Report on the forests of North America (exclusive of Mexico)

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SIORAUE ITEM
PROCESS lNc;-CM

U.B.C. LIBRARY

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department of the interior,

cejN^sxjs office.

FR^\.NCIS -A.. "W-A.LKER, Superintendent,

Appointed April 1, 1879; resi|n>cd Xorembcr 3, 1861.

CHAS. ■W. SE.A.XON-, Superintendent.

Appointed Kovember 4, 18SL

REPORT

FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA

(EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO),

CHARLES S. SARGENT,

AKXOLD TKOFESSOK OK AKnOKIcrLTUKK IX HAKVARD COLLEGE,
SPECIAL ^AlGE^fT XE:N^'riI CEiXSTJS.

W A S II I y (^. TON:

GOVE K N M I;NT V K I X TI N G O F F I C E.

1884.

LETTER OF TRANS^IITTAL.

Department of the Interior,

Census Office,

Washington, I>. C, September 1, 1884.
Hon. H. M. Teller,

Secretary of the Interior.

Sir: I liave tlie lionor to transmit herewith the Report ou the Forests of North America (eschisive of Mexico),

by Charles S. Sargent, Arnold Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College.

This report constitutes the ninth volume of the series forming the final report on the Tenth Census.

I have the honor to be, most respectfullj-, your obedient servant,

CHAS. W. SEATON,

Superintendent of Cetisus.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Lkttkk of Transmittal .

PART I.

THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO.

The Forests of North America — General remarks 3-16

The Atlantic region 3-6

The Pacific region 6-10

Distribution of genera 10-12

Distribution of species 12-16

A Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North Aimerica, exclusive of Mexico, vma remarks upon their Synonomy,

bliiliographical history, distribution, economic values, and uses 17-219

Index to Catalogue 220-243

PART II.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Preliminary' iibmarks 247

Specific gravity and ash 24*-2ol

Fuel value 251,252

The strength of wood 252

Comparative values 252

Table of relative values 253-255

Table of averages 256-259

Table illustrating the relation between transverse strength and specific ukanity in the wood of certain

SPECIES 259-264

General remarks 264,265

Tannin values , 265

Table I. — Specific gravity', ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry" specimens of the woods of the United States. 266-349

Table II.— Actual fuel value of some of the more important woods of the United States 350-353

Table III. — Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under transverse strain 354-tlo

Table IV. — Behavior of soaie of the woods of the United States under trans\'erse strain: specimens eight

centimeters square 414-117

Table V. — Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under compression 41;*-4t>l

Part III.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS.

General remarks 4S5

The lumber industry' 4?5-4S9

Fuel 4!?9

Wood used as fuel for various purposes JiS

Estimated consumption of wood for domestic purposes 4S9

Consumption of charcoal 4ty

Forest fires 4iU-4l»3

Table of forest fires occurring during the census Y'ear 491. 492

North Atlantic division -. 4lM-olO

Maine 4iM-4'A>

New Hampshire t;i<i-49.'*

Vermont 4i>ji-vVX)

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut .t00,501

New York .' 501-506

New Jersey 506

Pennsylvania 506-510

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pngo.

SovTii ATiJkNTic pi\nsiox 5ii-riv>;5

Delaware T)!!

Mar VLAXD ; '>n

District of Columbia 511

ViRcixiA • 511,512

West Virgixl\ 512-015

XoitTii Carolina 515-518

Naval storvs .' 51(5,517

SorTH Carolina 518, 51i)

Buruiiig off (lend herbage 518

Georgia 510,520

Florida 520-523

Pencil cedar ." 522

Cypress 522

Southern Central division 524-54S

ALABAJitA 524-5:10

The Maritime pine region 525-627

Cypress swamps of the Tensas river 525-527

The forests of the Chattahoochee in eastern Alabama, mixed forest growth, etc 527, 598

Forests of the Tennessee valley 528,529

General remarks 529

The pine belt of central Alabama 529

The pine region of the Coosa 529

Naval stores 529, 5:10

Mississippi '. 530-53()

The pine forests of sonthcrn Mississippi 5;U, 532

The northeastern ponnties 532-5:54

Central pine hills 534

Western Mississippi 534,535

The Yazoo delta 535,536

Louisiana 536-540

Moss ginning 536,537

Texas 540-543

Indian territory 543

Arkansas 543,544

Tennessee 544, 545

Effect of 6res upon the forest 545

Kentucky 545, 546

Pasturage of woodlands 546

Northern Central division 547-56:!

Ohio 547

Indiana 547

Illinois ■ 547-550

Michigan 550-554

Fori-st fires 550,551

.Statistics of growing timber 551

Wisconsin 554-658

Minnesota '. 558-.560

Forests on Indian reservations 559,560

Iowa 560

Missouri •_ 560,561

Dakota '. 561,562

Nebraska 562

Kansas ,562, .563

Western division .564-.')80

Montana 564-566

WvoMIXO .566, .567

Colorado • 567,568

New Mexico 568

Arizona '. 568,560

Utah 56'J-.571

Lake range, west of Utah Like .570

.Sanpete Valley range 570

Sevier Kiver monntains '570

Nevada 571

Idaho .571-57:t

Washington ,. .573-57()

Oregon .576-57^*

California 578-580

Pasturage of mountain forests .579, 5t0

Alaska 580

TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Pag*.
Map of thk United States, showing the character of the Fuel used in the different sectioxs of the settled

PORTION OF the country 4^

Map of the United States, showing the proportion of Woodland within the settled area burned over during the

census year 491

Map showing Density- op Forests in Maine, New Hajipshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,

Nkw York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania 496

Map of Maine, showing the Distribution of Pine and Spruce Forests 4;t6

SIap of New Hampshire and Vf.umont, showing the Distridution of the Pine and Spruce Forests 497

Map of Pennsylvania, showing the Distribition of the Pixi: and Hemlock Forests !506

Map showing Density' of Forests in Delawap.e, Mary'land, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, Kentucky',

Tennessee, Indiana, and Ilunois Oil

Map of West Virginia, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood, Spruce, and Pine Forests .012

Map of North Carolina, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 515

Map showing Density of Forests in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, MissiIbippi, and Locislana 518

Map of South Carolina, showing the Distribution of the Pin-e Forests 519

Map of Georgia, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 5-20

Map of Florida, showing the Distribution op the Pine Forests 522

Map of Alabama, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 524

Map of Mississippi, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 530

Map of Louisiana, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests .■ 536

Map showing Density of Forests in Texas 540

Map of Texas, showing the Distribution of the Pint; Forests 541

Map showing Density' of Forests in Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Indian Territory.. 54.'?

Map of Arkansas, showing the Distribution of the Pink and Hardwood Forests 544

Map showing Density of Forests in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa 550

JLvp of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 551

Map of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 551

Map of Wisconsin, showing the Distribution of the H.4.rdwood and Pine Forest.s 554

Map of Minnesot.\, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 5oe

Map showing Density' of Forests in Dakota 561

Map showing Density of Forests in Nebraska 562

Map showing Density- of Forests in Montana 564

Map showing Density' of Forests in Wyoming 566

Map showing Density- of Forests in Color.vdo 567

Map showing Density- of Forests in New Mexico 566

Map siiow-ing Density of Forests in Arizona 569

Map showing Density- of Forests ix Ut.^h .070

Map showing Density- of Forests in Nev.\da 571

Map showing Density- of Forests in Idaho 572

Map showing Density- of Forests in Washington 574

Map siiow-ing Density- of Forests in Oregon 576

Map showing Density- of Forests in California 578

Map of .v portion of California, showing the Distribution of the Kkdwood Forests 580

MAPS CONTAINED IN TOETFOLIO ACCO.MPANTTING THIS VOLUME.

-Map showing the position of the Fore.st, Prairie, and Treeless Regions of North America, exclusive of Mexico.

-Map showing the Natural Divisions of the North A.merican Forests, exclusive of Mexico.

-Map showing the Distribution of the genus Fraxinus (the Ashes) in North America, exclush-e of Mexico.

-Map of the United States, showing the Distribution of the genera Cary-a and Umb"ellularia (the Hickories and

California Laurel).
-Map of the United St.*.tes, siiow-ing the Distribution ok the genus Jugi.ans (the Walnuts).
-Map showing the Distribution of the genus Quercus (the Oaks) in North A.merica. exclusive of Mfjlico.
-Map of the I'nited States, showing the Distribution of the genera Castanea and Castanopsis (the Chkst.vtts

and Chinquapins).
-Map showing the Distribution of the genus Pinus (the Pines) in North America, kxclus^-e of Mexico.
-Map showing the Distributio.n of the genera Abies and Picea (the Firs and Spruces) in North America, exclu-
sive of Mexico,
- Map of the United States, showing the Distuibution of l.iuionKNDRON Tuijpifer.v and Pinus L.vmberti.\na.
-M\i' OF THE United States, showing the Distribution of PKost)Pis Jcliflora, Qukrcus .\lba. and Qukrcus Densiflora.
-Map showing the Distribution of Fraxinus A.mericana and Pinus Ponderosa in North America, exclusive of

Mexico.
-Map showing the Distribution of the genera Cuam.ix-ypakis and Cupressus in North America, exclusive op

Mexico.
-Map showing the Distribution of the genera Thuya, Taxodium, and Sequoia in North America, exclusive op

Mexico.
-Map showing the Distribution of Pinus Stuobu.s, Pinus Palustris, and Pseudotsuga Douglasii in North America,

exclusive of Mexico.
-Map of the United States, showing the Rkijltive Average Density of Existing Forksts.

No.

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No.

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6.

No,

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No.

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No.

16.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Beookline, Massachusetts, July 1, 1883.
To THE Superintendent of Census.

SiE: I have the honor to submit the following report upon the nature and condition of the forest.s of the
United States, to which are added statistics of the lumber and other industries directly dependent npon the forest
for their support.

Mr. Andrew Robeson, of Brookline, Massachusetts, has prepared the maps which accompany this rei)ort : he
has supervised the entire statistical work of this division and has conducted its corresi)ondence.

Mr. Stephen P. Sharpies, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has conducted the various experiments undertaken
with the view of determining the value of the dilicrent woods produced in the forests of the United States.

Mr. C. G. Pringle, of East Charlotte, Vermont, has examined the forests of northern New Eugland and New
York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia ; and subsequently, as an agent for the American Museum of N.itural
History, has greatly increased our knowledge of the trees of Arizona and southern California.

Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville, Florida, has studied the forests of Georgia and Florida, and subsequently,
as an agent of the American Museum of Natural History, has added to our knowledge of the semi-tropical forests
of southern Florida.

Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama, has explored the forests of the Gulf states.

Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, has gathered the forest statistics of Pennsylvania, Michigan,
Wisconsin, and Minnesota.

Mr. George W. Letterman, of Allenton, Missouri, has examined the forests extending west of the Lower
Mississippi Eiver, and Professor F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville, Arkansas, has gathered the foivst statistics of that
state.

Mr. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has studied, during a long and arduous journey, the Ibrests
of the northern Eocky Mountain region, and Mr. Kobert Douglas, of U'aukcgan, Illinois, those of the Black hills
of Dakota.

I take this opportunity to call your attention to the faithful and admirable manner in which my associates
have performed the difficult duties to which they were assigned; their zeal and intelligence have made ]>ossible
the preparation of this report.

It is my pleasant duty also to call your attention to the fact that this investigation has been greatly aided
from the first by the experience and knowledge of Messrs. G. JI. Dawson, John Macoun. and Robert Bell, members
of the Geological Survey of Canada; the information in regard to the distribution northward of the trees of the
eastern United States is entirely derived from the latter's paper upon the Canadian forests. publishe«l in the
Report of the Geological Survey of Canada for the years 1870-80.

I am under special obligation to Dr. George Engelmann, of Saint Louis, Missouri, my companion in a lon^
Journey through the forests of the Pacific region, for valuable assistance and advice; his unrivaled knowledge of
our oaks, pines, firs, and other trees has been lavishly placed at my disposal.

Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Rockford, Illinois, the highest American authority upon the willow, has given me the
benefit of his critical advice in the study of this dilMcult genus. 1 desiiv to exjiress to him and to Dr. Laurence
Johnson, of New York, who has furnished nu» with a full series of notes upon the medical ju-operties ot the trees
of the United States, the deep sense of my obligation. i\Iy thanks are also due to Mr. Henry Gannett, Geographer
of the Tenth Census, for cordial cooperation in the work of this division; to Colonel T. T. S. Laidley. of the
United States army, in command of the arsenal at Watertown, ^Massachusetts, and to Mr. James E. Howanl, in
(iharge of the testing machine tiiere, for advice and assistance afl'orded Mr. Sharpies wliile eouducting the
exi)eriments upon the strength of woods, as well as to a large number of con-espoiulents in all i>arts of the Cnited
States who have favored me with their cordial co operation.
I am, sir, your obedient servant,

CHARLES S. SARGENT,

SfKcial Agent.

P^I^T I.

THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA,

EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO.

THE FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA.

GENERAL REMARKS.

The North American continent, or that part of it situated north of Mexico, whicli will alone be considered here,
may be conveniently divided, with reference to its forest geography, into the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by a
line following the eastern base of the Rocky mountains and its outlying eastern ranges from the Arctic circle to
the Rio Grande. The forests which cover these two divisions of the continent differ as widely, in natural features,
comi)osition, and distribution, as the climate and topography of eastern America differ from the climate and
topography of the Pacific slope. The causes which have produced the dissimilar composition of these two forests
must be sought in the climatic conditions of a geological era earlier than our own and in the actual topographical
formation of the continent; they need not be discussed here.

The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, dissimilar in composition in the central part of the continent,
ai-e united at the north by a broad belt of subarctic forests extending across the continent north of the fiftieth
degree of latitude. One-half of the species of which tiiis northern forest is composed extends from the Atlantic to the
Pacific; and its general features, although differing east and west of the continental divide, in conlbrmity with the
climatic conditions peculiar to the Atlantic and the Paciiic sides of the continent, still possess considerable
uuiformity. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions arc also united at the south by a narrow strip of the
flora i)eculiar to the plateau of northern Mexico, here extending northward into the United States. Certain
characteristic sj)ecies of this flora extend from the gulf of Mexico to the shores of the Pacific, and while the peculiar
features of the esistern and the western sloi)es of the interior mountain system of the continent are still maintained
here, the Atlantic; and the Pa(;ific regions of the Mexican forest belt possess ma'ny general features in common. Tyi)ical
North American S])ecie8, moreover, jieculiar to the forests of the .\tlantic or of the Pacific, mingle ujion the Black
hills of Dakota, and upon the Guadalupe and other mountains of western Texas, the extreme eastern ridges of the
Rocky Mountain range, and the outposts between the Atlantic and the Pacific regions.

THE ATLANTIC REGION.

The forests of the Atlantic region may bo considered under six natural divisions: the Northern Forest, the
Northern Pino Belt, the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, the Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the
Atlantic Plain, the Semi tropical l-'orest of Florida, and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texas (Map No. '2,
portfolio).

These natural divisions, although composed in part of species found in other divisions and possessing many
general features in (iomnion, are still for the most part well characterized by predominant species or groups of
species, making such a separation natural and convenient.

The yortliern Forest stietches along the northern shores of Labrador nearly to the sixtieth degree of north
latitude, s\vce|)s to the south of Hudson buy, and then northwestward to within the Arctic circle. This Northern
Forest extends southward to the filtieth degree of north latitude on the Atlantic coast, and nearly to the fifty-fourth
degree at the lOOtli meridian. It occuiiies 10 degrees of latitude ui)on the Atlantic seaboard and nearly '20 degrees in
its greatest extension north and south along the eastern base of the Bocky mountains. The region occupied by this
Northern Forest, except toward its southwestern limits, enjoys a cojiious rainfall; it is divided by innumerable
streams ami lakes, and abounds in swamjjy areas often of great extent. The nature of the surface and the low
animal mean temperature cheek the spread of forest growth and reduce the number of arborescent si)eeies, of
whicIi this forest is comiyosed, to eight ; of these, four cross to the Pacific coast, while the remainder, with a single
exception, are replaced west of the continental divide by closely allied forms of the Pacific forest. The white and the
black spruces are characteristic trees of this region ; they form an open, stunted forest upon the low divides of the

3

4 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

water sbeds, antl reach a liifrln'r latitmlo than any other arborescent si)eeies of the continent; the vaHcys and
wide bottoms are clothed with broail sheets of jjophirs, dwarf birches, and wiUows. Tlie forest of this entire
region is scattered, ojieii. stunted, and of no {{reat economic value. It embraces, south of the sixtieth degree of
aortb latitude, the northern extension of the great midcontinental jilateau, which will be considered hereafter.

South of the Northern Forest the Xorilieni Pine licit extends from the Atlantic coast to the ninetv-sixth meridian
of longitude: east of the Apalacliian Mountain system it extends south over nearly 0 degrees of latitude, with a
long. luirrow sjiur following the higher Alleghany ridges for nearly .'5 degrees farther south ; west of the Alleghan.T
mountains, in the region of the great lakes, the pine forest is re])laceil south of the forty-third degree of latitude by
the deciduous growth of the Mississippi basin. This second division of the Atlantic forest may be characterized
by the white pine [Piniix Slioliit'i). its most imi)ortaut, if not its most generally-distributed, species. East of the
Apalachiai) system this tree often forms extensive forests njjon the gravelly drift plain of the Saint Lawrence
iasin, or farther south and west appears in isolated groves, often of cousiderable extent, scattered through the
deciduous Ibrest. Forests of black spruce are still an imi)ortant feature of this region, csi)ecially at the north,
and within its boundaries the hemlock, the yellow cedar, the basswood, the black and the wliite ash, the sugar
maple, and several species of birch and elm find their northern limits and the center of their most important
distribution. The hickories and the oaks, characteristic features of the deciduous forests of all the central
portion of the Atlantic region, reach here the northern limits of their distribution, as do the chestnut, the
sassjifnis, the tulip tree, the magnolia, here represented by a single si)ecies, the red cedar, the tui>elo, the sycamore,
the beech, and other imj)ortant genera.

T\u' Southern ^[a^■^time Pine Btlt extends from thcMhirty sixth degree of nt>rth latitudi^ along the coast in a
nanow belt, varying from one hundred to two hundred miles in width, as far south as cape Malabar and Tami)a bay ;
it .sti-etches across the Florida pcnin.sula and along the coast of the gulf of Mexico until the alluvial deposits of the
Mississippi are encountered; it reappears west of that river in Louisiana, north and south of the Red river, and
here gradually mingles with the deciduous forests of the Mississijipi basin iu Arkansas and eastern Texas. This
belt is well characterized by the almost (continuous growth, outside of the broad river bottoms and the immediate
iieighl)orhood of the coast, by the oi)en forest of the long-leaved ])ine {P. paliistris). The live oak, the ])almetto,
and various sjjecies of jiine characterize the coast forest of this region; through the river bottoms and along the
bortlers of the shallow ponds, scattered through the i)ine forest, dilferent gums, water oaks, hickories, and
atihes attain nolde dimensions. The southern cy])ress (7V/jw/(«)//), although extending far beyond the limits of
this natural division, here attains its greatest development and value, atul, next to the long- leaved pine, may be
considered the characteristic species of the maritime pine belt.

The Jhcidiioufi Fortut of t lie Missinnippi Pasin and the Atlantic Plain oecni>ies, with two iinim)K>rtant cxce])tions
to be considered hereafter, the remainder of the Atlantic region. Through this deciduous forest, where jieculiar
geoloi^ic.il features have favored the grpwth of Coni/era; belts of pine, growing gregariously o;- mixed with oaks
and other broad leaved trees, occur, especially u|»on some jiortions of the Atlantic plain and toward the limits of
the Southern JLiritime Pine Belt, west of the Mississippi river. The characteristic features of the forest of thi.s
whole region are founil, however, in the broad leaved species of which it is largely comi>ose(L Oaks, hickories,
walnuts, magnolias, ami ashes give variety and value to this forest, and here, with the exeeptiou of a few s])ecies
peculiar to a more northern latitude, the deciduous trees of the Atlantic; region attain their greatest development
and value. Upon the shipes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in the valley of the lower lied river, regions
of coi)ious rainfall and rich .soil, the di'cidiious forest of the continent attains unsurpassed variety and richness.
Ujmu the Alleghany mountains northern and southern si)ecies are mingled, or are only separated by the altitude
of these mountains; rhododendrons, laurels, and magnolias, here attaining their inaximiim develoimieiit, enliven the
forest.s of northern jiines ami hemlocks which clothe the tlaiiks of these iiiountains or arc scattered through forests
of other broad leaved species. The cherry, the tulip tree, and the chestnut here reach a size unknown in other
parts of the country. The forest of the Ked Itiver valley is hardly less varied. The northern sjiecies which the
elevation of the Allegliany mountains has carried south are wanting, but other species peculiar to the southern
Atlantic and (iulf coasts are here mingled with ])!ants of the southern deciduous forest. The seven species of
Cari/a (the hickories) are nowhere else «lose!y as.sociated. A great variety of the most imi)ortant oaks grow here
Bide by side: here is the center of distribution of the North American hawthorns, which do not elsewhere attain
sncli size and beauty. The osage orange is jieculiar to this region; the red cedar, the most widely distributed of
American Coni/crtr, the .southern and the yellow ]>ine {Pimm jtaluxtrix and wilin) hen; reach their best develoitment.
Just outside of this region, njioii the "blutf" formation of the lower !klississij)pi valley and of western Louisiana, the
stately southern magnolia, jierhaps the most beautiful of the Noilli Aiiieiican trees, and the heecli assume their
greaterst beauty, and give a jieculiar (tharm to this southern forest.

The western third of the Atlantic region is subjected to very did'erent climatic conditions from those prevailing
in the eastern jtortion of the continent; it consists of an elevaterl ]ilateau which falls away from the eastern b^ise of
the I'o{'ky mountains, forming what is known as the (ireat Plains. This gnvit interior region, on account of its
?emoteiiess from natural reservoirs of moisture, receives a meager an<l uncertain rainfall, sufKcient to insure a
growth of herlKige, but not suflicieuf tosuijjiort, outside the narrow bottoms of the iiificcjiieiit streams, the scantiest

GENERAL REMARKS. 5

forests. This treeless plateau extends north to the fitly second degree of north latitude; it follows southward the
trend of the Rocky mountains far into Me.xico, extending eastward at the point of its greatest widtli, in al>out latitude
40^^ N., nearly to the ninety-seventh meridian. This wiiole region is generally destitute of forest. Tlie narrow iKJttonis
of the large streams are lined, however, with willows, jioplars, elms, and hackberrics, trees adapted to tlourish
under sueh unfavorable conditions. These diminish in size and nund)er with the rainfiill, and often disiii.jM'ar
entirely from tlie banks of even the largest streams toward the western limits of the plateau, south of tlie forty iiftU
degree of latitude. North aud east of these central treeless plains a belt of praii ie extends from the sixtieth degr<,»e
of north latitude to southern Texas. The average widtli east and west of this prairie region, through much of its
extent, is not far from 150 miles. Its eastern extension, between the; fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of latitude, is
much greater, however, here reaching the western shores of lake Jlichigan, and forming a great recess in the western
line of the heavy forest of the Atlantic region with a ilepth of nearly GOU miles. The transition from the heavv
forest of the eastern and central portions of the Atlantic region to the treeless plateau is gradual. The change
occurs within the prairie region. Here is the strip "of debatjible ground wliere a continuous struggle between the
forest and the plain takes place. There is here sutlicient ])recipitation of moisture to cause, under normal condition-s,
a growth of open forest, but so nicely balanced is the struggle that any interference rpiickly turns the scale. Trees
planted within tliis prairie belt thrive if .protected from lire and the encroachment of the tough prairie .sod, and so
extend the forest line westward; if the forest which fringes the eastern edge of the prairie is destniyed it <Ux's not
soon regain possession of the soil, aud the prairie is gradually pushed eastward.

The eastern line of the plain where arborescent vegetation is confined to the river bottoms, and which divides
it from the prairi(! where trees grow naturally, to some extent, outside of the bottoms, and where they may be made
to grow under favorable conditions every wl)ere, is determined by the rainfall enjoyed by this part of the continent.
The extreme eastern point reached by this line is found, upon the fortieth degree of uorth latitude, near the northeru
boundary of the state of Kansas. Xorth of the fortieth degree it gradually trends to the west, reaching the castera
base of the Eocky mountains in about latitude 52°. This noithwestern trend of the eastern plain line may be
ascribed to the comparatively small evaporation which takes place during the shorter summer of the north and to
a slight local increase of spring aud summer rainfall. South of the fortieth degree the plain line gradually trends
to the southwest under the influence of the gulf of .Mexico, reaching its extreme western point in Texas upon the
one hundredth meridian.

Other causes, however, than insuflicieut rainfall and a nicely balanced struggle between the forest and the
plaiu have jjrevented the general growth of trees in the prairie region east of the ninety-fifth meridian. The rainfall
of this region is sutlicient to insure the growth of a heavy forest. The rain falling upon the prairies of Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri equals in anumnt that enjoyed by the Michigan peninsula and the whole
region south of lakes Ontario and Erie, while prairies exist within the regiou of the heaviest forest growth. It is
not want of suflicient heat, or of sufficient or equally distributed moisture, which has checked the geneial spread of
forest over these i)rairies. The soil of which the prairies are composed, as is shown by the fact that trees planted ui>ou
them grow with vigor and rapidity^ is not uusuited to tree growth. It is not perhaps improbable that the forests
of the Atlantic region once extended continuously as far west at least as the uiuety-fifth meridian, although
circumstantial evidence of such a theory does not exist; and the causes which first led to the destruction of the forests
in this region, supi)Osing that they ever existed, canimt with the i)reseut kiu>wledge of the subject beeven guessed at.
It is, however, fair to ifssume that forests once existed in a region adapted, by climate, rainfall, aud soil, to i)nHlue«
forests, and that their absence under such conditions uuist be trace<l to accidental causes. It is not ditlicult to
understand that tht^ forest once destroyed over such a vast area could not easily regain possession of the soil
protected by an iuii)enetrablc covering of sod aiul subjected to the annual burnings which have ix-curri'd ilowu to
the present tinu>; while the force of the wind, unchecked by any forest barrier, over such an area would, even without
the aid of fires, have made the spread of forest growth slow and ditlicult. The assumjition that these eastern
prairies may iiavc once been covered with forests is strengthened by the fact that siuce they have been devoted
to agriculture, and the annual burning has been stopped, trees which were formerly confined to the river bottoms
have gradmdly s[)reail to the uplands. Small prairies situated Just within the western edge of tiu' forest have
entirely ilisai>peared within the memory of persons still living ; the oak opening.s — open forests of large oaks tlinmgh
which the animal fires played without greatly injuring the full-grown trees — once the chaiacteristie featun- of these
prairies, have disapi>eared. They are rei)laceil by dense forests of oak, which only require pixUectiou from tire to
s})ring into existence. lu western Texas, the mesquit, forced by annual burning to grttw ahuost entirely K'low
the surface of the ground, is, now that prairie fires are less cimuuou and destrueti\e, s]»iva<ling over what a few
years ago was treeless i)cairie. The prairies, then, or the eastern portions of them situated in the n-giou of abundant
rainfall, are fast losing their treeless character, and the forest protected friiin fire is gradually gaining in every
direction ; regions which fifty .wars ago were treeless outsitle the river bottoms now contain tbrests covering 10 or
even L'O per cent, of their area. These eastern, well-watered prairies must not, however, be contbuudod with
their dry western rim adjoining the plains — the debatable ground between foiest and plain — or with the plains
themselves. There is now no gradual, constant spre.ul tif forest growth npiui the plains. Theyare treeless, on aceotiut
of insufficient moisture to develop forest growth ; aud while trees amy, perhaps, if planted, survive during a few years

6 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

beyonil tbe western limits of the prairie as Lero laiil down, tlio penniinent establishment of forests there does not
seem practicable, and, sooner or later, a period of unusual droujrht must put an end to all attempts at forest
cultivation in a region of such insufficient and uncertain rainfall (Map No. 1, portfolio).

It remains to consider the Semi-tropical Fortut of Florida and the Meuican Forct of Southern Tejcas.

A jn^up of arborescent species of West Indian origin occupies the narrow strip of coast and islands of
southern Florida. This belt of .semi-tropical vegetation is confined to the immediate neighborhood of the coast
and to occasional hummocks or islands of high ground situated in the savannas which cover a great i)ortion of
southern Florida, checking, by the nature of the .soil and want of drainage, the spread of forest growth across the
jH-ninsula. This semi-trt)pical forest belt reaches cajje Malabar on the east and the sliores of Tampa t)ay on the
west coast, while some of its representatives extend fully 2 degrees farther north. It is rich in composition;
nearly a cpiarter of all the arliorc.seent sjiecies of the Athiiitic forest are found within this insignilicaut region.
The .semi-tropical forest, in spite of its variety, is of little economic imi)ortance. The species oF which it is composed
here reach the e.xtreme northern limit of their distribution; tiiey are generally small, stunted, and of coin|)aratively
little value. Certain species, however, attain rcsi)ectable proportions; the mahogany, the mastic, tiie royal palm,
the mangrove, the sea-grajie, the .lamaiia dogwood, the iiianchinfcl. and nihcr sj)eci(s here become considerable
and important trees.

lu western and .southern Texas the trees of the Mississippi basin, checked by insiiflicient moisture from farther
extension .southward outside the river bottoms, are rei)lace(l by spei'ics of the plateau of northern Mexico. The
streams llowiiig into the gulf of Mexico are still lintd, however, east of the one-hundredth meridian, with the species
of the Atlantic basin, whicii thus reach southward to beyond the liio (Jrande. The ^Mexican forest belt of Texas
extends from the valley of the Colorado river, near the ninety eighth meridian, to the Kio Grande. It touches the
coast not far from the Nueces river and extends to the eastern ba.se of the mountain ranges west of the Pecos;
here the species of which it is comjjo.sed mingle with tho.se peculiar to the racitic-JIexican forest. Tiie forest of
this region, like that of all countries of insufficient moisture, is open, stunted, and comparatively of litth^ value.
It is ehar.icterized by enormous areas covered with chai)arral (den.se and often impenetrable thickets of thorny
shrubs and small trees), by a stunted and occasional arborescent growth upon the hills and plains, and by fringes
of heavier timber along the river bottoms. The most valuable and perhaps the most characteristic species of this
whole region, the mesipiit, extends to the I'acilic coast. With this excei)tion, none of the arborescent species
peculiar to this region attain any considerable size or importance, although tin; forest of small junipers which
covers the low limestone hills of the Colorado valley are locally valuable in a country so generally destitute of
trees. The region immediately adjoining the Uio (Irande al)ounds in ditferent species of >lcacia, ieuctcna, and other
Mexican Le{iui»iiioMr ; and farther west, upon the dry plains of the Presidio, the Spanish baj'onet (Tucca haccata)
covers wide areas with a low, open, and characteristic forest growth.

THE PACIFIC KEGION.

The Pacific forest region is coextensive with the great Cordilleran Mountain system of the continent. Thecau.sea
which have iriHiienced the present position and density of these forests must be .sought in the jieculiar distribution
of the rainfall of the region. The ]>recipitation of moisture upon the northwest coast is uneipialed by that of any
other [lart of the continent. It gradually ilecreases with the latitude until, in southern California, thi^ tein()erature
of the l;ind .so far exceeds that of the ocean that ju-ecipitation is impossible tiiroiigli a large ]>art of the year. The
interior of all this great region, shut otf by the high mouiitaiii ranges which face the ocean along its entire extent,
is very im[>erfectly sujiitlied with moisture. It is a region of light, uncertain, and unequally distributed rainfidl,
heavier at the north, as upon the coast, and decreasing gradually with the latitude in nearly the same proportion.
This entire region is comjiosed of a mass of mountain ranges with a general north and south trend, separating long
aiirl generally narrow valley.s. The precipitation of moisture within the interior region is largely regulated by the
position of tlie mountain chains. Warm currents ascending their sides become cold and are forced to deposi* the
moisture ihey contain. It follows thiit, while the interior valh-ys are rainless or nearly so, the mountain ranges,
and especially the high ones, receive during the year a considerable iirecipitation of both rain and snow. If the
distribiitiiin of the forests of any region is depenileiit upon the distribution and amount of moisture it receives,
forests ex<:eeding in density those of any other jiart (>f the continent would be foil ml upon the northwest coast;
thr-y would gradually diminish toward the south, and entirely disappiMr near the southern boundary of the United
States, while the forests of all the interiir region, from the summit of the principal Coast Kaiiges to the eastern base
of the I'ocky mountains, woiil-. be confined to the flanks and summits of the mountains. These forests would be
he.'ivy upon the high ranges, esjjecially toward the north; they would disappear entirely from the valleys and
low mountain ranges. An examination of the forests of the Pacific region will show that in general distribution
and density they actually follow the distribiition of the rainfall of the region. These forests well illustrate the
influence of moisture upon forest growth. Within the I'ai-ific regirm the heaviest and the. lightest forests of the
continent coexist with its heaviest and lightest rainfall.

The forests of the PaciHc region maybe considered under four divisions: the Northern Forest, the Ooaat
Forest, the Interior Forest, and the Mexican Forest (Map No. 1,', jiortfolio).

GENERAL REMARKS. 7

The Northern Forest of the Pacific logioii extends Irom nearly the seventieth to about the tifty-eiphth degree of
Yiorth hifitudo, or, immediately ujjon tlie coast, is replaced by the; Coast Forest nearly 2 degrees farther north; it
extends from the continental divide, here mingled with the Northern Forest of the Atlantic region, to the shores of
the I'acilic. The southern limit of this open, scanty Northern Forest, composed of species which extend across the
continent, or of species closely allied to those of the Northern Forest of the Atlantic region, is still imiiertectly
known, esiiecially in the interior. The determination of the southern range in Alaska and British Columbia of
several species, as well as the northern range here of a few others, must .still be left to further exploration. The
white spruce, the most important and the most northern species of the forest of the North Atlantic region, is here
also the most important si)ecies. It attains a considerable size as far north as the sixty-fifth degree, forming, in
the valley of the Yukon, forests of no little local importance. The canoe birch, the balsam jioplar, and the a-sjieii,
familiar trees of the North Atlantic region, also occur here. The gray pine and the balsam fir of the Atlantic
region are replaced by allied forms of the same genera. The larch alone, of the denizens of the extreme Northern
Forest of the Atlantic coast, finds no congener here in the northern Pacific forest.

The Pacific Voant Forest, the heaviest, although far from the most varied, forest of the continent, extends south
along the coast in a narrow strip from the sixtieth to the fiftieth parallel; here it widens, embracing the shores of
Puget sound and extending eastward over the high mountain ranges north and south of the boundary of the
United States. This interior development of the Coast Fore-st, following the abundant rainfall of the region, ia
•canied northward over the Gold, Selkirk, and other interior ranges of British Columbia in a narrow spur exieuding
north nearly to the fifty-fourth iiarallel. It reaches southward along the Cceur d'Aiene, Bitter-Boot, and the
western ranges of the Pocky Mountain system to about latitude 47° 30', covering northern Washington territory,
Idaho, and portions of western Montana.

The Coast Forest south of the fiftieth degree of latitude occupies the region between the ocean and the eastern
slopes of the Cascade Pange; in California the summits of the principal southern prolongation of these monntains,
the Sierra Nevada, marks the eastern limits of the Coast Forest, which gradually disappears south of the thirty-fifth
parallel, although still carried by the high ridges of the southern Coast Pange nearly to the southern boundary of the
United States. The Coast Forest, like the forests of the whole Pacific region, is largely composed of a few coniferous
species, generally of wide distribution. The absence of broad-leaved trees in the Pacific region is striking; they
nowhere form great forests as in the Atlantic region; when they occur they are confined to the valleys of the coast
and to the banks of mountain streams, and, econoniically, are of comparatively little value or importance. The
characteristic and most valuable si>ecies of the northern Coast Forest are the Alaska cedar (Chamcrcyparix), the
tide-land spruce, and the hemlock. These form the jirincipal forest growth which covers the ranges and islands of
the coast between the sixty first and the fiftieth parallels. Other species of the Coast Forest reach here the northern
limits of their distribution, although the center of their greatest development is found farther south.

The red fir {Pseudot.sjtjia), the most imi)ortant and widely-distributed timber tree of the Pacific rt>gion, reaches
the coast archipelago in latitude 51°; farther inland it extends fully 4 degrees farther north, and in the region of
Puget sound and through the Coast Forest of Washington territory ami Oregon it is the prevailing forest tre«.
The characteristic forest of the northwest coast, although represented by several species extending south as far aa
cape Mendicino, near the fortieth i)arallel, is replaced south of (he Pogue Piver valley by a forest in which forms
peculiar to the south rather than to the north gradually predominate. The forest of the northwest coast ivachee
its greatest density and variety in the narrow region between the summits of the Cascade Pange and the ocean.
North of the fifty-first i)arallel it gradually detireases in density, and south of the forty -third ])arallel it changes
in composition and character. This belt of Coast Forest is only surpassed in density by that of some portions of
the redwood forest of the California coast. The red fir, the great tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the ix-d cedar
{Thntja) reach hero enornums dimensions. The wide river bottoms are lined with a heavy growth of maple,
Cottonwood, ash, and alder, the narrow interior valley with an open growth of oak. In this great coniferous forest
the trunks of trees two or three hundred feet in height are often only separated by the sjiace of a few fi>et. The
ground, shaded throughout the year by the im])enetrable canopy of the forest, never becomes dry ; it is ilensely
covered by a thick carjjct of mosses and ferns, often of enormous size. The uioiv open portions of this forest are
choked by an impenetrable growth of various T'««'(Hca'of alinost arborescent proportions, of hazel, the vine-maple,
and other shrubs. The soil which has ])roduted the niaximiun growth of forest in this region is, outside the river
bottoms, a thin, porous gravel of glacial origin, rarely more than a few inches in dei)th ; the luxuriance of vegetable
growth^ therefore, illustrates the intluenee of a heavy rainfall and temperate climate upon the forest.

The general character of this forest in the interior, although composed largely of the species i)eculiar to the
coast, differs somewhat from the Coast Forest proper in composition aiul largely in natural features. The dense,
imj)enetrable forest of the coast is replaced, east of the suuunit of the Cascade Pange, by a more open growth,
generally largely destitute of undergrowth. The red fir, the hendock, and the red cedar ( Thuya) aiv still imi>oitant
elements of the forest. Less valuable species of the Coast I'orest — the white fir {Ahks yriuniin), the yew, the alders,
the mountain hemlock (TAXj/d ruttouiana), the hawthorn, the buckthorn, and the white pine (iVwH.v montu-ola) —
are still rei)resented. The latter, a local species upon the coast, only reaches its greatest development towiirxl
the eastern limit of this region, here forming considerable and important forests. Other species peculiar to the Coast
Forest, the maples, the ash, the oak, the arbutus, and the Alaska cedar, do not exteud east of the Cascades. The tide-

8 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AiAIERICA.

laud spruco is replaced by an allied species of the interior region. The widely-distributed yellow pine {I'inus
ponderoso), barely represented in the northern portions of the immediate Coast Forest, becomes east of the mountains
one of the most important and ehanicteristic elements of the forest. The Coast Forest south of the forty-third degree
of latitude changes in composition. The tid(?-land spruce, the heudock, and the Thuya are gradually rei)laced by
more southern species. The sugar pine (P. Lambvrtiaua) here lirst appears. The California laurel {Umbellularia)
covers with maguilicent growth the broad river bottoms. The Liboiidntx, several oaks, and the chiniiuapin here reach
the northern limits of their distribution. The change from the northern to the southern forest is marked by the
api)ear.inee of the Port Orford cedar {Cliamaei/jiaris Lawxoniana), adding variety and value to the forests of the
southern Oregon coast. Farther south, near the uorthex'u boundary of California, the redwood forests (.^'e^Hom) appear.

The Coast Forest of Califoi'nia will be most conveniently discussed under three subdivisions : the forest of the
Coast IvJinge, the forest of the western !<lope of the Sierra Nevada, which, toward the northern boundary of the
state, extends to the coast, covering the mass of mountains which here unite the Sierra Nevada and the Coast
Range; and, third, the open forest of the long, narrow valleys lying between the Coast Range and the Sierra
Nevada, south of this northern connection. The important feature of the Coast Itauge, as far south as the thirty-
seventh degree of latitude, is the belt of redwood oceupying an irregular, interrupted strip of territory facing the
ocean, and hardly exceeding thirty miles in width at the points of its greatest development. The heaviest growth
of the redwood forest occurs north of the bay of San Francisco, and here, along the slopes and bottom of the narrow
canons of the western slope of the Coast liauge, the maxiinum productive capacity of the forest is reached. No
other tbrest of similar extent equals in the amount of material which they contain the groups of redwood scattered
along the coast of northern California. The red fir reaches, in the California Coast Range, a size and value only
8ur]>assed in the more northern forests of the coast; the jellow pine is an important tree in the northern
portions of this region, and here Hourish other species of the genus endemic to this region. The forest of the Coast
Eangc is marked by the presence within its limits of several species of singularly restricted distribution. Oiiprensus
macrocarpa and Pinus imi(jni>s are conlined to a few isolated groves upou the shores of the bay of Monterey; Abies
bracteata occupies three or four canons high up in the Santa Lucia mountains; it is found nowhere else; and I'iiius
Torrei/diia, the most local arborescent species of North America, has been detected only in one or two small grou])s
upon the sand-dunes just north of the bay of San Diego. The characteristic forest of the Coast Kango is checked
from farther southern devel<>i)ment, a little below the thirty-fifth parallel, by insuflicient moisture; the scanty
forests which c!othe the high declivities of the Coast Range farther south belong in composition to the Sierra
forest.s.

The heavy forest which covers the western .slopes of the Sierra Nevada, a forest only surpassed in density by
the redwood belt of the coast and the fir forest of Paget sound, occupies, in its greatest development, a belt
situated bt'tween 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation. This forest belt extends from about the base of mount Shasta at
the north to the thirty-fifth parallel; forther south it diminishes in density and disai)pears upon the southern
ridges i)f the Coast Range just north of the southern boundary of California. Its greiitest width occurs in northern
California, where to the south of mount Shasta the Sierra system is broken down into a broad mass of low ridges
and jn-aks. The characteristic species of this forest is the great sugar pine {P. Lmubertiana), which here reaches
ibH gieatest development and value, and gives nnsuri)assed beauty to this mountain forest. With the sugar i)ine
are associated the red fir, the yellow pine, two noble Abies, the Libocedrus; and, toward the central part of the
state, the great Sequoia, a|)pearing first in small i.solated groups, and then, forther south, near the headwaters of
Kern river, in a narrow belt extending more or less continuously for several miles. This heavy forest of the
Sierra.s, unlike the forest which farther north covers the western Hanks of the Cascade Range, is almost destitute
of nndt.Tgro« th and young trees. It shows the inllnence of a warm climate and um;venly distriltuted rainfall
npfjn forest growth. The trees, often remote from one another, have attaincsd an enormous size, but they have
grown slowly. Above this belt the Sierra forest stretches upward to the limits of tree growth. It is here
subalpine and alpine in character and of little economic value. Dillerent pines and firs, the mountain heudock,
and the v-estern juniper are s<'attered in open ritretches of forest upou the high ridges of the Sierras. The
forest Ik'Iow the belt of heavy growth gradually becomes more open. Individual trees are smaller, while the
nmuber of species increases. The small pines of the upper foothills are mingled with oaks in considerable
variety. These gr.ulually increase in number. Pines arc less frequent and finally disappear.

The forest of the valleys is compo-sed of oaks, tJto individuals often widely scattered and of great size, but
Dowht-re forming a continuous, compact growth. The (Joast Forest of the Pacific region, unsurpas.sed in density,
iacomiKised of a «x»niparatively .small nuujber of species, often attaining enormous size. It presents the .same
general features throughout its entire extent, except as modified by the climatic conditi(Uis of the rt!gions which it
covers. The species which compo.se this forest range through nearly liO degrees of lalitiule, oi' northern si)ccies,
are replaced in the south by closely allied forms; and, as in the Atlantic region, the southern sjiccies far exceed
in nundter those peculiar to the north.

The Interior Forent extends from the southeiii limits of the northern subarctic; forest to the plateau of
northern .Mexico; it occuiiies the entire region between the eastern limits of the Pacific Coast Forest and the extreme
western limits of the Atlantic region. The forests of this entire region, as compared with the forests east and
west of it, are stunted and remarkable iu their poverty of composition. They are confined to the high slopes

GENERAL REMARKS. 9

and cauons of the uumerous mountain ranges composing the interior region, while the valleys are treeless, or,
outside of the narrow river bottoms, nearly treeless. The interior forest attains its greatest development and
considerable importance upon the western slope of the California Sierras and ui>on the flanks of the high [teaks
of the toutheru IJocky Mountain system, from Colorado, where the timber line reaches an extreme elevation of
13,000 feet, to southern New Mexico and western Arizona. The minimum in North American fore.st development,
outside the absolutely treeless regions, both in the number of species ami in the proportion of forest to entire
area, is found south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, in the ariil region between the Wahsateh monutains and
the Sierra Nevada, known as the Great Basin. Uere the open, stunted forest is confined to the highest ridges and
slopes of the infrequent caiions of the low mountain ranges which occn])y, with a general north and south trend,
this entire region. The individuals which compose this forest are small, although often of immense age, and
everywhere show the maiks of a severe struggle for existence. Seven arborescent species only have been detected
in the forests of the northern and central portions of this region. The mountain mahogany (Cercocarpux), the only
broad-leaved species of the region, with the exception of the asjien, which throughout the entire interior region
borders, above an elevation of 8,000 feet, all mountain streams, reaches here its greatest development. This
tree, with the nut pine {Pinus monophylla), characterizes this region. Stunted junipei-s are -scattered over the
lowest slopes of the mountains, or farther south often cross the high valleys, and cover with open growth the mefag,
as the lower foot-hills are locally known. An open forest of arborescent yuccas (I'wca 6rer//b/irt) uj)on the high
Mojave plateau is a characteristic and peculiar feature of the flora of this interior region. The red fir and the
yellow pine, widely distributed throughout the Pacific region, do not occur upon the mountain ranges of the Great
Basin.

The heavy forests of the interior region, found along the western slopes of the California Sierras and ujion the
Rocky Jlauntain system, are, for the most part, situated south of the forty second degree of latitude. The forests
of the whole northern interior portion of the continent, outside the region occupied in the northern Kocky mountains
by the eastern development of the Coast Forest, feel the influence of insutlicient moisture; the number of species of
which they are composed is not large; the individuals are often small and stunted, while the forests are open, srattered,
without undergrowth, and confined to the cauons and high slopes of the mountains. The most generally ilistribnted
species of tliis northern region, a scrub i)ine {Pinus Altirrayana), occupies vast areas, almost to the exclusion of other
species, and is gradually taking possession of ground cleared by fire of more valuable trees. South of the fifty-
second parallel the red tir {Pseudotsiiga) and the yellow pine (rinits jwndirosa) appear; with them is associated, in
the Blue mountains and in some of the ranges of the northern liocky mountains, the western larch {Larijc occidental^),
the largest and most valuable tree of the Coliunbian basin.

The forest covering the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada consists almost exclusively of various species of
pine, often of great size and value. The characteristic species of this region are the yellow jtine and the closely-
allied Pinux Jeffreyi, here reaching its greatest development. The red fir is absent from this forest, while the oaks.
multii)lied in many forms on the western slopes of these mountains, have here no representative.

The forests of the southern Eocky Mountain region, less heavy and less generally distributed than those of the
western slope of the Sierras, are, as compared with those of the Great Basin, heavy, dense, and valuable. They owe
their existence to the comparatively large precipitation of moisture distributed over this elevated region. The
characteristic species of the Colorado mountains is a s[)ruce (Picea Engelmanni) ; it forms, at between S,000 and 10.000
feet elevation, extensive and valuable forests of considerable density and great beauty; with it are associ.ited a
balsam fir of wide northern distribution, and various alpine and siibalpine species of piue; at lower elevations
forests of yellow piue and red fir cover the mountain slopes, while the bottoms of the streams are lined with
cottimwood, alder, and maple, or with an open growth of the white fir (Allies concolor), a species of the Coast Forest,
here reaching the eastern limits of its distribution; the foot-hills above the treeless plain are coven'd with scant
groves of the nut piue (Pinus cdiilis), stunted junipers, and a small oak, which in many forms extends through a large
area of the southern interior region. A forest similar in general features to that of Colorado, and largely eomposinl
of the same species, exteiuls uiver the high mountains of New ilexico to those of western Texas and western and
northwestern Arizona, where a heavier forest of piue covers the elevated region lying along the thiriy-fiith p;!rallel.
ciUminating in the high forest-clad San Francisco mountains of nortliern Arizona.

The species of the interior Pacific region mingle along its southern borcU'rs with the species peculiar to the
plateau of northern Mexico. The Pacilic-.Mexicau Forest, although ditfering widely in natural features from the
Atlautic-^Mcxican Forest, possesses several species peculiar to the two. The forests of this region are eoufiued to
the high mountaius and their Jbothills, and to the baidcs of the rare water comses. They disappear entirely
from the Colorado desert and from the valleys ami low mouutaiu ranges of southwestern Arizona. The most
important and generally distributed species peculiar to the valleys of this region is the mesiiuit, the characteristic
species of the Atlantic-Mexican region. The suwarrow, however, the great tree cactus, is perhaps the most
remarkable si)ecies of the region, giving an unusual and striking appearance to the dry mesas of central and
southern Arizona. The high mountain ranges, extending across the bouiulary of the United State.", between the one
hundreil and filth and the one hnndreil and eleventh meridiaus, enjoy a larger and more regularly distributed rainfall
than the regions east, and especially west, of these meridians. The forests which cover these southern mountain
ranges are often dense and varied. Ufton their summits and almost inaccessible upper slopes the firs and pines of

10

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERtCA.

the Pacific regrion are minglwl with pines, a juniper, an arbutus, and various other species peculiar to the Mexican
plate:ui. Extensive forests of a cypress of Mexican orisrin also characterize this mountain vegetation. The
bottoms of the canons are lined with a dense growth of cottonwi>od, hackbi-rry, a noble sycamore, an ash, a
cherry, and other deciduous trees. The high foothills and i)iik(i.s arc covered with open groves of various oaks
l)eculiar to the Mexican-Pacific region, here reaching, within the I'nited States at least, their greatest develoi)nient.

Such are some of the i)rominent forest features of North America: a dense forest, largely composed, except
at the north, of a great variety of broad leaved species, and extending from the Atlantic sea-board in one nearly
unbroken sheet until checked by insufticient moisture from further western development — the ibrest of the Atlantic
region ; a forest of conifers, o<cupying the ranges of the great Cordilleran mountain system, unsurpassed in
density in the humid climate of the coast, o])en and stunted in the arid interior — the forest of the Pacific region.

A more detailed examination of the distiibution of North American arborescent genera and S|)ecies will serve
to illustrate the wealth of the forests of the Atlantic and the comparative poverty of those of the Pacific region.
It will show, too, more clearly how widely the forests of these two great regions difier in composition.

DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA.

The forests of North America contain arborescent representatives of 158 genera; 142 genera occur in the
Atlantic and 59 genera in the Pacific region. Of the Atlantic genera, 48 are not represented in the United States
outside the semi-tropical region of Florida.

The following table illustrates the distribution of these genera; the genera of semi-tropical Florida are
designated by a •.

Uagnolia

Liriodendron
Asiniina

•Anoiia

'Capparis .

•Cau.lla

•Clnsiii

Gonluiiia

Fremontia

TiUa

'ByrMtDima ...

'Giiaiacnm

Porlii-ra

Xaiitlioxyliim
Pttlia

Canotia ...
*8iuariiba .
"BiiixTa ...

•Aniyrin

'Swiett-nia .
'Ximi'iiia ..

Ilex

Cyrilla

ClilUioia ..

EaonTmiiM
•MyKiu'la ..
•.Soh.iff.-ria.
"Kcyiiiixia ..

C'otidalia. ..

Rhainiina..

Ccanothn)!.
•Coluliriria .

X,tri]\<m . . .

(Tnitnadia .

Sapiiidiifi ..
'Ilypvlato..

Acer

Nc};iindo ..

Rbna

PUtacia...

Genera ! Geuora

repre«eDled represented ,

by arbo- i by arbo-

reaceDt rescent

Bpecies in | epecies in

tbe Atlantic tbo V
region. region.

iflc

Eysenhardtia . .

Dalea

Robinia

Olneya

'Piscidia

Cladrastis

Sophora

Gymnocladus..

Glcditschia

Parkinsonia . . .

Cercis

ProBopis

Leuciona ,

Acacia

'Lyttiloma

'Pithtcolobinm.
'Clirysobalanus .

Piiinus

Vatiquclinia...
Cerc«CBrj)U8 . . .

Pyrus

Cratipgus

llctcroinelcs

Anu'lancliier ...

HaiiiauioliH

Liqiiidambar ..

Khizopbora

Conocarpiis

'La;;uiicularia..
'Calyptrantbcs .

'EiiKfnia

ClTCUg

Corniiii

NyHHa

SambucuH

Vibnrnum

'KxoHtointna

Pincknoya

Gcnipa

Ouettarda

Gen era
repreaentcd
by arbo-
rescent
ftpeciee in
tbe Atlantic
regiot

Genera

repi-e«enteii

by iirbo-

lesient

species io

the Pactflo

region.

GENERAL REMARKS.

11

Vacciuiiim

Andromeda

Arbutus

Oxydoudrnm ...

Kalmia

Rhododendron . .

"Myrsino

"Ardi.sia

"Jacqninia

•Chrysopliylliim .

'Sideroxylon

*Dipholi8

Bumelia

''Mimtisops

Diospyros

Synii>loco8

Hulesia

Fraxinus

ForeKtiera

Chiouanthns ...

OsmanthuB

Cordia

•Bonrreria

*Ebretia

Catalpa

Chilopsis

'Cresoontia

"Citharexyliim . .

'Avicennia

'Pisouia

"Cocfoloba

Persea

•Ncctandra

Sassafras

Uinbellularia ...

'Drypctes'

•Sfbastiauia

"Hippomano

Ulmus

Gpncra
renreffented

by arbo-

rt8c«iit

npec-ioH in

the Atlantic

re|{ion

PlaDera

CeltiB

'Ficus

Moms

Madura

Platanus

JuglaiiH

Carya

Myrica

Qiicrcus

Castauopsis

Castanea

Fagns

Ostrya

Carpinus

I Betula

Alnus

Salis

Populus

Libocedrus

Tbuya

CbamiEcyparis

C iipressus

Juniperus

Taxodium

Sequoia

Taxus

Torrey a

Pinus

Pieea

Tsnga

Pseudotsnga

Abies

Larix

Sabal

Washingtonia

•Tbriuax

*Oreodoxa

Yucca I •\/

Gewra
npreMDted

by arbo.

mccDt

8p«cl»« in

the Atlanlk

region.

Gmer«
mmrnlsd

by arbo.

moral
■ptfin ia
tbr l'aci««

rrgioa.

v'

•

•

•

•

•

v/

•

V

•

V

•

V

V

V

v^

V
v/

V

•

V

V

V

1 V

V

V

V

V

V

V
V

V

V

V
V

V

V

V

V

V

•

•

•

•

•

V

V

•

^

V

V

1/

Arborescent .species of 4.'? genera occnr within the limits of the two regions. They are

Ptelia.

Condalia.

Rhamntis.

.^sculus.

Uugnadia.

Sapiudns.

Acer.

Negundo.

Ev.senhardtiii.

Robiijia.

Parkiiisouia.

Prosopis.

Acacia.

Prunus.

Pynis.

Crattpgus.

Cornus.

Saii>bucu.s.

Arbutus.

Buniolia.

Fraxinus.

Chilopsis.

Coltis.

Morus.

Platanus.

Juglaus.

Mvrica.

Quorcus.

Taxns.

Betula.

Torreya.

Alnus.

Pinus.

Salix.

Picea.

Populu.-t.

Tsiga.

Thuva.

Abi,-s.

(.'hainteovparis.

Larix.

Juniperus.

Yucca.

The following genera, 44 in inunber, of the Atlantic region, exclusive of those of sctni-tropieal Tlorida, aro not
represeiiteil in the Pacific forest :

Magnolia.

J.iriodendrou.

Asiniina.

Gord'inia.

Tilia.

Porliera.

Xauthoxyliun.

Ilox.

CyrUla.

Cliftonia.

Pi.slaeia.

Clailrastis.

Sophora.

(Jyiuiioeladus.

Glcilitschia.

Louca>na.

Hamanielis.

Liqiiidambar.

Khizopbora.

Ny.ssa.

Viluirnuni.

Piuckneya.

Andromeda.

Oxydendrum,

Diospyivs.

Syinplocos.

Halcsia.

Forest iera.

Chionantbus.

Osnianthus.

Cordia.

Catalpa.

Person.

Sassafras.

Ulmus.

Planora.

Maclur.i,

Cary;v.

Ca-stantMi.

Fagus.

0.strya.

Carpinus.

TaxoiUuiu.

S;ibal.

12 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

The following genera of the Atiantic region, 9 iu number, are represented in the Pacific liora by one or more
frutescent, but by no arborescent, species :

Enonynius. AinelaucUiiM-. Vacciuuui. Rhododendrou.

Rhus. Vibuninm. Kalniia. Foresticra.

Ccrcis.

Ptelia, Coiulatid, i^apiiidux, liobinia, Bitmcliti, Cclti.i, Moms, and Jiifflans, genera reaching their greatest
development in North America iu the Atlautic region, extend with a singk> arborescent representative into the
Pacific region. lihamntts, ^sciihis, Acer, yeijutulo, Pninu.i, I'yni.i, Cratcegus, Coriui^, Sambuous, Fraxinitu, Ptatamtit
Mj/rica, Qiiercus, B'tula, Alnus, Salix, Popuht.s, Tliui/a, Cltama'C!/p<xris,Jiiiiipcrm, Taxita, Torrcya, Pinus, Pivca, Tmiga,
Abie.s, and L<iru; characteristic Xorth American genera, are widely represented in the two regions.

Unijnadiii, Eysenhardtia, Paikinsonia, Proso2)is, Acacio, Chilopsis, and Yucca, geuera of the Mexican tlora, are
common to the two regions.

Arbiitiix, a genus of the Pacific region, just reaches, witli a doubtful species, the Atlautic region through western
Texas.

The following geuera of the Pacific region, 13 in numiier, have no lepreseutatives iu the Atlautic regiou:

Fronioiitia. Cercocarpus. Castauopsis. Sequoia.

Canutia. Hetcroiuilcs. Lil>oceilru3. Pscudotsiiga.

Olneya. Unibi'Iliilaria. Ciipressus. Wasbiiigtouia.
Vauqufliiiia.

The following gentra of the Pacific, 3 in number, are represented iu the Atlautic region by frutescent species :
Ceanothus. Dalea. Cercua.

The Atlautic forest, exclusive of semi-tropical Florida, contains 45 genera entirely unrepresented in the Pacific
region and 7 geuera without Pacific arborescent representatives. The Pacific forest coutains 13 genera unrepresented
in the Atlantic regiou and 3 genera without Atlautic arborescent rei)resentatives.

The following genera of the Mexican region, 1-4 in number, are not elsewhere represented in North America.
Genera with arborescent representatives iu both the Atlantic- and PaciticMexicau regions are designated by a
star (•):

Porlicra. Putacia. Olneya. Acacia. "Chilopsis.

Canolia. 'Eysvnbardtia. 'Parkinsouia. Vauqucliiiia. Wasbiiigtouia.

'Unguadia. Dalca. Leucxua. Cereiis.

Porliera and Leucana belong to the Atlautic; Canotia, Dalea, Olneya, Vavquelinia, Cercus, and Washiitgtonia
to the Pacific region.

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES.

In the forests of North America 412 arborescent species have beeu detected; of these, 292 species belong to
the Atlautic region, and 1.J3 occur within the limits of the Pacific regiou. Species common to the two regions are
rare; they are piineipally confined to the subarctic Northern Forest and to the narrow belt along the southern
boundary of the United States.

The following Kpecies, 10 in number, cross the continent:

Prosopis julillora. .Saiiiljiiciirt Mexitaiia. .Salix lonyilolia. I'opulim balBamifera. Picea alba.

