk to
the hogs and allowing them to feed on the excrement of the cattle.
When we consider, in addition to the loss occasioned by the necessity
of slaughtering cattle and hogs, the considerable depreciation in the
value of these animals when affected with the disease, if remaining
alive, as also the effect of decreasing the productiveness of dairy cows
by diminishing the yield of milk, as well as by shortening their lives,
and consequently the period during which they produce milk; and
when we realize, furthermore, that there are doubtless other sources
of loss chargeable to this disease in live stock, it is conservatively
estimated by Dr. Melvin that the tribute which the United States
pays each year to this scourge among its farm animals aggregates
more than $23,000,000. Consider in addition to this enormous ex-
action the bearing of animal tuberculosis on human life, and it seems
imperative that vigorous measures should be promptly adopted to
eradicate the disease from our herds.
The work of the Federal Government, as carried on by the Bureau
of Animal Industry, has thus for been exerted in this connection in
supplying tuberculin free of charge to State officials, in endeavoring
to prevent the interstate shipment of tuberculous animals, and in
tracing, when practicable, the origin of animals found to be affected
with tuberculosis.
It has been contended that the rigid enforcement of the tuberculin
test and the condemnation of unhealthy cattle will produce a tem-
porary, if not a permanent, shortage in the local milk supply. This
condition, should it become apparent, will, it is believed by the com-
mittee, be readily met by resorting to pasteurization to render in-
nocuous the milk derived from affected cattle and by authorizing the
delivery and consumption of milk so treated from cattle which have
not withstood the tuberculin test until such time as may reasonably
be required to replace with healthy cattle animals found to be dis-
eased.
_ While the committee places itself on record as unqualifiedly favor-
ing the application of the tuberculin test, it is especially recommended
that the test be gradually apphed; that is to say, that a reasonable
amount of time be reserved before the test shall be rigorously exacted,
and that the herds supplying milk to the District be inspected seri-
atim, with such gradualness as may be intelligently calculated to
enable the replenishment of the herds by the replacement of such
animals as may be eliminated by operation of the test. The District
Commissioners have, upon the recommendation of Dr. Woodward,
82444°-—S. Doc. 863, 61-3——6
$2 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
health officer, wisely consented to the postponement of insistence com-
pulsorily upon the test in the case of all herds located in Maryland,
Virginia, and elsewhere outside of the District of Columbia, fur-
nishing milk for consumption in the District, for such period of time
as the farmers may reasonably require to prepare themselves to meet
the conditions of the test and until the legislatures of the States of
Maryland and Virginia may have an opportunity to provide adequate
compensation for animals condemned. It is proposed by the com-
mittee that a period of two years might appropriately and advan-
tageously be arbitrarily fixed for the introduction of the test compul-
sorily among herds supplying milk for consumption in the District.
The committee concludes its observations on this feature of its
investigations with the remark that the tuberculin test has been found
to be a more nearly infallible means for diagnosing tuberculosis than
any known agency for diagnosing other diseases of men and animals;
and since it is the consensus of scientific thought that our dairy herds
can be freed from tuberculous cows by the systematic application of
the test and the segregation of aH reacting animals, the committee
recommends without hesitancy that the compulsory application of the
test to all animals furnishing milk to the District of Columbia be
required as rapidly as the exigencies of the situation will allow.
VI. MAInTENANCE OF Low TEMPERATURE.
ESSENTIALITY OF TEMPERATURE NOT EXCEEDING 50° F,
Since the bacterial content of milk depends, (1) upon its age, (2)
the number of bacteria contained initially and proliferated, or in-
troduced during the process of milking and handling, and (3) the
temperature at which the milk is kept, cleanly milk, quick cooling,
and the shortest practicable time between milking and consumption
are important factors in providing a pure milk supply. Not only
should the milk be cooled immediately, which has been proved be-
yond peradventure to be an exceedingly important requirement, but
in order to prevent the rapid multiplication of germ life, it should
be kept cool until consumed. This necessitates the maintenance of
low temperature in hauling to the depot, while waiting at the ship-
ping point, during transportation on the cars, and while being held
and distributed by: the city dealer. In the winter months, the low
atmospheric temperature renders the keeping of milk below 50° F.
easy of accomplishment, but in the warm season to maintain the
desired temperature involves the use of efficient methods of refrigera-
tion on the part of the dairyman, the transportation company, the
wholesale distributer, the retail dealer, and, finally, on the part of the
consumer.
The rapid cooling of milk after it has been drawn, to a temperature
of 45° F., and the maintenance of that temperature until the time of
consumption, not only prevents the multiplication of the bacterial
flora contained in the milk when drawn from the cow, but actually
tends to diminish the number of bacteria.
So eminent an authority as Dr. William H. Park, of New York
City, gives testimony to the effect that milk rapidly and sufficiently
cooled remains almost unaltered chemically and bacteriologically for
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 83
36 hours, while milk that is insufficiently cooled (that is to say,
allowed to attain a temperature in excess of 45° to 50° F.) deteriorates
rapidly. Dr. Park states later that while 45° F. is a desirable stand-
ard, 50° F. is, in his judgment, much easier to observe and will answer
fairly well. He assigns the failure to keep milk below the tempera-
ture of 50° F. as the greatest reason for the deterioration of city milk.
Dr. Coit asserts that, according to a well-known expert, a quart of
milk maintained at 60° F. in a refrigerator will grow 19,000,000
germs in 24 hours.
The rapidity with which bacteria multiply at a temperature some-
what slightly above 50° F. has been well illustrated by a recognized
authority on the subject, who, in an experiment with milk containing
153,000 organisms per cubic centimeter when exposed to a tempera-
ture of 59° F., showed a proliferation to more than treble this number
in a single hour, the milk attaining the almost incredible figure of
85,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter at the end of 24 hours. When
it is realized that a cubic centimeter corresponds approximately to
one-fourth of a teaspoonful, the enormity of this increase in a given
sample of milk can easily be imagined.
A series of systematic investigations has shown that the tempera-
ture, in order to retard generation of germ life, should be maintained
as low, at least, as 50° F. Pathogenic or disease-breeding organisms
are shown to multiply with remarkable rapidity when milk is main-
tained at temperatures ranging from 50° to 60° F., and even more
markedly when 65° F. is reached. Although the practical observance
of this requirement means the establishment of icehouses on dairy
farms for the storage of a sufficient supply to maintain this reduced
temperature from April 1 or earlier to November 1, or later in excep-
tional instances of mild weather, and the installation of refrigerator
cars or the jacketing of cans in an efficient manner to keep down the
temperature, which requirement, if insisted upon, must necessarily
add to the cost of cooling, transporting, and delivering the local milk
supply, your committee is nevertheless, after careful consideration,
convinced that the arrangement is necessary in the interest of the
public health and should be made effective by suitable legislation,
provided that, so far as transportation is concerned, it be determined,
upon examination of figures in detail, that refrigerator-car service is
an economic possibility.
The requirement should, moreover, extend to the refrigeration of
the milk while on delivery wagons, so as to continue the reduced
temperature at a maximum of 50° F. until actual delivery at the
residence or place of occupation of the consumer.
Dr. Park entertains the view that it is practicable to maintain a
' temperature not exceeding 50° F. on delivery wagons, provided the
cans be protected from exposure to the air by boards or canvas and a
little ice be kept on the cans.
The committee appends (Appendix AT) in this connection copy
of a letter addressed, under date of October 9, 1907, by Surg. Gen.
George M. Sternberg, United States Army, retired, to Dr. G. Lloyd
Magruder, of this city, giving testimony as to the practicability of
shipping milk in cans reenforced with a felt jacket for very consider-
able distances without attaining a maximum of 50° F.
84 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The reasonableness of exacting a temperature that shall not exceed
50° F. is confirmed by the practice in such advanced communities as
New York and Boston, the regulations of each of which cities specify
a maximum temperature of 50° F., while Chicago enjoins a tempera-
ture of 45° F. or less. 5
The committee has weighed with the utmost care and deliberation
the probable effect of compulsorily maintaining a temperature of
50° EF. or less from the time of milking to the actual moment of
delivery to the consumer, for it is recognized that the initiation of
such a requirement will necessarily compel every dairyman to install
on his farm a suitable icehouse, with facilities for carrying a suffi-
cient store of ice to maintain the milk below the prescribed maximum
temperature during the season from April 1 to December 1 of each
year. If this proposal were merely the result of a theoretical step
toward the improvement of the milk supply, the committee would
have more hesitancy in coming to a conclusion in the matter, but it is
so clearly convinced that pathogenic bacteria proliferate with as-
tounding rapidity when milk is allowed to attain a temperature of
even 2 or 8 degrees in excess of 50° F. that it is indispensably neces-
sary, in its judgment, in the interest of the public health, that this
requirement be gradually put into force, notwithstanding its material
bearing as respects increased outlay on the part of the producer, and
with the fullest consciousness of the great benefit which will inure
from the enforcement of this perhaps seemingly onerous exaction.
The requirement that milk be kept at a temperature below 50° F.
should likewise be rigorously enforced with reference to hotels, lunch
rooms, cafés, and other public places where milk is consumed as a
beverage in its raw or pasteurized state.
It has been claimed that, owing to the germicidal qualities of raw
milk, the number of bacteria is reduced when kept under certain con-
ditions of temperature free from contamination, which contention is
advocated in defense of raw milk as opposed to pasteurized milk. Dr.
Park, who studied this question in 1901, concluded that freshly drawn
milk contains a slight and variable amount of chemical substances
which are capable of inhibiting bacterial growth, and that at tem-
peratures under 50° F. these substances act efficiently for from 12 to
24 hours, provided the milk be not filthy, but that at higher tempera-
tures the inhibiting effect of these chemical substances is very soon
completely negatived and the bacteria in milk maintained at such
temperatures will then rapidly increase. Thus the bacteria in fresh ©
milk which originally proved 5,000 per cubic centimeter, decreased to
2,400 in the portion kept at 42° F. for 24 hours, but raised to 7,000
in that kept at 50° F., to 280,000 in that kept at 65° F., and to
12,500,000,000 in that portion kept at 95° F. This intelligent deduc-
tion emphasizes the extreme importance of keeping milk at tempera-
tures below 50° F.
NECESSITY FOR ADEQUATE REFRIGERATOR-CAR SERVICE.
With regard to the objection raised by the producers and dealers to
the proposal that all milk supplied to the District of Columbia be
required to be maintained at a temperature not exceeding 50° F.
from the time of milking until the actual delivery to the consumer,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 85
the committee feels that this requirement is impossible of practical
observance without the installation of an adequate number of re-
frigerator cars or the provision of a practical and efficient can jacket.
The committee has had great difficulty in securing from the rail-
ways entering Washington any definite information which would
lead to a proper conclusion as to the practicability of providing the
necessary refrigerator-car service or some alternative means for
maintaining milk during transportation at a temperature below
50° F. The Pennsylvania and Southern Railways, and the New
York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co. were the only ones
to heed the request of the committee. President Brown, of the New
York Central lines, regrets that it is impossible to furnish compara-
tive figures, for the reason that the cost of refrigeration varies on
different parts of his lines, being governed, he says, by weather con-
ditions, the kind of container in which the product is shipped, the
length of haul, facilities for rapid handling at destination, etc. The
conditions in the District of Columbia are, furthermore, he maintains,
different from those in New York State.
Mr. J. R. Wood, passenger traffic manager of the Pennsylvania
Railroad Co., has, through reference from President McCrea, fur-
nished the committee with certain data relating to the subject of its
inquiry. He explains that three factors enter into the cost of haul-
ing milk under refrigeration, namely, the length of the haul, the
temperature of the milk when placed in the car, and the circumstance
whether the cars are to be loaded al} at one point or at intervals
between originating point and destination. If the class “Rf”
refrigerator car is to be used for the purpose proposed, the initial
icing would, he estimates, require 7,400 pounds. After precooling,
4,000 pounds would be sufficient to maintain the milk under a tem-
perature of 50° F. for a distance of 300 miles; that is to say, a
94-hour run. If, however, the car is to be opened at different points
to receive milk, the temperature will fluctuate according to outside
conditions. The cost for icing a car with 12,000 pounds of ice will
approximate $15 (that is on a basis of $2.50 per ton of ice, including
necessary labor). By using the same cars in this milk service, the
bunkers would retain a percentage of the ice from one trip until the
next, and the car would thus require on the same basis as above an -
average of only about 3,000 pounds of ice at a cost of $4. The cost
per gallon for refrigerated milk will depend on the number of gal-
lons loaded in a car. The length of the haul, he states, would make
no material difference in the cost of refrigeration, due to the fact
that the requisite amount of ice and the necessary space for loading
would need to be provided from the starting point of the car to the
places of receiving and discharging its load.
It is interesting in this connection to note the present cost per
gallon of milk shipped over the Pennsylvania lines from varying
distances to Washington, namely, less than 30 miles, 14 cents per
gallon; between 30 and 60 miles, 2 cents per gallon; over 60 and not
exceeding 90 miles, 25 cents per gallon. Double rates are charged
for the shipment of cream.
It is contended by the officials of the railways transporting milk
into Washington that the length of the hauls and the aggregate
amount of shipments do not justify the expense of providing and
maintaining the necessary number of refrigerator cars for this serv-
86 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
ice unless such increase in the rates of transportation be exacted as
would make the retail price of milk to the consumer prohibitively
high. The committee appends copies of correspondence with the
New York Central and the Pennsylvania Railways relating to this
phase of its investigations (Appendix D). Officials of the Southern
Railway have informally assured the committee of their desire to
do everything possible to further the committee’s recommendations,
but they feel that it is absolutely impossible, without the imposition
of prohibitive traffic rates, to maintain the necessary service. Milk
is at present hauled over the several branches of the Southern Rail-
way at a flat rate of 24 cents per gallon, which includes the return of
the can or other receptacle to the shipper.
FEASIBILITY OF PROVIDING ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF ICE.
Aside from the conditions affecting the feasibility of introducing
an appropriate service of refrigerator cars, it is contended by the
producers of milk that it is not practicable without a decided advance
in the price of milk received by the shipper to install and equip the
necessary ice houses for maintaining the low temperature from the
time of milking to the instant of actual delivery on board the train.
An examination of bulletins furnished through the courtesy of Prof.
Willis L. Moore, Chief of the United States Weather Bureau, shows
that it has been possible, with the exception of one winter, during
the past 30 years to collect from ponds, natural or artificially pro-
vided for this purpose, an abundant supply of ice 4 inches or more in
thickness, to enable the farmer to lay up a sufficient store to meet
this requirement of refrigeration from April 1 to December 1, the
interval during which in this latitude it is necessary to provide arti-
ficial means of maintaining a maximum temperature of 50° F. This
deduction is confirmatory of a letter on the same subject from the
Chief of the Weather Bureau under date of December 29, 1906
(Appendix AJ).
Tt is claimed by local wholesale and retail dealers, furthermore,
that the insistence upon this requirement will have the effect of driv-
ing all of the small dealers out: of business, as they allege that the
‘public is neither willing nor able to pay the increased price which
must necessarily be established in order to meet this proposed restric-
tion.
So much for the mercantile side of the question. As to its scien-
tific aspects, it is a matter of general agreement among authorities
on the subject of milk production and distribution that, although milk
obtained from the cow under the most careful conditions contains a
minimum number of bacteria, these bacteria multiply with alarming
rapidity when milk is subjected to temperatures in excess of 50° F.,
and this observation applies with equal force to pasteurized and to
raw milk.
The failure to keep milk at a temperature below 50° F. provides
favorable conditions for rapid multiplication of bacteria. Milk is a
good culture medium for various pathogenic organisms which rapidly
increase in high temperatures, making such milk dangerous, espe-
cially for infants. Dr. Wyman, Surgeon General of the Public
Health and Marine-Hospital Service, asserts that if milk happens to
contain a small number of typhoid bacilli or other organisms a great
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 87
increase in these organisms will take place if the milk be not kept
below 50° F. The moment that a higher temperature than 50° F.
is approached the proliferation of deleterious as well as other germs
increases with astounding celerity, it being demonstrated by reliable
authorities, as already stated, that a temperature of even 52° to 55°
F., for example, encourages a much more rapid development of bac-
teria than 50° F. Some authorities suggest specifying as low as 45°
F., but there is a substantial agreement among those qualified to speak
in favor of 50° F. as a maximum temperature for maintaining milk
from the time of milking till delivery to the consumer. Dr. Melvin,
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, observes in this connection
that the specification of that temperature would require the use of
ice in summer, but that this is not believed to be commercially im-
practicable, except possibly during the summer in warm climates,
where the producer is unable to provide ice. This requirement, he
states, has been met by the city of Atlanta, Ga., and if it is practicable
there it should certainly be practicable for the city of Washington.
The feasibility of meeting this situation will, it is observed by Surg.
Gen. Stokes, depend among other things upon the facilities granted
by the railroads and the amount of capital put into the business.
Dr. Hamill, of Philadelphia, expresses the view that from 40° to
50° F. is the maximum temperature at which milk should be kept to
give the best results when commercially used. He is of the opinion
that it is practicable to maintain a maximum temperature of 50° F.
. from time of milking to city delivery to the consumer, provided the
producers, the railroad companies, and the dealers can be compelled
by law to adopt proper methods. On the other hand, it is stated by
the health officer of Columbus, Ohio, that 50° F. is too low for market
milk under ordinary conditions as experienced in Columbus, a 65° F.
rule having been in force in that city for two years past.
If the temperature could be fixed primarily to satisfy the con-
venience and advantage of the producer and dealer, this higher
temperature could well be determined upon, but the committee is
fully impressed, after consulting the authorities on the subject, that
the fixing of 65° F. as the maximum temperature would not accom-
plish the end desired, and that this higher temperature would permit
of rapid multiplication of disease-breeding germs in milk. If the
somewhat low temperature specified be not enforced by stringent
regulations of the health authorities, all other precautions (save,
perhaps, the tuberculin test) tending to the production of a pure
milk supply and the elimination of the danger of infection through
contamination of the milk will be negatived to such an extent as to
almost totally defeat the purpose of the requirement.
The committee is strongly inclined to believe, therefore, that, not-
withstanding the claims put forward by the producers and dealers as
to the prejudicial effect upon their business and the possibility, if not
likelihood, of a considerable shortage in the milk supply, the interests
of the public health demand that this requirement be put into effect
and rigidly enforced.
PRESCRIBED HOURS OF DELIVERY NOT FEASIBLE.
The committee has considered, in this same connection, the prac-
ticability of assuring the maintenance of the prescribed temperature
by limiting the hours of delivery, especially at residences, so as to
88 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
avoid the exposure of the milk to the rays of the sun or to warm air
when standing on the doorstep. While it is undoubtedly desirable,
in the judgment of the officials of the Bureau of Animal Industry,
that milk should not be permitted to remain on the doorstep in warm
weather long enough to allow a material rise in its temperature, the
feasibility of specifying certain hours for its delivery is questioned.
Some of the persons consulted by the committee are dubious as to
whether such regulations would be capable of enforcement, while
others suggest that the milk be so placed as to shelter it from the sun.
In the opinion of Dr. Goler, health officer of Rochester, N. Y., milk
should not be permitted to be delivered to the consumer prior to 6
o’clock a. m., while Dr. Walter S. Wheeler, health commissioner of
Kansas City, Mo., alleges that in some cities regulations prescribe
from 12 o’clock midnight to 8 o’clock in the morning as the hours for
city delivery.
In Wheeling, W. Va., the distributor of certified milk is not al-
lowed to leave it on the doorstep, but must place it in an ice chest or
in the hands of an adult member of the family.
Dr. J. M. Houston, bacteriologist of the Washington branch of the
White Cross Milk Co., is decidedly of the opinion that milk should
be required to be delivered after 7 a. m., so that it can be taken into
the home and not exposed to contamination on the doorstep and to
the rays of the hot sun in summer and to freezing in winter. He adds
that if this plan be effectuated, the dealer would not be embarrassed
so largely by complaints of stolen milk and by the inefficient class of _
help on which he must depend for earlier deliveries.
Dr. Hamill, of Philadelphia, considers it very important to pre-
scribe definite hours for the city delivery of milk, the dealer being
required to deliver the milk at such hours as to enable the consumer
to receive it into his home immediately upon delivery. Dr. Park
favors the limitation of hours of city delivery during the warm
months, so that millx would not, at least, remain more than 30 minutes
exposed to a temperature above 55° F. Dr. J. P. Kennedy, health
officer of Atlanta, Ga., thinks that the subject could best be controlled
by issuing from the health department printed slips of instructions,
to be delivered at intervals by dairymen to their customers.
The committee is not prepared to commend as feasible the speci-
fication of certain fixed hours for delivery, since, in its judgment, to
exact this requirement would compel a large supplemental outlay on
the part of distributors for additional delivery wagons and help, and
would possibly make the retail cost of milk prohibitively high, im-
posing a hardship on the milkman and possibly embarrassing the
plans of the householder.
TEMPERATURE FOR MILK PRODUCTS.
The fact that cream is shown to contain pathogenic germs in viru-
lent form convinces the committee that it is advisable to require this
to be maintained at a temperature below 50° F., and the committee
consequently recommends that such a requirement be imposed. The
same observation does not apply, however, to butter and cheese,
which, owing to their density, are not favorable to the proliferation
of pathogenic germs at ordinary temperatures, though it should be
demanded that milk from which these products are made be kept, up
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 89
to the time of their manufacture, at a temperature not in excess of
50° F. There would appear to be no reason for a similar specifica-
tion concerning buttermilk.
FREEZING OF MILK.
The committee has examined with interest a report by United
States Consul T. H. Norton (Appendix AK) of an address by Prof.
Hempel on the “ Treatment of Milk” before the seventy-ninth an-
nual meeting of the German Association of Scientists and Physicians,
held at Dresden, Saxony, in September, 1907, discussing the feasi-
bility of transporting and delivering milk in a frozen condition. Ex-
haustive experiments have shown conclusively, Consul Norton states,
that pure milk when frozen preserves its original properties un-
changed for weeks. Frozen specimens, kept for over a month in the
refrigerating room, showed on thawing absolutely no alteration in
taste, while the fact of a considerable diminution in the number of
bacteria present was clearly established. Important also, he con-
tinues, was the circumstance that while frozen the cream remained
evenly diffused throughout the solidified mass, which is not the case
when milk is kept at a low temperature in a liquid state. To attain
good results, he adds further, it is essential that pure, fresh milk, as
soon as collected from the animal, be rapidly cooled to the freezing
point. Dirty and contaminated milk, as well as milk in which the
lactic fermentation has begun, after being frozen, curdles upon melt-
ing. He offers the suggestion that fresh milk could be frozen in
the proper containers by submerging them in brine chilled far below
the melting point of ice, and that, when the milk has not only been
frozen, but cooled still further to the temperature of the surround-
ing liquid, the flasks or other containers could be removed, inclosed in
felt protectors, and conveyed to the consumer. Frozen milk prepared
under such conditions will, he contends, remain in a solid state for
a day or more before the temperature of the entire mass can rise to
the melting point. He further remarks that refrigerator cars would
obviously be unnecessary for the transportation of milk in this form,
unless unusually long distances are to be traversed. The compara-
tively small cost of freezing and chilling the milk supply of a city
would, he asserts, be more than oftset by economy in transportation,
by the utilization of remete and inexpensive pasturage, and by the
removal of one of the gravest causes of infant mortality.
There is considerable diversity of opinion as to the effect produced
by freezing on the qualities of milk. Of 24 expressions of opinion
on the subject, the committee finds 3 proponents of the belief that
freezing has no effect whatsoever, while 5 of the authorities consulted
maintain that the prejudicial effect is slight, if appreciable at all.
Surg. Gen. Stokes claims that freezing has little or no influence,
while Surg. Gen. Torney says that the effect is not injurious unless
the freezing be long continued, when it would probably diminish the
germicidal power of the milk.. According to Dr. Melvin freezing
has the effect of separating the butter fat and causing the fat glob-
ules to collect into granules. Dr. Duncan, bacteriologist and chief
inspector of the health department of Birmingham, Ala., contends
that it changes the character of milk slightly, and that it is not
always possible to insure a good quality of milk after melting. This
90 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
practice has, he reports, been tried in some parts of Europe “ without
satisfactory success.” Borden’s Condensed Milk Co. states that
freezing itself has really no effect whatever on the quality of milk,
provided the milk in being restored to its normal condition is care-
fully mixed. Milk, however, does not, it goes on to state, keep indefi-
nitely in a frozen condition, as certain forms of bacteria multiply
even in that condition, while the lactic acid bacteria are entirely
dormant. Bacteria are not, however, destroyed by freezing, even
when the frozen condition extends over a period of time. Dr. Pres-
cott observes that frozen milks are sold in Europe and used with
apparent impunity.
Dr. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States De-
partment of Agriculture, states that while he has not made experi-
mental determinations on the effect of freezing milk, he is of the
opinion that it profoundly modifies its character, perhaps not so
much in regard to its potability (that is to say, its quality for drink-
ing purposes), as to 1ts wholesomeness and nutritive qualities. His
belief in the matter is, he avers, based on the well-known fact that
the freezing of wine or beer, or of meats or fruits, profoundly affects
their character, for which reason, in his judgment, milk, especially
if intended for the nutrition of infants, should never be frozen.
VII. PasreurizaAtTion.
PASTEURIZATION AND STERILIZATION DEFINED.
Pasteurized milk is defined in the Standards of Purity for Food
Products,! issued by the Secretary of Agriculture in pursuance of
authority given by Congress in the food and drugs act of June 30,
1906, as follows:
Pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated below boiling, but sufficiently
to kill most of the active organisms present, and immediately cooled to 50° F.
or lower.
Sterilized milk is defined in the same publication as follows:
Sterilized milk is milk that has been heated at the temperature of boiling
water or higher for a length of time sufficient to kill all organisms present.
The term “ pasteurization,’ as apphed in a commercial sense, has
been employed to denote all cases where milk is subjected to heat
with the view, actually or ostensibly, as the case may be, of eliminat-
ing all prejudicial germ life, though with the real purpose in many
instances of complying constructively, though not effectually, with
the requirements of law and of an awakened public that it be sub-
jected to the pasteurizing process to give assurance of its freedom
from live deleterious organisms. So variant have been the methods
employed for pasteurizing milk, both as to the degree of heat to
which exposed and the term of exposure, that many authorities have
suggested the coinage, or application at least, of some new term to
express pasteurization when effected in the manner agreed by compe-
tent bacteriologists as calculated to destroy the pathogenic micro-
organisms without at the same time destroying the nutritive value
of the milk and its facslity of digestion.
1 Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 91
Pasteurization as applied to milk consists properly in heating this
commodity for a short period of time at a temperature considerably
below the boiling point (212° F.), followed by rapid chilling, the
object being not so much to preserve the milk as to destroy the harm-
ful bacteria and their products. In this connection caution should
be exercised to distinguish between sterilization as commonly under-
stood and pasteurization scientifically attained, for in sterilizing the
milk is heated at least to the boiling point, a temperature which com-
pletely annihilates all germ life, whether pathogenic or otherwise,
and which treatment is shown to deprive milk to a certain extent of
its nutrition and digestibility.
TEMPERATURE AND LENGTH OF EXPOSURE BEST SUITED TO PASTEURIZATION.
Varying temperatures and durations of exposure of milk to the
heating process have been suggested by different observers as best
calculated to insure the complete destruction of the disease-breeding
micro-organisms without at the same time destroying the enzymes or
ferments in the milk, which are generally recognized as playing a
most important part in facilitating its digestion. Milk treated in
the proper manner is rich in enzymes, retains entirely the taste of
fresh milk, and is quite as digestible. The following exposures,
among others, have been recommended by independent investigators:
140° F. for 15 minutes, 140° F’. for 20 minutes, 140° F. for 40 minutes,
approximately 154° to 156° F. for 30 minutes, 158° F. for 5 to 10
minutes, and 158° F. for 30 minutes.1
Dr. Coit, who is identified as closely, perhaps, as any other person
with the development of sanitary milk production in America, rec-
ommends 140° F’. for 40 minutes, 150° F. for 30 minutes, 167° F. for
20 minutes, or 190° F. for 1 minute, followed by immediate cooling
to between 40° and 50° F. Efficient pasteurization at these tempera-
tures and durations does not, according to his observations, destroy
the digestive enzymes or nutritive principles in milk, though, on the
other hand, it is destructive of all ordinary pathogenic bacteria and
also of most other contaminating germs.
The two main considerations which control the temperature and
time during which milk should be pasteurized are, first, the thermal
death points of (1) the pathogenic (disease-breeding) bacteria, and
(2) the ferments in the milk. The first named must be surely killed,
so as to eliminate danger, and the latter should not be affected suffi-
ciently to “devitalize” the milk. So far as may be judged from
present knowledge, the best temperature is 60° C. (corresponding to
140° F.) continued for a period of 30 minutes, or 145° F. for 20 min-
utes, followed by rapid cooling, which, it should be emphatically
noted, is an essentially important part of the process. There is rea-
son to believe that a ee degree of heat applied during a shorter
interval is not as satisfactory, since in commercial pasteurization the
shorter periods are likely to result in imperfect pasteurization, and it
is mechanically impracticable to assure the application of a uniform
temperature in such cases to the entire body of milk subjected to the
process. The pathogenic bacteria succumb to heat at temperatures
below those of the ferments in milk, so that in this way the infectious-
eredais No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, p.
92 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
ness may be destroyed without injuriously affecting the beneficial
components of the milk.
While authorities are not agreed as to the most advantageous
degree of heat and the period for which this should be applied to
effect perfect pasteurization, there is a substantial disposition among
those consulted by the committee in favor of a range of from 140°
to 145° IF. for an exposure of 20 to 30 minutes (which period shall be
interpreted to exclude the time required to attain the prescribed
temperature, referring solely to the interval during which the stated
temperature is actually maintained uniformly throughout the body
of milk under treatment). From the evidence at hand we may
therefore safely conclude that the heating of milk to 140° F. for 30
minutes or 145° F. 20 minutes destroys the pathogenic microorgan-
isms without injuriously affecting the composition or quality of the
milk and without sensibly impairing its food value, the milk retaining
the taste of fresh milk and remaining quite as digestible.
EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION ON GERM LIFE,
As to the effect of pasteurization upon the germ life in milk, Dr.
Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, observes that, if
done at temperatures recommended by the bureau (namely, 140° or
145° F. for 30 or 20 minutes, respectively), while destroying most,
if not all, of the pathogenic bacteria, the process will not eliminate
all of the lactic acid bacteria, the advantage of destroying injurious
germs greatly outweighing any possible loss from the destruction of
germs that might be considered harmless.
Surg. Gen. Wyman, of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service, confirms the statement that pasteurization, if performed at
a temperature of 145° F. for 20 minutes, destroys pathogenic bac-
teria, but does not destroy the ferments of the milk, which latter are
understood to play an important réle in its digestion and assimila-
tion. On the contrary, Dr. Crichton, commissioner of health of
Seattle, Wash., asserts that pasteurization destroys the beneficial
germs, as it does largely the prejudicial, but that the latter come to
the front and multiply with such rapidity that, after a certain length
of time, the milk becomes absolutely dangerous. Pasteurization is
probably a wise makeshift, he persists, but never to take the place of
good, clean, natural milk. Dr. Clemmer, health officer of Columbus,
Ohio, contends that friendly germs are more easily destroyed than
prejudicial ones. But this view is contradicted by the testimony of
most authorities consulted by the committee,
Dr. Hamill is disinclined to admit that milk contains any germs
of a beneficial character, but. acknowledges that pasteurization if
properly carried out will destroy all so-called pathogenic—that is
to say, disease-breeding—organisms.
According to Dr. Coit, the enforcement of the tuberculin test will,
as elsewhere stated in this report, diminish human infection only
to the extent that tuberculosis is now disseminated by market milk;
having the effect, in his judgment, of reducing to the extent of about
25 per cent, the number of cases of tuberculosis occurring in children.
Human infection from bovine sources would, in his view, be en-
tirely obviated, however, by efficient pasteurization.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 93
HELD AND CONTINUOUS PASTEURIZATION.
The temperatures and durations of exposure above indicated refer
to what is aowie as “held ” pasteurization, or the “ holder ” process,
a specific quantity of milk being retained integrally in what is
known as the holder, or pasteurizing receptacle, during the pre-
scribed period of time. The “ flash ” method, or “ continuous ” pas-
teurization denotes where the milk is constantly flowing in and out
of the pasteurizer, being subjected during the brief interval of
exposure to more intense heat, though not sufficient to destroy the
ferments of the milk. It is urged against the latter process that the
milk in different parts of the receptacle is not subjected uniformly to
the heat, and that for this reason the pathogenic germs are not as
certainly killed as by the holder process.
OBJECTIONS TO COMMERCIAL PASTEURIZATION.
Much adverse comment has been expressed against commercial
pasteurization on account of the imperfect and inefficient manner
in which, according to actual experience, milk has been pasteurized
for the general market. This criticism has been manifestly just in
many instances, and has been due in large measure to the introduc-
tion of “continuous,” or “ flash,” pasteurization. This method of
so-called pasteurization is fairly characterized as a makeshift or sub-
terfuge resorted to by dairymen, often innocently and unintention-
ally, on the recommendation of representatives of certain machinery
interests promoting pasteurizing apparatus of this character. The
investigations of the committee have impelled it firmly to the belief
that this latter method of alleged pasteurization is not only mechan-
ically impracticable, owing to the impossibility of subjecting the
milk uniformly to the specificed amount of heat, but results, in op-
eration, either in failing to destroy the pathogenic germs by too
mild an application of heat to certain portions of the volume of
milk, or in making the heating of all or particular portions of the
milk in the container so intense as to devitalize it and encourage its
rapid putrefaction.
‘Held ” pasteurization, as has been explained, is the generally
commended method of retaining the fluid in the tank or receptacle
for a given period of time, instead of permitting a continuous flow in
or out of the chamber. In the “ continuous,” or “ flash,” process the
milk.is customarily exposed only momentarily to the heat at a tem-
perature of from 73° to 74° C. (which is equivalent to from 163.4°
to 165.2° F.). It will be observed that this degree of temperature
is considerably in excess of that recommended for pasteurization under
the “ held ” process, namely, 140° to 145° F.
In an article entitled “The Pasteurized Milk Fraud,” by Arno
Dosch, reference is made to the contest which is now being waged in
Chicago in favor of a purer milk supply and to the fraud which is
being practiced upon the public in certain communities by placing on
sale milk which, though represented to be pasteurized, has not been
treated according to approved methods of pasteurization, the “ flash ”
process being largely resorted to in this connection. In the article
1 Pearson’s Magazine, December, 1910, p. 721.
94 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
mentioned Dr. William H. Park, chief bacteriologist of the New York
department of health, is quoted on the effect of the law enacted on
December 8, 1909, regulating, among other things, the pasteurization
of milk for consumption in New York City. It is represented that
the law which was to have gone into effect on March 1, 1910, is still
practically inoperative, owing to the failure of the dealers to provide
the pasteurizing apparatus required, an extension having been
granted, delaying actual compliance on their part with the provisions
of the law.
The consensus of opinion among the authorities consulted by the
committee in the course of its investigations is largely in favor of
the practicability of commercial pasteurization.
COMPULSORY PASTEURIZATION.
The sentiment among the health officers consulted by the committee
appears to be opposed to compulsory pasteurization. In most in-
stances, however, where objection is registered no reasons are as-
signed. Dr. Woodward, health officer of the District, sees no reason
why compulsory pasteurization should not be practicable, the health
department having, he states, for some time had under consideration
the feasibility of recommending the compulsory pasteurization of all
milk coming from cows not tuberculin tested. Surg. Gen. Stokes
advocates compulsory pasteurization.
Dr. Woodward directly affirms that in the present state of the pro-
duction and sale of milk commercially pasteurization seems to be the
only way of safeguarding the public health against milk-borne dis-
eases. The sale of raw milk answering to the classification of certi-
fied milk should not, however, in his judgment, be forbidden.
Dr. Park suggests the following precautions, additional to the
tuberculin test, in the absence of compulsory pasteurization: General
hygienic rules, examination of feces before the return of typhoid
convalescents to their employment, inspection of wells, and a report
of all suspected communicable diseases.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PASTEURIZATION.
Many considerations have been advanced in favor of and in oppo-
sition to pasteurization, both compulsory and voluntary.
In a paper entitled “'The Bacteriology of Commercially Pasteurized
and Raw Market Milk,” by S. Henry Ayers and William T. Johnson,
jr., issued November 14, 19101 (only a few weeks ago), the advan-
tages and disadvantages of pasteurization are set forth, based upon
the latest considerations advanced for and against this treatment of
milk. The objections to pasteurization, generally accepted as well
founded, are summarized by these writers as follows:
1. It is believed that the lactic-acid bacteria in raw milk, which eventually
sour the milk, exert a restraining influence on the peptonizing bacteria, which
would otherwise cause the putrefaction of the milk. In other words, when milk
is pasteurized_and subsequently kept free from lactic-acid bacteria, which are
easily killed by heat, it will not sour, but will putrefy, due to the development
of peptonizing bacteria, the spores of which are not destroyed during pasteuriza-
tion. The peptonizing bacteria, when freed from the restraining influence of
1 Bulletin No. 126, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 95
the lactic-acid organisms, may increase to large numbers and produce toxins
and poisonous decomposition products.
2. The pasteurization of dirty milk, while reducing the bacterial numbers,
does not destroy the toxins or other products of bacterial growth.
8. Careless methods of handling after pasteurization may result in serious
contamination of the milk.
4. Pasteurization may be used simply to cover up dirty milk. It may encour-
age dirty methods in production and retard the extension of sanitary super-
y1S10n.
i 5. Milk which has not been sold may be pasteurized, or even repasteurized,
and its faults hidden.
6. Bacteria may increase more rapidly in pasteurized milk than in raw milk.
7. Undesirable changes may be produced by heating, which result in making
the milk less digestible, particularly in the case of infants.
The paper concludes with the statement that commercially pas-
teurized milk always sours, because of the development of lactic-acid
bacteria which, on account of their high thermal death point, survive
pasteurization, and perhaps in some cases because of subsequent in-
fection with acid-forming bacteria during the cooling and bottling;
that the acid development in an efficiently pasteurized milk is about
the same as that in a clean raw milk; that the “old” taste which
sometimes develops is not characteristic of pasteurized milk, but may
be noticed as well in clean raw milk when held under similar con-
ditions; that the relative proportions of the groups of peptonizing,
lactic acid, and alkali or inert bacteria are approximately the same
in efficiently pasteurized as in clean raw milk; that the peptonizing
bacteria are present in smaller numbers in the inferior grades of
commercially pasteurized milk during the first 24 hours after re-
ceiving than in raw milk of the same quality; that the number of
peptonizers in a good grade of commercially pasteurized milk on the
initial count and on succeeding days is approximately the same as
in a clean raw milk when held under similar temperature conditions;
that lactic-acid bacteria of high thermal death point are found in
milk and may be easily isolated by special methods of procedure,
these heat-resisting lactic-acid bacteria playing an important part in
pasteurized milk and undoubtedly accounting to a large extent for its
ultimate souring; that all milk, whether pasteurized or raw, must
necessarily be infected during cooling and bottling by bacteria in the
receiving tanks, in the pipes, in the cooler, and in the bottles; that the
low bacterial counts obtained from pasteurized milk in these in-—
vestigations show that reinfection must have been very small; that
it is manifestly unfair to conclude that bacteria increase faster in
pasteurized than in raw milk, simply from a comparison of the ratio
of bacterial increase, it being evident from the results of this in-
vestigation that the bacterial increase in an efficiently pasteurized and
a clean raw milk is about the same when the samples of milk are
held under similar temperature conditions; that the “ holder ” proc-
ess of pasteurization is superior to the “ flash ” process, a tempera-
ture of 145° F. (62.8° C.) for 30 minutes appearing to be best adapted
for efficient pasteurization; that pasteurized and raw milk should
always be bottled and should not be allowed to be sold as “ loose”
milk from stores; and that pasteurization should invariably be under
the control of competent men who understand the scientific side of the
problem.
One of the chief objections urged against pasteurization is that
it promotes carelessness and discourages efforts to produce clean
96 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
milk, the farmers and those who handle milk which is to be pas-
teurized believing that it is unnecessary to be particular, since the
dirt that goes into the milk is going to be “ cooked” and made harm-
less. In opposition to this it should be observed that it is not pro-
posed that pasteurization shall take the place of inspection and im-
provements in dairy methods, and that, even if pasteurization be
adopted, no milk should be accepted that does not comply with
reasonable chemical and bacteriological standards,
It has been further asserted, in objection to pasteurization, that it
injures the taste of the milk and increases its cost. Experience
dictates, however, that the pure, sweet taste of milk is not appreci-
ably affected by pasteurization, and that the cost of pasteurization
(including the expense of transporting the milk to and from the
pasteurizing plant) is so immaterial as to make this objection unten-
able from a practical standpoint.
It has, moreover, been contended by the opponents of pasteuriza-
tion, that it induces scurvy and rickets, but investigations in Ger-
many, France, and other countries, where artificial feeding of infants
with heated milk is most popular, do not sustain this assertion.
VIEWS OF DR. H. W. WILEY.
Dr. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States De-
partment of Agriculture, expresses the belief that no milk which has
undergone so-called preparation or modification of any kind is as
wholesome and nutritious “as the pure article.” In his opinion, pas-
teurization seriously injures milk in its nutritive value, especially for
infants, and milk should never be pasteurized, he says, “except as a
choice between two evils.” Insanitary milk, if used at all, should, he
admits, undoubtedly be pasteurized, though in his view “dirty milk
is just as dirty after pasteurization as it was before.” He takes the
ground that pure, clean, properly handled cow’s milk needs no pas-
teurization and no modification, and no preparation except as indi-
cated in the modifications of milk under proper medical advice for
the feeding of infants. He vouchsafes the opinion that large cities
(under which designation he expressly includes Washington) might
be able to get a much better milk supply (except for infant feeding)
than is now afforded by establishing clean, sanitary milk plants in
regions devoted to the dairy industry, drying the milk to a powder
by one of the modern sanitary processes, and transporting it to the
city for speedy consumption. He strongly urges upon every munici-
pality the establishment of a milk plant under the direct control of
the municipality, where pure, clean, wholesome, unpasteurized, un-
modified, and unprepared milk may be kept for the use of infants fed
artificially, the plant to include among its appurtenances a modify-
ing chamber under the direction of a competent specialist, to modify
the pure milk without any other changes to as nearly the composi-
tion of fresh mother’s milk as possible, or to make special modifica-
tions of milk, under the direction of a physician, for those who are
diseased. He would go so far, he states, as to make it a penal offense
for any person, feeding an infant artificially, to use any other food
than that supplied through these central establishments. He advo-
cates, as already stated, reducing to a powder milk intended for
adult consumption, which, though coming from a distance, can, he
SS ee
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 97
asserts, be used with safety and without danger of interfering with
the nutritive processes, the municipal milk supply being reserved
entirely for the use of infants artificially fed.
While these averments coming from so eminent an authority on
matters of pure food as the present Chief of the Federal Bureau of
Chemistry are entitled to the fullest consideration, the committee is
prepared to believe that the use of powdered milk as suggested would
not be satisfactory to the ordinary consumer, and that it has not been
scientifically demonstrated that milk may be reduced to powdered
form and retain, when subsequently diluted, the proper proportion
of butter fat and other ingredients in such status as to render the
product as assimilable and nutritious as clean, raw milk, or properly
pasteurized milk of the requisite degree of purity and cleanliness.
Among the advantages of pasteurization it may be stated that
proper pasteurization under official supervision reduces to a minimum
the number of pathogenic live bacteria and eliminates the danger
of infection from tubercular, typhoid, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and
other germs, as well as from diarrhea and other intestinal disorders,
which are especially common in infants and younger children, par-
ticularly in the summer months, and which are so fruitful a cause of
mortality. While the danger of tubercular infection through milk
may be largely eliminated by the compulsory application of the tuber-
culin test, this expedient does not safeguard against the communica-
tion of typhoid fever, diphtheria, and other infectious diseases intro-
duced into the milk by a bacillus carrier or through contamination in
other ways in its handling from time of milking to the moment of
consumption, nor against possible tubercular infection when handled
by a person suffering with tuberculosis, or when kept amid sur-
roundings frequented by tuberculous patients.
Pasteurization appears at the present time to be the only practica-
ble solution of the milk problem. The objections raised to this treat-
ment of milk seem to be either theoretical or such as may be readily
overcome. Milk to be as clean as desired must be obtained from espe-
cially well-equipped dairy farms and handled exclusively by skilled
and conscientious persons. The cost of installing such equipment and
employing such a class of labor would necessarily result in a decided
increase in the sale price of milk, while pasteurization, especially if
done on a suitable scale, would not, it is believed, increase the price of
milk more than a fraction of a cent per quart.
Since the date of the first attempt at commercial pasteurization this
treatment of milk has been prescribed in many municipalities in the
United States. ;
While it has been axiomatically averred that “pure milk is better
than purified milk,” and it is clearly recognized that milk cleanly pro-
duced is better than bacteria-laden and dirty milk, even when sub-
jected to the process of pasteurization, yet in the existing conditions
of dairy farming and the comparatively recent application of sani-
tary methods to the production of milk, a safe product can not, in the
judgment of the committee, be assured without pasteurization, for
while in its opinion the pasteurization even of cleanly produced milk
does not impair to any appreciable degree its wholesomeness and at-
tractiveness as an article of diet, pasteurization, properly adminis-
tered, of uncleanly milk, or milk which has not been produced with
82444°_S, Doc. 863, 61-37
98 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COL™'MBIA.
the utmost care and circumspection, is certain to render the product
innocuous, and is consequently entitled to unqualified indorsement.
The time may come when dairy farming will be systematized and
advanced to such a state of perfection that pasteurization will be a
needless recourse, but such a happy condition of affairs is not likely
to ensue for many years to come, and until it eventuates pasteuriza-
tion must of necessity be generally practiced as a means of safeguard-
ing the public health and gradually, but effectively, decreasing the
alarming rate of mortality resulting from tuberculosis, diphtheria,
typhoid and scarlet fevers, and various gastrointestinal diseases, which
latter present so formidable an obstacle to the immunity, especially of
infant life, from disease and destruction.
There is a prevailing impression that pasteurization of milk adds
merit to that important article of diet, but this is only true in so far
as it negatives and nullifies the harmful effects of certain disease-
breeding germs. Milk after pasteurization requires the same degree
of care and attention to prevent contamination as is the case with raw
milk, and the carelessness likely to result from this dependence upon
its immunity to further contamination is, in the opinion of the com-
mittee, one of the weightiest arguments offered against pasteuriza-
tion. This objection is far outweighed, however, in the minds of the
committee, by the fact that pasteurization enables one to obtain
milk—in the condition when it leaves the pasteurizing plant—prac-
tically, if not entirely, free from live disease-breeding organisms, and
it then rests with the consumer whether he shall bestow upon it from
that time on the intelligent care which is necessary to prevent its
premature deterioration. It may be added that milk in the manner
in which it leaves the pasteurizing plant, namely, in a sealed package,
not to be opened until delivered to the home of the consumer, is much
less liable to contamination after pasteurization than in its journey
from the disease-breeding surroundings of the farm to the pas-
teurizer. Since, moreover, long series of laboratory experiments, as
well as clinical observations, lead us to believe that properly pas-
teurized milk is quite as digestible as raw milk, the committee is pre-
pared to recommend pasteurization as the only effective means under
existing circumstances of diminishing, if not entirely eliminating, the
danger of infection threugh the agency of milk with tuberculosis,
typhoid fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and other diseases.
CHICAGO MILK ORDINANCE.
An ordinance of January 1, 1909, provides that -all milk sold in
Chicago, beginning January 1, 1914, shall be obtained from tuber-
culin-tested cows. During the interim of five years, milk not ob-
tained from tuberculin-tested cows may be sold, provided it be pas-
teurized according to rules and regulations of the Chicago depart-
ment of health. Under this ordinance, states Dr. F. O. Tonney,?
director of the municipal laboratories of Chicago, about 54 per cent
of the milk sold in Chicago is now pasteurized and 24 per cent is
tuberculin tested, and it is anticipated that before the close of the
present season (autumn of 1910) the remaining 22 per cent will be
1“ Tuberculosis in Market Milk of Chicago,” read in section on preventive medicine
and public health of the American Medical Association, at St. Louis, June, 1910; Journal
of American Medical Association, Vol. LV, No. 15, Oct. 8, 1910, p. 1252,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 99
pasteurized, as also much of the tuberculin-tested product. During
the summer of 1909, when only about 30 per cent of the milk used in
Chicago was pasteurized, a decrease of 521 was noted during that
brief period in the deaths from diarrheal diseases reported among
children under 1 year of age. The average bacterial count of raw
milk in 1909 was 5,547,502 per cubic centimeter, while in pasteurized
samples taken from plants, a bacterial count of less than 200,000
was shown. The writer refers to the extreme importance of prevent-
ing the practice prevailing in some retail establishments of selling
left-over samples from the previous day’s delivery, which practice .
is responsible, in his opinion, for most of the high counts obtained
in pasteurization.
Dr. Tonney contends that, while the effectiveness of pasteurization
in preventing milk-borne tuberculosis is fully conceded, the milk
situation in large cities involves so many other factors that tuber-
culosis of necessity may be regarded as only one among many sources
of danger, several of which, in his judgment, are even more impor-
tant from a public-health standpoint. In a large city, says he, there
must always be present the element of distance between the producer
and consumer, and this factor gives opportunity for the thousand and
one sources of contamination occurring as a result of multiplicity of
handling, time consumed in transit, improper handling duri.g
transit, etc., all of which factors tend to multiply enormously the
common polluting agencies to which milk is subject. The final
product which reaches the consumer, he continues, may therefore be
dangerous from the standpoint of five or six groups of diseases, which
he enumerates in the order of their importance, as follows: First,
and by far the most deserving of attention, the group of infantile
diarrheal diseases, which are responsible for about one-third of the
death rate among children under 2 years of age in our large cities;
second, typhoid fever; third, tuberculosis; fourth, scarlet fever;
fifth, diphtheria; sixth, a group of miscellaneous infections not par-
ticularly important in this country, such as cholera, foot-and-mouth
disease, milk sickness, and others. As tuberculosis, he observes, may
be eradicated by strict application of the tuberculin test, so may these
other infections be eradicated by the strict observance of sanitary
rules in the production and handling of milk, and since improvement
in this respect involves an educational campaign and the development
of an adequate inspection system, he insists that the public, which is
entitled to immediate protection, must turn to pasteurization, there
being no other single agency of purification of such wide applica-
bility. The feasibility of compulsory pasteurization has, he con-
cludes, been demonstrated by the experience of the city of Chicago
during the past 18 months.
Dr. Park assigns the same relative importance as Dr. Tonney to
milk as an infectional factor in the following diseases, namely: (1)
Typhoid fever, (2) tuberculosis (in children), (3) scarlet fever, (4)
diphtheria.
Of all foodstuffs milk is the most difficult to preserve pure and
handle with success. It requires not only intelligence, but a high
degree of technical training, as well as unceasing vigilance, to pro-
duce clean and safe milk. Many believe that this end may be ac-
complished by official supervision and an effective system of inspec-
tion, but we can scarcely conceive of any system of surveillance of
100 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
the milk supply that will prevent its occasional contamination, and
while pasteurization can not make bad milk good, it can, when prop-
erly applied, make bad milk harmless (except when derived from
animals suffering with certain rare specific diseases).
It should be borne in mind though that pasteurization. is not ap-
propriately to be used for preserving unclean or old milk, but as a
measure of safety against dangers which no other precaution can
obviate. For this reason it is especially important that pasteuriza-
tion should be practiced under proper supervision, so that not only
may it be insured that the milk is maintained within the proper tem-
peratures for the prescribed length of time, but what is equally im-
portant, that the milk, up to the moment when placed in the pastuer-
izer, shall be cleanly milk and fresh milk and cool milk.
Dr. M. J. Rosenau, formerly director of the Hygienic Laboratory
of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service and now director
of the bacteriological laboratory of Harvard University, states? that
“milk should be produced under clean conditions and kept clean and
it would not then have to be purified. But,” he continues, “we must
guard against enemies as long as they exist. We would all like to
do away with armies and navies, but present conditions demand their
maintenance, and the same is true of harmful bacteria in milk;
so long as the average market milk is bad and contains these insidious
foes, the only protection we have is to destroy them with heat.”
It has been contended by the milk producers and dealers in the
hearings before the committee that pasteurization is objectionable
for the reason that, unless carefully and scientifically done, its effect
is to destroy the nutritive qualities of milk, and that, if compulsorily
insisted upon, it would be directed largely toward preserving filthy,
impure, and stale milk, instead of being properly employed as an
agency for eliminating germs which are prejudicial to the health
of the consumer. It was argued, moreover, that the mandatory
pasteurization of all milk (except “certified” milk) sold to the
Washington public would necessarily eliminate the small dealer—
the merchant of modest means—from the business of supplying
milk, and reduce the number engaged in this occupation to a few
men of considerable means, who would thereupon enter into com-
bination for the purpose of extorting unreasonable prices and foist-
ing other exactions upon a helpless public.
COST OF INSTALLING PASTEURIZING PLANTS.
Examination by the committee into the subject of pasteurization
evinces the fact that the installation of the ordinary pasteurizing
plant of the city dealer involves an expenditure of upward of
$10,000.
With reference to the cost of establishing a suitable central plant
for the pasteurization of the Washington milk supply, the com-
mittee appends a communication (Appendix AM) received in re-
sponse to its inquiry of December 3, 1910 (Appendix AL), from
Mr. Loton Horton, of the Sheffield Farms-Slawson-Decker Co., of
New York City, stating that the company is at present constructing
the second largest pasteurizing plant in New York City, with a
; , Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital Serv-
ce, p. 5
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 101
capacity for pasteurizing 100,000 quarts of milk in 6 hours, and
manufacturing 100,000 pounds of ice in 24 hours, besides cooling all
the milk that comes to the plant. He estimates that a proper build-
ing for handling our local supply would cost $175,000, and the
machinery possibly $150,000, it being practicable to realize from the
manufacture of ice alone, he remarks, a profit of at least 4 per cent
on the whole investment, reducing the cost of pasteurization to a
“very trifling sum.”
The introduction of compulsory pasteurization, if applied to the
agencies furnishing milk to the District of Columbia, would, in the
judgment of the committee, necessarily result either in placing the
milk business in the hands of a few responsible parties or in initiat-
ing the practice among the small dealers of purchasing their milk
from pasteurizing agencies, instead of direct from the:farmer as
heretofore. It is likely that, if pasteurization be required by law, a
number of additional efficient pasteurizing plants would be at once
installed under private auspices, both for pasteurizing milk for the
producer or distributer at a fixed charge and for collecting, pasteur-
izing, and distributing milk directly through their own respective
agencies. :
COST OF PASTEURIZATION.
As to the cost of pasteurization, it may be quoted from a com-
munication received from one of the largest milk-producing agencies
in the country that it is cheaper to pasteurize and bottle milk in
the city in large plants than it is to bottle the milk in the country
without pasteurization. Pasteurizing machinery can, it is said, be
obtained from half a dozen or more concerns at a very low cost, and
where the work may be done properly under official supervision as
is possible in the city, the public receives the benefit of the purer
milk supply without a corresponding advance in the retail price.
The investigations of the committee lead it to believe that the entire
milk supply of the District of Columbia may be pasteurized when
adequate time has been afforded for installing a proper plant or
plants of ample capacity, at a cost of not more than 1 cent per
gallon.
EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION ON THE NUTRITIVE AND DIGESTIVE QUALITIES
OF MILK.
There is some difference of opinion as to the effect of proper pas-
teurization upon the nutritive and digestive qualities of milk, but
the prevailing view among the authorities consulted by the com-
mittee is to the effect that there is lttle or no prejudicial influence
in this respect. One of the persons consulted, however, alleges that
the vitality of the milk is destroyed and another that the nutritive
value is impaired by the destruction of the ferments or enzymes,
while yet another contends that pasteurization renders the product
less nutritive and harder to digest.
MULTIPLICATION OF GERMS IN RAW AND PASTEURIZED MILK.
While it is generally understood that harmful germs proliferate at
least as rapidly in pasteurized milk as in raw milk, recent experi-
ments by the Bureau of Animal Industry demoi strate that there is
102 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
practically no difference in the multiplication of germs in pasteurized
milk and in clean raw milk of approximately the same bacterial con-
tent and kept under similar conditions. The important observation
is made by the bureau that, while the rate of multiplication may be
more rapid in pasteurized milk than in raw milk “ with a higher bac-
terial content,” this is because of the low number of bacteria in the
pasteurized milk at the beginning of the test, so that the ratio of
multiplication is much greater compared with the raw milk, in which
the number of bacteria is already enormous.
VALUE OF PASTEURIZED MILK.
Dr. Rowland G. Freeman, of New York City, one of the foremost
authorities in this country, who, indeed, enjoys an international repu-
tation as an eminent specialist in the treatment of children’s diseases,
in an article published under date of January 29, 1910,1 expresses the
opinion that at the present time there can be no absolute security in
any raw milk, and asks why, this being the case, we are not using
heated milk, in which there is security.
The situation is succinctly set forth by Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, a
local physician, who has devoted himself for many years indefatiga-
bly to the improvement of the milk and water supplies of our com-
munity, as follows:
Iiven though the danger of contracting tuberculosis due to bovine tubercle
bacilli from dairy products can be eliminated, if we can obtain milk from
healthy cows, there still remains the danger of contracting tuberculosis due to
human tubercle bacilli and other diseases from contaminated milk. Milk can
be made safe, however, by the proper application of heat. * * * Sterilization
means the killing of all the germs that may be present in milk. Pasteurization
means the destruction of the disease germs that are of more common occurrence
in it, such as those of tuberculosis, typhoid fever,.diphtheria, ete. The investi-
gations * * * have shown that the common or pathogenic bacteria are
unable to retain their life and virulence when they are exposed to a temperature
of 60° C. or 140° F. for a period of 20 minutes, and that the value of milk as an
article of food is not perceptibly affected by the designated temperature.’
Opposition to pasteurized milk, even for infant use, is gradually
disappearing, and it is becoming a matter of general acceptance that
raw milk is apt to be dangerous and heated milk is the only safe milk
for the use of mankind. It has been objected that in pasteurization
some of the bacterial toxins or poisonous germs are not killed at the
temperature ordinarily used, but Rosenau® observes (see Appendix
F) that the true bacterial toxins are known to be destroyed by heating
to a temperature of 60° C. for 20 minutes, and that if milk contains
bacterial toxins not destroyed by pasteurization it will contain these
same poisons if the milk be consumed in its raw state, the heating of
the milk preventing at least the further formation of such injurious
substances.
Theobald Smith, a recognized authority on the subject of milk in
relation to health, in discussing Rotch’s paper on “ The pasteuriza-
tion of milk for public sale,” * says: ; .
It seems to me that the real difficulty of the present condition is the trans-
mission of Specific disease germs, which are not easily controlled by any amount
1 Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. LIV, No. 5. i
2Further Observations on the Milk Supply of Washington, D. C., by G. Lloyd Magru-
der, M. D., read in the section on preventive medicine and public health, American
Medical Association, St. Louis, Mo., June, 1910.
3 Circular No. 153, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
4 American Journal of Public Hygiene, Vol. XVII, May, 1907, p. 200.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 103
of cleanliness, and these specific germs, one and all of them, may be destroyed
by the average pasteurization.
W. T. Sedgwick, another acknowledged authority, observes as
follows :+
When all is said and done, I agree with Prof. Smith that we have got to pas-
teurize milk. Cooked milk is the only safe, and always will remain the only
safe, milk for the use of mankind. Little by little the idea is spreading that
raw milk is apt to be dangerous milk.
While there is some variance among authorities whether it may be
substantiated upon subsequent examination that milk has been prop-
erly pasteurized, the view is apparently well defined that this may be
done. The Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine-Hos-
pital Service takes the ground, however, that this is not practicable
except by a bacterial examination of the milk both before and after
pasteurization. Dr. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try, assents to the proposition that the bacterial count is a good index
to the efficiency of pasteurization.
PASTEURIZATION DOES NOT DISPENSE WITH NECESSITY FOR TUBERCULIN
TEST.
Authorities are practically a unit in the belief that pasteurization,
if introduced, would not dispense with the necessity for the tuberculin
test. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry explains that the
tuberculin test is an important function in eradicating tuberculosis
of animals for the economic benefit of the live-stock industry, as well
as for the conservation of the supply of milk. Dr. Park maintains
the position that pasteurization relieves the necessity for the applica-
tion of the tuberculin test so far as the safety of milk is concerned.
Dr. Coit is emphatic in his view that pasteurization, if generally
insisted upon, would not do away with the necessity for the tuberculin
test, since, as he observes, tuberculosis is the most insidious germ
carried by milk. Surg. Gen. Stokes, of the Navy, advocates the
enforcement of the test coincidently with pasteurization if introduced,
for the reason that the eradication of bovine tuberculosis is a neces-
sary sanitary measure. The committee begs to observe in this con-
nection that, while pasteurization destroys the preponderant germ
life of the milk, the dead germs are not removed from the product,
and it is manifestly advantageous that the tuberculin test, as well as
any other precautions tending to reduce to a minimum the amount of
germ life existent in the milk offered for pasteurization, should be
insisted upon. It is additionally urged that, while pasteurization
destroys the tubercle bacilli, it does not remove the toxins, the forma-
tion of which should, therefore, be jealously avoided.
COMMUNICABILITY OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS TO HUMAN BEINGS.
Quite the contrary is the situation with reference to the effect of
pasteurization, if compelled, in obviating the possible infection with
tuberculosis through the medium of milk or meat from affected ani-
mals. There is stanch support among the authorities consulted by
eourag of Massachusetts Association of Boards of Health, Vol. XIV, February, 1904,
p. 41.
104 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
the committee for the pronunciamento that the danger of contracting
disease from milk contaminated up to the moment of pasteurization
is removed by that process and that if the product be afterwards
handled in accordance with well-defined precautions, including the
maintenance of a temperature below 50° F., there is absolute safety
in its ingestion and its potability is considerably enhanced. Dr.
Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, takes the positive
ground that efficient pasteurization would greatly reduce the danger
of all kinds of infection and minimize the prospects of subsequent
contamination of the milk. Surg. Gen. Torney tersely notes that “ it
would prevent the transfer of these infections from the farm to the
city.” Ravenel corroborates this pronouncement when stating that
proper enforcement of pasteurization would entirely prevent all in-
fection, and Winslow supplements this with a caveat that the milk
be kept clean after treatment. While this substantive approval of
pasteurization as a means of purifying milk is largely concurred in
by the health officers who have assisted the committee, there are a few
exceptions. Dr. Kennedy, health officer at Atlanta, Ga., for example,
states that, in his judgment, milk does’not need pasteurization, and
that for a city of the size of Atlanta pasteurization has been found
by him to be harmful rather than beneficial in its results; and Dr.
Goler, health officer of Rochester, N. Y., adds that pasteurization as
practiced in that city is only used to preserve dirty milk. Dr. Levy,
chief health officer at Richmond, Va., while harmonizing with the
view that pasteurization would decrease the amount of infection from
diphtheria, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and tuberculosis “to the
fullest extent if properly done,” couples this affirmation with the
admonition “ that pasteurization may do great harm in other direc-
tions.” Mr. Corbin Thompson, one of the representatives of the
Dairymen’s Association, takes the extreme view that infection with
the diseases mentioned would not be diminished by compulsory pas-
teurization, but, on the contrary, would be increased,
BACILLUS CARRIERS. <
Though it is generally admitted that cleanliness in the production,
transportation, and distribution of milk is a potential factor in insur-
ing against the causation of disease through the agency of milk, it is
pointed out by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the Sur-
geon General of the Navy, Surg. Gen. Wyman, of the Public Health
and Marine-Hospital Service, and other advisers of the committee
that while cleanliness will greatly reduce the danger of infection it
will not entirely remove such danger, since it is now very generally
recognized that the germs of disease may be conveyed by cleanly
persons in their clothing or otherwise, and especially by persons
knows as “ bacillus carriers” and those having “ walking cases” of
disease. It is also essential, of course, that the milk be initially de-
rived from noninfected cows. It is the recognition of these possible
sources of contamination and infection that furnishes the strongest
argument in favor of pasteurization and the tuberculin test.
EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION ON THE PRICE OF MILK.
In support of the prediction that pasteurization if generally com-
pelled would not increase substantially or even perceptibly the retail
price of milk, it may be cited that notwithstanding the ordinance
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 105
of the Chicago Department of Health enjoining the sale or delivery
of any but pasteurized milk the price of milk delivered to house-
holders in Chicago is now said to be only 8 cents per quart.
Dr. Park estimates that the proposed additional sanitary require-
ments for the improvement of the milk supply would have the fol-
lowing effect on the retail price of milk: The tuberculin test would
occasion the loss of 15 per cent of cattle; pasteurization and the ob-
servance of a maximum bacterial count, the maintenance of tempera-
tures not exceeding 50° F., and advanced stabling requirements would
add one-half to 1 cent to the retail price of each quart of ordinary
city milk.
It may reasonably be assumed, therefore, that an increase locally
to 10 cents per quart the year round for good wholesome milk deliv-
ered for consumption in the District of Columbia would be ample
to enable both producers and dealers to continue their operations at
a satisfactory profit. ,
PRICES OF SEVERAL GRADES OF MILK.
The price charged for “ certified ” milk, which may fairly be said
to approximate on the average 20 cents per quart, makes it impos-
sible for the man of moderate means to avail himself of this grade of
milk. While what is known as “ inspected ” milk can be produced
at a lower price, this would necessarily still cost more than milk as
ordinarily produced, namely, about 15 cents per quart, so that the
masses would perforce resort to the third class of milk recommended
by the Washington milk conference, namely, “ pasteurized” milk,
thus enabling them to secure a safe and wholesome supply of this
important commodity at but a trifling advance in price over the
present common market milk.
PASTEURIZATION TENDS TO PRESERVE MILK.
The same observations regarding raw milk as compared in its
keeping qualities with condensed milk apply equally to pasteurized
milk. It may be stated as an economic consideration, aside from the
aspect of the public health, that pasteurization improves the keeping
qualities of the milk, and it is estimated that the expense of install-
mg a suitable equipment for pasteurizing, even if left to individual
enterprise, would be compensated for by the averting of loss resulting
otherwise from the souring of milk.
In order to meet the necessary requirements, pasteurizers should be
efficient in operation, permitting a definite quantity of milk to be
heated to a definite temperature for a definite length of time. The
milk should be heated uniformly throughout, and the apparatus
should be simple in construction, easily cleaned, and arranged to
safeguard against reinfection of the milk. Provision should, fur-
thermore, be made for rapid cooling. The pasteurization should be
done under the immediate and alert supervision of health officials.
PASTEURIZATION IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS.
Pasteurization is being practiced, either compulsorily or otherwise,
in a number of jurisdictions in this and foreign countries, notably in
Germany, France, and Denmark. It was estimated in 1909 that 25
106 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
per cent of the total amount of milk supplied to the city of New
York, aggregating approximately 1,500,000 quarts daily, was pas-
teurized, and that in the neighborhood of 123,250 of a total of 368,489
quarts of milk arriving in Boston daily was subjected to commercial
pasteurization.
The rules adopted for the regulation of milk production and sale in
the city of Chicago distinguish between “ continuous” pasteuriza-
tion—that is, a continuous flow of milk through the heating or heat-
retaining chamber—and “held” pasteurization, which applies when
the milk is retained during the pasteurization in such a manner that
the process does not constitute a continuous flow ; but in both instances
it is required that the pasteurized product show that over 99 per
cent of the bacteria and all pathogenic bacteria have been destroyed.
The rules require a uniform heating to 140° F. for 20 minutes, to
150° F. for 15 minutes, to 155° F. for 5 minutes, to 160° F. for 14
minutes, or to 165° F. for 1 minute, the time calculated from the
period when the entire quantity reaches the specified temperatures,
the pasteurized product to be immediately cooled thereafter to a
temperature of 45° F. or less, without exposure to the air or other
contamination.
The additional regulations for the sale and care of milk in New
York City, adopted April 22, 1908, provide, inter alia, that pasteuri-
zation of milk must be carried on under a permit issued therefor by
the board of health, that the milk be at once cooled and placed in
sealed sterilized containers and delivered sealed, plainly marked
“ Pasteurized,” with an indication of the date and hour when the
pasteurization was completed, the degree of heat employed, and the
length of time exposed to the heat. It is expressly enjoined that
pasteurized milk be delivered to the consumer within 24 hours after
pasteurization.
An examination into the requirements of this and other jurisdic-
tions convinces the committee that the practice of compelling the
pasteurization of all milk consumed in the District of Columbia
(except “ certified ” milk) is not only a reasonable and desirable re-
quirement, but is essentially necessary to the conservation of the
public health. 3
LOCATION OF PASTEURIZING PLANTS.
The committee has been somewhat perplexed in arriving at a
proper conclusion as to whether the proposed pasteurizing plants
would be located to better advantage within the geographical limits
of the District of Columbia or at such centrally situated points
throughout the sections of Maryland and Virginia from which the
milk supply of the District is principally received as would best ac-
commodate the producers shipping to Washington.
As regards the convenience of the farmer, a correct solution of the
matter would perhaps depend chiefly upon whether his farm. hap-
pened to be located nearer to the railroad from which shipment is
now made to Washington or nearer to the site of a proposed plant,
since the situation would practically resolve itself into the determina-
tion whether he could reach the railroad station with greater facility
than he could deliver his product over to the pasteurizing plant in
his own locality. When we consider the element of labor, it is rea-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 107
sonable to assume that such force as might be needed to conduct the
operations of a given plant could be commanded at lower wages in
the country than if the plant were located within the District. It is
possible, furthermore, that if the plant be located in a rural com-
munity a number of farmers patronizing the same plant would make
it practicable to concentrate their shipments and enable the securing |
of better rates for refrigerator-car service than could otherwise be
obtained. .
If it be insisted that the milk be maintained at a temperature not
exceeding 50° F. from time of milking to time of delivery at the pas-
teurizing plant, there would be no appreciable deterioration of the
milk when maintained at such temperature if the pasteurization be
deferred until the milk reaches Washington instead of being prac-
ticed at the point of shipment. The establishment of the pasteuriz-
ing plant or plants within the boundaries of the District would mani-
festly facilitate the administration and inspection by the health de-
partment and involve less public expenditure than would otherwise
be requisite. There is the additional consideration as to whether it
would be feasible to establish a sufficient number of plants throughout
the sections of the country in which the dairy farms are located to
enable the farmers to conveniently send their supplies of milk to
these plants. Dairy farms, and indeed farms generally, have been
located with reference as a rule to their proximity to existing rail-
roads and the transportation facilities thereby afforded. It 1s pos-
sible that without providing an impracticably large number of pas-
teurizing plants certain farms now sending their product to Wash-
ington would be entirely eliminated from the situation; though, on
the other hand, it might be argued that the installation of such plants
would serve as an impetus for the establishment of a number of
new dairy farms, or the conversion of a number of general farms
partly or wholly into dairy farms.
After carefully weighing the several considerations in favor of and
opposed to the location of the proposed pasteurizing plants in the
District, the committee concludes that, in its judgment, the interests
of the public generally will be best subserved by requiring that the
pasteurizing plant or plants be located within the limits of the
District of Columbia, where they may be under the continuous
supervision of répresentatives of the health department. This view,
that the pasteurizing plant or plants should be located within the
city or in close proximity rather than on the farm, is indorsed by an
overwhelming majority of the authorities consulted by the committee.
PRIVATE LOCAL PLANTS NOW IN OPERATION.
The committee files herewith (Appendix AN) a list of the milk
pasteurizing plants already in operation in the District of Columbia.
It feels obliged to add in this connection that it can not state with
definiteness whether all of these plants entirely conform in every
respect. with the specifications concerning the degree of heat, length
of exposure, and other requisites for proper pasteurization.
MAINTENANCE OF PLANTS UNDER PUBLIC OR PRIVATE AUSPICES.
As to whether such pasteurizing plant or plants should be con-
ducted under private auspices or maintained by the municipality,
the committee feels that since it may be anticipated that this serv-
108 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
ice could be rendered with equal efficiency and doubtless as eco-
nomically, if not more so, if left to private enterprise, and in view
of the further consideration that, in its judgment, the State should
not be charged with supplying the material wants of the citizen where
this can be done with equal efliciency and economy through individual
agency, there is no valid reason why the responsibility should be
saddled upon the community. In the judgment of the committee
the establishment of the proposed plant or plants under municipal
ownership is, therefore, neither necessary nor desirable. The ma-
jority of those consulted by the committee on the question incline to
the opinion that a municipal pasteurization plant or plants is neither
practicable nor expedient.
In this connection the justice and propriety of permitting the con-
densing and pasteurizing plant which has already been established,
with a considerable pecuniary outlay, at Frederick, Md., largely
through the energy and public spirit of residents of Washington,
and with a view to furnishing to the city a clean, wholesome milk
supply (and possibly other plants already operating in connection
with the local milk“supply), to continue their operations in prove-
nancing the Washington market, is urged by the committee,
SUGGESTION OF A MUNICIPAL DAIRY.
It has been suggested that a centralized dairy farm and distribu-
ting agency, conducted under municipal auspices, would constitute an
advance in the methods of furnishing the District milk supply as at
present handled. The committee is not prepared to look with favor
upon such a proposal, for the present at least.
GENERAL MILK-DELIVERY SERVICE RECOMMENDED,
The committee ventures to suggest, however, as a means of lessen-
ing the cost of supplying milk to residents of Washington, and
thereby offsetting to some extent the slightly increased cost of pro-
duction, due to the proposed general insistence on the tuberculin test
and pasteurization, that a general milk-delivery service be organized
by the local dealers, and that a concerted effort be made in this man-
ner to obviate largely the enormous duplication and waste of re-
sources and labor resulting from the present individualistic system of
delivery. As many as 40 milk wagons, with horses and drivers, may:
be conservatively estimated. to be engaged in the actual delivery of
milk to residents on opposite sides of a single city street from corner
to corner. This enormous waste of energy could, in the judgment of
the committee, be husbanded to decided material advantage. Such
an organized delivery would be somewhat in the nature of the de-
livery system patronized in common by many of our local stores,
though perhaps best owned and managed by the milk dealers them-
selves.
ALLEGED MONOPOLY OF MANUFACTURE OF PASTEURIZING MACHINERY.
With regard to the contention of the milk dealers that pasteuriz-
ing machines are possibly controlled by a monopoly, it has not trans-
pired during the investigations of the committee that evidence of any
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 109
such combination has reached the attention of any person consulted.
Dr. Prescott, of the Massachusetts Institute of ‘Technology, disclaims
knowledge of any “ arrangement ” which may exist between the dif-
ferent manufacturers, while the Bureau of Animal Industry pro-
claims that there are 8 or 10 pasteurizing machines on the market,
with every appearance of strong competition in the sale of the dif-
ferent makes. Borden’s Condensed Milk Co. observes in this par-
ticular that, since patents have expired on many of the machines, it
would be very difficult to exert control over them, inasmuch as any
manufacturing concern could undertake to place them on the market
without infringement of patent rights, and each dealer could, in fact,
manufacture his own pasteurizing apparatus.
VIII. Bacrertat ConTent.
PRACTICABILITY AND DEFINITENESS OF BACTERIAL COUNT.
Tt has been argued before the committee that a prescribed bac-
terial content is not only commercially but scientifically impracti-
cable, and that it is impossible to estimate with any degree of pre-
cision the number of bacteria in a given sample of milk. When the
methods of ascetaining the bacterial content are inquired into, it is
easy to understand how, by dilution with sterilized water of the
sample of milk to be analyzed, and the counting of the number of
observed bacteria in a minute portion of this diluted quantity, cal-
culated with reference to the whole volume, a close approximation
of the actual number of germs may be made. It may now be stated
with positiveness that there is a comparative coincidence of the re-
sults obtained when the same media are employed and the same con-
ditions of analysis followed. A standard for use in such examina-
tions has been recommended by a committee of the American Asso-
ciation of Medical Milk Commissions for use in bacteriological ex-
aminations of certified milk Under the improved standards
adopted for making bacteriological examinations, it may be stated
with confidence that investigators working independently arrive at
approximately the same conclusions.
While qualitative determinations of the bacterial species in milk
would be a complex and difficult method to adopt as a routine pro-
cedure, it is otherwise with quantitative counts, which determina-
tions are comparatively easy to obtain and are of invaluable assist-
ance to the progressive dairyman. The committee is convinced,
after an examination into this phase of the subject, that such latter
deductions ‘are scientifically practicable, and may be reasonably
taken into account as evidencing unsatisfactory conditions of cleanli-
ness, age, and antecedent temperature of milk offered for sale.
With reference to the discussion as to whether it is practicable,
with due regard to the rights of the producer or dealer, to insist upon
a prescribed bacterial count, Dr. Goler, health officer of Rochester,
N. Y., remarks:
What right has the dealer to talk about right as against the lives of children?
ee Peet No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, p.
vo.
110 #$=THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
While Dr. Crichton, commissioner of health of Seattle, Wash.,
adds:
It is not right to the legitimate and honest dealer unless we do insist upon a
bacterial count, because it gives a dishonest, filthy dealer a chance to sell dan-
gerous milk and to unjustly compete with a man striving to produce good, pure,
wholesome milk.
The feasibility of indicating the maximum number of bacteria
allowable in milk offered for consumption is now almost universally
accepted, provided, as suggested by the Chief of the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry, the number fixed be not unreasonably low. Surg. Gen.
Wyman observes that for pasteurized milk a maximum bacterial
standard is indispensable, and probably even more important than
inspection. The bacterial count is, he adds, an index to the efficiency
of the methods used for the production of a safe milk and is a check
likewise upon the efficiency of the inspection service.
NUMBER OF BACTERIA REASONABLY ALLOWABLE.
The general milk supply of the city of Washington averaged
11,270,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter in the summer of 1907 and
292,184,000 during the summer of 1906. While the number of bacteria
in milk is not quite as important, from the standpoint of public
health, as are the species represented and the nature of the bacterial
products, it may be stated with satisfaction that cleanliness and a lib-
eral use of ice will result in minimizing the total number of bacteria,
and thus afford a degree of protection against the dangerous species
and their toxic products. Milk containing few bacteria will contain
proportionately few or no harmful varieties. And it should be added
that most of the prejudicial bacteria do not thrive at all at the low
temperature at which milk should be kept in order to keep down the
total bacterial content. While milk freshly drawn under ordinary
circumstances almost invariably contains bacteria, even when the
most careful precautions are exercised against contamination the
organisms in such carefully ‘collected milk are shown to be harmless
to animals used in laboratory tests, and we may assume that the pres-
ence of such organisms in reasonable numbers does not render milk
harmful to man.
As to the maximum number of bacteria which should be specified
as allowable, there is a considerable range of speculation, the figures
suggested by the authorities consulted by the committee extending
from 10,000 to 3,000,000 per cubic centimeter. A large percentage
of those who have given the committee the benefit of their advice,
however, favor the imposition of 100,000 as a maximum content.
The committee is inclined to the belief, though, that at this stage in
the development of a purer milk supply for the District of Columbia,
_the specification of that number would perhaps be unnecessarily re-
strictive, and recommends that, for the present at least, 500,000 be
agreed upon as the maximum number allowable for raw milk (not
certified), and 100,000 for pasteurized milk. In the judgment of
the committee, it may develop in years to come that these numbers
should be decreased, especially if pasteurization be uniformly insisted
upon, and that the dairymen may then without difficulty readjust
conditions to meet what would now be regarded as an onerous re-
quirement. It has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of the com-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 111
mittee that, with reasonable precautions, it is feasible to maintain
an average content of 20,000 to 50,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter
for raw milk, and the insistence, therefore, that raw milk delivered
for consumption in our own community should contain not more
than 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter is, in the opinion of the
committee, a reasonable requirement and calculated to have an im-
portant influence in protecting the consumer from uncleanly and un-
wholesome milk.
This requirement as to number of bacteria per cubic centimeter
applies, of course, to market milk, certified milk for infant feeding
and other clinical purposes being obviously restricted to a much
lower maximum, the standard established by Dr. Henry L. Coit,
namely, 10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, being regarded by
almost unanimous consent as the best for the latter purposes. The
committee coincides in the feeling that this maximum number should
be prescribed for the District of Columbia for certified milk.
Dr. William H. Park, of New York City, is authority for the
statement that any intelligent farmer can, by the use of sufficient
cleanliness and by applying adequate refrigeration with practically
no increase in expense, supply milk 24 to 36 hours old which will
not contain in each cubic centimeter over 50,000 to 100,000 bacteria.
He adds, further, that when only moderate cleanliness is observed,
such as can be employed by any farmer without increasing appre-
ciably his expense (that is to say, by the employment of clean pails,
straining cloths, cans, and bottles; clean hands and a fairly clean
place for milking, and by maintaining in decent condition the cow’s
udder and flanks), the milk when first drawn will average in hot
weather not over 30,000 and in cold weather not over 25,000 bacteria
per cubic centimeter. This same milk, if cooled to and kept at a tem-
perature of 50° F., will not contain at the end of 24 hours over
100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Dr. Park further observes that
the maximum number of bacteria to be determined upon as advan-
tageously allowable depends on the size of the city or town, for the
reason that the longer the haul the poorer the bacterial quality of the
milk. In his judgment, certified milk should average under 10,000
bacteria per cubic centimeter ; pasteurized, under 50,000; and common
market milk, under 100,000 in winter and under 500,000 in summer.
Dr. Hamill, who has devoted large attention to the study of the
relation of milk to the problems of public health, believes that it
should be the aim of every municipality to so safeguard its milk
supply as to attain a maximum standard of 100,000 bacteria to the
cubic centimeter.
The practicability of establishing a maximum bacterial content for
milk commercially used may be assured from the fact that Boston,
Rochester, and other communities have prescribed standards ranging ©
from 100,000 to 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter.
The regulations for the grading and sale of milk promulgated by
the Boston Board of Health, specify, among other things, that no
person shall sell or deliver any milk or cream containing more than
500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter.
Among the rules regulating the pasteurization of milk and milk
products adopted for the city of Chicago is the requirement that milk
and skimmed milk shall not contain more than 100,000 bacteria per
cubic centimeter from May 1 to September 30, and not over 50,000
112 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
bacteria per cubic centimeter between October 1 and April 30; also
that cream and ice cream shall not contain more than 200,000 bacteria
per cubic centimeter during the first-named period and not over
100,000 bacteria during the remainder of the year.
Dr. Woodward believes that, in the present state of the production
and vending of milk, 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter repre-
sents a fair standard for good, raw milk. In the case of pasteurized
milk, the standard should, in his judgment, be fixed not in excess of
50,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. He goes on to add that, if
bacteriological standards are to be fixed by law, it might be well to
provide generally that no milk should be sold having a higher bac-
terial content than that claimed for it by the vendor.
Although a maximum bacterial count of 500,000 per cubic centi-
meter of raw milk is recommended by the committee as proper to be
established for the District of Columbia, an examination of the
limitations placed in other jurisdictions and of the opinions of
recognized authorities on the subject induces the committee to the
deduction that a specification of 100,000 bacteria per cubic centi-
meter would perhaps be better calculated to afford the desired
assurance against possible infection from contaminated milk; but
the committee defers in this regard to the judgment of the local
health officer, and of the members of the Washington milk conference,
who favored the fixing of 500,000 bacteria as the maximum allowable.
It has been represented before the committee that a maximum
bacterial content should not be prescribed for the reason that it is
physically impossible for the producer or dealer to verify or dis-
prove the analyses depended upon for prosecution by officers of the
law. While it is the practice in taking samples of milk to leave
one portion with the dealer or storekeeper and retain the other for
official examination, it is obvious that the sample reserved by the
merchant might easily be so handled or contaminated that its bac-
terial content would differ from that shown by the analysis of the
officials representing the Government; but such comparative analysis
made at the instance of the dealer might in all probability be rea-
sonably expected to result unfavorably to his interests, since, owing
to the treatment accorded the milk, the sample reserved by the dealer
for examination would likely show a higher bacterial count than
‘that evidenced by the official analysis. The delay in obtaining the
result of such bacterial examinations, in addition to the necessities
of administration, affords an added reason why this consideration
should not be permitted to interfere with the promulgation of a
regulation or enactment of a Jaw providing for a maximum content
of 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter.
CONCLUSIVE HARMFULNESS OF HIGH BACTERIAL CONTENT.
There has been some question as to whether the harmfulness of a
high bacterial content has been definitely established, but there can
be no successful contradiction, in the minds of the committee, that
such a showing unquestionably indicates insanitary conditions.
The authorities consulted by the committee agree that, as set forth
by Dr. Levy, chief health officer of Richmond, Va., the bacterial
count, when applied under standard conditions, furnishes thoroughly
reliable comparative figures, affording positive indication that some-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 113
thing is wrong—either dirty production, failure to cool the milk
promptly and efficiently and to keep it cool, or that it has been kept
too long.
In the report of the committee of the American Public Health As-
sociation suggesting standard methods for the bacteriological exam-
ination of milk, it is stated that—
A high bacterial count in milk indicates lack of cleanliness in production or
lack of care after production. Age of the milk is also an important factor,
and in interpreting results the distance milk has to be brought, etc., should be
taken into consideration. Thus a count of 100,000 bacteria to a cubic centi-
meter should be considered a serious contamination in milk which may be
delivered to the consumer within a few hours of production, while a count of
no higher than 100,000 in milk produced at a distance and, say, 24 to 36
hours old is evidence of ordinarily good care. To produce a milk averaging
under 10,000 bacteria to the cubic centimeter requires the utmost care and
watchfulness of each detail.
The report, in referring to leucocytes, states that these bacteria
are present in all normal milks, and that their number occasionally
fluctuates greatly without apparent cause. Milk from animals suffer-
ing from udder inflammations, it asserts, most constantly shows a high
leucocytic content, and is without question unfit for human consump-
tion; and while a leucocytic count of 500,000 or more to the cubic
centimeter in the case of a single animal may be transient and
negligible, when found in mixed milk it is sufficient evidence to
warrant the exclusion of such milk from the market until satisfactory
veterinary inspection of the herd may be made.
Dr. Coit, the father of the American medical milk commissions,
states that a high bacterial content may indicate, in addition to
filthy dairy surroundings and careless collection and handling, a
diseased udder. It does not, he maintains, require expensive equip-
ment to obtain clean milk; in Kentucky, for example, five dairies,
with whitewashed barns and ordinary domestic cleanliness, being ap-
proved and certified by a medical milk commission, with counts
never above 4,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter.
STANDARDS FIXED IN PURSUANCE OF FEDERAL FOOD AND DRUGS ACT.
In pursuance of authority granted by the food and drugs act of
1906, the Bureau of Chemistry of the United States Department of
Agriculture has prescribed the following requirements for market
milk in interstate commerce:
It must be the fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking
of healthy cows, properly fed and kept, excluding that obtained within 15 days
before and 10 days after calving; and must contain not less than 8.5 per cent
solids not fat and not less than 3.25 per cent of milk fat. Bacteriologically it
must not contain more than 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter for market
milk; not more than 100,000 for inspected milk; not more than 10,000 for
certified milk. ;
In enforcing these standards, the kind of bacteria present in milk
may modify judgment as to its quality, and, when practicable, sani-
tary inspection of dairies and creameries furnishing the product is
also taken into consideration.
UNIFORM PROCEDURE IN BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS.
With a view to securing approximately uniform results as to the
content shown by bacteriological examinations, a committee was ap-
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-38
114 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
pointed by the laboratory section of the American Public Health
Association in 1905 to study the various methods used for the bac-
teriological examination of milk and to recommend a uniform pro-
cedure. In 1907 the committee presented a preliminary statement,
treating the subject matter in considerable detail. In 1908 a report
of progress was submitted to the annual meeting of the laboratory -
section covering some points on which no recommendations were made
in the preliminary statement. These two preliminary reports have
been favorably received and the technique recommended has been
adopted. The final report presented in 1910 was practically but a
restatement of methods theretofore tentatively recommended. ‘The
latest report is comprehensive in character, embracing recommenda-
tions on every feature connected with the bacteriological examination
of milk, including carefully prepared directions concerning the col-
lecting of samples, the quantity of milk required for analysis, collect-
ing apparatus, means of identifying samples, temperature, media,
plating, incubation and counting, milk sediments, tests for special
bacteria, gas production, and interpretation of results.
The report explains fully a feature which is most mystifying to.
the layman, namely, the method of diluting the samples and esti-
mating with reasonable accuracy the millions of bacteria often in-
cluded in a single cubic centimeter of milk. Our curiosity is inten-
sified when we are told that a cubic centimeter represents in volume
about 16 drops, or one-fourth of a teaspoonful. The report suggests
a uniform, systematic manner of stating the results of bacteriological
counts, below 50,000 being distinguished by five-thousandths, be-_
tween 50,000 and 100,000 by ten-thousandths, between 100,000 and
500,000 by fifty-thousandths, between 500,000 and 5,000,000 by hun-
dred-thousandths, and above 5,000,000 by millions. The actual count
under the microscope is facilitated by ruling off a square millimeter
of the counting chamber into 400 smaller equal squares.
COMPULSORY PASTEURIZATION WOULD NOT DISPENSE WITH NECESSITY
FOR PRESCRIBED BACTERIAL COUNT.
There is most substantial accord among the authorities consulted by
the committee with the proposal that compulsory pasteurization
should not be permitted to do away with the requirement of a pre-
scribed bacterial content, which latter, in the judgment of those hav-
' ing knowledge of the subject, is an indispensable accompaniment to
regulations compelling pasteurization. The bacterial count is an ab-
solute index not only of the efficiency of pasteurization, but likewise
of the conditions under which the milk has been kept after pasteur-
ization. The Surgeon General of the Army observes that the neces-
sity for a prescribed bacterial content is not thus obviated for the
reason that pasteurization does not make dirty milk clean and does
not destroy the toxins which may develop in old milk. Dr. Melvin
aptly observes that the bacterial count is an important aid in bring-
ing about sanitary conditions on dairy farms, and should not be
abandoned even though compulsory pasteurization be adopted. Free-
man remarks that compulsory pasteurization adds to the necessity
for a prescribed bacterial content, for the reason that commercially
pasteurized milk is usually recontaminated to a greater or less extent
before it is disposed of. Dr. Winslow adduces that the advisability
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 115
of regulating the maximum bacterial content is not at all altered by
compulsory pasteurization. The milk must, he asserts, be kept as
clean as possible before pasteurization, then pasteurized for com-
plete safety, and then properly handled afterwards. The Walker-
Gordon Laboratory in this city states that, in its judgment, compul-
sory pasteurization would greatly increase the necessity for careful
supervision of the bacterial content, so as to insure against the more
dangerous organisms that might survive the pasteurization. Dr.
Prescott, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, remarks that
compulsory pasteurization would not eliminate the necessity for a
prescribed bacterial content, but that it would make it possible to
establish it at a lower level, say, 50,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter.
NECESSITY FOR ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONS.
The necessity for additional requirements as to cleanliness, fresh-
ness and purity of milk, the failure to observe which may be de-
tected by the bacterial count is apparent+ when we realize that, in
addition to being warm, much of the milk of Washington City is
dirty,’ 121 of the samples examined showing a visible deposit of dirt
in the original container after standing several hours, which was
found upon microscopic examination to be composed of fecal matter,
hairs, straw, and all manner of extraneous substances that have no
place in clean milk. When we consider that the solid impurities
that reach the consumer are only a fraction of the total solid impuri-
ties with which milk has been in contact (since other larger bodies
have been previously removed by the process of straining to which
it is subjected before it is poured into the containers in which it is
sold), we may readily appreciate the fact that the condition of milk
offered for sale is even more dangerous than its superficial appearance
indicates.
It is additionally urged by Dr. Woodward, health officer, that the
bacteriological examination of milk as it reaches the city will enable
the identification of farms which are persistently sending in milk
containing such relatively large numbers of bacteria as to surely
indicate faulty methods of milking and handling milk.
APPARENT ANOMALY AS REGARDS SOUR MILK.
It is a matter of curious interest why sour milk and its products
are considered a safe food to be consumed raw, when stale sweet
milk is looked upon with suspicion. This apparent anomaly may be
explained by the circumstance that, for a long time after milk is
drawn, all the bacteria in it increase in number, this increase being
more or less rapid and depending chiefly on the temperature at which
the milk is kept, and some of these bacteria may be the kinds that
produce disease. Finally, however, when milk sours the harmless
lactic-acid bacteria and the lactic acid which they produce tend to
destroy the other microorganisms, including the disease-producing
bacteria, so that by the time the milk is sour it is practically free
from harmful germs.
1See Bulletin No. 35 of the Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service, p. 71.
116 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
IX. Care or Mink 1n THE Homes.
PRECAUTIONS RECOMMENDED.
Too much attention can not be given to the proper treatment of
milk in the home, which subject is handled most capably in a bulletin
issued by the Department of Agriculture as late as August 30, 1910,
in which it is set forth that the contamination of milk in the home
results generally from (1) placing it in unclean vessels, (2) expos-
ing it unnecessarily to the air, (3) failing to keep it cool up to the
time of use, and (4) exposing it to flies. Among the items of care
which should be scrupulously exercised by the housekeeper to pre-
vent contamination of the milk, the following are particularized:
Milk from the grocer or baker, kept by the dealer in a can open
much of the time and possibly without refrigeration, is dangerous
and should be avoided. Never buy bulk milk from a grocery store.
Never buy milk for the baby from a grocery store. Store milk has
often been kept over from the day before. Such milk is dangerous
as a food for babies.
If it is impossible to get bottled milk, do not set out over night an
uncovered vessel to collect thousands of bacteria from the street dust
before milk is put into it, but have the milk delivered personally to
some member of the family if possible. If this be impracticable, set
out a bowl covered with a plate, or, better still, use a glass preserving
jar into which nothing but milk is put, which j jar should have a glass
top with the rubber band omitted. A pitcher can not be tightly cov-
ered on account of the projecting spout.
Milk tickets or written instructions intended for the dairyman are
likely to become more or less soiled, and if used should not be placed
in the bow! or jar.
The milk should never be exposed to the sun for any length of
time. It frequently happens that milk delivered as early as 4
o’clock in the morning remains outdoors until 9 or 10 o’clock. Al-
though this practice is to be condemned, if it be inconvenient to re-
ceive the milk soon after its delivery, the housekeeper should indicate
to the driver a sheltered place or provide a covered box in which the
milk pail or bottle may be left. It is important that the milk
should be taken into the house as soon as possible after delivery, par-
ticularly in hot* weather.
The milk should, upon receipt, be placed in the refrigerator at
once and allowed to remain there when not using from it, constant
endeavor being exercised to keep the milk at all times, except when
actually on the table, at a temperature not exceeding 50° F., for the
reason that harmful bacteria increase with astonishing rapidity once
milk rises above this temperature. .Unless the milk bottle is kept
in actual contact with the ice, it will be colder at the bottom of the
refrigerator than in the ice compartment, since the cold air settles
rapidly.
Milk should be kept in the original bottle until needed for imme-
diate consumption ; do not pour it into a bowl or pitcher for keeping;
ae eh a aN ET ae aT oa ea ae oe ha ea aaa aia ae ee eT ee a a
1“‘Phe Care of Milk and Its Use in the Home,” by George M, Whitaker, L. A. Rogers,
and Caroline L, Hunt, Farmers’ Bulletin No. 413,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 117
pour out only the amount which will be consumed at one meal; care-
fully wipe or rinse the bottle, especially its mouth, before pouring
milk from it; see that dust or dirt which may have gathered thereon
or on the cap will not get into the milk; do not pour back into the
bottle milk which has been exposed to the air by being placed in other
vessels; keep the bottle covered with the paper cap as long as milk
is in it and when not actually pouring from it; do not expose uncoy-
ered milk in the refrigerator; if the paper cap has been mutilated,
cover the bottle with an inverted tumbler. Keep the refrigerator
clean and sweet; see that the outlet for water formed by the melting
ice is kept open and that the space under the ice rack is clean. The
‘refrigerator should be scalded each week.
As soon as the milk bottle is empty rinse it in lukewarm water and
place it in an inverted position to drain. Do not use it for any other
purpose than for milk.
All utensils with which milk comes in contact should be rinsed,
washed, and scalded every time they are used; do not employ for
this purpose dishwater which has been used for washing other utensils
or wipe them with an ordinary dish towel—it is better to boil them in
clean water and set them away undried.
Remember that exposure of milk to open air invites contamination,
not only from odors and bacteria-laden dust, but also from flies,
which scavengers are a prolific source of contagion in conveying
germs of typhoid fever and other diseases from the sick room or from
excreta to the milk.
Do not keep milk over 24 hours even if it seems to be sweet, since
milk may become unfit for human food and deleterious to health be-
fore it sours.
The foregoing suggestions should be observed with regard to
pasteurized milk, as well as with ordinary raw milk, for while efli-
cient pasteurization destroys disease germs and affords a safeguard
against certain dangers, it can not be regarded as an insurance against
future contamination of milk. .
To the foregoing might appropriately be added the following:
Do not boil the milk—that is to say, allow it to attain a temperature
as high as 212° F.—since the milk is devitalized thereby, and not only
its nutrition but its digestibility is impaired.
Do not allow the milk to stand in the kitchen, where the tempera-
ture is likely to increase rapidly.
Do not mix “old” and “new ” milk together; that is to say, do
not subject the new supply to contamination with the increased num-
ber of bacteria which may be expected to exist in the supply pre-
viously received.
If a case of typhoid fever or other contagious disease breaks out
in your house notify the health authorities (through your physician)
at once, and also your milkman. During such illness do not allow
the dairyman to take away milk bottles from your house until after
recovery of the patient, since one of these bottles might otherwise be
the means of carrying the disease to some other household.
It should be recognized as the duty of every householder, especially
of every parent, to ascertain at the health department in the District
Building the record of the dairyman from whom his or her supply of
b)
118 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
milk is received. It may not be generally known that every consumer
of milk is privileged to consult at the health office the record of his
individual dairyman, affording an available and easily accessible
means of protecting himself and his family from greater imminence
of danger from infection through the agency of milk than may other-
wise be necessary. It has been the practice for some years past to
maintain, by the use of score cards, a tangible record of the intelligent
cleanliness exercised by each local dairyman in the conduct of his
business, and the committee recommends, especially where there are
children in a family, that the parent avail himself by consulting the
health office records of this means of ascertaining whether his family
is securing the quality of milk to which it is entitled.
As previously indicated, the committee is disposed to recommend,
as suggested by the Washington milk conference of 1907 and by the
special committee on the Straus Laboratory recently appointed by
the District Commissioners, that these records of the health depart-
ment be periodically published in the daily press.
OBSERVANCE OF PRECAUTIONS BY CONSUMERS.
An inquiry propounded by the committee as to whether, in the
view of persons consulted, requirements could reasonably be made by
the District authorities compelling consumers to exercise caution in
handling milk when received at the home, develops an expression of
the belief that such a proposal would be impracticable. Borden’s
Condensed Milk Co., however, offers the suggestion, in this connec-
tion, that consumers be compelled to thoroughly clean and scald any
and all utensils containing milk, which containers are to be returned
to the dealer. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry ob-
serves that educational work is believed to be the best method of
inducing consumers to exercise caution in handling milk, and invites
attention to the recently published bulletin of the Department of
Agriculture, above referred to, which is well adapted for this pur-
pose and which is being widely circulated.*
X. Inrant Frevine anp Inrants’ Mitx Depots.
COW’S MILK AS INFANT FOOD.
The dairy cow fills a unique place under the conditions of our
present civilization, since her living body is the source of milk, the
most important of all human foods and absolutely essential for all
infants during the first few years of life (except while nursed at the
mother’s breast). Even when children have matured beyond the
period during which milk is an essential article of food, its use as a
beverage and in the manufacture of butter, cheese, and ice cream is
an almost indispensable element in their dietary.
The complex demands of modern living and the necessity on the
part of many mothers of earning a livelihood, often making it im-—
practicable for them during the hours of daily toil to nourish their
offspring, has created in recent years an essential demand for cow’s
1“ Care of Milk and Its Use in the Home,” Farmers’ Bulletin No. 413, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 119
milk for infant feeding, prepared in some cases in accordance with
certain prescribed formule intended to approximate as nearly as
possible the composition of mother’s milk.
ESTABLISHMENT OF INFANTS’ MILK DEPOTS.
To meet this necessity, milk depots have been established, largely
under philanthropic auspices, in many of the principal cities of
America and Europe. The first depot in the United States was in-
stituted in 1889. ‘The movement was accelerated in 1892, when Dr.
Henry L. Coit, of Newark, N. J., formulated a plan for the produc-
tion of pure milk under the auspices of medical milk commissions.
In 1893 the Medical Society of Essex County, N. J., adopted the plan
and organized the first medical milk commission in the United
States. The commission contracted with a dairyman? (for terms of
agreement see Appendix AO) to produce milk according to the
standards of purity formulated by Dr. Coit in connection with the
original plan.
A recent report by Asst. Surg. Gen. J. W. Kerr, of the United
States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service,? presented before
the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions on June 6,
1910, recites that 28 cities in the United States are now supplied with
infants’ milk depots and milk dispensaries for the relief of the poor,
many of these institutions maintaining substations for the distribution
of milk and imparting advice with respect to infant hygiene.
It may be noted in this connection that the local Straus pasteuriza-
tion laboratory has six substations geographically distributed with a
view to meeting the convenience of the largest number of patrons of
the poorer classes. The milk is received at the local laboratory before
8.30 a. m., and is modified and pasteurized before 11 a. m., affording a
much more rapid delivery into the hands of the consumer than is the
practice among local dairies in the distribution of unmodified and
unpasteurized milk. A physician is in attendance also during certain
hours daily to indicate the formula best suited for each particular
infant. }
CERTIFIED MILK.
The standards of purity formulated by Dr. Coit in 1893 gave rise
to the term “ Certified milk,” and the precedent then established has
since been followed in many cities of the country, not less than 63
commissioners having since been organized to encourage the production
of pure milk for clinical purposes. Without the establishment of
these voluntary supervisory commissions it would be impossible to
provide practically for the production of certified milk, which latter
high-grade product has grown to be so important a factor in facili-
tating the healthy growth of infants and in accelerating the recupera-
tion of invalids.
Specific bacterial standards for pure milk have been adopted,
limiting the number of bacteria allowable and inhibiting the pres-
ence of pathogenic organisms. The numerical standard fixed in most
1 Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service,
March, 1909, pp. 615-619, inclusive.
2 Public Health Reports, No. 50, Washington, 1910,
120 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
cases for certified milk is a maximum of 10,000 bacteria per cubic
centimeter. The requirements fixed upon for certified milk contem-
plates especially that none but healthy cows shall be employed; that
extraneous contamination of their milk shall be reduced to a mini-
mum; that the milk shall be cooled to 45° F. to prevent bacterial
growth; and that it shall reach the consumer before noticeable bac-
terial changes have occurred therein.
BREAST FEEDING DECIDEDLY PREFERABLE TO BOTTLE FEEDING.
The committee wishes to emphasize in the most forceful manner
the extreme importance of feeding, at the mother’s breast, as opposed
to artificial feeding with cow’s milk. It is a well-known fact that
the rate of mortality during the first year of infants fed on human
breast milk is markedly less than among bottle-fed babies. The
milk of the cow is directly responsible for the death of a very con-
siderable percentage of canes Nature did not intend the young of
one species to be raised upon the milk of another, much less did it
intend that that milk should be dirty, stale, and bacteria-laden.
Cow’s milk may be prejudicial to health either because the milk
is physiologically unsuitable, as for infant feeding, or because it
has become a medium of infection through contamination with
various disease germs. Milk of inferior nutritive value, furthermore,
must indirectly have a deleterious influence on the health of the
infant, and particularly so when, as in the case of babies, milk is
exclusively used as food. During the first year of its life a child
consumes, it is estimated, about 500 quarts of milk. There is abun-
dant evidence to show that the proportion of deaths among infants
would be greatly reduced if they received the food nature designed
for them, namely, mother’s milk. An eminent authority on the rela-
tion of mortality to artificial feeding of infants concludes that,
taking the period of the first year of life, the number of deaths
resulting from epidemic diarrhea among breast-fed babies is not
much more than one-tenth the number occurring among artificially-
fed infants. There is no doubt that the nursing of all infants by
healthy mothers would contribute tremendously to the reduction of
the infantile death rate. It has been said that there is only one other
period in life in. which the chance of death is greater than in the
case of infants under 1 year of age, and that is in persons over 90
years old. This comparison emphasizes the extreme importance of
providing milk, especially for infant consumption, which shall be
physiologically suitable for assimilation and as free as possible from
impurities.
It should be animadverted to in this connection as emphasizing
the important influence of providing milk free from impurification,
that during the period elapsing since the passage of the local milk-
inspection law in 1895, the annual death rate of infants in the Dis-
trict of Columbia has decreased from 194 per 100,000 population to
86 per 100,000.1. This marked diminution may fairly be attributed
in large measure to the beneficent effects of this law.
172 per 1,000 in 1909, increasing to 86 in 1910.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. pA
MODIFIED MILK.
The term “ Modified milk ” is claimed to have been originally used
by the Walker-Gordon Laboratories, to describe milks that have by
the addition of water and milk sugar, and at times barley water and
limewater, been mechanically changed in their chemical consti-
tuents to fill physicians’ prescriptions, and to increase or decrease
these constituents according to an exact method, so that physicians
may be enabled to order a milk that can be adjusted to meet the
needs of the individual case for which it is prescribed. If the child
be artificially fed, there is reason to believe that milk, when modified
to conform as nearly as possible to the composition of mother’s milk,
comes nearest to supplying the demands of the infant, and it is to
meet this very considerable and constantly increasing demand that
certain formule havé been prepared for feeding the infant during
the successive stages of its early existence.
NUTRITIVENESS OF MODIFIED MILK.
No adequate comparison can be made between modified milk (raw
or pasteurized) and ordinary market milk as regards its nutritive
qualities, since milk is customarily modified according to physicians’
prescriptions for special use, and while designed in many instances
to furnish a more easily digested and assimilated food than whole
milk, is supposably, in other instances, less digestible than milk in
its natural state. Aside from is facility of digestion ordinarily,
modified milk is prescribed with a view to furnishing the maximum
amount of nutritive food which may be absorbed without prejudice.
Modified milk may, it should be added, contain a greater or less pro-
portion of each nutrient found in raw milk. Its use is especially
recommended for infants, invalids, and convalescents. The Straus
Laboratory, of this city, contends that modified milk is as nutritious
and more so than raw milk, since it is an attempt to reproduce
mother’s milk as closely as possible, and is changed to suit the vary-
ing ages and strength of babies.
Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, of this city, has addressed a letter to
President Taft, asking that the Department of Agriculture and the
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the Treasury Depart-
ment be directed to investigate the relative. merits of raw and pas-
teurized milk for infant feeding. It is believed that a careful ex-
amination into this important subject by these departments of the
United States Government would be of inestimable value in affording
an authoritative basis for harmonizing the differences of opinion
which have existed for many years past on this vital question.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MODIFIED MILK TO DETERIORATION.
As to the relative susceptibility to deterioration, Dr. Melvin states
that there is probably no difference between modified and whole (raw
or pasteurized) milk in this respect, if both are obtained and handled
under similar conditions.
122 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
RELATIVE COST OF MODIFIED MILK.
Modified milk is as a rule higher in price than whole milk, being
naturally more expensive since it is prepared in aecordance with
physicians’ formulas, and requires expert knowledge in its modifica-
tion. The Straus Laboratory in Washington states that the addi-
tional ingredients called for, the time required, and the necessity of
trained help in modifying makes its cost much more than would be
demanded for whole milk. This statement is corroborated by the
Walker-Gordon Laboratory of this city, which announces that modi-
fied milk is much more expensive in that intelligent persons must be
trained for its preparation. The health officer of Cleveland, Ohio,
reports that it costs from 2 to 9 cents per quart in excess of ordinary
market milk.
The following schedule of prices for whole ‘milk, modified milk,
and barley water, sold by the Washington branch of the Straus
Pasteurized Milk Laboratories, has been furnished through the
courtesy of Miss Reba J. Hurn, local representative:
Whole milk: Per pint, 4 cents; per quart, 8 cents.
Modified milk :
No. 1, 8-ounce bottle, 14 cents; per quart, 6 cents, on same basis.
No. 2, 6-ounce bottle, 13 cents; per quart, 8 cents, on same basis,
Six bottles a day’s feeding.
No. 3, 3-ounce bottle, 1 cent; per quart, 10% cents, on same basis.
No. 4, 3-ounce bottle, 1 cent; per quart, 103 cents, on same basis.
Hight bottles a day’s feeding.
Barley water:
3-ounce bottle, 1 cent; per quart, 10% cents, on same basis.
6-ounce bottle, 14 cents; per quart, 8 cents, on same basis.
Park asserts that even if it were possible to bring all milk up to
a prescribed standard of purity, which would make it safe to be
ingested unheated by an infant, it would in his judgment be an
absolutely unwise procedure on account of the cost, which would be
increased far more than the value of the milk for most purposes for
which this commodity is used. “ Most of us who have studied the
question,” he says, “believe that proper pasteurization under rigid
inspection is the method by which a safe, wholesome milk supply can ~
be provided.”
INFANTS’ MILK DEPOTS.
The committee refers with especial pleasure to the magnificent
work being accomplished by infants’ milk depots throughout the
country and the decided stimulus accorded to the movement by the
public-spirited generosity of Mr. Nathan Straus, of New York City,
whose practical philanthropy has resulted, either directly or inci-
dentally, in instituting since 1892 10 principal depots for the dis-
tribution of modified and pasteurized milk.
It is interesting to note that, prior to the movement inaugurated
by Mr. Straus in New York City in 1893 for dispensing pasteurized
milk, the annual death rate of children under 5 years of age in
the metropolis was 96.2 in every 1,000, and in June, July, and August
(when exceptional care was required to be taken to properly cool the
1 Straus depots have been established in New Yerk City, Chicago, Philadelphia, St.
Louis, Newark, N. J., and Washington; also in Munich, Karlsruhe, and Sandhausen,
Germany, and Dublin, Ireland. Mr. Straus donated, besides, the plant installed at the
depot, already in operation, at Liverpool, England.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 123
milk) the death rate was 136.4 for each 1,000. With the increased
use and distribution of pasteurized milk the death rate in New York
City had already in 1906 dropped to 55 per 1,000, and for the months
of June, July, and August of that year averaged 62.7 per 1,000. The
milk supply was from the same farms and the same kinds of herds
as before, and distributed in the same way, the only difference being
that the bottles were sterilized and the bacteria in the old, dirty,
warm milk had been killed by the heat applied to pasteurize it, this
being followed by proper cooling. The extent of the work of the
New York agency may be appreciated when it is stated that in the
year 1906 17 of these Straus stations dispensed 3,142,252 bottles and
1,078,405 glasses of pasteurized milk.
The milk of the Straus pasteurizing laboratories is prepared in
accordance with formule recommended by the foremost specialists in
the treatment of children’s diseases, Formula No. 1, prescribed by
Dr. Arthur R. Green, containing milk, cane sugar, salt, and oat’
water; Formula No. 2, by Dr. Rowland G. Freeman, containing milk,
limewater, milk sugar, and filtered water; Formula No. 3, by Dr. A.
Jacobi, comprising milk, barley water, cane sugar, and table salt;
Formula No. 4, by Dr. Freeman, consisting of skimmed milk, milk
sugar, limewater, and filtered water; and Formula No. 5, by Dr.
Green, including cream, milk, limewater, milk sugar, and filtered
water. ‘The several formule are prescribed in sequence for infants
at successive stages of their development, from date of birth to time
of weaning or later. Barley water, prepared in accordance with a
specific formula, is also separately supplied by these laboratories. A
more detailed statement of the formule employed by the Straus
local infants’ milk depot is submitted herewith (Appendix AP).
The committee has inspected the Washington Straus depot and is
impressed with its importance in conserving the life and health of
infants who, for one reason or another, are obliged to be fed other
than at the mother’s breast. While it is not deemed wise to en-
courage the artificial feeding of babies, the necessity for the main-
tenance of this establishment or some similar agencies must be con-
ceded. In other communities depots of this character have been in-
' stituted at the initial expense of Mr. Straus and other philanthropists,
and later taken over and maintained at public or private expense
under the supervision generally of municipal health officials or medi-
cal milk commissions. It is understood that, having demonstrated
locally the great usefulness of this enterprise, its promoter will, unless
its maintenance be assumed by our municipality or by private sub-
scription, close its doors and deprive the citizens of Washington,
rich and poor alike, of this splendid instrumentality for reducing
the death rate of infants in this community.
The committee adverts to the fact that apparent indifference has
been manifested on the part of Washington physicians generally,
toward utilizing the facilities afforded by the Straus Laboratory for
supplying modified milk for infant feeding. It is hoped that this
seeming apathy toward the use of modified milk prepared under
scientific, skillful direction, will be superseded gradually by active,
earnest cooperation on the part of the medical fraternity in sup-
porting this worthy foundation, or similar establishments operating
on a commercial basis, which latter, it is understood, are prepared to
render efficient service to the public in this direction.
124 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
DISPOSAL OF LOCAL STRAUS DEPOT.
At the suggestion of the Washington representative of the Straus
Pasteurizing Laboratories, a public hearing was held by the Dis-
trict Commissioners on November 30, 1910, to discuss what action
should be taken with regard to the proffer to the District govern-
ment by Mr. Straus of the plant established at 1319 H Street NW.,
in this city, with the sole restriction that milk furnished therefrom
should be dispensed as a charity and not as an ordinary commercial
enterprise. At the close of the hearing, the commissioners appointed
a committee to examine into the matter and make recommendations
as to the proper course to be pursued by them in the premises. This
committee was composed of Gen. George M. Sternberg (chairman),
Mr. E. J. Stellwagen, Mr. Hennen Jennings, Dr. George M. Kober,
Mr. Arthur C. Moses, Mr. Walter S. Ufford, Mr. George S. Wilson,
Dr. H. F. Sawtelle, and Mr. J. Louis Willige. The committee, in
its report submitted under date of December 7, 1910, a copy of which
is appended (Appendix AQ), recommends to the commissioners that
Mr. Straus be prevailed upon, if possible, to continue the existing
plant until such time as provision may be made for furnishing an
ample and safe supply of pasteurized and modified milk through
commercial channels under the direct supervision of the District
health department, the committee deeming it impracticable for the
District government itself to undertake the management of such a
plant with advantage. The committee suggests the desirability,
however, of utilizing the existing plant for the conduct, under the
Department of Agriculture or the Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service, of investigations relative to the value of pasteurized and
modified milk for infant feeding.
In the event that the Straus Laboratory be not continued as a
charity, it is suggested that the providing of proper food for infants
among the indigent classes be supported by generous contributions
toward the funds for maintaining such existing agencies as the diet
kitchen, the Citizen’s Relief Association, the Associated Charities,
and the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society.
The report proceeds to recommend prompt and adequate legisla-
tion for supplying a clean, pure, wholesome milk supply for the
Nation’s Capital, and urges that the inmates of foundling asylums,
hospitals, and other institutions supported wholly or in part from
public funds be furnished with milk conforming to the classification
recommended by the Washington milk conference in 1907. It is
further advocated, as favored by the conference, that the health of-
ficer be required to publish the ratings of dairies, which information
it is understood is currently in the possession of the health depart-
ment, but up to the present time not published, though conveniently
accessible to any citizen of Washington who may call at the District
Building for the purpose of consulting the records.
The report concludes with an indorsement of the recent recom-
mendation submitted by the health officer that six visiting nurses be
appointed to give instruction in the public schools regarding matters
affecting the health of pupils.
Since the above hearing, Mr. Straus addressed a letter to Senator
Gallinger, chairman of the Senate Committee on the District of
Columbia, stating his willingness to continue the laboratory in Wash-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 125
ington several months after January 1, 1911, if requisite in order to
allow opportunity for Congress to take over the establishment under
governmental control.
As a result of the recent agitation on the subject, a bill (S. 9716)
was introduced in the Senate by Mr. Gallinger authorizing the ac-
ceptance by the United States Government as a gift, of the Nathan
Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratory. The bil! was referred to the
Senate District Committee, from which it has not yet been reported.
The measure proposes to appropriate the sum of $15,000, or so much
thereof as may be necessary, to be immediately available for ex-
penditure until June 80, 1912, in the maintenance and operation of
the laboratory, the sum allotted to be expended under the supervision
of the Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service “ for the purpose of demonstrating, with the cooperation of
the health officer of the District of Columbia, the practical utility of
infants’ milk depots in the reduction of infant mortality.” A copy
of the bill is subjoined (Appendix AR).
While the chamber of commerce committee appreciates to the full-
est extent the valuable results achieved through the benefaction of
Mr. Straus in placing this practical object lesson before the eyes of
our community, it feels obliged to advert at the same time to the fact
that essentially important work in educating the public to an ap-
preciation of the value of and necessity for a sanitary milk supply,
especially for infant feeding, has been carried on for many years by
the Department of Agriculture and the Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service and by Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, Dr. George M.
Kober, Dr. Woodward, the District health officer, Gen: George M.
Sternberg, Mr. Emile Berliner, and other well-known public-spirited
Washingtonians.
As an evidence of the practical work accomplished locally in this
direction the committee appends (Appendix AS) a report on the
Infants’ and Children’s Dispensary connected with the Settlement
House of southwest Washington, covering the period from April 18,
to October 1, 1908, two years before the establishment of the local
Straus Laboratory. This dispensary has been continuously in ex-
istence since its organization and is doing excellent work. During
the first five and one-half months of its career there were treated in
the dispensary 261 infants and children. During this period 41 babies
were supplied with modified milk. Modified milk was also dispensed
at this early date by the Neighborhood House, also located in south-
west Washington.
The committee feels that, so far as ministering to the material
wants of infants in this jurisdiction in providing a proper supply of
pasteurized and modified milk is concerned, this can probably be
accomplished at much less expense through the utilization of exist-
ing commercial agencies, such as the establishments of Mr. George M.
Oyster, jr., the Walker-Gordon Laboratory, and the White Cross
Milk Co., than by the maintenance of the plant so generously in-
stalled by Mr. Straus. It is strongly advocated, however, that a
special fund be inaugurated by popular subscription, liberally en-
dowed and supported by our citizens and possibly supplemented by
appropriations from Congress, to be devoted exclusively to reimburs-
ing such commercial agencies for pasteurized and modified milk fur-
nished upon order in deserving cases to infants whose parents are
126 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
unable to provide, in part or wholly, the cost of the necessary supply
of wholesome and nutritious milk, appropriately suited to the infant’s
needs.
While (in the absence of facilities for securing milk prepared at
regularly established depots in accordance with specially adopted
formule) pasteurization at home of milk for infants’ use, in ap-
paratus of which several economical patterns are obtainable in the
open market, is qualifiedly recommended, its preparation in this way
requires such intelligent and careful manipulation that it is, in the
opinion of the committee, better and cheaper to purchase milk already
pasteurized under competent supervision, from infants’ milk depots
or from properly equipped commercial establishments.
IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF VISITING NURSES.
In this connection the committee feels that a noteworthy adjunct
of the local Straus Laboratory, and one which could hardly be ex-
pected to obtain in association with a commercial agency furnishing
modified milk on a purely business basis, is the stationing of a regis-
tered physician at the laboratory at certain specified hours, to give
advice free of charge to parents concerning the proper treatment of
infants and to prescribe the formula of milk best suited for the
infant at the particular period of its growth. Commendable service
is rendered in this direction by the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society,
which details nurses to the several settlement houses and to the
homes of parents for the purpose of imparting practical instruction
regarding the bathing, clothing, feeding, and other care of infants.
The extreme efficacy of this practical information and active assist-
ance extended by the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society in reducing
infant mortality is especially recognized, authorities agreeing that
proper clothing, bathing, and medical attention constitute as impor-
tant a factor in the successful rearing-of the infant as the provision
of suitable food in appropriate measure.
Dr. Woodward especially recommends that arrangements be made
for the instruction of mothers in caring for their infants. This can,
he stated, be done in no other connection so well as in conjunction
with the free distribution of milk to persons unable to pay for it and
the distribution of milk at reduced prices to persons who are unable
to pay the ordinary market price for milk of proper quality and
composition.
The committee recurs to the fact that the superior value of maternal
nursing can not be overestimated, it being stated on reliable authority
that were mothers able universally to nurse their children from one-
third to one-half of the deaths of infants would be prevented, the
enormous loss of life occurring among artificially fed infants being
undoubtedly due in major portion to bad milk and its improper use
as an article of diet. Mothers should be encouraged in every pos-
sible way to nurse their infants, regardless of financial or social
status, for it has been conclusively proved by extended series of care-
ful systematic investigations that the mortality among bottle-fed
infants is vastly greater than among those that are breast fed. When
breast feeding is clearly impossible, however, a fulsome supply of
pure cow’s milk, modified to meet the special needs of the infant,
should be rendered available for both rich and poor, and mothers
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 127
should be instructed at the same time regarding the special require-
ments necessary to successful artificial feeding, including the care
of milk in the home. From both economic and sanitary viewpoints
infants’ milk depots should be provided for improving the physical
well-being of the children who are destined to become active, pro-
creating members of the population of the future.
XI. Preparep Minxs.
WHAT MAY BE PROPERLY CLASSED AS PREPARED MILKS.
_ Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, Department
of Agriculture, in defining prepared milk, states that there is a wide
variation of ideas which may be properly entertained concerning
“ prepared ” milk, but that he is inclined to the following:
Natural milk which has not been treated other than by straining, cooling, and
bottling would not be entitled to the term “prepared milk.” All milk which
has been modified in its composition in any way by changing the properties of
its ingredients or by sterilization or pasteurization should be designated as
prepared milk. Milk which is used in connection with other foods in a dried
or semiliquid state, is not prepared milk, but milk used in compounding other
foods.
For the purposes of this report, however, the committee is pleased
to regard prepared milk as embracing condensed, evaporated, and
powdered milks. As a matter of convenience, skim milk is also
included within this chapter. ~ ,
CONDENSED OR EVAPORATED MILK.
Condensed or evaporated milk may, according to information fur-
nished by the Bureau of Animal Industry, be defined as milk from
which a considerable portion of water has been evaporated, and to
which, in the case of sweetened condensed milk, sugar (sucrose) has
been added.
Condensed milk, synonymously known as evaporated milk, is de-
fined in the Standards of Purity for Food Products, issued by the
Secretary of Agriculture in pursuance of authority given by Con-
gress in the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, as follows:
Condensed milk, evaporated milk, is milk from which a considerable portion
of water has been evaporated, and contains not less than 28 per cent of milk
solids, of which not less than 27.5 per cent is milk fat.
Surg. Gen. Wyman is authority for the statement that in the United
States Borden’s “ Kagle” brand of condensed milk may be taken as a
type which is said to be prepared by heating fresh cows’ milk to 100°
C. to destroy the bacteria and evaporating the remaining milk in a
vacuum at a low temperature to a little less than one-quarter of its
original volume, the finished product being usually preserved in tin
cans, after having added about 6 ounces of cane sugar per pint.
Sweetened condensed milk is defined in the Standards of Purity
for Food Products+ as follows:
Sweetened condensed milk is milk from which a considerable portion of water
has been evaporated, and to which sugar (sucrose) has been added, and con-
tains not less than 28 per cent of milk solids, of which not less than 27.5 per
eent is milk fat.
1Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
128 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
It will be remembered that condensed milk, unsweetened, must con-
tain, to meet the requirements of the Federal pure food and drugs
act, the same minimum percentage of solids (including milk fat) as
sweetened condensed milk.
Considerable agitation has been discernible in many communities
concerning the relative merits of these prepared milks compared,
especially so far as their nutritiveness and digestibility are concerned,
with raw or properly pasteurized milk. It is stated by the Bureau
of Animal Industry that some prepared milks are not as nutritious
as raw or properly pasteurized milk, this depending largely upon the
character and method of preparation, Surg. Gen. Wyman believing
that the proper solution of this question involves the consideration of
the individual preparation.
NUTRITIVENESS OF CONDENSED MILKS.
According to Dr. Wyman condensed milk in the United States is
usually low in fat content and excessively rich in sugar. Properly
diluted, he says, the best grades of condensed milk ought to contain
the same nutriment as the original milk from which it was made,
plus or minus whatever is added or removed when finally put up in
packages. He adds the caveat, however, that this does not imply
the same food value as the original milk.
It is declared by Winslow that substitutes are much more dangerous
for infants than pasteurized milk, while Dr. Prescott, of the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology, asserts that condensed milk is not
as well balanced a ration as raw milk, since it is likely to be deficient
in fats. Dr. Crichton, commissioner of health of Seattle, Wash.,
observes that most prepared milks are not as nutritious as raw or
properly pasteurized milk; that they are harder to digest; are cus-
tomarily made from inferior milk, impure in many instances, and
containing sugar in unknown quantities, and are consequently unsat-
isfactory as food for children and unappetizing and disagreeable in
taste.
In comparing the nutritiveness of raw and properly pasteurized
milk as opposed to prepared milks, Dr. Coit, rating raw milk at 100,
assigns a value of 20 to condensed milk and 10 to powdered milk.
On the other hand, Borden’s Condensed Milk Co. asserts that
prepared milk of a recognized standard brand, manufactured and
cared for under conditions existing in high-grade factories, is practi-
cally a concentrated “ properly pasteurized milk” and has all the
nutritive qualities of such milk. “ Used in the manner in which it
is,” states this company, “it undoubtedly is as nutritious, or at least
so nearly so, as to be on a most debatable ground.”
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CONDENSED MILKS TO DETERIORATION.
What are known as “condensed” or “ evaporated” milks have
been somewhat largely represented in our markets for many years
past. These milks are customarily prepared by evaporating the
water from whole milk until a consistency is reached which (gen-
erally, though not necessarily, by the addition of sugar) tends to
preserve the milk, its viscosity rendering impossible the multiplica-
tion of pathogenic germs and effectually safeguarding the product
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 129
from deterioration, even when the receptacle is kept open for a
reasonable length of time. It should be observed, however, that
when diluted to the consistency of liquid milk, as commonly used on
the table, sweetened condensed milk is in certain respects nearly as
susceptible to contamination from various sources as raw or pas-
teurized milk, and when exposed to the air its use should conse-
quently, as a matter of security, be circumscribed with the same pre-
cautions as are recommended for the treatment of raw or pasteurized
milk.
In the judgment of authorities consulted by the committee, con-
densed milk is not so susceptible to deterioration as raw milk,
especially if a considerable amount of sugar be added. Condensed
milk will, according to Dr. Melvin, keep much longer than raw or
pasteurized milk, even after being opened, and there is authority for
the statement that if sealed it should resist deterioration indefinitely.
Surg. Gen. Wyman of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Serv-
ice specifies that condensed milk either deteriorates or at times
contains toxic substances, children having been made very ill from
using cans ofa certain brand. Such brands as contain a high per-
centage of sugar ought, he observes, to keep much better than raw
milk, on account of the well-known preserving properties of sugar.
Mr. Scott, inspector of milk of Providence, R. I., offers the assurance
that condensed milk is undoubtedly not as susceptible to deterioration
as raw milk, “because if evaporated to the proper density, the
bacteria can not grow, as food can not be absorbed by them.”
EFFECT OF SANITARY RESTRICTIONS ON DEMAND FOR PREPARED MILKS.
It has been suggested that insistence upon additional requirements
concerning milk, such as the tuberculin test, maintenance of low
temperatures, etc., would lead to the use of prepared milks and other
substitutes for raw or pasteurized milk. The committee has endeav-
ored to elicit information from as many sources as possible tend-
ing to prove or disprove this assertion. There has been an apparent
reluctance on the part of most of the health officers and experts
consulted by the committee to vouchsafe an opinion on this point,
and while approximately 30 per cent of those approached are strong
in the belief that the public will not be compelled to resort to such
preparations, one authority believes that there would be a tendency
in that direction, while another inclines to the assumption that such
substitutes would be very considerably used.
The Bureau of Animal Industry ventures the assertion that, if the
requirements be gradually introduced, there would probably be no
influence on the market in this direction, but that sudden enforce-
-ment might make it necessary for a limited time to use prepared
milks. The health officer of Atlanta, Ga., states that no such results
have transpired in that city, but that on the other hand bad milk
certainly leads to this expedient. The health officer of Lynchburg,
Va., takes an optimistic view of the situation, and refers to the fact
that judicious inspection in that city has resulted in an extremely
enlarged demand for fresh milk, the consumption being almost thrice
what it was some time ago. The health officer of Topeka, Kans.,
observes that people naturally prefer the fresh article when they
can get it.
$2444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3—_9
130 ‘THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
PRICE OF PREPARED MILKS.
The committee has deemed it important in weighing the probable
effect of promulgating regulations for the further improvement of
our milk supply, not only to arrive at some concrete idea of the prob-
able extent of consequent utilization of prepared milks as substitutes
for the natural product, but also to inquire into their ingredients
and to ascertain the prices commanded by these preparations when
diluted for use, for comparison with the cost of the raw or pasteurized
product of corresponding volume. There is a somewhat general
impression prevailing among persons consulted by the committee
that the prepared milks are higher in price than the current market
rates for raw or pasteurized milk, and that they would probably offer
no inducement to buyers in competition with the fresh product.
Investigations made by the Boston Board of Health show that if
condensed milk is diluted with only enough water to constitute milk
of the Massachusetts standard, the cost exceeds the price of ordinary
milk and in some instances equals the price of inspected milk and
exceeds that of some brands of certified milk.
The conclusion is reached by the Bureau of Animal Industry that
condensed milk can not be employed economically where whole milk
is procurable. The health officer of Richmond, Va., is authority for
the statement that prepared milks are much higher in cost than raw
milk at 10 cents per quart, the prevailing Richmond price. Borden’s
Condensed Milk Co. says that on the average, when prepared milks
are increased to equal volume with whole milk and contain the same
ratio of solids, their cost 1s approximately the same and in some cases
lower. .
CONCENTRATED MILK.
What is known as “concentrated” milk, supplied by the White
Cross Milk Co. to the people of Washington, is derived by placing
normal milk in a concentrator maintained at a temperature not ex-
ceeding 140° F. A blast of filtered air is then forced through the
milk with great velocity for a period of about three hours, during
which period the harmful bacteria are destroyed and the greater part
of the water is carried off by evaporation, the quantity of milk being
reduced to one-fourth of its original volume. This process not only
removes the pathogenic germs from the milk, but preserves its natu-
ral flavor, and the condensation makes it a much less favorable
medium for subsequent contamination and for the proliferation of
pathogenic microorganisms. The rather recent commercial practice
of concentrating milk in this manner has the advantage of reducing
the cost of transportation on account of the reduced bulk, enables a -
single dairy wagon to quadruple its capacity, and serves to preserve
the milk for a longer period than is possible with raw milk, and in
other respects makes it practicable to supply this important product
at substantially the same retail price as demanded for raw milk of
ordinary quality. Concentrated milk is especially suited for ship-
ment into distant lands where raw milk is unobtainable, and for use
on steamers at sea. The fact that it lends itself readily to dilution
makes it useful also, when slightly thinned, as a substitute for cream
in coffee. Another advantage resulting from the introduction of this
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF. COLUMBIA. 131
rocess is the feasibility of locating condensers at points too remote
rom centers of population to make the shipment of sweet raw milk
mechanically possible, and thus reducing it to a state in which it
may be transported for longer distances and compete in price with
the raw product supplied by dairy farms in proximity to the cities,
the smaller bulk compensating for the longer distance of trans-
portation.
POWDERED MILKS.
Whole and skim milk is being reduced to powdered form for use
by bakers, confectioners, and others, its reduction to this form making
it especially adaptable to preservation without deterioration for very
considerable periods of time. It may be stated in behalf of the
skimmed product that, while it lacks the amount of butter fat and
when powdered is in many cases totally deficient in this component
of whole milk, it possesses, with imperceptibly diminished degree,
the other ingredients of whole milk which are essential factors in its
nutrient value. .While what are known as powdered milks are prin-
cipally restricted to the evaporated product relieved of its butter fat
(though certain makes of powdered milk are represented to contain
a due proportion of butter fat as well as the other constituents of
whole milk, except, of course, the water, which has been removed),
their utilization for economic purposes is fast being realized, and it
may be claimed strongly in their favor that they are in many respects
free from contamination, which is an ever-present source of danger
when whole milk or milk in its raw state in liquid form is handled,
especially in bulk. It is believed that the powdered product is
destined eventually to fulfill a demand on the part of the poorer
classes, who are enabled to procure milk in this form, when diluted
volume for volume, at a cheaper cost than otherwise.
SKIM (SKIMMED) OR SEPARATED MILK.
Skim milk is defined in the Standards of Purity for Food Prod-
ucts,’ issued by Secretary of Agriculture in pursuance of authority
given by Congress in the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, as
follows:
Skim milk is milk from which a part or all of the cream has been removed
and contains not less than 9.25 per cent of milk solids.
Condensed skim milk is defined in the Standards of Purity for
Food Products? as “ milk from which a considerable portion of water
has been evaporated.” It is doubtless to be understood under this
definition that the milk has been partially or wholly relieved of its
cream before condensing.
CONSIDERABLE ECONOMIC VALUE OF SKIM MILK.
There is much popular misapprehension as to the efficaciousness of
skim milk, which has for years past enjoyed a very considerable
degree of opprobrium on account of its being offered for sale as whole
milk, thus defrauding the purchaser of the full amount of butter fat,
1 Circular No, 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S, Department of Agriculture,
132 ‘THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
removed in the separation of cream, to which he is entitled. It isa
matter of interesting information, however, that skim milk is begin-
ning to play an important part in the economic latter-day consump-
tion of milk. There are many farms throughout the vast territory of
the United States situated so remote from the centers of population
that the transportation of milk derived from their herds in its raw
state to available markets is utterly impracticable, the cost of trans-
portation and the length of time necessarily consumed en route
making it impossible to compete with the product of farms more
advantageously located geographically with reference to commercial
centers. For this reason an enormous amount of raw milk, after the
cream has been separated for butter making, has been fed to hogs and
other farm animals. This vast waste product, relatively speaking, is
now, by the process of aeration, being partially condensed or pow-
dered, making it profitable, on account of its reduced bulk and better
keeping qualities, for transportation to market.