Pyrus Kauibiic'ir»lia. Uctiila papyrifera. Pupiiliis trviuuloides. Juiiipt-rus Virgiiiiana. Yucca l)accata.

ProHopiH julijlura, Sambiicun Mexicana, and Yucca haccata belong to the Mexuan flora of the south; Salix .
longifol'ui al.-^j belongs here, altliough extending no:thward into the Atlantic and through the Pacific Coast regiou
of the United States. Pupulus hahumifcra, Jictnla papyri/era, and Picea alba belong to the Northern Forest.
Pyrug namhiiri/olia, PapuluH InmuloidcH and Junlpents Viiyiniana are widely distributed through the central
portions of the Atlautic and Pacific regions; they are the only re:dly continental arborescent species.

The following Hpe(.ie.i of the Atlantic region, 15 in number, extend from the Atlantic into the I'aeific region :,

l" Xfgiiinlo .-iccroidiH. Cratu^gua toiiienlosa. Qucrciis Eiiioryi.

( 1. i'arkiiiKODia aciili-ata. * Fraxiiiii8 viridis. AIiiiim iiicaiin.

s ■i.itn.M. Pniiiiiii Auii-iiiaiia. Ccltis oceiili^iitalis. ' Salix uigra.

1 a. Pruiius IVmisylvauica. MiiriiH iiiicrupliylla.

I'Uli.i ■■ ,,..;, a widely ilistribute.d K|)ecies of the Atlantic regiou, exteiuls through western Texas into the
extreme .sontheasti^rn portion c>f the Pacific region. Vondalia oborata, Ungnadia Hpeciosa, PurUinxouia ueuleata,
itoruH micropliylla, and Qkcvcuh IJmoryi, of the Atiaiitic-.Mexican forest, extend into the I'acilic-Mi'xii'an region.
SapinduH viarginalus, of the soutliern Atlantic region, extinds Ihrougli western Texas 1(j the Pacific-Jlexican
region. Prunun Americana, Pninim Pininti/lcariica, aud Almm iiicano, widely distributeil through the northern
portions of the Atlantic region, just reach the eastern limits of the central Pacific region.

Xtgundo aceroiden, CraUcgun tomcntona, Fraxinm riridin, and C'cltin occidcntalin are widely distributed through
the interior Pacific region, although nowhere reaching the coast.

GENERAL REMARKS. 13

The following species of the Pacific region, 8 in number, extend through the Mexican into the Atlantic region :

Eysenhardtia orthocarpa. Acacia Grcfjgii. Chilopsis saligua. Juniperaii occidcntalis.

ProsopiH pubcscens. Fraxiiius pistacia^folia. Juglans rnpestriH. Junipoms pachji)hlu>a.

Juglan.1 rupcstris and Juniperus occidental^ reach their greatest development in the Pacific Coast region, and
extend through the Pacific-Mexican region into western Texas; no other species are common to the Pacific Coast
forest and the Atlantic-Mexican region. The G remaining Pacific-Atlantic species belong to the Pacific-Mexican
region, just reaching western Texas.

The following species of thu Southern Pacific region extends into the Atlantic region:

Salix amygdaloides.

The following species of the Pacific forest, 12 in number, endemic to the interior arid region, do not extend
beyond its limits:

Acer grandideutatum. Crat.-pgus rivularis. Populus aiigiistifolia. Pinus monopliyUa.

Kobinia Neo-Mexicana. I'raxinus anomala. PiniiH flexilis. Picea pun'-ens.

Cercocarpus ledifoliiis. Qnercus uudulata. Piuns cdulis. Yucca brevifolia.

A detailed examination of the distribution of the arborescent species composing the Xorth American forests
shows that —

Magnolia is represented by seven Atlantic species, with the center of its distribution in the southern Alleghany
region.

Liriorlendron is repi'esented by a single species, widely-distributed through the eastern and central portions of
the Atlantic region.

Asimina is represented by a single widely-distributed arborescent species and by three frutescent species of
the Atlantic region.

Anona^ Capparis, GaneUa, and Chis'a are represented each by a single semi-tropical species.

Gordonia is represented by two species of the southern Atlantic region, one of wide distribution, the other
rare and local.

Fremontia, a genus endemic to the Pacific region, is represented by a single species of the -southern Pacific
Coast region.

Tilia is represented by two Atlantic species, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghany region.

Byrsonima is represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Guaiacum is represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Porliera is represented by a single species of the Atlantic-Mexican region.

Xantltoxijluin is represented by two si)ecies of the Atlantic region, by a semi-troiiical species, and by a second
semi tropical species which reaches the Atlantic-Mexican region.

Ptclia is represented by a single arborescent species of wide distribution in the Atlantic, reaching also the
Pacific region, where a frutescent species occurs, and by a second frutescent species of the south Atlantic region.

Canofia, a genus endemic to the Pacific-^Iexican region, is represented by a single s])ecies.

Simaruba, Amyris, Sicieteniu, Ximcnia, are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Ihirsera is represented by a single semi-tropical species and by a second frutescent species of the Pacific-
Mexican region.

Jle.r, an Atlantic genus, is represented by four arborescent and several frutescent species, with its center of
distribution in the southern Atlantic region.

Ci/iilla and Cli/lonia are each represented by a single species of the southern Atlantic region.

Ijiionjimus is represented by a widely-distributed arborescent species in the Atlantic, and by a frutescent species
in both the Atlantic and the Pacific regions.

Myyindn, Scha'ffcria, and Eeynosia are each represented by a single semitroi)ical species.

Condalia is represented by one semi-tropical and by one species of the Atlantic-Mexican reaching the Pacific-
Mexican region.

lihamniiH is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent species in the Atlantic, by two arlwrescent
4>nd one frutescent si)ecies in the Pacific region, atid by one frutescent species common to the two regions.

Ccanothus is represented by ;\ single arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region and by several frutescent
species widely distributed through tlu^ Atlantic and the Pacillc regions.

Colubrina is rcpresentc<l by a single semi-tropical species.

^Hcuhix is represented by two arborescent and by three frutescent .species in the Atlantic, and by an arboivscent
species in the Pacific region.

Ungnadia, an endemic genus of the Atlantic-JIexican region, and just reaching the PacificMexican ivgion, i.s
represented by a single species.

Sapindus is represented by one species widely distributed through the southern Atlantic, and reaching the
Pacific region, and by one semi-tropical species.

Acer is represented by five Atlantic and four Pacific sjiecies.

Ncgundo is represented by one species widely distributed through the Atlantic ami the Pacific ix\iiions and by
a second species in the Pacific region.

14 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Rhus is repreRented by five arborescent spcoii's in the Atlantic and by several frnte«cent species in both tho
Atlantic and the Pacific refrions.

ristacin is reprusented by a single species in the Atlantic-Mexican region.

Eysenluirdtia is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacitic-Mexicau, extending into the Atlantic-
Mexican region, where a second frntescent sjjecies occurs.

Dalea is represented by a .single arborescent species in the Pacific-Mexican and by numerous frntescent and
herbaceous species in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions.

Rnliinia, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghany region, is represented by two arborescent
and one frntescent siHH-ies in the Atlantic and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region.

Olneita, an endemic genus of the Pacific Mexican region, is there represented by a single species.

Puicidia is n-pre.sented by a single semi-tropical species.

C:adrastig is n»pre.sented by a single local si)ecies in the southern Atlantic region.

Sophora is represented by a si)ecies in the southern Atlantic and by a second species in the Atlantic-Mexican
region, and by four frntescent or suflVutescent species.

G_i/miiocIadus is represented by a single species in the central Atlantic region.

GlediUchia is rejireseuted by two widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region.

Farkiimonia is represented by an arborescent sjjecies common to the Atlantic- and the Pacific-Mexican regions,
by two arborescent and one frutescent species in the Pacific-Mexican, and by a frutescent species in tho Atlantic-
Mexican region.

Cercis is represented by a widely-distributed species in the Atlantic, by a second species in the Atlantic-
Mexican, and a fnitescent species of the California Coast region.

Prosopis is represented by two arborescent species common to the Atlantic- and tho Pacific-Mexican regions,
and by two frutescent species.

l^ucwna is rejiresented by two species in the Atlantic-Mexican region.

Acacia is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic-Mexican, by one arborescent species of the
Pacific-Mexic;in extending into the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by several frutescent species widely distributed
through the two regions.

LyHiloma is represented by a single semi-troi)ical species.

Pithecvlobium is represented by a single ])olymorpbous arborescent species of semi-tropical Florida, and by a
shrubby species of the Mexican Boundary region.

Chnjuobalanttx is represented by one arborescent and one frntescent semi-tropical species.

Pruvuis is represented by seven arborescent sjjecies in the Atlantic region ; of these, one is semi-troi)ical and
two extend into the Pacific region. This genus is represented in the I'acitic region by four sju'cies, of which one
belongs to the Mexican region, and by several frutescent sfjccies.

Vauqueliuia, an endemic genus of the Pacific Mexican region, is there represented by a single si)ecies.

Cercocarpm is represented by two widely distributed species in the Pacific region.

PyruH is represented by one .species common to both Atlantic and Pacific, by three arborcsiu-nt and one
frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region.

Crata^luH is rejiresented by twelve arborescent and frutescent sjiecies in the Atlantic, of which one extends
into the Pacific region, and by two species in the Pacific region.

UeteromeleH is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region.

Amelanchier is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic and by one frutesc-?nt species in tho
Pacific rr-gion.

Ilnnutmdiif and Liquidambar are each represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region.

Jihuophura is represented by a single si»ecies in the southern Atlantic region.

Conocarpm, Laf/unculnria, and CahjptrantheH are each represented by a single senii-tro])ical species.

Euyeiiia is repre.s^-nted by five semi-tiopical species.

C'er«/« is represented by a single arborescent siteeies in the Pacific .iiid l>y several frutescent sjjccies in tho
Atlantic and Pacific regions

CornuH is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic, by a single arborescent s]iecies in the Paciific
region, and by several frutescent and herbaceous si)ecies in tho two regions.

yijHxa is represented by three species in tiie Atlantic region.

titimbucu» is repre-sented by one arborescent species of wide distribution in the I'aciflc, by one si)ec,ies in tho
Pacific-Mexican extending into the Atlantic-Mexican, by a frntescent species in the Atlantic, by a second frutescent
•I)ecies in the I'acific, and' by a frute.-cent species common to the Atlantic and Pacific regions.

Viburnum is rei)resented by two arborescent species in tho .\thiiitic and by several frute«c«;nt species in tho
Atlantic and the Pacific regions.

ExoHtemma is re])reseuted by a single semi-tropical species.

Pinckrui/a, an endemic genus of the southern Atlantic region, is there represented by a single species.

Genipa is represented by a single semi trojiical sjiecies.

GENERAL REMARKS. 15

Ouettarda is represented by one arborescent and by one fnilescent semi troj»ical species.

Vacciiiinm is represented by one arborescent species in tiie Atlantic and by several Irutescent species in the
Atlantic and tbc Pacific rejrions.

Andromeda is representf'<l by an arborescent and several friitescent species in tlie Atlantic region.

Arbutus is represented by one species in the Pacitic Const, by a second species in the Pacific Mexican, and by
one sjjccies in the Atlantic-Me.xican resion.

Oxiidfindnnii, an endemic genns of the Atlantic region, is there represented by a sinj;ie si)ecies.

Kalmia is represented by one arborescent species and by tliree frutescent species in tlie Atlantic region, of
which one extends to the Pacific region.

Rhododendron is represented by one arborescent and by several fnitescent siiecies in the Atlantic and bv
several I'riitescent species in the Pacitic region.

Mj/rsine, Arduia, Jacquinia, Chrysophyllum, ISidcroxylon, and Dipholin are each represented by a single semi-
tropical species.

Bnmelia is represented by four species in the Atlantic and by one sjjecies in the Pacific-Mexican region.

Mimuseps is represented by one semi-tropical si)ecies.

Diospyros is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by one in the Atlantic Mexican region.

Symplocos is represented by one species in the southern Atlantic region.

Halesia is represented by two arborescent and by one frutescent species in the .southern Atlantic region.

Fraxinnfi, with its center of distribution in the southern Atlantic region, is represented by seven species in
the Atlantic, of which one extends into the Pacific region, and one belongs to the Mexican region, and by three
arborescent and one frutescent sjjecies in the Pacific, of which one belongs to the .Mi'xican region.

Forcsficra is lepresented by one arborescent and seven frutescent s])eeies in the Atlantic regiun, of which ono
reaches the Mexican-Pacific region.

Chionantlius and O.wianthus are each represented by a single si)ecies in the southern Atlantic region.

Cordia is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent semitroi)ical species and by one arborescent
and one frutescent species in the Atlantic Mexican region.

Boiirreria and Ehrctia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Catfilpa is represented by two species in the southern Atlantic region.

Chilopsis is represented by a single species in the Pacific-Mexican region, extending into the Atlantic-MexicaD
region.

Crescent id, Citharcxyluw, and Ariccnnia are each represented by a single semi tropical species.

Pisonia is represented by one arborescent and by two frutescent semi-tropical species.

Goccoloba is represented by two semi-tropical species.

Pcrsca is represented by one s])ecies in the southern Atlantic region.

Nectandm is reiiresented by one semi-tropical species.

Sassa/ras is rei)r.-seiited by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region.

Umhelhilaria is represented by a single sjjecies in tlie I'acilic Coast region.

Drypete-s, Seba.'itianin, and Hiiipomaiic are each represented by a single semi-troi)ical species.

Ulrmi.i, with its center of distribution in the Mississippi basin, is represented in the Atlantic region by five
species.

Plaiiern is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region.

Ccllin is represented by a single jiolymorphous species of wide distribution in the Atlantic region, extending
into the Pacific region, and by a frutescent species cominon to the Atlantic- Slexican and the Pacific-Mexican regions.

FicuK is iei)resented by three semi-tropical species.

Morus is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region, and by one species in the Atlantic-
Mexican, extending into the Pacific-Mexican region.

Madura is represented by a single local species in the .southern Atlantic region.

Plalanus is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region, by a species in the Pacific
coast, and by a species in the Pacific-.Mexican region.

JuyUms is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region and by a species in the Pacific
coast, extending through the Pacific Mexican into the Atlantic-JIi'xican region.

darya. an endemic genus of the Atlantic region, with its center of distribution west of the Mississippi river, is
represented by seven species.

Mijrica is rejireseuted by one arborescent and two tiutescent species in the Atlantic region and by ono
arborescent species in the Pacilic Coast region.

Qucrcun, with its center of most imiiorlaiit distribution in the basin of the lower Ohio river, is n>i)resented in
the Atlantic region by twenty-four arborescent species, of which one, belonging to the Mexican region, extends into
the PacificMexican region; and in the Pa<ific region by twelve arborescent species, of which one belongs to the
interior and four to the Mexican region, and by two frutescent si)ecie8.

Caalanopsix is represented by a single species in the Pacilic Coa«t region.

16 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Cu.stanea is ropiesontod by two species iu tlie Atlantic refjion.

Fdfjwi, Ontrya, Ain\ Carpinim ure each represented bv a single widely distribnted species in the Atlantic region.

Hetultt, with its center of distribntion in tbe nortbern Atlantic region, is represented by one arboiesceiit and
by one tVntescent species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by lour arborescent and one frutescent
species iu the Atlantic region, and by one arborescent si)ecies in the Pacific region.

AInuti is repivseuted by three arborescent species in the Atlantic, of which one extends to the Pacific region,
by three arborescent species iu tlie Pacific region, and by two frutescent species couiuiuu to the Atlantic and the
Pacific regions.

Salix is representcil in the Atlantic region by five arborescent sjiecies, of which three are found in the Pacific
region, and by many frutescent s[)ecies. This genus is rci)resentcd in the Pacific region by ten arborescent and
by many frutescent species.

ropuhis is rei)rcsented by two species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by three si)ecies in tlie
Atlantic region, and by three species in the Pacific region.

LibocedruK is rejiresented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region.

Thuyn is rei»resented by one s])ecies in the Atlantic and by one species iu the Pacific region.

CliaiiKTci/paris is rejireseuted by one species iu the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific Coast region.

Cujyressm is rei)resented by four species in the Pacific region, of whicli three occur in the coast and one iu the
Mexican region.

Jiiniperm is rei)reseuted by one arborescent species in the Atlantic region, by three arborescent sjiecies iu the
Pacific, of which one belongs to the Pacific-Mexican and one extends to the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by two
frnfe-scent species common to both regions.

Taxoflium is represented by a single species iu the southern Atlantic region.

Stqiioia, an endemic genus of the Pacific Coast region, is there represented by two sjiecies.

Tajnm is reiiresentcd by an exceedingly local arborescent species iu the .southern Atlantic region, by a trute.sceut
species iu the northern Atlantic region, and by an arborescent sj)ccies in the Pacific Coast region.

Torrcyn is represented by a single exceedingly local arborescent species in the southeru Atlantic region and by
a single sjiecies in the Pacific Coast region.

rinux, with its center of distribution in the southeru Pacific Coast region, is represented by thirleeu si)ecies
iu the Atlantic and by twenty-two sjiecies iu the Pacific region, of which three belong to the interior and four to
tbe Mexican region.

Pirca is rejiresented by one sjiecies common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by one spciics in the
Atlantic, and by three sj»ecies in the Pacific region, of which one belongs to the interior region.

Txuya is rejiresented by two sjiecies in the Atlantic and by two sjiecies in the Pacific region.

Pnvudotmiga, an endemic genus of the Pacific region, is there rejiresented by a single widely-distributed sjiecies.

Alien is rejiresented by one widely-distributed and by one exceedingly local sjiecies in the Atlantic region aud
by seven sjiecies iu the Pacific region, of which one is exceedingly local.

Larij- is rejiresented by one sjiecies in the Atlantic aud by two sjiecies in the Pacific region.

.Sahul is rejiresented by a siugle sjiecits iu the southeru Atlantic region.

Waxliingtonifi is rejiresented by a single species in the Pacific Mexican i-egion.

Tlirinaj- is rejiresentcfl by two semi-trojiical species, and Orcodoxa by one. "

Yitccn is rejiresented by one arborescent aud one frutescent sjiecies common to the Atlantic and the Pacific
regions, by one arborescent aud by two frutescent species in the Athmtic, and by two arborescent and by one
frutescent sjiecies in the Pacific region.

A CATALOGUE

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO,

REMARKS UPON THEIR SYNONYiMY, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY,
DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC VALUE, AND USES.

'2 FOE

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Species which grow from the ground with a siugle stem, either wholly or over a large portion of the area of
their distribution, are admitted as trees into the following catalogne, without reference to the height or size thej'
may attain.

The line which divides trees from shrubs is entirely arbitrary, and is often unsatisfactory in application. A
eeparation of this nature, however, based upon habit rather than upon size, is i)erhaps less objectionable, all things
considered, than any other, and serves at least to keep this catalogue within reasonable limits.

The word "compact", used in the description of various woods mentioned in the catalogue, indicates that they
show no tendency to check or open in drying, and does not refer to their structure.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

MAGNOLIACE^.

1. — Magnolia grandiflora, Liuuasus,

Spec.2ed. 755.— Marshall, Arbustum, 84.— Ain. Gewacli'. t. 185, 186.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158.— Gtertuer, Frnct. i, 343, t. 70.— B. 8.
Barton, Coll. 1, 13 ; ii, 20.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 251 ; 2 ed. iii, 329.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 62.— Lamarck, Dic(. iii, 672 ; HI. iii, 35, t.
490. — Mojnch, Moth. 274. — WillUeuow, Spec, ii, 1255; Enum. i, .579.— llichaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327. — Xouveau Duhamel, ii, 219, t.
65.- Desl'outaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Robin, Voyages, iii. 265. — Andrews, Bot. Rep. viii, t. 51b. — Tittord, Hort. Bot. Am. 76.— Michaui
f. rii,-.t. Arb. Am. iii, 71,t.l; N. American Sylva,3 ed. ii,H, t.51.— Piirsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,380.— Xuttall, Genera, ii, 18 ; Sylva, i,ei;
2ed i,9C.— DeCandolle.Syst. i,450; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 36.— Loddiges.Bot.Cab. t.814.— Sprengol,
Syst.ii. 642.— Audubon, Birds, t. 5, 32.— Ratiuesque, Med. Bot. ii,32.— Don, Miller's Diet. i,82. — Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 218.— Croom
in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 314.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 261 & t.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 188.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 42.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 470.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 308.- Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 225.— Darby, Bot.
S. States, 210.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.— Curtis in Rop. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina.
1860, iii, 06.— Wood, CI. Boqk, 214; Bot. it Fl. 24.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 38.— Baillon, Hist. PI. i, 133, f. 165-169.— Koch,
Dendrologio, i, 307. — Young, Bot. Texas, 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.

it. Virginiana, var. /J. fcetida, Liuna-us, Spec. 1 ed. 536, in part.

M. grandiflora, var. elliptica and obovata, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 360.

If. grandiflora, var. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380.— Bot. Mag. t. 1952.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.

BIG LAUREL. BULL BAY.

Cape Fear river, North Carolina, south near the coast 1^ Mosquito inlet, and Tampa bay, Florida ; basin of
the Mississippi river south of latitude 32° 30', extending westward to southwestern Arkansas, and along the Texa.s
coast to the vol'c^j of the Brazos river.

One of ti)y r.iost magnificent trees of the Atlantic forest, evergreen, IS to 27 meters in height, with a trunk
O.OO to 1.20 rj'jtps in diameter ; reaching its greatest development on the " bluff" formations along the eastern bank
of the ]MiS6'ssippi river from Vicksburg to Natchez, and of western Louisiana.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny ; medullary rays very numerous,
thin ; color, creamy white or often light brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gra\ity, 0.6300; ash. 0..')."? :
little used except aa fuel ; suitable for interior finish, fine cabinet work, etc.

2. — Magnolia glauca, Linmeus,

Spec. 2 ed. 755.— Kalin, Travels, English ed. i, 204. — Schoppf, Mat. Med. Am. 01. — Marshall, Arbustum, 8;i. — Wangenheim, Amer. tiO, 1. 19,
f. 46.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 1,58.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13; ii. 20.— Lamarck, Diet. Iii. 674.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 251 ; 2 ed. iii,
329.— Mocnch, Meth. 274.— WilUlenow, Spec, ii, 1256; Enum. i, 579.— Schknhr, llandb. ii, 1441, t. 148.— Michaux, Fl. r>or.-Am. i,
327. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 223, t. 66. — Desl'ontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5.— Tittord, Hort. Bot. Am. 76. — Bonplaud, PI. Malm. 10'.!. t.
42. — Michaux f. llist. Ai-b. Am. iii, 77, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3ed. ii, 12, t. 52. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,381. — Eaton, Manual, 6 <->l.
218.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 67, t. 27 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 244.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pliiladelph. ,">!) ; Mod. B<it. i,
"7,t.7; Compend. Fl. Philadelpli. ii, 17.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 215.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 4,52; Prodr. i, 8l>.— Hayne, Dond. Fl.
116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 37.— Bot. Mag. t. 2164.— Spreugel, Syst. (>42.— Torroy, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221; Fl. N. York, i, 17, t..'..-
Audubon, Birds, t. 118. — Raliuesiiue, Med. Bot. ii, 34. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 82. — Eaton, Manual, 6 e<l. 218. — Hooker, .Tour. Hot. i.
188.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Sertuni Botanicum, v & t.— Keicheubach, Fl. Exot. v, 37, t. 342.— Lindley, Fl. Mod. 2:1.- Eaton & Wright, Bot.
312.— Torrey &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 42.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 473.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Mod. Bot. W, f. .V.—
Loudon, Arboretum, i, 267 «fc t. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 527 ; 2 ed. il,(i(l:i & t. — Seringe, Fl. .laril. iii, 22ti. — Gray, G*non>,
i,61,t.2;!; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Schnizleiu, Icon. t. 176.— Darlington, Fl. Ce.strica, 3 ed. 8.— Darby, B*it. S. States,211.—
Cooper in Smithsoui.an Rep. 1858, 250. — Chapmau, Fl. S. States, 13. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 6C. —
Lesqueroux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 24. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, ;>6. — Koch,
Dendrologio, i, 369.— Young, Bot. Texas, 148. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Troes, 6.

20 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

if. Virf/iniana, var. a. glauca, Liuna'us, Spec. 1 od. 53r>.

Jf. fra/jrann, Salisbury, I'rodr. 3T9.— Uafiiipsquo. Kl. Liulovici.-iiui, 'Jl ; Mt-d. Bot. ii, 32.

M. longifoUa, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 11.— Dou, Miller's Diet, i, 6:1.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 308.

M. glauca, var. lati/oUa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. -J o<l. iii, 350.— Pur«b, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.21ri.

il. glauca, var. longi/olia, Aiton, Hort. Ivrw. -Jid. iii, 330.— Pursh, Kl. Am. Sept. ii, 361.— RaCnesquo, Fl. Ludovioiana,
91.— Hayiie, Deud. Fl. IIG.— Eaton, Manual, Ii cd. 21H.

SWLET HAY. WHITE BAY. BEAVEK TKEE. WHITE LAUREL. SWAMP LAUREL.

CajM} Ann, Massacliusctts; New Jersey southward, {jeneralty near the coast, To bay Biscayne anil Tani])a bay,
Florida; basin of the Missis.sippi river south of hititude .'i50, extending west tt) southwestern Arlcansas and the
valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A tree 15 to 22 nieter.'^ in beifrht, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits
reducc<l to a low shrub; swamps or low wet woods, reachiufi its greatest develoi)ment on the rich huinniocks of
the interior of the Florida peninsula and along the low sandy i)anks of pine barren streams of the (lulf states.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, light brown
tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; si)ecific gravity, 0.5035 ; ash, 0.47 ; in tlie Guli' states sometimes u.sed in
the mainifacture of broom handles and small woodenware.

The (tried bark, especially of the root, of this s])ecies and of M. acuminata and M. UmhreUn is included in the
Americ;in .1/ofe/ifl Jf«/ica, furnishing an aromatic tonic and stiuiulant used in intermittent and remittent fevers;
a tincture made by uiacerating the fresh fruit or bark in bniiidy is a i)opiilar remedy for rheumatism (U. 8.
Dispensatory, 14 ed. 507. — Xat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891).

3. — Magnolia acuminata, Linnaina,

Spec. 2. ed. T5C.— Marshall, Arbustum, 8:!.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, l.')9.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 251 ; 2 ed.
iii, 331. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 674. — Willilenow, Spec, ii, 1257; Enum. i, .079. — Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 329. — Nouvoau Dubamel, ii,
222. — Deslontaiues, Hi.st. Arb. ii,5. — Micbanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 82, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 15, t. .SS. — Pursb, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, :i81.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 4.'i3; Prodr. i, 80.— Loddi^cs, I!ot. Cab. t. .118.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— Bot. Mag. t. 2427.—
Hayne, Deud. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 37.— Ralincsque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Guimiuf. Otto & Ilaync, M>h. Holz. 18, t. 17.—
Spnngcl, Syst. ii, G42.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221 ; Fl. N. Y'ork, i, 28.— Ralincsque, Med. Bot. ii, 34.— Beck, Bot. 15.—
Sertnm Botanicura, v. & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, t'i. — Roicbenbaeb, Fl. Esot. t. 251. — Eaton, Manual, G ed. 218. — Loudon,
Arboretum, i, 273 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, I, 43.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Mod.
Bot. O''.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3. ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.50. — Chapman, Fl. S.
States, M. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18i>0, iii, (57. — Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porchcr, Resourcoa
8. Forests, 38.— BalUou, Hist. PI. i, 140.— Gray, Manual N. Slates, 5. ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Y'oung, Bot. Texas,
149._Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Nat. Dispensatory, *cd. 891.— Ridgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 58.

^f. Virginiana, var. e. Linna;u.s, Spec. 1 ed. 5:}6.

M. DeCandoUii, Savi, Bibl. Ital. i, 224 & t.

•Tulipastnim Aviericanuin, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 483.

CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA.

Western Xew York to soutbern Illinois, southward along the Alleghany mountains, and scattered throagh
easteni and middle Kentuckj* and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous dei)08its, to southern Alabama (Stockton,
Mohr) and nr)rtlieastern Mississii)pi; Arkansas, Crowley's ridge, and in the southern and southwestern part of the
state (Te.varkana, Harvey, and in Polk, Howard, Cross, iind Pik(^ counties).

A large tree, 20 to .'50 ineteis in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its
greatest development on the .slope." of the southern Alleghany inountaiuH.

WfK)d ilurable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, comjiatit, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color,
yellow brown, the sap wood ligiiter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4G90; ash, 0.29; used for i>umi) logs, water-
troughs, flooring, cabinet-making, etc.

4. — Magnolia cordata, Michaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. i, .328. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 o<l. iii, 331. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 547. — Michanx f. HiKt. Arb. Am. iii, 87, t. 4; N. American
Sjlva, 3c<l. ii, 18, t. .5-1.— I'nrMli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— Limlley, Bot. Reg. iv, t. 325.— Nuttall, Gcner.a, ii, 18.— Do Candollo, Syst.
i, .J.',5: Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 118.— Elliott, S,<. ii, 38.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 474.— Sprengcl, Syst. ii, 04-.'.— Ratiuesquo,
Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, (i ed. 218.— .Sertnm Botanicum, v & t.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Kci<'henbach, Fl. Exot. t.
2J0. — London, Arboretum, i, 275 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43. — Dietrich, Syn. iii,
308.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 211.— Coop»)r in Smithsonian Rep. ia'>8, 2.50.— Chapman, F1.8. Stat«», 14.— Cnrtis in Rop. Geological
Snrv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, f>8.— Wood, CI. B»)ok, 214 ; Bot. «t Fl. 2.5.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, (>.

TuUpastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum, Spach, Hist. Vcg. vii, 483.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 21

CUCUMBER TREE.

Sonthein Alleghany Mountain region, near Augusta, Georgia {Michaux, Elliott),he&d of Sipsey creek, "valley
of Davidson creek", Winston county, Alabama (Mohr).

A tree 22 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods ; very rare
and local.

Wood light, soft, not strong, clo.segrained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, light brown
streaked with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.4139; ash, 0.32.

5. — Magnolia macrophylla, Micbaux,

Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 327. — Nouvoau Dubainol, ii, 221.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,5. — Aitou, Hort. Kcw. 2 ed. iii, :$.31. — Poiret, Snppl. iii,
573.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 99, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, li, 26, t. 57.— Boupland, PI. Malm. >i4, t. 3:5.- Piireh, Fl. Am.
Se]it. ii, 381.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18 ; Sylva, i, a3; 2 ed. i,99.— DeOaiidolle, Syst. i, 454; Prodr. i, 80.— But. Mag. t. 21-9.— Hayne,
Dcnd. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 40.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Rafinesqiie, Med. Bot. ii, 31, t. 62.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.—
Scrtum Botanicum, v & t.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83. — Croom iu Am. Jour. Sci. 1 eer. xxv, 76. — Rcichenbacb, Fl. Exot. ii, 44, t.
139.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 271 & t. — Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 312. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,43. — Spacb, Hist. Veg. Tii,
479.— Dietricb, Syn. iii, 308.— Griflitb, Med. Bot. 98, f. 57.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian R. p. 1858, 250.—
Seriuge, Fl. Jard. iii, 230. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67. — Wood, CL
Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.

LARGE-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREE.

North Carolina, eastern base of the Alleghany mountains (Iredell and Lincoln counties); southeastern Kentacky
southward to middle and western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl river,
LouLsiaua; central Arkansas (Garland, Montgomery, Hot Springs, and Sebastian counties).

A tree 0 to 18 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely O.GO meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its greatest
development in the limestone valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local.

Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown,
the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.5309 ; ash, 0.35.

6. — Magnolia Umbrella, Lamarck,

Diet, iii, 673. — Nouveau Dohamel, ii, 221. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 80. — Loiseleur, Herb. Amat. iii, t. 198. — Sprengel, Sybt, ii, 642. —
Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. vii, 475.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308. -Scringe, FL
Jard. iii, 227. — Gray, Genera, i, 62, t. 24; Proc. Liumean Soc. ii, 106, f. 1-18; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49. — Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67.— Wood, CI. Book, 214;
Bot. & Fl. 25. — Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 38. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.

M. Yirginiana, var. tripefala, Linnaeus, Spec, l ed. 536.

Al. tripetala, Linnasus, Spec. 2 ed. 756.— Marshall, Arbustum, 84.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 159.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 14.—
Alton, Hort. Kow. ii, 252; 2 ed. iii, 331.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1258; Enum. i, 579.— Michaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 327.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, .5.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 452.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 90, t. 5; K. American Sylva,
3 ed. ii, 20, t. 5.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Nuttall, Genera, ii. It*; Sylva, i, 84: 2 ed. i, 100.— Guimpel. Otto A.
Haync, Abb. Holz. 20, t. 18.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 38.— ToiTcy, Compend Fl. N. States, 221.—
Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98.—
Loudon, Arboretum, i, 269, t. 5.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 370.— Xat. Dispensator>-,2 ed. 891.

UMBRELLA TREE. ELK WOOD.

Southeastern Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama (Prattvillo, Mohr)
and northeastern Mississii)pi, westward througli Kentucky and Tennessee; in central (Hot Springs) and
southwestern Arkansas (rulton, valley of the Ked river, IJarvcy).

A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.40 meter in diameter; rich, shady
hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest develoiuncnt along the western slope of the southern Alleghimy
mountains.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, comi)iU't; medullary rays vexy numerous, thin; color, brown, the
heavier sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4487; ash, 0.20.

99 FORKST TRKKS (»K N'oirni AMERICA.

7. — Magnolia Fraacri, Waii.r,

n. C«r«lltil»n«, I, N» 4 l.-Tormy A (Irny, Kl. N. Aimrli'tt, 1, -i;!.- Wiilprnt, Urp. I, 70.— DIntrloli, Hyii. hi, 308.— ChnpniMi, Fl. H.
HialM, U.— Ciirll. In Urp. (Irol.iK'"'"' ""rv. N, <'ttn>llii«, mM), III, IW,-\V<mmI, CI. Hook, !iU; Hot. A Kl. tffi.-Uro.v, Miiiiiiul N.
HUIM, r> p<l. 411- KiM'li, I)riiclriilo||li<, I, ;irj. - Viiwy, r'ttt. Kon-Hl TnM>«, (1.

M. auiicultlta, l.iiniank, I»l'l. Ill, ll?:!.- Hurl rum, Trnvi-U, 'i «mI. :i:I7.- \vm.l.«n..w, Hp<«r. II, ViM; Kiiiiiii. I, r.71».— Mii'liiiiix,
Kl. Ilui. Am. I, :'VN. Noiivi'iiii DiiliiitiK'l. II, ■.•■J'J.-|)i'Nrniiliiliii>H, llml. Arli. II. r>. — Mlrliiiiix f. IIUI. Ail>. Am. ill, iU.t. «;
N. AiiHTlrnii Hylva, :i I'tl. II, «;t, I. .'.(I. Aiulri'Wi., Ili>l. K.-p. Ix, t. MM. Hot. Mii({. (. iy(m.-('nl>lorcH, Mini. Mhk. A t.-
Alloii, lloit. Ki'W. l/«l. Ill, :i:W. I'iiibIi, Kl. Am. «rpl. II, ;iMW. -Niiltiill, (ii-m.rii, li, |H; Sylvii, i, H.| ; 'J .d. I, '.tH.-Oo

Cmiilollt., Hv»l. I, 4.'hI; I'riMlr. I, M<(.- lliiyiiK, II 1. Kl. 117. — KUIoM, KU. II, :W.— Hprc<iiK<l, HyHl,. II, iMa.— Amliitxm,

IlinU, 1. :IM. Don, Mlllt-Hii IHil. I, Mil. - Kiiton, Miuimil, (1 «1. !ilH.- lloiik«r, .lour. Hot. I, IMM.— Hpuoli, IIIhI. V«({. vII,
477 I.0111I011, ArlioK'tiim, I, i<7l> A l.-K«ilnK«. Kl, .laiil. Ill, 'M).

M. pyKimiilolil, llintriim, Tittvi-U. 'i id. XW.- I'niHJi, Kl. Am. Hi«pt. II, :»Ha.- 1).. Ciin.l.illc, Hynl. i, .|r,.» ; I'luclr. I, W.-Miiyuo,
|ti>ml. Kl. 117.- l.lnilli'y, lltil. 1{.«k. v,t. I07.-I,ciil<ll|{ri., Ilol. Ciili. I. lOiy.- Kullncmino, Mcil. Hot. 11,:W.— Don, Millor"*
Dill. I, Kl.- Kiilon, MiMioul, <l <<1. VUI. — London, Arliori'lnm, 1, S77 & t.— SiThiKO, Kl. .Iiird. Ill, 'ZW.— Darby, Hoi.
H. HialiH., «ll.

M. auncuhirin, NalUlmiy. I'ani.l. I.ond. I, I. VX K.in. 1. lloil. t, :i<10.

l.dNlJ I.KAVKK ( rcllMllKU IKKK.

All«'||liuii.v inoiintiiiiiH, Ironi N'irjjiniii wMilliwanl lo llic ('lialliiliooclu'o n'(,'i()n of wohDtii I'Mtnidii, and Noiitliorn
Aliibuiiiik (riaiK < il.N, Molir), cxli-nilinn w<-hI lo lli<> valloy of IVail riv<>r, MiNsiHHippi.

A Ninall (rt'i-, H to ll! iiu'Icin in licinlil, with ii trunk (l.ir» lo (l.'JO nu-tt'r in dianiclfr; ricli woodH.

Wood liclil, Kol1, not Htronn, cloNOKrninfd, conipacl ; nii'duJlary la.VH vory nuMKMouN, tliin; color, liiown, (li«
nap wood n(iiil> «lill«'; spi'cilli' niavil.v , lt.'><ltl.'t ; anli, ((.'JH.

8. — Liriodcndron Tulipifcra, i.inmi im,

HiM>r 1 .'.I 1, [i;«i. -Kalm, 'I'ravi'lH, KiikHhIi "I. 'i U<W.- -Marnliall, ArlinNlum, 7H.— \ViinK"nlmlm, Amor. :W, I. l;l, I'. :i'J.- Wiillor, Kl.
Cunillnliina, l.'.H. Sulnnlill, Arli. I, 4H. II. H, llarton. Coll. I, 14, 4.'').- Alton, llorl. Kmv. II, '.'Ml; >i vi\. ill, :W!>.— Ua>rlnor, Kinot.
II, t. 17".- Hot. MaK. t .•J7!i. Mo-ni'li, Mntli. Wi.— Aldiot, Iiihoi'Ih (liH)rKlii, II, I. 10'.J.— SoliUnlir, llandli. Ii,i):i, t. 147.- 'I'row, Iron.
I.ltl- Wlllilrnow, .Sprc. II, IVM; Knnin. I, rwlt.- Mli'lianx, Kl. Hor.-Ani. I, ;Wli.-Noiivi'iin Dnhamcl, III, tl'J, I. IH.- Druronluini-H,
Hint. Arl.. II, 1:.. I'olr.'t lo LamairU, Dirt, vlll, 1:I7; 111. ill, :tll, t. 4!»l. -HI. Illliiiro, I'l. Kn.n.'.', ill, I.. ;I77.- Tllfoid, II. ol,. Hot.
Am. 7<l Ml.'luoix r Hut. Aili Am. Ill, li"',', t. fi ; N. Ami'iiran Hjlva, 11 «il. li, Mf., t. til.- Ijilon, Manual, li:t; Hod. !JtW.~- Nutlall,
(Irnrrii, II, |H; 8>lva, I, H4 ; ii rd. I, IIMI,- Harlon, I'ro.lr. Kl, l<liila<l<'lpli. Ml; Mod. Hot. I, 1)1, 1. H; Compond. Kl. I'lilladolpli. II,
|H D.' Cnmlollo, HvM. 1. 4lW; I'rodr. I, «!. HIkoIow, Moil. Hot. II, itl7, t. III.- Ilayiio, Dond. Kl. I Ifi.— Kllioll, Sli. ii, 4I>.— Torroy,
CompKhd. Kl. N. Htttlon, Wl ; Kl. N. York, I, 'JM.-Uallnrmpi.., M.d. Hot. II, '.'MlL-Hiilinp.-l, t)llo A llayno, AM>. Ilol/,. :14, 1. '.".I.—
C.dd..tl, Wooillandi., No. Mil. SpronK«d, HyM ll,tll'J.- Andiilion, HirdN, t. fJ.— Don, MiIIoi'h Dl.t. I, Hil, — H...k, Hot. U..— Mndloy,
Kl MiMl.Xt. Hpntli, llUt, Vig. M,4HM, London, Ailion>tiim, l,yMI A I. -I'.aton A WriKlit, Hot. Iltlv.'. - I'riin. Cy.l. xx\ , :t4l.— 'I'oiioy
A llri»\, Kl N, AimTlon, I, 44,- -Dlotrlidi, Hyn, III, :ilil»,-t;rilllili, Mfd. Hot. HH, I", frft.- I'.mi'iNon, 'riooM MamiailinHollH, r.!>'.l| 2 cd.
II, iMi:. A I S..||lini', Kl .laid. Ill, ".'411.- tliay, tlonorii, I, tl4, t. V:. : Manoal N. StatoH, f. id. fitl.— Daillnnton, Kl. CoMiii'a, :i cil. It.—
Durliy, Hot. 8. HInliw, aiU. -AkukIIi, 'I'luHir. A Kyut. I'l. t. II, f. -.i.— Coopor In Hmltliaoiilan Kip. IW.H, 'J.Ml.— Clnipioan, Kl. H.
HmiM. 14, fnilU In K.p, tJi-oloHl. ul Hni v, N, Carollnii, iwtltl, ill, 77. -LomaliK, 111, llorl. If., I. r>7l, -Wood, (;l, Hooli, 'Jl!^.; Ilol.
A 11 •.'.■ -I'or.liir, Kmonnoii 8, Koii>Ht»., :«», KiiKidmann in 'rraim. Am. I'lill, Hon, now hit, xII, IKI. Halllon, IHhI, I'l, I, 14;i, f,
1, 1;- Koili, Di'iiilioloKJi', I.IIMO, tinilionn, lli»l, Hh.hioh, T .•,!. ill, 7411, -HI<lK"iiy in Am, Nat, vi, ilii:!; I'loc, II, S.Nat, Miih.
I -•■. 'I Vawv, Cat. Koli-t Ti.th, ll. Kiildor, Hit. Ilol, Itrand. xvli, m:I, f, l-X- IJidl In (loologloal Kop. Canada, IH7l>'H(l, Kl'.

Iiilif>if'itii l.iriiiihiiilioii, Milli'i, Dirt. No, I.

/.. ;»»(»(r»«l, Sail. Inn \, I'lodr :I71I

It Ml' TUKIC. YKI.LOW I'Ori.AK. WIIITK WOOD.

.SoiillmrMlriii \ « iiiioiil, tliioiiuli wisliTii Now Knulaiid, south waid to norlliciii IMorida (laliliid« ;W") ; wt^st,
UimiiKli Ni'vv York, Oiitaiii^, and MIcIiIk'HI to lak<^ .Mii'lii;;iiii, soiilli of latlliidi' t.'i'^ .'10', tliciico south Jo latittido
31<^ in llii< Onlt'nliilcHcaNl of llii< .MJHNJ.sHippi livor; tliroii^li sonllicrn IliiiiolN and HoiilhiMislorn I\li.<4soiiri to < 'lowlcv's
riil^i', noithi'iiHliTn .VikaiiNUN.

()iii< III' till' liirK<',-<l and nioMi viiliialilo ticcs ot tin' .Mlaiitir lori<,st,s, .'ttl lo till ni(>l('i,s in lii>i;;iil, with a trunk 13 lo
4 nii<li'i'?4 III diaiiD'ttT ( /I'li/f/iro)/) ; ru'h woods and iiilorvah' landN, ri<ai-hin;; it,s ^roalcsl dovciopnu'iit in tiii< \'alh\v
of tln< liiwor NNiiliaNli iim-i and alonj; th<' wi'stcni slopes of tln< Ail«'j;lian.v nionntains In 'r(>iiii<'s,stM> and Noilli
Cikiolina.

Wood liyhl. "I'll, iioi Minnie I'lilllc, very closo utiiiinlit K'"''"'''. fonipail, easily woiUed; ineilnllary niys
nniniMoiiN, not pnnninenl ; eolor, lit;hl m-IIow or lirown, tlie tliln sap wood nearly while ; spieille (gravity, l),l'J.'(0 ;
lUtli.t).*,!; htiKi'ly nianiHiielnred Inio liiinlier and used foi' eonHlrnetion, inleiior llnish, sliin^'les, in hnal liiiildln^,
and i<Mpeeiall.\ in llii< niaiiiilaeltii-e of wooiIimi pmnps, woodetiware, eir, ; varittllcs var.\ iiit; Mli^lilly in color and
d(<iiNlt\ are l'eeO);iilr,e<l liv lilinlierinen.

l.inoilrHilrin, a Htiiiiiihtnt ttmio, wilJi di.iphorclic propcrlicN, In ohtaiiH-d li,\ niaccralin^^ the inner hark,
MIMH'iillly of tliKi^Mil (Jour. I'hiliUlrliihiii Col. /Vidr. ill. ft. — f/. N, />t,>/»cHMi/<>r//, II ed, [iM. — ,V<ir. IH>iii<ii.siitorii, L.' ed. .S71).

CATALOGUK OK KOIMIST 'I'IMOKS. 23

ANON A(!Kyl<]

9. — Asiinina trilobii, iininil,

Moil. Alien. H;i.-1)o Ciimliillr, HyHt. I, '«7ll; rriiilr. i, H7. r.lli.ill, Kk. II, C-'.- (itiliii|M-l, Otio *. Iliiyiio, Al.li. IliiU. M, I. r>:i,-IUyii«.,
Dniil. V\. IIH, S|iniiK,-l, S.vhI. II, CkIK. •|'.iir..,v, <'mii|mii,l. Kl. N. Slut.w, a'."J ; Ann. I.yn. N. Vi.ik, il, \K. - l»f.k. Hoi. If, -Ih.u,
Milli'i'H Diol. I,i)l. Niiltiill III Jour. riiila(li'l|)lila Ariul. vll, II.- Dinlilr.li, Hyii. lii, :i()4. -I,i)Uil(.ii, Arl.ornliiiii, I, !ai;i, f. :Ht.-<lrii.v!
Qmiorn, i, III), t. 2*1, 'J7; Manual N. Kliiliw, rx'il. Ul.- I'liriy In Oivrn'N l{(i|i. (101). - DiirlliiKton, l''l. ( 'iwl riru, :i rtl. t). — Darliy, Kol. h.
8tiiU>H, aia.— (^M)pm' In HniltliMiiiilaii l{i'|). IW.S, yW). -(Mia|iiiiiin, l''l. H. Hlalnit, I.^.-CiiiIIh in Hi-p. (iit(ilii((i<ml Miirv. N. (.'nrnllii*,
IHCd, lii, ill. — l,('N(in<Mi'nx in Owkii'n •.'(! K<'|). ArkaiiHiiM, :M7. Miioiit A DrraUiiK, Dot. KiikIihIi imI. IIMI A, llj(«.- Il<il. M»k, ».
r.H.VI.- WimmI, (M. Itixik, -Jir.; \M.. A I'M. yd. I'onliri-, Kmonr.oM H. I'oi.wIm, 11. KiiKxIniunii in Truiw. Am. I'lill. K<h>. ikim iwf.
xli, lH:t. Ki.cli, |)c*ii.lr..li>Kii', ii, :Ih:i. YiMiii).;, lliil,. 'IVxiiM, Mil. Vimn), Vul. Koirnl Tiwh. tl. Hlilnwiiy In I'ro.-. II. H. Nut. Mn«.
1HH-.', lid. lliirj;rMM in CiihII.m'h llnl. Oiizt'tt.-, vii, !).'■..

Alliina hilohil, l,lmiHMiH,,S|irr. 1 ,m\. kit. - Maislmll, AiIhimIiiiii, Id. Liiiiiairk, DIrl.. II, r.'r..-\Viiltor, I'l. (;ari>linlitiiit, IW.-
II. S. lliiiloii, (Nill. I, •Jl».-Aili>n, II. .It. Kkw. 11, '.'.VI ; 2 oil. ill, ;i:iri. \Vlllil.>n..w,H|irr, 11, la(17 ; Kiiiiin. I, ■':»«).- N..iiv.«u
Diiliiiiiirl, 11, Kl, I. •.>.-., -DrHloiilalnrH, IIInI. Aili. II, 21.— Mliiluinx f. IIIhI. Arl.. Am. ill, Itil. t. l» ; N. Aiiinrlciin Hylva,
:i imI. ii, :i:t, l. liO. IIimIoh, l-icilr. I<'l. I'lilla<i.'l|>li. IJl).— Hohkiilir, llanilli. 11, l)r>, I. Mil.

Anona piiiilitla, .SaiiNi.my, I'miii-. :iH(i.

Orchidocitrjium (triitiiiuin, Mi.iwuix, I'l. lior. Am. I, iiy.i.

I'orrilitI Iriliihil, I',.|m(.„ii, Syn. 11, %. rniHli, Kl. Am. Hr|.|. 11, :Im:I. ltiillii«Hi|im, Kl, l.nilovloluna, IC*. - llnrlon, Conipcn.l.
Kl. I'lillaili'lpli. II, IH.~NiiIIhII, (Jonoiu, 11, I!).- I'oirol, Siippl. Iv, r>V!|).- Kaloii, Mnniiitl, (I imI. '/TH.-- Auiliihon, IllnU, t.
2, l(!2.-KHt<.ii A. WiIkIiI, IIoI. :17I.

Uvmia friloixt, Tmii-y A Oiay. Kl. N. Aiiii<rUia, i, .If..— Tiiiroy, Kl. N. Ynrk, 1, ;iO.— t'nrnri in Ann. Mm. Klrrim<, l(«4, «, t.

t, r. t-7,- iiaiiiim, AiiaiiMoiiiii, viii, :i:i;i ; iii»i. ri. I, iiiH, r, 220-22H.

^1. aim pan i /hint, Spmli, IIIhI. Vrj;- vil, r>21i.

I'Al'AW. (tllHTAWK Al'l'MO.

VV*tHl(M'n N(<\v ^ ink ( l,iii'k|iiirl mid in Moiiror ciiiiiilv) ; Onliirio (Qii(M<iiHtowii l)(>i(;litfl) ; (MUtl^rii iiiid ciMitrikl
roiiiiHyh'iiiiiii, \v(>nI Io Ndiillifi'ii Mii'lii^iiii, hoiiIIicim liiwn, and riisli-rn Kiiiiniin (Miiiiliiittiiti)i Hniilli to iniildU^
li'loiiilii niid (lu^ viillt\v of llic Hlll)in(^ river, 'IVixiiH.

A Hiiiall lr(M', Mi)in<>liiiic.M 113 nirlcrH in lii'i;;lil, wil li :i Iriiiik tiircly r.M'rcdinu 0..'t() nirlcr in iliaiii<<l4<r, or orti'ii
HMlncrd III a ,Ml(Mi(li>r .hIiiiiIi ; ricli, ratlier low woocIn, rrarliin^' its ;^i'fiilOHl, dovolopiiwnl in llir luwrr WuIiiihIi vhIIi'T
itiid ill IIkn vall(\v of llio VVIlit(^ river, ArkaiiMa.s.

Wood V(>rv li^lit, very Non, and wealt, coarse* grained, N|>onn.v ; layers of annuiil (growth clearly inurktMl l»y
Hoveral row.M of lar^e open iIiicIh; color, li|.;lit. yellow Nliadcd with jjret>n, the Hiip wood llKl>ti<r; Npvciflo (fni\ ity,
O.aOOlt; a.sh, O.'Jl.

10. — Anona laurifoHa, Dnmii,

Mmi. Anon. (if.. Iii< ('iiiiili>llr, Hyal. I, tllH; Kioilr. 1, HI.- SpriMiK«l, SyHt. 11, till. Mii(lli<y, llol. KrR. xvl, t. l:t2M.-8rbiiUlKln, loon.
I. 171, r. ll.-(iiiHi<l>ii<li,KI. MiiliNliWrnl Iiulii n, t.-- Cimpi-r In Siiill iiMinian Krp. lh4M),4:ia-Ctiapiiiiin, Kl. H. H(atr«, Hnppl.nai.

A. (llahrUf Cliupmim in (.'oiiIIki-'n Itiil. (la:ri<tto, 111,2 | not Miimi>im|.

A, HpeciioH, ViiHoy, Cut. KiiroHt TrrivH, (1.

I'liNii Ai'ri.i;.

Heini-tr<>|>iciil I'Morida, cape Maliiliar (o luiy lliMca,\ iic, on llie wcnI <'oa.'<t, Pease creeh lo the ('uIoohu river,
mid tliroiif;li the West Indies.

A small tree, soinelinics 0 inelers in liei);hl, with a Iniiik ll..'!l) inelcr in diiiiiietcr, or towiiid its noilliern liiiiil mid
on IIk* west coast ol'ten reduced lo a slont, wide spreading shrill) ; coininon and reiichini; its ^reiitcNt development
within tlu* United Slates on the low islands and ^ hores of the lOxei'Klades in tin* nei^liliorliood of bay ItiHCJi.Mie.

Wood li^lili Holt'i >>i>l strong, rather clost^^rrained, compact, conlainiiiK many sealterfd open iliictN ; color, llclit
brown streiiked with yellow, sap wood li;;liter; spccille ;;i'avity, 0.."iOr».'l ; iihIi, -LSIl.

Tli« 1hi(;o fruit (O.ll lo (l.US meter lonj;) scarcely »'dil)U>.

24 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

CAPPARIDAOEiE.

11. — Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacquin,

Stitp. Am. IGO, t. 101.— Aitou, Hurt. Kcw. v.' od. iii, -iS-'i.—Dc Cauilollr, I'roilr. i, 252.— Descourtilz, Fl. Mod. Antilles, y. t. 273.—
Macfadycu, Fl. Jamaica, :!9. — Grisrbacli, I'l. Britisli West Inclios, 18. — Cbapinau, Fl. S. States, 32. — Porcher, Resources S. Foroeta,
".'•. — Eicliler in Martins, FI.Brasil. siii, 270, t. 04, f. 11. — Yasi-y, Cat. Forest Trees, 0.

C. Breynia, Liuuteus, Spec. 2 ed. 721, ill part.— Aitou, Hort. Kow. 2 cd. iii, 285.— De Candollc, Prodr. i, 252, iu part.—
Swartz, Obs. 210 [not Jacquin]. — Macf.idycn, Fl. Jamaica, 39.

C. Cl/nophyUophora, Liumeus, Spec. 1 cd. 504 [not subsequent ed. /irfe Eichler, (. c.].— Alton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. iii, 285.—
Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 39.

C. siliquosa, Linn.Tue, Spec. 2 ed. 721.

C. iorulosa, Swartz, Prodr. tl.— Do Candollc, Prodr. i, 252.— Grisobaob, Fl. Britiali West Indies, 18.

C. tincinata. I.oddigps, Cat. [not Wallich].

C. emarflinaia, Kicbard, Fl. Cuba, 78, t. 9.— Walpers, Eep. i, 201.

Semitropiual Florida, cape Canaveral to tbe soutboru keys ; in the West Indies and soutbward to Brazil.

A 8niall tree, sometimes G meters in beifilit, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low shrub;
common and reaching its greatest development within the United States on Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed large open ducts;
medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow tinged with red, tbe sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.C971;
ash. 4.7G.

CANELLACE^.

12. — Canella alba, Murray;

LinoiEus, Syst. 14 ed. iv, 443. — .Swartz, Obs. 190; Trans. Linna-an .Soc. i, 9C, t. 8. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 851; Enum.i, 496. — Aiton, Hort.
Kew.2 ed. iii, 144.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. Snppl. 3, t. 10, f. 4.— Do Candollc, Prodr. i, 5G3.— Hayne, Arzn. 9, t. 5.— Stevenson
& Cbnrchill. Med. Bot. ii, t. 06.— WoodviUc, Med. Bot. 3 ed. iv, C94, t. 237.— Liiidley, Med. Bot. 116.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 24, t.
IC.— Griffilb, Med. Bot. 181, f. 98.— Miers in Ann. Nat. Hist. 3 Bcr. i, 348; Contrib. i, 116.— Grisobacb, Fl. Britisb West Indiea,
109.— Cliaj.nian, n. S. State.t, 93.— Gnibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 021, f. 707.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Bontley &.
Trimen, Med. I'l. i, 26, t. 20.

C. Winteriina. Oaertner, Fmct. i, 377, t. 77.

M'intcra Canella, Linna;u», Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, viii, 799, t. 399.

C. laini/olia, Loddigrs, Cat.— Sweet, Ilort. Brit. 0.").— Dou, Miller's Diet, i, 030.

WHITE WOOD. CI.V.VAMOX BARK. WILD CINNAMON.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Elliott's l\ry, Key Largo to Jew Fish Key); through the West
Indies.

A small tree, otti-ii Id meters in liciglil, with a trunk (t.'_'J meter in diameter; not rare.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, clo.se. grained, cxjinpact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color,
dark redtlish brown, the siiji wood light brown or yellow; s])ec,i(ic gravity, 0.9893; asii, 1.75.

The pale inner bark ai)pears in the rharmacoprrn under the name of Cortex cnnellm alba;, furnishing an
aromatic stimulant and tonic, occii.sionally employed in ca.ses of debility of the digestive organs, or as an adjunct
to more active remedies {Miers, I. c. — FlUckif/cr t{- JJatihuri/, I'harmnrographia, G8. — U. S. Dispensafori/, 14 ed.
aiO.— A'ar. JHnpematory, 2 ed. .337).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 25

GUTTIFER^.

13. — Clusia flava, Limiieus,

Spec. 2 ed. 1495.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 977; Eoum. ii, 1043.— Aitoii, Hort. Kew. 2 od. v, 444.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 105.— D«
Caiidolle, Prodr. i, 559.- Macfadyeu, V\. Janiaicn,, 134.— Nuttall, Sjlva, ii, 111, t. 77; 2 ed. u, 58, t. 77.— Grisebach, F). BritiBh
West Indies, 407.— Cooper in Smitlisonian Rep. 1858, 2G1.— Chapman, I'l. .S. States, 43.— Plancbon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4
ser. xiii, 352.— Walpera, Ann. vii, 340.— Vasey, Cat. Forest TrcPH, 7.

C. rosea, Torrcy & Gray, FI. N. America, i, 168.

Jamai(!a and other West Indian islands; Key West {Blodgett) prior to 1840. Not detected by later exi)lorer«
{Palmer, Garbcr, Chapman, Curtiss) of the botany of semi tropical Florida, and probably not now growing
Bpontaneously within the limits of the United States.

Wood not examined.

TERNSTRCEMIAOE^

14. — Gordonia Lasianthus, Linnivus,

Mant. i, 570.— Ellis, Phil. Trans. 60, 518, t. 11 ; Letters, t. 2.— L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156.— Cavanilles, Diss, ii, 307, t 161.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 177.— Alton, Hort. Kcw. ii, 231 ; 2 ed. iv, 234.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770 ; III. iii, 146, t. 594, f. 1.— Swartz, Obs. 271.—
Willdenow, Spec, iii, 840.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43.— Bot. Maj;. t. 6.i8.— Nouveau Duhaniel, ii, 236, t. 68.— Desfontaines, Hist.
Arb. i, 484.— Persoou, Syu. ii, 2.')9.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 131, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 29, t. .58.— Pnn-h. Fl. Am.
Sept. i, 451.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, .84.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, .528.- Klliolt, Sk. ii, 171.— Spreugcl, Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet.
i, 573, f. 99.— Audubon, Birds, t. 168.^Reichenbaeh, Fl. Exot. t. 151.— Spaeb, Hist. Veg. iv, 79.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 379, f. 93.—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 223. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 161. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 2,'>S.— Browne, Trees of America, 52. —
Dietrich, Syu. iv, 862.— Gray, Genera, ii, 103, t. 140, 141; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 104.— Choisy, Mem. Ternst. & Camel. 51.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 256. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. I&'i8, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, GO.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surr.
N. Carolina 1860, iii, 80.— Maont & Decaisne, English od. 274 & tigs.— Wood, CI. Book, 274; Bot. & Fl. 65.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iv,
230, f. 254, 255.— Viisey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.