In favor of skim milk it may be supplemented that a much larger
number of bacteria are found in cream than in the bottom milk, one
sample of milk examined containing 500 times as many bacteria in
the cream. When milk is. placed in the generally used centrifugal
separator, the great mass of bacteria rise with the cream, a lesser
number being carried down with the sediment. The intermediate
milk, therefore, contains markedly fewer bacteria per cubic centimeter
than the cream or sediment layers.
XII. Mitx Propucts.
A discussion of the local milk situation would be incomplete with-
out an allusion to the conditions affecting milk products, namely,
butter, buttermilk, cheese, ice cream, and oleomargarine. It has been
conclusively demonstrated that pathogenic organisms persist in ,these
products with virulence, often for many months, and that it is of
the utmost importance that milk employed in the preparation of these
products be clean and wholesome, and meet in every particular the
requirements demanded of milk in its natural state. Tubercle bacilli
concealed in butter, buttermilk, and other dairy products are dis-
tributed throughout these products in such a way as to insure their
ingestion by the consumer wherever the sale of milk from tuberculous
cows is permitted.
CREAM.
The same conditions affecting milk apply, generally speaking, to
cream, which is merely cow’s milk with an excessive amount of fat,
the other ingredients being substantially the same in character and
amount as in raw milk.
Cream is defined in the Standards of Purity for Food Products,
issued by the Secretary of Agriculture in pursuance of authority
given by Congress in the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, as
follows:
Cream is that portion of milk, rich in milk fat, which rises to the surface of
milk on standing, or is separated from it by centrifugal force, is fresh and clean,
and contains not less than 18 per cent of milk fat.
} Circular No, 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U, 8. Department of Agriculture,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1383
Evaporated or clotted cream is defined in the Standards of Purity
for Food Products! as “ Cream from which a considerable portion of
water has been evaporated.” This product is often referred to, locally
at least, as “ double cream.”
ICE CREAM.
The conditions under which ice cream is manufactured in many
instances in the District of Columbia are not at all satisfactory, and
radical improvements are necessary to insure purity and freedom
from contamination. Many cases of violent poisoning are due to
-insanitary conditions surrounding the ice-cream factory, to the
storage of the product for an improper length of time, and to the
lack of care in keeping the utensils and receptacles cleanly and not
sterilizing them to destroy bacterial life. The danger of ptomaine
poisoning from cream and ice cream may be entirely obviated by
using a wholesome raw ‘product, manufacturing it in perfectly clean
surroundings, and disposing of it within a reasonable length of time
after manufacture. Cream and ice cream sold in the District have
been shown by examination to contain a number of bacteria far in
excess of what should be found in such products derived from pure,
uncontaminated, fresh materials.
Thickeners do not appear to be generally used in the production
of ice cream in the District. The sooner ice cream is consumed after
making the better, and the chief objection to the use of thickeners is
that it enables the ice cream to be kept for a longer period of time
than is healthful. It also aids in the expansion of the volume of
cream to proportions entirely beyond the actual amount of nourish-
ment represented. Inasmuch as ice cream is sold exclusively by vol-
ume and not by weight, this expansion can only be regarded as a
deception practiced upon the consumer. The use of such substances
in the manufacture of ice cream is not a commercial necessity, and if
permitted, thickeners should be restricted to materials which are
wholesome and unobjectionable, and the fact that they have been
employed should be required to be plainly stated on the label of the
package or other receptacle in which ice cream is sold.
Since, furthermore, ice cream is definitely understood by the public
to contain certain ingredients, and is prescribed frequently by physi-
clans as a diet for invalids and convalescents, the term should be
reserved solely for the frozen product composed of pure, fresh cream,
sugar, and flavor. It should be required, moreover, that ice cream
represent a definite percentage of butter fat corresponding to the
established standards, 12 per cent being recommended for ice cream
flavored with fruits, and 14 per cent as requisite for the vanilla type
of ice cream.
It is believed that the specification of these requirements to con-
trol the manufacture of ice cream for sale and consumption in the
District of Columbia would materially assist in conserving the
health of the public from injury from this source of infection.”
1 Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
2The committee is indebted for this information to the interesting and comprehensive
chapter on ‘“ Ice cream,” by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, in Bulletin No 56 of the Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health
and Marine-Hospital Service, p. 251.
134 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
BUTTERMILK.
Buttermilk is defined in the Standards of Purity for Food Prod-
ucts,! issued by the Secretary of Agriculture in pursuance of authority
by Congress in the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, as “ The
product that remains when butter is removed from milk or cream in
the process of churning.”
NECESSITY FOR MAINTAINING MILK PRODUCTS AT LOW TEMPERATURES.
In response to an inquiry addressed to the Bureau of Animal
Industry as to whether there is reason for requiring that butter, |
cheese, and other milk products be maintained at low temperatures,
the committee is informed that while low temperatures retard and
inhibit the growth and multiplication of pathogenic germs they can
not be relied upon to destroy such germs, and the requirement that
dairy products be held at low temperatures would therefore not
remove the danger. The bureau recommends the pasteurization of
cream or milk before making into butter or cheese as the best method
of accomplishing the object desired.
REMEDIAL LEGISLATION RECOMMENDED.
Reference is made elsewhere in this report (p. 76) to the resolutions
unanimously adopted by the board of directors of the local Associa-
tion for the Prevention of Tuberculosis on December 27, 1910 (Ap-
pendix AE), reciting that it has been shown by indisputable evidence
that typhoid fever and other diseases are traceable to contaminated
dairy products, and urging that Congress investigate the relation of
dairy products to the public health with a view to the enactment of
remedial legislation.
XIII. Summary—ReEcoMMENDATIONS.
The recommendations of the committee may be summarized as
follows:
1. That unless washing, bottling, and capping machines, and other
apparatus and the maintenance of a separate salesroom be uniformly
insisted upon, no demerit be recorded by the health department
against the small dealer not possessing these appurtenances.
2. That the requirement of concrete floors (over which a movable
wooden or other covering may be placed) be continued in force.
3. That specific approval be secured from Congress for proposed
changes of large importance in the regulations affecting our local
milk industry.
4. That Congress provide a suitable increase in the number of in-
spectors to fully meet the requirements of the milk-inspection service.
That the regulations issued by the District Commissioners on
April 21, 1903, prescribing under penalty that any person in the
District of Columbia who receives milk or cream far sale shall,
immediately after emptying the receptacle in which such milk or
cream has been received, thoroughly rinse such receptacle so as to
1 Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 135
free the same from all remnants of milk and of cream, or cause such
receptacle to be so rinsed, be amended by eliminating the words “ for
sale,” so as to extend this requirement to consumers and all other
persons, as well as to dealers.
5. That all cases of communicable disease among dairy farmers
and their assistants, outside the District of Columbia furnishing milk
to the Washington market, be required to be reported to the District
health department. (The act of March 2, 1895, already authorizes
the health officer to suspend or revoke permits for shipping into the
District milk from dairy farms exposed to infection by diphtheria,
scarlet fever, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and other infectious and
contagious diseases. )
6. That the health department continue its method of exacting
a reasonable standard as opposed to an ideal standard for rating
dairies and dairy farms.
7. That no investigation be authorized of the administration of the
District health department as proposed by the Dairymen’s Associa-
tion, the department being, in the view of the committee, singularly
free from conditions demanding such an investigation.
8. That the classification of milk suggested by Dr. A. D. Melvin
and recommended by the Washington milk conference of 1907 be
approved for the District of Columbia by specific legislation.
9. That the additional recommendations of the Washington milk
‘conference of 1907 be approved for the District of Columbia, except
that regulations intended to safeguard the District milk supply, if of
large importance, be specifically authorized by Congress; that the
necessary plant or plants for pasteurizing the local milk supply be
not maintained by the District government; that all milk not “cer-
tified” or “inspected,” intended for local consumption, be required
to be pasteurized ; that in pasteurization milk be required to be heated
to a temperature of 145° F. for 20 minutes or 140° F. for 30 minutes;
that milk, even from tuberculin-tested cows, unless “certified” or
“inspected,” be compulsorily subjected to pasteurization; that the
health department be required to publish periodically, though not
daily, the ratings of dairies and dairy farms; and that parents and
guardians be urged to use only “ certified ” milk or properly pasteur-
ized or “ modified ” milk as a food for infants, at least under the age
of 3 years. It is believed that the requirements specified will dis-
pense with the necessity of boiling milk to be consumed.
10. That all milk supplied for the use of hospitals, foundling asy-
lums, and other institutions within the District of Columbia sup-
ported wholly or in part by public funds, be required to comply with
the classification recommended by the Washington milk conference of
1907, subject to the exceptions noted by this committee under recom-
mendation 9. It is understood that the recent order of the District
Commissioners under date of November 8, 1910, specifies that milk
for such institutions be either properly pasteurized or derived from
tuberculin-tested herds. The committee recommends that the Dis-
trict Commissioners issue promptly an amendment to this order
specifying that raw milk even from tuberculin-tested herds be re-
quired to be pasteurized (unless “ certified ” or “ inspected ” in con-
formity with the provisions of the classification of the Washington
milk conference of 1907), since the tuberculin test insures only against
tuberculosis.
186 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
11. That favorable action be had on Senate bill 4986, introduced by
Mr. Gallinger on January 10, 1910, authorizing, among its provi-
sions, the commissioners to promulgate and amend from time to time
regulations governing the production and sale of milk, cream, and
ice cream in the District of Columbia. As above recommended,
however, changes of large importance in the regulations governing
the milk supply should, in the judgment of the committee, be the
subject of specific legislation by Congress.
12. That the action of the Department of Agriculture in compelling
all milk furnished to employees at the several buildings under the
control of the department within the District to Columbia to com-
ply with the classification recommended by the Washington milk
conference as defined in Circular No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal
Industry be extended to embrace all executive departments and
independent establishments of the Government located at Wash-
ington.
13, That a similar order be issued by the District Commissioners
covering milk furnished to employees in buildings under the control
of the District government.
That the suggestions, 21 in number, by Mr. E. H. Webster, for
improved sanitary conditions on dairy farms, set forth in Appendix
O of this report, be adopted generally in separate jurisdictions
throughout the United States.
That the current regulations of the District health department
governing dairies and dairy farms be periodically printed on muslin
or similar inexpensive fabric and required by regulation to be kept
conspicuously posted in all dairies and barns from which milk is
supplied for distribution in the District of Columbia.
14. That legislation be enacted by Congress requiring all tuberculin
manufactured in one State and offered for sale in another to measure
up to a prescribed standard.
15. That official applications of the tuberculin test to farm animals
be restricted to authorized veterinarians or other skilled persons under
the supervision of the Federal Government, so far as this coincides
with the powers granted by the Federal Constitution for the regula-
tion of interstate commerce.
16. That any attempts to adulterate or otherwise impair the
‘efficiency of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent be severely punished,
and that such punishment extend with equal force to persons con-
victed of inoculating cattle with the intent and purpose of rendering
them immune to reaction under the tuberculin test.
17. That every druggist or other person dispensing tuberculin be
compelled to register each sale and maintain a detailed record of all
such transactions for the scrutiny of supervising officials of Federal
and State governments.
18. That every veterinarian or other practitioner applying the
tuberculin test be compelled by law to make an accurate report thereof
to the duly constituted authority, tagging or otherwise identifying
each animal tested so as to enable an intelligent observance of the
provisions of the statutes and ordinances governing such matters.
19. That, as recommended by the International Commission on the
Control of Bovine Tuberculosis, all contact between tuberculous and
healthy cattle and between healthy cattle and stables, cars, etc., which
may contain live tubercle bacilli be prevented, live-stock shippers
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 137
being enjoined to see that all cars used in the shipment of cattle are
thoroughly cleansed and disinfected before use.
20. That the sale or exchange of animals affected with tuberculosis,
except for immediate slaughter or for breeding purposes under
official supervision, be inhibited under penalty of law.
91. That all animals exposed to tuberculosis be retested at intervals
of six months to one year.
22. That the tuberculin test be not applied to any animal having a
temperature higher than normal.
23. That any animal having given one distinct reaction to tuber-
culin be thereafter regarded as tuberculous, though if the disease be
arrested, as evidenced by later successful withstanding of the tuber-
culin test, such fact be taken into account.
24. That a positive reaction to tuberculin in any properly conducted
test, official or otherwise, in any animal in any herd, shall be con-
sidered evidence sufficient upon which to declare the herd to be in-
fected until such time as a subsequent test or elimination of animals
shown to be diseased shall demonstrate the herd to be free from
tuberculosis.
25. That owners and veterinarians be compelled by law to report
the existence of tuberculosis in a herd, whether such information
result from clinical examination or from the tuberculin test.
26. That some system of marking, for purpose of identification, be
adopted with regard to all cattle 3 years old or over shipped for
slaughter. :
27. That, except when purchases are made from disease-free herds
tested by a properly qualified individual, persons buying for breeding
purposes or milk production limit their purchases to animals suc-
cessfully withstanding the tuberculin test, and that in order to facili-
tate the compliance with this suggestion official authorities adopt such
regulations as will prevent the entry into their respective territories
of cattle for breeding purposes or milk production unless accompanied
by satisfactory tuberculin-test charts.
28. That, with a view to securing uniformity in legislation regard-
ing the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis, the laws of the
United States, Canada, and other American countries governing the
admission of animals from without their borders be made stringent
and as uniform as possible, as well as those regulating the interstate
and interprovincial movement of cattle.
29. That in order to make cattle as resistant as possible to infec-
tion with tuberculosis, they be stabled in clean, disinfected, and
properly ventilated and lighted barns, giving them abundant clean
water, nutritious food, and a sufficient amount of daily exercise in
the open air; and that such other conditions be provided as are well
known to contribute to the health of animals, including the twice
daily removal of manure from stables and the installation of water-
tight floors and proper drainage.
30.:That the expense of applying the tuberculin test, when com-
ulsorily made, devolve upon the Government (State or municipal).
hat in accordance with the “ half-and-half” principle of appropri-
ating for the needs of the District Government, the cost, so far as
the testing of cattle located within the District boundaries supplying
milk to the Washington market is concerned, be provided one-half
138 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
from the Federal Treasury and one-half from the revenues of the
District of Columbia.
31. That, in the judgment of the committee, the scale of com-
pensation to owners for cattle condemned as a result of the tuber-
culin test, set forth in the order of the District Commissioners dated
November 26, 1909, “ For the suppression and prevention of tuber-
culosis in cattle,” which scheme of compensation coincides with the
views of the officials of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture, be approved as best adapted to insure justice to the herd owner.
32. While the committee unqualifiedly favors the application of
the tuberculin test, it especially recommends that the test be applied
gradually, the herds supplying milk to the District being inspected
seriatim with such gradualness as may be intelligently calculated to
enable the replacement of infected animals with healthy ones, thus
avoiding a possible shortage in the District milk supply. For this
purpose it is proposed by the committee that a period of approxi-
mately two years, or say January 1, 1913, might appropriately and
advantageously be fixed for the introduction of the test compulsorily
among herds supplying milk for the Washington market.
33. That milk, from the time of cooling immediately after derived
from the cow, until actual delivery at the residence of the consumer,
be required to be maintained at a temperature not exceeding 50° F.
(provided it be feasible to secure the necessary refrigerator-car serv-
ice for transportation from the farm to the city). This requirement,
in the judgment of the committee, should be gradually put into
force. The maintenance of a temperature not exceeding 50° F.
should be required, furthermore, in the handling of cream, and of
milk and cream used in the manufacture of butter, cheese, and ice
cream.
34. That the establishment of ice houses on dairy farms for the
storage of a sufficient supply to maintain, during the warm season
from April 1 (or earlier) to November 1 (or later in exceptional
instances of mild weather), milk at a temperature not exceeding
50° F., and the installation of an adequate service of refrigerator
cars or effectually jacketed cans necessary to maintain a temperature
continuously below 50° F., be insisted upon, provided it be deter-
mined after detailed examination of items of expense that refriger-
ator-car service is a rational economic possibility.
35. That to meet the restrictions proposed in recommendation num-
bered 33, milk be required to be kept refrigerated while on delivery
wagons.
36. That the pasteurization of all milk, not “ certified” or “ in-
spected ” in conformance with the requirements of the classification
recommended by the Washington milk conference of 1907, be insisted
upon, and that for this purpose it be required that an exposure of
the milk uniformly at a temperature of 140° F. (60° C.) continu-
ously for a period of 80 minutes (or 145° F. for a period of 20
minutes) be enforced, with the understanding that the periods of
30 or 20 minutes referred to shall not include the interval during
which the milk is attaining the specified temperature. That com-
pulsory pasteurization as proposed be arranged to take effect on
January 1, 1913.
37. That what is known as “ flash ” or “ continuous ” pasteuriza-
tion be not permitted, since it is mechanically impossible to subject
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 139
the milk uniformly to the requisite amount of heat during the short
interval generally determined upon for this method of pasteuriza-
tion.
38. That a provision of law be enacted and rigidly enforced pro-
hibiting the sale of milk, especially in retail establishments, left
over from the previous day’s delivery.
39. That in addition to the compulsory pasteurization of milk, not
“ certified ” or “inspected ” in accordance with the specifications of
the Washington milk conference of 1907, the tuberculin test and the
proposed specification of a maximum bacterial content and a maxi-
mum temperature of milk offered for sale in the District of Columbia
be also insisted upon.
40. That pasteurization be required to be done under permit issued
by the District health department, and that the milk be at once
cooled:and placed in sealed sterilized containers and delivered sealed,
plainly marked “ Pasteurized,” with an indication on the label of the
date and hour when the pasteurization was completed; furthermore,
that pasteurized milk be delivered to the consumer within 24 hours
after pasteurization.
41. That unless the provision of an adequate refrigerator-car
service proves impracticable, making it impossible to maintain milk
in transit at 50° F. or less, the plant or plants for pasteurizing the
District milk supply (with the exception of one already established
at considerable expense by the White Cross Milk Co. at Frederick,
Md., and possibly others already in operation in connection with
the local milk supply) be required to be located within the limits of
the District of Columbia.
492. That the contemplated pasteurizing plant or plants be con-
ducted under private auspices and not maintained by the District
government, the establishment of such plants under municipal owner-
ship being, in the opinion of the committee, neither necessary nor
desirable.
43. That a general milk delivery service be organized by local
dairymen with a view to eliminating unnecessary expenditure in
delivering milk owing to duplication of capital invested and labor
involved.
44. That, for the present at least, 500,000 be agreed upon as the
maximum number of bacteria allowable for raw milk (not “ certi-
fied ”), 100,000 for pasteurized milk, and 10,000 for “ certified ” milk
offered for sale in the District of Columbia.
45. That in the judgment of the committee a high bacterial con-
tent, especially if repeated in the milk from a given farm, unques-
tionably indicates insanitary conditions—either uncleanliness on the
farm, maintenance at a temperature above 50° F., staleness of the
milk, or a diseased condition of the cow’s udder from which the
milk furnished is partially derived.
46. That milk be not permitted to be sold in bulk at grocery or
similar retail establishments; that the public be admonished not to
buy “bulk” milk from a retail store (not a dairy), and that milk
for babies’ use be not purchased from grocery or other establishments
where it may possibly have been kept over from the day before.
47. That the furnishing of pasteurized and modified milk for in-
fant feeding can probably be accomplished at much less expense
140 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
through existing commercial agencies than by the maintenance of the
local Straus Pasteurizing Laboratory.
48. That in the event that the local Straus Infants’ Milk Depot be
not continued as a charity, a fund be liberally supported by the pub-
lic, perhaps aided by congressional appropriations, from which modi-
fied milk or other proper food for infants among the indigent classes
may be furnished. Such fund could perhaps be best administered in
connection with existing agencies such as the diet kitchen, the Citi-
zen’s Relief Association, the Associated Charities, and the Instruc-
tive Visiting Nurse Society.
49. That in the judgment of the committee it is better to purchase
milk already pasteurized under competent supervision from infants’
milk depots or from properly equipped commercial establishments,
than to attempt its pasteurization at home in apparatus of which
several economical patterns are obtainable on the market.
50. That every encouragement should be extended by the residents
of Washington to the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society, which is,
through giving practical instructions to parents and others at the
home of the infant concerning its proper feeding, bathing, clothing,
etc., accomplishing marvelous results in reducing infant mortality in
the District of Columbia, and that every facility be offered for the
instruction of mothers in caring for their infants.
51. That the excellent work being done by what are known as
“settlement houses” in educating the indigent classes to a proper
recognition of the value of appropriate food for infants’ use, and in
otherwise encouraging the proper treatment and development of in-
fants of the dependent poor, be liberally assisted by our citizens.
52. That mothers, regardless of their financial or social status, be
encouraged in every possible way to nurse their infants, it having
been conclusively proved by extended series of careful investigations,
that the mortality among bottle-fed infants is vastly greater than
among those that are breast fed.
53. That when breast feeding is clearly impossible, however, a ful-
some supply of pure cow’s milk, modified to meet the special needs
of the infant, be rendered available for both rich and poor, and that.
mothers be instructed in the same connection regarding the special
requirements necessary to successful artificial feeding.
534. That the President of the United States be requested to direct
the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Public Health and
Marine-Hospital Service of the Treasury Department in cooperation,
to investigate the relative value of raw and pasteurized milk for in-
fant feeding, with a view to arriving at a finally authoritative settle-
ment of this controversial subject among sanitarians and physicians
generally. It is believed that the solution of this question as regards
infant feeding would also have an important influence in determining
the relative merits of raw and pasteurized milk for adult con-
sumption.
54. That the precautions concerning the care of milk in the home,
suggested on pages 116 to 118, inclusive, of this report, be diligently
observed by consumers of milk.
55. That milk intended for use in preparing milk products, namely,
butter, buttermilk, cheese, ice cream, and oleomargarine, be required
to comply with the stipulations herein specified for milk in its raw or
pasteurized state.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 141
56. That the designation “ice cream” be reserved solely for the
frozen product composed of pure, fresh cream, sugar, and a flavor;
that it represent a definite percentage of butter fat corresponding
to the established standards, namely, 12 per cent for ice cream fla-
vored with fruits, and 14 per cent for the vanilla type of ice cream;
and that it be required to be manufactured in cleanly, sanitary sur- —
roundings and disposed of within a reasonable length of time after
manufacture; furthermore, that the use of thickeners, if permitted,
be restricted to materials which are wholesome and unobjectionable,
and the fact that they have been employed be required to be plainly
stated on the label of the package or other receptacle in which ice
cream is sold.
57. That in order to bring the public to a proper appreciation of the
importance of clean, wholesome milk, and the necessity for intelligent
eare in its treatment in the household, a brief circular be prepared
and distributed by the health department containing suggestions for
the proper care of milk in the home, along the lines indicated in the
committee’s recommendations on this subject.
58. That this report, if approved by the chamber, be transmitted
to the Senate and House of Representatives with a request that it
be printed and that its recommendations, so far as applicable to the
District of Columbia and likewise so far as pertinent to the Federal
powers over food commodities entering into interstate commerce, be
embodied in suitable legislation; that a copy of the report be for-
warded to the District Commissioners; and that the publishers of the
Washington newspapers be appealed to to promote as fully as prac-
ticable the dissemination among the local public of information con-
cerning sanitary milk production and its preponderant advantages
to the community. .
59. That a special committee be appointed by the chamber to urge
before the Commissioners of the District and before the committees
of Congress the expediency of the proposed legislation.
Respectfully submitted.
5 J. Louis Wit1ice, Chairman.
Gro. W. Wuitr.
Brns. W. Guy.
T. C. Durr.
Wm. D. Hoover.
JanuAry 30, 1911.
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APPENDIXES.
APPENDIX A.
SERIES OF QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE OF THE
WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO HEALTH OFFICERS, ETC.,
ELICITING INFORMATION CONCERNING THE SUBJECT OF ITS INQUIRY.
THE WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C., November 8, 1910.
DEAR Sir: In order that the special committee appointed by the chamber of
commerce to investigate the milk situation in the District of Columbia may
have the fullest information obtainable for use in its deliberations, I venture
to inclose a list of questions, with the request that you will kindly furnish re-
sponses to such of the inquiries as you may find it practicable to answer.
Assuring you that any information that you may be good enough to supply
will be of great value to the committee in arriving at intelligent conclusions, I
am, thanking you in advance for your courtesy,
Respectfully, yours,
J. Louris WILLIGE, Chairman.
INFORMATION REQUESTED BY SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY WASHINGTON
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO INVESTIGATE THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT
OF COLUMBIA.
TUBERCULIN TEST.
1. What advantages in your judgment will result from the enforcement of the
. tuberculin test? :
2. To what extent is the tuberculin test reliable?
8. What effect in your judgment would its enforcement have on the price of
eattle?
4. In your judgment, should the expense of the test be defrayed by the Gov-
ernment or the owner?
5. What is the approximate expense of applying the tuberculin test?
6. What length of time is required in applying the test?
7. Granting that the test should be applied only by governmental authorities
or qualified agents duly authorized thereby, would it be practicable and ad-
visable to restrict the use of tuberculin and its application to such authorized
officials or agents?
8. Should the owner be compensated for cattle condemned, and on what basis
of payment?
9. In the absence of compulsory pasteurization, should tests other than the
tuberculin test be required to safeguard against typhoid, diphtheria, and other
deleterious germs?
10. Assuming that the tuberculin test is indicative only of tuberculous condi-
tions, are there any other tests which should be applied for the detection of
typhoid, diphtheria, scarlet fever, or other germs?
BACTERIAL COUNT.
1. Is the bacterial count reliable, and an indication of unsatisfactory condi-
tions?
2. Do bacteriologists working independently arrive at approximately the same
results in examining samples of a given milking?
143
144 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
8. Is it feasible to indicate the maximum number of bacteria allowable?
4. What number in your judgment should be specified in this connection?
5. Is it possible for the producer or dealer to verify or disprove the bacterial
count reported?
6. What does a high bacterial content indicate?
7. Is the harmfulness of a high bacterial count scientifically established
beyond question? , :
8. Is it practicable, with due regard to the rights of the producer or dealer
to insist upon a prescribed bacterial count?
MAINTENANCE OF LOW TEMPERATURES.
1. At what maximum temperature should milk be kept to give the best results
for commercial uses?
2. Is it commercially practicable to maintain a maximum temperature of 50°
F., from time of milking to city delivery to consumer?
8. Should hours be prescribed for the city delivery so as to prevent increase
of temperature while deposited on door steps, ete.?
4. Could requirements reasonably be made compelling consumers to exercise
eaution in handling of milk?
5. If so, specify what requirements?
6. To what extent is the failure to preserve a maximum temperature of 50°
F. deleterious to milk?
PASTEURIZATION.
1. At what temperature should pasteurization be accomplished?
2. Is pasteurization commercially practicable?
8. What effect has pasteurization upon the nutritive and digestive qualities of
milk?
4, What effect has pasteurization upon the beneficial and prejudicial germs in
milk?
5. Does pasteurization tend to preserve milk?
6. Do harmful germs multiply as rapidly in pasteurized as in raw milk?
7. Are pasteurizing machines controlled, so far as you know, by a monopoly?
8. Is a municipal pasteurization plant (or plants), in your judgment, practi-
eable and desirable?
9. Should the plant (or plants) be located in the city or on the farm?
10. Is it possible by scientific observation to ascertain definitely whether milk
has been properly pasteurized or not?
11. Would pasteurization, if generally insisted upon, dispense with the neces-
sity of the tuberculin test?
12. Would compulsory pasteurization obviate in any way the necessity for a
prescribed bacterial content?
GENERAL,
1. To what extent, in your judgment, is milk a factor in diphtheria, typhoid,
fever, scarlet fever, and tuberculosis infection?
2. To what extent, in your judgment, will this infection be diminished by the
enforcement of the tuberculin test?
8. To what extent, in your judgment, would this infection be decreased by
compulsory pasteurization?
4. To what extent is this infection influenced by the prescribed conditions of
cleanliness on a farm and in the handling and the distribution of milk?
5. What effect, in your judgment, will insistence upon the tuberculin test,
pasteurization, the bacterial count, the maintenance of a temperature not exceed-
ing 50° F., and requirements as to stabling and cleanliness in the production and
distribution of milk have upon the retail price of milk?
6. Will the insistence upon these requirements result in a temporary or per-
manent milk famine?
7. To what extent would such insistence lead to the use of prepared milks and
other substitutes for raw or pasteurized milk?
8. Are these prepared milks as nutritious as raw or properly pasteurized milk?
9. How do prepared milks (including evaporated, condensed, and powdered)
compare in price by volume with raw or pasteurized milk? ;
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 145
10. Have you seen any evidence or indication of a milk trust or combine to
control raw-milk production or milk supply of the District of Columbia or
elsewhere?
. 11. Have you seen indications of a trust to control the production or distribu-
tion of prepared, condensed, concentrated, or other forms of milk other than
the raw milk in the District of Columbia or elsewhere?
12. Is it practicable, in your judgment, to maintain a temperature not exceed-
ing 50° F. on delivery wagons?
13. What is condensed milk?
14. Is it as nutritious as raw milk?
15. Is it as susceptible to deterioration as raw milk?
16. Is it as susceptible to deterioration as pasteurized milk?
17. What are the advantages of concentrated milk?
18. Is modified milk as nutritious as raw milk?
19. Is it as digestible as raw milk?
20. Is it as suspectible to deterioration as raw milk?
21. Is it as susceptible to deterioration as pasteurized milk?
22. How does its price compare with that of raw milk?
23. What effect does freezing have on the qualities of milk?
24. Have attempts been made, so far as you know, to secure legislation from
Congress governing the production, transportation, or distribution of milk or
milk products throughout the United States under the authority for regulating
commerce between the several States?
HEALTH DEPARTMENTS.
1. Please state what regulations, if any, relating to the production, transporta-
tion, and delivery of milk have been promulgated in your jurisdiction, and also
what State or municipal laws or ordinances have been adopted relating to the
same subject?
2. Is the compulsory insistence on the tuberculin test, in your judgment,
practicable and advisable?
3. Is the insistence on a maximum temperature of 50° F. from the time of
production to the delivery to the consumer practicable and desirable?
. Is a prescribed bacterial count feasible and advisable?
. If so, what maximum number of bacteria should be specified?
. Is pasteurization, in your judgment, advantageous?
. Does pasteurization tend to preserve milk?
. Is compulsory pasteurization, in your judgment, practicable and advisable?
. What effect, in your judgment, would compulsory pasteurization have upon
the wholesale and retail price of milk in winter and summer?
10. Is the requirement that cows be stabled on concrete floors practicable?
11. Does such requirement tend to cause rheumatism in the animal?
12. What other requirements in addition to the foregoing would you suggest
with a view to improving condition of milk?
13. Kindly furnish copies of any data in your possession relating to the
regulation of milk production, distribution, and consumption which may be sery-
iceable in the investigations of the chamber of commerce committee.
14. Are there any regulations in your jurisdiction uy erning the sale of pre-
pared, condensed, modified, or powdered milks?
CO COND OP
APPENDIX B.
ADDRESSES TO WHICH SERIES OF INQUIRIES RELATING TO PRODUCTION,
TRANSPORTATION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF MILK AND ITS RELATION TO
THE PUBLIC HEALTH WERE MAILED.
OFFICIALS OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT.
Dr. George H. Torney, Surgeon General, United States Army.
Dr. C. F. Stokes, Surgeon General, United States Navy.
Dr. Walter Wyman, Surgeon General, United States Public Health and
Marine-Hospital Service, Treasury Department,
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3——10
146 £=THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
United States Department of Agriculture—Bureau of Animal Industry: Dr.
A. D. Melvin, Chief; Dr. A. M. Farrington, Assistant Chief; Dr. John R. Mohler,
Chief of Pathological Division; Dr. R. W. Hickman, Chief of Quarantine
Division; Dr. HE. C. Schroeder, Superintendent of Experiment Station; Mr. B.
H. Raw, Chief of Dairy Division; Mr. L. A. Rogers, in charge of research °
laboratories, Dairy Division; Dr. George M. Whitaker, in charge of market
milk investigations, Dairy Division. Bureau of Chemistry: Dr. Harvey W.
Wiley, Chief.
HEALTH OFFICERS.
Albany, N. Y.2
Allegheny, Pa.*
Anaconda, Mont.*
Annapolis, Md."
Ann Arbor, Mich.: James F. Breakey, health cfficer.
Atchison, Kans.*
Atlanta, Ga.: Dr. J. P. Kennedy, health officer.
Atlantie City, N. J.
Augusta, Me.*
Austin, Tex.*
Baltimore, Md.: Dr. James Bosley, commissioner of health.
Birmingham, Ala.: EH. M. Duncan, bacteriologist and chief inspector, board
of health.
Bismarck, N. Dak.
Boise City, Idaho."
Boston, Mass.*
Bridgeport, Conn.*
Buffalo, N. Y.*
Burlington, Vt.: Hugh L. Thomson, milk inspector, and Vermont State food
chemist.
Carson City, Nev.*
Charlotte, N. ©.*
Cheyenne, Wyo.*
Chicago, Tll.*
Cleveland, Ohio: C. W. Hddy, chief veterinarian.
Columbia, S. C.*
Columbus, Ohio: Dr. J. W. Clemmer, health officer.
Concord, N. H.*
Dayton, Ohio.*
Denver, Colo.*
Detroit, Mich.: Dr. Guy L. Kiefer, health officer.
Des Moines, Iowa.’
Dover, Del.*
Fall River, Mass.*
‘Fargo, N. Dak.’
Frankfort, Ky.
Galveston, Tex.*
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Guthrie, Okla.
Harrisburg, Pa.*
Hartford, Conn.*
Houston, Tex.*
Indianapolis, Ind.”
Jacksonville, Fla.: Dr. Joseph Y. Porter, State health officer; Dr. C. E. Terry,
health officer.
Jeffersonville, Mo.*
Kansas City, Mo.: Dr. Walter S. Wheeler, health commissioner.
Lansing, Mich.*
Little Rock, Ark.*
Los Angeles, Cal. : George H. Hart, chief milk inspector.
Louisville, Ky.
Lynchburg, Va.: Dr. Mosby G. Perrow, health officer.
Madison, Wis.*
Memphis, Tenn.”
TaN DISET IU EE ENE
1No response received.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 147
Minneapolis, Minn.*
Milwaukee, Wis.’
Mobile, Ala.*
Montclair, N. J.: Dr. C. H. Wells, health officer,
Montpelier, Vt.*
Nashville, Tenn.*
Newark, N. J.’
New Orleans, La.’
Newport, R. I.*
New York, N. Y.*
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Olympia, Wash."
Omaha, Nebr.*
Paterson, N. J.
Philadelphia, Pa.*
Pittsburg, Pa.*
Portland, Me.*
Portland, Oreg.: C. H. Wheeler, health officer.
Providence, R. I.: Walter O. Scott, inspector of milk.
Raleigh, N. C.*
Richmond, Va.: Dr. H. C. Levy, chief health officer.
Rochester, N. Y.: Dr. George W. Goler, health officer.
Salem, Oreg.*
San Francisco, Cal.: Dr. W. F. McNutt, jr., health officer.
Savannah, Ga."
Seranton, Pa.: J. M. Wainwright, city bacteriologist.
Seattle, Wash.: Dr. J. E. Crichton, commissioner of health.
Springfield, Mass.*
Springfield, Tl.*
St. Joseph, Mo.*
St. Louis, Mo.*
St. Paul, Minn.’
Syracuse, N. Y.: Dr. D. M. Totman, health officer.
Tallahassie, Fla.’
Toledo, Ohio.*
Topeka, Kans.: Dr. George F. Babb, dairy and milk inspector.
Trenton, N. J.*
Washington, D. C.: Dr. William C. Woodward, health officer.
Wheeling, W. Va.: Dr. William Hay McLain, commissioner of health.
Wilmington, Del.*
Worcester, Mass.*
SPECIALISTS ON SANITARY MILK PRODUCTION.
Dr. Hermann M. Biggs, general medical officer, department of health, New
York City.
Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.
Dr. Rowland G. Freeman, New York City.
Dr. T. Alexander Geddes, Kensington, Md.
Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.
Dr. William H. Park, New York City.
Dr. S. C. Prescott, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.
Dr. Mazyck P. Ravenel, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
Dr. V. C. Vaughan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Prof. Frank F. Wesbrook, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.’
Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York City.
PRODUCERS’ AND DEALERS’ ASSOCIATIONS.
Dairymen’s Association of the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia;
W. A. Hartranft, president; A. S. Trundle, treasurer and representative.
Milk Producers’ Association of Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Colum-
bia; John Thomas, president, Ednor, Md.
1 No response received.
148 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
DAIRIES AND MILK COMPANIES.
Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York City.
Nathan Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratories, Washington, D. C.; Miss Reba
J. Hurn, manager.
Sharon Dairy, Washington, D. C.; Corbin Thompson, proprietor.
Sheffield Farms-Slawson Decker Co., New York City ; Loton Horton, president.
Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.
White Cross Milk Co., of New York City.
White Cross Milk Co., of Baltimore and Washington; J. M. Houston, bac-
teriologist.
TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES.
New York Central & Hudson River R. R. Co.; W. C. Brown, president.
Pennsylvania Railroad Co.; J. R. Wood, passenger traffic manager.
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co.*
Southern Railway Co.; W. W. Finley, president.
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co.*
Atlantic Coast Line.’
Seaboard Air Line.*
APPENDIX C.
RESPONSES RECEIVED FROM PHYSICIANS, HEALTH OFFICERS, DEALERS,
MANUFACTURERS, AND OTHERS QUALIFIED TO SPEAK AUTHORITATIVELY
ON THE SEVERAL SUBJECTS EMBRACED WITHIN THE INQUIRY OF THE
SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF
COMMERCE TO INVESTIGATE THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA.
h TUBERCULIN 'TEST.
QUESTION 1.—What advantages in your judgment will result from the enforce-
ment of the tuberculin test?
ANSWERS.
The principal advantage resulting from the enforcement of the tuberculin
test is the elimination of the germs of tuberculosis from milk and the conse-
’ quent elimination of a great source of danger to the health of consumers,
especially infants. This test can also be used in a rational way to eradicate
tuberculosis from cattle with good economic results to the live-stock industry.
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Gradual eradication of tuberculosis in dairy cattle. (Surgeon General
U. S. Army.)
It will give us an accurate estimate of the amount of tuberculosis present
in a given herd of cattle. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
The enforcement of the tuberculin test would reduce the amount of tuber-
culosis among dairy cattle, and free the milk supply from tubercle bacilli, with
the probable result that the incidence of tuberculosis among hogs fed on
creamery skimmed milk would be reduced and the incidence of infection with
the bovine tubercle bacilli among human beings would be practically elimi-
nated. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
The removal of the greater part of tuberculosis: from the herds and the re-
moval of all advanced cases. Animals should only be added to herds after
reliable test. (Dr. William H. Parks, New York, N. Y.)
Eventual eradication of bovine tuberculosis. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark,
N. J.)
1 No response received.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 149
A marked diminution in infant mortality. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York,
INAS
Hradication of tuberculous cows from dairy herds, and consequent protection
of children against bovine infection. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Decrease in tuberculosis, human and bovine. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New
York, N Y.)
' Establishing a dairy herd free from tuberculosis. Removing one of the most
important sources of infection from tuberculosis to human beings. Of great
advantage to owners of herds from an economic standpoint, by increasing the
health and efficiency of the individual animals, it taking more food stuff to
produce results in a tuberculous animal than one which is not tuberculous. This
is true eSpecially where glands of the intestinal tract are involved. In coun-
tries in Hurope, where tuberculosis is prevalent, I have found a large per cent
of nonbreeding heifers, in herds, containing a high per cent of tuberculous
animals. (Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.)
Elimination of tubercular cattle. (Health officer Arin Arbor, Mich.)
We have been investigating the matter of tuberculosis in our dairies for the
post two or three years, and are not yet prepared to give definite answers to
these questions. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
Besides lessening the number of cases of tuberculosis, we would obtain better
sanitary conditions for the cows. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Safeguarding of public health from the danger of infection from bovine tuber-
culosis. Also the eradication of tuberculosis from dairy animals. (Health
officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Sale of less milk from tuberculous cows. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Hradication of bovine tuberculosis and consequent diminution of possibility
of infection of people using raw milk. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
The prevention of the conveyance of bovine tuberculosis to man; (2) the
economic interest of the dairyman in preserving the health of cattle. (Health
officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Decrease in tubercle infected milk. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
It will eventually rid the herd of tuberculosis with all the train of benefits
that follow. Its reaction on the human health will be such as to be expected
from the use of milk from healthy instead of diseased cattle. (State board of
health, Fla.)
Elimination of some cases of tuberculosis and the discovery of other dis-
eases as a result of the inspection. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Hliminate all diseased cows from herd. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
A great advantage, if you can enforce it. It is hard to enforce and should
be introduced gradualy, say by publishing in monthly reports the dairies that
-are tested. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Less human tuberculosis among children, especially of the Surgical forms.
Better general health of the herds. Less loss to the farmer after he once has
a tuberculosis-free herd. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
The removal of diseased cattle from market. The removal of tuberculosis
germs from milk, and giving us better meat for table use. (Health officer
Portland, Oreg.)
Milk from diseased cattle would be reduced to a minimum. (Health officer
Providence, R. I.)
If enforced fully it will necessarily exclude all milk. from tuberculous cows.
(Health officer Richmond, Va.)
The removal of open tuberculosis and the resultant clearing up of cows and
stables that always follows the test. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
A very considerable advantage. Probably lessening tuberculosis in the
human. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
The saving of herds and the production of safer milk. (Health officer Syra-
cuse, N. Y.)
Elimination of danger of infection of man by bovine tuberculosis. Aid in
education of the people to greater caution among themselves in respect to
human tuberculosis. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Would remove to a very great extent the danger of tuberculous infection in
milk and would tend toward a more careful handling of milk generally.
(Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
I think the disadvantage would more than counteract the advantage. (John
Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Producers’ Association. )
None; on the contrary, milk consumers will be compelled to pay an exorbi-
tant price for milk. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
150 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
We do not approve of the enforcement of the tuberculin test for many reasons,
some of which will appear more fully in our answers to subsequent questions.
Our first reason for disapproval of the enforcement of the tuberculin test is
that the scientific world has not yet fully accepted the belief that bovine tuber-
culosis is transmissible to human beings. Hxhaustive examinations have been
conducted upon this subject, both abroad and in our country, for several years.
It is claimed by scientists of the highest standing that no primary case of tuber-
culosis from purely bovine sources has been conclusively demonstrated. Turn-
ing to the facts produced by those who claim to have discovered the bovine
bacillus in human beings, we believe that we can sum up the result of their
investigations in the statement that those who claim that human beings are
liable to contract tuberculosis from bovine sources through the ingestion of milk
admit that such cases are very limited in number; and none are claimed to
have been definitely proved where the contagion has affected a child over 5
years old, and so small a number of infants under 5 years as to be negligible.
Second. The enforcement of the tuberculin test and the slaughter of react-
ing cows would necessarily increase the price of milk. The immediate results
of this increase of price would be to deprive many people of one of their chief
staples of food and the probable loss of human lives among children who
would be apt to die as the result of inanition.
It is possible that, from an economic point of view, the country will some
day come to the enforcement of the tuberculin test throughout the whole
country, but in the present state of the dairy business a general enforcement
of that test and the slaughter of the reacting cows would produce, first, a great
financial injury to the dairy business, and, second and more serious, a loss
to the people of the country in depriving a great majority of a large portion of
their milk supply. When the time has arrived for the enforcement of the test
throughout the country we believe that if properly and honestly enforced it will
produce economic results in helping to protect the dairymen from the loss which
now follows one of the contagious diseases to which animals are liable. (Bor-
den’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Properly applied, the tuberculin test would eradicate tuberculosis from dairy
herds and most probably cause a marked reduction of this disease among chil-
dren. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory.)
Decrease of tuberculosis. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
A higher quality of milk and feeling of security in the community that one
danger is largely overcome. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
It would give milk free from tubercle bacilli. Ultimate eradication of tuber-
culosis from dairy cattle. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
None at this time. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Assist in prevention of spread of bovine tuberculosis. (Health officer San
Francisco, Cal.)
It would create more demand for raw milk and lessen the need for pasteur-
ized milk; also less demand for pasteurized milk would necessitate cleaner
milk. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Ultimately the eradication of tuberculosis from cattle. (Health officer Wheel-
ing, W. Va.)
It will protect the producer from severe losses from tuberculosis in his herd
that must necessarily follow without the test. It will protect children from
infection. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.)
To allay the fears of the milk consumer, regarding transmission to humans.
(Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 2.—To what extent is the tuberculin test reliable?
ANSWERS.
The tuberculin test applied by a competent person with properly prepared
tuberculin is exceedingly reliable in the detection of tuberculosis and is by
far the most reliable agent known for this purpose. This test makes it pos-
sible to detect tuberculosis in cattle at an early stage when the disease could
not be discovered in the living animals by other means. The few generalized and
advanced cases that do not react to tuberculin can be easily detected by visual
examination. The results of tests made by State and Federal officers with
tuberculin prepared by the Bureau of Animal Industry covering a period of
over 15 years show that the lesions of tuberculosis were demonstrated in 98.39
per cent of reacting cattle which were slaughtered. In the recent work of test-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 151
ing all cattle in the District of Columbia 321 reacting animals were slaughtered
and lesions of tuberculosis were found on post-mortem examination in all but
5, the percentage of accuracy being 98.44. Laboratory experiments were made
by the Bureau of Animal Industry during the past year in testing by microscopic
examination and animal inoculation the glands of cattle which had reacted to
the tuberculin test, but in which lesions were not found by ordinary post-
mortem examination; and in more than half of the cases tubercle bacilli were
positively identified. This shows that tuberculosis was really present in these
carcasses, but in an incipient form, the lesions being too slight for detection
by ordinary post-mortem examination. It therefore seems that the percentage
of accuracy of the tuberculin test is even higher than is indicated by the
figures above given. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
I agree with resolution No. 2 of International Commission of American
Veterinary Medical Association that “tuberculin properly used is an accurate
and reliable diagnostic agent for the detection of active tuberculosis in cattle.
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
In 97 per cent of those giving a positive reaction tuberculosis has been found
to be present. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
The tuberculin test is a very reliable means of determining active tubercu-
losis in cows tested. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service. )
Very reliable when test temperatures taken for 18 hours after injections, and
all cattle showing either doubtful or typical reactions are removed. Hven
slight rises of temperatures which rise and fall gradually are very suspicious,
e. g., 101.6, 101.9, 102.2, 102.3, 101.8, 101.7, 101.4. (Dr. William H. Park, New
York, N. Y.)
If the source of the cattle is known and recent tuberculinization has not been
made, the tuberculin test is almost infallible in the hands of an expert inspector.
(Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
A positive result is of great value. A negative result of less value. (Dr.
R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Within 3 per cent. Long series carefully done show better than this. (Dr.
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Under the following conditions I consider the tuberculin test practically
infallible: Use United States Department of Agriculture tuberculin. The
animal must show a normal range of temperature preceding the injection of
tuberculin and must be kept in a normal, quiet condition during the entire
test. It is very important that the animal to be tested has not been tampered
with before or during the application of the test, as many unscrupulous owners
prepare their animals by the different methods that do defeat the object of the
test. A great deal of criticism heard as to the unreliability and absence of
uniform results of the tuberculin tests can be attributed to the fact that the
animal to be tested has been tampered with prior to the application of the
test. The veterinarian applying the test should have had a large experience
in animal temperatures. He should have had experience with temperatures
and physical symptoms presented by animals that have been tampered with, or
in other words, doped. He should be familiar with the high temperature that
occasionally appears from causes other than the reaction due to the presence
of the tuberculin, which appears at a time he expects a typical tuberculous
reaction. This oftimes causes confusion to the veterinarian of little experience.
(Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.)
Practically always. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
In our application of the test all reacting animals showed tubercular
lesions on post-mortem. Statistics compiled by investigators give 98 to 99
per cent positive when tests are applied by competent men. (Health officer
Birmingham, Ala.) .
Nearly all infected animals react, especially those with active disease.
(Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Infallible if properly applied with reliable tuberculin. (Health officer Cleve-
land, Ohio.)
Successful and dependable in 97 per cent of cases in experienced hands.
(Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Negative except in tubercular cases. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes. (State board of health, Florida.)
I have not had enough experience with it to say. (Health officer Jackson-
ville, Fla.)
152 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
To about 95 per cent. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
In the tests in Lynchburg it has been found reliable in every instance.
(Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Entirely so in the hands of a skilled veterinarian. Of course cases that can
be detected by physical examination should not be tested. (Health officer
Montclair, N. J.)
Two ¢c. ce. per cow unless private tests have been made, and then 8c.c. Out
of 8,000 tests not one mistake has been made, i. e., each cow killed showed
tubercular lesions. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Most reliable test we have. Ninety-seven per cent of cases can be detected.
(Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Almost absolutely so. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Ninety-seven per cent. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Ninety-eight per cent. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Only by competent men, backed by State authority. (Health officer Syracuse,
N. Y.)
Practically absolute when tests are studied with good judgment as to other
associated conditions of the animal. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
According to scientists, about 98 per cent of condemned cattle are infected.
(Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Not sufficiently perfected to be infallible. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., presi-
dent, Milk Producers Association. )
Uncertain. Best authorities agree that the tuberculin test is not a reliable
diagnostic for tuberculosis. (Sharon Dairy, Washington, D. C.)
We believe it has been shown that the tuberculin test is reliable to show that
the cows either have or have had tuberculosis in over 90 per cent of the cases.
In order to be able to rely upon the tuberculin test we believe that all the fol-
lowing conditions must be strictly complied with:
(1) The owner of the cow must be absolutely honest toward the veterinarian.
(2) The test must extend over a period of several months, so that the possi-"
bility of previous dosing of the cow can be eliminated.
(3) The state of health of the cow and the conditions surrounding it must
be known to the veterinarian by personal examination.
(4) The veterinarian must be skilled in administering tuberculin. (NorTE.—
We believe that only a very few veterinarians and mostly those who have had
great experience are competent to administer the dose and get accurate results.)
(5) The tuberculin must have been prepared with the greatest care, and the
veterinarians must know what the strength of the tuberculin is. (Norze.—Com-
mercial tuberculin is of varying strength and sometimes impure.)
(6) The dose of tuberculin must be of the right amount and strength. If
there is an overdose of tuberculin the cows, although healthy, would react.
(Note.—The tuberculin test is so delicate and so liable to err that it should be
used to corroborate the clinical evidence of disease and not as a Sole test of
the presence of the disease in apparently healthy cows.)
(7) Animals suffering from diseases other than tuberculosis will react upon
the injection of tuberculin.
We believe the following are the inaccuracies of the tuberculin test:
(1) A cow which may have had at some time during her life a slight infec-
tion of tuberculosis and had entirely recovered, and the lesion calcified and
healed, will still react to the tuberculin test, although she is perfectly healthy
at the time of the test.
(2) A diseased cow which has been injected with tuberculin within a period
of three months previous to the test will not react.
(3) A diseased cow, which is fed with febrifuge (antiperitic), just before the
dose, will not react.
(4) Healthy COWS, if excited at the time of the test, will react.
(5) If the test is administered in hot weather, and the cows are driven from
the fields into the stable during the time of the test, healthy cows may react.
(6) In advanced cases of tuberculosis no reaction is obtained upon the injec-
tion of tuberculin.
(7) A cow may not react if infected during the period of incubation, which
ranges from 8 to 50 days.
(8) It may be that timothy bacilli will cause reaction, and those bacilli,
so far as we know, are harmless.
It is believed by many authorities that the injection of tuberculin is dan-
gerous to healthy cows, in that it may cause latent tuberculosis to develop into
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 153
active tuberculosis, or so weaken its resistive power that it becomes more
liable to take the infection.
We consider, however, that the greatest objection to the reliability of the
tuberculin test to show that the cow is diseased with active tuberculosis is the
fact that cows which have practically recovered from the infection, where the
lesions are encysted and calcified, react as typically as cows that are actively
diseased.
We have the results of a tuberculin test and a post-mortem examination of
reacting animals of two herds, made officially under the New York State De-
partment of Agriculture, which may be stated generally as follows:
In one herd 44 cows were tested and 24 reacted. None of them had any
lesions of the udder. Of these 24, 4 carcasses were condemned as having
generalized tuberculosis and were tanked; the remaining 20 carcasses were
passed as fit for food; in all but one there was not more than one or two
glands affected, and all of these glands calcified. In one (which was par-
ticularly picked out for special demonstration and slaughter at the Tompkins
County Fair at Ithaca), when it came to be slaughtered no lesions were found
whatever, so that the net result of the condeming of 24 cows of that herd was
that 4 of them were badly affected.
Two of these cows had been condemned on physical examination before the
examination of the tuberculin test, so that had they been taken out of the
herd the tuberculin test would have condemned 50 per cent of that herd. and
of that 50 per cent only 1 per cent were badly affected.
In the second herd there were 56 cows and 10 calves tested. Eleven cows
and four calves passed the tuberculin test. Hight animals were selected by
physical examination as being infected before testing by tuberculin. Fifty-one
were slaughtered. In 4 of them no lesions could be found, and 39 carcasses
were passed for food, and 6 were condemned as having generalized tuber-
culosis, and the carcasses were tanked. In 28 all the lesions were found to be
calcified ; the cows were fine, big cows and good milkers.
These two_herds were not selected, but were herds which were tested and
condemned under the New York State department of agriculture. We had
nothing to do with it, but we were allowed to attend and to take note of the
~ results.
It is only fair to say that the United States Government experts claim that
no one can tell when cows that contain calcified lesions may not develop
active tuberculosis again under unfavorable conditions or sickness, such as
pneumonia, and that therefore they are dangerous and should be removed from
the herds.
We hold, however, that in view of the fact that so many human beings have,
at some time or other, been actively affected by tuberculosis, and have re-
covered and lived long and useful lives and died of other diseases, we think
it is but fair to give any cow whose vitality was sufficient to calcify the
lesions the benefit of the conclusion that probably, if she had not been killed,
she would have remained a valuable producer of milk for a number of years
unless, of course, taken sick. In that case she would not be fit to be a milk
producer, but such sickness would be evident to the dairyman.
Therefore we believe, after a very careful study of the whole situation,
that the reaction following the tuberculin test is not a reliable means of de-
termining whether the cow is then suffering from active tuberculosis. (Borden’s
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
In 3,000 tests less than one-half to 1 per cent of the temperature readings
have been doubtful. All reactions confirmed by post-mortem, and have no
reason to suppose that in more than three cases have infected animals passed
as sound. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Almost absolute. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Very reliable when carried out with intelligence and care. (Dr. S. C. Pres-
eott, Boston, Mass.) :
Reliable in over 97 per cent of the cases when tested by competent men.
(Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Very great extent. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
If carefully done, almost infallible. According to Bang, error is only 3.3 per
cent. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
The reliability depends upon the skill and honesty of the person making the
test. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
About 96 per cent. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
154 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
To a fraction of 1 per cent, if properly applied. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.)
To show presence of first infection. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
, Question 3.—What effect in your judgment would its enforeement have on the
price of cattle?
ANSWERS.
The prices of cows, as well as prices of other things, have increased all over
the country within recent years, regardless of whether or not the tuberculin
test has been applied. The statistics of the Department of Agriculture show
that the average value of milch cows on January 1, 1908, was $30.67 per head,
while the average value on January 1, 1910, was $35.79 per head, an increase
of 16.7 per cent in two years. While it is possible that the price of cows
might be affected if the tuberculin test were applied simultaneously over a
large part of the country and all reacting animals slaughtered, it is believed that
the gradual application of the test, followed by slaughter, carried out in a
small area, would have no perceptible effect upon prices. As the milk of
tuberculous cows is unquestionably dangerous to human health and life, a
slight increase in the price of cows and in the cost of milk should certainly
not be considered as an adequate reason for refusing to take steps to remove
this danger. Cows affected with tuberculosis are usually not as productive
as healthy cows, and their value as milk producers would prebably steadily
decrease, hence the removal of cows of this class would not be as great a loss
as might appear at first. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Ultimately little or none. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
It would undoubtedly raise it. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Enforcement of the tuberculin test would probably increase temporarily the
price of healthy dairy cows. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service. )
I would at first separate the reacting cattle when in sufficient numbers to be
practicable, and use their milk pasteurized. This would lessen effect on price.
(Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Its enforcement would increase the price of cattle from 25 to 50 per cent.
(Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Little or none. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Not able to answer. <A healthy cow is worth more than a sick one. Hvyent-
ually no effect should be produced. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Have not statistics. (Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.)
Slight increase. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Locally tuberculous-free cows are estimated to be worth from $2 to $5 more
than cows that have not successfully passed the test. (Health officer Birming-
ham, Ala.)
No appreciable effect. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Would depend upon degree and rapidity of enforcement; probably raise the
price of tuberculin-tested cattle materially. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Increased valuation. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Temporary rise. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
The immediate effect would be to raise the price, but the remote effect would
be to conserve the health and vitality of the cattle and consequently reduce
the price. (State board of health Florida.)
None at all here, as it is done without cost to the dairyman, and few diseased
cows are found in this locality. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
This question is not specific. Do you mean milk cows; if so, yes. (Health
officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Very little. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Have no experience, but would judge that price of known sound cattle would
be higher than of possibly diseased cattle. Ultimate price in a few years ought
to be as low as at present if tuberculosis is eradicated. (Health officer Mont-
clair, N. J.)
Temporary increase, but later will not affect except that the buyer of milk
cows would feel safe in his investment. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
At first might increase price. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 155
Depends upon circumstances. If a few cities insist on test, the price of tuber-
culin-tested cows (which alone we would have to consider) would be the same
as for tuberculin-tested cows everywhere else. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
I do not know. It has had no effect as yet. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.
Probably somewhat—not very great—because the life of cows aS a whole
would be lengthened; therefore prcegeny would be entailed. (Health officer
Seattle, Wash.)
It would increase the price. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Little, if any. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Owing to the prevalence of tuberculosis among cattle, the enforcement of the
tuberculin test would undoubtedly raise the price of healthy cows. (Straus
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
It would increase the price 20 to 30 per cent. (Sharon Dairy, District of
Columbia. )
Raise the price 25 per cent. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk
Producers’ Association.
We believe that it would very greatly increase the price of cattle, and our
judgment is based upon our investigations of what has taken place in Massa-
chusetts and other States where they have attempted to enforce the test. (Bor-
den’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
In my judgment the enforcement of the tuberculin test would very materially
increase the price of dairy cattle. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington,
D.C.)
Increase. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
It would increase the price of milch cows and probably of other cattle as
well. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Depends on how reactors are handled. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Twenty-five to 50 per cent. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Wash-
ington, D. C.)
Inerease. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
It might cause a temporary rise in price of tested cows and might, if exten-
sively .enforced, affect the general price of cattle. (Health officer St. Joseph,
Mo.)
Price would advance for the time being. (Health officer, Wheeling, W. Va.)
It would undoubtedly increase the price of cattle for a few years. (Dr. C. J.
Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Create higher prices. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 4.—In your judgment, should the expense of the test be defrayed by
the Government or the owner?
ANSWERS.
The Government or the State should bear the expense of making the tuber-
culin test when this is officially required in the interest of the public health.
The Department of Agriculture is willing to test without charge herds supply-
ing milk to the District of Columbia, and will extend similar cooperation to
State and city authorities elsewhere so far as possible. (Chief Bureau of
Animal Industry.)
It would be desirable in the interest of public health for the State govern-
ments to assume the expense. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
By the Government. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
The question as to whether the Government should bear the expense of apply-
ing the tuberculin test is one of policy, regarding which I am not in a position
to give an opinion at the present time. (Surgeon General Public Health and ©
Marine-Hospital Service. )
ig first by State, then later by farmers. (Dr. William H. Park, New York,
yes)
The expense should be defrayed by the Government through its own inspect-
ors, although owners are learning that it is a pecuniary advantage to have
clean cattle. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Owner. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Owner. It is easier to introduce it by free tests, or at least a sharing of
the expense, but this should be temporary. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
There is not the slightest doubt in my mind that an attempt to eradicate
tuberculosis in our herds will come. I favor the method that will bring such
an attempt the quickest, whether it be the Government, State, or county
156 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
authorities. I feel sure that if the campaign of education be inaugurated so
that the farmer could be educated and shown where he could benefit, he would
willingly assume his share of cost. As for the Government to undertake the
eradication of tuberculosis without some local help, it would be an enormous
task. (Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.)
Government. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
By the Government. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Either by National, State, or municipal Government. (Health officer Bir-
mingham, Ala.)
Owner. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Should be divided between owner and State government. (Health officer
Cleveland, Ohio. )
Both. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Government. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
By the Government. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Government or State, by competent otficers. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Would be cheaper for the Government and probably better. (Health officer
Lynchburg, Va.)
Test by Government or city. Loss of cattle to be met by owner, the same as
the loss of any other diseased animal. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
By the Government, either municipal, State, or United States, preferably
State, with partial remuneration for condemned cows. (Health officer Port-
land, Oreg. )
If people want clean milk, should pay for it. The expense of test should
be borne by Government. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
In a general way by Government, but imposition would then have to be
earefully guarded against. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
The owner and Government should share the expense. (Health officer Roch-
ester, N. Y.)
I believe the period should be fixed within which all cattle destroyed should
be in some manner paid for by the State. After such period all diseased stock
should fall as a loss against the owner. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) .
By the State. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
A part by each. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
It is a movement for the protection of the public health, therefore the ex-
pense should be borne by the public, i. e.,.the Government. (Straus Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.)
Two-thirds by the Government; one-third by the owner. (John Thomas
Ednor, Md., president Milk Producers’ Association.)
If compulsory, by the Government; if voluntary, by the owner. (Sharon
Dairy, Washington, D. C.)
We have been advised of so many instances of fraudulent tests and fraudu-
lent records that we are of the opinion that the tuberculin test, if required,
should be applied by the Government, and its expense defrayed by the Govern-
ment; and that it should be applied only by veterinarians who have had large
experience, and are of high standing and entirely beyond reproach with regard
to honesty.
In addition, the enforcement of the test is for the public good or necessity,
and the expense should therefore be borne by the Government. (Borden’s
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
The method now followed by the State of Pennsylvania seems quite practical.
Under it the test is optional with the owner, and is made at expense of State.
The owner receives two-thirds of appraised value of cattle condemned, but not
in excess of $75 per head. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Divided. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I think the cattle owner should be sufficiently interested in protection of his
herd to pay actual cost of test. I admit that many are not. (Dr. S. C. Pres-
eott, Boston, Mass.)
By the Government. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
The Government at this time and for some years in part to come, unless the
owner got more money for his product, which would mean higher price to the
consumer. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Both, if possible. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
An average allowance should be made for each cow tested for a certain
period after the law becomes effective, and thereafter the loss by condemnation
should be borne by the owner. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
By the Government. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. . 157
In most cases by the Government. Owners should be allowed to pay for the
test, if they will have it applied by competent persons. (Dr. C. J. Marshall,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Government. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 5.— What is the approximate expense of applying the tuberculin test?
ANSWERS.
The expense of applying the tuberculin test would vary considerably with
the number of cows in each herd, the distances separating herds, ete. In case
the testing is not done by the Government without charge, as above suggested,
it could probably be done at an average cost of about $1 per cow. (Chief
Bureau of Animal Industry.)
I have no exact information on this subject, but the process is a simple one
and should be inexpensive. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Must vary under a variety of conditions. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Slight, if done in large numbers and by suitable persons. (Dr. S. C. Pres-
cott, Boston, Mass.)
At private tests, when in numbers, about $1 per head. (Dr. William H.
Park, New York, N. YS)
The expense depends upon the size of the herd; it costs as much to test two
cows as a dozen. The expense is chiefly in the time of the veterinarians.
(Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.).
Varies with size of herd. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Depends on size of herd and thickness of population. Should not exceed
50 cents per head ordinarily.
On our results of herds of about 50 cows the expense of the test would cost
approximately 44 cents per animal. Larger herds the expense would be largely
reduced, while there would be an increase on smaller herds. (Health officer
Birmingham, Ala.)
Two dollars. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Depends on local conditions and customs. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
About $1 per capita. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Depends on herd. location, ete. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Depends upon size of herd. Average herd of 30 cows, from 50 cents to
$1. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
When the herd reaches 30 or more the actual expense per cow is little. One
herd of 150 cows in Lynchburg had only one reaction, a fine Jersey. On kill-
ing, one lung was sadly affected. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Depends on the size of the herd. It will take a veterinarian the best part
of a day to test a herd, whether of 10 or 50 cows. (Health officer Mont-
clair, N. J.)
Governed by conditions; large herds can be tested at relatively less expense
than small ones; that is, it takes as much time to test 20 cows as it does 50.
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Depends upon the number of cows in herd and distance farms are apart.
(Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Depends on what is meant by this question. If mere cost of injection and
passing or reaction, cost for large herds should be light per cow. If “ apply-
ing test” includes doing away with reacting animals, cost is very great, and
for all cows supplying a city the cost is enormous to somebody. (Health
officer Richmond, Va.)
Very small, depending on size of herds. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
It costs the department $5 per day for our veterinarian, $3 for a helper, and
9 cents a dose for tuberculin. If one cow only was tested, you could cut out,
of course, the helper. The cost for testing a herd would be nothing like this.
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Depending on size of herds. A large herd can be tested as easily as a small
one, and if the work be systematized one herd a day could be tested at expense
of, say, $5. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
It depends much upon the size of the herd. A herd of 50 cows can be tuber-
culin tested as cheap aS 1 cow. The only additional expense, the amount of
tuberculin used. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
It is practically impossible to make any suggestion as to the approximate
expense, unless the conditions under which it is to be applied are given. In
general, however, if the work is done by a veterinary practitioner and the herd
158 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
is not over 3 miles distant from his office, it can be done for $15 on the basis
of 25 cows in the herd, and for $20 for 50 to 75 cows in a herd, and for $25 for
100 cows in a herd, including the cost of tuberculin, which is about 5 cents
per dose.
If the work was done by a State veterinarian it would then cost whatever
his salary per diem was, including what the necessary traveling and hotel
expense would amount to. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
As one competent man is required to test a single cow, but can in the same
time test 100 cows, it is quite impossible to fix an approximate figure for the
expense. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
It depends on number of cattle to be tested and whether test is made by
practicing veterinarian or by Government or State officer (25 cents to $5 a
head). (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
The cost of testing is slight; the loss of cattle to the owner may be heavy.
(J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Very little (about 50 cents), but besides two days’ labor. (Health officer San
Francisco, Cal.)
I do not know. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
An experienced man can test as many as 100 head in one night. He should
receive approximately $40 for such a night’s work. A few animals may be
tested for less money, but probably not less than $15 for one animal. The
Pennsylvania Live Stock Sanitary Board allows $5 per day and expenses.
(Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Depends upon conditions—whether single animal or herd. (Health officer
Scranton, Pa.)
QuESTION 6.—What length of time is required in applying the test?
ANSWERS.
The time required for making the tuberculin test is on the average about 24
hours, covering parts of two days. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
I believe it requires two or three days to test a herd. (Surgeon General U. S.
Arn. )
Between two and three days. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Forty-eight hours. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Two days for a herd of moderate size (50 to 100). (Dr. William H. Park,
New York, N. Y.)
Twenty-two hours. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Twenty-four hours. Nonreacting animals do not require quite so long. (Dr.
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Thirty hours. (Dr, T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.)
Test can be completed within 32 hours after the commencement of the work.
The temperatures should be taken until at least 20 hours after the injection
of the tuberculin. (Health officer, Birmingham, Ala.)
Two days. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Two days to each-herd. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
At least 27 hours. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Twenty-four to 86 hours. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Twenty-four to 48 hours. (State Board of Health, Florida.)
About 48 hours. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Forty-eight hours. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
See any authority on the subject. Inject at 6 to 8 p. m., and take tempera-
tures until about 2 p. m..on following day. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Not less than 36 hours. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Inject tuberculin in evening, and about daylight next day take tempera-
tures every 2 hours for 12 to 15 hours. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
One to two days. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Twenty-four hours. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
One half of each of two days. (Health officer Topeka, Rae: )
Twenty-four hours. (Sharon Dairy, D. C.)
Ordinarily the tuberculin test requires about 44 hours after the veterinary
has arrived at the farm, but, as above stated, must be repeated after an
interval of six months to be complete. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New
York, N. Y.)
THE MILK~SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 159
The tester should give two full days’ time, but temperature measurements
should be taken for two days prior to this to prevent testing an animal whose
temperatures are showing marked variation. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.)
One or two days. Should be repeated after three or six months. (Dr. S. C.
Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
From 18 to 24 hours. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Two days. One day previous in taking temperatures before injection, and
one day noting results. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Approximately two days. (Health officer, Wheeling, W. Va.)
Twenty-four hours. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia, Pa.)
About 24 hours. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 7.—Granting that the test should be applied only by governmental
authorities or qualified agents duly authorized thereby, would it be practicable
and advisable to restrict the use of tuberculin and its application to such
authorized officials or agents?
ANSWERS.
Yes. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Restriction is not necessary, but only the certificate of authorized officials
or agents should be recognized. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
The tuberculin test should be administered by governmental authorities, or
certainly under their supervision. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service.)
I believe not, because of the difficulty and expense when in out-of-the-way
places. I believe reacting cattle should be reported in confidential way to au-
thorities. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Yes; if the work was done in conjunction with the State authorities. (Dr.
Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Animals often show irregular temperatures during test that have been filled
up with tuberculin previous to such testing. Repeatedly injecting tuberculin
in animals to be presented for an authentic test is one of the many methods
that is used to defeat the object of the test. I would certainly restrict the use
of tuberculin. (Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.)
No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Yes. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
I think not. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) ©
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Very desirable, but not practical in some States owing to their laws. (Health
officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
No. Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Not necessary, I think. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
It would be most advisable if this could be done, as it would stop a lot of
crooked work. (Health officer, Montclair, N. J.)
No. The test being very simple, owners often test their cows for their own
individual protection. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
The test should be applied by Government agents or licensed veterinarians.
(Health officer Providence, R. I.)
This would have to be done. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Decidedly and most emphaticallly yes. A tuberculin ue! is yalueless, in my
judgment, unless you know that the stock has never been tested; and in any
event know exactly what occurred. (Health officer Seattle, Wash. )
Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Topeka. Kans.)
Yes. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
160 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
If the test must be made, it should be applied by competent men. (John
Thomas, Hdnor, Md., president Milk Producers’ Association.)
Yes, the Government should control the tuberculin, and only qualified veter-
inarians should be allowed to use it, and they should be required to report to
the Government how it was used. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
No, by no means. To take tuberculin away from the profession, assuming
that such a thing could be done, and restrict its use entirely to Government
agents would be an unfair discrimination against the needs and rights of the
individual cattle owners and an unjust restriction on the scope and rights of
the veterinary profession. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
It should be practical, and it would unquestionably be advisable, to restrict
application of this test to qualified and trustworthy persons, as it is a well-
known fact that after one injection an animal may not again react to a similar
injection, even six months later. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington,
D. C.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I see no reason why an owner of cattle should not make this test if he wishes
and has the requisite knowledge. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Decidedly advisable. Doubt if it would be practical to exclude registered
veterinarians from its use. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Yes. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.)
QUESTION 8.—Should the owner be compensated for cattle condemned, and on
what basis of payment?
ANSWERS.
Owners should be compensated at least in part for cattle condemned. The
basis of condemnation in the recent work in the the District of Columbia is
shown by the accompanying copy of the order of the commissioners. In brief,
cattle were appraised before slaughter, the appraisal not to exceed $75 for a
pure-bred or registered animal, or $50 for a grade or unregistered animal.
Highty per cent of the appraised value, less the amount realized as salvage,
was paid on cattle whose carcasses were passed for food on post-mortem inspec-
tion, and 40 per cent less salvage in the case of cattle condemned for offal. If
a reacting animal showed no lesions of tuberculosis on post-mortem examina-
tion, the full appraised value less salvage was paid. It is believed that the
respective States, where cattle are owned, should make provision for compensa-
tion for cattle slaughtered as a result of the tuberculin test in those States.
Several Sates have laws providing for such compensation. (Chief Bureau of
Animal Industry. )
Compensation is desirable; certainly in the beginning. One-half the value of
the animal would be a fair basis. Surgon General U. S. Army.)
The fullest compensation should be allowed for cattle wholly condemned.
(Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Compensation, or part compensation, for cattle destroyed on account of tuber-
culosis is provided for in certain States, some of them being New York, Kansas,
Connecticut, Missouri, Vermont, and the District of Columbia. Such compensa-
tion appears to be just, but it follows that owners of cattle should be required
to observe those sanitary measures necessary to protect their herds from tuber-
culosis. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Yes; for those in good condition; not for others. (Dr. William H. Park,
New York, N. Y. :
Yes; on the basis of two-thirds their value. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark,
N. J.)
Yes; part value. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes; aS a temporary measure. Two-thirds value, with fixed maximum, is
fair basis. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
I hardly feel able to give an opinion of any value to so weighty a question.
The facts that are not to be disputed are that tuberculosis is present in our
herds of cattle and swine. Twenty years ago the percentage was much less
than it is to-day, the increase, especially among hogs, being generally alarm-
ing. Hogs are generally infected through cattle. The facts are before us
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 161
that the longer we delay the more tuberculous animals we will have to deal
with; also the greater number of animals to be compensated for should State or
Nation compensate. Heavier would fall the blow on the farmer or owner of
diseased cattle would he have to stand the loss. In England cattle found
tuberculous on post-mortem by meat inspectors and condemned, are compensated
for by a form of insurance arranged among the farmers and the butchers. I be-
lieve in compensation by State or Nation, as this would do away with a great
deal of crookedness, it would tend to obtain cooperation of the parties inter-
ested, and aid most emphatically in the ultimate elimination of tuberculosis
from our dairy herds. It has been my experience in England that men with
tuberculous cattle will never welcome the tuberculin test until it pays them to
do so. (Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.)
Theoretically, no; possibly yes, at first. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
If the owner has provided the best sanitary condition for his cattle the ex-
pense should be borne by the Government. If he has not provided such condi-
tions, then by the owner. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
I think the owner should be reimbursed on a_ basis of about two-thirds ap-
paised value of animals condemned. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes; one-half. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Fifty per cent of appraised value, together with privilege of selling for im-
mediate slaughter under proper inspection, should be given. (Health officer
Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes; in Ohio the State pays one-half the appraised value. (Health officer
Columbus, Ohio.
Percentage. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
No. (State board of health, Florida.)
Yes; at as nearly the market price as possible. (Health officer Jackson-
ville, Fla.)
Upon the basis for which. they are assessed; two-thirds valuation. (Health
officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Should be compensated to about 50 per cent of a price previously agreed on.
Owner gets his price for selling a good milk, and he should stand his loss
the same as he would if potatoes or any other crop went bad. He would not ask
Government to pay for diseased chickens that he could not market. (Health
officer Montclair, N. J.)
Yes. I think for this purpose a stated valuation should be placed on the
cow, and 60 per cent of said valuation be paid by State. (Health officer Port-
land, Oreg.)
Full value. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Yes. In whole or in part, but every safeguard would be necessary. (Health
officer Richmond, Va.)
No; but New York State pays 80 per cent for cattle with localized lesions,
50 per cent for general lesions. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Yes. Because under our laws a clean herd may be contaminated from out-
side sources. I can not answer intelligently this question in the space allotted.
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes; by appraisement. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Such compensation makes a better feeling of owner toward Government, and
as the work is for the benefit of the whole people the latter, represented by
the Government, should bear at least part of the expense, say one-half fair
valuation each in case of apparently good cows, less share by Government in
case of very poor. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes. Do not know. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Yes. On a basis fixed by disinterested appraisers. (John Thomas, Ednor,
Md., president Milk Producers’ Association.)
If compulsory the Government should pay. If voluntary the owner should
pay. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
If the tuberculin test is to be enforced at once and in a drastic way without
first giving the dairymen a year or more notice of its enforcement, with the
privilege of cleaning up their herds as best they can before its application, we
think that the owner should be compensated for all cattle condemned, and that
the basis of payment should be regulated to a certain extent by the condition
of the animal when slaughtered. For instance, if a cow is found to have been
only recently infected, or that the lesions are all encysted and calcified, the
owner should receive full value for such cow. If, however, the cow is in bad
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3——11
162 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
shape, and there are many tuberculous lesions, and the owner might have elimi-
nated that cow by physical inspection, we think that then the amount to be
paid should be on a rapidly descending scale.
The method now followed by the State of Pennsylvania seems quite practical.
Under it the test is optional with the owner and is made at expense of State.
The owner receives two-thirds of appraised value of cattle condemned, but not
in excess of $75 per head. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
In part, but I can not say how miuch. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor,
Mich.)
A broad question. I think the Bang system should be introduced so that
mildly infected cattle might be isolated and used for breeding (once). Badly
infected cows should be killed at once and a fair value (beef value?) paid.
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Yes, at least for the first two or three tests. Seventy-five per cent of
appraised valuation less returns from offal in condemned animals and from
meat in passed animals. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
He should be compensated in full now. Later, if he gets more for his milk,
he should stand the expense. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Wash-
ington, D. C.)
An average allowance should be made for each cow tested for a certain
period after the law becomes effective, an thereafter the loss by condemnation
should be borne by the owner. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
He should be compensated. Personally, I think he should receive about 75
per cent of the value. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
The present Pennsylvania plan is quite satisfactory. The State to allow
_three-fourths of the appraised value of the animal. The animal to be killed
under inspection. The meat sold, if passed by the inspector, the owner re-
ceiving not more than 5 cents per pound, dressed weight, provided the amount
received from the State and the butcher does not exceed 90 per cent of the
appraised value of the animal. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsyl-
vania, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Yes. Ninety per cent of actual value. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 9.—In the absence of compulsory pasteurization, should tests other
than the tuberculin test be required to safeguard against typhoid, diphtheria,
and other deleterious germs?
ANSWERS.
The tuberculin test only guards milk against infection with cattle tuberculosis.
It would still be necessary to take other precautions against the infection of
typhoid fever, diphtheria, and other communicable diseases. Very few infectious
diseases besides tuberculosis are communicable to people from cows. The danger
of other diseases arises from contamination through the water supply or by
persons handling the milk. There should be an occasional inspection of prem-
ises, attendants, methods of handling milk, etc., and an examination of the
water supply. The families of those handling the milk should also be sub-
jected to examination to guard against the spread of contagious diseases, and
there should also be a requirement of compulsory notification of the health
officer on the appearance of any contagious disease among attendants or their
families. The score-card system of dairy inspection should be used. (Chief
Bureau of Animal Industry.)
The sense of the question is not clear. Cows are not subject to typhoid
fever and diphtheria. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
It is not practicable to apply other tests effectively. (Surgeon General
U.S. Navy.)
In the absence of compulsory pasteurization, thorough inspection should be
made, both of the dairy and those having to do with the handling of the milk,
to prevent its contamination with the infection of typhoid fever, diphtheria,
and scarlet fever. (Surgeon General Public Health and .Marine-Hospital
Service. )
General hygienic rules; examination of feces before return of typhoid con-
valescents; inspection of wells; and report of all suspected communecable dis-
eases. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
The tuberculin test, without efficient pasteurization or other sanitary precau-
tions, would not be a sufficient safeguard. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes; low bacterial count and clean conditions at dairy and healthy employees,
(Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) , tie
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 163
Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
There are no practical tests. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Yes. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
No; there is no practical test of dairy cows for typhoid or diphtheria.
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
None are practical under existing conditions. (Health officer Cleveland,
Ohio. )
Using the word “test” in the sense of activities, I should answer: Hnforce-
ment of dairy regulations reenforced by laboratory findings. (Health officer
Columbus, Ohio.
Rigid inspection. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Typhoid fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever are not safeguarded by any test
applied to cattle, but the source of distribution is to be found. and guarded in
personnel of those handling the milk. (State board of health, Florida.)
No; competent dairy inspection and a dairy register of infectious diseases.
(Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Do not think so; latter produced by contact. (Health officer Kansas
City, Mo.) y,
Don’t understand this question. How would you test? For instance, a
cow does not have typhoid. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
I am not aware of any tasts that could be used in actual practice. (Health
officer Montclair, N. J.) j
Tuberculin test indicates tuberculosis; does not affect typhoid, diphtheria, or
scarlet fever. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
See inclosures. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
No other tests possible that I know of. Competent inspection and insistence
of rule [Appendix G] and immediate study of all reported cases of these dis-
eases (with reference to milk included) accomplish a great deal. (Health
officer Richmond, Va.)
No; the determination of outbreaks of milk-borne typhoid and diphtheria
can be determined in other ways. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
No; I think not. I believe inspection by our sanitary and medical department
covers this feature fully, at least in this city. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) '
Only such tests as carefully-organized inspection of dairies supplemented
by good laboratory work should give. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Very strict inspection would be necessary, and experience shows that to be
often inefficient. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
A thorough physical test should be maintained. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md.,
president Milk Producers’ Association. )
Bacteriologists say the discovery of disease germs is speculative. Pasteuri-
zation would not make it any safer. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
There are no tests applicable in cattle for typhoid or diphtheria, as cattle
do not suffer from true or pseudo forms of typhoid or diphtheria, these dis-
eases being of human type. The only safeguard in cases of this nature is
proper and frequent sanitary inspection of all dairies and their surroundings,
and scientific sanitary handling of the milk from cow to consumer. We pay
the dairyman for his milk as if he delivered it, so as to remove any incentive
to deliver milk while any person on his farm is ill with a contagious disease.
(Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
I know of no tests for the different germs of disease that it would be prac-
tical to apply. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Cleanliness. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I believe that constant inspection should be maintained, including exam-
ination of farms, water supplies, cows, barns, utensils, and milk itself. (Dr.
S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
No. Have good sanitary inspection at dairies. (Health officer Los Angeles,
Cal.) }
No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Yes; if it can be done practically. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
I think that strict rules regulating the handling of milk from the time it
is milked until it reaches the consumer, and sufficient inspection to see that the
rules are enforced, would accomplish more than any test. (Health officer St.
‘Joseph, Mo.)
164 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
No person with a contagious disease should be allowed to handle milk at
any time. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
I know of no test that would prove beneficial except a thorough system of
milk inspection. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadel-
phia, Pa.)
Qurstion 10.—Assuming that the tuberculin test is indicative only of tubercu-
lous conditions, are there any other tests which should be applied for the
detection of typhoid, diphtheria, scarlet fever, or other germs?
ANSWEBS.
The tuberculin test only guards milk against infection with cattle tuber-
culosis. It would still be necessary to take other precautions against the
infection of typhoid fever, diphtheria, and other communicable diseases. Very
few infectious diseases besides tuberculosis are communicable to people from
cows. The danger of other diseases arises from contamination through the
water supply or by persons handling the milk. There should be an occasional
inspection of premises, attendants, methods of handling milk, ete, and an
examination of the water supply. The families of those handling the milk
should also be subjected to examination to guard against the spread of con-
tagious diseases, and there should also be a requirement of compulsory notifi-
eation of the health officer on the appearance of any contagious disease among
attendants or their families. 'The score-card system of dairy inspection should
be used. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Meaning of question not clear. Cows are not subject to typhoid fever and
diphtheria. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
There are no tests that could be applied for the certain detection of typhoid,
diphtheria, and scarlet fever germs. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
The infection of typhoid fever, diphtheria, and scarlet fever does not come
from the cow itself, but from those who milk the cow and handle the milk.
Hence, provision against these infections should be made by inspection of the
personnel of the dairy. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service. )
None worth while. Number of bacteria and presence of large numbers of
eolon bacilli of some value as indicating general conditions. (Dr. William H.
Park, New York, N. Y.)
Dairy hygiene with respect to typhoid, diphtheria, and scarlet fever carriers
is the only efficient means of safeguarding the public against these infectious
diseases. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes; low bacterial count and clean conditions at dairy and healthy employees.
(Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Inspection of premises and operatives at frequent intervals, cultures from
throats of operatives, and numerical examination of milk, with microscopic
examination of sediment, will go far to protect against other diseases. (Dr.
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
There are no practical tests. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
The supervision of competent inspectors about the only safeguard. (Health
officer Baltimore, Md.)
There is not, so far as my knowledge goes. (Health officer Birmingham,
Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
None which are practical. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Like No. 9, this question is vague; there is little or no question in the effi-
ciency of the tubercular test. There is no like test for the detection of typhoid,
diphtheria, etc. Besides, it is unnecessary to test for these diseases as they
are not subject to them. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio. )
Not specific. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
No. (Health board State of Florida.)
Culture tests, plating, etc. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Not to cow. This calls for a bacterial examination of milk which would
give evidence of germs. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) \
Not that I ever heard of. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Nothing practical to my knowledge. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
None to my knowledge with reference to cows. The milk should be safe-
guarded in other ways. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 165
Standards of cleanliness of milk should be established, foreign substances
should be prohibited, viz, filth, bacteria in excessive numbers, and proper tem-
perature standards should be provided. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
No other tests possible that I know of. Competent inspection and insistence
of rules and immediate study of all reported cases of these diseases (with
reference to milk included) accomplish a great deal. (Health officer Rich-
mond, Va.)
None at present known. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
At this stage of bacteriological science efficiency and rapidity, examination
of the home where milk is produced and of those handling is the best method.
In five years there will be no excuse for the existence of diphtheria and a bad
excuse for the existence of scarlet fever. Both have been practically banished
from this city. Typhoid fever is at very low ebb also. (Health officer Seattle,
Wash.)
Careful, competent investigation of all cases. (Health officer Syracuse,
N. Y.)
Only such tests as a carefully organized inspection of dairies supplemented
by good laboratory work should give. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Not to my knowledge. (Sharon Dairy, Washington, D. C.)
As eattle do not suffer from typhoid, diphtheria, or scarlet fever, a more
positive safeguard would be in all cases where there was reason to suspect
that any of these diseases existed at a dairy whose product was regularly put
on the market to make a reaction test from blood of the person suspected as
having one of these diseases, either of typhoid or diphtheria, and who was con-
nected with the dairy, by use of Widal’s serum test for typhoid and the isola-
tion of Klebs-Leeffier bacillus for diphtheria. As to scarlet fever, it would
have to be detected on presentation of clinical symptoms of the disease in the
individual. These additional safeguards are sometimes resorted to as a pro-
tection against the transmission of human diseases through milk. (Borden’s
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
I know of no tests for the different germs of disease that it would be prac-
tical to make. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) .
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
It is my belief that by suitable educational campaign the producers can be
brought to feel their responsibility in part at least, so that they will report
cases aS above. Examination of the milk for intestinal organisms will mate-
rially assist in this work. I know of no applicable method to cover all the
question as asked. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
No. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Proper pasteurization is the only practical test. (J. M. Houston, White
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Only where suspected contamination. Then typhoid or diphtheria may be
found. With typhoid in milk, very difficult. (Health officer San Francisco,
Cal.
I ae of no test that would prove beneficial except a thorough system of
milk inspection. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadel-
phia, Pa.)
Bacteriological analysis. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
EXTRACT FROM ANSWERS OF BORDEN’S CONDENSED MILK CO.
The following conclusions are taken from the testimony of Dr. Theobald
Smith, of the medical department of Harvard University, the man who first
discovered that the bovine bacillus was different from the human bacillus, given
in a case involving the propriety of the tuberculin test:
As a result of my special study, I would like to formulate the following con-
clusions as representing not only my own views, but those of a great body of
scientific men on the question of the relation of milk to tuberculosis:
1. Bovine tuberculosis is not transmissible to man in the sense of being more
than a relatively rare source of tuberculosis.
2. The bacillus of bovine tuberculosis has not yet been demonstrated to be
the cause of pulmonary tuberculosis, true phthisis, or consumption.
3. A cow reacting toward tuberculin, but which shows clinically no signs of
disease, and whose udder is unimpaired, is not to be regarded as a source of
infection to man.
4. By a clinically sound cow I mean one free from swellings of bones, joints,
lymph nodes, or other soft parts; from indurations of portions of the udder and
166 #£=THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
the giving off of milk physically changed; from repeated diarrhea and discharge
from the vagina; from the repeated distension of the rumen with gas; from
cough and physical signs of lung disease, these pointing to tuberculosis.
5. Unless tubercle bacilli be present in an article of food, be it milk or flesh,
such an article of food can not in any sense be considered a source of tubercular
infection.
6. There must be a tubercular lesion of the udder in order that milk may be
contaminated with tubercle bacilli in sufficient numbers to be dangerous to man.
7. Even if a clinically sound cow shed tubercle bacilli in her feces, which is
unlikely, the enforcement of proper rules governing cleanliness would eliminate
infection from such an alleged source.
8. Tubercle bacilli can be discharged in feces only in advanced cases of the
disease in which there are open foci in the lungs or in the throat or in the
intestinal walls. Such cases would most likely be detected by clinical exami-
nation.
9. The elimination from dairies of all clinically diseased cows or cows show-
ing upon careful physical examination by competent and conscientious veteri-
narians disease of the udder removes all danger of infection of which we can
take cognizance under present conditions.
10. A careful periodical inspection of all dairies by competent veterinarians
at proper intervals, with removal of cows affected, as stated under paragraph
9, is as ample a safeguard for the protection of the public health as we can look
for for some years to come. ‘The line of progress has been defined above.
11. Tuberculosis prevails in countries where dairy products are not used as
extensively as in other countries.
12. New York, Boston, and other American cities, as well as British cities,
are materially lowering their death rates from tuberculosis without such a
drastic and premature ordinance as that under discussion, as the same has
been explained to me.
13. There is at present no evidence that the bovine type of bacillus can be
transferred and assume the human type in the human body.
14. The discharge of tubercle bacilli into the milk of cows may take place
abundantly in udder tuberculosis. In a small proportion of manifestly tuber-
culous cows without evidence of udder disease it may take place at times in
very small. numbers.
15. The factor of bovine tuberculosis in the human malady is not of such
importance that it should be permitted to imperil the proper execution of meas-
ures designed to relieve and cure the strictly human disease, or divert attention
from it as the chief evil.
16. The digestive tract is not the exclusive or even predominating portal of
entry for pulmonary phthisis. It is highly probable that most cases are due
to inhalation. or aspiration.
17. In infants the bacilli probably gain entrance through all portals more
easily than later in life, and the disease becomes more easily generalized..
There are no rational grounds for believing that latency in infancy plays any
apreciable réle in the disease of later decades, but ingestion probably does
play a much more important part in infantile tuberculosis, owing to habits and
susceptibility of this period of life, than has been granted heretofore.
18. In view of the unsatisfactory conditions which have followed a compul-
sory application of the tuberculin test, in the destruction of animals, attention
has been diverted from tuberculin as a guide, and an effort has been made to
eliminate only those animals which discharge tubercle bacilli.
PASTEURIZATION,.
QuEsTIon 1.—At what temperature should pasteurization be accomplished?
ANSWERS.
Pasteurization should be performed by heating the milk to not less than
140° F. for not less than 20 minutes and rapidly cocling it. For commercial
operations it would perhaps be well to require either a slightly higher tempera-
ture (145° F.), or a little longer time (80 minutes) in order to be on the
safe side. The so-called “flash” process of commercial pasteurization is not
regarded as reliable. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 167
Preferably at 150° F. for 20 minutes. (Surgeon General United States Army.)
At 60° GC. (140° F.). (Surgeon General United States Navy.)
At 145° F. for 20 minutes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-
Hospital. Service. )
Between 140° and 158° F.; 140° to 145° FE. for 20 minutes approved. (Dr.
William H. Park, New York, N. Y.
At 140° F. for 40 minutes, 155° F. for 30 minutes, 167° F. for 20 minutes,
or 190° for 1 minute, and immediately cooled to between 40° and 50° F. (Dr.
Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
At 140° F. for 40 minutes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
At 145° FB. for 20 minutes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
At 145° F. for 20 minutes, or 150° F. for 15 minutes. (Dr. C. EB. A. Winslow,
New York, N. Y.)
At 150° F. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We have tried pasteurization in Atlanta, Ga., and have found it worse than
bad. For a city of this size we do not think it should be considered. (Health
officer, Atlanta, Ga.)
Not over 158° F. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
At 162° to 165° F. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
At 60° C. (140° F.). (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Under ideal conditions, should be retained at a temperature of 155° F. for one-
half hour. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
See code, page 46. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
At 140° to 145° F. for 20 minutes, not above 150° EF. (Health officer Detroit,
Mich. )
At 60° to 75° ©. (140° to 167° F.) for 20 minutes. (State board of health,
Florida. )
At 140° F. for 20 minutes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Holding the temperature of milk 20 minutes at a temperature of 150° to 160°
F., not a mere flash as some plants do. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Only suspicious milk should be pasteurized. Pasteurization is done by
dirty dairies because dirty milk will soon sour. It is best to have a clean
dairy and not pasteurize. At 165° to 170° F. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
At 170° F. for 20 minutes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
At 158° F. and kept at this temperature for 20 minutes. (Health officer
Providence, R. I.)
Opinions differ greatly. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
At 140° F. for 30 minutes. This does not injure your cream line. (Health
officer Seattle, Wash.)
At 140° F. for 20 minutes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
We are using 150° to 155° F. and holding the milk at that temperature for
20 minutes after it reaches it. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Authorities differ. Some say 145° F. and others 212° F. in order to make the
milk sterile. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Our Mr. Willman is the inventor of the pasteurizing process of heating milk
continuously for 30 minutes at between 145° to 150° F. We have mentioned
above that the Government is recommending this process, therefore we have
nothing else to add. (Dairy Machinery & Construction Co., Derby, Conn.)
At 145° F. for 30 minutes. (Creamery Packing Manufacturing Co., Chicago,
Tl.)
At 212° for 10 minutes or 145° for 1 hour. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co.,
New York, N. Y.)
I understand the temperature prescribed for so-called “ perfect’ pasteuriza-
tion of 155° F. for 30 minutes. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
At 165° to 170°. (V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
At 155° to 165° F. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
At 145° for 20 minutes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
At 140° from 30 minutes to 2 hours, and 30 minutes is considered sufficient.
(J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
From 60° to 70° C. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
At not above 150° F. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
At 60° C. for 20 minutes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
At 142° F. for 20 minutes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Between 140° and 175° F. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
168 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
QUESTION 2.—Is pasteurization commercially practicable?
ANSWERS.
Pasteurization is commercially practicable, but investigations made by the
Bureau of Animal Industry show that it is not always reliable when left
entirely to the dealers. Commercial pasteurization in order to be reliable
should be under official supervision. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine- “Hospital Service.)
Certainly. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Only when under official direction, with apparatus that is approved by the
medical authorities and operated by officers who are intelligent, above the
grade of the ordinary laborer or employee. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Yes. (Dr. C. HE. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Doubtful. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Yes. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
I do not think so. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Only for the larger dealers. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Yes; but not advisable. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Could be made so. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Entirely practicable, but likely to be utterly inefficient. (Health officer
Richmond, Va.)
No; it is a device for the purpose of permitting men to sell quantities of
milk unfit for human consumption. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Doubtful. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
So considered by men who ought to know. (Straus Laboratory, Washing-
ton, D. C.)
No. (Sharon Dairy, Washington, D. C.)
Yes; with considerable modification of the present practice. (Borden’s Con-
densed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
We have not had experience with pasteurization except as ordered by phy-
sicians in the prescription feeding of infants. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Yes. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Yes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) F
Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
I do not think proper pasteurization very practical commercially. (Health
officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
No. At least no method has been devised that is practicable. (Dr. Samuel
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 3.—What effect has pasteurization wpon the nutritive and digestiwe
qualities of milk?
ANSWERS.
Pasteurization at the temperature above recommended has little or no
effect on the nutritive and digestive qualities of milk; certainly no deleterious
results have ever been scientifically demonstrated. (Chief Bureau of Animal
Industry.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 169
It has no injurious effect. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
It slightly alters the nutritive as well as digestive qualities of milk. (Sur-
geon General U. S. Navy.)
If properly performed there is no proof that it has any deleterious effect on
the nutritive and digestive qualities of milk. (Surgeon General Public Health
and Marine-Hospital Service.) -
Very slight effect at 140° to 145°. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Efficient pasteurization at the temperatures indicated does not destroy the
digestive enzymes or nutritive principles in milk. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark,
N. J. : :
At above temperature (140° F. for 40 minutes) none. (Dr. R. G. Freeman,
New York, N. Y.)
It is doubtful if any change is caused. Some individuals do not thrive on
pasteurized milk, but same is true of raw milk. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison,
Wis.)
No harmful effect whatever if done below 155°. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow,
New York, N. Y.)
Detrimental. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I think it has no effect. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
There is much difference of opinion on this subject, some authorities claim-
ing that it makes milk harder to digest, especially for infants and young
children. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Less nutrition and harder to digest. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) .
Probably none if properly done. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Mooted question. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Practically none. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
None if milk is not heated over 140° F. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Has not been definitely decided. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
The effect on digestibility is bad. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
So slight that amounts to nothing. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
In itself, properly conducted, pasteurization probably has no effect on either.
Commercial pasteurization, however, may affect both and it also encourages
neglect of the care necessary to provide wholesome, safe milk. (Health officer
Richmond, Va.)
Probably slightly retards digestion. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
No one knows, so far as my knowledge goes. Opinions differ, although I
believe the concensus of opinion is that it is slightly harder for infants to
digest. One man says one thing and another another. (Health officer Seattle,
Wash.)
The vitality of milk is destroyed. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
\ None. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) :
| None. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
| It destroys the two most valuable nutritive qualities in the milk, namely,
¢gJbumen and lactic acid. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia. )
/ From my experience with my own children, I never found that raw milk
/ agrees better with them than pasteurized milk. (Dairy Machinery & Construc-
tion Co., Derby, Conn.)
If properly pasteurized at 145° F., there would be no difference. (Creamery
Package Manufacturing Co., Chicago, Ill.)
Do not think that enough data has been collected to give us any positive data
-in regard to the nutritive or digestive value of milk after pasteurization com-
pared with before, authorities disagreeing on this pont. (Borden’s Condensed
Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
I am told by a number of competent physicians that pasteurization destroys
the self-digesting ferments or enzymes, and diminishes the nutritive value of
milk. (Walker-Gorden Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Slightly diminishes it. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
A much debated question. Apparently it is a question of the individual.
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Very little effect. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
If carried on at low temperatures, no effect. (J. M. Houston, White Cross
Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Decreases same. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
These are very important questions, and can hardly be answered in the space
you allow. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
170 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
-No definite answer can be given to this question. Clinical evidence in the
form of nutritional diseases, more especially infantile scurvy, suggests it has a
detrimental effect upon the nutritive value. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Phila-
delphia, Pa.)
None. (Health officer Seranton, Pa.)
QuEsTION 4.—What effect has Pasteurization upon the beneficial and prejudicial
germs in milk?
ANSWERS.
Pasteurization at the temperatures above recommended (140° F., 20 minutes,
to 145° F., 80 minutes), while destroying most, if not all, of the pathogenic
bacteria, will not destroy all of the lactic-acid bacteria; hence milk so pas-
teurized will sour normally. While certain germs are considered beneficial in
butter making and cheese making and in the production of ripened or fermented
milks, they can not be regarded as beneficial in sweet milk for ordinary use.
The advantage of destroying injurious germs would greatly outweigh any pecs-
sible loss from the destruction of any germs that might be considered harmless.
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
It destroys all germs which do not multiply by spores. (Surgeon General
U. S. Army.)
It destroys all but spore bearers. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Pasteurization, if performed as stated above (145° F. for 20 minutes), de-
stroys pathogenic bacteria and does not destroy the ferments. (Surgeon Gen-
eral Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. )
Kills all alike that are not in spore forms. (Dr. William H. Park, New
York, N. Y.)
Efficient pasteurization destroys all ordinary pathogenic bacteria and also
most of the other contaminating germs. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Destroys most of the germs. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Doubtful whether there are any germs which are beneficial. Prejudicial
germs are killed, except spore formers. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Destroys large proportion of all germs and all pathogenic likely to be present.
(Dr. C. HE. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) ;
HKqual. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Bacterial organisms are destroyed, but not all the beneficial germs. (Health
officer Baltimore, Md.)
It has practically the same effect on all germs present in milk, kills them,
except certain spore-bearing germs. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Destroys them. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Retards their growth or destroys them, depending upon the degree of effi-
ciency. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Friendly germs are more easily destroyed than prejudicial germs. (Health
officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Destroys all but spore bearers. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
It kills them. (State Board of Health, Florida.)
Destroys all nonsporing organisms. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Retards the development of germs. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Done correctly; typhoid germs are killed and most others, probably. It is
seldom done properly; uniformly. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
If sufficient temperature, prevents growth. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Will kill all tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhoid, and most disease germs.
(Health officer Providence, R. I.)
There are no beneficial germs in good fresh milk. Lactic acid bacteria are
beneficial in a negative way, as they sour milk and thus show it is old. Lactic
acid bacteria are easily killed by pasteurization and thus this valuable sign
(souring) may be done away with. Proper pasteurization should kill most
prejudicial germs. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Retards the growth or kills the first and does not interfere with the other, so
as to give the absolute protection claimed. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
It destroys the beneficial germs, as it does largely the prejudicial. But the
prejudicial germs come to the front and multiply with such rapidity that after
a certain length of time this milk becomes absolutely dangerous. It is probably
a wise makeshift, but never to take the place of good, clean, natural milk.
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. wal
Destroys the beneficial germs. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Destruction. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Pasteurization kills most of the germs. The temperature given above (150° F.
to 155°, 20 minutes) destroys all disease germs that are foundin milk. (Straus
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
It destroys the beneficial and does not kill the prejudicial. (Sharon Dairy,
District of Columbia.)
Pasteurization as a rule kills off a certain form of pathogenic bacteria first.
Then it attacks the lactic or so-called beneficial bacteria, and lastly the putre-
factive organisms. This is particularly so when such putrefactive organisms
are embedded or inclosed in excrement or some form of foreign matter where the
heat does not readily penetrate and where to a great extent they are protected.
(Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Pasteurization does not destroy spores, but does destroy practically all of the
lactic ferments which are credited by many authorities with holding in check
many of the prejudicial germs, including those of decomposition. (Walker-
Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Kills all alike. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Real pasteurization affects all in about the same degree. Commercial pas-
teurization iS noninjurious to certain harmful types. (Dr. 8S. C. Prescott,
Boston, Mass.)
Destroys pathogenic germs and majority of others. (Health officer Los
Angeles, Cal.)
If the milk is bad to begin with, poor pasteurization may kill the beneficial
germs, and as these keep the prejudicial germs from growing the prejudicial
germs grow unrestricted, and the milk is worse than raw milk. (J. M. Houston,
White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Deleterious. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
It destroys the beneficial and some of the prejudicial. (Health officer St.
Joseph, Mo.)
These are very important questions and can hardly be answered in the space
you allow. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
We do not admit that milk contains beneficial germs. Pasteurization, if prop-
erly carried out, will destroy all so-called pathogenic organisms. (Dr. Samuel
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
It destroys typhoid fever bacteria; also destroys the virulence of tubercle
bacillus. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 5.—Does pasteurization tend to preserve milk?
ANSWERS.
Yes. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
It will for a limited period. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Only to the extent that it renders the milk temporarily sterile. (Surgeon
General U. S. Navy.)
Pasteurization is not intended to preserve milk, but to destroy pathogenic
bacteria contained in it. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service. )
It does. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Pasteurization does not preserve milk without efficient and constant refrigera-
tion. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes; especially if done in the container in which it is kept. (Dr. R. G. Free-
man, New York, N. Y.)
Yes: but the milk requires just as careful handling as before pasteurization.
(Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
It does. (Dr. C. HE. A. Winslow, New York, N Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
To a slight extent. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Yes; for a given length of time. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Till reinfected. After that it deteriorates worse than raw imuilk. (State
board of health, Florida.)
Yes; if properly done. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
2 THE MILK SITUATION IN‘THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
To a certain extent. It tends to retard growth of germs if promptly cooled
afterwards and so maintained. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Yes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Yes. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Yes, unfit milk. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
It will stay sweet for a greater length of time than if it had not been
pasteurized. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes; by destroying germs in the milk the process of souring is retarded.
(Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Certainly, as the lactic acid germs are destroyed. (Creamery Package Manu-
facturing Co., Chicago, Ill.)
Pasteurization preserves milk for a certain length of time, and if it is prop-
erly cared for it will keep a few weeks. The hospitals of the Panama Canal
are supplied with perfectly pasteurized milk that runs through one of my
machines at the Sheffield Farms, Slawson-Decker Co., of New York City, and
this will give evidence enough that such pasteurized milk naturally has to
keep, because without this it could not be shipped from New York to Panama
and arrive there in perfect condition. (Dairy Machinery & Construction Co.,
Derby, Conn.)
Only in so far as it renders the bacteria inactive, and pasteurized milk needs
to be kept fully as cold, if not colder, than unpasteurized milk, unless pasteuri-
zation has been carried to complete sterilization. (Borden’s Condensed Milk
Co., New York, N. Y.)
Yes, against souring, but not necessarily against what may be much more
objectionable organisms. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Temporarily, yes; i. e., it postpones souring, and, to a less degree, putrefac-
tion. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Yes, if properly handled afterwards. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes; properly pasteurized milk will keep at least twice as long. (J. M.
Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Very little. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
As far as natural souring is concerned, yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Not in our opinion. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 6.—Do harmful germs multiply as rapidly in pasteurized as m raw
milk?
ANSWERS.
Yes. Experiments have shown that there is practically no difference in the
multiplication of germs in pasteurized milk and in clean raw milk of approxi-
mately the same bacterial content and kept under similar conditions. While
the rate of multiplication may be more rapid in pasteurized milk than in
raw milk with a much higher bacterial content, this is because of the low
number of bacteria in the pasteurized milk at the beginning of the test, so
that the ratio of multiplication is much greater as compared with the raw milk
in which the number of bacteria is already enormous. (Chief Bureau of
Animal Industry.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
At least as rapidly. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
I am unable to give data on this. (Surgeon General Public Health and
Marine-Hospital Service.)
About the same. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
More rapidly. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Probably. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes; perhaps more so. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Yes. (C. HE. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 173
Under similar conditions. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I do not know; it is said that they do. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
It is my opinion that they do in case that the milk should receive a rein-
fection. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
More rapidly in pasteurized milk, as raw milk has some germicidal prop-
erties. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) :
If milk remains at body temperature, multiply more so in raw milk. Milk
is a perfect medium for bacterial growth. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Yes; I believe so. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Yes; but are delayed for a time by pasteurization. (Health officer Port-
land, Oreg.)
If dairies kept clean, no. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
More rapidly as a rule. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
More so. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Much faster, in my opinion, after the milk is 48 hours old. (Health officer
Seattle, Wash. ) :
Theoretically, yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
More so, especially if pasteurization be at all inefficiently done. (Health
officer Topeka, Kans.) i
Yes; if given a chance to get in after pasteurization. (Straus Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.)
Yes; faster. Raw milk has germicidal properties. (Sharon Dairy, District
of Columbia.)
Under advantageous conditions certain germs will multiply much more
rapidly in pasteurized milk than in raw milk, due to the fact that in raw milk
when it has reached a certain acidity certain forms will entirely cease to
multiply, and most of the increase is due to harmless bacteria. This statement
is made on the average bacterial content as regards variety of species and
does not apply to special cases in which the harmful germs multiply much
more rapidly than the ordinary lactic. The latter case, however, being rare,
can almost be disregarded. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
A number of authorities claim more rapidly, owing to the absence of lactic
acid forming bacilli which destroy many of the other organisms. (Walker-
Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Probably more rapidly. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Yes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes; more so unless the pasteurization is proper and the milk produced
properly at the farm. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washing-
ton, D. C.)
Yes. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Much more rapidly. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Probably, yes; this depends to some extent upon the degree of heat. (Dr.
Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 7.—Are pasteurizing machines controlled, so far as you know, by a
monopoly?
ANSWERS.
No; there are eight or ten pasteurizing machines on the market, and so far
as the department knows they are independent. Certainly there is every
appearance of strong competition in the sale of the different makes. (Chief
Bureau of Animal Industry. )
Not that I am aware. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
None that we know of. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
I have no knowledge of any monopoly of pasteurizing machines. (Surgeon
General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
They are not. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Not to my knowledge. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
174. ‘THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Know nothing about this. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
No. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Not to my knowledge. (Dr. C. H. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
I do not know. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Do not know. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Do not know. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Not in kansas City. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Don’t know. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
I think not. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
No; anyone can pasteurize milk in original package, i. e., bottles. (Health
officer Providence, R. I.)
I have never heard of such a monopoly. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
‘I don’t know. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
We think so. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Do not know. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
No. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Not that I know of. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Indications point that way. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
There is absolutely no monopoly controlled by the sale cr production of pas-
teurizing machinery. All we know is that the different manufacturers fight
each other in the worst way for trade. (Dairy Machinery & Construction
Co., Derby, Conn.)
No; manufacturers of these machines are all independent of each other and
in keen competition. (Creamery Package Manufacturing Co., Chicago, Ill.)
So many forms of pasteurizing machines are known that it would be very
hard to have any control over them, as on many of the machines patents have
expired, and it would be very easy for any manufacturing company to start
manufacturing them, or dealer to manufacture his own. (Borden’s Condensed
Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) ;
Not so far as I know. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
I do not know what “arrangements” exist between the different manufac-
turers. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
I do not know. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Don’t know. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co.. Washington, D. C.)
I do not know. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Unable to answer. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
I don’t know. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 8.—Is a municipal pasteurization plant (or plants) in your judg-
ment practicable and desirable?
ANSWERS.
Yes. Dealers doing a large business and having proper equipment should
be allowed to continue pasteurization at their own plants, but under official
supervision. There should be a central municipal plant or plants at which the
milk of all other dealers should be required to be pasteurized. Such a plan
would have the advantage of bringing all milk under official supervision.
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
As to practicability, yes. As to desirability, I do not know. (Surgeon Gen-
eral U. S. Army.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
In my opinion, where thorough official supervision of private pasteurizing
plants is not practicable, municipal plants should take their place. (Surgeon
General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. )
I believe in strict supervision and control, but not operation. (Dr. William
H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Municipal pasteurization is impracticable and undesirable unless every quart
of milk brought to a community is efficiently pasteurized at or near the source
of production and properly refrigerated. This has not been accomplished thus
far. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 175
Absolutely not. We want clean raw milk. The pasteurization can be done
better in the home. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. If not municipal, strict and abundant inspection is necessary. (Dr.
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
' Yes, unless commercial plants are carefully supervised. (Dr. C. HE. A.
Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
No. (Health officer Ann,Arbor, Mich.)
No. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) .
I have not given this subject enough thought to give a definite answer.
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) ,
I am not prepared to say as yet. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
It is desirable, but its practicability is problematic. (Health officer Colum-
bus, Ohio. )
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Not half so desirable as clean milk. (State board of health, Florida.)
No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes, providing your department has enough health inspectors. (Health officer
Kansas City, Mo.)
Might be practicable, but not desirable. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes, for large cities, but not for small communities. Always get a good raw
milk if possible. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
I so recommended, but the newspapers would not stand for it. I think it
practicable. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
No. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
It furnishes, perhaps, the only means of securing efficient pasteurization of
entire milk supply. if such is deemed necessary. Municipal inspection is next
best thing, where all milk must be pasteurized. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Some day they may be, but if that day ever comes pasteurization will be
unnecessary. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
We believe that in the United States it is better to have individual pasteuriz-
ing plants; that is, handled by individual concerns. (Dairy Machinery and
Construction Co., Derby, Conn.)
No. We do not believe that a proposition of this sort can be successfully
and economically handled by municipal government. (Creamery Packing
Manufacturing Co., Chicago, III.)
No. Neither practicable nor desirable, and absolutely disadvantageous in
every way. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
I do not believe a municipal pasteurization plant would be either practical
or desirable. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
I am not sure. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) :
Yes; if pasteurization is to be made compulsory. (Health officer Los
Angeles, Cal.)
No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
It would be desirable where clean milk is unobtainable, but I do not favor
pasteurization of clean milk under any conditions. As to whether it would
be practical or not, I do not know. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
They should at least be under the control and regulation of the city. (Health
officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Not unless there is developed some new method more constant in its results
than those at present used. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 9.—Should the plant (or plants) be located in the city or on the farm?
ANSWERS.
In order to have the pasteurization properly supervised the plant should be
located in the city. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
It would be difficult to supervise pasteurization at farms. (Surgeon General
U. S. Army.) ;
176 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
In the city. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
-The location of the plant will depend on the city served, but it should be
central. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
In the city or near by, so that it can be distributed within a few houre
after heating. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Between the farm and city. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Never on the farm. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Better located as near the source of supply as possible. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel,
Madison, Wis.)
City. (Dr. C. H. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
They are better located on the farm, but probably will be confined to the
city, or a creamery in the country. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
On farm. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
City. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
In the city. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
City. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
It would be better, but not practical, on the farm. (Health officer Jackson-
ville, Fla.) ; :
City. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
City. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Depends on conditions. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
In the city. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
City. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
A central plant in each neighborhood is the ideal thing if pasteurization must
be done. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
City ; if to be practicable. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
In the city. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
In city. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
To save plants, in town. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Neither. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
That would depend entirely upon the local conditions, as to the time milk
was received and time shipped. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York,
N. Y.)
While it would be more desirable to pasteurize milk as soon as possible after
it is drawn from the cow, so much of the milk of commerce is produced on
small farms where this work would not be properly performed, that it would
seem more practical to have it done by the city: dealers. (Walker-Gordon
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
On the farm. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Will have to be central. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
The plants should be located in the country by the railroads where the work
is done near the source of supply, and not in the city after the milk is 12 to 24
hours old. (J. M. Houston, White Cross’ Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Depends on environment. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
It would be better if they were located on the farm, provided a competent
official could be in charge of the work. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Hither place. Under proper regulations. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
If established, they should be as near the consumer as possible. (Dr. Samuel
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
City. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
G
QUESTION 10.—Is it possible by scientific observation to ascertain definitely
whether milk has been properly pasteurized or ot?
ANSWERS.
The bacterial count is a good index of the efficiency of the pasteurization.
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
No; except by a bacterial examination of the milk before and after pasteuri-
zation, which will show the consequent decrease in the number of PACT OS
(Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Probably only by observation of the process, or bacterial counts before fan
after heating and bottling. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 177
Not without expensive equipment of a laboratory and an expert investigator.
‘The time necessary would defeat the object of the investigation, as the milk
would have been already used. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
It is easy to ascertain whether it is as sterile as it should be after pasteuri-
zation. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
No. .(Dr. M. P. Ravenel, *{adison, Wis.)
Yes. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
I think so. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Not unless heated to 180° and determined by Storch’s method. (Health
officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes; test for enzymes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes, if the relation of the component parts of milk stand as normal before
pasteurization. (Health officer, Kansas City, Mo.)
Only with great difficulty, if at all. Impracticable. Bacteria count would
be lowered by pasteurization. Storch’s test shows when heated to 176° F.
(Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Only by microscopical or bacterial examination. (Health officer Montclair,
N. J.)
Time would tell, but this would not be practical. (Health officer Portland,
Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
_ No absolute means so far as I know. If it is known that a given sample
thas been pasteurized and if the sample contains very few bacteria, it may be
‘assumed that the pasteurization has been efficient. The best test is to com-
pare bacterial counts before and after pasteurization. This would, of course,
be impossible of application to a single sample. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
I do not know. Several schemes have been proven failures. Dr. Evans of
Chicago can give you data on this point if anybody can. He is the commissioner
of health. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
I know of no way except the bacterial count. (Straus Laboratory, Washing-
ton, D. C.)
Not to my knowledge. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Yes. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
It is possible, but the results could not be known in time to be of practical
value as to any given shipment of milk. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Wash-
ington, D. C.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Yes. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Yes.. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Not absolutely. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
It is possible, but not very practical on a large scale. (Health officer St.
Joseph, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Opinions differ as to this point. We know of no reliable method. (Dr. Samuel
McC. Hamill, ‘Philadelphia, Pa.) ,
QUESTION 11.—Would pasteurization, if generally insisted upon, dispense with
the necessity of the tuberculin test?
ANSWERS.
While pasteurization is an efficient means of guarding against infection of
milk, it should not be regarded as a substitute for other measures to eliminate
disease. The tuberculin test has an important function in eradicating tuber-
culosis of animals for the economic benefit of the live-stock industry and for
the conservation of the supply of milk. Tuberculosis reduces the yield of milk,
and the unrestricted spread of this disease would in time seriously curtail pro-
duction. It is important, therefore, in the interest of a plentiful supply of milk,
82444°—S. Doc. 863. 61-3——12
178 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
that the tuberculin test should be used judiciously to eradicate tuberculosis,
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
No; because the eradication of bovine tuberculosis is a necessary sanitary
measure. (Surgeon General U, 8. Army.)
It would. (Surgeon General U. 8. Navy.)
If properly performed pasteurization would remove the danger to consumers
of milk, but would not prevent the spread of tuberculosis among herds, (Sur-
geon General Public Health and Marine-THospital Service. )
It would, so far as human disease is concerned. (Dr. William HH, Park,
New York, N. Y.)
No; tuberculosis is the most insidious germ carried by milk. (Dr. Henry L,
Ooit, Newark, N. J.)
It would be a poor substitute, (Dr. R. G, Wreeman, New York, N. Y.)
No; pasteurization should be always only a temporary measure. It can
never take the place of clean, healthy milk entirely, (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madi-
son, Wis.)
Yes. (Dr. ©. 1. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
I think it is desirable to continue the tuberculin test. (Wealth officer Balti-
more, Md.)
I do not think so, In order to prevent any danger from infection from bovine
tuberculosis the tuberculin test should be applied to all dairy herds, even if
pasteurization is compulsory. (Tlealth officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
To a great degree. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) :
Pasteurization properly performed is a substitute. (Health officer Colum-
bus, Ohlo,)
Not altogether. (TTlealth officer Detroit, Mich.)
No; diseased cattle should still be removed from the herds, and they can be
detected only by the test. (This for economic reasons.) (State board of
health, Mlorida,)
No, (Health officer Jacksonville, Ma.)
Question in which authorities differ. (TTealth officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Tuberculin test much superior for cows. Of course, tuberculous persons
handling milk might distribute germs in milk from a pure herd, (Health officer -
Lynchburg, Va.)
Tt would kill the germs of tuberculosis, but would not remove the toxins.
Milk from a diseased cow should not be used, (Health officer Montelair,
N. J.)
If properly done so far as the milk is concerned; but you would have diseased
meat on the market. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
No, (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Admitting (which I do not) that general pasteurization is desirable and
always efticiently done, tt would. (Wealth officer Richmond, Va.)
No, (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
This is a big question; but would not be sufficient in my judgment. (Health
officer Seattle, Wash.)
No, (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes; as far only as infection by milk is concerned; but enforcement of
tuberculin test would greatly reduce losses in hogs as well as danger to man.
(Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
With the necessity, yes; but it would still be highly desirable. We believe in
clean healthy milk pasteurized, (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Pasteurization would open the way for a dirty milk supply. (Sharon Dairy,
District of Columbia.)
A reply to this question, we think, would depend entirely upon the final con-
clusions of scientific authorities as to the efficiency of the tuberculin test. Tt is
our understanding at the present time there is a very wide difference of opinion
on this point. So long as there is any question as to the efficiency of the tuber-
culin test, In our Judgment all milk should be pasteurized. (Creamery Package
Manufacturing Oo,, Chicago, 111.)
In my own judgment the tuberculin test should be applied gradually to the
various herds, Pasteurization will have to be used anyway, because scarlet
fever, typhold fever, ete., are much more important from a milk standpoint
than tuberculosis. Wyery farmer should pasteurize all the milk that he feeds
to his stock so that he does not infeet the young animals with tuberculosis.
Under the present conditions it is absolutely impossible to have all the herds
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRIOT OF COLUMBIA. 179
tested, because there are not veterinarians enough to do the testing in 25 years.
(Dairy Machinery & OConstruction Oo., Derby, Conn.)
Not recognizing the necessity of the tuberculin test, should say that ordinary
care coupled with rigorous physical inspection by competent veterinarians
would obviate any necessity of the test far better than any pasteurization,
(Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
If pasteurization could be perfectly accomplished, probably, yes; but the
injurious effects on the milk would make this seem a questionable method of
reaching the desired end, (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. ©.)
No. (Dr. V. ©. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
No. (Dr. 8S. GO. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Yes; but only so far as milk is concerned. (Wealth officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes; but the dealers should buy upon the seoring system, and the test might
be a feature of the score, but optional now. The milk must be good before
pasteurization. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. 0.)
No. (Health officer San Mrancisco, Cal.)
It would require more than any general insistence within my knowledge at
the present time. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Clean, raw milk from healthy cattle is more to be desired than any pasteur-
ized milk. I hope, therefore, that pasteurization will not be generally insisted
upon. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
No. (Dr. Samuel McG. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
I think so. (Health officer Seranton, Pa.)
Quustion 12.—Would compulsory pasteurization obviate in any way the neces-
sily for a prescribed bacterial content?
ANSWERS
No; because the bacterial count would afford an indication of the efficiency
of the pasteurization and how the milk has been handled and kept after pas-
teurization, The bacterial count is an important aid in bringing about sanitary
conditions on dairy farms and should not be abandoned even though compulsory
pasteurization were adopted. The bacterial test should be applied to milk
before pasteurization, and milk should not be pasteurized if it is very bad, but
be rejected entirely. (Ohief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
No; because pasteurization does not make dirty milk clean and does not
destroy the toxins which may develop in old milk. (Surgeon. General U. 8.
Army.) -
It would not. (Surgeon General U. 8S. Navy.)
In my opinion a preseribed bacterial count is an indispensable part of any
regulations requiring compulsory pasteurization, Pasteurized milk is the only
class of milk in which a definite bacterial standard can be set and enforced
independent of the inspection service, It is an absolute index of the efficiency
of the pasteurization and of the conditions under which the milk is kept after
pasteurization. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
It would Jessen the need a little, but it would still be highly desirable, as a
milk chemically altered by excessive bacterial growth will not be rendered
wholesome for infants for drinking purposes by heating, even though it is
much less dangerous. (Dr. William TW. Park, New York, N. Y.)
No; the standards should be, first, certified milk; second, inspected milk;
and milk pasturized at a low temperature. The first through a medical: milk
commission, and the last two through a board of health. (Dr. Henry I. Coit,
Newark, N. J.)
It would make it more necessary. Commercial pasteurized milk is usually
recontaminated before it is disposed of. (Dr. R. G. freeman, New York, N. Y.)
If proper inspection can be maintained, bacterial content may be disregarded.
Bacterial content is one way of deciding on proper pasteurization, however.
(Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Not at all; the milk must be kept as clean as possible before pasteurizing,
and then pasteurized for complete safety, and then properly handled afterwards.
(Dr, C. EH. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
No, (Tealth officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
No; because sanitary conditions at the milk producers are more important,
both with and without pasteurization. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
TI do not think so. Strict methods in the production of milk should be
employed and bacterial counts made to determine if the milk is produced and
180 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
handled in a sanitary manner. (Samples should be collected at the plant
before pasteurization to determine this.) If the milk is not handled in an
acceptable manner, which includes quick and efficient cooling and the main-
taining of a low temperature, even though the pasteurization may be thor-
ough and no bacteria found on examination taken from the discharge of the
machine, it does not destroy the spore which will subsequently develop.
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
No; as no check upon the efficiency of the pasteurization could be made with-
out: bacterial checks. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes; unless it should be resorted to as a method of checking the pasteuriza-
tion. (State board of health, Florida.)
No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Pasteurization would destroy about 90 per cent of germs. (Health officer
Lynchburg, Va.)
No. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Yes; except for scientific purposes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
No. (Health. officer Providence, R. I.)
It would necessitate an entirely different bacterial standard. The necessity
for bacterial standard would, however, in my opinion be all the greater.
(Health officer Richmond, Va.)
No. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
No. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Think the bacterial count would still be necessary to make sure of proper
pasteurization. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
It would be far more necessary for a low bacterial count in pasteurized milk
than in raw milk, and the presence beyond a prescribed bacterial count in pas-
teurized milk would be the best evidence of imperfect pasteurization. (Bor-
den’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Compulsory pasteurization would, in my judgment, greatly increase the neces-
sity for careful supervision of the bacterial content, so as to insure against the
more dangerous organisms that might survive the pasteurization. (Walker-
Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
It would not; but would make it possible to establish it at a lower level—
say, 50,000 per cubic centimeter. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
No. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Bacterial count should go with the pasteurization. (J. M. Houston, White
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Not to much extent. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
No; unless there is a distinction between pasteurized dirt and raw dirt. If
the dirt is to be present anyway, it would probably be better to have it pas-
teurized. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
By no means; pasteurized milk may contain bacteria by the millions.
* (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
No; we are of the opinion that the determination of a bacterial standard for
pasteurized milk is extremely important, as well as a standard for the same
milk before pasteurization. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
BACTERIAL COUNT.
QUESTION 1.—Is the bacterial count reliable and an indication of unsatisfactory
conditions?
ANSWEBS.
The bacterial count is believed to be reliable. When the bacterial count of
milk from a certain herd is habitually high, this is a reliable indication that.
the milk is being produced under insanitary conditions or handled in an insani-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 181
tary way. A discussion of the bacteriological count will be found beginning on
page 43 of Circular 153 of the Bureau of Animal Industry. (Chief Bureau of
Animal Industry.)
The bacterial count is, generally speaking, a fair index of cleanliness in milk
as in water. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Yes; within certain limits. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
The bacterial count is a reliable index of the care taken in the production
and handling of milk. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service. ) ;
Yes; a high count indicates either dirty, warmth, or long keeping. Perhaps
one of these, or all, may be factors in any case. (Dr. William H. Park, New
York, N. Y.)
Numerical findings of bacteria in milk are the only reliable index of cleanli-
ness in the collections of milk. They were first proposed by the Medical Milk
Commission of Essex County, N. J., in 1890, and carried out under its super-
vision with Dr. Pruden and Dr. R. G. Freeman, of New York. (Dr. Henry L.
Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes; in general. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
It is. (Dr. C. HE. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We think so. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
I believe it is when milk from the same station from different producers are
reported. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
While not reliable at all times, it does in most cases reveal whether condi-
tions are satisfactory or otherwise. The three factors which contribute largely
to high bacterial counts are: (1) Contamination of milk at times of being
drawn, resulting from unclean and improper methods; (2) temperature; (3)
age. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Not necessarily (answer only to latter part of question). (Health officer
Burlington, Vt.)
In a general way it is indicative of degree of contamination, the method of
cooling and storage, and the age of a given sample. (Health officer Cleve
land, Ohio. )
Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Not necessarily. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
It is the most reliable method at our disposal. (State board of health,
Florida. )
Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes; it permits health department to go to source of trouble, which in many
instances is at the farm, and compel cleanliness. (Health officer Kansas
City, Mo.)
An excellent indication of ine general sanitary conditions. Count should be
high, say 500,000 c. ¢., or can not be enforced. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes; a high count is indicative of unsatisfactory conditions, either at the
dairy or during handling and transportation. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Yes; either in milking, handling, surroundings, as well as diseased cows.
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
It never indicates actual number of bacteria present, but applied under
standard conditions it gives thoroughly reliable comparative figures. It always
indicates that something is wrong; either:(1) dirty production, (2) failure to
cool promptly and efficiently and to keep cold, or (8) keeping too long. (Health
officer Richmond, Va.)
Within certain limitations; for instance, when icing from stable to retailer
is enforced. Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Only comparatively. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Not necessarily so. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Bacterial counts taken consecutively are an indication of the cleanliness and
eareful handling when low; of the opposite when high. But it is unfair to
draw conclusions from one count, as accidents may happen. (Straus Labora-
tory, Washington, D. C.)
No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
The bacterial count is absolutely reliable if taken in accordance with pre-
Scribed precautions and with due exercise of care. The mere count in itself,
however, does not show or denote the presence of deleterious organisms, but
182 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
simply gives the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter as an entirety. Yet,
however, in experienced hands the growth of these colonies denotes to a great
extent the species to which they belong, and in this way conditions can be
checked up. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
It is only reliable in that it shows whether or not care has been exercised in
the handling of milk. As usually made, it does not give any indication of con-
tagious disease. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
I have used it constantly for six years and believe in it thoroughly. It is, or
may be, if properly done, reliable and a direct means of estimating conditions.
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Yes; if age and temperature of milk is known. Does not denote point of con-
tamination. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Yes; if standard be taken to 500,000. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Reliable enough. We have discovered unsatisfactory conditions by making
inspections upon strength of high counts. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
We believe it reliable in the hands of the proper person and that it is an indi-
‘eation of unsatisfactory conditions. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia,
Pa.)
I think bacterial count alone is reliable if low and if preservatives are ruled
out. If it is high, I think of itself it should not condemn milk, but should lead
to inspection of dairy and methods of handling. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 2.—Do bacteriologists working independently arrive at approximately
the same results in examining samples of a given milking?
ANSWERS.
Bacteriologists working independently, but using uniform and standard
methods, obtain fairly uniform results. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry. )
Approximately; yes. (Surgeon General United States Army.)
Yes; under the same conditions. (Surgeon General United States Navy.)
Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Yes. <A variation of 10 or 20 per cent may be made, but this is no objection,
as the differences between bad and good milk are so great. (Dr. William H.
Park, New York, N. Y.)
They do. Methods are now standardized by the American Association of
Medical Milk Commissions. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes. (Dr. R. G Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 4
Yes; if their methods are standardized and the samples properly taken. (Dr.
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Within the limits of variation; yes. (Dr. C, EH. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Yes (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) ‘
Within reasonable limits. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
I have no information. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
While there is considerable variation in the number of bacteria taken from
the same sample, hence at least three samples should be examined in order to
get a general average of the number of bacteria in a given sample. By follow-
ing this rule bacteriologists working independently would obtain approximately
the same results. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Yes. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Have no personal observation on that point. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes; providing the bacteriologists use the same methods. (Health officer
Columbus, Ohio.)
Approximately. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
The range of variation is considerable, but the range of conditions is also
considerable. The first two or three draws of milk contain a very much higher
bacterial count than the later milking. (State board of health, Florida.)
Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Experienced biologists do, provided they test the same sample under same
conditions. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes, if the counts are made at the same temperatures, room, or incubator.
The media and the temperature should always be stated in a bacteriological
report. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 183
If honest, they do. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes; if they employ. standard methods of analysis and counts. (Health officer
Providence, R. I.)
Yes; by use of standard methods. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
No. Those working for the State or city more nearly the same. Those work-
ing for a dairyman generally find lower counts than we. (Health officer Seattle,
Wash.)
Probably not. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
No. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) y
Fairly so. At least, working on the same bottle, they will agree that the milk
is good because of a low count, though the counts do not tally exactly. (Straus
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
I am not prepared to answer. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
The results of bacteriologists working with given methods are approximately
the same. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
In a general way; yes. It is unfortunate that a standard method of making
bacteriological counts has not been established. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.) ;
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
If they use standard methods; yes. If each has his own method, results are
likely to vary quite widely. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Yes; when technique is identical. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
They should. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
I do not know from experience, but know of no reason why they should not,
if proper precautions are used. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
I have no personal knowledge of this. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Generally, yes; always provided the milk is carefully prepared and exactly
the same methods pursued. Milk from the same milking, part of which is
placed into a clean can and another into a dirty can, will naturally give differ-
ent bacterial counts at the end of a few hours. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill,
Philadelphia, Pa.)
I have never checked this up with another man. (Health officer Scran-
ton, Pa.) .
QUESTION 3.—Is it feasible to indicate the maximum number of bacteria
allowable?
ANSWERS.
Yes; provided the number is not made unreasonably low. (Chief Bureau of
Animal Industry. )
Approximately; yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
It is, under given fixed conditions. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
For pasteurized milk a maximum bacterial standard is indispensable, and
probably more important than inspection. For other classes of milk a bacterial
standard is only supplementary to other requirements, such as competent veteri-
nary inspection and medical inspection of employees. The bacterial count is
an index of the efficiency of the methods used for the production of a safe milk
and is a check upon the efficiency of the inspection service. (Surgeon General
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. )
It is as to an average, but not for an individual excess. Almost every one
of the certified farms has at some time had a high count. (Dr. William H.
Park, New York, N. Y.)
Perfectly.so. The American Association of Medical Milk Commissions, at
my suggestion, fixed the standard at 10,000 per cubic centimeter. (Dr. Henry
L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes; but not always advisable. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. Discretion should be allowed to the bacteriologist, however. (Dr. M. P.
Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Certainly. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We think so. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
No; I should use such information for our guidance of our inspectors only.
(Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
184 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Perhaps of value, even if not enforceable. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Not in my judgment. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Depending on legal backing. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes. (State board of health, Florida.)
Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
I believe so. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
I think a standard should be established and maintained. (Health officer
Portland, Oreg. ) ’
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Yes. (See rules, pages 6 and 7, marked “B.”’) [Appendix G.] (Health
officer Richmond, Va.)
Not unless the law is really enforced; cleanliness and icing compulsory.
(Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
No. Because a low count may contain both pathological and harmless bac-
teria. In other words, a low count does not necessarily mean that the milk is
not dangerous. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes; when an average of counts are taken, but it would not be fair to prose-
‘cute for one count that went above the maximum zee. (Straus Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.)
No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Yes. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
It is certainly so in certified milk, and I believe could be practically applied
to the milk of commerce. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Yes. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Yes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
I think it is. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
We have found it feasible. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
The difficulty rests in the fact that it is extremely difficult to know where
to place the responsibility for high counts, inasmuch as a large percentage of
the milk coming into our cities goes through the hands of the producer, the
creamery, the transportation companies, and finally the dealer. (Dr. Samuel
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
I think it is feasible to put a limit as to the number of bacteria allowable,
but before disbarring a dealer enough examination should be made to show
that he is practically always over the count. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 4.—What number, in your judgment, should be specified in this
connection?
ANSWERS.
In the recommendations of the conference appointed by the Commissioners of
the District of Columbia in 1907 100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter was given
as a standard for inspected milk. This might be found too low a standard for
raw milk under present conditions, but the maximum standard should not in
any event be set higher than 500,000. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
I regard the classification of milk in Circular No. 114, August 14, 1910,
Bureau of Animal Industry, as a fair scientific standard. [Nore—Ten thou-
sand for “certified”? milk and 100,000 for “inspected” milk.] (Surgeon Gen-
eral U. S. Army.)
One hundred thousand. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
For certified milk, 10,000; for inspected milk, 100,000; for pasteurized milk
a standard of 10,000 te 20,000 would appear to be reasonable. (Surgeon General
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
This depends on the size of the town or city, for the longer the haul the
poorer the bacterial quality of the milk. Certified milk should average under
10,000. Pasteurized under 50,000. In cities in winter the common milk under
100,000 and in summer under 500,000. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 185
It is perfectly feasible to keep milk below 5,000 with the present knowledge
of dairy hygiene, but 10,000 per cubic centimeter is a reasonable limit through-
out the year. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
That must be a matter for each community to settle, depending on the cleanli-
ness of the dairies. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
For a small city 100,000; perhaps 250,000 for Washington. (Dr. C. EH. A.
Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Seventy-five thousand to 100,000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Ann
Arbor, Mich.)
Not less than 100,000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
Not yet determined. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Five hundred thousand per cubic centimeter seems reasonable for general
market milk. While for “certified” milk the standard should range from
10,000 to 15,000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
One hundred thousand. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Dependent entirely upon local conditions. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Under new conditions, 500,000 count is all that is practical; with education
of the dairyman and continual enforcement of dairy rules 200,000 or 100,000
should be attained. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
By using cleanly methods in the handling of milk and by rapidly cooling it .
afterwards, it is practicable to produce and vend milk containing not more
than 10,000 per cubic centimeter. Five to ten times this number is certainly
not too exacting. (State board of health, Florida.)
When milk is produced locally, 1,500,000; when milk is shipped, 3,000,000.
(Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
From 100,000 to 500,000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Kansas
City, Mo.)
Five hundred thousand per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
For small communities, 100,000. Large cities should have a higher limit,
depending upon conditions, unless they require pasteurization. (Health officer
Montclair, N. J.)
Average, 100,000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
One hundred thousand bacteria per cubic centimeter, media; 1 per cent agar,
1.5 per cent acid, 1 per cent peptone; 9 cubic centimeters used. One cubie
centimeter milk incubated 24 hours at 374° C. in 94 cubic centimeters petre
dish, clay cover. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Depends on local conditions; 95 per cent of all milk on Richmond market
is produced within 11 miles of Richmond. Our results for 1909 are shown in
appendix —. A city getting milk from a distance could not maintain as good
a standard as ours. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
I would not specify any number, but would use 100,000 to hold up the milk
producer. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Certified, 15,000; market milk, 100,000. We have no special trouble in pro-
ducing milk as good as this. But it is only done by very rigid inspection.
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
If specified, the location and conditions would determine. I could insist
on and enforce 25,000 in this city. Many of my producers sell 10,000 germ
milk at no additional cost, and in midsummer too, not certified, but just plain
“milk.” (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
No standard can be set. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
In summer, 150,000; in winter, 75,000. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New
York, N. Y.)
Ten thousand per cubic centimeter seems to be the generally accepted maxi-
mum for certified milk. Possibly 100,000 would be as low as could be required
in milk of commerce. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Ten thousand per cubic centimeter. (This is intended to refer to “ certified ”’
milk.) (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
A sliding scale. At outset make the number within comparatively easy reach.
I should say 300,000; then reduce as conditions improve. (Dr. S. C. Prescott,
Boston, Mass.)
Depends on grade of milk. Certified, 10,000; inspected, 100,000; market milk,
500,000. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
One hundred thousand. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washing:
ton, D. C.)
Five hundred thousand. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Three hundred thousand. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
186 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The number would depend largely upon local conditions. Wheeling, with
its milk supply very close to the city, should specify a much lower number
than New York or Washington. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
We believe, however, it should be the aim of every municipality to so safe-
guard its milk supply as to reach the standard of 100,000 bacteria to the
cubie centimeter. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
I think a community should set this figure for itself by determining the
average count under ordinary conditions. This average count should be set
as a standard, with the idea of reducing it later as conditions can be gradually
improved. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 5.—Is it possible for the producer or dealer to verify or disprove the
bacterial count reported?
ANSWERS.
If the producer or dealer is given a duplicate sample of the milk and has it
examined by a competent bacteriologist by a standard method, this would be
a check on the bacterial count officially reported. (Chief Bureau of Animal
Industry.)
Not usually. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Not absolutely. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
The producer or dealer can take samples at the same time that the authori-
ties do, and in this way the latter’s results can be checked. Unless this is
done, the bacterial count can not be verified, as the examination must be made
under like conditions, and requires at least 48 hours for a count to be known.
(Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) |
Only by taking duplicate samples and making tests. (Dr. William H. Park,
New York, N. Y.)
Not if an officer-of a medical milk commission collects the milk from a
delivery wagon and the count is made by a good observer under its direction.
(Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes; approximately, but not practical. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Not unless the same sample were examined. (Dr. C. HE. A. Winslow, New
York, N. Y.)
Yes; i. e., two samples taken at same time. But not after report is made.
(Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
With ordinary cleanliness and prompt cooling the bacterial count may be
ignored. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
No. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
It would be necessary for him to have a laboratory properly equipped and
a bacteriologist employed to make the necessary tests. This would be neces-
sary and feasible in the case of a large dealer. (Health officer Birmingham,
Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Responsibility for high bacterial content can not always be placed. Municipal-
ity can not show per cent of increase between wholesaler and retailer and be-
tween taking sample and time of examination. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Not unless he takes a sample at the same time and uses the same methods
in arriving at results. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Doubtful. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Only by bacterial methods; that is, by the service of a trained bacteriologist.
By resorting to these means he can. (State board of health, Florida.)
Can be verified, but not disproved. (Health officer, Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes; owing to a tendency of certain germs to glutinate. He could verify or
disprove count. (Health officer, Kansas City, Mo.) :
He can give sample to another bacteriologist. (Health officer Lynchburg,
Va.)
Only by having duplicate samples plated by his own bacteriologist. (Health
officer, Montclair, N. J.)
Yes. (Health officer, Portland, Oreg.)
Yes; as he has the original package and results need not vary greatly if milk
kept cool, as should be if delivery is proper. (Health officer, Providence, R. I.)
Only by having duplicate samples (made by dividing a single sample after
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 187
' thorough mixing) examined independently and immediately by two or more
competent bacteriologists using standard methods. (Health officer Richmond,
Va.)
Not in practice. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Under our law he gets a sealed sample the same as we and our slides are
always at the disposal of competent conscientious bacteriologists. (Health
officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer, Topeka, Kans.)
If he had counts made elsewhere the same day, yeS; otherwise, no. (Straus
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Duplicates of samples taken for bacterial count should be given the producer
or dealer, and dealers should be in a position to verify counts. The larger
producers could be put in a position to do so, but in the case of the small pro-
ducer it would be exceedingly hard to impress upon him the need of sterility as
to his apparatus, even though he be furnished with necessary utensils and
media. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Practically no. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) ©
Not absolutely, unless duplicate samples are taken and treated in uniform
way with official samples. Dealer or producer may have his own bacteriologist.
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Yes; if he takes simultaneously samples and uses same technique. (Health
officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
It depends on whether the dealer has his laboratory or not; the producer can
not verify the count, nor the dealer, unless he sees it. (J. M. Houston, White
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
It would be possible for.him to have a test made from a sample taken under
the same conditions as those of the inspector, if he were instructed as to what
those conditions should be. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Yes; we inform each dairyman as we collect the sample, so he may have a
count made if he desires. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
No; unless his counts are made from the same can or the same jar, and of
the same date, and by the same methods. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Phila-
delphia, Pa.)
I do not see how it is practical unless the producer maintains his own labora-
tory. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 6.—What does a high bacterial count indicate?
ANSWERS.
A high bacterial content indicates unclean conditions on the farm, or lack of
care and cleanliness in handling the milk in transit, or both. (Chief Bureau
of Animal Industry.)
Old milk or dirty milk, or milk that has not been properly cooled and kept
at a low temperature. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Milk improperly kept. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
A high bacterial count indicates dirty dairy methods, lack of proper cooling
of milk, or that it is too old. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hos-
pital Service.)
At the farm, dirt or old milk contamination. In the city usually that the
milk has been warm for many hours before using, and often original dirt or
old milk in the ean or on the strainers, ete. (Dr. William H, Park, New York,
ING NG)
Filthy dairy surroundings, careless collections and handling, or a diseased
udder. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Dirty cows or dirty employees or utensils or methods, or neglect to cool effi-
ciently or promptly or to deliver properly. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York,
IN G6)
Dirty cows, stables, or handling; lack of refrigeration often. (Dr. M. P.
Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Dirt, age, high temperature, one or all. (Dr. C, H. A. Winslow, New York,
INE YS)
Dirt of some kind, or uncleanliness in containers. (Health officer Ann Arbor,
Mich.)
188 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Careless contamination or a high temperature, or stale milk. (Health
officer Atlanta, Ga.)
Uncleanliness and improper temperature. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
One or all of the following things: Bad methods, improper cooling, too much
delay in the delivery of the milk. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Insanitary methods of collecting and improper cooling. (Health officer Bis-
marck, N. Dak.)
That the milk at some stage was seeded either heavily or lightly, and that
conditions of temperature at some time or other were favorable for growth.
(Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Degree of contamination, degree of efficiency attained in cooling and the age.
Kind are more significant than the number of bacteria. (Health officer Cleve-
land, Ohio.)
Old milk, warm milk, dirty milk. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Contamination. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Dirt in milk always gives a high bacterial content. Milk containing only a
few bacteria at first, but kept at warm temperature the bacteria increase in
numbers, and soon the bacterial content is high, even though the milk was
produced under cleanly conditions. (State board of health, Florida.)
Careless methods of handling milk. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Source of contamination, after milk leaves cow’s udder. (Health officer
Kansas City, Mo.)
Hither that the milk is old or insanitary. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Hither diseased condition, filth, or carelessness at time of milking, or ineffi-
ciently low temperature of storage. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Usually improper handling of milk from milker to consumer. (Health officer
Portland, Oreg.)
That milk has not been properly handled. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
One (or more, or all) of conditions given under 1 on this page (i. e., dirty
production, failure to cool promptly and efficiently, and to keep cool, or keeping
milk too long. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Dirt and warm milk. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Indicates diseases udder or teats, old milk, or contaminated milk. (Health
officer Seattle, Wash.)
Unclean methods of production or handling or both. Long time intervening
between production and plating. Not low temperature kept between production
and plating. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Usually either dirty methods of milking and handling, or diseased cows, or
old milk. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
It indicates that the milk was not immediately cooled after being drawn from
the cow, or the temperature was allowed to raise higher than it should some
time between the milking and the delivery of the milk. (Sharon Dairy, District
of Columbia.)
A high bacterial count as a rule indicates either, first, that the milk has been
kept at too high temperature, or, second, that it has been kept too long. (Bor-
den’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
A continued high pacterial content indicates want of care in either the cleanli-
ness or the cooling of the milk. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Little. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Hither dirt, age, or high temperature. Expert can generally decide which.
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Improper methods of handling milk. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Uneclean conditions and contamination somewhere along the line. (J. M.
Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Uncleanly conditions, contamination, heat, old milk. (Health officer San
Francisco, Cal.)
Hither old milk, dirty milk, or milk kept at too high temperature. (Health
officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Usually dirt, old milk, carelessness in handling. (Health officer Wheeling
W. Va.)
Carelessness in production or in subsequent handling. (Dr. Samuel McC.
Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) ;
Dirty dairies, old milk, or milk kept at a high temperature. (Health officer
Scranton, Pa.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 189
QUESTION 7.—Is the harmfulness of a high bacterial count scientifically estab-
lished beyond question?
ANSWERS.
As a high bacterial count indicates insanitary conditions, such a count is
evidence that the milk is dangerous. Several authorities on feeding infants
assert that milk with a high bacterial content is injurious regardless of the
character of the bacteria. (Chief Bureau Animal Industry.)
The undesirability of old milk or dirty milk is self-evident. It is also scien-
tifically established. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.
Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. )
For infants, beyond all reasonable doubt. For adults, not harmful as a
rule, e. g., buttermilk. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
It is. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
I believe so. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
High count is not necessarily harmful, but it indicates conditions which are
harmful. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We have no doubt of it. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
Depends upon the character of the bacteria. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
The harmfulness of a high bacterial count in milk may not be scientifically
established ; at the same time the possibility of a sample of milk having a high
bacterial count, showing the presence of disease germs, would be greater than
in a sample having a very low bacterial count. (Health officer Birmingham,
Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
The presence of large number of practically harmless types can do no good
and is responsible for many complaints among children and adults due to par-
ticular susceptibility. “Yes.” (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
I would not attempt to say. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
No; this depends, however, upon the kind of bacteria. (Health officer Colum-
bus, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes. (State board of health, Florida.)
Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
I should say not. It is simply an indication of conditions, and is highly
useful from this standpoint. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
When the count is in the millions its harmfulness is well established. With
certain types of bacteria the count may be much lower, and yet the milk will
be harmfule (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
I think so. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
It is a greater fraud to sell milk which can not be used at all, due to de-
composition from excessive numbers of bacteria, than if adulterated with
water. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Milk of very high bacterial content may be harmless, as buttermilk, for ex-
ample; but high counts in milk sold as sweet milk always show something
wrong and should be condemned. In few matters of public health do we con-
sider that any given conditions must always do harm, but we know (1) that
milk improperly produced and handled does produce disease, and (2) that high
bacterial content always shows that milk has in some way been improperly
produced or handled. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Not a high count alone; but a high count is generally indicative of dirt and
lack of ice. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Yes; at least so far as its use among babies is concerned.. It is in my judg-
ment undoubtedly harmful when given to adults. (Health officer Seattle,
Wash.)
No; the bacteria may be nearly, if not quite, all beneficial organisms, though
producing souring of the milk. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
The harmfulness of high bacterial count depends entirely upon the character
of bacteria, With ordinary lactic bacteria, milk takes on a high acidity, giving
190 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
what is called a self-soured milk, which is not very palatable and which in the
advanced stages gives separation of both fat and proteid matter. This milk
necessarily, however, is not harmful, as many cheeses are made according to
this self-soured method, and, as a rule, advanced acidity shows bacteria princi-
pally of the lactic specie. A highly bacterial count with a low acidity, how-
ever, aS a rule, would denote more of the putrefactive and pathogenic specie.
(Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Not so far as I know. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I think so, in general, although in case of special ‘‘ fermented” milk high
count means nothing bad, of course. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Infant mortality reduced by keeping count down. (Health officer Los
Angeles, Cal.)
Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
The possible harmfulness is, undoubtedly. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
I think so. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
We are not prepared to answer this affirmatively. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill,
Philadelphia, Pa.)
I do hot think a high count is dangerous per se, as most of the ordinary milk
bacteria are, of course, harmless. As stated, a persistent high count would
signify dirty milk, which would unquestionably be unwholesome in the long
run. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 8.—-Is it practicable with due regard to the rights of the producer or
dealer to msist upon a prescribed bacterial count?
ANSWERS,
Yes; if the maximum limit is not unreasonably low. (Chief Bureau of
Animal Industry.)
It is practicable to require either clean milk or proper pasteurization.
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) :
Yes; for each kind of milk. Low for milk to be consumed raw by children.
Higher for milk to be used for pasteurization or cooking. Low for pasteurized
milk. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. It does not require expensive equipment to obtain clean milk. In Ken-
tucky five dairies with whitewashed barns and ordinary domestic cleanliness
are approved and certified by a medical milk commission with counts never
above 4,000. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Certainly. (Dr. C. H. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
As the bacterial count means clean milk, properly cooled and kept so, we
can not see that this imposes upon the dealer or producer. (Health officer
Atlanta, Ga.)
I have my doubts. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Count can be kept down with ease, if simple rules are regarded. Practica-
bility doubtful. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (State board of health, Florida.)
Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes; our ordinance specifies 300,000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer
Kansas City, Mo.)
Yes. Clean fresh milk will have a low count, and such milk is highly de-
sirable for infants and invalids. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes. Due care, ice, and short time before delivery will accomplish the
object. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Yes. It encourages cleanliness. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. Wedoso. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
ie
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 191
Yes. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
I think it is. What right has the dealer to talk about rights as against the
lives of children? (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
It is not right to the legitimate and honest dealer unless we do insist upon a
bacterial count, because it gives a dishonest, filthy dealer a chance to sell dan-
gerous milk and to unjustly compete with a man striving to produce good, pure,
wholesome milk. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
In cities where there is certified milk it is done. (Straus Laboratory, Wash-
ington, D. C.)
No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Yes; providing that the enforcement of such standard be exercised with due
care and moderation and allowance made for certain contingencies, as in the
ease of delays in transit or accident, which may cause a rising temperature and
thereby increased bacterial count, which count, however, would be simply a
local rise due to the conditions at that particular time and would probably not
extend beyond that particular shipment and could not be taken as affecting in
any way the standard which had up to that time been adhered to. (Borden’s
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Yes; but to be fair to the producer and dealer the limit should be a very high
one until the public is willing to pay the added cost entailed in producing and
handling a high-grade milk. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I believe it is practicable to enforce withdrawal of any milk from public sale
which may be regarded as dangerous to public. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston,
Mass. )
Yes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Yes; if not too low. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
With proper regulations governing production, transportation, and delivery,
yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
I think so, if a reasonable average figure is taken and opportunity is given
to a dealer to improve his conditions instead of barring him arbitrarily on a
yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
MAINTENANCE OF LOW TEMPERATURES.
QUESTION 1.—At what maximum temperature should milk be kept to give the
best resulis for commercial purposes?
ANSWERS. |
While the temperature limit should be practicable, it should not be fixed pri-
marily with a view to giving the best results for commercial uses, the real
object being to insure the delivery of milk to the consumer in a wholesome
condition. To accomplish the latter object, it is believed that milk should be
promptly cooled to 50° F. or less, and should be kept below that temperature
until delivery. This would require the use of ice in summer, but is not believed
to be commercially impracticable, except possibly during the summer in warm
climates where the producer is unable to provide ice. This requirement has
been made by the city of Atlanta, Ga., and if it is practicable there it would
certainly be practicable for the city of Washington. (Chief Bureau of Animal
Industry.)
It is generally agreed that a temperature not above 50° F. is desirable.
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Under 50° F. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Forty-five degrees Fahrenheit is desirable, but 50° F. is much easier to have
and will answer fairly well. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Between 40° and 50° F. from an hour after milking until its use. Never
above 50°. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
As near 33° F. as possible. Not above 50° F. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New
York, N. Y.)
192 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Dr. C. H. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Forty degrees Fahrenheit or lower. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Below 50° F. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
About 50° F. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
From 40° to 50° F. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Ordinary cold-storage temperature. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Thirty-four to forty-five degrees Fahrenheit. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Fifty degrees. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Below 50° F. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (State board of health, Florida.)
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Fifty degrees. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Forty to fifty degrees Fahrenheit is desirable. In Lynchburg, where the
milk is quickly delivered, 60° F. is allowed, but most dairymen of their own
volition store below 50° F. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Should not be over 50° F. This is a limit that is easily attained. (Health
officer Montclair, N. J.)
Not above 60° F. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Below 50° F. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
At or below 50° F., if milk is kept any length of time or comes from great
distance. Where producers are near at hand and the milk reaches the con-
sumer promptly, good milk may be had without insisting on so low a tempera-
ture. If farmers have no practical way of getting ice on farm, 50° can not
be insisted upon. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Under 50° F. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Not higher than 50°. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Not above 50° F. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
I believe in general that 50° is sufficient. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit as a maximum. Certified milk is kept at 40° and
45°. A high temperature gives high bacterial count. (Straus Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.)
Authorities differ. Anywhere between 48° F. and 58° F. will give good
results. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
We bottle all milk at the farm and keep it packed in ice until delivered to
the consumer, and so lack experience on these two points. (Walker-Gordon
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Forty-five to fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Fifty degrees. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
About 50° F. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
As low as possible. Not above 60° F. at most. (Health officer St. Joseph,
Mo.)
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Forty to fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamil], Philadel-
phia, Pa.)
Sixty degrees. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 2.—Is it commercially practicable to maintain a maximum tempera-
ture of 50° F. from time of milking to city delivery to consumer?
ANSWERS.
While the temperature limit should be practicable, it should not be fixed
primarily with a view to giving the best results for commercial uses, the real
object being to insure the delivery of milk to the consumer in a wholesome
condition. To accomplish the latter object it is believed that milk should be
promptly cooled to 50° F. or less, and should be kept below that temperature un-
til delivery. This would require the use of ice in summer, but is not believed to
be commercially impracticable except possibly during the summer in warm
climates where the producer is unable to provide ice. This requirement has
been made by the city of Atlanta, Ga., and if it is practicable there it would
certainly be practicable for the city of Washington. (Chief Bureau of Animal
Industry.)
a
eS
Ss eS ee Ee
a et
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 193
This depends upon the facilities granted by the railroads, amount of capital
put into business, etc. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Yes; itis. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
It is, with the possible exception of cans situated at the outside in the wagons.
If these are to be kept cold they must be covered with some nonconductor of
heat. The actual cost of this would not be great. (Dr. William H. Park, New
KOT KIN: SY)
It is. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Dairymen in Atlanta have found it so without increasing the price. (Health
officer Atlanta, Ga.)
We have not yet been able to solve it. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
The answer to this question would depend largely on the local prices of ice.
Cost of ice might be prohibitive in some localities, while in others this tempera-
ture could be maintained without its being a burden on the milk producer or
dealer. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Not very practicable, but desirable. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Yes. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Absolutely not. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
No; see answer No. 3 under “ Health department” heading, viz, the require-
ment is desirable certainly; 50° is too low for market milk under ordinary
conditions, as experienced in Columbus. We have enforced a 65° rule for two
years; 98 per cent of retail milk kept at 65°; 60 per cent of wholesale milk
kept at 65°. Great improvement during last summer. (Health officer Co-
lumbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes. (State board of health, Florida.)
Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
I should say impracticable until the dairymen are fully convinced of its
desirability. When the dairyman has been taught the use of cold and cleanli-
ness, he will strive to maintain both. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
‘No. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Inspector of milk, Providence, R. I.)
When farmers can always make ice (or buy it to advantage), this can be
done. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
I do not believe that it is; although it is from city to consumer. If trains
were regular in their schedule, delivering milk to the city on time each day,
it would be more practicable., (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
It costs more, but can be and is done in other cities. (Straus Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.)
Not under present conditions. (John Thomas, Hdnor, Md., president Milk
Producers’ Association. )
No; unless ice is used at all times. The average temperature of water in this
locality is about 56° F., and without refrigerator cars it is impossible to main-
tain that temperature. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Yes. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Yes; by abundant icing. I think it should be generally understood that with
precautions suggested by these questions, price of milk must rise. (Dr. S. C.
Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Only in a few instances in this section. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
We bottle all milk at the farm and keep it packed in ice until delivered to
the consumer, and so lack experience on these two points. (Walker-Gordon
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Not at the present price of milk. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
It is possible, if ice is properly used. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Yes; during the past year some of our dairymen have demonstrated it.
(Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3—138
194 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Yes; provided the producer, the railroad companies, and the dealers can be
forced by law to adopt proper methods. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Phila-
delphia, Pa.)
Yes; by prohibiting the sale of dip milk; enforce the sale of bottle milk.
(Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QuESTION 3.—Should hours be prescribed for the city delwery so as to prevent
increase of temperature while deposited on doorsteps, etc.?
ANSWERS.
It is undoubtedly desirable that milk should not be left on the doorstep in
warm weather long enough to allow a material rise in the temperature, but the
department is not prepared to recommend that certain hours be prescribed for
delivery in order to accomplish this. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
I do not know whether such regulations would be capable of enforcement.
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
They should. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
The practice of early morning delivery of all milk is commendable. (Surgeon
General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
This should be done during the warm months, So that at least they would not
stand more than 30 minutes exposed to a temperature above 55° E. (Dr.
William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
This is impracticable, because milk is required by most people at the same
time of day. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
It would be well if this could be done. (Dr. C. EH. A. Winslow, New York,
N. Y.)
Probably. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We think this can best be controlled by printed slips of instructions supplied
by the board of health and delivered at intervals by dairymen to their cus-
tomers. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
I think it would be better to have eeeenined it for city delivery, but at pres-
ent I have no evidence to show much change produced in the milk after it is
left at the consumer’s residence. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Dealer should not be responsible for milk after delivery, and prescribed hours
will nearly always work to advantage of one dealer and to detriment of the
next one. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Very doubtful if sentiment would permit the enforcement of such an ordi-
nance. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
No; subject to modification depending upon character of communities and
locations. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio. )
Yes; if possible. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
It might not be possible to regulate hours of delivery, but milk could be placed
so it is sheltered from the sun. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes; preferably morning hours, 4 to 8 a. m. In some cities regulations pre-
scribe 12m. to8a.m. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
No; that would be undue interference with private business. If the milk is
at a low temperature when delivered, the householder is responsible for subse-
quent conditions. She also has the option of taking milk from a dealer that
comes at a more convenient hour. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Yes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Not necessary. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Not if delivery wagon is provided (as all should be in Summer) with means
of keeping milk cold while on delivery route. It is best, however, never to leave
milk on doorstep, but to hand it directly to cook. (Health officer Richmond,
_ Va.)
The whole question of early morning delivery is wrong. Milk should not be
SJelivered to the consumer prior to6 a.m. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
This would be desirable, but impracticable in this city at least. (Health
officer Seattle, Wash.)
Hardly practicable. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 195
I would say not practicable or desirable. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Think it would be a good thing if it could be done. (Straus Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.)
Yes; if possible. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Producers’
Association. )
No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
This would be most impracticable, as the natural demands are for fresh
milk for breakfast. Provision must be made for the people who take early
breakfast as well as for those who can take late breakfast. (Borden’s Con-
densed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Dissatisfaction of consumers and increased cost of delivery would seem to
make this impractical. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
' Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
If this is practicable, it would have an excellent effect. It must be borne
in mind, however, that time is necessary for milk delivery, and that dealer
must utilize as few wagons and men as possible in order to make fair profit.
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
No. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes; milk should be delivered after 7 a. m. so it can be taken in the house
and not exposed to contamination on door steps, standing exposed to the rays
of the sun in the summer and frozen in the winter. The dealer has to put
up with poor help, stolen milk, and other complaints that would not occur.
(J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Not in this city. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
I think a more practical plan would be to prescribe certain hours, later
than which no milk shall be deposited in such places, but must be delivered
to the ice chest or refrigerator of the consumer. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Many things should come before this; the consumer if interested could regu-
late this matter. Our certified milk distributer is not allowed to leave milk
on door steps. He must place it in an ice chest or in the hands of an adult
member of family. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Unquestionably. We consider this a very important step. (Dr. Samuel
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Yes. In summer not later than 8 o’clock a.m. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 4.—Could requirements reasonably be made compelling consumers to
exercise caution in handling milk?
ANSWERS.
Educational work is believed to be the best method of inducing consumers to
exercise caution in handling milk. The Department of Agriculture has
recently issued a publication (Farmers’ Bulletin 413) on The Care of Milk
and its Use in the Home, which is well adapted to this purpose and which is
being widely circulated. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
I do not know whether such regulations would be capable of enforcement.
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Consumers can be advised as to the care of milk. (Surgeon General Public
Health and Marine-Hospital Service. )
It seems to me that advice only is practicable in case of private families. In
hotels, etc., rules should be made. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
No; but an educational plan is advisable whereby they could assist the
dealer in protecting his milk. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
It seems impossible to carry out any such regulation. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel,
Madison, Wis.)
Questionable in private families. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We have investigated this and think it a better plan to send printed slips
of instructions by the dairymen as a means of education. (Health officer
Atlanta, Ga.) :
Such requirements are practically difficult to enforce. We can only advise.
(Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
It should be done, but this matter is open to question. (Health officer Bir-
mingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck N. Dak.)
196 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
No. Should be instructed by health department circulars and then made to
take their own chances. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Could never be enforced. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
No; providing this does not apply to boarding houses, hotels, hospitals, ete.
(Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Educational. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
No; only printed advice given, which patrons slowly learn to follow. (Health
officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Education is all, I think, that could be accomplished along this line. (Health
officer Montclair, N. J.)
Yes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes; make deliveries of milk be made in original packages only. (Health
officer Providence, R. I.)
Such requirements can be reasonably made, but they can not always be
enforced. We have such regulations, but not everybody lives up to them.
(Health officer Richmond, Va.)
I know of none. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
I do not think so. Of course, you can compel the bottle to be washed,
but then you have no assurance that even diseased germs have been removed.
I believe that education in the home to be our greatest safeguard in this ~
respect. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) ;
No; education alone can accomplish results. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
If possible. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Producers’ Asso-
ciation. )
No; and should not be attempted. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Requirements could not be made, or, rather, could not be enforced regarding
any action which consumers would have to take. Consumers, however, should
be cautioned in regard to the necessary care which they should take and advised
as to the results of the disregard of such caution. They, however, should be
compelled to thoroughly clean and scald any and all utensils which contained
milk and which containers are to be returned to the dealer. (Borden’s Con-
densed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Yes; but education of the consumer to the need of carrying out these regula-
tions would seem the only possible method of enforcing them. (Walker-Gordon’
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I fail to see how consumer can be “compelled” to exercise caution with
his own property if he chooses not to do so. (Dr. 8S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
No. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Serve after 7 a. m. Here is where much of the trouble starts. Educate the
public by literature and the public press. Surround the dealer with rigid rules
and regulations. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Would be impossible to enforce. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Requirements might aid a great deal, but it is a question whether or not
such requirements could be legally enforced. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
I doubt if the consumer could be compelled. We try to persuade and educate
him by the distribution of pamphlets on “care of milk in the home.” (Health
officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
We doubt if legal requirements could be made; but the dealers could be re-
quired to deliver the milk at such hours as to make it possible for the consumer
to receive the milk into his house immediately upon its delivery. (Dr. Samuel
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 5.—If so, specify what requirements?
ANSWERS.
Educational work is believed to be the best method of inducing consumers to
exercise caution in handling milk. The Department of Agriculture has recently
issued a publication (Farmers’ Bulletin 418) on The Care of Milk and its Use
in the Home, which is well adapted to this purpose and which is being widely
circulated. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 197
Measures to be exercised in the handling of milk are set forth in Hygienic
Laboratory Bulletin No. 56. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service.)
Clean utensils, protection from flies, etc., cooling. (Dr. William H. Park,
New York, N. Y.)
Immediate transfer from delivery wagon to proper refrigeration in the home,
with precautions against droppings in open vessels. (Dr. Henry L. Coit,
Newark, N. J.)
Ordinary health board regulations. Its enforcement would, of course, be
difficult. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
When a dealer of known reliability serves milk to persons who complain of
the milk going bad constantly, it is good evidence of careless handling. It might
be possible to stop the sale of milk to such parties by all milkmen. It would be
hard to carry out. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
(a) Milk should be promptly removed after delivery and kept cool or
pasteurized. (0) Milk receptacle to be kept clean after emptying. (Health
officer Baltimore, Md.)
The same as in case of other dealers in milk. (Health officer Columbus,
Ohio.)
Keep milk cool; put in refrigerator as early as possible after delivery; rinse
and wash bottles thoroughly before returning to dealer. (Health officer
Jacksonville, Fla.)
As adopted by United States Bureau of Animal Industry. (Health officer
Kansas City, Mo.)
That would be difficult, owing to the different degrees of intelligence. (Health
officer Portland, Oreg.)
No milk to be turned on street, in stores, and all milk to be below 50° F.
(Health officer Providence, R. I.)
See last reference. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Our milk is all distributed in bottles. We send hundreds of thousands of
instructions to housekeepers each year asking them to place their milk in the
bottle on ice at once and to use same from bottle and then to thoroughly clean
bottle before delivery. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Keep cool and properly guarded from exposure. (Health officer Syracuse,
N. Y.)
None. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Keeping the milk at a reasonably low temperature, say 55° F., and free
from contamination. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Prompt care of the milk. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I suggest that consumers be given instructions as to care of milk in the home,
effect of temperature, etc., putting all information on a basis of securing their
own welfare and that of family, rather than as a command from a public health
official. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
It is impossible to compel the consumer to exercise caution in the handling
of milk. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
In the first place, to sterilize the receptacle if not delivered ready bottled,
then to place it at once in a cold place not above 50° F. and keep it so in a
tightly covered receptacle until ready to use. Sterilize all bottles as soon as
empty. Return no bottles where contagious disease exists until premises have
been fumigated by health authorities. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Cold and cleanliness. Keep separate from anything giving out an odor.
(Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
We doubt if legal requirements could be made, but the dealers could be re-
quired to deliver the milk at such hours as to make it possible for the consumer
to receive the milk into his house immediately upon its delivery. (Dr. Samuel
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Prompt care after delivery by vendor, placing the vessel or bottle in refriger-
ator; avoid exposure to flies; keep milk out of reach of children. (Health
officer Scranton, Pa.)
QuESTION 6.—Zo0 what extent is the failure to preserve a maximum tempera-
ture of 50° F. deleterious to milk?
ANSWERS.
' Failure to keep milk at a temperature below 50° F.. provides favorable condi-
‘tions for rapid multiplication of bacteria and is therefore deleterious. (Chief
Bureau of Animal Industry.)
198 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Milk is a good culture medium for various pathogenic organisms which rap-
idly increase in high temperatures, making such milk dangerous, especially for
infants. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Allows bacteria to multiply. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
The failure to maintain a temperature under 50° F. favors a great increase
in the bacteria in the milk, and milk containing a large number of bacteria has
been shown by clinicians to be harmful to children using the same. Moreover,
if the milk should contain a small number of typhoid bacilli or other organisms,
a great increase in these organisms would likewise take place if the milk were
not kept below 50° F. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service. )
This is the greatest reason for the deterioration of city milk. Increase of
bacteria at common temperatures: In one test at 50° the bacteria increased from
30,000 to 89,000; in one test at 55° the bacteria increased from 30,000 to 187,000;
in one test at 60° the bacteria increased from 30,000 to 900,000. Above 60° the
typhoid bacilli grow rapidly. (Dr. Wm. H. Park, New York.)
A well-known authority on milk says that a quart of milk at 60° in a re-
frigerator will grow 19,000,000 germs in 24 hours. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, New-
~ark, N. J.)
Causes a growth of bacteria. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Rapid increase in bacterial content. If these germs are not disease producing,
the harm done is problematical within certain limits. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel,
Madison, Wis.)
Extreme. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
A temperature above 50° favors the production of bacterial poisons, which
result in diarrheal diseases of variable duration. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
By increasing the rapidity of the multiplication of germs. (Health officer
Baltimore, Md.) i
At temperature higher than this the bacterial development is very rapid,
which would necessarily soon cause the milk to “sour.” (Health officer
Birmingham, Ala.)
Increases the bacterial count and shortens the period of fitness for use.
(Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Bacterial count will increase, causing loss of keeping qualities and decrease
in wholesomeness, , especially for infant feeding. (Health officer Burling-
ton, Vt.)
Depends entirely upon the degree of temperature and length of time exposed
to high temperature. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Deterioration and bacterial count increase with rising temperature. (Health
officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Rise in bacterial count with increased toxin production. (Health officer
Detroit, Mich.)
To the extent that it permits multiplication of bacteria. (State board of
health, Florida.)
The more nearly milk approximates the temperature of 100° F. the more
rapid the growth of bacteria, especially pathogenic bacteria. (Health officer
Jacksonville, Fla.)
It increases bacterial count of milk and, as such, is dangerous to babies who
live upon artificial food, if unable to nurse from mother’s breast. (Health
officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Low temperature retains first purity longer. Fresh milk is always best, and
cold tends to keep it longer nearer the fresh condition. (Health officer Lynch-
burg, Va.)
Increases bacterial count. Makes milk sour quickly. (Health officer Mont-
clair, N. J.)
Causes rapid growth of bacteria. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
The quicker milk is cooled to 50° F. and the colder it is kept, the longer it
will keep sweet and the fewer bacteria it will contain if sold fresh. (Health
officer Providence, R. I.)
It makes milk sour quicker, increases total bacterial count rapidly, and, if
specific disease germs (typhoid bacilli) are present, these will multiply far
more rapidly in warm milk than in cold. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
The usual and customary increase in bacterial life depending, of course,
largely upon temperature and primary contamination, the higher the tempera-
ture the more rapid the increase. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Causes increase in growth of bacteria. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 199
Increases number of bacteria; lactic acid producing, if milk be fresh, assum-
ing that (tuberculosis) typhoid, diphtheria, etc., germs be not present. (Health
officer Topeka, Kans.)
The temperature above 50° are those at which germs multiply very rapidly ;
the low temperature does not kill them, but does retard multiplication. When
a high temperature is reached, as 140° and above, the heat does destroy them.
(Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
None. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Principally in an increase of bacterial count, thus causing souring up to a
certain point, which souring in the case of some lactic bacilli may reach a
point high enough to retard all growth of pathogenic and putrefactive bacteria,
yet in the case of other forms of lactic bacilli, which do not reach a high point
of acidity, may cause them to grow to a maximum point so far as the acidity
is concerned, at which maximum point they themselves cease to multiply, but
both the pathogenic and putrefactive bacilli do multiply. (Borden’s Condensed
Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
The growth of bacteria in milk would seem to be in direct proportion to the
increase of temperature, up to at least 100° FE. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.)
It permits the bacteria to mutiply. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Souring is increasingly rapid with increase of temperature, and if milk is
dirty, undesirable types flourish. It should also be remembered that in old
milk, held at low temperatures, putrefactive organisms increase at expense of
acid formers. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
To the extent that it increases the bacterial count and hastens souring.
' (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Milk being the best medium extant for the growth of germs, and they grow
best above 50°; in fact few grow at that temperature. (J. M. Houston, White
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Had one epidemic of ptomaine poisoning during hot spell; 50 cases, no death.
(Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
The higher the temperature, up to a certain point, the more rapidly all forms
of bacteria increase. Hence, milk will keep sweet and contain less deleterious
bacteria at 50° than at 60° to 90°, during any stated period of time. However,
if milk is free from deleterious bacteria, souring would not affect its whole-
-someness. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Bacteria multiply more rapidly as the temperature of the milk increases.
(Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
To the extent that it admits of the multiplication of the bacterial flora, which
we believe to be detrimental. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Souring. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
GENERAL.
QuEsTION 1.—To what extent in your judgment is milk a factor in diphtheria,
typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and tuberculosis infection.
ANSWERS.
Some very striking information and charts showing the extent to which milk
is a factor in the spread of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and diphtheria are pre-
sented by Dr. John W. Trask in Bulletin 56 of the Hygienic Laboratory, Public
Health and Marine-Hospital Service, Treasury Department, beginning at page
25. With regard to tuberculosis, Dr. William H. Park of the research labora-
tory of the New York City health department examined over 400 cases of
tuberculosis in persons of various ages. Among children under 5 years of age,
he found that 26 per cent of the cases examined were due to a bovine source as
indicated by the bacilli. In children between 5 and 16 years of age, 17 per
cent of the cases were due to a bovine source. Above 16 years of age he found
very few cases indicating a bovine source. The percentage of all cases indi-
eating a bovine source, irrespective of age, was 7.22. (Chief Bureau of Animal
Industry.)
Infected milk is an agency of considerable importance in transmitting typhoid
fever and the tuberculosis of childhood, and is also undoubtedly at times an
200 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
agency in the spread of scarlet fever and diphtheria. (Surgeon General U. S.
Ariny.)
There seems to be sufficient evidence of the fact that all these diseases may be
transmitted through milk—extent unknown. Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
To a very great extent. The influence of milk in the transmission of typhoid
fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and tuberculosis is plainly set forth in Hy-
gienic Laboratory Bulletins Nos. 35, 44, 52, and 65. (Surgeon General Public
Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
In order or importance, I place these diseases in the following order: Typhoid
fever, tuberculosis (in children), scarlet fever, diphtheria. (Dr. William H.
Park, New York, N. Y.)
The Marine-Hospital Service has published statistics on these points. It is
my judgment that milk is a larger factor in producing these diseases than is at
present known. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Causes many epidemics of typhoid, scarlet fever, and diphtheria. Tubercu-
losis: About. one-third of the cases under 15 years of age examined are of
bovine, probably of milk, origin. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Conditions vary. There is no doubt that many epidemics have been caused
through milk. Tuberculosis is frequently caused in children. In New York
300 children die each year from milk infection. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madi-
son, Wis.)
Can not be stated quantitatively, but it is an important factor in all four
diseases. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Very potent factor in typhoid and scarlet fever particularly. (Health officer
Ann Arbor, Mich.)
In Atlanta we have occasional outbreaks in some neighborhoods which can
be traced to some dairy. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
It is considerably difficult to estimate, but in typhoid fever it is a considerable
factor. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Milk is regarded as an excellent culture medium for any of these disease
germs, but we have no statistics at hand to indicate the amount of infection
earried in this manner. No person suffering with any one of these diseases
should be allowed to have any connection with the production and the handling
of milk. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
It is a very important means of disseminating them. (Health officer Bis-
marck, N. Dak.)
It may be and sometimes is a dangerous medium for the transmission of
infectious disease. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
The proportion of these diseases transmitted by milk is considerable, the per-
centage depending upon a host of factors, as inspection, amount of milk pas-
teurized in any given community. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
In direct ratio to the prevalence of these diseases among those who handle
it. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Only when diphtheria, scarlet fever, or typhoid fever prevails on the premises
where the milk is produced, does it occasionally become a factor in the spread
of these diseases, but wherever the milk of tuberculous herds is used there is
danger of tuberculosis. (State board of health, Florida.)
I do not believe milk epidemics play a very important part, but it deserves
close watching. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fa.)
A producer of epidemics if brought in contact with infected persons. (Health
officer Kansas City, Mo.)
An important factor and should be closely watched. (Health officer Lynch-
burg, Va.)
Many epidemics of the first three diseases have been traced to milk. Dx-
periments show that about 10 per cent of all tuberculosis deaths under 5 years
of age are of bovine origin. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Certainly carriers. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
To a considerable extent. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
In the past three and one-half years we have had efficient control over milk,
and also thorough medical inspection of every case of these diseases. During
that time we have had seven cases of diphtheria due to milk, and no other
diseases above mentioned at all. The tuberculosis question is still “ sub judice.”
(Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Considerable. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
It is a factor in each disease; unimportant, in my opinion, in diphtheria and
scarlet fever; very important in typhoid fever and tuberculosis. (Health
officer Seattle, Wash.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 201
Without a doubt a great factor. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Not much; excepting occasionally in typhoid. Very great in case of tuber-
culosis. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
It has been shown in many instances to have been the cause of epidemics of
above-mentioned diseases. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Not a scientist; but believe this cause of disease is overestimated. (John
Thomas, Hdnor, Md., president Milk Producers’ Association. )
Very remote; unless some one is filthy enough to put slops from a sick room
into milk bottles and refill them with milk without properly washing. (Sharon
Dairy, District of Columbia.)
In the case of the better class of dealers in milk, and with the educational
work done on the part of these dealers to bring the producer up to the point of
recognizing what his duty is, and also impressing on him the necessity of the
exercise of the utmost care and cleanliness in caring for milk, it has almost
been eliminated entirely as a factor in infectious diseases, and where physicians
comply strictly with the rules of the board of health and report all suspicious
cases, it is absolutely eliminated, and larger dealers and all responsible dealers
do not furnish for consumption any milk which has been handled in any way
by any person having any disease which has been reported by the physician in
charge as being “‘ suspicious.” (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Any reply to these not based on statistics covering a long period would be of
little value. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Can not say definitely. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Variable; the known facts, however, prove that it is a considerable factor, a
very important one. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Considerable extent. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
I believe that milk is a decided factor in the diseases mentioned, especially
amongst children and grown people; also, in the case of typhoid fever; many
epidemics of typhoid and scarlet fever have been traced to the milk supply.
(J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Have not as yet traced any infection to milk. (Health officer San Francisco,
Cal.)
Where bottles are not properly sterilized, and where they are allowed to be
‘refilled on the wagons, milk becomes a very important factor in the spread of
disease, and raw milk from cows not tuberculin tested is undoubtedly dan-
gerous. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
To a very considerable extent. Tuberculosis directly, the other diseases indi-
rectly. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Investigations in your own city offer the best evidence as to typhoid fever,
and Dr. Park’s figures the best evidence as to tuberculous infection, and it is
well known that many epidemics of scarlet fever and diphtheria have been
traced to milk. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Slight extent, considering quarantine. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 2.—T'0 what extent, in your judgment, will this infection be diminished
by the enforcement of the tuberculin test?
ANSWERS.
The tuberculin test, followed by the removal of the reacting -ows, would elimi-
nate only the infection of tuberculosis, and would not prevent other kinds of
infection. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
It would greatly diminish the occurrence of tuberculosis of the bovine type in
children. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
The test will diminish tuberculosis, but can have no influence whatever on
other diseases. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
The tuberculin test, if properly practiced, will practically eliminate the dan-
gers of milk-borne infection of tuberculosis. It will have no effect in diminish-
ing the danger of the other diseases mentioned. (Surgeon General Public
Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Rigidly enforced for cows before entering herd, and twice a year in herd,
with removal of all reacting and partially reacting cows, it would eliminate or
almost eliminate with bovine bacilli, which causes 10 per cent of total tuber-
culosis in New York City infants. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Only to the extent that tuberculosis is now disseminated by market milk;
about 25 per cent of tuberculosis occurring in children. (Dr. Henry L. Coit,
Newark, N. J.)
902 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
It should eliminate a third of the cases under 15 years of age. (Dr. R. G.
Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Proper enforcement will entirely prevent tuberculosis infection. (Dr. M. P.
Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Tuberculosis infection from milk can be largely controlled by tuberculin test-
ing. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
None. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich, )
Our investigations up to the present time indicate that the amount of tuber-
culosis spread by milk is very slight. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
To whatever extent tuberculosis is due to the milk. The enforcement of the
tuberculin test, as I understand it to be carried out, would lessen the amount of
the disease. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
To the extent of the possibility of infection of bovine tuberculosis. (Health
officer Birmingham, Ala.)
To a great extent with reference to tuberculosis. (Health officer Bismarck,
N. Dak.)
To the degree of preventing tuberculosis. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
The general enforcement of the tuberculin test is out of the question for any
large city under present conditions. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Tuberculosis will be lowered. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Only to the extent that tuberculosis herds are the means of spreading the
infection, and that varies a good deal. In Florida there is relatively little
tuberculosis among dairy cattle as compared with the herds North. (State
board of health, Florida.)
It should reduce intestinal tuberculosis. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Bovine tuberculosis is, in our judgment, communicable, and a test would have
a tendency to diminish. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Tuberculin test could not affect diphtheria, typhoid and scarlet fever.
(Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
lhe tuberculosis danger entirely. The others not at all. (Health officer
Montclair, N. J.)
Relieve the tuberculosis condition. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Much. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) .
This would, of course, affect only tuberculosis, and would, it is believed, have
decided influence on tuberculosis in infants and children, provided, of course,
that the tuberculin reacting animals—all of them—were removed from the
herds. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Very considerably. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
So far as bovine tuberculosis is concerned, it would cease; infection from the
milkers might continue. Of course, I am going on the supposition that the
diseased cattle are destroyed. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Only affecting tuberculosis. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
I believe that most of human pulmonary tuberculosis is gained from the use
of milk from tuberculous herds of cows. This would be very greatly diminished
by the enforcement of tuberculin test in a rational, systematic, scientific way.
(Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
The tuberculin test may impress upon the farmer the need of care in handling
milk, but it will not remove the possibility of infection from those diseases.
(Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Very little, if a vigorous physical test is maintained. (John Thomas, Ednor,
Md., president Milk Producers’ Association. )
None. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Not a particle. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New ore N. Y.)
Any reply to these not based on statistics covering a long period would be of
little value. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Can not say. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I should expect some diminution in tuberculosis of the intestines in young
children. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
It will finally eliminate all the tuberculosis infection. (Health officer Los
Angeles, Cal.)
The tuberculin test will diminish tuberculosis if the test is carried out year
after year, or periodically. New animals should be tested before going into
the herd. The calves should be vaccinated. Many certified milk herds shrink
10 per cent to 15 per cent reaction every six months. (J. M. Houston, White
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
With tuberculosis to a considerable extent. (Health officer San Francisco,
Cal.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 203
The enforcement of the tuberculin test under proper conditions will un-
doubtedly greatly reduce danger of infection from tuberculosis. (Health officer
St. Joseph, Mo.)
The tuberculin test if enforced will undoubtedly decrease intestinal tubercu-
losis among children. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
On the basis of Dr. Park’s figures, which we incline to believe are low, about
20 per cent of the tuberculous infections of early life would be eliminated.
(Dr. Samuel M. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Very slight. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 3.—To what extent, in your judgment, would this infection be de-
creased by compulsory pasteurization?
ANSWERS.
Efficient compulsory pasteurization would greatly reduce the danger of all
kinds of infection. It would practically destroy such infections up to the time
of pasteurization, and the danger of contamination afterwards is very slight.
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
It would prevent the transfer of these infections from the farm to the city.
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Pasteurization under the influence of a temperature of 60° C. for 20 minutes
will destroy all germs except spore bearers. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Compulsory pasteurization, if properly practiced, will kill the infections of
tuberculosis, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and other infections some-
times contained in milk. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service. )
This would eliminate all danger of bovine infection. (Dr. William H. Park,
New York, N. Y.)
It would be entirely obviated by efficient pasteurization, but no statistics are
available to prove this point. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
That would depend on the sterility of the milk after pasteurization. (Dr.
R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Proper enforcement would entirely prevent all infection. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel,
Madison, Wis.)
Infection from all four diseases could, of course, be prevented by pasteuriza-
tion, absolutely, if milk were kept clean after treatment. (Dr. C. E. A.
Winslow, New York, N. Y-)
Considerably. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Good milk does not need pasteurization. For a city of this size we have
found pasteurization harmful rather than beneficial. (Health officer Atlanta,
Ga.)
As far as the communication of bovine tuberculosis is concerned proper
pasteurization will eliminate it. It does not prevent subsequent infection with
human tuberculosis. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) h
All of these disease germs should be destroyed by thorough pasteurization.
If this be true the infection from any of these disease germs should be pre-
vented. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
It would have some. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
All milk-borne disease can be prevented by efficient pasteurization. (Health
officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
That depends upon enforced regulation. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
If the infection gets in before pasteurization, it is destroyed; if after, it is
not. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
To the same extent that it would by the tuberculin test, less the liability of
those working with tuberculous cattle to become infected. (State board of
health, Florida.)
To a great extent, if the pasteurization is ideal. (Health officer Jackson-
ville, Fla.)
Sterilization of milk would have a tendency to diminish, if proper steps are
taken. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Would cut out most of the foregoing, but other dangers equally as great
might result. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Would be practically eliminated for all these diseases if pasteurization were
properly done, as the men at the plant would be the only ones who could pos-
sibly infect the milk. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Prevent transmission of diseases. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
204 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Much. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
To the fullest extent if properly done. But while it would lessen these
infections we have no right to look at the question simply from that standpoint.
Pasteurization may do great harm in other directions. (Health officer Rich-
mond, Va.)
I don’t know what is meant by pasteurization. As practiced here it is only
used to preserve dirty milk. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
If it were possible to properly pasteurize all milk all danger of infection
from tuberculosis would cease so far as the bovine form is concerned. (Health
officer Seattle, Wash.)
If properly used it ought to be successful. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Greatly, if pasteurization properly conducted. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
By proper pasteurization it could be practically eliminated if put at once in
sealed sterile containers. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
None, but to the contrary would be increased. (Sharon Dairy, District of
Columbia.)
This is purely problematical and depends entirely on how thorough the
pasteurizing is done. AS pasteurization would have to be most thorough in
order to affect it in any way, this would again bring up the question as to the
relative values between a good, clean, raw milk and a milk which had been
heated, particularly when this was kept up as a steady diet covering a period
of time. (Borden’s Condensed Milk. Co., New York, N. Y.)
Any reply to these not based on statistics covering a long period would be of
little value. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Can not say. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
If real pasteurization, somewhat; if commercial pasteurization, hardly at all.
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Would be eliminated. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Properly pasteurized milk would decrease the infection, and it is more
practical at present than tuberculin-tested milk unless the testing is kept up
periodically. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
With tuberculosis to a considerable extent. (Health officer San Francisco,
Cal.)
This would depend upon the methods required. If the pasteurizing be done
by individual dairies or depots and not under the direct supervision of the
authorities, very uncertain results would be obtained. (Health officer St.
Joseph, Mo.)
Very slightly. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
The notoriously uncertain results of commercial pasteurization render an ~
answer to this question impossible. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadel-
phia, Pa.)
Very slight. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QuESTION 4.—To what extent is this infection influenced by the prescribed con-
ditions of cleanliness on a farm and in the handling and the distribution of
milk? ;
ANSWERS.
While cleanliness will greatly reduce the danger of infection with such dis-
eases, it will not entirely remove such danger, as the germs of disease might
be conveyed by cleanly persons, especially by persons termed “bacillus car-
riers” or ‘“ walking cases” of disease. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
If the prescribed conditions are accurately enforced, the spread of tubercu-
losis in cattle is somewhat, and the transfer of the human infections to the
milk is much, diminished. (Surgeon General U. 8. Army.)
The prescribed conditions of cleanliness, while minimizing the infection, would
not entirely prevent it. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Cleanliness in production and handling of milk will reduce the danger of in-
fectious diseases, but the milk must be handled by healthy persons and come
from noninfected cows. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hos-
pital Service. )
Considerably lessened. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Infection is entirely obviated, providing the tuberculin test is reliable. Other
infectious diseases are impossible through milk with propér medical supervision
of the dairy hygiene, as seen in the production of certified milk by a medical
commission. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 205
To a very great extent. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Can not give estimate, but it is an important factor. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel,
Madison, Wis.) ‘
Infection is reduced by these precautions, but can not be prevented except by
pasteurization. (Dr. C. H. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Theoreticaliy could be entirely controlled. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Cleanliness in handling milk and proper cooling of same appears to be a safe-
guard against infection. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
Depends upon whether tuberculosis is present on farm. (Health officer Bal-
timore, Md.)
Largely eliminated. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
To a great extent. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
To a great degree; perhaps 50 per cent of milk-borne epidemics can be pre-
vented by efficient sanitary inspection. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Very great deal. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
It is barred if the prescribed conditions are enforced. (Health officer Detroit,
Mich. )
The determining factor in the case of tuberculosis is its presence in the herd—
not the method of management. It comes from the feces, which dry and are
blown about by the wind. (State board of health, Florida.)
To the greatest possible extent. It is a matter of education; and, secondly,
of careful supervision and prosecution. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Absolute cleanliness must be observed. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
An enormous extent. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Greatly diminished. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
The key to the situation rests with the handling. (Health officer Portland,
Oreg.)
It is very expensive to always see that rules are being carried out. (Health
officer Providence, R. I.) /
It is almost completely done away with if inspections are thorough. Even
tuberculosis is decidedly affected, as manure (a common component of dirty
milk) is the main vehicle by which the bacilli get into milk. (Health officer
Richmond, Va.)
Not very much. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
We believe that milk contaminated by the urine or fecal matter of the cow
is extremely dangerous. The milker himself may infect milk, therefore the
conditions of the farm and the handling of milk are of vast importance.
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
It should thoroughly control. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Very greatly, if sanitary requirements properly enforced by competent in-
spection. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Very largely, but extremely difficult of enforcement and the danger reap-
pears with any slip up. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Largely. It is to cleanliness that we must look for better conditions to
obtain in the milk supply. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
As it would be impossible for infection to creep in if all the prescribed con-
ditions for cleanliness, handling, and distribution were rigidly adhered to, it
would seem as if infection was influenced entirely by these points. (Borden’s
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Comparatively little, except indirectly through education. (Walker-Gordon
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Largely. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I feel sure that it is greatly influenced in this way. (Dr. S. C. Prescott,
Boston, Mass.)
All eliminated except tuberculosis. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
It is influenced almost entirely by conditions of cleanliness and in the
handling and thé distribution. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Wash-
ington, D. C.)
Cleanliness would eliminate all but tuberculosis. (Health officer San Fran-
eisco, Cal.)
In my judgment, the contagious disease infection would be very much
reduced. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Very large extent. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.):
Assuming that you refer to tuberculosis, we would say that there would
be no reduction except in so far as it might eliminate tuberculous individuals
from the handling of the milk. To some extent also by protecting the milk
206 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
from contamination by fecal matter. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadel-
phia, Pa.)
There you have the sequel—it is all in the first care of milk and cleanliness.
|Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QurEsTIon 5.—What effect, in your judgment, will insistence upon the tuber-
culin test, pasteurization, the bacterial count, the maintenance of a tempera-
ture not exceeding 50° F., and requirements as to stabling and cleanliness in
the production of milk, have upon the retail price of milk?
ANSWERS.
The question is primarily one of human health and life, and necessary
precautions should not be omitted simply because they would increase the
price of milk. It is believed, however, that such requirements would not
greatly increase the cost. In the city of Washington milk which practically
conforms to these requirements is already being sold at only 1 cent a quart
over the price of other milk, and the dealers appear to be making a com-
mercial success of this business. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
A good article is usually somewhat more expensive than a poor one. (Sur-
geon General U. S. Army.) ;
It is bound to increase the retail price. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Insistence on the requirements mentioned will increase the cost of produc-
tion and delivery of milk, but the reduction of morbidity will in the end
be an economic saving to the community. (Surgeon General Public Health
and Marine-Hospital Service.) iy
The tuberculin test would cause the loss of about 15 per cent of the cattle.
The other changes would add one-half to 1 cent to each quart for ordinary
city milk. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
An increase of 25 per cent. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
It might raise the price 1 or 2 cents. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Might cause temporary increase in cost, but would not be great. (Dr.
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
It probably will increase it; it ought to increase it. Present prices are too
low for safety and thus for economy. (Dr. C. H. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
The enforcement of the tuberculin test would not increase the price of land,
the price of foodstuffs, the price of stable accommodations, the price of labor,
the cost of transportation, or the cost of distribution. It would increase for
a while a single item, to wit, the cost of cattle. For purposes of illustration
assume that a farmer has a herd of 100 cattle, worth $75 each, making the
total value of his cattle $7,500. Interest on this capital at 5 per cent per annum
is equivalent to $875. Assume now that the*tuberculin test is applied. Twenty
per cent of herd react and are killed, and 20 new cows are introduced, tuberculin
tested, costing $100 apiece, or 3383 per cent more than the value of the original
herd before testing. If we disregard the increased value of the herd that has
stood the test that arises out of the fact that it has done so, the value of the
herd will then be as follows: Highty cattle, at $75 each, equivalent to $6,000;
20 cattle, at $100, equivalent to $2,000; total value of herd, $8,000. The interest
on this capital at 5 per cent per annum is equivalent to $400. Between the
interest in the capital invested on the untested herd and the interest on the capi-
tal invested in the tested herd the difference amounts, therefore, to but $25 per
annum. This amount is distributed over the entire output of a herd of 100 cows
for 12 months. It represents the increased cost to the producer of producing
milk from tuberculin-tested cattle. This amount would probably be materially
reduced, if not altogether eliminated, by the increased period of usefulness of
the tuberculosis-free cattle aS compared with those infected with the disease
otherwise in the herd.
Viewing the matter in the light most favorable to the producer, the increased
cost of producing milk from tuberculin-tested cows should not amount to more
than a small fraction of a cent per gallon. Taking the herd of 100 cows,
untested, with $75 per cow, the gross value of the herd would be $7,500. Kill
20 per cent of these cows on account of tuberculosis, without remuneration of
any kind to the farmer, and appraise the remaining 80 animals as still worth
as much as the entire herd, $7,500. Replace the 20 animals that have been
destroyed by 20 tuberculin-tested cows, costing $100 per cow, or $2,000. The
value of the 100 tuberculin-tested cows would then be $9,500. Five per cent on
this investment would amount to $475 per annum, or just $100 per annum more
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 207
than the interest charged on the untested herd. If, then, we presume that the
average production for each animal in the entire herd is but 14 gallons per day,
the production of the herd for the entire year will be 36,500, and the increased
cost per gallon, representing the interest charges on the increased cost of the
herd, would amount to one-fifth of 1 cent. Of course if a larger percentage of
the herd reacted, the net increase in the cost of production would be increased,
but it does not appear likely that there will be any material increase. In view
of the experience with respect to the testing of cattle in the District, however,
it would appear that the figure taken for condemnation, 20 per cent, was
extremely liberal. (Health officer District of Columbia.).
It must increase. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Positive cleanliness, cooling below 50°, and maintaining this temperature has
been adopted by several dairymen in Atlanta of their own accord without
increasing the price. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
This is hard to answer, but I believe that the present price of 9 and 10 cents
should not be affected by such requirements. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
It will increase the cost of production; being greater it is natural that the
price should also increase. Milk produced under these restrictions is worth
more, and the consumer should be willing to pay for same. (Health officer
Birmingham, Ala.)
It will increase the price considerably. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Probably none, but would tend to centralize the business in the hands of
larger dealers. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Must go up. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
One or two cents per quart retail. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
It will increase it, and milk so produced is worth an increase in price.
(Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
None whatever, notwithstanding reports to contrary by dealers. (Health
officer Kansas City, Mo.)
A first-class milk should be sold at 10 cents per quart in most places, only
unusual conditions will put it much less. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Increase of a cent or two per quart. In any trade a good article brings
more than a poor one. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
None, or practically none. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
At first make little higher, but cost would be less as supply would be in-
creased, aS much milk is not salable. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
These will, and should, have a decided effect. One expects to pay more for
wholesome, clean milk than for dirty, dangerous milk. (Health officer Rich-
mond, Va.)
Except pasteurization. It has had none here; it ought to have none any-
where. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
If the law were enforced to the letter, and if milk condenseries and cream-
eries had to observe substantially the same law, milk would not increase in
price. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Will bring a fair price to producers. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Little, if any. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Raise the price. At present pasteurization of all milk except that of a given
high standard seems the only method of putting a safe milk within reach of
ordinary people. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Probably 50 per cent raise. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk
Producers’ Association.)
They will all tend to increase the price. Tuberculin test, compulsory pas-
teurization, and the bacterial count should not be attempted. Stabling and
cleanliness should be rigidly enforced. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
It would necessarily increase the retail price of milk, and probably would
affect it to a considerable degree. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New
York, N. Y.)
It would justify a material increase in the retail price of milk. (Walker-
Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Increase it. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Increase it, probably 3 to 5 cents per quart if all are required. (Dr. S. C.
Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Will temporarily, at least, increase the price. (Health officer Los Angeles,
Cal.) :
I believe that the retail price would not have to be changed, unless the re-
quirements were too rigid. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washing-
ton, D. C.) :
908 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Certified milk, as above, is 100 per cent dearer. (Health officer San Fran-
cisco, Cal.)
Where milk is being sold at a reasonable price it would undoubtedly raise
the price of milk from 10 to 20 per cent. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
It may increase the price. At present the producer does not get enough
profit; the city dealer in most cities does. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
To increase its price to 9 or 10 cents, unless there should be municipal con-
trol of the production. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Fifty per cent advance above present prices. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 6.—Will the insistence upon these requirements result in a temporary
or permanent milk famine?
ANSWERS.
These requirements, if gradually introduced, will not result in a milk famine.
If suddenly and injudiciously enforced, however, they would probably cause
a temporary shortage in the milk supply. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
I do not know. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
No means for determining this question. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
In my opinion, it will not. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service. )
It would be impossible to carry out the tuberculin test properly on all farms
' in a less period than one year. The insistence on ice would require a winter
to intervene. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
No; they are judiciously applied. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
All reforms of this sort should be introduced gradually, in which case there
would be no milk famine. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
No. Time should be allowed for farmers to adjust themselves to new con-
ditions. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
It has not elsewhere. (Dr. C. H. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
If the test be applied within a day or a week, and were so applied, a milk
famine would undoubtedly result. If the application of the tests in the first
instance were spread over a reasonable length of time, no famine would
result. Under ordinary conditions, the routine applications of the test would
not diminish the milk supply. (Health officer District of Columbia.)
No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) ;
In Atlanta we can not see how this will affect the supply, aS we are now
insisting upon these requirements. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
Probably would. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
No. Not permanently; however, it might have this influence temporarily.
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Permanent. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Not if carried out within a reasonable period, say two years. (Health officer
Cleveland Ohio.)
Neither, if brought about gradually. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Not necessarily. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
If they result in milk famine at all, it will be of the most transitory char-
acter. (State board of health, Florida.)
Not if enforced slowly and with judgment. (Health officer Jacksenville, Fla.)
No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Should be gradually introduced. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Temporary, if enforced at once. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
‘ In our experience, none. But the middleman tried to increase the price
to consumer. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
No. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Not if wisely carried out. The work should be progressive; not everything
perfect at once. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
No; the threat has been made to make a milk famine every time we have
enforced a new rule, but none has occurred. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Neither one; if the people are all treated alike. This, of course, would
include the opportunity of selling liquid manure to the condensers. (Health
officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. Will increase the use of milk and so increase the demand. (Health
officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 5
Yes; if immediate. But all changes or reforms in this respect should be
accompanied with common sense and judgment. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
i
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 209
Could not be done instantaneously without causing a famine. Chicago method
seems most feasible. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
It would have that tendency. (John Thomas, Hdnor, Md., president Milk
Producers Association.)
Partially so. To what extent is problematical. (Sharon Dairy, District of
Columbia. )
We think that the insistence upon all these requirements would result in
more than a temporary milk famine, and, while of course it would not be
probably permanent, it would extend over a considerable period of time; this
famine of course being entirely dependent upon what price the consumer was
willing to pay. (Borden’ s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Yes; but for what length of time it is impossible to estimate. (Walker-
Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
It would doubtless mean reduced production. (Dr. 8S. C. Prescott, Boston,
Mass. )
If any famine, it will be slight and only temporary. (Health officer Los
Angeles, Cal.)
Insistence upon the testing of the cows may, too low a bacterial count may,
but temperature and pasteurization will not cause a temporary milk famine.
None will cause a permanent milk famine. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk
Co., Washington, D. C.) ;
Consumer could not afford milk. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
If famine resulted at all, it would only be a question of a short time until
the supply would adjust itself to meet the demand. (Health officer St. Joseph,
Mo.)
I think not. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
No; unless the producers and dealers combine to create it. The chance of
such a famine would be lessened by requiring the same standards for milk
used for making butter. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
It might. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) :
Question 7.—To what extent would such insistence lead to the use of prepared
milks and other substitutes for raw or pasteurized milk?
ANSWERS.
If the requirements were gradually introduced, they would probably make
no difference in this respect. Sudden enforcement, however, might make it
necessary for a limited time to use prepared milks. (Chief Bureau of Animal
Industry. )
I do not know. (Surgeon General U. 8S. Army.)
The price will determine this. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
I am unable to say. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service. )
There would be no reason to insist on tuberculin tests if milk were to be
pasteurized. If done gradually, and if the increased ccst were paid, there
should be little substitution. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
To no extent; substitutes for raw milk have never been found satisfactory.
(Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Probably not at all. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Can not answer. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Very slight. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We have not seen any such results; on the other hand, bad milk certainly
leads to this. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Do not know. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
It would not tend to it. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Impossible to say. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Not very great, if any. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
None. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
I believe when the public are assured of clean milk, the demand for milk will
increase greatly. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
None. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Judicious inspection in Lynchburg has resulted in an extremely enlarged
demand for milk. Almost three times as great. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3——14
910 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
A proposiion of supply and demand with reference to price. (Health officer
Portland, Oreg.)
To no great extent, if public are not frightened by sensational articles.
(Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Impossible to say; but even if this should result, still the sale of fresh milk
will increase when the people know it is safe. Many will give up these substi-
tutes, thus offsetting the other. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
I do not know. Do not believe to any extent. The milkman is afraid he
would not get his trade again. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Many families in this city during the last two years are using cow’s milk
because they believe that it is now wholesome. At that time they were using
canned milk in not a few cases. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Not at all. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Only so far as the price would be a consideration. The people much prefer
the fresh article when they can get it. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Can’t tell. Certainly it ought to be coupled with a campaign of education
against use of such prepared foods for infants. (Straus Laboratory, Washing-
ton, D. C.)
It would have a tendency to increase the sale. (Sharon Dairy, District of
Columbia. )
To a considerable degree. It is very hard to state as to just exactly what
extent. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
I do not know. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Greatly. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Large quantities of sweetened and unsweetened condensed milks would be
used. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
It would undoubtedly cause at least a temporarily increased demand for such
products. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
I do not know. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Probably increase it temporarily. Hstablish the same requirements for milk
used in the manufacture of these products. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Phila-
delphia, Pa.)
Increase the manufacture and sale to about 50 per cent. (Health officer
Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 8.—Are these prepared milks as nutritious as raw or properly
pasteurized milk?
ANSWERS.
This depends upon the character and method of preparation. Some prepared
milks are not as nutritious as raw or properly pasteurized milk. (Chief Bureau
of Animal Industry.)
They are not as desirable for the feeding of infants. (Surgeon General
U. S. Army.)
No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
This question involves consideration of each individual preparation. (Sur-
geon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Not prepared to answer. Believe they are poor permanent substitutes. (Dr.
William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
Rating raw milk at 100, would place condensed milk at 20, and powdered
milk at 10. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Probably they are. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Some are; many not; many almost worthless. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madi-
son, Wis.)
Substitutes are much more dangerous for infants than pasteurized milk.
(Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) ,
No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We prefer the raw milk or fresh milk. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
I think not. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
I would not consider them so. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
I am convinced that they are not. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 211
Not as good as raw; I had rather drink them than pasteurized. (Health
officer Lynchburg, Va.)
I think so, but not as palatable. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
They are not. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Probably, if the milk was originally right. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
They are usually so. I do not know what properly pasteurized milk means
in a commercial sense. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
The most of them are not; they are harder to digest, are made out of inferior
milk, impure in many instances, contain sugar in unnatural quantities and are
not satisfactory as food for children, neither is the taste appetizing or agreeable.
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
I don’t know. I would be inclined to think not. (Health officer Topeka,
Kans. )
No. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
I do not think so. There is more nutrition in raw milk than any of the
above substitutes. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia. )
“Prepared milk” of a recognized standard brand, manufactured and cared
for under conditions existing in the high-grade factories is practically a con-
centrated “properly pasteurized milk,” and has all the nutritive qualities of
such milk. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
According to the best authorities, no. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washing-
ton, D. C.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Much variation. They are likely to be deficient in fats. (Dr. S. C. Prescott,
Boston, Mass.)
No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
I think not. (Health officer St. Joseph Mo.)
I have had little experience with prepared milks. (Health officer Wheeling,
W. Va.)
No. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
I don’t think so. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QurEsTION 9.—How do prepared milks (including evaporated, condensed, and
powdered) compare in price by volume with raw or pasteurized milk?
ANSWERS.
Investigations made by the Boston Board of Health show that if condensed
milk is diluted with only enough water to make milk of the Massachusetts
standard, the cost exceeds the price of ordinary milk, and in some instances
equals the price of inspected milk and in others exceeds the price of some brands
of certified milk. The conclusion is drawn that condensed milk can not be
employed economically where whole milk is procurable. (Chief Bureau of
Animal Industry.)
An answer to this question would require much space and labor; but it can
be easily found out with regard to any special preparation. (Surgeon General
U. S. Army.) ’
Prepared milks are cheaper. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Not prepared to answer. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N .Y.)
No knowledge. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Not necessarily more expensive. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
We are not prepared to say. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)1
I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Higher than the raw or pasteurized products (good brands). (Health officer
Birmingham, Ala.)
Higher. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Higher. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Not favorably. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Slightly higher. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
They are very much cheaper and worth less. (Health officer Jacksonville,
Fla.)
Higher. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Raw milk in Lynchburg is used almost exclusively. Retail price, 10 cents
per quart. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) :
That is a commercial question. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
912 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
More expensive. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Much higher than raw milk at 10 cents a quart, the Richmond price.
(Health officer Richmond, Va.)
I do not know. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
I can not answer this question intelligently, since we have many prices on
canned milk. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Unknown. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
About the same, maybe a little cheaper; say, a cent a quart. (Health
officer Topeka, Kans.) :
Generally higher, I think. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
This depends entirely on the price; but on an average, when they are
increased to equal volumes and containing the same amount of ratio of solids,
their cost is approximately the same, and in some cases lower. (Borden’s
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
More costly. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
About the same as ordinary (not inspected) new milk or commercially pas-
teurized milk. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Higher in price, but their advertising would lead you to believe otherwise.
(J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Greater in price. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Unable to answer. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Cheaper by 30 per cent. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 10.—Have you seen any evidence or indication of a milk trust or com-
bine to control raw-milk production or milk supply of the District of Co-
lumbia or elsewhere?
ANSWERS.
The department has no information as to such a trust or combine. The local
milk dealers have an organization, but this is not regarded as a trust or com-
bine in the usual sense of those terms. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
No. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
No. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Not prepared to answer. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
I have not. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
A milk exchange in New York fixes the price paid to the producer. (Dr. R. G.
Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Some indication of such a combination in Boston. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow,
New York, N. Y.)
Such combines have been attempted. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We have heard remarks to this effect, but it did not seem to materialize.
(Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
I have not seen it in Baltimore. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
No. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Not in Columbus, Ohio. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
We have no evidence at this point, though this answer does not apply to
other localities. Milk here retails at 8 cents per quart. (Health officer Kansas
City, Mo.)
Don’t know anything about it. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
An attempt in this city, but frowned down. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Not in Providence, R. I. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
I can answer only for Richmond. Two large concerns handle about 60 per
cent of all milk on this market. I would not regard this at present as a trust.
They have merely built up good business. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
No; but I have heard that the pasteurizers are controlled. (Health officer
Rochester, N. Y.)
We sent one gentleman to jail for two months for conspiring with others to
raise the price of milk some two years since. We believe that the milk trust
collapsed at that time. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
No. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
I have no such evidence. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Pro-
ducers’ Association.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 213
I have seen an indication of a combine. (Sharon Dairy, District of Co-
lumbia. )
No. This would be an impossibility by reason of the economic conditions
surrounding the production of milk, as each man producing milk is a unit in
himself, and therefore must be reckoned with, and there is no way in which a
combination could be effected to control either the production or supply.
(Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
No. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
In Boston. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
One firm in Los Angeles does over 50 per cent of the business. (Health
officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
No; the remarks of some people in the public press in regard to that are
ridiculous. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Attempt has been made in San Francisco; not successful. (Health officer
San Francisco, Cal.)
No. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
No. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
No. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Not at present. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QuESTION 11.—Have you seen indications of a trust to control the production or
distribution of prepared, condensed, concentrated, or other forms of milk
other than raw milk in the District of Columbia or elsewhere?
ANSWERS.
One concern is believed to control a large part of the output of condensed
milk, but the department is unable to give particulars. However, other brands
of condensed milk are also found on the market. (Chief Bureau of Animal
Industry.)
No. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
No. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Not prepared to answer. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
There are several corporations organized for the production and sale of
other forms of milk than raw milk. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
No. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N: Y.)
No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Do not know of any. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
I have not noticed any. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
No. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) :
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Not in Columbus, Ohio. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Do not know. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
No. There may be such combinations. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
No. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
No. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
No. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
I have no such evidence. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Pro-
ducers Association.)
No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
No. This is equally true as relating to concentrated milk as in relation to
fluid milk. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
No. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. ©.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
No. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
No. I have been connected with concentrated milk companies for some years,
and very close to other large companies in New York and elsewhere, and such
a Hae is impossible. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington,
D. C.)
214 #£=‘THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
No. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
No. (Health officer Wheeling, W Va.)
No. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 12.—Is it practicable, in your judgment, to maintain a temperature
not exceeding 50° F. on delivery wagons?
ANSWERS.
Yes; with the possible exception of a few extremely warm summer days.
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
I have not investigated this question. (Surgeon General U. 8S. Army.)
Certainly. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Yes, if the outside cans are protected from exposure to the air by boards or
canvas and a little ice is kept on the cans. (Dr. William H. Park, New York,
N. Y¥.)
n It is, with the use of cracked ice. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes; only a matter of icing. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Possible, but not practicable. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.)
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Several of our dairymen in Atlanta have been doing this of their own accord
during the summer. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
Yes, if started out at that temperature. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
From a commercial standpoint it is not entirely feasible for ordinary market
milk at this time. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes. (State board of health, Florida.)
Yes; and most desirable. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. Wagons, if properly iced, can maintain temperature until delivered to
consumer, but there the liability of deliverer ceases and consumer assumes
responsibility. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Yes, if introduced very slowly. It is done by most of the wagons in Lynch-
burg. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes. We require it in Montclair, and we fined one dealer for violation of the
law. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
No. May be done, but in extreme hot weather very difficult. (Health officer
Portland, Oreg.) r
Yes, if ice is used. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Absolutely, if the milk is at or below this temperature when it is put on the
wagon. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
It is here. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Yes, in this city, of cool summers. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes; but the ice bill will run up. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Not without ice. It might be possible to do five months in the year. (Sharon
Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Yes. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Not without ice in warm weather. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington,
D. C.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
It is possible. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Yes, by using plenty of cracked ice around the cases of bottles. (Health
officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Where ice is used, yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Yes; if bottle milk is sold only. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 215
QUESTION 13.—What is condensed milk?
ANSWEBS.
Condensed milk (evaporated milk) is milk from which a considerable por-
tion of water has been evaporated, and contains not less than 28 per cent milk
solids, of which not less than 27.5 per cent is milk fat. Sweetened condensed
milk is milk from which a considerable portion of water has been evaporated
and to which sugar (sucrose) has been added, and contains not less than 28
per cent of milk solids, of which not less than 27.5 per cent is milk fat.
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Milk from which a part of the water has been removed by heating in a
vacuum, with or without the addition of sugar. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Condensed milk is milk to which was added one-eighth of its weight of cane
sugar, was reduced to one-third of its volume by evaporation in vacuo, cooled,
and put in hermetically sealed cans. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
In the United States, Borden’s Eagle brand of condensed milk may be taken
as a type which is said to be prepared by heating fresh cow’s milk to 100° C.
to destroy the bacteria and then evaporating the remaining milk in vacuo at
a low temperature to a little less than one-fourth of its original volume. The
finished product is usually preserved in tin cans after having added about 6
ounces of cane sugar per pint.
A sample of such milk, analyzed by Dr. H. HE. Smith for Holt, showed the
following composition :
Per cent.
FEA 1 paar ma uy Pk Pek A Ap A a Ne eb Ne AN Ped a al 6. 94
TEPER MTS aa ce ett ee ET ON eR Ns SN hs SE oN Ct 8. 48
Sugare (came: 40:44°5) milky A Ol2h)) aoe ea ee 50. 69
SIN BS nec ea he e NRIy ges Ik USE a I eR PS OO SR ANID Se MEN ee 1.39
AVY ete Iemememeeeiee eae es ene varia lin CPR ee. toe ne Se ae MT a ae 31. 30
According to Bagenski, Schweizermilch Condenserte, contains:
Per cent.
DES Ute ame ee open Lae a PE Nay OE te Ua erie erent at hea oe Sa EE ite es 12. 0-13. 6
BROT EIS me etc ur DENI Sich eet Ty Oe ea wth A yy D4 DO Qe 4s
Sugar
MIT eS sos Se BS Be Tk re il a Ls pa Oe CaSO, LS BET REP SA. 14. 0-18. 0
CORE Ee Oe AI a Mia NU A Me Le De SU NL BIL Bene Ua 28 LO 24. 0-30. 0
TTI Sk CRP ae eh Na ah en Ea Sg Ney RR Vo RR AE 2.1— 2.6
Vyas Es EAU TSE a MeL eA LO ES he US hee eel AUP nce ey Mee ge CEE a 18. 0-24. 4.
Whereas, according to Bagenski, normal cow’s milk contains:
Per cent.
IB UG eras Sone ee Be ee Ce EIT ERAS WES DOINGS aye NS a 3.11
FTO ECT) Serena ee UOT Ea ee ee RH Hy LD sce PAD ais Noa eta ee Sa 3. 65
SU eseaitcge OTT GT kc) sete ea Ein a et ca enh 2 cia eas a ie 4, 54
Sea (5 am mn SAC a RN COT OE re VL eee SI SS ed 1. 08
Ws a kT TE ae a al We 2) A a KR BY 87. 60
(Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Milk reduced in bulk by boiling at a high temperature and afterwards reduced
to a proper consistency in a vacuum. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Milk evaporated in vacuum pans. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Milk preserved by addition of sugar and evaporation. (Dr. C. EH. A. Winslow,
New York, N. Y.)
Depends on term. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Whole milk evaporated at low temperature. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Milk from which a portion of water has been removed by evaporation.
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Hyvaporated milk. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Whole or skimmed milk from which a portion of the water has been removed
by evaporation. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Not germane. See Lusk on nutrition. (Health officer Columbus, Obio.)
Milk from which a considerable portion of the water has been evaporated
and to which sugar has been added. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Milk in which portion of watery contents has been evaporated. (Health
officer Kansas City, Mo.)
216 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Milk from which a large portion of water has been evaporated. It should
have not less than 10 per cent fat, and be free from preservatives. Some
brands have sugar added. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Watery element evaporated. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Used to be evaporated, skimmed milk to which 40 per cent cane sugar had
been added. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Milk from which a large part of its water has been removed. Many brands
have cane sugar added. Much condensed milk is made from skim milk.
(Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Milk which has been subject to artificial heat and by our ordinance shall
contain not less than 25 per cent of milk solids, and 28 per cent of these solids
shall be butter fat free from all preservatives, coloring matter, or foreign
substances. This is the definition of condensed milk that we operate under.
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Hyaporation in a vacuum, with enormous quantity of sugar added. (Health
officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Milk which has been reduced in bulk and consistency by the removal of con-
siderable portion of its water by evaporation and should satisfy some standard
of fat and nonfat solid content. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Raw milk with the water evaporated, and otherwise prepared. (Sharon Dairy,
District of Columbia.)
Condensed milk is milk which has had part of its water removed, and to
which cane sugar has been added. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York,
IN SVS)
Condensed milk, with or without the addition of sugar. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan,
Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Whole or partially skimmed milk condensed in vacuo with addition of about
40 per cent of cane sugar. The sugar prevents decompositions, as germs are
not necessarily destroyed. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) f
See city ordinance, section 13. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Los Angeles,
Cal.) i
Condensed milk is milk from which most of the water is evaporated under
a vacuum. It may have sugar added to it in different quantities or not. If
not, it is generally called evaporated milk. It is heated to very high tempera-
tures above boiling point. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington,
D. C.)
Evaporated and sterilized. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
What it is, and what it should be, are in some cases, very different. What
it is in every instance is hard to answer. I think what it should be is simply
milk from which most of the water has been evaporated at a temperature
below 150° F. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Condensed milk is skim milk or milk enriched by the addition of cream and
condensed to about one-third of its original bulk. It is sometimes prepared
without added sugar, most often with the addition of cane sugar, to act as
a preservative. When diluted in the manner necessary for the feeding of
infants, it is woefully deficient in fats (this applies to all varieties). It is
more expensive than the market milks. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadel-
phia, Pa.)
Is milk from which a considerable portion of water has been evaporated.
(Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 14.—Is it as nutritious as raw milk?
ANSWERS.
It is almost impossible to make a comparison between the nutritive value of
condensed milk and ordinary milk, as the composition of the condensed milk
varies, especially when sugar is added. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) _
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Condensed milk in the United States is usually low in fat content, and ex-
cessively rich in sugar. If properly diluted, the best grades of condensed milk
ought to contain the same nutriment as the original milk from which it was
made, plus or minus whatever is added or removed when finally put up in
packages. This, however, does not imply the same food value as the original
milk. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. DAW
It is not. Useful dilutions of it contain a much reduced percentage of fat
and nutritive substance. (Dr. Henry Ll. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Not if used as directed on cans. (Dr. C. HB. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
It is probably as nutritious, but I do net think that it would be as palatable.
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Have no observation on this point. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Not germane. See Lusk on Nutrition. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Don’t think so. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
No. (Health officer Providence, R.’ I.) ;
It is as nutritious as the special raw milk from which it is made. (Health
officer Richmond, Va.)
No. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
I do not know. I would be inclined to think not. (Health officer Topeka,
Kans. )
No. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Used in the manner in which it is, it undoubtedly is as nutritious, or at least
so nearly so as to be on a most debatable ground. (Borden’s Condensed Milk
Co., New York, N. Y.)
No. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
It is not as well balanced a ration as raw milk. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston,
Mass. )
Probably so. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
If prepared as above, it should be—i. e., water evaporated at temperature
below 150° F. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
No; for reasons given. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 15.—Is it as susceptible to deterioration as raw milk?
ANSWERS.
No; condensed milk will keep much longer than raw or pasteurized milk,
even after being opened. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Not until again diluted. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Condensed milk either deteriorates or at times contains toxic substances, for
children have been made very ill from using certain cans of a given brand.
Such brands as contain a high percentage of sugar ought to keep much better
than raw milk on account of the well-known preserving properties of sugar.
(Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
It.is not, because of its sugar and its complete sterilization. (Dr. Henry
L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Not if, as usual, a considerable amount of cane sugar is added. (Dr. R. G.
Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Not until diluted. (Dr. C. HE. A. Winslow, New York, N. eS) i)
No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) ;
No; as it is usually preserved with sugar. (Health officer Birmingham,
Ala.)
Yes; after breaking the seal. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
ee ; if exposed. If sealed should keep indefinitely. (Health officer Detroit,
ich.
918 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes; if exposed. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
No. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
No; because if evaporated to proper density bacteria can’t grow, as food
can not be absorbed by them. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Not at all subject to deterioration if properly made and sealed. After open-
ing it keeps much longer than fresh milk, until it is diluted. (Health officer
Richmond, Va.) !
No; not usually. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Probably not. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes; but not as rapidly. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
More so, unless kept in hermetically sealed cans. (Sharon Dairy, District
of Columbia.)
The sugar acting as a preservative, it is susceptible to practically no deteriora-
tion whatever. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
After dilution; yes. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
No; if sterilized and hermetically sealed. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes; the evaporated without sugar will spoil upon exposure to the air as
soon as good raw milk. The sugar-condensed milk will not. When kept tightly
sealed they both keep indefinitely. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co.,
Washington, D. C.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
It is not as susceptible to lactic acid fermentation, but other changes upon
exposure to the atmosphere would probably take place similar to those under-
gone by pasteurized milk. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Unless properly cared for; yes. It is also liable to undergo decomposition in
the cans. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 16.—Is it as susceptible to deterioration as pasteurized milk?
ANSWERS.
No; condensed milk will keep much longer than raw or pasteurized milk, even
after being opened. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Not unless diluted. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
No; for the same reason. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
No. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Not until diluted. (Dr. C. HE. A. Winslow, New York, N. YY.)
No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Do not think so. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes; if exposed. If unsealed, ought to keep indefinitely. (Health officer
Detroit, Mich.)
No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes; if exposed. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
No. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes; if diluted as direction on the cans require to make milk. (Health officer
Providence, R. I.) /
By no means. (Not at all subject to deterioration if properly made and
sealed. After opening, it keeps much longer than fresh muna it is
diluted. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
No. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Probably not. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes; but not as rapidly. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
I am not prepared to say. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Not nearly. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Not quite, I should say, because of the inhibiting effect of sugar. (Dr. S. C.
Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 919
Yes; for the reasons mentioned above. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk
Co., Washington, D. C.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Probably not when in a thick or semisolid form. (Health officer St. Joseph,
Mo.)
Unless properly cared for; yes. It is also liable to undergo decomposition in
the cans. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 17.—What are the advantages of concentrated milk?
ANSWERS.
Concentrated milk has less bulk and can be transported more easily and
cheaply, and perhaps has also some advantage in keeping qualities. (Chief
Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Diminished weight and bulk, and better keeping qualities. (Surgeon Gen-
eral U. S. Army.)
Convenience and its price(?). (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
There are none. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Diminished bulk, and keeping qualities. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York,
N. Y.)
Ease and safety of handling and preserving. (Health officer Ann Arbor,
Mich. )
For shipping purposes the bulk is very much reduced. (Health officer Bir-
mingham, Ala.)
Very convenient to carry and to use. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
A big saving can be made in transportation expenses. (Health officer Cleve-
land, Ohio.)
Easy of transportation and does not deteriorate so easily. (Health officer
Columbus, Ohio.)
Lessening of bulk. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Cheapness and safety when clean milk is not available. (Health officer
Jacksonville, Fla.)
' Convenience only. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
When market milk is under suspicion, concentrated or condensed milk is used
as Substitute. Not equal to good raw milk. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Transportation. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Keeps in hot climates. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
(1) Useful where good fresh milk can not be had; (2) useful for coffee when
cream can not be had; (3) occasionally a baby will thrive better on it than on
fresh milk. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Small bulk; long-keeping quality; can be had where fresh milk is not possi-
ble. Of course, I recognize condensed milk as a very valuable article of food,
but I am comparing the advantages with raw milk. (Health officer Seattle,
_ Wash.)
Makes a good winter product when price of raw milk is higher. Keeps
longer. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
For shipments into distant lands where it is not possible to get raw milk
and for use on steamers at sea. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
The advantages of concentrated milk are its keeping qualities and the fact
that it can be stored in much less space, and permits of any degree of dilution
desired. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
Long transportation. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Portability, long-keeping quality at low temperature and without dilution.
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
Keeping qualities and small bulk. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Concentrated milk is kept at 140° for 3 hours. This will kill almost, if not
ali, disease germs that exist, because of thé air blast passing through the milk.
It is claimed to be slightly more digestible than raw and twice as digestible
as condensed milk; economy of space; keep for some days; can be used as
cream; no waste; can be shipped long distances; cost of handling less. (J. M.
Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Only in certain cases of infant feeding and where one can not get fresh milk.
(Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Convenience in transportation and storing, and its permanent character
before opening the package for use. (Health officer St. J oseph, Mo.)
Useful in traveling. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Its keeping qualities. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
220 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
QUESTION 18.—Is modified milk as nutritious as raw milk?
ANSWERS.
Modified milk is prepared according to medical prescriptions for special use.
While it usually contains less nutriment than ordinary cows’ milk, it is sup-
posed to be more easily digested and assimilated by the individuals for whom
it is intended. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
It depends upon the formula of modification. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Depends on the individual and the nature of the modification. (Surgeon
General U. S. Navy.)
Modified milk is intended for babies, and its value in a particular case must
be decided by the physician who prescribes it. The fact that it may not con-
tain the food value of unmodified milk does not mean that it is less nutritious
for the infant who uses it. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hos-
pital Service.)
Yes, and more, because it is milk adjusted to the individual needs of the
patient. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Not if diluted. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
For babies, yes; for adults, no. (Dr. C. EH. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Proportionately, yes; all depending on interpretation of ‘‘ modified milk.”
(Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
If conditions demand it. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Modified milk is prepared by the Walker-Gordon Laboratory Co., on pre-
scriptions from physicians to supply the necessary diet for individual infants
or small children. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Depends entirely upon the character and degree of modification. (Health
officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Nutriment values differ, but modification is for a definite purpose. (Health
officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Depending on circumstances. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes, when modified to suit age and conditions. (Health officer Jacksonville,
Fla.)
No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Modified milk may be raw milk; ought to be. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
What do you consider modified milk? We modify milk for infant feeding.
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
It is not intended to be, volume for volume, as modification always Een aE
addition of some water. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Not when conditions are normal all around. It may be more nutritious un-
der certain conditions of ill health. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
If properly modified. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes, if containing all the proteids. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes, and more so, for it is an attempt to reproduce mothers’ milk as closely
as possible, and is changed to suit the varying ages and strength of babies.
(Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Much depends on what it is modified with. (Sharon Dairy, District of Co-
Jumbia. )
There are so many formulas for the modification of milk, each modifier in-
sisting that his particular modification is the most nutritious and most easily
assimilated, that it is very hard to give any opinion except on a particular modi-
fication. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
“Modified milk’? is a term originally used by the Walker-Gordon Labora-
tories to describe milks that have been mechanically changed in their chemical
constituents to fill physicians’ prescriptions and to increase or decrease these
constituents in an exact method so that physicians may be enabled to order a
milk that can be digested for any individual case for which it may be pre-
scribed. It may contain more or less of the nutrients found in raw milk.
(Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Depends on amount of modification and on consumer. (Dr. 8. C. Prescott,
Boston, Mass.)
Yes; modified milk for infant feeding, if prescribed intelligently by the
physician, should be perfectly digested by the infant. (J. M. Houston, White
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
|
:
i
3
|
,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 221
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
This depends upon‘ how it is modified. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
If by this is meant, is separated and recombinéd milk as nutritious as un-
separated milk, we would answer in so far as our observation goes, yes. We
have no evidence from any others to the contrary. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill,
Philadelphia, Pa.)
Depends upon circumstances, modification, condition of infant. (Health
officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 19.—Is it as digestible as raw milk?
ANSWERS.
Modified milk is prepared according to medical prescriptions for special use.
While it usually contains less nutriment than ordinary cows’ milk, it is sup-
posed to be more easily digested and assimilated by the individuals for whom
it is intended. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Depends on the individual and the nature of the modification. (Surgeon
General U. S. Navy.)
Modified milk may be either raw or pasteurized, and it is given to infants
because for them it is more suited to their needs than whole milk. (Surgeon
General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Modified milk is raw milk, unless it is heated after modification. (Dr.
Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Usually more digestible. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. All depending on interpretation of ‘ modified milk.” (Health officer
Ann Arbor, Mich.)
It is served raw, pasteurized or sterilized according to the instruction of the
physician. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Depends entirely upon the character and degree of modification. (Health
officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
That depends upon the powers of digestion as between an infant and an
adult. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Depending on circumstances. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes; or more so. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Modified milk may be raw milk; ought to be. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
What do you consider modified milk? We modify milk for infant feeding.
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Far more so, if modified to suit each case. The object of modification is to
make a digestible mixture for infants. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Not in my opinion. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes; and more so, for it is adapted to the digestion of the baby, depending
on its age, strength, and general condition. (Straus Laboratory, Washington,
D. C.) "
Questionable. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
There are so many formulas for the modification of milk, each modifier in-
sisting that his particular modification is the most nutritious and more easily
assimilated, that it is very hard to give any opinion except on a particular
modification. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
When properly adapted to the individual need it is, of course, far more di-
gestible. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. CG.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Depends on amount of modification and on consumer. (Dr. S. C. Prescott,
Boston, Mass. )
Modified milk may be, and generally is, raw milk. Very little milk, as modi-
fied by the laboratories, is pasteurized, except the Straus Laboratory’s supply.
Their milk is just the ordinary market milk, and is pasteurized as a safeguard.
(J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Only in some cases of infant feeding and gastro-intestinal conta ans.
ae officer San Francisco, Cal.)
222 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Depends upon circumstances; modification; condition of infant. (Health offi-
cer Scranton, Pa.) ‘
QUESTION 20.—Is it as susceptible to deterioration as raw milk?
ANSWERS.
There is probably no difference if both are prepared and handled under
similar sanitary conditions. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Probably more. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Milk is not modified in order to render it less susceptible to deterioration,
but to better meet the needs of infants for whom it is intended. (Surgeon
General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
Yes; for the same reason. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Yes; all depending on interpretation of ‘‘ modified milk.” (Health officer
Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Depends upon conditions. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Why not? (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Modified milk may be raw milk; ought to be. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
What do you consider modified milk? We modify milk for infant feeding.
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Yes. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Probably ; if exposed to infection after pasteurization. When sealed, it will
keep for days. We sell it fresh every day, however, and only enough for one
day at atime. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) .
This also depends on what it is modified with. (Sharon Dairy, District of
Columbia.)
If it is modified condensed milk, it possesses much better keeping qualities
than either raw or pasteurized milk. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New
York, N. Y.)
As there has been no chemical change in the different constituents, it is as
susceptible to deterioration as any other milk. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Practically so. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
No; as most of the modified milks are made up of high-grade raw milk as a
basis. Most of the raw milks come from indifferent sources. (J. M. Houston,
White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Yes; if modified by dilution and addition of other substances. (Health
officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 21.—Is it susceptible to deterioration as pasteurized milk?
ANSWERS.
There is probably no difference if both are prepared and handled under simi-
lar sanitary conditions. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
About the same. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Modified milk is often pasteurized, and it should be given equal or greater
care than whole pasteurized milk in order to guard against deterioration because
of the class of population that uses it. (Surgeon General Public Health and
Marine-Hospital Service.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 223
It is more susceptible for reasons given above. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, New-
ark, N. J.)
Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
Yes. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Yes; depending on interpretation of ‘‘ modified milk.” (Health officer Ann
Arbor, Mich.)
Depends upon conditions. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Why not? Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes; unless pasteurized milk is kept at too high a temperature. (Health
officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Modified milk may be raw; ought to be. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
What do you consider modified milk? We modify milk for infant feeding.
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Yes. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Probably not. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
We pasteurize all our modified milk. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Have not made any comparison. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
If it is a modified condensed milk, it possesses much better keeping qualities
than either raw or pasteurized milk. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New
Worle Nays)!
Modified milk is delivered raw unless the physician’s prescription calls for
pasteurization, and if so, the physician usually names the temperature and
length of time of heating. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I have not compared them. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Yes; more. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 22.—How does its price compare with that of raw milk?
ANSWERS.
Modified milk commands a higher price than ordinary raw milk. (Chief
Bureau of Animal Industry.)
I am not informed on this point. My impression is that it is more expensive.
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Probably higher. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Since modified milk is prepared in accordance with physicians’ formulx, and
requires expert knowledge in its modification, it would naturally be more
expensive. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.)
The nurse or physician who directs its modification generally charges for
his or her services; therefore, milk properly modified should have such ex-
penses added to it. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
Considerable increase. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Modified milk is higher in price because it is prepared under very exacting
precautions. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Higher. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
From 2 cents to 9 cents per quart more than ordinary market milk. (Health
officer Cleveland, Ohio.) :
Depends on method of modification. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Higher. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Higher. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Modified milk, of course, is higher. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
What do you consider modified milk? We modify milk for infant feeding.
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Much higher. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Cheaper (volume for volume) if made in the home. More costly if pur-
chased from a laboratory making a specialty of modified milk. (Health officer
Richmond, Va.)
994 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Somewhat higher. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Not known. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
The additional ingredients, the time it takes, and the necessity of trained
help in modifying makes its cost much more. (Straus Laboratory, Washing-
ton, D. C.)
Higher price. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
Its price is approximately the same, the price of course depending on the
various modifications and price both of the condensed milk and also of the fluid
milk used in comparison. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
It is of course much more expensive in that intelligent persons must be
trained for its preparation. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D, C.)
More. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Higher. (Dr., S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass. )
Three to five times as expensive. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co.,
Washington, D. C.)
We probably misunderstand this last series of questions. The only modified
milk sold in the markets that we know of is the milk from the Walker-Gordon
laboratories, which is naturally higher in price owing to the amount of time
and skill and labor employed in its preparation. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill,
Philadelphia, Pa.)
Advance from 4 to 8 cents per quart. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 23.—What effect does freezing have on the qualities of milk?
ANSWERS. .
Freezing has the effect of separating the butter fat and causing the fat
globules to collect into granules. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
I believe it has no injurious effect, unless long continued, when it would
probably diminish its germicidal power. (Surgeon General U. 8S. Army.)
Little or no influence. (Surgeon General U. 8S. Navy.)
It affects the fat globules. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.)
It makes it less useful for modifications of milk because it is not so easily
separated into its component parts. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
None that has been demonstrated, so far as I know. (Dr. R. G. Freeman,
New York, N. Y.)
Said to be an excellent preservative without harmful action. (Dr. C. H. A.
Winslow, New York, N. Y.)
Slight. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
It is said to lessen the bacterial properties. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Changes the character of milk slightly, and it is not always possible to obtain
a good quality of milk when it has been melted. This practice has been tried
in some parts of Europe without satisfactory success. (Health officer Birming-
ham, Ala.)
’ Wery little. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Ruins it. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Do not know of any injurious effect if the milk is consumed not too long
after freezing. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) ;
Freezing alters the lact albumins. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Milk is a perfect emulsion when in raw state; freezing breaks the emulsion,
which can never be restored, consequently lowers quality of product. (Health
officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Little, if any. Old idea was that it was bad; now discredited. (Health
officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Little, if properly thawed out with cool water. (Health officer Providence,
R. 1.) :
Freezing itself has probably no effect on chemical composition of milk. It
kills some bacteria, but by no means all. Keeping milk frozen increases soluble
nitrogen, lowering the nutritive value. It also inhibits growth of lactic acid
bacteria, but allows growth of putrefactive bacteria. If kept too long, such milk
may become highly poisonous without any evidence of its having gone wrong.
(Health officer Richmond, Va.)
I do not know. We have no weather in Puget Sound Basin cold enough to
freeze milk. Having been here 20 years, I could only give you the changes laid
down in the text-books. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Impairs it. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
None. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
re a eS ee eee
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 225
Destroys the flavor and renders the milk less palatable. (Sharon Dairy,
District of Columbia.)
Freezing has really no effect whatever itself on the quality of the milk, pro-
viding that the milk in being restored to its normal condition is carefully mixed.
Milk, however, does not keep indefinitely in a frozen condition, as certain forms
of bacteria multiply even in that condition, while the lactic bacteria are entirely
dormant. Bacteria, moreover, are not destroyed by freezing, even when this
frozen condition extends over a period of time. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co.,
New York, N. Y.)
I am informed that freezing for a short space of time has little, if any, effect
on the qualities of milk. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Not good. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
I have never studied it. Frozen milks are sold in Hurope and used with
apparent impunity. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
No effect. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
Very little; practically only prevents temporary growth of bacteria. (Health
officer San Francisco, Cal.)
It interferes, when the milk is once shaken up, in its reseparation from the
cream. We have no knowledge of the effect upon its nutritive value. (Dr.
Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
None. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
Question 24.—Have attempts been made, so far as you know, to secure legisia-
tion from Congress governing the production, transportation, or distribution
of milk or milk products throughout the United States under authority for
regulating commerce between the several States?
ANSWERS.
Some of those points are covered by the food and drugs act. A bill on this
subject was introduced at the last session of Congress by Representative A. F.
Lever, of South Carolina. [Appendix U.] (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.)
I am not informed on this subject. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.)
Do not know of any. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
I know of none. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service. )
I have no knowledge. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.)
No. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.)
The act of 1895, relating to the production of milk in and for the District of
Columbia, was made by Congress quite as much by virtue of its power to regu-
late interstate commerce as by virtue of its power to legislate for the District
of Columbia. The food and drugs act of 1898, enacted by Congress for the
District of Columbia, regulated the sale of milk and cream in the District of
Columbia, and having been enacted by Congress, would doubtless apply quite as
well to “ original packages” as to any other form in which milk might be sold.
The Federal foods and drugs act of June 30, 1906, which is distinctly an inter-
state act, although it regulates local commerce within the District of Columbia,
applies to milk and cream. (Health officer District of Columbia.)
I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Not to my knowledge. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Do not know. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Only such as are found in the pure food and drug laws. (Health officer
Cleveland, Ohio.)
Do not know. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Have not heard of any such movement. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Unable to state. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Not that I know. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
No. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
National pure food law does this, now in force; but as far as Rhode Island
consumers are protected by it, not enforced. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
I believe such an attempt was made in Washington some years ago, but
unsuccessfully. It should by all means be put under control, as otherwise a
city like New York has great difficulty in controlling its milk supply. I have
had shippers from other States threaten us with the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission for not allowing their milk to come into Richmond. I have told them
to go ahead and do their worst; that we probably could not help their bringing
82444°—S, Doc. 863, 61-3——15
226 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
(or sending) their milk here from other States, and that we would not attempt
to do so, but that we had complete control over the milk after it landed here
and that if they wanted the satisfaction of putting milk here and having it at
once seized and condemned they were welcome to send it along. (Health officer
Richmond, Va.)
Only in an indirect way. The general opinion seems to prevail in this sec-
tion of the country that condensed milk may be sold under the authority of
the Government, no matter what percentage of butter fat it contains under the
pure food and drug act, and, being an interstate product in many instances,
that we have no right to prohibit shipment to our city. Whether these facts
are true or not, I do not know. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Not to our knowledge. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Not to my knowledge. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.)
We have heard of several suggested methods of regulation, but have never
known of any positive attempt to regulate interstate commerce so far as milk
is concerned, outside of the present pure food laws, which cover that ground
quite thoroughly. (Borden’s Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.)
None so far as I know. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)
Know of none. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
No. (Dr. 8S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.)
No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.)
No. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Not to our knowledge. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.)
Do not know. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
HEALTH DEPARTMENTS.
.QuEsTIon 1.—Please state what regulations, if any, relating to the production,
transportation, and delivery of milk have been promulgated in your jurisdic-
tion, and also what state or municipal laws or ordinances have been adopted
relating to the same subject?
ANSWERS.
Practically those of the State of Michigan. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We inclose copy of milk ordinance adopted in this city of Atlanta, Ga.
[Appendix G.] (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
I send inclosed copy of our laws, ordinances, and regulations. [Appendix G.]
(Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
We have rigid city ordinances regulating the production and handling of
milk. Will send you copy later. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
See inclosed regulations. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
See code. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Inclosed ordinance and rules for certification. [Appendix G.] (Health
officer Detroit, Mich.)
I inclose copies of our ordinances, rules, and record cards. [Appendix G.]
(Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Stringent milk ordinance has passed common council, signed by mayor, regu-
lating tuberculin test, temperature of milk, and bacterial count. (Health
officer kansas City, Mo.)
Pamphlet inclosed. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
See sanitary code inclosed, pages 14 to 20. [Appendix G.] (Health officer
Montclair, N. J.)
State laws. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
(1) Copy of ordinance of June 9, 1904, and (2) copy of rules and regula-
tions of Richmond City Board of Health, governing the produetion and handling
of milk herewith inclosed. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Certified milk must contain less than 380,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter,
and market milk less than 200,000 per cubic centimeter. Space is absolutely
too small to give ordinances. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
See appended sheets. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
None known. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
See inclosed city ordinance. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Los Angeles,
Cal.)
See inclosures. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Operating under State laws. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 227
QuEsSTION 2.—Is the compulsory insistence on the tuberculin test, in your judg-
ment, practicable and advisable?
ANSWERS.
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We are now endeavoring to determine this. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
It is desirable, but at present impracticable. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Yes. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Not under present conditions. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Advisable; practicable with public cooperation in sustaining its share of loss
from reacting animals. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes. (State board of health, Florida.)
I believe it is practicable and advisable. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Not at first; advice, etc., should precede for a number of years. (Health
officer Lynchburg, Va.) ;
‘For small communities, yes; for large cities pasteurization will doubtless
be necessary for a time, as the immediate insistence of the test would cause
a milk famine. Conditions vary in each community. (Health officer Mont-
clair, N. J.)
Yes; we have found it so. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes; but we can not get country members of legislature to pass such a law.
(Health officer Providence, R. I.)
If, after tuberculin testing, every reacting cow is to be destroyed, there
are serious difficulties. To “insist” on this either means the appropriation
of a large sum for (1) inspectors and (2) remuneration of producers, or an
inevitable great rise in price of milk. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes; if under competent, supervision and paid for by Government. (Health
officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) ;
Advisable, but practicable only under certain conditions. (Health officer
Los Angeles, Cal.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 3.—Is the insistence on a maximum temperature of 50° F. from the
time of production to the delivery to the consumer practicable and desirable?
ANSWERS.
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We find it so in a place like Atlanta. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
It is desirable, but not yet practicable, first, because of the railroads; second,
because few farmers have ice. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
It is desirable, but not always practicable in this climate, owing to the
increased expense necessary to maintain this Jow temperature. (Health officer
Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Yes. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Very desirable, but not practicable. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
The requirement is desirable certainly; 50° is too low for market milk under
erdinary conditions, as experienced in Columbus. We have enforced a 65° rule
for two years; 98 per cent of retail milk kept at 65°. Sixty per cent of whole-
sale milk kept at 65°. Great improvement during last summer. (Health officer
Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes. (State board of health, Florida.)
228 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
I do not think that insistence to the letter is necessary, except to educate the
dairymen. But too much leniency should not be shown. (Health officer Jack-
sonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Should be introduced gradually. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes; and easily attained. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Desirable, but difficult to comply with. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Very difficult in South, where farmers can not always make ice. This pre-
sents such difficulties that we have had to modify this rule. [Appendix G.]
(Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
It is not entirely practicable, but is desirable. The coast makes their own
ice, therefore farmers can not ice their milk. But we have very cold water
for cooling. We have a mild climate as you know all up and down the Pacific
coast and, therefore, have no natural ice. It is impracticable for the farmers
to produce ice under the conditions existing, at least in this State to-day. If
their milk could be iced and reduced to a temperature of 50°, it would certainly
be desirable. Our natural mountain streams are used in our concrete milk
houses for cooling our milk after it has been run over the aeraters. (Health
officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
We secure excellent results here with 60° F., although our best dairies deliver
at about 50°. I would say that insistence on 60° would be satisfactory.
(Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Desirable, but not practicable under present conditions. (Health officer Los
Angeles, Cal.)
Desirable; yes. Practicable; would raise prices. (Health officer San Fran-
cisco, Cal.) j
It is desirable, but very hard to enforce in all instances in hot weather.
(Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QuESTION 4.—Is a prescribed bacterial count feasible and advisable?
ANSWERS. |
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Yes. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
No; except for the guidance of inspectors. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
The fact of having a specified bacterial standard will cause dairymen to
employ more careful methods, stricter cleanliness, and the striving for lower
temperatures, and in this way the quality of milk supplied to the customers
wiil be greatly improved. However, it is impracticable to expect milk to con-
form to a specified bacterial standard at all times, and the wisdom of bringing
dairymen into court for all bacterial counts that run above a given standard is
questioned. In other words, a bacterial count for milk should be used for a
working basis for the inspector to bring about the desired results in improving
a milk supply. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Doubtful. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Not in my judgment. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (State board of health, Florida.)
I believe it is advisable, but not possible to the letter in most instances. It
is educational. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Yes, I believe so. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Yes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Yes. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Feasible, but not advisable; bacterial count to be used as a rough index of
dirty milk. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
a
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 229
In this district, yes; and ought to be much lower. (Health officer Seattle,
Wash.)
Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
I believe not. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Yes. (Dr. V. ©. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Yes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Yes. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Doubtful. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 5.—If so, what number of bacteria should be specified?
ANSWERS.
Seventy-five thousand to one hundred thousand per cubic centimeter.
(Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We find 100,000 per cubic centimeter feasible. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
Have not yet fixed a maximum limit. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Our standard is 500,000 per cubic centimeter, which seems reasonable.
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Under new conditions, 500,000 count is all that is practical; with education
of the dairymen and continual enforcement of dairy rules 200,000 or 100,000
should be attained. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
That depends upon conditions in general. (State board of health, Florida.)
Not over 100,000. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Five hundred thousand to the cubie centimeter. (Health officer Kansas
City, Mo.)
Five hundred thousand per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Should be as low as possible, depending on conditions. Small communities
might have 100,000 limit, whereas large city with much wholesale milk would
have to be satisfied with 500,000. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Our limit is very high; 200,000 to 1 cubic centimeter. (Health officer Port-
land, Oreg.) i
One hundred thousand. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Depends upon local conditions. See our rules. [Appendix G.] (Health
officer Richmond, Va.)
One hundred thousand per cubic centimeter for this purpose. Every man hay-
ing a count above this should be immediately investigated from source in
country to the retailer’s premises. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
We have cool summers, cold mountain streams for cooling, and ice in dairy
depots. Would recommend 10,000 for certified, 100,000 for common market
milk. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Not to exceed 250,000. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Bacterial counts are unreliable because of conditions affecting multiplica-
tion. Useful only as an adjunct to regular inspection work. (Health officer
Topeka, Kans.)
One hundred thousand. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Ten thousand per cubic centimeter. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Five hundred thousand. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Five hundred thousand. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Three hundred thousand. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Depends upon local conditions. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Five hundred thousand per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 6.—Is pasteurization, in your judgment, advantageous?
ANSWERS.
No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Pasteurization should not be needed. If needed, such milk should be de
stroyed. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
It is, under present conditions. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
In my opinion pasteurization is advantageous when the work is carefully and
efficiently done, but in order to show the age of the milk it would be advisable
930 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
to require caps to be dated, so that the age of the milk can be readily ascer-
tained. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes; especially for milk from cattle not tubercular tested and for milk not
delivered to consumer within 24 hours from time of milking. (Health officer
Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Not when you can do better. Pasteurized milk is preferable to dirty milk
or infected milk. (State board of health, Florida.)
Not in this community, where there is little shipped milk and few middle-
men. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes; if safe, clean milk can not be obtained. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Not advantageous unless kept at sufficiently high temperature for 15 or 20
minutes, which is generally not the case. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
For a large city it may be the best that can be done in lieu of competent
inspectors, but it is not advisable when complete inspection and control can be
had. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
No. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
No; not in this city. I believe we will arrive at wholesome milk sooner
without the false security of pasteurization being introduced. (Health officer
Seattle, Wash.) :
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Yes; under present conditions in general, though not in Topeka. (Health
officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Not if above is complied with (10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter). (Dr.
V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
It is, when properly performed, with dirty milk and sone from nontuberculin
tested cattle. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
Not to pure, clean milk. And not to the dirty milk which would otherwise
sour rapidly and thus cause dissatisfaction to the consumer and put him on his
guard. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
It is, if the milk comes from a great distance, is unwholesome, or comes from
a doubtful source. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 7.—Does pasteurization tend to preserve milk?
ANSWERS.
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
We have investigated carefully in many cities, and we insist that pasteuriza-
tion is bad. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
For a short time. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Within certain limits. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
It does for a while, but after it gets reinfected with organisms of decomposi-
tion it decomposes more rapidly than raw milk. (State board of health,
Florida. ) .
If properly carried out; yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Not unless it is kept from exposure and maintained at temperature of 50°.
(Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes; results depend upon the degree of pasteurization. (Health officer Mont-
clair, N. J.)
Our experiments show that the ordinary so-called pasteurization does not.
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.) ‘
Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 931
It retards, or may even do away with, souring; but such milk may “rot”
without ever getting sour. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) ;
Yes and no. It will not sour as quickly, but becomes more deadly in the
end unless drunk within 36 hours. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Not as ordinarily carried on. Generally merely kills lactic-acid producing
germs, thus leaving others to multiply more advantageously. If properly pas-
teurized; yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Certainly, as the lactic-acid germs are destroyed. (Creamery Packing Manu-
facturing Co., Chicago, Ill.)
Pasteurization preserves milk for a certain length of time, and if it is prop-
erly cared for it will keep for weeks. The hospitals of the Panama Canal are
supplied with perfectly pasteurized milk that runs through one of my machines
at the Sheffield Farms—Slawson, Decker Co., of New York City—and this will
give you evidence enough that such pasteurized milk naturally has to keep,
because without this it could not be shipped from New York to Panama and
arrive there in perfect condition. (Dairy Machinery and Construction Co.,
Derby, Conn.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Yes; when properly performed and the milk properly handled afterwards.
(Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
Only in part and change in constituents. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
It retards lactic fermentation, but augments putrefactive decomposition.
-(Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) :
Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 8.—Is compulsory pasteurization, in your judgment, practicable and
advisable?
ANSWERS.
With proper restrictions as to the installation of apparatus and as to the
keeping of records, there would seem to be no reason why compulsory pasteuri-
zation should not be practicable. The fact that regulations directed to this end
might in some cases be evaded, notwithstanding a proper system of inspection,
is no reason why such regulation should not be made and enforced as far as
practicable. Laws against murder, embezzlement, housebreaking, and all other
kinds of crime and misdemeanors are very commonly avoided, notwithstanding
a well-organized system of police protection, but that has never been set forth
as a reason why such laws should not be kept on the statute books. The health
department has for some time had under consideration the advisability of the
compulsory pasteurization of all milk coming from cows not tuberculin tested,
and believes that with respect to that part of the milk supply pasteurization
should be enforced. (Health officer District of Columbia.)
No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Never. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)
Not now. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
No. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
No. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Advisable, but not practicable. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes; especially for milk from cattle not tubercular tested and for milk not
delivered to consumer within 24 hours from time of milking, (Health officer
Columbus, Ohio.)
Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Not when you can do better. Pasteurized milk is preferable to dirty milk or
infected milk. (State board of health, Florida.)
Where the dairies and depots can not be controlled and cleaned up; yes.
I consider it a poor substitute for clean milk. (Health officer Jackson-
ville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Yes; if it is impossible to have a safe milk otherwise, as in a large city like
New York. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
232 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
I think that all milk from tubercular cows should be sterilized to 170° for 20
minutes, and all untested herds classed as T. B. infected. (Health officer
Portland, Oreg.)
No. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
It is “ practicable” to insist on pasteurization, but it is certainly not advis-
able to have all milk pasteurized. Pasteurization is always a makeshift.
[Appendix G.] (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Not unless done by the municipality, and it could make a better investment
by inspection. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
It is not practicable and is not advisable. It is a delusion and a snare up
to date. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Probably as an adjunct to enforcement of tuberculin test or establishment of
inspection in large cities, but should then be done by Government and not
insisted upon in cases where not needed. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
The only way to protect the public against all kinds of infection from the
filth that is found in all milk, except in certified milk, is to pasteurize it. It is
a shame that in cities like New York and Boston there were epidemics of con-
siderable extent this last week, due to infection through raw milk. In New
York there was a typhoid fever epidemic of over 400 cases, and in Boston the
scarlet fever epidemic had over 800 cases. When it comes down to determine
if it is better for a city to have such epidemics or to heat such milk, then, in
my judgment, there is only one answer, and that is to pasteurize the milk.
For myself, as a specialist on milk, I would not dare to feed my own children
on raw milk, even if it is certified, and I am happy to say that I have brought
up children as strong as anybody can have, and all they ever got was boiled ~
milk. (Dairy Machinery and Construction Co., Derby, Conn.)
There is no reason at the present time why the city milk plants from largest
to smallest can not be equipped with proper pasteurizing machinery, at a cost
within their means, if they have sufficient capital to properly handle their
business. (Creamery Package Manufacturing Co., Chicago, Il.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Practical with municipal controlled plant. Advisable only in dirty milk and
milk from nontested cattle. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.)
No. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
It is, if the milk is as described in No. 6. [If the milk comes from a great
distance, is unwholesome, or comes from a doubtful source.] (Health officer
Wheeling, W. Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 9.—What effect in your judgment would compulsory pasteurization
have wpon the wholesale and retail price of milk in winter and sunvner?
ANSWERS.
Will increase. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Such milk should be given away, or rather thrown away. (Health officer
Atlanta, Ga.)
I do not know, but such milk is now sold at 9 and 10 cents a quart. (Health
officer Baltimore, Md.)
A tendency to increase the price. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
It would raise the price. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Probably none, but would tend to centralize the business in the hands of
larger dealers. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
It is thought that in this city the pasteurization of milk has prevented an
advance in the price of milk. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
Little, if any. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
It would I believe increase the price a little. (Health officer Jacksonville,
Fla.)
None whatever. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Cheapen it. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
The expense per quart is so small that the price would probably remain the
same, other factors being equal. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
None. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
its
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 233
Drive many first-class dealers out of business. (Health officer Providence,
Probably none, especially if pasteurization is going to make inspection less
rigid. [Appendix @G.] (Health officer Richmond, Va.) (Nore.—Commercial
pasteurization is not likely to be thorough. In the laboratory or under special
control, efficient pasteurization is practicable. )
None. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
I have thought pasteurization dangerous, but in answer to your question I
would believe that it would cheapen the price of milk. (Health officer Seattle,
Wash.)
No effect for good. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
None. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
No. The saving in other directions offsets it in the increased volume of
business, and the practical elimination of losses from sour milk more than
makes up for the cost of pasteurization. (Answer applies to retail price.)
(Creamery Packing & Manufacturing Co., Chicago, III.)
This is a question to be decided by the man who sells milk. (Dairy Ma-
chinery & Construction Co., Derby, Conn.)
It might slightly increase it. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Increase it. (Dr. V. ©, Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Should have very little effect. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
The firms who pasteurize can compete with the market. (Health officer San
Francisco, Cal.)
Very little. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
Compulsory pasteurization would probably put a city’s milk supply in the
hands of a few milk dealers, and it would depend upon them. (Health officer
Wheeling, W. Va.)
Cause advance. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
QurEsTION 10.—Is the requirement that cows be stabled on concrete floors
practicable?
ANSWERS.
Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Not having investigated this thoroughly, we can not say. (Health officer
Atlanta, Ga.)
No. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
No. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes; but other impervious floor is more desirable. (Health officer Colum-
bus, Ohio.)
Yes; but not absolutely necessary. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Yes; but not necessary, though desirable. (State board of health, Florida.)
No; nor do I think it necessary. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)
Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Yes. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
Many dairymen do it voluntarily. It is certainly cleaner than putting plank
over concrete for the stands. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.)
Yes, in cities; with open, movable, wooden floors over concrete floors. Stone
floors are, in my opinion, too great a conductor of heat. Wooden floors are
easily taken out for cleansing, if necessary. I say in cities, because facili-
ties for flushing are usually better than in the country. We have quite a
number of dairies in our city. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
No. (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Yes. (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Yes; we have done it for two and one-half years without harm or lessening
quantity of milk. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Yes; if properly cared for. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
I prefer wood or dirt. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
Yes.. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Yes; in this country, where they are in stable only during milking. (Health
officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
284 THR MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Yes. (Health officer San Mrancisco, Cal.)
Questionable, (Tlealth officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
It might be practicable, It is not necessary for the production of clean
milk, <A floor that can be kept clean is the essential (Health officer Wheel-
ing, W. Va.)
Questionable, (Health officer Seranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 11.——Does such requirement tend to cause rheumatism in the animal?
ANSWURS.
Yes. (Surgeon General U, 8. Navy.)
Uncertain, (Tlealth officer Atlanta, Ga.)
No. (tlealth officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Yes. (Health officer Bismarek, N, Dak.)
Not if properly bedded. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
No, (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
Yes; unless concrete overlies cinders (8 inches thick) and animals are well
bedded. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio, )
Possibly, (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Not if permitted to graze upon pasture, If stabled it produces laminitis, not
rheumatism, (tealth officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Not that we have noticed, (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
I have no experience or knowledge to that effeet. (Ilealth officer Mont-
clair, N. J.)
No. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
Yes, unless bedding used, (Health officer Providence, R. I.)
Not if proper bedding is used under cows. We have concrete floors in nearly
every cow barn around Riehmond, and have had no complaint whatever of
injury to the cow. (Health otticer Richmond, Va.)
Not if the floors are properly insulated. (tealth officer Rochester, N. Y.)
No. We have as healthy stock as there is in the world, and many of our
stables have concrete floors, (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
Not if properly cared for, (THealth officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
I believe so, (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
No. (Dr V. OG. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich, )
Not to my knowledge. (Tlealth officer San Mrancisco, Cal.)
Questionable, (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
I do not know. Many farmers think so, (Health officer, Wheeling, W. Va.)
It may. (Health officer Seranton, Pa.)
QUESTION 12.— What other requirements in addition to the foregoing would you
suggest with a view to improving condition of milk?
ANSWERS,
Sanitary inspection of all farms, milk wagons, and dairies selling milk
products in the Distriet. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.)
All milk should be tubereulin tested or else pasteurized. All milk should
be properly cooled and kept cool, Arrangements should be made for the
instruction of mothers in caring for their infants, and this ean in no other way
be done so well as in connection with the free distribution of proper milk
to persons unable to pay for it, and the distribution of milk at reduced prices
to persons who are unable to pay the ordinary market price for a milk of
proper quality, There are, of course, many other suggestions that might be
made with respect to the improvement of the health of the Distriet. but
these seem to be those most directly connected with the subject mow under con-
sideration, (Health otieer District of Columbia.)
Closer supervision at dairies, care of cattle and utensils, sterilization of
bottles, ete, (Tlealth officer Ann Arbor, Mieh.)
Glean milk from healthy cows and the milk quickly and thoroughly cooled
is all that is needed. Wxpensive manipulation is bad. (Health officer At-
lanta, Ga.)
A further superviston and strict enforcement of the requirements as to the
sanitary condition at the producers. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
Clean methods, prompt and thorough cooling, quick delivery, All milk
containers to be thoroughly sterilized, (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRIOT OF COLUMBIA. 235
Keep stables sanitary. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
Any regulation tending to Increase rating of datry when scored by the
Dairy Division score card. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.)
Inclosed regulations cover about all requirements that are possible to enforce
in any large city. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
See Code, page 86. [Appendix G.] (Tealth officer Columbus, Ohto,)
Inspection from udder to consumer. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
Systematic, frequent, and honest dairy inspection by an “ educator” and the
creation of a demand for clean milk among the general public. (Tealth officer
Jacksonville, Mla.)
Absolute cleanliness; all milk placed in bottles, which can be sterilized when
empty. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
Wdueate dairymen to produce clean milk and make it necessary for trans.
portation companies to keep milk cool while in transit. (Health officer Los
Angeles, Cal.)
Absolute cleanliness of stable, milk room, vessels, cow, person that handles,
ete. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
See Sanitary Code inclosed, [Appendix G.] (Health officer Montelair, N. J.)
Regulations governing milk depots. (Tealth officer Portland, Ovreg, )
See Rules and Regulations of Board of Health, city of Richmond. [Appendix
G.| (Health officer Richmond, Va.)
A milk ordinance that can be enforced. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Laws against slop feeding; a clean feed trough when eattle are being milked.
Shearing the flanks by clippers. (TTealth officer Seattle, Wash, )
Milk house not connected with stable, and prompt cooling by use of tee,
(THealth officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
Washing udder, cleanliness, ete. (Dr, V. ©. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)
Keep dairies clean, (Tealth officer San Francisco, Cal.)
The requirements of cleanliness and cold, as outlined on our “ Barn Poster,”
we think sufficient. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
This space is too limited for explanation, (Health officer Seranton, Pa.)
Qunstion 14,—Are there any regulations in your jurisdiction governing the sale
of prepared, condensed, modified, or powdered milks?
ANSWERS,
None that are supervised or compulsory, to our knowledge, (Surgeon Gen-
eral U. 8S. Navy.)
So far as the provisions of the act referred to (pure food and drugs net) are
applicable to the products named—and, generally speaking, they are applicable
to them quite as much as to other food products—the manufacture and sale of
milk and milk products (including also prepared, condensed, modified, and pow-
dered milk) is governed by the provisions of said net, (Wealth officer District
of Columbia.)
No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.)
None other than the State pure-food law. (Tealth officer Atlanta, Ga.)
Yes. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.)
No. (Wealth officer Birmingham, Ala.)
Nothing but the pure-food law of the State, (ITealth officer Bismarck, N. Dak.)
General food law. (Ifealth officer Burlington, Vt.)
No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.)
None. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.)
No. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.)
No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Ma.)
No, (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.)
No. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.)
No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.)
No local laws. State control, (Ifealth officer Montelair, N. J.)
No. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.)
State pure-food law. (Health officer Providence, R. 1.)
Not when in sealed, nonrefillable cans. In open, returnable cans we have
same rules as for fresh milk, No control over powdered milks. (lealth officer
Richmond, Va.)
No. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.)
Yes. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.)
No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.)
236 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
See appended sheets. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Topeka, Kans.)
Must contain 3.4 fat when diluted to the degree of evaporation. (Health
officer San Francisco, Cal.)
No. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.)
I can find none. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.)
No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY,
Washington, D. C., November 30, 1910.
Mr. J. Louris WILLIGE,
Chairman of Milk Committee,
Chamber of Commerce, 1202 F Street, Washington, D. C.
Dear Siz: In further reply to your letter of the 24th to Dr. Melvin, in his
absence I take pleasure in inclosing answers to the supplemental questions sub-
mitted by your committee.
Very truly, yours, A. M. FARRINGTON,
Acting Chief of Bureau.
SUPPLEMENTAL DATA REQUESTED BY SPECIAL COMMITTEE OF THE WASHINGTON
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE APPOINTED TO INVESTIGATE THE PRESENT MILK SITUA-
TION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
1. Kindly furnish, 1f practicable, a generalized statement in a few words of the
history of Federal inquiry into the production and distribution of milk?
Prior to the establishment of the Dairy Division of the Bureau of Animal
Industry in the United States Department of Agriculture on July 1, 1895, the
Federal Government had given very little attention to the subject of milk pro-
duction. As early as 1893, however, following the discovery of tuberculin and
the development of the tuberculin test, the Bureau of Animal Industry prepared
tuberculin for distribution free of charge to public health officers, with a view
to restricting and eradicating tuberculosis of cattle. This distribution and use
of tuberculin has been continued ever since to a steadily increasing extent.
About the same period the bureau also began to study the subject of pasteuri-
zation and issuing literature on this’ subject.
Following the establishment of the Dairy Division active work dealing with
the production and distribution of milk was undertaken, and in 1900 there was
published a paper entitled “Market Milk: A Plan for its Improvement.” This
paper was issued to meet frequent requests for advice regarding improvement
of the milk swpply of cities and towns. The plan in brief was the creation in
each community of an unofficial milk commission to inspect dairies and methods
of producing and handling milk and to prescribe proper requirements govern-
ing these things. The proposed arrangement was to be purely voluntary, the
dairymen who conformed to the conditions being given certificates which would
enable them to obtain business.
The Bureau of Animal Industry has for several years done much to promote
and introduce thé score-card system of dairy inspection, which has been found
to be a valuable agency for improving the wholesomeness of milk supplies.
This system was first introduced and used by Dr. William C. Woodward, health
officer of the District of Columbia, early in 1904, and has since been modified,
improved, and extended.
In recent years the Bureau of Animal Industry has worked in various ways
to bring about improvement in the wholesomeness of milk. It has made
scientific investigations regarding tuberculosis, pasteurization, and other sub-
jects; it has studied practical methods of dairying, with a view to helping
dairymen to improve their methods for the benefit of both producer and con-
sumer; it has cooperated with numerous cities and towns in the improvement
of their milk supplies; it has furnished tuberculin to public-health officers
and has applied the tuberculin test to a large number of cows; it has studied
the milk supplies of various cities and the methods of producing, transporting,
handling, and delivering milk; it has promoted competitive exhibitions of milk
and cream to encourage the production of wholesome products, and has given
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 2a
numerous lectures and addresses at public meetings; and it has prepared and
distributed a large quantity of literature relating to the various phases of the
milk question. ;
2. Is the feeding of ‘‘ wet malt” or other brewery products to cows prejudicial
to milk derived from them?
The feeding of wet malt to cows has a deleterious effect upon the milk
derived from them. Wet malt under certain prescribed conditions, however,
may be safely used to a limited extent. Brewery products other than wet malt
are not believed to be injurious to the milk, especially if they are fed in dry
form.
8. Is the colon bacillus responsible for-other diseases besides diarrheal
disorders? .
The colon bacillus has often been found to be the active cause of appendicitis,
chronic peritonitis, and abscesses of the liver. It is frequently found asso-
ciated with other bacteria in cases of cystitis and in cases of fat necrosis, but
has not been proved to be the primary invader.
4. Has the Bureau of Animal Industry or the Bureau of Chemistry of the
Department of Agriculture prescribed any requirements for the improvement of
methods of producing or selling milk transported from one State to another,
either under authority of the food and drugs act of 1906 or otherwise?
The Bureau of Chemistry has prescribed the following requirements for
market milk in interstate commerce: It must be the fresh, clean, lacteal
secretion obtained by the complete milking of healthy cows, properly fed and
kept, excluding that obtained within 15 days before and 10 days after calving,
and must contain not less than 8.5 per cent solids not fat, and not less than 3.25
per cent of milk fat. Bacteriologically it must not contain more than 500,000
bacteria per cubic centimeter for market milk; not more than 100,000 for
inspected milk; not more than 10,000 for certified milk. The kind of bacteria
present may modify judgment as to its quality. When practicable, sanitary
inspection of dairies and creameries furnishing the product is also taken into
consideration in enforcing these standards.
, 0. Has it been conclusively demonstrated that pathogenic microorganisms
survive and retain their virulence in butter, cheese, and other milk products?
Pathogenic microorganisms will live in butter and cheese for several months.
6. Is there consequent reason for requiring that these products be maintained
at low temperature; and if so, what maximum temperature should be main-
tained?
While low temperatures retard and inhibit the-growth and mutiplication of
pathogenic germs, they can not be relied upon to destroy such germs. The require-
ment that dairy products be held at low temperatures therefore would not remove
the danger. Such contaminations should be guarded against and prevented
so far as possible in the preparation of the products. The pasteurization of
cream or milk before they are made into butter or cheese is considered the best
method of accomplishing this object.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY,
Washington, D. C., November 30, 1910.
ComMMITTEE ON MILK INVESTIGATION,
Washington Chamber of Commerce,
1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C.
GENTLEMEN: I have your communication of the 24th instant asking my
opinion on certain questions in regard to milk. I will reply as fully as I can.
1. The only regulations which have been formulated respecting the prepara-
tion or distribution of condensed, modified, powdered, or evaporated milks are
those contained in the standards of purity for food products, Circular 19, issued
by the Secretary of Agriculture in: Harmony with the authority of Congress,
and they are as follows:
(1) Milk is the fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking
of one or more healthy cows, properly fed and kept, excluding that obtained
within 15 days before and 10 days after calving, and contains not less than
8.5 per cent of solids, not fat, and not less than 3.25 per cent of milk fat.
(2) Blended milk is milk modified in its composition so as to have a definite
and stated percentage of one or more of its constituents.
238 THE MILK-SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
(3) Skim milk is milk from which a part or all of the cream has been
removed, and contains not less than 9.25 per cent of milk’ solids.
(4) Pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated below boiling, but suffi-
ciently to kill most of the active organisms present, and immediately cooled to
50° F. or lower.
(5) Sterilized milk is milk that has been heated at the temperature of boiling
water or higher for a length of time sufficient to kill all organisms present.
(6) Condensed milk—evaporated milk—is milk from which a considerable
portion of water has been evaporated and contains not less than 28 per cent
of milk solids, of which not less than 27.5 per cent is milk fat.
(7) Sweetened condensed milk is milk from which a considerable portion of
water has been evaporated and to which sugar (sucrose) has been added, and
contains not less than 28 per cent of milk solids, of which not less than 27.5
per cent is milk fat.
(8) Condensed skim milk is milk from which a considerable portion of water
has been evaporated.