Hypericum Lasianthus, Linnseus, Spec, l ed. 783.— Hill, Veg. Syst. XV, t. 1, f.3.

O. pyramidalis, Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. 386.

LOBLOLLY BAY. TAN BAY. .

Southern Virginia, south near the coast to ciipe Malabar, and cape Romano, Florida, west along the Gulf
coast to the valley of the Mississii)])i river.

A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk oflcii (i.l.") to 0.50 meter in diameter; low, sandy swamps. .

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not dural)le ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color,
light red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4728; ash, 0.7G ; somewhat employed in cabinet making.

The bark, rich in tannin, was once occasionally used, locally, in tanning leather {Bartram, Travch, 2 ed. IGO).

15. — Gordonia pubescens, L'Heritier,

Stirp. Nov. 156.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770.— Cavanilles, Diss, ii, 308, t. 162.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. 11,231; 2 ed. iv, 2;V4.— Willdenow,
Spec, iii, 841.— Miehaux, FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 43.— Ventenat. ,Iard. Malm. t. 1 (Schrader, Neues Jour. Bot. IrOG, 121).— Nonvean
Duhaniel, ii, 237.— Krenig & Sims, Ann. Bot. i, 171.— Desloulaines, Hist. .\rb. i, 484.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 2.'.9.— Miehaux f. Hist. Arb.
Am. iii, 135, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. il, 31, t. 59.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 451.— Nultall, Genera, ii, 84.— Loiselenr, Herb.
Auiat. iv, t. 236.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 171.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 528.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 673.— EaWn,
Manual, 6 ed. 161.— Audubon, Birds, t. 185.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 60.— Loudon. ArbonMnni, i, 380, f. 94.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.
N. America, i, 223i — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 2.58.— Browne, Trees of America, 54.— Dietrich. Syn. iv, SiW.- Gray, Genera, ii,
102, t. 141, f. 11-14, t. 142.— Choisy, Mem. Ternst. &. Camel. 51.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 2,".7.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18r>8,
250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 60.— Wood, CI. Book, 274; Bot. & Fl. 65.— Vasey, Cat. Fon>at Trws, 7.— Gootlale & Sprague, Wild
Flowers, 193, t. 47.

FrankUnia Altaniaha, Marshall, Arbustum, 19.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 16, 41^..— Ratinesqne, Atlant. Jour. Til A- f.

0. FranMini, L'Heritier, stirp. Nov. l.'iO.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 841.— Nouveau Duhaniel, ii, 237.— Divsfontaine*, Hist.
Arb. i, 484. — Persoou, Syu. ii, 259.— Poii-et, Suppl. ii, 816.

Michauxia Sessilis, Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. 386.

Lacathea Jlorida, Salisbury, Parad. Lond. t. 50.— Colla, Hort. Ripul. Appx. i, 134.

26 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

FRANKLINIA.

Near Fort Barriugton, on the Altanialia river, Georgia (J. d* W. Bartram, Ih: Moses ^farshall).

Careful exi)lorations of Bartram's original locality by later botanists, especially by Mr. H. W. Kavenel, have
faile<l to rediscover this species, which is, however, still i)reserved in cultivation through the original plants
introduced by the Bartranis. '•Florida" given as a locality by Torrey & Gray, /. c, ou the authority of 2Zcr&.
Schiceinit:, and followed by Chapman, /. c, is probably an error {Itavenel in Am. Xatttralist, xvi, 235).

STERCULIACEiB.

16. — Fremontia Californica, Torrey,

Smithsonian Contrib. vi, 5, t. 2, f. 2; Proc. Am. Assoc, iv, 191 ; Pacific R. R. Rop. iv, 1.5, 71. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,68. —
Walpers, Ann. iv, 319. — Gr.iy in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 14(5. — Bentham & Hooker, Genera, i, 212, 982. — Bot. Mag. t. 5.591. —
Lemaire, 111. Hort. xiii, t. 4%.— Beige Hort. xvii. 236, t. i:t.— Carrifere in Rev. Ilort. 1867, 91 & t.— Kocb, Dcn<lrologie, i, 483.—
Masters in Lontlon Gard. Chronicle, 1869, CIO. — Sccniann, Jonr. Bot. vii, 397. — London Garden, 1873, 54 & t. — Planchon in Fl. des
Sorres, xxii, 175.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 88; ii, 437. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 41, 3.57.

Cheiranthodendron Californicum, Baillou, Hist. PI. iv, 70.

SLIPPEKY ELM.

California, valley of Pitt river, southward along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Santa
Lncia mountains southward through the Coast ranges to the San Jacinto mountains ; rare at the north, most
common and reaching its greatest development on the southern sierras and the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
ranges.

A small tree, fi to 10 meters in height, the short trunk often 0..30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall,
much branched shrub; dry, gravelly soil.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many groups of small ducts parallel to the
thin, conspicuous medullary rays, layers of annual growth obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thick
sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7142; a.sh, 1.69.

The mucilaginous inner bark used locally in poultices.

TILIACE^.

17. — Tilia Americana, Linnasus,

Spec. 1 ed. 514.— Manihall, Arbnstnm, 153.— Wangcnheim, Amer. 55.— Alton, Hort. Kow. 11, 229; 2 ed. ill, 299.— Willdenow, Spec, ii,
11G2; Enum. i, 6C5.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. li, 37.— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 311, t. 1; N. American
Sylva, 3 o<l. iii, ?1, t. 131.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pliiladelpb. :«; Compcnd. Fl. Pbiladclpb. ii, C.— Eaton, Manual, 59.— James in
Long's Exped. i, 09.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 134, t. 134.— Torrey, Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 214 ; Fl. N.York, i, 116.— Loudon,
Arlx)retnm i, :f73 Sc t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Ami'rica, i, 239.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 227.— Emerson. Trees Massachusetts,
511 ; 2 e<l. ii, 584 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 47.— Gniy, Genera, ii, 96, t. X'MS; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103; Hall's PI. Texas,
5.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 38.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 2C2.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States,
59. —Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— LcBfjuereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkaufas, .3.52.— Wood, CI. Book,
272; Bot. i FI. 64. — Porcber, Resources .S. Forests, 103. — Eugelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 186. — Wiil()erH, Ann.
vii, 449.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 480.— Young, Bot. Texas, 188. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Maeonn in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-'7C, 191.— S<-ars in Bull. Essex lust.xiii, 174.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, .51':.— Ridcway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mos. 1882,61.

T. nujra, Borkbauscn, Handb. d. Forstbot. ii, 1219.

T. glabra, Vcntenat in Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 9, t. 2.— Nouveau Dnbamel, i, 228.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, (Wl.— Pursh,
Fl. Am. .Sept. ii, :562.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, .3.- De Caudollo, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. FI. 112.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 2.—
GuimiMjl, Olto Si. Hayne, Abb. Holz. 5.5, t. 45.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 108.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 5.53.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. :}65.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 312.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 452.— Dietrich, Syn.
iii, 2:{7. — Richardson, Arctic Expcd. 422.

T. lati/olia, .Sali.tbury, Prmlr. :167.

T. Canadetmiil, Michanx, Fl. B«r.-Am. 306.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.- Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683.

T. neglecia, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 'MO, %. 15; Hist. Veg. iv, 27, 29.— Walpers, Rep. i, 359.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 27

LEUE TREE. BASS WOOD. AMEEICAN LmDEN. l.TS. BEE TEEE.

Northern Now Brunswick, westward in British America to about the one hun(ired and second meridian,
southward to Virjiinia and along the Alleghany mountains to Georgia and southern Alabama; extending west in
the United States to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and southwest to
the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.

A large tree, 20 to L'4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, 30 to 45
meters in height, with a trunk 0.92 to 1.84 meter in diameter (valley of the lower Waba.sh river, liidgicay); common
in all northern forests, and always au indication of rich soil; toward its western and southwestern limits onlv
along river bottoms.

Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked ; mednllarj- rays numeroas, rather
obscure ; color, light brow n, or often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable : specific gravity,
0.4525; ash, 0.55; largely used in the manufacture of woodenware and cheap furniture, for the panels snd bodies
of carriages, the inner soles of shoes, in turnery, and the manufacture of paper-pulp (the quickly-discolored sap
renders it unfit for making white paper).

The inner bark, macerated, is sometimes manufactured into coarse cordage and matting; the flowers, rich in
honey, highly prized by apiarists.

Aqua tilicv, an infusion of the flowers, buds, and leaves of the different species of Tilia, is used in Europe as
a domestic remedy in cases of indigestion, nervousness, etc. (Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1429).

Var. pubescens, London,

Arboretum, i, 374 & t. — Browne, Trees of America, 48.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.

T. Caroliniana, Miller, Diet. No. 4.— Wangenheim, Amer. 56.— Marshall, Arbustura, 154.

T. Americana, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 153 [not Linnasus],

T. pubescens, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 229 ; 2 ed. ili, 299.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1162 ; Euum. i, 566.— Ventenat in Mem. Acad.
Sci. IT, 10, t. 3.— Nonveau Duhamel, i, 228, t. 51.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 37.- Micbaui f.
Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 317, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 85, t. 133.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 363.— De Candolle, Prodr.
i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 112.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 3.— Watson, Dcnd. Brit, ii, t. 135.— Torrey, Comp. Fl. N. States, 215.—
Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— E.iton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Penn. Cycl. xxiv,
447.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 59.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.
N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 449.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 479. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.

T. laxiflora, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 306.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Willdenow, Enum.
Suppl. 38.— De CaudoUe, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 113.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 215.— Don, Miller's
Diet, i, i^Sa.- Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. .59.— Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 343, t. 15 ; Hist. Veg. iv, 32.—
Browne, Trees of America, 48. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.

I. grata, Salisbury, Prodr. 367.

T. pubescens, var. leptophylla, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. Ii, 63.

f T. stenapetala, Eafinesquo, Fl. Ludoviciana, 92.— Eobin, Voyages, iii, 484.

T. truncata, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, :142; Hist. Veg. iv, 30.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.

T. Americana, var. Walteri, Wood, CI. B«ok, 272: Hot. & Fl. 64.

North Carolina (o the Chattalioochee region of western Florida, usuallv near the coast ; Houston. Textis (E
Ball).

A small tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, w ith a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter; swamps or low ground ;
rare, or often confounded with the tyiiical T. Americana.

Wood lighter, but not otherwise distinguishable from that of T. Americana ; specific gravity 0.4074; ash, 0.65.

18. — Tilia heterophylla, Ventenat,

Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 16, t. 5.— Nouvoau Duhamel, i, 229.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet. vii. 6.-3.— Piirsh, Fl. Am. S.-pt. ii.;«5.—Nutl.all.
Genera, ii, 3 ; Sylva, i, 90, t. 23 ; 2 ed. i, 107, t. 2:!.- De Candollo, Prodr. i, 513.— Don. Millers Diet. i. r>53.— Eaton. Manual, 6 ed. ;it.5.—
Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 345; Hist. Veg. iv, 31.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 2.'a\— Eaton & Wri-ht, Bot. 4:.2,—
Penn. Cycl. xsiv, 447.— Walpers, Kep. i, X)9.— Dietrich, Syn. iii,237.— Cotipcr in Smithsonian Kep. 185f , 2."i0.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
60.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii,79.— Wood, CI. Book, 272 ; Bot. & Fl. 64.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.
103.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Nat. Disinnieatory, 2 ed. 1429.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. M us. 18S.', 61.

T. alba, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 315, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 84, 1. 132 [not Waldstein & Kitaibel].— E»tou A-
Wright, Bot. 452— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.

T. laxiflora, Pursh, Fl. Am Sept. ii, 363 [not Michaux].- Elliott, Sk. ii, 2.

T.Americana, var. heterophylla, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 375 & t.

T, heterophylla, var. alba. Wood, CI. Book, 272; Bot. & Fl. 64.

28 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WHITE BASS WOOD. WAHOO.

Mountains of Pennsylvania, southwanl along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and Florida
(valley of the Apalachieola river, ojiposite Chattahoochee, Mohr), west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern
Indiana, and southern and central Illinois (valley of the Illinois river).

A tree 15 to 20 meters iu height, with a trunk O.GO to l.liO meter in diameter; rich woods and river bottoms,
often on limestone; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern
Alleghany mountains and in middle Tennessee.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4253 ; ash, 0.02; generally confounded with
that of Tilia Americana^ and used for similar purposes.

MALPIGHIACE^.

19. — Byrsonima lucida, HBK.

Kov. Gen. & Sp«c. v, 147.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 560.— Jubsieu, Mod. Malpig. ii, 40.— Walpors, Eep. v, 168.— Richard, Fl. Cab*,
115, t. 26».— Grisebach, Fl. BrilisU West Indies, 115.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 82.

Malpif/hia lucida. Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oco. ii, 8.->2.

TALLOWBEERY. GLAMBERRY.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the .southern keys (Boca Ohica, No-Name Key, etc.) ; through the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes 0 to 8 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often branching
from the ground, and frutescent in habit.

Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullarj' rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood
a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.5SS8; ash, 2.4C.

Fruit edible.

ZYGOPHYLLACE^.

20. — Guaiacum sanctum, Linnains,

Spec. I ed. 382.- De CandoUe, Prodr. i,707.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 16, t. 86; 2 cd. ii, 86, t. 86.— Gray, Genera, ii, 123, t. 148.— Schiiizlein,
Icon. t. 253, f. 21. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. Ifc58, 264.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 134. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 64. —
Wood, Bot. &. hi. 67.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.

O.rcrticale, Richard, Fl. Cuba, 321.

LIGNUM-VIT.1E.

Semi-tro|>ical Florida, Ui)iier Metacombe and Lignum-Vitaj Keys, common; Ivower Metacombc and Umbrella
Keys, rare; in tlic JJahamas, St. Domingo, Cuba, I'orto Rico, (^tc.

A low, gnarled tree, not exceeding, within tiie limits of tlie United States, S meters in height, witli a trunk
sometimes 0..50 meter in diameter.

Woodexceedinglylieavy, very hard, strong, brittle, chwe-graiiied, compact, dillienltto worlv,si>Iitting irregularly,
contaniing many evenly-distriljutcd resinous ducts; niedujlarj- rays numerous, obscure; color, rich yellow brown,
varying in older s|)ecimens to almost blaclc, the saji-wood liglit yellow ; specific, gravity, l.M;52; a.sli, 0.82; used in
turnery and for the sheaves of sl)i]»s' blocks, for which it is iireCcrred to oth(;r woods.

Lignum Guaiaci. Guaiacum icood, the heart of this and the allied G. offudnale, Linnieus, formerly largi^ly used in
the treatment of syphilis, is now only retained in the Materia Mcdica as aii ingredient in the (compound decoction of
sarsaparilla.

Ouaiac, the resinous gum obtained from these species, is astimnlat ing diaphoretic and alterative, or in large doses
cathartic, and is still employed in cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, etc. (Fidckiijcr & Ilanbunj, I'harmacixjrnphia,
S2. — U. S. DiHpennatory, 14 ed. 45G. — A'a<. Jyinpcmatory, 2 ed. WMt.—Guihourt, Ilint. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 551. — Berg,
Pharm. Anat. Atl. 5.'}, t. 27).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 29

21. — Porliera angustifolia, Gray,

Bniithsoniaii Contril). iii, 'J8. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. IJouinLiry Survey, 42.

Ouaiacum angusti/oUum, Engclmann, Wislizcnns' Ecp. 29.— Gray in Jour. KoHton Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, I.'jS; Genera, ii, 123,
t. MO.— WalpcrH, Ann. iii, WO.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 334.

Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river to tlie Rio Grande (Austin, Matagonia bay. New Braunfels, San
Autonio, Brownsville, Fort Melntosli), extending; west to the Kio Pecos {Uaiarrl); in northern Mexico.

A small tree, <S to 10 meters in height, w itli a trunk 0.15 to O.liO meter in diameter, or toward its eastern, northern,
and western limits reduced to a low shruh; teaching its greatest develojiment in the United States on the calcareous
hillsides bordering the valley of the Gua(lalni)e river.

Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, close-grained, c()m])act, the open ducts smaller and less regularly
distributed than in Gimiacum ; medullary rays very thin, numerous; color, rich dark brown, turning green with
exposure, the sap-wood bright jellow ; specific gravity, 1.1101 ; ash, 0.51; probably possessing medicinal properties
Bimilar to those of lignum-vitiB.

RUTAOE^

22. — Xaothoxylum Americanum, Miller,

Diet. No. 2. — Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 57. — Wangenheim, Araer. 116. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 214.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 147. —
Emerson, Trees Massacliuectts, 509; 2 ed. ii, 5H1.— Gray, Genera, ii, 148, t. 15G; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, 41; Manual N. States, 5
ed. 110. — Richardson, Arctic Esped. 42:5. — Parry in Owen's Kep. GIO.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 253. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 250.— Wood, CI. Book, 282; Bot. & Fl. 70.— Engelniann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 187.— Koch, Dendrologie, i,
563.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.

X. Clava-Hercillis, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 38; 111. t. 811, f. 3 [not Linnicus]. -Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 399.— Micucb, Meth. 340.

X. fraxinifolium, Maishall, Arbnstum, 167.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 52; ii, 38.

X.frn.rivcum, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 757; Enum. 1013; Bed. Baumz. 413.— Persoon, Syn. ii, ei.'i.— Desfontaine-s Hist. Arb.
ii, 343.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v. :i83.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 210. -Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236. — Xouvean Dnhamel, \i\,
3. t. 2.— Ilayne, Dend. Fl. 197.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii, 15(), t. 59; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 4U."i.— De Candolle. Prodr. i, 726.—
Spren^el, Syst. i, 945.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 373.- Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 113, f. 96.— Don, Miller's Diet,
i, 802.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 399.— Beck, Bot. 70.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 364.— Lindl.y, Fl. Med. 216.— Loudon.
Arboretum, i, 488, f. 158 & t.— Dietrich, Syn ii, 1000.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 118.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 4S2.— Necs,
PI. Wied. 5.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 195, f. 103.— Browne, Trees of America, 150.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 19, f. 9.—
Schnizlein, Icon. t. 250, f. 1-14.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. Euglish'ed. 324 & figs.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iv, 398. f. 433-438.

X. inite, Willdenow, Enum. 1013.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 622.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 727.— Don. MilU>r's Diet, i, 802.— London,
Arboretum, i, 489.

X ramillorum, Midiaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 235.

X. tricarpum, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 118 [not Michaux].

Thylax fraxineum, Kafincsque, Med. Hot. ii, 114.

PRICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE TREE.

Eastern Massacliusetts, west to northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the
mountains of Virginia and northern Missouri.

A small tree, not often 7 meters in hei.ght, with a trunk 0.15 to O.'JO meter in diameter; or, ivdueed to a shrub,
1.50 to l.SO meter in height; eommon and reachiug its greatest develoi)ment in the region of the givat lakes;
rocky hillsides, or more often along streams and rich river bottoms.

Wood light, soft, coarsegrained; medullary rays luimerous, thin ; color. light brown, the sap wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.5054; ash, 0.57.

The bark of Xanthnxt/lum, an active stimulant, is used in deeoetion to produce diaphoresis in eases of
rheumatism, syjihilis, etc., and as a jiopular remedy for toothache (f. iS. Dispntxatory. \\ ed. 040. — Dcntlcj/ in
Tjondon Pluirm. Jonr. '2 ser. v, ;VJO. — Guihourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 5(i'J. — Nat. Dispensatory, '2 ed. 15;V>).

30 FOREST TREP:S OF NORTH AMERICA.

23. — Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, Liuniuiin,

Spec. 1 ed. 270, in part.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 25, 52; ii, 38.— W'ilUlenow, Spec, iv, 754, in part.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 382.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 090.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 scr. liv, 312.

X. fraxini/oliuvt, Wultir. FI. Caroliniana, 243 [not Miirshall].

Fagara Jraxinifolia, Lamarck, 111. i, XU.

X. Carolinianum, Lamarok, Diet, ii, :19; 111. 4t):!, t.811, f. 1.— Torrey <t Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 214.— Engelmanu & Gray
in .lonr. Bo.stou Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 213.— Gray, Genera, ii, 148, t. 156, f. 13, 14; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 110; Hall's PI
Te^as, .■>.— S«.befk- in Ra>mer, Texas, 432.— Nuttall. Sylva, iii, 8, t. 83; 2 eJ. ii, 78, t. 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 2:i3.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. Is58, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, CO. — Curlis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860,
iii, 103.— Wood, CI. Book, 282; Bot. & Fl. 70.— Young, Bot. Texas, 194.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.

X. aromaticvm, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 755 (escl. syn.).- Jacquin f. Eclogae, i, 103, t. 70.

X. tricarpum, Jlicliaus, Fl. Bor.-Ara. ii, 235.— Poiret, S ppl. ii, 294.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 383.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
i, 210.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 726.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 690.- A. de Jussiou iu Mem. Mns. xii, t.25, f. 38.— Sprengel, Syst
i, 945.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 803.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 365.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 468.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 399.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot- 482.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1000.

Kampmania fraxini/oUa, Rafinesque, Med. Rep. v, 354.

Pseudopetalon glandulosum, Rahnesque, Fl. Luiloviciana,*108; Med. Bot. ii, 114.

Pneudopetalon tricarpum, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciaua, 108; Med. Bot. ii, 114.

X. Catcithianuill, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 114.

TOOTHACHE TEEE. PKICKLY ASH. SEA ASH. PEPPER WOOD. WILD ORANGE.

Soutberu Virgiuia, southward near the coast to bay Biscayne and Tampa bay, Florida, westward through th©
Gulf states to northwestern Louisiana, southern Arkansas (south of the Arkansas river), and the valley of the
Brazos river, Texas.

A small tree, rarely 12 to 14 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, of very rapid growth;
usually along streams and low, rich river bottoms, reaching its greatest develojiment iu southern Arkansas,
Louisiana, and eastern Texas.

A form with trifoliate leaves is —

X. macrophyllum, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 10; 2 ed. ii, 80.— Lesqnercux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 353.
X. Clara-Herculis, var. Wat.son in Pmc. Am. Acad. xvii,335.

Wood light, bard, not strong, soft, coarse-grained, not durable, containing many scattered open ducts;
medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap wood lighter; specilic gravity, 0.5056; ash, 0.82.

X^. ClavallcrvuliH probably pos.sesses .similar medicinal proi)erties to those of the last s\iec\G& {Nat. Dispensatory
2 ed. 1535).

Var. fruticosum. Gray,

Smilbnonian Contrib. iii, 30. — Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 161. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundarj- Survey, 43. — Chapman, Fl.
S. Slates, G6f — Wood, Bot. & Fl. 71.

X. hirsiltum, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 4.''.0; 1870, 136 (see Gray in same, 1862, 162).— Young, Bot. Tcxaa,
I'J.-..

Western Texas, Corpus Christ i (liiullcij), mouth of the Colorado river {^fohr), near Austin, and west to Devil's
river and Eagle jjass; I'lorida (!) {Chapman I. c).

A low .shrub, or on the Texas coast a small tree, 0 to .S meters in height, w ith a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in
diam«'ter.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, c(iiiii>act; meduUaiy rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood
yellow; sj)ecilic gravity, 0.5907 ; ash, 0.70.

24. — Xanthoxylum Caribaeum, Lamarck,

Diet. ii,40.— GartuiT, Fnict. i, 3X1, t. 6^, f. 8.— DiMoiirtilz, II. Mid. Autillew, ii, .')8.— Planchuu &, Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5.s<ir. xiv,
315.— Onibonrt, Hint. DrogaeR, 7 ed. iii, 562.

A'. Clara-Herculis, LinnaMis, Spec. 1 e.l. 270, iu i)ail.— Di: Candolle, Prodr. i, 727.- MaciVulyen, Fl. .Jau)aica, 194.— Griscbach,
Fl. IlritiHli West Indies, 138.

X. lanceolatum, Poiret, Snppl. ii,293.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 727.

X. Floridanvm, Nuttall, .Sylva, iii, 14, t. 85 ; 2 ed. ii, 8.5, t. 85.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 66.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 70.— Young,
Bot. Texas, 194.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 31

SATIN ■WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, south Baliia Honda and Boca Cliica Keys; in the West Indies.

A small tree, G to 10 meters in lieiglit, with a trunk 0..'i() to 0.40 meter in diameter.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, finegrained, compact, satiny, suscejjtible of a beantiful
polish; medullary rays numerous, thin, consi>icuons ; color, light orange, the sapwooa lighter; specific gravity,
0.9002 ; ash, 2.02.

25. — Xanthoxylum Pterota, iiiiK.

Nov. Gou. & Spoc. vi, ;!.— Kuntb, Syn. iii, 325.— Do Candollo, Prodr. i, 785.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 680.— Macfadyen, FL
Jamaica, 190. — Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 11, t. 84 ; 2 cil. ii, 81, t. 84. — Scemann, Hot. Herald, 275. — Torrey, Bot. Mcs. Bonndary Survey,
43. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2G4. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 6C. — Young, Bot. Texas, 195. — Plauchon & Triana in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xiv, 311. — Engler iu Martins, Fl. Brasil. xii-, 154. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i,
169. — Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 33.->.

Fagara Pterota, LiunsBus, Amoen, v, 393, in part.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 444 ; 111. i, 335, t. 84.- W'illdenow, Spec, i, 666.—
Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 263.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 40.— Tnqiin, Diet. Sci. Nat. xvi, 107, t. 127.

Fagara lentinci/olia, Willdenow, Enum. i, 166.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 137.

WILD LIME.

Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, on the west coast from about latitude 29° to cape
Sable ; southwestern Texas, and southward through Mexico to Brazil.

A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or often
reduced to a slender shrub ; in Florida common, and reaching its greatest development on the keys of the west
coast; in Texas not common, but widely distributed as a small shrub, or on the shores of Matagorda bay, west
of the Nueces river, and in the valley of the Eio Grande a low tree.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, numerous; color, brown tinged with red, the
sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.7444; ash, 0.78.

26. — Ptelia trifoliata, Linnaius,

Spec. 1 cd. 118. — Medicus, Bot. Boobacht. 215. — Marshall, Arbustum, 115. — Walter, Fl. Camliuiana, H8.— Aiton. Hort. Kew. i, 162 ; 2 ed.
i,264. — Lamarck, 111. i, 336, t. 84. — Moench, Meth. 55. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 670; Ennra.i, 116. — Kouveau Dnhauiel, i.252, t. 57. —
Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 99. — Sehkuhr, Handb. 63, t. 83. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 706. — Pcrsoou, Syn. i, 145. — Desfoutaiues,
Hist. .\rb. ii, 343.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 509.— Piirsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 107.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 104.— Guimpol, Otto i Hayne, Abb.
Uolz. 94, t. 74.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 8.— Elliott, Sk. i, 201.— Rcemer & Schnltes, Syst. iii, 291.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 189 ; Corapend. Fl. N.
States, 86.— Fl. N. York, i, 133; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 73; Bot. Mex. Boundary SBr>-ey, 43.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii.82.— Sprcngel,
Syst. i, 441. — Turpin, Diet. Sci. N.at. sliv, 2, t. 128.— A. do Jussieu iu Mem. Mus. xii, t. 26, f. 42.— Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. x, 264 ;
Bot. 71.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 806.— Spach, Hist.Vcg. ii, 369.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 215.— Loudon,
Arboretum, i, 489 & t. — Eaton, Manual, 6 od. 288. — Torrey &. Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 215. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 379.— Dietrich,
Syn. i, 497. — Browne, Trees of America, 153. — Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 432. — Gray, Genera, ii, 150, t. 1.57 ; Manual X. States, 5 ei.
110. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 19, 1". 7,8. — Cooper in Sinilhsouian
Rep. 1858, 250.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 254.— Chapman. Fl. S. States, 66.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii,
107.— Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3.53.— Wood, CI. Book, 283; Bot. & Fl. 71.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 250, f. 15-26.—
Young, Bot. Texas, 195. — Baillon, Hist. PI. iv, 395, f. 445, 446. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 566. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Tree*, 8. —
Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 171. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.

Amyris elemifera, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 295.- St. Hilaire, Fam. Nat. i, 253.

P. viti&ifoHa, Salisbury, Prodr. 68.

HOP TREE. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. WAFER ASH.

Ontario and New York (banks of the Niagara river), Pennsylvania southward to northern Florida, west to
Minnesota and the headwaters of the Canadian river; through western Texas to the valley of the Mimbres river,
New Mexico {Bigclow), and southward into northern ^lexico.

A small tree, sometimes 4 to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.1,5 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more otiou
reduced to a slender shrub ; shady, rocky hillsides.

A variety with more or less pubescent leaves, not rare on the south Atlantic coast, and the common form of
western Texas, is —

var. mollis, Torrey & Gr.-vy, Fl. N. America, i, 680.— Engelmaun & Gr.iy in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 213.- Torrey
in Marcey's Kep. 282.— Gray in Smithsonian Coutrib. iii, 31; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 71.— Watson in
Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 335.

P. mollis, Curtis in Am. Jour. Soi. 2 ser. vii, 406 ; Uop. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1^60, iii, 107.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 259.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 67.— Young, Bot. Texas, 196.

32 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, the amiiiai j^rowths cU\irly marked l>y two or three rows ot
open dints; meduUary rays few, thin; eoh)r, yellow-brown, the sap wood liardly distinguishable; specific gravity,
0.8310; ash. O.-K).

The bark of the root possesses tonic ])ro|)erties and is employed by herbalists in the form of tinctures aud fluid
extracts in ca.ses of dysi>epsia, debility, etc. {Am. Jour. Piianii. 18G2, 198; 18G7, .'Jo". — U. S. J>ix])cniia(ory, 14 ed.
1740. — Xat. Dixpetusatory, '_' ed. IITO); the bitter fruit is occasioiuilly used domestically as a substitute for hops.

27. — Canotia holocantha, Tomy,

Pacifio K. H. Ki'p. iv,t>S. — Gray in Ives' Rep. 15; Proc. Am. Acad, xii, 109. — Baillou, Adaiisonia. x, 18; Hist. Vcg. vi, 7, 4'.'. — Brewer &.
Wat<M>ii, Bot. California, i, I'JO.— Rotbrock in WIiuoUt's Rep. -Jl, 81, t. 1.— Maxiiiiow icz in Act. Ilort. St. Petersburg v, 256. —
Rusby iu Bull. Torn-y Bot. Club, ix, lOG.

Arizona, White Mountain region, valley of the Gila river {liotlirock), valley of Bill Williams Fork (Bigeloic).

A small tree, G to 8 meters iu height, with a trunk sometimes 0..'{0 meter in diameter, or often a large nhrub;
dr>, rocky mesas. Wood heavy, hard, clo.se-grained, comi)act; medullary rays numerous, not prominent; color
light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specitic gravity, 0.G88.5; ash, 5.33.

SIMARUBE^.

28, — Simaruba glauca, De CaDdolle,

Diss, in Ann. Mns. xvii, 323 ; Prodr. i, 7.33.— Humboldt, Boniilami & Ivuutli, Nov. Gen. et Spec, vi, 10.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles,
i, 06, t. 14.— Planchon in London Jour. Bot. v, 5U7.— Gray, Genera, ii, 152.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 20, t. 87 ; 2 ed. ii, 88, t. 87.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. — Grisebach, Fl. British West lDdie.<i, 139.— Chaimian, Fl. S. States, 67.— Wood, Bot. & ¥\.
72.— Planchon &, Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xv, 357.— Engler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xii'^, 223.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.—
Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 173.

(/uanitia Simaruba, Linnitus, Snppl. 2:54.— Wright, Trans. Edinburgh Soc. ii, 73, t. 1, 2; Bot. & Med. Account of Q.
.Simaruia.— Ctrtner, Fruct. i, '.iAO, t. 70.— Lamarck, HI. ii, 478, t. 343, f. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 568.— Alton, Hort.
Kew. 2ed. iii, 42. — Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 23, t. 5.

QuaJtKia dioica, Bergius, Mat. Med. 355.

6'. amara, Aublet, Guian. t. 331.— Hayne, Arzn. iv, t. 15.— Schnizlcin, Icon. t. 249, f 1-6.

S. mtdicinalis, Endliohei, Mcdz. Pf. .'.25.— Berg, Hand!., i, 373.— Berg & Schmidt, Otr. Gew. ii, t. 13.

PARADISE TREE.

Semi-tropical Florida, cajjc Canaveral to the southern keys; through the West Indies to Brazil.

A tree sometimes U> meters in height, with a trunk O.GO meter in diameter; within the United States not
common, aud reaching its greatest develoi)ment on the shores of bay Bist^ayne.

Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, containing many large scattered open ducts; mcdullarj' rays
few, thin; color, light brown, tiie sap-wood a littU; darker; specific gravity, 0.413(i ; ash, 0.03.

The bark of this species lias been occasionally used as a substitute for that of !S. officinalis, DC as au aromatic,
bitter tonic (U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 838. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. ll.'04).

BURSEllACE^.

29. — Bursera gummifera, .lacqnin,

Am. Pict. t. Tm.— Linnans, Spec. 2 ed. 741.— Lamarck, III. ii, 392, t. 256.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1119.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v,4Hl.—
Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 107.— Do Candiille, Prodr. ii, 78.— Dcscourtilz, Fl. Med. Antillen, ii, t. 97.- Spnch, Hist. Veg. ii, 2:i9.—
Macfa<lyen, Fl. Jamaica,22y.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 117, t. 79; 2 ed. ii, 61, t. 79.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 390.— Browne, Trees of America,
169.— Gri»cb.-ich, Fl. BritiMi West Imlics, 173.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1*58, 264 ; 1860, 440.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States. 68.— Wood,
Bot. & V\. 72.— Planchon &, Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 wr. xv, 3(RJ.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 177.—
EnglfT in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 39.

}i. acuminata, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1120.— Dc Candollo, Prodr. ii, 78.

Elaphrium integerrimum, Tulaano in Ann. Sci. Nat. Sscr. vi, 369. (Fide Engler, l.o.)

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 33

GUM ELEMI. GUMBO LIMBO. WEST -INDIAN BIRCH.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast Caloosa river and Caximbas bay;
through the West Indies.

A tree often IS meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.70 meter in diameter; one of the largest and most
common trees of southern Florida, ©f very rapid growth and decay.

Wood very light, exceedingly soft and weak, spongy, containing many scattered open ducts ; mciluUary
rays numerous, tliiu ; color, light brown or gray, quickly discoloring with decay; specific gravity, 0.3003 ; ash,
2.04; used in making live-fences, pieces of the truuk when planted in the coral rock of the keys throwing out roota
and growing ra])idly.

Tlie aromatic resin obtained from this species was formerly somewhat used in various forms, under the name of
Garanna, as a remedy for gout { Tl'a<^s, Chem. Diet, i, 749. — Guibourt, Hist. Droguai, 7 ed. iii, 525, f. 749) ; and in the
West Indies is manufactured into a valuable varnish. An infusion of the leaves is occasionally used as a domestic
substitute for tea.

30. — Amyris sylvatica, J;i<<iniii,

Am. Pict. t. lOrf.— Willdenow, Si)ec. ii, 333.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 351.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 61.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1271.—
JIacfudyeu, Fl. Jamaica, 231. — Richard, Fl. Cuba, 393. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 174. — Plauchon & Triana in Ann.

Soi. Nat. 5 ser. xv, 3\J1. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.

Toxicodendron arborescens, Miller, Diet. No. 9.

A. dyatripa, Sprengel, Neue Entdeck. iii, 18.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 81.

Rhus arboreseens, De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 73.

A. Plumieri, De Candollo, Prodr. ii, 81.

A. Floridana, Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. v, 294; Sylva ii, 114, t. 78; 2 cd. ii, 61, t. 78.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 81.— Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 221.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 16.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 123.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 561.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 68.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 72.— Tasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.

A. cymosa, Reicheubach in Sicb. PI. Trin. No. 29 1.

A. maritivia, Itlchaid, Fl. Cuba, 39-' [not Jacquiu].

TORCH WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.

A small tree sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.2.1 meter in diameter; common.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, resinous, exceedingly durable, susceptible
of a beautiful polish ; medullaiy rays obscure; color, light orange, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 1.0459;
ash, 01)9.

MELIACEJ5

31. — Swietenia Mahogoni, Linmous,

Spec. 2 od. 548. — Jacquiu, Stirp. Am. t. 127. — CavauiUes, Diss, ii, 3G5, t. 209. — Ga>rtuer, Fruct. ii, tf, t. 9(i. — Laui.iivk, Diet, iii, 678. —
Willdenow, Spec, ii, 557. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 od. ii, 338. — Titibrd, Uort. Bot. Am. 64.— Deseourtilz, Fl. Mod. Antilles, ii, 125, t.,
99.— De Candollo, Prodr. i, 62r>.— Turpin in Diet. Sci. Nat. Atlas, t. 170.— Tussao, Fl. Antilles, iv. t. 33.— H.i>nie. Ann. i. t. 19.—
Hooker, Bot. Misc. i, 21, t. 16, 17.— A. de Jussiou in Mom. Mus. xix, 248, t. 11.— Don. .Miller's Diet, i, (»87. f. IU>.— Woixlville. Med.
Bot. 3 ed. iii, 620, t. 220.— Sp.ach, Hist. Veg. iii, 164, t. 21.— Lindley, Fl. Mo.l. l;>,"i.— Maotadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 175.- Torr<>y & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 242.— Eaton, JIanual,6 ed. 360.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 447.— Walpers, Rep. i, 43t!.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, ?8. t. 75;
2 ed. ii, 46, t. 75.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 304.— Schuizlein, Icon, t.226, f. 1.— Cooper in Smilhsoniau Rep. lb.S8, 264.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 263.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 62.— Grisebadi, Fl. British West Indies, 131.— WoihI, Bot. & Fl. 66.— Baillon, Hist, PI. v.
478, f. 472-476.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, ,")96.— Tippol & Bollevar, Ausland. Cult. PH., Atlas, i. t. 2, 1". 1.— C. De CandoUe,
Suites, i, 723.— Homsley, Bot. Am.-Ceut. i, 183.

<S. ii'encgal<;nsis, Desronssoaux in Lamarck, Diet, iii, 678.

Cednts Mahogoui. Miller, Diet. No. 2.
.') Kci:

34 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

MAHOGANY. MADEIRA.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's Key); tliron;;li the West Indies, and in
Central America.

A large tree, on the Florida keys rarely exceeding l.j meters in height, with a trnnk sometimes O.OO meter in
diameter.

Wootl heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable, susceptible of
a high i>olish: mednllary rays numerous, obscure; color, rich reddish-brown, turning darker with age, the thin sa[)-
wood yellow ;■ specific gravity, 0..72S2; ash, 1.09; varying greatly in quality in different regions; largely used and
preferred to all other woods for cabinet-making of all sorts, interior finish, etc.; formerly somewhat employed in
ship-building.

OLACINE^

32. — Ximenia Americana, LiuniBus,

Spec. 1 ed. Appx. 1193.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 11'2.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 435, t. 297.— WiUdeuow, Spec, ii, 338.— Aitou, llort. Kew. 2
ed. li, 352.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, .5;$3. — Nuttall, Sylva, i, 124, t. 36 ; 2 cd. i, 138, t. 36.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 223, f. 1-9, 30, 31.—
Caml>C8.se<le8 in St. Hilaire, Fl. Brasil. i, 341. —Wight & Walker-Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Penins. Or. i, 89.— Walpers, Rep. i, 377; Ann.
vi, 565.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 304. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. lt?58, 264. — Grisebacli, Fl. British West Indies, 310.— Baillon,
Adansouia, ii, t. 9, f. 5, 6.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 61.— Engler in Martins, Fl. Brasi!. xii, 9, t. 2, f. 1.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
8.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 185.

Heymassoli Spinosa, Auhlet, Guian. i, 324, t. 12.").— Lamarck, III. ii, 435.

X. multiflora, Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 106, t. 177, f. 31.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 435, t. 297, f. 1, 2.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xiii, 264.

X montana, Macfadyen, Fl. .Jamaica, i, 121,

WELD LUIE. TALLOW NUT. HOG PLUM. MOUNTAIN PLUM.

Florida, east coast from the Saint John's river to the southern keys, west coast Caloosa river to ('aximbas
bay; through the "West Indies to Brazil, and on the coast of tlie Indian i^eninsula (introduced?, A. Be Candolle,
Qeog. Bot. ii, 1027).

A small, low, wide -.spreading tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter,
or in pine-barren soil and toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub; common and reaching its greatest
development in Florida on the west coast.

Wood very heavy, tough, hard, close-grained, comi)act, containing numerous regularlydistrihuted open ducts;
medullary rays few, thin; color, brown, tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter; specific gravity, O.OliXi; asli, 0.73.

Hydrocyanic acid has been obtained from the edible plum-shaped fruit {Fliicldgcr d- Hanbury, I'harmacographia,
222).

ILICINEiE.

33. — Ilex opaca, Alton,

Hort. Kew. i, 160; 2 ed.i,277.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 708; Ennm. 172; Berl. Bauraz. 190.— Noureau Dnhanul, i, 8.- Michaux, Fl. Bor.-
Am. ii, 228.— Pcrsoon, Syn. i, 151.— Poirct, Suppl. iii, 65.— Miohanx f. Hist. Arb. Aiii. ii, 191, 1. 11 ; N. American .Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 122, t.
84.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadolph. 95; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 94.— Pursh, n. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Ralincsquc, Fl. LndoviciaTia, 1 U ;
Med. Bot. ii, 7, t. 53.— N'nttall, Genera, i, 109.— Rtrmer & Schnltes, Syst. iii, 487.— Link, Enum. 147.— .Tames, Cat. 176; Long's Expcd.
ii, 294.- Hayne, Demi. Fl. 10.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, il, 173; Fl. II. .S. 194 : (Compend. Fl. N. States, 87 ; Fl. N. York, ii,2.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 679.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 3.— Beck, Bot. 230.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 18<'..— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 516 &. t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 121 ; Jour. But. i, 201.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 282.— Bigelow,
Fl. Boston. 3 cd.64.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 427. —Dietrich, Syn. i,. 5.54.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 432.— Emerson,
Trees Jlassachnsctts, Z\\; 2 cd. ii, 385 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 167.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 426.— Darlington, Fl.
Ccstriea, 3 cd. 17.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1*58, 2.53.— Cha])nian, Fl. S. States, 269.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1860, iii, 58.— Le8<inerenx in Owen's 2<1 Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, CI. Book, 496; Bot. & Fl. 207.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5cd. :106.— Young, Bot. Texas, 372.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.— Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix. No. 3, 20.--
Mellichamp in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, viii, 113.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 35

I. aquifolhrnt, Marshall, Aibustuin, r.:i [not Liiiiucus].— Walter, I"l. Caroliniaua,241.

I. Canadensis, Marshall, Arbustnm, G4.

I. laxijlora, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 147; 111. 1,355.— Piirsh, Fl.Aui. .Sept. i, 117.— R<j;nicT& Schultes, Syst. iii, 494 ; Mant.l'M.—
De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Don, Miller'.s Diet, ii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 427.— Dietrich, Syn. i,
.555. — London, Arboretum, ii, 517. — Eaton, Manual, Ced. IHO. — Eaton & Wrijjht, Bot. 282.

I. quercifolia, Meerburgli, Icon, ii, t. 5.

Ayiria opaca, Kalinesciue, .Sylva Tt-llnriana, 47.

AMERICAN HOLLY.

Quincy, Massachusetts, soiitliward, near tbe coast, to Mosquito inlet and Charlotte harbor, Florida, valley of
the Mississippi river, southern Indiana .southward to the gulf oflMexico, and southwest through ilis.souri, Arkansas,
and eastern Texas to the valley of the Colorado river.

Au evergreen tree, sometimes l.j meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its
northei-n limits reduced to a shrub; generally iu low, rather moist soil ; most common and reaching it.s greatest
development iu the rich bottoms of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.

Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather hard, close-grained, very compact, easily worked ; medullary i-ays
numerous, inconspicuous; color, nearly white, turning to light brown with exposure, the sap-wood still lighter:
specific gravity, 0.5818 ; ash, 0.70 ; used and admirably adapted for cabinet work, interior finish, and turnery of tbe
highest class.

A bitter principle {Ilicin), common to other species of the genus, has been obtained from the fruit of this tree
{Am. Jour. Pharm. xxviii, 314. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1670. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 7.^4).

34. — Ilex Dahoon, Walter,

Fl. Caroliuiaua, 241.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 228.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Roomer & Scbultes, Syst.
iii, 489 ; Mant. 332.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 14.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 680.— Watson, Deud. Brit, ii, t. 114.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.—
Audubon, Birds, t. 4S.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 19.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— E.iton, Manual, 6 ed. 18(5.- Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 262.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 519.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 4La.— D.-irby, Bot. S.
States, 42a.-:Chapmau, Fl. S. States, 269.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1-60, iii, 53.— Wood, Bot. &. Fl. 207.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 30(i. — A'asey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxis, No. 3. 29. —
Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 755.

I. Cassine, Linnieus, Sl>ec. 125, iu part. — Marshall, Arbustum, (54. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part ; 2 ed. i, 279. — Lamarck.
Diet, iii, 147; 111. i, 355.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 709; Enum. i, 172 ; Hort. Berol. i. t. 31.— Nonveau Duh.imel. i. 9.—
Persoon, Syn. 151. — Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 362. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 05. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117. — Rtemer &
Schultes, Svst. iii, 490.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 10.— Dc CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Don, Millers Diet.
ii, 17. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 544 — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 184.— Eaton & Wright. Bot.
282. — Goeppert in Del. Sem. Vratisl. 1885 {Linnwa, xxvi, 746).

I. Cassine, var. latifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. i, 278.

I. eassinoides, Link, Enum. i. 148,— Rujmer & Schultes, Syst. iii; Mant. 332,

I. laurifoUa, Nuttall in Am, .Jour. Sci. 1 scr. v, 289.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 166.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.

Ageria palustris, Ealiuesque, Sylva Telluriana, 47.

Agcria oborata, Raliucsque, Sylva Telluriaua, 47.

Ageria heterophylla, Ralinr.sque. Sylva Telluriana, 48.

DAHOON. DAHOON HOLLY.

Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Mostpiito inlet aiul Tampa bay. Florida, west along the Gulf
coast to the i)rairie region of western Louisiana.

A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in lieight, with a trunk from 0.20 to 0.30 meter iu diameter: low. wot soil :
not eomnion, and running into numerous lV»rms, of which the best marked are —

var. angUStifolia, Torrcy & Gray, I'l. N. America, iiifrf.

I. Cassine, var. angustifolia. Willdonow, Spec, i, 7(Ht.— Alton. Hon. Kow, 2 ed. i, 278.— Xouvoau Duhamol. i, 9, t. 3.

I. angustifolia, Willdonow, Enum, i, 172,— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept, i, 118,— Nuttall, Genep.», i. 109.— Rivmer & Schultes, Syst.
iii, 489.— De Caudolle, Prodr, ii, 14.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, I, 4.— Sprengel, Syst. i. 495.— Don, Miller's Diet. ii. 17 —
Hooker, .lour. Bot. i. 201.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i. ,V>4.— Loudon, .\rlum<tum, ii, 517, f. 185.

36 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

/. UfiuMrina. Elliott. Sk. ii. 708 [not Jacqiiiu].— Spncli, Hist. Vop. ii, 4a<).— Eatou, Manual, 6 cd. 187.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. use.— Darby, Bot. S. States. 123.

f I. Watsoiliana, Si>ailj, Hist. W-g. ii, 4'2l).

var. myrtifolia (.only in low cyinx-ss 8waini)s and ponds). Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 755.

I. myrd/oUa, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 214.— Nonvean Duhamol, i, 10, t. 4. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 229.— Poirot, Snppl.
iti, 65. — Willdeuow, Enum. Suppl. 8. — Koomer & Scbnltos, Syst. iii, 489. — Link, Enum. 148. — Spach, Hist. Vog. ii,
429. — Eaton, Manual, C ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 426.— Gray, Manual N. States,
.'led. 306.— Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 26.

T. rosniarifolia, Lamarck, 111. i. 35C.— Persoon, Syn. i, 151.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, (i5.

I. liflUStri/oUa, Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 19.— Eaton, Manual, ti od. 187.— Wood, 01. Book, 497 ; Bot. & Fl. 207.

Wood light, .soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, O.-iSOG; ash, 0.91; that of var. mijrtifoUa heavier, nearly white; specific
gravity, 0.5873; a.-*h, 0.90.

35. — Ilex Cassine, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniaua, 241. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part.— James, Cat. 176; Lou-i'-s Exped. ii^ 294.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 186. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 59. — Lesquereux in
Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 208.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 od. 306.— Young, Bot. Texas, 373.— Maximowicz
io Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 22.

/. Cassine, ^. LiumEus, Spec. 1 ed. 125.

Cassine Peragua, Linnoius, Mant. ii, 220. — Mar8hall, Arbustuui, 2(i.— I'lcnck, Icon. t. 239.

Cassine Caroliniana, Lamarck, Diet, i, 652

I. vomitoria, Aitun, Hort. Kew. i, 170; 2 cd. i, 278. — Salisbury, Prodr. 70.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 709.— Enum. Suppl. 8. —
B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 36, 50.— Nouveau Dnhamel, i, 10. — Persoon, Syn. i, 151. — Dosfontaiucs, Hist. Arb. ii, 362. —
Titlnrd, Hort. Bot. Am. 41.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 118.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 491 ;
Mant. 333.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 14. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 495. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173.— Don, Miller's
Diet, ii, 17.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 430.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 393.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 555.—
I.K5udou, Arboretum, ii, 518, f. 186.— Eaton, Manual, 6cd. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— GrifTitli. Mod. Bot. 433.—
Browne, Trees of America, 169. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 544.

/. ligustrina, Jacquin, Coll. iv, 105; Icon. Rar. ii, 9, t. 310 [not Elliott].— Lamarck, 111. i, 356.
I, Floridana, Lamarck, HI. i, 3.56.

I. Cassena, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. il, 229.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65.— Ra-mer &. Schultes, Syst. iii, 490.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 681.—
Darby, Bot. S. States 426.— Wood, CI. Book, 497.

I. rcUgiosa, Barton, Fl. Virgiuica, 6li.

Cassine raniulosa, Rafincsquc, Fl. Ludovieiana, 363.

Hicrophyllus Cassine, Rafincsquc, Med. Bot. ii, 8.

Ettutila ramulosa, Rafiuesque, .Sylva Tclluriana, 45.

Agcriv Caxm-na, Haflucsrpie, Sylva Tclluriana, 47.

Ageria gcinimita, Rafinesque, Sylva Tclluriana, 48.

CAHSENA. YAUPON. YOPON.

Southern Virginia, fiouthward, near the coast, to the Saint John's river and Cedar Keys, Florida, west along
the Gulf coa.st to .southern Arkansas, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.

A small tree, 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trnidi 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a shriili, sending
np many slender stems and forming deii.se thickets; sandy, moist s((51, ahmg jiDiids and streams, reaching its
greatest (levelojimcnt in the river Vwttoms of eastern Texas.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in drying; medullary rays numerou.s, conspicuous; color,
nearly white, becoming yellow with exj)08ure, the sajiwoofl lighter; specific gravity, 0.7270; ash, 0.87.

Tlie leaves pos.scss jiowcrful emetic properties, and were emjjloyed by the southern Indians, togethei' i»eiliaps
with those of /. JJahoon, in the picparation of their "black drink" {Am. Jvuj: riiarm. xliv, 217. — U, iS. iJinpensatory,
14 ed. 1G70. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 751).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 37

36. — Ilex decidua, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 241. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65. — CbapmaD, Fl. S. States, 269. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1*)60, iii, 58. —
Lesquereux in Owen's 2(1 Rep. Arkansas, 373. — Wood, CI. Book, 497; B0I.& F1.20e.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 e<i.30C.—Yoaii|;,
Bot. Texas, .373. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Maximowicz in Meui. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix. No. 3, 30. — Wateon in Proe.
Au). Acad, xvii, 335.

I. prinoides, Aiton, Hort. Ke\v. i, 169; 2 ed. i, 278.— Lamarck, 111. i, 355.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 709.— Nouvcan Dubamel, i,
11.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Ain., ii, 229.— Persoon, Syn. i, 151.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 3C2.— Pursb. Fl. Am. .Sept. i,
118.— Kuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Earner & Scbultesi, Syst. iii, 4e8; Mant. 332.— Watson, Dend. Brit. i. t. 15.-Sprengel,
Syst. i, 495.— Audubon, Birds, t. 89.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 282.— Darby, Hot. S. States, 426.

I. WStivalis, Lamarck, Diet, iii, It" ; 111. i, .356.

Prinos decidmis, De CaudoUe, Prodr. ii, Iti.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 20.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— L.Midon, Axboretnm,

ii, 52U.

I. ambiguus, Elliott, Sk. ii, 705.

Southern Vii'sinia, southward, through the middle districts, to western Florida, valley of the Mississippi
river, southern Illinois vsoutliward to the Gulf of Mexico, and through southeastern Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern
Texas to the valley of the Colorado river.

A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states a
tall, straggling shrub; low, wet woods along streams, reaching its greatest development in the Iron Mountain
region of Missouri and in southern Arkansas.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullarj rays numerous, thin; color, creamy-white, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.7420; ash, 0.70.

CYRILL ACEJE.

37. — Cyrilla racemiflora, Linnains,

Mant. i, 50; Syst. 14 ed.241.— Jacquiu, Icon. Rar. t. 47; Coll. i, 162.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 103.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 245 ; lU. ii,
144, t. 147, f. 2.— Nouveau Dubamel, i, 215, t. 46.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 255.— Elliott, Sk. i, 294. —Eaton. Manual, 6 ed. 119.—
Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 218.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 256.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 96, t.74 ; 2 ed. ii, 43, t. 74.- Plaucbon in
Hooker's Jour. Bot. v, 2.54.— Scbnizleln, Icon. t. 240, f. 1-4, 6, 17, 19, 21.— D.arby, Bot. S. States, 4 17.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858,253.— Chapman, Fl.S. States, 272.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.Carolina, 1860, iii, 105.— Porcber, Resources S. Fore«ta,
130.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 540 & f.— Baillon, Adansonia, i,203, t. 4.— Wood, CI. Book, 493: Bot. & Fl. 205.— Vaaey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 18.

Andromeda plumata, Bartram, Cat.— Marshall, Arbustuui, 9.

C. Caroliniana, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,15S.— Giertner, f. b^uct. Suppl. 147, t. 209, f. 8.— Persoon, Syn. i, 175.— Pursb, FL
Am. Sept. i, 170.— Nuttall,Gener.a, i, 145.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 436.— Ra>mer& Scbultes, Syst. v, 408.— Bot. Mag. t. 2456.—
Walpcra, Rep.vi, 421.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 805.

J^ea Cj/ri/te, L'Heritier, Stirp. i, 137, t.OO.- Swartz, Prodr. 50; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 506 ; Ob8.94,t. 4.— Willdenow, Spec i, 1146.—
Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 37.

C. racemosa, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2577, f. 2503.

C. polystachia, C, parci/olia, C.fmcata, Ralinesquo, Aulikon Botauikon, 8.

IKON WOOD.

North Carolina southward, near the coast, to middle Florida (latitude 300). westward, along the Gulf coast,
to the valley of the Pearl river, Mississippi.

A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.1 "> to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a tall
shrub, sending u]) many stems from the root; open swamps and low thickets; a variety {Chapman, Curtiss) with
narrower, i)ersistent leaves, and thicker spongy bark, in pond holes aiul wet depressions of the pine barrens of the
Apalachicola region of western Florida, forms dense, impenetrable thickets.

Wood heavy, weak, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous; color, brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; speciUc gravity, 0.(>784 ; ash, O.-lL'.

38 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

38. — Cliftonia ligustrina. Bunks,

Ex. GiiTtner f. Fruct. Suppl. '^4(5, t. 22.").— Bartram, Travels, 2 e<l. :U.— Tonvy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 25(5.— NuttaU, Sylva, ii,
92. t.73: 2 ed. ii, 39. t.73. — Planchou iu Hooter's Jour. Bot. v, 255.— W'alpers, Rep. vi, 422. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1412.— Schnizlein.
Icon. t. 240", f. 5, 7-10, 20.— Cooper in Sniitbsunian Rep. 1858, 2,51. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 273. — Porcber, Resources S.
Forests, 130.— Baillon in Adansonia, i, 202, t. 4, f. 3-6.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. 18.

Mylocaruuvi ligustrinum, WillJlenow, Enum. i, 454.— Bot. Mag. t. 1H25. — Lamarck, 111. iii, 616, t. 952, f. 1. — Pursh, Fl.
Am. Sept. i, 302, t. 14.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 41.— Elliott, Sk. i, 508.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 231.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
323.— Darby, Fl. S. States, 417.— Wood, CI. Book, 4^3; Bot. &, Fl. 205.

TITI. lEON WOOD. BUCKWHEAT TREE.

Valley of the Savannah river. Georgia, son th ward to the Chattahoochee region of west Florida, westward along
the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana.

A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in heijiht, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter, or toward its southern
limits in Florida reduced to a shrub; margins of i)ine-barreu ])onds atul streams.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-gi-ained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood lighter: specific gravity, 0.0249; ash, 0.42; largely used as fuel, burning with a clear flame.

CELASTRACEiE.

39. — Euonymus atropurpureus, .lacquin,

Hort. Vind. ii, 155, t. 120.— Lamarck, Diet. 11, .'i7;!; 111. ii, ;»H.— .\itou, Hort. Kew. i, 274 ; 2ed. ii, 29.— Willdonovr, Spec, i, 1132: Enum. i,
250.— Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 1.5,5. — Pcrsoon, Syn. 1,243.— Nouvcau Dubamel, iii, 26.— Desfontiiines, Hist. Arb. ii,3.56. — Pursb,Fl.
Am. Sept. i, 163. -Turpin, Diet. Sci. Nat. xvii, 532, t. 272.— Eaton, Manual, 2»: 6 ed. 140.— Nuttall, Genera, 155.— Roemer & Scbultes,
Syst. T, 466.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 24.— Elliott, Sk. i, 293.— Dc CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 4.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173 ; Fl. U. S.
261 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 120; Fl. N. York, i, 141; Nicollet's Rep. 147.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 788.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 5 —
Bock. Bot. 72.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Spacli, Hist. Veg. ii, 405.— Rafiiiesque, New Fl. 60.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 499, f. 1G7.—
Torrey i Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 257.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 819.— Eaton & Wngbt, Bot. 240.— Griffith, Med. Rot. 219, f. 112.— Gray,
Genera, ii. 1-?; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 116.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
268.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 48.— Baillon in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, v, 314.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 76.— Curtis in Rep.
Geological .Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 102.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 289 ; Bot. & Fl. 76.—
Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 129.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii. 187.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 629.— Young,
Bot. Texas, 205.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.

E. CarolinenniJi, Marshall, Arbustum, 43.

E. latifoUuH, Marshall, Arbustum, 44 [not Alton]. -Agardh.Tbeor. & Syst. PI. t. 22, f. 4.

BURNING BUSH. WAHOO. SPINDLE TREE. ARROW WOOD.

Western New York, west to the valley of the upper Missouri river (^Fort Union)^ Montana, southward to northern
Florida, southern Arkansas, and eastern Kansas.

A small tree, rarely 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a shiub 2 to 3
meters in height; low, rich woods, reaching its greatest development west of the Mississippi river.

Wood heavy, very close-grained, liable to check badly in seasoning; medullary rays hardly discernible; color,
white tinged with orange; specific gravity, 0.0592; ash, 0.58.

Wahoo bark, a mild but rather uncertain purgative, is used by herbalists in the form of decoctions, tinctures,
fluid extracts, etc. [Am. Jour, ritarmacy, .\x, 80.— U. S. Dispenmtory, 14 ed. 402.— i\^a«. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 559).

40. — Myginda pallens, Smith,

Beerf Cycl. xxv, No. 4.— De CandoUe, Pro<lr. ii, 13.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— Grisebacli, 11. British West Indies, 14G.— Chapman iu
Conker's Bot. Gazette, iii, 3; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612.

Semi-troiHcal Florida, Upper Metacombe Key; in the West Inilies.

A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, witli a trunk 0.15 meter in (liaincter.

Wood very heavy, hard, very do.se-grained, comjjact, satiny ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary
rays hardly distingni.shable ; color, dark brown or nearly black, tiie tliick siip-wood lighter brown tinged with red;
specific gravity, 0.9048; ash, 3.42.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 39

41. — Schaefferia frutescens, Jacquin,

Stirp. Am. 259.— Gaertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 249, t. 2-.J5, f. 7.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 402, t. 809.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 727.- De
CandoUc, Prodr. ii, 41.— Karstoii, Fl. Columbia!, i, t. 91.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 76. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit lull West Indies, 146.—
Walpers, Ann. vii, 5S1.

8. COmpleta, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 327, t. 7, f. A.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 741.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. -i e<l. v, .571.— Macfadyen,
Fl. Jamaica, 207.

8. huxifolia, Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 42, t. .%; 2 ed. i, 190, t. 56.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 2C4.
YELLOW WOOD. BOX WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, soutbeiu keys from Metacombe Key eastwaid, Caloosa river and sparingly on the
Eeef Keys; in tlie West Indies.

A small tree, occasionally 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, generally hollow
and defective.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure;
color, light bright yellow, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.7745 ; ash, 2.54.

RHAMNACE^.

42. — Reynosia latifolia, Grisebach,

Cat. PI. Cuba, 34.— Eggers, Videuskab, Medd. Ira. Nat. For. 173 & t. ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiii, 40.— Gray in Coulter's Bot. Gairtte. ir,
208.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612.

fEhamnuS hevigatUS, Vahl, SymboUe, iii, 41.

Ceanoihus hevigatus, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 30.

Sciltia ferrea, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 72 [not Brongniart].

fBhamindium revolutum, Chapman, Fl. S. states, Suppl. 612.

RED IRON WOOD. DARLING PLUM,

Semi-tropical Florida, Miami (Garher), bay Biscayne, and on the southern keys (Curtiss); in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a tiunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter iu diameter.

Wood heavy, exceedingly bard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin : color, rich
dark brown, the sap-wood light brown; si)ecilic gravity, 1.0715; ash, 3.20.
The edible fruit, ripening in April and May, of agreeable flavor.

43. — Condalia ferrea, Grisebach,
Fl. British West Indies, 100.— AValpere, Ann. vii, 5??.— Gray in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iv, 208.— Chapman, Fl. S. States. Suppl. C12.
Rliamnm ferrea, Vahl, Symbohe, iii, 41, t. 58.
Zizyphus emarginatus, Swartz, Fl.lnd. Occ iii, 19.'>4.
Ccanothus ferreus, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 30.
Scutia ferrea. Brongniart in Anu.Sci.Nat. 1 ser.x, 363 [not Chapninn, Fl.S. States, 72].— Vasey. Cat. Forest Tnn^s, 9.

BLACK IRON WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Bi-scayue, on the southern keys; in the West ludio^.

A small tree, sometimes 11 meters in height, with a trunk O.2.") to O.oS meter in diameter, generally hoHow and
defective; common.

Wood exceedingly heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, ditlicuU to work; remarkable for
the large perceutage of ash; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, rich orange-brown, thesap-woixl lighter;
specific gravity. I.o(i20: asli. S..?!.

40 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

44. — Condalia obovata, Hooker,

Icon. t. 2f«7. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. i, 685. — Gray in Jonr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 169 ; Genera, ii, 17-2, 1. 164 ; Smithsonian Coutrib. iii,
32; V, 27 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. — Torrey, Bot. Mes. Boundary Survey, 47. — Watson in Proc. Am. Aoail. xvii, 3^0.

BLUE WOOD. LOGWOOD. PUKPLK IIAW.

Eastern and southwestern Texas, westward tliroiiyli soiitberu New Mexico to soutluiii Arizona; jnobably
extending into u;-:theru Mexico.

A small tree, 0 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to O.JO meter in diameter, or ol'ten a shrub; reaching
its greatest development along the streams of eastern Texas; one of the common "chaparral" plants of western
Texas, here forming dense, impenetrable thickets.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in seasoning, containing many groups of large
irregularly-arranged open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light red, the sap-wood light yellow;
specific gravity, 1.1999; ash, 7.03.

45. — Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 101. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 83; Diet, iv, 476. — Michaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 153. — Nouveau Duhamel,'iii, 47. — Porsooo. Syu.
i, 239.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 153.— Roeuier & Schultes, Syst. v, 285.— Elliott, Sk. i, 289.- De Candollc,
Prodr. ii, 26. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 'tiS. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. X. York, ii, 174. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i,
202.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 262.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 807.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 537.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 300.— Eaton
& Wrifht, Hot. 390.— Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 432.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 50, t. 59; 2 ed. i, 198, t. 59.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 269.—
Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Book, 219 ; Bot. & Fl. 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 610. — Gray, Hall'»
PI. Texa.s, 5.

f Frangtlla fragiUut, Rafinesiiue, Fl. Ludoviciana, 320; Sylva Telluriana, 27.

SarcomphahlS Carolintanus, Ralincsque, Sylva Telluriana, 29.

Frangula Caroliniana, Gray, Genera, ii, 178, t. 167 ; Manual N. states, 5 ed. 115.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary S irvcy,
46. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 251.^Curti8 in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 92. — Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.

INDIAN CHERRY.

Long Island, New York, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Illinois, Missouri south of the
Meramec river, ea.stern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to northern Florida (latitude 30°), and through
the Gulf states to western Texas.

A small tree, G to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states
generally a tall shrub ; rich woods along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in southern
Arkansas and eastern Texas.

Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0..5462; ash, 0.64.

The edible fniit sweet and agreeable.

46. — Rhamnus Californica, Eschscholtz,

Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, x, 281 ( Linnaa Litt.-Ber. 1828, 149.— Prewl, Ecp. Bot. i, 197).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 38.- Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 263.— Dietrich, Syu. i, 806.- Katon & Wright, Bot. 390.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— lleuisley,
Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 197.

R. olei/oUm, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 12:}, t. 44.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechcy, 136, 328.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
America, i, 260.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 390.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 10; PI. Hartweg. 302.— Durand in Jour.
Philadelphia Acad. 1855, &5.— Carrifere in Rev. Hort. xlvi, 354, f. 47-49.

Endotropis olei/olia, Rafinesqne, Sylva Telluriana, 31.

ii;. laurifolius, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 200.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. .390.

Frangula Californica, Gray, Genera, ii, 17H ; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 146.— Torrey in Sitgrcaves' Hi:]). l.'>7
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 46; Bot. Wilkes Expcd. 261.— Newberry in Piicilie, K. U.
Rep. vi, 69. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 78.

California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upjicr Sacramento river southward to Siiuta
Barbara and fort Tejon.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 41

A small tree, rarelj' 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 meter in diii.ineter {Pringle), or commonly
a shrub, along the sea-coast and at high elevations often i)rostrate; common and reaching its greatest develoi)ment
in the valleys of the Santa Cruz mountains. A low shrubby form, densely white tomeutose, especially on the
under side of the leaves, of southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico, i.s —
var. tomentella, Hrewer & Watsou, Bot. California, i, 101.

E. tomenteliun, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 303.— Seemaun, Bot. Herald, 275.— Walpers, Ann. ii,20T.

Frangula Gali/ornica, var. tomentella. Gray Id Smithsonian Contrib. vi, 28. -Torrcy in Pacific R. E. Eep. iv, 74; vii, 9.
NVood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of
open ducts ; medullary rays narrow, obscure ; color, brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity,
0.0000 ; ash, 0.58.

47. — Rhamnus Purshiana, Do C'andoUe,

Prodr. ii, 25.— Loudou, Arboretum, ii, 538, f. 211.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 123, t. 43; LoDdou Joor. Bot. ri, 78. — Don, MilK'r« Diet.
ii, 32.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 2G2.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 807.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 52; 2 ed. i, 200.— Richardson, ^Vrclic
Esped. 423. — Newberry in Pacific R. E. Rep. vi, 6'J. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, CIO.— Gray in Proe. Am. Acad, viii, 37y. — Brewer &
Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, SG.

Ii. alnifoUuS, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166 [not L'Heritier].

Cardiolepis obtusa, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 28.

Frangula Purshiana, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259; Pacilic R. R. Rep. xii», 29, 57.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
9.— Torrey, Bot. WilUes Exped. 262.

BEARBEKKY. BEAR WOOD. SHITTIM WOOD.

Puget sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Washington territory to the Bitter Root mountain,
Idaho (JIullau pass, Watson), and the shores of Flathead lake, JMontana {Canby d: i>argent), southward through
western Washington territory, Oregon, and California, west of the Sierra Xevada, to about latitude 40^.

A small tree, often 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; depressions and along
the sides and bottoms of carious in the coniferous forests, reaching its greatest development along the western slope
of the Coast Range of southern Oregon.

Wood light, very haid, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light
brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; speciliC gravity, 0.5071'; ;ish. 0.07.

The bark, like that of other species of the genus, possesses powerful cathartic properties, and, under the name
of Cascara sagrada, has recently been introduced by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, tiuctores, etc.,
immense quantities being gathered for this purpose in the Oregon forests (Xat. Dispensatory, Ii ed. 659).

48. — Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschscholtz,

Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, s, 285.— Hooker, Fi. Bor.-Ani. i, 126.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 37.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechoy. 136,
328. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 266.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 813.— Loudou, Arboretum, ii, .540.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 185. —
Lindley, Bot. Reg. ssx, t. 38.— Nuttall, Sylva, Ii, 44, t. 57 ; 2 ed. i, 193, t. 57.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 10: PI. Hartweg. ;502.— Ann.
Gand. 1847, 1. 107.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 14; Bot. Mcs. Boundary Survey, 45; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 263.- Xewlierr>- in
Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69. — Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii'^, 57. — Bolander in Proe. California Acad, iii, 78. — Koch, Dendrologie. i,
621. — Watson in Proe. Am. Acad, x, 334. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 102. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.

BLUE MYRTLE.

California Coast ranges, from Mendicino county south to the valley of the San Louis Key river (Pala, Parixh.
Brothers).

A small tree, 8 to 10 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or toward the southern
limits reduced to a low shrub; common and reaching its greatest develoi)ment in tiie iSequoia forests near Santa
Cruz.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very obscure; color, light brown, the sapwiHMl
darker; specific gravity, 0.5750; ash, 0.09.

The bark of the root niiiy be expected to possess similar astringent i)roperties to that of the shrubby C.
Americana, used with advantage in cases of diarrhea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in throat troubles
(U. )S'. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1009. — Mat. Disjiensalory, 2 eil. 373).

49. — Colubrina reclinata, Brongniart.
Ann. Sci. Nat. I ser. x, 369.— Richanl, Fl. Cuba, 3,V.).— Grisjobiuh, Fl. British West Indies, 101.— Eggers in Bull. V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13. 40.
Rhamnus ellipticus, Alton, Hort. Row. i, 205 ; 2 ed. ii, 17.— WilhUuow, Spec, i, 1098.— Swartz. I^nxlr. 50 : Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 497.
Zi::yphiis Dominigensis, Nouvoau Duhamel, iii, r>6.

Ccanotlius ncliuatHS, L'Heritier, Sert. l>.— Kanuer & Sohultes, Syst. v, 288.— De Caudollo, Prodr. ii, 31.— M.icfadycn, FL

.Jiiniitio.i, 211.

42 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

NAKED WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, Umbrt-lla Key. ou tlic north eiul of Kev Laryo, and si)arin'rly on the small i.slaiuls south
of Elliott's Key; through the West Indies.

One of the largest trees of the region, deciduous, 112 to IS meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.25 meter in
diameter; reaching its greatest development within the United SUites on Umbrella Key, here forming a dvnso
forest.

Wootl heavy, hanl, very strong, brittle, close-grained, comi)act, satiny, susceptible of a good polish, containing
many small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown tinged with yellow, the saii-wood light
yellow ; si)ecific gravity, 0.820S ; ash, 1.75.

"The trunk attains a size of over 1 meter and is most extraordinary. When 0.1D2 meter thick it becomes
furrowed, and the furrows and ridges multiply and extend in all directions; trunks 0.75 to 1 meter in diameter
api>ear like a mass of braided serpents. Ou small trunks the bark breaks up into flakes which curl up aud drop
■off". Between the ridges where the bark persists the edges of dozeus of papery layers may be seen" {Curtins in let).

SAPINDACE^

50. — .ffisculus glabra, Willdenow,

Enam. 40.'i.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,'2.o5.— Nutt.-iU, Gen.-ra, i, 241.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Toircy, FI. U. S. .384; Compeud. Fl.
N. States, ItM.— Guimpcl, Otto & Hayuo. Abb. llolz. 28, t. 24.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 44.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 1G6.— Don, Miller's Diet.
i,r>.'.2.— Heck, Bot. 65.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 467, f. 133.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251.— Dietricb, Syu. ii, 1225.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 115.— Walpers, Kep. i, 424.— Gray, Genera, ii, 207, 1. 176, 177; Manuel N. States, 5 ed. 118.— Cooper in Smith.souian
Rep. li-o«, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.- Wood, CI. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 85.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser.
xii, 187.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 508.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Ridgway in Proc. II. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61.

^.pallida, Willdenow, Enum. 406.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Guimpcl, Otto & Ilayuo, Abb.
Holz. 29, t. 25.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650. -Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 6.— Lindlcy, Bot. Reg. xxiv,
t. 51. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 468, f. 134.

/??■ echinata, Muhlenberg, Cat. 38.

^. Ohioetisis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 242; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. u, l.")6, t. 92.— Poiret, Supiil. iii, .'>93.— De
Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Don, MiUer's Diet, i, 652.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 6.— Riddell, Syu. Fl. W. States, 34.— Liudley,
Bot. Reg. xxiv, 51, t. 51.— Xuttall, Sylva, ii, 71 ; 2 ed. ii, 17.

tJE. carnea, Guimpcl, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 25, t. 22.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 43.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xiii, 1. 1056.— Watson,
Dend. Brit, ii, t. 121. -Don, Miller's Diet, i, C52.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253.— Walpers, Rep. i,425.

Paria glabra, Spath in Ann. .Sci. Kat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.

Faria pallida, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 2;;.

t Paria carnea, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Don in Sw.-et's Brit. Fl. Card. 2 ser. t. 301.

fPavia Watwniana, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 2.53.

fjE. Watxoniana, Dielricb, Syn. ii, 1225.— Walpers, Hep. i, 425.

^. HippocaHtanum, var. OhioemiH, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 407.— Hrownc, Trees of America, 110.

JE. Uippocaxlaniim, var. glabra, London, Arboretum, i, 467.— Browne, Trees of America, 111.

^. Hippocantanum, var. pallida, London, Arl.oretum, i, 46H.— Browne, Trees of America, 111.

OniO ni'CKKYE. FETID BUCKEYE.

Western .slopes of the Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to northern Alabama, westward through southern
Michigan (rare) to southern Iowa, eastern Kansas to about longitude 97° west, and the Indian tenitory.

A small tree, 8 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.;!0 to (>.ri() meter in diameter; rich .soil along streams and
river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in the liigh valleys of the .southern Alleghany nionntains.

Wood light, .soft, not strong, close-graiued, compact, didicult to sj)lit, often blemisiied by <Iark lines ol decay;
medullary rays obscure; color, white, the sa]) wood darker; sjjecific gravity, 0.4512; ash, 0.80; largely u.scd in

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. -13

common witli that of tlie other .sjtccics of the genus in the mamifaetiue of woodenware, aitifieial limbs (for wliich
the wood oi JEsculuH is i)ieferred to that of all other American trees), i)ai)er-]mli(, wooden hats, less commonly for
the bearings of shafting and machinery, and occasionally manufactured into lumber.

The bark of the allied old world species^'. Jlippfjcastanum occasionally has been found efficacious as a sub.'Stitute
for cinchona bark in the treatment of intermittent fevers (U. .s'. IHspvnsutorij, 14 ed. IJG.j. — Xat. Dispematory, 'J ed.
712), and similar properties may be looked for in the liark of ^7:. rjlahra.

51. — iEsculus flava, Aiton,

Hort. Kovv. i,494; 2 ed. ii,335.—B. S. Barton, Coll. i,13; Bot. Appx. 26, t. 15,f.2.— Willdenow, Spec. ii,2^: Enum.i,405; Berl. Baamz.
13. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 385. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— James in Long's Exited, i, 22.— Gaimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 27, t. 23.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 44.— Elliott, Sk. i, 43*5.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. ItB.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab.
t. 1280.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 202.— DietricU, Syn. ii, 1225.— Eaton, Manual, Ged.T.— Eaton & Wrigbt. Bot. 116.—
Walpers, Rop. i, 424.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 260.- Torrey in P.atilic K. R. Rep. iv, 74.— Browne, Trees of Auierie:., lli?.— Sebnizlein,
Icon. t. 230""=, f. 3.— Cooper iu SmitliHonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Cbapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— CnTlis in Rep. Geological Surv. X. Carolina,
1860, iii,48. — Lesquereuxiu Owen's 2(1 Kep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Book, 2^8: Bot. &F1. 75. — Gray, Manual X. Stales. 5 ed. 118. —
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.

JB. octandra, Marsball, Arbustum, 4.— Millers Diet. Xo. 1.

Pavia flava, Moencb, Motb. 66.— De Candolle, Piodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Spacb in Ann. Sci. Xat. 2 ger.ii,
55; Hist. Veg. iii, 25. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 471 &. t.

^. liltea, Wangenheim in Scbrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, viii, 133, t. 6. — Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 219. — Persoou, Syn.
i, 403. — Kocb, Deudrologie, i, 509.

Pavia lutea, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 94. — Xouveau Dubamel, iii, 155, t. 38. — Miebaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 2:1", t. 11;
N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 153, t. 91.

JB. neglecta, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xii, t. 1009.

Pavia neglecta, Don, Miller's Diet, i, 6.53.— Spacb iu Aun. Sci. Xat. 2 ser. ii, 55 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 24. — London, Arboretum, i. 472.

SWEET BUCKEYE.

Allegheny county, Pennsylvania (T. C. Porter), southward along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia
(Augusta) and Alabama, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Iowa, the Indian territory, and the
valley of the Brazos river, eastern Te.xas.

A tree 18 to 28 meters iu height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits
reduced to a shrub ; rich woods and along streams, reaching its greatest development ou theslopesof the Alleghany
mountains of North Carolina ami Tennessee.

A variety with pur[)le or llesh-eolored flowers, the leaflets pubescent beneath, is —

var. purpurascens, Gray, Manual N. states, 5 ed. 118.

^. hybrida, De CandolUs Hort. Monsp. 1813, 75.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 334.

^. discolor, Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— Bot. Reg. iv, t. 310.— Elliott, Sk. i. 4;W.— Sprvngel,
Syst. ii, 167. — Sertura Botanicnm, iv «!t. t. — Eaton & Wvigbt, Bot. 116. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 381.

Pavia discolor, Poiret, Suppl. V, 769.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 65:!.- Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 7.— Spacb iu Ann. Sci. Xat. 2 ser.
ii, 57; Hist. Veg. iii, 28. — Loudon, Arboretum, i. 472.

Pavia hybrida, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Eaton. Slannal, 6 ed. 6.-Spaeb iu Ann. Sci. Xat,
2 ser. ii, 56; Hist. Veg. iii, 27. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 472. — Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 116. — Kocb, Deudrologie. i. oli

JE. Pavia, var. discolor, Torrey »V Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 2,'i2.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Gray iu Jour. Boston Soc. X.tt.
Hist, vi, 167.

Wood light, soft, close grained, compact, diflScuIfc to split; medullary rays luimerous. obscure: color, oreamy-
nhite, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; .specific gravity, 0.4274 ; ash, 1.00.

52. — iEsculus Californica, Nuttall:

Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251 ; Sylva, ii, 69, t. 61 ; 2 cd. ii. l(i. t. 64.— Hooker & .\ruott. Bot. Beecbey. ;W7.— Dietrich, Syn. ii,
1225.— Eatou & Wrigbt, Bot. 116.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Beutbaui, Bot. Sulpbnr, ".' ; PI. Hartweg. 301.— Dnrand in .lour
Pbiladelpbia Acad. 1855, 85.— Rev. Hort. iv, 150, 1". 10, 11.— Torrey iu l^uilie R. K. Rep. iv, 74: Bot. ilex. Boundary Survey. 4^;
Bot. Wilkes Exped. 260.— Newberry iu Paeilic R. R. Rep. vi, 20, 69, f. 1.— Hot. Slag. t. .5077.— Fl. des Serns. xiii. ;19. t. 1312.—
London Gard. Cbrouiclo, 18.'>S, 844. — Beige, Hort. ix, 121 & t. — Gray iu Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist. vii. 146. — Bvlauder in Proo,
California Acad, iii, 78. — Walpers, Ann. 624. — Kocb, Deudrologie, i, .M3. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Caliloruia. i, U>>. — Vasey.
Cat. Forest Trees, 9.

CalothyrsHS Californica, Spaeb in Aun. Sci. Xat. 2 .ser. ii,t;2; Hist. Veg. iii, ilT..

Pavia Californica, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soe. London, ii, 12:t.—Carri6r* iu Rev. Hort. 18iH.:W.)& i".

44 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

CALIFOENIA BUCKEYE.

California, valley of the tipper Sacramento river and Mendocino county, southward along; the Coast ranges to
San Luis Obispo, and along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains.

A low, widelybninching tree, 8 to 12 meters in heij;ht, with a short trunk 0.(10 to 0.00 meter in diameter, often
greatly expanded at the base, or more often a much-branched shrub 3 to 5 meters in height; borders of streams,
reaching its greatest development in the canons of tlie Coast Kange, north of San Francisco bay.

\A"ood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, white
slightly tinged with yellow, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable: specilic gravity, 0.4980; ash, 0.70.

53. — Ungnadia speciosa, Eudliclur,

Atacta Bot. t. :W; Xov. Stirp. Desc. is, 75. — Torrcy & Gray, Fl. X. America, 1,084; Pacific E.E.Eep. ii,162. — Walpers, Rep. i, 423-; v,
371; Anu. vii, ti2o. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Xat. Hist, vi, 167 ; Genera, ii, 211, t. 178, 179; Suiitbsoniau Contrib. iii, 38;v, 30;
Mcin. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 299; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Fl. ilos Scrres, s, 217, t. 1059.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 48.—
ScbBizlcin, Icon. t. 230, f. 2, 8. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kcp. 1858, 265.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 515.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 423. —
Vasey. Cat. Forest Trees, 9. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, svii, 337.

V. heterophylla, Scheelein Linniea,xxi,.')S9; Kcemer, Texas, 58i).

U. heptaphylla, Scheele in Linna-a, xxii,352; Eoemer, Texas, 432.

SPANISH BUCKEYE.

Valley of tke Trinity river (Dallas, h'everchon) through western Texas to the canons of the Organ mountains,
>'ew Mexico (Bigelow) ; southward into Mexico.

A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its
eastern and western limits reduced to a low shrul); commou west of the Colorado river; bottoms and rich
hillside"*, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Guadalupe river, between New Braunfels and
the coast.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous evenly-distributed open
dacts; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous; color, red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.0332; a.sh, 1.17.

Fruit reputed poisonous.

54. — Sapindus marginatus, Willdenow,

Ennm. i, 432.— Mulilenberg, Cat. 41.— De CandoUc, Prodr. i, 007.- Sprengel, Syst. ii, 250.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 6G5.— Spach, Hist.
Veg. iii, 54.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 255, 665 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 102.- Eaton, Manual, G ed. 323.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 411.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii,72, t. 65; 2 ed. ii, 19, t. 65.— Leavenworth in Am. Jour. Sci. i, 49, 130.— Engelmann & Gray
in Jour. Boston .Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 241.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ri, 169; Genera, ii, 214, t. 180; Smithsouiau
Contrib. iii, 38; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Engelmann in Wislizenus' Rep. 12.— Torrcy in Emory's Rep. 138; Marcy's Ecp. 282;
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 2, 74; Bot. Mex. Bnundary Survey, 47.— Scheele in Kcemer, Texas, 433.— Schnizleiu, loon. t. 230, f. 22.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 75.— Porcher^
Resources S. Forests, 85.— Young, Bot. Texas, 208.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Hcmsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 214.— Watson in Proc.
Am. Acad, xvii, 337.

8. saponaria, Lamarck, 111. ii, 441, t. 307 [not Liunieus].— Wieliaux, Fl. lior.-Aui. i, 212.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi,
663, in part.— Persoon, Syn. i, 444.— Pursli, Fl. Am. .Sept. i, 274.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 257.— Elliott, Sk. i, 460.— Torrey
in Aon. Lye. N. York, ii, 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 267.

t8. inaqualis, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 608.

iS'. falcatUH, Ralinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 261.

<S'. acuminata, Kafincsque, New Fl. 22.

iS". Drummondi , Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 2H1 (excl. var.).— Walpers, Rep. i, 417.

WILD CHINA. SOAPBERRY.

Atlantic coast. Savannah river to the Saint John's river, Florida, and on Cedar Keys ; southern Arkansas,
valley of the Washita river (I'rescott, Lettennan) through western Louisiana and Texas to the mountain valleys of
southern New Mexico and Arizona; southward into Mexico, and in the West Indies (? IS. ina;qualk).

A tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.00 meter in diameter; west of the Colorado
river much smaller, rarely 9 meters in lieiglit; along strt^ams or toward the western limits of its distribution only
in mountain valleys, reaching its greatest deve]<i|)tnent along the river bottoms of eastern Texas.

CATALOGUE OF FOliEST TREES. 45

Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-giaiued, compact, easily split into thin strips; layers of annual prf)wth clearly
marked by several rows of large oiien ducts; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, light brown tinged with yellow,
the sap-wood lighter ; si)ecific gravity, 0.S12G; ash, 1.50; largely used in Texas in the maunfacture of cotton-baskets,
and in New ^Mexico for the frames of pack-saddles.

Saponin, common in several species of the genus, and aflbrding a substitute for soap, may be looked for in the
fruit and roots of this tree.

55. — Sapindus Saponaria, Limiajus,

Spec. 1 ed. 367; Swartz, Obs. 152. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 441, t. 307. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 468. — ^Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 424. — Titford,
Hort. Bot. Am. 61. — Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, vi, 663. — Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, iv, 121, t. 261. — De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 607.—
Spach. Hist. Veg. iii, 53. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 323. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 159. — RaCncsque, New FI. 22.— Xuttall, .Sjlva, ii,
72 ; 2 ed. 20.— Eichard, Fl. Cuba, 280.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 126.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 349, f. :J53.— Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 10.— Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 3; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 613.

SOAPBEERY.

Seiui-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne, cape Sable, Caximbas bay, Thousand Islands, Key Largo, Elliott's Key;
in the West Indies.

A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a truak sometimes 0.38 meter in diameter; common ou cape Sable,
and reaching its greatest development within the United States on the Thousand Islands and along the shores of
Caximbas bay.

Wood heavy, rather hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged
with yellow, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.83C7 : ash, 4.34.

The fruit and roots rich in saponin and used in the West Indies as a substitute for soap [Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues,
7 ed. iii, 598. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1751) ; the round, black seeds for beads, buttons, and small ornaments.

56. — Hypelate paniculata, Cambe^sedts,

Mem. Mns. xviii, 32.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 671.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 295.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies. 127.- Chapman. Fl. S.
. States, 79. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.

Mel icocca paniculata, Jussieu in Mem. Mus. iii, 1*7, t. 5.— De Candollo, Prodr. i, 615.— Xuttall, Sylva, ii, 74, t. 00; 2 ed.
ii, 21, t. 66.

Exotliea oblongtfoUa, Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 232.

H. ohlongifolia, Hooker in London Jour. Bot. iii, 226, t. 7.

INK WOOD. IRON WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, ea.st coast, Mosquito iidet to the southern keys ; iu the West Indies.

A tree often 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 meter in diameter.

Wood verj- heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, suseei)tible of a good polish, cheeking iu drying;
medullarj- rays obscure; color, bright reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9533 ; ash, 1.25 ;
used in ship-building, for the handles of tools, and piles; resisting the attacks of the teredo.

57. — Hypelate trifoliata, Swartz,

Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 655, t. 14.— Delesscrt, Icon, iii, t. 39.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 014.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 7S.— Grisebach, FL
British West Indies, 127; Cat. PI. Cuba, 46.

WHITE IKON WOOD.

Senii-tiopical Florida, Upiier Metjicombe and Umbrella Keys; in the \\ est In<li«.-.

A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to O.GO nutter in diameter.

Wood very heavy, hard, close grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, durable in contact with the soil;
medullary rays thin, obscure; color, rich light brown, the sai)-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.9102; ash, 1.38;
used in ship-building, for the handles of tools, post.s, etc.

46 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AM K RICA.

58. — Acer Pennsylvanicum, l.imiieus,

Spec. 1 ed. 1055. — Aitoii. Hon. Kew. iii, 43.'>. — ilicluuix, Kl. Bor.-.\iu. ii, 'J5'2. — Willdcnow, Spec. iv,0S9; Enum. i, 1045. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. i, 391.— N'oiivean Duhiiniel. i v. 3-.'.— Trattinick. Arihiv. i. 1. 11.— Hnyne, Deud. FI. 210.— Elliott, Sk. i, 451.— Torroy, Fl. U.
S. 3y": Coiiipi'iiil. Fl. X. folates, 170; Fl. X. Yviik, i. l:!.'>. — Sprcn>;cl, Sjst. ii, 224. — Eatou, Manual, C ed. 2. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
Anitrico, i, '.Mti.— Hunker. Fl. Bur. -Am. i. lU.— Euioi-son. Trees Massjichusetts, 490; 2 ed. ii, tvlMi & t.— Gr.ay, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174,
f. 1-3; Manual X. States, .'> ed. 119.— Kiebardson, .Vrctie Exped. 422.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 2li5.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. IS.'jy,
251.— Chapman. Fl. S. States, tO.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. X. Carolina, 1860, iii, 52.— Buehenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t.
2. f. 24.— Wood. CI. Book. 2%; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Koch. Dcndrolo-.'ie. i, 521.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 373, f. 416-420.— Vasey, Cat. Fore«t
Trees, lU.— Sears in Bull. Esses Inst, xiii, 17.').- Bell in (ieolnjiical Kep. Canada, 1879-'S0, 53<:.

A. Canadt^nsf, Marshall, Arbustum, 4.

A. striatum. Dn Roi, Diss. 58; Harbk. i, 8, 1. 1.— Wangenheim. Anier.29, 1.12, f.2.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 381.— Ehvhart, Beitr
iv. -ii.— Ma-nch, Meth. 56.— Persoou. Syu.i 417.— Miehaux I". Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 242, t.l7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.
ii. 17.'>. t.47.— Pnrsh, Fl.Aui. Sept. i. 267. — Xuttull, Genera, i, 258.— De Candollc, Prodr. i, .593.— Watson, Deud. Brit.

j_ t_70. Don, Millers Dict.i, 648.— Beck, Bot. 64. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 407 & t.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 85; Ann.

Sci.Xat.2ser.ii, 162.— Dietrich, Syn. 1281.— E.iton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Browne,
Trees of America, 76.

STRIPED MAPLE. MOOSE WOOD. STRIPED DOGWOOD. GOOSE-FOOT MAPLE. WHISTLE WOOD.

Valk-y of the Saiut Lawreute river (UaHa bay), iiortliern sliores of lake Outario, i.slauds of lake Huron,
south through the iiortberu Atlantic states, and aloiiR the Alleghany mouutaiiis to uortheru (ieorgia, west through
the lake regiou to uortheastern Minnesota.

A small tive, C to 10 meters iu height, with a tmiik 0.1.") to 0.20 meter in diameter; cool ravines and mouutaiu
sides.

Wood light, .soft, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thiu; color, light brown, the sap-
wood lighter; specitic gravity, 0..">l'99; ash, 0.36.

59. — Acer spicatum, Lamarck,

Diet, ii, 381.— ^Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 485.— Persoou, Syn. i, 417.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, .'iOS.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 648.— Audubon,
Birds, t. 134.— Penn. Cycl. i, 77.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Beck, Bot. 64.— Spach, Hist. Veg. 87 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 163.—
Loudon, Arboretum, i, 406, t. 26.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 246.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.—
Torrey, Fl. X. York, i, 165.— Browne, Trees of America, 74.— Emerson, Trees Mas-sachusetts, 497; 2 ed. ii, 567 & t.— Parry iu
Owen's Rep. 610.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860,
iii, .52.— Wood, CI. Book, 287 ; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Gray , Manual X. States, 5 ed. 119.- Koch, Dendrologie, i, 522.— Macoun in Geological
Rep. Canada, 187.>-76, 192.— Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54'=.— Nicholson in
London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172.

A. Pennsylvanicum, Du Roi, Diss. 61: Harbk. i, 22, t. 1 [not Linuicus].- Wangenlnini, Anier. 82, t. 12, f. 30.— Marshall,
Arbustum, 2.

A. parrifionim, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 25; vi, 40.— Mawicli, Meth. 56.

A. montunum, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 435; 2 ed. v, 447 (excl. syn. «(rio<«m).— Miehaux, Kl. 15or.-Ani. ii, 253.— Wilhknow,
Spec, iv, 988; Euum. i, 1045.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 391.— Nouveau Dubaniel, iv, 33.— Trattiuick, Archiv. i, t.
13.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Xuttall, Cienera, i, 253.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 59, t. 48,— Hayne,
Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 452.— Torrey, Fl. I". S. 398; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 224.-
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 111.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Darby, Hot. S. States, 26.5.

MOUNTAIN MAPLE.

Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west along the northern shores of the great lakes to northern Minnesota
and the Sa.skatchewan region, south through the northern states, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern
Georgia.

A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height,- with a trunk dirt to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a tall
shrub ; cool woods and mountain ravines, reaching its greatest develoiiment on the western slopes of the Allegliaiiy
mountains of North Carolina ;iTid Tennessee.

Wootl light, soft, clo.sc-graiued, compact; medullary rays inconspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood lighter ; specitic gravity, 0.5.'J30 ; ash, 0.43.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 47

60. — Acer macrophyllum, I'm-h.

Fl. Am. Sept. i, 207.— Poirct, Suppl. v, G69.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253; Sylvu, ii.TT, t. (JT : 2 td. ii. 24, t. 67.— De CaudolU, Prodr. i,
.594.— Si>rengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Peun. Cycl. i, 78.— Eaton, Manual, C cd. 2.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aiii. i, 112, t. ife.— Don, Miller'* Diet.
i, G48. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 scr. ii, 16.5. — Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. Auieriea, i, 246.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey. 327. —
Dietrich, S>ti. ii, 1281.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 408, t. 28, f. 117, 118.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Beuthani. PI. Hartweg. 301.—
Browne, Trees of America, 78. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Dnrand in Jonr. Philadelphia Acad, li^l.-), 84. — Torrey in Pacific
R. K. Rep. iv, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary .Survey, 47 : Bot. Wilkes Exped. 2ii'^.- Newberry in Piioific K. R. Rep. vi, 21. 67. — C'>o|>er
in Pacilic R. R. Rep. xii, 28, 57; Smithsonian Rep. 185ci, 258. — Lyall in Jour. Linna-au Soc. vii, 134, 144. — Bolauder in Proc.
California Acad, iii, 78.— Wood, CI. Book, 287 ; Bot. &. Fl. 74. — Rothroek in .Smithsonian Rep. 1667, 334. — Koch, Dendrologie. i,
528. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 379. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Macoun iu
Geological Rep. Canada, 187ri-'76, 192. — G. M. Daw.son in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 330. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle,
1881,10.

A. palmatum, Raliuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48 [not Thuuherg].

BROAD-LEAVED MAPLK.

Coast of Alaska, from !;]titiule 55° south aloug- the. islands and coast of British Columbia, through western
Washington territory and Oregon, and along the California Coast ranges and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada
to the San Bernardino mountains and Hot Spring valley, San Diego county (Pa rM Brothem), not ascending above
4,000 feet altitude.

A tree 24 to 30 meters iu height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter; along streams and river bottoms,
reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom lands of the Coquille and other rivers of .southern Oregon,
where, with the California laurel, it forms dense, heavy forests.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, rich light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; si)eeific
gravity, 0.4009; ash, 0.54; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture, for ax ;uid broom hauiUes,
frames of snow-shoes, etc. ; specimeus with the grain beautifully curled and contorted are common and valued in
cabinet-making.

61. — Acer circinatum, Pursh.

Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266. — Poiret, Supj)!. v, 669. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 253; Jour. Philadelphia Acad, vii, 16 (excl. syn.); Sylva, ii, 80, t.
67; 2 ed. ii, 27, t. 67.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 595.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penu. Cycl. i, 79.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Don.
Miller'.s Diet, i, 6.51. — Spach iu Ann. .*ci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 166; Hi.st. Veg. iii, 07. — Loudon. Arhoretiim, i, 422, f. 112, 127. — Torn»y \-
Gray, X''l. N. America, i, 247.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-.\m. i, 112, t. 39.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Browne,
Trees of America, 91. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Lindley in Paxton's Fl. (Jard. ii, 156, f. 210 (Loiidou Ganl. Chronicle,
1851, 791, f. 211).— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep.vi, 21, 69. — Cooper iu Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 28, 57 ; Smithsonian Rep. 1358, 458.-
Lyall in Jour. Liumoan Soc. vii, 134. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 379. — Wood, CI. Book. 2c7, B01.& Fl. 74. — Koch.
Dondrologie,i, 523. —Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 2.58.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tn>es. 10.—
Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii. 85. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76. li>2. — G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat. new s«^r.
ix, 330.— Nicholson in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 10.

A. rirgatum, Ratiuesque, New Fl. it Bot. i, 48.

VINE MAPLE.

British Columbia, valley of the Fraser river (Yale) and probably farther north, southward through Washington
territory and Oregon, west of the Cascade mountains to the Mount Shasta region of northern California, rarely
ascending to 4,000 feet altitude.

A small tree, sometinuis 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0,20 to 0,30 meter in diameter; along streams;
the stems often prostrate and forming dense, impenetrable thickets.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or
often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter ; specilic gravity, 0.(5060 ; ash, 0,39 ; used as fuel ; by lumbermen for ax
and shovel handles, and by the coast Indians for the bows of fishing nets.

62. — Acer glabrum, Torrey.

Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 259.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 651).— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N.
America, i, 247, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Rep, i, 409,— Nuttall, Sylva. ii, 86; 2. ed., ii,;W,— Newliorry iu Paoitio
R. R. Rep.vi. 69. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 18.58. 258; PaciUe R. R. Rep. xii,51,.57; Am. Nat. iii,40i>. — Engelmanu in Trans.
Am. Pl\il. Soc. now sor. xii, 187. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv,259; Proo. Philadelphia Aoad. 18ti3. 5;*. — Porter in Haydeu's
Rep. 1870, 474; 1871,480.— Watson in King's Rep. v, .52.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado: Haydeu's Snrv. Mise Pub. No. 4. 19.—
Coulter iu Haydeu's Rep. 1872, 76;{. — Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, l!?75-'76, 192. — Bnnver iV Watson, Bot. California, i. loT.—
Rothroek iu Wlicelor's Rep. vi, 83. — Nicholson in Loudon Ganl. Chronicle, 18S1, 750.

48 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

A. bnrbaium, Douglas in Hooker, Kl. Bor.-Aiii. i, li:i.— Loudon, Ailiorctuni, i, -I'iO, f. 125 (pscl. syn.).

A. Douylasii, Hooker in LouUon Jour. Bot. vi, 77, t.6.

A. triparlitum, Nuttnll in Ton-ey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 'J47.— Dietrich, Syn.ii, 12(^1.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.—
Wal)vers. Rep. i, 409.— Nuttall. Sylva, ii. 85, t. 71 ; 2 ed. ii, :«, t. 71.— Gray in Mom. Am. Acad, new eer. iv', 28; Pacific
R. R. Rt-p. iv. 7:{.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69.

DWAKF MAPiE.

British Columbia, valley of tbe Fra.ser river and probably faither north, south through Washington territory,
Oregon, and along the Sierra Nevada of Califoiiiia to the Yoseniite valley; e^ist along the niountaiu ranges of Idaho
and Montana to the eastern base of the Kocky mountains, south through Colorado and Utah, in the east Humboldt
Kange, Nevada, and in the mountain ranges of western New Me.xico and eastern Arizona.

A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often reduced
to a low shrub 1 to 2 meters in height; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the mountain
canons of western New Me.xico and eastern Arizona.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, comi)act; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, or often nearly
white, the sap-wood lighter: specific gravity, 0.G02S; ash, 0.30.

63. — Acer grandidentatum, Nuttall;

Torrey & Gray. Fl. X. America, i, 247.— Dietrich, Syn.ii, 125o.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpcrs, Rep. i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, li,
&2, t.C9: 2ed. ii, 29, t. 69.— Watson in King's Rep. v, .52; PI. Wheeler, 7.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 480.— Vaspy, Cat. Forest
Trees, 10.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 2<'i«.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 83.— Rnsliy in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.—
Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 338. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172.

Western Montana, headwaters of the Columbia river (li'uttaU), canons ol' the ^^'ah.satch mountains, Utah, and
south through eastern Arizona to southwestern New Mexico (Mogollon mountains, E. L. Greene), and reported in
the ranges east of the Eio Grande; southward into Coahuila {Palmer).

A small tree, rarely exceeding 10 meters in height, with a tjuiik 0.20 to 0.2D meter in diameter; along streams ;
not common.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin, distinct; color, light brown, or
often nearly white; .specific gravity, O.G902; ash, 0.G4.

64. — Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim,

Aiuer. 36, 1. 11, f. 26.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 379.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiaua, 251.— Aiton, Hort. Kcw. iii, 434 ; 2 ed. v, 447.— Ehrharl, Heitr.
iv. 24. — Persoon, Syn. i, 417. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 29, t. 8. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985 ; Euum. ii, 1044. — Uesfontaines, Ilist. Arb.
i. :!92.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 3.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. .\ni. ii, 218, 1. 15 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 153, t. 42.— Titford, Hort.
Bot. Am. 105.— Purah, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Eaton, Manual, 44; 6 ed. 2.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 214. —Elliott,
Sk. i, 4.50. -Richardson, Franklin Jour. 26; Arctic Expcd. 422.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N.
States, 170; Fl. N. York, i, 13.5.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113.— Don, Miller's Diet, i,
050.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 406.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 170; Ann. Sci. Nat.2 ser. ii, 99.— Loudon, Arboretum, i,
411, t. 31, f. 122.- Torrey &c Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Walpers, Kep. i, 410.—
Nees, PI. Med. 5. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 88 ; 2 ed. ii, 35. — Browne, Trees of America, &!. — Euier.son, Trees Massachusetts, 480 ; 2 od.
ii, 258 & t. — Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
265. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 010.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Lcstinerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Book,
2e0 ; Bot. & FI.74.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 80.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. .Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Young, Bot. Texas,
20t;.— Va.sey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 606.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. No. 22, 73.— Sears in Bull.
Essex Inst, xiii, 175. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'eO, 51'^.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62.

A. sacclutrum, Marshall, Arbnstnm, 4.

A. barbatum, Michaux, FL Bor.-Am. ii, 253.— Willdenow, Spec iv, 989.— Poiret,Suppl.ii, 57.5.— Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. 1, 206.—
Nuttall, Genera, i, 255.— Elliott, Sk. i,451.— De Candolle, Prodr. i,5C5.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. Slates,
109.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Sprengel, .Syst. ii, 224.— Don, Miller's Did. i, 649.— Beck, Bot. 6:5.— Spach, Hist. Veg.
iii, 178; Ann. S< i. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 11«.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.N. America, i, 249, 084.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Curtis
in Rep. Geological .Surv. N. Carolina, 18(i0, iii. 51.

8UGAE MAPLE. SfOAU TREE. lIAltl) MAPLE. UOCK MAPLE.

Southern Newfoundl.ind, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguenay rivers, shores of lake Saint John,
•west along the northern shores of the great lakes to Lake of the Wooiks ; south tiirough the northern states and
along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and the Chattahoochee region of west Florida (var.
Floridanum, Chapman, I. c); west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas (rare), ami eastern Texas.

A tree of great economic value, 2-1 to 30 meters in height, with a liunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter, or
toward its sonthwestem limits greatly reduced in size; rich woods, often forming extensive forests, and reaching
its greatest development in region of the great lakes.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 49

Wood heavy, hard, strong, tongh, close-grained, compact, .susceptible of a goo<l polish; medullar)- rays
numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red, the saji-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.0012; ash, 0..54;
largely used in t^ie maniit'acturo of furniture, shoe lasts and pegs, saddletrees, in turnery, for interior finish, and
flooring; in shipbuilding for keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., and furnishing valuable fuel; "curled" majde and
"bird's-eye" maple, accidental forms in which the grain is beautifully curled and contorted, are common and
highly prized in cabinet-making.

Maple sugar is princii)ally made from this species; the ashes of the wood, rich in alkali, yield large quantities
of potash.

Var. nigrum, Torrey & Gray,

Fl. N. America, i, 248. — Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 136. — Loadon, Arboretum, i, 411. — Browne, Trees of America, 84. — Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 119.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54"^.

A. saccharinum, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 2,52 [not ■\Vangeuheim].

A. nigrum, Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 238, t. 16; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 163, t. 43.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,266.—
Poiret, Suppl. v, 669.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Elliott, Sk. i, 450.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 397 ;
Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Eaton, Manual, 6
ed. 2.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 104; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 170.— Dietrich. .Syn. ii, 12f*J.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.—
Koch, Dondrologlo, i, 53-2.— Gray in Am. N.i(. vi, 767; vii, 422.— Woiul, (1. Rook, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74.

BLACK SUGAK MAPLK.

Western Vermont, shores of lake Champlain, westward to southern Missouri, south through Tennessee to
northern Alabama, the valley of the Chickasaw river, Mississippi {Molir), and southwestern Arkansas (Fulton,
Letterman).

A large tree along streams and river bottoms, in lower ground than the species with which it is connected by
numerous intermediate forms.

Wood heavier than that of the species; specific gravity, 0.6915; ash, 0.71.

65. — Acer dasycarpum, Ebrhart.

Beitr. iv, 2'1.— Mceuch, Moth. 56.— Persoon, Syn. i, 417. — WilUlcnow, Spec, iv, 985; Enum. ii, 1044. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 446. —
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 252; Sylva, ii, 87; 2 ed. n, 35.— Hayne. Deud. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 449.—
Ton-ey, Fl. U. S. 39G; Compend. Fl. N. States, 169; Fl. N. York, i, 136, t. 18; Nicollet's Kep. 147.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.—
Tauscb, Rogonsb. Fl. xii-, .553. — Eatou, Manual, 6 ed. 2. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 423, (ig. 129 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113;
Jour. Bot. i, 200.— Bigolow, Fl. Boston. 3 od. 407.— Torrey & Gr.ay, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 112.— Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 487; 2 ed. ii, 5,56 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 ed. 46.— Richardson.
Arctic Expod. 423.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.— Cnrtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 51. — Lesqueroux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, '.$54. — Wood, CI. Book, 2f<6; Bot. Jt Fl.
74.— Engelmauu in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new scr. xii, 187.— Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 119.— 'Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 68.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 541.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst.
xiii,3.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-80,53":.— Nicholson in Loudon Card. Chronicle, 1881, 136,f.24.— Ridgway in Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62.

A. saccharinum, Linnieus, Spec. 1 ed. 1055.

A. riibnun, var. pallidum, Alton, Ilort. Kew. iii, 434.

A. eriocarpum, Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,2,-.3.— Desfoutaines in Ann. Mus. vii, 412, t. 25, f. 1 ; Hist. Arb. i. 392.— Poiret, SnppL
ii, 573.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 8.— Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 205, t. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 .ni. i, 146, t. 40.—
Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 30.— Do Candolle, Proilr. i, 595.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Peuu. Cyd. i, 79.— Beck, Bot. 6;».—
Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 116; Ann. Soi. Nat, 2 ser. ii, 177.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 245.— Dietrich, Syn. ii,
1282. — Browne, Trees of America, 95. — Mcehau in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1868, 140.

SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. SILVEK MAPLE.

Valley of the Saint John's river, New Brunswick, to Ontario, south of latitude 45°, south to western Florida;
west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the valley of the Blue river, Kansas, autl the Indian territory.

A large tree, IS to SO or, exceptionally, .'>(> nutters in height, with a trunk l.'JO to l.SO meter in diameter; along
•treams and intervales, in rich soil ; most coinniOH west of the Alleghany mountains, and reaehiuj; its gn\»test
develoi)uu'ut in the basin of the lower Ohio river.

Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked; nu'dullary rays numerous, thin :

specific gravity, O.-^^Ol); ash, 0..'J3; somewliat u.sed in the manufacture of cheap furniture, for flooring, ettv ; maple

sugar is occasionallv madt> from this spt-cies.
t Foi;

50 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

66. — Acer rubrum, Linna-us,

Speo. 1 ed. ItKxi.— Dii Boi, Diss. 5t».— Marshall, AHuiBtiiiii, 3.— Lamarck, llict. ii,300; 111. iii, 4:i«*, t. Ir'-H, f. 3.— Khihait, Beitr. iv,'23.—
Abbot, Ios«'ct8 Gforgia. ii, 93.— Aiton, Hort. Ift-w. iii, 434 (oxcl. var.) ; -2 cd. v, 44(;.— Mu-ucli, Meth. Sti.— Michuux, I'l. Bor.-Am.
ii,'253.— Poreoon, Syu. i, 417.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 471.— Noiivoau Duliamel, iv,31.— WilUlonow, Spec. iv,984; Kmiiii. ii, 1014.—
Dcsfoutaines in Ann. Miis.vii,413, t. 'i'.. f.2; Hist.Arb. i, 391.— Poiri-t, Snpiil. ii, 574.— Tratfinick, Arcbiv. i, t. It.— Slirh.ti.x f.
Hist. Arb. Am. ii.210,t. 14 ; N. Amorican Sylva,3 otl. i 149, t.41.— riir>h,l'l. Am. !?e]>l. i, 2().'>.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 377.— Niii tall.
Gt-nt-ra. i,a.VJ.— Eaton, Manual, 44 ; God. 2.— Haync, Uend. Fl. '213.- Elliott, Sk. i, 449.- Toney, Fl.U. S. 39,') ; Compond. Fl. N. St;ite«,
l»jt>: Fl. N. York, i, 137.— Watson, Dend. JJrit. ii, 1. 1(39.— Spivngol, Sy^I. ii, '22.").- .Vudnboii, Birds, t. 54, (i7.— Tansoli, IJogcnsh. Fl. xii«,
55->._Pcuu.Cycl. i.79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 114 ; Jour. Hot. i, 199.— Don, MMl.-r's Diet, i, CoO.— Beck, Bot. 03.- Spacli.HisI . Vcg. iii.
113: Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 sor.ii, 176.— London, .\rborotum,i, 424, f. 130 & t.—Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 249, C»l.— Dii'trieh, Syn.
ii, 12f2.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Bigilow, Fl. Boston. 3(d. 40,'>.— Walpevs, Rep. i,4i;9.— R.id in London Card. Clironielc, 1>!44,
27»j.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 4C:3 ; 2 cd. ii, 561 & t.— Parry in Owcu's Ivcp. 010.— Kichardsou, Arctic Exped. 422.— Nuttall,
Sylva,U,e7; 2 cd. ii, 34.— Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 cd.4G.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. lA'JS, 251. —
Chapman, Fl.S. States, 81.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1*)0, iii, 50. — Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
354.— Wood, CI. Book, 286; Bot. & F1.74.— Eugelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Porcher, Resotirces S. Forests,
79.— Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 265, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Koch, Dcndrologie, i, ,')42.— Young, Bot. Texaa,
•^00.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Macoun in Geological Rop. Canada, 1875-'7ti, 192.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176.— Bell in
Geological R< p. Canada, 1879-'60, 54"=.- Nicholson iu London Card. Chrouicle, 1881, 172, f. 30, 31.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mu8. Twfi. 62.

/ A. glauviim, Marshall, Arbnstum, 2.

f A. Caroliniana, W'altcr, Fl. Caroliniana,2ol.

A. coccincum, Michaux f. Hist. Arb.Am. ii,203; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 142.

*-l. saiuiulneum, Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 115 ; Ann. Sei. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 176.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.

BED 3IAPLE. SW^ASIP 5IAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WATER MAPLE.

Xiw liniii.swick, Quebec and Ontario, south of latitude 49°, north and west to the Lake of the Woods, south
to Indian and t'alooaa rivers, Florida, west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian territory, and the
valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A large tree, 20 to 30 or, exceptionally, 32 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter iu diameter ;
borders »)f ^treams and low, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development iu the valleys of the lower Wal")a,sh
and Yazoo rivers.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, closegjained, compact, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, obscure;
i.olor, brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specilic gravity, 0.G178; a,sh,0.37 ; largely used iu cabinet-
making, turnery, and for woodenware, gun stocks, etc.; an accidental variety with undulating grain is highly
valued.

Ink is occa.sionally made, domestically, by boiling the bark of this species in soft water and coinhining the
tannin with sulphate of iron; formerly .somewhat used in dyeing.

Var. Drummondii.

A. Drummondii, Hooker &, Arnott in Hooker, .lour. Bot. i, 199.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii,83, t.70; 2 ed. ii,30, 1.70.

Southern Arkansa-s, eastern Texas, western Louisiana, and sparingly tlirough tlui Gulf states to southern
Georgia.

Well characteiized by its obovate or truncate leaves, the base entire or slightly crenulate-toothed, densely
covered, as well as the petioles and young shoots, with a thick white tomentum ; fruit convergent, the wings bright
red, even when fully ripe.

A large tree, in deep, wet swanijis, connected with the species by numerous Interiuediatc forms of Georgia,
Florida, and Alabama.

Wood ligliter than that of the species; specific gravity, O.-'JioU; ash, 0.34.

67. — Negundo accroides, Mtmch,

Metb. 334.— Torrcy Sc Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 250.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 327.— Torrey in Nicollet's Reji. 147 ; Fremouts Rep. 88;
PaciBc K. R. Rep. iv, 73.— Nnttall, .Sylva, ii, 92; 2 ed. ii, 38.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 166; Mem. Am. Acad.
new wr. iv, 29; v, .309; Genera, ii, 202, t. 175; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 41 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 120.— Richardson, Arctic
Exped. 42:1.- Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Darlington, Fl. Ciwtriea, 3 ed. 46.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251; Am. Nat.
iii, 306.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, IdOU, iii, 53.— Wood, CI. Book, 287; Bot. <t
Fl. 74.— EngelmaDn iu Trans. Am. Phil. .Soc. new ser. xii, 188.- Port«r iu Hajdeu's Rep. 1870, 474.— Watson iu King's Rep.
V, 52; PI. Wheeler, 7.— Port<-r & Conller, Fl. Colorado ; Haydeu's Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 19.— Macoun & Gibson in Trims. Bot
Soc. Edinburgh, xii, 319.— Y'oung, Bot. Texas. 207.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Miiconn in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-'76, 192.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 108.— Rothroek in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 84.— Heuislcy, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 214.—
Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, l879-'e0, 4^":.- Nicholson iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1881,
615.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mnfl. 1882, 63.— Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad, ivii, 338.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES 51

Acer NegU7ldo, Liuuujue, Spec. 1 eU. 1050. — Waugenheim, Ainer. 30, t. Vi, f. ii9.— Marsball, Arbuhtuui, ;.•.— Lauiarok, Diet ii,
380.— Walter, Fl. Caroliiiiana, 2o0.— Aiton, Hort. Kcw. iii, 4:i(); -icd. v, 448.— Michaiix, Y\. Bor. Am. ii. 253.— Penoon,
Syn. i, 418. — DcKfontaiiifH, Hist. Arli. i,3yi. — Willdciiow, Spec, iv, 992; Ennm. ii, 104fi. — Nouvpaii DiibauicI, iv. 27, t.
7.— Tiattinick, Archiv. i, t. 40.— Michaiix 1". Hist. Arli. Am. ii,^47, 1. 18; X. Ainericaii Sylva, 3 c-d. i, IT'i, t. 46.— Painh,
Fl. Am. Sept. i, 268.— Hayno, Deud. Fl. 210.— Elliott, Sk. i, 4.">2.— James in Long's Expe<l. ii, 09.— iorrcy, Fl. U. 8.
298; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170; Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173; Emorj-'s Eep. 407.— Sprengc-l, Syst. ii, 2-J5.— Guiinp<-I,
Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 119, t. 95.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1283. — London, Arboretuiu, i,
460, t. 46, 47.— Darby, 15ot. S. States, 265.— Buchenan in Bot. Zeit. xiv, 285, t. 11 &. fiss.- Koch, DendmloBie, i,
544.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 374, f. 426.

Xegwndiumfraxiinfolium, Kafincsquf, Med. Rep. v, 354.— Desvar.N, Jour. Bot. >, 170.

Negundo fraxinifolium, Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 596.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 114; Jf>nr. Bot. i,
200.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, C51.— Beck, Bot. 64.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 119.— Rafinesqne, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.— Browne,
Trees of America, 106. — Scheele in Ecomer, Texas, 433. — Scbnizlein, Icon. t. 227, f. 2, 18.

f N. Mexicanum, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 596.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Ccnt. i, 214.

N. trifoliatum, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.

N. lohatum, Katinesqne, New Fl. &. Bot. i, 48.

N. Californicmn, Scheele in Ra-mcr, Texas, 433 [not Torrey & Gray].

BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE.

Shores of the Winooski river and lake Cbani plain, Yciiiiont, near Ithaca, New York, eastern Pennsylvania,
and south to Hernando coiintj-, Florida (not detected in northeastern Florida) ; northwest through the lake region of
the United States and Manitoba to the Dog's Head, lake Winnii)eg, and along the southern branch of the Saskatchewan
to the eastern base of the llocky mountains; west in the United States to the eastern sloj>es of the Rocky
mountains of Montana, through Colorado to the Wahsatch mountains, Utah; southwest through the basin of the
Mississipjji river, western Texas, and New Mexico to the ^MogoUon mountains, eastern Arizona ; southward into
Mexico.

A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to (».!I0 or, excej)tionally, l.'JO meter in diameter; moist
soil, borders of streams, etc.; in the Rocky Mountain region in high valleys, between 5,000 and 0,000 feet elevation;
one of the most widely distributed trees of the American forest, reaching its greatest development in the valleys
of the Wabash and Cumberland rivers.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, creamy-white,
the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4.'$2S ; ash, 1.07; occasionally used in the interior finish of
houses, for woodenware, cooperage, and paper-pulp.

Small (luantities of ma]de sugar are .sometimes obtained from this species.

68. — Negundo Californicum, Torroy & Gray,

Fl. N. America, i, 250, 684.— Hooker i Arnott, Bot. Beechoy, 327, t. 77.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. ;B7.— Walpers, Hep. i. 410.— Bentbam,
PI. Ilartweg. 301. — Nuttall, 8ylva, ii,90, t. 72; 2ed. ii, 37, t. 72. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1S58, 258, in part. — Koob, Dendrolopie,
i, 545.— Brewer & Watson, Hot. Calil'oniia, i, 108. — Vaeey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Nicholson in London Gai-d. Chronicle. 1 S^- 1. r- 15.

Acer Galifornicum, Dietrich, .«lyn. ii, 1283.

If. aceroides, Torrey in Pacilic R. R. Kep.iv,74; Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 47; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 25t» [not Moencii].—
Bolandor in Proe. California Acad, iii, 78.

BOX ELDER.

(California, valley of the lower Sacramento river (Sacramento, and in Marin and Contra Costa counties*),
southward in the interior valleys of the Coast ranges to about latitude 35°, canons of the western slopes of the San
Bernardino mountains [rarish lirotherx).

A snuill tree, 0 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.tiO meter in diameter; borders ot stn'ams.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly white, or
slightly tinged with yellow; specific gravity. 0,4821; ash. 0.54 ; occasiomdly used in the maiuifacture of cheap
furniture.

52 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

A N A C A R D I A C E iS

69. — Rhus cotinoides, Nuttall,

Mm. in Herb. Philadelphia Acad. ; Travels, 177.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kei>. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 70.— Wood, CI.
Book, 285; Bot. i Kl. TJ.— Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acid. 1881, 125.— Mohr in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 217.

R. cotinusf Toire.v 4 Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 21C.— Wood. CI. Book, 285.

Cotinus Americanus, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, l, t. 81; 2 cd. ii, 71, t. 81.