(9) Buttermilk is the product that remains when butter is removed from
milk or cream in the process of churning.
(10) Goat’s milk, ewe’s milk, etc., are the fresh, clean, lacteal secretions, free
from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of healthy animals other
than cows, properly fed and kept, and conform in name to the species of animal
from which they are obtained.
CREAM.
(1) Cream is that portion of milk, rich in milk fat, which rises to the surface
of milk on standing, or is separated from it by centrifugal force, is fresh and
clean, and contains not less than 18 per cent of milk fat.
(2) Evaporated cream—clotted cream—is cream from which a considerable
portion of water has been evaporated.
2. I am of the opinion that there is a wide variation of ideas which may be
properly entertained concerning ‘“‘ prepared” milk. I am inclined to the fol-
’ lowing: Natural milk, which has not been treated other than by straining, cool-
ing, and bottling, would not be entitled to the term “prepared milk.” All
milk which has been modified in its composition in any way, by changing the
properties of its ingredients or by sterilization or pasteurization, should be
designated as prepared milk. Milk which is used in connection with other foods
in a dried or semiliquid state is not prepared milk but milk used in compound-
ing other foods.
8. While I have not made experimental determinations on the effect of freez-
ing milk, I am of the opinion that it profoundly modifies its character, perhaps
not so much in regard to its potability as to its wholesomeness and nutritive
qualities. My belief in this matter is based on the well-known fact that the
freezing of wine or beer, or of meat or fruits, profoundly affects their character.
For this reason milk, especially if intended for the nutrition of infants, should
never be frozen.
4. I am unable to give the commission any information respecting the com-
parative retail prices of condensed, powdered, evaporated, and modified milks
as compared with raw milk. I will say, however, that I do not believe that
milk should have the prefix “raw” attached to it. The term “milk” means
pure, fresh, clean, and properly handled milk, and the term “raw” is unneces-
sary and discriminatory.
5. I do not believe that any milk which has undergone any so-called prepara-
tion or modification of any kind is as wholesome and nutritious as the pure
article. In my opinion pasteurization seriously injures milk in its nutritive
value, especially. for infants, and milk should never be pasteurized except as a
choice between two evils. Insanitary milk, if used at all, should undoubtedly
be pasteurized. Dirty milk is just as dirty after pasteurization as it was before.
Pure, clean, properly handled milk needs,no pasteurization and no modifica-
tion, and no preparation, except as indicated in the modifications of milk under
proper medical control and advice for the feeding of infants.
I use the term “ milk” solely as the lacteal secretion of the cow and do not
refer to mothers’ milk; or the milk of sheep, goats, or asses. In my opinion
large cities, and in that I include Washington, might be able to get a much
better milk supply than is now afforded by the establishment of clean, sanitary
milk plants in regions devoted to the dairy industry. drying the milk to a
powder by one of the modern sanitary processes and transporting it to the city
I
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 239
for speedy consumption. I would not, however, advise the use of milk powder
by any means for infant feeding. I strongly urge upon every municipality to
establish a milk plant under the direct control of the municipality where pure,
clean, wholesome, unpasteurized, unmodified, and unprepared milk may be
kept for the use of those infants who are fed artificially. I would have in
this plant a modifying chamber under the direction of a competent specialist
to modify the pure milk without any other change to as nearly the composition
of fresh mothers’ milk as possible, or to make special modifications of milk,
under the direction of a physician, for those who are diseased. I would make
it a penal offense for any person feeding an infant artificially to use any other
food than that supplied from this central establishment. As far as grown
people are concerned, in my opinion, a properly prepared milk such as I have
described aS coming from a distance can be used with safety and without
danger of interfering with the nutritive processes. The municipal milk supply.
therefore, would be only for the use of infants artificially fed.
Respectfully,
H. W. Witey, Chief.
; EXECUTIVE OFFICE,
STaTE Boarp oF HEALTH OF FLORIDA,
Jacksonville, Fla., November 18, 1910.
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C.
GENTLEMEN: Inclosed, I return herewith answers to certain of the questions
sent out.
I have only undertaken to answer those which have been definitely settled
by research and experience; the others, from my point of view, at least, are
largely speculative, and matters in which I do not care to enter.
Very truly, yours,
JOSEPH Y. PORTER,
State Health Officer.
OFFICE OF BOARD OF HEALTH COMMISSIONERS,
BUREAU OF VITAL STATISTICS,
Hartford, Conn., November 10, 1910.
WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C.
GENTLEMEN: I am in receipt of your questionaire relative to the control. of
production and handling of milk. The questions appear to me to be so diffuse
as to render impossible the categorical answers which you evidently expect.
The ground covered by each of the questions is so broad that to my mind it is
impossible to give the answers without a large number of exceptions. Such
being the case I am sending you a copy of the Connecticut State law and our
municipal ordinances on the subject.
Very truly, yours, C. P. BorsrorD, Superintendent.
OFFICE OF HEALTH OFFICER,
Lynchburg, Va., November 9, 1910.
CHAIRMAN COMMITTEE ON MILK SITUATION, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Sie: I inclose you blanks filled out as you requested. I believe that the
great thing necessary in milk Supply is instructive inspection. It is true that
the inspector must be clothed with power to get rid of those who won’t respond
to reasonable demands, but only a few have been found here who had to be
closed out. There is no compulsory tuberculin test here, but a number of
dairymen have of their own accord had their herds tested, and all of them are
interested and mostly making arrangements to test. This is a highly desir-
able condition and is ripe for a law for those few, if any exist, who will not
soon test. The dairymen here have the idea that the test is for the protection
of their own herds more than for anything else.
Yours, very truly,
Mossy G. Perrow, Health Officer.
240 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND CHARITIES, ~
Philadelphia, December 8, 1910.
J. Louris WILLIGE, Esq.,
Chairman Milk Committee,
Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
Dear Siz: The Philadelphia milk commission, which has been making a study
of the milk problem in Philadelphia, has not as yet made its report. When
such has been received I will be pleased to take up with you the questions men-
tioned in your letter of recent date. This commission is going into the matter
extensively and I feel that its findings will be of great importance to the city
of Philadelphia.
Very truly, yours, J. S. Nerr, Director.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SANITATION,
Seattle, Wash., November 21, 1910.
THE WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C.
GENTLEMEN: Please find inclosed answers in full to questions submitted.
You must realize that I am 3,000 miles away from Washington and laboring
under somewhat different conditions, but I have answered the questions as it
seems to me they should be answered in a district in which we have practically
an all-year’s outdoor pasturage, and in a district in which we have no very hot
weather. :
You will notice that a tone of antagonism runs through my answers in refer-
ence to pasteurization. I hardly know what I would do were I commissioner
of health in a hot, eastern city. I am satisfied, however, that I would regard
it only as a makeshift and would oppose it with all my strength and manhood
as a permanent proposition, since I believe that it would be an insult to the
intelligence of civilized men to admit that, with all our skill and canning, we
can not produce a good wholesome milk just as God Almighty made it, unmodi-
fied by man. If pasteurization shall be unnecessarily adopted in any com-
munity and for any greater length of time than is absolutely necessary, I be-
lieve that it will put back the time when we can expect to see safe milk pro-
duced many, many years. In other words, by pasteurization the milk can be
taken to a city and sold containing such contamination originally as would have
condemned such milk had it not been pasteurized. Therefore the stimulus
to produce milk without contamination has been removed and the tendency will
be, without the slightest doubt, to deteriorate the standard of excellence from
day to day and from year to year.
Look at the difference in the quality of milk in most American cities to-day as
compared to what it was, say, five years ago. Think of the swill-fed dairies of
Cincinnati; then realize what has been accomplished without pasteurization
and think what may be accomplished during the next 10 or 20 years. In the
meantime, however, under carefully drawn lines, pasteurization will save many
lives.
Yours, very truly, j J. EK. CricHTon,
Commissioner of Health.
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY,
Syracuse, November 11, 1910.
Mr. THOMAS GRANT,
Secretary Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
Dear Siz: I have answered the questions to the inclosed circular letter to the
best of my ability. The answers to many of the questions have been made off-
hand, and so may be of little value to you. We have been carrying on an
extensive milk campaign here in Syracuse for some four years, and we have
done a great deal along the line of betterments in our milk supply. We are
far from perfection in all of this work. ‘The problems are very great, and many
of them difficult of solution. Our aim has been to lessen the infant mortality
in our city. We feel that something has been done in this line, but much still
remains to be done. If you can give us any helpful suggestions from your
studies and investigations, we should be very glad to get them.
Yours, very truly,
D. M. Totman, Health Officer.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 241
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,
Wheeling, W. Va., November 14, 1910.
Tir WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C.
GENTLEMEN: I have tried to answer the list of questions you submitted, but
in some instances it is impossible to answer in a few words.
We have tried to make our people understand that clean raw milk from
healthy cattle is far preferable to pasteurized milk.
We try to make them understand that bacteria grow perhaps more rapidly
in pasteurized milk than in raw milk, and therefore pasteurized milk requires
the same amount of care.
We tell them that in a city where the milk supply is as close as Wheeling’s
there is no excuse for pasteurized milk.
Some of our dairymen can and do bring in practically perfect milk. Why
shouldn’t the others do the same? ’
In a large city where the milk supply comes from a great distance the situa-
tion is different.
Our newspapers print our milk reports, and we are thus able to bring this
before the people.
' Yours, truly, W. H. McLain, M. D.
KENSINGTON, Mp., November 10, 1910.
J. Louis WIttuicr, Hsq.,
Washington Chamber of Commerce,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir: I am inclosing herewith short answers to most of the questions
submitted on the subject of the tuberculin test. I confine myself to one list of -
questions, as that has been my work-abroad for a number of years. Should you
eare to request further information on the tuberculin test it will give me great
pleasure to answer any questions or to appear before your committee personally,
if they so desire.
Very respectfully, T, A. GEDDES.
PHILADELPHIA, December 28, 1910.
Mr. J. Lovis WILLIGE,
Chairman Washington Chamber of Commerce,
Washington, D.C.
Dear Sir: I herewith seve the questionnaire which you sent me some
weeks ago.
I have answered the chests as intelligently as possible. The ones relating
to the tuberculin tests I turned over to Dr. C. J. Marshall, of the veterinary
department of the University of Pennsylvania, whom I consider the best-
qualified person I know to answer such a series of questions. The replies
attached are his.
If the answers given will prove of any benefit to you it will be very gratify-
ing both to Dr. Marshall and myself.
Very truly, yours, S. McC. Hamirt.
WISCONSIN STATE HycGrenic LABORATORY,
Madison, November 19, 1910.
CHAIRMAN OF MILK COMMITTEE,
1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C.
My Dear Sire: Your circular letter inclosing several lists of questions were
received on my return recently from Europe, and I take pleasure in giving
answers.
Many of these questions are general in character and almost impossible to
answer without taking consideration of modifying circumstances. I have, how-
ever, given aS succinct answers as possible, and beg you to remember that much
More could be said on practically all of them. However, as an expression of
opinion, I judge you wish the answers put as briefly as possible. The general
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-2——16
242 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
questions from 138 to 23 I have not replied to, partly because most of them come
more directly under men engaged in other lines of work than my own, and
partly because much can be said in answer to each question, so much de
pending on circumstances. For instance, question 13, “ What is condensed
milk?” There are a number of ways of condensing milk, as you no doubt
know. A milk preserved by the addition of much sugar would be susceptible
to changes entirely different from that simply condensed, but to which no sugar
has been added, The same consideration is applicable in regard to the nutri-
tive qualities and digestibility and keeping qualities of such milks, much de-
pending on circumstances, so that I do not feel able to answer these questions
in the space allotted. However, as said before, you can get very much better
opinions from men who are éspecially engaged in this line of work.
I am, with high regard, very sincerely, yours,
Mazycxk P. RAVENEL.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
Boston, November 9, 1910.
Dear Sir: I am sorry that I have no time to study and make careful answers
to the interesting questions which you lay before me.
Having been absent from my desk for six months in Hurope, I am now over-
whelmed with work and regret that I shall not be able to assist you. |
Very truly, yours,
W. T. SEDGWICK.
CHAIRMAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. O.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL,
Boston, Mass., November 15, 1910.
The WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C.
DrEAR SiR: I have duly received your circular letter and accompanying series
of questions dealing with the problem of dairy sanitation. On looking over the
questions I find it impossible to give any categorical answers to them. My own
views are more or less determined by opposing considerations and I should be
giving an erroneous impression if I were to answer them briefly. I am sure
that a few men in Washington holding fairly conservative views could furnish
the desired information, since there are no widely divergent opinions among
scientists at the present time on the subjects you have introduced.
Very truly, yours.
THEOBALD SMITH.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA,
Minneapolis, Minn., December 1, 1910.
WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C.
GUNTLEMEN: Immediately upon receipt of your blanks I set about trying to
formulate answers which would be of use to you. There were so many ques-
tions, however, that I did not know quite what to do. Upon some of them my
opinion would be purely academic; on certain others I felt a right to express
an opinion, but it appeared to be quite impractical for me to contribute anything
which would be of real use to you.
You have in Washington, in your medical health officer, and in the various
Federal services, including the United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service and the various divisions of the Departemnt of Agriculture, men whose
opinions have the greatest weight with sanitarians throughout this and other coun-
tries. In addition to their general knowledge, they have specific information with-
out which it would be impossible to discuss intelligently the Washington situation.
Outsiders, no matter how much they know about a subject in general, are at a —
disadvantage in dealing with a local situation, and, instead of being helpful, —
might be positively detrimental. Your blanks are comprehensive, but they —
should be filled out by those who see all sides of the local situation and are
familiar with local conditions,
OL OE EE SES:
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 243
In answer to yours of November 28, I have to say that I believe you have,
right on the grounds in Washington, all the necessary authorities and should be
able to receive a complete report upon the local situation which would form the
basis of action which would be at once suitable to the needs of Washington
and prove of profit to the rest of us in the solution of our own local problems.
I should be glad to be of help in any way possible, but feel personally that this
letter is the best help that I can give you.
Yours, very truly, FE. F’. WESBROOK.
THE COLLEGE OF THE Cr1y or New York,
New York, November 17, 1910.
WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C.-
Dear Sirs: I inclose replies to as many of the questions in your excellent
set of papers on milk supply as I felt that I could answer.
If the results of this questionnaire are published, I should be very glad to
receive a copy of it, as I should think they would be of great value.
Sincerely, yours,
C. EH. A. WINSLOW.
BorDEN’s CONDENSED MILK Co.,
New York City, November 10, 1910.
WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C.
Dear Sirs: This is to acknowledge receipt of your communication of the
1st instant, with inclosures, and to say that we will be glad to answer the
various questions, as far as possible, as soon as we can find an opportunity to
get the data together.
Very truly, yours, BorDEN’S CONDENSED MILK Co.,
F. J. Taytor, President,
BorRDEN’S CONDENSED MILK Co.,
New York City, November 80, 1910.
THE WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C.
Dear Sirs: Referring to your favor of the 28th instant reminding us of
your previous communication, would say that if you have made very much of
ap examination of the milk question you certainly are aware that it is an in-
tricate one. We do not wish to make any haphazard or premature answers to
the questions which you have so intelligently compiled, and, considering the
vast amount of general misinformation circulated on the milk question and the
premature conclusions in some quarters, we felt that the inquiry which you had
in hand was a movement along the right line, for it is time that the public
itself, and the consuming public in particular, be informed more correctly on
some of the phases of the milk question that seem to be debatable. Our stand-
point is that the.so-called milk question involves the producer, distributor, and
consumer, and, therefore, can not be intelligently considered unless these factors
are properly investigated. We expect to have the report ready in a few days
and will forward to you promptly.
Very truly, yours, BorDEN’S CONDENSED MILK Co.,
F. J. Tayior, President.
BorDEn’s ConDENSED MILK Co.,
New York City, December 5, 1910.
WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C.
GENTLEMEN: Supplementing our exchange of correspondence on this question,
we herewith hand you our memorandum of replies to the questions presented
in your request. Our answers are based upon an earnest desire to view the
944 ‘THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
whole subject from the practical standpoint of recognizing the dependency
of the consumer upon the producer and the necessity of the distributor, for
it goes without saying that the individual consumer can not go to the indi-
vidual dairy for his personal requirements. Therefore, the milk problem
necessarily evolves itself into a commercial basis; for without the commercial
incentive the consumer can not receive any milk unless he produces it himself.
There can be no obligation compelling the existence of dairymen, their pro-
duction of milk at a cost not commensurate with their selling price, or the
distribution of it not contingent on a revenue basis.
We have made a special study of the tuberculin test, its advantages and
disadvantages, in connection with the litigation which has been forced upon
us by the requirements of the town of Montclair, of New Jersey, which case
has been in litigation for some time, and in which we have endeavored to
procure the testimony of the most learned, unbiased experts upon all the
questions involved of bovine tuberculosis, tuberculin test, and the trans-
missibility of bovine tuberculosis to human beings; all of these subjects having
been exhaustively examined and testified to in connection with that case.
Very truly, yours,
‘BorDEN’s CONDENSED MILK Co.,
F. J. Taytor, President.
HEARINGS ON THE MILK SuBsJrect BEFORE THE COMMITTEE OF CHAMBER OF
COMMERCE.
Mr. CHAIRMAN AND GENTLEMEN OF THE COMMITTEE: You have asked me to
appear before you and state my views as to the best methods of procuring a
safe and clean supply of milk for the District of Columbia. It must be con-
ceded by all fair-minded and self-respecting men that the District of Columbia
is entitled to and should have a good, fresh, pure, supply of milk at reasonable
prices. As to just what constitutes the required or ideal supply of milk seems
to be the subject for discussion to-day. After 40 years’ experience in the
business myself, and aided by the experience of the very best medical thought
to-day, I feel safe in saying that the one and only safe milk for the people of
the District to use is pure, clean, cow’s milk in its raw state. To adopt either
of the substitutes that are now before the commissioners, namely, the com-
pulsory tuberculin testing of cattle or compulsory pasteurization, would result
in an expensive and serious failure. If you will permit me I will give you a
short history of tuberculin and what it has done since discovered. About 1882
Prof. Koch discovered what he claimed to be a diagnostic for the tubercle
bacilli and published the same to the world.. He was pounced upon by the
medical profession and the pathologists, not only in the Old World but in
America. So hard was he pressed for proof of his discovery that he asked the
medical world to suspend judgment and give him sufficient time to make further
research, and if possiblé substantiate what he said or back down from the
position he had taken. For several years (I do not know the exact time) the
matter was allowed to lay dormant and was not heard from again until about
1890, if I remember correctly, when Prof. Koch came before the medical world
like an honest man and declared to the medical profession that he ‘“ had made a
mistake in the assertions he had made before, and that his tuberculin was not a
reliable diagnostic.” He steadfastly stood by that assertion (until his death
a few months ago), notwithstanding the pressure from the medical men in
both European countries and America. Prof. Bangs, of Copenhagen, has had
more to do with tuberculin than any other man that I know of, and after
using it for many years declared that tuberculin was ‘‘not a true diagnostic
and could not be relied upon at all times.” About 18 years ago, as well
as I remember, the tuberculin testing of cattle was taken up in the United
States. Most of the New England States at different times have tried it, and
while there may be some laws on the statute books yet which require it, so
far as I ean learn none of them enforce it. Pennsylvania was next to take
it up after the New England States, and after slaughtering many herds decided
-it was not practical. Only a few years ago the great dairy State of New York
passed a law and made an effort to enforce it, but soon abandoned it. Since ©
that time many of the Western States have taken it up, but so far as I know ;
now there is not one State in the Union that enforces it, and it was only a
few weeks ago that the Supreme Court of the great dairy State of Iowa decided —
that the law was unconstitutional,
4
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 945
PROBABLE RESULTS IF THE TUBERCULIN TEST IS MADE COMPULSORY.
Assuming that the figures given out by the dairy division of the Agricultural
Department are correct, and I haven’t any reason to doubt them, the per cent
of reacting cattle in the District was about 18 per cent. Basing our estimate
on these figures we must look for something like 16 or 18 per cent of reacting
cattle in the States of Maryland and Virginia, and it is only reasonable to
assume that something like 10 per cent of the farmers will be forced out of
the business or will abandon it sooner than submit to the test. Conceding this
to be true we must look for something like 25 or 30 per cent decrease in the herds
in the States of Maryland and Virginia. If this supposition is borne out we
must naturally expect something like 25 per cent shrinkage in the supply of milk.
With the present shortage of milk added to what we may look for if com-
pulsory tuberculin testing is insisted on, it will surely drive off all competition,
and when competition is destroyed it must be apparent to anyone that an
unreasonably high price will obtain. Nor is this the only bad result. Should
the price of milk be forced up to something like 10 or 12 cents a quart it will
surely put it beyond the reach of from 40,000 to 60,000 people in the Dis-
trict, and a large portion of this class must necessarily be young children,
who will never have an opportunity to indulge in a glass of milk. If the
commissioners and the Agricultural Department deem this action wise and
philanthropic they should proceed on lines that will insure milk from tuberculin
tested cattle. But before doing this it might be well to consider, first, whether
they are justified in taking this milk from the mouths of these people without
offering them any substitute that is as cheap and as good as the milk they now
have; second, whether they are getting any better milk than they would at 8
or 9 cents a quart, since no one can dare come forward and say that they have
proof positive that tuberculosis can be transmitted from the bovine to the
human family and since no one can bring proof positive that even one case can
be shown to have been introduced into the human family by milk. Nor is this
all. The preponderance of evidence to-day with those who have had experience
with the tuberculin test declare it is not an infallible diagnostic, and will not
cause a reaction after cattle have been tested with it three or four times, and
opens the way for more duplicity and rascality than any other test I know of.
COMPULSORY PASTEURIZATION.
There is very little that can be said in favor of pasteurized milk, and from
my viewpoint there is only one condition under which milk should ever be
allowed to be pasteurized, and that is in the home under the instructions and
advice of a practicing physician. To permit the pasteurization of milk under.
any other conditions is dangerous in the extreme and should not have the
sanction of any conscientious gentlemen. The use of pasteurized milk in
foundling asylums, children’s hospitals, and similar institutions has long since
been abandoned and is now regarded by most all physicians of note as an
unsafe diet and should not be tolerated. To temporize with either of the
above expedients will only defer for 5 or 10 years the accomplishing of
what we might call an ideal dairy supply for the District of Columbia, and
might in the end defeat the very object for which the authorities are work-
ing. To destroy competition is detrimental to the consumer, and anything that
tends to decrease the supply must necessarily aid in the destruction of com-
petition. It should be the object of the authorities to make the laws covering
the milk traffic sufficiently broad to protect the dairy producers in their property
rights and at the same time stringent enough to safeguard the public and
induce capital to invest in the dairy business, instead of making short-sighted,
vexatious, and drastic regulations that will drive the business in the hands of
unscrupulous men, as it is a well-known fact that it is next to impossible to
properly police the milk business. ~
Respectfully submitted.
C. THOMPSON.
946 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
SHEFFIELD FARMS-SLAWSON DECKER Co.,
New York, October 21, 1910.
Mr. J. L. WILLIGE,
Chairman Chamber of Commerce Milk Committee,
Washington, D. 0.
DeEaAR Sir: I have been following the crusade that the authorities in Wash-
ington are making for the betterment of the milk supply of that city and their
endeavors to make the pasteurization of all milk that does no come from tuber-
culin-tested herds compulsory. I notice in this morning’s issues of the New
York Times and New York Herald that the Milk Dealers’ Association have
brought in, as a defense, that if pasteurization is required that it would place
the dealers in the hands of a trust, who are reaching out to control the entire ©
milk supply of the country. The only dairy products organization that I know
of, members of which were named in the issue, is the American Farm Products
Co., a concern that has confined its efforts to the renovating of butter, and
which, if my memory does not fail me, has gone in the hands of a receiver.
I trust that the crusade the authorities are making will be successful, as it
is the logical ultimate outcome for a pure-milk supply all over the world.
The pasteurization of milk recommends itself from every standpoint. It is
cheaper to pasteurize and bottle milk in the city in large plants than it is to
bottle the milk in the country without pasteurization. Pasteurizing machinery
is very cheap, and can be obtained from half a dozen or more concerns, and
where the work can be done properly under official supervision, as is possible
in the city, the public gets all the benefit and no increase in the retail price is
necessary.
Yours, very sincerely, D. S. Horton, Secretary.
NATHAN STRAUS PASTEURIZED MILK LABORATORIES,
Washington, D. C., October 28, 1910.
Mr. J. Louis WILLIGE,
Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
My Dear Sir: In connection with the investigation now being carried on of
the milk situation, I beg to invite you and your committee to visit the Nathan
Straus Laboratory here in Washington. We are endeavoring to carry out the
most approved methods in the care and pasteurization of milk, principally of
modified milk for infants, and I feel it would doubtless be of assistance to you
to see our plant in operation.
The milk is received before 8.30 in the morning and is immediately modified
and pasteurized, being ready for distribution by 11. If you could come to see
us while we are at work, we should be very glad to have you. However, we
are open daily until 5, and I would be glad at any time to explain our methods
to yourself and committee.
Trusting I may have the pleasure of seeing you here, I am,
Yours, very respectfully, :
(Miss) Resa J. Hurn.
NaTHAN STRAUS PASTEURIZED MILK LABORATORIES, _
Washington, D. C., November 17, 1910.
Mr. J. Louis WILLIGE,
Chairman Chamber of Commerce Committee,
603 Thirteenth Street NW., City.
My Drar Mr. WILLIGE: I beg to inclose herewith the list questions sent me
by your committee, answered as best I can. Many of the questions can be
answered only by scientists, whom I have followed in my answers and whom
you fortunately have been able to interview personally.
May I remind your committee of the invitation to visit this laboratory and
see both how we handle the milk and also the philanthropic side of our work
in caring for the poor babies? I trust you may find it possible to come at some
early date.
Yours, very respectfully, Resa J. HURN.
t
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 947
, ; ~ BURNSIDE (Post OFFICE HcCcLESTON), MD.,
December 6, 1910.
J. L. WILLIGE, Hsq., Chairman,
Washington, D. C.
DeEaAR Str: Your letter to the Walker-Gordon Laboratory of Washington has
been referred to me, and I herewith inclose the question sheets answered so far
as I feel competent.
I am also inclosing pamphlet, issued some little time ago, descriptive of the
farm where Burnside milk is produced. Here all employees report any sick-
ness in their families. Our medical adviser is at once consulted, and until
he decides that the disease is not contagious that employee takes no further
part in the handling of the milk. I consider this second only to integrity in
the safeguarding of milk.
The purpose of the Walker-Gordon Laboratories is to fill the prescriptions of
physicians for milk containing definite percentages of fat, protein, sugar, etce.,
and to furnish such other food for infants as the physician may prescribe.
While the laboratories sell a high grade of milk and creams for nursery and
table use, and a number of milk preparations, such as buttermilk, kephir,
koumiiss, ete., they offer nothing that could properly be chassed with propri-
etary foods. No modified or prescription milk is sold except on the order of
a physician, who rarely has difticulty in so changing his prescription as to
make the milk entirely suited to the digestion of the patient. The modifiers,
or prescription clerks, use carefully prepared tables by which many thou-
sands of different combinations can be effected without any chemical change
in the milk constituents. Where the child is doing well at the breast, but the
mother has not sufficient milk, the physician may have the mother’s milk
analyzed, and, as nearly as is possible in cow’s milk, reproduced for additional
feedings.
I have endeavored to give you some idea of our aims, but it would be far
more Satisfactory if I might have the pleasure of showing you and the other
members of your committee our plant, and I should be glad to know that it
would be agreeable to you to visit us. So far as I know now I shall be free to
meet you here any day you may select except the 9th, 10th, and 15th instant,
and hope you will name an early date.
Yours, sincerely, S. M. SHOEMAKER.
New YorRK WHITE Cross MILK Co.,
New York Oity, November 30, 1910.
CHAIRMAN OF MILK COMMITTEE,
Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
DeEaR Sir: I am herewith returning you the list of questions asked by your
special committee. You Will note that there are many questions I have made
no attempt to answer, but if it is of sinterest to you, I will write you on
pasteurized milk, condensed milk, and concentrated milk, in comparison with
raw milk. I will treat the condensed milk and concentrated milk without the
addition of sugar as a preservative in either case.
Condensed milk is a product of milk, not milk. It is really milk from which
a portion of the water has been removed and is carried a few degrees higher
‘in temperature than pasteurized milk (190 to 200°) for the purpose of coagu-
lating and albumin and casein, but this condensed milk has the same vital objec-
tion to be used as a general milk that follows with pasteurized milk, while
when freshly made, it would show a very low bacteria count and the absence
of pathogenic germs, but as it spoils it developes a putrefaction, and hence is
liable to produce a toxic condition. It is well understood that in milk subjected
to a vacuum there is a breaking down of cells and is followed by a sensible
decomposition of the proteids.
Pasteurized milk is a milk that is subjected to a temperature varying from
140 to 165°; different temperature depending on the length of time of the
exposure of milk to this temperature. It is much safer when freshly pasteur-
ized than it is as it grows older, as it is a well-recognized fact that in the city
of New York pasteurized milk is not permitted to be sold by a dealer after
it is 24 hours old, and while the bacteria count might be low, it is liable to
decomposition, and as often decomposition has no taste the very warning that
is necessary for spoiled milk is not there in the shape of souring and the
conditions are right for a toxic poison. If the temperature has been carried
248 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
high enough, there will be a change in the albumin and casein, and certainly
a destruction in the enzymes. There are three conditions that render the
pasteurization of milk impractical from a commercial standpoint, if a perfect
milk is to be served:
First. If the milk is pasteurized at the creamery, and their lack of proper
skill and integrity makes it impractical.
Second. If the milk is pasteurized in the city, the increase in the number
of bacteria from the farmer to the city increases the number of bacteria, and
consequently the milk is more liable to the putrefaction, above referred to.
Third. There is no positive way of knowing or no physical change in the
milk that absolutely guarantees that the product has been so treated, and can
only be determined after a day or two when the milk is all consumed and the
harm done, and in this case, the digestibility of the milk is impaired and is
not as safe as pasteurized milk. ;
To my mind the great quantity of milk consumed by large cities can never
be properly guaranteed as clean, pure milk unless there is a physical change
in the milk, and this must be brought about at the creamery; such change not
to affect the component parts of the milk; to have no effect on the enzymes,
and when the product becomes old it should develop a lactic ferment.
Concentrated milk is a milk from which three-fourths of the water has
been removed. This is the object at the creamery, and the removal of B. colt
and all pathogenic ferms are mere incidents; the force at the creamery have
but one object in view—the removal of the water and the reducing of the
product to a certain specific gravity. Concentrated milk when it becomes
old invariably produces a lactic ferment. The fat globules are the same in -
concentrated milk as in the normal milk. The enzymes are unchanged and the
digestibility is not impaired, and in no instance in the many tests has there
been any sign of a putrefaction as the product becomes old.
Trusting I have furnished you some information that will be of value, and ~
if you would like to have any data confirming what I have just written I will
be pleased to send it, as we have reports from scientists of recognized ability.
Yours, very truly,
.C. H. CAMPBELL,
Tuer CREAMERY PACKAGE MANUFACTURING Co.,
Chicago, Ill., November 11, 1910.
THE WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
1202 F Street NW., Wanna D. C.
GENTLEMEN: Your favor of the 5th instant, with list of questions, received
and very carefully noted. We attach hereto this list with our answers. We
have given you the very best information we are able in this connection with-
out prejudice from the standpoint of being interested in the manufacture and
sale of pasteurizing machines.
We are in pretty close touch with this situation throughout the country and
believe that our advices can be considered of a conservative character.
Very truly, yours,
CREAMERY PACKAGE MANUFACTURING Co.,
H. B. Oscoop, Sales Manager.
INFORMATION DESIRED BY SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE WASHINGTON
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO INVESTIGATE THE MILK SITUATION OF THE DISTRICT
OF COLUMBIA.
1. Please state the advantages of pasteurization.
Destruction of lactic-acid bacteria, insuring keeping qualities; also destruc-
tion of disease germs, protecting health.
2. What valid objections have been presented in opposition to pasteurization?
No valid objections to proper pasteurization have ever been presented. It is
claimed by some who are opposed to pasteurization that it acts as a cloak for
all sorts of improper care and handling of milk. We believe, however, you are
considering this from the standpoint of milk handled under modern sanitary | *
conditions and pasteurized in accordance with the most approved methods.
38. What is the cost of pasteurizing milk per pound or per gallon?
About one-eighth cent per quart. The cost is dependent per a large extent
upon the amount of milk handled and the cost of fuel, etc.
aiaeied
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 249
4. Should this cost, in your judgment, properly add to the retail price of
milk?
No. The saving in other directions offsets it in the increased volume of
business, and the practical elimination of losses from sour milk more than
makes up for the cost of pasteurization.
5. What is the cost of an efficient pasteurizing machine with its accessories
and of what capacity?
With a capacity of 4,000 pounds per hour, about $2,500.
-6. What is the estimated cost of a pasteurizing plant completely installed?
With a capacity of 4,000 pounds per hour, $5,000 and up, depending upon
whether this question is intended to cover equipment for bottling, refrigerating
machinery, etc.
7. Is compulsory pasteurization, in your judgment, feasible: and advisable?
Yes. There is no reason at the present time why the city milk plants, from
largest to smallest, can not be equipped with proper pasteurizing machinery at
a cost within their means if they have sufficient capital to properly handle their
business.
8. Would you recommend the establishment of a municipal pasteurizing plant
(or plants) if compulsory pasteurization be insisted upon, so far as concerns
milk and milk products consumed in the District of Columbia?
No; we do not believe that a proposition of this sort can be successfully and
economically handled by municipal government.
9. At what temperature and for what length of time should the milk be
heated in the pasteurizing process to produce the best results?
One hundred and forty-five degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes.
10. Is pasteurized milk, in your Judgment, more or less easily digested than
raw milk?
Tf properly pasteurized at 145° F., there would be no difference whatever.
11. What advantages has pasteurized milk compared with modified condensed
and powdered milk?
Pasteurized milk and other kinds of milk mentioned are so different in char-
acter that there is no basis of comparison.
12. Does pasteurization tend to preserve milk?
Certainly, as the lactic acid germs are destroyed.
13. Is it necessary to preserve the same precautions with pasteurized as with
raw milk?
Certainly.
14. Are there a number of efficient makes of pasteurizing machines?
Only three that have undertaken to embody the latest principles of pasteur-
izing and holding.
15. Is there, so far as you know, a monopoly controlling the production or sale
of pasteurizing machinery?
No. Manufacturers of these machines are all independent of each other
and in keen competition.
16. In your judgment would compulsory pasteurization dispense with the
necessity or feasibility of applying the tuberculin test?
A reply. to this question we think would depend entirely upon the final con-
clusions of scientific authorities as to the efficiency of the tuberculin test.
It is our understanding at the present time there is a very wide difference of
Opinion on this point. .So long as there is any question as to the efficiency
of the tuberculin test in our judgment all milk should be pasteurized.
17. What maximum temperature should be prescribed for the preservation of
pasteurized milk?
From 35 to 40° F.
Derrgy, Conn., November 15, 1910.
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C.
GENTLEMEN: We have your favor of November 5 asking us to answer ques-
tions with regard to pasteurization.
The writer does not care to give you any information for the simple reason
pene there are quite a number of questions that we feel should not be answered .
Yy us.
For instance, your question 1: “State the advantages of pasteurization.”
Although we are expert engineers on milk, we leave it up to the medical au-
thorities to decide if pasteurization is an advantage, but-as far as we know
950 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
this has been settled by the Department of Agriculture. The Dairy Division
recommends that all commercial milk should be pasteurized for 30 minutes
at 145°. As this is an invention of the writer, all he can say is that he is
proud that the Government recommends his work.
2. This question has to be answered by physicians. All I can say is that
99 per cent of all physicians do not know the first thing about milk, and there-
fore I am not in a position to criticize either raw milk or pasteurized milk.
3. The cost of pasteurization of milk depends entirely on the quantity of milk
that is handled and on the process used.
We naturally are steadily working along the lines of reducing the cost of
operation, and on the very latest machines which we are building the cost for
steam and refrigeration is only a small percentage of what it has been up to
the present. ;
The cost of pasteurizing, therefore, of 1 quart of milk is only a very small
fraction of a cent in large plants.
4, This is a question to be decided by the man who sells milk.
5. Our perfect pasteurizers, 12,000 pounds capacity per hour, cost $5,000 per
machine. However, it is necessary to have refrigerating plants in connection
with this machine, and therefore the price will naturally be a great deal higher,
6. Pasteurizing plant installed, with refrigerating machine necessary to take
care of the milk, varies according’ to its size. We build plants from 3,000
pounds per hour up to 12,000 pounds per hour. We have one at Mr. Oyster’s
plant in Washington, D. C., of about 6,000 pounds per hour, and a plant of
that size, including refrigerating machine and boiler, is worth between $15,000
and $18,000. For a 12,000-pound plant the cost of the pasteurizing outfit, with
refrigerating machine, etc., would amount to between $25,000 and $30,000.
7. The only way to protect the public against all kinds of infection from the
filth that is found in all milk, except in certified milk, is to pasteurize it. It
is a shame that in cities like New York and Boston there were epidemics of
considerable extents this last week, due to infection through raw milk. In
New York there was a typhoid-fever epidemic of over 400 cases, and in Boston
the scarlet-fever epidemic had over 800 cases. When it comes down to deter-
mine if it is better for a city to have such epidemics or to heat such milk, then,
in my judgment, there is only one answer, and that is to pasteurize the milk.
For myself, as a specialist on milk, I would not dare to feed my own children
on raw milk even if it is certified, and I am happy to say that I have brought up
children as strong as anybody can have, and all they ever got was boiled milk.
8. We believe that in the United States it is better to have individual pasteur-
izing plants—that is, handled by individual concerns.
The milk business, as a ruie, is to-day in the hands of a great many ignorant
people, and there are only a very small percentage of men handling these prod-
ucts who have any brains at all. Therefore the few that have intelligence should
be separated by the communities in which they live, and the others have no
right to be in business and sell their low-class products.
I am personaily afraid that if pasteurizing plants would be run by cities it
would not be satisfactory. If they would be in charge of a high-class chemist |
or engineer it would be a different proposition.
9. Our Mr. Willmann is the inventor of. the pasteurizing process of heating
milk continuously for 30 minutes at between 145 to 150° F. We have men-
tioned above that the Government is recommending this process; therefore we
have nothing else to add.
10. From my experience with my own children I never found that raw milk
agrees better with them than pasteurized milk.”
11. Pasteurized milk has the same taste, like good raw milk, while condensed
milk has been subjected to such high temperatures that it always has a cooked
taste. Further, the pasteurized product is sold fresh, while condensed milk is
sometimes very old before it is consumed. It is always better to get an article
as fresh as possible, because there may be some chemical changes that may
take place with the age, although we have no scientific proof that such is
the case.
Some of the milk powders are made from high temperatures, and in nearly
all of them the casein has been denaturalized, and therefore is not as easy to
digest as casein in pasteurized milk. The sugar, salts, and fats, and powders
are naturally not changed.
12. Pasteurization preserves milk for a certain length of time, and if it is
properly cared: for it will keep a few weeks. The hospitals of the Panama
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 251
Canal are anes with perfectly pasteurized milk that runs through one of
my machines at the Sheffield Farms-Slawson Decker Co., of New York City,
and this will give you evidence enough that such pasteurized milk naturally has
to keep, because without this it could not be shipped from New York to Panama
and arrive there in perfect condition.
13. Pasteurized milk should be handled at least just as carefully as very
high-class raw milk. The average raw milk is handled by farmers, and their
hands are naturally dirty, and therefore raw milk is naturally dirty.
Milk should not only be pasteurized, but it should also be subjected to very
thorough filtration, so that the dirt, which is chiefly cow manure, can be removed
from the milk beforehand.
Pasteurization should not mean treatment of dirt but treatment of reason-
ably good raw milk, which can be rendered safe by that process. It is impos-
sible for the next generation to change the farmers, and it will be impossible
to change them for generations to come; therefore pasteurization will be the
only process that will give us a safeguard against infections that are conceived
through raw milk.
14. This is a question that has to be answered by the authorities. We build
our machines and do not want to criticize any other make.
The process of perfect pasteurization is our patent, but every housewife can
heat the milk for the same length of time and at the same temperatures with-
out infringing on our process; therefore we can say that apart from the large
machinery that works automatically on the holding process, pasteurization is
public property.
- 15. There is absolutely no monopoly controlled by the sale or a production
of pasteurizing machinery. All we know is that the different manufacturers
fight each other in the worst way for trade.
16. In my own judgment the tuberculin test should be applied gradually to
the various herds. Pasteurization will have to be used anyway, because
scarlet fever, typhoid fever, etc., are much more important from a milk stand-
point than tuberculosis. Every farmer should pasteurize all the milk that he
feeds to his stock, so that he does not infect the young animals with tuber-
eculosis. Under the present conditions it is absolutely impossible to have all the
herds tested, because there are not veterinarians enough to do the testing in
25 years.
17. Pasteurized milk should be kept at temperatures of 50° F. Such a regula-
tion would be in the interest of the milk dealer as well as of the consumer,
because it will protect both.
If you need any more detailed information about the subject, I will be very
glad to take this matter up with you.
Very truly, yours,
DartRy MACHINERY & CONSTRUCTION Co.
J. WILLMANN, President.
APPENDIX D.
CORRESPONDENCE WITH TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES CONCERNING
REFRIGERATOR-CAR SERVICE FOR TRANSPORTATION OF MILK.
NOVEMBER 5, 1910.
PRESIDENT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILWAY Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.
DEAR Sir: The special committee appointed by the Washington Chamber of
Commerce to investigate the present milk situation in the District of Columbia
is desirous of obtaining, if practicable, information as to the feasibility of
supplying refrigerator cars for the transportation over your lines from pro-
ducers shipping to the Washington market, together with a statement of the
eost of refrigeration of each car per day or per trip, and the cost of shipment
per pound or per gallon of milk from varying distances to Washington.
952 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Any information along these lines which you may be able to supply for the
edification of the committee will be greatly appreciated.
Very respectfully, yours,
J. Louis WILLIGE, Chairman.
-P. S.—Kindly indicate additionally how much ice per day or per trip is
required to refrigerate a car for the transportation of milk at a maximum
temperature of 50° F.
Notr.—Letters similar to the above were sent to the presidents of the Balti-
more & Ohio Railroad Co., the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co., the Southern
Railway Co., the Atlantic Coast Line, and the Seaboard Air Line.
THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD Co.,
Philadelphia, November 8, 1910.
THE WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Sirs: I beg to acknowledge the receipt of a letter from the chairman
of a special committee of the Washington Chamber of Commerce, requesting
certain information in connection with the transportation of milk in refriger-
ator cars over our lines to the Washington market from points in that vicinity,
and I have referred it to the third vice president, in charge of traffic, with the
request that prompt reply be made thereto.
Yours, truly, JAMES McCrna, President.
THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD Co.,
Philadelphia, November 21, 1910.
CHAIRMAN WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C.
Drar Sir: Your favor of the 5th instant, addressed to the president of the ©
Pennsylvania Railroad Co., having reference to the feasibility of supplying
refrigerator cars for the transportation of milk over our lines from producers
shipping to the Washington market, together with a statement of the cost of
refrigeration of each car per day or per trip, etc., has been referred to this
department for reply.
More prompt answer. would have been given, but it has been found necessary
to refer these questions to the superintendent of passenger transportation and
the general superintendent of motive power, and the careful consideration
which those officials have found it necessary to make in connection therewith
has delayed replies.
It is very difficult to answer a general question of this kind; that is, as to
the cost of refrigeration per car per day or per trip, and how much ice per day
or per trip is required for a refrigerator ear for the transportation of milk at
a maximum temperature of 50° F., as there are so many conditions surrounding
a general proposition of that kind that would have a material bearing on this
question,
There are three factors that would enter into the hauling of milk under re-
frigeration, namely, length of the haul, temperature of the milk when placed in
the car, and whether the cars would be loaded all at one point or at intervals
between originating point and destination.
If a class “Rf” refrigerator car was used for this purpose, the initial icing
would require 7,400 pounds. After precooling, 4,000 pounds would be sufii-
cient to carry the milk under a temperature of 50° KF. for a distance of 300
miles, or a 24-hour run. However, if the car were to be opened at different
points to receive milk, the temperature would fluctuate according to outside
conditions.
The cost for icing a car with 12,000 pounds of ice would approximately be
$15; this on the basis of ice at $2.50 per ton, including the. necessary labor.
By keeping the same cars in this milk service the bunkers would retain a per- |
centage of ice from one trip until the next, and thus would require an average
of only about 3,000 pounds of ice, at a cost of $4, on the same basis as above.
The cost per gallon for refrigerated milk would peyend on the number of
gallon cans that would be loaded in a car.
wit
VE ae Pe
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 253
*''The length of the haul would make no material difference in the refrigera-
tion cost, due to the fact that the requisite amount of ice and the necessary
space for lading would have to be provided from the starting point of the car
to place of receiving and discharging the lading.
The present cost of shipment per gallon of milk from varying distances to
Washington is:
For distance of less than 30 miles, 14 cents per gallon.
For distance of 30 miles and not exceeding 60, 2 cents per gallon.
For distance of over 60 miles and not exceeding 90, 24 cents per gallon.
These are the rates for milk, and double said rates are charged for cream.
Yours, truly,
J. R. Woop,
Passenger Traffic Manager.
SOUTHERN RAILWAY Co.,
Washington, D. C., November 9, 1910.
Mr. J. Louris WILLIGE,
Chairman Milk Committee,
Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
DeEAR Sir: I have your letter of the 5th instant requesting information as to
the feasibility of supplying refrigerator cars for the transportation of milk into
Washington.
I have brought your communication to the attention of Vice President Culp,
who is in general charge of traflic matters, and have asked him to write you
direct on the subject.
Yours, truly, W. W. FINLEY, President.
SoUTHERN RAILWAY Co.,
Washington, D. C., November 16, 1910.
Mr. J. Louris WILLIGE,
Chairman Milk Committee,
Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
‘Drar Sir: Please see your letter of November 5 to Mr. Finley requesting
information as to the feasibility of supplying refrigerator cars for the trans-
portation of milk from points on the rails of this company to Washington.
We have never given consideration to a proposition of this character; there-
fore it is a matter that we will have to determine. and before we can reach a ¢con-
clusion it will be necessary to have complete information. I assume your com-
mittee fully understands that the handling of milk in refrigerator cars means
transportation by freight service, whereas the milk is at present being handled
by passenger trains. Refrigerator cars, if put into service, would, of course,
stop at practically all local stations within a certain radius of Washington;
therefore they would have to be handled on our local freight trains, which, as
now adjusted, would, no doubt, be entirely impracticable in so far as the
schedule is concerned.
This entire matter can doubtless be handled in conference much more Satis-
factorily than by correspondence, and I suggest, if practicable, that you call
at the office of our freight traffic manager, Mr. Green, or if you prefer, we can
have a representative call upon you for the purpose of fully discussing this
matter.
Yours, truly, - J. M. Cuup, Vice President.
NOVEMBER 5, 1910.
THE PRESIDENT NEw YORK CENTRAL & HUDSON RIvER RAILWAY,
New York City, N. Y.
Sir: I am requested by the special committee of the Washington Chamber of
Commerce appointed to investigate the present milk situation in the District
of Columbia to ask that if practicable you will be so good as to arange for
the enlightenment of the committee a statement as to the cost per day, or per
trip, of car refrigeration for the shipment of milk and the cost per pound or
gallon of milk when transported in refrigeration cars for varying distances.
254 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The committee is endeavoring to decide whether it is feasible to recommend a
compulsory maintenance of a maximum temperature of 50° F. in the shipment
of milk from the producer to the consumer in the District of Columbia.
Assuring you in advance that any information which you may be able to
furnish along the line indicated will be deeply appreciated by the committee,
I am,
Very respectfully, yours, J. Louis WILLIGE, Chairman.
New YorK CENTRAL LINES,
New York, November 14, 1910.
Mr. J. Louis WILLIGE,
Chairman the Washington Chamber of Commerce,
Washington, D. C.
DEAR Sir: Replying to your letter of November 5, in regard to the cost of
refrigeration of milk, butter etc.:
I regret to say that it will be impossible for me to give you any definite figures
to base your arguments upon, for the reason that the cost of refrigeration varies
on different parts of our line. It is governed by weather conditions, the kind
of container in which the product is shipped, length of haul, facilities and
rapidity of unloading at destination, etc.
While an average cost might be prepared, yet it would be of no value for
the purpose you desire, as conditions in the District of Columbia are different
from those in New York State.
As I understand it, 50° is the maximum permitted in our refrigeration, as
above that temperature bacteriological conditions are said to be undesirable.
There is, on the other hand, a minimum below which it is unnecessary to go,
and, all things considered, to obtain the best results, the ee of the
car should be somewhere between 45° and 50°.
Trusting that this information will be of service to you, I am,
Very truly, yours,
W. C. Brown.
APPENDIX E.
COMMUNICATION ADDRESSED TO PRESIDENT OF MILK PRODUCERS’ ASSOCIA-
TION OF MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
NOVEMBER 26, 1910.
Mr. JoHN THOMAS, ;
President Milk Producers’ Association
of Maryland, Virginia, and District of Columbia, Ednor, Md.
Dear Sir: The special committee appointed by the Washington Chamber of
Commerce to investigate the present milk situation begs to acknowledge the
receipt of your valued replies to the series of inquiries forwarded you several
weeks ago.
In so far as information has not already been supplied by the milk producers’
association, the committee will be pleased to receive, if possible, an expression
of the sense of the association on the following points:
1. Is the dairy farmer supplying milk to the District of Columbia receiving,
in the judgment of the association, his proper share of the proceeds of sale of
milk and milk products?
2. Is an uniform standard the year round of prices received by the producer
for milk supplied to the District feasible?
8. If compulsory pasteurization, the general application of the tuberculin
test, and the maintenance of temperature below 50° F. be insisted upon, what
would be the effect, in the judgment of the association, on the prices asked for
milk by the producer?
Your kind cooperation with the committee in providing intelligent information
on the above points will be deeply appreciated.
Respectfully, yours, J. Louis WILLIGE, Chairman.
San
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 255
APPENDIX F.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS CONSULTED BY SPECIAL COMMITTEE OF WASHING-
TON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE APPOINTED TO INVESTIGATE THE MILK
SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.*
A Study of Milk in Relation to Health and Disease, by George M. Kober,
M. D., Sacramento, Cal., 1896.
Report Upon the Results with Different Kinds of Pure and Impure Milk in
Infant Feeding in Tenement Houses and Institutions of New York City: A
Clinical and Bacteriological Study, by William H. Park, M. D., and L. Emmett
Holt, . . D.; read before the Association of American Physicians, Washington,
D. C., May 12, 1908; from Archives of Pediatrics, December, 1903.
Sanitary Dairy Products for the District of Columbia, Senate Report No. 804
(accompanying S. 2402), second session Fifty-eighth Congress, February 12,
1904.
The Milk Supply of Twenty-nine Southern Cities, by C. F. Doane, M. S.;
Bulletin No. 70, Bureau of Animal Industry, United SIE EES Department of
Agriculture, 1905.
Report on the Origin and Prevalence of Typhoid Fever in the District of
Columbia, by M. J. Rosenau, L. L. Lumsden, and Joseph H. Kastle; Bulletin
No. 35, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service, February, 1907.
Sanitary Milk Production; Circular 114, Bureau of Animal Industry, United
States Department of Agriculture, issued August 20, 1907.
The Milk Supply of Washington, D. C., by G. Lloyd Magruder, M. D.; re-
printed from The Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. XLIX, pp.
1088-1093, September 28, 1907.
A City Milk and Cream Contest as a Practical Method of Improving the Milk
Supply, by C. B. Lane, B. S., and Ivan C. Weld; Circular 117, Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, issued October 28, 1907.
Report of United States Consul T. H. Norton on German Milk Handling,
Daily Consular and Trade Reports, Bureau of Manufactures, Department of
Commerce and Labor, No. 3016, November 5, 1907.
The Unsuspected but Dangerously Tuberculous Cow, by EH. C. Schroeder,
M. D. V.; Circular 118, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department
of Agriculture, issued December 21, 1907.
Thermal Death Point of Pathogenic Micre-Organisms in Milk, by M. J. Rose-
nau; Bulletin 42, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and
Marine-Hospital Service, January, 1908.
The Causes of Typhoid Fever in the District of Colunrbia ; read and discussed
before the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, February 19 and 26,
1908; Washington Medical Annals, pp. 33-182.
Report No. 2 on the Origin and Prevalence of Typhoid Fever in the District
of Columbia (1907), by M. J. Rosenau, L. lL. Lumsden, and Joseph H. Kastle;
Bulletin No. 44, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and Ma-
rine-Hospital Service, May, 1908.
Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act; Board of Food and Drug In-
Spection, United States Department of Agriculture, issued at intervals between
August 13, 1908, and November 12, 1910.
The Economic Importance of Tuberculosis of Food-Producing Animals, by
A. D. Melvin, D. V. S.; reprinted from Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the
Bureau of Animal Industry (1908), 1910; read before the International Con-
gress on Tuberculosis, Washington, D. C., September 29, 1908.
Report of a Commission on Certain Features of the Federal Meat-Inspection
Regulations; reprinted from the Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Bureau
of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture (1907), 1909.
Milk and Its Relation to the Public Health, by various authors; Bulletin
No. 41, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service, January, 1909.
Milk and Its Relation to the Public Health; Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Labora-
tory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United States, Treasury
Department, March, 1909.
1 Arranged in order of publication.
2956 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The Score-card System of Dairy Inspection, by Clarence B. Lane and George
M. Whitaker; Circular 138, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, issued April 26, 1909.
Report No. 3 on the Origin and Prevalence of Typhoid Fever in the District
of Columbia (1908), by M. J. Rosenau, L. L. Lumsden, and Joseph H. Kastle;
Bulletin No. 52, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine-
Hospital Service, October, 1909.
The Outbreak of Typhoid Fever in Cassel during 1909, by Emile Berliner;
Washington, October, 1909.
The Future of Milk Supplies of Large Cities from a Sanitary Standpoint, by
Ernst J. Lederle; Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. LIV,
No. 12, March 19, 1910.
The Dissemination of Disease by Dairy Products and Methods for Preven-
tion; Circular No. 158, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department
of Agriculture, issued. ‘April 28, 1910.
Notes in Relation. to Public Health, by George M. Kober; Senate Document
441, first session, fifty-seventh Congress, June 28, 1902.
An important paper on the Nation’s Great Problem: A Sanitary Milk
Supply; extract from paper read by Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, of Washington,
in the section on preventive medicine and public health of the American Medi-
cal Association at the sixty-first annual session held at St. Louis June, 1910.
Facts and Problems of Rabies, by J. M. Stimson; Bulletin No. 65, Hygienic
Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, June,
1910.
Standard Methods for the Bacterial Examination of Milk and Bacterial
Hxamination of Air, by Committees of the Laboratory Section, American Public
Health Association; reprinted from the American Journal of Public Hygiene,
Vol. VI, No. 3, August, 1910.
Further Observations on the Milk Supply of Washington, D. C., by G. Lloyd
Magruder, M. D.; reprinted from the Journal of American Medical Associa-
tion, Vol. LV, pp. 581-589, August 18, 1910.
The Care of Milk and Its Use in the Home, by George M. Whitaker, L. A.
Rogers, and Caroline L. Hunt; Farmers’ Bulletin 418, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, issued August 30, 1910.
Officials, Organizations, and Educational Institutions Connected with the Dairy
Interests (1910); Circular 162, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States
Department of Agriculture, issued September 138, 1910.
The History, Development, and Statistics of Milk Charities in the United
States, by J. W. Kerr; reprint from Public Health Reports (No. 50), Vol. XXV,
No. 39, September 30, 1910.
The Milk Reporter, Vol. X XVI, No. 10, October, 1910.
Tuberculosis in Market Milk of Chicago, by F. O. Tonney, M. D.; Journal
of the American Medical Association, Vol. LV, No. 15, p. 1252, October 8, Bolt.
Hoard’s Dairyman, Vol. XX XXI, No. 37, October 14, 1910.
Journal of the American Weare Association, Vol. LV, No. 16, pp. 1419, 1420,
October 15, 1910.
The Bacteriology of Oonmnersiny Pasteurized and Raw Market Milk, by
S. Henry Ayers and William T. Johnson, jr.; Bulletin 126, Bureau of Animal
Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, issued November 14, 1910.
The Pasteurized Milk Fraud, by Arno Dosch; Pearson’s Magazine, Vol. XXIV,
No. 6, December, 1910, pp. 721-729.
Journal of American Medical Association, Vol. LV, No. 26, p. 2238, December
14, 1910.
The Relative Importance of the Bovine and Human Types of Tubercle Bacilli
in the Different Forms of Human Tuberculosis, by William H. Park and Charles
Krumwiede, jr.; Journal of Medical Research, Vol. XXIII, 205.
Standards of Purity for Food Products, Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, -
United States Department of Agriculture.
The Relation of Milk to Public Health, by William H. Park, presented before
the Members of the Medical Faculty and Students of Queen’s University ;
offprint from publication No. 1. \
High Typhoid Mortality in Washington Hospitals and Their Milk Supply;
reprinted from Washington Medical Annals, Vol. IX, No. 1.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 257
APPENDIX G.
LAWS, ORDINANCES, RULES, REGULATIONS, ETC., CONCERNING THE PRO-
DUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MILK IN CERTAIN MUNICIPALITIES
THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES.
BALTIMORE, MD.
LAws, ORDINANCES, RULES, AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE SALE AND
HANDLING oF MILK IN BALTIMORE CITY.
[In force June 1, 1908.]
STATE LAWS.
[1898, ch. 306.]
20. It shall be the duty of all dairymen or herdsmen or private individuals
supplying milk to cities, towns, and villages to register their herds or cattle
with the live-stock sanitary board, in violation of which the parties offending
shall be fined not less than $1 nor more than $20 for each offense.
[Ibid.]
21. It shall be the duty of the live-stock sanitary board to have inspected
at least annually without notice to the owner or those in charge of any dairy or
parties supplying milk as named in section 20 the premises wherein cows are
kept, and if such premises are found in an unsanitary condition the said board
may prohibit the sale and shipment of milk from such premises until such
time as the preiises shall conform to the following sanitary rules:
Rule 1. No building or shed shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes
which is not well lighted and well ventilated, and which is not provided with
sufficient feed trough or box and suitable floor laid with proper grades and chan-
nels to immediately carry off all drainage; and if a public sewer abuts the
premises upon which such building is situated they shall be connected therewith
whenever the inspector considers such sewer connection necessary.
Rule 2. No water-closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, inhabited room, or workshop
shall be located within any building or shed used for stabling cows for dairy
purposes or for the storage of milk or cream; nor shall any fowl, hog, sheep,
or goat be kept in any room used for such purposes.
Rule 3. It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping
cows for dairy purposes to keep such premises thoroughly clean and in good
repair and well painted or whitewashed at all times.
Rule 4. It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for Hee One
cows for dairy purposes to cause the buildings in which cows are kept to be
thoroughly cleaned and remove all dung from the premises, so as to prevent its
accumulation in great quantities.
Rule 5. Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes
shall provide and use a sufficient number of receptacles made of nonabsorbent
materials for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall cause them
at all times to be cleaned and purified, and shall cause all milk to be removed
without delay from the rooms in which cows are kept.
Rule 6. Every person keeping cows for the production of milk for sale shall
cause every such cow to be cleaned every day and to be properly fed and wa-
tered with abundance of pure, clean water.
Rule 7. Any inclosure in which cows are kept shall be graded and drained
so as to keep the surface reasonably dry; no garbage, fecal matter, or similar
matter shall be placed or allowed to remain in such inclosure unless sufficient
straw or similar good absorbent materials be used to keep the inclosure clean
at all times, and no open drains shall be allowed to run through it.
And any person who shall ship or sell milk contrary to the aforesaid order
of said board shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction
shall be fined not less than $1 nor more than $20 for each day during which
shipments shall be made after notice of such order,
82444°—2. Doc. 863, 61-3——17
258 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, |
[1898, ch. 306.]
22. The live-stock sanitary board shall, at the request of the owner or owners
of dairy herds, furnish them with a certificate of health whenever the provi-
sions of this subtitle are complied with and there is no visible sign of disease
amongst such herds; such certificates shall be revocable in the discretion of the
board.
[Ibid.]
23. For the purpose of paying the expenses required in carrying out the pro-
visions of this subtitle the sum of $3,000 is hereby appropriated annually, or
so much thereof as is necessary, out of the moneys in the treasury not otherwise
appropriated, and the comptroller is authorized and directed to draw his war-
rant on the treasury for such sum as the said board shall produce vouchers for,
not exceeding the amount appropriated, payable monthly.
SALE OF IMPURE OR ADULTERATED MILK.
[Code of Public General Laws.]
Article XXVII.—Crimes and punishments.—Health—Milk, pure, skimmed.
[1900, ch. 459.]
232. For the purposes of sections 232, 233, and 234, the standard for pure
milk shall be not more than 874 per cent of water or fluids, and not less than
124 per cent of milk solids, of which at least 34 per cent shall be butter fats.
[ Ibid. ]
233. For the purposes of said sections milk shall be deemed to be sophisti-
cated, adulterated, or unwholesome when it does not contain 123 per cent of
milk solids, of which 3% per cent shall be butter fats; or to which has been
added salt, boracie acid, salicylic acid, salicylate of soda, formaldehyde or
any other acid, drug, compound, or substance, or to which ice or water has been
added for any purpose whatsoever; or which has been taken from an animal
10 days before or 5 days after parturition; or which has been taken from a
sick or diseased animal; or which has been taken from animals fed in whole
or in part on garbage or any substance in a state of fermentation or putrefac-
tion, or food that produces impure, diseased, or unwholesome milk; or from cows
stabled near a house where there is an infectious disease; or from which a
portion of the cream has been taken; but nothing in these sections shall be
construed as prohibiting the addition of sugar in the manufacture of condensed
or preserved milk, or as prohibiting the sale of pure skimmed milk, when
sold as such and from cans plainly and conspicuously marked with the sign
or placard “‘Skimmed milk,” in capital letters, each of a size not less than 1
inch square; or as prohibiting the sale of pure, wholesome milk not complying
with the provisions of section 232, for the manufacture therefrom of butter,
cheese, or other products. Nothing in this section shall be construed as pro-
hibiting the feeding of ensilage from silos.
*[1900, ch. 459.]
234. Whoever shall violate any of the provisions of sections 232 and 233
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not
more than $100 or imprisoned for not more than 60 days, or both fined and
imprisoned in the discretion of the court, for each offense; said sections not to
apply to Montgomery County, except when residents of said county shall ship
or sell milk to Baltimore City, nor to limit the powers of the mayor and city
council of Baltimore to enact ordinances and regulations not inconsistent with
the provisions of these sections for the inspection and sale of milk or the
products thereof in the city of Baltimore.
235. No condensed or preserved milk shall be manufactured, sold, or ex-
changed, or offered or exposed for sale or exchange, unless the same be manu-
factured from or out of pure, clean, healthy, fresh, unadulterated, and whole-
some milk, from which the cream has not been removed either wholly or in
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 259
part, or unless the proportion of milk solids of same shall be in quantity the
equivalent of 12.51 per cent of milk solids in crude milk, and of which milk
solids 3.51 per cent shall be butter fats. No person shall manufacture, sell,
or exchange, or offer or expose for sale or exchange, any condensed or preserved
milk unless the same be put up, packed, or contained in packages with the
name of the manufacturer of the said milk distinctly branded or stamped
thereon. Whoever by himself or another violates any of the provisions of this
section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall
be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100, or be imprisoned for not less
than 10 days nor more than 30 days, or be punished by both such fine and
imprisonment for the first offense, and by a fine of $100 or imprisonment for
3 months, or both such fine and imprisonment, for each subsequent offense. —
236. No person or persons shall hereafter, without the consent of the owner
or shipper, use, sell, dispose of, buy, or traffic in any milk cans, cream cans, or
cases belonging to any dealer or shipper of milk or cream residing in the
State of Maryland or elsewhere, who may ship milk or cream to any city, town,
or place within this State, having the name or initials of the owners, dealers,
or shippers stamped, marked, or fastened on such cans, or willfully change by
re-marking or otherwise said name or initials of any such owner, dealer, or
shipper so stamped, marked, or fastened upon such cans; nor shall any person,
without the consent of the owner, use such cans for any other purpose than
for milk or cream; nor shall any person or persons, without the consent of the
owner, place in any such cans any substance or product other than milk or
cream. And any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction before a justice
of the peace of the city or county wherein the offense was committed, or in a
court of competent jurisdiction, shall be fined not more than $50 and cost of
prosecution; one-half of all fines imposed shall be paid to the informer, and
the other half of said fine shall be paid to the board of school commissioners
of the county or city of Baltimore in which the offense shall be committed;
and in default in the payment of said fine shall be confined in the jail for a
period not less than 380 days nor more than 60 days.
CHARTER.
[1894, ch. 53.] .
74. The commissioner of health shall appoint all inspectors and analysts for
the proper inspection of milk or any and all other products offered for sale in
the city of Baltimore, or intended for consumption therein, as by ordinance may
be prescribed.
ORDINANCES.
Cows, cow stables, and dairies.
[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, see. 1.]
33. Keeping cows—Registration and pernits.—It shall not be lawful for any
person, persons, or corporation to keep or possess within the corporate limits of
Baltimore city any cow or cows, either for the ecenduct of dairy business or for
his or her personal use, unless and except such cew or cows shail be stabled on
or located and kept in and upon ground of not less than one-quarter acre in
area, all of said area not occupied by the stable to be accessible to said cows
and set apart for them for exercise and fresh air; and upon the further express
condition precedent that a permit shall have first been obtained from the com-
missioner of health permitting such cow or cows to be located within the cor-
porate limits of the city of Baltimore as by this subdivision of this article
prescribed, which permit must. designate upon its face specifically the location
for the keeping of such cow or cows. The violation of any of the regulations
and restrictions of this section shall subject the person, persons, or corporation
so violating to a fine of not more than $20 nor less than $5, and a further fine of
$1 for each day that the violation is continued after notice is given to. discon-
tinue. (See State v. Broadbelt, 89 Md., 565.)
260 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, sec. 2.]
34. It shall be unlawful for any person, persons, or corporation to keep more
than eight cows on each such area of one-quarter acre of ground; any person,
persons, or corporation violating this section shall be subject to a penalty of
not more than £20 nor less than $5, and $1 per day additional for each day that
the offense is continued after notice is given to discontinue said violation, and
such permits to be revocable by the commissioner of health whenever said cow
stables are not kept in good hygienic and sanitary condition. -
[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, sec. 3.]
35, Whenever under the two next preceding sections of this article cows may
be kept, pasturage must be provided for them. Any person, persons, or corpo-
ration violating this section shall be subject to a penalty of not more than $20
nor less than $5, and $1 per day additional for each day that the offense is con-
tinued after notice is given to discontinue said violation.
[Ord. 56, May 138, 1902, sec. 4.]
36. The owners of cows that may be kept within the city limits under the pro-
visions of the three next preceding sections of this article shall register with the
commissioner of health the place where said cows are kept, and the commis-
sioner of health shall keep a complete register thereof. Failure on the part of
the owners or possessors to register the place of their keeping shall subject
such persons to a penalty of not more than $20 nor less than. $5.
[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, sec. 6.]
37. The commissioner of health shall, however, issue annual permits to per-
sons desiring to keep not more than four cows on unimproved lots of less
than one-fourth acre, but not less than one-eighth acre in area, providing said
stable or stables have floors of cement or other nonabsorbent material, and
have windows on at least two sides, giving 3 square feet of window space for
each animal, and stables to have air space in that part occupied by the animals
of 14 cubic feet for every pound, live weight, of the animals kept therein; and
provided further, that said stables have all other necessary equipments and
appliances for securing absolutely perfect sanitary and hygienic condition. ~
[Ord. 56, May 138, 1902, sec. 7.]
38. That part of section 33 of this article regulating the size of the lot on
which cows may be kept within the corporate limits of the city of Baltimore
shall not apply to stables in which cows are temporarily kept for sale or
exchange only; provided said stables have floors of cement or other nonab-
sorbent material, and have windows on at least two sides, giving 3 square feet
of window space for each animal, and stables to have air space in that part
occupied by the animals of 14 cubic feet for every pound, live weight, of the
animals kept therein; and provided further, that said stables have all other
necessary equipment and appliances for securing absolutely perfect sanitary
and hygienic conditions.
[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, sec. 8.]
39. Nothing in sections 33 and 38, inclusive, of this article shall be construed
as repealing any ordinances or provisions of any section of this article or regu-
lations of the commissioner of health now existing for compelling perfect
hygienic and sanitary conditions of all cow stables within the corporate limits
of the city of Baltimore.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 1.]
40. Cow stables and dairies—Sanitary regulations.—No building shall be used
for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is not lighted, ventilated, drained,
and constructed according to the provisions of section 37 of this article.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 2.]
41. No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is
not provided with a suitable floor of cement or other nonabsorbent materials,
laid with grades and channels to carry off all drainage; if a public sewer abuts
the premises upon which such building is situated they shall be connected there-
with.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 261
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 3.]
42. No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is
not provided with good and sufficient feeding troughs or boxes and with a
covered water-tight receptacle outside of the building for the reception of dung
or other refuse. ’
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 4.]
43. No water-closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, inhabited room, or workshop
shall be located within any building or shed used for stabling cows for dairy
purposes or for the storage of milk or cream; nor shall any fowl, hog or horse,
sheep or goat, be kept in any room used for such purposes.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 5.]
44, The space in buildings or sheds for stabling cows for dairy purposes shall
conform to the requirements of section 37 of this article, provided that no stall
shall be less than 4 feet in width.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 6.]
45. It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping cows
for dairy purposes to keep such premises thoroughly clean and in good repair
and well painted or whitewashed at all times.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 7.]
46. It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping cows
for dairy purposes to cause the building in which cows are kept to be thoroughly
cleaned, and to remove all dung from the premises, so as to prevent its accumu-
lation in great quantities.
{[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 8.]
47. Every person keeping cows for the production of milk shall cause every
such cow to be cleaned every day and to be properly fed and watered.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 9.]
48, Every person using any premises for keeping cows shall cause the yard
used in connection therewith to be provided with a proper receptacle for drink-
ing water for such cows, none but fresh clean water to be used in such recepta-
eles.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, see. 10.]
49. Any inclosure in which cows are kept shall be graded and drained so as
to keep the surface reasonably dry and to prevent the accumulation of water
therein, except as may be permitted for the purpose of supplying drinking
water. No garbage, urine, fecal matter, or other similar substances shall be
placed or allowed to remain in such inclosure, and no open drain shall be
allowed to run through it.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, see. 11.]
50. Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall
provide and use a sufficient number of receptacles made of nonabsorbent ma-
terials for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall cause them
at all times to be cleaned and purified, and shall cause all milk to be removed
without delay from the room in which the cows are kept.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 12.]
51. Contagious and infectious diseases.—It shall be the duty of any person
having charge or control of any premises upon which cows are kept to notify
the commissioner of health in writing of the existence of any contagious or
infectious disease among such cows immediately upon the discovery thereof,
and to thoroughly isolate any cow or cows affected, or which may reasonably be
believed to be affected, and to exercise such other precautions as may be directed
by the commissioner of health.
962 #$THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 13.]
52. It shall be the duty of any person owning or having control of cows used
for the production of milk for sale or exchange to submit said cows to the
tuberculin test for tuberculosis.
(Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 14.]
58. It shall be the duty of any person having charge or control of any premises
upon which milk or cream is produced, handled, stored, or distributed to notify
the commissioner of health immediately upon the discovery of any case of
Asiatie cholera, croup, diphtheria, measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, typhoid
fever, typhus fever, or any other contagious or infectious disease upon such
premises. No milk or cream shall be sold, exchanged, given away, or in any
other manner distributed from such infected premises until all danger of spread
of disease has been removed, and the commissioner of health certifies to that
effect. No person who attends cows or milks them, or who has the care or
handling of vessels for the sale, storage, or distribution of milk or cream, shall
enter any place or premises wherein exists any of the diseases mentioned herein,
nor shall any such person have any communication, direct or indirect, with any
person who resides in or is an occupant of such infected place.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, see. 15.]
54. Strict cleanliness of the hands and persons of milkers and those engaged
in the handling of milk and cream, and of the bodies of the cows, especially of
the udders and teats, must be enforced at all times, to the end that no impurity
or foreign substance may be added to the milk or cream.
[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 16.]
55. Any person who violates, disobeys, omits, neglects, or refuses to comply
with, or who resists any of, the provisions of sections 40 to 54, inclusive, of
this article shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $25 for each offense.
[Ord. 103. May 6, 1908.]
55a. Permits.—Hvery person or corporation desiring to sell, offer for sale,
expose for sale, dispose of, exchange, or deliver milk or cream in the city of
Baltimore shall make application to the commissioner of health for a permit so
to do. Such application shall be made on a printed form, to be furnished by the
commissioner of health upon demand, and the applicant, if an individual, shall
state therein his full name and residence, and if a corporation shall state therein
full name and residence of each of its officers. Such application shall also state
the location of the place at which it is proposed to carry on the business. It
shall also contain a statement of the number and character of wagons or other
vehicles to be used by the applicant in or about his or its business; also the -
number of cows, if any, owned or controlled by the applicant, and such other
data concerning the conduct of such business as the commissioner of health may
require.
The commissioner of health, upon receipt of such application, shall cause to
be investigated the place of business described in such application and the
wagons and other vehicles, if any, intended to be used by such applicant. If
such places of business and such wagons or other vehicles are found upon such
investigation to be in a sanitary condition and fit for the use and purposes to
which they are intended to be put, said commissioner of health shall forthwith
register said applicant in a proper record to be kept for the purpose and issue a
permit authorizing such applicant to carry on, engage in, and conduct the busi-
ness of vendors of milk in Baltimore city at the place designated in such appli-
cation. All permits granted pursuant to this ordinance may at any time be
revoked by the commissioner of health for the persistent, repeated, or willful
violation of any law or ordinance or of any regulation of the commissioner of
health governing the sale of milk in Baltimore city: Provided, however, That
no such permit shall at any time be revoked by the commissioner of health
unless he shall first have given the holder of the same not less than 10 days’
notice in writing of his intention to revoke such permit and an opportunity to
be heard hy him as to why such should not be done, this proviso not to be taken
to apply to cases where the sale of milk or cream may be temporarily prohibited
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 2638
by the commissioner of health because of disease on the premises, temporary
insanitary condition, or similar causes. Such permits shall not be transferable,
and no permit issued hereunder shall entitle or authorize the holders thereof to
carry on, engage in, or conduct the business of vendor of milk in any place or
places other than that described and set out in such permit. If any person
having a permit to vend milk, as aforesaid, shall change the location of his or
its place of business, notice of such proposed change shall be given to said com-
missioner of health, and his consent in writing received to conduct such busi-
ness at such new location; and no business shall be conducted or carried on at
such new location until such consent has been received. Any person or corpora-
tion, or officer, agent, or servant thereof, who shall sell or offer for sale, expose
for sale, dispose of, exchange, or deliver, or with intent to do so, as aforesaid,
have in his, its, or their possession, care, custody, or control in Baltimore city,
or who shall cause to be offered or sold milk or cream for human food without
first having obtained a permit, as aforesaid, shall be fined not less than $5 nor
more than $100 for each offense.
[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.]
558. Every vendor of milk having a permit, as aforesaid, shall, whenever so
required, furnish the commissioner of health a statement of all changes in the
data and information provided for in the preceding section, and Shall also,
whenever so required, furnish him a list of all persons from whom he or it
receives milk or cream for use in his said business, whether said shipments be
from within or outside the city of Baltimore; and said commissioner of health
shall have power by regulation to require that changes or additions in said lists
of shippers shall be furnished him from time to time as they occur. Said com-
missioner of health shall keep a record of such shippers, when furnished as
aforesaid, for the use of his office, but the same shall not be open to the inspec-
tion of other persons. Any person or officer of a corporation failing to furnish
lists, data, or information, as aforesaid, when so required by the commissioner of
health, shall be fined not more than $50 for each offense.
[ Ibid. ]
55c. The permit to engage in the vending of milk, hereinbefore referred to,
shall be posted conspicuously in the applicant’s place of business, at a point to
be designated by the commissioner of health or a health inspector. Each vendor
of milk shall, before engaging in the sale of milk or cream, cause his name or
the name of the dairy and the permit number, the former in letters of a read-
able size and permit number in figures not less than 3 inches in height, to be
placed and remain on each outer side of all wagons or other vehicles used - by
such vendors in the conveyance or sale of milk or cream. Any persons or cor-
poration failing to so display said permit or to cause the lettering aforesaid to be
displayed on any wagon or other vehicle used as aforesaid, as in this section
provided, shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $100 for each offense;
and each and every day on which said person or corporation shall fail to display
such permit, as herein provided, or shall drive or operate, or cause to be driven
or operated, any such wagon or other vehicle in violation of the provisions of
this section, shall constitute a separate and distinct offense.
[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.]
55D. The commissioner of health shall have power to adopt such regulations
as he may deem proper and necessary to insure all milk and cream intended
for consumption in Baltimore city being produced, transported, stored, kept,
distributed, retailed, and delivered under conditions rendering them suitable
for consumption as human food and to compel perfect hygienic and sanitary
conditions of all cow stables, creameries, and dairies from which milk and
cream so intended for consumption in Baltimore city are produced; such regu-
lations not to be inconsistent with existing laws or ordinances, and copies of
the same to be printed and kept for free distribution to the public; and said
commissioner of health shall have power to prohibit the sale within the cor-
porate limits of Baltimore city of milk or cream produced, transported, stored,
kept, distributed, retailed, or delivered contrary to such regulations, whether
said milk or cream be produced within or outside the corporate limits of the
city of Baltimore; and to the end that said regulations may be enforced in the
case of milk or cream produced outside the corporate limits of the city of
264 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Baltimore, but intended for consumption therein, said commissioner of health
may require such of the city milk inspectors as he may designate for the pur-
pose to make inspections at such intervals and times as he may deem expedient
of all dairy farms, stables, and other places outside the city of Baltimore from
which milk or cream is shipped for consumption in Baltimore city. In case
full access to such premises or a full opportunity to investigate all the condi-
tions under which milk is there produced or kept shall be denied said inspectors,
or in case upon such inspection the conditions are found such as in the opinion
of said commissioner of health, render such milk or cream unsuitable or unsafe
for human food, and warrant the exclusion of said milk or cream from sale in
Baltimore city, said commissioner of health shall have power to absolutely
prohibit the sale thereof at any place in Baltimore city until such time as the
reason for their exclusion shall, in his opinion, have ceased, and he shall adopt
such means of identifying such milk and cream as to him may seem proper and
expedient. In case of the exclusion of any milk or cream as aforesaid from sale
within Baltimore city, said commissioner of health shall immediately make a
record of such fact in a properly indexed book, kept for that purpose, said book
to be open to the inspection of all vendors of milk who may desire to inspect
the same. Any person or corporation, or officer, agent, or servant thereof, who
shall sell, offer for sale, expose for sale, dispose of, exchange, or deliver, or
with intent to do so, as aforesaid, have in his, its, or their possession, care, cus-
tody, or control any milk or cream which said commissioner of health shall so
record as excluded from sale in Baltimore city, shall, upon conviction, be fined
not less than $50 nor more than $100 for each offense.
56. Food, food products, and milk.—Adulierating milk.1—It shall not be law-
ful for any person or persons to adulterate milk offered for sale or sold within
the limits of the city of Baltimore, by mixing therewith water, or any drug or
other articles whatsoever, under a penalty of not less than $20 for each and
every offense; and any person or persons who shall sell or offer for sale any
milk of a diseased cow within the limits of the city shall pay a fine of $20 for
not less than $50 nor more than $100 for each offense.
[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.]
56a. All consumers who receive milk or cream from vendors in cans, bottles,
vessels, or other containers which are to be returned to said vendors shall,
immediately after emptying the same and before their return as aforesaid,
cause such cans, bottles, vessels, or other containers to be washed and thor-
oughly cleansed. All dealers in milk or cream receiving such milk or cream in
cans, bottles, vessels, or other containers which are to be returned to the person
shipping or delivering the same to such dealers shall immediately after empty-
ing the same and before their return as aforesaid cause such cans, bottles, ves-
sels, or other containers to be rinsed or cleansed; and all dealers in milk or
cream retailing the same in cans, bottles, vessels, containers, or receptacles of
any kind shall thoroughly cleanse and sterilize all such cans, bottles, vessels,
receptacles, and containers before such milk or cream is placed therein for de-
livery to customers. Any violation of any of the provisions of this section shall
be punishable by a fine of not less than $5 nor more than $50 for each offense.
: [Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.]
56B. No person shall transfer milk or cream from one receptacle, can, bottle,
or vessel of any kind to another vessel of the same or any other kind on
wharves, at railroad depots, on streets, or in wagons, except that milk being
delivered on wagons carrying the same in bulk, as herein elsewhere provided,
may be transferred to the vessel of the purchaser at the time of delivery,
and except that nothing herein contained shall be taken to prohibit the trans-
fer of milk or cream from a relief wagon of a vendor in milk to the proper
receptacle in a delivery wagon of such vendor, or to prohibit the replenishing
of the supply in a churn or similar receptacle in a delivery wagon from a
ean or other vessel carried thereon for that purpose, or to prohibit the transfer
of the contents of a Jeaking can or other receptacle to Some other receptacle,
provided such excepted transfers are made in accordance with the regulations
of the commissioner of health governing the same. Any violation of this
section Shall be punishabie by a fine of not less than $5 nor more than $100.
1 City Code (1879), art. 28, sec. 48. City Code (1893), art. 23, sec. 70.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 265
[Ibid.]
56c. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation engaged in the
business of bottling or vending milk or cream to have on his, their, or its
premises, or in any wagon used in the delivery of milk or cream, any acid,
drug, chemical, substance, or compound to be used for coloring, adulterating,
sophisticating, or preserving milk or cream; and no such person, firm, or
corporation shall have any such acid, drug, chemical, substance, or compound
which can be used for coloring, adulterating, sophisticating, or preserving
milk or cream, unless such person, firm, or corporation shall have a written
permit from the commissioner of health in Baltimore city to keep the same
for experimental or other purposes not connected with or related to the color-
ing, adulterating, sophisticating, or preserving of milk or cream as such. Any
violation of this section shall be punished by a fine of not less than $5 nor
more than $100 for each offense.
(Ord. 62, Mar. 19, 1904, sec. 1; ord. 87, May 16, 1894, sec. 1.]
57. It shall not be lawful for any person or persons to sell, offer for sale,
expose for sale, barter, deliver, or bring to another, or have on his, her, or their
premises, store, stall, stand, or vehicle, or in or upon the premises of any other
person or persons whatsoever, from or in which milk or any other food products
are sold or delivered, any impure, adulterated, sophisticated, or unwholesome
milk or other food products, or any tainted, unsound, rotten, or partly decom-
posed fish, fruit, or vegetables or meat, or any food product that is kept fresh
by salicylic or boracic acid or any other preservative.
\[Ord. 62, Mar. 19, 1904, sec. 2.]
58. It shall not be lawful for any person or persons to secrete or remove,
or assist in secreting and removing, any impure or unsound food products as
above specified, after the same shall have been condemned as unsound by or
by the authority of the commissioner of health, or in any way to impede or
hinder the action of the subordinates of his subdepartment in confiscating and
destroying the aforesaid impure food products so condemned as such; but noth-
ing herein contained shall be taken as imposing upon the said commissioner
of health or any subordinate of his subdepartment, the duty or expense of
removing the aforesaid impure food products so condemned as such.
[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.]
59. Only pure, unadulterated, unsophisticated, and wholesome milk shall be
sold or offered for sale in Baltimore city, and such article shall be understood
to be the natural product of healthy cows, and which has not been deprived
of any part of its cream, and to which no additional liquid or solid or pre-
servative has been added, and which at a temperature of 60° F. shall have a
specific gravity of not less than 1.029, not less than 124 per cent of total solids,
and not less than 33 per cent of butter fats. All milk sold, received, kept,
offered for sale, or delivered in the city of Baltimore shall not in any particu-
lar be under the standard herein prescribed without being considered im-
pure, adulterated, sophisticated, or unwholesome. Nothing in this sub-
division of this article shall be construed to prevent the sale of skim milk
or buttermilk, or of modified milk under the prescription of a physician, pro-
vided they be sold as such and that the purchaser be in every instance notified
of their true character.
[Ord. 87, May 16, 1894.]
60. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of health to carry out the pro-
visions of this subdivision of this article, and to make or cause to be made
inspections of milk, meats, vegetables, fruits, and fish, wherever such articles
are sold, kept, or offered for sale in the city of Baltimore, and to obtain samples
of milk and all other food products whose qualities are to be determined by
chemical or microscopical examination. It shall also be the duty of the com-
missioner of health to make such rules and regulations as may be required
under this subdivision of this article for the better protection of the health
of the city.
966 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
[Ord. 87, May 16, 1894.]
61. In order to provide for the additional duties imposed by the next two
preceding sections of this article upon the commissioner of health, there shall
be appointed, pursuant to authority conferred by the city charter, a competent
analytical chemist and three inspectors of food, who shall be under the direction
of the commissioner of health, and who must be bona fide residents and regis-
tered voters of Baltimore city; the chemist shall be a practical analyst and
skilled in the chemical and microscopical examination of mille and other food
products; he shall not be a member of or interested in any trust, corporation,
or company dealing in food products; he shall make such chemical and micro-
scopical examinations as will be required under the provisions of this sub-
division of this article, and shall report the result of all such examinations
to the commissioner of health; he shall be present at the hearing and trials
of all cases wherein he shall have made an examination. The specific duties of
each food inspector shall be determined by the commissioner of health. The
salary of each food inspector shall be $1,000 per annum.
.
[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.]
614. The commissioner of health and all other officers of the health depart-
ment and any inspector or police officer authorized by the commissioner of
health shall have the right and power to enter and have full access to any
building, structure, or premises where any milk and cream, or either of them,
is stored or kept for sale, and shall have the right of access to all wagons,
railroad cars, or other vehicles of any kind used for the conveyance or delivery
of milk and cream, or either of them, and to any building, structure, or premises
where he believes or has reason to believe milk and cream, or either of them,
is stored or kept for sale; and shall have the right to take samples of milk
and cream therefrom (such samples not to exceed 1 quart) for the purpose of
inspecting, testing, or analyzing the same. Any person or corporation refusing
to allow such right of entry or access or refusing to allow such samples of
milk and cream to be taken or hindering or obstructing any officer named
herein in carrying out the power conferred by this section shall be fined not
less than $5 nor more than $100 for each offense.
[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.] ©
61B. Every sample of milk delivered to any officer of the health department
or inspector shall have a label attached to the vessel containing such sample,
which shall have written thereon at the time of the delivery of such sample
the number of the dealer’s permit, the number of the sample, the date of col-
lection, and the name of the inspector or officer taking the same; and a
memorandum shall be made by the officer or inspector collecting such sample
of the number of the sample and the name of the owner and driver from whom
collected; and no conviction shall be had of any person for selling or having in
his possession adulterated milk as in these ordinances defined unless at the
time of taking the sample upon the evidence of which conviction is asked a
duplicate sample, properly sealed and marked for identification, shall have been
delivered to the person from whose possession such original sample was taken.
In taking samples the milk in the receptacle from which the same is taken
shall be so agitated as to insure a fair mixture of the contents.
[Ord. 87, May 16, 1894.)
62. The term “food product” as used in-the five next preceding sections of
this article shall be construed to mean any natural or artificial product that,
with or without admixture, preparation, or cooking, is intended to be taken into
the human stomach by way of food and not as a medicine: Provided, That alco-
holic or fermented drinks shall not be classed as food products; also, that the
term “adulteration” shall be construed to mean any artificial addition to nor-
mal constituents; and the term “sophistication ’’ shall be construed to mean
the substitution of one product for another, or any abstraction of or artificial
change in the normal constituents: Provided, That goods canned according to the
rules of the Canned Goods Exchange of Baltimore shall not be considered
sophisticated; and the term “ unwholesome” shall be construed to mean dele-
terious to health, or liable to introduce, cause, or increase sickness or impair-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 267
ment or derangement of the functions of the body by the temporary or continuous
use of the unwholesome product; and the term ‘“‘impure”’ shall be construed
to mean natural change or decomposition of normal constituents, or absorption
of or commingling with deleterious gases, liquids, or solids: Provided, That in
a.warrant, indictment, or legal paper or proceeding the term “impure” as
applied to a food product shall be a good and sufficient description of the terms
“adulterated,” ‘‘ sophisticated,” ‘‘ unwholesome,” ‘‘ unsound,” “tainted,” ‘ rot-
ten,” “partly decomposed,” or ‘‘ impure” as used in this article, or of two or
more of these terms.
[Ord. 87, May 16, 1894, sec. 6; ord. 130, July 9, 1894; ord. 62, Mar. 19, 1894.]
63. Any person or persons who violate, disobey, neglect, or refuse to comply
with any of the provisions of the six next preceding sections of this article
shall be subject to a penalty of not less than $20 nor more than $100 for each
offense. And the milk cr food preducts in the possession of the person or per-
sons so violating, disobeying, refusing, or neglecting to comply with the pro-
visions of this ordinance may be confiscated and destroyed by the inspector
examining the same.
[City Code (1879), art. 23, sec. 33; City Code (1893), art. 23, sec. 50.]
126. Stables——If any person having a cow or cows, horse or horses in any
stable within the city, shall keep the same in such manner that the filth and
stench therefrom shall become offensive to or annoy any neighbor or other per-
son, the person keeping such cow or horse, as aforesaid, shall forfeit and pay
for each offense $5, and the further sum of $5 for each and every day the
nuisance shall be suffered to remain, notice having first been given to the party
offending. (Metropolitan Say. Bank v. Manion, 87 Md., 68; King v. Hamil,
97 Md., 103.)
[City Code (1879), art. 23, sec. 12; City Code (1898), art. 23, sec. 21.]
202. Fines and penalties.—If any person or persons shall refuse or neglect to
comply with any order or notice of the commissioner of health, authorized by
the provisions of any section of this article, and no other penalty is herein pro-
vided for such neglect or refusal, such person or persons shall forfeit and pay
the sum of $20 for each offense, and $5 for every day that such neglect or
refusal shall continue.
203. All fines, penalties, and forfeitures incurred by any violation of this
article shall be recovered as other fines, forfeitures, and penalties imposed for
the violation of city ordinances are recoverable, and the: moneys so collected
shall be paid to the comptroller.
2034. No prosecution of any person or corporation on a charge of violating
any law, ordinance, or regulation relating to or governing the sale of milk or
cream in Baltimore city shall be had or maintained unless at the initial stage
thereof such prosecution shall have been authorized and directed by the written
order of the commissioner of health, signed by him or by an assistant commis-
sioner of health, such written order to be filed with the papers in the pro-
ceeding.
HEALTH DEPARTMENT’S RULES AND REGULATIONS.
1. Milk or cream shall not be kept for sale nor stored in any stable or room
used for sleeping or domestic purposes, or in any room having any communica-
tion with such stable or rooms or with water-closet apartments.
2. Milk or cream must not be sold or stored in any room which is dark,
poorly ventilated or dirty, or in which rubbish or useless material is allowed
to accumulate, or where there are offensive odors.
3. Cans or other receptacles containing milk or cream for sale shall not be
allowed to stand on the sidewalk or outside the store door.
4. Cans in which milk or cream is kept for sale shall be kept either in a
milk tub, properly cooled, or in a clean ice box or refrigerator, in which only
these or similar articles of food are stored, and the said milk or cream shall
be kept at a temperature not more than 50° Jae
2968 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
5. The vessels which contain milk or cream while on sale must be so pro-
tected by suitable covers and must be so placed in the store or dairy that the
milk or cream will not become contaminated by street dust and dirt.
6. All cans, bottles, and other receptacles in which milk or cream is handled,
transported, or sold must be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized by steam or hot
water before filling. Such cleansing must be done in accordance with section 1
of these rules and regulations.
7. All dippers, measures, or other utensils used in handling milk or cream
must be kept clean and sanitary while in use, and shall be thos uelilty washed
and sterilized directly after each day’s use.
8. The ice box, or ice tub or refrigerator in which milk or cream is kept
must be thoroughly cleaned by scrubbing at least twice a week.
9. The overflow pipe from the ice box or refrigerator in which the milk or
cream is kept must not be connected directly with the drain pipe or sewer, but
must discharge into an open sink, which is supplied with water, sewer connected
and properly trapped, or which discharges upon the surface of the ground; or.
else it must discharge into a movable receptacle, which shall be kept clean and
free from odors.
10. Any person having a contagious disease or caring for or coming in con-
tact with any person having a contagious disease shall not hanaie milk.
11. All eases of infections or contagious diseases within the premises where
milk or cream is sold or stored must be reported to the health office at once.
12. In selling milk the contents of the can or other receptacle should be
thoroughly mixed before measuring out the amount desired.
13. Ice must not be placed in the milk or cream to cool it.
14. In testing milk by dealers samples must be removed from the receptacle
eontaining the milk, and if the samples are tasted or if fingers are put into the
milk, or in any other way be subjected to the possibility of being contaminated,
the samples must be thrown away and not put back into the milk containers
or sold.
INSPECTION RECORD BALTIMORE HEALTH DEPARTMENT, District No. —.
The conditions under which milk and cream are kept and handled for sale
at this dairy or store, No. , have been examined and found to accord
with the requirements of law, as signified by the undersigned inspectors on
the dates entered below.
RULES AND REGULATIONS.
1. Milk or cream shall not be kept for sale nor stored in any stable or room
used for sleeping or domestic purposes, or in any room having communication
with such stable or rooms or with water-closet-apartments.
2. Milk or cream must not be sold or stored in any room which is dark,
poorly ventilated or dirty, or in which rubbish or useless material is allowed
to accumulate, or where there are offensive odors.
3. Cans or other receptacles containing milk or cream for sale shall not be
allowed to stand on the sidewalk or outside the store door.
4, Cans in which milk or cream is kept for sale shall be kept either in a milk
tub, properly cooled, or in a clean ice box or refrigerator, in which only milk
or similar articles of food are stored, and the said milk shall be kept at a
temperature not more than 50° F.
5. The vesselS which contain milk or cream while on sale must be so pro-
tected by suitable covers and must be so placed in the store or dairy that the
milk will not become contaminated by street dust and dirt.
6. All cans, bottles, and other receptacles in which milk or cream is handled,
transported, or sold must be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized by steam or
hot water before filling.
7. All dippers, measures, or other utensils used in handling milk or cream
must be kept clean and sanitary while in use, and shall be thoroughly washed
and sterilized directly after each day’s use.
8. The ice box or ice tub or refrigerator in which milk or cream is kept must
be thoroughly cleaned by scrubbing at least twice a week.
9. The overflow pipe from the ice box or refrigerator in which the milk or
cream is kept, must not be connected directly with the drain pipe or sewer,
but must discharge into an open sink, which is supplied with water, sewer
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 269
connected and properly trapped, or which discharges upon the surface of the
ground; or else it must discharge into a movable receptacle, which shall be
kept clean and free from odors.
10. Any person having a contagious disease, or caring for or coming in con-
tact with any person having a contagious disease, shall not handle milk.
11. All cases of infectious or contagious diseases within the premises where
milk or cream is sold or stored must be reported to the health office at once.
12. In selling milk the contents of the can or other receptacle should be thor-
oughly mixed before measuring out the amount desired.
13. Ice must not be placed in the milk or cream to cool it.
14. On testing milk by dealers samples must be removed from the receptacles
containing the milk, and if the samples are tasted or if the fingers are put into
the milk, or in any way be subjected to the possibility of being contaminated,
the samples must be thrown away and not put back into the milk containers
or sold.
Date. Inspector. Date. Inspector. Date. Inspector.
BURLINGTON, VT.
AN ORDINANCE Relating to the sale of milk and cream.
It is hereby ordained by the city council of the city of Burlington, as follows:
Section 1. Written applications for licenses to sell or supply milk or cream
within the city of Burlington to be used by the inhabitants thereof shall be
filed with the milk inspector on or before the 15th day of May in each year.
Such licenses shall take effect on the 1st of June in each year, and shall con-
tinue in force one year. If applications for licenses shall be made after May 15,
they shall be acted upon by the board of health as soon as conveniently may be.
Licenses granted after June 1 of any year shall expire on the 31st day of the
next May.
Src. 2. The license fee shall be $5, which amount shall be deposited with the
milk inspector at the time application for a license isemade. If a license should
not be granted, the money so deposited shall be returned to the applicant.
No .fee shall be required for the issuance of an additional license provided
for in paragraph 4 of section 284 of the charter of said city.
Sc. 8. A license shall not be granted hereunder unless the cows from which
such milk or cream is to be produced are in a healthy condition, nor unless the
barns, stables, premises, and utensils used in connection therewith are in good
sanitary condition, nor unless such milk and cream are obtained and sold in a
neat and cleanly manner.
The stables and premises shall be kept light, dry, clean, and well ventilated.
The walls and ceilings of the stables shall be kept well whitewashed and free
from any accumulation of manure. The manure shall be removed from the
stables at least once daily, and there shall not be a great accumulation of
manure in the yard.
The barnyard shall be well drained, the animals shall be allowed plenty of
outdoor exercise, and shall be bedded when in the stable with clean, dry litter.
Ample space shall be allotted for each cow. The cows shall be fed liberally
with wholesome feeding stuff and supplied with an abundance of fresh, pure
water.
The cows shall at all times be kept clean and the udders and flanks be wiped
with a clean cloth or washed before milking. All milkers and other attendants
employed about the dairy shall be personally clean before entering upon their
duties.
Src. 4. No milk or cream shall be sold or supplied or kept for sale or supply
within said city, to be used by the inhabitants thereof, which was drawn from
cows within 15 days before or 4 days after calving, nor unless the cows from
which it was derived have within one year been examined by a competent
veterinary surgeon, approved by the board of health, and found to be free from
diseases dangerous to the public health.
270 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Sec. 5. Such milk or cream in said city shall not be stored, cooled, strained,
or otherwise handled in any room which is occupied by horses, cows, or other
animals, or in any room used for domestic or sleeping purposes. All rooms in
which said milk or cream is stored, cooled, strained, or otherwise handled shall
be kept constantly clean and free from obnoxious odors. Such rooms shall
contain proper appliances for washing or sterilizing all utensils employed in
the handling and sale of milk and cream.
Src. 6. All such milk produced for the purpose of sale in the city of Bur-
lington shall be strained and cooled as soon ‘as it is drawn from the cow.
Sec. 7. Milk or cream kept for sale as aforesaid in any store, creamery, milk
depot, or other establishment within said city shall be stored in a covered cooler
or refrigerator, which shall be used only for the purpose of storing milk or
cream. No receptacles containing milk or cream for sale shall be allowed to
stand outside said cooler or refrigerator except while a sale is being made.
Every such cooler or refrigerator shall be properly drained and cared for and
shall be kept tightly closed except during such intervals as are necessary for
the introduction or removal of milk, cream, or ice, and they shall be kept only
in such location and under such condition as shall be approved by the board of
health.
Src. 8. No cans, bottles, or other receptacles shall be used in the sale, deliy-
ery, or distribution of milk or cream except such as have been thoroughly
cleansed and sterilized by steam or boiling water and are smooth and free from .
rust, and all such receptacles shall be cleansed and sterilized before they are
again used for the same purpose, and such receptacles shall be protected from
dust while standing. No person shall use a milk or cream receptacle as a
container for any other substance than milk or cream. During transportation
the milk shall be tightly covered to protect from dust.
Src. 9, All vehicles used in the distribution of milk or cream for such sale
or supply shall be kept in a cleanly condition. Such vehicles shall have the
name of the owner of said milk or cream marked on them in plain letters not
less than 1 inch in height and so placed as to be distinctly seen and read.
Src. 10. Every person engaged in the production, storage, transportation, sale,
or distribution of such milk or cream immediately upon the occurrence of any
ease of communicable disease, either in himself or his immediate associates, or
within the building where such. milk or cream is stored, sold, or distributed,
shall notify said board of health. The sale and distribution of such milk and
cream shall be suspended by the board of health until all danger of infection is
passed.
Src. 11. No person shall remove from any dwelling that has in it a commu-
nicable disease any bottle or receptacle which has been used for the storing or
receiving of milk or cream. No receptacle which has been handled by persons
suffering from a communicable disease shall be used to hold or convey milk or
cream until such receptacle shall have been thoroughly sterilized.
Src. 12. No persons shall within said city furnish, supply, sell, or distribute
milk to the inhabitants thereof, or shall for that purpose keep or have the
same in possession which contains less than 8.5 per cent solids not fat nor less
than 3.25 per cent milk fat, and such milk shall contain not more than 100,000
bacteria per cubic centimeter, nor have a temperature higher than 50° F.
Sec. 13. No person shall sell or supply within said city milk or cream to be
used by the inhabitants thereof, or shall for that purpose keep or have the same
in his possession, which contains any adulterant, preservative, or any substance
added for the purpose of modifying the physical properties of said milk or
cream.
Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of the milk inspector to inspect all dairies, cream-
eries, milk depots, or stores wherever milk or cream is produced, stored, sold,
or distributed in said city to be used by the inhabitants thereof at least three
times a year, and as much oftener as in his judgment seems necessary or as ©
he may be directed by the board of health. He shall keep a careful record of
each inspection, giving date and name of person controlling or operating each
place, and such other information as may be desired by the board of health,
and he shall issue a certificate of inspection to the owner or person in charge of
each dairy inspected and found to meet the requirements of this ordinance.
Sec. 15. The said milk inspector shall at least semiannually, and at any other
time or times in his own discretion or upon reasonable complaint procure and
send to the State laboratory of hygiene for examination samples of milk or
cream from the dairy of each party for the sale or supply of whose milk or
cream a license has been obtained hereunder.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 271
Said samples for examination shall be taken from the common stock of milk
at such time and place as may be convenient for said milk inspector, and shall
be furnished by the owner, or his servant or agent, to said milk inspector upon
tender of the value thereof. Any money paid or advanced by the inspector for
such samples shall be reimbursed to him from the city treasury.
Sec. 16. The milk inspector shall. report to the board of health all violations
of these ordinances which come under his observations.
Sec. 17. The board of health may revoke a license granted by them whenever
they deem it to be for the best interests of the public so to do,
Passed in board of aldermen at meeting held May 3, 1909.
Attest :
M. C. Granpy, Clerk.
Approved May 3, 1909.
JAMES H. BurKeE, Mayor.
LICENSE TO SELL MILK OR CREAM.
Src. 284. The board of health is hereby authorized to regulate and grant
licenses for the selling or supplying of milk and cream within the city of Bur-
lington, and no verson shall sell or supply milk or cream within said city to be
used by the inhabitants thereof unless he shall first have procured a license
therefor from said board of health.
Before granting such license said board of health shall make or cause to be
made proper inspection of the cows producing said milk or cream, and of the
barns and premises used in connection therewith, and of the places where said
milk or cream is stored or kept for sale.
Hach license shall state the dairies from which the licensee is authorized to
sell or supply milk or cream under this section, and no licensee shall sell or
supply milk or cream within the city of Burlington produced from any other
dairy not specified in his license.
The board of health may issue from time to time to any licensee an addi-
tional license to sell or supply milk or cream from any dairy not specified in his
license upon the terms and conditions hereinbefore prescribed.
No license tax shall be required of a person selling or supplying milk or cream
in said city to licensed milk dealers who sell the same at retail.
_ A person who violates any provision of this section shall be subject to the
penalties hereinbefore prescribed for a violation of a city ordinance. (See also
No. 118, acts of 1908.)
CHICAGO, ILL.
[Department of health, city of Chicago, W. A. Evans, M. D., commissioner.]
Rutes REGULATING THE HANDLING AND SALE OF MinK—For Dairy FARMS
OUTSIDE THE CITY.
[Approved by the city council Apr. 13, 1908.]
Rule 46. Unclean milk not to enter the city of Ohicago.—All milk entering the
city of Chicago, and all milk sold, offered for sale, or received with the intention
of selling or offering for sale must be clean, wholesome, and uninfected with
disease germs or anything liable to convey and transmit disease.
Rule 47. Unclean milk—Defined—aA1] milk produced on farms, or prepared,
handled, or otherwise treated on the premises or in places where the rules of the
department are violated shall be declared unclean, unwholesome, and infected.
The sale of or offering for sale of such milk is prohibited.
Rule 48. Unclean milk condemned.—All unclean, unwholesome, or infected
milk shall be condemned for human food. Such milk shall be returned to the
producer and tagged with the “ department condemned ” tag, and condemnation
slip shall be mailed to the shipper at once. If, following this, the said producer
or shipper again sends into the city unclean, unwholesome, or infected milk, the
same shall be condemned and rendered unfit for human food by coloring or
otherwise treating or shall be poured into the sewer.
272 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Rule 49. Condition and care of cows for production of milk.—The cows must
be healthy and free from tuberculosis. If an examination by the dairy inspector
shows evidence of excessive emaciation, glandular enlargement, nodular forma-
tions, mastitis, tumor, recent parturition, cough, dyspnea, fever, pneumonia,
exhaustion, lockjaw, blackleg, anthrax hemorrhagic septicemia, or any other
infectious disease, or any evidence of tuberculosis, the milk of the herd shall
be declared infected until the unhealthy cow or cows have been removed and
until an acceptable statement from a recognized, licensed veterinarian or regular
dairy inspector is filed with the milk division showing that such suspicious cow
or cows are free from infectious disease. Milk from cows reacting to tuberculin
shall be rejected unless it shall have first been pasteurized at a temperature of
175° Ff. or over for 30 seconds or longer in a stream not more than a quarter of
an inch thick. Milk from cows 15 days before and 1 week after calving shall
be rejected. Cows must be kept as clean as possible on flanks, belly, udder,
and tail. Long hair must be clipped from the udder and sufficiently from the
tail to clear the ground. The feeding of slops, refuse of any distillery or brew- —
ery, glucose, or any malt and ensilage that has been subject to fermentation,
putrefaction, or decomposition is prohibited. Pure water in sufficient quantities
must be at hand at all times. The cows must not be overheated by hard driv-
ing, nor be allowed to stand in mudholes, dirty sloughs, or ditches. Mudholes,
dirty sloughs, and ditches shall not be allowed to exist in the pastures or cow
yards where cows for the production of milk are kept.
Rule 50. Condition of barnyard for production of clean milk.—The barnyard
or cow yard must be kept reasonably clean and free from mud, soft manure, and
must be well drained. Piles and heaps of manure shall not be less than 25
feet away from any stable door or window between December 1 and April 1
and not less than 300 feet away during the other months of the year.
Rule 51. Stable for production of clean milk.—The floors must be tight, pref-
erably constructed of cement, and free from defects. The ceilings should be
tight if a storage loft is kept above. The walls should be whitewashed every
spring and fall and kept clean at all times. Hach cow must have at least 400
cubie feet of air space, and there must be ample provision for movement of air
and ventilation, so that the air never gets foul. At least 2 square feet of unob-
structed window-glass space shall be provided for each cow. Soiled bedding
must be removed daily and the manure must be removed from the stalls
and open manure gutters twice a day. All bedding, removing of manure, sweep-
ing, and cleaning of mangers must be done at least one-half hour before milking.
The stable must be reasonably free from flies. Cats and dogs must not be per-
mited in the stable.
Rule 52. Milkers in relation to production of clean milk.—Milkers should
neither have nor come in contact with contagious disease. Should any case of
communicable disease—such as scarlet fever, smallpox, typhoid fever, diphtheria,
measles, or chicken pox—occur on the dairy farm among the milkers or their
families, the division of milk inspection must be promptly notified.
The contagious diseases of importance in relation to milk are:
CONSUMPTION.
Milkers and attendants in the cow stable and milk room should be free from
tuberculosis. A consumptive can be harmless if he is intelligent and can be
trusted to carry out the physician’s instructions, viz, to receive all the sputum
in a sputum cup or on clean cloths and properly destroy it by fire or immersing
in 1 to 5,000 bichloride or 5 per cent carbolic-acid solution.
Consumptives should never be allowed to cough without using a clean cloth
before their mouth, and under no. circumstances be permitted to moisten their
hands with saliva before milking. They should always wash their hands well
before beginning to milk and after each handling of sputum cloths. If the indi-
vidual can not be relied upon to do this at.all times he should be excluded from
the dairy and given employment out of doors.
If consumption occurs in the milker’s family or in the family of the farmer
where the milker is rooming or boarding, the same instructions in regard to the
care and disposition of the sputum should be issued.
In case of death, the house should be thoroughly disinfected by using 8
ounces of formaline to 1,000 cubic feet, spread upon sheets left in the rooms for
8 hours, with the windows and doors tightly closed.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. o78
TYPHOID,
The milkers affected with or convalescent from this disease should be abso-
lutely excluded from the dairy. On account of the infectiousness of the excreta
from such individuals, it might be good practice to keep them away from the
handling of milk for at least four to six weeks after convalescence.
When typhoid fever occurs in the families of milkers or attendants, the greatest
care should be exercised in the disposition of the excreta and handling of the
bed linen and other clothes coming in contact with the patient. The bowel
movements and urine should be disinfected with 4 per cent chloride of lime or 5
per cent carbolic-acid solution and buried. The bed linen and other clothes
should be soaked in 1 to 10,000 bichloride solution or 5 per cent carbolic-acid
solution and then thoroughly boiled. Special attention should be given to the
exclusion of flies from the sick room and also from the dairy. The other mem-
bers of the family should be permitted in the dairy only if intelligent and after
having been thoroughly instructed in regard to cleanliness and other details.
The milking utensils should not be brought into the house, and should always
be washed with cioths and brushes that have not come in contact in any way
with things from the typhoid patient. Samples of the water used should be
sent to the city laboratory in boiled bottles for examination.
SCARLET FEVER,
Milkers should neither have nor come in contact with scarlet-fever cases.
After scarlet fever the scales on the hands carry the contagion for about four
weeks and sometimes longer. Scarlet-fever cases during convalescence should
net be permitted to come in contact with the handling of milk in any way until
the scaling has been completed and they have been given an antiseptic bath,
such as a 1 to 10,000 bichloride of mercury solution and their hands anointed
with 5 per cent carbolic salve.
When scarlet fever occurs in the families of the farmers, milkers, or other
attendants, the house should be quarantined. This means that no member of
the household or other person must leave that house and mingle with attendants
in the dairy in any manner or form while the quarantine exists. The sale of
milk and cream from the quarantined premises is not permitted unless the cows
are taken care of, the milking done, and the utensiJs handled by individuals
entirely disassociated with the quarantined family. The quarantine is ter-
minated only after a thorough disinfection of the premises and the patient in
the manner indicated under ‘‘ Tuberculosis.”
DIPHTHERIA.
Milkers affected with diphtheria or sore throat should be excluded from the
dairy. They should not be permitted to return to the care of cows, milking, and
handling of utensils until from 10 to 14 days after an attack of diphtheria.
Throat cultures should be made to determine the absence of diphtheria bacilli
before the patient is pronounced well. In cases of simple sore throat the patient
should be examined by a physician before he is permitted to reenter upon his
work. When diphtheria occurs in the families of milkers and dairy attendants,
the house should be quarantined until the disease has been properly terminated
by throat cultures and disinfection of the premises.
SMALLPOX,
When smallpox occurs in milkers, attendants, and their families, a strict quar-
antine must be established at once. The members of the families not affected
should be vaccinated and the quarantine should be continued for about 20 days.
This means that the milk and cream produced on these premises shall not be
sold for domestic use if handled by individuals who come in contact with such
a smallpox case and are still under quarantine. In such cases the milking
must be done, the utensils handled, and the cows taken care of by individuals
entirely disassociated with the quarantined family. All milkers and attendants
should be vaccinated to prevent such outbreaks.
MEASLES,
Milkers should neither have nor come in contact with measles cases. Measles
eases during convalescence should not be permitted to come in contact with the
handling of milk in any way until the scaling has completed and they have
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3 18
274 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
been given an antiseptic bath such as a1 to 10,000 bichloride of mercury solution
and their hands anointed with 5 per cent carbolic salve.
When measles occurs in the family of the farmer, the house should be quar-
antined and the same precautions taken as for scarlet fever.
CHICKEN POX.
Milkers should neither have nor come in contact with chicken-pox cases.
Chicken-pox cases during convalescence should not be permitted to come in con-
tact with the handling of milk in any way until the scaling has been completed
and they have been given an antiseptic bath, such as a 1 to 10,000 bichloride of
mercury solution, and their hands anointed with 5 per cent carbolic salve.‘ When
chicken pox occurs in the families of the farmer, milkers, or other attendants,
the house should be ai nae and the same precautions taken as for scarlet
fever and measles.
Rule 58. Milking m the PrOnueton of clean milk.—Before each milking the
udder should be wiped with a clean damp cloth or washed with soap and water
if necessary. The hands should be washed before starting to milk and again
well dried with a clean towel. The hands and teats should be kept dry during
milking. If they become moistened with milk, they should be wiped dry with
a clean towel. Suitable clean outer garments, such as overalls and jumpers,
should be put on before milking. The milk stool must be clean. Milking should
be done regularly, having the periods of as nearly equal length as possible.
The first few streams from each teat should be rejected. The first half of the
milk given should not be separated from the latter half or strippings and be sold
separately. The top of the milk pail should be as small as possible—not larger
than 6 or 8 inches—to keep out dirt, and if anything falls into the milk, such
as straw or manure, then the milk should be rejected. The milk from each cow
should be removed from the stable immediately after it is obtained.
Rule 54. Milk cans and utensils for keeping and shipping of clean milk.——All
utensils used in the production and shipping of milk, such as cans, covers, bot-
tles, dippers, skimmers, measures, strainers, stirrers, etc., must be so constructed
that all parts are absolutely free from places where milk can accumulate or
soak in, So that it can not be removed by simple washing. The surface coming
in contact with milk and cream must be smooth and free from excessive rust.
All utensils, including cans, must be kept scrupulously clean, inside and out-
side, at all times. ‘They should be cleansed by washing with a brush and soap
or washing powder and hot water and thorough rinsing. After this cleansing
they should be sterilized with boiling water and then kept inverted in a place
free from dust and flies. Strainers, whether metal, gauze, or cotton, must be
absolutely clean when used for the straining of milk. Milk cans should be used
for no other purpose. Bottle caps must be kept in clean, covered, dry, and dust-
proof receptacles. All cans and utensils must be free from defects and rough
or uneyen surfaces.
Rule 55. Oare of milk on the dairy farm.—The room where utensils, milk
pails, strainers, and the milk are kept should be separated from both the house
and the stable and be used only for dairy purposes. It should be kept neat,
clean, well ventilated, and free from flies and dust. No odds and ends or other
unnecessary things should be stored in the milk room. The milk room must be
free from odor.
Milk should be strained through a piece of clean linen or cotton, then it should
be rapidly cooled to 50° F. within two hours after milking and kept below that
temperature until delivery. The evening milk must not be mixed with the
morning milk, and cld milk must not be mixed with the fresh. The cans must
be tightly closed when kept in the cooler and sealed when hauled to the milk
platform. During this transportation they must be covered and protected from
the heat. This is best accomplished by carrying in a covered spring wagon.
Cans should never be delivered too early to the milk platform. They should
be covered with a damp cloth in the warm weather while standing there.
Rule 56. Water supply in relation to clean milk.—The water supply on the
farm must be ample and free from any danger of pollution with animal matter
or refuse. Water used for the washing of cans and utensils must be free from
all nitrites and not contain more than nine thousandths of 1 part of free
ammonia and nine thousandths of 1 part of albuminoid ammonia in 100,000
parts. It must not contain more than 1,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter and
be free from pathogenic bacteria, including colon bacilli. Water from sloughs
ponds, ditches, or other sources subject to contamination must never be used
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 275
for the washing of cans or utensils. When typhoid fever occurs, the use of the
water on the farm must be discontinued for the washing of cans and utensils
until it has been passed upon by the director of the laboratory of the department
of health.
Rule 57. Sanitary standard for milk.—All milk sold, offered for sale, kept
with the intention of selling, or sent to the city for the purpose of selling must
be free from dirt, foreign material, and sediment. Not more than a perceptible
sediment shall be left on a piece of white linen cloth 4 inches square when a
quart of well-mixed milk is strained through it. Milk on arrival in the city
must not contain more than 1,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter from May 1
to September 30 and not over 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter between
October 1 and April 80. Milk for delivery to the consumer shall not contain an
excessive number of bacteria. The sale of milk containing over 3,000,000 bac-
teria per cubic centimeter is prohibited, and the dealer selling or offering for
sale such milk shall, after three examinations of his milk on successive days
by the bacteriologist and showing bacterial counts above 3,000,000, be prohibited
from selling milk until the method of production and handling of his milk
supply has been properly regulated by the department. The sale of milk
containing tubercle, typhoid, diphtheria, or other pathogenic bacteria is pro-
hibited. The sale of milk containing excessive numbers of putrefying and gas-
producing microorganisms is prohibited.
RUIZ, MADE BY DR. W. A. EVANS, COMMISSIONER OF HEALTH, REQUIRING OPERATORS
OF DAIRY FARMS TO FURNISH INFORMATION ABOUT CONTAGIOUS DISEASE.
This card must be filled out in detail and sent to the Chicago health depart-
ment on the 1st and 15th days of each month. If this is not done promptly,
the milk supply will be considered suspicious and will not be admitted until
an investigation can be made.
Date —, 190-.
CHIEF DAIRY INSPECTOR.
Drar Sir: We have had contagious disease in our home and in the
families of milkers and attendants , aS follows: Typhoid, :
diphtheria, ; chicken pox, ; tuberculosis, ; Scarlet fever,
; smallpox, ; measles, ; sore throat, (Answer
“Yes” or “No” in each blank space.) Patient took sick on (give date) and
is attended by Dr. .
Address
Signed :
P. O. address :
AN ORDINANCE REQUIRING TUBERCULIN TEST oF Cows.
[Passed by city council July 13, 1908.]
MILK.
Be it ordained by the city council of the city of Chicago:
Section 1. No milk, cream, buttermilk, or ice cream shall be sold, offered
for. sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the intention of selling within the city
of Chicago after January 1, A. D. 1909, unless such milk or cream, or the milk
or cream contained in buttermilk and ice cream, be obtained from cows that
have given a satisfactory negative tuberculin test within one year. The cows
having been satisfactorily tested shall be marked ‘‘ tuberculin tested,” and shall
be numbered and a certificate shall be filed with the division of milk inspection
of the department of health of the city of Chicago, upon forms furnished by
the commissioner of health, giving’ the number, a brief description of the
animal, the date of the taking of said test, and the name of the owner. Said
certificate shall be signed by the person making such test: Provided, however,
That from January 1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit, until January 1,
1914, milk or cream or buttermilk and ice cream made from milk or cream
obtained from cows not tuberculin tested or not free from tuberculosis may be
sold within the city of Chicago if the milk or cream from said cows is
pasteurized according to the rules and regulations of the department of health
of the city of Chicago,
276 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Sec. 2. Any milk, cream, buttermilk, or ice cream offered for sale, exposed
for sale, or kept with the intention of selling within the city of Chicago which
shall be found within the city in violation of section 1 shall be forthwith
seized, condemned, and destroyed by the milk and food inspectors or other
duly authorized agents or employees of the department of health of the city
of Chicago.
Src. 3. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after
January 1, 1909.
BUTTER.
Be it ordained by the city council of the city of Chicago:
Section 1. No butter shall be sold, or offered for sale, or kept with the
intention of selling in the city of Chicago after January 1, 1909, unless such
butter be made from milk or cream obtained from cows that have given a
satisfactory negative tuberculin test within one year: Provided, however, That
from January 1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit, until January 1, 1914,
butter made of milk obtained from cows not tuberculin tested or not free from
tuberculosis may be sold in the city of Chicago if the milk or cream from
which such butter was made was pasteurized according to the rules and regu-
lations of the department of health of the city of Chicago.
Src. 2: It shall be unlawful to sell any butter in the city of Chicago unless
there be stamped on the package in plainly legible letters of not less than
one-eighth-inch type: “ Made of milk (or cream) from cows free from tuber-
culosis, as shown by tuberculin test,” or ‘“‘ Made from milk (or cream) pas-
teurized according to the rules and regulations of the department of health of
the city of Chicago.”
Sec. 3. Any butter offered for sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the intention
of selling in the city of Chicago which shall be found within the city in viola-
tion of this ordinance shall be forthwith seized, condemned, and destroyed by
_ the milk and food inspectors or other duly authorized agents or employees of
the department of health of the city of Chicago.
Sec. 4. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after January
1, 1909.
CHEESE.
Be it ordained by the city cowncil of the city of Chicago:
Section 1. No domestic cheese shall be sold, or offered for sale, or kept with
the intention of selling in the city of Chicago after January 1, 1909, unless
such cheese be made from milk or cream obtained from cows that have given
a satisfactory negative tuberculin test within one year: Provided, however,
That from January 1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit, until January 1,
1914, domestic cheese made of milk obtained from cows not tuberculin tested
or not free from tuberculosis may be sold in the city of Chicago if the milk
or cream from which such cheese was made was pasteurized according to
the rules and regulations of the department of health of the city of Chicago.
Src. 2. It shall be unlawful to sell any such cheese in the city of Chicago
unless there be stamped on the package in plainly legible letters of not less
than one-eighth-inch type: ‘‘Made of milk (or cream) from cows free from
tuberculosis, aS shown by tuberculin test,” or ‘‘Made from milk (or cream)
pasteurized according to the rules and regulations of the department of health
of the city of Chicago.”
Src. 3. Any cheese offered for sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the inten-
tion of selling in the city of Chicago which shall be found within the city in
violation of this ordinance shall be forthwith seized, condemned, and destroyed
by the milk and food inspectors or other duly authorized agents or employees
of the department of health of the city of Chicago.
Sec. 4. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after January
1, 1909. 8
RuLES REGULATING THE HANDLING AND SALE OF MILK FoR MILK DeEpors.
[Approved by the city council Apr. 13, 1908.]
LICENSE. ;
Rule 1. Application for license.—Application for a milk license shall be made
in writing to the commissioner of health. Such application shall set forth
the name and residence of the applicant, if an individual, and the names and
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. QT
residences of the principal officers, if the applicant is a corporation, together
with the location of the place for which such license is desired. Such applica-
tion shall also state whether the milk is to be sold in a store, depot, or also
from a delivery wagon. It shall further state whether the milk and cream
is to be sold in bottles exclusively or in bulk and bottles. It shall also state
if cows are to be kept; and if so, shall state the number.
Rule 2. Inspection and investigation of previous record.—No application for
license shall be approved by the commissioner of health after May 1, 1908, if
the records of the milk division show that the depot, store, or any part of the
establishment in which the business is to be conducted is in an insanitary con-
dition.
If the applicant’s record is not on file in the office, or if he is newly engag-
ing in the milk business, an inspection of his place shall be made within five
days after making the application, to determine the sanitary conditions. No
application for license shall be approved if applicant has a bad record:
The applicant, if refused a license on account of bad sanitary conditions or
for repeated adulterations of milk and cream, may make application to the
commissioner of health for a hearing. The commissioner of health may then
recommend the applicant for a license if he is satisfied that the regulations of
the department will be complied with in the future.
Rule 3. Revoking of license—If at any time after the granting of suck
license the holder fails to comply with the sanitary regulations of the depart-
ment, or repeatedly sells, or offers for sale, or has in his possession for the pur-
pose of selling, milk and cream below the grade prescribed by the ordinances
or rules of the department of health, the chief food inspector shall recom-
mend to the commissioner of health that his license be revoked with or without
further notice. Said commissioner of health may grant the defendant a hear-
ing if he deems this necessary.
Rule 4. Reisswing of revoked license.—If all the regulations of the depart-
ment have been complied with the commissioner of health may recommend
that the license be reissued.
Rule 5. License exhibited.icEXvery milk dealer shall post his license in a
conspicuous place on the premises for which it has been issued.
MILK DEPOTS.
Rule 6. Definition—By “milk depot” is meant any place, house, or room
where milk is received from the farm, or large wholesale dealer, in bottles or
cans and prepared for distribution. The milk depot shall not be used for any
other purpose, nor shall any other business be conducted therein.
Rule 7. Where to be established.—No milk depot shall be established or
maintained in a room or rooms which communicate directly with any living
rooms, kitchen, sanitary closet, laundry, or stable, and places where animals are
kept or slaughtered. No milk depot shall be maintained which communicates
in any way with a horse or cow barn and shall be separated therefrom by an
air and odor proof partition or wall. After May 1, 1908, milk depots shall
not be maintained in any building where horses and cows are kept. The imme-
diate vicinity of the milk depot, especially the place within 10 feet of the doors
and windows thereof, shall be kept free from the accumulations of rubbish,
garbage, manure, and any other putrefying, decomposing, infectious, and bad-
smelling substances.
Rule 8. Construction.—The floor shall be smooth, free from crevices and de-
fects, and water tight. When below the street level it must be constructed of
impervious material, such as cement, asphalt, or tiles laid in cement. It shall
be well drained, and the drains must be trapped and yentilated. The walls and
ceilings shall be smooth, tight, and free from unnecessary projections, niches,
ete., and kept well painted or lime washed.
Windows: Glass space corresponding to 15 per cent of the floor space shall
be provided. All windows must be so located as to admit light freely and be
unobstructed.
Screens: Between May 1 and November 1 all windows shall be provided with
fly and dust screens, and all doors shall be provided with self-closing door
screens.
Ventilation : All depots shall be provided with adequate ventilation by means
of windows, air shafts, air ducts, or other mechanical apparatus, if pcomne so
as to insure free circulation of fresh air at all times.
Rule 9. Wash rooms.—Wherever milk is bottled or otherwise prepared, a
separate room shall be maintained for the purpose of receiving, storing, and
278 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
cleaning cans, bottles, and utensils, known as the “wash room.” ‘This shall
be separated from that part of the milk depot where the milk is stored and bot-
tled, known as the ‘“‘ milk room,” by a complete partition and door. The wash
room shall be so located that dirty utensils do not have to pass through or be
received in tke room where the milk is handled or prepared. The floor of the
wash room shall be so arranged that its drainage does not run into the milk
room. Dirty cans and utensils shall not be taken into, kept, or stored in the
milk room.
Rule 10. Appliances—Vats shall be constructed preferably of impervious
material and should have a smooth inner surface. They shall be provided with
dust-proof covers and be drained indirectly into the sewer. The water in the
vats shall be kept clean, sweet, and free from sediment and odor. The yats shall
always be kept clean, free from dust, slime, sediment, or milk crusts. The
temperature of the water shall not be above 50° F
Refrigerator and ice boxes: The inner wall of the compartment of the re-
frigerator and ice boxes where the milk is kept shall be smooth and preferably
metal or porcelain lined. ‘The floor shall be drained indirectly into the sewer.
The milk compartment shall be kept clean and free from any odor. Nothing
but milk, cream, and butter shall be stored in the ice box.
Bottling machine: The bottling machine shall be so constructed that it can
readily be taken apart and cleaned, especially the springs and plungers. It
shall be cleaned thoroughly every day, and when not in use it Shall be kept
covered with a clean cloth.
Drying racks: Drying racks shall be provided on which bottles can be placed
in an inverted position, for proper drainage and drying. In no instance shall
bottles be inverted in bottle cases for the purpose of draining and drying.
Pasteurizers and separators: Pasteurizers and separators shall be so con-
structed that all parts, including pipes, can be readily cleaned and sterilized.
These appliances must be kept scrupulously clean, inside and outside, at all
times.
‘Rule 11. Utensils——A11 shipping cans, bottles, dippers, skimmers, measures,
strainers, stirrers, and other utensils must be so constructed that all parts are
absolutely free from spaces where milk can accumulate or soak in so that it
can not be removed by simple washing. The surface coming in contact with
milk and cream must be smooth and free from excessive rust. All utensils must
be kept scrupulously clean, inside and outside, at all times. Utensils must be
kept in good repair and free from rough surfaces of any kind. When not in
use they should be kept dry, inverted, and on specially provided racks or
hooks, when possible. Bottle caps must be kept in clean, covered, dry, and
dust-proof receptacles.
Rule 12. Maintenance and care.—The floor shall be kept clean and scrubbed.
Dry sweeping and dusting is not to be permitted. The walls and Geiling,
shelves, windows, and all other surfaces must be clean and kept free from
dust by washing or wiping with a damp cloth. Unnecessary articles, such as
boxes, old utensils, reserve stock, blankets, harnesses, lanterns, paint cans, oil
cans, and other articles not required in the milk business shall not be kept in the
milk depot. Dogs and cats should be kept out. Children should not be permit-
ted to play or gather in the milk depot.
Rule 13. Attendants——Every person is charge of such milk depot shall keep
himself and his employees in a clean condition and cleanly clothed while en-
gaged in the bottling, pouring, measuring, and skimming of milk. Smoking,
snuffing, or chewing of tobacco is forbidden in a milk depot, and a plain notice
shall be posted forbidding all persons from using tobacco or spitting on the floor.
Rule 14. Communicable diseases.—No person with consumption, venereal dis-
eases, or communicable skin disease shall work in a milk depot or engage in
the handling of milk. When typhoid, scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox,
measles, or chicken pox occur in the house or families of anyone engaged in the
handling of milk, it shall be the duty of the milk dealer to notify the division
of food inspection at once of this fact, so that the necessary regulations can
be enforced in cooperation with the bureau of contagious diseases to prevent
the spread of disease. No one afflicted with or convalescent from typhoid,
scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox, measles, chicken pox, or any other communi-
cable disease shall engage in the handling of milk or cream, nor enter a milk
depot. When typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, or smallpox exists in
the house or families of anyone engaged in the handling of milk, he shall at
once discontinue his work in the milk depot and vehicles. The depot and wagon
shall be declared infected, if anyone with or convalescent from typhoid, scarlet
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 279
fever, diphtheria, or smallpox, or residing in a house or apartment where these
diseases exist, has worked therein, together with all milk and cream therein,
except such cans as are still properly sealed and closed and have not been
opened since they were closed and sealed in the country. No person convales-
cent from contagious disease or living in houses or premises in which con-
tagious disease exists shall reengage in the handling of milk until the bureau of
contagious diseases has enforced suitable quarantine regulations and the neces-
sary disinfection has been done by the department. No individuals residing
in a quarantined house or place shall be permitted to enter a milk depot.
Rule 15. Operation.—All milk shall be stored at a temperature not above
50° EF. No can or bottle of milk shall be completely submerged in impure
water or water from impure or insanitary ice. Impure ice, especially such ice
sold for refrigerating purposes only, must not come in contact with milk and
milk utensils or be used in water or milk vats. Sour milk must not be per-
mitted to stand in the farmers’ cans. Nothing except milk, cream, or butter
shall be permitted in the milk vats, ice boxes, and coolers. Returned empty
bottles and other utensils must be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized before
being taken into the milk room.
CITY DAIRIES.
No cow or cows shall be kept in the city for the purpose of producing milk,
except in conformity with the following rules:
Rule 36. Permit to keep cows required.—A permit to keep cows must be
secured from the health department for each location, meaning thereby each
barn or closely related system where such cows are to be kept. The application
for this permit must show: (@) The number of cows; (0b) the cubic feet of
air space; (c) the facilities for disposing of manure; (d) the ventilation;
(e) the distance from human habitation; (f) the facilities for excluding flies.
Rule 37. Location.—No cows shall be stabled within 30 feet of a residence,
the distance being measured in a straight line from the nearest point of the
stable to the nearest point occupied by a person.
Rule 38. Construction.—A permit shall not be issued unless the facilities are
such that the stable shall have ample ventilation, to wit, 3,000 cubic feet of
fresh air per cow or other animal per hour, or unless the stables are clean,
well lighted, and capable of being so maintained. Manure and urine must be
cared for so as not to become a nuisance. The barn must be so constructed that
fiies can not reach the animal or the manure.
Rule 39. Revoking of permit—TLhe permit shall be canceled if the premises
are not kept clean, or the manure is allowed to accumulate, flies breed or con-
gregate therein, or the place becomes or is allowed to become a nuisance.
Rule 40. Cows must be free from tuberculosis —Cows kept for the purpose of
producing milk shall be tested with tuberculin once each year. The results of
such tests shall be open to the inspection of the health department at all times.
No tubercular cow or markedly undernourished cow shall be allowed in any
herd or stable, except a special permit be granted therefor. The milk from
such cows shall be pasteurized at a temperature not less than 175° F. for more
than 30 seconds in a stream not more than one-quarter of an inch thick be-
fore it shall be deemed fit for human food.
Rule 41. Keeping and care of milk.—Milk from cows held in the city shall not
be kept in the same room with the cows nor any ,other animal, nor in any
place ventilating into such room.
Rule 42. Standards of purity for such milk.—The milk in all particulars shall
conform to the same rules and regulations as those pee to country-pro-
duced milk.
Rule 48. Maintenance.—The stables shall be cleaned every day. The ma-
nure shall be hauled away every day from May 1 to October 1 and once a week
for the remainder of the year, provided the stable is within 200 feet of a house.
If the distance to the nearest house is over 200 feet then it shall be hauled
away not less often than once a week.
Rule 44. Keeping of cows.—No cows shall be confined in any yard or tethered
on any street or common within 30 feet of any dwelling, church, school, store,
or hall.
Where an owner tethers a cow on a Street or common he shall maintain
the tether zone free from anything which may make it a nuisance.
Rule 45. Maintenance of nuisance prohibited.—Nothing in these rules shall
be construed as allowing the maintenance of a nuisance.
2980 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Rule 57. Sanitary standard for milk.—Al1 milk sold, offered for sale, kept
with the intention of selling, or sent to the city for the purpose of selling,
must be free from dirt, foreign material, and sediment. Not more than a per-
ceptible sediment shall be left on a piece of white linen cloth 4 inches square
when a quart of well-mixed milk is strained through it. Milk on arrival in
the city must not contain more than 1,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter
from May 1 to September 30, and not over 500,000 bacteria per cubic centi-
meter between October 1 to April 380. Milk for delivery to the consumer shall
not contain an excessive number of bacteria. The sale of milk containing
over 3.000,000 bacteria per cubie centimeter is prohibited and the dealer selling
or offering for sale such milk shall, after three examinations of his milk on
successive days by the bacteriologist and showing bacterial counts above
3,000,000, is prohibited from selling milk until the method of production and
handling of his milk supply has been properly regulated by the department.