Cotinm COggygria, Engler in De Candolle, Snites, iv, .T51, in part.

Indian territorj, "on tbe ligbt, broken, calcareous, rocky banks of tbe Grand river, a large tributai-y of the
Arkansas, at a place then known as tbe Eagle's Nest," (Xuttall, I. c); Alabama, north of tbe Tennessee river on
southern slopes of tbe Cumberland mountains (on a bill near Bailie's farm, twelve miles from Huntsville, on tbe
Madison road, Buckley, Mohr), and doubtfully reported north of the Alabama line, in Tennessee.

CHITTAM WOOD.

In Alabama, a small wide-branching tree, 9 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter;
on limestone benches from 700 to 900 feet elevation, in den.se forests of oak, ash, maple, etc.; local and very rare;
not re<li.scovered in Arkansas or the Indian territory ; in Alabama nearly exterminated.

Wood light, .soft, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with tbe soil ; layers
of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays, tnunerous, very obscure ; color,
bright, clear, rich orange, tbe thin sap-wood nearly white ; sijcciiic gravity, 0.(>425; ash, O.-W; largely used locally
for fencing, and yielding a clear orange dye.

70- — Rhus typhina, Mmiii-tis,

Ajncen. iv, 311. — MedicoM, Bot. Beohacht. 1782, 228. — Wangcphoini, Anier. H"). — Marnhall, Aibiistiiui, 129. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiaua,
255.— Alton. Horl. Kew. i, 3C5; 2 ed. ii, 1G2.— Ehrhart, Beitr. vi, 811.— Ma>nch, Meth. 72.— Willdeiiow, .Spec i, 1478; Ennni. i, 323.—
B.S.Barton, Coll. i, 51.— .Schkuhr, Handb. 2.37.— Michaiix, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 182.— Nonveaii Uuhaiiiel, ii, KM, t. 47.— Persoon, Syn. i,
324. — DeKfontaincii, Hist. Arb. ii, 325. — Poiret in Laniarik, Diet, vii, 503. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadulph. 39; Compend. Fl.
Philadeljih. i,l.'>:<.— Pnrsli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 204.— Eaton, Manual, 35 ; Oed. 302.— Nut tall. Genera, i,203.— Koemer &. SchiiltcB, Syst. vi,
C43.— Hay ue, Dend. Fl. :«.— Elliott, Sk. i, 360.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 322 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 140 ; Fl. N. York, i, 128.— De Candolle,
Prodr. ii, fi7.— .Sprengel, Syst. i, 'J:!C.— Walsou, Dend. lirit. i, t. 17, 18.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 12(i.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 70.—
Beck, Bot. 76.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii. 212.— Bennett, PI. Jav. Rar. 80.— London, Arboretum, ii, ',^(>, f. 224.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.
N. America, i, 217, 680.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1002.— Emerson, Trce.s
MawiachuflettM, 501; 2 cd. ii, 571 & t. — Browne, Trees of America, 184. — Gridith, Med. Hot. 186. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. —
Darlington, Fl. Ce«trica, 3ed. 43. — Richardson, Arctic Ex])cd. 424. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 254. — Coojier in Suiitlisoniau Rep. 18.'i8,
•^•0. — Chapman, Fl. .S. States, 69. — (;urtis in Rep. Gi-ological Snrv. N. Caroliiui, l'^60, iii, 93. — Le.sqnerenx in Owin's 2d Rep.
Arkan«i8, 35:i.— Wood, CI. Book, 384; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Porcher, Resonrccs S. Forests, 208.— Gray, Manual N. States,5ed. 111.—
Koch, Dendrologie, i, 576. — Yonng, Bot. Texas, 197. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — GuibonrI, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 488. — Nat.
Disp<-nsatory, 2e<l. 12:».— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63.— Engler in De Candollo, Snites, iv, 377.

Datima liirta, lAuwitin, sped «1. 1037.— Don, .Millers Diet, i, 2<W.

R. ht/pnelodendron, Moench, Meth. 73.

R. Canadenne, Miller, Dicf.No. .5.-Nouveau Duhaniol, ii, 16;!.

R. riridijlora, Noovean Duhamol, ii, 16:t.— Poirfct in Lamarck, Diet, vii, f«4.— Do Candollo, Prodr. ii, 67.— Nuttall, Genera,
i, 2(0.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 70. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1002. — Loudon, Arborettun, ii, 551. — Browne, Trees of America,
184.

R. typhina, var. viridiflora, Engler In De Candolle, Suites, iv, 378.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 53

STAGHOEN StTMACH.

New Brunswick, wost tlirougli the valley of tbe Saiut Lawrence river to southern Ontario and Minnesota,
Boutli through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, cential Alabama and
MiNsis!si|)])i.

A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0..30 meter in diameter, or often a shrub; dry
hillsides or often along stream.s in sandy, moist soil. A variety with laeiniate leaves occurs near Bauover, New
Hampshire, vai-. laciniata, Wood, CI. Booh; 2Si.—Bot. <t- Fl. 73).

^\■()()(l lighr, brittle, soft, coarsegrained, comiiact, satiny, susceptible of a jrood polish ; layers of annual growth
clearly marked by four to six rows of large oiien ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow streaked
with green, the sai)-woo(l nearly white: sjieeitic gravity, 0.4.'5.j7; asii, 0.50; occasionally used for inlaying cabinet
work; the young shoots for "sap (juills" in drawing the sap of the sugar maple.

Bark and leaves astringent, rich in tanuin, and somewhat useil locally as a dye and in dressing skins {Special
Rep. i^'o. 20, U. S. Ay. l)ep. 22, t. .'{); an infusion of the berries used domestically as a gargle in ca.ses of catarrhal
sore throat.

71. — Rhus copallina, i.iuuuMis,

Spec. 1 ed 266. — \fedieiis, Bot. B(>ol)acht. 17.-'2, '22-1. — Xlarsball, Arbii>tum, 128. — Wangenheim, Amer.'.Mj. — Walter, Kl. C'arolJniaiia,25.'i. —
G;eitiier, Fruct. i, 20:>, t. 44.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. i, 3tJ6; 2 o<l. ii, 16:5.— I'lciuk, loon. t. 233.— Lamarcls. 111. ii, 346, t. 207, f. 3.—
Jacquiu, Hort. Scbonb. iii, Uti, t. 341.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1480 ; Ennm. i, 324. — Micbaux, I'l. Bor.-Am. i, l52. — .Sebkubr, Uanilb.
237. — Nouveau Diibamcl, ii, 100. — Persoon, Syn. i, 324. — Desfoutaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 325. — Poiret in Lamarck. Diet, vii, iX)6. —
Barton, Pn.dr. II. Pbilailolph. 39.— Pur.sb, FI. Am. Sept. i, 205.— Eaton. Manual, 34 ; 6 vA. 302.— Xattall, Gpnora, i. 203.— Etrmer &
Scbultes. i^jst. vi, 647.— Hayne, Di'nd. Fl. 34.— Elliott, Sk. i, 362.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 323 ; Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 140 ; Fl. N. York,
129.— DeCainlollc,Prodr. ii, 68.-8prongel, Syst. i, 936.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 72.— Beck, Bot. 7.').- Hcmker in Jour. B.it. i, 202.—
Spacb, Hist. Vcg. ii, 214.- Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 217.— Eaton & Wriglit, Bot. 392.- Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.—
Dietricb. Syn. ii, 1003. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 554. — Enier.son, Trees Miissai^bnsetts, 503 ; 2 ed. ii, 574. — Gritlith, Med. Bot. 186. —
Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. vi, 28 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. Ill; Hall's PI. Texas, .5. — Scheele in Rceuier, Texas, 431. —
Darlington, FI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 43.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 255.— Cb.apman, Fl. S. States, 69.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, ISfiO, iii, 92. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :?52. — Wood, CI. Book, 284 ; Bot. & Fl. 7:?. — Engelniaon in
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187. — Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 207. — Koch, Dendrologie, .575. — Young, Bot. Texas, 197. —
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1236.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. No. 22, 73.— Eidgway in Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63. — Engler in De Caudollo, Suites, iv, 384.

9 R. copallina, vars. laiifolia, latialafa, angusti/oUa, and serrata, Engler in Do CandoUe, Snites, iv. 384.

DWARF St^MACn.

Northern New England, south to Manatee and Caximbas bay, Florida, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the
valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.

A small tree, G to 9 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or at the north a low shrub
1 to 2 UK^ters in height ; dry hills and ridges, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and
eastern Texas; running into various forms. The best marked is —

var. leucantha. Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 68.— Gray in Jonr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vi. 158.

R. leucantha, Jacquin, Ilort. Seboul). iii, 50, t. 342.— Spach, Hist. Vog. ii, 215.

R. copallina, var. angKHtialata, Eni;lor in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 384.

Shrubby, leaflets lanceolate, flowers white.

Wood liglit, soft, not strong, eoarse-grainetl, comi)act, satiny, susceptible of a good poli,><h ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, not inomiuent; color, light
brown streaked with green, or often tinged with red; the sap-wood lighter; sjiecitic gravity. 0.527.'?; ash. O.Gt).

Leaves and bark astringent, rich in tiinnin ; the leaves largely collected, principally in Maryland, Virginia,
West Virginia, and Tennessee, and ground for tanning and dyeing {Sjtccial Kq>. No. 20, I'. S. Aij. Dep. 2t», t, 5)j
the fruit, acid and astringent, used, as well as that of the shrubby Rhus ijlabra, by herbalists iu the form of
decoctions, tluid extiacts. etc., as a gargle in the treatment of .sore throat.

Var. lanceolata. Gray,

Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 1,58.— Torrey, Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 44.— Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 338.

R. copallina, var. intcgri/olia, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, :?84.

Western Texas, Dallas {Revereho)i) to the Rio Grande.

A small tree, with lanceolate, elongated leaflets, 5 to G meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in
diameter; calcareous soil; common; specific gravity, 0.5184; ash, 0,S,5.

54 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

72. — Rhus venenata, Do CandoUo,

Prodr. u, 68.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 126.— Don. MilUr's Diet, ii, 71.— Beck, Bot. 76.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ji,215.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 284.-
LondoD. Arboretum, ii. 502, f. 22C. — Torrey. & Gniy, Fl. N. Aiucrieo, i, 21t', OSl. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392. — Dictrieh, Syu. ii,
10t«.— Torrcy, Fl. N. York, i, 130.— Brtnvuo, Trees of America, 186.- Griffitb, Med. Bot. 185.— Emerson, Trees Massaclnisetts,
5(M; 2 e*l. ii. 57.") & t. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 44. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rop. IS.'iS,
250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States CO.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii, 03.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, XtS.— Wood, CI. Book, 281; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 111.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.—
Bailey iu Am. Xat. vii, 5, f. 3.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22. 73,— F.ngler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 397.

R. rerilid; Linnxus. Spec. 1 ed. 205, in part. — Kalm, Travels, English ed. 177. — Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 223. — Marshall,
Arbustnm, 130.— Waugenheim, Anier. 92. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 30C ; 2 ed. ii, 163. — Plenck, Icon. t. 234. — Lamarck, III,
ii, 346, t. 207. f. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1479; Enum, i, 323,- B, S. Barton, Coll. i, 23, 50.— Schknbr, Han.lb. 2:!6.—
Michaux. Fl, Bor,-Am, i, 183, — Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, Kiy. — Per.soon, Syn, i, 324. — Desibntaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 32.5. —
Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, ."05,— Nuttall, Genera, i, 203,— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelpb. 39 ; Couipend, Fl, Pbiladeli)h,
154,— Pursh, FI,Am. Sept. i,20.->.— Eaton, Manual, 34; C ed. 302.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. i, 96, t.lO; Fl. Boston. 3 ed.
126.— Roemer i Schultes, Syst. vi, 646.— Hayuc, Dend. Fl. 34.— Elliott, .Sk. i, 362.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 323; Compond.
FL X. States, 20:?.- Sprengel, Syst. i, 9.W.— Hooker, .lour, Bot. 1,202.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 255.— Porcher, Resources
S, Forests, 206.

POISON SUMACH. POISON ELDEE.

Northern New Euglaud, 80iitli to tiortlieiii Georgia, Alahaiiia, and western roui.siana, west to northern
Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas.

A small tree, 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.20 ni<'ter in diameter, or more often a
tall shrub; 4ow, wet swamps or, more rarely, on higher ground.

"Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, moderately com])act ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by three or four
rows of large open duets; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color, light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood
lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4382 ; ash, O.Cl.

The whole plant, as well as the allied R. Toxicodendron, to most persons exceedingly poisonous to the touch,
owing to the presence of a volatile principle, Toxkodendrie add ( TJ. S. DiKpcnsatory, l-l ed. 908. — Nat. Dhpennatory^ 2 ed.
1404); the white milky sap turning black in drying and yielding a valuable lacquer {Bif/elow, Med. Bot. 1. c.)

73. — Rhus Metopium, Linnajus,

Amajn. v, 395.— Titford, Hort. Bot, Am, 51,— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 49, t. 79.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67.— Macf'adyen, Fl,
Jamaica, 225,— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 121, t. 80 ; 2 ed. ii, 68, t. 80.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 381.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.—
Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 175.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.

Metopium Linnwi, Eugler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, :J67.
POISON WOOD. CORAL SUMACH. MOUNTAIN MANCUINEEL. UTIM WOOD. HOG PLUM. DOCTOR GUM.

Seroi-trojjical Florida, bay IJi.scayne to the, southern ki'ys; in the West Indies.

A tree 12 to l.'i meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO meter in diameter, reaching in the United
States its greatest development on the shores of liay Biscayne, near Miami; one of the most common trees of the
region, the large specimens generally decayed.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, checking batlly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed
open ducts; medtdlary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown
or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7tU7; ash, 2.'.i'.i; little esteemed.

A resinous gum, emetic, purgative, and diuretic, is obtained from incisions made in the bark of this species
(Pharm. Jour, vii, 270. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogttcs, 7 ed. iii, 489).

74. — Pistacia Mexicana, HBK.

Nov. Gen. &. .Si>cc. vii,22, t. 608, — De Candolle, Prodr, ii, 64. —Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. v,27. — ToiToy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
44. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858. 2<J5, — Brevfer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 109. — Vasey, Cat. Forest TYees, 11. — Homsley,
Bot, Am, -Cent. i,221. — Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 338,

Texas, valley of the Rio Grande (near the moutli of the Pecos river, Bigelaw); southward into Mexico (Saltillo,
Palmer, etc.).

Wood not collected.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 5n

LEGUMINOSJ].

75. — Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 3.39.

E. amorpjioides, var. orthocarpa, Gmy in SmitliBonian Contrib. iii,40; v,237.
Jl aniorphoides, Torroy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 51, in part.

Western Texas, valleys of the upper Guadalupe and Eio Grande, west to the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina
raountain.s, Arizona (Print/le) ; southward into northern Mexico.

A small tree, 5 to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.09 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub;
dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest development near the summit of the Santa Catalina mountains, at 3,000
feet altitude.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, very compact; layers of annual growth clearly defined by numerous rows of
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light reddish-brown, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity
0.8740; ash, 1.28.

76. — Dalea spinosa, Gray,

Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, ;U5 ; Ives' Rep. 10. — Torrcy, Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 78; vii, 0, t. 3.— Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, .53.—
Walpons, Ann. ir, 48,5.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 266. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 132.— Brewer & Wat»on, Bot.
California, i, 143.— ^Hemsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent. 249.

Asagrcea Hjmwsct, Baillon in Adansonia, ix, 232 ; Hist. PI. ii, 288.

Colorado de.sert, southern California (Agua Caliente, Toras, et-c), and eastward to the valley of the lower Gila
river, Arizona.

A small tree, sometimes G meters in height, with a short, stout trunk 0.45 to O.oO meter in diameter (Parry,
Parish Brothers), or often a low shrub; dry, gravelly, rocky soil.

Woo<l light, soft, rather coarse-grained, containing many evenly-distributed oiien ducts; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, walnut-brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specitic gravity, 0.553G; ash, 4.04.

77. — Robinia Pseudacacia, Linn.-ens,

Spec. 1 ed. 722. — Marshall, Arbustum, 133. — ^Wangenheim, Amer. 16, t. 7. — L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 16C. —
Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 53 ; 2 ed. iv, 323.— Gairtner, Fruct. ii, :!07, 1. 145.— Willdonow, Spec, iii, 1131 ; Euum. i,769.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-
Adi. ii, 65.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 60, t. 16.— Poiret. in Lamarclc Diet, vi, 222; 111. iii, 163, t. 606.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 311.—
Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 302. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 245, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 92, t. 76. — Punsh, Fl. Am. Sept.
ii, 487.— Eaton, Maunal, 82; 6 ed. 300.— Thomas in Am. Month. Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii, <X1.— Nuttall, Ctenera, ii. 118.— Hayne,
Deud. Fl. 140.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 242.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 261.— Sprengol, Syst. iii, 247.— Torn-y ii> Ann. l.yc. X.York, ii.
178; Compoud. Fl. N. States, 271; Fl. N. York, i, 165; Emory's Rep. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 140.— Audubon, Birds, t.
104.— Don, Milloi-'s Diet, ii, 237.— Beck, Bot. 82.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. i, 2,58.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 294.— Loudon.
Arboretum, ii, 60!), f. 305 & t.— E.aton & Wright, Bot. 397.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 295.— Browne, Trees of America, 197.—
Emerson, Trees, Massachusetts, 460; 2 ed. ii,522 &, t.— Oriftith, Med. Bot. 238, f. 123. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 105:5, — Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 65. — Darby Bot. S. States, 280.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S, States. 94.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 48. — Lestiuereux in Owen's 2d Rep, Arkansas, 356. — Wood, CI. Book, 319: Bot. & Fl.
95. — Lemairo, 111. Hort. xii, t. 427. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 188. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 131. — Koch, Don«lr«logie,
i, 55.— Verlot in Rev. Hort. 1873, 152 & f.— Young, Bot. Texas, 22t?.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1R82, 65.

Pscuflamda odorata, Munch, Metb. 145.

E.friKjiKK, Salisbury, Prodr. 336.

LOCCST. BLACK LOCUST. YELLOW LOCUST.

Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania (Locust ridge, Monroe county, Porter) to northern Georgia; wiiloly and
genenilly naturalized throughout the United States east of the Koeky mountains, and possibly indigoiums in
northeastern (Crowley's ridge) and western Arkansas and the jiriuries of eastern Indian territory,

A tree 22 to L*5 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to \.2Q nuHer in diameter; west of the Jlis.sissippi river
much smaller or often a low shrub 1.80 to .'3 meters in height, reaching its gwatest develoi)ment on the western
slopes of the monntaius of West Virginia.

66 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Wood heavy, exceediugly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground;
layers of annual growth dearly marked by two or three rows of large open ducts; color, brown or, more rarely, light
green, the sap-wood yellow; specitic giayity. 0.7;53.{; ash. O.r.l (Trtcul in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 eer. six, 182, t. 2, f. 1 ;
t. G, 7. f. 10. ) : largely used in ship-buililing. for iwsts of all sorts, construction, and in turnery; preferred to
other American woods for treenails, antl in this form largely exported.

The bark of the root tonic, or in large doses i)iirgativc and emetic (U. S. Diyjiciixatorii, 1-1 ed. lH*i.—Nat
Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1233) ; formerly widely i)lanted as a timber tree [Cohhett, Woodlands, \y.n: 323); its cultivation in
the United States now generally abandoned on account of the desti active attacks of the locust borer {Cyllene picta,
Packard in Bull. U. S. EntomiiUujical Com. No. 7, 0.")).

78. — Robinia viscosa, Vi iittn.it,

Hon. (.'«-• Is, 4, t. 4.— Hot. Man;, t- iniU.— WilliJi-uow. Sin-c. iii, 1 i;tl ; Enuiu. ii, (lit*.— .Micbaiix, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 65.— Nouvean Dubamcl, il, 64,
1. 17.— Poirct in Laiiiarok, Diet. vi,"i2-->.-^B. S. B.-irton, Hot. Appx. 29, t.-il.— PcrsDon, Syn. ii,:Ul.— Desfont.iinos, Hist. Arb. ii, 302.—
Alton, Hort. Kew. Sed. iv, :VJ:$.— Micbaiix 1". Hist. Arb. Am. iii, aCi, t. 2; N. Auiericau Sylva, ii, 104, t 77.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 488.—
Kuttall, Gcm^ra.ii, 118.— Hiiyue, Deiid. Fl. 140.— Elliott, <5;k.ii.24'2.— Dp Camlollo.Prodr. ii, 202.— Giiiinpi-I,Otto& Haym-, Abb. Hob!.
81, t. C5.— Sprengcl, .'^yst. iii. 247.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 23G.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. :iOC.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. i, 260.— Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 21t5.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 626, t. b7, f. 306.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 397.— Browne, Trees of America, 209.—
DietricL.Syu. iv, 1053. — Darby, Bot. S. tjtates, 280. — Cooper in Smithsuuiau Uep. 18^8,251.— Chapuiau, Fl. S. States, 94.— Cnrtis in
Eep. Geological Sur%-. N. Carolina, 18(», iii, 49. —Wood, CI. Book, 319; Bot. &. Fl. 95.— Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 193.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 131.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.

I{. glntinosa, Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. .''160. — Kocb, Dendrologie, i, 59.

Cl.AMMV LOCUST.

" High Alleghany moiiiitaiiis south of latitude 35°" (Micliaux). "Open woods, slopes of Buzzard ridge, altitude
4,500 feet, near Highland, Macon county, North Carolina" (J. DouncH Smith).

A small tree, !» to 12 meters in height, with a trunk not exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; very rare, and not
rediscovered until 1882 by the numerous botanists who have visited, during the last thirty years, the localities where
the Michauxs, father and sou, discovered tliis species; widely cultivated and now occasionally naturalized in th«
Atlantic states.

WofKl (of a cultivated specimen) heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked
by many rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific
gnivity, 0.8094; ash, 0.20.

79. — Robinia Neo-Mexicana, Gray,

Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 314.— Torrey in Pacific IJ. R. Rep. iv, 79 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 53.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 491.—
Coojier in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,265.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 419.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Haydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub.
No.4,23.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.

LOCUST.

Colorado, valley of the Purgatory river (near Trinidad), headwaters of the Canadian river, tluougli western and
Bouchwe.stern New Mexico to the Santa Catalinaand Santa Itita mountains [Lemnion, Prini/k), Arizona (■1,.'jOO to 7,000
feet altitude), southern Utah, Mount Zion cafiou, west fork of the Kio Virgin, and near Kanah.

A small tree, sometimes 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or toward it«
u])per limits of growth reduced to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Purgatory
river, Colorado.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hanl. (strong, close-gniiiied, (•om))act, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed
open duct.s; medullary rays, thin, consi>icuous; color, yellow stn-aked with brown, the sap-wood light yellow;
specific gritvity, 0.8031 ; .xsli, 0.00.

80.— Olncya Tesota, Gray.

M«-ni. Am. Acad, new wr. v, 328; Ivo«' Rop. II.— Torrey in Pacitic Ii. R. Rep. iv, 11, 82; vii, 10, t. 5; Bot. Mox. Boundary Survey,
5(^._WaIp<-ni, Ann. iv, 470, 587.— Cooper in SniithHonian Rep. IH08, 26.'>— Brewer & Wat«on, Bot. California, I, 157.— Vasoy,
Cat. Forest Trees, 11. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. i.2C<).

IKON WOOIJ. AI!HI»1. I)K HIKKUO.

Califoniia, valley of the Colorado river south of tlic Mohave inonntaiiis, valley of the lower Gila river,
southwestern Arizona ; .southward in Honora.

A small tree in the United States, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 meter in diameter;
dry arroijox and caiTons; in Sonora more couimoii and of larger size.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. T)?

Wood very heavy and hard, stroiif;, brittlo, close-graiucd, coDiiiact, the grain generally contorted, diflBcult to
cut and work, susceptible of a high i)()lish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown streake<i witk
red, the sap-wood clear bright yellow; specilli; gravity, l.OOOL!; ash, 2.29 (the heart-wood, 1.1480; ash, 2.59; sap-
wood, 0.8958; ash, 1.85); occasionally manufactured into canes.

81. — Piscidia Erythrina, Limm-us,

Spec. 2 ed. 99;?.— Jacquin, Amor. 206.— Swartz, Obs. 277.— L.amarck, Diet, i, 443; 111. iii, 163, t. 605.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 84.—
Lnnan, Hort. Jam. i, 269. — Humboldt, Bouplaud & Kunth, Nov. Gen. & Spec. vi,382. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 267. — Descourtili,
Fl. Mod. Antilles, iii, 203, t. 196.— Macfadyea, Fl. Jamaica, i, 258.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 31, t. 52; 2 ed. i, 180.- BentUam in Joor.
Linnican See. iv, Suppl. 116 ; Bot. Sulphur, 81 . — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 110. — Grisebacb,
Fl. British West Indies, 200. — Porchev, Resources S. Forests, 175. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. i,319.

Erythrina piscipula, Linmens, Spec. 1 ed. 107.

P. Carthagenensis, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 267.

JAMAICA DOGWOOD.

Semi tropical Florida, bay Biscayne, west coast, Pease creek to cape Sable, and on the southern keys ; in the
West Indies and southern Mexico.

A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.75 meter in diameter.

Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, comi)aet, susce])tible of a high polish, containing few large
scattered open ducts; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous ; color, yellowish-brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific
gravity, 0.8734; ash, 3.38; one of the favorite woods of the region for boat-building, fire-wood, and charcoal.

The bark, especially of the root, narcotic, occasionally administered in the form of tinctures, or used, as well
as the young branches and leaves, to poison or stupefy fish.

82. — Cladrastis tinctoria, Railuosque,

Fl. Kent. 1824; Neog. 1825; Med. Bot. ii, 210; New Sylva, iii, 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 390.— Walpers, Rep. i, t07.—
Browne, Trees of America, 192. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 294.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States,
113.— Porcher Resources S. Forests, 175.— Wood, CI. Book, 301 : Bot. & Fl. 84.— Gray. Manual N. States, 5 ed. 143.— Vasey. Cat.
Forest Trees, 11.

Virgilia lutea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 2G(i, t. 3 ; Travels, 2*9 : N. Anieri(;in Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 106, t. 7?.— Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. i, 309.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 284.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 53.— Loi.selcnr, Herb. Amat. t. 297.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,
93.— Sprengel, Syst. iv-, 1, 171.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 112.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 397.— Spach. Hist. Veg. i, 16:^!,— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 480.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1501.— Loudon, .\rboretuni,ii, 565, t. 78.

G. lutea, Koch,Dendrologie,i,6.

YELLOW WOOD. YELLOW ASH. GOPHER WOOD.

Central Kentucky, clifls of the Kentucky and Dick's rivers; middle Tennessee, mountains of east Tennessee to
Cherokee county. North Carolina.

A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 or, exceptionally, 1.20 meter in diameter; rich
hillsides; in Kentucky on the Trenton limestones, and reaching its best development in middle Tennes.see; nu-e
and very local, the largo trees generally hollow or defective.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth
clearly marked by several rows of open ducts, and containing many evenly-distributed similar ducts; color, bright,
clear yellow, changing with exposure to light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.G27S; ash. 0.28;
used for fuel, occasionally for gunstocks, and yielding a clear yellow dye.

83. — Sophora secundiflora, Lagasca:

Do Candolle, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 148; Prodr. ii, 96. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 110. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 54. — Rev. Hort. 4
ser. iii, SOI, t. 11. — Beutham & Hooker, Genera, i, .'>55.— Hem.sley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 321.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 347.

Broiisnonetia secundiflora, Ortega, De< , v, oi, t. 7.

Virgilia nccundiflora, Cavanillcs, Icon. t. 401.

Agastianin secundiflora, Ealii-esque, New Sylva, iii, 86.

Bermatophyllum speciosum, Seheole in Linnaa, xxi, 458.

S. speciosa, Bentbam in Jour. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist, vi, 178. — Gray in Mom. Am. Acad, now 8«r. iv», 38 ; Smith.sonian Contrib.
iii, .^)4; Hall's PI. Toxa.s, 7.— Walpois, .\nn. ii, 439.— Torroy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 58.- Young, Bot. Texas,
242.— \'a8ev, Cat. Forest Tree.s. 12.

58 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

FRIGOLITO.

Matagorda bay, Texas, west to the mountains of ^'ow Mexico {Havcird).

A small tree, sometimes n meters in beig:lit, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diami-ter, or often, especially
west of the San Antonio river, a tall shrub, rarely exceodiuK 2 meters in heijjht, forniinj; dense thickets; borders
of streams, generally in a low, rather nioi.st soil.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, eomjiact, susceptible of a high polish; medullary rays numerous, thin;
color, orange .streaked with red. the iieavier sap-wood brown or yellow; sjiecific gravity, 0.0842; a,sh, 1.59;
furnishing valuable fuel.

The seeils contain an exceedingly poisonous alkaloid, Sophoria (H. C. Wood in. Philadelphia ^[ed. Timcn, August
4, ISll.—Rothroik in Coulter^n Bot. Gazette, ii, Vi6.—Nat. Dixpensatory, 2 ed. 1333).

84. — Sophora affinis, Torrey & Gray,

FI. N. America, i, 390. — Leavenworth in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. ix, 130. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. HiHt. vi, 178; Hall's PI.
Texas, 7. — Scheole in Roemer, Texas, 428. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.

Slt/phnolobinm affine, Walpers, Rep. i, 807.

Arkansas, valley of the Arkansas river [Letterman) to the valley of the Sau Antonio river, Texas.

A small tree, 5 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; borders of streams
and prairies.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several
rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous^ color, light red, the sap-wood bright, clear yellow ;
specific gravity, 0.8509 ; ash, 0.73.

Ink is occa.sionally made domestically from the resinous exudations of the pod.

85. — Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck,

Dict.i,733; Ill.iii, 412.t.823.— Michanx, FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 241, t. 51.— Willdeiiow, Spec, iv, 400; Enum. ii, 1019; Berl. Baumz. 169.—
Pereoon, Pvn. ii,626.— Desfontaines, Hi.'»t. Arb. ii, 250. —Alton, Hort. Kew. 2ed.T, 400.— Miclianx f. Hist. Arb. Ara. ii,272, t.23; N.
American .Sylva,3 ed. i, 182, t..'.0.— Ptirsh, FI. Am. Sept. i, 304.— Nuttall, Geuera,ii,243.— Hayne, Dcnd. FI. 203.— James in Long's
Exped. i, 1:1-'.- Rfichenlmch, Ma<:. Bot. t. 40.— De CaiidoUe, Prodr. ii, 480.— SprenRol, Syst. ii, 327.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N.York,
ii, 193; Conipcnd. FI. N. States, 37G ; FI. N. York, i, 190; Emory's Rep. 407.— Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am. 1, 16C.— Don, Miller's Dict.429.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. Ili2.— Beck, Bot. 93.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. i, ^^.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 2.")G & t.— Torrey & Gray, FI. N.
America, i, 398. — Eaton & AVri;;ht, Bot. 2.58. — Richard.son, Arctic Exped. 424. — Walpers, Rep. i, 809. — Browne, Trees of America,
218. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18o8, 251.— Lesfiuereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358.— Wood, CI. Book, 300 ; Bot. & FI. 83.—
Engelmaiin in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145. — Briot in Rov. Hort. 1870,436. — Vasey,
Cat. Foretit Trees, 12.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, lb79-'80, 54'.— Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63.— Chapman, FI.
8. States, SuppLei".

Guilandina dioica, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 381.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 56.— Alton, Hort. Kew.ii, 56. —James in Long's Exped.
i, 138.

Eyperanthera dioica, Vahl,8ymbol!B, i,31.

O. dioica, Koch, Dendrologie, i, .''..- Baillon, HUt. PI. ii, 87, f. 52, 53.

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE. COFFEE NTTT.

Conococheague creek, Franklin county, Pennsylvania (Porter); western New York, shores of Cayuga and
Bencea lakes, west through southern Ontario and southern Michigan to the valley of the Minnesota river,
Minnesota, east«'rn Nebniska, eastern Kan.sas, .southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian territory, to about
longitude 9(»3 west, south to miildle Tennessee.

A tree 25 to .33 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.!i0 meter in diameter; ricli woods and bottoms; not
common.

WfKjd heavy, not hard, strong, coarse grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to ehecik in drying,
easily worked, sn.sceptible of a high ]»olish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of
open duet.s; mediillarj- rays numerous, thin; color, rieli light brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood lighter;
■pecific gravity. O.C9.54; a*ih, 0.07; occasionally used in cabinet making, for j)OHtH, rails, &e.

The fresh le^ives, macerated and sweetened, are used in Tennessee as a poi.son for lioiisc-flies ; tlio seeds
formerly as a domestic substitute for eoflee.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 59

86. — Gleditschia triacanthos, Mnniuus,

Spec. 1 ed. 1056 (excl. var.).— Modicns, Bot. Bcobacht. 1782, a30.— Laniiirck, Diet, ii, 465 ; 111. iii, 446, t. 857, f. 1.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,
444 (oxcl. vars.); 2 ed. v, 474.— Mconcli, Meth. 6'J.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 285.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 2.07.— Schkuhr,
Ilandb. iii, .V^, t. S.'iU.— Uobiii, Voyages, iii, 497.— Porsoon, Syu. ii, 12:5.— DcslontainoR, Hint. Arl>. ii, 246.— WUldenow, Spec, i v. V>37;
Euum. 10,')8 ; Bcil. Baumz. 103. — Nouvoau Duhauiel, iv, 100, t. 25. — MicLaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 104, 1. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.
108, t. 79.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 821.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— lames in Long's Exped. i, 138.- Hayne, Dend. Fl. 218.— Elliott, Sk.
ii, 709. — Gninipel, Otto & Hayno, Abb. llolz. 157, t. .132.— De Candollc, Prodr. ii, 479.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 918. -Torrey, CompencL FL
N. States, 375; Fl.N. York, i, 192.— Andubon, Birds, t. 42,146, 150.— RoBmcr & Schnltes, Syst. vii,78.— Don, Millei-'s Diet, ii, 438.—
Beck, Bot. 93.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 158.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 92.— Torrcy & Gray,Fl. N. America, i, 398.— Loudon, Arlmretam,
ii,G.50, t. 90, 91.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 254.— Browne, Trees of America, 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 539.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 295.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,251. — Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep.xii^42; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145. — Oliaj>man, Fl. S. States, 115. —
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 49. — Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358. — Wood, CI. Book, 300 ; Bot.
& Fl. 8:i. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 195.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 8. — Hunt
in Am. Nat. i, 433.— Young, Bot. Texas, 246. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 64.— Burgess in
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii,95.

G. Hjnnona, Marshall, Arbustum, 54.

0. Meliloba, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254.

0. macrantha, Willdeuow, Berl. Baumz. 164.

0. degans, Salisbury, Prodr. 323.

Mclilohlis heterophylla, Rafmesqne, Sylva Telluriaua, 121.

HONKY LOCUST. BLACK LOCXTST. THREE-THORNED ACACIA. SWEET LOCUST. HONEY SHUCKS.

Pennsylvauiii, western slopes of the Allesluxny monutains, west tbrouf;h soutbeni .Michigan to eastern Nebraska,
eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory to about longitude 9C° west; south to Tampa bay, Fh)rida (not th'toeted
in eastern Florida), northern Alabama, northern Mississii)])i, and the valley of the Brazos river. Texas.

A tree, 25 or .30 meters, or exceptionally 40 meters, in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter iu diameter; low,
rich bottom lands, or more rarel.v on dry, sterile hills; the characteristic trta- of the "barrens" of middle Kentucky
and Tennessee, reaching its greatest development in the bottoms of the lower Ohio River basin; widely cultivated
for shade and as a hedge plant, and now somewhat naturalized in the Atlantic states east of the Allegiiauy
mouu tains.

A not uncommon form, nearly destitute of thorns, is —

var. inermis, Pursh, Fl. Am.Si^pt. i, 221. —Do Candolle, Mem. Leg. t.22, f. 109; Prodr. ii, 479.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398. ^Loudon Arboretum, ii, 650, t. 92, 93. — Browne, Trees of America, 213.

G. inermis, LiiuKm.s. Spec. 15()<>. in part.— NoMviMu Dubaniel, iv, 100. — Benthara in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx', 557.

A form with sjiines and fruit shorter tlian those of the type is —

var. brochycarpos, Micliiiux,Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 257.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398. —Browne, Trees of America. 213.
G. hrachlicarpa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 221.— De Candolle, Prodr, ii, 479.— Sprt>ngel, Sy.st. iii, 919.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 428. -
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 254.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 653. — Dietrich, Syu. iv,53ii.

Wood lieavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, moderately compact, very durable in contact with the .soil,
susceptible of a high ))o!ish ; layers of annual "growth strongly marked by many rows of ojien ducts; medullary
rays numerous, conspicuous; color, bright brown or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O.G740; ash, O.SO;
nsed for fence i)osts and rails, wagon hubs, construction, etc.; its value hardly appreciated.

Beer is sometimes made domestically by fermenting the sweet, unripe fruit (Porcher I. c).

87. — Gleditschia monosperma, Walter,

Fl. Carolini.ana, 254.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 2.57.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 5.5r>.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 623.— Desfontjjines, Hist. Arb. ii,
o4,_wiii,icnow. Spec, iv, 1097; Enum. 10.58; Berl. Baumz. 165.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 101.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 e<l. v, 474.—
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 169, t. 11; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, IU. t. 80.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 221.— Poiret, Suppl. ii,
641. -Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 218.— Elliott, Sk. ii,709.— De CaudoUe, Prodr. ii, 479.— Spmigel, Syst. iii, 910.—
Don, Miller's Diet. 428.— Eaton, Manual, 6 eil. 15f^.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 98.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot.254.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 6,53, f. 364.— Browne, Trees of America, 215.— Dietrich, Syn. iv,!".;!9.— Darby, Bot. S. States. AVi.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 115.— Wood, CI. Book, 300 ; Bot. & Fl. 8;?.- Gray Manual X. .States, 5 ed. 145.— Vasey. Cat. Forest Trees,
12— Kidgw.ay in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 6-1.

G. triacanthos, var. mono.sperma, Liun;eus,Spec. l ed. 1057.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 444.

G. aquatica, Marshall, Arl.iistum, 51.

G. CaroUnensis, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 465; III. iii, 447, t. 857, f. 2.— Ra>mer & Schulte8,Sy8t. vii,74.

G. triacailtha, Giertner, Fruct. ii, 311, 1. 146, f. 3 [not Liunteus].

G. inermis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 9 [not Liumens].

60 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WATER LOCUST.

Soutli Carolina to Matauzas inlet anil Tampa bay, Floriihi. thnnigli tbc Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos
river, Texas, and tbroiiprh Arkansas to midiUe Kentucky and Tennessee, soutbern Indiana and Illinois.

A tree 1- to IS meters in bei^bt, witb a trunk sometimes 0.00 or, exceptionally, 0.90 meter in diameter; deep
swamps; rare in the south Atlantic and Gulf states; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom
lands of soutbern Arkansas. Louisiana, and eastern Texas, here often covering extensive areas.

Wood heavy, very bard, strong, rather coarse-gr.iined, compact, susceptible of a high polish; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color, rich bright
brown tinged witb re^l. the thick heavier sap-wood clear light yellow; specific gravity, 0.73i:i; ash, 0.73.

88. — Parkinsonia Torreyana, Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad, si, 135. — Brewer it Watson, Bot. California, i, 162.

Cercidium floridum, Torrcy in Pacific R. R. Kep. iv, 11, 82; v, 3G0, t. 3; Bot. Mex. Boundarj- Survey, 59.— Gray in Ive**
Rep. 11. — V;isey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. — James in Am. Nat. xv, 982. — Hcmslcy, Bot. Ain.-Cent. i, 327.

GBKBN-BABK ACACIA. PALO VERDE.

Colorado desert, southern California (Inio, Toras, etc., Parish Brothern), east to the valley of the lower Gila
river, Arizona.

A low, much-branched tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter;
low caiions and depressions in the sandhills of the desert; common and reaching its greatest development in the
valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila rivers.

Wood heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many
small evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood clear
light yellow; .specific gravity, 0.6.331 ; ash, 1.12.

89. — Parkinsonia microphylla, Torrey,

Pacitic B. li. Rep. iv, 82; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 59. — Walpers, Ann. vii, 812. — Gray in Ives' Rep. 11.— Bontham iu Martins, Fl.
Brazil. xv=, 78.— Watson, PI. Wheeler, 8; Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 136. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 162. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-
Cent. i, :«7.

Valley of the lower Colorado and Bill Williams rivers, eastward through southern Arizona.

A small, much-branched tree, 0 to 7 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter iu diameter (Wickeuburg,
Pringlc), or often a low shrub I to 3 meters in height.

Wooil heavy, hard, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large, scattered, open ducts; medullary
rays numerous, thiu, conspicuous; c^lor, rich dark brown streaked witb red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow;
specific gravity, 0.7449; ash, 3.04.

90. — Parkinsonia aculeata, Linnajus,

Sped cd. 375.— Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 121, t. ai.— Lamarck, III. ii, 475, t. ;536.— WlUdenow, Spec, ii, 513.— Aifon, Hort. Kow. 2 cd. iii,
24.— De C:indollc, Mem. Ix'^. ii, t. 21; Prodr. ii, 430.— Descourtilz, FI. Med. Antilles, i, 54, t. 12.— Macfadycn, Fl. Jamaica,
3:m.— Bentham, Bot. .Sulpliur, 87; Martius, Fl. Brasil. x\^, 78, t. 26.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. la'^iS, 265.— Torrey, Bot. Mex.
Boundary Survey, .19.— Gri»el>ach, Fl. British West Indies, 204; PI. Loreutz.81.— Gray, Ilall's PI. Texas, 8.— Brewer & Watson,
Bot. California, i, 102.- Va.-M-y, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Uemsley, Bot. Am.-Cont. i, :J27.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 348.

Corpus Christi, Texas, west along the Mexican boundary to the valley of the Colorado river, Arizona (Yuma);
and southward into Mexico; probably of American origin, but now widely naturalized throughout the tropical
and warmer regions of tlie globe (A. Be Candolle, Gcotj. Bot. ii, 710, 770, 79.5).

A small tree, 0 to 12 meters in lieigiif, witb a trunk .sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter.

Wood lieavy, bard, very dose grained, incbned to check in drying, containing many evenly-distributed small
open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown, the very thick sap-wood lighter,
often tinged with yellow; specific gravity. O.GllC; ash, 2.32.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 61

91. — Cercis Canadensis, i.inna'us,

Spec. 1 ed. 37-1. — Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 10. — Manshall, ArliuatDDi, 32. — Lamurck, Diet, ii, 586. — WaDgenheiui, Amer. i;-!.— Walter, FL
Caroliniana, 1X>. — Alton, Ilort. Kcw. ii, 47; 2 ed. iii, 22. — Willdcncw, Spec, ii, 508; Eiium. 4:J9; Berl. Banmz. KJ. — Noavean
Dnhamcl, i, 19. — Michniix, FI. Bor.Am. i, 2()."). — Schkuhr. Haiidh. ;{54. — Persoon, Syn. i, 454. — Desfontaines, Hi»t. Arb. ii, 254. —
Pur.Hh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— Eaton, Manual, 4(>; C ed. 89.— Xnttall, GeiiiTa, i, 2*5.— Haync, Dend. FI. .''/!.— Elliott, Sk. i. 470.— Torrey
in Ann. I>yo. N. York, ii, 194; Fl. U. S. 441; Compfind. Fl. N. Slatits, 188; Fl. N.York, i, 188; Nicollet's Rep. 149; Enjory'a Ecp. 406.—
De Oandollc, I'rodr. ii, 518.— Sprenscl, Synt. ii, 340.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Hoi/.. 116, t. 92.- Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 1G7;
Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don, Millei^s Diet, ii, 468.— Beck, Bot. 94.— Spaeh, Hist. Ve^. i, 129.— Toirey & Gray, n. N. America, i,
392.— London, Arborotnni, ii, 659 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Dietrich, Syn.ii, l.V"..— Browne, Trees of America, 221. —Gray
in Mem. Am. Acad, new sor. iv', 38; Manual N. StateH, 5 ed. 144. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. —
Darlin!;ton, Fl. C'cHtrica, 3 ed. 67.- Darby, Bot. S. Slates, 294.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States. 114.—
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 357. — Wood, CI. Book, 301 ; Bot.
& Fl. 84. — Engelmauu in Trans. Am. Pliil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 197. — Koch, Dendrologie i, 14. —
Baiilou, Hist. PI. ii, 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.

Silujnastrutn cordatum, Momcli, Metli.54.

C. Canadensis, Vtir. pubescens, Pnrsh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— Loudon, Mboretum, ii, 659.

EEDBILTD. JUDAS TREE.

Western I'euusylvauia, south \vard to Taiupa bay, Florida, uortberii Alabama and ^Mississippi, westward through
Bontheru Michio-au and Minnesota to eastern Nebraska; southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to the eastern
portions of the Indian territory, Louisiana, and the valley of the Bi-azos river, Texas.

A small tree, 12 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; rich woods, borders
of streams and swamjis; most common and reaching its greatest developtneiit in southern Arkansas, the Indian
territory, and eastern Texas, here, when in bloom, a conspicuous feature of the forest.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; layers' of annual
growth clearly marked by one to three rows of ojieii ducts; medullary rays exceedingly numerous, thin ; color, rich
dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6;J03; ash, 0.72.

92. — Cercis reniformis, Engelmann;
Scheele in Rcmer, Texas, 428.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 348.

C. OCCtdentalis, var. Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 177.— Walpors, Ann. ii, 440.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 58. — Brewer & Watson, Bob. California, i, 161.

C. OCcidentulis, Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 7 [not Torrey].— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 340, in part.

C. occidentalis, var. Tcxensis, Watson, Index, i, 209.

Middle and westi^rn Texas west of the Colorado river ; in northern Mexico.

A small tree, (> to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub forming dense
thickets; liiiiestone hills; formerly often confounded with the shrubby C. occidentalLs of the California coast
region.

Wood heavy, liiird, close grtiined, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to throe rows of
oi)en ducts; medullary rays numerous, not consi)iciious ; color, brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter;
specitic gravity, 0.751,3; ash, 0.77.

93. — Prosopis juliflora, De Candollo,

Prodi-, ii, 447.— DestH)urtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, viii, 107, t. 550.— LindUy, Fl. Med. 270.— Wnlpers, Rep. i, 8t)l.— Bentham, Rev. Mim.
iu Trans. Linna'au Soo. xxx, 377. — Schuizlein, Icon. t. 277, f. 13. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 163. — Rothrock in
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 42, 107. — llemsley, Bot. Am.-Cont. i, 344.

P. glandulosa, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 192, t. 2 ; Emory's Rep. 139 ; Pacitic R. K. Kep. iv, 82.— Don. Miller's Diet,
ii, 400.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1424.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 376. — Walpers, Rep. i.8l)l. — Bentham in Hooker's Jonr.
Bot. iv, 348; London .lour. Bot. v, 81.— Griaebach, Fl. British West Indies, 217.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 43J; PI.
Wheeler, 8.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 7.— Vasey. Cat. Forest Tre<>s, 12.

Algarobia glandulosa, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 399 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Engelmann & Gray in Jour.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 242.— Engelmann in Wislizenus' Rep. 10.— Scheele in RaMner,Tex!»s, 427. — Gray in Jour.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hi.st. vi, 181 ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 60; v, 51 ; Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 3t)4 ; Ives' Rep U.—
Torrey iu Sitgreaves' Rep. 1,58; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 20, 82; vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 60.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 18.58, 259; SoieutiUe Press, San Francisco, Nov. 1^71. \- t".— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 5SM.

P. odorata-, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 313, t. 1 (excl. fruit).

62 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

MESQUIT. ALGAIIOBA. UONEY LOCUST. HONEY POD.

Texas, valley of the Tiinity river (Dallas, etc.) to the northern and western limits of the state; west throngh
New Mexico and Arizona to the jhcwj-s west of the San Bernardino mountains, California, reaching sonthern
('olonulo. southern Utah (Saint George), and southern Nevada; soutliward through southern Mexico ; in Jamaica.

A tree of the first economic value, sometimes 'J to lo meteis in height, witli a trunk O.'JO meter in diameter,
or much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; on dry jjrairies and high rocky plains, or west of the Kocky mountains,
along desert streams, here often forming incn forests, and reaching its greatest development within tlic United
States in the valley of the Santa Cruz and otiu r streams of southern Arizona; in western Texas (Fort Stockton,
etc.), on account of the annual burning of the prairies, rarely 1 meter in height, the roots then enormously
developed, often weighing several hundred pounds, forming, as they are here locally known, "underground forests"
and furnishing the best and cheapest fuel of the region.

Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, couipact, diflicult to work, alwiost indestructible in contact
with the soil, containing many evenly-distributed, rather large, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, distinct;
color, rich dark brown or often red, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.7().52 ; asli, L'.IS; of the root,
specific gravity, 0.8493 ; ash, 3.02 ; exclusively used for the beams and underjiinnings of the adobe houses of Nevr
Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico; for posts and fencing, and occasionally in the manufacture of furniture, the
fellies of heavy wheels, etc. ; the best and often the oidy fuel of the region, burning slowly with a dear llame, and
I)roduciug valuable charcoal, bnt unsuited for the generation of steam on account of its destructive action upon
boilers.

A gum resembling gum arabic is yielded by this species ; the unripe and pulpy pods rich in grape sugar, edible,
and furnishing valuable and important fodder.

94. — Prosopis pubescens, Bentham,

London Jour. Bot. v, 62; Rev. Mini, in Trans. Linntean Soc. sss, 380. — Walpers, Ann. i. 259. — Watson in King's Itep. v, 420; PI.
Wheeler, 8. — Brewer &. Wataon, Bot. California, i, 163. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 42, 107. — Honisley, Bot. Am. -Cent.
i,344.

P. odorata, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 313, 1. 1 (for fruit).

P. Emoryi, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 139.

Strombocarpa puhescens, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 60 ; v, 51 ; Ives' Rep. 9.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii,
163.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 11, 20, >ii; v, 360, t. 4; vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 60.— Cooper ia
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Scientific Press, San Francisco, Nov. 1871 ife f.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.

Strombocarpa odorata, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 158.

SCREW BEAN. SCREW-POD MESQUIT. TOENILLA.

Valley of the Rio Grande (Presidio), western Texas, westward through New Mexico and Arizona (valley of the
Gila and Colorado rivers) to southern California (Wliite Water, Parish Brothers, Vallecito, Thurber), and southward
into Mexico; southera Utah (Saint George), and southern Nevada (Ash ^leadows).

A small tree, rarely 'J meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.4.5 meter in diameter, or often a tall,
much l)rai)(hcil shrub; san<ly or gravelly bottom lands, reaching its greatest development within the United
States in the valleys of the lower (Jolorailo and Gila rivers.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, clo.se-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed
ojien ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity,
0.7G00: ash, O.D.j; used for fuel and fencing.

The pods used as fofhh-r, and sometimes mailc into Hdiip by the Indians.

95. — Leucaena glauca, B.nthaiu,

Hooker's London Jour. But. iv, -117 ; Rev. .Mini, in Trans. Linuioan Soc. xjcx, 443. — Walpers, Rep. i,884. — Grisehach, Fl. Briti'<li West
Indii'M.iWl. — Ili-iMHley, Bot. Am. -Cent. i,:J51. — Watson in Proi-. Am. Acad, x vii, 350. — Ch.'vpman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 619.

Mimona glauca, Linnasus, Spec. 2 ed. 1.504.

.4cacirt ijlavca, Willdr-now, .Spic iv.lOT.^.- De Candollc I'rodr. ii,467.

Acacia frowhma, Willdenow, .Spec, iv, 1076.- De (,'iindoll.', Prodr. ii, 408.

Acacia hicqiK, Willdenow, .Spec. iv,l(J75.—l)c C'andolle. Prodr. il,4t>7.

Mimosa leucoce/ihala, Lamarck, Diet. 1, 12.

Acacia Icuc/icephala, Link, Knnm. Hon. lii rl. ii, 1 1 1. — 1> I aodolli-, I'mdr. ii,467.

MimoKo biceps, P(>irr-»,Siij>pI. i,".";.

Mimosa frondosa, Kh-ln in Piiiri-t,Snppl.i,76.

CATAL(JGUE OF F01iE«T TREES. 63

"Western Texas, San Saba to Devil's river (BxtcMeij); sontliward into Mexico ; semi-tropical Florida (iDtrodaced,
Curti.is), and Uiroufjli tlie West Indies.

A .smiill tree, 7 to !) nutters in lieiylit, willi a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a tall or, in Florida,
low slirul), sending' np niany steins from tlie ground.

Wood heavy, liard, close graiued, compact, containing many small, regularly-distributed oi)eu ducts; layers of
annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, rich brown streaked with red, the sap-wood clear
yellow; si)ecific gravity, 0.9235; ash, 3.29.

96. — Leucaena pulverulenta, Bentbam,
Hooker'8 Ldiuloii .lour. Bot. iv, 417 ; llev. Mini, iu TraiLs. Linnasaii Soc. xxx, 443. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-CeDt. i, 351.
Acacia pulverxtlenta, SchlochtuKhil in Linujca, xii, .'i'l.
Acacia esculenta, Martens &, Galcotti iu Bull. Aoad. Brux. x', 3ia.

Southern Texas, valley of the lower Eio Grande ; southward into Mexico.

A small tree, 6 to 8 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, often forming dense
thickets; rich, sandy loam.

Wood heavj', hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly-distributed open ducts;
medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific
gravity, 0.0732; ash, 1.01.

97. — Acacia Wrightii, Bentbam,

Smithsonian Contrib. iii,64; Rev. Miin. in Trans. Linnajan Soc. xxx, 521. — Gray, Smitb.sonian Contrib. v, 53. — Walpers, Ann. iT,6"26. —
Torrey, Bot. Mox. Boundary Survey, 101. — Brewer & WatHon, Bot. California, i, 61. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 351.

CAT'S CLAW.

Western Texas, valley of the Guadalupe river (New Braunfels), westward and southward to the valley of the
Eio Grande; iu northern Mexico.

A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a
low, much-branched shrub.

Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of
small open diu.as, and containing many scattered smaller ducts; medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color,
bright, clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood clear yellow; sijecific gravity, 0.9392; ash, 0.03.

98. — Acacia Greggii, Gray,

Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 65; v,53; Ives' Rep. 11. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 158; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Bouudaiy
Survey, 61. — Wiilpcrs, Ann. iv,625. — Bentbam, Eov. Mini, in Trans. Linnioan Soc. xxx, 521. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1660, 442. —
Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 164. — Rotbrock iu Wheeler's Rep. vi, 108. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. i,353.— Jamea iu Am.
Nat. XV, 981.

cat's claw.

Western Texas, valley of the Rio Grande, westward through southern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego,
California; southward into northern Mexico.

A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 metcrvS in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter, or often
a shrub ; dry memfi and iu low canons ; i^ommon ; the large specimens geuemlly hollow and defective.

Wood heavy, e.xceedingly hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by
numerous rows of rather large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich brown or red, the sap-wood
light yellow; specific gravity, 0.8550; ash, 0.91 ; used for fuel.

A resinous gum resembling gum arabio is produced by this species (Am. Jour. I'barm. Iii, 119).

99. — Acacia Berlandieri, Hentham,

Loudon Jour. Bot. i,52-.i; Kov. Mini, in Trans. Liiinjean Soc. xxx, 529. — Walpers, Rop. i,;Uy. — Dietrich, Syu. iv, 500.

A. tcphroloba, Gray iu Smithsonian Coutrib. iii, 65; v, 54.— Walpers, Ann. iv,625.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
01. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Ceut. i,352. — Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad. svii,351.

Southern Texas, valley of the Nueces (La Salle county) to Devil's river; southward into Jlexico.
A small tree, sometimes (5 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a
tall shrub, sending up iimny steins from the ground; the large specimens usually hollow and detective.
Wood not examined.

64 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

100. — Lysiloma latisiliqua, Uontbimi,

Rev. Miiii. iu Tr;!^l^. Linnsau Soc. xxx, 534. — CUiipiiinn, Fl. S. States, Siippl. Oil).

Mimosa latisiliqua, I.innirus, Spec. 2 ed. I."i04.

Acacia latixiliqua, Willdeuow.Spec. iv, 1067.— Persoou, Syn. ii, aTw.— DeCaudoUo, Prodr. ii,4G7.— Maofadyen.Fl. Jamaica,
31d.— Xuttall, Sylva, ii, H, t. 53 ; vj ed. i, 183, t. 53.— Cooper iu Smitlisouiau Rep. 1858, 204.

L. Bahamensiflj Benthani in Hooker's Loudon Jour. Bot. iii, 83.

Ac^icia Bahamennia, Grisolmch, Fl. British West Indies, 221.

WILD TAMARIND.

Semi-tropical Florida, .sonthei-n keys (Key Largo, Elliott's, Plantation, and Boca Chica Keys); through the
West ludie.-<.

A tree sometimes 15 meters iu height, with a trunk O.tJO to 0.90 meter in diameter; bark of the young,
vigorous trees smooth; the older trees geuerally decayed and defective, with rough, dark bark (Curtiss).

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tough, close-grained, c()ini)act, susceptible of a fine polish, containing many
scattei-ed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, not consi)icui)us; color, rich dark brown tinged with red, the
sap-wood white; specific gravity, O.GUS; ash, 2.112; somewhat used locally iu boat- and shipbuilding, and (ronsidered
eqai^l to mahogany for this purpose.

101. — Pithecolobium Unguis-cati, Benthara,

Uookur'a Loudon Jour. Bot. iii, 20(J; Kuv. Mini, iu Trans. Liuuajau Soc. xxx, 572, 048. — Grisebach.Fl. British West Indies, 276. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 110.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.

Mimnxn Unguis-cati, Linuajus.Spec. 2 ed. 1497.— Jacquin.Hort. Schoenb. iii, 74, t. 392.— Doscourlilz, Fl. Mod. .Antilles,
i,t. 11.

Inga Unguiscati, Willdenow, Spec iv, lOOC— Do Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 436.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 37, t. 54 ; 2 ed. i, 86, t. 54.

Mimosa rosea, Vabi.Eclogio, iii, 33,t. 25.

Inga rosea, Steudil in Do Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 437.

Inga /or/ex, Kuutb.Miui. i-J, 1. 16.

P./or/eJC. BiMithaiu iu Hooker's Loud(ui Jour. Bot. iii, 199.

Inga Guadalupeims, Desvaux, Jour. i.70.

Mimosa Guadalupensis, Persoon.Syn. ii,262.

Inga microphylla, Humboldt & BouplaiKl in Will(l.-uo\v,Spec. iv, 1004.

p. mierophyllum, Uenthaui in Hookei^s London Jour. Bot. iii, 200.

P. Guadalupensis, Cbapmau.Fl. S. States, lie.

cat's CLAW.

Semi-tropical Florida, Caximba.s bay, and on the southern keys; thiongh the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes 0 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or often
throwing out many spreading, vine-like stems from the ground.

Wootl very heavy, haril, close-graine*!, checking badly iu drying; medullary rays numerous, inconspicnous;
color, rich red varying to j)ur[)le, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.9049; ash, 2.40.

ROSACEJ^:.

102. — Chrysobalanus Icaco, Liunaius,

Spec. 1 ed. 513.— Jacquin,Stirp. Am. 154, t. <J4.— Luuiarck, Diet, iii, 2^ ; 111. ii,5l2,t. 428.— Poirot, Suppl. iii, 135.— Alton, Hort. Kow
2 ed. iii, 2U0.— De CaDdolli', Prodr. ii, .525.— Liudley iu TrauH. Ilorl. Soc. Londrm, V, 98.— Turpin, Diet. Sci. Nat. 230.— Tussac,
Kl. Aotille.i, iv, 91, t. 3I.--Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 369, 1. 5, f. 4.— Torrcy i. Gray, I'l. N. America, i, 400.— Waljiers, liep. ii, 1; Aiiu. i v, (i42.—
Bcntbam, Bot. .Snipbur, 91 ; Fl. .N'ijjritiaua, 3;;G.— .Spieiigi-I, Icon. 1.274, f. 1-13.— Coiipir in SiiiiibHouiun Rep. 1W(K),439.— C'liai)Uian,
H. .S. States, 119.— Gri-*.-bacb, Kl. BrItiKb West lu.lic-.., 2-2'J.— Bailb.n in Adausonia, vii, 221 ; Hist. PI. i, 427,f. 480, 487.- Hooker
f. in Martini, Fl. Braxil. ii.7.— Ouibourt. Hist. Drogui-s, 7 ed. iii,2»7. — Henisley, Bot. Am. -Cent. i,:t65.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 65

OOOOA PLUM.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Biscayiie, west coast Caxioibas bay, and on the soathem keys;
throusli the West Indies and troi)ic,aI America to Brazil.

A small tree, 7 to 10 meters in height, witli a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or along sandy beaches a
low, prostrate shrtib'l.08 to 2.1G meters ia height; reaching its greatest development within the United States on
the bo)(lers and islands of the Everglades, near bay Biscayne.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing few irregularly-distributed, not large, open
ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown often tinged with red, the sap wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.770'J ; ash, 0.87.

Varieties are distinguished by A. H. Curliss with the skin of the edible fruit white or black, the latter more
ovate with narrower, softer stones (? var. peUocarpa, HooJcer f. I. c. — C. pellocarpa, Miquel,Prim. Esseq. 193. —
Grisebach, I. c).

103. — Prunus Americana, Marshall,

Arbnstiim.iii. — Darlinjjton in Ann. Lye. N. York, iii, 87, 1. 1 ; Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 7;J. — Eaton, Manual, G ed. 285. — Beck, Bot. 95. — Torroy
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407 ; Pacilie E. R. Eep. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 377.— Niittall, Sylva, ii, 19, t. 48; 2 ed. i, 109, t. 43.—
Torrey.Fl. N. York, i, 194 ; Emory's Rep. 403 ; Pacific R. E. Rep. iv, 82.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 449; 2 ed. ii.-'ll.- Hooter
in London Jour. Bot. vi, 217. — Rcenior, Syn. Mou. iii, 59. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 40 ; Manual N. States, 5 e<l. 143. —
Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 430.— Richardson, Arctic Esped. 424. — Parry in Owen's Rep. Gil. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119. — Curtis
in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 56. — Lesquerens in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 353. — Wood, CI. Book, 327 ; Bot. <t Fl.
102. — Engelmaun in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xiii, 190.— Koch, Dreudrologie, i, 101. — Porter «& Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's
Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Cana<la, 1375-'76,194. — Broadhead in Coulter's
Bot. Gazette, iii, 52.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54<:.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.

P. Mississippi, Marshall, Arbustum,l 12.

P. spinosa, Walter, Fl.Caroliniana, 146 [not Linnaius].

P. nigra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 165 ; 2 ed. iii, 198.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 993 ; Berl. Baumz, 311.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, t,
674.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Bot. Mag. 1. 1117.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 331.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 469; Compend. Fl. N. States,
199.- Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477. — Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 59.

Cerasus nigra, Loiseleur in Nonveau Duhamel, v, 32.— Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. u, 538.— Hooker, FL Bor.-Am. i, 167;
Coiiipauion Bot. Mag. i, 24. —Don, Miller's Diot. ii,513. — Beck, Bot. 96. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 399. — Loudon, Arboretmn,

ii,704,f.411, 412.

P. hiemalis, Elliott, Sk. i, .512 [not Michaux].
P. COCCinea, Ralinesque, Fl. Lndoviciana, 135.

WILD PLUM. CANADA PLUM. HOESE PLUM.

Valley of the Saint Lawrence (Quebec) to the valley of Eainy and Assiuaboine rivers and southern shores of
lake Manitoba; northern Vermont, western Kew England, and southward through the Atlantic states to the
Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to the valley of the upper Missouri river, Dakota, and Cheyenne
canon. Pike's Peak region, Colorado, southwest through Arkansas, the Indian territory, to about longitude 102°,
and the valley of the lower Concho river, Texas.

A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; rich woods,
or along streams and borders of ponds nnd swamps, reaching its greatest development on the bottom lands of
eastern Texas.

A form with the young leaves and pedicles pubescent is —

var. mollis, Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407.

P. hiemalis, Michaux, FL Bor.-Am. i, 284.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 679.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.
ii, 206.— Nonveau Duhamel, v, 184.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 398.— Roomer,
Syn. Mon. iii, 59.

P. mollis, Torrey, FL U. S. 470 ; Compond. FL N. States, 199.— Beck, Bot. 95.

Cerasus hiemalis, Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, FL Bor.-Am. i,16S.—Bcok, Bot. 96.— Loudon, Arboretum,
ii, 704.— Don, Miller's Diet. ii,504.

Ceras^lS Americana, Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, rich bright brown or often red, the sap-wood lighter; speoitic gravity, 0.7215; ash, O.IS;
used for the handles of tool.s, etc.

Often cultivated for theyellow, red, or rarely nearly black, acid or risroly sweet fruit, and turnishing an excellent
stock on which to graft the varieties of tho domestic plum.
5 FOR

66 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

104. — Prunus angustifolia, Marshall,

Arbostmn, iii. — Kocli, Demlrologie, i, 103.

P. Chicasa, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Ain. i, a?4.— Poirct in Lauiarck, Diet, v, 080.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.—
Xouvian Dnhamcl, v, IS?.— Elliott, Sk. i, IJ4-J.— Torrcy in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 194; Paeific E. K. Eop. iv, 82.—
Sprengcl, Syst. ii, 47G. — Audubon, I3inls, !.,>!. — Katoii, Manual, (i ed. 265. — Spach, Hist. Vcg. i, 397. — Torrcy & Gray, Fl.
N. America, i, 407 ; Pacific K. K. Rop. ii, 1G4. — Eaton &, Wright, 13ot. 377. — Koeuier, Syn. Mon. iii, 58. — Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 cd.73. — Darby, Dot. S. States, 29;i. — Browne, Trees of America, 250. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina 1860, ii-i, 5U. — Lesciue.reux in
Owens 2d Rep. Arkansas, 858.— Wood, CI. Book, 328; Bot. & Fl. 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148; Hall's
PI. Texas, 9.— Young, Bot. Texas, 1251.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden'.s Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.

P. insititia. Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 140.- Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. GO.

Cerasus Chicasa, Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 5:58.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 168; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don,
Miller's Diet, ii, 514. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 705.

CHICKASAW PLUM. HOG PLUM.

Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky mountains, where it is found at an altitude of
7,000 feet, and of the high phxteau east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation
throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania, and west of the Alleghany mountains extending as far
north as .sonthern Michigan.

A small tree, C to 8 meters in height, with a trunk, 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a low slirub;
generally along streams or borders of prairies, in rich soil.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary I'ays numerous, thin; color, light brown or
red, the sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.0884 ; ash, 0.28; often cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit.

105. — Prunus Pennsylvanica, Linuaius f.

Sappl. 252. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 992 ; Ennm. 518 ; Berl. Baumz. 310. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 45. — Poirct in Lamarck, Diet, v, 673. —
Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Xouveau Duhamel,v, 9.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 198. — Ptinsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,331. — Nuttall, Genera, i,
302.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 4f)S ; Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 198.— Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 477.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed., 235.—
Beck in Am. Journal Sci. 1 ser. xlv,112. — Dietrich, Syn. iii,42.— Chapman, Fl. S. St.ates, 130. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1860, iii, .07.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 102.- Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 61 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148.— Koch,
Dendrologie, i,117. — Porter &. Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Haydcu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 ed.ii,
513.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 194.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80,
54'. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176.

TP. laneeolata, Wnidenow, B<rl. Baumz. 240, t. 3, f. 3.

CerasUS borealin, Michaux. Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 286.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 32.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 159, t. 8; N.
American Sylva, 3ed.il, l.')2. t. 90.— Scringe in De C'andollo, I'rodr. ii, 558.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 513.— Beck, Bot.
97. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 703, f. 410. — Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 78.

P. borealis, Poirct in Lamarck, Diet, v, 074.- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, ,538.— Eaton, Manual, 54.— Barton, Compcnd. Fl.
Phlladclph. i, 22:5.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1598.— Bigclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 205.

f P. persici/olia, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 205.

fCerasun persici/olia, holnclenr in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 9.— Seringe in Do CandoUc, Prodr. ii,. 537. —Don, Miller's Diet,
ii, 512. — .Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 411. — Roemcr, Sjni. Mon. iii, 81.

CeranUH Pennsylvanica, Scringe in Do Candolle, Prodr. ii,5:i8.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 16».— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 514.—
Beck, Bot. 97.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. A,merica. i, 409. —Loudon, Arboretum, il, 705.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.—
Torrcy, Fl. N. York, i, 196.— Nuttall, Syiva, il, 15; 2 ed. i, 165.- Browne, Trees of America, Sffil.- Emerson, Trees
MaB»achy.settfl, 1 ed. 451. — Rfcmcr, Syn. Mon. iii,.57.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. —
Kicharilson, Arctic ExyM-d. 42.5. — Coopi.'r in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,251. — Wood, CI. Book, '327.

WILD RED CUKURY. PIN CUlvURV. PIGEON CIIEKBY.

Labrador, shores of Hudson's bay, and west through the Saskatchewan region to the valley of the upi)er Fraser
river (8oda creek, yVacoun); south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, centrarMichigan, northern Illinois,
central Iowa, and along the high Alleghanj' mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and the Rocky mountains
of Colorado.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 67

A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, or in the
Eocky Mountain region reduced to a low shrub ; common in all the northern forests, in northern New England
taking possession of ground cleared by fire of tlje coniferous forests.

Wood light, soff, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, sap-wood clear
yellow; specific gravity, 0.5023; ash, 0.40.

The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the preparation of cough mixtures, etc.

106. — Prunus umbellata, EUiott,

Sk. i, 541.— Eaton, Manual, 0 id. -286.— Diotricb, Syn. iii, 44.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119.— Wood, CI. Book, 328; Bot. & FI. 102.—
Young, Bot. Texas, 251. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Tree.s, 13.

P. immila, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 146 [not Linnseus].

Cerasus umbellata, Ton-ey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 409.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Rcemer, Syn. Men. iii, 78.

SLOE. BLACK SLOE.

South Caroliua, south near the coast to Mosquito iulet and Tampa bay, Florida, and through central Alabama
to eastern Mississippi (Holly Springs and Eutei-prise, Mohr).

A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk O.'-'o to 0.38 meter in diameter ; dry, sandy soil.

Wood heavy, hard, close-graiued, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark reddish-brown, the
sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8202 ; ash, 0.12.

The black or red pleasantly acid fruit used as a preserve.

107. — Prunus emarginata, Walpers,

Rep. ii, 9. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 714. —Watson in King's Rep. v, 79. — ^Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Esped. 284. —
Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167.

GerasilS emarginata, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America,
i.410. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189. — Kcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 79. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iT, 83. — Bolander in
Proc. California Acad, iii, 79.

Cerasus erecta, PresI, Epimel. Bot. 194.— Walpers, Ann, iii, 854.

• Cerasus glandulosa, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 59.

Vancouver's island and the valley of the lower Fraser river, south through western Washington territory and'
Oregon, cast to the western slopes of the Bitter Eoot mountain, Idaho (Lolo trail, Watson), and the valley of the
Jocko river, iMoutaua [Canby & Sargent). California along the western .slopes of the Sierra Xcvadas and on the
Coast ranges, from Sau Francisco bay to the Santa Lucia mountains {O. R. Yasey), reaching an elevation of from
3,000 to 4,000 feet.

A tree often 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; at high
elevations and throughout central (Jalifornia reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 meters in height, or in the Santa Lucia
mountains 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 motor in diameter ( Tascy) ; generally along streams
or in low, rich woods.

The wood of the type not collected.

Var. mollis, Bi-ower,
Bot. California, i, 107.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86.

Cerasus moUin, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169.— Hooker, London Jonr. Bot. vi, 217.— Don, MiUer".") Diet, ii, 515.—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Anu^rica, i, 410.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 417.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.- XuttaU. Sylra, ii,
14, t. 46; 2 ed. i, 164, t. 46. — Rtomer, Syn. Mon. iii, 79. — Richarxison, Arctic Esped, 425. — Newberry in Pacific R, R.
Rep. vi, 73.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 29, 59; Am. Nat. iii, 406.— Lyall in Jonr. Linniean Soc. vii, 131. —Gray
in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 381.

P. mollis, Walpers, Kep. ii, >.).— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Va*oy, Cat. Forest Troos. 1.^—
Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875--'76, 194.

The common northern and Idaho form, more or less wooly pubescent, especially on the uiuloi siilo of the leaves.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown
streaked with green ; specific gravity, 0.4502; ash, 0.21.

68 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

108. — Prunus serotina, EhrUart,

Bcitr. iii.ao. WUldenow, Spec, u, 986 ; Ennui, fil"; Bcrl. Baumz. 'Ml. — Pcreoon, Syn. ii, 34. — DesfontaiDes, Hist. Arb. ii, 204. — Aiton,

Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 196.— Eaton, Manual, 54; fi e<l. 284.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302. — Barton, Compeud. Fl. Philadelph. M.— Gniuipel,
Otto <t Haj-no, Abb. Holz. 4ri, t. :??.— Hayuo, Deiid. Fl. 70.— Spreiigel, Syst. ii, 478.— Noes, Fl. Neuwied, 9.— Hooker f. in Trans.
Linnxan Soc. ssii', 327.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. X. Carolina, If^OO, iii, M.— l.esqnerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
338.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 102.— Eugelmanu in Trans. Aiu. Phil. Soc. now ser sii, I'.IO.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, 120.— Gray, Manual
N.States,5ed. 149; Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 122.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exjied. 284.— Emerson, Trees Massachufetts,
2 ed. ii, 515 & t.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Bentley & Triuien, Med. PI. ii, 97, t.
gr.- Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, lH79-'60, 54'^.—Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,66.

P. Virginiana. Miller, Diet. No. 3 [not Liuu;cus]. — Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 12; Harbk. ii, 191.— Wangenheini, Ainer. 34, t. 14.—
Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 17^2, 315. — Marshall, Arbustuiu, 112. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 14G. — Aiton, Hort. Kow. ii,
16:5.- Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 664.— PursU, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 329.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 467;
Compend. Fl. N. SUtes, 189.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 204.

Cerasus Virginiana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,285. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 151, t. 6; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 147,
t. 68.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 109 (excl. syn.).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Bock, Bot. 97.— Darlingtou, Fl. Ce8trica,2
ed. 289. — London, Arboretum, ii, 710, f. 418.— Browne, Trees of America, 268.

Cerasus serotina, Loiselcurio Nouveau Duhan3cl,v, 3. — Seringo in Do CandoUo, Prodr. ii,540.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i,416. —
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Amcrica,i,410.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 712, f. 419 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.-Torrey,
Fl. N. York, i, 19C; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii, 11.— Penn. Cycl. yi, 432.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 41, t. 35.— Griffith, Med. Bot.
2«8. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 4r>3. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi,
166.— Darlington, Fl. Ce8trica,3 ed. 75.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299.—Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 169.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 425.— Wood, CI. Book, 326.— Bolander in Proc. California
Acad, iii, 79.

P. cartilaginea, Lehmanu, Ind. Sem. Hamburg, 1833.

Padus serotina, Agardh, Theor. &, Syst. PI. t. 14, f. S.

Padus Virginiana, Rocmer, Syn. Mon. iii,8G.

Padus cartilaginea, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 86.

WILD BLACK CHEERY. BUM CnEEEY^.

Sonthcrn Outario, southward through tho Atlantic forests to JIatanzas iulet and Tampa bay, Florida, west to
the valley of the Mis.souri river, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the ludian territory, and the valley of the upjier Sau
Antonio River, Texas.

A tree 18 to .30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.!)0 to l.L'O or, exceptionally, 1.50 meter in diameter; rich,
generally elevated woodlands; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the
Alleghany mountains from West Virginia southward ; not common and of small size in the <4ulf region and
Texas

Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin;
color, light brown or red, growing darker with exjmsure, the thin sap-wood yellow; s])ecific gravity, 0.5822; ash,
0.15; largely u.sed and esteemed in cabinet work, interior linish, etc., and now becoming -scarce.

The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water generates a small percentage of
hydrocyanic acid ; emi)loyed as a tonic and sedative in cases of piihnonary consamjition in the form of cold
infu.sion.s, sinip.s. and fluid extracts (Proc. Am. Phir. Assoc. x\\i\,20U.—Glol>lc)j in Jour. Pharm. ct CIiimie,x\-,iO.—
Guihovrt, Bint. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, .317.— P/iarw. Jour. .3 ser. iv, il.—FlUcl:igcr £ Ennbury, rharmocographia, 224.—
U. S. Dinpensalori/, 14 i-d. 119.— Xat. Dispensatory, 2ed. 1177) ; the bitter fruit u.sed domestically in the preparation
of cherry brandy.

XoTE.— The oloscly-allied P. Virginiana of the north Atlantic region, a tall shrub, homelimcs 6 to 8 meters in height, does not
BMnmc arborescent habit.

109. — Prunus Capuli, Cavunilles,

Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 477.— Schlechtendal in Linnaa, xiii, f-'J, 404.— Koeh, Dendrologie, i, 123.— Hemsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent. 1, .367.—
Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, ivii, 3.52.

Cerasus CapolUn, Do Candolle,Pro.lr. ii, .539.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 713, f. 420.— Bontham,
PI. Hartweg. 10.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 232.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 412.— Gray in
Smithsonian Contrili. v, TiA.

Cerasus CnpuU, Seringo in Do Camloll.', Prodr. ii, 541.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 422.

P. CapoUin, Znccarini in Abhandl. Acid. Munich, ii, 345, t. 8.— Ro-mer, Syn. Mon. iii, 87.— Torrey, Bot. Me.x. H<.Mii(lnry
Snrvey,C2.— Riisby in liulL Toirey But. Club, ix.. 53.

P. Canadensis, Mocifio & Seas^, PI. .Mex. Icon. inrd.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 69

Wn.D CHERRY.

Apache and Guadalupe mountains, Texas, west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the southern
slopes of the Sau Francisco mountains; southward through nortliern New Mexico, and in Peru.

A small tree, in the United States, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk often (1.30 meter in diameter*
bottoms of callous and mountain valleys, generally between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation.

Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact; njedullary rays very numerous, thin; color, brown or
often bright, clear red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7879; ash, 0.20.

110. — Prunus demissa, Walpera,

Ro)!. ii, 10.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 4:5.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 307.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63.— Watson in King's Rep. t, 60;
PI. Whooler, 8.— Porter in Haydon's Rep. 1871, 481.— Coulter in Haydon's Rep. 1872, 764.— Rothrock, PI. Wlipeler, 37.— Brandcgoe in
Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette,
ii, 86. — Maconn in Geolojjiical Rep. Cauad.a, 1875-76, 194. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 368.

■ CerasUS serotina^ Hookir, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169, in part.

Geraxus demism, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, FI. N.America, i, 411.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv>,40.— Dnrand in

Jonr. Philadelphia Acad. 18.55, 87. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Eep. Ti,73. Cooper

in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Pacifio R. R. Rep. xii^, 59.

Padus demissa, Rcemer, Syn. Mon.iii,87.

P. Yirg'miana, var. demissa, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii,381.

WILD CHEKRY.

Vancouver's island east to the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana, south through the Pacific
region; in Souora.

A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a
low shrub ; reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern California, near
the coast; in soutlicru California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges, a low shrub confined to high,
mountain valleys.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medidlary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.G951 ; ash, 0.50.

HI. — Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton,

Hort. Kew. ii, 163 ; 2 ed. iii, 196. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 987. — Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, v, 667. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 34.— Desfontaines, Hist,
Arb.ii, 203.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Sprengel, Ncuo Entdeck. i, 304; Syst. ii, 478.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 71.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.—
Audubon, Birds, t. 1.59, 190. — Eaton, Manual, G ed. 286. — Schlechtendal in Linniea, xiii, 69. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43.— Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 120.— Curtis iu Rep. Gcologiial Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 57.— Wood, Bot. &, Fl. 103.— Koch, Dentliologie, i, 124.—
Young, Bot. Texas, 252.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.

P. Carolinn, Miller, Diet.— Du Roi, Ilarbk. ii, 198.

P. set-rat i/oUa, Marshall, Arbustum, 114.

P. Lusitanica, Walter, FI. Caroliniana, 146.

Cerasus CaroUmana, Michaux, 'Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 285.— Nouveau Dnhamel, v, 5.— Miohans f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 156, t. 7;
N. American Sylva, 3<d. ii, 150, t. 89.- Soringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 540. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. i, 420.— Pcnn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 720, f. 423.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.—
Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 190.- Browne, Trees of Auu>rica, 272.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 21)9.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 291.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Poroher, Resources S. Forests, 171. — Wood, CI. Book, 326.

P. sempervirens, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 33.

fBumeUa serrata, Pursh, I''l. Am. Sept. 155.— Rojmcr & Schultes, Syst. iv, 49a

fAchras serrata, r,iii<-i, Suppl. v, 36.

Leptocarpa Caroliniana, Nuttall. Sylva, ii, 18; 2ed. i, 167.
Ghimanthns annjgdalinus, Ra(inesqiu\ Fl. Ludovioiana, 159.
Laurocera^is Garoliniana, Roemer, Syu. Men. iii, 90.

70 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WILD ORANGE. MOCK ORANGE. WILD PEACH.

North Carolina, .sontli, near the ooast. to bay Biscayno, Fhirida, and southern Ahibama, west, along the Gulf
coast, to the valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas.

A small tree, evergreen, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter;
common and reaching its greatest development in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottoms of eastern Texas, here
often covering extensive tracts known as "peach brakes"; not common in the eastern Gulf states.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, chet:king badly in seasoning, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary
rays numerous, thill ; color, light reddish-brown, or, more rarely, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.SCS8; ash, 0.41.

Generally jilanted in the southern states as an ornamental and hedge plant; foliage, bark, and fruit contain
prussic acid, the leaves, especially when partly withered, often proving fatal to animals browsing upon them.

112. — Prunus spheerocarpa, Swartz,

Prodr. 61 ; Fl. lud. Occ. ii, 927 [uot Micbaux]. — Willdoiiow, Spec, ii, 987. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 666. — Peraoon, Syu. ii, 34.— Don,
^tiller's Diet, ii, 516. — Schlechtendal in Linnxa, xiii, 87. — Walpers, Rop. ii, 10. — Grisebach, Fl. Britisb West Indies, 2i!I. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, Snppl. 020.

Cerasus xphcerocarpa, Loiseleur in Nouveau Dnliamel, v, 4. — Seringe in Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 540. — Loudon, Arlioretara ii,
721.— Bot. Mas. t. 3141.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. i, 421.

Semi-tropical Florida, western shores of bay Biscayno (Curdsn) ; in the West Indies.

A small tree, in Florida uot exceeding 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; high
rocky woods or, more rarely, along the borders of streams and ponds; rare.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many very small open ducts; layers
of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color, light, clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow; specific gravity,
0.8998; ash, 0.S7.

113. — Prunus ilicifolia, Walpors,

Kep. ii, 10. — Dietrich, .Syn. iii, 43. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 285. — Brewer & Watson, Bot.
California, i, lOS; ii, 443.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.

Ceraxm ilicifolia, Nnttall in Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beoehey, 340, t. «3.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Nuttall,
Sylvii, ii, IC, t. 47 ; 2 ed. i, 1C5, t. 47.— Torrey iu Emory's Kep. 139; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83.— Paxton, Brit Fl. Garden,
iii, 44, f. 2.14. — Walpers, Ann. iv, G54. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.i8, 2.")9. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, ii,
22. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 79; iv, 22. — London Garden, 1873, 131 & fig.

Laurocerasm ilicifolia, Roomer, .Syn. Mon. iii, 92.

California, Coast ranges from San Francisco bay south to the southern boundary of the state, extending to
the western slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains.

A small tree, evergreen, often 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or when
distant from the coast often reduced to a low shrub.

Wood very heavy, bard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish,
containing many regularly-distributed rather small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright
reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.9803; as-h, 0.7b; furnishing valuable fuel.

114. — Vauquelinia Torreyi, Wataon,

Proc. Am. Aca*!. xi, 147.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 169. — Maximowicz in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, v', 237. — Homsley, Bot.
Am.-Cent. i, 370.

Spircca Californica, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 140.

V. corymhom, Torrey, Bol. Mex. Boundary Survey, 64 [not Correa].

Arizona, high mountains near the Gila (Emory), summits of the Santa Cataliiia mountains (Pringle, Lemmon)-,
in Sonora.

A small tree in the Santa Catalina mountains, 4 to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in
diameter; dry slopes and rocky blufl's at 2,700 to 1,000 feet elevation, granitic soil; generally hollow and decayed.

Wood very heavy, hard, very clo.se-grained, (!omi)act, suscei)tible of a benntifnl polish; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow; si)ecific gravity, 1.1374; ash, 1.45.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 71

115. — Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall;

Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427.— Hookor, Icon. t. :iJ4.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 28,t.51; 2 ed. i, 178, t. 51.— Walpere, Eep. u,.«5.—
Dietrich, Syn. iii, 119.— Watson in King's Kep. v, 83, 420; PI. Wheeler, 8.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1671, 481.— Conlter in
Hayden's Eep. 1872,765. — Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 146. — Engelmann in Simpson'n Eep. 435. —
Brewer & Watson, liot. California,!, 174. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. — Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 421. — Eothrock in
Wheeler's Eep. vi, 43, 111, 360.

MOXTNTAIN MAHOGANY.

Cceur d'Alene mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes of the Rocky mountains of Montana and
Wyomiufi ; ea.stern extremities of the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, Wahsatch mountains,
Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of
California, extending southward into Arizona and New Mexico.

A small, low tree, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or north
of Utah and Nevada reduced to a low shrub; dry, rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation,
reaching its greatest development on the high ranges of central Nevada.

A shrubby variety of the Wahsatch mountain and other ranges of Utah, characterized by its rigid, intricately
branched growth, short, revolute leaves and smaller flowers and fruit, is —

var. intricatUS, M. E. .Tones in herb.

C. intricatuS, Watsou in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 346.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 147.

C. brevifulius, Watson in King's Rep. v,83 [not Gray].

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ;
medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, bright, clear red, or often rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow ;
specific gravity, 1.0731 ; ash, 1.04; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largely manufactured into
charcoal.

116. — Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nuttall;

Hooter & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 337.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Hooker, Icon. t. 323.— Walpers,
Rep. ii, 4.5. — Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 89 ; Emory's Rep. 139; Sitgreaves' Rep. 158 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 83; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 287. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 119. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 41 ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii,
68; V, 54 ; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 146 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 411 ; Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 61. — Engelmann
in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190.— Bolander in Proc. California Acail. iii, 79. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1870, 475; 1871,
481.— Wat.sou in King's Eep. v, 62.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4,34.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler,
37 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi. 111, 359.— Brewer & Watsou, Bot. California, i, 174 ; ii, 444.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— M. E. Jones,
Excur. Bot. 12, 15,20, 21.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 374.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 353.

MOUNTAIN 3IAH0GANY.

California, valley of the Klamath river, southward through the Coa.st ranges to the San Bernardino and San
Jacinto mountains, and in Lower California ; Kocky mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, mountains
of southern Arizona, and southward into Soiiora.

A small tree, rarely 6 to !> meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a
shniV) ; dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest developmeut on the moiuitains of southern New Mexico and Arizona,
at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet.

A glabrous variety of southern California, with dark green leaves, is —

var. glaber, Watsou,Bot. California, i,175.

C. bctulw/olius, Nuttall in Hooker, Icon. t. 322.— Walpers, Rep. ii,46.

G. betuloides. Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427.— Hooker in London Jonr. Bot. vi,ai8.

A form with small entire or sparingly toothed leaves, of northern Mexico, is —

v:n-. paucidentatUS, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, ;?53.

Wood very b<\>vy. hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary
rays luimerous, thin ; color, bright reddish-brown, the .sap-wood light brown; specific gravity, 0.9365; ash, O.-tS;
funushing valuable fuel.

72 FOREST TREK6 OF NORTH AMERICA.

117. — Pyrus coronaria, Linnusns,

Spec 1 ed. 480.— Kalm, Travels, Englished, ii, llkv— Du Koi, Harbk. i, 229.— Marshall, Arbustum, 118.— Alton, Hort. Kow. ii, 176; *
ed. iii, 209.- Willdonow, Spec, ii, 1019; F.uuin. r.-'7; Borl. Hauiiiz. :t:iO.— IVrsoon, Syti. ii, 40.— Piireh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 340.— Eaton,
Manual. oG ; C cU. 291. — Kuitall, Genera, i, :W7. — Barton, C'ompeud. FI. Pbiludt'li>b. i, -2s. — llnjne, Dond. Fl. W). — Torrcy, Fl. U.
S. i, 160; Comiwnd. Fl. X. States, 203; FI. N. York, i, 2-J3.— Bot. Mag. t. 2009.— Elliott, SU. i, 559.— Bot Ueg. viii, (iol.— SprengeO,
SysU ii, 610.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 635.— Don, Millei-'s Diet, ii, 647.— Beck, Bot. 113.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25.—
Beicbenbacb, Fl. Exot. t. 240. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 223. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 908 &t. —
Bronne, Trees of America, 297. — Kichanlsou, Aictie Kxped. 425". — Parry in Owen's Rep. 612. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Cooper
in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 18t)0, iii, 69. —
LeMqucn-ux iu Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood. CI. Book, ;>;?2; Bot. & Fl. 112. — Porcher, Hesources S. Forests, 149. — Gray,
Mannul N. States, 5 ed. liil. — Koch, Deudrologie, i, 214. — Weuzig in Liuucea, xxxviii, 40 (excl. var. ). — Macoiin & Gibson in Trans.
Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, xii, 325.— Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— London Garden, xix, 400, t. 280. —Ward in Bull. U. S. N.it. Mus.No.
22.7S.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus. 1882,06.

MalUK coronaria, Miller, Diet. No. 2.— Ma!ncb,Meth.(«2. —Miibaux, Fl.Bor.-Am.i, 292.— Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, v, 562.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 140.— Xouveau Duliamcl, vi, 139, t.44, f. 1.— Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, '15, t, 10; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 58, t. &5.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 55.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 136, t. 8.— Roomer, Syn. Men.
iii. 191. — Decaisno in Nouv. Arch. Mns. x, 154. — Carri^re in Eev. Hort. 1877, 410 & t.

Cratagus coronaria, Salisbury, Prodr. 357.

Malus microcarpa coronaria, Carrifcre in Rev. Hort. 1884, 104, f. 24.

AMERICAN CRAB. SWEET-SCENTED CRAB.

Ontario, valley of the Hiimber river, shores of hike Erie, southward through western New York and
Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and alons the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama and northern
Mississippi; west to southern Jlinnesota, Iowa, ea.stern Kansas, the Indian territory, and nortluMii Louisiana.

A small tree, rarely G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.30 meter in diameter; rich, rather low woods,
reaching its greate.st development iu the valleys of the lower Ohio region.

Wood heavy, rather sott, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color, brown varying to light red, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.7018; ash, 0.52; used for
levers, handles of tools, and in turnery.

Often plauted for ornament on account of its fragrant blossoms ; the small, yellow-green austere fruit used for
preserve-s, and occasionally made into cider.

lis. — Pyrus angustifolia, Alton,

Hort. Kew. ii, 176; 2ed. iii,209.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1020.— Poirot iu Lamarck, Diet, v, 455.— Persoou, Syn. ii,40.— Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept.
i,341.— Elliott, Sk. i, 559.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 480; Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 203. -Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 509.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,0:l5.—
Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 132.— Bot. Reg. xiv, 1207.— Don, Miller'sDict. 647.— Beck, Bot. 113.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25.—
Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 471.— Loudou, .\rboretnm, ii, 909 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3rf2.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 1.54.— Nuttall,
Sylva, ii, 24; 2 ed. i, 174. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Cooper in Smith.sonian Rep. Id58, 252. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128. —
Curtis in Rep. Goologcal Surv. N. C.irolina, 1860, iii, 69.— Lcsquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, CI. Book, 3.13;
Bot. & Fl. 112.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 161.— Koch, Dendrolo;;ie, i, 213.— Vasey.Cat. ForcKt Trees, 14.— Ridgway in Proc.
U. S. Nat.Mus. 18^,66.

P. coronaria, Wangeuhcim, Amer.61,t.21,f. 47 [not Linna»u.sJ.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.

Malm angiuitifolia, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 292.— Decaisno in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155.

Malus aempc rcirens, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 141.— Nouvean Dnhamel, vi, 638, t. 43, f. 1.— Poirot, Snppl. iv, 524.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. ii, i:t5, t. 8, figs.— Roomer, Syn. Men. iii, 191.

P. coronaria, var. angustifolia, Wenzigin Linna;a,xxxviii,41.

Chloromeh'H semperrirens, Dccaisnc in FI. des Serres, xxiii, 126.

ASIERICAN CRAB APPLE. SOUTHERN CEAB APPLE.

Pennsylvania Y, southern Delaware, and tlie valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois, south to the Chattahoochee
region of western Florida.

A small tree, G to 0 meter.s in height, with .i trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods; most common
and reaching its greatest development along tlici river boitoms of the south Atlantic states; less common west of
the Alleghany mountains.

Wood heavy, hard, clo.sc grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays numenjus, obscure; color, light
brown tinged with red, the sap wood yellow; Ki)ecilic gravity, O.G.SO.l; ash, 0.33; use<l for levers, haiuUesof tools, etc.

The austere fruit used for preserves and made into eider.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 73

119. — Pyrus rivularis, Douglas;

Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. i, 203, t.6S.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, G47.— Tonoy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 471. —Eaton <t Wright, Bot. 383.—
Walpera, Rep. ii, 53.— Dieliich, Syn. iii, l.')4.— Lcdoboiir, Fl. Eossica, ii,9!».— Nuttall, Sylva, ii,2'.J, t.49; 2ed. i, 172, t. 49.— Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 428. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rop. iv, 85; Bot. Wilkes Expcd. 292.— Newberry in Pacific E.R.Rep. vi,73. — Cooper
in Sniithsouiaa Kep. 1858,259; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 29, 60. — Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 18C7, 4'.{5, 440.- Koch, Dendrolo^e,
1, 212.— Gray in Proc. Ain. Acad, viii, 382. — Weuzig in Liunasa, xxxviii, 38. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California,!, 166. — Vaaey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — Macoiin in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 1S5.— Dawson in
Canadian Nat. now ser. ix, 330.

P. diversifolia, Bongard in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 133.

P.fusca, Rafinesqno, Med. Bot. ii,254.

P. suhcordata, Ledebonr, Fl. Rossica, ii,95.

Mollis rivularis, Reamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215. — Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155.

Malus diversifolia, Roomer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215. —Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155.

Mains suhcordata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 192.

OREGON CRAB APPLE.

Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast and islands of British Columbia, through Washington territory
and Oregon, west of the Cascade inouutaius, to Sonoma county, California.

A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; rich, low woods,
generally along streams, often forming dense thickets.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, liable to check badly in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.8310; ash, 0.41; used for mallets, mauls, bearings of machinery, etc.

The small, black, pleasantly acid fruit occasionally used as a preserve, and prized by the Indians as food.

120. — PjTus Americana, Do CandoUe,

Prodr. ii, 637.— Watson, Dend. Brit. i. t. 54.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 511.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 204.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648.— Beck.
Bot. 113.— Audubon, Birds, t. 363.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 472.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 920 & t.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 383.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 224.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 155.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 25, t. 50; 2 ed. i, 17.'<, t. 50.— Browne, Trees of
America, 326. — Euicrsou, Trees M.issachusetts, 439 ; 2 ed. ii, 499. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 612. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 428. —
Lange, PI. Grceul. 134. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rop. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 129. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snr\.
N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 70.— Wood, CI. Book, 333; Bot. & Fl. 112.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 168.— Gray. Manual X. States,
5 ed. 161.— Koch, Dondrologie, i, 190.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Mnconn in
Geological Rop. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 176. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54'.

SorbltS Americana, Marshall, Arbustum, 145.— Willdonow, Euuni. 520.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Snppl. v,
104.- Eaton, Manual, 55; 6 ed. 351.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 75.— Torrey, Fl .U. S. 477 ; Compend.
Fl. N. States, 202.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,95.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 207.— Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, l;58.— Maximowio*
m Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, xix, 174. — Wenzig in Linua?a, xxxviii, 71. — Decaisne in Nonv. Arch. Mus, x, 158.

Sorbus aucuparia, Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 234, in p.art.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 1. ed. 119.— Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mas.
X, 158, in part.

Sorbiis aucuparia, var. Americana, Persoou, Syn. ii, 38 & addend.

P. aucuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part.— Schlochtendal in Linniea, x, 99.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linna>an Soo. ixii«,
290, 327, in part.

SorbliS hlimifusa, Rafinosque, Med. Bot. ii, 265.

MOUNTAIN ASH.

Greenland 1, Ijubrador, Newfoundland, Antioosti island, and westward along the southern shore of James' bay-
to the valley i>f the Nelson river (White Mud falls), soutliward through all mountainous regions of the uortheastorn
states, and almig the high mountains of Virginia and North C!arolina; in northern Mii-liigan. Wisconsin, and
Minnesota.

A small tree, G to It meters in heigiit, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter iu diameter; borders of swamps and in
moist, rocky woods, reaching its greatest development on the northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior.

74 P\')REST TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA.

A form with smaller fruit, jieculiar to the high soiitheru AUegliauy mountains, is —
var. microcarpa, Torrey i Gray, Fl. N. Ami-rica, i,472.
Sorbun auctiparia, var. o. Michaux,Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 200.

Sorbus murocarpa, Pureh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 164.— Elliott, Sk. i. 555.— Torroy, Fl. U. S. 477.— Eaton,
Manual, 0 eil. 351.— Spadi, Hist. Veg. ii,95.— Rofinir, Syu. Mon. iii, 138.

P. microi-arpa, Sprongel, Syst, ii, 511.— De Caudollo, Prodr. ii, C:tC.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, C48.— Beck, B»t. 113.— Eaton
& Wri;;lit, Bot. 3*"l. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 921.

Sorbu* America7ia, var. microcarpa, Won/.ig in Limura, xxxviii,7i.

Sorbus ripar.ia, Ralinesque, New .Sylva, 15.

Wood liglit, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood
lighter; ."specific gravity, 0.5451 ; ash, 0.H3.
Often planted for ornament.

121. — Pyrus sambucifolia,

Cbamisso & Schlfclit«ndal in Linnica, ii, 36. — Bongard in Mem. Acad. Set. .St. Peteisbiirj;, (i ser. ii, 133. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648. — Torrey
& Gray, Fl. X. America, i, 472. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 53. — DIeiricb, Syn. iii, l.">.">. — Ledebour, Fl. Eossica, ii,99. — Trautvettcr & Meyer,
Fl. O<hot.37. — Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amnrensis, 103. — Rotlirock in Smitbsonian Ki-p. l^**)?, 446. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.
161; Pnic. Am. Acad, viii, 3>'J. — Purter in Haydfu'fi Kep. IrJO, 475. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 92. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado;
Hayden's Surv. Misc. Piib. No. 4, 'i-i. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Macoiiu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. —
riall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 10.— Sears in Bull. Esses Inst, xiii, 176.

Sorbus aucuparia, var. /9. Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 290.

Sorbus aucuparia, Scbrank, PI. Labrador, 25, in>part [not Linnajus].

P. Americana, Newberry in Paci6c R. R. Rep. vi, 73 [not Do CandoUe].— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^ 60.— Torrey, Bot.
Wilk.s Expcd. 292.

P. aucuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part. — Schlecbtendal in Linna)a,x,99, in part. — Hooker in Tranv. Linnajan Soo.
xsii-,290, .327. in part.

Sorbus sambucifolia, Ro3mer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139.— Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petereburg, xix, 174.— Wenzig in
Linnu.'a. xxxviii, 73. — Decaisne in Nonv. Arch. Mus. x, 159.

Sorbus Sitchensis, Rosmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139.

MOUNTAIN ASn.

Labrador to northern New England and the shores of lake Superior; high mountain ranges of the Pacific
region from Ala.ska to southern New Mexico ; in Kamtchatka.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Pacific forests
generally reduced to a low shrub ; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest devcIo[)meut ia
northern New England and Minnesota.

Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerons, obscure; color, light brown, the
Bap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5928; ash, 0.35.

The bark and unripe fruit of the American mountain ashes, like those of the nearly-allied P. aucuparia of
Europe, are extremely astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions, etc., in the treatment
of diarrhea {Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1333).

122. — Crataegus rivularis, Nuttall;

Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 161.— Walpers, Rep. ii, .58.— Nuttall, Sylva, li, 9; 2 ed. i, 160.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2.58; Am. Nat. iii,407.— R.-gel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 107.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 92. —Porter
in Haydeu's Hep. 1871, 482.— Conlter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 7a5.— Brandegeo in Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 14.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canadii, 1875-'76; 195.— Eiigelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128.

C. sanguinea, var. Dovglasii, Coulter in Hayden's R.-p. 1872, 765 [not Torrey & Gr.iy].

British Columbia, sontii through east<>rn Oregon and Wa.shington territory, east and southeast along the
mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado, to the Pinos Altos mountains. New Mexico {Greene).

A small tre<', « to « meters in height, willi a trunk rarely exceeding 0.;iO meter in diameter, or often a tall,
much-branched Khrub, forming dense, imi>enetral)le tiii<;kels along borders of streams and swamps.

Wood heavy, hard, close grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright reddish-brown, the
sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7703; ash. 0.35.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 75

123- — Crataegus Douglasii, Lindley,

Bot. Reg. xxi, 1. 1810. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, t!2;i, f. 064 & t. — Koch, Demlroloj^io, i, 147. — Kaleniczenko in Ball. .Soc. Imp. Nat. Moecow,
slviii, 20. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Californiii, i, 189. — Macoiin in Geological Hop. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — EDgelmann in Conlter'e
Bot. Gazette, vii, 128.

? C glandulosa, Pursli,Fl. Am. Sept. i,.!37, in part.

C. punctata, var. brevispina, Donglasin Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201.

C. sanguinea, var. Douglasii, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4G4.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 58.— Dietrich, 8yn.iii, 160.—
Torrey, Bot. Wilkes E.Npcd. 292.— Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 116.

G. sanguinea, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 6, t. 44 ; 2 ed. i, 1,57, t. 44 [not Pallas].— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1658, 259 ; Am. Nat.
iii, 407. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

Anthomeles Douglasii, Roemer, Syu. Mon. iii, 140.

G. rivularis, Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189 [not Nuttall].

British Goluuibia, valley of the Parsuip river, in about latitude 55° N., south through Washiugtou territory
and Oregon to the valley of the Pitt liver, California, extending east tlirough Idaho and Montana to the western
base of the Rocky uiountaius {valley of the Flathead river, Ganhy ib Sargent).

A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub
throwing up many stems from the ground sind forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sandy soil along
streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of tlie Cascade mountains; toward its eastern
limits a low shrub.

Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful iwiish ; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, nearly white tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O'.COoO ; ash, 0.33;
used ibr wedges, mauls, etc.

The small, sweet, black fruit, ripening in August, is largely collected by the Indian.s.

124.— CratOiguS brachyacantha, Sargent & Euglemann;
Engelmann in CouUei-'s Bot. Gazette, vii, 128.

HOGS' HAW.

New Orleans?, {Dnnnmond in herb. Gray); Minden, Louisiana (Mohr)x Concord, Texas {Sargent); Lougview,
Texas (in fruit, Lctterman).

A tree 9 to 12 meters in height, with a truidc sometimes O.GO meter in diameter ; borders of streams in low,
very rich soil ; the largest North American representative of the genus.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure; color, light browu tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; specilic gravity, 0.6793 ; ash, 0.42.

The large blue-black fruit greedily eaten by hogs and other animals.

125. — Crataegus arborescens, Ellioit,

Sk. i, 550.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 112.- Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,4(i(;.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 160.—
Walpers, Rep. ii, .^8. —Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 10, t. 45 ; 2 cd. i, 160, t. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper in Smithsouian Rep. 1358,
252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Young, Fl. Texas, 259.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tree«, 14.—
Engehnann in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 4.

Phwnopyrmn arborescens, RaMucr, Syn. Mon. iii, 153.

C. GrUsgaUi, var. 2)y''ncanthi/'olia, Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109, in parr.

Valley of the Savannah river. South Carolina (Aiken, RavencI), south to the Chattahoochee region of western
Florida; valley of the jMississii)pi river, near Saint Louis {Engelmann), south and southwest to western Ltniisiana,
and the valley of the lower Colorado river, Texas.

A small tree, 0 to 9 u)eters in height, witli a t nuik soiiietinu>s 0A~> to 0.(!0 meter in diameter ; borders of streams
and in rather low, wet swamjjs.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medulhuy rays very
numerous, obscure ; color, light browu tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.G491 ; ash, 0.57,

The small globular fruit bright red or, more rarely, orange.

76 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

126. — Crataegus Crus-galli, Liunions,

Spec. 1 cd. 476. — Kalm, Travels, EDglisb ed. i, llfi. — Modicus, Bot. Ueobacht. ii, 3-14. — Walter, Fl. CaroliniaDQ, 147. — Aiton, Hort. Kow.
ii.l70; 2ed. iii.aoa.— Wilkleuow, Spec, ii, 1004.— Micaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,2*.— PorBOon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursli, Fl.Aiii. Sopl. i, XIS.—
Eaton, Manual, 56 ; t> is\. Ml.— Nut tall, G.iiiTa, i, 305.— Barton, Compciul. Fl. Pl.iladelpli. i, 22.'> ; Prodr. Fl. Pliiladclpli. r>4.— Elliott,
Sk. i, ;>4^.— Torrcy, Fl. T. S. 476 ; Coiniieud. Fl. N. Stati-.s, yOd ; Fl. N. York, i, 221.- Watsou, Dond. Brit, i, t. .'')(■..- Do Caiulollc, Prodr.
ii,62C.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. i,'JCO; Companion Bot. Mag. i,-J5— Don, Miller's Diet. ii,59S.— Beck, Bot. 111.— Toiroy & Gray,Fl.N.
America, i, 46:1.— London, Arboretum, ii, 820. f. 574, 575 &. t.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 212.— Bigelo\v,Fl. Boston. 3 ed.20(i.— Dietrich,
Syn. iii, 15<i. — Browne, Trees of America, 278. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 433 ; 2 cd. ii, 492 &, t. — Ra'uier, Syn. Mou. iii, 117. —
Parry in Owen's Kep. 612. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 83. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 305. — Cooper in Sinithsonian Kep. 1858,252. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 83. — Lesqmreux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas,
359.— Wood, CI. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Porcher, Kesourccs S. Forests, 148.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160; Hall's PI.
Texas, 9. — Young. Bot. Texas, 258. — Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i,10S. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Xat. Moscow,
llviii, 19.— Vasi-y, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54"^.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.

C. lucida, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 13.— AVangcnheim, Amer. 53, 1. 17, f. 42.-Sprengol, Syst. ii,506.— Dc Candolle, Pnidr. ii,629.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.

Mespilus CniSgalU, Marsh.all,Arbustnm, 88.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 441.— Desfoutaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 157.— Nouveau Dnhainel,
iv, 149.— Willdcnow, Euum. 522; Berl. Baumz. 244.— Hayne,Dend. F1.80.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 142.

t 2fespilus cuneifomiis, Marshall, Arbustum, 88.

Mespilus lucida, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 17.— Mcench, Meth. 685.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,57.

Me-tpilus cuneifolia, Mcench, Metli. 684.

C. Cru.sgalli, var. Sjylendens, Alton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. iii, 202.

Mespilus WatSOniaua, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 5".

C. Wutsoniana, Roiuier, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.

COCKSPUB THORN. NEWCASTLE THORN.

Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west through southern Ontario to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic
forests to the valley of the Chipola river, western Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.

A small tree, 4 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, running into various
forms. The best marked are —

var. pyracanthifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 170; 2 ed. iii, 202.— De CaudoUo, Prodr. ii, 626.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America,
i,4('.4.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 820, 1. 128, f. 580.— Browne, Trees of America, 278.— Rogel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg,
i, 109, in part.

C. sttlicif'olitl, Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. ii, 345.— Rajmcr, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.

C. Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, Aiton, I. c ; 2 ed. I. c. — Willdonow, Berl. Banmz. 244. — De Candollo, I. o. — London, I. o. t.
551-.'j53, ."j78 &. t.— Browne, /. c— Eegel, I. c. 110.

Mespilus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 80.

Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Hayne, l. c.

Mespilus salicifolia, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 144.

0. Courstliana, Rccmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.

var. ovalifolia, Lindlcy, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. I860.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 404.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— Loudon,
Arljorctiun, ii, 821, f. 579 & t.— Regcl in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109.

Mespilus iivalifolia, Homcmaun, Hort. Hafn. Si.ppl. 52. — Koch, Dendrologio, i, 143.

Mespilus jtrunellifolia, Poiret, Suppl. iv, 72.

C. ornlifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Rocraer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.

C. prunellifolia, De Candolle, /. c— Don, I. c— Ra-mer, I. c.

ifespilus elliptica, Gnimpel, Otte &, Hayne, Abb. Holz. 170, t. 144 [not Lamarck].— Spach. Hist. Veg. ii,68.

var. linearis, Dc Candolle, Prodr. ii, 626.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrieli, Syn. iii, 159.— Loudon,
Arboretum, li, 821, f. .577.— Browne, Trees of America, 278.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 110.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 77

Mespilus lucidity var. angustifolia, Ehrhart, Bcitr. iv, 18.

C. linearis, Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 113.

Mespilus linearis, Dosfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 156.— Pfiiret, Suppl. iv, 70.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 57.

var. prunifolia, Torrey &. Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 821, f. 576 &. t,—
Kcpl ill .\ct. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 110.

Mespilus prunifolia, TMarsliall, Arbustnm, 90.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 441!.- Nouveau Diihamel, iv, 150, t. 40.— SprengeL
Syst. ii, 506.

Mespilus rotundifolia, Ebrbart, Beitr. iii, 20.

C. prunifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Bosc in Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 6->7.— Don, Miner's Diet, ii, 598.— Lindloy, Bot. Eeg.
sxii, t. 1868.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.

Mespilus Bosciana, Spacb, Hist. Veg. ii, 58.

G. Bosciana, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 118.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish ; medullary rays
numerous, very obscure ; color, browu tinged with red, the sap-wood rather lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7194: ash,
0.5G.

The long, strong spines are occasionally collected and used to fasten sacks and for similar purposes.

127. — Crataegus coccinea, Linnasus,

Spec. 1 ed. 476. — Walter, FI. Caroliniana, 147. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 167 ; 2 ed. iii, 200. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1000 (excl. syn.). Michaux

Fl. Bor.-Ain. i, 288. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 36. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337. — Eaton, Manual, 55; 6eJ. 111. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.

Schrauk, Pfl.Labrador, 26. —Barton, Compend, Fl. Philad<^Iph. i, 22(!.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 77. — Elliott, Sk. i, 553. — Torrey, FI. U. S. 474 •
Compend.Bot.N. States, 201; Fl. N. York, i, 221; Emory's Kep. 403.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,G27.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201 ; Bot.

Mag. t. 3432. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599. — Meyer, PI. Labrador, 8 i. — Beck, Bot. 112. — Lindley, Bot. Keg. -^3, 1. 19.'>7. Torrey &GRiy

Fl. N. America, i, 405.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 206.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 5i.

Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 816, f. 564-566, t. 121. — Sclinizlein, Icon. t. 270, f. 18-20,22. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 434; 2 ed. ii,
493 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 8'3. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 30.'>. — Cooperiu Smithsonian Eeo.
1858, 252. — Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. sii, 43 ; Manual N. Sf.ates, 5 ed. 160. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1850, iii, 82. — Losiiuereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 309. — Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. &. Fl. HI.— Kaleniczcnko
in Bull. Soe. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 9. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Soars in Bull. Esses Inst, si ii, 177. — Bell in Geolcical
Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55^- Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.

Mespilus coccinea, Marshall, Arbustum, 87.— Mcench, Meth. 684.— Lamarck, Diet. iv,442.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb ii, 156.—
Willdenow, Enuui. 523; Berl. Bauniz. 233. — Wendland in Regeusb. Fl. 1823, 699. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507 —Spach,
Hist. Veg. ii, 64.

Mespilus rotundifolia, Ehrhart, Beltr. Ui, 20.— Wendland in Regen.sb.Fl. 1823, 700.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 58.— Koch,
Deudrologie, i, 148.

Pyrxts (jlanihdosa, Mooncb, Meth. 680.

C. glandulosa, Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1002 (excl. syn.).- Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i,337, in p:irt.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 475; Compend.
Fl. N. States, 201.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii,627.— Loddigos, Bot. Cab. 1. 10(2.- Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201.— Don, Miller's
Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. HI.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 817,
f. 550, 567, 568 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18Cl\ iii, 84.—
Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 120.

Mespilus glandulosa, willdenow, Enum. 523.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 62.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 145.

Mespilus pubcxccns, Wendland in Regeusb. Fl. 1823,700.

C. Crus-gaUi, Bigolow,Fl. Boston. 2 ed. 194 [not Liunajus].

f Mespilus Wendlandii, Oniz in Regeusb. Fl. 1834, 590.

C. macraeantha, Loddigos in London, Arboretum, ii, 819, f. .572, 573 & t.

C. glandulosa, var. macraeantha, Lindley in Boi.Reg. xxii,t. 1912.

MesiiihiS Jlabcllafa, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 63.— Kocb, Deudrologie,!, 148.

Halmta Jlahcllata, Rmmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 136.

Antllomch'S rotundifolia, UVvraer, Syn. lion, iii, 140.

Plianopijruni tonintltmjlmwr, Syn. .Mon. iii, l.V!.

Plia'nopi/rum Wendlamli!, Kiem.i-.Syu.Mou. iii, i.'>6.

78 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

SCARLET HAW. RED HAW. WHITE THORN.

West coast of Xewfoundlaud, we.st alongr the valley of the Saint Lawreiiee iiv»T ami t he northern shores of the
great lakes to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas.

A small tree, sometiuies 0 meters in height, with a trunk O.oO meter in diameter; open upland wooils or along
streams and borders of prairies; very common at the north, rare at the south ; running into many forms, varying
iu the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc. The best marked are —

var. viridis, Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4G5.— Torrey in NicoUct's Eei). 149.

C. riridix, LiniKius, Spec. 1 e<l. 476.— Willdcnow, Si>ec. ii, 1001.— IVrsoou, Syu. ii, :!(j.— Elliott, Sk. i, 551.— De CautloUe, Prodr.
ii, 630. —Dou, Miller's Diet, ii, 601.— Eaton, Maiiuiil, 6 cd. 112. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica,2 cd. 293.— Eiiton & Wright,
Bot. 212.— Beck, Bot. no5.—Darby, Bot. S. States, 305.— Wood, CI. Book, 332; Bot. & Fl. 111.

t Phwnopyrum viride, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 156.

Mespilm viridis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 149.

C. glandulosa, var. rotundifolia, Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i,120.

var. populifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4t)5.

C. populifolia, Elliott, Sk. i, 553 [not Walter].— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112— Beck, Bot. 305.— Eaton &■
Wright, Bot. 212.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 305.

Mespilus populifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447.

Phwnopyrum populifolium, Eoenier, Syn. Mon. iii, 156.

G. COCCinea, var. typica, Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 121.

var. oligandra, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, brown tinged with red,
the snp-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.SG18; ash, 0.38.

128. — Crataegus subvillosa, Schrader,

IncL Sem. Hort. Goett.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 35.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 66.

C. COCCinea, var. mollin, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 186.— Parry in
Owen's Rcji. C12. — Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 121.

Phcenopyrum SUbvillosum, Rd-mcr, Syn. Mon. iii, ir)4.

C mollis, Scbeeli! iu Liuuaja, xxi, 569; Rcemer, Texas, Appx. 473.— Walpers, Ann. ii,523.

C sanguinea, var. rillosa, Itnpri'clit & Maximowicz, Prim. Fl.Amurcnsis, 101.

C. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 454 (see Gray iu same, 1S62, 163).— Young, Fl. Texas, 258.

C. tomentosa, var. mollis, Or.iv, .Manual X. States, 5 ed. 160.— Wood, CI. Book, 330; Bot. «t Fl. 121.— Vasoy, Cat Forest
Trees, 14.

MespihlS tiliafolia, Koch, iJiinlrolonic, i, 151.

SCARLET HAW.

Ea.stem Ma.s.sachnHetts (possibly introduced); central Midiigan toeastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee,
and southwest thrftugh ^Mis.souri, Arkansas, tlie Indian territory, atul Texas to the valley of tlu* San Antonio river.
, A snuiU tree, 7 to 9 meters in hejgiit. with a trunk rarely <l.l.'> m<'t<^r in diameter; rich woods and along Ixu'ders
of streams and i>rairies.

Woo<l heavy, hard, not strong, clo.se-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; cohjr, light
brown or light re<l, the sap-wood lighter ; specilie, gravity, ((.795.'! ; ash, 0.69.

The large red fruit often downy, edible, and of agreeable flavor.

CATALOGUE OF POOREST TREES. 79

129. — Crataegus tomentosa, Linnains,

Spec. 1 ed. 476 (excl. syn. Gronovius). — Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 151. — Du Roi, Harbk. i, 183. — Torrey Sc Gray, Fl. N. America, i,
46G.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, S-.ia.— Ecuersoii, Trees Massachusetts, 1 cd. 435; 2 cd. ii, 494 <t t.— Parry in
Owen's Kop.Gli. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 185.^,252. — Chapman, Fl. S. .States, 127. — Lcsqncrenx in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas,
359. — Wood, CI. Book, :!30. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 191. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. !•». — Young,
Bot. Texas, 258. — Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Macoun in Geological Kep. Canada, lfe75-'76, 195. — Bidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mas. 18S2, 66.

G. leucophlccos, Mceuch, Hort. Weiss. 31, t. 2. —Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 106.

Mespilus Calpodendron, Ehrhart, Beitr. ii,67.

G. pyrifoUa, Aitou, Hort. Kew. ii, 168 ; 2 ed. iii, 200.— Willdcnow, Spec, ii, 1001.— Perooon, Syn. ii, 36.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv,
131.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 292.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 306.— Elliott, Sk. i, 550.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8.
475; Compeud. Fl. N. States, 201.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201. —Don, Millers Diet, ii,
599.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Liudl v, Bot. Reg. xxii, 1. 1877.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 819, f. .571 & t. --Eaton &.
Wright, Bot. 211.

Mespilv^ latifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 444. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 156. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 150. — Spach, Hisu Veg.
ii,60.

0. latifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Ecemer,
Syn.Mon.119.

Mespilus pyrifoli a, Willdenow, Ennm.523; Berl. Bauniz. 240.— Kaleniczenko in Bnll. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 15.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 78.

Mespilus lobata, Poiret, Suppl. iv, 71.

Mespilus odorata, Wendland in Regensb. Fl. 1S23, 700.

Mespilus pruinosa, Weudland in Rogensb.Fl. 1823,700.

0. lobata, Bosc in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 628.

C.flava, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 202 (excl. syn.).

Halmia tomentosa, Roemer, Syn. Men. 135.

Halmia lobata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. 135.

Pheenopyrum pniinosum. Rammer, Syn. Mon. 155.

f G. COCcinea, Viir. viridis, Torrey in Pacitic R. R. Rep. iv, 86 [not Torrey & Gray].

G. tomentosa, var. pyrifolia, Gray, JIanual N. States, 5 ed. 160.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 111.

C. COCmea, Brandegeo in Hayden's Rep. 1875', 236 [not Linna>us].

G. leucocephalus, Lavallde, Arboretum Sogrez. 78, t. 22 [not Moench].

G. COCCinea, var. cordata, LavalMe, Arboretum Segrez. 81, t. 22.

BLACK THORN. PEAK HAW.

New Briinswitik, westward along the valley of the Saint Lawience river and tbe northern shores of the preai
lakes to the Saskatchewan region, southward through the Atlantic forests to the Chattahoochee region of western
Florida, and eastern Te.xas west to the mountains of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, southwestern
(JoUirmlo, ;iml soulliwi'.storu Now Mexico.