The sale of milk containing tubercle, typhoid, diphtheria, or other pathogenic
pacteria is prohibited. The sale of milk containing excessive numbers of
putrefying and gas-producing micro-organisms is prohibited.
MILK DELIVERY AND MILK VEHICLES.
Rule 23. Transported in closed receptacles and in covered wagons.—Milk
shall not be transported in open or improperly closed cans and receptacles.
It shall be properly protected from the dust and the sun’s rays with adequate
covering. This covering shall be clean, nonodorous, and free from dust.
Wagons used for the delivery of milk to consumers shall be covered with
material that will allow of washing and shall always be kept clean. The
interior of the wagon shall be kept clean, free from milk crusts, and odor of
any kind. Drivers’ seats shall be divided off from the compartment or com-
partments where the milk and cream are kept. The compartments where
milk and cream are kept shall be tight and opened only when necessary for
the removal of their contents.
Rule 24. Preparing and bottling of milk on street prohibited.—Milk and cream
shall not be prepared or bottled in the street or in a vehicle. The distribution
of milk and cream into specially constructed pouring cans shall be done in
the milk depot, and is prohibited upon the street. Milk for delivery in bulk
shall be carried in covered pouring cans, provided with a spout or faucet.
Milk shall not be dipped from farmers’ or stock cans for delivery to the
consumer.
Rule 25. Temperature of milk.—The milk for delivery to the consumer on the
wagons shall not be above 70° F.
Rule 26. Utensils —Here the same rules shall apply as for utensils used in
the milk depot. (See Rule 10.)
Rule 27. Attendants and communicable diseases.—Same rule shall apply as
for milk depots. (See Rules 13 and 14.)
—_=
Rutes REGULATING THE HANDLING AND SALE OF MILK FOR STORES,
[Approved by the city council Apr. 13, 1908.]
~ LICENSE.
Rule 1. Application for license.—Application for a milk license shall be made
in writing to the commissioner of health. Such application shall set forth the
name and residence of the applicant, if an individual, and the names and resi-
dences of the principal officers if the applicant is a corporation, together with
the location of the place for which such license is desired. Such application
shall also state whether the milk is to be sold in a store, depot, or also from a
delivery wagon. It shall further state whether the milk and cream is to be sold
in bottles exclusively or in bulk and bottles. It shall also state if cows are to be
kept, and if so shall state the number.
Rule 2. Inspection and investigation of previous record.—No application for
license shall be approved by the commissioner of health after May 1, 1908, if the
records of the milk division show that the depot, store, or any part of the estab-
lishment in which the business is to be conducted is in an insanitary condition.
If the applicant’s record ig not on file in the office, or if he is newly engaging
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 281
in the milk business, an inspection of his place shall be made within five days
after making the application, to determine the Sanitary conditions. No applica-
tion for license shall be approved if applicant has a bad record.
The applicant, if refused a license on account of bad sanitary conditions, or for
repeated adulterations of milk and cream, may make application to the commis-
sioner of health for a hearing. The commissioner of health may then recom-
mend the applicant for a license if he is satisfied that the regulations of the
department will be complied with in the future.
Rule 5. Revoking of license —If at any time after the granting of such license
the holder fails to comply with the sanitary regulations of the department, or
repeatedly sells or offers for sale, or has in his possession for the purpose of sell-
ing, milk and cream below the grade prescribed by the ordinances or rules of the
department of health, the chief food inspector shall recommend to the commis-
sioner of health that his license be revoked with or without further notice. Said
commissioner of health may grant the defendant a hearing, if he deems this
necessary. :
Rule 4. Reissuing of revoked license —If all the regulations of the department
have been complied with the commissioner of health may recommend that the
license be reissued.
Rule 5. License exhibited—Hvery milk dealer shall post his license in a con-
spicuous place on the premises for which it hag been issued.
STORES.
Rule 28. Dejinition.—These shall include all places and rooms where milk is
sold, together with other foodstuffs, such as groceries, meats, bakery goods,
delicatessen articles, and confectionery.
Rule 29. Location.—Such stores must be separated by tight-fitting doors and
a complete partition from living rooms, kitchen, laundries, sanitary closet, sleep-
ing rooms, and from places where horses, cattle, fowl, and other animals are
kept or slaughtered.
Rule 30. Construction.—Stores where milk is sold must be properly lighted
and ventilated. Between May 1 and November 1 the windows must be fitted
with fly screens and the doors with self-closing door screens.
Rule 31. Appliances.—Vats shall be the same as those required for milk
depots. (See rule 10.) The cover of the vat shall be so constructed that the
dust does not fall into the box when the lid is raised.
Ice boxes and refrigerators: The compartment where milk and cream is kept
shall be separated by an impervious water and odor proof partition from all
ether compartments and by a nonleaking partition from the ice chamber. The
inner surface of this compartment, where milk and cream is kept, shall be
smooth and preferably metal or porcelain lined. The floor shall be similarly
constructed. Free and adequate drainage shall be provided; the drain connect-
ing indirectly with the sewer shall be trapped and ventilated. The ice box shall
be kept scrupulously clean at all times and entirely free from any odor. Milk
and cream shall not be kept in ice boxes with any other foodstuffs except butter.
Milk shall not be kept in the ice box for the purpose of souring or making
cheese. All milk and cream kept in such ice boxes shall be considered as milk
and cream for sale, and hence must be up to the standard required by the city
ordinance. Unclean utensils, cans, and bottles shall not be kept in the ice box.
The doors and covers of such ice boxes shall be dust proof and so constructed
that upon opening the dust on the outer surface does not fall into the milk
compartment.
Rule 10. Appliances.—Vats shall be constructed preferably of impervious
material and should have a smooth inner surface. They shall be provided with
dust-proof covers and be drained indirectly into the sewer. The water in the
vats shall be kept clean, sweet, and free from sediment and odor. The vats shall
always be kept clean, free from dust, slime, sediment, or milk crusts. The tem-
perature of the water shall not be above 50° F.
Rule 32. Utensils.—Utensils shall be kept in the manner as required for milk
depots. (See rule 10.)
Rule 11. Utensils.—All shipping cans, bottles, dippers, skimmers, measures,
Strainers, stirrers, and other utensils must be so constructed that all parts are
absolutely free from spaces where milk can accumulate or soak in, so that it can
not be remoyed by simple washing. The surface coming in contact with milk
and cream must be smooth and free from excessive rust. All utensils must be
kept scrupulously clean, inside and outside, at all times. Utensils must be kept
982 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
in good repair and free from rough surfaces of any kind. When not in use they
should be kept dry, inverted, and on specially provided racks or hooks, when
possible. Bottle caps must be kept in clean, covered, dry, and dust-proof
receptacles,
Rule 33. Maintenance and care.—The entire place shall be kept in a good
Sanitary condition and free from unnecessary articles, garbage, and rubbish.
The air shall be kept pure and free from deleterious odor. In the immediate
vicinity of the vat and ice box, to a distance of at least 5 feet, no fermenting or
putrefying substances or things with deleterious odors shall be kept, such as
cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, fresh, salted, and smoked fish, soap, aromatic oils.
Kerosene and kerosene cans shall be kept 15 feet distant from the milk boxes.
Rule 34. Communicable diseases—Same rules as for milk depots. (See
rule 14.)
Rule 14. Communicable diseases.—No person with consumption, venereal dis-
eases, or communicable skin disease shali work in a milk depot or engage in the
handling of milk. When typhoid, scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox, measles,
or chicken pox occur in the house or families of anyone engaged in the handling
of milk, it shall be the duty of the milk dealer to notify the division of food
inspection at once of this fact, so that the necessary regulations can ke enforced
in cooperation with the bureau of contagious diseases to prevent the spread of
disease. No one afflicted with or convalescent from typhoid, scarlet fever, diph-
theria, smallpox, measles, chicken pox, or any other communicable disease shall
engage in the handling of milk or cream, nor enter a milk depot. When typhoid
fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, or smallpox exists in the house or families of
anyone engaged in the handling of milk, he shall at once discontinue his work in
the milk depot and vehicles. The depot and wagon shall be declared infected if
anyone with or convalescent from typhoid, scarlet fever, diphtheria, or smallpox,
or residing in a house or apartment where these diseases exist, has worked
therein, together with all milk and cream therein, except such cans as are still
properly sealed and closed and have not been opened since they were closed and
sealed in the country. No person convalescent from contagious disease or living
in houses or premises in which contagious disease exists shall reengage in the
handling of milk until the bureau of contagious diseases has enforced suitable
quarantine regulations and the necessary disinfection has been done by the
department. No individuals residing in a quarantined house or place shall be
permitted to enter a milk depot.
Rule 35. Operation.—All milk shall be stored at a temperature not above
50° EF. No can or bottle of milk shall be completely submerged in impure water
or water from impure or insanitary ice. Sour milk must not be permitted to
stand in the farmers’ cans. Hmpty cans and bottles must be cleaned and washed
with hot water before returning to the wholesale dealer or farmer. In selling
bulk milk stir up the contents of the can thoroughly and thus prevent uninten-
tional skimming.
Rule 57. Sanitary standard for milk.—All milk sold, offered for sale, kept
with the intention of selling, or sent to the city for the purpose of selling, must
be free from dirt, foreign material, and sediment. Not more than a perceptible
sediment shall be left on a piece of white linen cloth 4 inches square when a
quart of well-mixed milk is strained through it. Milk on arrival in the city
must not contain more than 1,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter from May 1
to September 30 and not over 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter between
October 1 to April 30. Milk for delivery to the consumer shall not contain an
excessive number of bacteria. The sale of milk containing over 3,000,000 bac-
teria per cubic centimeter is prohibited, and the dealer selling or offering for
sale such milk shall, after three examinations of his milk on successive days by
the bacteriologist and showing bacterial counts above 3,000,000, be prohibited
from selling milk until the method of production and handling of his milk sup-
ply has been properly regulated by the department. The sale of milk containing
tubercle, typhoid, diphtheria, or other pathogenic bacteria is prohibited. The
sale of milk containing excessive numbers of putrefying and gas-producing
microorganisms is prohibited.
AN ORDINANCE PROHIBITING THE SALE OF BULK MILK IN STORES.
[Passed by the city council June 22, 1908.]
Srction 1. No person, firm, or corporation shall sell, offer for sale, expose for
sale, or keep with the intention of selling, any milk or cream in stores or in other
places where other merchandise than milk or cream is sold, unless the milk or
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 283
cream is kept, offered for sale, exposed for sale, or sold in tightly closed and
capped bottles or receptacles of a similar character, such as shall be approved
by the commissioner of health of the city of Chicago. 4
Sec. 2. Any person, firm, or corporation who shall violate any of the provi-
sions of section 1 shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $100 for each
offense.
Src. 8. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after its
passage and due publication. .
RuxLes REGULATING THE HANDLING AND SALE oF MILK FoR StToRES IN BorrLes
ONLY.
[Approved by the city council June 22, 1908.]
Section 1. No person, firm, or corporation shall sell, offer for sale, expose for
sale, or keep with the intention of selling any milk or cream in stores or in
other places where other merchandise than milk or cream is sold unless the
milk or cream is kept, offered for sale, exposed for sale, or sold in tightly closed
and capped bottles or receptacles of a similar character, such as shall be ap-
proved by the commissioner of health of the city of Chicago.
See. 2. Any person, firm, or corporation who shall violate any of the pro-
yisions of section 1 shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $100 for each
offense.
Sec. 8. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after its
‘ passage and due publication. ;
RULES REGULATING THE PASTEURIZING OF MILK AND MILK Propucrts.
The following rules shall regulate the pasteurizing of milk and milk products
offered for sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the intention of selling within
the city of Chicago after January 1, A. D. 1909: f
Rule 1. Milk and skimmed milk.—Milk and skimmed milk shall not contain
more than 100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter from May 1 to September 30
and not over 50,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter between October 1 and April 30.
Rule 2. Cream and ice cream.—Cream and ice cream shall not contain more
than 200,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter from May 1 to September 30 and not
— over 100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter between October 1 and April 30.
Rule 3. Milk, skimmed milk, butter milk, cream, and ice cream.—An original
package of pasteurized milk, skimmed milk, butter milk, cream, or ice cream
exposed to the temperature of the room for 48 hours and stoppered with a
sterile cotton plug shall not show evidences of putrefaction after being so ex-
posed.
Rule 4. Skimmed milk and ice cream.—Skimmed milk and ice cream shall
give a negative test when treated in the following manner:
To 5 cubic centimeters of the pasteurized product add 2 drops of a 2 per
cent solution of paraphenylenediamin and 1 drop of a 2 per cent solution of
hydrogen peroxide and agitate.
Not more than a tinge of blus shall be obtained by this test within 30 seconds
after mixing.
Rule 5. Butter.—Butter shall respond to the following test:
Twenty-five grams of pasteurized butter placed in a small beaker and heated
by being placed in water at 60° C., the clear butter fat then poured off, and the
remaining liquid then diluted with an equal volume of water. The mixture
thus obtained is now treated with 2 drops of a 2 per cent solution of para-
phenylenediamin and 1 drop of a solution of 2 per cent hydrogen peroxide.
When thus treated not more than a perceptible blue color shall be obtained
within 30 second after mixing.
Rule 6. Pasteurizing temperatures.—All pasteurized milk, cream, skimmed
milk, milk products, and milk and cream used in the production of milk products
shall be pasteurized in accordance with the following regulations:
(A) Continuous pasteurization. In all continuous pastcurization the milk
and cream shall be heated to a temperature which shall be determined and fixed
by the department of health for each machine at a point corresponding to the
temperature required to kill 99 per cent of the bacteria and all pathogenic bac-
teria contained in the raw product. For this determination ordinary raw milk
284 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
containing in the neighborhood of 3,000,000 bacteria shall be used, and the pas-
teurized product shall be collected as it flows from the cooling apparatus.
All continuous pasteurizers shall be equipped with a feeding pipe which is so
constructed that the pasteurizer can not be fed in excess of its normal working
capacity ; that is, in excess of the working capacity of the machine at which 99
per cent of the bacteria are killed when the required amount of heat is applied.
All continuous pasteurizers operated outside of the city limits for the produc-
tion of pasteurized milk and milk products to be sold in the city of Chicago
shall be equipped with an apparatus regulating automatically the supply of
steam and heat, so as to correspond with and produce the required temperature
of the outflow of the pasteurized product. These automatic thermo regulators
shall be accurate and must be approved by the commissioner of health before
being installed.
A recording apparatus shall be installed upon all continuous pasteurizers
operated within the city limits so as to record during operation the temperature
of the pasteurized product as it flows from the heater. The thermometer of
this recording apparatus must be accurate and kept immersed in the milk in
such a way that it is not exposed to escaping steam or other heat except the
heated milk.
The records made by this recording thermometer must be accurate and made
in a chamber which is kept under lock and key in the control of the department
of health.
The automatic thermo regulating and recording apparatus may be combined
into one instrument, and it is recommended that all pasteurizers be equipped
with both appliances or combination apparatus.
(B) Held pasteurization. Whenever milk is held during pasteurization in
such a manner that the process of pasteurizing is not a continuous one, namely,
a continuous flow of milk through the heating or heat-retaining chamber,
the process shall be designated as “held pasteurization.” Such methods
of pasteurization and pasteurization appliances or systems installed and used
shall be examined and approved by the commissioner of health, or his duly
appointed representatives, when all of the following requirements are fulfilled :
1. When the pasteurized product shows that over 99 per cent of the bacteria
and all pathogenic bacteria contained in the raw product have been destroyed.
2. When the mechanism of the pasteurizer or pasteurizing system is such that
the three important elements, namely, the temperature, time of exposure, and
the quantity of milk exposed at one time, can be readily kept under control and
observation by the department of health.
8. When the following conditions are complied with:
A uniform heating of 140° F. maintained for 20 minutes, 150° F. maintained
for 15 minutes, 155° F. maintained for 5 minutes, 160° F. maintained for 14
minutes, and 165° F. maintained for 1 minute.
The time shall be calculated from the period that the entire quantity reaches
the required temperature.
Rule 7. Cooling temperatures.—The pasteurized product shall be cooled at
once to a temperature of 45° F. or less. This cooling shall be so conducted
that the pasteurized product is not exposed to the air or other contamination.
This cooling apparatus shall be so constructed that it can be readily cleansed
and sterilized.
—
ORDINANCES REQUIRING TUBERCULIN TEST OF ALL Cows SUPPLYING MILK AND
MILK PRODUCTS.
[Passed by the city council, July 13, 1908.]
MILK,
Be it ordained by the city cowncil of the city of Chicago:
Section 1. No milk, cream, buttermilk, or ice cream shall be sold, offered for
sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the intention of selling within the city of
Chicago after January 1, A. D. 1909, unless such milk or cream or the milk or
cream contained in buttermilk and ice cream, be obtained from cows that have
given a satisfactory negative tuberculin test within one year; the cows having
been satisfactorily tested shall be marked “tuberculin tested” and shall be
numbered and a certificate shall be filed with the division of milk inspection of
THE MIDK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 285
the department of health of the city of Chicago upon forms furnished by the
commissioner of health, giving the number, a brief description of the animal,
the date of the taking of said test and the name of the owner. Said certificate
shall be signed by the person making such test: Provided, however, That from
January 1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit, until January 1, 1914, milk
or cream or buttermilk and ice cream made from milk or cream, obtained from
cows not tuberculin tested or not free from tuberculosis, may be sold within
the city of Chicago if the milk or cream from said cows is pasteurized according
to the rules and regulations of the department of health of the city of Chicago.
See. 2. Any milk, cream, buttermilk, or ice cream offered for sale, exposed for
sale, or kept with the intention of selling within the city of Chicago which shall
be found within the city in violation of section 1, shall be forthwith seized, con-
demned, and destroyed by the milk and food inspectors or other duly authorized
agents or employees of the department of health of the city of Chicago.
Sec. 3. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after January
1, 1909.
BUTTER.
Be it ordained by the city council of the city of Chicago:
Section 1. No butter shall be sold or offered for sale or kept with the intention
of selling in the city of Chicago after January 1, 1909, unless such butter he
made from milk or cream obtained from cows that have given a satisfactory
negative tuberculin test within one year: Provided, however, That from January
1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit, until January 1, 1914, butter made of
milk obtained from cows not tuberculin tested or not free from tuberculosis
may be Sold in the city of Chicago if the milk or cream from which such butter
was made was pasteurized according to the rules and regulations of the depart-
ment of health of the city of Chicago.
Sec. 2. It shall be unlawful to sell any butter in the city of Chicago, unless
there be stamped on the package in plainly legible letters of not less than one-
eighth inch type: “ Made of milk (or cream) from cows free from tuberculosis,
as shown by tuberculin test,” or, ‘Made from milk (or cream) pasteurized
according to the rules and regulations of the department of health of the city
of Chicago.
Sec. 3. Any butter offered for sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the intention
of selling in the city of Chicago, which shall be found within the city in viola-
tion of this ordinance, shall be forthwith seized, condemned, and destroyed by
the milk and food inspectors or other duly authorized agents or employees of
the department of health of the city of Chicago.
Sec. 4. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after January
1, 1909.
CHEESE.
Be tt ordained by the city council of the city of Chicago:
Section 1. No domestic cheese shall be sold or offered for sale or kept with the
intention of selling in the city of Chicago after January 1, 1909, unless such
cheese be made from milk or cream obtained from cows that have given a
satisfactory negative tuberculin test within one year: Provided, however, That
from January 1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit, until January 1, 1914,
domestic cheese made of milk obtained from cows not tuberculin tested or not
free from tuberculosis, may be sold in the city of Chicago if the milk or cream
trom which such cheese was made was pasteurized according to the rules and
regulations of the department of health of the city of Chicago.
See. 2. It shall be unlawful to sell any such cheese in the city of Chicago
unless there be stamped on the package in plainly legible letters of not less than
one-eighth inch type: “‘ Made of milk (or cream) from cows free from tubercu-
losis, aS shown by tuberculin test,” or “ Made from milk (or cream) pasteurized
according to the rules and regulations of the department of health of the city
of Chicago.”
Sec. 38. Any cheese offered for sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the inten-
tion of selling in the city of Chicago, which shall be found within the city in
violation of this ordinance, shall be forthwith seized, condemned, and destroyed
by the milk and food inspectors or other duly authorized agents or employees of
the department of health of the city of Chicago.
Sec. 4. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after January
1, 1909.
286 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
,
RULES REGULATING THE 'TUBERCULIN TESTING OF COWS.
Rule 1. Who may make the test.—Tuberculin tests made on animals supply-
ing the city of Chicago with milk or milk products may be made by licensed
graduate veterinarians, Hederal or State veterinarians, Federal, State, or city
dairy and milk inspectors, and by persons regularly employed by the Chicago
department of health for that purpose.
Rule 2. The test to be employed.—The regular injection method of tuberculin
testing shall be employed. The temperature shall be taken at least four times
on the day preceding the inoculation and at least six times on the day following
the inoculation, at not less that two-hour intervals. A rise of 2° over the aver-
age temperature on the day preceding the inoculation shall be considered a posi-
tive test. Ifa rise of from 14 to 2° is obtained, the results shall be considered
doubtful and the animal subjected to a later retest. Animals that have been
added to the herds within the last six weeks shall be tested by the ordinary
injection test supplemented by Calmette’s ophthalmic test, and a positive result
with either one or the other shall condemn the animal. The department of
health shall have the power to require the retesting of all animals submitted for
milk supply by the Calmette ophthalmic method or any other method to be de-
cided on in the future.
Rule 3. The numbering and tagging of animals.—All tested animals shall bear
an indestructible tag indicating the series, and also the number assigned to the
animal. Tags placed by Federal, State, and municipal inspectors will designate
by abbreviations or otherwise the series represented. Veterinarians supplying
the numbered tags must haye their initials or some other distinctive mark ap-
pear on the tag with the number to indicate the series.
Rule 4. Statement to be submitted.—A statement must be filed with the divi-
sion of milk inspection for every tuberculin-tested animal supplying the city of
Chicago with milk or milk products. This statement must indicate the number
and series given to the animal, which number and series must correspond with
the tag or mark worn by the animal. This statement must also state the age
and color of the animal and any other distinctive marks shown by the animal.
In addition the statement must show the temperature record of the animal on
the days preceding and following the test, the date and the exact time of taking
these temperatures, and the date and time of making the injection and amount
and kind of tuberculin used; the name of the owner and the signature of the
person making the test, together with the official capacity of said person or per-
sons making the test and their address. The statement submitted shall also
indicate the date of the iast tuberculin test made upon the animal and the method
of making this test, and the length of time that the animal has been in the herd.
CLEVELAND, OHIO.
REGULATIONS BOARD OF HEALTH, 1908—MILK.
PART TWO.
Title V—Dairy inspectors.
Section 1. Dairy inspectors shall under the direction of the chief veterinarian
inspect dairies, milk houses, and other places and conditions relative to the pro-
duction, transportation, and sale of milk, and shall perform all duties and
carry out all orders and regulations as hereinafter set forth, or as otherwise
directed by the board of health or the superintendent of sanitation.
See. 2. The chief veterinarian upon receiving notification from the health
office of any dairyman, milk dealer, or other person who has made application
for a permit for the sale of milk, shall have the premises and place of business
of said dairyman, milk dealer, or other person inspected and shall report to
the health office the extent to which the provisions of Part Five, Title III and
Title IV of this code are complied with.
See. 3. The chief veterinarian upon receiving notification from the health
office of any person supplying milk which is brought into the city for sale,
shall have the premises of such person inspected according to the provisions of
Part Five, Title IV of this code, and shall report to the health officer his find-
ings with regard to same,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 287
Sec. 4. On and after the —— day of. , 1906, no milk will be allowed to
be sold or offered for sale or brought into the city from any cow or cows unless
the owner of said cow or cows holds a certificate of the chief veterinarian or
other veterinarian acceptable to the board of health that said cow or cows
are free from tuberculosis, aS shown by the tuberculin test.
Sec. 5. Any person selling or offering for sale any milk from uninspected
cows shall have his license revoked upon the recommendation of the chief
veterinarian.
PART FIVE.
Title ITI—Milk.
Section 1. No person shall bring into the city for sale, or shall sell or offer for
sale, any milk, without a permit from the superintendent of sanitation.
See. 2. No person shall bring into the city for sale, or shall sell or offer for
for sale, any milk which has been obtained from any milk dealer, dairyman,
or other person not having a permit or the official license based on the approval
of the chief veterinarian.
See. 3. Any dairyman, milk dealer, or other person, upon application to the
health office for a permit to sell or deliver milk, shall file a sworn statement
giving his name and address, the number of cows he owns or has charge of,
the average amount of milk (estimated) which he sells each day, the names,
addresses, and license numbers of all persons from whom he buys milk, the
average amount of milk (estimated) which he buys from them each day, the
average amount of milk (estimated) sold by each of them each day, and the
number of cows owned by or in charge of each.
*Sec. 4. No person shall bring into the city for sale, or shall sell or offer for
sale, any milk—
(a) Containing more than 88 per cent of water or fluids.
(6) Containing less than 12 per cent of milk solids.
(c) Containing less than 3 per cent of fats.
(d) From which any part of the cream has been removed.
(e) Having a specific gravity of less than 10.29.
(f) Containing any boraciec or salicylic acid, formaldehyde, or other foreign
chemical. |
(g) Containing any pathogenic bacteria.
(th) Containing bacteria of any kind, more than 500,000 per cubic centimeter.
(4) Drawn from any cow having a communicable disease, or from a herd
which contains any diseased cattle, or from a herd the attendants of which
are afflicted with or have been exposed to any communicable disease.
(7) Drawn from any cow within 15 days before or after parturition. ¢
(k) Drawn from any cow which has been fed on garbage, refuse, swill, moist
distillery waste, or other improper food.
(2) Having a temperature or which has been kept at a temperature higher
than 55° F.
(m) Which has existed or has been kept under conditions contrary to the
provisions of this code.
Provided, That the first five subdivisions of this section shall not apply to
milk sold under the name of “skimmed milk,” as provided in section 5 of this
title.
Src. 5. No person shall bring into the city for sale, or sell or offer for sale,
milk from which the cream has been removed, either in part or in whole, unless
sold as skimmed milk, and unless on both sides of the vehicle from which such
milk is sold, in letters not less than 1 inch in height, the words ‘“ skimmed
milk,’ or if not sold from a vehicle, upon each and every vessel from which
such milk is sold, there be painted a bright red band in width at least one-tenth
the height of said vessel, or displayed in plain and legible manner, the words
“skimmed milk.”
Src. 6. No person shall bring into the city for sale, or sell or offer for sale,
any so-called skimmed milk containing less than 9x5 per cent of milk solids.
Src. 7. No person shall ship or store any milk in any basement, cellar, re
frigerator, milk house, dairy, or other place unless such place have 1 square foot
of window space to each 4 square feet of floor space. Such place shall be pro-
vided with a cement floor, properly drained, and shall contain a vat made of
nonabsorbent material large enough to store all milk. ,Windows and doors shall
be provided, from May 1 to September 30, inclusive, with sound screens of
mesh sufficiently fine to keep out flies and other insects.
288 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Sec. 8. No person shall store any milk in any basement, cellar, refrigerator,
milk house, dairy, or other place which is within 15 feet of any closet or privy.
yault or cesspool, or any horse or cow stable, or any chicken or poultry yard
or coop.
Src. 9. Every person using in the sale or distribution of milk a delivery wagon
or other vehicle shall keep the same at all times in a cleanly condition and free
from any substance liable to contaminate or injure the purity of the milk.
Src. 10. Every person using in the sale or distribution of milk a delivery
wagon or other vehicle shall keep the name of the owner thereof and the number
of the wagon license, in letters not less than 2 inches in height, upon the side
of said delivery wagon or other vehicle.
Sec. 11. Every person using in the sale or distribution of milk a delivery
wagon or other vehicle shall, from May 1 to September 30, inclusive, have and
keep over said delivery wagon or other vehicle a covering of canyas or other
material, so arranged as adequately to protect the contents thereof from the
rays and the heat of the sun.
Sec. 12. No person shall bottle any milk upon any delivery wagon or vehicle,
or in any other place than a milk house, dairy, or other building where milk is
regularly stored and sold.
Sec. 13. No person or dealer shall give, furnish, sell, or offer for sale, or
deliver any milk, buttermilk, whey, sour milk, skimmed milk, or cream in
quantities less than 1 gallon, except in sanitary bottles, sealed with a suitable
cap or stopper, and except where the milk is sold at the milk house or dairy,
when the same may be dipped (and the dipped milk shall not be carried on
the street in any other than a covered vessel), but the milk house, dairy, or
other place in which milk is handled or stored shall be located no less than 15
feet from any water-closet or privy vault or cesspool, or any horse or cow
stable, or any chicken or poultry yard or coop, and the milk house, dairy, or
other place shall be a room which is not used for any other purpose than the
handling and storing of milk.
Sec. 14. No person shall transfer any milk intended for sale from one can,
bottle, or receptacle into another can, bottle, or receptacle on any street, alley,
or thoroughfare, or upon a delivery wagon or other vehicle, or in any exposed
place in the city of Cleveland, except in a creamery, milk depot, or in the
inclosed premises of the customer of the dealer in milk.
Sec. 15. No person shall remove from any dwelling in which exists any case
of communicable disease any bottles or other receptacles which have been or
which are to be used for containing or storing milk Coane with permission of
the health officer.
Src. 16. No person shall use any milk ticket more ‘hai once.
Src. 17. No person shall keep any cow without a permit from the health office.
Sec. 18. No person or dealer shall sell, offer for sale, or deliver any milk,
buttermilk, whey, sour milk, skimmed milk, cream, Dutch cheese, or other milk
product in quantities exceeding 1 gallon unless the can or receptacle containing
the same is securely sealed by lock and chain, wire, or other contrivance equally
efficient: Provided, however, That the persons or dealers engaged exclusively in
the wholesale delivery or sale of milk, buttermilk, whey, sour milk, cream,
skimmed milk, Dutch cheese, or other milk product from wagons not carrying
milk in bottles may deliver the same from unsealed cans or receptacles: And
provided further, That said wagon or wagons shall have inscribed conspicuously
thereon in plain letters, not less than 8 inches in height, the words ‘“ Whole-
sale delivery.”
Title [V.—Rules governing the inspection of milk by the dairy inspectors.
Section 1. The dairies of all persons shipping milk for sale in uae will
be inspected and rated according to the following provisions:
(a) Cows.—Condition and healthfulness—Perfect score 10.
(Two points will be deducted if cows are in poor flesh and 8 points if not
tuberculin tested.)
Cleanliness—Perfect score 5.
(All cows clean, 5; good, 4; fair, 3; medium, 2; poor,:1; bad, 0.)
(60) Stables.—Construction of floors—Perfect score 5.
(If the floor is of cement or stone flag in good repair, 5; brick or matched
board in good repair, 4; ordinary wooden floor in good repair, 3; one-half wood
and one-half cement, 8; half wood, cement, or other material and half dirt, 2;
any material in poor repair, 1; if no floor, allow 0.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 289
Cleanliness—Perfect score 5.
(If stables are thoroughly clean, including windows, walls, and ceiling, 5;
deduction will be in proportion to dirt, cobwebs, etc.)
Light—Perfect score 5.
(For 4 square feet per cow, 5 points will be given; 3 square feet per cow, 4;
2 square feet per cow, 3; 1 Sq’:are foot per cow, 2; 6 square inches per cow, 1;
less than 6 square inches pez cow, 0.)
Ventilation—Perfect score 4.
(If ventilation is good, 4 points will be given; deductions will be made in
proportion for lack of ventilation; if all windows are closed and no attempt
at ventilation is made, 0 will be allowed.)
Cubic space per cow—Perfect score 3.
(If 500 cubic feet per cow. 3 points will be allowed; less than 500 and over
400 cubic. feet per cow, 2; less than 400 and over 300 cubic feet per cow, 1;
less than 300 cubic feet per cow, 0 will be allowed.)
Removal of manure—Perfect score 2.
(If manure is hauled to the fields daily, 2 points will be allowed; removed 30
feet from stable, 1; otherwise, 0.)
Stable yard—Perfect score 1.
(If stable yard is in good condition and well drained, 1 point will be allowed;
otherwise, 0.)
(c) Water supply—For cows—Perfect score 5.
(If cows are supplied with pure running water, 5 points will be allowed;
running well water from windmill or otherwise, 4; ordinary well water, 3;
pond or other muddy water, 0.)
For milk house—Perfect score 5.
(If milk house is supplied with pure, clean running water, 5 points will be
allowed; pure well water, 3; otherwise, 0.)
(d) Milk howse.—Construction—Perfect score 5.
(If the floor is of cement or tight boards well drained, if the walls and
eeiling are sound, and the milk house is well lighted and ventilated and not
attached by doorway to any other building, 5 points will be given; if the milk
house is in a barn or house, 2 points will be deducted, and deductions will be
made in proportion to deficiency in construction, light, and repair. If there is
no milk house, 0 will be allowed.)
Equipment—Perfect score 5.
(If hot water is installed for cleaning utensils, 1 point will be given; proper
pails used for no other purpose, 1; proper strainers, 1; aerator, 1; soda or wash-
ing powder for utensils, 1; 1 point will be deducted for absence of any.)
Cleanliness of interior—Perfect score 5.
(If the interior is absolutely clean, including windows, 5 points will be
allowed; good condition, 4; medium, 3; fair, 2; poor, 1; bad, 0.)
Care and cleanliness of utensils—Perfect score 5.
(If all utensils are thoroughly clean and kept on suitable racks, 5 points
will be allowed; 2 points will be deducted for absence of rack; deductions will
be made for rusty utensils or careless washing. The lighting and ventilation
of the milk house, together with its location in regard to other buildings, will
be taken into consideration.
(e) Milkers and milking.—Health of attendants—Perfect score 5.
(If the attendants are all in a healthy condition, 5 points will be allowed; if
any of the attendants are Sick or a contagious disease exists in the family, 0
will be allowed.)
Cleanliness of milking—Perfect score 10.
(If milking is done in special suits for milking, with clean, dry hands and
with attention to cleanliness of udders and teats before milking, 10 points will
be given; all of the above except special suits, 7; in addition 4 points will be
deducted for unclean teats or udder and 8 points for dirty hands; if wet milking
is done, 0 will be allowed.)
(f) Handling the milk.
(If milk is poured from pail into cool receptacle as soon as milked, 5 points
will be given; if poured into can and can is put into cold water as soon as
filled, 2; otherwise, 0.)
Efficient cooling—Perfect score 5.
(If the milk reaches a temperature of 60° before being shipped, 5 points will
be given; a temperature of 65°, 3; a temperature of 70°, 1; above 70°, 0 will
be allowed.)
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3——19
’
990 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Storing at low temperature—Perfect score 5.
(If milk is stored ata temperature of 60°, 5 points will be given; a tempera-
ture of 65°, 3; a temperature of 70°, 1; above 70°, 0 will be allowed.)
Sec. 2. All dairies will be scored by the inspector upon a ecard in the following,
form:
Owner or lessee of farm . Town, , state
Number of cows, Quarts of milk produced daily, .
Is product sold at wholesale or retail? ‘
If shipped to dealer, give name and address: :
Permit No. — Date of inspection, , 190—.
Perfect
Cows: score.
Condition (2), health (8) it oe toe eee eee eee 10
OleaMinessyh eek A we ee, A es UY eee Oe Se ee ee ee 5
Stables:
Construction. of floorse') 220220 22 ae eee eee 5
@leamMlinesswE ys ees ee BE a a ee et ea ee ee 5
Bleht 2 ose ae ee ee ee ee ee 5
Ventilation {324.0 ae See 2 le Se Se ee eee 4
Cubiespace pémeow less mule shes [ial ease Oe) Bes Ue ee 3
Removal of manure (2), cleanliness and drainage, stable yard (1)__-__ 3
Water supply:
WOM? COW SLT 8 Sai eve Mea Pee Sea ie ees oO bs — ee See ee eee 5
Horvamnil knoe wise lel en. Pek a eas eee eee eee \ 2 2 Bee Es ee 5p
Milk house:
GOmMSECU CHROME Se ee EES Ss Ee en opis
Quel privet ces oie nites ee ce ee a eg di geek ee eee ee ee eee 5.
Cleanliness 22.2 22. eo a PSE eee ee es ee 5s
Care ‘and cleanliness of whensils222tees See eee 9)
Is house detached? , lighted? , ventilated?
Milkers and milking: ;
Hedlth wot athendamts:: 2200 22 Ws oa el einer Bee eee ee ee eee eee 5:
Cleanlinessof ‘milking!so 24) ik Sis see ee ee eee 10:
Handling the milk:
Prompt cooling 222.0 E2222 oh esd ie eet Ee Sp eee 5:
Hiicient (cooling. 2s oO ee eee a ee ee eee et aE ew ee 5
Storingiat low temperatureleriis suse us eee lee lle eee 5
Total ‘scoresed pont eee was ward Sige tet ae eee 100
Sanitary conditions are—Hxcellent ——; good ——-; medium ——Y-;; poor
Suggestions by inspector
Milk or cream from dairies falling below 45 in the rating as indicated above
will be excluded from sale in Cleveland during 1908; milk or cream from dairies
falling below 50 will be excluded from sale in Cleveland during 1909.
COLUMBUS, OHIO.
[Board of Health.]
SANITARY CODE OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS, OHIO.
PART IT.—ADMINISTRATIVE,
Title [X.—Milk inspectors.
Section 1. The milk inspectors shall enforce all rules and orders of the board
as relate to dairies and dairy supplies. They shall visit dairies supplying milk
to the city and milk venders within the city and make careful inspections of
dairy herds, stables, milk houses, receptacles, containers, methods of milking
and of handling milk, and all matters pertaining to the sanitary condition of all
dairy products at all times, as provided in this code.
Sec. 2. Their time shall be fully devoted to the inspection of dairies and dairy
products in stores and markets. They shall gather samples from distributors
of milk for laboratory examinations. They shall report daily to the health
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 291
office a detailed account of their inspections. They shall report to the health
officer any evidence of violations of law, order, or rule. They shall work inde-
pendently of each other and under the general supervision of the health officer.
* ie * * % * *
PART III.—FOOD.
Title [.—Milk.
Resolved by the board of health, That the first three paragraphs of the rules
governing milk, adopted by the board July 29, 1903, be amended so as to read
as follows:
Section 1. Permits.—No one shall engage in the sale of milk or cream in the
city of Columbus, Ohio, ship same into the city for sale, or supply to others for
use in the city unless he shall first obtain a permit from the board of health
so to do.
A fee of $1 will be charged for each permit, and the same shall be credited
to the sanitary fund. Permits shall be renewed annually in January. Permits
issued after July 1 shall be charged at the rate of 50 cents for each permit for
use only during the second half of the year. On or before the 1st day of Janu-
ary permits will be issued by the board of health for the ensuing year to all
applicants who comply with the provisions of these rules and regulations regu-
lating the sale of milk or cream in the city of Columbus, but before the issuance
of any permit every vender or shipper of milk or cream shall make application
_therefor upon a printed form, provided by the board for that purpose, on which
shall be stated:
1. The name, residence, post-office address, and location of the business place
or places of the applicant.
2. The number of cows from which milk is obtained for sale and the kind
of food which the cows are given.
3. If the applicant buys part or all his milk supply, the names and addresses
of all persons from whom he obtains milk or cream.
4. If the applicant be a shipper of milk or cream into the city, he shall, in
addition to the above, state the route of -his shipments.
Sec. 2. Inspections for permits.—The board will not issue any permit unless
it is satisfied, atter inspection, with the cleanly and sanitary condition of the
stables, cows, wagons, store, or place of business of the applicant therefor and
with all the utensils used by him from which his milk or cream is obtained; and
that the food given the cows is pure and wholesome; and that all persons en-
gaged in the care and handling of the milk are free from any contagious dis-
eases and that said persons use due cleanliness in their work.
Sec. 3. Applications for permits—AIl applications for permits shall be
signed by the applicant, and when received by the milk and dairy inspector shall
be placed on file, and the name of such applicant shall be entered in a book of
registration kept for such purpose. As soun as possible after an application is
received at the health office for a permit to sell milk, the milk and dairy in-
spector shall visit the dairy or place of business of such applicant and make
such observation and gather such information as will enable the board to prop-
erly consider such application. Should the applicant live at such distance from
the city of Columbus as to make it impracticable for the milk and dairy in-
spector to visit such dairy premises, such applicant shall furnish evidence, satis-
factory to the board, of the sanitary condition of his dairy before he will be
given a permit to ship milk or cream to the city.
Sec. 4. Revoking permits——(a) If, after issuing a permit to sell milk or
eream, the board of health shall become satisfied that the provisions of this
subdivision of the sanitary code are being violated, it will at once revoke the
permit issued to such person or persons, and no new permit will be issued until
all insanitary conditions have been rectified and all other provisions of this
subdivision of the sanitary code are complied with.
(6) Anyone doing business under a permit from the board of health who
shall change the location of such business without notifying the health office of
such change shall have such permit revoked without further notice.
Sec. 5. Milk tickets.—If dairymen or other persons offering milk for sale use
tickets as representatives of value, these tickets must be in coupon form and
must be destroyed after once using.
Sec. 6. The stable and gurroundings.—The surroundings to the stable must be
Beer as Sanitary condition. Cows must not be allowed to stand in manure
and filth.
992 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Sec. 6a. All parts of stable except floors and windows must be painted in some
light color, or whitewashed at least twice a year. Stables must be kept free
from dirt, dust, cobwebs, and odor. Manure and urine must be removed from
stable at least twice daily, and if not taken to field daily, must be moved at least
30 feet from stable and placed where cows can not get into it. Manure must
not be thrown out through stable windows. If horses are kept in same stable,
a tight partition should separate them from cattle. No other animals or fowls
will be allowed in cow stable. Floors must not be laid less than 1 foot higher
than outside surface level, so that good drainage can be procured; floors must
be constructed of asphalt, concrete brick with surface flushed with cement, or
of wood, water-tight. They must be kept in good repair at all times, and also
constructed with a gutter not less than 12 inches wide and 6 inches deep; a
4-foot walk back of cows and not less than a 20-inch manger in front. (Front
half of cow stall may be made of clay.)
Ceiling must be dust tight and kept free from cobwebs.
Light. At least 3 square feet of unobstructed window glass must be provided
per cow and equally distributed; at least 500 cubic feet of space must be pro-
vided for per cow; windows must be left partially open, if no other method of
yentilation is provided for. Stable yard must be well drained and kept clean.
See. 7. Cows must be kept clean; manure litter, etc., must not be allowed to
become caked and dried on them. They must not be allowed to stand in nor
wade through filth and manure. The bedding must be kept sweet and clean at
all times and of sufficient quantity to protect the animals from lying in filth.
Sec. 8. Feed and water.—Cows must be fed on clean, dry feed, neither decayed,
’ moldy, dusty, distillery waste, nor starch waste. If malt is fed it must not be
fed when sour.
Pure running spring water or ordinary well water, free from contamination,
pumped in clean tanks, must be provided.
See. 9. Milkers.—The milkers must thoroughly wash and wipe their hands
and the cows’ udders before they begin milking. They must not use pails, cans,
strainers, etc., unless they have been thoroughly washed in hot water and soap,
or hot water and soda, and afterwards sterilized with boiling water or steam.
Care must be taken that the seams of the vessels are thoroughly cleaned with
a brush. They must refrain from milking or handling milk, in any way, when
in themselves or their families there is even a suspicion of any contagious or
infectious disease, such as smallpox, scarlet fever, diphtheria, typhoid fever,
tuberculosis, or the like.
See. 10. Handling the milk.—Immediately after milking, the milk shall be re-
removed from the stable into a milk room screened from flies and other insects,
aerated and cooled to at least 60° temperature, and put into perfectly clean
bottles or cans. Dairymen who use both bottles and cans in delivering milk
shall not fill bottles while on their delivery route.
See. 10a. The milk house or milk room must be located at least 25 feet from
any other building and provided with a tight floor, either concrete or wood, laid
so as to provide drainage. It must be kept clean at all times and free from any
odor.
Sec. 11. Care of cans or bottles.—(a) All cans or bottles used in the distribu-
tion of milk must be thoroughly cleaned, either by hot water and soap or hot
water and soda, or other alkalies, rinsed and sterilized by boiling water or
steam before they are again used as receptacles for milk. HWxtreme care must
be exercised in cleaning the faucets to cans by use of a brush.
(b) Milk cans must be washed and cleansed immediately after the milk or
cream is emptied therefrom, and in no case shall the washing be later than 24
hours after the receipt of the can.
(c) No person shall use a milk bottle for other than milk purposes.
Sec. 12. Quality of milk.—No person shall bring into the city for sale, or shall
sell or offer for sale, any milk—
(a) Containing more than 88 per cent of water or fluids.
(bo) Containing less than 12 per cent of milk solids.
(c) Containing less than 3 per cent of milk fats.
(d@) From which any part of the cream has been removed.
(e) Having a specific gravity of less than 1.029.
(f) Containing any dirt, foreign matter, or sediment.
(g) Containing any boracic or salicylic acid, formaldehyde, or other foreign
chemicals.
(h) Containing any pathogenic bacteria.
(i) Containing bacteria of any kind, more than 500,000 per cubic centimeter.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 2938
(7) Drawn from any cow having a communicable disease or showing clinical
symptoms of tuberculosis, or from a herd which contains any diseased cattle,
or are afflicted with or have been exposed to any communicable disease.
(%) Drawn from any cow within 15 days before or 12 days after parturition.
(1) Drawn from any cow which has been fed on garbage, refuse, swill, moist
distillery waste, or other improper food.
(m) Having a temperature, or which has been kept at a temperature higher
than 65° F.
(n) Which has existed or has been kept under conditions contrary to the
provisions of this code.
(0) No milk shall be kept, sold, or offered for sale drawn from cows suffering
with sore and inflamed udders and teats, or from cows diseased.
Provided that the subdivisions (@), (6), (c), and (d) of this section shall not
apply to milk sold under the name of “ skimmed milk.”
Sec. 13. Retailers.—All grocers, bakers, or other persons having or orenine for
sale milk or cream, Shall at all times keep the names and addresses of the
dairymen from whom the milk on sale was obtained posted up in a conspicuous
place wherever such milk may be sold or offered for sale. If skimmed milk is
kept or offered for sale, each and every container of such milk shall be plainly
marked with the words “skimmed milk” in letters not less than 1 inch in
height.
See. 14. Skimmed nit Ue) No person shall bring into the city for sale or
sell, or offer for sale, milk from which the cream has been removed, either in
part or in whole, unless on two sides of the container from which such milk is
sold there appears in red letters, not less than 1 inch in height, the words
“skimmed milk.”
(6) No person shall bring into the city for sale or sell or offer for sale any
so-called skimmed milk containing less than 9.3 per cent of milk solids.
Sec. 15. Storage.—(a) No person shall ship or store any milk in any base-
ment, cellar, refrigerator, milk house, dairy or other place unless such place
have 1 square foot of window space to each 4 square feet of floor, wtih a
cement floor, properly drained, and shall contain a vat made of nonabsorbent
material large enough to store all milk. Windows and doors shall be provided
from May 1 to October 1, inclusive, with sound screens of mesh sufficiently fine
to keep out flies and other insects.
(6) No person shall store any milk in any basement, cellar, refrigerator, milk
house, dairy, or other place which is within 15 feet of any water-closet or
privy vault or cesspool, or any horse or cow stable, or any chicken or poultry
yard or coop.
_ Sec. 16. Milk delivery wagons.—(a) No one shall use any vehicle for the de-
livery of milk in the city of Columbus which has not painted thereon in legible
Roman letters not less than 3 inches in height, and on both sides of the vehicle
in a conspicuous place, the name and location of his dairy and the number of
his permit, and if such vender sells skimmed milk, each and every container
of skimmed milk shall have the words “skimmed milk” thereon in plain let-
ters not less than 1 inch in height.
Sec. 16b. Every person using in the sale or distribution of milk a delivery
wagon or other vehicle shall keep the same at all times in a cleanly condition
and free from any substance liable to contaminate or injure the purity of the
milk, and from May 1 to October 1 shall have and keep over such delivery
wagon or other vehicle a covering of canvas or other material so arranged as
to thoroughly protect the contents thereof from the rays and heat of the sun.
Sec. 17. Sealed container. Wholesale delivery—No person or dealer shall
sell, offer for sale, or deliver any milk, buttermilk, whey, sour milk, skimmed
milk, cream, Dutch cheese, or other milk product in quantities exceeding 1
gallon unless the can or receptacle containing the same is securely sealed by
lock and chain, wire, or other contrivance equally efficient: Provided, however,
That the persons or dealer engaged exclusively in the wholesale delivery or sale
of milk, buttermilk, whey, sour milk, cream, skimmed milk, Dutch cheese, or
other milk products from wagons not carrying milk for retail customers, may
fleliver the same from unsealed cans or receptacles: And provided further,
That said wagon or wagons shall have inscribed conspicuously thereon in plain
letters, not Jess than 3 inches in height, the words “ wholesale delivery.”
Sec. 18. Original container.—No person or milk dealer shall sell, deliver, sell
or offer to sell, or keep for sale in stores, milk or cream, in quantities less than
1 gallon unless delivered and kept in the original package or container. (DHx-
ception: Original packages of not greater capacity than 1 quart may be broken
for sale if the unsold portion is kept in the original package, properly. closed. )
994 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The compartment where milk or cream is kept shall be separated by an im-
pervious water and odor proof partition from all other compartments of any
ice box or refrigerator; neither milk nor cream shall be kept in the same com-
partment with any other foodstuffs except butter and cheese.
Sec. 19. Milk plants——(a) Construction: Floors must be made of asphalt,
cement, or other smooth vitrified substance, laid so as to allow ready drainage;
walls and ceiling shall be smooth, tight, and kept painted in some light color;
window space shall be equivalent to 10 per cent floor space.
(6) Equipment: Must be arranged and constructed so it can be easily and
efficiently cleaned; all piping used to convey milk must be of the sanitary taken
down form. Windows and doors, from May 1 to October 1, must be provided
with sound screens of mesh sufficiently fine to keep out flies and other insects.
Building and equipment must be kept clean at all times and free from odors.
(c) Handling milk: Milk shall be pasteurized at the following temperatures:
140° F., uniform heating, 20 minutes; 150° F., uniform heating, 15 minutes,
155° F., uniform heating, 5 minutes; 160° F., uniform heating, 1.5 minutes; 165°
F., uniform heating, 1 minute.
The time shall be calculated from the time that the entire quantity reaches
the required temperature. The milk shall be promptly cooled after pasteuriza-
tion to a temperature of 50° F., or less, and stored at a similar temperature.
Sec. 20. Contagious diseases.—(a) Should scarlet fever, smallpox, diphtheria,
typhoid fever, tuberculosis or other dangerous or infectious disease occur in the
family of any dairyman or among any of his employees, or in any house in which
milk is kept for sale, or in the family or among the employees of any person
whe ships milk into the city for sale, such dairyman, such venders or shippers
of milk shall immediately notify the health officer of the facts of the case, and
the health officer shall at once investigate and order the sale of such milk
stopped, or sold under such regulations as he thinks proper.
(6) Should dairymen, venders, or shippers of milk fail to notify the health
officer when contagious diseases exist in their families or in the families of
their employees, or who, after such information is given the health officer, fail
to obey his directions, the milk and dairy inspector shall seize and destroy all
milk sent into the city by such persons, and he shall, when acting in good faith,
be held harmless in damages therefor in any suit or demands made.
(c) In delivering milk to families in which there exists any of the above-
hamed contagious or infectious diseases, the dairyman shall not enter, neither
shall he permit any of his milk bottles or vessels to be taken into such houses,
but shall pour such milk as each family wishes into vessels furnished by such
family.
See. 21. Milk inspectors.—The milk or dairy inspector, the health officer, or
any person authorized by the board of health, may examine all dairy herds,
utensils for handling mili, of all dairymen or other persons engaged in seliing
or shipping for sale milk or cream to the city of Columbus. These inspectors
shall have power to open any can, vessel, or package containing milk or cream,
whether sealed (locked) or otherwise, or whether in transit or otherwise, and
take samples of the milk or cream for testing or anélysis; and if, upon inspec-
tion, the milk or cream is found to be filthy, or the cans or other containers are
in an unclean condition, the said inspector may then and there condemn the
milk or cream as deemed by him to be filthy and pour the contents of such
bottles, vessels, or packages upon the ground forthwith, and he shall, if done in
good faith, be held harmless in damages therefor in any suit or demand made.
Sec. 22. Penalty for violation.—Whoever violates any provisions of this sub-
division of the sanitary code of the city of Columbus shall be fined in any sum
not exceeding $100, or imprisoned for any time not exceeding 90 days, or both;
but no person shall be imprisoned under this section for the first offense, and
the prosecution shall always be for such first offense, unless the affidavit upon
which the prosecution is instituted contains the allegation that the offense is a
second or repeated offense. (Sec. 2119, O. L., vol. 95, p. 424.)
These rules and regulations staal take effect and be in force 10 teks from
first publication.
*““(15386-756.) R. S. See. 2139. Tecra ey appointment and duties; record of
meat and milk dealers; permit; examination of cows; certificate; contagious
disease in family of dairyman, etc.; may make and enforce orders : The board
of health may appoint such number of inspectors of dairies, slaughterhouses,
shops, wagons, appliances, food and water supplies for animals, milk, meat,
butter, cheese, and substances purporting to be butter or cheese, or haying the
semblauce of butter or cheese, and snch other persons as may be necessary to
carry out the provisions of this chapter, define their duties, and fix their com-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 295
pensation, and the health officer may be appointed and authorized by said board
to perform all the duties of such inspectors; and such inspectors may, for
such purpose, enter any house, vehicle, or yardi; and the board of health shall
keep for public inspection a record of the names, residences; andi places of
business of all persons engaged in the sale of milk or meat; and may require
permits, to be renewed semiannually and for which a charge of not more than
50 cents may be made, after inspection, to vend either milk or meat, and the
board may refuse to grant such permit or revoke one alteady given if, upon
inspection, the cows or milk are found to be kept in an unsanitary condition;
and the board may require a certificate from a licensed veterinarian showing
the cows furnishing milk brought for sale within its jurisdiction are free from
tuberculosis or other dangerous disease, and should scarlet fever, typhoid, or
other dangerous contagious or infectious disease occur in the family of any
dairyman or among hig employees, or in any house in which milk is kept for
sale, it shall be the duty of such dairyman or vender of such milk to imme-
diately notify the health officer of the city, village, op hamlet in which such
milk is sold, or is offered for sale, of the facts of the case, and the health officer
may order the sale of such milk stopped, pending an investigation to be made
without delay, and for such time thereafter as the board of health may require;
and the board of health may make and enforce such orders as it may deem
necessary to prevent the sale of impure, adulterated, and unwholesome milk, or
milk liable to carry disease. (O. L., vol. 95, p. 483.)”
**(15386-757.) R. S. Sec. 2140. Places where meat, butter, cheese, etc. are
made, subject to inspection; analysis of milk, butter, etc.: All dairies, includ-
ing the cows, cow stables, milk houses, and milk vessels, the owners of which
offer for sale within the limits of the corporation milk or butter manufactured
by such owners, shall be subject to inspection by the inspectors, and also any
manufactory of butter or cheese, or place where such substance or either of them
are sold, shall be subject to inspection by the inspectors; the inspector may
enter any place where milk is sold or kept for sale, and all carriages used for
the conveyance of milk within the corporate limits; and also any manufactory
or place where butter or cheese, or substances having the semblance of butter
or cheese, are manufactyred, or any place where such substances are sold or
kept for sale within the corporate limits; and whenever he has any reason to
believe milk found therein is impure or adulterated, or any butter or cheese, or
substances having the semblance of butter or cheese found therein contain any
impure, unwholesome, or deleterious substances, or is being sold or offered for
sale under any false of deceptive name or designation; that any butter or cheese
not made from pure cream or milk, or any substance having the semblance of
butter or cheese, is being sold or offered for sale, without being branded or
stamped, as required by section 7090, he shall take specimens thereof and
subject them to satisfactory tests; or, if the board. of health so direct, to
chemical analysis, the result of which he ‘shall record and preserve as evidence,
and a certificate of such result, sworn to by the analyst shall be admissible
in evidence in all prosecutions under this chapter or any law of this State.
(O. L., vol. 95, p. 434.)”
“Sec. 2. Refilling milk bottles: It shall be unlawful to fill or refill, with milk,
cream, or other milk product, any glass jar or bottle, with intent to sell or vend
such milk, cream, or other milk product, unless such glass jar or bottle be first
thoroughly cleansed and sterilized. (O. L., v. 99, p. 454.)”
DIRECTIONS FOR SCORING DAIRIES BY DAIRY DIVISION SCORE CARD.
[Adopted Mar. 19, 1908.]
Cows. No.
Healthfulness: points.
If tuberculin tested and in good condition_________________________ 170
In good condition, but not tuberculin tested________________________ 40
In poor condition and not tuberculin tested________________________ 0
Comfort:
Ti We UL OCG Guia Seed Sas See EU de at A a EL oy be 10
if-stablevtemperatire’ is 50° to GOs Wey ae a es 10
OGHetwiSse pews wh Mele tl be el ya AU SS PE he VE at da aA 0
Cleanliness :
Clean cows having no litter on them, hair on tail braid, quarter and
flank clipped, tail brushed and cleaned, hair on udder singed, skin
soft and pliable, free from eruptions, scab, grubs, and running
sores. Cows must look well groomed_____-______________ 60
2996 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Cleanliness—Continued. el
. Cows having no litter on them, free from skin eruptions, scab, grub,
ANG TUNNING SOMES2 o-oo ee eee ee eee ee Se hee ae ee 50
Cows fairly clean, free from skin erupticn, scab, grub, and running
SOTO ee Se a ea ae ee ceo ee ee 0
Cows free from skin eruptions, scabs, grub, and running sores______ 20
Cows dirty, with or without running sores___-_____________=_______ 0
Motal MUMber POIs tor (COW Sse 250
Cleanliness: UES,
If all parts of the stable, except floor and windows, are painted in
some light color, or whitewashed within the last six months, and
thoroughly cleaned, including windows, mangers, gutters, stable
GIA SSCL Cy ee cape ase ee Pepmeee 5 wea ae nae erie eRe 50
Deduct in proportion as many points as is necessary, if stable is not
whitewashed, not free from dust, dirt, cobwebs, ete______________
Stables not whitewashed, full of cobwebs, dirty, or dusty, with odors
Strong.enough, to Ingure miilke 2 222 se te eee 0
Location of dairy stable: !
If located on an elevation with floor laid not less than 1 foot higher
than outside surface level and located so that good drainage can be
secured, and 600 feet away from any marshy ground, stagnant
water, cesspools, privies, hogpens, henneries, and horse stable, or
other buildings in which other animals are kept, with the sur-
roundings free from accumulation of iiolnsta or decomposing
qa Tien = ek Be ae Be ee 20
All points same as above, with the ea of permitting horses in
the same barn as cows, with a tight partition between the cows’
stable and,,horse Stable2) 222 202 eo eee eee 10
All points as above, horses in the same barn, with a tight partition,
and other buildings close by, with the exception of outhouses and
(OehWieS LL ee oe ee Se ae Sa eases 5
(GY LAYS ERY SAIS se ea ee EO ISG ee oe ee ee eee (0)
Construction of stable floors:
Asphalt or concrete floor, kept in good repair, with gutters not less
than 14 inches wide, and not less than 8 inches deep, and made of
the same material, with 4 feet of space for walk back of the cows,
and with a manger not less than 20 inches wide in front of the
cows, also made of the same material___________________________ 50
Wood laid on cement floor with space between cement and wood,
flushed with pitch or tar, with gutter and walk made in the same
manner, and with the same size and dimensions for gutter and
walk. as: Siven)\abovenc 242s. ee hele oe ee 40)
Brick laid edgewise in concrete, sand, or on sand and boards, with
the surface slushed with cement, so that there are no crevices____ 40)
Matched wood floor in good repair, smooth, and made water-tight___ 30)
Ordinary wood floor, thoroughly covered with pitch or cae and made
water-tight, and kept in good repair Spa ft Sa Reach lel Me aid nt pe 30)
Ordinary wood floor, in good repair, with not less than a 2-foot walk
Hack Of (COWS. soso. 28 ook nase eee, eee ae 20)
Floor with front half of cow-stall platform made of dirt, with back
half of platform and gutter made of cement, with a walk not less
than2\feet: back of (COWS: = +20 ae bees oe ee eee tO
If no floor is provided, or floors with no gutters, or floors that are not
tichteandmhave: nowdraind? ea as ee 0
Sides of cow stable: :
If the asphalt or concrete floor is continued up on the side to a height
not less than 2 feet from the floor level, with round corners, and
plastered smooth, and kept in good repair, to form a side base-
board. Side, continued above side baseboard, constructed of con-
crete wood pulp plaster, or any other material that forms a hard,
smooth, nonabsorbent surface, and kept in good repair____________ 20
Baseboard on side not less than 2 feet high from floor level, made of
conerete or plaster, with round corners, but sides continued above
this, made of wood, well painted or whitewashed, and kept in good
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 297
No.
Sides of cow stable—Continued. points.
Sides made of wood throughout, rough or open Free in good
ST PED Te mere ok) 2 Ra A mommy LY gu Dy De 2a Ee ee ce a ETN Pe
Sides roughly constructed, or of open construction, out of repair, with
corners that will allow accumulation Ossie eet eR ee 0
Ceiling of stable:
Smooth, dust-tight ceiling, in good repair, made of plaster, smooth
metal, or matched boards, and thoroughly insulated above so that
monmoisture walllcollect onviceiling = [ius es ee Eee 20
Open construction with matched lumber laid on joist must be dust
ticht ands welllanculated ese es See ee ee ee eee 10
Ceiling made of unmatched lumber, smooth or rough boards in
SOOMMNC aie wae eae ne ieee See AOE Sen ee a 2 Se ee 5
Ceiling made of rails or litter, including straw or roughage________ 0
Light :
4 square feet of unobstructed window glass per cow, distributed
in that part of the stable where the cows stand____-__-_-_____-_- 50
8 square feet of unobstructed window glassper cow, distributed as above_ 40
2 square feet of unobstructed window glass per cow, distributed as above_ 30
1 square foot of unobstructed window glass per cow, distributed as above_ 20
6 inches or less than 6 inches of unobstructed window glass per cow_ 0
Cubic feet of space per cow in stable:
600 to 1,000 cubic feet of space per cow__--_------_----------------- 50
SbOOKcubici feet Oh Space Per (Cows ees Se ee eee 40
4200 cubIe feet of Space Per COWe. 22 aes eee Te ee ee 30
SOO CUbIEeetrOrSpAce) Per COWnA 22 2) ae eee 20
Less than 300 cubic feet of space per cow____-------__________--_-. 0
Ventilation: Two methods of ventilation may be used: First, the flue
system; second, the canvas system:
Flue system should be constructed in the Solon ig manner—
Exhaust flue—
First. Size, 80 square inches per cow.
Second. Distribution. Flues may be built one or more in
number.
Third. Construction. May be made of wood or other air-
tight material that is a good nonconductor.
Fourth. Inlet. Must not be more than 18 inches above the
floor.
Fifth. Outlet. Flue must extend through roof and above the
highest point of the building.
Flue should be made as straight as possible, without any
obstructions, to allow for free circulation of air.
Intake or fresh-air fue.—If air is taken from the stables through
the exhaust flue, arrangements must be made to allow fresh
air to come into the stable. This flue should allow 20 square
inches per cow. If more than one flue, they should be uni-
formly distributed throughout the stable.
Inlet.—Fresh air must be taken from some point below the outlet
of this flue in the stable. Flue must not be less than 1 foot
perpendicularly. Outlet must be near or in the ceiling of
ELMS RIS 2M OU ee ere ee Be NO et a ear ct a ee ea 20
The canvas system consists in placing muslin and wire screens in
open or unobstructed air spaces.
If 3 square feet of muslin is provided per cow, and uniformly
distributed from the highest to the lowest convenient point,
but not higher than from 2 feet of the floor to within 18 inches
Of Rte Keen lin eile ee OTE A APRN ened Mah A, DEAE: EAR OE OU iat 20
If 2 square feet of muslin is provided per cow, and uniformly
distributed from the highest to the lowest convenient point,
but not higher than 2 feet of the floor to within 18 inches of
ste ee er iy oop erat NC ee Ac tae te IE SON 15
If 1 square foot of Re is provided per cow, and uniformly
distributed from the highest to the lowest convenient point, but
not higher than 2 feet of the floor to within 18 inches of
Ghee ce lin a ewan is 2s 2. 2. aol een es Lee 10
Ventilation caused by open windows, ete______________________ 10
If no attempt is made to ventilate at all________._.__-____ 0
998 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
No.
Removal of manure: points.
If manure is immediately disposed of by hauling it into the fields or
away from the barns daily and none allowed to accumulate around
the stable: zi So. bye. yale ku ee ae aa Fuge ip ale ee peers Seles 40
If manure is removed from the stable daily, to a distance of 30 feet
from stable, and placed in a manure bin, or any other tight in-
Closures 284 eg i Desire el age eels: fa. eee fe)” See eee OEE 30
If manure is removed 10 feet from the stable daily and kept in a place
where cows can not walk into Samet 2.75) ewe ere ae 20
Otherwise tsi sje heh sted elt eet eye ukiny eh yy ee A pe epee 0
Stable yard:
If yard for turning out cows is a covered yard and the shed contain-
ing not less than 4 feet of light per cow, properly ventilated as
above, and 150 square feet of space per cow, elevated so that it
will drain readily, and kept bedded with straw or other roughage
atalliitimes, sovthatitusdryeslicue | patie ie) a ee ee 30
Yard not covered, but well drained and kept clean ________________ 20
Yard well bedded with straw or roughage, so as to keep cattle out of
the*miudijand mature weno as See San Rls he Ae 10
Other wiseis Jo. 26 peu pease al fal ae Set tev. Su A kere ate A LS a 0
Total number of points for stable_______________________________ 350
Water supply.
First. Pure running water from a spring that is protected from the en-
trance of flow to outlet, or artesian wells, or artificially forced water,
free from oils, sulphur, or other offensive and distasteful material, free
from contamination and supplied from a source not less than 250 feet
from a barnyard, privy, cesspool, ete., temperature not more than 70°
amd NESS tna ya ee ee eve 2 RI TAI RT cc A a) le 50
Second. Ordinary well water, free from contamination, and stored in
Clean AtamMKS, See ieee oe Sales 2A Ae 2 gaye Dn Sa a el fat a 40
Third. Ordinary well water pumped i in ordinary troughs that are kept clean_ 30
Fourth. Water from ponds, dirty troughs, muddy, or otherwise contaminated _ 0
Total number points for water supply________-__________________ 50
Location: Milk house.
If built on relatively high or elevated ground, floor level not less than
1 foot above ground surface, and including otherwise the same con-
ditions as described under “location of dairy stable,” with the ad-
dition that it should be located at least 100 feet away from the
dairy stables and 250 feet away from any other stable___________- 5
All conditions same as above,. except location, 25 feet away from
stable and 100 feet away from any other stable__________________ 3
All conditions, same as above except it is placed 10 feet away from
dairy stable and 50 feet from any other part of stable where
animals: care! kept see oe De ee a i al
If connected with stable with tight partition______________________ 4
QUTMOTWIS@ eal ole A a Aa 0
Purpose:
The place where the milk is to be taken immediately after milking
each cow, where it is to be cooled, aerated, Separated, or pasteur-
ized, and stored in tanks of water, with temperature not exceeding
50° F., and is supposed to remain there until time of delivery. In
this milk house there must be a tight partition, and the second
room should be a wash room used only for the purpose of washing
and sterilizing dairy utensils.
Outside construction :
May be of asphalt, brick, stone, or a combination of the same, in
good repair, with shingle, slate, or tile roof. and if not attached by
door to) anyother) by wil ira ee ee EE
Tight wood construction, plainly sided, well painted, and in good repair_
Ordinary? woods ComShr ul Ctl om wee e ws ee eae ae eee ag oa
Wood construction of plain, unpainted, or stained rough boards______
Old and partially decayed boards and dirty______________-__________
Oren
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 299
No.
Floors: points.
Asphalt, cement, or other smooth, vitrified floor, laid so as to allow
ready drainage with a slope of 1 inch to the foot, provided with a
drain, and the drain provided with a standard metal trap__-----~- 10
Cement floor, with nooslope ~~ ee eee 5
Wood floor, water-tight, in good repair___.___________________------ 2
Ordinary wood floor, in good repair___________________------------- 1
CIEL AVES it ISLES a mee gee 11 CY RS I A a Se VU MUM Ser ee A GS WEE 0
Walls and ceiling:
Sides provided with a baseboard made of concrete or other hard,
nonabsorbent, and nondecayed material, with sides and eeiling
plastered smoothly, and kept in good repair____-_____________--_- 10
With baseboard conerete or other hard, nonabsorbing, undecayable
material, sealed smoothly with boards and painted, and kept in
OO URE TE ea Nee i alt a Rg NE IL ld a TS 5
Smooth wood walls and ceiling in good repair_____________________ 2
COE aVeh oss Sey aes Oe a Be CNL em Dee a EV CU SE sa a BR Pre EBS ede 0
Light 6
40 square feet of glass to 1,000 cubic feet of air space____________.__ 10
30 square feet of glass to 1,000 cubic feet of air space___________-___ 5
20 square feet of glass to 1,000 cubic feet of air space_______________ 3
10 square feet of glass to 1,000 cubic feet of air space_______________ 2
Less than 5 square feet of glass to 1,000 cubic feet of air space_____- 0
Ventilation : {
A ventilator placed in the ceiling of the milk room and wash room___ 10
Provisions to open the top half of the windows to provide ventilation_ 5
Norattempt to ventilate vat vali 2 We soe a eae 0
Total number points for milk house- HOEY! Se Boel Soe Peal nec OW EAee SPEED) ee one eea es 50
EHquipment for milk house.
Milk room:
Provided with concrete insulated tanks built with overflow outlets
and ice chambers and with good, well-painted covers. Hverything
RED GL SOON TAM AIT tase wate ee ele eae ee, eae a Cla Ure SU 10
Provided with wood tanks with overflow outlets and ice chambers___ 5
Wood tanks without ice chambers___________________________ 2
(CHES STE PANTS eo a SA a AA se wl INS oR RRS 0
Wash room:
Equipped with hot water (temperature not less than 205° F.) for
cleansing and sterilizing utensils; a sterilizing vat and place to lay
or hang utensils after being boiled. This place must be free from
dust, clean, weli ventilated, and located where the sun’s direct rays
have access to it at least three hours each day__________________ 10
If nothing is prepared to take care of the dairy utensils, such as
UGE: CATIA OGG ees eee re eee ee he RU ANE Ce ee 5
If the building is so located that the sun does not have access to
utensils at least a part of the day____________________-__________ 2
@ Gere Wall ei Eee eee AERO canine UA NTN AR Sid EAE APA NG Pe 2 EE Se 0
Milk pails:
Use for no other purpose except for milking, and if thoroughly
flushed with solder so that there are no sharp corners or crevices
on the inside, plainly constructed with an opening not larger than
6 inches through which the milk (2 SS ES 22 see oe ae 10
Pails same as above with larger opening_________________________ 5
OCMerwSepes ye Weta Bee Diy i a eB aN ae aaa ES ido 0
Strainers:
Plainly constructed, all points and crevices flushed and smoothly
soldered, with wire gauze having 100 meshes to the inch. And in
connection with this, provisions should be made so that the milk
passes through two thicknesses of cheesecloth with absorbent cotton
between. Both of the latter must be sterile, and a new piece must
be used before each milking ________________- 10
Strainers same as above, without cloth and cotton strainers________ NES
QGHET WAS cle Me SO) RE ee ee oie wa eed Le 0
800 ‘THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
No.
Aerator and cooler: points.
Aerator and cooler plainly constructed, with all points flushed with
solder so that it can be easily cleansed, and having no crevices, and
effective :toxcoollsto; HOP ct se RNS teed iris eS ee eee vena 10
Cooler without aerator but made as described above_______________-_ 5
Milk cooled in milk can and stirred with a metal stirrer made so that
it can ,be-kept.clean._ =. == =u i ee er ee eee
Transportation cans:
Transportation cans plainly constructed, well tinned, with all corners
and joints smoothly flushed with solder, with lid so constructed
that it can be hermetically sealed to prevent the removal or leaking
of milk or) cream whilein\y transij2 2 eee 10
Can constructed as above, having a common loose lid with lead seal__ 5
Can not well tinned, with common lid and lead seal_______________ fe
Otherwise@es 332 Sse bee ee eee 0
Cleanliness of interior:
Ceiling, walls, and walks free from flyspecks, cobwebs, dust, or other
filth ; well painted or surfaced with any other hard material and of
uniform light color. Floor kept free from milk and other foreign
materials not belonging to a milk house__________________________ 20
Ceiling and walls slightly flyspecked, but other conditions same as
AIDOVG 2. Be, = athe eed gs Se a ie fs 4 ee ee 10
Milk room slightly specked; used as a storeroom for utensils, with
other ‘conditions as aboves ee ee eee 5
Milk room dirty; used as a storeroom for utensils, for implements,
clothes, or other material not belonging to a milk house_____-___~_ 0
Cleanliness of utensils:
All utensils that come in direct contact with milk should be first
rinsed with warm water, then washed in a hot solution of sal soda
or some washing powder, then rinsed and sterlized by subject-
ing them to high pressure steam in a steam Sterilizer. They
should then be removed and kept on clean, suitable racks exposed
to plenty of sunlight as prescribed under heading “ Equipment in
Wash OOM eu ee Na a eS ee ee ee 20
Same as above except utensils are subjected to hot water not less
than 200° temperature, containing at least 5 per cent of borax and
subjected to this for not less than 20 minutes. They should then
be removed and kept in a clean, suitable rack, with plenty of sun-
light, as prescribed under heading “ Equipment in wash room ”___ 10
If utensils are rusty, not well cleaned and not sterlized____________ 0
Total number points for equipment___-_-_________-_-___________ 100
Health of attendants.
Attendants’ free from diseases... /__ 2 ue en ee eee 50
If attendants are healthy but room or board with a family in which some
disease @xiStsh 2. ee ee ee eee 20
If any attendant or attendants are sick or suffering from some infectious
LES aS ea a gE Rs a ee : 0
Total number points for health of attendants_____________________ 50
Cleanliness in milking.
Udders and teats:
Clean and thoroughly wash: with clean water and dry with clean
cloths before milking. A cloth should be provided for each in-
dividualieowee S422 220 ween sew Sa ee eee eee 20
Udder and teats washed as above but no separate cloths provided
foriedch Cow? 24e.2k ie. Ad Seu fs ees ee eee 10
Udder unwashed and otherwise dirty_-_------------___-----__-___-- 0
Milking with clean hands:
Hands should be washed in soap and water after milking each cow__ 20
Hands should be thoroughly cleaned and washed before each milking_ 10
Hands not washed previous to milking and otherwise dirty__------- 0
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 301
No.
Clothing: points.
White suits laundered freshly every day and used only during the
PONV ESA aAPEAIR oun = ws 15) BR PN op A yO) 9 10
Suits laundered every day, but not white__________________________ 5
White suits laundered twice a week______________________________ 5
White suits laundered once a week____________________-___-_ 2
If milking is done in the same clothes that are used for daily dress
OPO LNERWiAlSe yy il Glny seen er UN ee a 8 Tale 0
Dry milking:
Milking should be done without allowing any milk to come in contact
with the outside of the teat—in other words, it should be done with
a dry hand. If teats are chafed or inflamed, a small amount of
vaseline may be used during milking; this must then be carefully
wiped off and care should be taken that none of this drops into
Where: wet milkinowis practiced — =. 2.2222 2s 0
Filthy habits of attendants:
If attendant has a clean appearance, does not smoke while milking,
nor use tobacco or liquor or is not saturated with any other strong-
smelling materials, and free from chafed hands__________________ 10
Attendants: Ot ets yi S Ce cess a ee 0
First milk:
If the first few streams of milk from each teat are p Renectes before
each) milling 2/2 E ee 2 a a 10
TEN CT WAS Ce ee se cole NaS en Ne re a ae 0
Feeding:
If cows are fed on clean, dry feed, neither decayed, moldy, nor
dusty, and if not fed on any wet malt or distillery feeds__________ 20
Mien Wise fesse a ies Wn Se ee a 0
Handling milk after milking :
Immediately after milk is drawn from the cow if aerated and cooled
to not less than 50°__-~---- eit Pi Sent naa Nea ease 20
Immediately after it is drawn from the cow if aerated ‘and cooled
ONO 2 peste aiea Sarg ORed ROE ns ee Lah NN NA ha ate 10
Immediately anor it is drawn from ihe cow, removed to the milk
house and poured into a can which is placed in water cooled to 55°_ 5
If poured into cans in stables and cans placed in cold water_______ 3
(GETS Tavs S ye ee le cB eS CL ee 0
Storing at low temperature of can and bottled milk:
If milk is stored in the milk house at a temperature of 50°_________ 20
If milk is stored in the milk house at a temperature of 60°_________ 10
Milk to be bottled must be aerated and cooled to 50° before bottling.
Immediately after bottling bottles should be tightly capped and
placed in a crate and packed in crushed ice. Bottles must be kept
packed in crushed ice until delivery is made____________________ 20
Milk bottled if cooled and aerated to 50° and immediately delivered
without being placed in crushed ice_____________________________ 10
Otherwise. ees a eee ee we a ee ee ee es 0
It is understood that bottles and caps must be sterile and crates
must be thoroughly cleaned.
Total number points for cleanliness of milking __________________ 150
Grande tO ball 20 = 2 ts See See eee Let ree he eens Oe a fei ae 1, 000
Milking may be done in the open air on clean sod, but not during windy or
rainy weather, and full credit will be given.
If bad conditions are found in addition to those indicated under these groups
further deduction will be made.
Title II1.—Cream.
Section 1. Cream.—No person shall bring into the city for sale, or shall sell
or offer for sale, any cream unless suck cream is produced from milk which
must conform to all the rules and regulations of this code relating to milk,
nor unless such cream be kept at or below 65° F., free from foreign substances,
and shall not contain more than 1,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, and
shall not contain less than 16 per cent of milk fat,
302 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
'
Title III.—Ice cream.
Section 1. Ice eream.—No person, firm, or corporation shall manufacture,
sell, or offer for sale in the city, or bring into the city, any ice cream, nut ice
cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice cream, unless such ice cream, nut ice
cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice cream shall conform strictly to the
standards, requirements, and provisions prescribed in the following sections:
Src. 2. Constituents of ice cream.—That ice cream shall be made from whole-
some milk products, sugar, with or without natural flavoring, and with or with-
out not to exceed in the aggregate seven-tenths of 1 per cent of starch, gelatin,
gum arabic or tragacanth, and shall contain not less than the per cent of milk
fat as hereinafter designated.
Src. 3. Fruit ice cream.—That fruit ice cream shall be made from materials
used in making ice cream as designated in section 2 of this article, together
with sound, clean, mature fruits.
Src. 4. Nut ice cream.—That nut ice cream shall be made from material used
in making ice cream as designated by section 2 of this article, together with
sound, nonrancid nuts.
Src. 5. French ice cream.—That French ice cream shall be made from mate-
rials used in making ice cream as designated by section 2 of this article, together
with fresh eggs.
Src. 6. Per cent of milk fat.—That ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream,
and French ice cream shall contain at least 10 per cent of milk fat, unless the
per cent of milk fat is stated as provided in section 7 of this article, but no sub-
stance containing less than 8 per cent of milk fat shall be designated as or called
ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice cream.
Src. 7. Labels and placards.—That no person by himself or by his servant or
agent, or aS servant or agent of any other person, shall manufacture, offer or
expose for sale, sell or deliver any ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or
French ice cream containing less than 10 per cent milk fat, unless the per cent
of milk fat is conspicuously stamped, labeled, or marked in plain letters at least
three-eighths of an inch square, so that the words can not be easily defaced,
upon two sides of each and every bucket, box, can, wrapper, or other package
containing’ said ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice cream.
When any ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice cream con-
taining less than 10 per cent milk fat is sold at retail, a white placard not less
in size than 10 by 14 inches shall be kept so as not to be concealed in any
manner, but to be easily seen and read, if desired, by the purchaser at the time
of the purchase, on which placard shall be printed, in black letters not less in
size than 14 inches square, the per cent of milk fat contained in each and every
grade of ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice cream being
offered for sale, and said placard shall not contain other words than the name
of the manufacturer of said ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or French
ice cream.
* * * * * * *
Title VIII.—Ice cream parlors and soda fountains.
Section 1. Sanitary conditions.—Sanitary conditions in ice cream parlors and
places where soda fountains are in operation, for the enforcement by the health
ofiice, are declared to exist only when the floors are clean and free from litter
and accumulated dirt; when the side walls and ceilings are free from cobwebs,
dust, and accumulated dirt, when the counters, shelves, drawers, and bins are
clean, when refrigerators and soda fountains are free from foul and unpleasant
odors, mold, and slime. Glassware, spoons, etc., used at a soda fountain shall
be thoroughly washed and rinsed in clean water after each using. Soda foun-
tains, sirup cans, and bottles shall be thoroughly washed before refilling. Draft
tubes shall be kept clean. Drainage boards, sinks, shelves, etc., on which glasses
are placed must be kept clean. Beverages drawn from a fountain or faucet
must be free from the danger of chemical action while in contact with lead,
copper, or other metals.
PART VI. INSANITARY CONDITIONS AND PUBLIC NUISANCES.
Title V.—Miscellaneous nuisances.
* * * * * s *
Src. 8. Every owner. lessee, tenant, or occupant of any stall, stable, or apart-
ment in the city in which any horse, cattle, or other animal shall be kept, or
any place in which manure, stable refuse, or any liquid discharge of such ani-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 3038
mals shall collect or accumulate, shall cause such manure, stable refuse, or
liquid to be promptly and properly removed therefrom, and shall at all times
keep, or cause to be kept, such stall, stables, or apartments, and the drains,
yards, and appurtenances thereof, in a clean and sanitary condition, so that no
offensive odor shall be allowed to escape therefrom. Every such stable and the
yards and appurtenances thereof shall be connected with the city sewer.
Src. 9. Every person owning, leasing, or occupying any stall, stable, or com-
partment where any horse or any cattle or mule shall be kept, and every owner
of any horse, mule, or head of cattle shall maintain a durably made receptacle
or bin, which, if located outside the building, must be so constructed and kept
as to preserve the contents at all times dry and free from rain; or other struc-
“tures, aS vault or cellar, in which receptacles shall be placed all manure or
refuse from such horse, mule, or cattle. In no event or circumstance shall such
manure or refuse be thrown or deposited in alley, street, or public place, or
suffered to remain therein.
Sec. 10. Every stable or building which may be constructed or reconstructed
within the city in which any horse, mule, or cow is to be provided for or kept
shall be so constructed and drained that no fluid excrement or refuse liquid
shall flow upon or into the natural ground or earth.
Src. 11. All of the surface of the ground beneath every’ stall in every such
building and for a distance of at least 4 feet in the rear of every such stall
shall be covered and protected from pollution by a water-tight floor or covering
made impervious to said fluid excrement or refuse liquid, which shall be con-
ducted into the city sewer.
* x * * * * *
Src. 23. No person shall burn or suffer to be burned within the city any
leaves, garbage, refuse woolen, silk, leather or India rubber goods, or other sub-
stances so that the same shall give rise to offensive odors or gases.
Sec. 24. No person shall use the sidewalks or the streets of the city, or the
gutters between them, as a drainage to carry off any water that has been used,
or other fluids, or soap suds or dye stuffs, or liquid manures, or any other
liquids, whether from privies or otherwise.
Src. 25. No person shall clean, scale or wash any fish, meat, clothes, carriage
or buggy, or anything tending to create a nuisance on any of the streets, alleys,
public grounds, or markets of the city.
Sree. 26. No person shall deposit on any street, alley, private or public place
in the limits of the city, any dirt, brick, or other material in such a manner as
to obstruct the free flow of water along any gutter.
Sec. 27. No person owning, occupying or having charge of any building, stable
or other premises shall keep or allow to be kept thereon any fowl, dog, or other
animal which shall by barking or other noise, or by offensive kennel or other
place of keeping, disturb the quiet or repose, or the purity of the air in the
living rooms of those thereon or in the vicinity thereof to the detriment of the
life, health, or comfort of any person or persons.
Src. 28. No person shall water any horse or other animal that is affected with
glanders, nasal catarrh, or any other disease of a contagious character, at any
public drinking fountain or public well within the city.
Sec. 29. No person shall keep or maintain a dairy within the city and no
person shall keep more than two cows within the city limits, nor feed or milk
any cow on any sidewalk within the city, nor feed any cow or swine on any
street or sidewalk or alley within the city.
CARE OF MILK IN THE HOME.
[Issued by the Board of Health of Detroit, Mich.]
DETROIT, MICH.
THE Boarp oF HEALTH,
Detroit, Mich., May 1, 1908.
The quality of the milk supply of a city has a great deal to do with the
health of the people. Milk is the most valuable single article of diet known
to man, and is the only proper food for babies under 1 year of age, when they
can not get the nourishment which nature intended for them—their mother’s
milk. But, while good milk is such an excellent food, bad milk is one of the
304 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
most dangerous foods possible, being responsible for a large part of the bowel
troubles of babies and for the death of very many of them. The chief means
by which milk is made dangerous are (1) dirty methods of keeping and milk-
ing the cows, dirty milkers, and dirty milk vessels; (2) failure to cool the milk
promptly and keep it cool until used; and (8) keeping the milk too long before
it is used.
Bad milk, therefore, so far as danger to health is concerned, is dirty milk or
warm, stale milk.
The Board of Health of Detroit is doing everything in its power to make the
milk supply of this city all that it should be from a sanitary and chemical
standpoint, and the dairymen are actively responding to our efforts. Net
all of the undesirable dealers have been forced out of business.
But it is not sufficient that the milk be clean and pure when delivered to you.
Unless the proper care is taken in your own home after the milk is received
you will not have good milk in spite of our efforts and the work of the dairymen.
It is therefore important that you should carefully follow the instructions given
in this circular—not just to-day, but every day, the whole year round. In the
home, as on the farm and in the city dairy, cleanliness and cold are the two
essentials in the securing of wholesome milk. AJ] vessels used for milk should
be thoroughly cleansed as soon as empty, using first clean, cold water for rins-
ing, and then scalding them with hot water containing a small amount of
washing soda or borax. After thorough washing, the vessels should be rinsed
with clean water and then well aired and sunned in some place where they
will be protected from dust.
If your milkman delivers his milk in sealed bottles, see that he does not leave
these in a place where they will be exposed to the heat of the sun before being
brought into the house. They should be taken in as soon as possible and placed
at once in the refrigerator until used. AS soon as you have emptied a bottle,
- wash it out carefully. Do not return to your milkman bottles containing stale
milk. Milk quickly absorbs odors from surrounding substances. After using
part of the milk, always replace the cap before returning the bottle to the ice
box.
If you are getting bottled milk, and a case of typhoid fever or other “ catch-
ing” disease breaks out in your house, you should tell your milkman at once,
and he should not take away any milk bottles from your house until after the
case has gotten well, as one of these bottles might otherwise be the means of
carrying the disease to other houses. We will instruct the milkmen what to
do in such cases.
If you are getting milk in bulk and not in bottles, it is best to have the milk-
man deliver it directly to you or your servant, and you should see that it is
put on ice immediately and kept cold. The practice of putting out an uncovered
pitcher or other vessel for milk the night before can not be too strongly con-
demned. Such a pitcher or vessel, exposed to the dust and dirt of the street,
will collect thousands of germs before the milk is put into it. Many of these
may be dangerous to life and health, besides which they will certainly cause
the milk to sour in a short time and become unfit for use. The purest milk
received in such a vessel may become as bad in a few hours as the worst milk
from a dirty farm.
If you wish to stand out a vessel to receive your milk, provide yourself with
several glass preserve jars, which should be used for this purpose only. They
should be kept well washed and aired as above described. Get jars with clamp
tops. Those with screw tops are hard to keep properly cleansed. Do not use
the rubber ring which comes with most jars, as it is difficult to keep clean and
the jar will be sufficiently tight without it. Instead of a preserve jar, a bowl
covered by a plate may be used. A pitcher can not be tightly covered on account
of the projecting spout. ;
Give your own personal attention to your milk vessels.
The milkmen of Detroit state that many persons have the idea that if milk
is delivered to them warm, this is proof of its being fresh from the cow and
hence better. So far from this being true, only by cooling the milk as soon as
it is gotten from the cow is it possible to prevent rapid decomposition of the
milk in warm weather. The regulations of the board of health (which have
been adopted for your benefit) require that all milk sold in Detroit shall be
cooled immediately after milking and kept cooled until delivered to you.
While bad milk is the chief cause of bowel troubles among young infants, it
is by no means the only cause. Improper feeding is another cause. Never give
anything but milk to a child under 1 year unless advised to do so by your
family physician.
_ THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 305
If your baby has any bowel trouble, call in your doctor at once, so that the
case may be treated before it has gone too far.
Never buy milk for the baby from a grocery store. Store milk has often been
kept over from the day before. Such milk is dangerous as a food for babies.
Never buy bulk milk from a grocery store. Storekeepers are prohibited by a
regulation of the board of health from selling bulk milk, which formerly only
too often stood around on the floor gathering sweepings or in an open pitcher or
can in a refrigerator, perhaps without ice, in which meats or vegetables were
also kept. ,
By paying careful attention to the above instructions you will do much toward
keeping your family well during the summer, and especially the little ones who
live on milk. You will also find that your milk will keep longer and taste better.
Keep this circular and read it from time to time until thoroughly familiar with
its contents. If you change servants, be sure to give instructions to the new
ones in the care of milk in your home.
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
AN ORDINANCE REGULATING THE PRODUCTION AND SALE oF MILK AND THE
Propucts THEREOF.
[Ordinance No. 20587, new series.]
The mayor and council of the city of Los Angeles do ordain as follows:
Section 1. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring
or receive, or to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of Los
Angeles for sale, or to sell, exchange, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange,
or delivery, or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to
be offered for sale, exchange, or delivery, or to have in possession for sale,
exchange, or delivery therein any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk,
pasteurized milk, condensed, or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated
skimmed milk, without first applying for and receiving a permit from the board
of health of the city of Los Angeles so to do in the manner hereinafter pro-
vided: Provided, however, That the provisions of this section shall not apply to
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk that
is sterilized and contained in hermetically sealed packages, labeled with the
name of the article and with the name of the person, firm, or corporation by
whom the same is prepared.
Sec. 2. Hvery applicant for any such permit shall file with the said board
of health a written application which shall set forth the name and address
of the applicant, the number of cows owned by such applicant, if any, the name
and address of any and all persons, firm, or corporations from whom he is pur-
chasing or obtaining, or from whom he is intending to purchase or obtain milk,
cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated
milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, and the number of gallons
of each thereof sold by him daily as nearly as he can estimate the same. Such
application shall also contain a description of the property by street and num-
ber wherein or whereon the applicant conducts or proposes to conduct his place
of business, and if the same has no street number, then such description as
will enable the same easily to be found.
If such permit be granted, it shall be the duty of the holder thereof to give
written notice to the said board of health stating the name and address of any
person, firm, or corporation from whom he obtains his supply of milk, cream,
buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk,
or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, within twenty-four hours after be-
ginning to obtain any such milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized
milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed
milk from any such person, firm, or corporation other than those named in his
application: Provided, however, That if such holder of a permit intends to
obtain any such milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk,
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, from
any person, firm, or corporation to whom a permit shall not have been granted
by the board of health pursuant to the provisions of this ordinance, then written
notice of such intention shall be given to the board of health at least five days
before beginning to obtain such milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pas-
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3——20
306 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
teurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated
skimmed milk from such person, firm, or corporation.
If such permit be granted, it shall be the duty of the person, firm, or corpora-
tion to whom the same is granted to secure the same from the office of the board
of health within 30 days after the date on which the same is granted by the
said board, and it shall also be the duty of such person, firm, or corporation to
post such permit and to keep the same posted at all times in a conspicuous
place in the milk house of such person, firm, or corporation, or in the room or
place in which milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, con-
densed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk is kept
for sale.
It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to fail, refuse, or
neglect to comply with any of the provisions of this section.
Sec. 3. If it shall appear to the said board of health upon considering such
application that the statements therein made are true, and that the applicant
does not propose selling or offering for sale any adulterated milk, cream, but-
termilk, skimmed miik, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or con-
densed or evaporated skimmed milk, or any thereof, that does not conform to
the standard as hereinafter defined and' prescribed, and that the dairies, cows,
cow stables, houses, vessels, and vehicles from which such milk, cream, butter-
milk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or con-
densed or evaporated skimmed milk is sold or offered for sale, or is supplied
for the purpose of being sold, conform to the provisions of this ordinance
and to the rules of the board of health, it shall be the duty of the said board
of health to issue, without cost to such applicant, a permit to bring and receive
into the said city for sale, and therein to sell, or offer for sale, milk, cream, but-
termilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or con-
densed or evaporated skimmed milk: Provided, however, That such permit
shall be granted only on the express condition that the same shall be subject to
suspension for a period not exceeding six months by the said board of health,
in its discretion, upon proof to the satisfaction of said board of a violation by
the holder thereof, or his servant, employee, or agent, of any of the provisions
of this ordinance, or of any rule of the board of health relating to the inspection
and sanitary condition of dairies, or upon proof of violation by such holder of
any law of the State of California providing against the adulteration of milk,
eream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated
milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk.
No such permit shall be suspended until after a hearing shall have been had
by the board of health, notice of which hearing shall be given in writing and
served at least three days prior to the date of hearing upon the holder of such
permit or upon his or its manager or agent. Such notice shall state the ground
of complaint against the holder of such permit and shall also state the time
when and place where such hearing will be had. Such notice shall be served
upon the holder of such permit by delivering the same to Such person, firm, or
corporation, or to his or its manager or agent, or to any person of suitable age
and discretion in charge of or employed in the place of business of such person,
firm, or corporation; or if such person has no place of business, then at his place
of residence, or by leaving such notice at the place of residence of such person
with some person of suitable age and discretion. If the holder of such permit
can not be found and service of such notice can not be made upon him or it in
the manner herein provided, then a copy of such notice shall be mailed, postage
fully prepaid, addressed to such holder of such permit at such place of business
or residence at least three days prior to the date of such hearing: Provided,
however, That the health officer shall have power and he is hereby authorized
to suspend any such permit at any time when he shall ascertain that any pro-
vision of this ordinance or any such rule of the board of health is being violated
by the holder of such permit, or his servant, employee, or agent, and such sus-
pension shall be effective until the next meeting of the board of health after the
date of such suspension.
If any such permit shall be suspended by the board of health or by the health
officer, it shall be unlawful during the period of such suspension for the holder |
of such permit to bring or receive, or to cause or permit to be brought or
received, into the city of Los Angeles, for sale, or to sell, exchange or deliver,
or to offer for sale, exchange or delivery, or to cause or permit to be sold, ex-
changed or delivered, or to be offered for sale, exchange or delivery, or to have
in possession for sale, exchange or delivery therein, any milk, cream, butter-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 307
milk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or con-
densed or evaporated skimmed milk.
Sec. 4. Such permit shall be good until the same is suspended as provided
by this ordinance, or until the holder of such permit changes the location of
his place of business, or conveys or otherwise disposes of the business of sell-
ing milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or
evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk: Provided, how-
ever, That any person, firm, or corporation who shall purchase any such busi-
ness, for which a permit shall have been obtained and shall be in force at the
time of such sale, may conduct and operate such business under such permit
‘for a period of not more than 30 days from and after the date of such sale,
unless such permit is suspended as herein provided, and such purchaser shall,
during the said period of 30 days, apply for and obtain a permit in the manner
provided by this ordinance: And provided further, That if any holder of any
such permit shall change or remove the location of his place of business, such
holder may continue to conduct and operate such business under such permit
for a period of not more than 30 days from and after the date of such change
or removal, unless such permit is suspended as herein provided, and such holder
shall, during the said period of 30 days, apply for and obtain a permit in the
manner provided by this ordinance.
If such new permit is not applied for and obtained in the manner and within
the time herein prescribed, such person, firm, or corporation shall be deemed to
be conducting and operating such business without a permit from and after
the expiration of such period of 30 days.
Sec. 5. All dairies, cows, cow stables, houses, vessels, and vehicles, whether
within the city of Los Angeles or not, from which milk, cream, buttermilk,
skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed
or evaporated skimmed milk is sold or offered for sale, or is supplied for the
purpose of being sold, within the limits of the said city, and all places and
vehicles within the said city in which milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk,
pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated
skimmed milk is sold, kept, carried, or conveyed, shall be subject at all times
to inspection by the health officer or by some one deputed by him, or by mem-
bers of the board of health, or by the inspectors in the health department, and
it shall be the duty of all persons owning or having charge of such dairies,
cows, cow stables, houses, vessels, or vehicles to allow such inspection, and
to allow such dairies, cow stables, houses, vessels, or vehicles to be entered by
the health officer or by some one deputed by him, or by members of the board
of health, or by the inspectors in the health department for the purpose of such
inspection; and in case the owner or person in charge of a dairy, cow, cow
stable, house, vessel, or vehicle without said city, from which milk, cream, but-
termilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or
condensed or evaporated skimmed milk is sold, or is supplied to the holder of
a permit for the purpose of being sold within the limits of said city, refuses
to allow such entry or inspection, then such holder shall, upon notification by
the health officer, or Some one deputed by him, or an inspector in the health
department, immediately discontinue selling or offering for sale any milk,
cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated
milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk furnished or supplied by such
owner or person so refusing.
All persons selling or offering for sale milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk,
pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated
skimmed milk within said city or furnishing or supplying milk, cream, butter-
milk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or econ-
densed or evaporated skimmed milk to be sold therein shall allow samples
thereof to be taken by the health officer, or by any person deputed by him, or by
the members of the board of health, or by the inspectors in the health depart-
ment at any time when demanded.
Src. 6. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, ex-
change, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange, or delivery, or to cause or per-
mit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be offered for sale, exchange, or
delivery, or to have in possession for sale, exchange, or delivery any milk, cream,
buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or
condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, except in sealed bottles or other sealed
receptacles: Provided, however, That the provisions of this section shall not
apply to any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, con-
densed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk sold, ex-
808 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
changed, or delivered, or offered for sale, exchange, or delivery, or had in pos-
session for sale, exchange, or delivery in any place devoted exclusively to the
sale or storage for sale of milk and the products thereof, or devoted exclusively
to the sale or storage for sale of eggs, milk, and the products of milk and shall
not apply to milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed
or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk sold to be con-
sumed upon the premises wherein or whereon the same is sold.
Src. 7. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation keeping for
sale any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed
or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk in any store,
restaurant, bakery, or other establishment to fail, refuse, or neglect to keep the
same at all times before the sale thereof in a clean and well-drained cooler or
refrigerator. Such cooler or refrigerator shall be kept tightly closed at all
times, except when articles are being placed into or taken from the same, and
shall be kept in such location and under such conditions as shall be approved by
the board of health.
Sec. 8. All wagons or vehicles used in carrying or transporting milk, cream,
buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or
condensed or evaporated skimmed milk shall have the name of the owner, the
name of the dairy, the number of the wagon license, and the word “ milk,” or
the word “cream,” or the words ‘‘ milk and cream,” or the word “ buttermilk,”
or the words ‘‘ condensed (or evaporated) milk,’ painted thereon in plain and
legible English, in letters or figures not less than 2 inches high; the word or
words so painted shall indicate the article or articles carried in such wagon or
other vehicle.
Src. 9. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation who uses in
his or its business a wagon, cart, or other vehicle to fail, refuse, or neglect to
have and keep upon such wagon, cart, or other vehicle a covering of canvas or
other material so arranged as to protect securely the contents of such wagon,
cart, or other vehicle from dust and the rays of the sun.
Sec. 10. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation selling or
offering for sale any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk,
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed miJk, in
the city of Los Angeles, or for use or to be used therein, to feed, or to cause or
permit to be fed, to his milch cows, or to have in possession with intent to feed
to such cows, any garbage, swill, refuse, or other improper, unclean, or unwhole-
some food.
It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring or receive,
or to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of Los Angeles, for
sale, or to sell, exchange, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange, or delivery,
or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be offered for
sale, exchange, or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, exchange, or
delivery therein, any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk,
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, from
any cow or cows to which any garbage, swill, refuse, or other improper, unclean,
or unwholesome food shall have been fed.
Src. 11. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring or
receive, or to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of Los
Angeles, for sale, or to sell, exchange, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange,
or delivery, or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be
offered for sale, exchange, or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, ex-
change, or delivery therein, any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteur-
ized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed
milk produced from cows that are kept in any place where the water, ventila-
tion, food, or surroundings are not wholesome and suflicient for the preserva-
tion of the health and safe condition. of such cows, and the preservation of the
wholesomeness of the milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk,
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk pro-
duced therefrom.
Sec. 12. It shall be the duty of every person, firm, or corporation producing
or dealing in milk or cream to cool or reduce the heat thereof to a temperature
of not exceeding 70° F., immediately after the same is milked, and to maintain
such milk or cream at or below such temperature at all times prior to the de-
livery thereof to a consumer or consumers, except during such time as such milk
or cream is undergoing the process of pasteurization, condensation, sterilization,
or evaporation, and it shal®be unlawful for any such person, firm, or corpora-
tion to fail, refuse, or neglect so to do,
at a
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 309
Src. 13. The standard of milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized
milk, condensed or evaporated milk, and condensed or evaporated skimmed milk
in and for the city of Los Angeles, is hereby defined and prescribed as follows:
Milk is the fresh, clean lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking
of one or more healthy cows, properly fed and kept, excluding such secretion
obtained for a period of 20 days before calving and for a period of 8 days after
ealving, and containing, by weight, not less than 8.5 per cent of milk solids, not
fat, and not less than 3.5 per cent of milk fat, and a total of milk solids of
not less than 12.5 per cent.
Cream is that portion of milk, rich in milk fat, that rises to the surface of
milk on standing, or is separated from milk by centrifugal force, is fresh and
clean, and contains, by weight, not less than 20 per cent of milk fat, and in
the nonfatty portion thereof not less than 8.8 per cent nor more than 9.8 per
cent of milk solids.
Buttermilk is the product which remains when butter is removed from milk
or cream in the process of churning and contains, by weight, not less than 8
per cent of milk solids.
Skimmed milk is milk from which all or a portion of the milk fat has been
removed, and which contains, by weight, in the nonfatty portion thereof, not less
than 8.8 per cent of milk solids.
Pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated above 105° F., and maintained
at or above such temperature for not less than 20 minutes, and immediately
cooled to 70° F., or lower, and maintained at or below 70° F. at all times prior
to delivery thereof to a consumer or consumers.
Condensed or evaporated milk shall contain, by weight, not less than 7.7 per
cent of milk fat, and a total of milk solids of not less than 28 per cent.
Condensed or evaporated skimmed milk shall contain, by weight, not less
than 18 per cent of milk solids.
It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring or receive,
or to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of Los Angeles, for
sale, or to sell, exchange or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange or delivery,
or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged or delivered, or to be offered for
sale, exchange or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, exchange or de-
livery therein, any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk,
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, that
does not conform to the standard hereinbefore defined and prescribed therefor.
Src. 14. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to place, or
to cause or permit to be placed, any water or any foreign substance of any
kind in any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed
or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk.
It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring or receive,
to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of Los Angeles, for
sale, or to sell, exchange, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange, or delivery,
or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be offered for
sale, exchange, or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, exchange, or
delivery therein, any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk,
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, into
which any water or any foreign substance of any kind shall have been placed.
For the purposes of this section condensed or evaporated milk and condensed
or evaporated skimmed milk shall be deemed to be foreign substances if the
same or either thereof shall be placed in milk or cream.
That any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions of this
section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof
shall be punishable as follows:
For the first offense, by a fine of not less than $10 nor more than $200, or by
imprisonment in the city jail for a period of not more than 50 days, or by both
such fine and imprisonment.
For the second offense, by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $400, or
by imprisonment in the city jail for a period of not less than 5 days nor more
than 100 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
For the third or any subsequent offense, by a fine of not less than $100 nor
more than $500, or by imprisonment in the city jail for a period of not less than
25 days nor more than 6 months, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
Src. 15. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, ex-
change, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange, or delivery, or to cause or
permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be offered for sale, exchange,
or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, exchange, or delivery, any skimmed
810 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
milk, unless there shall be attached to the outside of every vessel, can, or pack-
age from or in which such skimmed milk is sold or held for exchange or de-
livery a tag upon which shall be printed in black letters at least 1 inch in height
the word ‘‘skim”’ or the words “skimmed milk.’
Src. 16. It shall be unlawful for any person to bottle or to place in a jar, can,
or other receptacle, or to cause to be bottled or placed in a jar, can, or other
receptacle, any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, con-
densed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, while
such person is upon, at, or near the delivery wagon, or at any other place than
the milk house.
Src. 17. It shall be unlawful for any person to whom any milk or cream is
delivered to fail or neglect, immediately after emptying the receptacle in which
such milk or cream shall have been delivered, tu rinse or cause to be rinsed
thoroughly, such receptacle, so as to free the same from all remnants of milk or
cream.
Sec. 18. It shall be unlawful for any person to place, or to cause or permit to
be placed, into any receptacle that is commonly used for the reception, storage,
or delivery of milk or cream for sale, any filthy or offensive substance or any
refuse matter of any kind, or to use, or to cause or permit to be used, any such
receptacle for cooking or heating milk or cream or any other substance.
Sec. 19. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring or
receive, or to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of Los
Angeles, for sale, or to sell, exchange, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange,
or delivery, or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be
offered for sale, exchange, or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, ex-
change, or delivery therein, any condensed, evaporated, pasteurized, sterilized,
or heated milk or cream or any milk or cream that shall have been subjected to
heat in any manner, unless the receptacle in which the same is contained bears a
label stating that the same has been condensed, evaporated, pasteurized, ster-
ilized, or heated, as the case may be.
Src. 20. The existence in the city of Los Angeles of any adulterated, foul, or
unelean milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed
or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, or of any milk,
eream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated
milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk that does not conform to the
standard hereinbefore defined and prescribed therefor, or that is above the
temperature hereinbefore prescribed, is hereby declared to be a nuisance, and
the same is ordered to be abated accordingly. ‘The health officer, the inspectors
employed in the health department, and all other officers or employees of the
city of Los Angeles charged with the inspection of milk, are hereby authorized
and required to condemn such milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteur-
ized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed
milk immediately upon discovering that the same does not conform to the stand-
ard or that the same is above the temperature prescribed in this ordinance, and
to destroy the same, or, instead of destroying the same, to introduce thereinto
a substance that will make it evident that the same has been condemned and
that will prevent the sale or use of the same as milk, cream, buttermilk,
skimmed milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated
skimmed milk, as the case may be: Provided, however, That the provisions of
this section shall not apply to skimmed milk when labeled as such as required
by the provisions of this ordinance if the same is not below the standard herein
prescribed therefor.
Src. 21. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to use, or to
cause or permit to be used, any bottle, can, or other vessel or utensil for the
purpose of handling, storing, selling, delivering, or distributing milk, cream,
buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, er
condensed or evaporated skimmed milk therein, unless, immediately prior to
such use, such bottle, can, or vessel shall have been washed clean in warm
water, with soda or soap, and thoroughly sterilized by boiling or steaming by
means of an appliance or plant used exclusively for that purpose. Such ap-
pliance or plant shall be open at all times to the inspection of the health officer,
or any inspector employed in the health department. and it shall be unlawful
for any person, firm, or corporation to prevent, or to attempt to prevent, the
health officer or aty such insvector from inspecting any such appliance or plant
or any portion thereof or to interfere in any manner with such inspection.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 311
Src. 22. It shall be unlawful for any person to serve any milk, cream, butter-
milk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or con-
densed or evaporated skimmed milk in bottles, to any dwelling in which any
person is ill with any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease, or to any
dwelling on which there is a placard or notice stating or indicating that any
person therein is ill with any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease
‘until after such.placard shall have been removed by the proper officer.
It shall be unlawful for any person to remove from any such dwelling any
bottle or receptacle which shall have been or is to be used for the purpose of
receiving, storing, or delivering milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pas-
teurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated
skimmed milk, or into which any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pas-
teurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated
skimmed milk shall have been or is to be placed, or which is commonly used
for the reception, storage, or delivery of milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk,
pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated
skimmed milk.
Sec. 28. It shall be unlawful for any person affected with any contagious, in-
fectious, or communicable disease, or who shall have been knowingly exposed to
any such disease within a period of 10 days, to handle, transport, deliver, mix,
work over, or distribute milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized
milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk,
or to serve as a milker or milkman.
Sec. 24. It shall be unlawfnil for any person, firm, or corporation to use, or to
cause or permit to be used, any bottle, can, or other vessel in the sale, distribu-
tion, or delivery of milk or cream which shall have been handled by any person
affected with any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease, unless such
bottle, can, or other vessel shall have been cleaned and sterilized as hereinbefore
provided.
Sec. 25. It shall be the duty of every person, firm, or corporation owning, con-
ducting, carrying on, or operating any dairy or milk house, or any place where
milk is stored or is kept for sale, to post and to keep posted therein at all times
a copy of this ordinance.
Src. 26. That any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions
of this ordinance shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction
thereof shall be punishable, unless otherwise provided by this ordinance, by a
fine of not less than $5 nor more than $500, or by imprisonment in the city jail
for a period of not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
Hach such person, firm, or corporation shall be deemed guilty of a separate
offense for every day during any portion of which any violation of any provi-
sion of this ordinance is committed, continued, or permitted by such person,
firm, or corporation, and shall be punishable therefor as provided by this ordi-
nance.
Sec. 27. That ordinance No. 17195 (new series), entitled ‘An ordinance regu-
lating the sale of milk, cream, buttermilk, condensed or evaporated milk or
cream, in the city of Los Angeles, and providing for the inspection of milk,
cream, buttermilk, condensed or evaporated milk or cream, dairies, cows, cow
stables, milk houses, milk vessels, and vehicles,” approved September 30, 1908,
and all ordinances amendatory thereto or thereof, and all other ordinances in
conflict with this ordinance, be, and the same are hereby, repealed: Provided,
That any sucn repeal shall not affect or prevent the prosecution and punishment
of any person, firm, or corporation for any act done or permitted in violation
of any ordinance which may be repealed by this ordinance, and shall not affect
any prosecution or action which may be pending in any court for the violation
of any ordinance repealed by this ordinance.
Src. 28. Fhe city clerk shall certify to the passage of this ordinance, and
shall cause the same to be published once in the Los Angeles Daily Journal.
I hereby certify that the foregoing ordinance was adopted by the council of
the city of Los Angeles at its meeting of July 12, 1910.
H. J. Levannpg, City Clerk.
Approved July 13, 1910.
Gro. ALEXANDER, Mayor.
$12 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
RULES OF THE BOARD OF HEALTH OF THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES, CAL., GOVERNING THE
INSPECTION AND REGULATING THE SANITARY CONDITION OF DAIRIES AND MILE
DEPOTS.
Section 1. Milk from cows suffering from tuberculosis, actinomycosis, Texas
fever, abcess, mammitis, or any infectious or contagious disease, especially
abortion or other trouble associated with parturition; and the milk from cows
20 days previous to, and 8 days after, calving shall not be marketed in the city
of Los Angeles.
All cows during and eight days after calving must be separated from the
milch cows and excluded from the stanchions or place where milking is done.
Src. 2. Every person or firm controlling or having in possession any dairy
or milch cows supplying milk or cream to the city of Los Angeles shall provide
and maintain a suitable milk house for the purpose of cooling, mixing, storing,
canning, or bottling the same. Said milk house or room shall not be located in
or be part of any residence, or dwelling house, or barn.
Milk or cream shall not be cooled, stored, mixed, or kept in any room or
place which is occupied by any person or persons as a sleeping or living apart-
ment, or occupied by horses, cows, or other animals, or fowls of any kind. The
cooling, mixing, or storeroom for milk or cream shall be used for no other
purpose whatever. All rooms or houses in which milk or cream may be cooled,
stored, mixed, or bottled shall be provided with such walls as can be kept clean
and will exclude flies and other insects, and the floors of said room shall be
made of such material as can be kept constantly clean.
Src. 3. No urinal, privy vault, open cesspool, stagnant water, accumulation
of manure or other filth shall be permitted within 100 feet of any room or
house where milk or cream is cooled, stored, mixed, or kept.
Src. 4. Every person or firm owning or controlling more than two milch cows
supplying milk or cream to the city of Los Angeles shall provide and maintain
suitable stanchions where said cows shall be milked.
The stalls or stanchions or place where cows are milked shall be provided
with clean, dry floors with adequate gutters behind the cows not less than 12
inches in width and 4 inches in depth and suflicient incline to assure good
drainage.
No horse stable, accumulation of manure, urine, stagnant water or other filth
shall be permitted in or within 50 feet of said cow stall; stanchions, or place
where milking is done.
No privy vault or open cesspool shall exist or be maintained within 100 feet
of any such stall, stanchions, or milking place.
Src. 5. Every person keeping cows supplying milk or cream to the citizens of
Los Angeles City shall cause the inclosure in which such cows are kept to be
graded and drained, so as to keep the surface reasonably dry and prevent the
accumulation of water or urine therein.
Sec. 6. The accumulation of manure, urine, stagnant water, or other filth
shall not be permitted in any corral, stable, or place where milch cows are kept.
Every dairy shall be supplied with pure water and milch cows shall not be
allowed to drink from stagnant pools or water contaminated by any barnyard,
privy, or sewage of any kind.
Sec. 7. Every person or persons using any premises for keeping cows for
dairy purposes which supply milk or cream to Los Angeles City shall keep the
entire premises clean and in good repair and the buildings shall be well painted
or whitewashed once in every 12 months.
The walls, floors, and ceilings of all stalls or places where milking is done
shall be kept clean at all times.
Src. 8. No person having any communicable disease or one caring for any
person having such disease, shall be allowed to handle the milk or milk utensils.
Every person employing one or more milkers or attendants shall provide and
maintain clean and suitable housing and bathing facilities for the use of such
milkers or attendants.
Sec. 9. All milkers or other attendants who handle the milk or cream which
is offered for sale or delivered in the city of Los Angeles, shall be personally
clean; and all such persons before entering upon their duties connected with the
dairy shall thoroughly wash their hands with soap and warm water, and no
milker shall be permitted to wash the teats with milk or water in the milk
bucket, or to milk cows with wet or moist hands.
Src. 10. No bucket, can, or other receptacle used for the reception of milk,
other than the ones used by the milkers for drawing the milk in, shall be
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 313
allowed in any stall or place where milking is done, and each bucket of milk
shall be immediately taken to the milk house and cooled.
No galvanized vessel shall be used as a receptacle for milk or cream.
Sro. 11. No person shall mix the milk or cream drawn at night with the
milk or cream drawn in the morning.
Sro. 12. No beet pulp or other fermenting food, shall be stored or kept within
50 feet of the milk house, or the stanchion, or other place where the milking is
done.
Src. 18. No pig or pigs shall be permitted penned, or running at Jarge, within
50 feet of any corral where milk cows are kept, or within 100 feet of any milk
house, or stanchion, or other place where milking is done.
Src. 14. Any violation of these rules will be considered cause for suspension
of permit or exclusion of the milk from this city.
Adopted by Board of Health of the city of Los Angeles, June 7, 1910.
———_——
LYNCHBURG, VA.
TWoop-INSPECTION ORDINANCE.
[Adopted Oct, 14, 1908.]
Be it ordained by the council of the city of Lynchburg:
(1) That it shall not be lawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell,
offer for sale, or deliver, or have in any store, stall, stand, or vehicle, from or in
which milk is sold or delivered, any adulterated or unwholesome milk. The
term ‘adulterated ” when so used in this ordinance means, first, milk contain-
ing more than 88 per cent of water fluids; second, milk containing less than 12
per cent of solids; third, milk containing less than 8} per cent of butter fats;
fourth, milk drawn from unhealthy cows or from cows kept in a crowded or
unclean condition; fifth, milk drawn from cows within 15 days before or 5 days
after parturition; sixth, milk from which any part of the cream has been
removed, or which has been diluted with water or any other fluid, or to which
has been added or into which has been introduced any foreign substance what-
ever; seventh, milk the temperature of which is higher than 60° F.; eighth,
milk which at a temperature of 60° F. has a specific gravity of less than 1.029.
The term “ unwholesome” shall be construed to mean deleterious to health, or
causing derangement of the functions of the human body by the temporary or
continuous use of the unwholesome product. Nothing in this ordinance shall
be construed to prevent the sale of skim milk or buttermilk, provided they be
sold as such, and that the purchaser be in every instance notified of their true
character; and in the case of the former the words “skim milk” be plainly
marked on the vessel containing the same when delivered, and the letters being
at least half inch high. Cream shall contain not less than 18 per cent butter
fats. The word “cream” as used in this ordinance means that portion of
milk rich in butter fats which rises to the surface of milk on standing or is
separated from it by centrifugal force.
(2) It shall not be lawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, offer
for sale, or deliver, or have in any store, stall, stand, or vehicle, from or in
which food products are sold or offered for sale, any tainted, unsound, rotten,
or partly decomposed fish, shellfish, fruit, vegetables, meat, or any other food
product, whether or not the same is kept apparently fresh by sulphurous, sali-
cylic or boric acid, borax, formaldehyde, or any other preservative which is
deemed injurious to health.
_ (8) Every person, firm, or corporation owning, leasing, or occupying any
rooms, store, or place where milk, cream, fish, shellfish, fruit, vegetables, meat,
or any Other food product shall be stored and kept or offered for sale shall put
and keep such rooms, store, or place and its appurtenances in a clean and whole-
some condition; and every person having charge of or engaged in the selling
or care or custody of any milk or cream or other articles of food shall put and
keep the same in a clean and wholesome condition; nor shall any person suffer-
ing from an infectious or contagious disease be allowed to handle or come in
contact therewitt; nor shall any meats be conveyed through the city except in
such manner aS may be approved by the food inspector.
314 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
(4) It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation making or offer-
ing for sale any food or drink in which milk is the principal ingredient-to use
therein adulterated milk; and the place wherein such food or drink is manufac-
tured or offered for sale shall he subject to inspection, and the persons manu-
facturing or offering for sale such products shall be subject to the provisions
of this ordinance.
(5) Any person, firm, or corporation conveying milk or cream in yehicles or
otherwise for the purpose of selling the same, and all those who sell or offer for
sale milk or cream in the city of Lynchburg, shall first be licensed by the food
inspector, and shall register at the time of being licensed in the inspector’s
books. Licenses shall be issued to run until the first day of the following May,
and there shall be no tax upon the same, but they shall be subject to revocation
by the inspector for any violation of this ordinance.
(6) In order to carry out the provisions of this ordinance the inspector and
employees of the board of health and all policemen of the city shall have the
right at any time-to enter upon and inspect all places where milk, cream, or
other articles of food are stored or kept or offered for sale, and to take there-
from samples for analysis; and any person who hinders or obstructs such offi-
cials in the disckage of their duties shall be subject to the penalties provided
for a violation of this ordinance.
(7) It shall be the duty of the board of health to see that the provisions of
this ordinance are carried out; and there shall be elected by the council of the
city of Lynchburg, from the qualified voters of said city, a food inspector, who
shall be a competent analytical chemist, skilled in the chemical and microscopic
examination of milk and other articles of food; he shall not be in any manner
interested in the sale of milk or other articles of food within the city of Lynch-
burg; he shall frequently and at irregular intervals make inspection of all
places and of all vehicles in which milk or cream is kept, transported, or sold;
he shall also make an inspection, at such times as he thinks proper, of all
stores, stalls, or places where fish, shellfish, fruit, vegetables, meat, or any food
product is kept or sold; he shall keep in his books the names and addresses of
all persons engaged in the sale of milk; he shall carefully examine the vessels
in which milk or cream is kept or transported, and at least twice a year shall
go through the stables where the cows are kept from which milk is sold in the
city of Lynchburg, shall watch the milking and examine the cows, and at
least twice a year shall analyze a specimen of the milk of every dairy, vehicle,
and stand from which milk or cream is delivered or sold within the city of
Lynchburg, and shall analyze other articles of food as in his judgment may be
proper. These analyses shall be recorded in a book to be kept by him, and
they, together with the notes made by him concerning the sanitary conditions
of persons and places where milk or other food products is sold or handled in
the city of Lynchburg, shall be transmitted by him to the board of health annu-
ally, or more frequently, as the board may direct. The inspector shall receive a
salary of $100 per month and shall be allowed $10 per month for expenses.
(8) Any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions of this
ordinance shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $25 for each offense;
and any milk, cream, or other articles of food kept, exposed, or offered for sale,
or intended to be sold, within the city of Lynchburg, in violation of any of the
provisions of this ordinance, shall be destroyed under the direction of the
inspector.
(9) The office of milk inspector shall not be abolished by this act until a
food inspector has been elected.
(10) The food inspector shall also have the title of city chemist.
(11) This ordinance shall be in force from its passage.
Amended September 15, 1909, by adding bacteria count of not more than
500,000 per cubic centimeter.
«&
PROVIDENCE, R. I.
MILK LAws.
[Chap. 173.]
Section 1. All milk, cream, and skimmed milk shall be sold only by standard
wine measure, and by or in measures, cans, jars, bottles, or other vessels or
receptacles which shall, prior to being used in such sale, be sealed by the sealer
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 315
of weights and measures of the town where the person so using the same shall
usually reside in this State or of the town where such milk shall be sold for
use; and every person selling any of the same contrary to this section, or deliv-
ering any of the same sold contrary hereto, shall be fined for the first offense
not less than $50 and not exceeding $100, and for any subsequent offense not
less than $100, or imprisonment not to exceed 90 days, or both such fine and
imprisonment. Any purchaser of milk, cream, or skimmed milk having reason
to believe that any measure, can, jar, bottle, or other vessel or receptacle in
which milk, cream, or skimmed milk is sold and delivered to him is not of sufii-
cient size or capacity to contain, by standard wine measure, the amount thereof
purchased may apply to the sealer of weights and measures of the town in
which such milk, cream, or skimmed milk is delivered to him, which:sealer shall,
upon the receipt of a fee of 25 cents therefor, test the capacity of the same and
issue to such purchaser his certificate stating the capacity thereof; and if such
capacity according to such certificate shall be less than the amount purchased,
such purchaser may make complaint and deliver such certificate to any officer
of such town authorized to make complaints for the violation of this chapter,
who thereupon shall duly make complaint against and prosecute the person or
persons selling or delivering the same for violation of this section.
Src. 2. No person, firm, or corporation, as principal, servant, or agent, shall
sell, exchange, or deliver, or have in his or its possession, care, custody, or con-
trol with intent to sell, exchange, or deliver, in any manner whatsoever, milk,
cream, or skimmed milk, within any city, unless such person, firm, or corpora-
tion shall have first obtained and have in force a license therefor from the
board of aldermen of such city.
Sec. 8. The board of aldermen of such city may grant licenses to any person,
firm, or corporation-making written application therefor at the office of the in-
spector of milk of such city on printed form or forms provided for that purpose
by such inspector of milk. Such application shall state the name, residence,
and location of the business place or places of the applicant, the number and
the description of each and every wagon, carriage, or other vehicle used by the
applicant in the milk, cream, or skimmed milk business, and the names and
residences of all persons from whom such applicant purchases any milk, cream,
or skimmed milk. Any licensee hereunder shall at any time, on request of said
inspector, give said inspector such information. AJ] applications shall be signed
by the applicant, and in case of corporations so applying the application shall
be made by the treasurer or other duly authorized officer thereof, and the names
of the officers of any corporation so applying, or to which such license is
granted, shall be furnished in writing by such corporation to such inspector at
any time on his request. The inspector of milk shall promptly present to said
board of aldermen each such application, with his recommendations thereon in
writing. AJl licenses issued shall expire on the first Monday of February next
following the date of such license.
Ssec. 4. The inspector of milk shall keep a record of all such licenses issued,
including the name, residence, and place of business of each and every person
to whom such license is issued and the date of issue and the date of license,
and so much of section 12 of this chapter as requires milk dealers to register
their names and places of business in the inspector’s book shall not apply to
such licensees. No person, firm, or corporation holding such license shall have
power to transfer, sell, or assign such license. Such license shall not be re-
quired for a person acting as the servant or agent of a person, firm, or corpora-
tion having a license, but they shall record the names and residences of such
servants and agents in the office of the inspector ef milk. Any person, firm, or
corporation licensed under the provisions of this chapter shall immediately
-cause to be and remain posted such license upon some conspicuous part of the
room, place, or office in which the business is carried on.
Sec. 5. The board of aldermen of such city shall have the power at any time
in their discretion, upon the complaint of the inspector of milk er of any other
person, to revoke or suspend any such license for any violation of the provisions
of this chapter, or for any other good and sufficient cause, or when the interest
of the public health demands it: Provided, however, That no such license shall
be revoked or suspended until after said board of aldermen shall give the
licensee five days’ previous notice and an opportunity to be heard in person or
by counsel.
Src, 6. Any person violating any provision of section 2 of this chapter shall,
upon conviction, be fined for the first offense not less than $15 and not exceeding
816 ‘THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
$100, and for any subsequent offense not less than $100 or imprisonment not to
exceed 90 days, or both such fine and imprisonment.
Sec. 7. Any town may at any time accept the provisions of sections 2 to 7, in-
clusive, of this chapter by vote of the town council thereof and by filing in the
office of the secretary of state a copy of such vote of acceptance duly cer-
tified by the town clerk thereof; whereupon the foregoing provisions of this
chapter shall apply to such town for the purpose of granting and issuing such
licenses, and at the expiration of 30 days from such filing shall wholly apply
to such town for all purposes therein, and the town council thereof shall have
all the powers conferred thereby upon the board of aldermen of any such city.
Sec. 8. The mayor and aldermen of any city, and the town council of any
town, may annually elect one or more persons to be inspectors of milk therein,
who shall be engaged to the faithful discharge of the duties of their office.
Every such inspector shall give notice of his election by publishing notice thereof
for two weeks in some newspaper published in the city or town for which he
shall be elected; or, if no newspaper be published therein, by posting up such
notice in two or more public places in such city or town: Provided, That the
mayor and aldermen of the city of Providence shall annually, in the month of
August, elect such person or persons to be inspectors of milk, and may, at any
time during the year thereafter, fill by election any vacancy occurring by reason
of death, resignation, absence from the city, or inability to act.
Src. 9. Any inspector of milk of any town or city may appoint, subject to the
approval of the town council or the mayor and aldermen, one person as col-
lector of samples, except in the city of Providence, where two may be appointed,
who shall have the same powers and be subject to the same duties and liabilities
provided by law relative to the taking of specimens or samples, as an inspector
of milk. All specimens or samples taken and retained by any such collector
shall be delivered to such inspector, who shall have the same powers and duties
relative to the same as in case of specimens or samples taken by himself. Such
inspector at any time may revoke the appointment of any such collector and,
subject to the approval aforesaid, appoint another person in his stead. Such
collector upon being appointed shall be duly engaged to the faithful discharge
of his duties before the city or town clerk, who shall keep a record thereof;
and shall receive such salary as the mayor and aldermen or town council shall
determine.
Sec. 10. Every inspector of milk shall have an office and a book for the purpose
of recording the names and places of business of all persons engaged in the sale
of milk within the limits of his town. He may enter any place where milk is
stored or kept for sale and examine all carriages used in the conveyance of
milk, and whenever he has reason to believe any milk found by him is adul-
terated, he shall take specimens thereof and cause the same to be analyzed or
otherwise satisfactorily tested, the result of which he shall record and preserve
as evidence; and a certificate of such result, sworn to by the analyzer, shall be
admissible in evidence in all prosecutions under this chapter. Such inspector
shall receive such compensation as the mayor and aldermen or town council
shall determine. i
Src. 11. Whenever the inspector of milk shall have reason to believe that
adulterated produce or food is being sold or kept for sale contrary to law, he
shall take at least two specimens from the same package or bulk as samples
thereof, such specimens, if sold, not to.exceed in weight 1 pound each, and if
liquid, not to exceed in measure 1 pint each. He shall take said samples in the
presence of the owner or his agent, and shall seal and label the same in the
presence of such owner or agent, said labels to state the kind of provisions or
food and the name of the seller, and shall then and there deliver one of said
samples to such owner or agent.
Src. 12. Whoever, engaging in or being engaged in the business of selling milk
and conveying the same for sale, neglects to cause his name and place of busi- :
ness to be recorded in the inspector’s book and his name to be legibly and
conspicuously placed and constantly kept upon all carriages and vehicles
used by him in the conveyance of milk or in the sale thereof, and whoever,
being engaged in the business of selling milk and conveying the same for
sale, shall neglect to renew such record annually between the ist day
of February and the ist day of March, shall be fined $20 for the first
offense and $50 for the second and each subsequent offense; and whoever
offers for sale milk produced from cows fed upon the refuse of distilleries or
any substance deleterious to the quality of the milk, and whoever offers for sale
milk produced from sick or diseased cows, shall be fined $20 for the first offense
and $50 for every subsequent offense; and whoever, in the employment of an-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 317
other, violates any provision of this section shall be held equally guilty with
the principal and shall suffer the same penalty.
Src. 18. No person shall sell or exchange, or have in his possession with
intent to sell or exchange, or offer for sale or exchange, adulterated milk or
milk to which water or any foreign substance has been added.
Src. 14. Every person who shall sell, exchange, or deliver, or shall have in
his custody or possession with the intent to sell or exchange or deliver, for him-
self or as the employee of any other person, milk from which the cream or any
part thereof has been removed, or which shall not contain 24 per cent of milk
fats, shall distinctly mark, in letters not less than 1 inch in length, in a con-
spicuous place above the center, upon the outside of every vessel, can, or pack-
age containing such milk, the words “skimmed milk,’ and such milk shall only
be sold in or retailed out of a can, vessel, or package so marked.
Sec. 15. In all prosecutions under sections 13 and 14 of this chapter, if the
milk shall be shown upon analysis to contain more than 88 per cent of watery
fluids, or to contain less than 12 per cent of milk solids, or less than 2% per cent
of milk fats, it shall be deemed for the purpose of said sections to be adul-
terated.
‘Src. 16. Every person who shall be found guilty before a district court of vio-
lating any of the provisions of the three sections next preceding, upon the first
conviction shall be fined $20, and upon the second and every subsequent convic-
tion shall be fined $20 and be imprisoned in the county jail for 10 days.
Src. 17. Whoever, by himself or by his servant or agent, or as the servant or
agent of any other person, firm, or corporation having custody of a can, jar,
bottle, measure, or other vessel used as a container for milk destined for sale,
places or causes or permits to be placed therein any offal, swill, kerosene, veg-
etable matter, or any article other than milk, skimmed milk, buttermilk, cream,
or water or other agent used for cleansing said can, jar, bottle, measure, or
other vessel, shall be punished by a fine of $10 for each vessel so misused.
Sec. 18. Whoever, by himself or by his servant or agent, or as the servant
or agent of any other person, firm, or corporation, sends, ships, returns, or
delivers, or causes or permits to be sent, shipped, returned, or delivered, to any
producer of milk, any can, jar, bottle, measure, or other vessel used as a con-
tainer for milk containing any offal, swill, kerosene, vegetable matter, rotten or
putrid milk, or any other offensive material, shall be punished by a fine of $10
for each said vessel so misused.
Sec. 19. Whoever, by himself or by his servant or agent, or as the servant or
agent of any other person, firm, or corporation, sends, ships, returns, or delivers,
or causes or permits to be sent, shipped, returned, or delivered, to any producer,
dealer in, or consumer of milk, any can, jar, bottle, measure, or other vessel
used aS a container for milk without first thoroughly cleaning and cleansing,
by the use of boiling water, steam, or other proper agent, such can, jar, bottle,
measure, or other vessel used as a container for milk, shall be punished by a
fine of $10 for each said vessel so misused.
Src. 20. Every inspector of milk shall institute complaints on the informa-
tion of any person who shall lay before him satisfactory evidence by which to
sustain the same.
Sec. 21. Every inspector of milk shall cause the provisions of this chapter to
be published in his town at least three times in some newspaper published in
said town or some newspaper in the county in which the town is situated.
Src. 22. Every inspector of milk shall cause the name and place of business
of all persons convicted under this chapter to be published in two newspapers
published in the town or county where the offense shall have been committed.
Src. 23. Any chief of police and any inspector of milk, and such special con-
stables as the town council of any town or the board of aldermen of any city
may appoint for that purpose, may make complaints and prosecute for all vio-
lations, within the city or town wherein they are appointed or elected, of any
of the provisions of this chapter, and they each shall be exempt from giving
surety for costs on any complaint made as aforesaid.
Datrry RULES.
THE OWNER AND HIS HELPERS.
Observe and enforce the utmost cleanliness about the cattle, their attendants,
the stable, the dairy, and all utensils.
A person suffering from any disease or who has been exposed to a contagious
disease must remain away from the cows and the milk.
818 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, °
THE STABLE.
Keep dairy cattle in a room or building by themselves. It is preferable to
have no cellar below and no storage loft above.
Stables should be well ventilated, lighted, and drained; should have tight
floors and walls, and be plainly constructed. % :
Never use musty or dirty litter.
Allow no strong smelling material in the stable for any length of time. Store
the manure under cover outside the cow stable and remove it to a distance as
often as practicable.
Whitewash the stable once or twice a year; use land plaster in the manure
gutters daily.
Use no dry, dusty feed just previous to milking; if fodder is dusty, sprinkle it
before it is fed.
Clean and thoroughly air the stable before milking.
Keep the stable and dairy room in good condition.
THE COWS.
Have the herd examined at least twice a year by a skilled veterinarian.
Promptly remove from the herd any animal suspected of being in bad health,
and reject her milk. Never add an animal to the herd until certain it is free
from disease, especially tuberculosis.
Do not move cows faster than a comfortable walk while on the way to place
of milking or feeding.
Never allow the cows to be excited by hard driving, abuse, loud talking, or
unnecessary disturbance; do not expose them to cold or storms.
Do not change the feed suddenly.
Feed liberally, and use only fresh, palatable food; in no case should decom-
posed or moldy material be used.
Provide water in abundance, easy of access, and always pure; fresh, but not
too cold.
Salt should always be accessible.
Do not allow any strong flavored food, like garlic, cabbage, and turnips, to be
eaten, except immediately after milking.
Clean the entire body of the cow daily. If hair in the region of the udder is
not easily kept clean it should be clipped. ; y
Do not use the milk within 20 days before calving, nor for 3 to 5 days after-
wards.
MILKING.
The milker should be clean in all respect; he should wash and dry his hands
just before milking.
The milker should wear a clean outer garment, used only when milking, and
kept in a clean place at other times.
Brush the udder and surrounding parts just before milking, and wipe them
with a clean, damp cloth or sponge, then wash the hands thoroughly.
Milk quietly, quickly, cleanly, and thoroughly. Cows do not like unnecessary
noise or delay. Commence milking at exactly the same hour every morning
and evening, and milk the cows in the same order.
Throw away (but not on the floor—better in the gutter) the first few streams
from each teat; this milk is very watery and of little value, but it may injure
the rest, as it is high in bacteria.
If in any milking a part of the milk is bloody or stringy, or unnatural in
appearance, the whole mess should be rejected.
Milk with dry hands; never allow the hands to come in contact with the
milk. A little vaseline may be used on the hands.
If any accident occurs by which a pail full or partly full of milk becomes
dirty, do not try to remedy this by straining, but reject all this milk and rinse
the pail.
CARE OF MILK.
Remove the milk of every cow at once from the stable to a clean, dry room,
where the air is pure and sweet. Do not allow cans to remain in stables while
they are being filled.
Strain the milk through a metal gauze and a flannel Goth or layer of cotton
ag soon as it is drawn, .
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 319
Aerate and cool the milk as soon as strained. This must be done in pure
air, and it should then be cooled to 45° if the milk is for shipment, or to 60° if
for home use. ;
Never close a can containing warm milk which has not been aerated.
If cover is left off the can, a piece of cloth or mosquito netting should be used
to keep out insects. .
If milk is stored, it should be held in tanks of fresh cold ice water (renewed
daily), in a clean, dry, cold room.
Keep the night milk under shelter, so rain can not get into the cans. In
warm weather hold it in a tank of fresh cold ice water.
Never mix fresh warm milk with that which has been cooled.
Do not allow the milk to freeze.
Under no circumstances should anything be added to milk to prevent its sour-
ing. Cleanliness and cold are the only preventives needed.
All milk should be in good condition when delivered. This may make it nec-
essary to deliver twice a day during the hottest weather unless the milk is kept
iced.
When cans are hauled far, they should be full and carried in a covered spring
wagon or blanketed.
In hot weather cover the cans, when moved in a wagon, with a clean, wet
blanket or canvas.
THE UTENSILS.
Milk utensils for farm use should be made of metal and have all joints
smoothly soldered. Never allow them to become rusty or rough inside.
Clean all dairy utensils by first thoroughly rinsing them in warm water; then
clean inside and outside with a brush and hot water in which a cleaning ma-
terial is dissolved; then rinse, and, lastly, sterilize by boiling water or steam.
Use pure water only.
After cleaning, keep utensils inverted in pure air, and sun if possible, until
wanted for use, unless kept in a steam box.
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR oF MILK,
Providence, R. I.
To the milk dealers of the city of Providence:
Your attention is respectfully called to the following sections of the general
laws and to the suggestions offered by this department, which must be carefully
followed :
Chapter 147, section 6: “No person shall sell or exchange, or have in his
possession with intent to sell or exchange, or offer for sale or exchange, adul-
terated milk or milk to which water or any foreign substance has been added.”
Chapter 1842, section 4: “The board of aldermen of such city shall have the
power at any time, in their discretion, upon the complaint of the inspector of
milk or of any other person,-to revoke or suspend any such license for any vio-
lation of the provisions of said chapter 147 of the general laws or of any act in
amendment thereof or in addition thereto, or for any other good and sufficient
cause or when the interest of the public health demands it.”
If you have any doubt as to the quality of the milk you are buying, we shall
be glad to analyze from time to time any samples you may bring to this office.
If you find it profitable to sell milk, you will find it still more profitable to
handle a good article. If you can not afford to take time to handle your milk
properly and inform yourself as to its quality, you have no right to be in the
milk business.
Failure on your part or the part of your dairymen to comply with the pro-
visions of chapter 147 of the general laws, entitled “of milk,” or with the
inclosed suggestions will lead to the revocation of your license to sell milk.
Very respectfully, yours,
WALTER O. Scort, Inspector of Milk.
320 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR OF MILK,
Providence, R. I. -
Your attention is respectfully called to the following suggestions, which are -
offered in the hope that the quality of milk sold in this city may be improved:
Keep the milk clean and cold.
Mix your milk thoroughly before each sale.
Clean all measures and scald them daily with boiling water. In warm
weather rinse out your measures and mixing can occasionally with water.
Keep all milk and milk measures in a clean, Sweet ice box at all times when
you are not selling from the same.
Always keep the milk cans and measures covered to prevent dust, and with it
the disease-breeding bacteria, from contaminating the milk you are selling.
Milk cans must not be used for any purpose other than for the sale of milk.
Failure to comply with these suggestions may lead to a revocation of your
license to Sell milk.
Very respectfully, WALTER O. Scott, Inspector of Milk.
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR OF MILK,
Providence, R. I.
To the milk dealers of the city of Providence:
Your attention is respectfully called to the following suggestions, which must
be carefully followed if the milk which you sell is to contain less than 100,000
bacteria in a cubic centimeter :
The stables must be kept clean and should be whitewashed at least once a
year.
The cows must be groomed daily and be free from disease.
The hands of the milkers must be washed immediately before milking, and
all milking must be done with dry hands.
The first milk from each teat must be rejected and not collected in the milk
pail.
All milk utensils and strainers must be thoroughly cleansed by the use of
boiling water, and all cans and bottles must be sterilized before they are again
used.
All milk cans must be kept covered to prevent dust and flies from contami-
nating the milk.
Milk utensils and cans must not be left to air by the dusty roadside, near
the sink-drain outlet, the pigsty, or the open privy vault.
All milk must be rapidly cooled and continuously maintained at a temperature
below 50° F.
Failure on your part or on the part of your dairymen to comply with these
suggestions may lead to a revocation of your license to Sell milk.
Very respectfully,
WALTER O. Scort, Inspector of Milk.
——_—
’
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR OF MILK,
Providence, R. I.
REASONS FOR THE SUGGESTIONS OFFERED BY THIS DEPARTMENT.
[The facts contained in this circular have been taken from official publications.]
To the milk dealers of the city of Providence:
Your attention is respectfully called to the following suggestions offered by
this department, intended to improve the quality of the milk offered for sale
in this city, to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, and for the protection
of. the public health. The importance of a clean milk supply is recognized
by all intelligent people and should require no argument. It has been my expe-
rience that every milk dealer feels that his milk is the best that can be ob-
tained, and to this overconfidence and failure to carefully follow the sugges-
tions offered by this department every complaint against the purity of our
milk supply can be traced. With clean, healthy cows, clean hands, properly
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 321 .
sterilized pails, cans, bottles, strainer and milk utensils, absence of flies and
dust in the air to which the milk is exposed, rapid cooling, and continuous main-
tenance thereafter at a temperature below 50° F., clean milk can be produced.
It must be evident that it is not difficult to produce clean milk if the sugges-
tions are followed intelligently.
Jt is absolutely imperative that the cows producing the milk be free from
disease.—Yor the protection of the dairy herd diseased cattle should be promptly
eliminated. Everyone will agree that the milk from cows suffering from any
disease of the udder should be discarded. Careful experiments performed by
many trained and eminently responsible investigators have demonstrated be-
yond reasonable doubt that tubercle bacilli (germs which cause tuberculosis)
at certain times may be present in the milk of cows which show no signs of
tuberculosis by means of physical examination, yet are proved to be diseased by
the tuberculin test. This is explained by reason of the fact that cows which
have tuberculosis in the lungs swallow their saliva, together with the organisms
responsible for the disease, which pass, together with the food, through the
intestinal tract, and in this way are found in the manure and get into the milk.
Various foreign commissions have been appointed, and the results of their in-
vestigations would seem to show that tuberculosis in animal and man is iden-
tical. The department advises all producers, for their own protection and for
the protection of the health of their customers, to have their cattle tested with
tuberculin by a competent veterinarian at once.
Cows must be groomed daily—Most of the bacteria found in milk comes
from the body of the dirty cow and indirectly from the intestinal tract. It is
this visible filth which falls into the pail while the cow is being milked. To limit
the amount of fine dust, hairs, and scales from the body of the cow which dur-
ing the process of milking get into the milk, covered pails were invented.
Since the bacteria are so small that they can not be filtered, at least by cotton
and cheesecloth, once they are in solution, it is absolutely necessary that they
be not allowed to fall into the milk. It is only the visible filth, such as straws,
hairs, hayseed, scales, and large pieces of manure, etc., which remains on the
surface of the cotton or ordinary strainer cloths, while most: of the soluble filth
and the bacteria which come from the intestinal tract pass into the milk.
Many of the so-called sanitary pails containing numerous pieces of cheese-cloth
and cotton through which the milk must pass, instead of removing the bacteria
are found in fact upon examination to increase the number, since the continu-
ous streams upon the sediment washes all the bacteria and soluble filth into
solution.
The amount of dust and dirt which can fall upon the surface of the milk
pail will depend upon the cleanliness of the cow first of all, and then upon the
area of the collecting surface. Numerous experiments by agents of the Bureau
of Animal Industry have shown that milk from tuberculous cows, even when
the udders were not diseased, are infected with tubercule bacilli from the
manure of the animal. These experiments show that great care is necessary
in guarding milk from contamination with particles of dry manure, stable dust,
and dirty hairs from the body of the dirty cow. It is, therefore, absolutely
necessary that the cows be clean. . This cleaning should be done at least one-
half hour before the cows are milked, and should be done thoroughly. An old
ecurrycomb or a card and an ordinary stable brush will usually serve for the
purpose. In some cases the cow’s udders and teats must be washed, and if
this is found to be necessary the udders and teats should be thoroughly dried
before milking is begun. The udder, teats, and parts of the cow which come
directly over the milk pail should always be cleansed before the cows are
milked with a clean, damp piece of sacking or a towel, and then the hands
must be washed thoroughly. The cloths used for this purpose should be
washed and kept clean.
Stables must be kept clean.—It is certainly necessary to brush down from
time to time the cobwebs and dry manure dust which may have accumulated
upon the interior of the cow stable, and to sweep up any dry material that
may be scattered over the stable floor that the drafts of wind may not dislodge
it and blow it into the milk pail. If one will stand where the rays of sunlight
pass through the window into a room which is being swept and notice the
visible dust particles in the air it will be evident that no sweeping be done in
the stable during milking; and that at least one-half hour must elapse after
sweeping the floors or cleaning the cows before the milk pails are brought into
the stable and milking begun, in order that the dust may settle upon the floor
and not fall into the milk pails and thereby contaminate the milk.
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-83——21
822 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Stables should be whitewashed at least once or twice a year.—A little lime,
water, an old brush, and a pail is all that is necessary. Whitewash is a good
disinfectant. It sweetens the air of the stable and makes it lighter. Windows
are desirable in stables and dairy buildings because most varieties of bacteria
are killed in a few hours by direct sunshine. For this reason the lighter the
stable the better.
The hands of the milkers must be washed immediately before milking, and
all milking must be done with dry hands.—Though this is self-evident, never-
theless many dairy employees take no precaution to keep their hands clean,
and the milker who washes his hands just before milking is begun is the excep-
tion and not the rule. The word “‘ immediately ” is very important. Numerous
epidemics of typhoid fever have been traced to infected milk and have had
their first start from hand infection. ‘The milker may have a mild attack of
typhoid fever, or be in the early stages of a severe attack, or perhaps he
may be one of those unfortunates, a typhoid carrier, unfortunate for the
community if not for himself. In the act of milking he may wash at least
some germs into the milk pail, especially if he squirts the milk upon his
palms preliminary to milking. The hands may be soiled by acting as a nurse
for some case of typhoid in the family, by emptying or burying the discharges
of the patient, or by sharing the family towel with some member of the house-
hold who is acting in this capacity. He may be convalescent from scarlet
fever or diphtheria, or his hands may come in contact with those who have it.
It is easily seen how infective material upon the hands may find its way into
the milk and cause sickness for those that drink it. ~
It would seem to be absolutely necessary that those engaged in the milk
business be free from contagious diseases themselves and have no contact with
those suffering from them. Milkers should never commence milking without
washing their hands. Dealers should not fill bottles and cap them until they
have performed this exceedingly important part of their toilet. The depart-
ment recommends that the hands by cleansed by the liberal use of soap and
water, after which they should be thoroughly rinsed, and dried with a clean
towel.
The first milk from each teat must be rejected and not collected in the milk
pail.—Nearly every case of garget is due to bacterial infection of the udder
through the teat. The teats, when the cows lay down, come in contact with the
stable floor, which can not be always kept perfectly clean. In this way the
organisms infect it. By discarding the first stream from each teat any bacteria
in the fore milk can be washed into the gutter and not into the milk pail. The
first milk is always very poor, and in cases of infection high in bacteria.
Wilk utensils and strainers must be thoroughly cleansed by the use of boiling
water and all cans and bottles must be sterilized before they are again used.—
The washing of milk utensils would seem to be a very Simple operation. You
may perhaps have noticed that a milk can or pail which has been used as a
eontainer for milk and left standing around the house or dairy, after it has
been supposed to be thoroughly cleansed and scalded, will many times have an
offensive smell. This would not be possible if the container had been properly
cleansed and sterilized. The reason milk producers have adopted the system
of putting their utensils in the yard to air is to allow the bad odor to escape,
which is caused by the bacteria decomposing the dirty material and wash water
left in most milk cans. When warm milk is put into rusty cans and cans which
are not properly constructed and the joints of which are not well soldered, the
dirty material left in the rusty pits and unsoldered joints is dissolved and the
bacteria liberated and thus enabled to decompose the warm milk.
The way to clean dairy utensils is first to rinse them in luke-warm water,
then clean thoroughly inside and outside with a brush and hot water in which
the cleansing material is dissolved, then thoroughly rinse with plenty of clean
water, and lastly sterilize with boiling water or steam. Milk utensils should
always be sterilized by keeping them in water continually boiling for at least
80 minutes. Confined steam under 15 pounds pressure in a steam sterilizer will
kill all germs known in 15 minutes.
The general laws of this State, chapter 173, section 19, make it a crime for any
person, firm, or corporation to ship, return, or deliver to any producer, dealer
in, or consumer of milk, any can, jar, bottle, measure, or other vessel used as a
container for milk without first thoroughly cleaning and cleansing by the use
of boiling water, steam, or other proper agent. Clean milk in sterile bottles,
handled by persons free from disease, is the ideal way to deliver milk, but when
cans and bottles are left at homes where there are cases of scarlet fever, typhoid
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 323
fever, or diphtheria, and filled by the dealer, contrary to law, without being
thoroughly cleansed and properly sterilized, they are a source of danger. The
constant presence of many mild cases of disease—so mild that a correct diagnosis
is not made by the physician—makes it imperative that no bottles or cans be
refilled until they are thoroughly cleansed and sterilized. Every licensed dealer
in this city distributing milk in cans and bottles has the proper equipment to
do this work, and any epidemic of contagious diseases from improperly sterilized
eans and bottles will be due to willful negligence. Milk producers must not
be allowed to use sterile cans intended for our city milk supply as pails to bring
water for cattle, or for any other purpose on the farm.
Milk cans must be kept covered to prevent dust and flies from contaminating
the milk; milk utensits and cans must not be left to air by the dusty roadside,
near the sink-drain outlet, the pigsty, or the open privy vault—Milk cans
should be covered with a clean canvas or blanket, used only for that purpose,
when they are being carted over the road, that the dirt and manure dust in
the highway may not settle upon them and get into the milk can and contami-
nate the milk when the wooden stoppers and covers are removed.
No good reason can be given why milk should remain in the barn unneces-
sarily exposed to contamination with the foul odors and manure dust of the
stable for any material period of time. On nearly every farm there are enough
old boards which could be nailed together to make a suitable milk room into
which the milk should be carried immediately after it is drawn from the cow.
The reason for such a building must be evident.
Insects play a large part as mechanical carriers of disease germs, the greatest
menace to our daily life being the common house fly known to scientists as the
typhoid fly. It breeds in manure and it feeds on it; it feeds on the sputum
of diseased throats and on typhoid dejecta, and by means of its hairy feet and
legs it carries about and distributes particles of these vile feasts, which fre-
quently contain living germs capable of producing a new case of disease. In
still another way does the fly spread disease—germs taken into its body in food
are known to remain alive in the intestines, and also for days after they are
ejected in the “specks,” i. e. in the fly excrement. Recent experiments with
animals have proved this to be true of both tuberculosis and typhoid, the germs
in the “speck” having actually given the disease from 9 to 15 days after being
voided by the fly. f
Flies were the principal carriers of the typhoid fever which attacked 20 per
cent of the United States soldiers in the Cuban War and furnished 86 per cent
of the deaths. It is not possible to prevent flies from visiting the dairy or
farm, but the stable manure need not be allowed to accumulate and furnish
breeding places for them. It will be found far more valuable if used to increase
the fertility of the soil. It is certainly not necessary to allow flies to infect
the milk pail and milk utensils and swim in the milk. There certainly can
be no reason why they should be allowed to dine in the open privy vault or
drink at the sink drain; the vault can be covered and a covered cesspool can be
provided. Would not these precautions deprive them of their vile feasts and
help to prevent the spread of disease? They can be easily kept out of the
milk utensils by the use of screens for the dairy windows.
All milk must be rapidly cooled and continuously maintained at a temperature
below 50° F.
' Milk is quickly decomposed by bacteria unless it is kept cold. Bacteria, like
other forms of plant life, can not grow in cold weather, so these minute germ
plants are prevented from multiplication by keeping the milk cold. If everyone
had his own cow and used the milk as soon as it was drawn there would be
no great need of cooling the milk. Milk for all large cities must be held at the
farm, shipped over country roads, transported by train, and képt in the city
bottling plant before it is delivered at the home of the consumer. For this
reason it is absolutely necessary that the greatest care be taken to quickly
cool the milk at the farm immediately after it is drawn from the cow and keep
it cold, in order that it may not contain dangerous numbers of bacteria. The
law makes it a crime to sell adulterated milk, but it would seem to be a still
greater fraud to sell milk which can not be used at all when delivered to the
customer, due to the slovenly methods of handling and improper cooling. Few
wells and springs are cold enough in the summer to cool milk to 50° F. For
this reason ice must be used in hot weather, and a liberal supply should be
‘provided.
The work of Nathan Straus in New York City in dispensing pasteurized milk
for infants in general proves that the bacteria which are always found in
324 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
excessive numbers in old, improperly cooled, dirty milk are to a great extent
responsible for the high death rate and infant mortality in cities. Prior to
the beginning of this work in 1893 the death rate of children under 5 years
in New York City was 96.2 in every 1,000, and in June, July, and August, when
exceptional care must be taken to properly cool the milk, the death rate was
186.4 for each 1,000. With the increased use and distribution of pasteurized
milk in 1906 the death rate fell to 55 per 1,000, and in June, July, and August
the death rate was 62.7 per 1,000. This means that thousands of lives were
saved. The milk supplied was from the same farms, the same kind of herds,
and was distributed in the same way, the only difference being that the bottles
were sterilized and the bacteria in the old, dirty, warm milk were killed by
the heat applied to pasteurize it, and it was then properly cooled. If the sug-
gestions offered by this department were carefully followed by milk producers
and dealers pasteurization of milk would not be necessary. These suggestions
are based upon fact and experience, and are offered in hope that they may
improve the quality of the milk you are selling. It takes but a little more time
each day to conduct your business in a decent manner, and you will find that
the extra labor has been well expended. If you find it profitable to sell milk
you will find it still more profitable to handle a clean, pure article. If you can |
not take the time to conduct your business in a decent manner and inform
yourself as to its quality you have no right to be in the milk business.
Very respectfully,
WALTER O. Scott, Inspector of Milk.
——
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR OF MILK,
Providence, R. I.
To milk producers:
The department of milk inspection, with the cooperation of milk producers,
offers the inclosed suggestions, which if intelligently followed would improve
the sanitary conditions existing at the dairy farms from which our supply is
obtained and indirectly improve the quality of the milk offered for sale in
this city.
The fact that dirty milk has been held by physicians to be one of the principal
causes of the high death rate and infant mortality makes it important that
only clean milk be sold. The general laws of this State and the pure-food law
of the United States prohibit the sale of milk containing foreign substances.
The courts have held that the sale of milk containing sediment—-viz, dirt, hairs,
putrid matter, and manure—is a violation of the law.
For the education of your employees it is important that the inclosed sugges-
tions be posted conspicuously in the stable or milk room.
In the near future agents of this department will visit all dairy farms from
which milk is shipped to Providence, for the purpose of seeing that the sugges-
tions are being carried out. Samples of milk shipped to this city by producers
will be examined to determine if the laws of this State are being complied with.
I hope that the ‘inclosed suggestions may be of assistance in enabling pro-
ducers to ship only clean milk.
Very respectfully, yours,
Water O. Scort, Inspector of Milk.
[To be posted in all dairies.]
Department of milk inspection of the city of Providence offers the follow-
ing suggestions which should be carefully followed by farmers and dairymen
in the care of cows and handling of milk:
THE BARNYARD.
1. It should be well drained, clean, and dry and should be as much sheltered
as possible from the wind and cold. There should be ‘no pools of stagnant
water or urine therein,
2. Manure should not be allowed to collect in the barnyard and should not
be at any time in contact with the stable or milk house.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 3825
THE STABLE,
1. Cow stables should be well lighted and ventilated. The ventilation should
preferably be from the top.
2. There should be at least 400 cubic feet of air space for each cow, other-
wise extra ventilation should be provided.
38. Walls and ceilings should be kept clean. The stable should be white-
washed twice a year, and more often if necessary.
4. It is desirable that the place where the cows are kept be used for no other
purpose. A cow barn should not be used as a storage place for straw, hay, or
other feeds, or as a wagon or tool house, as the dust and dirt which accumu-
lates in a place of this character is liable to drop into the milk while it is
being drawn from the cow.
5. The ceilings should be so constructed that dust and dirt therefrom shall
not readily fall to the floor or into the milk. If the space over the cow is
used for storage of hay, the ceiling should be made tight to prevent chaff and
dust from falling through.
6. Stable floors should be made tight and smooth and be of some nonabsorb-
ent material. Dirt or earth floors and gutters can not be tolerated.
7. The flooring where the cows stand should be short enough so that all
manure will be dropped into the gutter and not upon the floor itself.
8. The floor should be swept every day but not before milking.
9. Cement gutters and mangers are the best, as they can be more easily kept
elean than if made of wood.
10. The manure gutter should be from 6 to 8 inches deep, and should be kept
at all times fairly free from manure.
11. Manure should be removed from the stalls and gutters before the morn-
ing milking and also before the afternoon milking, where the cows remain in
the stable all day.
12. The use of land plaster or lime is recommended in the gutters.
18. Allow no strong smelling material in the stable for any length of time.
Store the manure under or outside the cow stable and remove it to a distance
as often as practicable.
14. If individual drinking basins are used for the cows they should be fre-
“quently drained and cleaned.
THE COWS.
1. The cows should be kept clean and be free from disease.
2. Have the herd examined at least twice a year by a skilled veterinarian.
Never add an animal to the herd until certain it is free from disease, especially
tuberculosis.
3. Promptly remove from the herd any animal suspected of being in bad
health and reject her milk.
4. The cows should be groomed daily and collections of manure, mud, or
other filth should not be allowed to remain upon their flanks, sides, udders,
or bellies.
5. The clipping of long hairs from the udder and the right side of the cow is
of assistance in preventing the collection of filth which may drop into the milk.
6. The hair on the tails should be cut so that the brush will be well above
the ground.
7. The cows may be bedded with sawdust, shavings, leaves, straw, or some
equally clean material.
8. The use of horse manure for bedding is to be condemned. Sand or loam
must never be used as bedding,
9. To prevent the cows from lying down and getting dirty between cleaning
and milking, a throat latch of rope or chain should be fastened across the
stanchions under the cow’s neck.
THE FOOD.
1. Feed liberally, and use only fresh, palatable feed stuffs. In no case should
strong smelling or decomposed or moldy material be used.
2. Do not allow any strong-flavored food, like garlic, cabbage, and turnips,
to be eaten by milch cows.
8. Provide water for cattle in abundance, easy of access, always pure and
fresh.
4, Salt should always be accessible,
326 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
THE UTENSILS,
1. Milk utensils for farm use should be made of metal and well tinned and
have all joints smoothly soldered. Never use them if they become rusty or
rough on the inside.
2. Dairy utensils should be cleansed directly after using by first thoroughly
rinsing them in water; then clean inside and out with hot water in which a
cleaning material is dissolved; then thoroughly rinse with plenty of water; and
lastly, sterilize by boiling water or steam. Use pure water only.
8. All milk utensils and strainers should be thoroughly cleansed by the use
of boiling water; and all cans, utensils, and strainers must be sterilized before
they are used.
4. Milk strainers should be kept exceedingly clean, and scalded a second time
just before using. If cloth strainers are used, several of them should be provided
in order that they may be frequently changed during the straining of the milk,
5. After cleaning utensils should be inverted in pure air. Milk utensils and
cans must not be left in the cow stables, by the dusty roadside, near the sink
drain outlet, the pig sty, or the open privy vault.
6. Ice tubs and cooling tanks should be thoroughly cleansed by scrubbing at
least once a week.
7. Remember that the milk cans are the property of the city milk dealer,
and must not be used to carry water for cattle or for other uses on the farm.
\
THE MILKING AND MILKERS.
1. No person having any communicable disease, or one caring for persons
having such disease, should be allowed to handle the milk or milk utensils or
assist in the milking.
2. The hands of the milkers should be carefully washed immediately before
milking. The hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and water and
carefully dried on a clean towel.
8. Milk with dry hands. Never allow the hands to come in contact with the
milk. The practice of moistening the hands with milk, or to spit on them, is ee
be condemned.
4, The milker should wear a clean washable jacket, used only when Pliers
and kept in a clean place at other times.
5. Always brush off and wipe the udder and surrounding parts just before
milking. If the cows are very dirty, wash with a cloth or sponge, and then
dry the udders and teats with a clean piece of cloth or sacking.
6. Milk quietly, quickly, cleanly, and thoroughly.
7. The first few streams from each teat should be rejected, as this milk
contains more bacteria than the rest of the mess.
8. All milk drawn from the cows 380 days before and 10 days after calving
should be rejected, and also all milk from diseased cows. If any accident
occurs by which a pail full or partly full of milk becomes dirty, do not try to
remedy this by straining, because the soluble filth and the bacteria can not be
removed by straining, but reject all this milk and rinse the pail.
9. The pails in which the milk is drawn should have as small an opening
at the top as can be used in milking. This renders the collection of manure
and dust with the milk less likely.
10. Dry fodder should not be fed to the cows during or just beter milking,
as dust therefrom will fall into the milk.
THE MILK.
1. Remove the milk of every cow at once from the stable to the milk house
or to a clean room where the air is pure and sweet. Do not allow milk cans
to remain in stables while they are being filled.
2. A good plan, if modern coolers are not available, is to strain the milk into
cans which are standing in ice water which reaches the neck of the can.
3. The more rapidly the milk is cooled and the colder it is kept the safer it
is and the longer it will remain sweet. Milk can not be properly cooled at any
season of the year if the air alone is expected to do the cooling.
4. Ice should be used in cooling, both in summer and winter, as very few
wells or springs are cold enough for the purpose.
5. If aerators or coolers are used, they should stand where the air is free
from dust and odor, and on no account should they be used in the cow stable.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 327
6. Milk should always be cooled as soon as strained. If modern apparatus
for airing and cooling at the same time is not at hand, the milk should be
aired by tipping the covers slightly while cooling the milk to 50° F. in clean
ice water. Precautions should always be taken to see that the water is above
the milk to be cooled in the cans and that the water can not overflow into the
cans and water the milk.
7. Never ship a can containing warm milk which has not been cooled and
aerated.
8. If the milk is held at the farm it should be stored in fresh, cold ice
water or kept in a running spring.
9. The milk should always be kept under shelter so that the rain can not get
into the cans.
10. Never mix fresh warm milk with that which has been cooled.
11. During the transportation of the milk and cans to the car or dairy, cov-
ered wagons only should be used. If this is not possible the cans should be
protected from heat, cold, dust, and mud by a clean canvas or blanket.
12. All milk must be rapidly cooled and continuously maintained at a tem-
perature below 50° F.
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR OF MILE,
Providence, R. I.
To milk producers:
The department of milk inspection, with the cooperation of milk producers,
hopes to improve the sanitary conditions existing at the dairy farms from which
our city supply is obtained. To accomplish this end and to assist milk pro-
ducers in removing objectionable features, the department has adopted a dairy
score card, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, a copy of
which is inclosed. In the near future agents of this department will visit all
dairy farms from which milk is shipped to Providence and score them in
accordance with the adopted score card. It will be to your advantage to make
such changes as will enable you to obtain as high a score as possible.
Very respectfully,
WALTER O. Scott, Inspector of Milk.
DEPARTMENT OF MILK INSPECTION,
Providence, R. I.
To milk dealers and milk producers:
The department of milk inspection has adopted regulations intended to pro-
hibit the sale in the city of Providence of milk which contains an unnecessary
or dangerous number of bacteria.
The investigations of the department have shown that milk properly col-
lected and handled does not contain a large or dangerous number of bacteria.
This circular is issued so that those who are interested in the production and
sale of milk may adopt such precautions as are necessary to prevent the milk
being condemned, because it has been rendered unfit for use by the growth of
large numbers of bacteria in it.
BACTERIA AND THEIR GROWTH IN MILE.
Bacteria are among the smallest and simplest of all living things. They
much resemble the cells of which plants are composed, and, like plants, require
moisture, warmth, and food to grow. When these conditions are present they
multiply very rapidly, so that from one germ a few hundred may be produced
in an hour, millions in 12 hours, and billions in a day.
As bacteria increase in numbers, they gather nourishment from the milk or
other substances in which they develop, and, like other higher forms of life,
transform what they take into their bodies into useless or poisonous products.
They thus both rob the food of its nutritious substances and add others to it
which are more or less poisonous. Thus, milk becomes sour through the change
of its milk sugar into acid, produced by bacteria. But long before milk be-
comes sour to the taste it may contain enormous numbers of bacteria and has
already become unwholesome and dangerous when employed for food, especially
for young children,
328 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The bacteria or germs which cause the various infectious diseases, such as
typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, consumption, etc., readily live: and
multiply in milk, and outbreaks of these diseases have been frequently traced
to contamination of milk by careless farmers or milkmen, who have infected
the milk with disease germs from their hands, from improperly sterilized bottles
or cans, from polluted water, or from other sources, either while themselves
sick or recovering from some one of these diseases, or while nursing others who
were suffering from them. Many thousands of cases of illness and death have
thus been produced from such causes. This is, of course, entirely unnecessary,
and can easily be prevented. It is most important, therefore, for all persons
who handle milk to know from what portion of the body these minute germs
are given off, so that they may adopt the necessary precautions to prevent
infection of the milk.
The germs which cause scarlet fever are thrown off in the discharges from
the nose and throat and in the scaling from the skin. Those which cause
typhoid fever are found in the urine and feces, and thus often reach the spring
or well water with drainage which has leaked into it. Those which cause
consumption and diphtheria are contained in the expectoration. The germs
from cows which are diseased, especially when affected with consumption and
tuberculosis of the udder, may also infect the milk and produce sickness in
those who drink it. The bacteria which cause milk to sour and ferment and
so become unwholesome are derived from manure and dirt which drop into
the milk pail from the cow’s belly or udder or tail, or from the dust of the
barn, or from the dirt off the milker’s hands, or they are contained in the pails
and dirty strainers and cans, which have not been thoroughly cleaned and
sterilized after having been previously used for milk.
The pails into which the milk is drawn should not be of the large, open-top
variety, but should be covered with as small an opening at the top as can be
used in milking. If everyone would use covered milk pails much of the dust
and dirt which falls into the milk during the process of milking would be
prevented and fewer bacteria would be found in the milk.
When milk is collected under cleanly conditions, the number of bacteria
which fall into it is much less than when the conditions are dirty.
Milk affords one of the best foods for the growth of bacteria. When fresh,
however, it contains substances which retard somewhat the development of
bacteria for a few hours, if they are not too numerous, but we depend upon
low temperatures to further limit changes in it. Just as large forms of plant
life can not grow in cold weather, so also these minute germ plants are pre-
vented from multiplication by cold. For this reason all milk should be rapidly
cooled and kept cold until used.
Bacteria found in milk generally multiply most rapidly at blood heat, and
cease to multiply at all at the freezing temperature. Any reduction of the
temperature below 95° F. limits the rapidity of growth, but it is not until the
temperature is reduced to 45° or 50° F. that the growth is nearly arrested. At
392° FH. milk remains unchanged for an indefinite period. In fresh milk,
properly collected and quickly cooled at 50° F. and kept at this temperature,
during the first 24 hours there is no increase in the number of bacteria; after
24 hours the peculiar properties of fresh milk to resist the growth of bacteria
become exhausted, and the bacteria also become gradually accustomed to the
cold, so that even at this temperature they may rapidly increase and in a few
days cause the milk to become sour.
It is impossible to obtain cow’s milk under the ordinary conditions which
exist in most milk barns without allowing some bacteria (which always abound
in the dirt and dust of the barn and on the cattle) to drop into it, but the num-
ber may be limited. It is wholly unnecessary and inexcusable to permit the
germs of the diseases of human beings or eattle to contaminate the milk. The
fewer bacteria found in milk the more wholesome it is, and when the number
becomes very large, the milk becomes not only unwholesome but dangerous,
and the use of such milk is the commonest cause of the diarrheal diseases of
children, particularly prevalent in summer. The importance of this may be
appreciated when it is known that 1,188 deaths occurred from the diarrheal
diseases in the city of Providence among children under the age of 2 years
during the last five years (1902 to 1906, inclusive).
Under present conditions considerable time must elapse before the milk
reaches the consumer, and before it is used, and if it is not very carefully
handled and kept cold the number of germs contained in it when used becomes
very large and sometimes almost incredible. There may be at the end of a
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 329
day or two millions of bacteria in a teaspoonful of milk not properly collected
and cooled. As the milk must often be kept in the house for 12 hours or more
after it is delivered and before it is consumed, it naturally becomes still more
unwholesome before being used, and it therefore becomes important that all of
the milk sold in the city should reach the consumer in good condition and be
kept cold after it is delivered.
The number of bacteria in milk should be as low as is possible under the
conditions under which practical dairy farming must at present be carried
on. All milk dealers can easily produce and sell milk which has less than
500,000 bacteria in a cubic centimeter, or about one-fifth of a teaspoonful,
which is the limit set by this department for clean milk. To keep within this
limit the cattle, stables, and the milker’s hands should be kept clean, and the
pails and cans should be always scrupulously clean and properly sterilized.
The milk should be immediately cooled at the farm and transported to the city
with the least possible delay. So far as practicable, each day’s milk supply
should reach the city on the same day or not later than the following morning,
and the temperature of the milk should be continuously maintained at 50° F.
or less.
The department of milk inspection, with the cooperation of farmers and all
milk dealers, hope to improve the character of the milk sold in this city, so
far as the number of bacteria in it is concerned. It is a matter of great impor-
tance to the health of everyone that our milk supply be clean and pure. This
department will test samples of milk for the number of bacteria which they
contain; and where the number is found to be so great as to show that the
milk has not been properly produced and handled, the dealers to whom such
milk is shipped will be cautioned to notify the farmers who supply them to
improve their methods. If then the milk is still found to contain dangerous
numbers of organisms, the sale of the milk will be prohibited, and the board
of aldermen will be requested to revoke the license of the dealer if necessary.
Very respectfully,
WaAtterR O. Scott, Inspector of Wilk.
HOW TYPHOID FEVER IS CAUSED.
[This circular is based on one prepared by Dr. H. W. Hill, for the Minnesota State Board
of Health.]
Typhoid fever is an infectious disease. The infection is in the excrement and
urine of the patient, and sometimes in the saliva. The patient after recovery
often remains infectious for some weeks or months.
No one ever catches typhoid fever except by getting into his mouth some of
the excrement, urine, or saliva of one who already has, or has recently recoy-
ered from typhoid fever or is infected with the germs of the disease. At first
Sight it might seem that this can not be true, for no one would ever take will-
ingly or knowingly any of these things into the mouth. But, as a matter of
fact, people are continually catching typhoid fever from others, always in just
this way—never in any other way.
If one will stop and think carefully about it, he will see that this disgusting
way of “catching” typhoid fever is not only possible, but can and must happen
all the time; and is in fact the only way the disease is carried. For instance,
the discharges of a patient thrown out or buried in gravelly soil near a well
may soak through the soil into the well, or the discharges may be thrown or
washed into a stream. The persons who drink water from such a well or
stream drink the discharges also, much diluted it is true, and of those who
drink such water some become infected.
But the water route is only one of the many ways in which excrement, urine,
and saliva pass from the patient into other people’s mouths. The most common
of the routes other than water is by way of the hands, and a few of the
ways that infection travels by the hands are given here in detail. One may
never have thought of these, but once thought of they can never be forgotten
again because the whole thing is so plain, and so disgusting. There is nothing
mysterious about the transmission of typhoid fever.
The patient.—To begin at the beginning. A typhoid patient is usually help-
less, and everything must be done for him—he must be washed, his nose and
mouth wiped, and his bedclothes changed by some one eise. He must be fed
and given medicines by an attendant; he must have a bedpan or urinal placed
330 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
in position and removed as necessary. Often he requires injection into the
bowel; sometimes he has involuntary discharges before a bedpan can be placed’
in position. Sometimes his temperature must be taken in the bowel. After
the use of the bedpan or urinal it is difficult to clean his body thoroughly, and
even after au amount of washing which removes all visible dirt, the infection
remains as numerous particles of matter on the skin or sheet or night clothes.
As the patient tosses about in bed these particles are spread from skin to sheet
and back again, until the whole lower part of the patient’s body and legs be-
come infected with more or less particles of excrement and urine—very small
particles and very thin, no doubt, leaving not even a stain to show their pres-
ence, but present all the same. A particle of excrement, spread out upon the
skin so thin as to be invisible, may contain millions of the bacteria which
produce the disease.
Dangers to the attendant.—It must be perfectly clear to everyone who con-
siders these facts for a moment that no attendant can touch the body or bed-
clothes or urinal or bedpan or injecting syringe or thermometer or anything
else which comes into contact with the patient’s body or legs or sheets, without
great chance of transferring at least a few of these bacteria to the hands.
Now, everyone’s hands go often to the lips and mouth every day, consciously or
unconsciously. Watch anyone and see, or notice how often you do this your-
self. If there be on your hands any of the discharges of a typhoid patient,
consider how extremely likely it is that you will transfer them to your mouth.
Dangers to visitors.—The patient’s own hands also touch his own body, his
own sheets, etc., as much or more than the attendant’s hands do, and the pa-
tient’s hands therefore become infected likewise. The patient touches his own
face, pillow, books, medicine glass, spoons, plates, etc., with his infected hands,
and these, in turn, become infected. If the patient shakes hands with a visitor,
or if the visitor touches only the patient’s forehead with the fingers, infection
is likely to be transferred to the visitor’s hands. Merely shaking up a pillow
or settling the sheets to make the patient more comfortable is likely to infect
the hands of the one who does it.
Dangers from the nurse to others.—But the persons who come into contact
with the typhoid patient directly are not the only ones who are in danger.
Anyone who eats food handled by a person who has been in contact with the
typhoid patient is likely to take into the mouth the infected material from that
person’s hands; for instance, it has happened over and over again that a hotel
or restaurant waitress, nursing a sick relative and also waiting on table, has ~
transferred typhoid fever from the patient to the boarder by handling the
boarder’s food just after she has emptied the sick person’s bedpan. In private
families the mother often acts as nurse for the sick person and at the same
time prepares meals for the rest of the family.
Food.—The hands of the house nurse, infected with discharges from the pa-
tient, transfer some of it to the bread as she slices it for the table, to the spoons,
forks, plates, etc., as she lays the table; so, too, as she breaks up ice for the
ice-water jug, or washes greens, or opens a can of fish or tongue, to be served
cold. In 50 ways her hands touch utensils or go into food continually while
preparing the meal. The handling of the food does no great harm, if the food
is afterwards cooked and is not again handled before it is served, because the
heat of cooking kills the infection, but the handling of cold foods or drinks
which are not to be cooked is very dangerous to those who eat or drink them,
while the handling of plates, cups, spoons, etc., is also dangerous because they
go to the mouths of different members of the family. In fact, it is almost
always true that if secondary cases develop in the family of a typhoid patient,
these later cases get it from the first through the hands of the mother or who-
ever else is nursing the patient. With a properly trained nurse, however, no
such spread should occur, and it is not necessary that it should occur with any-
one if the proper precautions are carefully followed.
Direct handling.—Besides giving the disease to others through the food, the
mother often directly puts her fingers into her children’s mouths, perhaps to
prevent them from swallowing a marble, perhaps to extract a piece of gum
stuck to the teeth, perhaps to feel an aching tooth, or for other purposes. She,
of course, is likely to wash their faces and hands, brush their hair, dress and
undress them, and the infection on her hands, even if it does not go directly
into their mouths, goes onto their hands, etc., and they, in turn, put their hands
into their own mouths. ‘These illustrations are sufficient to call attention to
the dangers of hand infection from the nurse to the rest of the family.
Dangers from helping the nurse.—Often, even when a trained nurse is in
charge of a typhoid case and almost always when the mother or some other
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 331
relative is acting as nurse, members of the family, not regularly engaged in the
nursing, “help out” by sitting with the patient at times, carrying out the soiled
dishes, bedclothes, etc, or emptying the bedpans or urinals. The latter, es-
pecially, is often done by the father or older brother. Those persons who thus
assist, perhaps only by receiving a tray of dishes at the door and conveying it
to the kitchen, run some risk; those who handle the bedclothes or empty the
discharges, if careless, run great risk, even though they handle them for but
f moment.
Dangers from infected articles Another danger from a typhoid patient lies
in the washing of the dishes, bedclothes, bedpans, urinals, ete. Often these are
carried to the kitchen and allowed to remain piled upon the table or floor, per-
haps mixed with the dishes, bedclothes, etc., of the rest «of the family and
washed with them. It is true that the usual process of washing clothes with
soap and water, the clothes being boiled, will kill the infection, so that the
clothing is free from danger after it is clean; but there is also a real danger,
first, to the person who does the washing, handling the clothes, etc.; next,
during the washing, the one who does it may, with her hands wet with the
infected wash water, take up kitchen utensils, receive food from the delivery
man at the door; possibly after a hurried drying on the kitchen towel (which
she infects in the process so that the next person who uses it becomes infected
also) she prepares some article of food or drink, wipes the dishes, lays the
table, or otherwise spreads the infection about the place. (The writer has seen
the common kitchen hand towel, after being used to dry the family hands, used
also to dry the family dishes.)
Flies.—Another possible danger to the family and neighbors consists in admit-
ting flies to the sickroom or to dishes, bedclothes, or discharges in the sick-
room or after removal from it. Flies may easily carry discharges upon their
feet from the bedpan or bedclothes to the family food or drink. A fly’s feet
and legs are covered with small hairs, and particles of feces easily stick to
these. If the fly with typhoid feces on his feet falls into the milk or walks over
the cake, he leaves a trail of typhoid infection behind him. Hence the room and
the whole house should, if possible, be well screened. If the slops or wash
water are thrown upon the ground, the chances of infection are increased. So —
also if the privy vault is open or if the contents overflow. Not only may human
beings get excrement on their feet, but hens may carry it to the doorstep, and
the cat or dog may bring it into the house. The man who buries the discharges
may carelessly get his feet soiled and carry infection into the house in this way.
If he washes the bedpan or urinal at the pump, the washings may go through
the curb or run in under it from the side, thus infecting the well.
Precautions.—The trained nurse and the physician should know how to pro-
tect themselves and should go through typhoid outbreaks without contracting
the disease. This is done simply by always regarding everything in a patient’s
room as infectious and never handling anything that is in or comes from the
patient’s room unless it has first been disinfected. If it is impossible to avoid
handling the material before disinfection—and, of course, it must be handled
during disinfection—then always immediately disinfect the hands. These rules
faithfully lived up to day by day, hour by hour, minute by minute, always and
in every case will entirely prevent infection from spreading by way of the
hands.
Most important of all, it must be remembered that persons are infectious even
before the disease is developed, and that many cases are up and about and are
so mild that no doctor is called, or he fails to recognize it. Also remember that
the germs may remain in the body long after recovery and are sometimes found
in people who have never been sick. Perhaps the new hired man or a visitor or
the summer boarder is such a “carrier” of germs. Therefore, aS one can never
tell when he will come in contact with typhoid germs, he should always be on
his guard. Is it not worth while to try to not let any other person’s excrement,
no matter how tiny a speck, get into one’s mouth, and to also try to not let
one’s own excrement get into another’s mouth? It is not such a hardship, after
all, to be clean.
It may be asked how, if there are so may ways of infection, does anyone man-
age to escape. As a matter of fact, the excrement is not always so teeming with
bacteria ; they may be few at times, and they may not be evenly distributed, so
that many particles contain none at all. Often even hurried washing remevyes
practically all from the hands. The germs often die rapidly when exposed to
light and air. People are not always and continuously so careless as has been
described. They generally do wash their hands and do not always put the
fingers in the mouth. Then, again, probably sometimes when only a few germs
332 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
get into the mouth, they are killed by the fluids of the body and can not gain a
foothold. So, if all these points are considered, it is easy to understand how
typhoid spreads as it does, and also why so many persons escape, though more
or less exposed to the disease.
About milk inpection.—It very often happens that the father or brother who
‘helps the nurse by emptying or burying the discharges also milks the cows. He
is then very apt to transfer infection to the milk in the process of milking, for
whatever he has on his hands is likely to go into the milk. If he strains the
milk as he puts it into cans or bottles or helps to care for it in any way, he is
equally likely to infect it. So, too, if he peddles the milk from cans. If the
pails, cans, and straining cloths are washed in the house in the same sink or tub
with other thingssr by any member of the family, infection may result. Many
an outbreak of disease with scores of cases and many deaths has been traced
to milk thus infected by a farmer’s or dealer’s lack of cleanliness. Many a
farmer’s business has been ruined and death has entered his own family in this
way. A separate room should be provided for the care of milk and the washing
of vessels. These should be sterilized by steam, if possible, and certainly by
boiling water. Always thoroughly wash the hands before milking or handling
milk. If typhoid fever occurs in the family of a milk producer or dealer, the
patient should be at once removed from the premises or those who handle the
milk should live away from the premises.
PROVIDENCE, May, 1908.
[Health Department Circular.]
BEWARE OF FLIES.
Flies are filthy insects. They drink from the cesspool and dine in the privy
vault. They eat the sputum on the sidewalk and revel in the garbage pail.
Perhaps you think it is disgusting to read about such things, and so it is.
But is it not more disgusting to have these same flies after their repast of filth,
drown in the milk pitcher, drop their specks on the frosted cake, or clean their
feet on the bread? Is it pleasant to see the flies that very likely have just
come from a neighboring privy crawl over the lips of the sleeping baby or
gather on the nipple of its nursing bottle? Suppose the fly that was fished out
of the milk pitcher had just been eating the excrement of a typhoid fever
patient, would you like to drink the milk? Perhaps the flies that were walk-
ing on the fruit which you purchased at the street corner had just been feeding
on the sputum of a consumptive. Does it not seem likely that flies may spread
disease? That is what many physicians and health officers think.
Perhaps hereafter you will screen the house and protect the food from flies.
The young of flies are maggots. They seem to prefer to breed in stable
manure. But they also breed in excrement of all kinds, in garbage, and in all
sorts of wet and filthy refuse.
Do you want to raise these filthy insects, these germ carriers, to be a pest in
your own house, and perhaps carry disease to your neighbors? Of course you
do not.
Then keep the stable manure closely covered and have it removed often—
once a week in summer if possible. Keep the back yard and the alley clean.
Allow no refuse to accumulate anywhere. After your own premises are in
order talk over the matter with your neighbors, and get them also to read this
circular.
PROVIDENCE, 1909.
RICHMOND, VA.
AN ORDINANCE TO create the office of inspector of milk and food supplies, and to
provide for the inspection of milk, meat, and other food supplies brought or offered
for sale in the city of Richmond, and to prohibit the sale of adulterated or impure
milk, meat, and other food supplies within the city of Richmond.
[Approved June 9, 1904.—Sections 8 and 9 as amended Mar. 19, 1910.]
Be it ordained by the council of the city of Richmond (1) That it shall be the
duty of the board of health, as soon as practicable after the passage of this
ordinance, and biennially thereafter between the 1st day of October and the
,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 333
1st day of November of such year to appoint an inspector of milk and food
supplies to serve for the term of two years, unless sooner removed by the board
of health, and thereafter until his successor is appointed and qualified accord-
ing to Jaw, who shall within 30 days thereafter qualify before the city clerk
by entering into a bond in the penalty of $1,000 for the faithful discharge of his
duties, and by taking and subscribing the usual oaths for the faithful per-
formance of his duties. It shall be the duty of said inspector to report to and
be subject to the control of the board of health, except in so far as any. require-
ment of said board may conflict with this ordinance or other ordinances of the
city of Richmond.
(2) The board of health shall be authorized in their discretion to employ
from time to time, and for such time as they may designate, one or two assist-
ants to the inspector of milk and food supplies, one of whom shall be an ana-
lytical chemist, to whom said board may assign such duties as they may deem
expedient, and who, when acting in the place of said inspector, shall have all of
the powers and authority vested in him under this ordinance, and at all times
shall have the powers and discharge the duties prescribed by regulations, to be
adopted by the board of health as hereinbefore provided.
(8) The salary of the inspector of milk and food supplies shall be $900 per
annum, payable monthly, and the compensation to the assistants shall be at the
rate of $50 each per month, to be ascertained and certified by the board of
health to the committee on health, who shall issue a warrant therefor on the
treasurer.
(4) That from and after 30 days from the passage of this ordinance no per-
son shall, within or without the city of Richmond, maintain or keep a stable or
stables or a dairy farm for the purpose of producing milk to be sold or exposed
to sale within the limits of the city of Richmond, nor shall any person within
the limits of the police jurisdiction of the city of Richmond, outside of the three
public markets of said city, keep a room, stall, store, or other place where any
meat, butter, fish, fruit, or vegetable, intended for human food, are sold or
exposed to sale without first obtaining a permit so to do from the inspector of
milk and food supplies of the city of Richmond. Application for said permit
shall be made in writing, upon a form to be prescribed by said health officer,
in which application it shall be stipulated that the said inspector or other
health officer of the city of Richmond may from time to time inspect such place
and premises and the milk produced or food supplies exposed to sale thereat,
and also that such applicant will conform to the requirements of this ordinance,
and such reasonable rules and regulations as may be established by the board
of health for the government of such place cr places. Hvery person to whom
such permit is granted, before he shall be entitled to carry on business, for
which he desires such permit, shall pay to the auditor of the city of Richmond
a fee of $2 to cover the expenses incident to the inspection of milk and other
food supplies in the mode prescribed by this ordinance. Before granting such
permit it shall be the duty of said inspector to make, or cause to be made, an
examination of the place and premises, which are intended to be used in the
maintenance of said dairy farm or stable, and of such place, stall, or store,
where is proposed to sell milk, meat, butter, fish, fruit, vegetables, or other
food supplies and thereafter, from time to time, inspect the same, and if found
in an unsanitary condition, such permit may be refused, or if granted, may at
any time be revoked or suspended, without notice, by said inspector, if, in his
judgment, such dairy, dairy farm, or place is found to be in an unsanitary
condition.
(5) It shall not be lawful for any person, by himself or by his servant or
agent, nor for any such servant or agent of any person, to sell, exchange, or
deliver, or to have in his or their custody or possession, with intent to sell,
exchange, or deliver, or to expose or offer for sale as pure milk, any milk from
which the cream or any part thereof has been removed, or which has been
watered, adulterated, or changed in any respect by the addition of water or
other substance.
(6) No dealer in milk, and no servant or agent of such a dealer, shall sell,
exchange, or deliver, or have in his custody or possession with intent to sell,
exchange, or deliver milk from which the cream, or any part thereof, has been
removed, unless, in a conspicuous place above the center, upon the outside of
‘the vessel, can, or package from or in which such milk. is sold, the words
“skimmed milk” are marked in distinct letters not less than 2 inches in length.
(7) No person shall sell, exchange, or deliver, or have in his custody or pos-
session with intent to sell, exchange, or deliver, skimmed milk containing less
than 9 per cent of the milk solids exclusive of butter fats. ©
3834 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
(8) No person shall sell, or offer for sale, or otherwise dispose of, or shall
transport, or carry for the purpose of sale, or shall have in his or their custody
or possession with intent to sell or offer for sale or otherwise dispose of any
impure, adulterated, or unwholesome milk, and no person shall sell adulterated
milk, nor shall any person sell or offer for sale or otherwise dispose of any
mik which is produced in whole or in part from cows kept in a crowded or
unhealthy condition or fed on food that produces, or is likely to produce, im-
pure, diseased, or unwholesome milk, nor from cows fed om any substance in
a state of putrefaction or rottenness, or upon any other substance of an un-
wholesome nature.
(9) That the addition of water or any other substance or thing is hereby
declared an adulteration, and milk that is obtained from animals that are fed
upon any substance in a state of putrefaction or rottenness, or upon any sub-
stance of an unwlolesome nature, or milk that has been exposed to or contami-
nated by the emanations, discharges, or excrements from persons sick with any
contagious disease by which the health or life of any person may be endan-
gered, or milk from tubercular cows, is hereby declared to be impure and
unwholesome.
(10) That all prosecutions under this ordinance, if the milk shall be shown,
upon analysis by the inspector of milk and food supplies, chemist, or board of
health, or by any ¢ mist or chemists appointed or designated by the board of
health to contain m’ @ than 88 per cent of watery fluids, or to contain less than
12 per cent of milk solids, or to contain less than 9 per cent of milk solids ex-
clusive of butter fat, such milk shall be deemed, for the purposes of this ordi-
nance, to be adulterated.
(11) That if said inspector of milk and food supplies shall have reason to
believe the provisions of this ordinance are being violated, he shall have power
to open any can, vessel, or package containing milk, whether sealed, locked, or
otherwise, or whether in transit or otherwise; and if, upon inspection, he shall
find such can, vessel, or package to contain any milk which has been adulter-
ated, or from which the cream or any part thereof has been removed, or which
is sold, offered or exposed for sale, in violation of any section of this ordi-
nance, said inspector of milk and food supplies is empowered and directed to
take a sample of the same for analysis and put it into a can, vessel, or package,
to be sealed in the presence of one or more witnesses, and sent to the chemist of
the board of health or any chemist or chemists appointed or designated by the
committee on health; and also to condemn the same and pour the contents of
such can, vessel, or package upon the ground, or return the same to the con-
signor, and if, upon analysis, such milk shall prove to be adulterated, shall
report the offender to the police justice.
(12) That the board of health shall cause the name and place of business
of every person convicted of selling adulterated milk, or of having the same in
his possession, to be published in two daily newspapers of the city for five times
consecutively. .
(13) That no meats, butter, fish, birds or fowl, fruit or vegetables, nor any
milk, not being then healthy, fresh, sound, wholesome, and safe for human food,
nor any meat or fish that died by disease or accident, shall be brought within
said city, or offered or held for sale in any public or private market, as such
food, anywhere in said city.
(14) That no cattle shall be killed for human food while in an overheated,
feverish, or diseased condition; and all such diseased cattle in the city of
Richmond, and the place where found, and their disease, shall be at once
reported to the inspector of milk and food supplies by the owner or custodian
thereof, that the proper order may be made relative thereto, or for the
removal thereof from said city.
(15) That no meat or dead animal above the size of a rabbit shall be taken
to any public or private market for food until the same shall have fully cooled
after killing, nor until the entrails, heads, and feet (except of game and
poultry * and the heads and feet of swine) shall have been removed.
(16) That no decayed or unwholesome fruit or vegetables, no impure or
unhealthy or unwholesome meat, butter, fish, birds, or fowl shall be brought
into said city, to be consumed or offered for sale for human food, nor shall
any such article be kept or stored therein.
(17) That no meat, butter, fish, fruit, vegetables, or unwholesome liquid shali
knowingly be bought, sold, held, offered for sale, labeled, or any representations
1“And poultry ’ added by amendment of Noy. 18, 1904.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 3805
made in respect thereof, under a false name or quality, or as being what
the same is not, as represents wholesomeness, soundness, or safety for food or
drink.
(18) That every person, being the owner, lessee, or occupant of any room,
stall, or place where any meat, butter, fish, fruit, or vegetables, designed or held
for human food, shall put and keep such room, stall, and place, and its ap-
purtenances in a clean and wholesome condition; and every person having
charge, or interested or engaged, whether as principal or agent, in the care
or in respect to the custody or sale of any meat, butter, fish, fruit, birds, fowl],
_ vegetables, or milk designed for human food, shall put and preserve the same
in a clean and wholesome condition, and shall not allow the same, or any
part thereof, to be poisoned, infected, or rendered unsafe or unwholesome for
human food.
(19) It is earnestly desired that every person knowing of any fish, butter,
meat, fowl, birds, fruit, vegetables, or milk being bought, sold, or offered or
held for sale as food for human beings, or being in any market, public or
private, in said city, and not being sound, healthy, or wholesome for such
food, to forthwith report such facts, and the particulars relating thereto, to
the inspector of milk and food supplies.
(20) That upon any cattle, milk, meat, butter, birds, fowl, fish, or vegetables
being found by the inspector of milk and food supplies in a condition which
is, in his opinion, unwholesome and unfit for use as human food, or in a
eondition or of a weight or quality in this ordinance condemned or forbidden,
he is empowered, authorized, and directed to immediately condemn the same
and cause it to be removed to the crematory for destruction, and report his
action to the board of health without delay.
(21) That any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this ordi-
nance shall be liable to a fine of not less than $5 nor more than $50 for the
first offense, and for the second offense a fine of $100 and revocation of the
license, said fine to be recoverable before the police justice of the city of
Richmond.
(22) The board of health are hereby authorized and empowered to pre-
scribe rules and regulations particularly defining the duties of the inspector
of milk and food supplies and of any assistants to such inspector, not incon-
sistent with the provisions of this ordinance, and said board shall likewise be
authorized to prescribe rules and regulations for the management of stables or
dairy farms where cows are kept for the purpose of producing milk to be
exposed to sale or sold within the city of Richmond, not inconsistent with
the provisions of this ordinance.
(23) The inspector of milk and food supplies and his assistants when in
discharge of official duties are hereby invested with the same police powers
which are vested in the health officers under the ordinances of the city of
Richmond.
(24) This ordinance shall be in force from and after 80 days from its
passage.
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE BOARD OF HEALTH GOVERNING THE PRODUCTION
AND HANDLING OF MILK TO BE SOLD oR OFFERED FOR SALE IN THE CITY OF
RICHMOND.
[Revised by the board of health Apr. 29, 1910.]
It shall be the duty of all persons engaged in the production or handling of
milk or cream which is to be sold or offered for sale or which is to be otherwise
disposed of in the city of Richmond, to notify the chief health officer of the
city of Richmond immediately if any case of contagious or infectious disease
is present among any members of their household or among any of their em-
ployees or their employees’ families. The chief health officer shall, upon re-
ceipt of such notification, investigate, or cause to be investigated, the cir-
cumstances surrounding the case, after which he may, in his discretion, order
either that the sale of milk from such farm or dairy be temporarily discon-
tinued, or that it may be continued under such regulations and restrictiens as
he may direct.
~ The sale cf milk from cows suffering from garget or other disease of the
udders is hereby prohibited, and the dairy inspector shall condemn all milk
produced in whole or in part from cows so affected. If milk from a cow so
affected shall have been mixed with the general supply, either at the farm or
836 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
in any central distributing plant, the entire supply so contaminated shall be
condemned.
The dairy inspector shall order to be excluded from the rest of the herd all
cows whose milk is, in his opinion, for any reason unfit or dangerous for
human consumption, whether on account of disease of the udder, general
appearance of other disease, or generally bad condition. Exclusion from the
rest of the herd under such conditions is the only sure means of preventing
the milk from such cows from being occasionally mixed with the general
supply by irresponsible help. If any dairyman:- refuses or heglects to separate
any cow from the rest of his herd when instructed so to do, the dairy inspector
shall prohibit the sale of milk from such dairy until his instructions have been
complied with.
The dairy inspector shall enter on his records all actions taken under the
last preceding paragraph, together with his reasons for the same. He shall
also record a full description of all cows thus ordered excluded. Any dairymanu
who desires to appeal from the decision of the dairy inspector shall file with
the chief health officer of the city of Richmond the certificate of a competent
and reputable veterinary surgeon, which certificate shall also contain a full
description of the cow, or cows, for which said certificate is given, and the
chief health officer shall decide from all the evidence whether the orders of
the dairy inspector shall be sustained, but, pending such decision, the cow, or
cows, in question shall be excluded from the herd. Failure to do so shall
constitute sufficient ground for revocation of the permit to sell milk in the
city of Richmond.
The chief health officer shall consider the certificate of the veterinary only
in so far as it relates to the physical condition of cows examined, but not as to
whether said condition renders the milk from such cows unwholesome or
dangerous for human consumption.
All cow stables shall be kept clean at all times. Horses or other animals
(than cows) shall not be kept in cow stables.
Manure shall be removed from the stable at least twice a day, to a distance
of at least 75 feet from the stable and from the source of the water supply
used for washing milk vessels and for other purposes about the milk house.
The place or places at which manure is deposited shall be approved by the
dairy inspector. The best disposition, both from the standpoint of sanitation
and that of securing the full fertilizing value of the manure, is to spread the
manure daily on the field.
Privies on dairy farms shall not be located within 100 feet of the cow barn
or milk house. A greater distance than this is strongly recommended. All
privies on dairy farms shall, when located within 500 feet of cow barn or milk
house, conform in their construction to the rules and regulations of the Rich-
mond Board of Health governing the construction of privies within the city of
Richmond, and the night soil from such privies shall be removed not less than
ence a week and buried at a point approved by the dairy inspector.
The water supply used about the dairy shall be clean and pure. No well
shall be located within less than 100 feet of any privy, hogpen, or manure
heap or pit. The top of all wells shall be watertight, and the drainage for at
least 10 feet in every direction shall be away from the well. All wells shall
be equipped with pumps. The use of buckets, operated by hand, windlass, or —
wellsweep, is positively prohibited.
All utensils used for milk shall be kept thoroughly cleansed. They must be
washed as soon as possible after being used, after which they shall be inverted
and aired in a place free from dust and flies. The sterilization of all milk .
vessels with live steam is strongly recommended.
Before milking, all manure and other dirt shall be removed from the side,
belly, and tail of each cow, but this shall not be done so as to produce an
excess of floating material in the air, which will settle into the milk pail. It
is advised that long hairs on the udder and tail of the cows be kept clipped.
Immediately before milking, the udders shall be thoroughly cleansed, by first
. washing with clean water and then drying thoroughly. ‘The water used for
this purpose shall be changed with sufficient frequency to insure cleanliness.
The use of narrow-top milk pails is strongly urged.
The milker shall wash his hands thoroughly before milking, after which
they must be well dried. Hands should be washed after milking every two _
or three cows before going to the next. The clothing of milkers shall be clean.
The use of special milking suits, of washable material is recommended.
@
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 837
The board of health regards the prompt cooling of milk to as low a tempera-
ture as possible as second in importance only to cleanliness. It is desirable
to reduce the temperature of the milk at once to not over 50° F. Owing,
however, to the fact that there are many winters in the climate of Richmond
during which ice can not be made on the farm, and to the further fact that
but few of the dairy farms which produce milk for the Richmond market
have ice ponds available, it is not practicable at the present time to insist on
So low a temperature as this under all conditions. Moreover, the bacterial
tests of Richmond milk made: during the past three years have shown that
(owing to the nearness of the producers to our market) milk of very low
bacterial content can be regularly placed in our city without insisting on so
low a temperature. The following temperature regulations have been adopted
as a result of the observations of the past three years:
(a) Producers who retail their product in the city of Richmond shall im-
mediately cool their milk to a temperature not over 60° F. and shall keep it
at or below that temperature until delivered to the consumer.
(0) Producers who sell their product at wholesale to a central distributing
plant at which it is promptly and efficiently cooled before delivery to the con-
sumer (see sec. c) shall immediately cool their milk to a temperature not
exceeding 5° F. above the temperature of the well or spring water used for
cooling. During transportation to the central plant the milk shall be so pro-
tected that its temperature shall at no time be more than 10° F. above the
temperature of the well or spring water used for cooling, but the temperature
of the milk shall in no case be above 70° F. The provisions of this section (0)
shall apply only to milk regularly delivered at a central distributing plant within
three hours after milking, and shall further apply only if the milk is, immedi-
ately upon its receipt, cooled to 40° F., or lower. (See sec. c.) Producers
making only one delivery a day to a central plant shall cool promptly to not
over 50° F. and shall maintain at not over that temperature until delivered at
the central plant all milk sent from the milking not immediately preceding
delivery at the central plant, unless the milk from this milking is to be used
for butter making only, in which case its temperature shall not exceed 70° F
(c) Dairies (or creameries) which distribute milk obtained from a number
of. producers, thus subjecting the milk to a second handling and exposure, shall
cool all milk, immediately upon its receipt, to a temperature not exceeding
40° F.-and shall maintain it at a temperature of not over 50° until delivered
to the consumer.
(d@) Producers furnishing milk to creameries which supply only cream or
butter to the Richmond market, the milk being separated at the creamery
for this purpose, shall not be required to cool their milk on the farm, provided
such milk is regularly delivered at the creamery within three hours after
milking, but if only one delivey is made at the creamery each day, the milk
from the milking not immediately preceding delivery at the creamery shall be
cooled to at least 70° F. and kept at or below that temperature until delivered
at the creamery.
The inspectors of the Richmond Health Department shall prohibit the sale
of any milk found by them in the city of Richmond at a temperature of 70° F.
or over, but they may allow such milk to be used for butter making, provided
they are confident that the privilege so granted will not be abused.
In all cases in which cooling at the farm is required under the above regula-
tions, the milk from each cow shall be immediately taken from the stable and
cooled -by running it over a cooler (or “aerator”) of a form approved by the
dairy inspector.
All cooling, straining, and other handling of the milk until it is placed in cans
or bottles for delivery shall be conducted in a milk house, which shall be
separate from the stable or any living room and which shall not open directly
into the stable. The milk house shall have a nonabsorbent floor and Smooth,
tight side walls and ceiling. It shall be provided with screens at all windows
and doors for protection from flies. It shall be free from dust and objectionable
odors, and shall be kept clean at all times.
The presence of as many as 250,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter in milk
as it arrives on the Richmond market is hereby declared by the board of health
to be evidence of improper methods in the production and handling of the milk,
and all producers whose milk is found to contain 250,000 bacteria per cubic
centimeter, but less than 500,000, shall be warned that they must locate and
eorrect the existing difficulties.
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3——22
338 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Milk containing 500,000 bacteria or over per cubic centimeter is hereby
declared to be unfit for human consumption. Owing to the fact that bacterial
counts can not be determined until the day after the samples are collected for
examination, it is impossible to condemn any special lot of milk on account of
its high bacterial content. A single sample of this kind, however, shows that
something is radically wrong. When, therefore, a sample of milk, as delivered
on the Richmond market, is found to contain 500,000 bacteria or over per
cubic centimeter, the fact shall be at once reported to the ehief health officer,
who shall order further shipments from the farm at which said milk was pro-
duced stopped until the cause for this unjustifiably high bacterial content has
been found and corrected, unless, in his opinion, satisfactory arrangements can
be made for using the milk from such dairy farm or butter-making purposes
only until the difficulty has been found and corrected.
During the entire year of 1909 only 39 samples of milk (or 3.8 per cent of
the 1,018 samples examined by the Richmond Health Department) were found
to contain as many as 250,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Only 2 of these
39 (or two-tenths of 1 per cent of all the samples examined) contained over
500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. These results show that it is entirely
practicable and reasonable to insist that no milk containing over 250,000
bacteria per cubic centimeter shall come on the Richmond market.
All bacterial counts for the purpose of these rules shall be made by plating the
milk (in the proper dilutions) on agar made in accordance with the recom-
mendations of the committee on standard methods of water analysis of the
American Public Health Association, and the counts shall be made after incu-
bating the plates at body temperature for 18 to 24 hours.
The words ‘ Certified milk” are universally understood as applicable only
to milk complying with certain especially high standards and certified to by a
body competent to furnish such certificate. The unauthorized use of these
words on bottle caps, in circulars, in advertisements, or in any manner what-
soever in connection with milk not complying with the conditions commonly
demanded for certified milk is hereby declared to be improper and misleading,
and any person guilty of such improper use of the words “ Certified milk” will
be reported to the police court.
Pasteurization of milk or cream, or any other process of a similar character,
will not be accepted by the Richmond Health Department as a substitute for
cleanliness in the production and handling of milk. Pasteurization of milk or
cream is not prohibited, but the milk or cream so treated shall be produced
under conditions in all respects equal to those demanded for the production
of milk or cream not subjected to pasteurization.
All milk wagons from which milk is sold by measure shall be provided with
a tight metal receptacle for all measures and other utensils used in the
handling of milk on the streets, which receptacle shall have a false, removable,
perforated metal bottom. All measures and utensils shall be kept in this
receptacle while the wagon is on its rounds and the receptacle shall be
thoroughly cleansed and aired twice a day, the false bottom being taken out
for cleaning.
No dairyman shall deliver bottled milk at any house in which there is a
case of contagious or infectious disease. In such cases, the householder shall
provide his own receptacle for milk, which shall not be taken to the dairy.
The presence of a warning sign of the Richmond Health Department on the
premises shall be considered sufficient notice to the driver of the presence of
contagious disease, but for those diseases which are not placarded (especially
typhoid fever), the chief health officer will, so far as possible, send written
notices to the dairyman in each case. Whenever any person in whose home
there is a case of contagious or infectious disease changes milkmen before the
ease -has recovered it shall be the duty of the dairyman who discontinues the
delivery of milk at said house to inform the chief health officer at once in
order that his successor may also be notified.
No person shall use, or cause or permit to be used for any other purpose
than the holding of milk or cream any milk bottle, can, or other receptacle
used for the transportation or delivery of milk.
It shall be the duty of all persons having in their possession bottles, cans, or
other receptacles used for the transportation or delivery of milk or cream to
cleanse, or cause to be cleansed, all such milk vessels immediately after empty-
ing. All dairymen are requested to report to the health department any person
who returns milk bottles in dirty condition or milk bottles which have appar-
ently been used for other purposes.
(
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 339
Such preliminary washing of bottles by the consumer is intended only to
prevent the accumulation of caked milk, which is difficult to remove subse-
quently. All bottles, cans, and other vessels used in the distribution of milk
shall be thoroughly cleansed at the dairy before being again used, the cleansing
and general methods of handling being conducted in such manner as approved .
by the chief health officer.
Under the milk ordinance of June 9, 1904, the use of distillery waste as a
food for milch cows was expressly prohibited. Since the work of dairy inspec-
tion was actively undertaken in May, 1907, this matter has been carefully and
continuously investigated and considered, with the result that the board of
health has reached the conclusion that distillery waste is a valuable food and
that its use is free from objection provided the product is properly handled. For
this reason the board of health requested the city council to amend the original
ordinance so as to allow the use of distillery waste under such rules and regu-
lations of the board of health as are necessary to insure its proper handling.
The ordinance has now been amended (Mar. 19, 1910) and the board of
health has adopted the following rules, which will be rigidly enforced.
———
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE BoArD OF HEALTH CONCERNING THE FEEDING
OF DISTILLERY WASTE AND ‘ BREWERS’ GRAINS” To, MiILcH Cows PRODUCING
MILK OR CREAM TO BE SOLD ON THE RICHMOND MARKET.
[Adopted by the board of health Mar. 28, 1910.]
(1) Distillery waste and brewers’ grains are subject to rapid decomposition,
making them liable to give rise to serious nuisances. It is therefore neces-
sary that the greatest care be observed by dairymen in the use of these products.
(2) No distillery waste or brewers’ grains shall be fed in barns for two
hours previous to milking cows, and only then in a well-ventilated barn.
(8) Distillery waste shall not be fed in the pure state, but must be mixed
with at least an equal amount of other grains.
(4) Where a barn contains a nonabsorbent trough or manger, distillery waste
or brewers’ grains may be fed in same, provided trough or manger be kept clean
and in a perfectly sanitary condition. Where a barn contains a trough or
manger which, in the opinion of the dairy inspector, is absorbent, buckets must
be used for the feeding of distillery waste or brewers’ grains. These buckets
must be kept clean, and only allowed in the barn during feeding time. (See
rule 2.)
(5) No tank wagons, barrels, feed boxes, or any other receptacle used for the
transportation or storage of distillery waste or brewers’ grains shall be kept
within 200 feet of cow barns or milk houses,
(6) Tanks, barrels, or other receptacles used for hauling distillery waste or
brewers’ grains must be water tight.and have tops on same, and where in daily
use they must be washed clean and thoroughly aired at least once in every three
days in order to prevent decomposition and the development of maggots,
flies, etc. ,
(7) If, in the opinion of the dairy inspector, any dairyman is using distillery
waste or brewers’ grains in other than a perfectly sanitary manner, the dairy
inspector shall order the use of same immediately discontinued, and shall not
permit the sale of milk by said dairyman until conditions have been corrected;
and if he shall further be of opinion that the arrangements at any dairy farm
are not such as to make possible the continuance of the feeding of distillery
waste or brewers’ grains in a perfectly sanitary manner, he shall order the
use of same discontinued until suitable arrangements have been made for the
proper and sanitary use of these products.
RULES CONCERNING THE REISSUING OF PERMITS FOR THE SALE OF MILK AFTER
SAID PERMITS HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED OF REVOKED ON ACCOUNT OF UNCLEANLY
METHODS.
[Adopted by the board of health on June 14, 1909.]
Whenever the dairy inspector or his assistant shall find such lack of cleanli-
ness about any dairy farm supplying milk to the Richmond market as shall
make necessary the suspension or revocation of the permit of such dairy farm,
said permit shall not be restored or reissued for a period of at least two days
840 ‘THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
from the time of such suspension or revocation, and for the second dereliction
the period of suspension shall be not less than one week.
Wherever the word “ milk” is used in the preceding rules and regulations it
shall be understood as including cream also, except where otherwise stated or
where clearly excluded.
The word “person” shall include firms and corporations.
All temperatures are “ Fahrenheit.”
By order of the board of health,
E. C. Lrvy, M. D.,
Chief Health Officer.
Table showing results of bacteriological examination of milk in Richmond
during 1909.
Class. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.| July. | Aug.’| Sept.| Oct. | Nov. | Dee.
P.ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.
Below 10,000....-.-.------- TA 2B SIGS ee TG) | MIN Wena es ecacloccne a9 || 24) 6.9
10,000 to 100,000....-.-....- 89.7 | 80.3 | 84.2 | 89.4 | 78.9 | 76.2 | 55.0 | 62.6 | 64.6 | 79.5 | 81.2] 88.1
100,000 to 250,000........... Aol® |) GAD |loasoce 3.0 | 11.7 | 22.8 | 29.0 | 29.3 | 31.7] 9.6) 10.0 5.0
PAYA N OO Rey OOS 5 eos soos |sancee||so5ecs\|seersn|Sorsoc|ssecas|Pososc 14.0) 81) 3.7] 7.3] 6.6 ]......
MIQUE ING! OG eeacooccsellaaossclsdescollassudclbedsca|eonsdaloosas YOM Jel Pampa pel parame yy eral ee lh ak
Number of samples......-. 78 76 57 66 85 | 101} 100 99 82 83 90 101
Average air temperature at | °F. | °F.| °F. | °F. | °F.) °F.| °F.) °R.| °F. | °F. | °F. | °F.
TMs ee a Coen eiNays 37 48 46 52 62 71 72 67 65 43 49 31
Total samples examined, 1,018; above 250,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, 39 samples, or 3.8 per cent
of all; above 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, 2 samples (included in above 39), or two-tenths of 1 per
cent of all samples examined.
CARE OF MILK IN THE HOME.
[Issued by the health department of Richmond, Va.]
OFFICE OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT,
Richmond, Va., July 10, 1907.
The quality of the milk supply of a city has a great deal to do with the
health of the people. The health department of Richmond is doing everything
in its power to make the milk supply of this city all that it should be from a
sanitary standpoint, and the dairymen are actively responding to our efforts.
Since the 1st of May, when this work was begun, there has been a very great
improvement, though much still remains to be done.
But it is not sufficient that the milk should be clean and pure when delivered
to you. Unless the proper care is taken in your own home after the milk is
received you will not have good milk in spite of our efforts and the work of the
dairymen. It is therefore important that you should carefully follow the
instructions given in this circular—not just to-day, but every day the whole year
round.
Milk is the most valuable single article of diet known to man, and it is
the only proper food for babies under 1 year of age, when they can not get
the nourishment which nature intended for them—their mother’s milk.
But, while good milk is such an excellent food, bad milk is one of the most
dangerous foods possible, being responsible for a large part of the bowel
troubles of babies and for the death of very many of them.
The chief means by which milk is often made dangerous are: (1) Dirty
methods of keeping and milking the cows, dirty milkers, and dirty milk ves-
sels; (2) failure to cool the milk promptly and keep it cold until used; and (3)
keeping the milk too long before it is used. i
Bad milk, therefore, so far as danger to health is concerned, is dirty milk
or warm, stale milk.
We are rapidly getting the dairymen of Richmond to understand these facts,
and we can promise you that the milk supply of Richmond will soon be among
the best in this country.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 341
In the home, as on the farm and in the city dairy, cleanliness and cold are
the two essentials in the securing of wholesome milk.
All vessels used for milk should be thoroughly cleansed as soon as empty,
using first clean cold water for rinsing, and then scalding them with hot water
containing a small amount of washing soda or borax. Do not use soap for this
purpose.. After thorough washing, the vessels should be rinsed with clean
water and then well aired and sunned, in some place where they will be pro-
tected from dust.
If your milkman delivers his milk in sealed bottles, see that he does not
leave these in a place where they will be exposed to the heat of the sun before
being brought into the house. They should be taken in as soon as possible
and stood at once in the refrigerator until used. As soon as you have emptied
a bottle, wash it out carefully. Do not return to your milkman bottles con-
taining stale milk.
If you are getting bottled milk and if a case of typhoid fever or other
“catching” disease breaks out in your house, you should tell your milkman
at once, and he should not take away any milk bottles from your house until
after the case has gotten well, as one of these bottles might otherwise be the
means of carrying the disease to other houses. We will instruct the milkmen
what to do in such cases.
If your milkman does not deliver his milk in bottles it is best to have him
deliver it directly to you or your servant, and you should see that it is put
on ice immediately and kept cold.
The practice of putting out an uncovered pitcher or other vessel for milk
the night before can not be too strongly condemned.
Such a pitcher or vessel, exposed to the dust and dirt of the street, will col-
lect thousands of germs before the milk is put into it. Many of these may be
dangerous to life and health, besides which they will certainly cause the milk
to sour in a short time and become unfit for use. The purest milk received in
such a vessel may become as bad in a few hours as the worst milk from a
dirty farm.
If you are compelled to stand out a vessel to receive your milk, provide your-
self with several glass preserve jars, which should be used for this purpose
only. They should be kept well washed and aired as above described. Get
jars with clamp tops. Those with screw tops are hard to keep properly
cleansed. Do not use the rubber ring which comes with most jars, as it is
difficult to keep clean and the jar will be sufficiently tight without it. Instead
of a preserve jar a bowl, covered by a plate, may be used. A pitcher can not be
‘tightly covered on account of the projecting spout.
Give your own personal attention to your milk vessels.
The milkmen of Richmond state that many persons in this city have the
idea that if milk is delivered to them warm this is a proof of its being fresh
from the cow, and hence better. So far from this being true, only by cooling
the milk as soon as it is gotten from the cow is it possible to prevent rapid
decomposition of the milk in warm weather. The regulations of the health
department (which have been adopted for your benefit) require that all milk
sold in Richmond shall be cooled as soon as possible after milking. :
While bad milk is the chief cause of bowel troubles among young infants, it is
by no means the only cause. Improper feeding is another cause. Never give
anything but milk to a child under 1 year, unless advised to do so by your
family doctor.
If your baby has any bowel trouble call in your doctor at once, so that the
case may be treated before it has gone too far.
Never buy milk for the baby from a grocery store. Store milk has often
been kept over from the day before, and only too often without ice or in an
. open pitcher in a refrigerator in which meats and vegetables are also kept. It
is dangerous as food for babies.
By paying careful attention to the above instructions you will do much
toward keeping your family well during the summer (and especially the little
ones who live on milk). You will also find that your milk will keep longer
and taste better.
Keep this circular and read it from time to time until thoroughly familiar
with its contents. If you change servants be sure to give instructions to the
new ones in the care of milk in your home,
342 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
TOPEKA, KANS.
{Published in the Topeka State Journal Oct. 27, 1910.]
AN ORDINANCE (No. 4008) Creating the office of milk inspector in the city of Topeka,
providing for his appointment and regulating the sale and delivery of milk, cream, and
ice cream in said city, providing penalties for the violation thereof} repealing ordinance
No, 2938, approved May 5, 1909, and ordinance No. 2946, approved May 26, 1909, and
all other ordinances and parts of ordinances in conflict with this ordinance.
Be it ordained by the board of commissioners of the city of Topeka:
Section 1. Inspector; qualifications ; terms; salary.—There is hereby created
the office of milk inspector of the city of Topeka, Kans. Such milk inspector
shall be appointed by the board of commissioners of said city. He shall be a
graduate of an accredited veterinary college. His term of office shall be for a
period of two years and until his successor is appointed and qualified: Provided,
however, That his term of office shall expire with the term of office of the board
appointing him. He shall receive a salary of $1,200 per annum, payable
monthly. Before entering upon the discharge of his duties he shall give a bond
in the sum $500, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties.
Src. 2. Registration; fees; records.—It shall be unlawful for any person, firm,
or corporation to sell, offer for sale, or have in their possession with intent to sell,
any milk or cream for consumption as milk or cream, or for the manufacturing
of ice cream, or to manufacture ice cream for sale, within the city of Topeka,
without possessing a registration certificate from the milk inspector of said city.
Such registration certificate shall be obtained by filing with the milk inspector
an application giving the number and particular location of the cows or of the
place of business from which such person, firm, or corporation purposes to sell
milk, cream, or ice cream. Upon receipt of said application, and upon payment
by the applicant of a clerical “+e of 25 cents, said milk inspector shall issue to
such person, firm, or corporation a registration certificate. Such registration
certificate shall remain in force and effect during the current fiscal year in
which it is issued—that is, until the January 1 following its date of issue—
unless revoked by the milk inspector for failure to comply with the provisions
of this ordinance. A revoked registration certificate shall be renewed only
upon. recommendation of the milk inspector.
For the purpose of paying the cost of inspection, as provided in this ordinance,
all persons, firms, and corporations engaged in keeping milk depots, conducting
ice-cream manufactories, or peddling milk within the city limits of the city
of Topeka shall pay to the city treasurer the following fees, respectively, to wit:
Milk depots and retail milk peddlers selling less than—
15,000 pounds of milk and cream, per month_____-__.__-_--_________-_ $1
15,000 pounds to 40,000 pounds, per month_______________________--- 2
40,000 pounds to 80,000 pounds, per month__________________________ 4
80,000 pounds to 160,000 pounds, per month____-_-_______________-___- 8
160,000 pounds to 240,000 pounds, per month_--_-_-______________-__ 12
240,000 pounds to 320,000 pounds, per month___-_____________________ 15
320,000 spounds)or over, per mothe —————————————— 20
Provided, however, That no inspection fees shall be required of persons living
in the city and keeping only one cow.
Above fees to be based on the number of pounds of milk and of cream sold dur-
ing the month next preceding and to be paid on or before the fifth day of each
calendar month.
TIee-cream factories, making ice cream for sale only on the premises
WET GTA TOOT yee The $10
_All other ice-cream manufacturers, per year_-_--__---_--=--_-_--_-______ 20
‘Above fees shall be paid semiannually on or before the 1st day of January
and July of each year.
Milk depots shall keep such records as will enable the milk inspector to de-
termine the number of pounds of milk or cream sold by them, and these records
shall, at all times, be open for his inspection.
Src. 8. Each vendor of milk, cream, or ice cream shall, before engaging in the
sale of milk, cream, or ice cream, cause his name and place of business to be
placed, and to remain, in letters not less than 34 inches in height on each outer
side of all wagons or other vehicles used by such vendor in the conveyance or
sale of milk, cream, or ice cream.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 343
Src. 4. Unwholesome milk defined—Milk produced from cows kept in an in-
sanitary, poorly lighted, or poorly ventilated stable, or produced by cows not
kept clean, or any milk obtained from cows that are fed on city slop or refuse
matter from any starch factory, decomposed feed, stable manure, bedding, or
any article of food which is fermenting or fermented other than clean, well-
cured silage; or milk stored in an insanitary place, or milk kept or delivered in
vessels not properly cleaned, or vessels which are rusted, or in wooden vessels,
or milk in which a sediment collects on standing. It shall be unlawful for any
person to sell or offer for sale or exchange milk known as “ unwholesome milk.”
‘The milk inspector sha!l have authority to condemn unwholesome milk for food
purposes.
SEc. 5. Skimmed milk.—It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corpora-
tion to sell, offer for sale, or have in possession with intent to exchange or Sell,
any milk from which any cream has been removed, or from which any strip-
pings have been kept back or removed, unless the utensils in which said milk
is stored and sold are marked in clear letters, Showing the per cent of fat which
such milk contains, or be marked “ skim milk.”
Sec. 6. dlilk and cream; standard.—tit shall be unlawful for any person, firm,
or corporation to sell, offer for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell,
any milk to which any water or other adulterant has been added, or milk show-
ing less than 3.25 per cent of fat or less than 8.75 per cent of solids not fat,
unless branded in clear letters and figures showing the per cent of fat the milk
contains. The pérson purchasing the same must be informed by the salesman
of said milk that the milk is not up to the standard required. All restaurants
Selling milk below the required standard shall have posted in a conspicuous
place a sign containing the legend ‘‘ We serve skim milk,’ in letters not less
than 2 inches in height. It shall be unlawful to sell, offer for sale, or have in
possession with intent to sell, any milk produced by any cow or cows before the
sixth day after freshening and less than 20 days before freshening. It shall also
be unlawful to sell or offer for sale any cream containing less than 18 per cent
of fat, unless the said cream be labeled showing the per cent of fat contained .
therein.
Src. 7. Infection; contamination; temperature.—It shall be unlawful for any
' person, firm, or corporation to sell or offer for sale any milk, cream, or ice cream
which has been milked or handled by any person suffering from or exposed to
any contagious or infectious disease, or milk, cream, or ice cream handled in
utensils washed in water from creeks, springs, or other places liable to con-
tamination from surface draining, or milk haying a temperature of more than
60° one hour or longer after it is drawn.
Src. 8. Where handled.—It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corpora-
tion to sell, offer for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell, any milk
or cream bottled in any barn, living room, wagon, general store, or in any other
room used for any purpose other than the handling of milk and its products.
Src. 9. Closed containers.—It shall be unlawful for general stores to sell, offer
for sale, or have in their possessien with intent to sell, milk or cream in any
but closed containers, and such containers must not be opened within such
stores, or for any retailers of milk or other person, firm, or corporation to
have for sale, milk or cream on any Street in any but closed containers, and such
containers must not be opened for the delivery of milk or cream or for any pur-
pose other than procuring samples by the milk inspector.
Src. 10. Physicians; duties—Any physician finding a case of typhoid fever,
diphtheria, or scarlet fever within the city shall ascertain the name of the dairy-
man furnishing milk to the family in which the disease occurs and report at
once to the milk inspector the location of the disease and the name of the dairy-
man furnishing milk to the family. But nothing in this section shall be con-
strued to apply to regularly conducted hospitals.
Src. 11. Sanitary places and utensils—EKvyery person, firm, or corporation
handling milk or cream or ice cream for sale in the city of Topeka shall keep
such milk or cream or ice cream in a clean, well-ventilated, and sanitary place,
and it shall be the duty of said person, firm, or corporation to cause all cans,
bottles, and other receptacles used in the handling of milk or cream or ice cream
to be thoroughly washed and then sterilized with boiling water or live steam
each time they are used, as soon as they are empty. Cans used for delivery of
milk or cream to depots shall be treated as above at the depot and be returned
empty to the shipper. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons handling
milk or cream to use any of the milk or cream utensils for storing or transport-
ing any substance other than milk or cream.
‘
844 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Src. 12. Ice cream; regulation.—It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or
corporation to sell, offer for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell, ice
cream that has been placed in cans not properly cleaned or in rusted cans, or
ice cream made from unwholesome cream, or ice cream containing less than 14
per cent of butter fat: Provided, That fruit ice cream may contain as low as
12 per cent butter fat.
Src. 13. Unhealthy cows.—It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or cor-
poration to sell, offer for sale, trade, or exchange milk produced by unhealthy
cows or by cows milked or handled in the same stable, corral, or place of milk-
ing where such diseased cows are kept. The health of the cow shall be deter-
mined by a competent veterinarian.
Sec. 14. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell or
offer for sale any milk or cream within the city of Topeka unless the cows pro-
ducing such milk or cream shall have passed the tuberculin test administered
under the direction of the live stock sanitary commissioner, and shall be sub-
sequentiy tested under the same authority as frequently as may in the judgment
of the milk inspector be necessary. The milk inspector shall have the author-
ity to administer, whenever he deems it advisable, any approved test for tuber-
culosis to any cow producing milk or cream for sale within the city of Topeka,
and his findings shall be final unless reversed by the live stock sanitary com-
missioner: Provided, That the provisions of this section shall not apply to cows
producing cream sterilized by heating to a temperature of 190° F. and used in
the manufacture of ice cream.
Src. 15. Preservatives.—Any milk or the products made therefrom found to
contain any form of preservatives shall be condemned for food by the milk
inspector, and any person, firm, or corporation offering for sale or selling any
such milk or milk products or trading or exchanging the same in the city of
Topeka shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof
shall be punished as hereinafter provided.
Src. 16. Inspector to visit score cards.—It shall be the duty of the said
inspector to visit, or cause to be visited, as frequently as he deems necessary,
all dairies and inspect and score the same according to the score card author-
ized and used by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and he shall have the authority to revoke the registration
certificate of anyone maintaining an unsatisfactory dairy and of anyone sell-
ing milk from such dairy. A copy of the score card shall be left with the
owner and such information given as will assist the producer to improve the
sanitary conditions or remedy such defects as the score card indicates. A copy
of the score shall be filed in the inspector’s office. The said inspector shall
make reports to the city clerk annually, or oftener, as the commissioner of
parks and public buildings may direct.
Suc. 17. Inspection; qualifications; power; samples.—The inspector must
be a competent man and he shall prove his proficiency by passing an examina-
tion, both oral and written, which shall be prepared and given under the
direction of the State dairy commissioner and the professor of dairy hus-
pandry of the Kansas State Agricultural College.
The said inspector shall have authority to enter, without previous notice, any
dairy, milk depot, ice cream or milk salesrooms, or any place where milk or
cream or their products are kept, sold, or prepared for sale and take such
amount as will prove a sufficient sample to perform the necessary tests, such as
may be desired by the said inspector.
Where the said inspector finds any milk indicating the presence of water. or
the removal of fat it shall be his duty, whenever practicable, to visit the herd
where such milk is produced and see the herd milked and the milk mixed, after
which he shall take a sample of milk and seal the same with the seal of his
office and keep the sample locked in a cool place until he has secured a sample
of the next regular milking. The sample must be in proportion to the milk
given at each milking. The per cent of solids not fat and the fat of these
collected samples shall be considered the standard of the said herd, provided
these samples are collected within four days from the time the suspected
sample was collected and tested. :
Suc. 18. Milk wagons; inspector; duty.—The inspector of milk shall provide
himself with proper instruments for testing the purity of milk, and he shall
have authority to stop any wagon or person carrying milk for sale or selling or
offering for sale in the city of Topeka at any time or place and either test or
procure a sample of the same: Provided, The inspector of milk shall not detain
any wagon or person engaged in carrying milk for a longer period than is neces-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 345
sary to test the same, and may confiscate such milk if found unwholesome as
specified in this ordinance, and shall arrest and prosecute any person found
selling, exposing, or offering for sale any milk in violation of this ordinance.
Sec. 19. Inspector; test of samples.—The said inspector may have tests made
of milk samples for fat, adulteration by water or any solid or liquid for pre-
servatives, or bacterial contents, or the bacterial contents of water used for
cleaning milk utensils by sending samples to the director of experiment station
at Manhattan, Kans., with description of test desired. The result of such test
shall be taken as correct.
Src. 20. Inspector ; rules and regulations.—-The inspector shall have authority,
by and with advice of the State dairy commissioner and interested dairymen, to
formulate rules and regulations for carrying into effect the provisions of this
ordinance, which shall, when approved by the board of commissioners of the
city of Topeka, be in force and effect binding as parts of this ordinance.
Sec. 21. Penalty.—It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation,
or any officer, agent, servant, or employee of such person, firm, or corporation, to
violate any of the provisions of this ordinance; and any person, firm, or corpora-
tion, or any officer, agent, servant, or employee of such person, firm, or corpora-
tion, violating any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be deemed guilty of
a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not
less than $5 nor more than $100 for each offense; and such person shall thereby
forfeit his registration certificate.
Sec. 22. No prosecution now pending, and no offenses heretofore committed
under ordinances heretofore enacted, shall be affected in any way by the pro-
visions of this ordinance; but all such prosecutions shall be conducted to final
judgment and all such offenses shall be prosecuted in the same manner as if
this ordinance had not been enacted.
Src. 23. Repeal.—Ordinance No. 2988, approved May 5, 1909, entitled “An
ordinance creating the office of milk inspector in the city of Topeka, providing
for his appointment, and regulating the sale and delivery of milk, cream, and
ice cream in said city, providing penalties for the violation thereof, and repeal-
ing ordinance No. 2871, approved August 6, 1908, and all ordinances and parts
of ordinances in conflict with this ordinance.” and ordinance No. 2946, approved
May 26, 1909, amending section 2 of said ordinance No. 2938, and all other ordi-
nances and parts of ordinances in conflict with this ordinance are hereby
repealed.
Sec. 24. Taking effect.—This ordinance shall take effect and be in force from
and after its publication in the official city paper.
Passed the board of commissioners October 24, 1910.
Approved October 25, 1910.
[ SEAL. ] J. B. BiLvarp, Mayor.
Attest :
Cc. B. Buree, City Clerk.
WHEELING, W. VA.
AN ORDINANCE Regulating the sale of milk and prohibiting the sale or exchange of
unclean, impure, adulterated, or unwholesome milk or cream; providing for the issuing
of permits to persons engaged in dealing in milk; for the inspection of samples; author-
izing the health officer to require the tuberculin test of any herd suspected of infec-
tion with tuberculosis, etc.
Be it ordained by the council of the city of Wheeling:
Section 1. No person, dealer, firm, or corporation shall bring or send into
the city of Wheeling, W. Va., or sell or exchange, or offer or expose for sale or
exchange, any milk without first having obtained a legal permit so to do, to
be furnished without cost by the city health officer. The applicant will be
required to present a satisfactory certificate from the city veterinarian show-
ing his premises and herd to be in a clean and sanitary condition and his
herd free from disease. Such permits must be renewed in the month of May
each year and such permit must be furnished without cost to the applicant.
The health officer may require the tuberculin test of any herd suspected of
infection with tuberculosis. After the permit is granted, no person, dealer,
firm, or corporation may change source of milk or cream supply without
the approval of the city health officer, and no permit shall be transferred with-
out consent of said health officer.
846 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
The city health officer may at any time revoke any permit or license that
may be granted by him for a failure on the part of the licensee to comply
with the orders and regulations for the sale of milk or cream now in force.
Src. 2. No person, firm, or corporation shall sell or exchange, or offer or
expose for sale or exchange any unclean, impure, unwholesome, adulterated, or
unhealthy milk or cream within the city of Wheeling. The terms “ adul-
terated ” or “‘ unwholesome” as used in this ordinance are held to mean—
First. Milk containing more than 87 per cent of water or fluids.
Second. Milk containing less than 13 per cent of milk solids.
Third. Milk containing less than 34 per cent of fats, or having a specific
gravity of less than 1.029.
Fourth. Milk drawn from animals within 15 days before or 5 days after
parturition.
Fifth. Milk drawn from animals fed on any unhealthy or unwholesome food
or drink.
Sixth. Milk drawn from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition.
Seventh. Milk containing more than 2 per cent acidity. :
Highth. Milk containing pus cells.
Ninth. Milk which has been adulterated with water or any other fluid, or
to which has been added, or into which has been introduced any foreign sub-
stance whatever.
Tenth. Cream sold or offered or kept for sale as such must contain at least
418 per cent butter fat.
Hleventh. Milk containing more than 100,000 bacteria to cubic centimeter.
Twelfth. Milk or cream reacting to the usual or ordinary test or tests for
formalin, salicylic acid, or boric acid.
Src. 3. No person, dealer, firm, or corporation shall sell, or offer for sale, or
have in possession for the purpose of sale, any milk from which the cream
or any part of such cream has been removed, unless in a conspicuous place,
above the center and on the outside of every vessel in which such milk is
sold or kept, the words “skimmed milk” are distinctly marked in metallic
letters, permanently soldered, to be not less than 1 inch in height; or, where
the entire can of milk is sold and delivered to one place or customer, a paper
label, white with red letters, ‘‘ skimmed milk,” posted on the can near center;
paper label to be 4 inches by 6 inches and to be furnished by the health officer,
none other can be used: Provided, That in case of the delivery of skimmed
milk in glass bottles the words “skimmed milk” shall be blown in the bottles
in letters not less than 1 inch in height. Nor shall any person, firm, or corpo-
ration selling milk, or his, their, or its agent or agents sell as skimmed milk
any milk which has a less percentage of casein and salts than that contained
in unskimmed milk.
Sec. 4. No person, firm, or corporation within the city of Wheeling shall
deliver, sell, offer, or expose for sale, or have in his, their, or its possession for
the purpose of sale, any milk or cream in glass jars or bottles, unless said jars
or bottles have been thoroughly washed and cleaned before being last filled;
no person shall keep milk or fill glass jars or bottles with milk or cream in any
barn or stable, or in any public street or place.
Src. 5. No person, firm, or corporation within the city of Wheeling shall sell,
offer, or expose for sale, milk from any vehicle unless said vehicle bears in a
conspicuous place, plainly and legibly on each outer side and near the front
thereof, a metal sign issued annually by the city bearing the year, license
number, and name of business; and in case milk is sold from cans or vessels,
where no vehicle is used, unless the license number shall be placed in a con-
. Spicuous place on such can or vessel; or if such milk is sold or exposed for
sale within a store or a house, unless such license number shall be there ex-
posed in some conspicuous place. ;
Src. 6. No person, firm, or corporation within the city of Wheeling shall keep
milk intended for sale or exchange in a sleeping or living room, or in any room
which is not kept clean at all times, or in which the plumbing is not constructed
in accordance with sanitary plumbing; or keep milk in any cans not made of
well-tinned iron with inner surfaces smooth and free from rust; or fail to report
forthwith to the health officer any cases of contagious disease on the premises
where milk is produced or sold. The owner shall be held liable for the acts of
his agent for any violation of the sections of this ordinance, and the intention
of any person doing or omitting to do any such act is immaterial in prosecution
hereunder.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 347
Src. 7. Inspections of milk in all dairies, and of all milk venders, shall be
made under the direction of milk inspectors authorized by the health officer
of the city; and all persons, firms, or corporations selling, exchanging, or offer-
ing or exposing for sale or having in possession milk or cream for sale, delivery,
or exchange, either on their own account or for any other person or corpora-
tion, shall at all times on demand furnish to the said milk inspectors of the
city of Wheeling, and permit such inspectors to take from them such samples
as said inspectors may require; and such samples shall be given, or permitted to
be taken, at such time and place as may be demanded by said inspectors.
Every sample of milk delivered to any of the milk inspectors of the city shall
have a label attached to the vessel containing such sample, which shall have
been written thereon at the time of the delivery of such sample, the number of
the dealer’s license, the number of the sample, the date of collection, and the
name of the inspector; and a memorandum shall be made by the inspector
collecting such sample of the number of the sample, the name of the owner
and driver from whom collected, and a duplicate of the sample sealed in the
bottle or vessel shall be delivered to the person from whom such sample is
taken. Each sample shall be examined separately, according to its number, by
the milk inspector, who shall register the specific gravity, temperature, and the
percentage of butter fat opposite a corresponding number in the book kept for
that purpose; the name of the owner to be subsequently inserted.
Stec. 8. No person, firm, or corporation selling or exchanging or offering or
exposing for sale milk in the city of Wheeling in bottles to any dwelling or other
house that has in it any contagious disease or diseases, or that is placarded
by the health officer for contagious disease or diseases, shall remove from such
dwelling or house any bottle or receptacle which has been or is used for the
purpose of receiving or storing milk, until such placard has been removed by
the proper authorities. No person suffering from, or who has knowingly,
within a period of 20 days, been exposed to diphtheria, scarlet fever, erysipelas,
smallpox, or other dangerous contagious disease, unless proper disinfection
under direction of health officer has been had, shall work or assist in or about
any dairy or dairy farm; no proprietor, manager, or superintendent of any dairy
or dairy farm who supplies milk to the citizens of the city of Wheeling, W. Va.,
‘shall knowingly permit any person suffering, or exposed as aforesaid, to work
or assist in or about said dairy or dairy farm.
Src. 9. The health officer shall not issue a permit to any person to sell milk
in the city of Wheeling who does not furnish once in every six months the health
department with a certificate from a duly qualified veterinary surgeon to the
effect that the cattle from which the milk he proposes to sell is obtained are
entirely free from disease; and said certificate shall be kept on file in the health
department, and shall embrace a descriptive enumeration of the cattle exam-
ined. The health officer may require the tuberculin test if any herd is sus-
pected of infection with tuberculosis.
Sec. 10. Every person, firm, or corporation maintaining a dairy farm shall
keep the same and all appurtenances thereto clean and wholesome at all times,
shall change the water in the coolers at least once in each day, and no building
or space shall be used for dairy purposes which is not well lighted and ventilated
and which is not provided with a suitable floor and properly drained or which
contains less than 600 feet clear space for each cow.
Sec. 11. Every person, firm, or corporation using premises for keeping cows
for dairy purposes shall keep the entire premises clean and in good repair and
the buildings well painted or whitewashed, and no accumulation of dung shall
be allowed, but shall be removed at least twice daily and one hour preceding
every milking of the cows.
Src. 12. Milkers and those engaged in the handling of milk or cream shall
maintain strict cleanliness of their hands and persons while milking and while
so engaged.
Sec. 18. Every person, firm, or corporation keeping cows for the production of
milk for sale shall cause them to be kept clean and wholesome at all times and
shall cause the teats and the udder to be carefully cleaned with a damp cloth
immediately before milking and shall cause each of such cows to be properly
fed and watered.
Src. 14. Any person, firm, or corporation using any premises for keeping cows
for dairy purposes shall provide and use a sufficient number of receptacles of
nonabsorbent material for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, shall
keep them clean and wholesome at all times, and at milking time shall remove
each receptacle as soon as filled from the stable or room in which the cows are
348 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
kept, and it shall immediately be cooled to 50° F. and strained through one-half
inch absorbent cotton or its equivalent. Nor shall any milk or cream be stored
or kept within any room used for stabling cows or other domestic animals.
Sec. 15. It shall be the duty of every person having charge or control of any
premises upon which cows are kept to notify the health officer of the city of
Wheeling of the existence of any contagious or infectious disease among such
cows by letter delivered or mailed within 24 hours after the discovery thereof,
and to thoroughly isolate any cow or cows so diseased or which he may reason-
ably believe to be infected, and to exercise such other precaution as may be
directed, in writing, by the said health officer.
Src. 16. No person, firm, or corporation in the city of Wheeling engaged in the
business of producing milk for sale or exchange, or engaged in the business of
storing or delivering milk in said city, shall store, cool, or mix said milk in
any room which is occupied by horses, cows, or other animals. All rooms in
which milk is stored, cooled, kept, or mixed shall be provided with tight walls
- and floor and kept constantly clean; the walls and floor of the said rooms to
be of such a construction as to allow easy and thorough cleansing. The room or
rooms aforesaid shall contain proper appliances for washing and sterilizing all
utensils actually employed in the storage, sale, or distribution of milk, and all
such apparatus and utensils shall be washed with boiling water or sterilized by
steam regularly after being so used.
Src. 17. All dairies or milk depots from which milk is offered for sale in the
city of Wheeling shall be open at all times to the inspection of the health officer
of the city of Wheeling or any officer representing him. No dip milk shall be
sold or exchanged or offered or exposed for sale or exchange in any grocery
store, bakery, meat shop, confectionery, or any other store where milk is not sold
exclusively. Milk sold in such places must be bottled at the dairy or city
depots and kept in a covered box, cooler, or refrigerator under such conditions
as shall be approved by the health officer.
Src. 18. That any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions
of this ordinance, upon conviction for the first time, shall be adjudged to pay a
fine of not less than $10 nor exceeding $100, and in default of payment of such
fine and costs to be imprisoned in the workhouse of said city for not less than
10 nor more than 30 days, or both fine and imprisonment may be imposed, at
the discretion of the judge of the police court. Upon a second conviction the
fine shall not be less than $25 nor more than $100, and in default of the pay-
ment of such fine and costs imprisonment for not less than 30 days nor more
than 60 days, or both fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court.
And in addition to the penalty of fine or imprisonment, or both, upon said second
conviction, the health officer may revoke the license of Such person or persons,
firm, or corporation so offending.
Src. 19. All ordinances and parts of ordinances in conflict herewith are hereby
repealed.
Sec. 20. This ordinance shall take effect from and after its passage.
Adopted, second branch, June 11, 1907.
Adopted, first branch, June 11, 1907.
Sections 1 and 17 were passed aS an amended ordinance April 14, 1908.
[Post this in your barn.]
[Department of health, the city of Wheeling.]
RuLES AND REGULATIONS WHiIcH Must Br OBSERVED BY FARMERS AND DAIRYMEN
IN THE CARE OF THE Cows AND HANDLING oF MILK SHIPPED TO THE CITY OF
WHEELING.
THE COWS.
1. The cows must be kept clean.
2. Manure must not be permitted to collect upon the tail, sides, udder, and
belly of any milch cow.
STABLES.
1. Cow stables must be well lighted and ventilated.
2. Floors must be tight and well drained.
8. Manure must be removed from the stalls and gutters at least twice daily.
This must not be done during milking nor within one hour prior thereto.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 349
4, Walls and ceilings must be kept clean.
5. The ceilings must be so constructed that dust and dirt therefrom shall not
readily fall to the floor or into the milk.
6. Stables must be whitewashed at least once a year.
THE WATER SUPPLY.
1. The water used in the barn and for washing milk utensils must be free
from contamination.
THE MILK HOUSE.
1. A milk house must be provided, which is separated from the stable and
dwelling house. :
2. It must be kept clean and must not be used for any purpose except the
handling of milk.
THE MILKERS.
1. No person haying any communicable disease, or one caring for persons
having any such disease, must be allowed to handle the milk or milk utensils.
2. The hands of the milkers must be carefully washed immediately before
milking.
THE UTENSILS.
1. All milk utensils, including pails, cans, strainers, and dippers, must be
kept thoroughly clean and must be washed and scalded after each using.
THE MILK.
1. Milk from diseased cows must not be shipped.
2. The milk must not be in any way adulterated.
3. The straining of milk must be done in the milk house only.
4, All milk must be cooled to a temperature not above 55° within two hours
after being drawn and kept thereafter below that.
5. The use of any preservative or coloring matter is an adulteration and its
use by a producer or shipper will be a sufficient cause for the exclusion of his
product from the city of Wheeling.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
In addition to the preceding rules, the department makes the following
recommendations :
THE BARNYARD.
1. It should be well drained and dry and should be as much sheltered as
possible from the wind and cold.
2. Manure should not be allowed to collect in the barnyard and should not
be at any time in contact with the stable or milk house.
THE STABLE.
1. The cow stable should have abundance of light and ventilation. The
' ventilation should preferably be from the top.
2. There should be at least 600 cubic feet of air space for each cow. .
3. It is desirable that the place where the cows are kept be used for no
‘other purpose. A cow barn should not be used as a storage place for straw,
hay, or other feeds, or aS a wagon or tool house, as the dust and dirt which
accumulates in a place of this character is liable to drop into the milk while
being drawn.
4. Stable floor should be made tight and be of some nonabsorbent material.
5. Cement or brick floors are the best, as they can be more easily kept clean
than wood or earth.
6. If the space over the cow is used for storage of hay, the ceiling should be
made tight, to prevent chaff and dust falling through.
The practice, somewhat common among farmers, of packing hay, etc., on loose
poles over the cows is exceedingly bad, since it invites the collection of dust
and cobwebs, and the difficulty of keeping the stable clean is increased.
350 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
7. The stable should be whitewashed at least once a month.
8. The manure gutter should be from 6 to 8 inches deep and should be kept
free from manure.
9. The use of land plaster or lime upon the floors and gutters is recommended.
10. The flooring where the cows stand should be short enough so that all
manure will be dropped into the gutter and not upon the floor itself.
11. The floor should be swept at least an hour before milking, in order that
the dust may have a chance to settle before the milking is begun.
12. If individual drinking basins are used for the cows they should be fre-
quently drained and cleaned.
THE COWS.
1. The cows should be kept at all times in a healthy condition and an exami-
nation by a veterinary surgeon should be made twice a year.
2. The cows should be groomed daily and all collection of manure, mud, or
other filth should not be allowed to remain upon their flanks, sides, udders, or
bellies during milking.
8. The clipping of long hairs from the udder and right side of the cow is of
assistance in preventing the collection of filth, which may drop into the milk.
4. The hair on the tails should be cut so that the brush will be well above the
ground.
5. In winter the tail may be clipped.
6. The cows should be bedded with shavings, dried leaves, straw, or some
equally clean material.
7. The use of horse manure for bedding is to be condemned.
8. To prevent the cows from lying down and getting dirty between cleaning
and milking, a throat latch of rope or chain should be fastened across the -
stanchions under the cow’s neck.
THE MILKING AND MILKERS.
1. The milkers should be clean.
2. Their hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and water and care-
fully dried on clean towels before milking.
8. Clean overalls and jumpers should be worn during the milking of the cows,
should be used for no other purpose, and when not in use should be kept in a
clean place protected from dust.
4. The hands and teats should be kept dry during milking.
5. The practice of moistening the hands with milk is to be condemned.
6. The first few streams from each teat should be rejected, as this contains
more bacteria than the rest of the milk.
7. All milk drawn from the cows 30 days before and 10 days after calving
should be rejected, and also all milk from diseased cows.
8. The pails in which the milk is drawn should have as small an opening at
the top as can be used in milking. This renders the collection of dust less
likely.
10. Dry fodder should not be fed to the cows during or just before milking,
as dust therefrom will fall into the milk.
THE MILK.
1. The milk should be removed to the milk house as soon as drawn and
strained and cooled to the proper temperature at once.
2. A good plan is to strain the milk into cans which are standing in ice
water which reaches the neck of the can.
8. The more rapidly the milk is cooled the safer it is and the longer it will
keep sweet.
4. Ice should be used in cooling, as very few springs are cool enough for the
purpose.
5. If aerators are used, they should stand where the air is free from dust or
odor, and on no account should they be used in a stable.
6. "Milk strainers should be kept exceedingly clean and scalded a second time
just before using, and if cloth strainers are used, several of them should be
provided, in order that they may be frequently changed during the straining of
the milk.
By order of the department of health, Wheeling, W. Va.
(Milk is just as clean as the dirtiest thing it touches.)
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 351
APPENDIX H.
COMMUNICATIONS FROM MR. HERBERT P. CARTER SUBMITTING DETAILS FOR
ESTABLISHMENT OF LARGE DAIRY FARM FOR SUPPLYING MILK TO THE
WASHINGTON MARKET.
a
Manor Darry Co.,
Arlington, Va., November 1, 1910.
Mr. J. L. WILLIGE.
Dear Sir: I should be glad if you would look over the inclosed paper, which
is merely an outline sketch. I should also be very pleased if you could come
out and see our dairy, which was only organized this year. The matter of the
milk supply is simply a matter of straightforward business, I believe, which can
easily be settled by competent business men. I will try to see you very soon.
Yours, truly,
HERBERT P. CARTER.
CONSUMERS’ MILK ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
It is of the utmost importance to residents in the District to have a pure and
abundant supply of milk.
This supply can be obtained only by generous treatment of the farmers in
the matter of payment, together with a demand for milk of high quality.
If the farmers find that it pays to supply good milk, they will soon increase
their facilities until all the demands of the District are satisfactorily met.
At the present time they have not the necessary capital to submit to the tuber- -
culin test for their herds and to meet all the requirements of the health depart-
ment. Even if they could do so, the price which the dealers are willing to pay
is insufficient to compensate them for the outlay of capital and the labor and
trouble involved.
A system could easily be inaugurated of more direct dealing between the con-
sumer and the farmer than obtains under the existing system, and the result
would be a better article for the consumer at no higher price than he has been
accustomed to pay, and far more satisfactory conditions for the farmer.
It is unnecessary here to dwell on conditions which are well known in regard
to the scarcity of milk and the unwillingness of farmers to have their herds
tuberculin tested. It is believed that some such scheme as that which is
explained below would meet all the difficulties of the situation.
If the farmers can be insured against loss and a satisfactory price secured
for their milk, all difficulties in the way of meeting the requirements of the
health department and of the consumer would speedily be overcome.
OUTLINE OF PROPOSED SCHEME FOR THE FORMATION OF A CONSUMERS’ MILK
ASSOCIATION.
A company to be incorporated with sufficient capital to carry out the follow-
ing objects:
1. The establishment of one or more stations for the bottling and delivery
of milk in Washington, with all the necessary equipment.
2. The making of loans to farmers to enable them to submit their herds to
the tuberculin test without delay, to replace diseased by healthy cattle, and to
bring their equipment up to the standard required by the association. 'These
loans would be secured by the cattle in the farmer’s possession, or other ap-
proved security, and.would be repaid by the deduction of a reasonable sum from
the price paid to the farmer for every gallon of milk shipped by him. He
would be under contract to ship a certain minimum to the association.
An additional security for these loans would be the compensation by the
Legislatures of Virginia and Maryland—if any should be voted—for cattle
slaughtered after reacting to the test. Compensation is already given in the
District.
_ The financial assistance indicated in the second of the above two objects is
the key to the present situation. The association can gain the good will of
the farmers, give them a satisfactory return for their products, and at the
same time earn handsome dividends for the stockholders.
abe THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
It will be obvious that at the present time the carrying out of such a scheme
will be given plenty of publicity by the papers, and that comparatively little
advertising will be needed to enable the association to place all the milk that
it can purchase from the farmers,
Probably it wil be found desirable for the association to give financial help
to farmers who have good barn accommodation to spare, to enable them to
increase their stock and the association’s supply.
By paying 80 cents a gallon for highest grade milk and 26 cents a gallon
for second grade, and retailing them at 10 and 9 cents a quart, respectively,
the association would make a profit of 10 cents a gallon. The above wholesale
prices are much higher than dealers now pay, and 2,000 gallons a day could
easily be obtained.
A CONCRETE INSTANCE OF THE WAY THE ABOVE PLAN WOULD WORK.
Farmer B now ships to Washington 40 gallons of milk. He has 20 cows,
which are not tuberculin tested, and he has inadequate facilities for cooling
the milk and cleaning his cans.
He obtains, at most, 22 cents a gallon for his milk, and can not afford to
have his cattle tested without compensation, or to improve his equipment.
The association arranges with farmer B to have his herd tested and to
improve his outfit. It advances, say, $300, for replacing reacting cows with
healthy animals and for the needed improvements.
Farmer B can now ship 20 gallons of milk of higher quality, and the asso-
ciation can afford to pay him 30 cents a gallon. From this they can deduct
5 cents and so pay off the loan, with interest, in less than a year. The farmer
will have been getting a net advance of 3 cents a gallon, and at the end of
_the year will have a better herd and better equipment than he had before.
Capital :
From $10,000 to $15,000 advanced to farmers at interest.
Bottles, and complete equipment for bottling, washing, steriliz-
fies, @iO st ee ee sees ss $6, 000
2 Amoton. trucks, vat (S2000H 2. 22 ee ie ee eee 4, 000
92 small motor delivery trucks,.at, $l,0002 eee 2, 000
90 delivery wagons and horses, at $350__-_--___-_________--__- = 7, 000
Preliminary advertising ------_-/---_—--___=~ 1, 000
20, 000
Monthly charges:
- Wages and manager’s salary_______----__-_--~--________________ 2, 500
Rent tee 2b ie ee ae 2 ee ee ee ee 300
Depreciation, repairs, gasoline and oil, horses’ feed, bad debts, etc__ 1, 400
JXGHETHHISING, GUC seca s ae eee eee 100
4, 300
Monthly income:
2,000 gallons of milk daily for 30 days sold at a profit of 10 cents
a gallon over wholesale price___________-~-=-----~~--~---—-—-—___ 6, 000°
Net monthly profit on investment of $20,000_-__------------------ 1, 700
Manor Dairy Co.,
Arlington, Va., November 2, 1910.
Mr. J. L. WILLIGE. :
Dear Sir: I have pleasure in inclosing an outline of a plan for the organiza-
tion of a large dairy business.
Officials of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Agriculture, would be well able to
pass on the reasonableness of my estimates.
I may say that_if a corporation was formed somewhat on the lines sug-
gested I should be pleased, if the directors so desired, to become associated
in the management and to place all my time at their disposal for a year or
two and accept payment entirely according to the results achieved. I am con-
fident that the plan is the most efficient and economical possible, if it can be
organized with sufficient capital.
Yours, very truly, HERBERT P. CARTER.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 353
The proposed establishment of a large dairy farm near Washington, together
with a town depot for the distribution of milk, the whole to be owned and
operated by a corporation financed by the people of Washington, D. C.
Modern requirements in the handling of milk and modern improvements in
farm machinery make a dairy farm operated on an extensive scale the only
logical way of dealing with the milk question.
The essential conditions for any location to be considered for the farm are:
(1) Part of the farm must touch a convenient railroad line.
(2) There must be an abundant supply of good water on the farm. A
running stream, indeed, is essential.
ADVANTAGES, EFFICIENT COOLING OF MILK, CLEANING AND STERILIZING OF ALL
UTENSILS.
The small farmer can not be expected to get all the expensive apparatus
which is needed for cooling milk efficiently and for cleaning and sterilizing all
utensils.
On the other hand, on a large farm operating its own ice plant, where 2,000
gallons of milk had to be handled, the cost per gallon for efficient cooling, etc.,
would be insignificant. :
If pasteurizing was desired, it could also be carried out economically.
EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL SHIPPING.
A refrigerator Gar on a private siding adjacent to the dairy building, ready
to be filled with milk cans and attached to a passenger train for Washington.
Contrast this with the shipping methods possible to the small farmer!
It would probably be found desirable to bottle the milk at the farm ready for
delivery to the consumer. This would add to the cost of shipment, but is the
most sanitary of all methods, and avoids the delay and expense of an extra
handling of the milk.
ECONOMY IN LABOR.
With a large number of employees, labor can be much more economically and
systematically directed than is possible on a small farm.
Reasonable provision, too, can be made for the entertainment of the men and
their families and for the education of their children. In this way the best
class of labor can be attracted to the place.
Besides, the men would always feel certain of their pay. This is not the
case on every small farm.
LABOR-SAVING DEVICES.
Manure spreaders, 2-horse corn planters, and feed cutter with powerful engine
are typical instances of the kind of machinery which saves a large amount of
labor on a large farm, but which would be out of the question on a small place.
A large farm can have a blacksmith shop of its own, which in itself means
a great saving of time and money.
ECONOMY IN FARM HORSES.
By going in for mule raising and using brood mares for the farm work,
except for one or two strong teams for the heaviest work, it is possible to
make the horses almost, if not quite, pay for their own keep. This plan could
not be carried out on a small farm, but where 20 or more horses were needed
for farm work it would be most remunerative.
In the following estimate of capital required, the cost of buildings, etc., is
based on the actual cost of material and labor in putting up barns and dairy
buildings at Arlington, Va., in the summer of 1910, according to plans furnished
by the Bureau of Agriculture and thoroughly approved by the health depart-
ment of the District. Allowance is made for grading and all extras.
With the economies possible in work undertaken on a large scale, with ready
cash, it is probable that the estimate given might be materially reduced, even
if everything used was of the best quality.
The average price of milk to the retail customer is placed at 9 cents per
quart. Probably 10 cents would be charged for seven months and 8 cents for
five months in the year. This would make the average price more than 9 cents.
Cream is sold at a proportionate rate and need not be treated separately.
$2444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3 23
354 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
It might be profitable to undertake butter making on account of the high
price which could readily be obtained for genuine buttermilk properly shipped.
There is now a very large and profitable trade in artificial buttermilk, but
no account is taken of.this in order that the estimate of income may be well
within the mark.
The profits easily obtainable from hog raising are also disregarded.
The amount of milk given by each cow is calculated at 2 gallons a day
on an average. With such a liberal allowance as $100 for the price of each
cow, this amount ought certainly to be exceeded.
It is assumed that not much feed would be raised on the farm during the
first year, and the daily allowance is therefore placed at 20 cents per cow.
For the second year 10 cents per cow is allowed, but this amount would
gradually be reduced as the farm reached a higher state of cultivation, and
the profits would be correspondingly increased. For the summer months, at
any rate, it is safe to assume that the estimates of 20 and 10 cents given above
would be in excess of the actual cost.
The estimates made for labor, feed, and depreciation give ample margin to
allow of raising sufficient calves to keep up the standard of the herd.
With the estimates here given a profit is shown on the investment of $500,000
of over 12 per cent in the first year, rapidly increasing to over 20 per cent.
If we allowed 23 gallons of milk for each cow as a daily average—no un-
reasonable estimate—the profits would be increased to at least 17 per cent
for the first year and 24 per cent for the second year, gradually increasing to
28 per cent or more.
Efficient management would undoubtedly increase even these profits.
Capital:
1-500) acres:fat: $100) per acres Saas she ee ss ele eee $150, 000
1:000° cattlewait SiO ORY 23 22s oie ee eee eee le oe a Se eee 100, 000
Barns, silos, farm and dairy buildings, fences, cottages for men
employed, machinery, dainy jutensils (etc = eee 175, 000
Depot in Washington for distribution of milk, land and buildings
owned Dy (COmMpan e223 ee ee ee 75, 000
500, 000
Daily expenses : ar :
Labor and management, including town depot____-_____________ e 9250
Shipping and distribution, depreciation, taxes, ete______________ 100
Need! (first year) {2 ee a Sa ee 200
550
Estimating feed at $100 for second year, the total would be $450.
Daily income: 2,000 gallons of milk, at 36 cents, $720.
Daily profit: $170 in first year, $270 in second year, increasing in later years
to $320 or more.
Annual profit: $62,050 in first year, $98,550 in second year, $116,800 or more
in later years, or 12.41 per cent, 19.71 per cent, 23.86 per cent, respectively.
It is important to observe that 2,000 gallons is only a small part of the milk
consumed in Washington; that the milk shipped by the corporation would be
of the highest quality and would meet with a ready sale, probably even at a
higher price than that here estimated.
If the stock of the company were divided among 8,000 people, each of whom
took 1 quart of milk daily, the whole output would be disposed of.
By accepting subscriptions for $10 or $20 of stock a large number of cus-
tomers would immediately be secured. Stockholders would of course have the
first privilege of purchasing milk from the company, and so help to earn their
own dividends.
It would seem that there should be very little difficulty about securing the
necessary capital if the directors of the company are men who would command
the unquestioning confidence of the people of Washington.
HERBERT P. CARTER.
ARLINGTON, VA., November 2, 1910.
i}
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 355
MANor Datry Co.,
Arlington, Va., November 4, 1910.
Mr. J. L. WILLIGE.
Dear Sir: I inclose some more matter in regard to our dairy-farm scheme,
which will explain itself. I hope you will agree with me that this thing must
go through somehow.
Yours, very truly, HERBERT P. CARTER.
If I can get any further information for you, or be of any use to you iv any
way, please consider me at your service. I am not particularly busy just now.
ARLINGTON, VA., November 4, 1910.
While the proposed scheme for a large dairy farm under the management of
a Washington corporation should be considered primarily on its merits as a
dairy business, there are other sides to the question which should be kept in
view from the first.
If over 2 thousand acres are to be acquired within easy reach of the city cf
Washington, it is important to have in view the possible developments from a
real estate point of view.
A well-organized dairy business should make it possible to own a large tract
of Jand, earn enough to pay taxes and good interest on capital from the very
first, and at the same time pave the way for important developments in real
estate business.
All property within 30 miles of Washington is likely to have a remarkable
increase in value within the next few years, but probably the most promising
part of the surrounding country, both for present purposes in the dairy busi-
ness and for ultimate purposes as Suburban real estate, is the Virginia side of
the Potomac between Alexandria and Mount Vernon.
The communications are already good, with the Mount Vernon electric line,
the Washington Southern—Accotink, Franconia, ete.—and last, but perhaps
most important of all, the Potomac.
A company which owned land on the Potomae, with a good site for a wharf,
and touching the Mount Vernon Hlectric Railroad, and also property on the
Washington Southern having good road communication with its property on the
Potomac, would be in a remarkably favorable position for awaiting, and to a
great extent controlling, fulure developments.. No more satisfactory location
for a dairy business at the present time could well be imagined.
A wharf on the Potomac would probably provide the most economical and
satisfactory way of conveying milk to Washington. A kind of refrigerator
barge and a suitable tug would not be very expensive, and by this means the
morning’s milk could easily be brought to town, bottled and ready for the
customer, in ample time for the afternoon delivery. Similarly the afternoon
milk could easily be brought to town in time for the early morning delivery.
The service, in fact, would be as prompt as the circumstances could require. It
would be most convenient to be independent of any railway line with its fixed
schedules; the tug could start off whenever the necessities of the business
required, and the cost of the service would be insignificant. If the tug broke
down, another could be chartered at short notice. Weight and space being of
relatively small account, the chief objection to bottling the milk at the farm
and bringing it to town ready to be put on the delivery wagon would be removed.
The wharf would be useful in other ways. Manure and also slop for hogs
and chickens could be hauled from town by this method at small expense and
prove a most satisfactory source cf revenue on a weil-managed farm. To most
farmers the cost of hauling such stuff as this is prohibitive, though the value
of the stuff itself may be judged from the fact that many farmers do find it
profitable to haul it several miles from the city by 4-horse wagons.
Another great economy would be effected by using this wharf to bring the
large amount of lumber, cement, ete., which would be needed for building opera-
tions. In fact, when buying lumber on such a large scale, it might be possible
to begin a very satisfactory lumber business in Washington. There would be
an abundance of storage room, the tug could convey lumber to Washington
in large quantities at short notice, and there would be horses in town to deliver
lumber in between milk deliveries. A trade in vegetables, fruit, poultry, eggs,
and all farm produce would naturally form part of the trade when the farm
4
856 £=THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
got into proper working order. It could hardly fail to be profitable with such
cheap and excellent transportation at hand.
As to the real estate development, it would only be necessary at first to
devote a little attention to the laying out of suitable roads, planting trees, ete.
Now and then a desirable tenant would be found who would put up a good
house somewhere on the place. One would help others, and in course of time
it might be necessary for the dairy farm to move a little farther into the coun-
try. Then the process could begin over again. The strength of the plan lies
in the fact that the company could afford to wait.
HERBERT P. CARTER.
P. S.—With regard to the particular merits of the country indicated above
for real estate—apart from the obvious value of Mount Vernon and the present
means of communication—it should be recalled that Congress has already
appropriated $10,000 for the survey of Mount Vernon Avenue, and that Vir-
ginia has already voted that its claim on the United States Government of
$200,000, when recovered, should be devoted to the construction of this road.
It would seem certain in any case that the making of a splendid road between
Washington and Mount Vernon is only a question of time. The Daughters of
the American Revolution and other influential bodies are interesting themselves
in the scheme.
Manor Dairy Co.,
Arlington, Va., November 7, 1910.
J. L. Witvier, Esq.
Dear Siz: Miss Hurn was with us yesterday and told me that you were going
into the question of modified milk. There is no reason why modified milk
should not form part of the trade on our proposed large dairy. The formulas
could be made up and bottled at the farm and delivered from door to door with
the other milk. In this way the babies would get the morning milk in the
afternoon and the afternoon milk in the morning—as efficient a service as could
be organized. By bottling at the farm and delivering in the usual course of
business, the price could be made as low as that charged by the Straus Labo-
ratories now, yield a reasonable profit, and give the parents the advantage of
delivery tc their homes. The only possible objection that Miss Hurn saw was
that of breakage in shipment. This, of course, is easily overcome by proper
packing.
I think you know that we have shipped the milk for the Straus Laboratories
since they opened last spring. -
I am, yours, truly, Hersert P. CARTER.
ARLINGTON, VA., November 7, 1910.
J. L. Wittier, Esq.
DEAR SiR: I saw Miss Hurn to-day, after giving you my letter on the subject
of modified milk, and she was emphatic in expressing the opinion that it would
be impossible to sell the various formulas at the price charged by the Straus
Laboratories and make any profit by it.
I have never dealt in modified milk myself, so do not claim the same authority
for my figures that I would in other branches of the trade, where I have been
able to test them by actual experience. I will, however, give you the figures on
which I based my conclusion, only hoping that I am not troubling you with too
many details and too much of my own opinion.
One thing, however, is certain. Modified milk could be handled more eco-
nomically by a concern which produced and delivered a large amount of ordi-
nary milk than by a concern which dealt in modified milk exclusively.
Some such plan as that which I have outlined will provide the most efficient
and economical way of dealing with modified milk.
Putting aside all considerations of charity, it might be good business to sell
modified milk at a very small profit in order to help other branches of the trade.
But it is my emphatic opinion that such a price ought to be placed on modified
milk as will allow a small profit to the dealer and place the trade on a business
basis.
There are many families who, while anxious to get milk for their babies at
as reasonable a price as possible, would prefer not to be in receipt of charity in
any form, considering it injurious to their self-respect. Moreover, the milk
ought certainly to be delivered to their doors. Time is money, even to the poor,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. oe
and it would pay them to give a few cents more for their milk instead of having
to walk some distance to get it.
There can, of course, be no charity more deserving of support than that of
providing proper nourishment for babies. By all means let there be a fund,
supported either by public or private benevolence, to enable the poor to get the
milk which their children need. But a truer charity, one deeper and more far-
reaching in its effects, would be to provide milk for the young children of the
self-respecting wage-earning class at such a price as would at least pay for the
cost of production, but still make no exorbitant demands on people of limited
means.
Modified milk delivered to the door of the consumer at cost price and a fund
to help the really needy to buy it; this I believe to be the ideal at which we
should aim.
To take a definite instance of modified milk for purposes of estimating the
cost:
Formula (Nathan Straus Laboratories) for infants from second to sixth month.
Ounces.
EN ELTUN (20a TA Wg aS NYO Id CB NS Pe RO OE BNP RD 18
\SAT EEN aT SN Cec eM A AE AAD age URS Be PI nM ee 164
JAMES A SAVES aap cc Mae Lo MEL NN I Lie ul i ID a LER FSS EN aR, RR Vcr ea 14
FANG ETT ES Fee PSC ES DRS I INR AN OR rR ey ARN OH URL LS 14
The milk at the farm may be certainly assumed to cost not more than 16
cents per gallon. The cost of the above would therefore not exceed—
Cents
SMO UT CES ITT lceeer se ene UMICR I RN Ness WD aS i NPs ewe te nk ease 2h
CMOUIT CSE TINT ee SUT ren Teese csr ate ENS a be tg aN RR ies Se ines
Lime water and water (distilled) _____-____________.______L_____________-_ 4
Ld BCG) Ege DN Sagas Se Wh ada PS A Pe aE el Ab 5
Allowing 4 cents for compounding and bottling the above (in 6 bottles) and
for delivery and incidental expenses, the price would be 9 cents, as now charged
by the Straus Laboratories.
This allowance would naturally not be sufficient where a special building had
to be rented; special managers engaged, a large boiler kept specially in operation
by a licensed engineer, and a large amount of ice bought, to say nothing of pay-
ing a high price for milk and providing for a special delivery to substations.
But where there was already an abundance of steam and ice, and all the oper-
ations were under the same management as the rest of the trade, there would
be great economy, and it is safe to say that the price of modified milk, delivered
to the door of the customer, would not be very greatly in excess of that now
charged by the Nathan Straus Laboratories. ’
I remain, yours, very truly, HERBERT P. CARTER.
APPENDIX I.
TESTIMONY ADDUCED AT HEARING BEFORE DISTRICT COMMISSIONERS,
OCTOBER 20, 1910.
Dr. MELVIN’s TESTIMONY.
Dr. Melvin testified as follows:
For several years the Department of Agriculture has been endeavoring to
ascertain the approximate percentage of the tuberculosis that exists among
cattle in the various sections of the United States, and we had previously made
a great many tests in and about Washington and other sections.
In doing that it was determined that tuberculosis did exist to considerable
extent in the District. The test showed that 1,701 cattle were tested with tuber-
culin. Of that number 319 responded, and there were two held as suspects for
subsequent testing at a later date, usually from two to three months. The
total reimbursement to owners was $138,855.10, for 305 cases. The average
loss to owners was 27.65 per cent of the value of the destroyed stock.
858 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Other tests have been made in Virginia and Maryland. In Virginia, from
July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1910, there were tested 899 cattle, of which 162 reacted,
39 were held as suspicious, and the per cent of reacters and suspects was 18.27.
In Maryland, in the same time, 289 were tested. Forty-eight reacted, 6
were suspected, and the percentage of reacters and suspects was 15.74.
During that same period of time there were retested in Virginia and Mary-
land animals previously tested. In Virginia 923 passed, 39 reacted, 4 were
held as suspects, making a percentage on the retest of 4.45 per cent, a reduction
from 18.27 from the first test.
In Maryland, on the retest, 301 passed, 5 reacted, 3 were suspects, making
a percentage of reacters and suspects of 2.58, a reduction from 15.74.
CONDITIONS IN DISTRICT.
In the District we have retested and found free from tuberculosis 423; .we
have found 31 reacters and 1 suspect, or a percentage of reacters and suspects
of 7.03. ;
We have demonstrated beyond any question the feasibility of eliminating
tuberculosis by three or four tests of this sort. In the tests that we made here
in the District tuberculosis was demonstrated in cattle that reacted in something
over 98 per cent of the cases,
We found in 126 cattle in and near the city of Washington that tuberculosis
was demonstrated in 99.21 per cent of the cases which reacted. In a table I
made as a result of the tuberculin testing of cattle by State and Federal officers
with tuberculin prepared by the Bureau of Animal Industry, we found that
between 1893 and 1908, there were tested 400,008 cattle. The number reacting
was 37,000. These were in all parts of the United States, and were a per-
centage of 9.25 of all cattle tested.
The number slaughtered under inspection was 24,784; the number of these
found tuberculous upon post mortem was 24,387, or 98.39 per cent.
Dr. MOHLER’S STATEMENT.
Dr. Mohler’s testimony was as follows:
Introductory to my statement concerning the tuberculin test I would present
extracts from bulletins on bovine tuberculosis in Virginia and Maryland,
States which now supply the greatest amount of milk to the citizens of the
District of Columbia. I refer first to the statement of Dr. Buckley, of the
Maryland Agricultural Hxperiment Station. He says:
“Usually the discovery of an agent which, when properly used by compe-
tent persons, enables them to detect positively the existence of a condition that
is not revealed by any other means is hailed as a wonderful triumph. If the
opposition to the use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent came from those, only,
who were ignorant of its properties and who could not inform themselves of its
virtues it would be wholly excusable. The practice of using tuberculin, how-
ever, has been and is now condemned by some who know its value and who
have been in a position to observe its reliability.”
On the other side of our line, in Virginia, I would like to take a sentence
from the book of Dr. Nelson Mayo. He is the veterinary in charge of the
agricultural station at Blacksburg, Va. In his book, on page 382, he states
as follows:
“The most accurate means of detecting tuberculosis in cattle is by injecting
a small amount of tuberculin beneath the skin. When prepared for use,
tuberculin contains no germs of tuberculosis and is incapable of producing
any disease.” ;
TUBERCULIN HARMLESS.
During the last 15 years statistics with reference to bovine tuberculosis show
that over 98 per cent of the animals tested show adhesions at the post-mortem.
Tuberculin is the most accurate diagnostic agent known when it is in the hands
of competent men. As to the possibility of defeating the test, the farmer might
infect his cattle before the inspector comes around. The best means to prevent
this would be for the inspector to stay with the herd about 24 hours. An
attempt to defeat the tuberculin test should be considered as any other fraud
and guarded against by precautions.
I would like to speak of the Report of the International Commission on the
Control of Bovine Tuberculosis, of which I was a member, and to leave a copy
of the report with you and call your attention to this resolution in it;
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 859
“That tuberculin, properly used, is an accurate and reliable diagnostic
agent for the detection of active tuberculosis.
“That tuberculin may not produce a reaction under the following conditions:
““(a@) When the disease is in a period of incubation.
“(b) When the progress of the disease is arrested.
“(c) When the disease is extensively generalized.
“The last condition is relatively rare and may usually be detected by physical
examination.”
Thirty-three cities in the United States now require that herds which supply
their milk be tuberculin tested. Error in the application of the tuberculin
test has never been found to be greater than 8 per cent.
VIEWS OF DR. SCHROEDER.
Dr. Schroeder testified as follows:
The efficiency of the tuberculin test has been well demonstrated and it is
hardly necessary to say anything more on the subject. When we consider that
the tuberculin test: gives an accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle, in
between 98 and 99 per cent of the cases, we must recognize that we have a
more reliable diagnostic method in this disease than in any other known dis-
ease. I have given the tuberculin test a great deal of attention throughout
many years. I have given animals as high as 1,000 doses of tuberculin at a
single time and in healthy animals it produces no injury.
We use at the experiment station a great many animals in various forms
of experiments. Before using them we inject tuberculin to assure ourselves
_ they are perfectly well. We have injected large quantities of tuberculin into
well animals and they have shown no symptoms of trouble, and after being
killed have been found perfectly well.
At the experiment station I had a number of animals from District herds,
apparently in the best of health, so far as physical examination was concerned.
We submitted them to the tuberculin test and 40 per cent, apparently healthy,
reacted.
HUMAN AND BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS.
Relative to human and bovine tuberculosis, from the researches of the German
and British investigating commissions, and independent investigators, we know
that bovine tubercle bacilli are fairly common in human beings.
There was one interesting feature brought out at the last International Con-
gress on Tuberculosis. It was an investigation by W. H. Park, of the New York
research laboratory. ‘Twenty-six per cent of the children under 5 years ex-
amined by him and found to have tuberculosis were affected by bovine tubercle
bacilli,
I do not believe it is necessary to add anything to this. We have the efficiency
of the tuberculin test thoroughly demonstrated, and the frequent occurrence of
bovine tuberculosis among children alone shows we must eliminate those cattle
or de something to- the milk to prevent it doing injury. That something is
pasteurization.
The tuberculin test should be required of all dairy herds. Where it is not
required, all milk should be pasteurized before it is used. This should apply
not only to milk and cream used in their raw state, but to all milk and cream
contained in ice cream, buttermilk, butter, and cheese.
I have demonstrated that 40 per cent of apparently healthy cows that have
tuberculosis in its early stages pass tubercle bacilli in the feces. Unquestion-
ably, much of the tubercle bacilli in milk enters it in this way. Tuberculous
cows whose milk does not show the presence of tubercle bacilli pass the bacilli
in the feces, and for this reason their product can not be safely used unless it
is pasteurized. This shows the menace in the apparently healthy cow that has
not been tuberculin tested. :
Dr. Anderson’s recital of his observations concerning the milk supply of
Washington follows:
Just prior to October, 1907, 1,147 cows of the District of Columbia were
given the tuberculin test, and 214, or 18.6 per cent, responded. About the same
time 1,059 cows from 51 herds of Virginia, Maryland, and the District, supply-
ing milk to Washington, were tested; of this number, 160, or 15.1 per cent,
reacted. These figures do not give a fair idea of the prevalence of tuberculosis
in the herds supplying milk to Washington, as only the owners of those herds
860 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, .
who had reason to think their herds were free from tuberculosis permitted the
test to be made.
I took, in the fall and winter of 1908, 272 samples of the market milk of
Washington and injected them into guinea pigs. Of the 272 animals 49, or 18
per cent, died within 8 weeks of other causes before tuberculosis could have
developed. I wish to direct attention, also, to the fact that the milk from
some of the dairies, therefore, killed actually a high percentage of all the ani-
mals to which milk was given, showing the milk contained other bacteria.
Of the 223 samples that remained for study 15, or 6.72 per cent, contained
sufficient tubercle bacilli to cause typical tuberculosis in the inoculated animals.
Of the samples of milk from 104 dairies 2 were lost by acute death of the
animals, leaving 102; the milk from 11 of these 102 dairies contained tubercle
bacilli. This gave a percentage of 10.7 of the dairies examined showing tubercle
bacilli in the milk supplied their customers.
ELEVEN PER CENT AFFECTED.
These results, showing that approximately 11 per cent of the dairies whose
milk was examined contained tubercle bacilli virulent for guinea pigs, do not,
however, give a fair idea of the frequency of the presence of tubercle bacilli in
the market milk of the city of Washington. When two animals were inoculated
with the same sample both did not always develop tuberculosis. This would
indicate that the bacilli were so few in the amount inoculated that one of the
animals, by being a little more resistant, was able to overcome the infection.
The amount inoculated, less than 2 cubic centimeters of milk, is a very small
portion of a pint bottle. The creamy layer was not inoculated, and other
workers have shown that tubercle bacilli are more frequent in this than in the
bottom milk. It is very probable that if more animals had been inoculated
with the same sample and both cream and sediment used, the percentage of
positive results woudl have been much higher. ;
The results, however, as they are found are sufficiently high to emphasize
the necessity for the enactment and rigorous enforcement of a law requiring
that all cows supplying milk to the District be tuberculin tested and freed from
tuberculosis. This test, which is now universally recognized as a means of
determining whether an animal has tuberculosis, should be made by a com-
petent veterinarian, and those animals that respond should be disposed of in
some way so that their milk may no longer be a source of danger to the com-
munity.
I have compiled the statistics of investigators who have collected in all 1,734
samples of milk in recent years. Of these samples 11.3 have been found to
contain tubercle bacilli.
Mr. Hereert P. Carrer. I speak from the producers’ point of view. There
are two questions brought up which I have nothing to do with. One is the
personal controversy between the officials of the health department and the
dealers in milk here, and the second is the matter of the scientific controversy
as to the merits of pasteurization. I am not entitled to any opinion on its
merits, but I can be convinced by an examination of the evidence, which shows
that the tuberculin test is sufficient in a large number of cases.
I can say for my part I am not bothered about the order for the tuberculin
test, as my herd has been tuberculin tested from the first, and I know about
the cattle that have been slaughtered from my herd after reacting, and I should
have been sorry to serve milk from them. It certainly served to weed out the
bad cattle from my herd, cattle that I would be sorry to keep in.
It seems to me this is a matter which neither the producers nor dealers
have a right to discuss. We can not pretend to be scientists. If the scientific
opinion requires such tests, it is the business of the producer to obey them as
well as he can.
The whole question is a matter of compensation. It is a matter of dollars
and cents. There may be many people who have worked hard for many years
to produce a herd of, say, 20 cattle, honest, hard-working, laboring men. They
- have not had any tuberculin tests applied, and they have not done anything
against the law or against their conscience. The profit of the herd of 20 cattle
is not anything extraordinary. You must consider in this connection that the
producer of milk has an exceptionally hard life. It is a’case of working seven
days in the week and not six. He should therefore receive additional
compensation,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 861
Suppose he has a herd of 20 calves. He may rely on getting 2 gallons of
milk from each calf on an average. If he gets 40 gallons a day and in the
winter gets 22 cents, which is a pretty good price, that represents $8.80 a day
from that herd of 20 calves. If we calculate the cost of feeding each one at
' 20 cents in winter we would deduct $4 from the $8.80, leaving the producer ~
with a net income of $4.80 a day. He would have to pay his rent and for
sending the milk to town, and from time to time his cows go dry, so his income
is really inadequate.
If farmers are to be required to meet all kinds of expensive requirements, it
will add more expense. I think, personally, it is desirable that the cattle
should be housed in thoroughly sanitary stables, but that means an investment
of considerable capital, and if the tuberculin test is applied it means also a
certain amount to be written off at a loss; but it has a more Serious bearing if
it is applied suddenly and without warrant or compensation.
A man may have his whole fortune staked on this herd, and if he is to have
the test applied, having done nothing against the law, it may mean that half
of his cattle will be condemned; and it is not infrequent for half the cattle to
go under the test, especially if housed under insanitary conditions.
He faces a loss of half his herd with only what he can get from the butcher
for the meat; maybe in some cases he will lose all. At any rate it means a
serious loss to the producer.
I don’t think the producers or dealers should attempt to down the laws as to
what test should be applied, but if we submit to certain tests we have a right
to ask for proper compensation, It is not for us to determine whether the test
is by the Government of Maryland or Virginia or the District, but it is fair that
the people of the District should pay up a proper amount if they require it. If
there is increased protection to the pubiic, the producers must be properly com-
pensated for it. If they have proper compensation, I don’t think there is any
objection to submitting to the test.
Then if the test is continually applied after proper compensation is given,
all that is required is that sufficient price is paid for the milk. A higher price
will have to be paid by the consumer for a more valuable article. I therefore
ask the commissioners to use their influence to obtain proper compensation for
the producer of milk. If this business is made productive enough to the people
in the neighborhood, there will be enough milk coming into Washington.
Under present conditions it is not to be expected that any of the poor class
of producers can attempt to meet the requirements in the District, but if they
get compensation for the cattle condemned and get better prices they will in-
crease the facilities, and there will be no friction between the health depart-
ment and themselves in meeting the requirements.
APPENDIX J.
COMMUNICATION FROM A. S. TRUNDLE, REPRESENTING THE DAIRY MEN’S
ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, MARYLAND, AND VIRGINIA.
THE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION OF THE :
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, MARYLAND, AND VIRGINIA,
Washington, D. C., November 20, 1910.
Mr. J. LovIS WILLIGE, Chairman. .
Dear Siz: In compliance with your suggestion, under date of November 18,
would say the complaints lodged by me in behalf of the Dairymen’s Association
of the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia were, first, that the health
officer, in violation of law, has refused to issue permits to ship milk into the
District of Columbia, although all sanitary requirements had been complied
with; second, that the health officer had in the absence of any possible author-
ity cited members of this association to appear before him and show cause
why milk claimed to have been sold by them contained so-called excessive
numbers of bacteria (this in the absence of law or regulations to name any
specific number) and had threatened to have them summoned in court; third,
that in the opinion of this association the health officer had mislead the District
of Columbia Commissioners, by making to them (this determined by their reply
362 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
to our complaints) statements that were misleading. To sustain these charges
we offer the applications of producers for permits filed with the health depart-
ment and not granted, copies of summons to dealers and to producers to appear
as cited, and copies of letters and answers thereto as indicated in charge
third, to all of which proof is to be found in the health office records, if such
records are kept and filed as is the general custom and if such records have not
been tampered with. A further claim, together with a request to the chamber
of commerce, for investigation was to the effect that if such policies as indi-
cated in charges first and second and the requirements of a compulsory tuber-
culin test were to be carried out, such policies would drive producers and
dealers out of business or would result in shipments to other markets, thus
diverting money to other cities that should naturally come to Washington. A
further claim that I wish personally to file is, that, in my opinion, if the health
officer had a right to issue an order for the compulsory tuberculin test (which
order was issued to take effect on November 3, 1910, and since rescinded), he
has that right now and has had such right for 15 years or since the milk law
of 1895. That if, as he claims, recent researches and advanced knowledge has
convinced him that milk from cows not having stood the tuberculin test is
dangerous to public health, he is not only violating the laws of Congress but
his sworn obligations, and further, if, as I understand, he claims to have
knowledge that death has ensued as a result from consumption of milk from
cows not having undergone the tuberculin test, he stands to-day a confessed
party to the cause of probable death and therefore a criminal in the eyes of
the law. Please find inclosed list of members as asked for.
Very truly, yours,
A. S. TRUNDLE, Chairman.
P. S. I can but feel that we have not had ample opportunity to present to
your committee many facts without a knowledge of which it is absolutely
impossible for anyone to arrive at conclusions which would insure full justice
to the cause and business we represent as concerns ourselves or the general
public.
PXoisyy Ih
APPENDIX K.
COMMUNICATIONS FROM HEALTH OFFICER, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, DATED
NOVEMBER 14 AND 23 AND DECEMBER 20, 1910.
COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
HEALTH DEPARTMENT,
Washington, November 14, 1910.
Mr. J. Louris WILLIGE,
Chairman Committee on Milk Supply,
Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
DEaR Mr. WILLIGE: AS your committee has decided, I understand, to give
no more public hearings, the following comments are submitted for consideration :
As to the accuracy of the records of births and deaths in this depariment.—
The allegation made by Mr. Trundle at the first hearing, and the correctness of
which was denied by the health officer, was to the effect that the records of
the department showed that more infants died than were born. Evidence that
could not be disputed having been offered to show that the statement was
incorrect, Mr. Trundle shifted his ground so as to make it appear that he had
said that more people died than were born. It is not alleged that this shifting
of ground was intentional, but possibly Mr. Trundle’s original statement was
unintentionally inaccurate. The fact that I have quoted accurately what he
actually said is, I think, certain, since I recall the statement that one member
of the committee remarked that it was hardly possible that a sufficient number
of babies would be imported into the District during the year to make up the
deficiency represented by the alleged excess of births over deaths.
With respect to the Trundle-Childs difficulty.—The committee has not heard
Dr. Childs’s version of the affair, and in view of the fact that Trundle was
found guilty while Dr. Childs was not, is sufficient evidence to show who was
the culpable party. Dr. Childs is a very polite respectable colored physician
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 363
in this city, where he is now and for years has been practicing his profession.
As there was no evidence whatsoever, beyond that of the aggrieved party, to
show that Childs was in any way at fault in the matter, the health officer
declined to detail another inspector to examine Trundle’s place of business.
To detail an inspector to inspect Trundle’s place of business, out of the regular
course of the department’s work, would necessitate the making of similar
details to every other dairyman who desired it, particularly for those who did
not threaten inspectors with ice picks, but made the request in a proper way,
and to do this would have disorganized the inspection force.
Mr. Trundle’s reference to the prosecution of a Mr. Hstes, unsuccessfully, by
Inspector Childs is unfortunate for Mr. Trundle’s argument. Inspector Childs
prosecuted Mr. Hstes because Mr. Estes was maintaining a dairy without a
license; he was selling much milk and cream, and some butter, eggs, and
cheese. A prosecution was instituted by Inspector Childs on direct orders from
the health officer. And the defense was to the effect that the sale of milk and
cream was a mere incident to some other business. Mr. Estes was acquitted,
but subsequently, and while continuing the very same business, applied for
and was given a permit to maintain a dairy.
In so far as relates to the alleged delay in prosecuting Mr. Trundle for the
sale of low-grade cream.—The case referred to was promptly referred by the
health department to the office of the corporation counsel for prosecution. Such
delay as occurred occurred in that office and in the police court and not in the
health department. The reason for the delay is therefore unknown to the
health department, but such delay could probably; have been avoided by Mr.
Trundle had he demanded of the court prompt trial. Acquittal was presumably
brought about in large part by the length of time that had elapsed between the
collection of the sample and the prosecution, thus weakening the force of the
evidence. ,
Respectfully, Wm. C. WooDWARD, M. D., Health Officer.
COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
HEALTH DEPARTMENT,
Washington, November 28, 1910.
Mr. J. Louis WILLIGE, Chairman, etec., -
Chamber of Commerce, Twelfth and F Streets NW., Washington, D. C.
DesR Mr. WILLIGE: Until the receipt of your letter of the 18th instant I had
presumed that the inquiry sheets recently received from your committee were
the same as had been sent out by the committee generally, and that the
desired information had been given in the hearings. I readily see now, how-
ever, that the inquiries recently received call for information that was not given
at that time. The accompanying statement furnishes, I believe, the information
which you wish, so far as it is possible for me to furnish it. If, however,
there is any further information that you desire, please do not hesitate to
call on me.
Yours, very truly, . Wm. C. Woopwarp, M. D.,
Health Officer.
MEMORANDUM FURNISHED THE COMMITTEE ON THE MILK SUPPLY OF THE DIS-
TRICT OF COLUMBIA, APPOINTED BY THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, IN RESPONSE
TO ITS REQUEST OF NOVEMBER 3, 1910.
NovEMBER 23, 1910.
1. Please furnish, if practicable, a statement of the number of producers and
shippers of milk to the District of Columbia for a series of years past.
Milk and cream shipped into District of Columbia: Farms.
DOOH=6 2s ose es ap ONE wr Ree Sle ae Ot oe Nee en ee ee ee Cee 918
UG sf ca SS ae ee ce eg FG ee ee a ee 965
TAO tS OS EC pS eae Seay 22 UES Ls ce Se ee me ne SEN 906
i (SE Ga ee cag a ale 8 8 ge ee A DR ch joel yee 882
864 ‘° THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
2. Please furnish, if practicable, a statement of the number of cows furnishing
milk to the District of Columbia for some years past.
Number cows on dairy farms supplying milk to District of Columbia;
1905-62-28 ole SU ee ee 16, 250
TOG 0 os I Nee 15, 950
MOTH Oe I TU ee ee 16, 172
MOB Os te ERE MN ah SS ee a Sa DRS a Spe a 16, 116
DO OQ a eo eT SN ENE Sr ats cr 17, 688
3. Please furnish, if practicable, a statement of the number of permits applied
for and the number issued for selling milk in the District of Columbia for some
years past.
Number of permits in force June 30, 1905, were as follows:
TOV DTT TA Te OSs ea ERE 2 ee 285
To'maintain dairy farms. oo 2S Lt Se eee ee 102
To bring milk or cream into the District of Columbia__________________ 974
To main-| milk or
tain cream
dairy |into Dis-
farms. trict of
Colum-
i bia.
To main-
tain
dairies.
sepplivations received:
1905-1
4. What amount of milk, in your opinion, is daily supplied to the District of
Columbia ?
Amount of milk per day sold in the District of Columbia, 19,000 gallons.
5. Should the retail price of milk sold in the District be increased, and to
what price?
Answer. It costs more to produce milk now than it did 10 years ago; and if
the price then paid was a fair one, the price now should be increased. A fair re-
tail price for milk, however, can be determined only after information is at hand
relative to the cost of production and distribution under intelligent economical
businesslike management in this particular section of the country, and so far as
I know no figures are available to show such cost.
6. Would this price, in your judgment, be prohibitive to the poorer CIaIsSes to
any extent whatsoever?
Answer. This question is in part answered by the answer to question 5. I
may add, however, that I know of no evidence to show that wholesome milk can
not be sold at a price within the reach of what may be termed in a general way
“the poorer classes.” The burden of furnishing evidence to show that a fair
price for milk would be prohibitive to such classes rests upon those who allege
the fact; but while there may have been allegations as to the occurrence of a
prohibitive price, there have been no reliable figures to show that such a price
would be necessary. It must be borne in mind, of course, that the adoption of
more economical methods with respect to production and distribution will tend
to offset increased prices otherwise necessary.
7. In your judgment, is the farmer receiving his proper share of the money
derived from the production and sale of milk?
Answer. Probably, I think, the farmer is not receiving his proper share of the
retail price of milk, but, so far as I know, no farmer in this vicinity has ever
produced any figures to show that that is the case. Until evidence to the con-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 365
trary is shown it may clearly be presumed as long as farmers continue to pro-
duce and sell milk that they are finding it profitable to do so.
8. In your opinion, is a uniform standard of wholesale and retail prices of
milk practicable?
Answer. I do not believe that a uniform standard of wholesale and retail
prices of milk is desirable, but I do not understand just what is meant by the
word “ practicable” as used in this connection. I doubt very much whether the
farmers in this vicinity are sufficiently well organized to fix a uniform standard
for the wholesale price of milk. The retail milk dealer, however, does appar- ~
ently fix a uniform standard for the retail price of ordinary milk, and I think
he comes very close to fixing the price that the farmer gets.
9. Are the existing freight and express charges for transporting milk reason-
able, in your judgment?
Answer. I am hardly qualified to answer this question.
10. State whether, in your judgment, the requirements of the health depart-
ment, including the proposed tuberculin test, can be observed by the producers
without increasing the wholesale and retail price of milk in Washington.
Answer. The elimination of diseased cows from the dairy herds that would
result from the application of the tuberculin test and the necessity for purchas-
ing sound cows to replace the cattle thus eliminated would doubtless for a while
justly result in an increase in the cost of milk, although it should result in no
substantial increase. Only a single item in the cost of milk production would be
increased by the application of the tuberculin test; that is, the cost of the cattle.
It costs no more to feed, house, and care for a well cow than it does to care for
a sick one, and in the long run the well cow may be expected to have a longer
productive commercial life than one that is diseased. Ultimately, as the number
of tuberculous cows in the dairy country is reduced to a minimum, the cost of
milk should return to substantially what it is at present, supposing, of course,
that in the meantime events do not show that the present selling price of milk
is, because of other factors, too low.
11. To what extent is compulsory pasteurization, in your opinion, practicable,
and is such action under consideration by the health department?
Answer. With proper restrictions as to the installation of apparatus and as
to the keeping of records, there would seem to be no reason why compulsory
pasteurization should not be practicable. The fact that regulations directed to
this end might in some cases be evaded, notwithstanding a proper system of
inspection, is no reason why such regulation should not be made and enforced
as far as practicable. Laws against murder, embezzlement, housebreaking, and
all other kinds of crimes and misdemeanors are very commonly evaded, not-
withstanding a well-organized system of police protection, but that has never
been set forth as a reason why such laws should not be kept on the statute
books. The health department has for some time had under consideration the
advisability of the compulsory pasteurization of all milk coming from cows not
tuberculin tested and believes that with respect to that part of the milk supply
pasteurization should be enforced.
12. Would compulsory pasteurization, in your opinion, have any effect in
reducing the amount of milk daily supplied to the District, provided the retail
cost of milk (and consequently the price received by the farmer) be increased,
and to what extent?
Answer. I can conceive of no reason why compulsory pasteurization should
reduce the amount of milk daily supplied to the district.
13. What effect, in your judgment, would the enforcement of the tuberculin
test have on the wholesale and retail prices of milk supplied to the District of
Columbia in summer and in winter?
Answer. This question seems to have been answered in answering question 10.
The enforcement of the tuberculin test would not increase the price of land, the
price of foodstuffs, the price of stable accommodations, the price of labor, the
cost of transportation, or the cost of distribution. It would increase for a while
a single item, to wit, the cost of cattle. For purposes of illustration, assume that
a farmer has a herd of 100 cattle, worth $75 each, making the total value of his
cattle $7,500. Interest on this capital at 5 per cent per annum is equivalent to
$375. Assume now that the tuberculin test is applied, 20 per cent of the herd
react and are killed, and 20 new cows are introduced, tuberculin tested, costing
$100 apiece, or 334 per cent more than the value of the original herd before
testing. If we disregard the increased value of the herd that has stood the test
that arises out of the fact that it has done so, the value of the herd will then be as
866 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
follows: 80 cattle at $75 each, equivalent to $6,000; 20 cattle at $100 each,
equivalent to $2,000; total value of herd, $8,000. The interest on this capital
at 5 per cent per annum is equivalent to $400. Between the interest in the
capital invested on the untested herd and the interest on the capital invested
in the tested herd the difference amounts, therefore, to but $25 per annym. This
amount is distributed over the entire output of a herd of 100 cows for 12 months.
It represents the increased cost to the producer of producing milk from tuber-
culin-tested cattle. This amount would probably be materially reduced if not
altogether eliminated by the increased period of usefulness of the tuberculosis-
free cattle as compared with those infected with the disease otherwise in the
herd.
Viewing the matter in the light most favorable to the producer, the increased
cost of producing milk from tuberculin-tested cows should not amount to more
than a small fraction of a cent per gallon. Taking the herd of 100 cows, untested,
worth $75 per cow, the gross value of the herd would be $7,500. Kill 20 per cent
of these cows on account of tuberculosis, without remuneration of any kind to
the farmer, and appraise the remaining 80 animals as still worth as much as
the entire herd—$7,500. Replace the 20 animals that have been destroyed by
20 tuberculin-tested cows costing $100 per cow, or $2,000. The value of the
100 tuberculin-tested cows would then be $9,500. Five per cent on this invest-
ment would amount to $475 per annum, or just $100 per annum more than the
interest charged on the untested herd. If then we presume that the average
production for each animal in the entire herd is but 14 gallons per day, the pro-
duction of the herd for the entire year will be 36,500 gallons, and the increased
cost per gallon, representing the interest charge on the increased cost of the
herd, would amount to one-fifth of 1 per cent
Of course, if a larger percentage of the herd reacted, the net increase in the
cost of production would be increased, but it does not appear likely that there
will be any material increase. In view of the experience with respect to the
testing of cattle in the District, however, it would appear that the figure taken
for condemnations—20 per cent—was extremely liberal.
14. Would the tuberculin test, as a matter of practice, require to be applied
on the farm, or would it be practicable to establish testing laboratories within
convenient reach of most farms supplying milk to the District of Columbia?
Answer. AS a matter of practice, the tuberculin test would ordinarily have to
be applied on the farm. Some cattle might be tested in the hands of dealers,
and possibly quarantine or testing stations might be established to economize
with respect to the application of the test.
15. Would the enforcement of the tuberculin test, in your judgment, create
a milk famine in the District of Columbia?
Answer. If the test could be applied within a day or a week, and were so
applied, a milk famine would undoubtedly result. If the application of the
tests in the first instance were spread over a reasonable length of time, no
famine would result. Under ordinary conditions, the routine application of the
test would not diminish the milk supply.
16. Please furnish, if practicable, a statement of mortality, and especially of
infant mortality, in the District of Columbia for some years past.
Under 2 | Under 1 Total Under 2 | Under 1 Total
Years. years— | year—all| deaths Years. years— | year—all| deaths
diarrhea.| causes. | all ages. diarrhea.| causes. | all ages.
372 1, 235 4,243 299 1,424 5, 782
209 1,197 4,504 463 1, 465 5, 832
417 1,105 4,223 419 1,306 5,486
298 1,135 4, 558 385 1,249 5,815
226 1,250 4,841 317 1, 266 5, 863
360 1, 234 4,982 387 1,344 6, 059
297 1,223 4,728 344 1,234 6, 050
348 1,298 4,699 329 1,235 5, 788
341 1, 493 5,225 382 1,092 &,
332 1,308 5,158 323 1,128 6, 221
430 1,483 5, 534 337 1,139 6,205
355 1,484 6, 103 318 1, 233 6, 316
427 1,716 6, 416 325 1,125 6, 343
490 1, 642 6,119 333 1,100 6, 136
506 1,514 5, 868 250 1,042 6, 216
1 Diarrheal diseases from years 1880 to 1899, inclusive, are for fiscal years.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 367
17. To what extent, in your judgment, is the decrease in mortality due to the
improvement of the milk supply?
Answer. It is impossible to estimate the extent to which the decrease in the
mortality of this District is due to the improvement of the milk supply. The
fact that the decrease in infant mortality has been greater than the decrease
in the mortality of the population as a whole, and the fact that there has
been a very marked decrease in the infant mortality from diarrheal diseases,
the decrease in the infant mortality beginning almost coincidently with the
enforcement of the milk law of 1895, suggests very strongly the existence of a
causal relation. The extent of that causal relation, however, as stated above, is
impossible to determine. There have, of course, been many other factors at
work tending toward the reduction of infant mortality. It should be noted in
studying the figures given in the preceding answer that the decrease in the
number of deaths of children under 1 year of age from all causes and the
decrease in the number of deaths of children 2 years of age from diarrheal dis-
eases have occurred, notwithstanding a general increase in the population.
18. Can you suggest any additional requirements for the betterment of the
District’s milk supply, and the safeguarding of public health?
Answer. All milk should be tuberculin tested or else pasteurized. All milk
should be properly cooled and kept cool. Arrangements should be made for the
instruction of mothers in caring for their infants, and this can in no other way
be done so well as in connection with the free distribution of proper milk to per-
sons unable to pay for it and the distribution of milk at reduced prices to
persons who are unable to pay the ordinary market price for a milk of proper
quality. There are, of course, many other suggestions that might be made with
respect to the improvement of the health of the District, but these seem to be
those most directly connected with the subject now under consideration.
19. Have inspectors been cautioned to exercise patience and tact in the dis-
charge of their duties?
Answer. Inspectors have been told repeatedly that it is desired that they act
primarily as instructors and advisers to persons producing and selling milk,
dealing with those with whom they come in contact rather as persons who
desire to do right and who are to be helped along than as persons who are un-
willing to do right and have to be driven along. Inspectors have been directed
to use compulsion only when compulsion was necessary.
20. Have there been many complaints filed of improper action on the part of
inspectors in the performance of their duty?
Answer. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, there were approximately
10 complaints filed against inspectors in the dairy-farm and milk-inspection
service, numbering in all 10 inspectors. None of these complaints were
regarded, after investigation, as well founded.
21. Is the present force of inspectors sufficient to compel the proper observance
of the existing and proposed regulations?
Answer. No; the present force can not compel proper compliance with existing
regulations, and the necessity of applying the tuberculin test to dairy herds
hereafter will still further diminish its capacity to accomplish that end.
22. Has a bacteriological laboratory recently been established for the health
department?
Answer. No; the health department had a bacteriological laboratory for
many years. The bacteriological laboratory has, however, up to the early part
of the current fiscal year been devoted exclusively to the contagious disease
Service, having been established and operated from funds appropriated exclu-
Sively for that service. The appropriation act for the current year, however,
approved May 18, 1910, provided $500 for the equipment and maintenance of
the bacteriological laboratory, and authorized the bacteriologist employed out
of the contagious disease appropriation, under direction of the health officer,
to undertake the bacteriological examination of milk and of other dairy prod-
ucts and of the water supplies of dairy farms, whether such examinations be
or be not directly related to contagious diseases. Since that time, therefore,
the health department has undertaken the bacteriological examination of milk.
23. Have any attempts been made, to your knowledge, to secure legislation
by Congress affecting the production, transportation, and distribution of milk,
under the authority vested in the national legislation to regulate commerce
between the several States?
Answer. The act of 1895, relating to the production of milk in and for the Dis-
trict of Columbia, was made by Congress, quite as much by virtue of its power
to regulate interstate commerce as by virtue of its power to legislate for the
District of Columbia. The food and drugs act of 1898, enacted by Congress for
368 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
the District of Columbia, regulated the sale of milk and cream in the District
of Columbia, and having been enacted by Congress, would doubtless apply quite
as well to “original packages” as to any other form in which the milk might
be sold. The Federal food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, which is distinctly
an interstate act, although it regulates local commerce within the District of
Columbia, applies to milk and cream. ;
24. To what extent are milk products (including also prepared, condensed,
modified, and powdered milk) regulated by the provisions of the pure food and
drugs act?
Answer. So far as the provisions of the act referred to are applicable to the
products named, and generally speaking they are applicable to them quite as
much as to other food products, the manufacture and sale of milk and milk
products (including also prepared, condensed, modified, and powdered milk) is
governed by the provisions of said act.
25. Kindly furnish copies, if practicable, or refer the committee to the milk
law of 1895, and any House or Senate bills or documents relating to legislation
already in effect and contemplation, or regulations of the health department
referring to the subject under investigation by this committee.
Answer. A copy of the milk law of 1895, of the regulations promulgated by
virtue thereof, of the act regulating the manufacture and sale of foods in the
District of Columbia, enacted in 1898, and of the Federal food and drugs act
of June 30, 1906, are inclosed herewith; also copies of the bill now pending look-
ing toward the improved regulation of the milk supply of this District.
Yours, very truly, '
Wm. C. Woopwarp, M. D.,
Health Officer.
CoMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
HEALTH DEPARTMENT,
Washington, December 20, 1910.
Mr. J. Louis WILuicr, Chairman, etc.,
Chamber of Commerce, Washington D. C.
DeEaR Mr. WILLIGE: I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the
24th ultimo, requesting certain information relative to the milk supply of this
District. I regret very much that absence from the city has prevented a more
prompt compliance with your request, and hope that the following information
will meet your needs.
1. What routine, if any, is prescribed for procuring reports of communicable
diseases among dairymen and dairy farmers, and their assistants.
Answer. No routine has ever been laid out aimed at this particular end.
The reporting of all cases of communicable diseases, with but few exceptions,
_ within the District of Columbia, is required by law. These reports, however,
do not state whether the patient or any member of the household is employed
on a dairy farm or about a dairy. Such information is obtained by the inspector
who visits the premises, and such visits are always made in connection with
reported cases of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and diphtheria, the diseases most
likely to be communicated by milk. Outside of the District of Columbia, cases
of communicable diseases are not reported to the health officer, whether they
occur on dairy farms or not. The employment of any one who has been exposed
to diphtheria, scarlet fever, erysipelas, smallpox, anthrax, or other dangerous
contagious diseases, in or about the dairy or dairy farm, is forbidden by law.
(See sec. 3, an act to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, ete.,
approved Mar. 2, 1895.)
2. Are there any restrictions against feeding “wet malt,” or other brewery
products, to milch cows?
Answer. No effort has been made to restrict the feeding of dairy cows with
any of the foods named. The only brewery product, however, that, to the
knowledge of the health department, is used for milch cows, is wet malt. This,
it is believed, can be safely fed until it has begun to sour; after it has begun
to sour it is regarded as having spoiled, and its use would not be tolerated any
more than the use of any other spoiled food for dairy cows. In the considera-
tion of this matter, the committee must bear in mind the difference between
wet malt and other brewery products on the one hand, and distillery waste
on the other, so as to avoid coming to erroneous conclusions as to the views ©
of various sanitary authorities with respect thereto. >
3. Has the feeding of such products a prejudicial effect upon the milk of
animals so fed?
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 369
Answer. I do not believe that it has yet been demonstrated that the feeding
of fresh sweet brewer’s grains has a prejudical effect upon the milk of animals
so fed. Attention is invited, however, to the preceding answer.
4. With what average frequency are inspections of dairies and dairy farms
made by the health department?
Answer. By the term “dairy” is understood a place where the sale of milk
and milk products is the principal part of the business carried on. There are
in the District of Columbia 60 such places, independently of those located on
dairy farms; those located on dairy farms are inspected as a part of the
dairy farm and therefore are not included in the following statement of aver-
age frequency of inspection of dairies. The dairies of the District of Columbia,
independent of those located on dairy farms, were during the year ended
June 30, 1910, inspected on an average of 23.6 times. The dairy farms supply-
ing milk to the District of Columbia were during the same year inspected on
an average of 3.79 times each.
5. Is there any need for more inspectors under the present regulations?
Answer. The number of inspectors of dairy farms should be increased. Be-
cause of the distance between dairy farms in outlying districts, a considerable
part of the time of any inspector is consumed in going from his headquarters to
the various farms and from farm to farm. ‘The proportion of his time that is
practically lost in this way is, of course, increased in proportion as the size of
his territory is increased, and with the large territories that individual in-
spectors now have to cover a very large part of their time is lost in going to
and fro. At least one new inspector is urgently needed, and more could be
used with advantage. What, however, is most urgently needed is a competent
officer of the health department to devote his entire time to the supervision of
the food-inspection service. No salary has ever been provided sufficient to tempt
into the service any veterinary surgeon or graduate of a dairy school willing
to give up his entire time to the work of the office, as proper supervision of the
food-inspection service practically requires. The men who have been assigned
to this work have been, therefore, men not specially qualified or trained, and
however willing they may have been to discharge the duties of their office,
they have not always been capable of doing so when put to the test. AS an
illustration of the difference between the situation in Washington and else-
where, it may be stated that New Orleans pays its chief food inspector $200 a
month and allows him time for a reasonable amount of private work. The chief
food inspector in the city of Winnipeg receives $2,000 a year. The most that
the District of Columbia has ever paid for this service is $1,200 per annum.
6. What number of additional inspectors will probably be required if a low
bacterial content, the tuberculin test, and compulsory pasteurization be required ?
Answer. It is impossible to answer this question with any degree of accuracy.
Four additional employees, for instance, would be sufficient to supervise from a
bacteriological standpoint the milk supply of this District in a very satisfactory
way. One additional inspector, however, would very much improve the present
service, and two would improve it in proportion to the increase in the number
of employees. While an increase in the number of employees assigned to the
supervision of the mill supply from a bacteriological standpoint would not do
away altogether with the necessity for the inspection of the farms, yet if it
were permitted to fix an arbitrary bacteriological content and to insist that
milk shipped into the District for sale or sold within the District show no
greater number of bacteria than that allowed the necessity for the supervision
of dairy farms would be very much reduced. A farmer or a dealer in milk can
not produce and market a milk containing a small number of bacteria unless
his premises and his methods are what may be designated as sanitary. A bac-
teriologist examining the milk as it reaches the city and as it is offered for sale
can tell quite as much regarding the conditions under which it has been pro-
duced, from a general sanitary standpoint, as can the inspector on the farm.
The bacteriologist can not, however, determine as accurately as can the inspector
on the farm the condition of the dairy cattle, nor can the bacteriologist pick up
as well as can the inspector who visits the dairy farm information concerning
the presence of contagious diseases in the families of milk producers. It must
be borne in mind, of course, that the isolation of disease germs in milk is exceed-
ingly difficult, with the possible exception of the isolation of tubercle bacilli,
and that the isolation of tubercle bacilli is a slow and somewhat expensive
process, which can not well replace the physical and tuberculin testing of the
dairy cattle. If all tuberculin testing is to be done by employees of the District
government, three additional veterinary inspectors should be provided, for the
present at least, when there is a very large number of untested herds to be
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-8——_24
‘
370 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
looked after. The number of inspectors required to supervise properly the
pasteurization of milk would depend upon the number of pasteurizing plants
established. Three would probably be a fair estimate for such work. The
more important part of the supervision of the pasteurizing plant, it might
almost be said, would rest with the inspectors charged with the bacteriological
supervision of the milk supply. Generally speaking, therefore, it might be said
that if a fixed bacterial standard be established, the tuberculin test required,
and compulsory pasteurization insisted upon from six to ten additional in-
spectors would be needed properly to supervise the work.
7. What number of dealers are at present purveying milk in the District
of Columbia?
Answer. The health department has no record of the numerous grocers and
_ other keepers of stores other than dairies who are purveying milk. It is estimated,
however, that milk is sold at 2,000 places within the District of Columbia.
8. What number of producers are at present furnishing the milk consumed
in the District of Columbia?
Answer. The number of licensed dairy farms at present is 1,142.
9. Will you kindly furnish, if possible, a statement of the prices paid to the
dairy farmer and by the consumer for milk during the past several years?
Answer. The price paid to the dairy farmer during the past five years has
been practically unchanged at from 14 to 16 cents for the summer months and
20 to 22 for winter months. The consumer has paid in that time 32 cents in
the summer time and 36 to 40 cents in the winter. These prices are per gallon.
So-called “ special’ milk is being sold at 40 cents per gallon throughout the year.
10. What individuals or companies now maintain plants for pasteurizing milk
consumed in the District of Columbia?
Answer. George M. Oyster, jr., J. J. Bowles, W. A. Simpson, Belmont Dairy
Co., J. W. Gregg (no holding device), Nathan Straus Laboratory, all in Wash-
ington, D. C.; Baltimore & Washington White Cross Milk Co., Frederick, Md.;
Tri-State Sanitary Milk Co., Cumberland, Md.; International Milk Products
Co., Cooperstown, N. Y., and the following creameries which ship only cream,
so far as is known to this department: Chapin-Sacks Manufacturing Co.,
Buckeystown, Md., and Woodstock, Va.; Rosemary Creamery Co., Adams, N. Y.
11. Does any present requirement of the health department forbid the use
of milk bottles or other receptacles for holding coffee, tea, paint, coal oil,
molasses, vinegar, gasoline, etc.?
Answer. Section 6a of an ordinance to prevent the sale of unwholesome food
and the distribution:of medicinal and poisonous substances in the District of
Columbia provides as follows:
“See. 6a. That any person in the District of Columbia who receives milk
or cream for sale shall, immediately after emptying the receptacle in which
such milk or cream has been received, thoroughly rinse such receptacle so as
to free the same from all remnants of milk and of cream, or shall cause such
receptacle to be so rinsed; and no person in said District shall put or, having
power and authority to prevent, permit to be put into any receptacle which is
commonly used for the storage or delivery of milk or cream for sale anything
which is filthy or offensive or any refuse matter of any kind. ‘Any person
violating the provisions of this section shall, upon ‘conviction thereof, be pun-
ished by a fine not exceeding $25 for each and every such offense.” (Commis-
sioners’ Regulation of Apr. 21, 1903.)
The health department has prosecuted persons who have failed to rinse
the receptacles in which milk or cream _has been received, such prosecutions
being against, as the regulation quoted above will indicate, persons who have
received milk or cream for sale. Cases in which householders have used the
receptacles in which milk or cream has come into their possession for pur-
poses suggested by the question propounded by the committee have not been
prosecuted by the health department, for the simple reason that the health
department does not obtain knowledge of such offenses, and the milk dealers
who do obtain knowledge of such offenses have never appeared to enter com-
plaint against their customers.
12. What is the temperature maintained in household refrigerators in the Dis-
trict of Columbia? :
Answer. The health department is unable to answer this question.
13. In what respect, if any, is the drinking of sour milk deleterious?
Answer. The drinking of sour milk is ordinarily not injurious to health.
The milk that seems to do harm is not milk that is actually and manifestly
soured, but milk that is more or less advanced in the process of souring.
Whether this is due to the fact that up to a certain point disease-producing
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 371
organisms multiply in milk, whereas at a later period by reason of the changes
produced by the ordinary milk bacteria such disease-producing organisms are
either killed or inhibited in their action, or whether the injurious effect that seems
to follow in many cases from the drinking of old and partially soured milk results
from changes in the process of souring that follow its ingestion, is not clear.
14. Has the health department expressed any views as to the desirability of
compulsory pasteurization?
Answer. Yes. In the present state of the production and sale of milk com-
mercially, pasteurization seems to be the only way of safeguarding the public
health against milk-borne diseases. There will, however, probably always be
some use for raw milk, either as a medicinal agent or for culinary purposes,
or for use by the exceptional individual, similar to the individual who now
without any physical necessity uses raw meat and raw eggs, and therefore
there appears to be no reason why the sale of raw milk should be forbidden.
15. Has a bacteriological laboratory been recently established in connection
with the health department, and on what date? ;
Answer. This question was answered, it is believed, in the answers previously
submitted to the committee. Briefly, however, a bacteriological laboratory has
not been recently established in connection with the health department, but
such a laboratory has been used by the department for some years past. Until
the beginning of the current fiscal year, however, that laboratory was devoted
exclusively to the contagious-disease service, because it was maintained from
the appropriation provided for the maintenance of that service. With legisla-
tion enacted by Congress at its last session it became possible to use this
laboratory for other purposes, and with the beginning of the fiscal year its
use for such other purposes, notably for milk work, was begun.
16. Are additional or better facilities desired for this laboratory?
Answer. The laboratory is in need of additional room. It is possible to
operate it on its present basis only by the detail of a sanitary inspector to
assist the bacteriologist, and in order to obtain an inspector to do this work
it has been necessary to train him. There should be provision for an assistant
bacteriologist, with salary and prospects sufficient to bring into the service a
generally trained bacteriologist, say with an initial salary of $1,500 per annum,
with some assurance of promotion in event of giving satisfactory service. Pro-
vision should be made for the more general supervision from a bacteriological
standpoint of the milk supply of the District, by providing for from one to
four minor assistants in the bacteriological laboratory, and if such assistants
be provided it will be necessary to have additional equipment as well as addi-
tional space.
17. In your judgment will the specification of 500,000 bacteria to the cubic
centimeter suffice as a maximum indication of acceptable milk, or should this
number be decreased, and if so to what figure?
Answer. In the present state of the production and vending of milk, 500,000
bacteria per cubic centimeter represents a fair standard. Good raw milk
should contain not in excess of that number, but it will hardly be practicable
during the summer season to prosecute for every sample of milk that contains
a number in excess of the standard suggested. In the case of pasteurized milk,
a bacterial standard should be fixed not in excess of 50,000 per cubic centimeter.
If bacterial standards are to be fixed by law, it might be well to provide gen-
erally that no milk should be sold having a higher bacterial content than that
claimed for it by the vender, so that the producer and vender of special grades
of milk who claims for such milk a bacterial count not in excess of say 10,000
per cubic centimeter could not with impunity sell to his customer milk contain-
ing a greater number.
18. Can you refer the committee to a statement of the present requirements
of the health department as to stabling cows, etc.?
Answer. A copy of the regulations of the department relative to the stabling
of cows is inclosed herewith.
19. Can you conveniently furnish copies of all orders of the health department
at present in operation governing the production and sale of milk?
Answer. The production and sale of milk is governed rather by laws and
regulations, copies of which have already been furnished the committee, than
by orders of the health department. Orders of the health department are gen-
erally directed to the employees of the department, and thereupon departmental
interpretations of existing laws and regulations. Copies of all such orders
can not be easily furnished, but if the committee desires copies of such orders
relating to any particular feature of the milk-inspection work, copies of such
orders will be made and furnished.
372
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The department staads ready to furnish the committee with any other infor-
mation in its possession which the committee believes will be of service to its
work.
Respectfully,
Wm. C. Wooopwarp, M. D.,
Health Officer.
APPENDIX L.
SCORE CARDS EMPLOYED BY DISTRICT GOVERNMENT AND DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE FOR RATING DAIRIES AND DAIRY FARMS.
[Health Department of the District of Columbia, Dairy and Dairy Farm Service.]
ScoRE CARD FOR DAIRIES.
Owner or manager: Trade name: 7%
Street and No.: Permit No. ,
Number of wagons: A
Date of inspection: , 19—.
Gallons sold daily:
Milk:
Cream: ———.
Buttermilk: ———.
Score. Score.
Equipment. Methods.
Perfect. | Allowed. Perfect. | Allowed.
Plant: Plant:
Wocauloneeeeeeeeccse eee 10 Cleanliness..........--- 15
Convenience. .-.....-- 74 Pe ae Seal BOOR Ee ewielen eee ceee Cal esctctisa=
Surroundings. -........ ; Bipasteseuens IWid ISB SSE ser aamoes Zt eee
Arrangement.......---- 5 Ceilings sss: 226 eens L eect
Proper rooms. .......- CW Re aaeeseas Doors) a -ceeeeesoseee ile seesgeei
Convenience. ....----- Pens] | Beep ree Windows. .....------- Del oo ee eee
Construction. ..--.....- 10 Good order....-...---- ols ae
Floor and drainage. --- GP Beoaa sone Free from odors...--.. Diecceseeees
AWidlliSttte ee Oe neta els 3) | ee ese erciets Freedom from flies... .. 5) | hyo seeree
Ceiling tort ahs A Ae Saabs Machinery and utensils:
POLE a Re Bore HOA ya eet ania Li aes aia Cleanliness..........-- 30h eee sees
Ventilation.........--..-.. tite oe ne Milk: (Handling)...... 20
Sereensiccc ccc ce oce eee OMe ac eeree Claniiyine eee seeeeaee Dj) so aos
Machinery and utensils Botthng:.--.---+----- TQ Sos Seems
(kind, quality,condition, Pasteurizing.-......-- Hi seeds aacen
and arrangement) -..30 Gy eee Storage? --4) 3s 20: |:ee see
Bottle and can washer . Os estestystecer 45° F. or below. ..-. 20) ty adel erences
Bottling machine. .-... idl aoe eevee 45 to 50° F......... To ee eee ere
Capping machine. .... Hil Besecseeee 50 to:55° Fo.s. 22... 10) Ab RR eee
Crates, racks, etc.....- bil Peeacseees Salesroom—
Cold storage........... (33 ae oe Cleanliness..........-. 10. eee eee
Pasteurizer........... Te fel eee Attendants’ cleanli-
Water for cleaning. ....20 MESS 2). ae eee Hy eens
COTTE er seael sede Aa
Hot water. ae as 100) eee
Cold water ee ahs
Salesroom.............-
Location. ...........--
Construction
Equipment
LOOM Se tertenee
Additional deductions: for Additional deductions for
exceptionally bad condi- exceptionally bad con-
tions— ditions—
Motalideductions#e-4|)-22-44e.4|yeeeeeee ae Potalideductions2.|--2 -seeeee eee
INetitotalzeiee aeecea see ocx 2c) eee Neti total... 4. 2--.| 45865 ee | eee
Score for equipment .................... —; multiplied by1 -................. —_
Score for methods................ sis bteCarets —— = MUL tpled) Dyi2) a. acccese eee ee eee —
Total.to bedivided iby 3 js55 sos ae eee beeen eee —
Final score. 3 2c ieee Aca eae a's ecpestess sects scenecmee cen ee meee seins eueese Seat ee
373
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Supplemental score for wagons. Perfect. | Allowed.
Construction a2 shea cas = se emcee secon c wie wieis es Sit semise facies ceisce dss acsomemesene ill eastseariai ss
ComGiilOmme ee ass neice ict merece emer sine ninial=!s akaiao stieicle ek osercinisla tieisisiuene sree ete are wicca Cn Geer ae
TO | Roactecc eee
This score does not cover quality of milk purchased by this dealer.
AD Lie Seer cre ote ot TS 2057 Py Oe aioe , Inspector.
[Health Department of the District of Columbia, Dairy and Dairy-Farm Inspection Service.]
ScoRE CARD FOR DAIRY FARMS.
Farm of Location Consignee
Permit number D.C. Md. Va. 191—. Rating 6
Score. Score.
Equipment. Methods. —_—_——_——.
Perfect. | Allowed. Perfect. | Allowed.
Cows, 16. Cows and stables, 16.
Comfort: Cleanliness of stables:
Beddings. <2 .5.2.2.20355:, 19 eeseeeecee IGore ee? passe Seeds roses 2
Temperature of stable. -.-. T esasszece Wall Shei ca cee geese sme oae 1
OO Ghee eee cen ate tid She OP anche en Ceiling and ledges......... Tea el :
Water: Mangers and partitions. .-. FTC vb Z
CleameeS sc )ciseaesseeedeess 1G Reeeece Wandowsse sees oes eee at] Pere Sek Se &
UCI ee Cee acre ee 1 Meer oes Stabletaintass=) en sees: (qi leeeare aa
Light: 4 square feet or more of Barnyard, clean and well ;
glass per cow (3 square feet, rained! tee ssn. Aas aan Wes rr de ae
3; 2 square feet, 2; 1 square Removal of manure daily to
TOOTH I) Ries are see aaa yO See eee ‘field or pit (manure stored
Ventilation: Automatic sys- less than 50 feet from sta-
é ten Gajustable windows, 1). Br iieseeeosae LO IN) ee Ors ee eee eel Pa Semen = 8 ae
ubic feet air space per cow, A es
600 to 1,000 feet (less than 600 Utensils and milking, 24:
feet, 2; less than 500 feet, 0) --. By | Peckisecoee cae and cleanliness of uten-
Sils:
Stable, 6. Thoroughly cleansed...... (Sl | Maes ke
Location of stable: Steaming or scalding uten- :
Well drained............. el Sees SUSSh te eee elapse eas (i) | Doe eee
Free from contaminating Inverting utensils in pure
surroundings........... 1 es eee ee air and sunlight....._... Shea wee
Construction of stable: Cleanliness of milking:
Tight, sound floor and Clean, dry hands.......... BA ae De eet
proper gutter........... Py eee Udders washed and dried
Smooth, tight walls and (udders cleansed with
ceiling... .. ipoghasnacaces pe eens moist cloth, 4).........- Gr Pee aee
vou Stall, tie, and man- i Handling the milk, 20.
> Cleanliness of attendants...... Dee ates eae
Utensils, 14. Milk of each cow removed im-
Construction of utensils. ....-. 1 Pees mediately from the stable... 2
Water for cleaning, clean, con- Cleanliness of milk room...... 3
. venient, and sufficient...... Dh Ae zine Prompt cooling (cooled imme-
Facilities for steam (hot water diately after milking each
sufficient to immerse uten- . COW) Aenean eee. ON Bare te ee
SUSW 2 aac eee ees tem a Lil Le arenes Efficient cooling; below 50° F.
Small top milking pail........ Sih Beers (51° to 55°, 4; 56° to 60°, 2).. HH are es oe
Milky Coolenacee eiso= tice Boece 7 al Sa a st 8 Storage; below 50° F. (51° to
Clean milking suits........... PAS | Seer Bae eae a to 60°, Dee ates Bi ae eo sae
. . Transportation; iced (for jack-
Handling the milk, 4. et or wet blanket allow 2;
Location of milk room: dry blanket or covered
Free from contaminating Wagons) ee ciisteccelesceccnc. Bi fesccececee
surroundings. ........... pe ee ere
Convenient............... Dl Seger
Construction of milk room:
Floors, walls, and ceiling. - Bi eesssesees
Light, ventilation, and
_ SCREENS oo 2 =) \ec0.s aces 1 eee
Motels 52 eset teecins as <i= 40} [ieee SM ease Motaleeeees tise eee we fe GON 5 ess
This report indicates the sanitary condition of these premises only at the time this inspection was made;
any person desiring to learn the general sanitary condition should refer to a series of not less than three
consecutive reports, which may be seen in the health office.
Number of cattle in dairy herd
Perfect score for each cow or bull
SCORE FOR CATTLE.
374 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Deductions on account of cattle diseased, etc.
um
Deduc-
Bamber of Nature of disease, defect, etc. tees per ee
Bavsoceesens 1. Tuberculosis as shown by a physical examination or by the | 100........|............
tuberculin test.
aseesaeesene 2. Absence ofa tuberculin test within one year of the date of inspec- | 30.......--]...........-
tion, not to include cattle scored under paragraph 1.
eat Sarre 3. Inflammatory diseases of the udder............-.....-----------| 100 or less.|........_...
Soe CRU 4, Discaeee other than or in addition to the diseases mentioned |...do......|............
above.
CREE AG 5. Unclean condition of the teatsand udders.............-.-.-----| 40 or less
Seecee eae 6. Unclean condition of the cows other than specified in the preced- | 30 or less..|............
ing paragraph.
aaeeiese meee 7. Undue emaciation or cows otherwise out of condition........-..| 10 or less
Total deduction for herd
Net score
Net score ( ) divided by the total possible score for herd ( ) equals Percentage score, -
Remarks
ee ee ee
wcrc ccc ewe e ce eee e cee cece cece cee eee ee ee eee eee wee weet tenet ee ewe eee eee ee ew eee eee eee ew ewww ene enee
i —————,, Inspector.
_ The health department believes that if a cow is suffering from tuberculosis her entire value as a dairy
cow is gone. If she is suffering from an inflammatory disease of the udder as well as from tuberculosis,
she becomes even a greater danger to the herd. And if she is furthermore otherwise diseased or out of
condition or dirty she becomes even a more serious menace to public health. For these reasons the above
system of scoring has been arranged so that an individual cow may count against the score of the entire
herd more than would have been allotted to her had she been in perfect condition.
All cows stabled with the dairy herd or found in the milking line will be scored as part of the herd.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 375
[United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Dairy Division.]
SAnrTary INSPECTION oF CITY MILK PLANTS.
Owner or manager: Trade name: .
City : ————. Street and No. : ————. State: ————,
Number of wagons: —. Gallons sold daily:
: Milk ;: ———_,
Cream ; ————,
Buttermilk : ———,
Date of inspection :
Final score
Permit or license No. : ————. ee 4
SSE.
Score. : Score.
Equipment. Methods.
Perfect. | Allowed. Perfect. | Allowed.
Plant: Plant:
WOCaIONE 8.2 soe ese esse MS BeSoan deer Cleanliness vs Bee eats ant
Convenience....-- 6 Floor...
Surroundings..... 12 Walls. .
Arrangement......-.--.--- U Nlocondoccos Ceiling
Proper rooms. 3 OOS 6 Sseapserces
Convenience....-- 4 Windows
Construction....-... GooSdse OF ie eeemiee Good order.
WEEN OOR eee a eres case 5 Free from odors... 1
Wralisis fo osscs<<e52 3 Machinery and utensils—
Ceilings ees 1 Cleanliness............ 2D Al sseeeeeeee
IVfAaiin Soe BeacoBeegonaOeTeS ’ el eects Milk—
Ventilation............-.-- i eratetaialsiae oe Handling (clarifying,
SCreens sees ee isesecetee ae eases pasteurizing, cool-
Machinery and utensils.... 20 |eaeeeaacae ing, bottling)........ P48 Ey Fae
Kind and quality Storages: ey sasee sees ZO} ee
(steam or hot 45° F. or below 20
water, bottle and 45° to 50° F... 15
can washer, bot- 50° to 55° F... 10
tling machine,
drying racks,
crates, sinks, pas-
teurizer, cold
storage).......-- 7 i
Condition........- 7
Arrangement....-. 6
Water for cleaning........ 28) aw a8
Wagon—
Construction, con- Wragonsic soe eo. eS Gulp ee ae
GiGIONE sls acisaiciesaels Ae Shes Meee Cleanliness........
Salesroomeeeeseseesse sees a0 eens Protection of prod-
Location 4 WClisssoooeccesiode
Construction . 4 Salesroom—
Equipment 3 Cleanliness............ OU SUE Se Se
LOO) | Vee oe LOO) ses
Additional deductions for Additional deductions for
exceptionally bad con- exceptionally bad con-
ditions: ditions:
Total deductions: 925 |}2-4222224|2225e eee Total deductions. ...|..-..-.-.-|..........
IN GU GO bal sh Sree so | Seca oe CAEL Netitotalis 22 ee su | gues Dees ae se
EE VEE AE PI I A li ULAR IA A A eg LU eg
Score for methods ___-______________ —— ry dc vl heh LU KeOl lo? ee ne —
Score for equipment_________________ Ss UE edtb ysl eee ae ——
MO CA tobe dived: Diy: Sess ie se DUIS NG ANT ASHE ec Seana ——
376 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
[Front of card.]
(United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Dairy Division.]
. SANITARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIBS.
DAIRY SCORD CARD.
Adopted by the Official Dairy Instructors’ Association,
(Subject to revision at future meetings.)
Owner or lessee of farm : ———— ———.
P. O. address: ————._ State : ——-—
Total number of cows: ————. Number milking : ———,
Gallons of milk produced daily : ————.
Product retailed by producer in ————,.
Sold at wholesale to
For milk supply of —
Permit No.: ————. Date of inspection : ———, 19
Remarks:
———,, Inspector.
[Back of card.]
DnraiLypD Scorp.
en ——————————————
Score. Score.
Equipment. Methods. =e
Perfect. | Allowed. Perfect. | Allowed.
Cows Cows
HSA nee sacpensepdescedcedscd Gri Ses cic erate Cleanliness of cows...-.....--- Saliva
Apparently in good ;
Gali Wees seater reer 1 Stables.
Tf tested with tubercu-
lin once a year and Cleanliness of stables.....-..-- Bib cawece Deg
no tuberculosis is IG) Bopasenaon Mia belie 2
found, or if tested Walle; -hcuccc cae cena 1
once in six months Ceiling and ledges. ..-. A
and all reacting ani- Mangers and parti-
mals removed......- 5 TIONG sen iefoe seine etcs
(If tested only once a Windowstereececriee 1
ear and reacting animals Stable air at milking time. ..-. - Gilles tee sare
ound and removed, 2.) Barnyard clean and well
(Chinato) tiensorppmoncsooncnen one’ Di Mcicicictornts sein drained|c.oscoccesrctreee eee Dili; mee eae
Teo lelin ease shocenes 1 Removal of manure daily to
Temperature of stable. 1 field or proper pit (to 50 feet
Food (clean and wholesome). . Pl eaoastscse from stable, 1).....---------- Re EP ippesecode 2
WiAtericees cee nice ecitemninie nme 74. \Racicimcaci
Clean and fresh....-.- 1 Milk room.
Convenient and abund-
aut: fos ccee ac sieeteee 1 Cleanliness of milk room.....- Bil datee sects
Stables. Utensils and milking.
Location of stable........-.-.-. islbenna acres Care and cleanliness of utensils. rH eee ee e
Well drained.....-.-.- 1 Thoroughly washed and
Free from contaminat- sterilized in live steam
ing surroundings...- 1 for 30 minutes. ...--- 5
Construction of stable.......-- AN heme cerel siete (Thoroughly washed and
Tight, sound floor and placed over steam jet, 4; thor-
proper gutter........ 2 oughly washed and scalded
Smooth, tight walls with boiling water, 3; thor-
and ceiling......---- 1 oughly washed, not scalded, 2.)
Proper stall, tie, and Inverted in pure air... -
TVA P One eect elersnielete 1 Cleanliness of milking.....-.-- Ql cate cence
Light: 4 square feet of glass per Clean dry hands... .---
cow (3 square feet, 3; 2 Udders washed and
square feet, 2; 1 square foot, ned reas eerie nisl 6
1. Deduct for uneven dis- (Udders cleaned with moist
DL OUIGLOU) seeeeee tele eet Mn |S testetatetereters cloth, 4; cleaned with dry cloth
Ventilation: Automatic sys- at least 15 minutes before milk-
tem (adjustable windows, ing, 1.)
Cubic feet of space for cow: 500
to 1,000 feet (less than 500
feet, 2; less than 400 feet, 1;
less than 300 feet, 0; over
1,000 feet, 0)... ...ennncenccce WRK Gorcnod
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRIOT OF COLUMBIA. 877
Dnvrartnp Scorn—Continued.
Score Score.
Equipment, ——— FoR ERT Methods, — —
Perfect. | Allowed, Perfect. | Allowed.
Utensils. Handling of Milk.
Construction and condition of Cleanliness of attendants...... USOC PC irk
MENTS US lace Mtelcteleteiwisieislaie cisiicisie Hela ecioccic Milk removed immediately
Water for cleaning (clean, con- TOM SUBDIGL oc ebauelccennre ns Diileivaatas tye
venient, and abundant)... ... ellacia scares Prompt cooling, (Cooled im-
Small-top milking pail........ tel ceiete weir mediately after milking each
Facilities for hot water or ONY) erarciciateeielainisln estate Sinie ei a\aia a Nowiatera ware Gre
steam (should be in mill Eticlent cooling; below 50° F.
house, not in kitchen)....... Ua eicaricm ors: (51° to 55°, 4; 56° to GO°, 2)... Billviteicaawwas
INNTRIGOOLGD Gt ccc cnurccsseanwes CP Oe ata erat siete Storage; below 50° I, (51° to
Clean milking suits............ lee cancers BB ere OO e TOGO s, U)karcimeetaimins Ohl aatewane'l us
Transportation; teed (for Jack-
Milk room. et or wet blanket allow 2;
dry blanket or covered
* Location of milk room......... OF |eraratatastaid sia NV EROLM GL) wisteisiawiee ate ern hie sists St Pacweeenns
Free from contaminat-
ing surroundings.... 1
Convenient........-... 1
Construction of milk room..... Deltas bwaiiats
Floor, walls, and ceil-
TEL tetera aista(ate\staue: «ona ce 1
Light, ventilation,
BCLCCDS Sonica nicccenwne 1
POCA Gs tena siiimie wonissia bie jen AO), iroevinistsiniere TOUALs aenvetacwccaiiipiniain (ninth GOW hws Sie stares
Score for equipment--score for methodses final score.
Norn 1.—Ifany filthy condition is found, particularly dirty utensils, the total score shall be limited to 49,
Norn 2.—If the water is exposed to dangerous contamination or there is evidence of the presence of a
dangerous disease in animals or attendants, the score shall be 0.
APPENDIX M.
FOOD AND DRUGS ACT, APPROVED JUND 80, 1906
AN ACT Tor preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or mis.
branded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regue
lating traffic therein, and for other purposes,
[84 Stats., 768.]
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That it shall be unlawful for any
person to manufacture within any ‘Territory or the Distriet of Columbia any
article of food or drug which is adulterated or misbranded, within the menn-
ing of this Act; and any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this
section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and for each offense shall, upon con-
viction thereof, be fined not to exceed five hundred dollars or shall be sentenced
to one year’s imprisonment, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the disere-
tion of the court, and for each subsequent offense and conviction thereof shall
be fined not less than one thousand dollars or sentenced to one year’s imprison-
ment, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court,
Sto. 2. That the introduction into any State or Territory or the District of
Columbia from any other State or Territory or the Distict of Columbia, or
from any foreign country, or shipment to any foreign country of any article of
food or drugs which is adulterated or misbranded, within the meaning of this
act, is hereby prohibited; and any person who shall ship or deliver for ship-
ment from-any State or Territory or the District of Columbia to any other
State or Territory or the District of Columbia, or to a foreign country, or who
shall receive in any State or Territory or the District of Columbia from any
other State or Territory or the District of Columbia, or foreign country, and
having so received, shall deliver, in original unbroken packages, for pay or
otherwise, or offer to deliver to any other person, any such article so adul-
378 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
terated or misbranded within the meaning of this act, or any person who shall
sell or offer for sale in the District of Columbia or the Territories of the
United States any such adulterated or misbranded foods or drugs, or export
or offer to export the same to any foreign country, shall be guilty of a misde-
meanor, and for such offense be fined not exceeding two hundred dollars for
the first offense, and upon conviction for each subsequent offense not exceeding
three hundred dollars or be imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both, in the
discretion of the court: Provided, That no article shall be deemed misbranded |
or adulterated within the provisions of this act when intended for export to
any foreign country and prepared or packed according to the specifications or
directions of the foreign purchaser when no substance is used in the prepara-
tion or packing thereof in conflict with the laws of the foreign country to
which said article is intended to be shipped; but if said article shall be in fact
sold or offered for sale for domestic use or consumption, then this proviso
shall not exempt said article from the operation of any of the other provisions
of this act.
Sec. 38. That the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Agriculture,
and the Secretary of Commerce and Labor shall make uniform rules and regula-
tions for carrying out the provisions of this act, including the collection and
examination of specimens of foods and drugs manufactured or offered for sale
in the District of Columbia, or in any Territory of the United States, or which
shall be offered for sale in unbroken packages in any State other than that in
which they shall have been respectively manufactured or produced, or which
shall be received from any foreign country, or intended for shipment to any
foreign country, or which may be submitted for examination by the chief health,
food, or drug officer of any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, or at
any domestic or foreign port through which such product is offered for inter-
state commerce, or for export or import between the United States and any
foreign port or country.
Src. 4. That the examinations of specimens of foods and drugs shall be made
in the Bureau of Chemistry of the Department of Agriculture, or under the
direction and supervision of such bureau, for the purpose of determining from
such examinations whether such articles are adulterated or misbranded within
the meaning of this act; and if it shall appear from any such examination that
any of such specimens is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of
this act, the Secretary of Agriculture shall cause notice thereof to be given to
the party from whom such sample was obtained. Any party so notified shall
be given an opportunity to be heard, under such rules and regulations as may
be prescribed as aforesaid, and if it appears that any of the provisions of this
act have been violated by such party, then the Secretary of Agriculture shall
at once certify the facts to the proper United States district attorney, with a
copy of the results of the analysis or the examination of such article duly
authenticated by the analyst or officer making such examination, under the
oath of such officer. After judgment of the court, notice shall be given by
publication in such manner as may be prescribed by the rules and regulations
aforesaid.
Src. 5. That it shall be the duty of each district attorney to whom the Secre-
tary of Agriculture shall report any violation of this act, or to whom any health
or food or drug officer or agent of any State, Territory, or the District of
Columbia shall present satisfactory evidence of any such violation, to cause
appropriate proceedings to be commenced and prosecuted in the proper courts
of the United States, without delay, for the enforcement of the penalties as in
such case herein provided.
Sec. 6. That the term “ drug,’’ as used in this act, shall include all medicines
and preparations recognized in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National
Formulary for internal or external use, and any substance or mixture of sub-
stances intended to be used for the cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease
of either man or other animals. The term “ food,’ as used herein, shall in-
clude all articles used for food, drink, confectionery, or condiment by man or
other animals, whether simple, mixed, or compound.
Sec. 7. That for the purposes of this act an article shall be deemed to be
adulterated :
In, case of drugs:
First. If, when a drug is sold under or by a name recognized in the United
States Pharmacopeia or National Formulary, it differs from the standard of
strength, quality, or purity, as determined by the test laid down in the United
States Pharmacopeia or National Formulary official at the time of investiga-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 379
tion: Provided, That no drug defined in the United States Pharmacopeia or
National Formulary shall be deemed to be adulterated under this provision if
the standard of strength, quality, or purity be plainly stated upon the bottle,
box, or other container thereof although the standard may differ from that
determined by the test laid down in the United States Pharmacopeia or
National Formulary.
Second. If its strength or purity fall below the professed standard or quality
under which it is sold. ;
In the case of confectionery :
If it contain terra alba, barytes, tale, chrome yellow, or other mineral sub-
stance or poisonous color or flavor, or other ingredient deleterious or detri-
mental to health, or any vinous, malt or spirituous liquor, or compound or
nareotic drug.
In the case of food:
First. If any substance has been mixed and packed with it so as to reduce
or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength.
Second. If any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the
article.
Third. If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part
abstracted.
‘Fourth. If it be mixed, colored, powdered, coated, or stained in a manner
whereby damage or. inferiority is concealed.
Fifth. If it contain any added poisonous or other added deleterious in-
gredient which may render such article injurious to health: Provided, That
when in the preparation of food products for shipment they are preserved by
any external application applied in such manner that the preservative is neces-
sarily removed mechanically, or by maceration in water, or otherwise, and
directions for the removal of said preservative shall be printed on the covering
or the package, the provisions of this act shall be construed as applying only
when said products are ready for consumption.
Sixth. If it consists in whole or in part of a filthy, decomposed, or putrid
animal or vegetable substance, or any portion of an animal unfit for food,
whether manufactured or not, or if it is the product of a diseased animal, or
one that has died otherwise than by slaughter.
Src. 8. That the term ‘ misbranded,” as used herein, shall apply to all drugs,
or articles of food, or articles which enter into the composition of food, the
package or label of which shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding
such article, or the ingredients or substances contained therein which shall be
false or misleading in any particular, and to any food or drug product which is
falsely branded as to the State, Territory, or country in which it is manu-
factured or produced.
That for the purposes of this act an article shall also be deemed to be mis-
branded :
In case of drugs:
ee If it be an imitation of or offered for sale under the name of another
article.
Second. If the contents of the package as originally put up shall have been
removed, in whole or in part, and other contents shall have been placed in such
package, or if the package fail to bear a statement on the label of the quantity
or proportion of any alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, alpha or beta
eucaine, chloroform, cannabis indica, chloral hydrate, or acetanilide, or any
derivative or preparation of any such substances contained therein.
In the case of food:
First. If it be an imitation of or offered for sale under the distinctive name
of another article.
Second. If it be labeled or branded so as to deceive or mislead the purchaser,
or purport to be a foreign product when not so, or if the contents of the
package as originally put up shall have been removed in whole or in part and
other contents shall have been placed in such package, or if it fail to bear a
statement on the label of the quantity or proportion of any morphine, opium,
cocaine, heroin, alpha or beta eucaine, chloroform, canabis indica, chloral
hydrate, or acetanilide, or any derivative or preparation of any of such sub-
stances contained therein.
_ Third. If in package form, and the contents are stated in terms of weight
or ete they are not plainly and correctly stated on the outside of the
package.
880 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Fourth. If the package containing it or its label shall bear any statement,
design, or device regarding the ingredients or the substances contained therein,
which statement, design, or device shall be false or misleading in any particular:
Provided, That an article of food which does not contain any added poisonous
or deleterious ingredients shall not be deemed to be adulterated or misbranded
in the following cases:
First. In the case of mixtures or compounds which may be now or from time
to time hereafter known as articles of food, under their own distinctive names,
and not an imitation of or offered for sale under the distinetive name of another
article, if the name be accompanied on the same label or brand with a state-
ment of the place where said article has, been manufactured or produced.
Second. In the case of articles labeled, branded, or tagged so as to plainly
indicate that they are compounds, imitations, or blends, and the word “ com-
pound,” ‘‘ imitation,” or “blend,” as the case may be, is plainly stated on the
package in which it is offered for sale: Provided, That the term blend as
used herein shall be construed to mean a mixture of like substances, not exclud-
ing harmless coloring or flavoring ingredients used for the purpose of coloring
and flavoring only: And provided further, That nothing in this act shali be
construed as requiring or compelling proprietors or manufacturers of proprie-
tary foods which contain no unwholesome added ingredient to disclose their
trade formulas, except in so far as the provisions of this act may require to
secure freedom from adulteration or misbranding.
Sec. 9. That no dealer shall be prosecuted under the provisions of this act
when he ean establish a guaranty signed by the wholesaler, jobber, manufac-
turer, or other party residing in the United States, from whom he purchases
such articles, to the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbranded
within the meaning of this act, designating it. Said guaranty, to afford pro-
tection, shall contain the name and address of the party or parties making the
sale of such articles to such dealer. and in such case said party or parties
shall be amenable to the prosecutions, fines, and other penalties which would
attach, in due course, to the dealer under the provisions of this act.
Src. 10. That any article of food, drug, or liquor that is adulterated or mis-
branded within the meaning of this act, and is being transported from one
State, Territory, District, or insular possession to another for sale, or, having
been transported, remains unloaded, unsold, or in original unbroken packages,
or if it be sold or offered for sale in the District of Columbia or the Territories,
or insular possessions of the United States, or if it be imported from a foreign
country for sale, or if it is intended for export to a foreign country, shall be
liable to be proceeded against in any district court of.the United States within
the district where the same is found, and seized for confiscation by a process
of libel for condemnation.. And if such article is condemned as being adulter-
ated or misbranded, or of a poisonous or deleterious character, within the
meaning of this act, the same shall be disposed of by destruction or sale, as
the said court may direct, and the proceeds thereof, if sold, less the legal costs
and charges, shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States, but such
goods shall not be sold in any jurisdiction contrary to the provisions of this
act or the laws of that jurisdiction: Provided, however, That upon the pay-
ment of the costs of such libel proceedings and the execution and delivery of a
good and sufficient bond to the effect that such articles shall not be sold or
otherwise disposed of contrary to the provisions of this act, or the laws of any
State, Territory, District, or insular possession, the court may by order direct
that such articles be delivered to the owner thereof. The proceedings of such
libel cases shall conform, as near aS may be, to the proceedings in admiralty,
except that either party may demand trial by jury of any issue of fact joined
in any such case, and all such proceedings shall be at the suit of and in the
hame of the United States.
Sec. 11. The Secretary of the Treasury shall deliver to the Secretary of
Agriculture, upon his request from time to time, samples of foods and drugs
which are being imported into the United States or offered for import, giving
notice thereof to the owner or consignee, who may appear before the Secretary
of Agriculture, and have the right to introduce testimony, and if it appear
from the examination of such samples that any article of food or drug offered
to be imported into the United States is adulterated or misbranded within the
meaning of this act, or is otherwise dangerous to the health of the people of
the United States, or is of a kind forbidden entry into, or forbidden to be sold
or restricted in sale in the country in which it is made or from which it is
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 3881
exported, or is otherwise falsely labeled in any respect, the said article shall be
refused admission, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall refuse delivery to
the consignee and shall cause the destruction of any goods refused delivery
which shall not be exported by the consignee within three months from the
date of notice of such refusal under such regulations as the Secretary of the
Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That the Secretary of the Treasury may de-
liver to the consignee such goods pending examination and decision in the mat-
ter on execution of a penal bond for the amount of the full invoice value of
such goods, together with the duty thereon, and on refusal to return such goods
for any cause to the custody of the Secretary of the Treasury, when demanded,
for the purpose of excluding them from the country, or for any other purpose,
said consignee shall forfeit the full amount of the bond: And provided further,
That all charges for storage, cartage, and labor on goods which are refused ad-
mission or delivery shall be paid by the owner or consignee, and in default of
such payment shall constitute a lien against any future importation made by
such owner or consignee.
Src. 12. That the term “ Territory’’ as used in this act shall include the
insular possessions of the United States. The word “ person” as used in this
act Shall be construed to import both the plural and the singular, as the case
demands, and shall include corporations, companies, societies, and associations.
When construing and enforcing the provisions of this act, the act, omission,
or failure of any o#icer, agent, or other person acting for or employed by any
corporation, company, society, or association, within the scope of his employ-
ment or office, shall in every case be also deemed to be the act, omission, or
failure of such corporation, company, society, or association as well as that of
the person.
Sec. 18. That this act shall be in force and effect from and after the first
day of January, nineteen hundred and seven.
Approved, June 30, 1906.
APPENDIX N.
COMMUNICATION FROM CHIEF OF BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, REFERRING TO PROSECUTIONS UNDER
FEDERAL PURE-FOOD LAW.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU Or CHEMISTRY,
Washington, D. C., December 2, 1910.
The WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
Washington, D. C.
GENTLEMEN : In further reply to your inquiries respecting standards for milk,
I am transmitting, in accordance with your request of November 18, additional
data bearing specifically upon the question which your committee is so carefully
considering. Attached to this is also a memorandum prepared by the assistant
chief of this bureau, Dr. W. D. Bigelow, and copies of certain notices of judg-
ment obtained as a result of prosecutions secured against interstate shipments
of milk.
I need not assure you again how earnestly this bureau is endeavoring to coop-
erate with you in your efforts to secure a proper milk supply. In this connection
I beg to say that the ordinary pasteurized milk of commerce is a dangerous
article—far more so than the so-called raw milk. I may say that as many as
54,000,000 organisms per cubic centimeter have been found in milk alleged
to have been pasteurized 24 hours after the pasteurization is said to have been
accomplished. Pasteurized milk is only to be tolerated when certified by an
independent official as to the efficiency of pasteurization and the suitability of it
for consumption.
Respectfully, H. W. Witey, Chief.
882 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
MEMORANDUM FOR DR. WILEY.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY,
Washington, D. C., December 1, 1910.
In the inspection of milk shipped into interstate commerce the bureau adheres
to the standards promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture respecting the
composition of milk.
No prosecutions are actually brought, however, for the shipment of milk |
which very nearly complies with those standards. Prosecutions have been
successfully maintained for the shipment in interstate commerce of milk shown
by chemical analysis to be adulterated, as, for instance, by skimming, by the
addition of water or ice, or by the addition of formaldehyde. Prosecutions
have also been maintained for the shipment of badly contaminated milk on
the ground that it was filthy, decomposed, and putrid, and contained filthy,
decomposed, and putrid material. This question is judged by its bacteriological
condition.
There are now pending in the court, or preparing for the courts, about 170
eases of violations of the food and drugs act by shipping adulterated milk and
cream. The following notices of judgment, copies of which are attached hereto,
refer to cases which have already been prosecuted: N. J. 5, 37, 81, 88, 125, 152,
185, 206, 214, 219, 228, 228, 229, 241, 264, 265, 267, 268, 273, 285, 287, 307, 308, 312,
331, 335, 336, 338, 347, 370, 419, 420, 421, 423, 425, 480, 437, 445, 446, 451, 460,
479, 484, 485, 502, 503, 510, 512, 513, 514, 515, 517, 521, 522, 5238, 524, 525, 526, 527,
528, 588, 557, 558, 586, 587, 588, 590, 607, 628, 629, 632, and 638.
W. D. BIGELOW.
APPENDIX O.
SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS FOR DAIRY FARMS.
By Ep. H. Wesster, Chief of Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United
States Department of Agriculture.
[Reprinted from Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and
Marine-Hospital Service, pp. 570, 571.]
TWENTY-ONE SUGGESTIONS.
THE COWS.
1. Have the herd examined frequently by a skilled veterinarian. Promptly
remove any animals suspected of being in bad health. Never add an animal to
the herd until certain it is free from disease, especially tuberculosis.
2. Never allow a cow to be excited by hard driving, abuse, loud talking, or
unnecessary disturbances; do not unduly expose her to cold or storms.
3. Clean the entire body of the cow daily. . Hair in the region of the udder
should be kept short. Wipe the udder and surrounding parts with a clean,
damp cloth before milking.
4. Do not allow any strong flavored feed, such as garlic, cabbage, or turnips.
to be eaten except immediately after milking.
5. Salt should always be accessible.
6. Radical changes in feed should be made gradually.
7. Have fresh, pure water in abundance, easy of access, and not too cold.
THE STABLES.
8. Dairy cattle should be kept in a stable where no other animals are housed,
preferably without cellar or storage loft. Stable should be light (4 square feet
of glass per cow) and dry, with at least 500 cubic feet of air to each animal.
It should have air inlets and outlets, so arranged as to give good ventilation
without drafts of air on cows. The presence of flies may be reduced by dark-
ening the stable and removing the manure as directed below.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 383
9. The floor, walls, and ceilings of the stable should be tight, walls and ceil-
ings being kept free of cobwebs and whitewashed twice a year. There should
be as few dust-catching ledges and projections as possible.
10. Allow no musty or dirty litter or strong smelling material in the stable.
Store manure under cover at least 40 feet from the stable in a dark place. Use
land plaster daily in gutter and on floor.
THE MILK HOUSE.
11. Cans should not remain in the stable while being filled. Remove the milk
of each cow at once from the stable to a clean room; strain immediately
through cotton flannel or absorbent cotton; cool to 50° F. as soon as strained;
store at 50° F. or lower. All milk houses should be screened.
12. Milk utensils should be made of metal, with all joints smoothly soldered,
or, when possible, should be made of stamped metal. Never allow utensils to
become rusty or rough inside. Use milk utensils for nothing but handling, stor-
ing, or delivering milk.
138. To clean dairy utensils, use pure water only. First rinse the utensils in
warm water; then wash inside and out in hot water in which a cleansing mate-
rial has been dissolved; rinse again; sterilize with boiling water or steam; then
keep inverted in pure air that may have ready access, and sun if possible, until
ready for use.
MILKING AND HANDLING MILK.
14. The milker should wash his hands immediately before milking and should
milk with dry hands. He should wear a clean outer garment, which should
be kept in a clean place when not in use. Tobacco should not be used while
milking.
15. In milking be quiet, quick, clean, and thorough. Commence milking at the
Same hour every morning and evening and milk the cows in the same order.
16. If any part of the milk is bloody, stringy, or unnatural in appearance, or
if by accident dirt gets into the milk pail, the whole mess should be rejected.
17. Weigh and record the milk given by each cow.
18. Never mix warm milk with that which has been cooled, and do not allow
milk to freeze.
19. Feed no dry, dusty feed just previous to milking.
20. Persons suffering from any disease, or who have been exposed aD a: con-
tagious disease, must remain away from the cows and the milk.
21. It is needless to say that the shorter the time between the anoint of
milk and its delivery, and between delivery and use, the better will be the
quality of the milk.
APPENDIX P.
ACT TO REGULATE THE SALE OF MILK IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
APPROVED MARCH 2, 1895.
AN ACT To regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the passage of this act
no person shall, within the District of Columbia, keep or maintain a dairy or
dairy farm without a permit so to do from the health officer of said District;
application for said permit shall be made in writing, upon a form prescribed by
said health officer: Provided, That no applicant for said permit shall be
restrained from conducting business until said application has been acted upon
by the health officer of the District of Columbia or his duly appointed agent.
It shall be the duty of said health officer, upon receipt of said application in
due form, to make or cause to be made an examination of the premises which
it is intended to use in the maintenance of said dairy or dairy farm; if after
such examination said premises are found to conform to the regulations govern-
ing dairies and dairy farms within the District of Columbia, said health officer
shall issue the permit hereinbefore specified, without charge: Provided, That
said permit may be suspended or revoked at any time, without notice, by said
384 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
health officer whenever the milk supply from said dairy or dairy farm is exposed
to infection by Asiatic cholera, anthrax, diphtheria, erysipelas, scarlet fever,
smallpox, splenic fever, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, typhus fever, or yellow fever,
so as to render its distribution dangerous to public health.
Src. 2. That no person shall bring or send into the District of Columbia for
sale any milk without a permit so to do from the health officer of said District;
application for said permit shall be made in writing, upon a form prescribed by
said health officer, and shall be accompanied by such detailed description of the
dairy farm or dairy where said milk is produced or stored as said health officer
may require, and by a sworn statement as to the physical condition of the cattle
supplying said milk: Provided, That no applicant for said permit shall be
restrained from conducting business until said application has been acted upon
by the health officer of the District of Columbia or his duly appointed agent.
If after examination of said application said health officer is satisfied that said
milk will be brought into the District of Columbia for sale or consumption
without danger to public health, he shall issue, without charge to the applicant,
a permit so to do, on condition that none but pure and unadulterated milk shall
be, with knowledge of its impurity, brought into said District; that in the man-
agement of said dairy or dairy farm said applicant shall be governed by the
regulations of the health office of the District of Columbia, approved by the
Commissioners of the District of Columbia, issued for dairies and dairy farms
in said District, when said regulations do not conflict with the law of the State
in which said dairy or dairy farm is located, and that said dairy or dairy farm
may be inspected at any time without notice by the health officer of the District
of Columbia or his duly appointed representative: Provided, That said permit
may be suspended or revoked at any time without notice by said health officer
whenever the milk supply from said dairy or dairy farm is exposed to infection
by Asiatic cholera, anthrax, diphtheria, erysipelas, scarlet fever, smallpox,
splenic fever, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, typhus fever, or yellow fever, so as to
render its distribution dangerous to public health. é
Src. 3. That no person suffering from, or who has knowingly, within a period
specified by the health officer of the District of Columbia, been exposed to diph-
theria, scarlet fever, erysipelas, smallpox, anthrax, or other dangerous con-
tagious disease, shall work or assist in or about any dairy or dairy farm; no
proprietor, manager, or superintendent of any dairy or dairy farm within the
District of Columbia shall knowingly permit any person suffering, or exposed as
aforesaid, to work or assist in or about said dairy or dairy farm.
Src. 4. That all milk wagons shall have the name of the owner, the number
of permit, and the location of dairy from which said wagons haul milk, painted
thereon plainly and legibly. 4
Src. 5. That all grocers, bakers, and other persons having or offering for sale
milk shall at all times keep the name or names of the dairymen from whom the
milk on sale shall have been obtained posted up in a conspicuous place wherever
such milk may be sold or kept for sale.
Src. 6. That no person shall offer or have for sale in the District of Columbia
any unwholesome, watered, or adulterated milk, or milk known as swill milk,
or milk from cows that are fed on swill, garbage, or other like substance, nor
any butter or cheese made from any such milk.
Src. 7. (Repealed by act of February 17, 1898. See Wiegand v. D. C., 31
Wash.:Law Rep., 730.)
Src. 8. That no person shall sell, exchange, or deliver, or have in his custody
or possession with intent to sell, exchange, or deliver, skimmed milk containing
less than nine and three-tenths per cent of milk solids, inclusive of fat.
Src. 9. That no dealer in milk, and no servant or agent of such a dealer, shall
sell,. exchange, or deliver, or have in his custody or possession with intent to
sell, exchange, or deliver, milk from which the cream, or any part thereof, has
been removed, unless in a conspicuous place, above the center or upon the out-
side of every vessel, can, or package thereof, in which milk is sold, the words
“ skimmed milk” are distinctly marked in gothic letters, not less than one inch
in length.
gaa 10. That it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to sell or offer
for sale, within the District of Columbia, milk taken from any cow less than
fifteen days before or ten days after parturition, or from any cow which is
known to be suffering from tuberculosis, splenic fever, anthrax, or any general
or local disease which is liable to render the milk from said cow unwholesome.
Src. 11. That it shall be the duty of the health officer of the District of Co-
lumbia, under direction of the commissioners of said District, to make and
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 385
enforce regulations to secure proper water supply, drainage, ventilation, air
space, floor space, and cleaning of all dairies and dairy farms within said
District; to secure the isolation of cattle suffering from any contagious disease,
and to carry into effect the provisions of this act.
Sec. 12. That the health officer of the District of Columbia, or his duly ap-
pointed assistants, shall have the right to enter, without previous notice, for
the purpose of inspection, any dairy or dairy farm within said District.
Src. 13. (Repealed by act of February 17, 1898. See Weigand v. D. C., 31
Wash. Law Rep., 730.) :
Sec. 14. That prosecutions under this act shall be in the police court of said
District, on information signed by the attorney of the District or one of ‘his
assistants, and any person or persons violating any of the provisions of this
act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, on conviction, be pun-
ished for the first offense by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than
twenty-five dollars, to be collected as other fines and penalties, or by imprison-
ment in the workhouse for a period of not more than thirty days, and for the
second offense and each subsequent offense, by a fine of not less than fifty
dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the work-
house for ninety days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion
of the court, and if the person so convicted of a second or subsequent offense
hold a permit under this act, the same shall be canceled and no permit shall
be issued to said person for a period of six months: Provided, That any person
or persons under this act shall have the privilege, when demanded, of a trial
by jury as in other jury cases in the police court.
Sec. 15. That all laws and parts of laws inconsistent with the foregoing be,
and the same are hereby, repealed,
Approved, March 2, 1895.
APPENDIX Q.
REGULATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT OF DAIRIES AND DAIRY FARMS, PROMUL-
GATED JULY 31, 1897, TOGETHER WITH AMENDMENTS OF NOVEMBER 5,
1910.
[Health Department, District of Columbia, Washington. ]
REGULATIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF DAIRIES AND DatRy FARMS.
OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Washington, July 31, 1897.
Ordered: That the following regulations made by the health officer of the
District of Columbia, pursuant to the requirements of section 11 of “An aet
to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for other pur-
poses,” approved March 2, 1895, in lieu of the regulations on the same subject
made and approved June 26, 1895, are hereby approved:
Section 1. No building or space shall be used for dairy purposes which is not
well lighted and ventilated, which is not provided with a suitable floor; and,
if such room or space be a cellar or subcellar, or be located in a cellar or sub-
cellar, which is not properly concreted, guttered, and drained.
See. 2. No dairy shall be located or maintained within any kitchen, wash
room, workshop, or inhabited room, nor in proximity to any water-closet, privy,
cesspool, or urinal, nor in any room or space which is not of such size and con-
struction as to permit the entire separation of all milk and milk products, both
in process of handling and storing the same, from all probable sources of con-
tamination either by dirt, noxious gases, infective organisms or substances, or
anything linble to alter unnecessarily the quality of such milk or milk
products.
See. 3. Every person maintaining a dairy shall provide for the use thereof,
and shall use a sufficient number of receptacles made of nonabsorbent material
for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall cause them to be kept
clean and wholesome at all times; and having delivered any such receptacle to
a consumer shall not again use the same for the reception, storage, or delivery
ot milk or cream in any form until it has been, to his personal knowledge,
properly cleaned after such use.
82444°—S. Doe. 863, 61-83-25
386 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Sec. 3a. Elsewhere than in the proper parts of premises which have been
duly constructed and equipped, and which are duly maintained for the hand-
Kng, storage, and sale of milk or cream, no person shall fill or partly fill with
milk or cream any receptacle intended for delivery to a customer unless such
receptacle, at the time of filling be furnished by the customer for whose service
such receptacle is intended.
(Amendment of July 14, 1903.)
Sec. 4. Every person maintaining a dairy shall provide for the use thereof
a supply of pure and suitable water, sufficient for the proper washing of all
eans, bottles, and appliances.
Sec, 5. Every person maintaining a dairy shall keep the same and all appur-
tenances thereto clean and wholesome at all times, and shall change the water
in the coolers at least once each day.
Sec. 6. No building shall be used fer stabling cows for dairy purposes which
¥s not well lighted, ventilated, drained, and constructed, or which is not pro-
vided with stalls or with proper stanchions for anchoring the cows so arranged
as to allow not less than 34 feet width of space for each milch:cow; or which
is not provided with good and sufficient facilities for feeding the animals in a
eleanly manner; or which contains less than 600 cubic feet clear air space
for each cow, unless the use of such building for stabling cows for dairy pur-
poses has been authorized prior to the promulgation of these regulations, in
which case it shall contain not less than 500 cubic feet clear air space for each
cow.
Sec. 7. No room shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which
eontains any water-closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, or manure pit; nor shall any
fowl, hog, horse, sheep, or goat be kept in any room used therefor.
Sec. 8. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes
shall, when so directed by the health officer, erect and maintain in the stable,
stall, shed, or yard connected therewith one or more proper receptacles for
drinking water for such cows, and shall keep the same supplied with clean,
fresh water and none other.
Sec. 9. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes
shall keep the entire premises clean and in good repair, and the buildings well
painted or whitewashed.
Sec. 10. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes
shall cause the dung to be removed from the stables at least twice daily, and
always within one hour preceding every milking of the cows; and shall not allow
any accumulation of dung within the building occupied by the cows, but shall,
whenever in the opinion of the health officer it is required by local conditions
and surroundings, provide temporary storage for the same and for other refuse
in a separate place, which shall be covered, and which, when so ordered by said
health officer, shall be a water-tight receptacle.
Sec. 11. Every person keeping cows for dairy purposes within the city of
Washington or its more densely populated suburbs, or elsewhere in the District
ef Columbia, if, in the opinion of the health officer, local conditions require it,
‘ghall cause the inclosure in which such cows are kept to be graded and drained,
s0 as to keep the surface reasonably dry and to prevent the accumulation of
water therein, except as may be permitted for the purpose of supplying drink-
ing water; and shall not permit any garbage, urine, fecal matter, or similar
‘substance to be placed or to remain in such inclosure, nor any open drain to
run through it.
_ See. 12. Every person keeping cows for the production of milk for, sale shall
‘eause them to be kept clean and wholesome at all times, and shall cause the
‘teats, and, if necessary, the udder, to be carefully cleaned by brushing, washing,
er wiping before milking, and shall cause each such cow to be properly fed
‘and watered.
See. 18. Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes
shall provide and use a sufficient number of receptacles of nonabsorbent material
for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall keep them clean and
wholesome at all times, and at milking time shall remove each receptacle as
soon as filled from the stable or room in which the cows are kept; nor shall
any milk or cream be stored or kept within any room used for stabling cows
or other domestic animals.
Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of every person having charge or control of any
premises upon which cows are kept to notify the health officer of the District
‘of Columbia of the existence of any contagious or infectious disease among
such cows, by letter delivered or mailed, with 24 hours after the discovery
thereof, and to thoroughly isolate any cow or COWS SO diseased or which may
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 387
reasonably be believed to be infected, and to exercise such other precautions
as may be directed, in writing, by said health officer.
See. 15. Milkers and those engaged in the handling of milk or cream shall
maintain strict cleanliness of their hands and persons while milking or while
so engaged. It shall be the duty of every person holding a permit to maintain
a dairy or dairy farm to enforce this regulation in reference to such persons
as may assist them in the maintenance thereof.
Sec. 16. That any person violating any of the foregoing regulations shall,
on conviction thereof in the police court, be punished by a fine of not more
than $10 for each and every such offense, to be collected as other fines and
penalties are collected.
See. 17. That the regulations for the government of dairies and dairy farms
in the District of Columbia promulgated June 26, 1895, are hereby repealed.
Wm. C. Woopwarp, M. D.,
* Health Officer, District of Columbia.
JOHN W. Ross,
JOHN B. WIGHT,
W. M. Buackg,
Commissioners of the District of Columbia.
[Health department, District of Columbia.]
WASHINGTON, November 5, 1910.
Ordered: That the following amendments of the regulations made July 31,
1897, by the health officer of the District of Columbia and approved by the
Commissioners of said District, pursuant to the requirements of section 11,
of “An act to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for
other purposes,” approved March 2, 1895, are hereby made by adding after
section 14 thereof the following sections:
Sec. 14a. No new dairy cow and no new bull, which has not been demon-
strated by the tuberculin test to be free from tuberculosis and officially tagged
to show that fact, shall be brought upon any dairy farm in the District of
Columbia and maintained there for a period longer than is necessary to have
said cow or bull officially tuberculin tested. And any cow or bull so tested and
reacting to the tuberculin test shall be tagged so as to show that fact, and
killed or promptly removed from said farm.
See. 14b. Whenever there is found on any dairy farm any cow or bull
presenting such physical evidence of tuberculosis as to make it appear to the
satisfaction of the health officer that such cow or bull has tuberculosis, then and
in that event the licensee or applicant for license to produce for sale milk on
said farm upon which such cow or bull is, shall, upon written notice from the
health officer, have said cow or bull immediately killed, or removed from the
dairy farm, or else Separated from the dairy herd and officially tuberculin
tested; and if said animal reacts to the tuberculin test, then such Mcensee or
applicant, as the case may be, shall have said cow or bull forthwith tagged
so as to show that fact, and promptly killed or removed from the said dairy
farm.
Provided, That nothing in section 14a or in section 14b, of these regulations,
shall in any way modify or repeal any of the provisions of the order of the
Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the suppression and prevention
of tuberculosis in cattle, promulgated November 26, 1909.
See. 14c. With respect to all applications filed after October 1, 1910, prompt
action will be taken, and if all cattle on the dairy farm to which any such
application relates are not free from tuberculosis as shown by the tuber-
culin test, the application will in the discretion of the health officer be promptly
rejected.
Wm. C. WoopwakrpD, M. D.,
Health Officer of the District of Columbia.
By direction of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, November 5,
1910;
Cuno H. RuDoLPH,
JOHN A. JOHNSTON,
W. V. JUDSON,
Commissioners of the District of Columbia.
By order:
W. TINDALL, Secretary.
388 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
MEE INTO oR:
ACT RELATING TO THE ADULTERATION OF FOODS AND DRUGS IN THE DIS-
TRICT OF COLUMBIA, APPROVED FEBRUARY 17, 1898.
AN ACT Relating to the adulteration of foods and drugs in the District of Columbia.
[380 Stat., 246.]
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That no person shall within the District of
‘olumbia, by himself, or by his servant, or agent, or as the servant or agent of
any other person, sell, exchange, or deliver, or have in his custody or possession
with the intent to sell or exchange, or expose or offer for sale or exchange, any
article of food or drug which is adulterated within the meaning of this act. ;
Sec. 2. That the term “ drug,” as used in this act, shall include all medicines
for external or internal use, antiseptics, disinfectants, and cosmetics. The term
“food,” as used herein, shall include confectionery, condiments, and all articles
used for food or drink by man, and if there be more than one quality of any
article of food or drug known by the same name the best quality thereof shall
be furnished to the purchaser, unless he otherwise requests at the time of mak-
ing such purchase, or unless he be notified at such time of the inferior quality
of the article delivered.
Src. 3. That an article shall be deemed to be adulterated within the meaning
of this act:
(a) In the case of drugs: First, if, when sold under or by a name recognized
in the United States Pharmacopeia, it differs from the standard of strength,
quality, or purity laid down in the edition thereof at the time official; second,
if, when sold under or by a name not recognized in the United States Pharma-
copeia, but which is found in the German, French, or English Pharmacopeia,.
it differs from the strength, quality, or purity laid down therein; third, if, when
sold as a patented medicine, compounded drug, or mixture, it is not composed
of all the ingredients advertised or printed or written on the bottles, wrappers,
or labels of or on or with the patented medicine, compounded drug, or mixture:
Provided,.That if the defendant in any prosecution under this act, in respect to
the sale of any such patented medicine, compounded drug or mixture, shall
prove to the satisfaction of the court that he had purchased the article in ques-
tion as the same in nature, substance, and quality as that demanded of him by
the purchaser, and with a written warranty to that effect; that he had no
reason to believe at the time when he sold it that the article was otherwise,
and that he sold it in the same state as when he purchased it, he shall be dis-
charged from the prosecution.
(b)In the ease of food: First, if any substance or substances have been mixed
with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength;
second, if an inferior or cheaper substance or substances have been substituted
wholly or in part for it; third, if any valuable constituent has been wholly or
in part abstracted from it; fourth, if it is an imitation of or is sold under the
name of another article; fifth, if it consists wholly or in part of a deceased,*
decomposed, putrid, or rotten animal or vegetable substances, whether manu-
factured or not; sixth, if it is colored, coated, polished, or powdered whereby
damage is concealed, or if it is made to appear better or of greater value than
it really is; seventh, if it contains any added poisonous ingredient or any in-
gredient which may render it injurious to the health of a person consuming it;
water, more than five per centum of salt, and less than eighty-three per centum
of fat, less than nine per centum of solids not fat, and contains more than
eighty-seven and one-half per centum of water; in the case of cream, if it con-
tains less than twenty per centum of butter fat; ninth, in the case of butter or
cheese, if it is not made exclusively from milk or cream or both, with or with-
out common salt; the butter, if it contains more than twelve per centum of
water, more than five per centum of salt, and less than eighty-three per centum
of fat; tenth, in the case of coffee, if it is not composed entirely of the seed of
the Caffea arabica; eleventh, in the case of lard, if it is not made exclusively
from the rendered fat of the healthy hog; twelfth, in the case of tea, if it is
not composed entirely of the genuine leaf of the tea plant not exhausted; thir-
teenth, in the case of all kinds of vinegar, if it contains an acidity equivalent
* So printed in statute.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 389
to the presence of less than four per centum of absolute acetic acid; and cider
vinegar, if it is not made from the pure apple juice and contains less than one
and five-tenths per centum of total solids; fourteenth, in the case of cider, if it
is not made from the legitimate product of pure apple juice; in the case of wines
‘and fruit juices, if not made from the pure fruit as represented; and in the case
of cider, wines, fruit juices, and malt liquors, if not free from salicylic acid or
other preservatives; and in the case of malt liquors, if not free from picric acid,
cocculus indicus, colchicine, colocynth, aloes, and wormwood; fifteenth, in the
case of glucose, if it contains more than five one-hundredths per centum of ash;
sixteenth, in the case of flour, if it is not composed entirely of one single ground
cereal; seventeenth, in the case of bread, if there is any addition of alum, sul-
phate of copper, borax, or sulphate of zinc, or other poisonous or harmful in-
gredient, and if it contains more than thirty-one per centum of moisture, more
than two per centum of ash, and less than six and twenty-five one hundredths
per centum of albuminoids; eighteenth, in the case of olive oil, if it is not made
exclusively from the olive berry (Olea europea), and its specific gravity at
fifteen and six-tenths degree centigrade (sixty degrees Fahrenheit) “ actual
density” to be not more than nine hundred and seventeen one-thousands nor
less than nine hundred and fourteen one-thousandths: Provided, That an offense
shall not be deemed to be committed under this section in the following cases,
that is to say, first, where the order calls for an article of food or drug inferior
to such standard, or where such difference is made known by being plainly
written or printed on the package; second, where the article of food or drug is
mixed with any matter or ingredient not injurious to health and not intended
fraudulently to increase its bulk, weight, or measure, or conceal its inferior
quality, if at the time such article is delivered to the purchaser it is made
known to him that such article of food or drug is so mixed.
Sec. 4. That it shall be the duty of the health officer of the District of
Columbia, under the direction of the Commissioners of said District, to adopt
such measures aS may be necessary to facilitate the enforcement hereof, and
prepare rules and regulations with regard to the proper method of collecting
and examining drugs and articles of food in said District.
Src. 5. That it shall be the duty of the health officer to investigate a com-
plaint for a violation of any of the provisions of this act on the information of
any person who lays before him satisfactory evidence by which to substantiate
such complaint.
Src. 6. That every person offering for sale or delivering to any purchaser
any drug or article of food included in the provisions of this act shall furnish
to any analyst or other officer or agent of the health department, who shall
apply to him for the purpose and shall tender him the value of the same, a
sample sufficient for the purpose of analysis of any such drug or article of food
which is in his possession.
Sec. 7. That in all cases where any drug or article of food shall be taken
as a sample to be examined and analyzed the person making the analysis shall
reserve a portion of the sample, which shall be sealed, for a period of thirty
days from the time of taking such sample, and in case of complaint the reserved
portion alleged to be adulterated shall, upon application, be delivered to the
defendant or his attorney.
Sec. 8. That no person shall hinder, obstruct, or in any way interfere with
any inspector, analyst, or other person of the health department in the per-
formance of his duty in carrying out the provisions of this act.
Sec. 9. That all prosecutions under this act shall be in the police court of
said District, on information brought in the name of the District of Columbia,
and on its behalf; and any person or persons violating any of the provisions of
this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be
punished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than one hundred
dollars.
Sec. 10. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act be, and
the same are hereby, repealed: Provided, That nothing in this act contained
shall be construed as modifying or repealing any of the provisions of ‘An act
defining butter, also imposing a tax upon and regulating the manufacture, sale,
importation, and exportation of oleomargarine,’ approved August second,
eighteen hundred and eighty-six, or of “‘An act defining cheese, and also im-
posing a tax upon and regulating the manufacture, sale, importation, and
exportation of ‘filled cheese,’” approved Ee sixth, eighteen hundred and
ninety-six.
Approved, February 17, 1898.
390 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
APPENDIX S&.
SENATE BILL TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC HEALTH BY REGULATING THE PRO-
DUCTION AND SALE OF MILK, CREAM, AND ICE CREAM IN THE DISTRICT
OF COLUMBIA.
[S. 4986, Sixty-first Congress, second session. ]
A BILL To protect public health by regulating the production and sale of milk, cream,
and ice cream in and for the District of Columbia.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That no person shall (first) produce
for sale, hold for sale, offer for sale, or sell, or have in his custody or possession
with intent to sell, in the District of Columbia, milk, cream, or ice cream, as
such, or milk or cream to be made into ice cream for sale, or (second) bring
or send milk, cream, or ice cream into said District for sale as such, or milk
or cream to be made into.ice cream for sale, unless such milk, cream, or ice
cream is pure and wholesome and is produced, manufactured, transported,
held, and offered for sale, and sold under sanitary conditions and in a sanitary
manner, conforming to the regulations hereinafter authorized; nor unless nor
until licensed by the health officer of said District so to do; nor after any
license so issued to him has been suspended or revoked and during the contin-
uance of such suspension or revocation.
Src. 2. That no person shall produce for sale, hold for sale, offer for sale,
sell, or have in his custody or possession with intent to sell, in the District of
Columbia, any milk, cream, or ice cream, either in or from any store, shop,
establishment, or wagon or other conveyance, or in or from any container or
receptacle whereon or wherein is any advertisement, sign, label, design, device,
trade-mark, trade name, name, or statement relating to such milk, cream, or
ice cream, or to any ingredient or substance contained therein, or relating to
the inspection, composition, character, purity, origin, test, class, or sanitary
condition thereof, which is false or misleading in any particular or in any
manner calculated to deceive; nor shall any person in said District in any
manner whatsoever falsely represent the inspection, composition, character,
purity, origin, test, class, or sanitary condition of any milk, cream, or ice cream
which he produces for sale, holds for sale, offers for sale, sells, or has in his
custody or possession with intent to sell, or of any ingredient or substance con-
tained therein.
Sec. 3. That no person, either for himself or as the representative, agent,
servant, or employee of any other person or of any firm or corporation, shall
offer for transportation or send, or receive for transportation or carry, from
any State or Territory into the District of Columbia, any milk, cream, or ice
cream, for sale in said District, or any milk or cream to be manufactured into
ice cream therein for sale, unless the person offering for transportation or
sending such milk, cream, or ice cream, or else the person receiving for trans-
portation or carrying the same, is authorized under the provisions of this act to
bring or send such milk, cream, or ice cream into said District.
Src. 4. That it shall be the duty of the health officer of the District of
Columbia, and of such agents and employees in the service of the health de
partment as he may designate for that purpose, to enforce the provisions of
this act and of all regulations made by authority thereof; and said health
officer and agents and employees are hereby authorized, in the performance of
the duty aforesaid, to enter and inspect all places where milk, cream, or ice
cream is sold or held, offered, or produced for sale in or for the District of
Columbia, and to inspect all milk, cream, and ice cream therein, and all cattle,
appliances, apparatus, utensils, and materials used in connection therewith,
and to board and examine all cars, boats, wagons, and other vehicles, and to
stop all wagons and other vehicles for that purpose. No person shall interfere
with said health officer or with any agent or employee aforesaid in the per-
formance of his official duty, nor shall any person hinder, prevent, or refuse to
permit any inspection or examination aforesaid. :
Sec. 5. That for the purposes of this act, and of any regulations made by
virtue hereof, any particular milk, cream, or ice cream shall be conclusively
presumed to be held and offered for sale, and held in custody or possession
with intent to sell, which, whether in bulk or in containers, is mingled with the
common stock of milk, cream, or ice cream, as the case may be, kept in or about
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 391
any store, shop, establishment, farm, or premises, or any wagon or other
vehicle, in, on, or from which such article or articles generally are produced
for sale, held for sale, or sold, or held in custody or possession with intent te
sell.
Src. 6. That any person who for himself, or as the employee or agent of
another person, or aS a member, officer, employee, or agent of a firm or cor
poration violates or aids in the violation of any of the provisions of this act
or of any regulations promulgated by the Commissioners of the District of
Columbia under the provisions thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceed
ing forty dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than twenty days.
Src. 7. That the Commissioners of the District of Columbia be, and they are
hereby, authorized and empowered to make, promulgate, modify, and amend
from time to time such regulations as in their judgment may be necessary te
fix the classes and standards and the conditions and manner under which
milk, cream, and ice cream must be produced, manufactured, transported, held,
and offered for sale, and sold, in order to entitle the person, firm, or corpora-
tion producing, manufacturing, transporting, holding, or offering for sale or
selling the same to receive and to hold a license so to do, and to govern the
issue, suspension, and revocation of licenses aforesaid. And in the exercise
of the authority conferred by this act and in the execution of the provisions
hereof and of such regulations as may be promulgated under its authority said
commissioners shall, whenever in their judgment it is expedient so to do,
request the assistance of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of
Agriculture, and said Secretaries of the Treasury and of Agriculture are hereby
authorized to grant such assistance in So far as they may deem it compatible’
with the proper discharge of the duties of their respective departments so to do.
Sec. 8. That all prosecutions under this act shall be in the police court of
the District of Columbia, upon information signed by the corporation counsei
of said District or by one of his assistants.
Sec. 9. That all money heretofore or hereafter appropriated and available,
or appropriated and to become evailable, for the enforcement of “An act to
regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes,”
approved March second, eighteen hundred and ninety-five, be, and the same is
hereby. made available for the enforcement of this act and of the regulations
promulgated by authority thereof, including the employment of personal serv-
ices, when ordered in writing by the commissioners.
Src. 10. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of
this act be, and the same are ‘hereby, repealed: Provided, however, That prose-
cution for anything done or omitted to be done in violations of any such act or
part of act prior to the passage of this act may be instituted, and if already in-
stituted shall be continued, after and notwithstanding the passage of this act,
and shall be heard and determined as if this act had not been passed.
APPENDIX T.
HOUSE BILL TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC HEALTH BY REGULATING THE PRO-
DUCTION AND SALE OF MILK, CREAM, AND ICE CREAM IN THE DISTRICT
OF COLUMBIA.
[H. R. 17506, Sixty-first Congress, second session. ]
A BILL To protect public health in the District of Columbia by regulating the produc-
tion and sale of milk, cream, and ice cream in and for the District of Columbia.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That no person shall, (first) produce
for sale, hold for sale, offer for sale, or sell, or have in his custody or possession
with intent te sell. in the District of Columbia, milk, cream, or ice cream, as
such, or milk or cream to be made into ice cream for sale, or (second) bring
or send milk, cream, or ice cream into said District for sale as such, or milk or
cream to be made into ice cream for sale, unless such milk, cream, or ice
eream is pure and wholesome and is produced, manufactured, transported, held,,
and offered for sale, and sold under sanitary conditions and in a sanitary man-:
ner, conforming to the regulations hereinafter authorized; nor unless nor until
392 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
licensed by the health officer of said District so to do; nor after any Jicense so
issued to him has been suspended or revoked and during the continuance of
such suspension or revocation. ;
Sec. 2. That no person shall produce for sale, hold for sale, offer for sale,
sell, or have in his custody or possesson with intent to sell, in the District of
‘Columbia, any milk, cream, or ice cream, either in or from any store, shop,
establishment, or wagon or other conveyance, or in or from any container or
receptacle whereon or wherein is any advertisement, sign, label, design, device,
trade-mark, trade name, name, or statement relating to such milk, cream, or
ice cream, or to any ingredient or substance contained therein, or relating to
the inspection, composition, character, purity, origin, test, class, or sanitary
condition thereof, which is false or misleading in any particular or in any man-
ner calculated to deceive; nor shall any person in said District in any manner
whatsoever falsely represent the inspection, composition, character, purity,
origin, test, class, or sanitary condition of any milk, cream, or ice cream which
he produces for sale, holds for sale, offers for sale, sells, or has in his custody
ba possession with intent to sell, or of any ingredient or substance contained
therein.
Sec. 3. That no person, either for himself or as the representative, agent,
servant, or employee of any other person or of any firm or corporation, shall
offer for transportation or send, or receive for transportation or carry, from any
State or Territory into the District of Columbia, any milk, cream, or ice cream,
for sale in said District, or any milk or cream to be manufactured into ice
eream therein for sale, unless the person offering for transportation or sending
such milk, cream, or ice cream, or else the person receiving for transportation or
earrying the same, is authorized under the provisions of this act to bring or
send such milk, cream, or ice cream into said District.
Src. 4. That it shall be the duty of the health officer of the District of
Columbia, and of such agents and employees in the service of the health
departnient as he may designate for that purpose, to enforce the provisions of .
this act and of all regulations made by authority thereof; and said health
officer and agents and employees are hereby authorized, in the performance of
the duty aforesaid, to enter and inspect all places where milk, cream, or ice
eream is sold or held, offered, or produced for sale in or for the District of
Columbia, and to inspect all milk, cream, and ice cream therein, and all cattle,
appliances, apparatus, utensils, and materials used in connection therewith,
and to board and examine all cars, boats, wagons, and other vehicles, and to
stop all wagons and other vehicles for that purpose. No person shall interfere
with said health officer or with any agent or employee aforesaid in the per-.
formance of his official duty, nor shall any person hinder, prevent, or refuse to
permit any inspection or examination aforesaid.
Sec. 5. That for the purposes of this act, and of any regulations made by
virtue hereof, any particular milk, cream, or ice cream shall be conclusively
presumed to be held and offered for sale, and held in custody or possession with
intent to sell, which, whether in bulk or in containers, is mingled with the
common stock of milk, cream, or ice cream, as the case may be, kept in or about
any store, shop, establishment, farm, or premises, or any wagon or other vehicle,
in, on, or from which such article or articles generally are produced for sale,
held for sale, or sold, or held in custody or possession with intent to sell.
Sec. 6. That any person who for himself, or as the employee: or agent of
another person, or aS a member, officer, employee, or agent of a firm or cor-
poration violates, or aids in the violation of any of the provisions of this act, or
of any regulations promulgated by the Commissioners of the District of Colum-
bia under the provisions thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding
forty dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than twenty days.
Src. 7. That the Commissioners of the District of Columbia be, and they are
hereby, authorized and empowered to make, promulgate, modify, and amend
from time to time such regulations as in their judgment may be necessary
to fix the classes and standards and the conditions and manner under which
milk, cream, and ice cream must be produced, manufactured, transported, held,
and offered for sale, and sold, in order to entitle the person, firm, or corpora-
tion producing, manufacturing, transporting, holding, or offering for sale or
selling the same to receive and to hold a license so to do, and to govern
the issue, suspension, and revocation of licenses aforesaid. And in the exer-
cise of the authority conferred by this act and in the execution of the
provisions hereof and of such regulations as may be promulgated under its
authority said commissioners shall, whenever in their judgment it is expedient
so to do, request the assistance of the Secretary of the Treasury and the- Secre-
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 393
tary of Agriculture, and said Secretaries of the Treasury and of Agriculture
are hereby authorized to grant such assistance in so far as they may deem it
compatible with the proper discharge of the duties of their respective depart-
ments so to do.
Src. 8. That all prosecutions under this act shall be in the police court of
the District of Columbia, upon information signed by the corporation counsel
of said District or by one of his assistants.
Sec. 9. That all money heretofore or hereafter appropriated and available,
or appropriated and to become available, for the enforcement of “An act to
regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes,”’
approved March second, eighteen hundred and ninety-five, be, and the same is
hereby, made available for the enforcement of this act and of the regulations
promulgated by authority thereof, including the employment of personal sery-
ices, when ordered in writing by the commissioners.
Src. 10. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of
this act be, and the same are hereby, repealed: Provided, however, That prose-
cution for anything done or omitted to be done in violations of any such act or
part of act prior to the passage of this act may be instituted, and if already
instituted shall be continued, after and notwithstanding the passage of this act,
and shall be heard and determined as if this act had not been passed.
APPENDIX U.
RESOLUTION OFFERED BY MR. LEVER, OF SOUTH CAROLINA, AUTHORIZING
THE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, TO
INVESTIGATE TO WHAT EXTENT TUBERCULOSIS IS PREVALENT AMONG
DAIRY AND FARM ANIMALS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ETC.
[H. Res. 605, Sixty-first Congress, second session.]
Whereas it appears from the official reports issued by the Department of Agri-
culture, particularly during the past two years, that the alarming prevalence
of tuberculosis in the human family in all parts of the United States and the
District of Columbia and the prevalence of typhoid fever and other diseases
which endanger the public health are due to a considerable extent to the con-
sumption of milk and cream obtained from diseased cows and to the consump-
tion of butter produced from milk and cream which contain tubercle bacilli
and typhoid bacilli; and
Whereas it is stated in said official reports that typhoid bacilli will remain alive
and virulent in butter manufactured from milk infected with such bacilli for
a period of at least one hundred and fifty-one days, and that during this
period of time these bacilli are ready to multiply whenever placed in suitable
environment; that tubercle bacilli may remain alive and virulent in ordinary
salted butter fully one hundred and sixty days after its manufacture from
milk and cream infected with such bacilli; and further that more than one
sample out of every twenty. samples of commercial or market milk from vari-
ous dairies supplying milk to the city of Washington were, by application of
the tuberculin test, recently found to be infected with tubercle bacilli, thereby
causing great danger to the public health; and
Whereas it is also stated that ten per centum of all dairy cows in the United
States are infected with tuberculosis; and
Whereas it is also stated in said official reports that the financial loss which is
chargeable to the prevalence of tuberculosis among farm animals amounts to
no less than twenty-three million dollars annually and is dangerously on the
increase: Therefore be it
Resolved, That the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives
be, and it hereby is, authorized and directed to investigate and ascertain the
condition of milk, cream, cheese, and butter offered for sale or transportation
in the District of Columbia; report to the House of Representatives its find-
ings as to the extent to which tuberculosis and other diseases are com-
municated to the human family by the sale of such infected articles of food,
and to what extent tuberculosis is prevalent among farm and dairy animals in
the District of Columbia, and report to the House of Representatives the reason
for the failure to enforce the pure-food law as it affects butter and butter
products in the United States.
394 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
APPENDIX V.
AMENDMENT TO HEALTH ORDINANCES, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, SPECIFYING
ACTUAL CONTENT FOR MILK BOTTLES, ETC.; PROMULGATED MAY 28,
1906.
EXECUTIVE OFFICE,
COMMISSIONERS OF THE DistrRicr OF COLUMBIA,
Washington, May 28, 1906.
Ordered: That the health ordinances of the District of Columbia be, and
they are hereby, amended by adding thereto the following:
ESTABLISHING A LIMIT OF TOLERANCE ON MILK BOTTLES OR JARS.
JuLy 29, 1901.
Ordered: That the schedule of fees for inspecting and sealing glass bottles or
jars used for the distribution or delivery of milk or cream to consumers,
adopted June 17, 1901, and suspended July 1 and July 10, 1901, is hereby
amended to read as follows, to take effect on and after the 1st of August, 1901:
That the glass bottles or jars used for the distribution or delivery of milk or
cream to consumers, that hold, when filled to a level with the bottom of the cap
or stopple, not less than 7 ounces and 6 drams and not over 8 ounces and 2
drams for one-half pint measure; not less than 15 ounces and 5 drams and not
over 16 ounces and 4 drams for 1 pint; not less than 31 ounces and 4 drams
and not over 82 ounces and 4 drams for 1 quart; not less than 47 ounces and
8 drams and not over 48 ounces and 5 drams for 3 pints; not less than 63 ounces
and 2 drams and not over 64 ounces and 6 drams for one-half gallon, shall be
sealed as measures and that all dealers in milk who use glass bottles or jars for
the distribution or delivery of milk or cream to consumers shall be charged a
fee of 50 cents per hundred bottles for such inspection and sealing, —
APPENDIX W.
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR LABELING OF MILK VESSELS IN DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA, APPROVED FEBRUARY 27, 1907.
AN ACT To amend section eight hundred and seventy-eight of the Code of Law for the
District of Columbia.
[34 Stats., 1006.]
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That section eight hundred and seventy-
eight of the Code of Law for the District of Columbia be, and the same is
hereby, amended by adding thereto the following:
“Src. 878a. That the following words shall, in addition to their ordinary
meaning, have the meaning herein given: The word ‘ person’ or ‘persons,’ in
sections eight hundred and seventy-eight b, ec, d, e, and g, inclusive, shall include
‘firms’ or ‘corporations;’ the word ‘ vessel’ or ‘ vessels,’ in sections eight hun-
dred and seventy-eight b, c, d, and e, shall include ‘cans,’ ‘ bottles,’ ‘ siphons,’
and ‘boxes;’ the word ‘mark’ or ‘marks’ shall include ‘labels,’ ‘ trade-marks,’
and all other methods of distinguishing ownership in vessels, whether printed
upon labels or blown into bottles or engraved and impressed upon cans or boxes.
“Serco. 878b. That persons engaged in producing, manufacturing, bottling, or
selling milk or cream, or any other lawful beverage composed principally of
milk, in vessels, with their name, trade-mark, or other distinctive mark, and
the word ‘ registered’ branded, engraved, blown, or otherwise produced thereon,
or on which a pasted trade-mark label is put upon which the word ‘ registered ’
is also distinctly printed, may file with the clerk of the supreme court of the
District of Columbia a description, by facsimile, or a sample of an original
package so marked or branded or blown, showing plainly such names and
marks thereon, together with their name in full, or their corporate name, and
also their place of business in the District of Columbia, and if so filed shall
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 395
cause the same to be published for not less than two weeks successively in a
daily or weekly newspaper published in the District of Columbia.
“Sro, 878c. That whoever, except the person who shall have filed and pub-
lished a description of the same as aforesaid, fills with milk or cream, or other
beverage, as aforesaid, with intent to sell the same, any vessel so marked and
distinguished as aforesaid, the description of which shall have been filed and
published as provided in the preceding section, or defaces, erases, covers up,
or otherwise removes or conceals any such name or mark as aforesaid, or the
word ‘registered’ thereon, or sells, buys, gives, takes, or otherwise disposes of, or
traffics in the same without: having purchased the contents thereof from the
person whose name is in or upon such vessel, or without the written consent of
such person, shall, for the first offense, be punished by a fine of not less than
fifty cents for each such vessel, or by imprisonment for not less than ten days
nor more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and for each
subsequent offense by a fine of not less than one nor more than five dollars for
each such vessel, or by imprisonment for not less than twenty days nor more
than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
“Sec. 878d. That the use or possession by any person not engaged in the
production or sale of milk or cream or other beverage as aforesaid, except the
person who shall so have filed and published a description of the same as afore-
said, of any vessel marked or distinguished as aforesaid, the description of
which shall have been filed and published as aforesaid, without purchase of the
contents thereof from, or the written consent of, the person who shall so have
filed and published the said description, shall be prima facie evidence of the
unlawful use, possession of, or traffic in, such vessel, and the person so using or
in possession of the same, except the person who shall so have filed and pub-
lished the said description as aforesaid, shall be punished as in the next pre-
ceding section provided.
“Sec. 878e. That upon complaint of any person who has complied with sec-
tion eight hundred and seventy-eight b, or of his agent, to the police court of
the District of Columbia, or one of the judges thereof, that such person, or
agent, has reason to believe, and does believe, that any person’ within the Dis-
trict of Columbia is guilty of the violation of any provision of this act, the said
court or judge may issue a search warrant to discover and obtain such vessels
as aforesaid and their contents, and may also cause to be brought before the
said court or judge the person so believed to be guilty, or his agent or employee,
in whose possession or upon whose wagon or premises any such vessel or vessels
may be found; and any such person, agent, or employee found guilty of a viola-
tion of any of the provisions of this act shall be punished as aforesaid, and the
said court or judge shall also order the property taken upon any such search
warrant to be delivered to its owner.
“Src. 878f. That the clerk of the supreme court of the District of Columbia
is hereby authorized to make regulations and prescribe forms for the filing of
labels, trade-marks, or other distinctive marks under the provisions of the
foregoing amendments to section eight hundred and seventy-eight.
“Src. 878g. That nothing in the foregoing amendments to section eight hun-
dred and seventy-eight shall prevent or restrain any person who is the legal
owner of a trade-mark or label from proceeding in an action of tort against
any person found guilty of violating any subsection of section eight hundred and
seventy-eight.”
Approved, February 27, 1907.
APPENDIX X.
EXCERPT FROM DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA APPROPRIATION ACT INHIBITING
HEALTH DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES FROM SERVING DAIRYMEN OR DAIRY
FARMERS OR MANUFACTURERS OF OR DEALERS IN FOODS AND DRUGS,
APPROVED MARCH 2, 1907.
{34 Stat., 1119.]
Provided, That hereafter no officer or employee of the health department
shall, during his continuance in office, serve in his private capacity, for fee,
gift, or reward, any person licensed to keep or maintain a dairy or dairy farm
396 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
in said District or to bring or to send milk into said District, or any person
who has applied or is about to apply for such license, or any manufacturer or
dealer in foods, drugs, or disinfectants, or similar materials: Provided further,
That every place where milk is sold shall be deemed a dairy under the law for
purposes of inspection. (Approved, March 2, 1907.)
APPENDIX Y.
ORDERS RESTRICTING SALE OF MILK IN EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.
Special order.] DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
Washington, D. C., October 14, 1910.
To the chiefs of bureaus, offices, and independent divisions:
In order that no milk containing extraneous matter, raw milk from cows
not known to be free of tuberculosis, or milk of unknown origin may be sold
within certain buildings occupied by the Department of Agriculture in Wash-
ington, D. C., it is hereby ordered that no milk shall be sold within any build-
ing occupied by the Department of Agriculture which is not equal to the classi-
fication as defined in Bureau of Animal Industry Circular 114.
The determinations as to the standards of such milk shall be made by the
Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry.
Officers of the various bureaus and divisions in which milk is used will see
that this order is enforced.
Effective October 25, 1910.
JAMES WILSON,
Attest: Secretary of Agriculture.
C. C. CuarK, Chief Clerk.
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT,
State, WAR, AND NAvy DEPARTMENT BUILDING,
Washington, January 20, 1911.
Mr. J. Louris WILLIGE,
Chairman Milk Committee,
Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir: In response to your request by telephone this morning I am quoting
below my circular letter of December 13, 1910, governing the sale of milk in
this building. Copies of this letter were supplied to the chief clerks of the
State, War, and Navy Departments.
“ OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT,
STATE, WAR, AND NAvy DrPARTMENT BUILDING,
Washington, December 18, 1910.
Sir: I have the honor to invite your attention to the fact that the commis-
sion in charge of this building has decided that no milk shall be sold in the
buildings under this office unless it is equal to the sanitary standard and com-
plies with the classification established by the Bureau of Animal Industry,
Department of Agriculture.
In order to comply with these instructions, watchmen will be ordered to per-
mit the delivery of milk only by persons having a permit from this office.
These orders will be enforced on January 1, 1911, and thereafter. Arrangement
has been made with the Department of Agriculture to examine and classify
samples of milk proposed to be furnished, and to make from time to time neces-
sary analysis of milk actually delivered.
You are requested to notify the employees of your department of these facts,
and to inform them that dealers desiring to supply milk should communicate
with Mr. Ernest Kelly, Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department
of Agriculture, with reference to the examination of samples of milk to be
furnished.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 397
A number of copies of Special Order of October 14, 1910, and of extract from
Circular 114, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, are
inclosed for your information.”
Very respectfully, U. S. Grant, 3d,
First Lieutenant, Corps of Engineers, Superintendent.
Wark DEPARTMENT,
Washington, December 138, 1910.
Str: Referring to previeus correspondence on the subject, I have the honor
to quote for your information the following order, issued December 12, 1910, by
the department concerning the sale of milk in the buildings under its jurisdic-
tion in this city:
“Tt is directed by the Secretary of War that on and after January 2, 1911,
no dealer will be permitted to sell milk to employees of the War Department in
the State, War, and Navy Department Building, and in the outside buildings
under the jurisdiction of this department, unless he shall show as his authority
therefor a ‘milk permit’ issued. by the superintendent of the State, War, and
Navy Department Building, or the superintendent of the outside buildings,
Capt. M. R. Thorp.”
This action has been taken in the interests of public health, and milk per-
mits will be issued only by the officials named to such dealers as have fully
complied with the requirements of the Department of Agriculture governing
sanitary milk.” i
Very respectfully, RosBert SHAW OLIVER,
Assistant Secretary of War.
Mr. J. Louris WILLIGE,
Chairman Special Committee,
Washington Chamber. of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
Navy DEPARTMENT,
Washington, November 18, 1910.
Sir: Referring to your letter No. 121463, of November. 8, 1910, recommend-
ing the issuance of an order prohibiting the sale of milk within any building
occupied by the Navy Department which is not equal to the classification as
defined in Bureau of Animal Industry Circular No. 114, a transcript of which is
printed on the back of special order issued by the Secretary of Agriculture,
copy of which was inclosed with your letter, the department incloses herewith
a list of milk dealers furnishing milk to the personnel of the bureaus and offices
of the Navy Department. The department desires that you communicate with
these dealers and state that it is the department’s intention to publish for the
information of employees a list of dealers in milk whose milk comes up to the
required test, and that if they so desire, the department will test their milk
unless it has already been tested by competent authority.
Very respectfully,
BEEKMAN WINTHROP,
Acting Secretary of the Navy.
The SURGEON GENERAL, UNITED STATES Navy,
Navy Department.
LIST OF MILK DEALERS FURNISHING MILK TO THE PERSONNEL OF THE BUREAUS AND
OFFICES OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT.
Baltimore & Washington White Cross Milk Co. (Inc.), Ninth and N Streets
NW., Washington.
H. L. Alden, 211 Tenth Street SW., Washington. D. C.
Geo. M. Oyster, 1116 Connecticut Avenue NW., Washington, D. C.
Walker-Gordon Laboratory of Washington, D. C., 1020 Connecticut Avenue
NW., Washington. D. C.
Dulin’s Dairy, 1021 Twentieth Street NW., Washington, D. C.
George A. Wise & Bro., 3310 R Street NW., Washington, D. C.
398 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Special order.] DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
Washington, November 5, 1910.
To the chiefs of bureaus, offices, and independent divisions:
In order that no milk containing extraneous matter, raw milk from cows
not known to be free of tuberculosis, or milk of unknown origin may be sold
within certain buildings occupied by the Department of the Interior in Wash-
ington, D. C., it is hereby ordered that no milk shall be sold within any build-
ing occupied by the Department of the Interior which is not equal to the clas-
sification as defined in Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture,
Circular 114.
The determinations as to the standards of such milk shall be made by the
Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, and no person or company will
be permitted to sell milk in any of the buildings under this department unless a
permit is obtained from the chief clerk of this department, countersigned by the
Chief of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agri-
culture.
Officers of the various bureaus and divisions in which milk is used will see
that this order is enforced.
HKifective November 16, 1910.
R. A. BALLINGER,
Secretary of the Interior.
Attest :
CLEMENT S. Ucketr, Chief Clerk.
MILK PERMIT.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
November 8, 1910.
Admit to buildings and grounds occupied by the Department of
the Interior for the purpose of selling milk. This permit is valid until November
30, 1910, but may be revoked at any time for failure to comply with special
departmental order in relation to classification of milk. :
Acting Chief Clerk. |
[Indorsement on stub:]
Chief, Dairy Div., B. A. I., Dept. of Agriculture.
RULES GOVERNING THE SALE OF MILK IN BUILDINGS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COM-
MERCE AND LABOR.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
Washington, December 1, 1910.
To officers and employees of Department of Commerce and Labor in Washington,
DEV OR:
In order that no milk containing extraneous matter, raw milk from cows not
known to be free from tuberculosis, or milk of unknown origin may be sold in
buildings or parts of buildings under the jurisdiction of the department in
Washington, it is hereby ordered that no milk shall be sold in any such build-
ings or parts of buildings that is not equal to the classification as defined in
Circular No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture,
a transcript from which is printed on the reverse side of this circular.
The standard of such milk shall be determined by the Dairy Division, Bureau
‘of Animal Industry; and no person or company shall be permitted to sell milk
in any of the buildings or parts of buildings above mentioned without a permit
from the chief clerk of the department, countersigned by the Chief of the
Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture.
CO ——
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 399
Officers in charge of buildings in which milk is delivered will see that this
_order is enforced and that no milk is sold therein except under permit as above
provided for.
This order shall be effective beginning December 15, 1910.
CHARLES NAGEL, Secretary.
APPENDIX Z.
CORRESPONDENCE WITH OFFICIALS OF EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND INDE-
PENDENT GOVERNMENT BUREAUS IN WASHINGTON, D. C., RELATING TO
ISSUANCE OF ORDERS REGULATING MILK FURNISHED TO EMPLOYEES AT
BUILDINGS.
DECEMBER 3, 1910.
Mr. J. Louris WILLIGE,
Chairman Special Committee, Chamber of Commerce,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: The department acknowledges the receipt of your letter of the 28th
instant in which you inquire whether an order is about to be issued by this
department in regard to the milk supplied to its employees.
In reply you are informed that the matter referred to is under consideration
by the commission in charge of the State, War, and Navy Building. No order
has as yet been issued.
I am, sir, your obedient servant, WM. McNEIR,
Chief Clerk.
Wak DEPARTMENT,
Washington, November 29, 1910.
Siz: Referring to your inquiry of 28th instant as to whether the War Depart-
ment will issue an order providing that milk supplied to its employees during
the luncheon hour shall conform to the classification in Circular No. 114, of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, I beg to advise you
that this matter is now being considered by the department, and when a deter-
mination is reached in the premises further advices will be furnished you.
Very respectfully,
Rosert SHAW OLIVER,
Acting Secretary of War.
J. Louis WIL.Licr, Hsq.,
Chairman Special Committee,
Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
NAvy DEPARTMENT,
Washington, December 1, 1910.
Sir: Replying to your letter of November 28, 1910, the department incloses
herewith a copy of its letter of November 18, 1910, to the Surgeon General of
the Navy, on the subject of milk furnished by milk dealers to the personnel
of bureaus and offices of-the Navy Department.
Very respectfully,
BEEKMAN WINTHROP,
Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
The CHAIRMAN SPECIAL COMMITTEE,
Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
Washington, November 30, 1910.
Mr. J. Louris WILtLIGE,
Chairman Special Committee on Local Milk Situation,
1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C.
Sir: In response to your communication of November 28, 1910, there are
inclosed several copies of special order, dated November 5, 1910, governing the
400 #=‘THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
sale of milk in buildings under the control of this department, and several
copies of ‘milk permit” authorizing milk dealers to sell milk within said build-
ings, from which you will be able to obtain the information requested.
Very respectfully,
FRANK Pierce, Acting Secretary.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
Washington, November 29, 1910.
Mr. J. Louis WILLIGE,
Chairman Committee to Investigate Milk Situation,
Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. O.
DeEaAR Sir: To comply with the request in your letter of the 28th instant, I
beg to inclose a copy of a circular this department proposes to issue regulating
the sale of milk in buildings occupied by the Department of Commerce and
Labor.
Very truly, yours, CHARLES NAGEL, Secretary.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, December 8, 1910.
Mr. J. Louis WILLIGE,
Chairman Special Committee,
Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
Sir: By direction of the Secretary I have to acknowledge the receipt of your
letter of November 28, 1910, making inquiry as to whether any regulations
have been issued in this department regarding the milk supplied to its em-
ployees.
In reply, you are informed that no such instructions have been issued up to
the present time. For your information I might state that there are but three
dealers supplying milk to this building, their names and the amounts furnished
daily being as follows:
Quarts
Wallace & Watson, 2306 L Street NW_____------------____-_--_------ 20
Baltimore & Washington White Cross Milk Co., Ninth and N Streets NW_ 18
Thompson Dairy, 511 Feur-and-a-half Street SW_________-___-- =e 6
Respectfully,
JAMES L. WILMETH, Chief Clerk.
Post OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF CLERK,
Washington, December 7, 1910.
Mr. J. Louris WILLIGE, :
Chairman Special Committee, Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
Dear Srr: I am directed by the Postmaster General to acknowledge the re-
ceipt of your letter of the 28th ultimo, in which you ask to be furnished with
copies of such orders as may be issued by this department relative to the sale
of milk in buildings under its control.
In reply, I beg to advise you that no orders have been issued on the subject,
the department considering it one coming peculiarly under the supervision of
the District health authorities. !
Very truly, yours, T, L. WEED, Chief Celrk.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF CLERK,
Washington, November 30, 1910.
Mr. J. Louis WILLIGE,
The Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir: The department is in receipt of your letter of the 28th instant,
requesting to be advised whether it is contemplated to prepare a circular along
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 401
the lines of Circular 114 of the Department of Agriculture, with reference to
milk supplied to employees in this department during luncheon hour. In reply
thereto I beg to inform you that as the quantity of milk taken by the employees
of this department amounts to almost nothing, no action in this respect is con-
templated.
Respectfully, O. J. Frewp, Chief Clerk.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
Washington, December 8, 1910.
Drak MR. WILLIGE: In reply to your communication of November 28, with
reference to establishing a restrictive standard for the milk supplied to em-
ployees at the lunch hour, there has been no order issued by the Institution or
its branches in this connection.
Very truly, yours, C. D. WALCOTT,
Secretary.
Mr. J. Louis WILLIGE,
Chairman Special Committee,
The Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
OFFICE oF THE PUBLIC PRINTER,
Washington, December 1, 1910.
Sir: This will acknowledge receipt of your communication of the 28th
instant, making inquiry as to the rules governing the sale of milk to employees
in the Government Printing Office.
In reply, I have the honor to advise that dealers to whom permits are issued
by the Public Printer authorizing them to sell milk in the Government Printing
Office are first required to furnish satisfactory evidence that they have been
authorized by the health department of the District of Columbia to sell milk.
Any deviation from this practice has not up to this time been contemplated.
Respectfully,
SaML. B. DONNELLY,
Public Printer.
J. Louris WILuIcE, Hsq.,
Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
BUILDING AND GROUNDS, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS,
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT,
Wiashenoten, D. C., January 4, 1911.
Mr. J. Louis WILLIGE,
Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington: D. CG.
My Dear Sir: Your letter of November 28, 1910, addressed to the Librarian
of Congress, on behalf of a special committee of the Washington Chamber of |
Commerce, on the subject of milk supplied to the Library of Congress em-
-ployees, was referred to me as the officer in charge of the Library Building.
It is my duty to explain that the delay in my reply has been due somewhat
to the unusual nature of the question and uncertainty as to the scope and
application of Circular No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the
Department of Agriculture to which it refers.
Now that I have been able to read it rather carefully, I am prepared to state
that I feel quite sure that should the Government departments issue an order
regulating the quality of the supply of milk furnished to the lunch rooms and
employees in their several buildings the Library of Congress would do likewise,
and, furthermore, that should the Department of Agriculture issue such an
order the Library of Congress would follow it as far as practicable.
Yours, very truly,
BERNARD R. GREEN, Superintendent.
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3——26
402 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
APPENDIX AA.
ORDER GOVERNING MILK USED IN INSTITUTIONS UNDER CONTROL OF DIS-<
TRICT GOVERNMENT PROMULGATED NOVEMBER 8, 1910.
COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,
Washington, November 8, 1910.
Ordered, That the purchase of milk by the District of Columbia for use in
institutions under its control is limited to milk that has been properly pasteur-
ized or that has come from tuberculin-tested herds.
By order:
WILLIAM TINDALL,
Secretary Board of Commissioners, District of Colwmbia.
APPENDIX AB.
ORDER OF DISTRICT COMMISSIONERS FOR COMPULSORY TUBERCULIN TEST-
ING OF CATTLE WITHIN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, PROMULGATED NOVEM-
BER 27, 1909, TOGETHER WITH AMENDMENT OF MARCH 5, 1910.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
ORDER OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FOR THE SUPPRESSION
AND PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE.
EXECUTIVE OFFICE,
COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Washington, November 26, 1909.
Ordered: The Commissioners of the District of Columbia haying learned that
tuberculosis, a communicable disease, prevails among the cattle in the District
of Columbia and adjacent States, do hereby, pursuant to law, authorize and
direct the following measures for the prompt suppression and to prevent the
spread of bovine tuberculosis within the District of Coborniore and to adjoining
States:
SrcTIon 1. It is hereby aiiecaTl that no cattle shall, in any manner, be re-
moved from the District of Columbia except upon written permission from the
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry or the health officer of the District of
Columbia, which removal shall only be granted for cattle which have success-
fully passed an official tuberculin test, or are for immediate slaughter at an
establishment at which United States meat inspection is maintained.
Sec. 2. Any person, firm, or corporation desiring to bring any cattle into the
District of Columbia, except as provided in section 3, paragraph (c), shall first
make application and obtain a permit from the Chief of the Bureau of Animal
Industry or from the health officer of the District of Columbia. The said,
application shall be in writing, stating the number, sex, and the age of the
cattle, whether over or under 6 months old, the exact place, date, and time at
which it is desired to enter said cattle, and their destination within the District
of Columbia, together with a declaration showing clearly the purpose for which
the cattle are desired to be entered, whether for immediate slaughter, feeding,
or breeding purposes, or for milk production.
Sec. 3. (@) Cattle offered for entry into the District of Columbia must be
accompanied by a permit, as provided in section 2, and must be identified by an
official veterinarian of the Bureau of Animal Industry or of the health depart-
ment of the District of Columbia, and must be appropriately tagged before
entrance is permitted, except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section.
(b) Cattle over 6 months old, for purposes other than immediate slaughter,
unless accompanied by a satisfactory certificate of tuberculin test by a vet-
erinary inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry or an official veterinarian
of the health department of the District of Columbia or of the State from which
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 403
brought, must be immediately taken after identification, as provided in para-
graph (@) of this section, to a place designated by the Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry or health officer of the District of Columbia, and there quar-
antined apart from all other cattle until officially tuberculin tested and dis-
posed of in aceordance with these regulations: Provided, That no indemnity
shall be allowed for such cattle as shall be slaughtered on account of their being
deemed to be tuberculous. When accompanied by certificate of tuberculin test,
as herein provided, the said certificate must show the place and the date, within
thirty days of being offered for entry, of inspection and tuberculin testing, alse
temperature chart, description of the animal or animals, age, markings, and tag
numbers, if tagged.
(c) Cattle for immediate slaughter may enter the District of Columbia if
tagged in accordance with paragraph (a@) and without the tuberculin test, on
condition that the tag therein provided for shall remain attached to the hide
until removed in the presence of an employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry
or of the health department of the District of Columbia, to either of whom it
shall be delivered. The owner of the animal et the time of slaughter is hereby
required to notify the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry or the health
officer of the District of Columbia, stating the place where the hides will be
found. If shipped in cars and consigned direct to an establishment having
United States meat inspection, cattle for immediate slaughter may enter the
District of Columbia without complying with section 2 and section 38, paragraph
(a): Provided, however, That the consignee shall keep a complete record of
each animal received, date of receipt, its place of origin, railroads traversed,
name of shipper, and butcher class to which each animal belongs, and shall
report the same before the slaughter of any such animals to the Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry through the veterinary inspector stationed at that
establishment.
(d) Cattle under 6 months old for purposes other than immediate slaughter,
when not accompanied by certificates as indicated in paragraph (0), may be
brought into the District of Columbia as provided in paragraph (@), but said
eattle must be accompanied -by affidavits by the breeder or feeder and by the
owner or shipper, said affidavits to state that tuberculosis has not been known
to exist on the premises, during the six months immediately preceding the offer
for entry, upon which said animals have been kept.
Sec. 4. Cattle over 6 months old already within the District of Columbia shall
be inspected and tuberculin tested by a veterinary inspector of the Bureau of
Animal Industry or of the health department of the District of Columbia. Cat-
tle under 6 months old shall, in the same manner, be inspected, and when
deemed necessary shall be tuberculin tested, said inspection and tuberculin
testing to be repeated annually, or at such times as the Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry or the health officer of the District of Columbia may direct.
All such cattle shall be officially tagged “‘U. S., B. A. I.,”’ with a serial number,
or “U.S., B. A. I., Reacted,” with a serial number.
’ Sec. 5. All cattle already within the District of Columbia which are deemed
to be tuberculous, either as a result of physical examination or the tuberculin
test, shall be slaughtered within a time and at a place designated by the Chief
of the Bureau of Animal Industry or the health officer of the District of Colum-:
bia, and shall be subject to official post-mortem inspection, and the carcass of
any such animal shall be disposed of according to the meat-inspection regula-
tions of the Bureau of Animal Industry. All such cattle shall be appraised
before being slaughtered, the owners to be indemnified, as hereinafter provided,
from any available appropriation made by Congress for the Bureau of Animal
Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture for carrying out the
provisions of the act of May 29, 1884, except as specified in section 8 of these
regulations: Provided, That no liability shall be incurred under these regula-
tions by the United States Department of Agriculture in excess of the funds
available from the aforesaid appropriation of Congress, and whenever the Chief
of the Bureau of Animal Industry shall deem it necessary or advisable, because
of the lack of funds for the aforesaid purpose, he shal! notify the health officer
of the District of Columbia to that effect, and thereafter no liabilities shall
accrue against the United States on account of any act done or permitted under
these regulations.
Sec. 6. (a@) The health officer of the District of Columbia shall designate or
request the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry to designate an appraiser,
who shall appraise each animal within five days prior to the date of slaughter,
basing the amount upon the class and market value of the animal at the time
of the appraisal, whether for breeding purposes or for meat or milk: production.
=
404 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Animals reacting to the tuberculin test but not exhibiting any physical eyvi-
dence of tuberculosis shall be appraised without considering the presence of a
diseased condition, but animals exhibiting any physical evidence of tuberculosis
shall be appraised as diseased animals. The amount of appraisal shall not in
any case exceed the sum of seventy-five dollars for a purebred and registered
animal, or the sum of fifty dollars for a grade or nonregistered animal. If the
amount of appraisal of any animal, as determined by the appraiser designated,
is not satisfactory to the owner or owners of such animal, a written notice of
such fact, setting forth the reasons for complaint, shall be forwarded upon the
day of appraisal to the health officer of the District of Columbia. The amount
of the appraisal shall then be determined by arbitrators, one to be appointed by
the health officer of the District of Columbia or the Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry and one by the owner or owners of the animal or animals.
‘If the said arbitrators are not able to agree as to the amount of appraisal, a
third arbitrator shall be appointed by them, whose decision shall be final.
Arbitrators shall be paid at a rate of compensation not to exceed five dollars
per diem and necessary expenses. Compensation for the arbitrator appointed
by the owner, and the third arbitrator, if appointed, shall be paid from the
fund of the United States Department of Agriculture if the decision made is
against the arbitrator appointed by the health officer or the Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, but if the decision is in favor of such arbitrator
the owner shall pay the compensation of the arbitrator appointed by him, and
the third arbitrator, if appointed.
(b) Following the appraisal of animals, in accordance with paragraph (@)
of this séction, the amount of reimbursement shall be determined by the results
of post-mortem inspection according to the following rules:
_ Rule 1. If any animal is found, upon post-mortem inspection, not to be
affected with tuberculosis, the carcass and other edible portions shall be passed
for food, and the owner shall sell the same, including all accompanying parts,
for a reasonable price, which price shall be deducted from the amount of
appraisal, and the balance, if any, thus remaining, shall be paid from any
fund available for that purpose.
Rule 2. If any animal is found, upon post-mortem inspection, to be affected
with tuberculosis, and the lesions are such that the carcass and parts of the
carcass are passed for food, the owner shall sell the same, including all ac-
companying parts, for a reasonable price, which price shall be deducted from
eighty per centum of the amount of the appraisal, and the balance, if any,
thus remaining shall be paid from any fund available for that purpose.
Rule 8. If any animal, upon post-mortem inspection, is condemned for offal,
the owner’ shall sell the hide for a reasonable price, which price shall be de-
ducted from forty per centum of the amount of the appraisal, and the balance,
if any, thus remaining shall be paid from any fund available for that purpose.
Src. 7. Any premises upon which there have been kept animals affected with
tuberculosis shall be disinfected promptly after the removal of such animals,
and in a manner satisfactory to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry
or the health officer of the District of Columbia, said disinfection to be at the
expense of the owner or owners of the premises or of the owner of the animals.
Sec. 8. Any owner, shipper, or common earrier bringing any cattle into the
District of Columbia in violation of these regulations will be liable to prosecu-
ton, and the cattle shall be immediately removed, at the owner’s expense, from
the District of Columbia. Such cattle, however, may remain in the District of
Columbia if inspected and tuberculin tested under the following conditions:
The owner or owners shall first sign an agreement providing for thé inspection
and tuberculin test by a veterinary inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry
or of the health department of the District of Columbia, and if any one or
more of the said animals should then be deemed tuberculous, that he or they
will cause such animals to be slaughtered in accordance with the specifications
of section five of these regulations; and further, that no claim for reimburse-
ment for any loss which might be thus sustained will ever be made against the
United States Department of Agriculture, or any other branch of the United
States Government, or the District of Columbia, or any officer or department
thereof.
Src. 9. Any person violating any of these regulations, or entering cattle by
fraudulent means, or using false or fraudulent tags, or interfering in any
way with the work of any official, or using any false or fraudulent means to
enable any cattle to pass the tuberculin test, shall be punished by a fine of not
more than forty dollars nor less than five dollars.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 405
The foregoing regulations shall go into effect upon their approval by the
Secretary of Agriculture.
Henry B. F. MACFARLAND,
Henry L. WEST,
WILLIAM V. JUDSON,
Commissioners of the District of Columbia.
.
Approved, November 27, 1909.
t JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.
Notr.—The States of Maryland and Virginia require tuberculin test for dairy and neat
eattle entering from other States.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
AMENDMENT TO ORDER OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FOR
THE SUPPRESSION AND PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE.
EXECUTIVE OFFICE, .
CoMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Washington, March 5, 1910.
Ordered, That paragraph (c) of section 3 of the order of the Commissioners
of the District of Columbia of November 26, 1909, for the suppression and pre-
vention of the spread of bovine tuberculosis within the District of Columbia
and to adjoining States, is hereby amended to read as follows:
“(e) Cattle for immediate slaughter may enter the District of Columbia if
tagged in accordance with paragraph (a) and without the tuberculin test, on
condition that the tag therein provided for shall remain attached to the hide
until removed in the presence of an employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry
or of the health department of the District of Columbia, to either of whom it
shall be delivered. The owner of the animal at the time of slaughter is hereby
required to notify the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry or the health
officer of the District of Columbia, stating the place where the hides will be
found, except that cattle under six months old, castrated cattle, and cattle
Shipped in cars consigned direct to an establishment having United States meat
inspection, may enter the District of Columbia for immediate slaughter without
complying with section 2 and section 3, paragraph (a): Provided, however,
That the consignee at any official establishment shall keep a complete record of
each animal received, date of receipt, its place of origin, railroads traversed,
name of shipper, and butcher class to which each animal belongs, and shall
report the same before the slaughter of any such animals to the Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry through the veterinary inspector stationed at that
establishment.”
The foregoing amendment shall go into effect upon its approval by the Secre-
tary of Agriculture.
Approved.
Cuno H. RupDoLPH,
JOHN A. JOHNSTON,
W. V. JUDSON,
Commissioners of the District of Columbia.
Approved March 8, 1910.
JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.
APPENDIX AC.
REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON THE CONTROL OF BOVINE
TUBERCULOSIS.
s
MEMBERS.
Senator W. C. Edwards, Ottawa, Canada, member of the Canadian Parliament
and one of the most extensive live-stock breeders in the Dominion.
406 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
J. J. Ferguson, Chicago, Ill., chief of the animal husbandry work of Swift
& Co.
J. W. Flavelle, Toronto, Canada, head of one of the large packing companies
of Canada.
W.D. Hoard, Fort Atkinson, Wis., editor Hoard’s Dairyman, and former goy-
ernor of Wisconsin.
Dr. C. A. Hodgetts, Toronto, Canada, health officer of the Province of Ontario.
Dr. J. N. Hurty, Indianapolis, Ind., secretary of the Indiana State Board of
Health.
Dr. J. R. Mohler, Washington, D: C., Chief of the Pathological Division of the
Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture.
Dr. V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y., professor of pathology of Cornell University.
Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis., professor of bacteriology, University of
Wisconsin.
Dr. M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn., professor of veterinary science, Univer-
sity of Minnesota.
Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Washington, D. C., superintendent of the Bethesda (Md.)
Experiment Station of the Department of Agriculture.
T. W. Tomlinson, Denver, Colo., secretary of the American National Live
Stock Association. ;
Dr. F. Torrance, Winnipeg, Canada, professor of veterinary science, Univer-
sity of Manitoba.
Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Ottawa, Canada, veterinary director general of Canada.
First meeting, Buffalo, N. Y., December 13 and 14, 1909; second meeting,
Tetroit, Mich., March 1 and 2, 1910; third meeting, Ottawa, Canada, May 19,
20, and 21, 1910; fourth meeting, Madison, Wis., June 27 and 28, 1910.
By the American Veterinary Medical Association, in annual meeting assem-
bled, at Chicago, Ill., in the month of September, in the year 1909, the follow-
ing gentlemen were constituted an international commission to study the methods
of the control of bovine tuberculosis and to submit a report to the association
on the occasion of its next annual meeting: J. G. Rutherford, Leonard Pearson,
Vv. A. Moore, Hon. W. D. Hoard, Frederick Torrance, H. C. Schroeder, M. H.
Reynolds, Hon. W. C. Edwards, C. A. Hodgetts, M. D., J. R. Mohler, Louis F.
Swift, and J. W. Flavelle.
The commission met in Buffalo, N. Y., on the 15th day of December, 1909,
and elected as chairman Dr. J. G. Rutherford, of Ottawa, Canada, and as
secretary Dr. M. H. Reynolds, of St. Paul, Minn.
Owing to the death of Dr. Leonard Pearson and the inability to act of Mr.
Louis F. Swift, the president appointed in the stead of these gentlemen, respec-
tively, Dr. M. P. Ravenel, of Madison, Wis., and Mr. T. W. Tomlinson, of
Denver, Colo. Later, at the request of the commission, the president appointed
Mr. J. J. Ferguson, of Chicago, Ill, as representative of the United States
packing industry, and Dr. J. N. Hurty, of Indianapolis, Ind., as representative
of the medical health officers of the United States.
The President of the American Veterinary Medical Association:
Owing to the great economic and sanitary Significance of animal tuboeeulons
to the live-stock industry of America and the many and varied factors which
must of necessity be accounted with in formulating successful measures for its
eradication, the American Veterinary Medical Association, at its meeting in
Chicago in September, 1909, appointed the international commission on the
control of bovine tuberculosis. The commission was instructed to study the
problem of tuberculosis among cattle and to report at the next meeting of the
association upon reasonable and economically practicable methods or systems
to be recommended to both officials and live-stock owners for eradicating this
great scourge of domesticated animals.
It is recognized that tuberculosis is widely prevalent among cattle and other
animals, and that the frequency with which this great evil occurs is. increasing
rather than declining. As tuberculosis is one of the strictly preventable infec-
tions, there is good ground for the belief that through the formulation and
enforcement of proper regulations the disease may eventually be entirely
suppressed.
The commission has held four meine! as follows: Buffalo, N. Y., December
13 and 14, 1909; Detroit, Mich., March 1 and 2, 1910; Ottawa, Canada, May 19,
20, and 21, 1910: Madison, Wis., June 27 and 28, 1910, all of which were well
attended, very few of the members having on any occasion been absent. The -
commission begs to present as a result of its labors the following report, which,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 407
although brief, will, on examination, be found to comprise the principal points
essential to the promulgation of a comprehensive and practical policy, such as
may reasonably be adopted by any governmental body interested in the control
of bovine tuberculosis.
It is quite unnecessary, in view of the extensive knowledge already possessed
by all who are familiar with the efforts which have hitherto been made to secure
control of bovine tuberculosis, to dwell at any length upon the importance of the
subject or upon the conditions which led to the formation of the commission.
In view of the personnel of the commission as selected by the American Vet-
erinary Medical Association, and of the fact that so much information on the
subject has been made available through the work of similar bodies in other
countries and the researches of scientific and practical men in America and else-
where, the commission has not deemed it necessary to take any evidence either
from expert witnesses or others.
The members fully understood that the purpose which their appointment was
intended to serve was less the acquisition of new knowledge regarding bovine
tuberculosis than the careful study of the knowledge already available and of
the thoughts and opinions of those most entitled to speak with authority on the
subject.
The conclusions reached in this report are therefore simply the outcome of an
earnest and thoughtful consideration of the various modern aspects and phases
of the problem, with the object of crystallizing public opinion and so clearing
the way for legislative action.
They realized also that they could deal with fundamental principles only and
that the details of any policy which they might outline must in each case be
worked out by the duly authorized and responsible representatives of the com-
munity immediately concerned.
They nevertheless deemed it essential to study closely the history of the
various efforts hitherto made by such countries throughout the world as have
attempted to legislate on the subject.
This naturally led to the gradual elimination of all methods other than such
as might reasonably be adopted by any community desiring in full light of
present-day knowledge to undertake the control of bovine tuberculosis.
It was felt, in view of the prevalence of the disease, especially in some locali-
ties and among certain classes of cattle, the difficulty of providing a sufficient
number of trained officials and the large economic questions involved, to say
nothing of the enormous expenditure, that it would be unwise, for the present at
least, to seriously discuss a policy of universal compulsory testing and slaughter.
Such a policy might perhaps be adopted with advantage by a small com-
munity or one in which the disease existed to a very limited extent, but, speak-
ing generally, especially in view of past experiences in this line, it was thought
better to omit it entirely from the recommendations of the commission.
All other methods of dealing with bovine tuberculosis which have been recom-
mended or tried in various communities were thoroughly discussed, with the
object of discarding weak points and adopting such features as might be deemed
worthy of a place in the official findings of the commission.
_ Every phase of the subject was in this way fully and freely considered, it
being thought best to cover the whole ground as completely as ee before
coming to a definite decision on any one point.
In order to still further minimize the risk of omitting fram the delmerstions
of the commission any phase of the question four committees were appointed at
the first meeting to deal, respectively, with:
(1) Education and legislation.
(2) Location of tuberculosis.
(3) Dissemination.
(4) Disposition of tuberculous animals.
The appointment of these committees proved to be of the greatest possible
yalue in concentrating the energies of the various members on those branches
of the subject with which they were most familiar, and their reports presented
at subsequent meetings enabled the commission to reach satisfactory conclu-
sions much more rapidly than would otherwise have been the case.
AS a means of furnishing information as to the reasons for these conclu-
sions and the manner in which they were reached, the commission would reec-
ommend that the reports of the committees should be published as an appendix
to this report.
The commission recognizing after careful study that the tuberculin test is
the fundamental factor in any policy having for its object the control of
408 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
bovine tuberculosis, decided that a pronouncement to that effect, should prop-
erly occupy a foremost place.
Based on the information contained in the reports of its committees and on
such other information as was brought out in the general discussions of the
commission, the following resolutions were adopted for presentation to the
American Veterinary Medical Association.
RESOLUTION 1.—Dissemination.
As a general policy to be observed all contact between tuberculous and
healthy cattle and between healthy cattle and stables, cars, etc., which may
contain living tubercle bacilli should be prevented. To accomplish this, the
following specific recommendations are made:
1. There should be no sale or exchange of animals affected with tuberculosis
except for immediate slaughter or for breeding purposes under official super-
vision.
2. That the managments of live-stock shows should give preference to cat-
tle known to be free from tuberculosis, either by providing special classes
for such cattle or in some other practical way, and should also take every pre-
caution to prevent contact between such animals and those not known to be
free from disease.
3. All live-stock shippers should take every precaution to see that cars fur-
nished are thoroughly cleansed and disinfected before use.
RESOLUTION 2.—Tuberculin test.
1. That tuberculin, properly used, is an accurate and reliable diagnostic
agent for the detection of active tuberculosis.
2. That tuberculin may not produce a reaction under the following conditions:
(a) When the disease is in a period of incubation. ;
(0) When the progress of the disease is arrested.
(c) When the disease is extensively generalized.
The last condition is relatively rare and may usually be detected by physical
examination.
3. On account of the period of incubation and the fact that arrested cases
may sooner or later become active, all exposed animals should be retested at
intervals of six months to one year.
4. That the tuberculin test should not be applied to any animal haying a
temperature higher than normal.
5. That any animal having given one distinct reaction to tuberculin should
thereafter be regarded as tuberculous.
6. That the subcutaneous injection of tuberculin is the only method of using
tuberculin for the detection of tuberculosis in cattle which can be recommended
at the present time.
7. That tuberculin has no injurious effect on healthy cattle.
RESOLUTION 3.—Hvidence from tuberculin test.
That a positive reaction to tuberculin in any properly conducted test, official
or otherwise, in any animal in any herd shall be considered evidence sufficient
upon which to declare the herd to be infected.
RESOLUTION 4.—Compulsory notification.
That this commission recommends the passage of legislation providing for
the compulsory notification by owners and by veterinarians of the existence
of tuberculosis in a herd, whether such existence be made known by detection
of clinical cases or by the tuberculin test.
RESOLUTION 5.—Location through slaughter.
This commission recognizes that the discovery of tuberculosis in animals
slaughtered for food purposes furnishes one of the best possible means of
locating the disease on the farm, and therefore recommends the adoption of
some system of marking, for purposes of identification, all cattle 3 years old
and over shipped for slaughter.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 409
As tuberculosis of hogs is almost invariably due to bovine infection, this
recommendation should also be made to apply to hogs of any age shipped for
slaughter,
It is further recommended that the discovery of tuberculosis in animals
coming under Government inspection should be used whenever identification
is possible as a means of locating infected herds and premises. All such cases
should be reported to the proper authorities for control action.
RESOLUTION 6.—Disposition of tuberculous animals—The commission plan.
1. As a general policy in the eradication of tuberculosis the separation of
healthy and diseased animals and the construction of a healthy herd are
recommended.
In order to accomplish this the following recommendations are made:
(1) If the herd is found to be extensively infected, as shown by the tubercu-
lin test or clinical examination, even the apparently healthy animals in it
should be regarded with suspicion until they have been separated from the
reacting animals for at least three months. }
If, after the expiration of this time, they do not react to the tuberculin test,
they may be considered healthy and dealt with accordingly.
It is recommended that a herd extensively infected should not be treated by
the method of general separation, but that the construction of a new herd from
the offspring only is advisable,
(2) If the herd is found, by either or both of the above methods, to contain
a relatively small proportion of diseased animals separation of the diseased
animals from the healthy animals and the construction of a sound herd from
the healthy animals, and the offspring of both, is advocated.
As a working basis in carrying out these principles, we advise:
(a) That herds containing 50 per cent or more of diseased animals be
treated as coming under section 1.
(6) That herds containing under 15 per cent of diseased animals be treated
as coming under section 2.
(c) That herds falling between these figures be graded according to the
option of the owner.
(d) That it shall be the prerogative of the owner to reject either plan and
have his herd dealt with by removal and slaughter of diseased animals, with
or without compensation, according to the public policy in operation.
2. That when by any means the officials properly charged with the control of
tuberculosis become aware of its existence in a herd to which a policy of
slaughter and compensation can not reasonably be applied, such herd must be
dealt with by the owner, under Government supervision, on the principle of the
separation of all sound animals from those affected. Such separation must be
effected by treating the whole herd as diseased, and rearing the calves sepa-
rately, either on pasteurized milk or the milk of healthy cows, or, when the
number of those affected is so small as to warrant such a course, by the appli-
eation to the whole hérd, from time to time, under official supervision, of the
tuberculin test, and the entire segregation of all animals found to react.
In the event of any owner refusing or neglecting to adopt either of the above
methods, his entire herd to be closely quarantined and sales therefrom to be
entirely prohibited.
3. That a policy of compensation be recommended as useful and usually
necessary as a temporary measure.
4. That, when slaughter is necessary, in order to avoid economic loss, every
effort should be made to utilize as far as possible the meat of such animals as
may be found fit for food, on being slaughtered under competent inspection.
5. The details of commission plan will be found fully set forth in the ae
pendix to this report.
RESOLUTION 7.—Prevention.
1. That, with the object of preventing the spread of infection, persons buying
cattle for breeding purposes or milk production should, except when such pur-
chases are made from disease-free herds which have been tested by a properly
qualified person, purchase only subject to the tuberculin test. In order to
assist in the proper carrying out of this suggestion the commission recom-
mends that official authorities should adopt such regulations as will prevent the
entry to their respective territories of cattle for breeding purposes or milk
production unless accompanied by satisfactory tuberculin-test charts.
410 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
2. That all milk and milk by-products used as food should be properly pat
teurized unless derived from cows known to be free from tuberculosis.
RESOLUTION 8.—Oontrol of tuberculin test.
That this commission recommends the passage of legislation which will pre-
vent the sale, distribution, or use of tuberculin by any persons other than those
acting with the full knowledge or under the direction of official authorities.
RESOLUTION 9.—EHducation.
As a clear knowledge of the cause and character of tuberculosis among ani-
mals, the modes of dissemination and its significance as an economic and as a
public-health problem underlie an intelligent adherence to the principles that
must be observed in all efforts for eradication, as well as the establishment of
proper cooperation in the great work between physicians, veterinarians, live-
stock owners, legislators, and the public generally, it is recommended that a
widespread campaign of education be undertaken. To accomplish this end it is
recommended that first of all a simple pamphlet on bovine tuberculosis be
written, in which the language used shall be of such character that every
person of average intelligence shall be able to read it without being mystified
by technical terms or phrases. This pamphlet should be published with the
indorsement of the American Veterinary Medical Association and the special
indorsement and consequent authority of the International Commission on
Bovine Tuberculosis Control.
RESOLUTION 10.—Publicity.
In concluding its work the commission desires especially to appeal to the
press—metropolitan, agricultural, and local—to join in the work of extending as
much as possible among the people the conclusions here arrived at. The vital
importance of the life of farm animals to the welfare of all classes of society
needs no argument in its support. The aim and sole purpose which has actu-
ated this commission has been to arrive at the soundest conclusions possible
in the light of the best knowledge obtainable.
RESOLUTION 11.—Legislation.
It is recommended that legislation regarding the control and eradication of
tuberculosis among domestic animals be made uniform; that the laws of the
United States and Canada and other American countries for the admission
into America of animals from without be made stringent and as much alike as
possible; and that the laws governing the interstate and interprovincial move-
ment of cattle and that between different American countries be harmonized.
The laws governing interstate and interprovincial movement of cattle should
be of such character that every State and every Province will be free in its
eradication work from unnecessary difficulties due to the existence of the
disease in other States and Provinces.
Legislation is especially required to prevent the various frauds apse intfer-
fere with the satisfactory use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent for tubercu-
losis, aS well as for official supervision over all tuberculin sold to be used by
veterinarians and others.
RESOLUTION 12.—Sanitation.
In the eradication of tuberculosis it should be kept in mind that, in addition
to protecting animals against exposure to tubercle bacilli, it is desirable to
make them as resistant to infection as possible. This can be done by stabling
them in clean, disinfected, and properly ventilated and lighted barns, giving
them abundant clean water and nutritious food, a sufficient amount of daily
exercise in the open air, and attending generally to those conditions which are
well known to contribute to the health 6f animals.
The daily removal of manure from stables and water-tight floors and good
drainage in stables are urgently recommended.
Young stock particularly should be raised as hardy as possible, and should
be accustomed to liberal exercise and living in the open.
RESOLUTION 13.—/mmunization.
That as none of the various methods for the immunization of animals against
tuberculosis have passed sufficiently beyond the experimental stage the com-
mission is unable to indorse any of these for practical use at the present time.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. All
REsoLutTion 14.—Animal tuberculosis and public health.
While the members recognize that the subject with which this commission is
primarily intended to deal is the control and eradication of tuberculosis among
animals as an economic problem they can not feel satisfied without declaring
their recognition of the fact that tuberculosis among animals is also an im-
portant public-health problem. Considered as such, the eradication of tuber-
culosis among animals should have the approval and support of all those
persons who are interested in curtailing human suffering and prolonging human
life.
RESOLUTION 15.—General statement.
The members of the commission wish it to be clearly understood that they
recognize the limitations of a report necessarily based on actual and not on
theoretical conditions. They fully realize that in the event of the policy of
which their recommendations form the framework, being anywhere adopted
even in its entirety, much greater benefit will be derived, at least for some
time, from its educative than from its executive features.
The control, to say nothing of the eradication of bovine tuberculosis, is
impossible of achievement, without the hearty cooperation of the men who are
actually engaged in the cattle industry. In order to secure this cooperation
it will doubtless be necessary in most communities to carry on an active and
prolonged educational campaign.
It is apparent that in the dissemination of practical and reliable information
regarding the disease it will be possible to employ a very large variety of
methods. Many of these methods, such as bulletins, lectures, and actual
demonstrations of disease, having already been found valuable will doubtless
continue to be largely used.
It must not be forgotten, however, that in this, as in any other educative
process, a measure of disciplinary control is essential to success.
Needless to say such control can be secured only by the passage of legislation
which, while clear and comprehensive, must at the same time be sufficiently
conservative to avoid exciting alarm or arousing antagonism on the part of
owners especially of valuable herds.
The best law ever framed can be made an utter failure by stupid or inju-
dicious administration, while on the other hand the most drastic legislation
can be rendered acceptable, if enforced with reasonable tact and diplomacy.
Provided, therefore, that these qualities, combined with integrity, thorough-
ness, and determination, are available for administrative purposes the mem-
bers of the commission are convinced that the enforcement of a law based on
their recommendations will prove to be by far the most powerful and effective
educational agency which could possibly be employed.
In concluding its report the commission would suggest that the association
should make such provision as may be necessary to carry on the work, either
by continuing the commission as at present constituted or with such changes.
in the personnel as may be considered desirable.
W. C. EDWARDS. V. A. Moors.
J. J. FERGUSON. M. P. RAVENEL.
J. W. ELAVELLE. BE. C. SCHROEDER.
W. D. Hoarp. T. W. TOMLINSON.
C. A. HopGETTs. F. . TORRANCE.
J. N. Hurry. J. G. RUTHERFORD, Chairman.
J. R. MoOHLER, M. H. Reynowps, Secretary.
APPENDIX AD.
RESOLUTIONS ON PASTEURIZATION OF MILK ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION FOR THE. STUDY AND PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS, AT
ANNUAL MEETING HELD MAY 2 AND 3, 1910.
1. Resolved, That a thorough, efficient, and continuous official supervision of
dairies and herds and of the milk from the dairy to the consumer is of the first
eo in securing a clean and pure milk supply, which is essential to public
ealth.
412 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
2. Resolved, That the production and handling of milk under such satis-
factory sanitary conditions as to insure its complete reliability (i. e., the pro-
duction of what is known as certified milk) at the present time unfortunately
increases its cost to such an extent as to make the use of such milk for general
consumption impracticable.
8. Resolved, That the efficient pasteurization of the general milk supply (ex-
cepting certified milk) when supplementing dairy inspection and applied to milk
from inspected dairies and done under official supervision is desirable for the
destruction of the ordinary micro organisms of fermentation and putrefaction
and as an additional protection against possible infection by typhoid fever, scarlet
fever, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and possibly some other specific infectious
disease.
4. Resolved, That pasteurization of milk for sale should not be permitted
except under official supervision and on conditions definitely prescribed by com-
petent sanitary authorities; and should not be permitted as a method for the
preservation of old or dirty milk.
5. Resolved, That milk intended for infant feeding should be considered apart
from that intended for general consumption; and should be certified milk when
obtainable.
6. Resolved, That in the opinion of this association it has been proven, ap-
parently, that a small percentage of the cases of nonpulmonary human tuber-
eculosis, especially tuberculosis of the lymph nodes in children under 5 years
of age, is due to infection by tubercle bacilli of bovine origin.
APPENDIX AE.
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY BOARD OF DIRECTORS, ASSOCIATION FOR PREVEN-
TION OF TUBERCULOSIS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, DECEMBER 27, 1910.
At a meeting of the board of directors of the Association for the Prevention
of Tuberculosis, held December 27, 1910, the following resolutions, presented by
Dr. George M. Kober and seconded by Mr. Emile Berliner and Dr. G. Lloyd
Magruder, were unanimously adopted.
Whereas it has been shown by indisputable evidence that numerous epidemics
of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and various throat diseases have been
traced to contaminated dairy products, also that a considerable proportion of
the cases of tuberculosis occurring in children under 5 years of age is the result
of infection with the bovine tubercle bacillus, and that the mortality among
infants fed upon cow’s mi#k is very high: Therefore be it
ResoWwed, That the United States Congress be requested to investigate the
relation of dairy products to the public health with a view of enacting re
medial legislation; be it also
Resolved, That in the opinion of this association the tax of 10 per cent upon
oleomargarine is an unjust discrimination against a wholesome article of food.
APPENDIX AF.
LIST OF STATES AND TERRITORIES REQUIRING THE TUBERCULIN TESTING OF
DAIRY AND BREEDING CATTLE AS A QUALIFICATION FOR ENTRANCE.
Arkansas: State live-stock laws issued in 1910.
Alabama: Regulations live-stock sanitary. board, act of 1909.
Arizona: Regulations, based on act approved March 16, 1905.
Colorado (except exhibition) : Proclamation of August 15, 1909.
Delaware: Act of May 1, 1909.
District of Columbia : Order of commissioners of November 27, 1909.
Hawaii: Act of December 31, 1909.
Idaho: Proclamation of January 2, 1910.
Indiana: May be made in discretion of State veterinarian, act of 1909.
Iowa (registered dairy and breeding cattle) : Act approved August, 1907.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 413
Kansas: Act of 1909.
Kentucky: Governor’s proclamation, 1909.
Maine (pure bred and grade dairy cattle).
Maryland: Act of 1908.
Massachusetts: Act of 1908.
Michigan: Act of 1909.
Minnesota (except exhibition) : Act of 1907.
Mississippi: Acts of 1908 and 1910.
Missouri (except exhibition) : Proclamation of governor, 1910, on act of 1899.
Montana (except exhibition) : Regulations of sanitary board, January 1, 1907.
Nebraska: Regulations of August, 1909.
New Hampshire (except grazing): Board of cattle commissioners.
New Jersey: Act of 1899.
New Mexico (and again after three months) : Act of 1909.
New York: Act of 1908.
North Carolina: Regulations issued December 1, 1909.
North Dakota: Proclamation December 2, 1908, on act of 1907.
Oklahoma: Proclamation, 1909.
Oregon: Act of 1909.
Pennsylvania: Act of 1898.
South Carolina (except exhibition) : Act of 1908.
South Dakota: Act of 1909.
Tennessee: Act of 1909.
Utah: Act March, 1909.
Vermont: (?) When deemed necessary.
Virginia: Proclamation of governor of May, 1909.
Washington (except exhibition).
Wisconsin (except exhibition) : Act of 1909.
Wyoming: Proclamation, April, 1909, in force to April, 1910.
Louisiana: Regulation live-stock sanitary board, July 20, 1910, act of 1908.
naa Proclamation ioe governor, effective April 1, 1910.
otal, 41.
APPENDIX AG.
LIST OF STATES PROVIDING INDEMNITY FOR CATTLE REACTING UNDER
TUBERCULIN TEST.
Connecticut: Animals ordered slaughtered are appraised and full value of
appraisal is paid.
District of Columbia: Appraisal and slaughter.
Florida: State health officer may require slaughter, in which case payment
may be made not to exceed $50.
Indiana: Reimbursement not to exceed the sum of $25.
Kansas: Appraisal and slaughter.
Maine: Appraised not to exceed $50 for grade stock or $100 for pure-bred
eattle. Reimbursement at rate of 50 per cent.
Massachusetts: Appraised at a sum not to exceed $40.
Michigan: Appraisement is made by the commission and the owners receive
50 per cent of the value of the animals, not exceeding $50.
Minnesota: Appraisal not to exceed $35 per head, except in case of pure-bred
animals, when the maximum shall not exceed $75.
Montana: Provisions are made for the appraising and for the reimbursement
of animals which are slaughtered under the direction of the State veterinarian..
Nebraska: Sold, subject to post-mortem inspection, only to such establish-
ments where Federal inspection is maintained.
New Hampshire: One-half of appraised value.
New Jersey: Payment three-fourths of appraised value, which is not to
exceed $40 in grade and $100 in registered cattle.
New Mexico: Animals slaughtered on account of communicable diseases are
subject to appraisal not exceeding $100 for pedigreed stock and $60 for an
animal not pedigreed, and reimbursement is made.
414 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
New York: Maximum appraisal $75. Reimbursement based upon extent of
lesions found—S80 per cent of appraised value if lesions permit passing for
food; 50 per cent if generalized tuberculosis.
Pennsylvania: Maximum limit of appraisal for a bovine of common stock,
$40; for a pure-bred or registered bovine, $70. Amount of appraisement not to
exceed two-thirds actual value.
Rhode Island: If in the State three months, appraised not to exceed $50 for
native cattle, $75 for grade, and $100 for registered cattle. Payment is made
at rate of one-half appraised value, except in case of errors in diagnosis, when
the full appraised value is paid.
South Carolina: If owned and kept within the State for one year preceding
their slaughter, valne of carcass deducted from actual cash value of animal
(living) and three-fourths of remainder is paid by State, not to exceed $35.
Tennessee: State live-stock inspector is authorized to require the slaughter
of all animals affected with communicable disease, reimbursement to be made
by the county.
Vermont: Appraised not to exceed $50, and reimbursement made upon 75
per cent of the appraisal. No compensation when reacting animals retained
for breeding purposes are slaughtered. Milch cows shipped from Vermont into
the State of Massachusetts and which react to the tuberculin test in the latter
State are paid for by Vermont.
Wisconsin: Appraised not to exceed $50 and payment upon two-thirds of
value.
Virginia: Appropriation exhausted.
APPENDIX AH.
LIST OF STATES PROVIDING FOR THE TUBERCULIN TESTING OF CATTLE
WITHIN THE STATE.
Connecticut: The tuberculin test is not required in any case except upon
recommendation of the commissioner.
District of Columbia: Order of commissioners.
Illinois: Upon agreement.
Kansas: Suspicious cases may be tuberculin tested.
Maine: All pure-bred cattle which are sold within the State must be tuber-
culin tested before being delivered to the purchaser.
Massachusetts: Upon consent of owner.
Minnesota: Sale of pure-bred cattle prohibited unless accompanied by a cer-
tificate of health, including a satisfactory tuberculin-test chart.
Missouri: Test is granted free to owners of permanent herds of cattle.
Montana: If tuberculosis is found to exist in a herd of cattle, an official
tuberculin test may be applied to the entire herd.
Nebraska: All cattle bought at public market or stock yards in the State of
Nebraska to be used for dairy purposes or breeding cattle eligible to registry in
the State of Nebraska must be held in quarantine and pass a Satisfactory
tuberculin test before being permitted to be removed.
New Hampshire: Upon agreement.
New Mexico: All cattle connected with the milk supply of incorporated towns
or cities shall be tuberculin tested.
New York: Upon agreement.
Ohio: Upon agreement.
Oregon: Annual test to be applied to all cows supplying milk, cream, skim
milk, or buttermilk to inmates of all State institutions.
Pennsylvania: Tests applied subject to signed agreement.
Utah: Annual test of every cow used in the dairy business within the State
of Utah.
Vermont: Only when it is deemed necessary.
Virginia: Upon agreement.
West Virginia: A consulting veterinarian shall examine and, if he deem it
necessary, shall apply the tuberculin test once yearly to all pure-bred herds
consisting of 20 or more cattle within the State which are kept for the pur-
pose of producibg animals for breeding DEED ERS and to be sold to the public
as such.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 415
Wisconsin: Unlawful to sell or otherwise transfer any bull, cow, or heifer
of the bovine family, over 6 months old, for other than temporary feeding
purposes, or to be exported from the State or slaughtered, unless tuberculin
tested within two years.
APPENDIX ATI.
COMMUNICATION FROM GEN. GEORGE M. STERNBERG, DATED OCTOBER 9,
1907, CONCERNING PRACTICABILITY OF SHIPPING MILK IN CANS AT LOW
TEMPERATURE.
OcToBER 9, 1907.
My DeEar Dr. Macruper: While at the Jamestown Exposition as a member
of the jury of awards I was especially interested in the model dairy exhibited by
the Virginia Polytechnic Institute (Blacksburg, Va.), under the direction of Prof.
William Saunders. The milk used within the exposition grounds is all sup-
plied by this dairy and all shipped from Blacksburg, which, I understand, is
about 300 miles distant. This milk is pasteurized and refrigerated before being
shipped, and is shipped in tin cans having a felt jacket. It is quite cold when
it arrives, and, indeed, has ice in it from the refrigeration practiced before ship-
ping. I was glad to know that it is quite practicable to ship milk a long dis-
tance without the use of refrigerator cars, maintaining it at so low a tempera-
ture that bacteria will not develop in it. I have no doubt you can obtain full
information with reference to this matter by writing to Prof. Saunders, or,
better still, by paying a visit to his model dairy at the exposition.
Very sincerely, yours,
Gro. M. STERNBERG.
APPENDIX AJ.
COMMUNICATION FROM CHIEF OF UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU,
DATED DECEMBER 29, 1906, CONCERNING THE FORMATION OF NATURAL
ICE DURING WINTER SEASONS IN VICINITY OF WASHINGTON, D. C.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
CENTRAL OFFICE OF THE WEATHER BUREAU,
Washington, D. C., December 29, 1906.
Dr. GrorcE L. MAGRUDER,
No. 4 Jackson Place NW., Washington, D. C.
DeEAR SiR: In regard to the formation of natural ice in this vicinity during
the winter season I beg to say that on examining the records of daily minimum
temperatures in this city for the last 30 years I find but one winter, viz, that
of 1889-90, during which ice could not have been gathered from ponds in this
vicinity. The winter of 1889-90 was by far the warmest that has been experi-
enced in the last 50 years. The mean daily temperature for the month of
January, 1890, was nearly 4° above freezing; for February, 3° above, and for
December, 1889, it was 4° above. In ordinary winters there is no reason why
a fair crop of ice from 4 to 8 inches in thickness can not be harvested. The
tendency among farmers and others who gather their own ice is to wait until
the ice attains a thickness of about 8 inches, and thus sometimes fail to gather
a crop, since in warm open winters ice rarely forms a greater thickness than
3 to 4 inches. Last winter, it may be remembered, was mild and open, and
there was some fear expressed of a failure in the ice crop. Notwithstanding
the open season, ice formed to a thickness of 3 to 4 inches in this vicinity, and
a fair crop was harvested. In order to insure a crop each year, it is imperative
that an artificial pond be created if no natural one is in existence, since failure
will occasionally be met if dependence for an ice supply be wholly placed upon
running streams.
Very truly, yours, Wiis L. Moore,
Chief United States Weather Bureau.
416 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
APPENDIX AK.
REPORT BY UNITED STATES CONSUL T. H. NORTON OF ADDRESS BY PROF.
HEMPEL ON TREATMENT OF MILK BEFORE GERMAN ASSOCIATION OF
SCIENTISTS AND PHYSICIANS.
GERMAN MILK HANDLING.
SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION OF HOW PURER PRODUCT MAY BE ATTAINED.
Consul T. H. Norton, reporting from Chemnitz, says that the most important
address on the protection of health at the seventy-ninth annual meeting of the
German Association of Scientists and Physicians, held at Dresden in September,
was that on the “ Treatment of milk” by Prof. Hempel. <A part of the consul’s
summary follows:
The importance of the question in Germany is evident, for the latest sta-
tistical data show that the Empire produces annually 5,020,000,000 gallons of
cow’s milk, valued at $405,000,000, and 15,850,000 gallons of goat’s milk. Com-
parison may aptly be made with Germany’s annual production of pig iron,
valued at $232,500,000, or her annual coal output, valued at $404,600,000.
It is a serious question, in view of the brilliant successes in the field of
serum-therapy, whether we should not abandon entirely the current methods of
treating milk by heating, so as to destroy possible germ growth, in favor of a
process based upon the introduction of protective bacterial agencies, capable of
neutralizing or nullifying the action of disease germs, if present.
It is, however, beyond all dispute that milk from healthy animals, collected
under conditions of scrupulous cleanliness, is a better and safer food than milk
which has been heated to the point at which germ life is destroyed.
IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSPORTATION.
Intimately connected with the attainment of the hygienic dairy ideal is the
problem of the transportation of milk. The larger the size of a city, the longer
must be the average haul of its milk supplies, the greater the possibilities of
deterioration. Furthermore, in most German cities admirably constructed
dairy stables, with every possible adjunct for cleanliness and ventilation, have
been erected at great expense. Their original value and their maintenance,
with the highes urban charges for labor, fodder, bedding, etc., all involve a
very marked addition to the normal cost of milk produced in the country dis-
tricts, and constitute a tax, levied for the purpose of delivering fresh milk with
the least loss of time, to the consumer.
A change to more healthful and economic methods involves the distinct or-
ganization of milk traffic on the German railways on such a basis that well-
cooled milk shall be transported in refrigerator cars attached to express trains.
It likewise presupposes the proper agencies for the distribution, under similar
temperature conditions, of such milk to consumers after reaching a City.
Neither of these conditions exists as yet in Germany. ‘The excellent arrange
ments for insuring cleanliness in urban dairies have not yet been supplemented
by provision for preserving milk at a low temperature until it passes into the
consumer’s possession, often a half day, and even an entire day, after leaving
the cow.
Dr. Hempel concludes that the only satisfactory solution of the milk problem
in Germany is to be reached by governmental requirements and inspection at
each stage along the following lines:
FUNDAMENTAL RULES.
“Hirst. Dairy cows must be absolutely free from tuberculosis and be subject
to frequent examination and tests by competent inspectors.
“ Second. They must pass the day, when the weather permits, in the open air
and in pastures.
“Third. They must have an abundance of good fodder, be under good care,
and be cleaned each day.
“Wourth. Milking should take place in a special milking room, kept scrupu-
lously clean. A milker careless about personal cleanliness would respond to the
stimulus of such an environment.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. ALT
“ Wifth. Udders should be carefully and thoroughly washed with pure water
immediately before milking and dried with clean towels.
“ Sixth. Milk, as soon as collected from a cow, should be rapidly cooled to a
point but little above that of freezing water. In summer ice or refrigerating
apparatus must be used. In winter running cold water, in pipes or the like, can
be employed for the purpose.
“Seventh. Milk must be kept at this low temperature during transportation
and until delivered to consumers, who then become responsible for the continu-
Poe i the conditions described until the liquid is required as an article of
ood.
The address closed with a forcible plea for the installation on all railways
of refrigerator cars, first, to meet the needs of the milk traffic, and, second, to
facilitate the transportation. of fresh meats, fish, fruits, flowers, ete. In con-
nection with this brief summary of Dr. Hempel’s strong presentation of the
present status of the milk problem in Germany a few comments may be made.
PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED.
The question of the satisfactory transportation of milk by rail for long dis-
tances has been fairly well solved in the United States, wherever milk cars,
constructed after the model of those used by the well-known Walker-Gordon Co.,
have been introduced. Greater distances have necessarily stimulated American
ingenuity to a more prompt solution of existing problems in all the phases of
transportation than has been the case in Europe.
From a personal examination of urban dairy management in’: Germany I am
convinced that but little remains to be done there in the matter of cleanliness,
although probably the Danish practice in this respect could serve even still
better as a model. It is undeniable, however, that much missionary work must
be done in the United States to bring about adequate recognition on the part of
the public and its representatives of the tremendous importance of carrying out
fully the new fundamental rules so clearly and succinctly enunciated by the
famous German chemist.
Legislative action in the United States can probably not go beyond prescribing
regulations for the manner in which milk shall be collected, transported, and
delivered. There still remains a serious question as to the conditions under
which milk is kept before being used in households too poor to buy ice or too
ignorant to use it intelligently. Especially is it important in cities and during
the heated term. Philanthropic effort has endeavored to lessen dangers in this
connection by furnishing sterilized milk at cost price. It is now generally
recognized that other and more serious dangers may be incurred in resorting
to sterilization by heat.
ADVANTAGES OF FROZEN MILK.
Can not Dr. Hempel’s thesis be carried a step further? Why not transport
and deliver milk in the frozen condition? Exhaustive experiments have shown
conclusively that “pure milk, when frozen, preserves its original properties un-
changed for weeks. Frozen specimens kept for over a month in a refrigerating
room showed on thawing absolutely no alteration in taste, while the fact of a
considerable diminution in the number of bacteria present was clearly estab-
lished. Important also is the circumstance that while frozen the cream re-
mains evenly diffused throughout the solidified mass, which is not the case
when milk is kept at a low temperature in the liquid state. To attain such
results it is essential that pure, fresh milk, as soon as collected from an animal,
should rapidly be cooled to the freezing point. Dirty and contaminated milk,
as well as milk in which the lactic fermentation has begun, after being frozen
curdles upon melting.
To effectively meet the prevalent conditions in the tenement districts of cities
or the needs of infants when carried on journeys, or even the requirements of
a ship’s commissariat, fresh milk could be frozen in the proper containers by
submerging them in brine chilled far below the melting point of ice. When the
milk has not only been frozen, but cooled still further to the temperature of
the surrounding liquid, the flasks or other containers can be removed, inclosed
in felt protectors, and conveyed to the consumers. Frozen milk prepared under
such conditions will remain in the solid form for a day or more before the
temperature of the entire mass can rise to the melting point. An analogous
state is that of ice harvested and housed during a very cold season. As is
82444°—S. Doc. 863, 61-3——27
418 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
commonly knowa, its keeping qualities are far superior to those of ice gathered
during a mild winter.
The economic realization of such a project would involve the establishment
of small refrigerating plants in connection with dairies of some size, or of
larger plants, preferably adjacent to railway stations, able to chiJl the com-
mercial milk supply of an entire district when brought to the place of ship-
ment after previously being cooled to the melting point of ice.
Refrigerating cars are obviously unnecessary for the transportation of milk
in this form, unless unusually long distances are to be traversed. The compara-
tively small cost of freezing and chilling the milk supply of a city would be
more than offset by economy in transportation, by the utilization of remote and
inexpensive pasturage, and by the removal of one of the greatest causes of in-
fant mortality.
APPENDIX AL.
COMMUNICATION ADDRESSED TO MR. D. S. HORTON, REQUESTING INFORMA-
TION CONCERNING COST OF INSTALLATION OF PLANT FOR PASTEURIZING
DISTRICT MILK SUPPLY.
DECEMBER 3, 1910.
Mr. D. S. Horton,
Secretary Sheffield Farms, Slawson Decker Co.,
New York City.
DeEaR Str: The special committee of the Washington Chamber of Commerce
appointed to investigate the present milk situation in the District of Columbia
desires to trespass further upon your courtesy with the request that you will
kindly advise it, if practicable, of the approximate cost of the large pasteuriz-
ing plant which, it is understood, has recently been installed in New York City
by your company. It is wished to ascertain with some degree of accuracy, if
possible, what would be the cost of a plant with sufficient capacity to pasteurize
the entire milk supply of Washington City, which is understood to amount
to practically 20,000 gallons per day. Of course the cost of building and, indeed,
the cost of equipment may vary to some extent here as compared with New York
City, but the information would at least serve as an indication of what might
be expected to be the cost of a plant with that capacity installed in this city.
Any indication as to the approximate cost of operating such a plant (mainte-
nance and labor), if furnishable, would also be welcomed by our committee.
Thanking you in advance for your courtesy, I am,
Very truly, yours, —
, Chairman.
APPENDIX AM. .
COMMUNICATION FROM MR. LOTON HORTON, GIVING ESTIMATE OF COST OF
ADEQUATE PLANT FOR PASTEURIZING MILK SUPPLY FOR DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA.
SHEFFIELD FARMS-SLAWSON DECKER Co.,
New York, December 12, 1910.
Mr. J. Lours WILLIGE, -
Willige, Gibbs & Daniel, Washington, D. C.
My Dear Mr. WILLIGE: Your letter was handed to me by my son, and he stated
that he had had some communications with parties in Washington on the milk
question, but wished me to answer your letter. It is rather a difficult question
to answer in order to give you any really positive knowledge of what you are
seeking. :
First I will inform you of our ideas, and possibly it may be of some benefit
to you. It is needless for me to say that I have for many years advocated
scientific pasteurization of milk, and to confirm my ideas I have just returned
from a trip abroad, where I visited eight different countries, and there was net
one city of 200,000 inhabitants that I visited, including Italy, Denmark, and
Holland, where they were not pasteurizing a great portion, and in some cities
practically all of the milk that they received.. I am also pleased to state that
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 419
where pasteurization is rigidly carried out they have not been visited with the
epidemic of typhoid and scarlet fever for many years, caused through milk. We
are at the present time building the second largest pasteurizing plant in this
city. The one now in the course of construction, which possibly will be done in
three months longer, has a capacity of pasteurizing 100,000 quarts of milk in
6 hours and making 100 tons of ice in 24 hours, besides cooling all the milk
that comes in the plant. Ice should be looked upon as more or less of a by-
product that can be manufactured by large milk-pasteurizing plants and brew-
eries. To Carry on either you certainly have to have a certain amount of
refrigeration, and you practically have to keep them going night and day. By
adding more units to your refrigerating than you require for the milk business
it keeps everybody employed for the 24 hours, and with all conditions favorable,
ice at $1.80 per ton, delivered to the dealer, would net a plant of these conditions
$1 per ton net, which will go a long way toward paying the interest on the whole
investment.
Now, as to building one in Washington, I will just recommend a few things
t@ consider first. Be sure and get on the railroad, so that you can switch the
milk and the coal and what other articles you need direct into your plant. Be
sure and have plenty of good, cold water. I would recommend artesian wells.
The colder the water is the less amount of refrigeration it requires to cool the
milk and also lessens the expense of manufacturing ice. If you could buy a
good-sized plot of ground for $50,000, it would cost you to put up the proper
kind of a building $175,000, and for your machinery of all descriptions, both ice,
electricity, and milk machinery, possibly $150,000. I should think with the
proper machinery installed, and as Washington is a great consumer of ice, that
you could make enough on your ice to pay at least 4 per cent on the whole
investment, and all it would cost you for the pasteurization, particularly if you
did not bottle it all, would be a very trifling sum.
If I can be of any service to you, and you visit my office, I will show you the
plans that we have laid down in this new operation.
If you should decide to build such a plant it would be good judgment to visit |
several plants to get the most economical and scientific methods of handling the
milk, as there can be great economics worked out by so doing with proper
construction.
Yours, very respectfully, Loton Horton.
APPENDIX AN.
PRIVATE PASTEURIZING PLANTS IN OPERATION IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Pasteurizing plants are at present operated in connection with the Washing-
ton milk supply by George M. Oyster, jr., J. J. Bowles, W. A. Simpson, the
Belmont Dairy Co., J. W. Gregg, and the Nathan Straus Laboratory (in the
District of Columbia), the Baltimore & Washington White Cross Milk Co. (at
Frederick, Md.), the Tri-State Sanitary Milk Co. (at Cumberland, Md.), and
the International Milk Products Co. (at Cooperstown, N. Y.) ; also by the fol-
lowing establishments which ship only cream, so far as is known, to the Dis-
trict of Columbia: The Chapin-Sacks Co. (Buckeystown, Md., and Woodstock,
Va.) and the Rosemary Creamery Co. (Adams, N. Y.).
APPENDIX AO.
AGREEMENT BETWEEN MEDICAL MILK COMMISSION OF ESSEX COUNTY,
N. J.. AND STEPHEN FRANCISCO, DATED MAY 19, 1893, FOR FURNISHING
CERTIFIED MILK.
Copy OF THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE MerEpDICcCAL MILK COMMISSION OF ESSEX
County, N. J., AND STEPHEN FRANCISCO, OF CALDWELL, N. J., DATED May 19,
1893.
The following agreement, made this 19th day of May, 1893, between Henry L.
Coit, M. D., of Newark, N. J.; Theron Y. Sutphen, M. D., of Newark, N. J.;
William B. Graves, M. D., of Hast Orange, N. J.; L. Hugene Hollister, M. D.,
420 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
of Newark, N. J.; Joseph W. Stickler, M. D., of Orange, N. J.; and James S.
Brown, M. D., of Montclair, N. J., parties of the first part, and Stephen Fran-
cisco, of Caldwell, N. J., party of the second part: Witnesseth as follows, that
the party of the second part doth hereby bind himself to a fulfillment of the
provisions of this contract for and in consideration of the benefits hereinafter
hamed by the parties of the first part.
Furthermore, the following-named persons, Frank A. Wilkinson, of Newark,
N. J.; Isaac Lane, of Caldwell, N. J.; and William Bush, of Caldwell, N. J., all
acquaintances of the party of the second part, hereby affix their signatures to
this agreement, attest to the honor of the party of the Peron part, and become
sureties for the execution of this agreement.
1. The party of the second part doth hereby agree to conduct such parts of
his dairy as may be hereinafter named, collect and handle its products in con-
formity with the following code of requirements, for and in consideration of the
promised indorsement of the parties of the first part, as hereinafter indicated.
The milk thus produced shall be known as certified milk, shall be designed
especially for clinical purposes, and when at any time the demand shall be
greater than the supply and is required by a physician, either for infant feed-
ing or the diet of the sick, it is hereby agreed that such shall be the preferred
purchaser.
2. The party of the second part further agrees to pay for chemical and
bacteriological examinations of the aforesaid certified milk at such times as in
the judgment of the parties of the first part is desirable.
3. He also agrees to defray the cost of a bimonthly inspection of his dairy
stock, or oftener, if necessary, by a competent and approved veterinarian, alk
of which persons, namely, the chemist, the bacteriologist, and the veterinary
surgeon, shall be chosen by the parties of the first part, to whom they shall
render their reports in writing.
4. It is expressly understood and agreed that the party of the second part
shall not pay more than the sum of $500 in any one year for the services of
chemist, bacteriologist, and veterinary surgeon, and the party of the first part
shall limit the expense of such service to that amount. It is furthermore
agreed that the party of the second part, on receipt of a certified copy of the
reports of the experts, shall mail to the persons indicated by the parties of the
first part, and not to others, a duplicate printed copy of the aforesaid reports
bearing the signatures of the experts and the names of the physicians, the same
to be issued at such intervals as in the judgment of the parties of the first part
is desirable; also that the necessary expenditures for printing and circulation
be met in the same way as herein provided for expert examinations.
LOCATION OF LANDS.
5. It is hereby understood and agreed that the lands used by the owners,
agents, or assigns of the dairy conducted by the party of the second part and
employed for pasturage, or any lands that may be hereafter acquired for such
purposes, or such lands as may be used for the cultivation of hay or fodder,
shall be subject to the approval of the parties of the first part.
BUILDINGS.
6. It is also understood and agreed that the buildings, such as stables,
creamery, dairy house, and spring house, shall be constructed after the most
approved style of architecture, in so far as construction may affect the health
of the dairy stock or the character and conditions of the milk.
7. That the buildings used for the housing of the animals shall be situated
on elevated grounds and capable of being properly drained.
8. Said buildings to be sheltered from cold winds, lighted, and veutneeed ac-
cording to approved hygienic methods. The buildings shall be constructed so
as to favor the prompt and easy removal of waste products.
9. The apartments used for the storage of either feec or fodder shall be
removed from possible contamination by stable waste or animal odors.
10. All buildings shall, in addition to healthful location, approved construc-
tion, and proper ventilation, be kept free from animal or vegetable matter in a
state or process of decomposition or decay and always free from accumulations
of dust or mold.
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 491
THE WATER SUPPLY.
11. The dairy shall be supplied with an abundance of pure water.
12. No water from shallow wells or springs holding surface drainage shall be
used for watering stock, cooling milk, or cleaning vessels.
18. Nor shall any well or spring be located within 300 feet of the stable.
SURROUNDINGS.
14. It is further understood and agreed that the immediate surroundings of
the buildings shall be kept in a condition of cleanliness and order. 'There shall
not be allowed to accumulate in the vicinity any loose dirt, rubbish, or decayed
vegetable or animal matter, or animal waste.
15.. Nor shall there be within 300 yards of any building any constantly wet
or marshy ground or stagnant pools of water.
16. Nor shall there be kept within 300 yards of any building used for dairy
purposes any fowl, hogs, horses, or other live stock.
17. It is hereby understood and agreed that the following unhealthful condi-
tions shall be a sufficient reason to exclude any animal from the herd used for
any purpose in the aforesaid dairy: Any animal that is judged by a competent
observer to suffer from tuberculosis, even though the disease be localized or
latent.
18. Any animal with fever. Any animal suffering from septic absorption or
other disease, followed or associated with parturition.
19. Any animal suffering from mammitis or mammary abscess.
20. Any animal with persistent diarrhea or any other abnormal physical con-
dition which could in any way be detrimental to the character of the milk.
21. It is furthermore agreed that when an animal shall be found by a com-
petent observer to be in a state of ill health, prejudicial either to the other
animals in the herd or to human health, the same shall be removed immediately
and, if necessary, shall be killed. t
22. It is also understood and agreed that the party of the second part shall
exclude from the herd used for producing certified milk, immediately after dis-
covery, any animal subject to the following conditions: Any animal that was
bred through consanguinity within a period of three generations.
23. And from this time forth any animal of those bred by the party of the
second part used for producing certified milk that was not as a heifer kept
sterile during its first 27 months.
24, Any phenomenal milker, except that glandular disease or tuberculosis has
first been excluded by a competent observer.
25. It is furthermore agreed that if at any time it is desired by the parties
of the first part that a different breed of milch cows should be substituted for
the one in use, in order that the standards of quality in the milk may be raised,
the party of the second part will endeavor to carry the same into effect.
HOUSING AND CARE.
26. It is furthermore agreed that the dairy stock employed in the production
of certified milk shall be properly sheltered from the influences of weather and
Climate prejudicial to their health, also that the animals shall be kept clean,
groomed every day, and treated kindly at all times.
27. The waste products of the stable shall be removed so frequently, and the
stable floor so thoroughly cleaned, that the same shall be as free as possible
from animal odors.
28. It is also agreed that no milch cow shall be used for dairy purposes while
in a state of excitement, either as a result or during the period of estrux, or
which has been made nervous either by beating, whipping, kicking, prodding, or
running. j
FEEDING,
29. It is hereby understood and agreed that the methods of feeding the cows
furnishing the certified milk shall be subject to the approval of the parties of
the first part. The feed and fodder shall consist only of nutritious and whole-
some materials, such as grass, clover and timothy hay, whole grain, or the entire
result of the grist. No materials shall be employed which are or may become
injurious to the health of the animals. There shall not be fed at any time or in
422 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
any quantity, either alone or mixed with other feed or fodder, hulls, screenings,
wet or dry brewer’s grains, sour ensilage, or any waste by-product in the treat-
ment of grain, low marsh grass, or any of the questionable or exhausted feeds or
fodders employed either to increase the milking capacity of the animal or that
will produce an impoverished milk or that will impart to it unnatural odors or
flavors. Nor shall the cows be allowed to eat green or worm-eaten fruit, poison-
ous weeds, or to drink poisonous or stagnant water.
COLLECTING AND HANDLING,
30. It is furthermore understood and agreed that the cows from which is
obtained certified milk shall be milked only in a clean building and not in an
illy ventilated stable containing foul odors and bad air.
31. No animal furnishing certified milk shall be milked until the udder shall
first have been cleaned in a manner approved by the parties of the first part.
32. No person shall be allowed to draw the milk who has not within 15 min-
utes of the milking first washed his or her hands, using soap and nailbrush, and
afterwards thoroughly rinsing the hands in clean water.
33. The person or persons engaged in milking shall also be dressed in clean
overclothes.
34. No person shall be allowed to draw the milk who has been engaged with
the care of horses in the same clothing or without first washing his hands,
35. No milk shall be represented as certified milk that is not received from
the udder into vessels and from these into cooling cans, both of which are per-
fectly clean and dry, having been cleansed and heated at a temperature ade-
quate to effect complete sterilization since the last milking, and have been kept
inverted in a clean, dry, and odorless atmosphere.
36. No milk shall be represented as certified milk that has not been passed
through a sieve of wire or other cloth, either while milking or immediately
thereafter, having not less than 100 meshes to the linear inch.
37. No milk shall be represented as certified milk that does not consist of the
entire contents of the udder at each milking, including the fore milk, middlings,
and strippings.
38. No milk shall be represented as certified milk that has been drawn from.
the animai at abnormal hours, such as midnight or noon, nor from any animal
for a period of nine weeks before calving, or that has not been separated for
nine days after parturition.
39. No milk shall be represented as certified milk which has been exposed to
the emanation or infection of any form of communicable disease, either in the
person or persons handling the milk or by accidental contamination in cleaning
milk containers or by the association of any person engaged in handling the
milk with person or persons sick of contagious disease.
PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT.
40. It is hereby understood and agreed that all milk represented as certified
milk shall receive every known detail of care that will promote its keeping
qualities and favor its safe transportation.
41. That the milk on being drawn from the cow shall be treated by ice or
clean, cold water in motion, and proper aeration, in order, first, to remove its
_ animal heat, and second, to reduce its temperature to a point not above 50° nor
below 40° F., said temperature to be acquired within 45 minutes after milking
and maintained within the above limits while held for shipment, during its
transportation, and until it is delivered to the purchaser.
42. That the cooling of the milk shall not be conducted in the same building
in which it is drawn, nor in an atmosphere containing dust or tainted with
animal odors.
43. That all the foregoing provisions concerning the cleansing and condition
of vessels or utensils shall be complied with in the said cooling process.
44. It is furthermore agreed that no milk shall be represented as certified
milk that has been changed or reduced in any way by the addition of water or
any solid or liquid substance, in or out of solution, or the subtraetion or removal,
in any manner, of any part thereof.
45. It is hereby understood and agreed that all milk to be represented as
certified milk shall be packed in flint glass quart jars immediately after it is
cooled.
46. Said jars to be of pattern approved by the parties of the first part.
47. It is furthermore agreed that the bottles or jars, before being used, shall
be cleaned by hand, separately, with the aid of hot water, alkaline soaps,
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 423
rotating brush, and steam, and that they shall be rinsed in two separate baths
of clean, hot water and then thoroughly dried and kept inverted until used,
without covers, in a clean, dry atmosphere free from odors.
48. It is agreed that the jars shall be filled by a method approved by the par-
ties of the first part.
49. That they shall be sealed after all air has been excluded by the most
approved device for closing them.
50. The bottles after being filled shall be labeled across the cap, bearing the
words “ Certified Milk,” with the name of the dairyman, together with the date
of milking.
51. It is furthermore agreed that no milk shall be sold as certified milk that
is more than 3 hours old when bottled nor more than 24 hours old when
delivered.
TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY.
52. It is hereby understood and agreed that the transportation and distribu-
tion of all milk represented as certified milk shall be conducted by the party of
the second part, either in person or by persons employed by him.
53. That in transit the milk shall not be exposed to any of the foregoing
prohibitory conditions.
54. That it shall not be subjected to agitation.
55. That it shall not be exposed to the heat of the sun.
56. That the delivery wagons shall be so constructed that the required tem-
perature of the milk may be maintained during transit.
57. That before the wagons are filled for shipment the body, the trays, and
compartments shall be flushed with boiling water.
58. It is furthermore agreed that the distributing agents shall, during the
transfer of the milk from the dairy to the purchaser, be subject to the follow-
ing restrictions, namely, that they shall use no tobacco.
59. That they shall take no intoxicating drinks.
60. That they shall not collect the empty containers nor receive money or
milk checks from houses in which an infectious or contagious disease is known
to exist.
61. It is also hereby agreed that the collection of empty bottles from places
where infectious or contagious disease is known to exist shall be made by other
persons than those employed to deliver the milk.
62. That these collections be made with wagons not employed in the distribu-
tion of the milk.
63. That before these empty bottles shall be returned to the dairy they shall
be carried to a separate building and first be subjected to the process of clean-
ing bottles indicated in a former clause of this contract.
64. It is hereby understood and agreed that if any further precautions or
changes in method calculated to improve the quality of milk or guard the
same from impurities or dangers is desired, that the party of the second part
will cheerfully be governed by such additional rules and regulations as may be
laid down by the parties of the first part.
65. It is understood and agreed by the party of the second part, the same
binding the owners, agents, or assigns of the aforesaid dairy, that the product
known as certified milk shall be under the following restrictions in its sale,
namely, that until the amount required within the boundaries of Hssex County
shall first be supplied it shall not be sold beyond these limits, except that the
parties of the first part shall give their consent.
66. It is furthermore agreed by the party of the second part, the same bind-
ing the owners, agents, or assigns of the aforesaid dairy, that in the event of a
failure to comply with any or all of the requirements of the foregoing contract
the party of the first part shall reserve the right to withdraw from the con-
tract and publish the fact in such manner as they deem best.
67. Finally, it is understood and agreed that nothing in this contract shall
prevent the abrogation of any of the provisions of the same by the parties of
the first part, provided that it shall be done for the purpose of substituting
other provisions designed to promote the objects of their organization.
68. It is further understood and agreed by and between the parties hereto
that the party of the second part shall be at liberty to cancel this agreement
by giving two months’ notice in writing of his desire to do so in case of inability
for any reason to comply with the terms of the same.
In witness whereof the said parties have hereunto set their hands the day
and year first above written.
424 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
APPENDIX AP.
FORMULZ FOR MODIFIED MILK DISTRIBUTED BY NATHAN STRAUS PAS-
TEURIZED MILK LABORATORY, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Formula by Dr. A. R. Green for first to fourth week:
# ounce of 16 per cent cream.
3 ounces of full milk.
19 ounces of water.
134 ounces of limewater.
4 ounces of milk sugar.
This mixture fills eight bottles, each to contain 3 ounces. Feed two and one-
half hours apart.
Formula by Prof. R. G. Freeman for first to third month;
14 ounces of 16 per cent cream.
8 ounces ef full milk.
13 ounces of water.
% ounce of limewater.
1 ounce of milk sugar.
This mixture fills sfx bottles, each to contain 3 ounces. Feed three hours
apart. '
Formula by Prof. R. G. Freeman for second to sixth month;
18 ounces of full milk.
164 ounces of water.
14 ounces of limewater.
14 ounces of milk sugar.
This mixture fills six bottles, each to contain 6 ounces. Feed three hours
apart.
Formula by Prof. A. Jacobi for third to seventh month:
18 ounces of full milk.
18 ounces of barley water.
1 ounce of cane sugar.
20 grains ef table salt (less than one-fourth teaspoonful).
This mixture fills six bottles, each to contain 6 ounces. Feed three hours
apart. ;
Formula by Dr. A. F. Hess for seventh to ninth month:
82 ounces of full milk.
16 ounces of barley water.
2 ounces of milk sugar.
This mixture fills six bottles, each to contain 8 ounces. Feed three hours
apart.
After ninth month: Full pasteurized milk, 8 ounces every four hours.
To make one quart of oat or barley water: Boil 2 tablespoonfuls of the flour
in a quart of water until it is reduced to half the quantity; then add sufficient
water to make up the quart.
APPENDIX AQ.
REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY DISTRICT COMMISSIONERS
ON DISPOSAL OF STRAUS PASTEURIZING LABORATORY, WASHINGTON,
D. C.
DECEMBER 7, 1910.
The District COMMISSIONERS.
GENTLEMEN: The committee appointed by you “ to investigate the practicabil-
ity of continuing the Straus pasteurization plant,” after full discussion and due
deliberation, reports as follows:
In our opinion the pasteurization plant established in this city through the
generosity and public spirit of Mr. Nathan Straus has served a most useful
purpose in presenting prominently before the public the dangers of impure and
raw milk as a food, especially for infants. The present plant should, in the
judgment of the committee, be continued in operation by Mr. Straus or some
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 425
other philanthropic agency until such time as provision may be made for fur-
nishing an ample and safe supply of pasteurized and modified milk through
commercial channels under the direct supervision of the District health
department.
In the judgment of the committee it is not practicable for the District gov-
ernment to undertake the management of such plant, which at all events could
not be done without special authority from Congress and an appropriation made
for the purpose.
It occurs to the committee that the proposal of Mr. Straus offers a splendid
opportunity for the conduct of investigations under the Department of Agri-
eulture or the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, with a view to
making a practical demonstration of the value of pasteurized and modified milk
as food for infants. The authoritative settlement of this question would be of
immense value not only to our community, but to the entire country.
In the event that for any reason it is not possible to have the operations of
the Straus Laboratory continue, it is believed by the committee that existing
agencies, such as the Diet Kitchen, the Citizens’ Relief Association, the Associ-
ated Charities, and the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society, should be encouraged
by the contribution of additional funds to continue the splendid work which is
now being done by them. The activities of these charitable agencies are being
exerted not only in directing and furnishing proper food for infant feeding
among the poorer classes, but also in disseminating information generally with
regard to the proper care of infants. It is recognized in this connection that
these agencies should exercise scrupulous care in restricting the distribution of
free infant food to such families as are not pecuniarily able to pay for it. The
milk dispensaries now in operation under existing auspices should be gener-
ously supported by the public in enlarging their existing stations, and in increas-
ing the number of depots from which milk may be dispensed.
The committee is impressed with the great desirability of securing prompt
and adequate legislation, as recommended by the District Commissioners, for
providing a clean, pure, and wholesome milk supply for the Nation’s capital.
Pending the enactment of such legislation, the committee strongly recommends
that the District authorities insist that the inmates of foundling asylums, hos-
pitals, and other charitable institutions, wholly or in part supported by public
funds, be supplied with milk coming within the classifications recommended
by the Washington milk conference appointed by the District Commissioners in
1907. For this purpose the health officer should be required, as a result of
inspection, to publish a list of dairies from which the milk supply is drawn,
giving the average rating of each dairy, the chemical composition, and the
bacterial content of the samples. It is understood that this information is
already in the possession of the health department, but provision is not made
at present for its publication.
The committee avails itself of this opportunity to express its hearty approval
of the recommendation recently made by the health officer for the appointment
of a corps of six visiting nurses for the public schools, whose duty it shall be
to give instruction with regard to the physical well-being of the children in
their homes, and during the summer montis to give special attention to the
prevention of infant mortality.
Respectfully submitted.
GrorGE M. STERNBERG, Chairman.
APPENDIX AR.
BILL TO AUTHORIZE THE ACCEPTANCE BY THE UNITED STATES OF THE
GIFT OF THE NATHAN STRAUS PASTEURIZED-MILK LABORATORY.
A BILL To authorize the acceptance by the United States of the gift of the Nathan
Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratory.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and
he is hereby, authorized and directed to accept from Nathan Straus, in behalf
of the United States, the Nathan Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratory, estab-
lished by said Nathan Straus in May, nineteen hundred and ten, and since
426 THE MILK SITUATION IN 'THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
sald date operated at his expense at thirteen hundred and nineteen TI Street
northwest, Washington, District of Columbia; and the sum of fifteen thousand
dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out
of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be immediately
avaliable and to continue avatlable until and ineluding June thirtieth, nineteen
hundred and twelve, for the maintenance of said laboratory, employment of
personal services, rent, hire, or purehase, and maintenance of means of trans:
portation, supplies, and all other necessary ineidental and contingent expenses,
to be expended, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, under the
supervision and control of the Surgeon General of the Public THealth and
Marine Hospital Service, for the purpose of demonstrating, with the coopera-
tion of the health office of the District of Columbia, the practical utility of In-
fants’ milk depots in the reduction of infant mortality,
APPENDIX AS.
RHPORT OF DISPENSARY, SETTLEMENT HOUSK, SOUTITWEST WASHINGTON,
FROM APRIL 138 TO OCTOBER 1, 1908.
Appalled at the high infant mortality in Southwest Washington and the
poor health which many infants and children in this seetion experienced, and
believing that some effort should be made to correct this, a few of those inter-
ested planned a dispensary to which infants and young ehildren could be
brought for treatment in. the event of their becoming ill. The narrowness of
this idea, however, soon became apparent, and it was realized that the dis-
pensary had a more important work to do, namely, that of prophylaxis, In
other words, while the dispensary should aim to cure, its greatest endeayor
should be to prevent tlness,
In canvassing the situation it was found that the great majority of infant
deaths were caused by improper food, wrong feeding methods, and carelessness
or lack of knowledge in the handling and preparation of infant foods. Imme-
diately the dispensary was discovered to have a still more important and
wider function to perform than either curing or prophylaxis—that of education,
The question of ways and means then arose, Tt was necessary to have money
and it was also necessary to have cooperation, An appeal was made to the
Washington Diet Kitchen to help with the food question, ‘The response made
was of the most generous nature. Not only did they agree to furnish milk
practically ad libitum, but they also agreed that the milk so furnished should
be modified in any way the dispensary physician might direct, so that each
infant needing artificial food could get that most adapted to its needs. The
Instructive Visiting Nurses’ Association was next appealed to, with the result
that one of thelr nurses was instructed to. visit the dispensary twice a week.
The different relie? organizations of the city expressed their interest and
promised their help should any of the cases coming to the dispensary require it.
It is hardly necessary to say that the Neighborhood Tlouse gave the movement
its most enthusiastic and hearty support, feeling, as it did, that the people con-
nected with the house would be those who would most surely benefit by it.
The house agreed to shelter the dispensary until the fall.
It was a matter of little difficulty to raise the money necessary to install the
dispensary, Appeals were made to a number of people, and in every instance
were answered in the most generous manner, gifts of money, cribs, linen, ehil-
dren's clothes, seales, and many other useful and necessary articles being
received,
But, although highly encouraged by the enthusiastic way in which the idea
had been received by those to whom it had been communieated, it was not
without some doubts and misgivings that on the 18th of April the dispensary
was opened, How would the dispensary be received by the neighborhood was
the question, ‘The idea was an entirely new one. Would it be met by confi-
dence or distrust? Would our little eratt, launched with so much care and love,
be swallowed up by some huge wave of disapproval, or would it weather every
storm?
It took the two weeks remaining in April for the neighborhood and the dis-
pensary to become acquainted with each other. During these two weeks 8
THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 427
visits were made to the dispensary—5 new cases and 8 return visite, Wiehe
visits, while not many, was considered a fair start, The slen attraeted atten-
tion during this time and the people became nequainted with the fret that
clean and pure milk would be dispensed at an low rate--1 cent a feeding and
that treatment and medicine were equally reasonable, namely, 10° cents for
either. During May the attendance showed some improvement, 26 new patients
coming, with 87 return visits, During this month 6 tofnnte were for one reason
or another put upon modified milk, Bul in June the attendance took a big
Jump, 55 new cases being treated, with 127 return visite, and 12 more infants
put on milk. The confidence in the success of the institution rose proportlone
ally, but it was not until the returns for July were in, showing a total ate
tendanece of 251—61 new cases and 190 return visite thal the organization began
to realize that its early doubts and fears were unfounded and that the dis-
pensary was really making a success, The succeeding two months only served
to confirm this. August gave a total attendance of 214-47 new cases nnd 167
return visits—and Seplember, 2890-—C7 new cases and 172 return visite,
But with the phenomenal and unprecedented success enime (he realization of
new duties and new responsibilities, Tt was discovered that while the dispen-
sary had had as tts object the curing or relleving of suffering in alek children,
the prevention of disease amongst them, and the education of thelr parent tn
matters pertaining to infant hygiene and infant feeding, 1 was not only ful
filling these objects, bul was cupable of and aetunally was performing funetions
which, if not of greater, were at least of equal, tmportance, Through this
channel many people were brought to Neighborhood Tlouse who had never been
there before, to become aequainted with and take advantige of its many oppor
tunities. Also, people in other sections of the cily were awakening to the tiet
that infant life in this Capital City had long been neglected and allowed to go
(o waste, and many were beginning to see the necessity of remedying (his
neglect and putting a stop to the waste. And with all this came a still greater
realization, that of the weakness of the dispensary organization, With (hese
many problems to meet and solve enme the necessity for help, The P, iW. 0,
organization in this city seemed to be the ideal organization to shoulder this
vreater work, because it seemed that their ideals stood more for work of this
kind than those of any other organization, An appeal was therefore made to
them.
It was received with the same enthusiasm and generosity with whieh all
other appeals had been received, with the result that an organization was
formed to earry forward and expand the work (he smatler organization had
begun, This organization began work October 1, It absorbed the parent
organization and invited to jein with tt the Washington Diet Kitchen, the
Instructive Visiting Nurses’ Association, the Associated Oharities, — and
Neighborhood Wouse, May it have success. The work tt has to do is
Immense, but every success obtained is worth many times the effort that will
be put forth, The educational work is especially important, for lack of
knowledge is at the bottom of many of the evils that children suffer, lack
of knowledge of what constitutes proper food, proper clothing, and proper
hygiene, many sad cases of epilepsy and hysteria being traceable directly
to neglect of this latter,
This report would be incomplete did it not deal with a few, a very few,
statistics, -
Krom the middle of April, when it was first opened, until the Ist of October,
when it passed into the hands of the new organization, a period of five and
one-half months, there were treated in the dispensary 261 infants and ehildren,
The total of return visits made to the dispensary was 696. The total attend.
ance, 957. Three deaths occurred, making the death rate a little over 1 per
cent. Search of the health-office records showed a total death rate in 1907
in southwest Washington of children of 10 years of age or under to be SO,
During this year, 1908, only 29 children have died in the southwest, 10 years
of age or under, although this year was considered one of the most fatal
to children that we have ever experienced. May not the dispensary through
its furnishing of clean pure milk take some credit to itself for this tremendous
reduction in mortality ?
lorty-one babies received modified milk.
The cost of equipping and running the dispensary for the five months was
about $400,
These figures demand no comment; they speak for themselves,
428 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
During the latter part of the summer a roof garden built on the roof of
the dispensary building was opened for the use of small children, and many,
on bright days, took advantage of this auxiliary.
The dispensary clinic is in charge of a physician, who is present at the
dispensary daily, except Sundays and holidays, for about two hours. In May,
when the work began to, get heavy, a neighborhood woman was employed to
help with the children and distribute the milk. Later in the summer the need
for more professional service was felt, and an arrangement was made with
the Instructive Visiting Nurses’ Association by which the dispensary had the
entire use of the services of a nurse for three months. This nurse, in addition
to helping in the clinic, visited cases needing attention outside of dispen-
sary hours.
Appended to this report is a copy of the constitution of the present organi-
zation, the separate reports for the five months, and a copy of a circular
distributed to mothers in southwest Washington, giving some simple and
plain instructions in the care of infants.
Would it be amiss, in closing, to strike a more personal note?
The writer wishes to bear witness to and express his great appreciation of
the untiring efforts of his two associates [Mrs. J. P. S. Neligh and Miss
Hugenia Bray] on the original board of management of the dispensary.
Without their wise counsel, their never-failing patience, and ready encour-
agement in the face of adversities, and their ever willingness to take upon their
own shoulders the greatest burden of the work, the dispensary could never
have had an existence, the great work it is to-day doing would never haye
been begun, all our efforts, indeed, would have come to naught.
Respectfully submitted.
Wm. J. FRENCH.
INDEX,
Page.
Act regulating production and sale of milk, etc.,.in the District of Columbia. 49, 390
Act to regulate the sale of milk, District of Columbia. ............--.--.---- 43, 383
Additional precautions, necessity for, indicated by bacterial count.....-....-. 115
Adulteration of foods and drugs, District of Columbia, act relating to........ 49, 388
tuberculin, punishment for, reeommended......-......-.-- 58, 136.
Agreement for production of certified milk.....................2-2-.--- 30, 119, 419
Agricultural Department, score-cards used by.....-........-..-02---0-2000- 24, 372
hj) OCGN UG ES af} Oe AN 4 AE aI AVS HRT) SP Un Mp eS 143,
Associated Charities, recommendation concerning..............------- 124, 140, 425
Association for Prevention of Tuberculosis, District of Columbia, resolutions by. 76, 412
IEFeR@ UNITS GATT GLA) Sune era eet SVEN NUMA UMAR a LS YL Ul IY Mali as 104
Bacteria, maximum number allowable...........-..--...--.-.-----eee--e- 110, 139
Baetonta icon terntiaaecn mete aay ears ces Wise ial Seno) LC a ania, ee 109
harmifulmessiofiniotey ee sis sey ik) Gee aN Wiel WU nya 112
Vobsfd aY4 Te oY GOH) ACY 01, (yk ah ks ans Sse SPAS AS neg 112
Mea xamayimMarallll orvalbolie was wih eek ia tea BUPA ee Neal a yah ie 110, 112, 139
PLAGhrcaitotl ates A LANE N LAN, CRS LVR a ree EDS 109
recommended for District of Columbia......-..- eR a Aen 139:
Count, defimitemessyoh ase y uA eu LT NY, ae Ay Ca 109
necessity for additional precautions indicated by....--...... 115
not dispensed with by pasteurization. ..............-.....-- 114
practicability of................. Fer eles ME RnR ROA ag 109:
responses to inquiries concerning......-.....-.....-------- 180, 228
Bacteriological examination, uniform procedure in making.......-......----- 113:
Bill to regulate production and sale of milk, District of Columbia (S. 4986)... 49, 390:
Botlme milk, necessity for, dispensed: wathe /2. 0.05952 80 135
Bottle feeding, breast feeding preferable to......................-.00-------- 120:
Bottling machines, etc., rating by District department when not installed..... 16,34
Bovine cane efficacy of tuberculin test in eradicating human tuberculosis
} IG TINS ah Cee NL Da aa el CAEN UAL CCl AI ER eal
tuberculosis, action of International Tuberculosis Congress, 1908, con-
COTM ANTM S ins SMU EO MeO 2 tl cle aeaiereea 74.
communicability to human: beings: 2/522. 50. 222280252 72
economic considerations affecting.............-.-------- 78
Intermational}Commiisston ons) 55 20 eee 64, 405.
recommendations for eradicating..........-..------.---- 77
report of International Commission on............-..-- 64, 405
uniform legislation recommended. ...........--....---. 137
regulations reeommended..........---.-..---- 137
Breast feeding preferable to bottle feeding....................---- 2) SOE Raa 120
TeXeXOY TAM OKES aN Koval a VN Raa CU SMR A est IA Ub UE RC 140:
Breeding purposes, SIMMER concerning exchange of tuberculous cattle
Gye AEE AA ON A Nt TON a 8 ca 66, 137
exception concerning sale of tuberculous cattle for........ 66, 137
Brewery. by-products iteedmmm ore es Sy a Ok as are 20, 237
British Commission on Tuberculosis, investigations of........-..--..-----.--- 75.
Butter, etc., requirements concerning milk used in making.................. 132
DB woterman tle Ge tranny Taiyo bees oy ey HNC pop a AL Da EAH CSUN MA SN 134
etc., requirements concerning milk used in making....-..2...-. 182
Cans, jacketing, recommendation Concerning. /.2. 022265. 0.6.) 2220220022220: 83, 138
Capping machines, etc., rating by District health department when not in-
Gave NUN NAb a Ze enM Ny eas UUDEL UR RIOUN LA) ACLU ct ay chal pata Malt Hy pt NN Le A 16, 134
430 INDEX.
Page
Gare of mille n NOME. «5 psc awe pols impcreis cle mm eieusie Pine See eine epee A ae ee 116
precalitions recommended: - elg - eee ee eee 116, 140
publication of circular recommended.....-.............-- 141
TECOMMENCA TONS COM CCTM! masse eee eae 116, 140
Cars, cleansing and disinfecting of reeommended............-----.-.--- 65, 136, 408
Carter HerbertiP.., communications trom... 2c. cess c oe. seein oe oe eee 12, 351
Cattle: conditions tor healthyot. 22ers see ses eee ecie cere ee eceeee eee Lone 137
Cortifted sail kesys: Wes faj2= < El oja anseie 2 pymis tere mine epee sie aterobval ine eae) ys ee ee 30, 119
agreement fon Production Ol. wasn eee eee ee 119, 419
District of Columbia, bacterial content recommended....-..- SS
Uselol foraniantsmecommended y= seen ee nee ee 119, 135
Cheese, etc., requirements concerning milk used in making...-......... ohare 132
Chemistry, Bureau of, prosecutions under pure food law.............------- 38, 381
Chicago milk ordinance, SO aS eee ne Le MUTE ENO eMoati =n: 98, 275
Circular concerning milk in home, publication recommended week ace op ee ca ta
‘Citizen’s Relief Association, recommendation CONCETMING .53/5 - Ae eae 124, 140, 425
Classification of milk recommended for District of Columbia.........------- 27, 135
Commercial pasteurization, objections to.....--.-.-.-.--------------------- 93
Communicability of bovine tuberculosis to human beings...........-------- 72, 103
Communicable diseases, recommendation concerning reports of...........-.- 135
TEPOUOL oe Late Noe Gree s Nee ee dn a ee 24
Compensation to owners of cattle coudemmeds..--) 1.0) loss anya as alae 69, 138
Complaints against health department, District of Columbia, findings of com-
TING GO Gj kele cake ee ea reas ibe LO) na oe es 15
by dairymen’s association, letter stating Pec uje AOE en acre een 361
filed against health department, District of Columbia... jae e4eeee 14
Goncentrited milk-c.00 0 /) TAT a 130
responses to inquiries concerning........-.-.----------- 213, 219
WoncrevedlOOTas =< <2 so ic Pee ee eID oa ON To RM cel A ee aie ee 16, 134
use of, responses to inquiries concerming.................--- 233, 234
recommendations for continuing £2 hace-sas ate See 134
Condemned animals, use of meat of, for food. -2 ......-)- acc assseeee- oes 79
cattle, compensation PROS IERIE HIRO ANNIE 69
compensation to owners recommended.....-.-.-.-.-.------ 138
Condensed milk: definition: Offi. fesse) oa lee ee ee a oe 27
TIUEPUGLVeness) OL 2-1 .ee lees aa tia (eee ee cee 128
responses to inquiries concerning...-.-...--.----- 209, 213, 215, ae
suscepibilityol deterioration. --<aop4-eo sea ee ae
sweetened, definition Of... 4= 2. -<jca<s):- eee see eee eee o7
Consumers, observance of precautions bY. «ae daacbeue 3 Sh Sa ee 118
Continuous pasteurization not reeommended.........-.--------------------- 93, 138
Cost ofinstalline pasteurizingeplantishen. a4 + ca ee see eise ti ae eee 100, 418
modified Milks. 506 Se oan Mh recs ene oe one eee ae ee 122
pasteurizaG@On. 0. so. seck cand ations eens ee eee ee 101
pasteunmeine plants... 0002-2). 00% oc: oa Sa eet eee 2 eee 100
‘Cows, teculatronsdonsta bling... h- 2 cept ch ara acters ieee Gee ee eee 44-136
Cream, bill to regulate sale of in District of Columbia (S. 4986, H. R.
DF OOG) coe Ms eo as ll rt a Staaten 49, 390, 391
clotted) definition: of. =~ < sete. secre eee es ae ee eee is
@OMLESUB ace se a it ata a's, 3/4 payathrare raya Sym eee a pee as eerpere open oks ea er 40
detinition obs)... 242, ze Seeeiie eae teeta eee ee ere 29, 132
etc., act regulating production and sale of in District of Columbia
(S. A986) ee nas cee caret kl ete anette erate 383
evaporated: definition/of. 2 2.2.20) eee eA eat eee 133
Dairies, District of Columbia, posting of regulations for, recommended. ....- 44, 136
regulations eOvernin Gee 4 pe ee eee see eee 385
Dairy conditions, improvement Of) oy tc se peled Eh teetess Sei ue ee ee mea 34
farms, District of Columbia, posting of regulations for, recommended... 44, 136
regulations governing... 202). 2\)2..2ceeee 44, 385
establishment of ice houses on, recommended. ......------2e0+ 86, 138
sanitary arrangements for.5- 2.052 422.552) 5 2e ecto oe ees 38
suggestions for improved sanitary conditions. ....-.-.-.-------. 382
of sanitary arrangements for-......-.....----------- 38, 382
Dairymen’s Association, communication setting forth complaints by....-.-.--.-- 361
record at health office... .0-----.cs-se.. Jgpee 117
Dairy, municipal; suerestion. of2)25.-2)-eee esas eee ieee ee 108
products, milk used should be tuberculin tested........-...-------..-- 78
Death rates in District of Columbia oo se eee eee ee eee 45
INDEX. 431
Page
Delivery, feasibility of prescribing hours of................2.2-2-02eeeeeeee 87
Re idiGe emer etecOMmended:. 2). 52 on. us ene meh. aa neta 108, 139
wagons, refrigeration of milk on, practicability of.................- 214
recommended ise P nae ae ee 83, 138
Diet kitchen, recommendation concerning...............22.2222222e-0-eee 140, 425
Digestive qualities of milk, effect of pasteurization on................--...-- 101
Disease-free herds, purchase from, recommended. .........-.---.----2---s00- 137
Mimmlengoy products, Teeding Oles. Qa Oi. os joe ats 1 eae ee OY 20
District Commissioners’ regulations for tuberculin test..............-.2---- 62, 402
testimony at hearing before: .....22.-.5.-.-.-4--- 124, 357
District government, order concerning institutions under .................- 54, 135
recommendation concerning milk for employees of... .. 54, 136
Economic considerations affecting bovine tuberculosis.....................-- 78
Employees of health department, employment restricted. ........2........- 50, 395
Employment of health department employees restricted. .....-..........-. 50,395
Rie enmiea make en Naty ed CS ok hry. ad as) BSS ooo ee SN 52
Executive departments, correspondence with officials of..............-....-. 399
mille turnished employees of. 2. ....... 222-2. 2.02h.5 53, 136
for employees of, restrictions recommended... 53, 136
orders resinicting sale) ofamalk im. 2520.2252.0022 5604 53, 396
Exposure, period of, best suited for pasteurization..............2...2.2-2-2-.- 91
Beaten oie Distmet milk pupphyeaeeie) Sa ean 8 deed. as bod ell Se ee 20
Byaporaied mils, detmibion Gigs. ated ewes dos ke mets oles ae 127
Federal food and drugs act, prosecutions under ...........--..2.--222--2---- 381
Blandarde med: tmdersaa) i420. wlljge 4 SU iley ge 113
Hibtravionypland-winsta vation of. eBoy sdk ade eae Ss eee 44
Flash pasteurization not recommended ........-....-.-5-2-2e0eceleeeee ence 93, 138
Hhesiaswactor 1 mull: contamination. - 2... =n. 1 Seonee sale SBS oe 36
Hood and drugsiact, Distirictiot Columbia... 3.5.25 on. ce0u -22fece eee ns 49, 388
INGniitomicyleee se Se Vth ce og ee he dey pe eee 38, 377
ume iSO MOOG see 5a S22 oye A a pat Pan Neti Al Oe teh AGe 377
District of Columbia, act relating to adulteration of........- 49, 388
PARP COME OL Di Ue Vrs nt oY aie ik ede one eas On Rian iy LD ke TT 89
responses to inquiries concerning..-......-.2....1-....----.: 224
FEPOrb Of ad dress OM =a eye imine We ok lyrics) 1k RDA 89, 416
RGerory WeGMSIGerATIONS 00. ki kee Goo he ue a tribe et icone, A Ans te 28
milk delivery service recommended............--2.--2------0---- 108, 139
German commission on tuberculosis, investigations of..................---.---- 75
Greafpbritain, tuberculosis order Of 190925. 8. sien lek ele oot 75
Grocery stores, sale of milk by, restricted..... - see, Aont Mc PmPNIN TSS EY NS 116, 139
Health department, D. C., communications from health officer .........-..--- 362
complaints filed sagaimsieiee = ee a Se ee 14
investigation of, not reeommended ............-- 26, 135
letter from Dairymen’s Association, filing com-
jOLEE gSOREAI A ev ES ROE MONSON A) UNION 5 DU 15, 361
publication of circular concerning care of milk
FE COMMMEMOCC ware ira: ene yan SL Cee 141
STIS PEER ONPSEIVACER hava ee eh Ni 22
laiboratoryslacilities. 2225 as. Ae oe 24
Praposed amyesticationvOks 294 42). 52. sey 26
reporting of communicable diseases .............. 24, 135
ST GLON RECCOZTTECGL SKY /SH1C0 0d Deeg BR) ge 24
Office; dainymenysimecoreyai = eee Mey sh aa pmene ath ore arst 2) Game ban 117
officer, District of Columbia, communications from..............---- 362
officers, series of questions addressed to. ....-.....-----------+-----e- 143
RemulatiOns. auihoriiyaroneeemeree ye ON 8 ON 18
Healthy cattle, purchase of, recommended... ... 68. 85ss..82 15.251 ee US
EMGnre ss cane Olpmillkean-. 3) ene en oa yielyei ll: oot 2. wes 116
precautions recommended. ....52.2........2-.2..-2---- 116
recommendations concerning... 2.5.2... -2+.\..488es. 116, 140
Haursiot delivery measi bility of presenibine 2) 50.4.0... 8vc5 Jae sue eae d. i
Human tuberculosis, communicability from bovine sources...........-.-..--- 72
from bovine sources, efficacy of tuberculin test in eradi-
CAyE TT Oye SiN Pee ne aN NY OR Aen 77
recommendations for preventing... - 77
Ice, communication concerning formation of natural..............-..-..--- 86, 415
432 ) INDEX.
Page.
Ice, cream, etc., bill regulating production and sale of, in District of Columbia
&. HORE) oe ncaa oven LR Senet ge 390
uirements concerning milk used in making.......... 132, 133, 141
houses, edible ment ‘of; recommended... se ca. Sos cece eee 86, 138
practicability of providing supply of... Vie SR eee 86
Taifant feeding 3 a ccie~ 5 See bw 5 en eit Secret SO 118
sale of milk for, by retail establishments restricted.......-... 116, 139
value of raw and pasteurized milk for. ........0....--....-- 121, 140
Enforits’ milk depots... 52... . sade eat pees be eee oe ee eee us, 122
establishmentiefs. {20222202 0S 0a 0 geet coe 119
Infected herd, animal reacting to test, evidence of. ..............--------.2-- 137
Inspected nb gi oats VE SOP PaCS 2 here vee ee 30
Inspectors, recommendation for increased number, District of Columbia. - - -. 23, 134
Institutions controlled by District government, milk recommended for......-- 135
under District government, order concerning. ...........--.----- 54
Tnstructions.to mothers recommended... 22.2522 c cece dees oe eee 140
Instructive Visiting Nurse Society, important functions of...............--.-- 126
recommendations concerning. ...... 124, 140, 425
International commission on bovine tuberculosis, report of-......-......--..- 64,405
Tuberculosis Congress, 1908, action concerning bovine tuber-
@utlosigs cc's oo wince 5 WANE oY EL A 74
Investigation of health department, District of Columbia, not recommended. 26, 135
milk under Federal departments recommended........------ 140
Jacketing cans, recommendation concerning.....-.....---------------------- 132
Labeling of milk Vessels, act/ConGenriine 2726 c.< soca ae eee Re oa 50, 394
Laws governing milk production 3 ihe k Sc ten tetats cha oe Se Se 257
Legislation attempted. governing production of milk, responses to inquiries
GONCEMnING < 50.3 eo ose. heh ew ek oe Ua ee 225
aPraposed | 2) iD Oe. ele eae See ee 49
Ibeneocytes im. milk. Sos occ eee cee wee esas aon eee rr 32
Toeation<of pasteunaing plants --- 222 ae ee eee 106, 139
Low temperature, communication concerning shipment of milk at..........-- 415
Main GEARS Ol. see. ose ne nh oh eee ee ee eee 32, 131
responses to inquiries concerning. ...........-.--- 196, 214, 227, 237
Manure, removal of, from stable recommended ............--..--------------- 137
Marking of cattle recommended...-.-2-.-.-4-#e--eseerss lt 137
Meat of condemned animals, use of, for food)... 2... 22 2.0 255220), Soe 79
Medical Milk Commission, New J ersey; agreement for certified milk.......... 419
Milk, act to regulate sale of, in District of Columbia..............------+++-- 43, 383
blended, definition of... 2... 222.055.0982 00. ee eee 30
bottles, amendment concerning content of....................--.------- 50, 394
-borne: diseases, order. of importamce Of. 022222220 22.-22 22.25 52a eee
Care of, mnvhome\. 20) Us ak ONS 2 Se eS Pe 116
precautions recommended .......... ....------------ 116, 140
esis Abate (s CML Ge MMe eM A MME re) Ma ease es SS
classification for District of Columbia, specific legislation for, recom-
mended 2.5 se a Se 27, 135
OPS EE BO Ce 27
eoneentraled.: <= 22. 2... 1222). 4 Ae ea 130
condensed. definition of... 022 e2ey BE Re Be ee 127
Mutritivemess Of sso220i WWE ee Ree Pa 128
susceptibility to deterioration ss).222 0222... 252 eee 128
sweetened, definition of. /. 22... 5829-222 See 127
conference, New. York:.: 22.2222 52 eS sy SE Ee ee 40
Washington) 1907. . 0.25208 oe. Sees eee 46
recommendations indorsed ...-------------- 49
contaminated: diseases from. 2.2.2 .25../0 202052 Se See 32
contamination, flies as factor in..s..:-2..--.- 2+. sce seas eee Cee 36
sources Of. 3..82. 22552 Gee ee ae 30
Contests.2 5. < ses on) o 3. SN ANU ee 40
cow's, as infant food .....-.-2. 6 =5. 2-0 sc eae. ke Sees 6 eee eee 118
definition: Off «2 i..dise2 ei ok PL Be a 29
delivery service recommended 2.22. 22 86h dS ee eee 108, 139
depots: for infant feedings. 32252 wNo Cece. 2 ee Bee ee 118
establishment of.....+-9%.<<--24.- 32) Seeaeeeee 119
effect of pasteurization in preserving.....-.--.-..---------------------- 105
on ‘priceiof 2c ees ab oe eee eee 104, 232
INDEX. 433
‘ age.
Milk, etc., in District of Columbia, act regulating production and sale of (S. ah
AD ceobhcs Soe Oe eae ae ne ne ene eee See Be Breese mr nOr ns cetera , 390:
SPO c ALUM OC MMUGON O12. 2. Fe 2 sa). 2/2 mela 2 oicio a a eimiafateieis eee sleet 127
yes, GIS nN ONC AA ee, Ae ee nee ee HM TC Oe ee cuce 30:
AMINE mebisirietor Coliwmibia. ..2/.\-- tence ue soem eee ee eesnetelsiel= 21
for employees of District government, recommendation concerning... - - 54, 136.
executive departments, recommendation concerning... 53, 136.
ROSALIE OR. S153 5 LE en oer Pm mE eres a! 89, 416.
furnished employees of executive departments................-------- 53, 136.
onli e, (@ ettt1OU) Ole— aoe 2. = = 2 = = 2 = = 8 a 30:
EOC IAMACO-OIS OC IASI ALS See eee ee enn Dente. fee a SHR ois 29:
THN OCCUOC Soaea see ae Soe Nee eee nS OEMS re a Ss oc Fs 30, 135.
[LeDeCe TSS INAS SS Le ee ee nese cc Shc 32,
low temperature recommended for District of Columbia.............-- 83, 138
IMOGUHEG 2% nse setae rr=) nis seine Ree ans Se mye layeidva, oth om eS ale ea ee 121
COSLLOIse er toe ae Ne. ade gee soe ee 122
AUMGEUD UCM CSS Ole ats 5 oe aie aaa 2 oc ams sain nals afte geile eee 121
SUScep ibility to) deLemoravion. o.-).\)..2 4... Gos. -2s02 1 see 121
TUITLTA UHV BV ANTICO Lea eee ese cele a 5 hse ayaye nln orb ye e aial avery y oa 33
observance of precautions by consumers of...........-.---.------------- 118
order of executive departments restricting sale of...........-.-..--.-- 53, 396
pasteurization of, for District of Columbia recommended........-...--- 54, 138
temperabpure recommended. .- 6. 2k. asses. eee 91, 135
MastenizZedhad CHM i OUNOlep renner sean = <q 2 22 <2 Seleiye cite Wee 30, 90
MU tpPMeALON) OLSETIAS IM)... 2 ij. oe De joe ee 101
DWonvdletel eee ee Se Awe Ah ene eects 131, 209, 218, 215
price ol, eltect of proposed Champes\ ons... 2.2... --+-.-5+---e-e- 16, 206.
paces ONGGIES Oleh ean as oh Soe Sos ee ee eee eee Em ch Ie ra 105:
roducers’ Association, etc., communication to......--.-..------------ 11, 254
MLOGuUetiOoNsMederal sumvyelllance- OL... -... =. -+ + o-- =~ a2 acme soon 37
MOMS SS ose sb ooo poe eae ee epee: oo Sade ese ces see. ooacn 132
Bederaleimvestigavlons Ola < 214... -= cee scien o5 Sees sess coos 36
maintenance at low temperatures..................---.---- 134, 237
requirements concerning milk used in.-...........-.-.------- 132
RET eTALUE MOGs heer ee. coalote, Seas. SERS Oo ake Rea raS 88, 138
oumulkeused) in making. oh .c see. Sey eee te 88
PAN CLP IICALION OMOeTMG IMs 2. oad 2 He ae See ees Se ee eons 101
recommended for institutions controlled by District government....... 54, 135
Fewanlaioue Dastmet On COMMA... 55-9220. 4 05s ese es ele oat ols 42
sale of, by retail establishments restricted........--.-...5----2.--2:--- 139
District of Columbia, bill to regulate (H. R. 17506; S. 4986).... 49, 390
act torregulate.f22-eecace sens cease eee 43, 383
in executive departments, orders restricting ....-.-..-..--.---- 53, 396
stale prohibited....-...... Ueto SES hee Sees ce 139
RE pAratedrdelMiOMOl oo es ce ccs ses ah pe eee a ere 131
Bkimcondensed detmition Of 2. .k.. 22-2522... 5 eee oe ae eee 131
RNC e TIT MMO lee ets ee ook Se eer ote ere eee Teil
Economie yaluWelOl- 2a 222 oes sce ce oe cis cee eee so eee 131
AOU apparent anomaly concerning asses 9 = eee ese - eee 115
stenilli7edm ce ninmiitoMuOtee nn... <2. tek yo oc ye ere ceieeials i= eal reer 90)
standards prescribed under Federal food and drugs act..-.....-----..--- 29:
supply District of Columbia, results of tuberculin tests...........-...--- 60:
extention istrict ol Columbiae-ss---e eee eer cele ee eee ee 20)
Federal regulation of...........- Re aac Se yios Sets om
Locales Ulaionvol. =: so 520553 2. eee eee ek os 3 2c Sele eee ae oe
BOTA OMs eis oo sin Sieg Stes a oie niger eR so te as Siar eae 21, 208.
trust, responses) tounquiries) concerminp =. So saee sac ~ = 2 ee ee FP. NSS
MUG OMNOLae a <es a'< U.S cers ee Ey 2 cc ev eee 26.
HE AOlesomenessvOlmarket. |. 22.4. ssc cee se ea ecls = cee fs RP 34
Wessels wlapelimeavoh pach CONCERNS 2. os. ye ee see eee = =a eo eee = 50, 394
Militaire deepen oc)... ooo Foo cae Sem MN oe 6 aia ae aero 127
GenMGLOM OLS Soe g2 2 See se eee ee eS Eons neta een te 127
demmeama HOR ot. 55 2 oo= 15a ae este eas eee ens ats ol een oe 129
PTICET Ola o-. eS bin heave 8 Ue een et Naya tans Scene erecta 130
Mie weitere Ease sr areca os gol 3, ea GD nea eine al Ste Nan eC 121
availablesupply recommendedteress sce 2 ess. asses eee 140
commercial agencies recommended -......-...5-..-------:---- 125, 139
KELO' SH 0) Mee ede Ey SDS SU eG eee A ee eee mn by"
82444°—§,. Doc. 863, 61-3——28
434 INDEX.
" Page.
Modified milk, formule of Straus laboratory .............-..---------.---- 123, 404
fund for supplying recommended! sie e)ns foes ees a eietere 125, 140
MUGHLtIVeMess | OL te ake eu eee ee Ie ai ean en een Ree eat ee 121
responses to inquiries concerning.........-........-------- 220, 235
susceptlollity: to Cetenoratione tee een scenes women ae epee 121
use ol, lor infants recommended. 7.2. . 65. se cance oe em hou
Mohler, John R., recommendations for preventing human tuberculosis from
Looe SOMO HWbsrdoondudsiadioeesesoscssuedssasodesaeedaos 3 SE aa ie 77
Monopoly controlling pasteurizing machinery....... BS Se a eens Ne a ee 108
Municipal dairy, SupeestlomiOle ego nec ce s\slelmelele feelers iat 108
ownership of pasteurizing plants not reeommended...........-..- 108, 139
National Association for Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, resolutions by. 76, 411
Newspapers, dissemination of information concerning milk by, recommended. 141
New Work milk conference wis sess eee tala alee al Sree a ee ae ee 40
Nutritive qualities of milk, effect of pasteurization on.....-...-------.--..---- 101
iNueritiveness ofcondensed malas %2 2a Sone sae tee ere ela ee =e ieee lel eae 128
modified milks oy Aol 8 coals ccc ae sane ae acgs atel ae ene 121
Nurses, visiting, important function of...-.........-.---.--+-------------- 126, 140
Oleomargarine, requirements concerning milk used in making.......-....--.-- 132
Ordinances governing milk production.......-..--..--.-------------+--------+ 257
Pasteurizatlone ye | een eeeeineseme ce eee eer eer cia = tte ie ei eee eee 90
adi vambages Ol ar te ee nee sete cbeletone a aia ee ie nee 94
article concerning in Pearson’s Magazine......-..-...----.-.--- 93
POON OWUISOUN ada Geacew en disawe Ooeb dopagegee sad Se saaticknoeead< == 94, 231
for District of Columbia recommended.-...-.-.....- 98, 135
CONTINUOUS ee eee sees sees oes eee eee ei eM Mineral 93
not recommended.) )- 2. anne nee 138
GOs) CSA See Bor AsO Bees Semen se obicemcom SOAS eS 20k Cre eee On
date of, on label recommended....-..-.- SOL ED ll 139
OW sr i hatste WEARS ROL AeA cen na A eiaeE ee AE Me ome ok So 52s 90
GisadivaMitares tole eye eet oy te ia lcrolel cra) ete aie nee Sc 94
efectiol, imcpresenvineyanl kee Soe eee nee eee eee eee 105
omgerm slike see a oe esta a ee eo 92
nutritive and digestive qualities of milk...........- 101
On) pre! ofp nent Nese eee ee ee ret ee 104
flash, notmecommended 2 eee eee ore tee ele te 138
| De Le Panis ARE ech an GAN MME AAs a babs tN Neer nae Ba Se Sees At 93
in District of Columbia, date recommended for.-.........-.---- 138
OL MER Mp URISGIC ii OME yee ee eae tetera ete ee 105
Objectionito commercial: So see ee aa eee eee eee 93
of milk, District of Columbia, recommendations concerning. .... 135
temperature recommended ..... 92, 138
precautions in absence of........-.---------------++2+--------- 4
prescribed bacterial count not dispensed with by. ..-.-------.--- 114
responses to inquiries concerning.........--------------- 166, 203, 229
Scraviscdepot. Localism ee preterit tee SARs Nate 54, 124
temperature and exposure best suited for........-.------------ 91
tuberculin test not dispensed with..............--------------- 103
Paateurized milk, commercial agencies recommended..--....--.------------- 139
District of Columbia, bacterial content recommended. ... 110, 139
delivery within 24 hours recommended. .....-.----------- 139
for infant feeding, purchase recommended.....----------- 126, 140
investigation of, by Federal departments recommended .. 121, 140
latbelime tof.) ANS oo feos cle eres iat aa ee a 106, 139
use of, fer infants reeommended......-...--.-------------- 135
NTE Ge1(0) PaO apt lng ROAR ae usa acid a Rs OARS 102
Pasteurizing machinery, alleged control of......-.------------------+-++++-+- 108
. responses concerning. ...-....-.---------------+-++--- 173
plants, cost of.........--- 2. 2+. 2-22 cece eee eee etter tesa 100
District of Columbia, estimated cost of.........---------- 418
request for information concerning
CostiOlsaseeeeee Pees LeelgCerN St 418
LOCHTTOMMOf a concierto Se eee nee e eee RS ya 106
location within District of Columbia recommended. ... 107, 139
maintenance under public or private auspices. .---.----- 107
municipal ownership of, not recommended........----- 108, 139
private, in District of Columbia.......-..-.---+-+-+--- 107, 419
under private auspices recommended.......-.-.-2----- 108, 139
INDEX. . 485
Page
IRenmniisey Ge tay AMMnISSUM Oya ae ocak a ie UN LaRue ie MDI ts Cd 18
Personas list om cConsultecuby, committee 2.025 25. 420 0 ee ed 145
aderce mc em TM ee alos TM Oe 131, 235
Preparedumils) - geese \-<-)-\- vaerera ae ence 21S US IRE HR NTS Ae Mec a 127
definition of ...... Mah eta oS gh ava se (CC a a ca 127
demand for. -.... Nae nena eet Naa 6 ca ais c4 4 iN 0) ORR OUR ae 129
price of.....-.- ree Nes cs and ead RRR A 130
responses to inquiries concerning....................-0-0+-- 209, 213
1 Py ESI ETANIESE MUSTER ES ge ae I ee a Peet Ten U AEG oN ty a 20
rice ot cows, eect of tuberculin testion 2. 2222.2022.25 24/22 70
mille cHeet on pasteurization Omese. 2/052. 40s) hs SUN ee 104
proposed changes OTM ss Hd Le RT A UE Ad OE 16
Ericesonseveralipradesioiumilke Cr eC NNW ile Oi Sa St 105
Private pasteurizing plants in the Disiietoy Columbian...) 1.2, 8) 107
Publication of ratings of dairies and dairy farms recommended............. 118, 135
Publications, list of, consulted by committee...................22.....------- 255
Rating dairies and dairy farms, reasonable standard recommended..........- 26, 135
Ratings of dairies and dairy farms, publication recommended ................ 135
Raw and pasteurized. milk, investigation concerning, recommended........- 121, 140
milk, investigation of, by Federal departments recommended.......... 121, 140
Recommendations, SUMATTTA A OLE ES eC aye cin AVC Ly NUR NT AN LU c as Ds UC Re Rial ey Seley 134
Refrigeration of milk on delivery wagons recommended....................:. 83, 138
Refrigerator-car service, correspondence COMCERMEN Ora see). e is. sass ahs iene ee UE
UCC CSS Vo LOM tereensta een ols cera us en seane te vase et gn Ve 84
recommendation conceming 2.) ) 292) eee. 138
Regulations by health departments relating to milk, responses to inquiries
COMIC OTT ee peat severe) ae teeta ya eo etesieguee atte ey 2)ats alt Lop 226, 235
concerning; content iot milk bottles.55.2. 922242545. 2225s Se 50, 394
District health department, specific approval by Congress récom-
DH ANCEY AYO (ek balehey se LO SI We ae Ve Ean Ae pee Jac EA a 18, 134
for dairies and dairy farms, District of Columbia, posting of, rec-
OMIMCIG SAEs S45. Pus om RCD ae te CUE ANSE 1 hae i 136
groverming dairies; District oi Columbiaes oss sceene eae oe eee see 385
dairy farms, District of Columbia +0. 52.5222222-225-- 44, 385
mc ROCUC LOM Joes a es TRUE ARRON Ue NIM Ue uate rn 257
relating to prepared milks, responses concerning.......-....-...-. 235
Report of commission on bovine Guberculosisly odie aN wane he 62
Communicable diseases! se Res cars aimee Aes aE NN SCS ARN Ri ME te 24
recommendation concerning ...............- 135
Report ondispensary, Settlement House nia cess meee ee Oe 2) 426
Resolutions by Association for Prevention of Tuberculosis, District of Columbia. 76, 412
National Association for Prevention of Tuberculosis........... 76, 411
to investigate tuberculosis among dairy animals, etc., District of
Cokunabra (HM Res. G05) 1p ae Ce EOE EEA VO Seats en eS 50, 393
Retesting of cattle exposed to tuberculosis recommended............-.------- 137
Salen mancsy Ne CeASIL VALOR Turi Men yest emote a cere ete ete 2) i en eet lala 39
Salesroom, rating by District health department when not provided.......... 134
Sanitary arrangements FOR altaya tarMa sya. ewe UAT Meee Ly) 2S LS 38, 382
SCORCLCAMGaIVS FEMA ANE SNA AMAR URS ETAT Papa UTE ANN 7 FEL NIA MANOR GUESS O00 '5, ana 24
Score cards used by District government and Department of Agriculture...... 372
Separate dimnallked che fimatdory OL ese Ne ORIN INE SEEPS MRSS DEO eee 2 131
Settlement House, report of dispensary.....-.-.-.-.-------------+--------- 125, 426
Settlement houses, important function of.......-.-.-: 2 eas SRA NE pet A) kl a 125, 140
Shipment of milk at low temperature, communication concerning..........- 83, 415
Scien keeCONOMICAVAlUC LOLs hem memes | cists es C2 Lo Secale eine 131
GHEHTH AUT AVON CL RYSSelcsls eas aes SINS nek URI MP 2 SO a a eee 30, 131
Sour mul apparent anomaly concermimoes (22k 22 Vee i os Selle se 115
Siaplimeyon coms erecullatiomsplor- mere yer ise tees a S/o le) el ceal eee .. 44, 136
Staleimnlkeisale ofa proliiouted yeaa aes ee a eal abe aleeralele 139
Standard for rating dairies and dairy farms reeommended..........--------- 26, 135
Standards fixed under Federal food and drugs act......-.-.----------------- 29
States prescribing tuberculin test of cattle imported.....-.....-.-------.----- 412
Wabi boundaries: {eee awe lel 414
providing indemnity to owners of tuberculous cattle condemned........ 413
for slaughter of tuberculous cattle..........----------------- 413
Steniliizationdenned mae mami ae nn ae ei ei aabbe di iiitlyi nd UusoNbe wt 90
436 INDEX,
Page.
Straus:depot, local disposal of !5. 22.5). <0 Sets tion «rE ee Se 54, 124
laboratory, District of Columbia, report of special committee......... 124, 424
formule for modified milk.............--------..---..-- 123, 424
local, bill authorizing acceptance of (S. 9716)............- 125, 425
pasteurizing laboratory, Washington, idisposal of 35459 eeee beeen 124
Sireptococel in niles. SS cece aac eon aa an ee FU Sa eee eet 32
AumMmMary or Tecommmendaitons:- 222.442. 5- se sees we oe te ete ce ae 134
Sweetened condensed milk, definition of...................-...-.-------.--- 30
Macpine or cattle recommendechs 3. 424 ia stata oy ice) ae a ee 136,137
Temperature best suited for pasteurization........-...-.-...--------.-2--200 91
essentiality of lowsii 2405 See aoe ee 7 82
for milk products 22us: Joc ae eee, ee 88
maintenance! ofilowe is Se a Se a 82
milk prodiuctsat low -252.)2295 28s ee 134
of cream recommended :.).).8 fig!) oie eral: Sse 88
milk recommended. ...,s5 22s eA See ae 138
used in milk products recommended..............-.---- 88
Testimony at hearing before District Commissioners. ........-...------------ 357
Mransportation, chargesy 2.7. ass sh Ae SS a ee ee 20
companies consulted by committee..............-....-.---- 148, 251
Tubercle bacilli introduced during infancy............-...-.-1---.----------
‘Buberculin, adulteration of: 24.85 ee ie el ee ee 58
punishment for recommended...................-- 136
MISCOVETY OR. esses os ier aac aie SOS Se eee eee 56
Impertance asidiaewosticiacentss--e eee ee eee ee re a eee 56
legislation establishing standard for, reeommended............-.- 58, 136
record ‘otsales/of, recommended!...-..-. 250-5 eee eee 58, 136
pestrictionyOF Use Obs. .22 2 ee ee Se oe see 57, 136
SP HbOB Ge ee Nae Sok BR re er seen As cpus lcd 2 ae er 3 59
advantaces Of. . oo F4q else licieleiacyai-ih~s, inee oe 67
application to animals having abnormal temperature. ...... 65,137
charts, recommendation concerning........--.------------- 66, 137
compensation for/cattlecondemmed:) 2224.52 eee ee 69, 138
conditions imipeseds j: hase ae See ee ae 59
cost, of:applyime= se: Sis sie ee et oe 68
defrayment oflexpense of... taaceace eon ee eee ee 68, 137
District of Columbia regulations for.........- aac ae 62, 402
effect, on;price/ Of cows = 222/.04.5 i228 eee 70
efficacy of, in eradicating human tuberculosis. ..........-.-- 77
expense of, recommendation concerning.......--.---------- 68, 137
for District of Columbia recommended....-.---......-....-- 82, 138
gradual application in District of Columbia recommended... 81, 138
list of States requiring, for cattle imported. .........-......-. 412
method ofapplicationee a-4-4 see ceases adh eee 56
noiharmnful etlectsss 0 easeae eet de eee 57
not dispensed with by pasteurization.....................--- 103
of milky used in dairy, products: 202 4-)2 2248. oe ee 78
previous inoculation of cattle prohibited under penalty...... 58, 136
regulations governing, in District of Columbia...-..........-. 62
reliability OF 2 sis ol, Ba Weare aaa i 63
reports by veterinarians recommended.........-.-.-------- 58, 136
responses received to inquiries concerning. .....---..--- 148, 201, 227
restriction to authorized agents recommended.........----- 57, 136
results of, in District of Coltimbia....saQtte 2. Lar 60
throughout United:States: 2... bees sie Se oe eee 61
States prescribing, for cattle imported...............-.-.-.-. 412
providing indemnity to owners of cattle condemned. . 413
requiring) within boundaries 222 2- =e - 5-5 ase 414
slaughter of animals condemned.........-. 413
within their boundaries....-.-.....-.-----. 414
Tuberculosis among dairy animals, District of Columbia, resolutions eoncern-
ing (H, ‘Res.s605).. 228. ene) sles OS le eee ©: 50, 393
bovine, report of intermational commission --.......-----.------ 62
communicability from bovime sources.......-.---------------+ 72, 103
extent of, among humans: 4y.2:2 22055 ee ee eee 55
from bovine sources, efficacy of tuberculin test in eradicating-. vad
infection with during Infaney . Louse easel eee 76
INDEX. 437
Page
Tuberculosis investigation by German and British commissions....:....-.-.-. 75
National Association for prevention of, resolutions by........... 76, 411
Ordemoimg0or Great: Exitaim. = 23's e 5a ene eras Sones io
owners required to report existence in herd..................- 65, 137
resolutions by Association for Prevention of, District of Columbia. 76, 412
veterinarians required to report existence in herds............ 58, 137
Tuberculous, animal reacting to test regarded as. es She eae es Suga
cattle, commission of experts on use of meat of. - Pe es eet a 79
contact with healthy prohibited....................--- 65, 136
exchange of restricted, recommendation concerning. .... 65, 137
regulations against importation recommended.......... 66, 137
retesting of recommended... (00. ar eae 65, 137
sale of restricted, recommendation concerning. .....-.. 65,137
States providing fom slauchiter O45 shes 4 cee ee 413
MISC Ole Mea tHOR LOOM sa.) 2705 pais ieys ioe Poaceae eee le 79
Typhoid fever in District of Columbia, detail of board to investigate.........- 50
symposium on causes of............-- 52
AMV ESL SA IOI Ol ya) setae eee ee... Sin cS, 2 cies ctic Sa 43
Wnrinsed) bottles; consumers returming....:).<..<.25.0.0.06.+seccsneecc lee. 23
Value of pasteurized milk. EPI Sas oi aca rs wiasnsic cit areteers ie 102, 121
Veterinarians, etc., report of applications of tuberculin test by, recommended. 58, 136
Washin machines, etc., rating by District health department when not
moras vealed peter rees ey tee cael oe Pre La wiatc layer aiayel-Sithar e's aleve ai elaicncis was o's Mee eee AOA
Washinton milkyconterence 907/21, taese eee occ oh eae po ee eee 46
classification re-recommended for District
OTC OlUMMpIAs a2 5). GN <5 eee ae 135
exceptions to recommendations suggested... 135
recommendations indorsed. ..............- 41-49
Water-tight floors mecommendeds-- 2220. 22-0 sce se see ls een eee: 66, 137
Weather Bureau, communication concerning formation of ice................. 415
Wiley, Dr. H. W. , prosecutions under Federal pure stood awe se se. eee oe 381
views concerning pasteurization of milk.................. 96
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