A sni;ill tree, 0 to !) moters in height, with a trunk I'aroly OA't meter iu diainetor. or often, especially west of
the Rocky ruoiiiitains, reduced to a low shrub, here lorming dense thickets along uioiuitain stix»ams ; the most widely-
distrihuti'd of the Xorth American Cratagi, varying greatly in the size, shape, and color of the fniit, form of the
leaves, amount of luibesccnce, etc.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays luimerous. thin: color, bright reddish-
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specilic gravity, 0.7(W.'{; ash, 0.50.

80 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

X'ar. punctata, Gray,

Haiiaal N. States, 2 ed. VU. — Coopor in Smithsuuiuu Rep. li?58, 2,V2. — Chiipmau, Fl. S. Stat«3, 1'27.— Porter iu Hayden's Rep. 1871,
481. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

C. punctata, Jacquin, Hort. Vindob. i, 10, t. 28.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 169; 2 ed. iii, 202.— Willdctiow, Spec, ii, 1004.—
Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Aiii. i, 2Si».— Persoou, Syu. i, ^7.- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, J38.— Elliott, Sk. i, 54S.— Tonoy, Fl. U.
S. 476 ; Compeud. Fl. N. States, 202 ; Fl. N. York, i, 222.— Do Caudollo, Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201 (oxol.
van); Couipauiou B.it. Ma^. i, 2o.— Djii, MIIKt's Diet, ii, 589.— Eatou, Mauual, 0 ed. 111.— Beck, Bot. 111.— Torrey
& Gray, Fl. \. Aiinrica, i, 466.— Loudon, Arboretnui, ii, 818, f. 569, 570 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich,
Syu. iii, 15U. — Browne, Trees of Aiueriea, 277. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 4:!5 ; 2 ed. ii, 495. — Gray, Mauual
N. States, 1 ed. 128.— Richardson, Arctic Expcd. 427.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 84. — Darby, Bot. S. States,
306. — Lesqnereux iu Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 3.')9.— Wood, CI. Book, 330; Bot. & Fl. 111. — Engelinann iu Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. new set. xii, 191. — Kaleuiczuuko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 14.

Me*pilu-i corni/otia, Mutnchhausen, Hausv. v, 145. — Lamarck, Diet, iv, 444.— Koch, Deudrologio, i, 134.— Spach, Hist. Veg.
ii, 60, t. 10, f. c.

C. Cms gain, Wangenheim, Auier. 52. — Du Roi, Harbk. i, 195 '"not Linnicus].

Mespilus cuneifolia, Ehrhart, Biitr. iii, 21.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 506.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 61.

Mespilus punctata, Loiseleur in Nouveau Dnhaciel, iv, 1,52.— Willdenow, Enum. 524; Berl. Baumz. 243.— Poiret, Snppl.
iv, 70. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 79. — ^Watson, Deud. Brit, i, t. 57. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, CI. — Weuzig in Linntea, xxxviii, 128.

Mespilus pyrifolia, Desfoutaines, Hist.Arb. ii, 15.5.

C. punctata, var. rubra and aurea, Aiton, Hort. Kow.2ed. iii, 202.

C. latifolia, De CaudoUe, Prodr. ii, 627.

t C. flexuosa, Schweinitz iu Long's 2d Exped. ii, Appx. 112.

C.flava, Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 292 [not Aiton].

C. cuneifolia, Rimier, Syn. Mon. iii, 118.

C. Obovatifolia, Rccmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 120.

Halmia punctata, Rn?mer, .Syn. Mon. iii, 134.

Halmia COrnifolia, Ra:mcr, Syn. Mon. iii, 1:54.

C. tomentosa, var. plicata, Wood, Cl. Book, .330; Bot. &F1. ill.

C. punctata, var. xanlhocarpa, Lavalldo, Arboretum Sogrez. i, 53, t. 16.

Fruit l:ir;,'C!- tlian tliat of tlie Kpecies, dull red or yollow.

130. — CratsEgus cordata, Aiton,

Bort. Kew. ii.KW; 2 ed. iii,200.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1000.— I'ersoon, SyM. ii, 36. — Eaton, M.annal,!)5; 6 ed. 111.— Elliott, Sk. i,554.—
Torrey, Fl. U.S. 474; Conipend. Fl. X. States, 201.— Do Caiidolle, Prodr. ii, 628.— Wat.son, Dcnd. Brit, i, t. 63.— Liiulley, Bot, Reg.
liv, t. 1151.— Hooker, Fl. B»r.-Aui. i, 201.— Don, Miller's Diet. ii. 599.— Beck, Bot. 112. -Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4(i7.—
London, Arboretum, ii, 825 &. t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211 —Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Browne, Trees of America, 280.— Ri^ihardson,
Arctic Expe«l. 427.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1808, 252.—
Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 127.— Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 82.— Wood, Cl. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. HI.—
Gray. .M.iuual N. Stales, 5 ed. 159.— Young, Bot. Texas, 257.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 114.— Kaleniczonko in Bull. Soc.
Imp. Nat. Mo'-cow, xlviii, 31. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

MeHpiluH Phmnopyrum, Ehrhart in Linnajus f. Snppl. 2.'>4 ; H.itr. i, 181; ii, 67.— Moonch, Mcth. 685.— Lamarck, Diet,
iv, 446.

C. populifolia, W.-ilter, Fl.Caroliniana, 147 [not Elliott].- Piir.sh, Fl. Am. .Sept. i,3:!7.

MetipiluH aceri folia, Burgsdorf in Lamarek.Dict.iv, 442.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 151.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 6.5.

MexpihlH cordata. Miller, Icon. t. 170.— Willdenow, Ennm. 523; Berl. Banmz. 239.— Ilayne, Dend. Fl. 77.— Sprongel, Syst. U,
.'•''7.— Koch, Deudrologio, i, 1*8.

PllCCnopi/rum Cinlatum, Rrnmer, Syu. .Mon. iii, 1.57.

riucnopi/ruin n<< ril'iiUiun, KajuuM , ,Syn. Mon. iii, 157.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 81

WASHINGTON THORN.

Valley of the upper Potomac river, Virgiuia, .southward along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia
and Alabama, extending west through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee to the valley of the lower
Wabash river, Illinois.

A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, witli ;i trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter; generally along banks of
streams.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7293; ash, 0.46.

Formerly widely planted as a hedge plant.

131. — Crataegus apiifolia, Michaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 287.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 38.— Piirsli, Fl. Aui. Sept. i, 3:Jti.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Elliott, Sk. i, 552.— DeCandoUe, Prodr. ii,
627.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Audubon, Birds, t. 192.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Hooker, Companion Hot. Mag. i,25.— Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 467. —Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 824, f. 588, 589 «fc t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 3ilC.— Kcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 121. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1658, 2.52. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Wood,
01. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Gniy, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 159 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Young, Bot. Tex.is. 2.i7.— Kaleniczcnko in
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 99. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

G. oxyacantha, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147 [not Linnieus].

MespihlS apiifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 89.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 68.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 508.— SpacU, Hist. Veg. ii, 67.

Mespihtu monogyna, var. aplifoUa, Koch, Dendrologie,i, 160.

C. oxyacantha, var. apiifolia, Kegel iu Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, 119.

PARSLEY HAW.

Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to about latitude 28", extending west through the Gulf states to
southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a slender stem rarely exceeding 0.08 to 0.10 meter in diameter,
or more often a low shrub, throwing up many stems from the ground ; low, rich soil, reaching its greatest
develoi)meiit iu tlie pine barren hummocks of central Florida.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays thin, very
obscure; color, bright brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7453 ; ash,
0.97.

132. — Crataegus spathulata, Micbaux.

Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 228. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 37. — Barton, Compond. Fl. Pbiladelpli. i, -iiij. — Elliott, Sk. i, 552. — Loddiges, Bot. Cub. t. 12iil. —
Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599. — Hook<r, Couii)anion Bot. Mag. i, 25. — (iray in Lindloy, Bot. Reg. xxiii under 1. 1957 ; Manual X. St.ites,
5 ed. 159. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i,467. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 825, f. 591 & t. — Eaton &,
Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 30().— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 126.— Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 359.— Wood, CI. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. 111. — Young, Bot. Texas, 257. — Kaleuiczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow,
xlviii, 31. — Ridgway in Am. Nat. vi, 728.

Mespilus Azarolus, Marshall, Arbustum, S9 [not Liun;eus].

MexpibtS spathulata, Poiret, Suppl. iv,t">8.—Desfontaines. Hist. Arb. ii. 1.57.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,
66. — Koch, Dendrologio, i, 137.

C. microcarpa, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. 184t;.

Phamopyrum spathvlatmu, Ra>mer, Syn. Mon. iii, 355.

SMALLFRITITED HAW.

Virginia, .southward to the (.'hattaliooche*' region of western Florida, west through the Gulf states to the valley
of the Washita river, Arkansas (Hot Sjiiings, Lctierman), and the Colorado river, Texas.

A small tree, (! to S meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.2.") meter iu diameter, or often reduced to a low
shrub; margins of streams and jjrairies; common and reaching its greatest development ahMig the bottom lands of
western Louisiana and eastt>ru Texas.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact : medullary rays very numerous, obscure : color, light
hrown or red. the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7159; ash, 0.66.
(! FOR

82 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

133. — Crataegus berberifolia, Torrey & Gray,

Kl. N. America, i, 4(iy.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 10i».— Walpers, Hep. il, oi).— Kituier, Syii. Mon. iii, 115.— Wood, CI. Book, 332.— Kegel in Act.
Hort. St. Petersburg, i, li>3.— Eugcluiuim in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, ViS.

Mespilus berberifolia, Weuzig in Limiaea, xxsviii, lib.

Phtmopyrum ellipticuvi, Rcpmer, .?yn. Mon. iii, 15r..

Phccnopyrum Virginicum, Roemcr, Syu. Mon. iii, 155.

Nevr Orleans? {Brummovd, No. 105'); Opelousas, Louisiana (Car2)enter, Sargeni).

A small tree, 6 to S meters in Leigbt, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; borders of prairies, in low
ground ; the fruit and wood not yet lollected.

134.— Crataegus aestivalis, Torrey & Gray,

Fl. N. America, i, 4t>S.— Walpcrs, Eej). ii, 58.— Dietricli, Syn. iii, 16C.— Xuttall, Sylva, ii, 12 ; 2 ed. i, 16-,'. —Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.—
Chapman. Fl. S. States, 127.— Lesquereus in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & FI. 111.— Kegel in Act.
Hort. St. Petersburg, j, 124.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

Mespilus (EStiralis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447.

C. elliptica, Elliott, Sk.i, 548 [not Alton].

C. lucida, Elliott.Sk. i,o49[notEhrhart].

C. opaca, Hooker & Amott in Companion Bot. Mag. i, 2."i.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv,2563.

Anthomeles (BStitalis, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 141.

MAY HAW. APPLE HAW.

South Carolina, .«outh to northern Florida, west through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley
of the Sabiue river, Texas.

A small tree, G to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; generally in sandy soil along
the margins of streams and ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of western
Louisiana and eastern Texas.

^ ood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown
or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.65t)4; ash, 0.57.

The large, globular, fragrant, red fruit, of agieeable subacid flavor, used as a preserve, in jellies, etc. ; ripening
in May.

135. — Crataegus flava, Aiton,

Hort. Kew. ii, 1G9 ; 2 ed. iii, 201.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1002.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i , 336.— Nut tall, Genera, i, 305.—
DeCandoUe,Prodr.ii,C-.'^.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 59.— Don, Miiier's Diet, ii, 600.— Lindlcy, Bot. Reg. xxiii, t. 1939.— Toncy &
Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 40-'.- Eaton, Manual, G ed. 112.— London, Arboretum, ii, 823, f.585 & t.— Eaton & AV right, Bot. 911.—
Dietrich, Syn. iii. IGO.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 30fi.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. lKi8, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 28.— CurUs
in Hep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 83.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :J59.— Woo<l, CI. Book, 332; Bot.
& Fl. 111.— Gray, Manual X. States, 5 ed. 160.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 122.— Kaleniczcnko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscow, xlviii, 27.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

Mespilus flexinpina, Ma;nch, Verz. Banm. 62, t. 4.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 139.

C. glandulosu, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 168; 2 ed. iii, 201 [not .Michaux].— Porsoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Point, Suppl. iv, C.'.l. in i)art.

Mespilus Caroliniana, P„iiet in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 442.— Desfontaincs, Hist, Arb. ii, 156.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, .">07.

C. Caroliniana, Per^.on, Syn. ii, .36.— Elliott, Sk. i, 554.— Eaton, Manual, G cd. 112.— Eaton <fc Wright, Bot. 212.

Mespilus flava, Willdenow, Ennm. 523.— Poirot, Suppl. iv, 70.— Watson, Dond. Brit, i, t. 59.— .Spach, HiHt. Vog. ii, .W.

C. turbinate, purhh, Fl. Am. Sept. Addend. 735.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 543.— Elliott, Sk. i, 549.— Dc CandoUc, Prodr. ii, 627.—
Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.

Mespilus turbinata, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 506.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 60.

C. flava, var. lobata, LindUy, Bot. Keg. xxiii, t. 1932.

C. lobata, Bohc in Dc Candolle, Prodr. ii, 628.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, .599.— London, Arboreium, li, S24, f. 5.54, 586.

Phaynopyrum Carolinianum, Rromer, Syn. Mod. iii, 1.'2.

Anthomeles flava, glandulosa, and turbinata, Rcemer, Syu. Mon. iii, Ml.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 83

SUM5IEE nAW. YELLOW IIAW.

Virginia, southward, generally near the coast, to Tampa ba^v, Florida, west through the Gulf state* to
eastern Texas and southern Arkansas.

A small tree, rarely 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or reduced to a mucb-brauched
shrub 2 to 3 meters in height ; borders of streams, in low, sandy soil subject to overflow.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary
rays very numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.7809 ; ash, 0.79.

Fruit small, red or yellow, acid.

Var. pubescens, Gray,

Mauual N. States, 5 ed. 1(J0.

Mespilus Memalis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447.

C. viridis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147 [not LinnaBus]. — Elliott, Sk. i, 551.

G. elliptiea, Alton, Hort. Kew. il, 168; 2ei. iii, 201.— Walldenow, Spec, ii, 1002.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursb, Fl. Am.
Sept. i, 337.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 475; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii,
627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,201.—Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Beck, Bot. 33.— Eatou, Manu:il, 6 ed. 111.— Torrey &
Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 469.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 109.— Darby, Bot. S. States. 306.—
Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18(50, iii, 84. — Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 182.

Mespilus elliptiea, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447.— Wenzig in Linnisa, xxxviii, 125.— Koch, Dondrologie, i, 140.

G. glandtdosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 288 [not Aiton].— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Chapman, Fl. S. Stat.-s, 128.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

C. Micliatixii, Persoon, Syn. ii, 38.

G. spatlmlata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 336 [not Michaux].— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 627.— Liudley, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. 1890;
xxiii, under 1. 19.57.

Mespilus Michauxii, Honiemann, Hort. Hafn. 455.— Poiret, Suppl. i v, 69.

G. flava, Elliott, Sk. i, 551 [not Aiton J.

G. Viryinica, Loddiges in London, Arboretum, ii, 842, f. 560, 615. — Kalcniczenko in Bnll. Soc.Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 58.

SUMMER-HAW. RED HAW.

Virginia, southward to Tampa bay, Florida, and sparingly through the Gulf states to western Louisiana.

A low tree growing with the species, from which it is distinguished by the pubescence of the calyx and
young branches, the smaller flowers, and larger, bright red or yellow, globular or pear-shaped fruit.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-graiued, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; coior, bright
red or rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7083; ash, 0.91.

The large, edible fruit used in the south Atlautic states in preserves, jellies, etc.

NoTK. — Crata'guii jtarrifolia, Aiton, of the south Atlautic region, a low shrub, is not included in this catalogue.

136. — Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roemer,

Syn. Mon. iii, 105. — Decaisue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 144, t. 9. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, lirt- ; ii, 444.

Crataegus arbutifolia, Poirot in Nouveau Dubamel, iv, 131 ; Diet. Suppl. i, 292.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 202.— Loddiges,
Hot. Cab. t. 201.

Aronia arbutifolia, Nuttall, (ji'uera,i, 306.

Photinia arbutifolia, Lindloy in Trans. Linmean Soc.xiii,103; Bot. Reg. vi, 491 & under t. 19,'6.—Sprengel, Syst. ii, ;"iO>.—
De CaudoUe, Prodr. ii, 631. — Chanii.sso & Schlechteudal in Linntea, ii, 542. — Don, Miller's Diet. ii. 002. — Spacli, Hist.
Veg. ii, 80.— Hooker & Ariiott, Bot. Boechoy, i:i9. 340.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 473.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 16S.—
Loudou, Arboretum, ii, 868, f. 619.— Bcnthain, Bot. Sulphur, 14; PI. llartweg. 307.— Torn-y in Emory's Kep. 140:
Sitgrcaves' Rep. 119; Pacilic R. R. Rep. iv, 85; Bot. Jlex. Boumliuy Survey, 64; Bot. Wilkes Exped.2!U.— Wood, CL
Book, 329. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 80. — Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Palmer in Am. Nat. sii, 50i>. —
Maximowicz in Bnll. .\ead. Sci. St. Petersburg, xix, 180. — Wenzigiu Liuua'a, xxxvili.SW.

Mespilus ((rliutifolia. Link, Kumn. Hon. Berol. ii,3t).

rhotilliu salicifolia, I'real, Kpiuiel. Hot. -^tU.— Walpers, Ann. iii, ^.i^.

E. Fremontiana, Decaisue in Xouv. Arch. Mus. x. 144.

84 FOKEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

TOVON. TOLLON. CALIFORNIA HOLLY.

California Coast ranges, Mendocino to Sau Diego county, extending east to the loot hills of the Siena N«5vada
and San Bernardino mountains.

A suiall, low branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 meters in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to
0.43 meter in diameter, or more often a low, much-branched shrub.

Wood very heavy, hard, close graiued, inclined to check in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish;
medullary lays numerous, very obscure; color, dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9326;
ash, 0.54.

137. — Amelanchier Canadensis, Torrcy & Gray,

Fl. N. America, i, 473. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 55. — Uii-lrich, Syii. iii, UiA. — Torrey, Fl. N. York, i. 2i5. — Browne, Trees of Ami-rica, :i&i. —
Emerson, Trees MassachuBetts, i, 443; 'i ed. ii, 503 & t.— Parry iu Oweu's Rep. 612. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 86. —
Richardson, Arctic Exped. 428. — Seemann, Bot. Herald, 52. — Hooker f. in Trans. Liuniean Soc. xxii-, 290, 327.— Cooper m
Smithsonian Rep. 1^58. 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 120. — Curtis in Rep. Geolojiical Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 68. — Lesqnereux
in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, CI. Book, 329; Bot. & Fl. 110. — Engelmanu iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 191. —
Porchi-r, Resources S. Forests, 16^. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 162. — Koch, Deudrologie, i, 180. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. —
Maxiraowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, six, 175. — Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus. 1882, 66.

Mespilun Canadennis, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 478 (oxcl. syn. Grouovius).— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Alton, Hort. Kew.
ii, 173.

Cratcrgiis tomentosa, Linn.-eus, Spec. 1 ed. 476 (excl. syn. Gronovius).

Pyrun Botryapium, Linnaeus f. Suppl. 255.— Waugenheim, Amer. 90, t. 28, f. 65.— Ehrhart, Beitr. i, 183 1; ii, 68.— Willdcnow,
Spec, ii, 1013; Enum. 525; Berl. Baumz. 322.— Alton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. iii, 207.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i,339.— Hayue,
Dend. Fl. 83.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, 100, t. 79.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 509.— Audubon, Birds, t. 60.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston.
3 ed. 308.

Crataegus racemosa, Lamarck, Diet, i, 84.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 148.— Nouveau Duhanicl, iv, 133.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 292.
MespUxiS niven, Marshall, Arbustum, 90.

Mespihi.t Canadensis, var. cordata, Micha«x,Fl. Bor.-Am. i,291.

Aronia Botryapium, Persoon, Syn. ii, 39.— Nuttall, Genera, i. 557.— Elliott, Sk. i,.^'.— Torrey, Fl. U. S.479: Conipend. Fl.
N. States, 203.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 29.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 135.

Menpihis arhorea, Michaux f. Hist. .Vrb. Am. iii, 68, t. 11; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, ()0, t. 66.— Barloii, Prodr. I'l.
Pliiladelph.55.

A. Botryapium, Lindley iu Trans. Linniean Soc. xiii, 100.— De Candollc, Prodr. ii, 632.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. i, 202.—
Pen. .Miller's Diet. ii. 604.— Berk. Bot. 112.— .Spaeh, Hist. Yes;, ii, 84.— Li)n<l(in. Arbi.retuni. ii, H74, (. 627-62!) & t.—
Roomer. Syn. Mon. iii, 145. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Wcnzig in Linnffia, xxxiii, 110. — Decaisne in Nouv. Arch.
.Mus. X. 135.

Aronia arhorea, Barton, Compend.Philadelph.i, 228.

Aronia cordata, Rjifine.sque, Med. Bot. ii, 196.

A. oralis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-.Ym. i, 202, in part.

ByrUH Jtnrtramiuna, Tausch, Fl. xxi,7I5.

I
I'yrus Wanyenheimiana, Tausch, Fl. xxi,715.

A. Bartramiana, Rccmer, Syn. Mon. iii,145.

A. Want/enheimiana, Rremc-r, Syn. Mon. 146.

JUNE BEUBY. SUAD BUSH. SERVICE TREE. MAY CHERRY.

Newfoundlanil and Labrador, west along the southern shores of Flndson bay to the Saskatchewan region,
south through the Atlantic forests to nortiiern Florida, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian territory.

A small tree, 9 to 1.5 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.4o meter in diameter, or in some forms reduced to
a low shrub (var. rotnndifolin, Torrey & (;ray : var. oliyocarpn, i-oney &- Gray); common at the north, rare at the south,
and reaching its greatest development on the high sloi)es of the Honthern Alleghany mountains; varying greatly
in the shape of the leaves, size of the llowers, amount of pubescence on the leaves and \ onng shoots, etc.

The best marked arborescent variety i« —

var. oblongifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 473.- Walpers, Rep. ii, ."iS.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 158.- Torrey, 11. N.
Y"irk, i,22.'.: Xicollet's Rep. 149.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, i, 444; 2 e<l. ii, 504 & t.— Wood, CI. Book, 330; Bot.
& Fl. 110.— Gray, Manuel N. States, 5 cd. 1G2.— Macoan iu Geological Rep. Canada. 187.'>-'76, 195.

CA^l^ALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 85

Cratagus spicala, Jjaiiiarck,Dict. i,84. — DcBlbutaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 14?. — Nouvcaii Dubamel, iv, 132. — Poiret.SuppL i,292.

Mespilus Canadensis, var. obovalis, Michaux,FJ.Bor.-Am. i, 2i»i.

Fyrus OValis, Willdenow, Spec ii, 1014 ; licrl. IJaumz. 323.— Piirsli, I'l. Am. Sept. i, 340.— Sclirank, PI. Labrador, 2C.— Bigclow,
Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 207.

Aronia OValis, Toi-rev, Fl. U. S. 47U ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203.— Eaton, Manual. C cd. 29.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 135.

A. OValis, Do Candolle, Prodr. ii,032.—Mn}pr, PI. Labrador, 81. —Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,202, in part.— Don, MUler's Diet, ii,
604.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Spach, Hist. Vog. ii, 85.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 876, f. 632.

A. intermedia, Spaoh, Hist. Veg. ii,85.— Wcnzig in Linna,'a, xxxiii, 112.

.-1. oblongi/olia, Eoemer.Syn.Mon. iii,147.

A. spicata, Decaisne in Nonv. Arch. Mus. x, 135, t. 9, f. 5.

Wood heavy, exceediogly hard, strong, close-grained, checking somewhat in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of
a good polish ; medulliiry rays very nnmeroiis, obscure ; color, dark brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood
mucli lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7838 ; ash, 0.55 ; the small fruit sweet and edible.

Note. — The closely allied Amtlunch'ier almfoUa, Nuttall, a low shrub, is widely distributed over the mountain ranges of the interior
Pacific region.

HAMAMELACEJ^.

138. — Hamamelis Virginica, Linua^us,

Spec. 2ed. 124.— Marshall, Arbustura, 58.— Du Eoi, Harbk. i, 423.— Wangenheim, Amer. 89, t.29, f. 62.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 6.S; III. i,
350, t. 88.— Aiton, ITort. Kew. i, 167; 2 cd. i,275.— Schkuhr, Handb. i, 88, t. 27.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 701 ; Enum. 171 ; Berl. Baumz.
172.— Michanx, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 100.— Persoon, Syn. i, 150.— Dcsfontaiucs, Hist. Arb. ii, 29.— Pnrsh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 116.— Xuttall,
Genera, i, 107.— Nouveau Duhamel.vii, 207, t. 60.— Elliott, Sk. i, 219.— Ramer & Schiiltes, Syst. iii, 433.— Loddiges,Bot. Cab. t. 598.—
Barton, Fl. N. America, iii, 21, t. 78.— ToiTOy, Fl. U. S. 192; Compend. Fl. N. States, 86; Fl. N. York, i, 260.— Guimpel. Otto &.
Hayne, Abb. Holz. 95, t. 75.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 401.— Rafiuesque, Med. Bot. i, 227, f.45.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 268.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Aui. i, 275 ; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 48.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 396, f. 69.— Beck, Bot. 152.— Eaton, Manual 6 ed. 164.— Spach,
Hist, Veg. viii, 79. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 550. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 597. — London, Arboretum, ii, 1007, f. 75ti, 7.'i7. —
Eaton & Wright, Bot.260.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 63.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 416; 2 ed. ii, 473 & t.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 328.— Darlington, Fl. Ce.sfrica, 3 ed. 98.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 13, f. 7.— Schuizlein, Icon. 1. 167, f. 18-25, 27-29.—
Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 scr. xxiv, 438 ; 3 sor. v, 144 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 173.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 1.57. — Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 105. — Leaqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 362. — Wood, CI. Book, 375; Bot. & Fl. 120. —
Engclmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new scr. xii, 193. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 58. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii,45P. — Baillou in
Adansonia, x, 123; Hist. PI. iii, 389, f. 462-464.— Young, Bot. Texas, 291.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 408 & f.

H. dioica, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 255.— Guioliu, Syst. Veg. i, 281.

H. androgyna, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 2,55.— Gmeliu, Syst. Veg. i, 282.

H. COryli/oUa, MtEncli, Moth. 273.

H. macropJnjlla, Pur.sh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 116.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 698.— Elliott, Sk. i, 220.— Roomer & Sohulte-s Syst. iii, 4SJ.—
Ealinesqne, Mod. Bot. i, 230.— Eaton, Manual. 6 cd. 164.— Don, Millet's Diet, iii, 396.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 261.

Trilopun Virginiana, nigra, rotiindifolia, and dentatu, Katinesque, New Sylva, ir>-17.

H. Virginiana, var. parvifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 107.— Torrey, Fl.U. S.193; Conipend.Fl.N. States, 87.— Don,Miller'i
Diet, iii, 396.— Beck, Bot. 152.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 597.

H. parvifolia, Rafincsqnc, Med. Bot. i, 230.

TrilopUS parvifolia, Eafincsquo, Now Sylva, 17.

WITCU UAZKL.

Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south through the Atlantic region to northern
Florida and eastern Texas.

A small tree, exceptionally 7 to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0..'iO to 0.31 meter in diameter, or more often
a tall shrub throwing \^^ many stems from the ground; common; rich, rather damp woodlands, reaching its
greatest development in the region of the southern Alleghany mountains.

86 FOREST TREES OP^ NORTH AMERICA.

Wood heavy, hard, very closegraiucd, c'ouipact ; hjyers of annual growth hardly distinguishable; medullary
rays numerous, thin, obseure; eolor, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity
O.6S06: ash, 0.37. ' ■ '

The bark and leaves rich iu tannin, and largely used by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, decoctions,
etc., iu external applications, and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections [Ketc York Jour. Med. x, L>08.—
Tram. Am. Med. Assoc, i, 350. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. KiGl. — Nat. Dis2)ensatonj, 2 ed. 704).

139. — Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linuicus,

Spec. 1 (><1. 999.— Marshall, Arbustam, 77.— Wangenhoim, Amer. 49, 1. 16, f. 40.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniaiia, 237.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 533; 111.
iii, 367, t. 783.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 365 ; 2 ed. v, 306.— Giertner, Fruct. ii, 57, t. 90.— Moench, Jleth. 340.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i,
•"•—B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 16.— Willdenow, Spec. iT,475; Ennni. 98.".; Berl. Banmz. 214.— Miclianx, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 202.— Persoon,
Syn.ii.573.— Desfontaines, Hist.Arb. ii, 541.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 97.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 275, t. 307.— Nouveau Duhamel.ii,
42, 1. 10; vii,207,t.00.— Michaus f. Hist. Arb. Aiu. iii, 194, t.4 ; N.American Sylva,3 cd. ii, 42, t. 64. —Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelph.
92; Couipend. Fl. Phila<lclph. ii, 177.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 635.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 208.— Ealinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana,
116.— Xuttall, Oenera, ii, 210 : Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, IflS.- Nces, Fl. Offic. t. 95.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 621.— Sprengol, Syst. iii, 864.—
Hnmboldt. Bonpland & Kiinth, Nouv. Gen. & Spec, vii, 273.— Audubon, Birds, t. 44. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357; Fl. N.
York, ii, 217.— Beck, Bot. 326.— Hooker, Comp.anion Bot. Mag. ii , 64. —Eaton & Wright, Bot. 302.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 84.— Loudon,
Arboretuin,iv,2049, f. 1961 & t.—Lindley, Fl. Med. 322.— Griffith, Med. Bot.581,f.254.— Broomfield in London Jour. Bot. vii, 144.—
Schnizlein, Icon, t.98, f.5-21.— Secmann, Bot. Herald, 346.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 252.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 157.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1660, iii, 77.— Lesquenux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas,
362.— Wood, CI. Book, 375; Bot. & Fl. 120.— Porcher, Besources S. Forests, 344.— De CanJolle, Prodr. xvi^ 157.— Oliver in Hooker
f. Icon, xi, 13.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 174.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 464.— Yomig, Bot. Texas, 291.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
15.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 412 & ligs.- Baillon, Hist. PI. iii,397,f. 471-474.— Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 300, f.
445.— Eidgway in Am. Nat.vi, 664; Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii,53.— Hemsley, Bot.
Am.-Cent. i,400.

L. Styraciflua, var. Mexicana, Or.ste<i, Am.-Ceut. svi, t. il.

L. macrophylla, Orsted. Am.-Cent. xvi, t. 10.

SWEET GUM. STAE-LEAVED GUM. LIQUIDAMBER. BED GUM. BILSTED.

Fairfield county, Connecticut, to the valleys of the lower Ohio, White, and Wabash rivers, south to cape
Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, southwest through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian territory to
the valley of the Trinity river, Texas; in central and .•^x)uthern Mexico.

A large tree, often 30 to 36 or, exceptionally, 48 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter iu
diameter; iu low, wet soil; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the
Mississippi basin, here, with the cotton gum, forming a large proportion of the heavy forest growth.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather tough, close-grained, compact, inclined to shrink and warp badly in
seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, bright brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood nearly white; s])ecific gravity, 0.5010; ash, O.Cl ; manufactured into lumber and used
in the con.struction of buildings for plates, boarding, and clapboards, in cabinet work as a substitute for black
walnut, and for veneering and street pavements; its great economic value hardly appreciated on accouiit of
the difficulty experienced in proi)erly seasoning it.

The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the south collected by herbalists and sometimes used in
the form of a sirup as a substitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal aflfoctions, or externally as an ointment in
dressing frost-bite, abscess, etc., and in the maiuifixcture of chewing gums {FUicldger <fe Hanhury, Pharmacographiii,
246.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 834).

rhizophoracej:.

140. — Rhi^cphora Mangle, Linnajus,

Spec. 1 ed. 443.— Jacqnin, Amer. 141, t. 89.— Guirtucr, Frnct. i, 212, t. 4ii, f.l.— Lamarck, III. ii, 517, t. 396; Diet, vi, 160.— Willdonow,
Spec, ii, 844.— Persoou, Syii. ii, 2.— Decourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 45, 1. 10.— VoUozo, Fl. Flum. 1. 1.— Do Candollc, Prodr. iii, 32.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 301.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 332, t. 34.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 484. -Nuttall In Am. .Tour. Sci. 1 sor.
V, 29.5.— Hooker & Amolt, Bot. Beechcy, 290.— Amott in Ann. Nat. Hist. i,361.— Walpcrs, Eep. ii, 70.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur,
14.— Darby, Bot. .S. States, 312.— Porcher, Besources S. Forests, .55.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 274.— Schnizlein, Icon. t.
26.3, f. 1-7.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 419.— Eichler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xii», 426, t. 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
15.— Baillon, Hist. PI. vi, 284, f. 253-2,59.

R. racemosa, .Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 185.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iii, 32.

R. Americana, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 95, t. 24; 2 ed. i, 112, t. 24.— Cooper in Smithsonian Hop. 1858, 264.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 87

MANGEOVE.

Scuii-tropical Florida, Mosquito ink-t and Cedar Keys to the southern keys; delta of the Mississippi river
and coast of Texas ; soutliward through the West Indies and tropical America ; now widely naturalized throngboat
the tropics of the old world (A, Be Candolle, Geog. Bot. ii, 772).

A tree 12 to 18, or, exceptionally, 27 meters in height, witli a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or more
commonly not e.xceeding 4 to 7 meters in height; low saline shores, reaching in the United States it.s greatest
develo])raent on bay Biscayne and cape Sable; south of latitude 29°, bordering with almost impenetrable thickets
the coast of the Florida peninsula, ascending the rivers for many miles, especially those flowing from the Everglades,
and entirely covering many of the southern keys.

Wood exceedingly heavy, hard and strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
jwlish, containing many evenly-distributed r;ither small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark
reddish brown streaked with lighter brown, sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 1.1617; ash, 1.82; furnishing
valuable iuel ; not greatly aftected by the teredo, and used for piles.

COMBKETACEiE.

141. — Conocarpus erecta, LiiiuBeus,

Sped ed. 176.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 96; 111. i, 126,f. 1.— Jacquin, Amer. t. 78.— Ga!rlner, Fruct. ii, 470, t. 177, f. 3.— Swartz, Obs. 79.—
Willdenow, Sp. i, 994.— Aitoii, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 381.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 47.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 16.— Decoortilz. Fl.
Med. Antilles, vi, 68, t. 399.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 304.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 485.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 113, t. 33 : 2 ed.
i, 128, t. 33.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 526.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136.— Grisebach, Fl. Britisk
West Indies, 277. — Eichler in Martiu.f, Fl. Brasil. xiv", 101, t. 35, f. 2. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.

BUTTON WOOD

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Tampa bay to cape Sable ; through the
West Indies to Brazil.

A low tree, often 8 or, exceptionally, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in
diameter ; common and reaching its greatest development in the United States on Lost Man's river, north of cape
Sable; or reduced to a low under shnib (var. procumbens, De Candolle, 1. c— Eichler, /. c. ; C. procumbens, Linmeus, Spec.
led. 177.— Jacqnin I. o. 79, t. .52, f. 2. — Grevtner, l. c. iii, 205, f. 4— Griseb.ieh, 1. c; C. acUtifoUa, Willdenow in Rcrmer A. Schnltes,
Syst. V, 574).

Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure; color, dark yellow brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9900 ; ash, 0.32; burning
slowly like charcoal, and highly valued for fuel.

142. — Laguncularia racemosa, Caatmr f.

Fraet. Suppl. 209, t. 217.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 305.— Nuttall. Sylva, i, 117, t. 34 ; 2 ed. i, 132, t. 34.— Bentham,
Bot. Sulphur, 14, 92.— Riohard, Fl. Cuba, 527. — Eichler in Martins, Fl. Br.isil. xiv', 102, t. 35, f. 3. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep.
1858,264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies. 27f>.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trcc8, 15.— Baillou, Hist. PI.

vi, 278.

Conocarpus ra<iemosa, Linuanis, Spec. 2 ed. 2r.l ; Syst. 1^-11.- .lacquin. Amor. 80, t. .".3.— Swartz, Obs. 79.— WilUleuow, Sl>CC.
i,P95.

Schousboca COmmiltata, Sprongcl, Syst. ii, 332.
Bucida Buccras, Vellozo, Fl. Flum. iv, t. 87 [not Liuunnis].

L. (jlahrifoUa, Presl, Kcil. Hunk, ii, 22.— Walp.rs, Rep. ii, 63.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136.
WHITE BUTTON WOOD. WHITE MANGROVE.

Semi-tropical Florida, cai)e Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast. Cedar Keys to cape Sable; through
the West Indies and tropical America; coast of tropical Africa.

A small tree, sometimes 6 or, exceptionally, 22 meters in height (Shark river, Florida, Curtiss). with a trunk
0.30 to O.tiO meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; very common ; saline shoi^es
of lagoons and bays.

Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very comi»act ; su.^Jeeptible of a b-^autiful i>i>lish : int diiUary
rays numerous, obscure; color, dark yellow-brown, the sap wood much lighter: specific gravity, 0.7137; ash, 1.62.

88 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

M Y R T A C E ^ .

143. — Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Swartz,

Prodr. 79; Fl. InJ. Oce. ii, ShJl.— WilkUnnw, Spec, ii, UT,').— Ailou, Ilort. Kfw.2 cd. iii, 192.— Do Caudolle, Prodr. iii, 2:i7.— Nuttall,
Sylva, i, 101, t.2G; ied. i, 117, t. 211.— Berg iu Liiina-a, xxvii, 26. — Cooper iu Smitlisouian Rep. 1858,264.— Chapman, Fl. S. .States,
131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 232.— Hemsley. Bot. Am.-Cont. i, 408.

Myrtus Chytraculia, Lluna^ns, Amcen. v, 396.— Swartz, Obs. 202.

Eugenia pallens, Poiret, Snppl. iii, 122.

Semi tropical Florida, shores of bay Biscayne, Key Largo ; in the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes S meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed rather large open tlucts^
mednllary rays numerous, thin ; color, browu tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8992;,
Mb, 3.32.'

144. — Eugenia buxifolia, Willdcuow,

Spec. ii,960.— Persoon,Syn.ii,28.— De Candolle,Prodr.iii,275.— Nuttall,Sylva,i,108,t.29; 2ed. i, 123, t. 29.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Kep. 1858, 2(>4.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 236.— Vaaey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.

Myrtus buxifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 78; Fl. Iiid. Occ. ii,899.

Myrtus axillaris, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 412.

E. myrtoides, Poiret, Snppl. iii, 125.

Myrtus Poireti, Sprengel, Syst. ii,4H3.

E. triplinervia, Berg in Linn;ia,xxvii, 100, in part.

GUEGEON STOPPEK. SPANISH STOPPER.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa river to cape Bomano; in
the West Indies.

A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, reaching its
greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Everglades.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, very compact; medullary rays numerous, thin;
color, dark brown shaded with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.9300; ash, 1.50 ; somewhat used
for fui'l.

145. — Eugenia dichotoma, De CaudolU-,

Prodr. iii, 278.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 103, t. 27; 2 ed. i, 120, t. 27.— Berg in Linna'a, xxvii, 261.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2(14.-
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.

E. divaricata, Lamarck, Diet, i, 202.

fMyituH dichotoma, Vahl in Point, Snppl. iv, 53.

Anamomis punctata, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 240.

NAKED WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to cap'.' Canaveral, comm«n ; west coast, CJaloosa river to cape Komano;
in the West Indies.

A .small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 meter in diameter.

A form with the leaves, buds, and calyx more or less pubescent {E. diclwtoma, var. fragrans, Nnttall, i, c; E.
pungens, Wiiblenow, Sine, ii, !h;4; Bot. Mag. t. 1212; E. montaiia, Anbict, Gnian. I, 495, t. 195), not rare in West Indies,
and, according to Xuttntl, collected by Mr. Baldwin in the vicinity of New Smyrna, Florida, has not been
retliscovcrcd within the limits of the United States.

Wood very heavy, hard, clo.se-grained, comi)act ; medullary rays nuinerons, thin; color, light lirown or nd,
sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.8983; a.sli, 0.71.

The small, edible fruit of agreeable aromatic flavor, and greatly improved by cultivation in rich .soil.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 89

146. — Eugenia monticola, Do Candollc,
Prodr. iii, 27.5.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Oriscbach, Fl. BritiHh West iDdice, 236. — Vascy, Cat. Foroet Trees, 15.
Myrfus monticola, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 898.
E. triplinervia, Berg in Liunaia, xxvii, 193, in part.
E. hxiKari.s, Bei.; in Linnie.i, xxvii, 201, in part.

STOPPKR. WHITE STOPPKE.

Floridti, Saint John's river to Umbrella Key ; rare; in the West Iudie.s.

A small tree, rarely 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0..30 meter in diameter, or in northern Florida reduced
to a low shrub.

Wood very heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerons, thin ; color, brown,
often tinged with red, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, O.OloG; a.sh, 1.89.

147. — Eugenia longipes, Berg,
Linntea, xxvii, 150. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. C20.

STOPPER.

Semi-tropical Florida, No-Name Key ; in the West Indies.

A small tree, 4 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; rare.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown tinged
with red ; speciiic gravity, 1.1235 ; ash, 3.48.

The small red frnit with the flavor of cranberries.

148. — Eugenia procera, Poiret,

Suppl. ii, 129.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iii, 268.— Niittall, Sylva, i, 106, t. 28; 2 ed. i, 122, t. 28.— Berg in Linnaja, xxvii, 207.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 238.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.

My rt US procera, Swartz, Prodr. 77; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 887.- Willdenow, Spec, ii, 968.
E. Barucnsis, Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cub. [not Jacquin], 87.

RED STOPPER.

Semi-tropical Florida, shores of bay Biscay ne. Key Largo, Elliott's Key; in the West Indies.

A tree, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; often forming extensive groves,
and reaching its greatest development in the United States in the neigiiborhood of Miami, bay Biscayne.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very sti-ong and close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
hardly distinguishable ; color, light yellow-brown, the sai>-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.9453 ; ash, 2.G2 ;
probably valuable in cabinet-making and as a substitute for box-wood for coarse wooti-eugniviug.

Note.— /"/M'rfiiim Guaiara, Raddi, the Gnava, widely cultivated iu the tropics for its frnit, is now sparingly naturalized in semi-tropical
Florida.

C ACTACE^

149. — Cereus giganteus, Kngdmaun;

\;mory's Eop. 158 ; Am. .Tour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv, :!:!5; xvii, 231 ; Proo. Am. Acad, iii, 287; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey. CiKtacca-, 42, t. 61,
()2 & front.; Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 247.— Thurber iu Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 302, 305.— Fl. des St-nvs, x. 24.
& t. ; XV, 187, t. IGOO.— Bigelow iu Pacific K. E.Kcp. iv, 12.— Fngelmann & I'.igelow in Pacific R. R. Kep. iv. 36.— Walpors,
Ann. V, 46.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rop. la'SS, 259.— Loniaire, 111. Ilort. ix. Misc. 95.— Marcou in Jour. Hort. Soc. Franc.-. 2 scr. iii,
C76.— Lindlcy, Treasury Bot. 256, t. 17.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.— Rotbroek in Wheeler's Rep. vi. front.— Henisley. Bot.
Am.-Ceut. i, 343. — James in Am. Nat. xv, 982, f. 3.

Piloccreus Engclmanni, Leuiaire, ill. llort. ix, Misc. 95.

90 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

SrWARROW. SAGUABO. GIANT CACTUS.

Valley of Bill Williams river, Arizona, south and ea.st through central Arizona to the valley of the San Pedro
river: southward in Sonora.

A tall, eoliunnar tree, 8 to 18 metei's iu height, with a trunk .sometimes O.GO meter in diameter : dry, stony
mesas or low hills risinjr from the desert.

Wood of the large, strong ribs, very light, soft, rather coarse-grained, solid, satiny, susceptible of a line polish,
almost indestructible in contact with the ground ; medullary rays very uumeious, broad ; color, light brown
tinged with yellow; specific gravity. 0.31SS; ash, 3.45; used in the region almost exclusively for the rafters of
adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances, bows, etc.

The edible fruit largely collected and dried by the Indians.

C 0 R N A 0 E ^

150. — Cornus alternifolia, Linua>us f.

Snpi.l. 125.— Lamarck, Diet, n, UG; 111. i, 303.— L"Horitier, Corutis, 10, t. 6.— Ehrliart, Beitr. iii, 19.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 159; 2 ed.
i.'Jea.- Willdenow, Spec, i, 6(54; Kuiim. 165; Beil. Baumz. 104.— Michaiix, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 93.— Persoon, Syn. i, 144.— Desfontaines,
Hist. Arh. i, 351.— Xonveau Dnhamol, ii, I'.', t. 45.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 100.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 99.— Eoerner & Scliultes, Syst.
iii, 323; Mant. 251.— Elliott. Sk. i. 210.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, AM). Holz. 53, t.43.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 8.— Torrey, Fl. U.S. 180;
Compcnd. Fl. N. States, Si; Fl. N. York, i, 28?.— Spicngel, Syst. i, 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 271.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. i, 275.—
Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 398.— Beck, Bot. 154.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 109.— Tausch iu RogensI). Fl. xsi, 732.— Spacli, Hist. Veg. viii, 92.—
Dietrich, Syn. i, 503.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 649.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1010, f.7G0.—Eatou & Wright, Bot. 210.—
Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 00.— C. A. Meyer in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, v, 6, 13. — Walpers, Rep. v, 932.— Eracrsou, Trees
Massachusetts, 409 ; 2 ed. ii, 403 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rip. 013.- Darlington, Fl. Ceslrica, 3 ed. 110.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Bep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 107.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 167.— Wood, CI. Book, 391 ; Bot.
& Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 690.— Young, Bot. Texas, 303.

C. alterna, Marshall, Arbustum, 35.

DOGWOOD.

New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the northern shores of lake Superior,
south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama.

A small tree, 4 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; low, rich woods and liorders
of streams and swamps.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown
tinged with red, the sap wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.C696; ash, 0.41.

151. — Cornus florida, Linnseus,

Spec. 1 ed. 117.— Marbhall, Arbustum, .35.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 114; 111. i, 302.— Wangenheim, Amer. 51, t. 17, f. 41.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliuiana, 88.- L'Heritier, Cornus, 4.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 157; 2 ed. i, 261.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 661; Enuni. 164; Borl.
Banmz. 100.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 73.— B. .S. Barton, Coll. i, 12, 45; ii, 17, 19.— Bot. Mag. t.526.— Michaux, Fl. Hor.-Am.
i, 91.— Persoon, .Syn. i, 143.— De^fontaine8, Hist. Arb. i, 3.50.— Schkuhr, Handb. 82.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 41, 1. 16, f. 7.— Nouveau
Duham.-l, ii, 1.-j3.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 1:18, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 170, t. 48.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 108.—
Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 69, t.73; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. .59.— Eaton, Manual, 19; 6 ed. 108.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 98.— Barton, Med. Bot. i,
43, t.3.— Rtemer & Schultcs, .Syst. iii, 319.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 6.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 21, t. 19.— Elliott, Sk. i, 207.—
Torrey iu Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 208; FJ. U. 8. 178; Conipend. Fl. N. States, 82; Fl. N. York, i, 290; Nicollet's Rep. 151; Emory's
Bep. 408.— Sprengcl, .Syst i, 451.— Beck in Am. Jour. .Sci. 1 .^er. x, 204; Bot. 1,53.— Audubon, Birds, t. 8, 73, 122.— Rafinesquo, Med.
E<it. i, 131, f. as — De Candolle, Prodr. i v, 273.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 277, in part ; Companion Bot. Mag. I, 48.— Don, Miller's Diet,
iii, 4IHJ.— Lindley, Fl. .Med. 81.- Dietrich, Syn. i, .j04.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Amerirn, i, 652.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1017, f.
769.— Eaton &. Wright, B<jt. 209.— Rcid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276.— Browne, Trees of America, 350.— Emerson, Trees
Maasachusetts, 413; 2 ed. ii, 407 Sc t.— Griffith, Med. Bof. 347, f. 164.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 50, t. 42.— Richardson, Arctic Exped.
•29.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 111. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 339. — Cooper in Smithsouiau Rep. 1K58, 252. — Chajimuii, Fl. S.
Slates, 16-'.- Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 60.— Lesqucreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 304.— Wood, CI.
Book, 391; Bot. &, Fl. 143.— Blakio in Canadian Nat. vi, 1.— Engelniann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 191 — Ponihor,
Hcaourccs S. Forests, 59.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 200; Hall's PI. Texas, 11.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 094.— Young, Bot. Texas,
303.— Vaw-y, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Baillon, Hist. PI. vil, OH, f. 46.— Broa<lhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, .53.— Bcntloy &
Trimen, Med. PI. ii, 136, t. i:}f;.— Bell in Geological Bep. Canada, 1879-'80, .5.5^.- Ri.lgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67.

Benthamidia florida, Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 107.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 91

FLOWERING DOGMOOD. BOX WOOD.

Southern New England, southern Ontario, southern Minne.sota, and through the Atlantic forests to latitude 28<*
50' in Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texa.s.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.4.5 meter in diameter, or toward its northern
limits reduced to a low shrub; rich woods; very common, especially at the south.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beantifal
polish; meduUarj- rays luimerous, conspicuous; color, brown, changing in difl'ereut sjiecimens to shades of green
and red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.8153; ash, 0.G7; used in turnery, for wood engravings and the
bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel hoops, etc.

The bark, especially of the root, in common with that of the other species of the genus, possesses bitter tonic
])roperties, and is used in decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers {Am. Jour.
Pharm. vii, 109. — Maisch in Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 315. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 351.'. — Sat. Dispensatory, 2 ed-
467).

152. — Cornus Nuttallii, Aiulubou,

Birds, t. 467.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 652.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 435.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. .312.— Xnt tall, Sylva, iii, 51, t.
97 ; 2 ed. ii, 117, t. 97.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 89.— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eop. iv, 94 ; Bot. Mex. Boondaiy
Survey, 71; Bot. Wilkes Espcd. 326. — Newberry in Pacific E. E. Rep. vi, 24, 75. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 185)?, 259;
Pacific R. E. Rep. xii^ 29, 63.— Lyall in Jonr. Linnican Soc. vii, 134.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 337.— Brewer &, Watson,
Bot. California, i, 274; ii, 452.— Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Ga/.ette, ii, 8S.— >faeonn in Geolojrical Rep.
Canada, 1875-'76, 198. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331.

G.fiorida, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part.

FLOWERING DOGWOOD.

Vancouver's island and along the coast of southern British Columbia, through western Washington territory
and Oregon, and southward through the Coast ranges of California and along the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains.

A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter ; ascendiug
the Cascade mountains to 3,000 feet, and the Sau Bernardino mountains to Irom 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation ;
common; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish: medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7481; ash,
0.50 ; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc.

153. — Nyssa capitata, Walter.

Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 257, t. 20; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 37, t. 113.—
Alton, Ilort. Kew. 2 ed. v,480.— Poiret, Snppl. v, 740.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 685.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 62.— Eaton, Maanal,
6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1658,
253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 3t)4.— Wood, CI. Book, 892 ; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 456.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.

N. Ogevhe, M.-irshall, Arbustum, 97.

N. eoccinea, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 17.

2f. tomentosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.

N. candicans, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 614.— Desfoutaiue.s, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Willdenow, Spec, iv,
1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 116.— Nuttall, Genera, ii. 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, 1«>7.—
Ewmer & Scbnltes, Syst. v, ,'i57.— Sprengel, Syst. i. 832.— Dietrich. Syn. i, 879.— London, Arboretum, iii. 1318, f. 1199. —
Browne, Trees of America, 426.

iV. montana, Gfertncr, Fmct. iii, 201, t. 216.

OGEECHKE LIJIE. SOUK TUPELO. GOPITER PLUM.

Georgia, from the valley of the Ogeecheo to the Saint Mary's river, west Florida (near Vernon. Mohr). and
in southern Arkansas.

A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter; deep swamps and river
bottoms ; rare and local.

Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, uuwedgeable. containing iniiny regularly-
distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, white, the sap-wood hanlly distinguishable : specific
gravity, 0.4G13 ; :isli, 0.34.

A conserve, under the name of" Ogeechee limes", is made from the large, acid truit.

92 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

154- — Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall,

Arbustuiu, 97.— Michanx f. Hi»t. Arb. Am. ii, 'iiW, I. -Jl ; N. .\imTioaii .S.vlva. :t e«l. iii, 29, 1. 110.— Poiret, Snppl. iv. 116 — Barton, PixMlr. Kl.
Philadolph. 97 ; Comi>end. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 193.

X. aquatica, Liun.i-iis, Spec. 1 f<l. 10rK>i, in part.— St. Hilaire, Fani. Nat. ii, IM.— Persoou, Syn. ii,614.— Michaiix 1'. Hist. Arb.
Am. ii. Its, t. 22; K. American Sylva,3cd. iii, 31, t. 111. — KiEuiorttScbultos, Syst. v, r>7t). — Barton, Prodr. Tl. Pbiladelpb.
97; Conipend. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 192.— Sprengel, Sy.st. i, 83-2.— .■Vndubon, Birds, 1. 13;!.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 681.— Dietrich,
Syn. i, 878.— Eaton, Manual, t; ed. 23<).— Eaton & Wri{,'bt, Bot. 329.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
492. — Chapman, Fl. S. States. 168. — Curtis iu Rej). Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii. 168. — Porchor, Kesourecs S.
Forests. :t47. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455. — Young, Bot. Texas, 304. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.

A". niuUiftora, Wangenhcim, Anicr. 46, t. IG, f. 39.— Elliott, Sk. ii, C84.— W'altt'r, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 463.— Torroy, FI.N. York, ii, 161, t. 95.— Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 312, t. 17; 2 ed. ii, a53 & t.—Schnizlcin, Icon. 1. 108, f. 1,2.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica. 3 ed. 254.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 492.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2r!2.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 62. — Lcsquercux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364. — Wood, CI. Book, 392; Bot.
& Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 554.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 16. — Broadbead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette,' iii, 53. — Bessey iu Am. Nat. xv, 134. — Bell in Geological Rep.
Canada, 1879-80, 5,y.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.

N. Carolittiaua, Voiietia Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507; Lamarck, 111. iii, 442, f. 851, f. 1.

A', biflora, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 259.— Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 1113;
Enum. 1061; Berl. Baumz. 256.— Dcsfontaincs, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Ga-rtner f. Frnct. Suppl. 203, t. 216.— Alton, Uort,.
Kew. 2 ed. v,479.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 177.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.v, 167.— Poiret, Suppl.
iv, 115. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. Y'ork. ii,200 ; C'<>nii)end. Bot. N. States, .372. — Hayue, Deiid. Fl. 229.— Eaton, Manual,
116.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1317, 1. 1195, 1196.— Browne, Trees of America, 423.— Baillon, Hist. PI.
v, 266, f. 241-244.

X. integrifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,446.— Pci>oon,:<vn.ii,614.

X. Canadensis, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507.

X. villosa, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,258.—Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1112.— Dcsfontaincs Hist. Arb. i,37.— Alton, Hort. Kcw.2 ed-
v. 479.— Bigelow.Fl. Boston 3ed.380.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 276.— Ra'mer& Scbultes, Syst.
v,57ii. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 832. — Torrey, Conipend. Bot. N. States, 372.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 878.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii,
1317, f. 1197. 1198.

A', mvltiflora, var. sylvatica, Watson, Index, 442.

TUPELO. SOTIB GUM. PEPPKRIDGE. BLACK GUM.

Valley of the Kennebec river, Maine (Kent's Hill, Prof. Stone), West Milton, Vermont, west to central Jlidiifjan,
Booth to Tampa baj', Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.

A tree 15 to 30 meters in heiphf. with a trunk O.GO to l..'JO meter in diameter, or at the nortli much smaller;
borders of swamps, or on rather liifrli, rich hillsides ami pine uplands; at the south often in pine-barren ponds
and deej) swamps, the base of the trunk then greatlj' eidaij^ed and swollen {X. aquatica).

Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, dilliculf to work, inclined to check unless carefully
sca.soned, not durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous regularly distributed small open dticts;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light yellow or often nearly white, the sap wood hardly distinguishable;
specific gravity, 0.635.'}; ash, 0.52; now largely used Ibr the Imlis of wheels, rollers in glass factories, ox yokes,
and on the gulf coa.st for wharf piles.

NoTK.— Various forms of \yiita, which at different times have been considered by botanists as entitled to specific rank, aro
connected by no many intermediate forme, anil oiler so few diKtinctive characters, that they are here united into one polymori>hoH8
upecies, which thus enlarge<l may properly bear Marshall's earlier name of A'i/«»u syhatica, rather than tlie more familiar Siihku multijloni
of Wangenbeim.

155. — Nyssa uniflora, Wangenbeim,

Amer. Ki, t. 27, f. .'•>7.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, a.^^!.- Elliott, Sk. ii, 686.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.53.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 1(W.— Curlis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18(i0, iii, ()2.— Wood,
Cl.Book,3!l2; Bot. &. Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. .States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455.— Young, Bot. Texas, .304.— Vaaey,
Cat. Forest TreeB. 16.

X. aquatica, Linmeus, Spec. 1058, in part.— Marshall, Arbustuiu, 96.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 607. — Dcsfontaincs, Hist. Arb. i, 36.

X. denticulata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446; 2 ed. v, 480.— Pcrsoou, Syu. ii, 015.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1114.— Gajrtuer f.
Fruct. Suppl. 203, t. 216.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 178.- Poiret, Supjil. iv, 115.— Nuttall, G> nera, ii, 236.-nayne, Dcud.
Fl. 229.— Roemer & Scbultes, Syst. t, 577.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 93

N. angulosa, Poin-t in Lamarck, Diet, iv, :i07; III. iii, 442, t. 8ril, f. 2.— Kctmtr & Schultes, .Syst. v, 578.

N. pahistris, SaliKbury, Prodr. Ur,-

N. tomcntosa, llichaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 269.— Persoon, Syn. ii, G15.— Willdouow, .Spec. iv. 1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sej.t. i,
177. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, WM. — Rojmer & Schultcs, Syst. v, 577. — Elliott, Sk. ii, G85. — .Sprcngel, Syst. i, e32. — Audabon,
Bird.s, t. 13.— Dietricli, Syn. i, 879.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.

N. angulisans, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 2.'>9.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 465.

If. gratldidentata, Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 252, t. 19 ; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. ii, 34, t. 112.— Loudon, ArboretTun, iii,
1319, f. 1200, 1201.— Lesqnorcnx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 304.

.A''. capHata var. graitdidentaia, Bmwnc, Trees of America, 426.

LAKGE TUPELO. COTTON GU3I. TUPELO GtJM.

Southern Virginia, south near the coast to tho valley of the Saiut Mary's river, Georgia, through the Gulf
states to the valley of the Ncches river, Texa.s, and through Arkan.sas and southern and .southeastern Missouri to
the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois.

A large tree, 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; deep swamps and river
bottoms subject to frequent overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom lauds of the lower
Mississippi river basin, and reaching its greatest development in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and
eastern Texas, near the coast.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light
brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5194; ash, 0.70; used in turnery, largely for wooden ware, broom
handles, and wooden shoes ; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork.

CAPRIFOLIA CE^.

156. — Sambucus glauca, Nuttall:

Toney & Gray, l''l. N. America, ii, 13. — Walper.s, Rep. ii, 453.— Torrey iu Paeilic R. R. Rej). vi, 12 ; Ives' Rep. 15; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey,71. — Gray iu Smithsonian Contrib.v,60; Proc. Am. Acad. vii,387 ; .Syn. Fl. N.Aineriea, i^, 9. — Watson in King's Rep. v,
I.U.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.- Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 278.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, SS.— Rotbrock in
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135, 363.

8. Californica, Hort.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 72.

f 8. Mexicana, Newberry in Paeilic R. R. Rep. vi, 75 [not Presl].

^'alll•y of the Fraser river and Vancouver's island, British Columbia, southward tlirough Csvlifornia to the
INIexicau boundary, extending west to the Blue mountains of Oregon and the Walisatch range, Utah.

A small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 meters in height, witli a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter iu diameter, or towanl its
northern limits reduced to a large shrub ; conflned to valleys, in dry, gravelly soil.

Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, rather conspicuous;
color, yellow tinged with browu, tho sap-wood lighter; spei-ilic gravity, O.'iDST ; ash, 1.57.

The large bhu'-black fruit edible and sometinses cooked.

157. — Sambucus Mexicana, Presl.

Hon. lla'nk. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv,o22. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 437. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, UI30. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib.
v, 66; SjTB. Fl. N. America, i-', 9. — Torrey in Paeilic R. R. Rep. iv, 95; Bot. Slex> Boundary Survey. 71. — Brewer & Wafsou, Bot.
I'niifornia, i, 278.— Rolliiock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii. 1.

jS. glauca, Bcntham, PI. Hartwog. 313 [not Nuttall].

<S. rehtina, Dnrand vt Hilgard in .Tour. Philadelphia Acad, new .ser. iii, 39.

94 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

ELDER.

Valley of the Niu-ccs river (Sau Patricio), south and west alonji the southern boumiary of the United States
to Posa creek, Kern county, California, and southward into ^lexico.

A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in lieijxht, with a trunk 0.15 to O.L'5 meter in diamc^ter; bottom lands, in
moist, frravelly loam.

Wood light, soft, rather eoarae-graiued, compact ; medullary rays mimerous, thin, conspicuous; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter : specific gravitx', 0.4(>14: ash. L'.OO.

158. — Viburnum Lentago, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 eil. "iS!?. — MoTsball, Arbustum, liiO. — Waugenheim, .\iuer. 100. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiaua, IIG. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i,:{72; 2 eii.
ii, ItiS. — WilMenow, .Spec, i, 1491; Euum. :<27; Berl. Bawmz. 5:U. — Nouveau Diihamel, ii, l'J9. — Schkuhr, Handl). '23-1. — Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Aui. i, ITS. — Persoon, Syn. i, S27. — Desfontaincs, Hist. Arb. i, '.UA. — Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, viii, 668. — Piirsli, Fl. Am.
Sept. i, 20L— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. JO.— E.itou, Manual, 34 ; C cd. 387.— Nuttall, Genera, i,20-J.— llayne, Demi. Fl. 37.—
R(rnier& Scbulte8,Sy8t. vi,t>37.— Elliott, Sk. i, 3&=..— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 318; Couipend. Fl. N. States, l:i8 ; Fl. N. York, i, 305.—
Watstm, Dend. Brit, i, t. 21. — Sprengel, Syst. i,934.— Guiuipel, Otto & Huyuo, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 102.— Do CaudoUe, Prodr. iv,325.—
Hoi>ker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 279.— Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 311.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1033,
I". 7H).— Dietrieh, .Syn. ii, 1011.— Eaton & Wri^bt, Bot. 4:3.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Amerira, ii, l.''>.— Eigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 123.—
Penn. Cyrl. xxvii,294.— Eiiurson.TrecsMassaebusetts.ot)! : 2 ed. ii, 412.— Darliiijjtcm, Fl. Ceptrica,3 ed. 115.— Darby, Hot.S. States,
342. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171. — Wood, CI. Book, 3y,s; Bot. & Fl. 147. — Engclraann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 194;
Trans. St. Louis .\cad. ii, 269.— Gray, Manual N. States. 5 ed. 206; Syn. Fl. N.America, i^ 12.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 62.—
Yonug. Bot. Tes.is, 309.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Maconu in Rep. Geological Surv. Canada, 1875-'76, 198.— Eidgway in
Proc. U. S. Xat. Mua. 1882, 68.

SHEEPBEEEY. NAKNYBEBEY.

Southern shores of Hudson bay west in British America to about longitude 102°, .south through the northern
states to southern Indiana and Saint Louis county, Missouri, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern
Georgia.

A small tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk .sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; rocky ridges
and along borders of streams and swainjjs, in rich, moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development
far north.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable odor; medullary rays thin, barelj'
dlBtingui.shable ; color, dark orange-brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7303; ash, 0.29.

159. — Viburnum prunifolium, Linnajus,

Spec. 1 ed. 266. — Marshall, Arbustum, 160. — Wangenheira, Amer. 98. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 116. — Aiton, Hort. Kow. i,371; 2 ed. ii,
167.— Willdenow. Spec, i, 1487; Ennm. 326; Berl. Baumz. 530. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, !>3. — Nouveau Dnbamel, ii, 128, t.38.—
Schkubr, Hand'). 2:t3. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 17''. — Persoon, Syn. i, 326. — Desfontaines. Hist. Arb. i, 344. — Poiret iu Lamarck,
Diet, viii, 6.'>3.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 201. —Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadeph. 39; Compend. Fl. Philadelpb. i, 151.— Nuttall, Genera,
i,202.— Riemer & Scbultes, .Syst. vi,631.- Hayne, Dcud. Fl. 37.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 31S; Compend. Fl. N. States, 138.— Elliott, Sk.
i, 365.— Sprengel, .Syst. i, 9;J3.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayno, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 101.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 23.— Audubon, Birds, t. 23.—
DoCandolle.Prodr. iv, 325.— Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440. —Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 312.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1034,
1. 193.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-.\ra. ii, 27 9. —Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 14.— Walpers, Kep. ii, 451. -Darlington, Fl. Cestriea,3 ed.
11.5.— Darby, Bot. .S. States, :J42.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171.— Wood, CI. Book, '.m ; Bot. &. Fl. 147.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.
206; Syn. Fl. N. America, i*, 12. — Engeluiann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 269. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 62. — Young, Bot. Texas, 30!). —
Va«ey,Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1862, 68.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii,96.

V. pt/rifolilim, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 6.')8.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 201.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Barton, Compend.
Fl. Philadelpb. i, 152.— Rojmcr & Schulte.s, Syst. vi, 631.— Hayno, Deud. Fl. 37.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 22.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 345; Cat. Hort. Paris, 3 cd. 404. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 325. — Beck, Bot. 156. — Loudon,
Arlwretum, ii, 1034, f. 781. 782.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston, 3 ed. 123.

V. prunifoliltm, VHT.ferrugineum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 15.

BLACK UAW. STAG BUSH.

Fairfielil county, Connecti<;ut, valley of the lower Hudsf)n river (Fishkill lauding), south to Uernando county,
Florida, and the valley ol the Colorado river, Texas, west to Jlis.soun, Arkansas, and the Indian territory.

A small tree, sometimes 0 to 9 meters in height, witli a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diaiiu-ti r, or at
the north generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; usually on rocky hillsides, in rich .soil.

Wood heavy, veiy hard, strong, brittle, close grained, liable to check in drying; medullary rays numerous,
verj" ob.scure; color, browti tinged with red, the Maj)-wood nearly white; sjx'cilic, gravity, 0.8332; ash, 0.52.

The edible fruit sweet and insi])id ; the tonic and astiingent bark somewhat used in the treatment ot uterine
disorders in the form of decoctions or fluid extracts {Boston Med. and Surg. Jowr. October 10, 1867. — U. S. Dispeimatori/,
14 ed. 1783.— ^'(^^ ffittpinnafon/. 2 ed. 1821).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 95

RUBIAOEiE.

160. — Exostemma Caribaeum, RoBmer & Schultes,

Syst. V, 18.— Spreugol, Syst. i,705. — De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 359. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 481. — Dietrich, Syn. i,72-2. — Spacb, Hist. Veg.
viii, 395.— Torrey <fc Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 36.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 180.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 324.—
Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii. 187, f. 028.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i«, 23.

Ci7lchona Garibaa, Jacquin. Stirp. Amcr. t. 176, f. 65.— Gaertner, Frnct. i, 109, t. 33.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 228; 2 ed. i,
372. — Ijambert, Ciiichoua, 38, t. 12 (excl. syn.). — Andrews, Bot. Rep. %ni, t. 481.

Cinchona Jamaicencis, Wright in Trans. Royal Soc. Ixvii, 504, 1. 10.

Seuii-tropiciil Florida, on the soutliern keys ; tbrough the West Indies.

A small tree, soinetiines 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown, beautifully streaked with different shades of
yellow and brown, the sap-wood clear, rich yellow; specific gravity, 0.9310; ash, 0.23.

161. — Pinckneya pubens, Michaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 103, t. 13.— WiUdenow, Emim. Suppl. 30.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 372.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 276, t. 24 ; N.
American Sylva, i, 180, t. 49. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 158. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 37. — Barton, Fl. N. America, i, 25, t. 7. — Sprengel, Syst.
i, 705.— Elliott, Sk. i, 269.— Rafiuesque, Med. Bot. ii, 57, t. 72.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 366.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 165.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 263.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 486.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 433.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 400.— Eaton & 'bright, Bot. 357.— Torrey &
Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 37. — Browne, Trees of America, 354. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 365, f. 174. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 347. — Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 179.— Wood, CI. Book, 401; Bot. & Fl. 150.— Porcher, Resources S. Fore.ste,
404.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i«, 23.

Cinchona Caroliniana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 40.

p. pubescens, Persoon, Syn. i, 197.— Gajrtucr f. FnuC. Suppl. 81, t. 194, f. 3.

GEORGIA BAKK.

South Carolina, near the coast; basin of the upper Apalachicola river in Georgia and Florida.

A small tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 "meter in diameter; borders of streams, in low,
sandy swamps ; rare.

Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth clearly marked by
four to six rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.5;?50 ; ash, 0.41.

Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of intermittent fever, as a substitute for ciuchona
{U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed.l734).

162. — Genipa clusiaefolia, Griseba.h.

Fl. British West Indies, 317.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i^, 29.

Gardenia clusiwfoUa, .lacquin, Coll. Appx. 37, t. 4, f. 3.— IVrsoon, Syn. i. 199.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 381; Dietrich,
Syn. i, 790.

Bandia clusiw/olia, chapman, Fl. S. States, 179.— Va.sey. Cut. Forest Trees, 17.

SEVEN-TEAR APPLE.

Scmitroi)ical Florida, on the southern keys; in the West Indies.

A^'small, umchbranclied, knotty tree, sometimes 0 7neters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter
in diameter, or in Florida more often a shrub; saline shores.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous,
thin; color, rich d;irk brown shaded with orange, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 1.0310; ash. 1.0(i.

The large insipid fruit popularly but incorrectly supposed to require seven years in whicli to ripen.

96 FOKKST TRKE8 OF Xoimi AMERK^A.

163. — Guettarda elliptica, 8wartz,

Prodr. ;>9 ; Kl. lud. Oic. i, ia4.— Laiuarck, 111. ii, 21S.— r«r.soon, Syu. i, 'JOO.— Poirct, Siippl. ii, 859.— R<Etuer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 412.— De
CandolUsProdr. iv,4JT. — Dictruh, Syn. i. T.tT. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 551. — Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 35. — Grisobacli, Fl.
British West Indies, :?;ti>. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i-,30.

G. Blodgettii, Shuttleworth in herb.— Chapman, Fl. S. Stat<?.s, 17?.- Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.

Seuii-tropical Florida, on the southern keys; througli the West Indies.

A small tree, 4 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing
numerous scattered small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red;
specific gravity, 0.8337; ash, 1.05.

ERICACEJi.

164. — Vaccinium arboreum, Maishall,

Arbustum. 157.— Michans, Fl. Bor.-Ain. i, 230.— Persoou, Syn. i, 479.- Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,270.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 285.—
Nultall, Genera, i,263. — Elliott, Sk. i, 495.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, ST):! — London, Arboretum, ii, 1159.— De Candollo, Prodr. vii,
567.— Uietrich, Syn. ii, 1264.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 414.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 18^.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 1096.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 2:.9.— Wood, CI. Booli,4?:2; Bot. & Fl. 196.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Young, Bot. Texas, 369.-
Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii',20.— V.-isey, Cat. Forest Trees, 71.

V. viticronatum, Walter, Fl. Carolinians, 139 [not Linna;us].

V. diffusuni, Aiton.Ilort. Ken. ii, a')6.— Bot. Mag. f. 1(;07.— Kocb, Dendrologie, ii,9C.

Bnlndindron (irhoreiim, JCutiall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 2 ser. viii,2Gl; Sylva, iii, 43; 2 ed. ii, 111.

FARKLEBEEBY.

North Carolina, south near the coast to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states, and from southern
Illinois and .southern ^lissonri south through Arkansas and eastern Texas to the .shores of Matagorda bay.

A small tree, 7 to 0 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 meter in diameter, or toward its northern
limits often reduced to a low shrub; very common throughout the jiinc belt of the Gulf states along the larger
ponds and streams, in moist, sandy soil, and reaching its greatest devcloi)ment in eastern Texas, near the coast.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in drying, satiny, susceptible of a bcautifid
jiolish ; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly
ilistinguishable; specific gravity, 0.7610; ash, 0.39; .somewhat used in turnery in the manufacture of .small
handles, etc.

165. — Andromeda ferruginea, Walter,

I'l. Caroliniaua, 138.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii,()7 ; 2ed. iii, 52. — Willdenow, Sp. ii,609. — Michaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. 1,252. — Nonveau Uuhamel,
i, 190.— Ventenat, Hort. Malmaison; 80, t. 80.— Persoon.Syn. i, 480.— Desfontaines, Ilist. Arb. i, 257. —Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,292.—
Elliott, Sk.i,489.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 420. -Chapman, Fl. S. States,263.— Wood, CI. Book, 488; Bot. & Fl. 202.— Gray, .Syn. Fl.
N. Amciiea ii',33.

.1. rllomhrAdalift, Nouveau iJnbainel, i, 192.

A./rntifjinca, var. nrhvrcucivn, Miclian:t, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,252.

A.Ji-rniginea, \nr. frvtkoHd, Miehanx, Fl. Bor. Am. i,2.'j2.

A. rigida, Pnrch, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 292.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t.430.

Lyonia ferruginea, Nnttall, Genera, i, 266.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 8;iO.^I.(.ii(li.n, AiIm.i. tun], ii. 1109.— Dietrich, .Syn. ii,
1399.— Dc Caudolle, Prodr. vii.OOO.- Koch.Dcndrologie, ii, 12v!,

Lyonia rigida, Nnttall, Genera, i,2fi<;.— Don, Miller's Diet. iii. 830.— Dc ( andnlic', liodr, vii,i;ijii.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 97

South Carolina to iiortlicni Florida, near the coast.

A small tree, in rich liuniniocks, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.2.5 meter in diameter, often
crooked or semi-prostrate; or in sandy pine-barren soil reduced to a low shrub, O.CO to 0.90 meter in height; the
leaves varying greatly in shape, venation, etc.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
IJOlish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter;
specific gravity, 0.7("i00 ; ash, 0.4G.

166. — Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh,

Fl. Am. Sept. i,282.— Spreugol, Syst. ii,28C.— Don, Miller's Diet. iii,834. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1122. — Do CandoUe, Prodr. vii, otaj. —
Dietrich, Syn. ii, i:i87.— Hooker, Fl. I5or.-ADi. ii,3G. — Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beecbey, 143. — Nuttall,Sylva, iii,42, t.95; 2 cd.ii, 109,
t. 95.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 110 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 378.— Newberry in Pacific E. R. Rep. vi, 23, 79, f. 22.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rop. 18.58, 260 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^, 29, GG.— Lyall in Jour. Linniean Soc. vii, 131. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 393;
Bot. C'aliforuia, i, 452, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 27, in part. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Tree8,17. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii,
88. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76. 203. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent.
ii, 27G.

A, procera, Douglas in Lindley's Bot. Reg. xsi, t. 1753. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1121. — De CandoUe, Prodr. vii, 5^. —
Dietrich, Syn. u, 1387.— Paxton, Mag. Bot. ii, 147 & t.— Walpers, Rep. vi, 416.

A. laurifolia, Liudley, Bot. Reg. xxx, t. 67.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 36.

MADRONA.

Islands of British Columbia, from Seymour narrows southward through Washington territory and Oregon,
near the coast, and through the Coast ranges of California to the Santa Lucia mountains.

A small tree, sometimes 15 to 25 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally,
much larger (the great specimen near San llafael, Marin county, California, G.85 meters in circumference 2 meters
from the ground); south of San Francisco bay much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; hillsides, in rich soil.

Wood heavy, hard, sti'ong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color,
light brown shaded with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7052; ash, 0.40; largely used in the
manufacture of gunpowder, the bark in tanning.

167. — Arbutus Xalapensis, HBK.

Nov. Gen. & Spec, iii, 281. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 286. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 834. — Hooker, Icon, i, t. 27. — Bentbam, PI. Hartweg. 06. —
De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 583.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1388.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 1105.— Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 192 & t.

fA. variens, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 77.— Paxton, Brit. Fl. Gard. ii, 118.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. U, 277.

fA. macrophylla. Martens & Gakotti in Bull. Acad. Brux. ix, 9.— Walpers, Rep. U, 725.

A. Menziesii, Gray in Bot. California, i, 452, in part; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii", 27, in part.— Eotbrock in Wheeler's Rep.
vi, 25, 183 [not Pursh].

Southern Arizona, Santa liita mountains, between 4,500 and 7,000 feet elevation ; southward through northern
Mexico.

A small tree, with white, scaly bark, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to O.GO meter iu diameter ;
dry, gravelly slopes ; large specimens generally hollow and defective.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7099;
ash, 0.25.

168. — Arbutus Texana, Buckley,

Proc. PbUadelphia Acad. 1861, 460.— Gray iu Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 165.— Young, Bot. Texas, 370.

A. Menzicnii, Gray in Bot. California, i, 4.52, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 27, in part.

fA. XahipCHNis, Watson iu Piw. Am. Acad, xviii. 111.

Western Texas, Hays and Travis counties {£«cfr/cy), west to the Guadalupe and Eagle mouuiains {ffavard),
and southward, probably into northern IMcsico.

A small tree, 5 to G meters in height, with a Inink 0.15 to 0.25 hieter in diameter; dry Jimestouo hills and
ridges ; rare.
7 FOE

98 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Wood heavy, hartl, closegraiueil, compact; lucduUary rays imincrous, obscure; color, brown, tho sap-wood
lighter, tinged with red; specitic gravity, 0.7500; atsh, 0.51; used in turnery, tho manufacture of niatliematical
instruments, etc.

Note. — The synouoniy and specific position of the Mexican species of Jrhulus which reach the southern houndary of the United
States are still obscure, and cannot be well elucidated with the existiug knowledge of the Mexican llora.

169. — Oxydendrum arboreum, De CandoUo,

Prodr. vii, 601. — Dietrich, Syn. U. 13S9.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 263. — Lesijuercux in Owen's
2d Rep. Arkansas, 372.- Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Wood, CI. Book, 489: Bot. & Fl. 203.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 296; Syu. Fl. N. America, ii', 33. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 128. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. — Nat.
Dispensatory, 2 ed. 798.

Andromeda arborea, Linnteus, Spec, l ed. 394.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 158.— Marshall, Arbustum, 7.— Wangonhcim, Amer. 105.—
Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 138. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii,69; 2 ed. iii, 53. — Willdcnow, Spec, ii, 612; Fnum. 452; Borl. Bauniz.
31. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 255. — Nouveau Duhamcl, i, 178. — Bot. Mag. t. 905. — Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 257. —
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 222, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 126, t. 85. — Pursh, FI.Am. Sept. i, 295. — Nuttall,
Genera, i, 265.— Elliott, Sk.i, 491.— Barton, Fl. N. America, i, 105, t. 30.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 59.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i,
420; Compend. Fl. N. States, 182.— Sprengol, Syst. ii, 291.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 260.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 419. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 379.

Andromeda arborescens, Persoon, Syn.i, 480.— Willdenow, Enam.453.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1210.

Lyonia arborea, Don iu Edinburgh Phil. Jour, xvu, 159.— Don,Miller'sDict. iii, 831.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1111.— Spaoh,
Hist. Veg. ix, 486. — Browne, Trees of America, 356.

SOREEL TREE. SOUE WOOD.

Western Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to western Florida and the eastern shores
of Mobile bay, west to middle Tennessee and through the upper regions of the Gulf states to western Louisiana.

A small tree, 12 to IS meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.35 meter in diameter; usually in rather dry,
gravelly soil.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7458 ; ash, 0.37 ; used for
the handles of tools, bearings of machinery, etc.

170. — Kalmia latifolia, Linmeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 301. —Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 335.— Marshall, Arbustum, 72.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 345; III. ii,487,t. 363,f. 1.— Ga;rtner,
Fruct. i, 305, t. 63, f. 7.— Wangcnheim, Amer. 64,t. 24,f. 50.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 13H.— Aiton, Hort, Kew. ii, 64; 2 ed. iii, 47. —
Lamarck, 111. 4*7, t. 363, f. 1.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i,t. 87.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 600; Euuui. 450; Berl. Baumz. 202. — Schkuhr,
Handb. 359, 1. 116. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. 1,258.- Persoon, Syn.i, 477. — Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,220.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 419. —
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 144, t. 4; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 62, t. 67.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 290.— Barton, Prodr. Fl.
Philadelph. 49.- Eaton, Manual, 47; 6 ed. 195.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. i, 113, 1. 13; Fl. Boston. 3 cd. 179.— Nuttall, Genera, i,2C7.—
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 54.— Elliott, Sk. i, 481.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 422; Compend. Fl. N. States, 182.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 293. —Audubon,
Birds, t. 55.— Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii.lO, t. .57.— Sertum Botanicuni,iv & t.— Beck, Bot. 219.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 850.— Lindloy,
Fl. Med. 380.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1151, f. 9.">9.— Do Candolle, Prodr. vii,729.— Spach, Hi.st. Veg. ix, 498, 1. 139.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-
Am. ii, 41. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1407. — Browne, Trees of America, 363. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 392; 2 ed. ii. 443 «fe t. —
Griffith, Med. Bot. 428, f. 192.— Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 ed. 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 420.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858i
253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 264. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 99. — Lesquercux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 373.— Wood, CI. Book, 484; Bot. & Fl. 200 .—Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 381.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 298;
Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 38. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 152. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. — London Garden, xxii, 6, t. 343.

LAUREL. CALICO BUSH. SPOON WOOD. IVY.

New Brunswick and the northern shores of lake Erie, south to western Florida, .and through the Gulf states
to western Louisiana and the valley of the Ked river, Arkansas (Hot Springs, Lctterman).

A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter, or more often
a low shrub; rich woodlands; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany
mountains, here often forming dense, impenetrable thickets.

Wood heavj-, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; principal medullary rays broad, dark brown,
conspicuous, intermediate rajs numerous, thin, inconspicuous; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.71(iO ; ash, 0.41 ; used for tool handles, in turnery, and for fuel.

The leaves, buds, and fruit, rejtutetl poisonous to cattle, are occasionally used medicinally {U. S. Dinpcnmtory,
14 ed. 1662.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 798).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 99

171. — Rhododendron maximum, Liimoias,

Sped ed. 391.— Marsliall, Arbiistuiii, 127:— Giertiicr, rruct. i, 'Mi, t. li'i, f. C— Wungcnheini, Amer. 63, t. 22, f. 49.— Alton, Hort. Kew.
ii, 67; 2 ed. iii, 50.— Mccuch, MetU. 45.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 365; 111. 11, 44M, t. :{64, f. 1.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 1^1.— Willdenow

Spec, il, 60G; Knum.'.451; Bcrl. Baunjz. 3r)7. — Xouveau nnliauicl, 11, 141. — Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Aiii. 1,259.— Scbkuhr, Handb. 3fi2.

Persoon, Syn. i, 478.— Dusfontaiiics, Hist. Arb. 1, 221.— Bot. JIag. t. 951.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 144, t. 4; X. Amrrican

Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 64, t. 68.— Pursh, I'l. Am. Sept. 1, 297. — Eaton, Manual, 47 ; 6 cd. 301. — Xnttall, Genera, i, 26?. Bigelow, Med. Bot.

iii, 101, t. 51 ; PI. Boston. 3 cd. 178.— Klliott, Sk. i, 483.— Haync, Dcnd. PI. 57.— Torrey, PI. U. S. i, 426 ; Compend- Fl. X. SUtes, 194.—
Sprongcl, Syst. ii, 292.— Audubon, Birds, t. 103. — Beck, Bot. 220. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843. — London, Arboretum, ii, 1134 f.

932. — Do Caudolle, Prodr. vii, 722.— Hooker, PI. Bor.-Am. il, 43.— Spaeb, Hist. Veg. ix, 503. — Dietricb, Syn. ii, 1404. Eaton &.

Wrlgbt, Bot. 391.— Browne, Trees of America, 359.— Emerson, Trees Ma8sacbusetts,384 ; 2 cd. ii, 43o& t.— Griflitb, Med. Bot. 42«.

Darlington, PI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 171.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 421.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1658, 253.— Chapman, Fl. 6. States,
265. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 97. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373. — Wood, CI. Book,
491; Bot. «fe PI. 204.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 360.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 300 ; Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 42.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 169. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.

B. procerum, Salisbury, Prodr. 287.

B. maximum, var. roseum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. l, 297.— Elliott, Sk. i,484.

.E. maximum, var. album, Pursh, Pi. Am. Sept. l, 297.— EUiott, Sk. i, 484. ■■'••"

B. maximum, var. purpureum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk. 1, 484.

B. purpureum, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1134.— Dietrich, Syn, ii, 1404.

B. Purshii, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1135.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1404 (var. a/J>um, Pursh, I. f.V

GREAT LATJREL. ROSE BAY.

Nova Scotia and the iiortberu shores of lake Erie, south through New Eugland, New York, aud along the
Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia.

A small tree, sometimes 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or
often a tall, straggling shrub; at the north in cold swamps; rare; very common and reaching its greatest
development in the southern Alleghany mountains, steep, rocky banks of streams, etc.; never on limestone.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin : color, light clear
brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.C303 ; ash, 0.3(j ; occasionally used in turnery for the handles
of tools, etc., and a possible substitute for box-wood in engraving. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally nse<l
domestically in the treatment of rheumatism, sciatica, etc.

MYRSINACE^,

172. — Myrsine Rapanea, Ra?mer & Schultes,

Syst. iv, .')09.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 10.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 618.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. vlii, 97.— Miquel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. ix,
307, t. ,50-52.— Gray, Syn. PI. X. America ii', 65.

Bapanea Ouyanensis, AubUt, Guiau. i, 121, t. 46.— Swartz, Obs. 51; PI. Ind. Occ. i, 262.— Lamarck, III. ii, 4!;, t. lii.X'. 1.

Samara pentandr a, Swartz, Obs. 51; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 262 [not Alton].

Samara JJorihunda, Willdenow, Spec, i, 665.— Lamarck, Ill.ii, 46, t. 122, f. 1.

Caballeria COriacea, Meyer, Prim. Pi. Esscq. 118.

M. Floridana, A. Dc Candollo in Trans. Linna<an Soc. xvii, 107 ; Prodr. viii, 98.— Dietrich. Syn. 1, 98.— Chspmau, Fl. S.
Stales, 277.

M. Jloribunda, Grisobach, Fl. British West Indies, 393.

Semi-tropical Florida, Indian river southward to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.

A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 8 meters in lioiglil, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or
often a shrub; borders of ponds and tVeshwater creeks ; in the West Indies much larger.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very conspicuous; color, bn>wn
tinged with red and beautifully striped with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood hanlly distinguishable;
specific gravity, 0.8341 ; ash, 0.81.

100 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. •

173- — Ardisia Pickeringia, Nuttall,

Sylva, iii,e9,t. 102; 2 ed. ii, 133, t. lOi— A. Do Candollo, Prodr. viii, li4.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 277.— Tase.v.Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', C5.— Heuisicy, Bot. Am.-Ccut. ii, 294.

Ct/rilla pankllhta, Xnttall in Am. Jour. Sci. v,290.

Piclerinffia ptmiculata. N'nttall in Jonr. Philadelphia Acad, vii, 1.

MARLBEEEY. CHEEEY.

Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito iulet to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa river to cape Eomano; in the
West Indies and southern Mexico.

A small tree, sometimes 8 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a shrub;
reaching its greatest development iu Florida on the shores of bay Biscayne.

TTood heavy, hard, very close-graiued, compact, susceptible of a beautiful j)olish; medullary rays very
numerous, ccnspicuous; color, rich brown, beautifully marked with the darker medullary rays, the sap wood a
little ligutfr: specific gravity, 0.SG012; ash, 1.85.

174. — ^Jacquinia armillaris, Jacquin,

Amer. 53, t. 39.— Linnaus, Spec. 2 ed. 272.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. i,257; 2 ed. ii, 5.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 46, t. 39.— Vahl, Eclog. i,2C.— Swarta,
Obs. 85.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1064 ; Enum. 246.— Persoon, Syn. i, 234.— Rmmer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 490.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 668.—
Don, MUler's Diet, iv, 24.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 638.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 123.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 149.— Miquel iu
Martin.s,Fl. Brasil. ix, 282, t. 27.— Cooi.er in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 276.— Grisebach, Fl. British
West Indies, 397. — Seemann, Jour. Bot. iii, 279. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 66. — Hemsley,
Bot. Am.-Cent. ii,294.

Chrysophylhim Barbasco, Locfling, Iter. 204, 277.

JOE WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys; rare; through the West Indies to Brazil.

A low, rigid tree, rarely exceeding iu Florida 4 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.16 meter iu
diameter ; in the Bahamas and other West Indian islands probably much larger.

Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, checking and shrinking badly in drying, containing many scattered
large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous; color, light clear brown tinged with yellow;
specific gravity, 0.G94S; ash, 3.45.

The saponaceous leaves sometimes used as a substitute for soap.

SAPOTACE^

175. — Chrysophyllum oliviformc, Lamarck,

Diet, i, 552; 111. ii, 42.— Desconrtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 71.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 158.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies,
308.- Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 67.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 634.

0. Caneto, ft. Linnajus, 8p. 3 ed. 278 (exel. syn. h(rfling).

C. mOTWpyrenum, Swartz, Prodr. 49; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 480.— Persoon, Syn. i, 236.-Rocmer & Schultes, Syst. iv 703.—
Sprt-ng<l,.Sy»t. i, 666.— Bot. Mag. t. 3303.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 638. —Miquel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. vii, 94.

C./errugincum, f;artner f. Fruct. Suppl. 120, t. 202, f. 1.

C. microphyllum, Chapman ill CoiiU't'h Bot. Gazette, iii, 9. —Va>ey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18 [not A. De Candolle].

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Can:iveral to flic southern keys (Elliott's Key, No-Name Key, Key Largo), west
coast, Caloosa river to cape Sable; rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil.

A small tree, .sometimes 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.1i5 to 0.30 meter in diameter.

Wood veiy heavy, liard, strong, clo-sc-graiiied, <'lieeking in drying; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous;
color, light brown .shaded willi red, the thin sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.93C0; ash, 1.24.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 101

176. — Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, Jacquin.

Coll. ii, 1. 17, f. 5.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 41, 1. 120, f. 2.— Ga;rti)cr f. Fnict. Suppl. 125.— Sprcngel, Syst. i, 6CC.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 622.— A. De
Candullo, Prodr. viii, 181.— Griscbach, Fl. British West Indies, 399.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 67.

BumcUa pallida, Swarlz, Trodr. 4U; Fl. liid. Occ.4b9.

Achras pallida, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 533.

Bumelia Mastichodendron, Rcenier & Schultes, Syat.lv, 493.

S. pallidum, Sprengel, Syst. i, 666.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 180.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 274. -Vascy, Cat. For««t
Trees, 18.

Bumelia fcetidissima, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 39, t.94 ; 2 ed. ii, 108, t. 94.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 265.

Semi-troi)ical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, cape Romano to cape Sable ; in the
West Indies.

A tree often 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; the largest and most valaable
tree of semi-tropical Florida; common.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close grained, checking in drying, containing few scattered small
open dncts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color, bright orange, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity,
1.0109 ; ash, 5.14 ; not afl'ected by the teredo; largely used in ship- and boat-building.

The dry fruit, of a pleasant subacid flavor, eagerly eaten by animals.

177. — Dipholis salicifolia, A. De Candolle,

Prodr. viii, 188 (Dolessert, Icon. Mex. ined. t. 40).— Richard, Fl. Cuba, t. .'i4'. — Miqnel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. vii, 45, 1. 18. — Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 274.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 401.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 67.

Achras salicifolia, Liunasus, Spec. 2 ed.470.

Bumelia salicifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 491.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 42.— WiUdenow, Spec, i, 10S6.— Aiton, Hort.
Kew. 2 cd. ii, 12. — Roomer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 494. — Dietrich, Syn. 1, 621.

Sideroxylon salicifolium, Gaertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 124, t. 202.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 42.

BUSTIC. OASSADA.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayue to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.

A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely O.GO meter in diameter ; the large trees hollow and
defective; rare.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, compact, checking in drying, susceptible of a
beautiful polish, containing mauy scattered large open ducts ; color, dark brown or red, the sap-wood lighter ;
specific gravity, 0.931G ; ash, 0.32. ,

178. — Bumelia tenax, Willdcnow.

Spec, i, 1088; Enum. 248; Borl. Bauniz. 67.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 12.— Rtemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 496.— Elliott, Sk. i, 288.—
Porsoou.Syn. i,237.- Hayno.Dend. Fl. 18.— Sprengel, Syst. i,664.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— London,
Arboretum, ii, 1193, f. 1017.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 021.— Spach, Hist. Vog. ix, 388.— Eaton & Wright. Bot. 162.— Xuttall, Sylva, iii, 35, t,
92 ; 2 ed. ii, 104, t. 92.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 196.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 428.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1S5?, 253.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Wood, CI. Book, .lOl ; Bot. & Fl. 210.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Gray, Sya. Fl. N. America, ii', 68.

Sideroxylon tenax, Liummis, Mant. 48.— Jacquin, Coll. ii, 252.— Lamarck, Diet. i,245 ; 111. ii, 42.— Aiton, Hort. Kow, i,262.—

Swartz, Obs. 91. — Uosl'ontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 201. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 461.

Sideroxylon Carolincnse, .lacquiu, Obs. iii, 3, t. 54.

Sideroxylon sericeitm, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 100.

Sideroxylon chrysophylloidcs, Michaux, Fl. Hor.-Am. i, 123.— Ralinesqiie, Fl. Ludoviciana, 53.

B. chrysophylloides, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Nuttall, Genera, i, Ui.").— Watson, Dcnd. Brit, i, 1. 10.

?B. revlinata, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275 [not Venteual].

102 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

North Caroliua, soutli near the eoast to cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, Florida.

A small tree, t» to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.ir» n)eter in diameter; sandy soil.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; well characterized,
as in all the North American species, by large open ducts, defining, with several rows, the rings of annual growth,
and connected by conspicuous branching groups of similar ducts, giving to a cross-section a beautifully reticulated
appearance ; medullary rays nnmerous, thin ; color, light brown streaked with white, the sap-wood lighter ; specific
gravity, 0.7293; ash, 0.7S.

179. — Bumelia lanuginosa, Pereooa,

Syn. i, 237.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 135.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 497.— Elliott, Sk. i, 288.— Eaton, Manual,
C ed. CO.— Don, Millers Diet, iv, 30.— Loiulon, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— A. De CandoUo, Proilr. viii, 190.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 428.— Cooper in Smithsonian IJep. 18.'>8,253.— Cliai)man, Fl. S. State.'!,275. — Lesqiiereux in Owen's 2il Rep.
ATkan8a«,374.— Wood, CI. Book, 501; Bot. & Fl. 210. —Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 308; Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America,
ii', 68.— Young, Bot. Texas, 377.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.

fSiderorylon tenax, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 100.

Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am.i,l22.

fB. ohlongifoUa, Nuttal],Genera, i, 135; Sylva,iii,33; 2 ed.ii, 102.— Sprengel, Syst. i,6C4.— Eaton, Manual, Ced. CO.— Eaton
& Wright, Sot. 162.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. viii, 190. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.

B. femtginen, Xuttall, Sylva,iii,34; 2cd. ii,103.

B. tomentosa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190.

B. arborea, Buckley iu Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861,461.

Gtrai ELASTIC. SHITTIM WOOD.

Georgia and northern Florida to ^Mobile bay, Alabama; southern Illinois and southern Missouri, through
Arkansas to the vaUey of the Eio Grande, Texas (Eagle pass, Uavard) [B. oblongi/olia).

An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states
mnch smaller, rarely exceeding G meters in height ; common and reaching its greatest development in the rich
bottom lauds of eastern Texas.

A low, depres.sed form of the sand-hills of the Altainaha river, Georgia, still to be rediscovered, with small
leaves and "edible fruit as large as a small date", is var. macrocarpa, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68 {B. macrocarpa,
Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 37; 2 ed. ii, 106).

Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts conspicuous; medullary rays numerous,
thin; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6544; ash, 1.23; somewhat used in
cabinet-making, for which it is well suited.

A clear, very viscid gum exuded from the freshly-cut wood is sometimes used domestically.

180. — Bumelia spinosa, A. Do Candolle,
Prodr. viii, 191 (Deles-sert, Icon. Mr-x. iiinl. t. 75).— Hcnifilcy^ot. Am. -Cent, ii, 299.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 112.

Santa Catalina mountains, Arizona, at an elevation of 2,700 feet {Fringle) ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico {Palmer,
No. 787).

A small tree, 0 to 7 meters in lieight, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly soil, near
water-courses.

Wood heavj-, hard, very clo.segraincd, coiiiijact, the ojjcu ducts conspicuous; medullary rays thin, obscure;
color, light rich brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity. 0.0003; a.sh, 1.21.

181. — Bumelia lycioides, Gmrtncr f.

Fmct. Snppl. 127, 1. 120.— Pemoon, Syn. i, 237.— Willdcnow, Euum. 249 ; Bcrl. Baumz. 68.- Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 2.'57.— Nuttall, Genera.
i, 135 ; .Sylva, iii, 31, t. 91 ; 2 cd. ii, 101, t. 01.— R<cm<T & Srhultea, Syst. iv, 495.— Haync, D.-nd. Fl. 19.— Elliott, Sk. i, 287.— Sprengel,
.Syst. i,C<>l.— Eaton, M.innal, Ced. CO.— Don, MillcHH Diet, iv, 30.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1193, f. 1010.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.—
Spacb, Hist. Veg. ix.:W8.-Eaton & Wright, Bot. 1C2.—A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 189.— Grinilli, Med. Hot. 441.— Darl)y, Bot. S.
States, 427.— Cooper in Smithsonian R<-p. 18.58, 2.53.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, 27.5.— Lesfpureux in Owen's 2d Ii'cp. Arkansus, 374.—
Wood, CI. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 308; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii',C8.— Young, Cot. Texas, 37C.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.- Hemslcy, Bot. Am. -Cent. ii. 298.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 103

Sideroxylon lycioides, Linnajns, Ilort. Cliff. 488 (excl. lial).).— Lamarck. Diet, i, 246; 111. ii, 42.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 262 ; 3
ed. ii, I'S. — Willdeuow, Spec, i, 1090. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 122. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155. — Jaame St. Hilsire,
Fl. & Pom. Am. Franc, t. 81.

Sideroxylon decanclrum, Liunicas, Mant. 48.— Willdcnow, Spec. 1, 1091.

Syderoxylon lave, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 100.

IRON WOOD. SOUTHEEN BUCKTHORN.

Coast of Virginia and .southern Illinois, south to Mosqnito inlet and Caloosa river, Florida, and tbroagh
southern Missouri, Arkausas, and Texas to the valley of the Eio Concho, Texas.

A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter ; low,
rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic and Gulf states, a low, semi-prostrate shrub, described as —

var. reclinatum, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68.

Sideroxylon reclinatum, Michanx.Fl. Bor.-Am. 1,122.

B. reelinata, Ventenat, Choix, t.22.— Persoon, Syii.i,237.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, I'S.— Rocmer &, S<!hulte8, Syrt. iv, 496.—
Elliott, Sk. 1,287.— Eaton, Manual,6 ed.60.— Dielricli, Syn. i, 6-^1.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— London, Arboretum, ii,
1193.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. vui, 190.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 428.— Wood, CI. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, comi^act; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or
yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7467; ash, 0.81.

182. — Bumelia cuneata, Swartz,

Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 496.— Persoon, Syn. i, 237.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 498.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 665.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— Dietrich,
Syn. i, 621.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 401.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 297.

Achras CUneifoUa, Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, vi, 534.

B. angustifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 38, t. 93 ; 2 ed. ii, 106, t. 93.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 265.

Sideroxylon Clineatum, A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 181.

B, parvifolia, A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 190.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.

B. myrsinifolia, A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 192.

B. reelinata, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 109 [not Ventenat].

ANTS' WOOD. DOWNWAJaD PLUM. SAFFRON PLUM.

A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters iu height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter.

Semi-tropical Florida, Merritt's island, Indian river, and southward to the southern keys, not rare; west coast,
Cedar Keys to capo Eomano, rare; rocky shores and iu the interior of low, barren keys; Texas, valley of the
lower Eio Grande, Ross to Laredo, and southward into northern Mexico; in the "West ludies.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medollaiy
rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or orange, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.79o9; ash, 1.90.

183. — Mimusops Sieberi, A. De CandoUo,
Prodr. viii, 204.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 69.
Achras Zapotilla, yar. parviflora, NuttaU, Sylva, iU, 28, t.90; 2od.ii,97, t.90.
M. dissecta, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 400, in part.
Achras mammosa, Sicber, Pi. Trin. No. 3;< [not Linnieus nor Bonpland].

WILD DILLY.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys, connnon ; in the M'est Indies.

A small, low, gnarled tree, sometimes 0 motors in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter; generally
hoUow and dofoetive.

Wood very heavy, hard, strong, closo-graiiu d. inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish;
medullary rays lutmerous, very obscure ; color, ricli, very dark bniwn, the sap-wood lighter ; spccilio gravity. 1.0S3S;
ash, 2.G1.

104 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

EBENACEiE

184. — Diospyros Virginiana, Linnirna,

Sped cd. 105T.— Kalm, Travtls, English ed. i, 127, 345.— Marshall, Arbiistum, 40.— Wangcnbcim, Amcr. 84, t. 28, f.r)8.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliiiiana, i"i3.- .\iton, Hort. Kcw. iii, 440; 2 ed. v, 4T8. — Abbot, lusects Georgia, ii, t. Gl, 74. — B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 11,45; ii,
52.— Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 2,'.8.— G.-ertuer f. Friict. Suppl. 138, t. 207.— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 1107; Fnum. lOlil ; Berl. Banniz..
127.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 52S.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 1806.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 208.— Titford, llort. Bot. Am. 106.—
Micbaax f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 195, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 157, t. 93. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 265. — Nouveau Duhamel,
vi, 84.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelpb. 97 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 198.— Eaton, Manual, 117 ; 6 ed. 126.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 240.— Hayne, Dcnd. Fl. 228.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 712.— CoUiu, Forslag af nigra Xord-.\mericas Trad. 23.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N.
SUtes, 375.— Andubon, Birds, t. 87.— Spreugol, Syst. ii, 202.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 14C.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 153, t. 32.—
Beck, Bot. 229.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 39.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1195, t. 200, 201.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 225.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. iv, 226.— Browne, Trees of America, 368.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 435, f. 19G.— Dietrich, Syn. v,437.— Bclg. Hort. iv, 118 & t.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 425. — Darlington. Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 176. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. Stat«s,
273. — Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N.Carolina, 18G0, iii, 70. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374. — "Ettiugsh. Blatt-
Skel. Dikot. 89, t. 38, f. 12."— Wood, CI. Book, 500 ; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 385.— Engelmauu in Trans. Am.
Phil. Socnewser. xii, 200.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 308; Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl.N. America, ii', 69.— Koch, Dendrologie,
ii, 204. — Hiern in Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. xii', 224. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii,
69.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.

J), concolor, Moench, Meth.471.

D. Guaiacana, Robin, Voyages, iii, 417.

J), pubescem, Pnrsb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 265 [not Persoon].- Ralineflque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 139.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv; 38.—
Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1196.

D. Virginia7ia, var. pubescens, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 240.— Elliott, Sk.ii,7l3.

D. Virginiana, var. microcarpa, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 115.

D. Virginiana, var. concolor, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 155.

D. Virginiana, var. macrocarpa, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. i. 155.

D. Persimon, Wikstrom, Jabr. Scbwed. 1830, 92.

D. ciliata, Rafinesque, New Fl. <t Bot. i, 25 [not A. De Candolle].

D. calycina, Audibert, Cat. Hort. Tonn. (ex. Spach).— Loudon, Card. Mag. 1841, 394.

D. anguntifolia. Audibert, Cat. Hort. Tonn. (ex. Sp.ich).— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394.

D. lucida, Hort.— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841, .394.

Z>. intermedia, Hort.— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841,394.

PERSIMMON.

Lighthouse point, New Haven, Connecticut, Long Ishintl, New Torlc, and southward to bay Bi.so^ayne and the
Caloo.sa river, Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi; southern Ohio to southeastern Iowa, southern Missouri,
Arkansa.s, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.

A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 meters in height (Ridgway), with a trunk sometimes O.CO meter in
diameter ; very common and often entirely occupying abandoned fields throughout the middle and lower regions
of the southern Atlantic and Gulf states, reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the lower
Ohio basin.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, contaiuing few scattered,
open ducts, the rings of animal .growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous,
con8i)icuon8 ; color, dark brown, or often nearly bhiek, the thick sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous
darker spots; specific gravity of the sajj-wood, O.TilO.S; ash, O.ltC; used in turnery for shoe-lasts, i)lanestocks,
etc., and preferred for sliuttles; the dark heart-wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen.

The yellow edible fruit exceedingly austere until after frost, then becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf
states riix-ning in August without austerity; sometimes u.sed domestically, fermented with hops, corn-meal, or
wheat bran, as a beverage unrler the name of "simmon beer".

A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark occasionally u.sed in the treatment of
diarrha-a, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc. (Ii. Ii. Smith in Am. Jour. Pliarm. October, 184G, 215.— ■/. K Bryan in same,
May, 1860, 215.— C. S. Dinpensatory, 14 ed. 380.— .V«<. IUHpcnsalory, 2 ed. 514).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 105

185. — Diospyros Texana, Scbcrle,

Linnaja, xxii, 145; RcDnicr, Texas, 441; Appx. 763.— WalpcTB, Ann. iii, 14.— Torrey, Bof. Mex. Boundary Sarvty, 109.— Cooper in
Suiithaoiiian Rep. 1858, •JGG.— Young, Bot. Texas, 370.— Hieru in TronB. Cambridge Phil. Soc.xii', 238. -Gray, Hall's PLTexaa, 15;
Syn. FI. N. America, ii', 70.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest TrccH, 18.— Homeley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 300.

BLACK PERSIMMON. MEXICAN PERS13DIOX. CHAPOTE.

Westeru Texas, Matagorda bay to tbc vallej' of the Concho river ; .southward into northern Mexico.

A small tree, 4 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O..'j0 meter in diameter, or more often a low
shrub; not rare, and reaching its greatest development in Texas along the rich bottoms of the Guadalnin; river ;
borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of larger size.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beautiful polish, containing few minate,
scattered, oj)en ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick
sap-wood clear bright jellow; specific gravitj", 0.S4G0; ash, 3.;>3; u.sed in turnery for the handles of toohj, etc,
suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among American woods for box-wood.

The small black fruit sweet and insipid.

STYRACACEiE.

186. — Symplocos tinctoria, L'Heritier,

Trans. Linnaean Soc. i, 176. — Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1436. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iv, 419. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 339.— Don, Miller's Diet, ir^
2.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 254.— Cooper in Smithsoni.-in Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 272.— Cnrtis in Rep.
Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 65.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. i FL209.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 'MO; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 71.— Young, Bot. Texas, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.

Hojpea tinctoria, Linnaeus, Mant. 105.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 189.— Miclianx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 42.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 72.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 217.— Gajrtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 146, t.209, f.2.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 419.— Michaui f. Hirt.
Arb. Aiii.iii,61,t. 9; N.American Sylva, 3 ed.iii, 45, 1. 117.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept.ii, 451.— Nnti.iU, Genera, ii, 63.-
Elliott, Sk. ii, 173.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 176.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 420.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 272.— Darby. Bot.
S. States, 425.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 388.

HORSE SUGAR. SWEET LEAF.

Southern Delaware, soutii to about latitude 30° in Florida, and west through the Gulf states to western
Louisiana and southern Arkansas (Malvern, Texarkana, Letterman).

A small tree, G to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub;
borders of cyi)ress swamps or in deep, damp, shaded woods.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light
red, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5325; ash, O.OS.

Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yielding, as does also the bark, a yellow dye.

187. — Halesia diptera, Liunieus,

Spec.2ed. 636. — Marshall, Arbustum,. 57.— Lamarck. Diet. ii,fH). — Willdenow, Spec. ii,849; Enuni.49G; Berl. Banmi. 171.— CavonillMi,
Diss, yi, 338, t. 187. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 40. — Per.soon, Syn. ii, 4. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 143. — Konveaii Dnhamel, T,
144.— Pur.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 450.— Niittall, G.-nerii, ii, 83.— Elliott, Sk. i, 508.— Hayno, Dond. Fl. tW.- Loddigee. Bot. Cab. t.
1172.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 84.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 7.— Louilon, Arboretum, ii, 1191, f. 1014.— Spaeh,
Hist. Vog. ix, 426.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 260.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 270.— Miers, Contrib. i, 19;}.- Darby, Bot. S. States.
425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1&-.8, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 271.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Koch,
Dendrologio, ii, 201. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. — Gray, Syn. FI.N. America, ii', 71.

H. reticulata, Buokloy in Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 444.

SNOW-DKOr TREE. SILVEKBELL TREE.

South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through the lower ivgion of the Gulf states to
eastern Texas and Garland county, Arkansas {Ilarrctf).

A small tree, sometimes (5 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub
sending uji many clustered stems from the root; borders of swami>s, in low, wet woods.

Wood light, .>ott, strong, very close grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin: color, light br»>wn. the
sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5705; ash, 0.-12.

106 FOREST TREES OF XORTH AMERICA.

188. — Halesia tetraptera, Linnaeus,

Bptt^a ed.636.— Marshall, Arbustuni, 57. — Ga-rtuor. Friu-t. i, 1(<0. t. :«. f. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 66 ; 111. ii, 5-il, t. 404,f. 1.— Aitrvu.Hort.
Kew. ii, 123; *2 ed. iii, 143.— Mcpnch, Meth. 507. —Abbot, Insects Georgia i, t. 46.- Willdenow, Spec, ii, 849; Ennm. 4%; Berl.
R^nmF- 170. — Cavanilles, Diss, vi, 33;?. t. l^..^Mieliaux, Fl. Bor.-Aiu. ii, 40. — Pereoon, S\ti. ii, 4. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 216. —
Xonvean Dnhamel.v, 143, t,45.— Piireh, FI. Am. Sept. ii, 449.— Xnttall, Genera, ii, S>.—Bot. Mag. t. 910.— Elliott, Sk. i, 507.—
Hayne. Dend. Fl. 66.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1173. — Spreugel, Syst. iii. S4. — Guimpol, Otto & H.iyne, Abb. Holz. 43, t. 35.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 164.- Don, Millers Diet. iv. 6.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1190, f. 1012, t. 196, 197.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. ix, 426.— Eaton
& Wright, Boi, 260. — A. De CandoUe, Pnxlr. viii, 270.— Browne, Trees of America, 366.— Miers, Contrib. i, 191, t. 93.— Darby,
Hot, S. States, 425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. Ii558, 25;?.- Agardh, Theor. Jt Syst. PI. t.22, f. 16, 17.- Chapman, Fl. S. States,
271.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. X. Carolina. 1J«Q, iii, tfO.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk.
af Nat. For. Viden. Meddtlt. No?. 1-6. l!«i6. 89, f. 2.— Gray, Manual X. States, 5 ed. 310; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 71.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii. 199.— Young. Bot. Texas, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tn^-es, 18.

EATTLEBOX. S>fOW-DBOP TEEE. SILTEE-BELL TBEE. CALICO WOOD.

Moantains of West Virginia to sontbern Illinois, south to middle Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi,
and through Arkansas to western Louisiana and eastern Texas.

A tree 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely O.GO meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub; generally
along streams, in rich soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany
moantains; common in cultivation.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.562$; ash, 0.40.

KOTK. — Halftia parrHlora, Michaus. of southern Georgia, and Florida, does not attain the size or habit of a tree.

OLEACEiE.

189. — Fraxinus Greggii, Gray,
PracAm. Acad. rii. 64: Syn. FI. K. America, ii', 74. — Hemslcy, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 305.
jP. Schifdfana, var. parri/oJia, Torrey, Bot. Mes. Bonndary Survey, 16C.

Western Texas, valley of the Rio Grande, from the San Pedro to the Pecos river ; southward into Mexico.

A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter (Lampasas
mountains, Mexico, Buckley), or often a graeoful shrub; limestone soil.

Wood heavy, hard, verj- close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color,
brown, the sap-wowl lighter; specific gravity, 0.7004; ash, 0.93.

190. — Fraxinus anomala, Torrey;
Wat»on in King's Rep. v, 283. — Parry in Am. Xat. ix, 203. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Treea, 20. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74.

Southwestern Colorado, McElmo river [Brandegce), southern Utah, Kanawa, Leeds, Silver Ijeaf, Labyrinth
canon of the Colorado river, valley of the IJio Virgen, mar Saint George.

A small tree, sometimes C meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, with the habit of a
dwarf pear tree; common on elevated sandstone mej*ii« and plateaus.

Wood heavy, hard, coarsegrained, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of similar ducts; medullarj- rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity. 0.0507: a.sh, 0.85.

191. — Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, Torrey,

Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 12e ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Sur\ey, 166.- Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1658, 260.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 19;
Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74. —Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.— Hemslcy, Bot. Am. Cent, ii,
3C6. — Wataon in Proc. .im. Acad, xviii, 113.

J^. relutina, Torrey in Emory s Rep. 149.

F. coriac^o, Watson in Am. Xat. vii, 302, in part.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 186, t. 22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Treea, 20.

F. pistaciafolia, var. CoriaceOj Gray, Syn. Kl. X. America, ii', 74.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 107

Mountains of western Texas, tbrougli southern New Mexico, soutliem and eastern Ar)7x>na, to Boatbern
Nevada (Ash Meadows, liothroch) ; in northeni Mexico.

A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in lieight, with a trunk rarely 0.4.5 meter in diameter; generally along borders
of streams, in elevated canons, less commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceon.s or, more rarely,
velvety tomentose (var. coriacca, Qray, I. c.) ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.

"Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6810; ash, O.OU; occasionally u.sed in wagon-building, for ax handles, etc

192. — Fraxinus Americana, Linna;ii»,

Spec. 2ed. 1510.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 'XA.—Wton, linn. Kow. iii, 44.t; 2 ed. v, 476.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1102; Enmn. 1000;
Berl. Baumz. 145.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Nene .Schriftcn Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 303. — Vahl Ennm. i,49.— Peraoon.Syn.
ii, 604. — Desfontainea, Hist. Arb. i,102. — Notivean Dnhamel, iv, 6:5. — MIcbanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, IOC, t. H; X. American 8yW»,
3ed. iii, 49, t. lie (excl. fruit).— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadclph. 07; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 192.— Eaton, Mannal. 114.—
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.— Cobbett, WoodLinds, 131.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Beck, Bot. 232.— London, Arljoretnm, ii, 1232, f. 1056
& t.— Pcnn. Cyel. x, 455.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Hooker, 11. Bor.-Am. ii, 51.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 125, t. 89.— A. De
Candolle, Prodr. viii, 177. — Browne, Trees of America, 394. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 233. — Cooper in Smithsonian Bep.
1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 369.— Curtis in Geological Rep. \. Carolina, 18f;0, iii, 54.— Wood, CI. Book, 597; Bot. &. Fl.
277. — Lesquercux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Engelmann in Tran.s. Am. Phil. .Soc. new scr. xii, 206. — Porcher, Kemnrcea
S. Forests, 404.— Gray, M.innal N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii,
252.— Young, Bot. Texas, 452.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Maconn in Geological Kep. Canada, 1875-'76, 207.— Sears in Boll.
Essex Inst, xiii, 177.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52«.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 68.

F. Caroliniensis, Wangenheim, Amer. 81.

F. alba, Marshall, Arbnstnm,51.— Hayne.Dend. F1.223.

F. acuminata, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 205.— Pnr8h,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Nut tall, Genera, ii,231;
Sylva, iii, 64 ; 2 ed. ii, 129.— H.iyne, Dend. Fl. 220.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N.
States, 371 ; Nicollet's Rep. 15'J.— Ea'mer & Schnltes, Syst. iii, 277.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 8.— Eaton, Manual, 6
ed. 148.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 56.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247.— Emerson, Trees Manachiuetta, 333;
2 ed. ii, 376 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Porcher, Resonrces S. Forests, 494.

f F. juglandifolia, Lamarck, Diet, ii, .542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 208.— Desfontaines, Hist.Aib. i, 103.— Hayne, Dend.
Fl. 221.— Beck, Bot. 232. —Don, Miller's Dicf.iv,.55.

F. Canadensis, Gartner, Fruct.i, 222, t. 49.

F. epiptera, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 256.— Vahl, Enum.i, 50.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,1102; Berl. Banmz. 147.— Persoon, Syn.
ii,G03— Desfont.iiues, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Poiret, Snppl. ii,671.— Nnttall, Genera, ii,231.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. t, 8.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 06.— Rmraerdt Schnltes, Syst. 278.— Eaton, Mannal, 6ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet,
iv, 55. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 12:57. — Penn. Cycl. x, 455.— Eaton <fe Wright, Bot. 247. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 50. —
A. De Caodolle, Prodr. viii, 277. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 399.

F. lancea, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209 (Jde London, Arboretum, ii, 1237).

F. discolor, Mnhleiiberg, Cat. HI.— Raline.squp, Fl. Ludoviciana, 37.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 297.

F. Americana,vav. lati/olia, Loudon, Arborctnm.ii, 1232.— Browne. Trees of America, 396.

tF. juglandifolia, var. serrata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.

fF. juglandifoUa,xaT. suhserrata, Hayne.Dend. F1.221.

WHITE ASH.

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida, central
Alabama and IMississippi, and west to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the
Trinity river, Texas.

A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, -12 meters (Rutgirai/) in height, with a trunk
1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; low, rich, rather moist soil, reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands
of the lower Ohio Kiver basin; toward its western and southwestern limits smaller, of less ecoriomic value, and
generally replaced by the green ash {Fraxinux riridin).

A form of the soathern states with remarkably small fruit h.is been described as —

108 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

var. microcarpa, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75.

F. albicaim, Buckley in Proc. Pbilailelpbin Acad. 1SC2, 4, in part.

F. Clirtissii, Va^. y. Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

Wood ht-avy, h nil, stion-j. ultimately brittle, coarse-grained, compact; layers of aiiiuial growth clearly marked
by several row.s of large open ducts, occupyiug iu slowly-grown specimens nearly tbe entire width of the annual
rings; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white; specific
gravity, 0.C543; ash, 0.4l'; specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.7180; largely used iu the manufacture of
agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior and cabinet work.

Var. Texensis,
Gr»y, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75.

F. albicans, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1802, 4, in part.

F. coriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vil,302, in part.

F. pistaeiCB/olia, Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, lU [not Torrey].

Western Texas, Dallas (Reverchon), to the valley of the Devil's river.

A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; dry, rocky hills and
ridges.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by one or more
rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity,
0.7636; ash, 0.70 ; used for the same purposes as that of the species.

193. — Fraxinus pubescens, Lamarck,

Diet, ii, 548.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 254.— Wilhlenow, Spec, iv, llCCi; Enum. lOCO; Berl. Banmz. 148.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in
Nene SchrifteuGesell. Nat. Kr. Berlin, iii, 393. — Vabl, Euuni. i,51. — Per.sooii.Syu. ii,604. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 102. — Nonveau
Duhamel, iv, 62. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 47(). — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,9. — Rieiuer & Schultes, Syst. 279. — Nuttall, Genera, ii,
231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 073.- Sprengel, Syst. i, 95. —Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 126.—
Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1233, f. 1056.— Penn. Cycl. x, 455.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 51.— A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 337 ; 2 ed.
ii, 380.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 23'J.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. —Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. ie58,253.—Chapman, Fl. S.
SUtes, 370.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. C.irolina, 1860, iii, .54.— Wood, CI. Book, 597 ; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 402 : Syn. I-T. N. America, ii', 75.— Young, Bot. Texas, 452.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii,
177.— Ridgway in Proc. L'. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,69.

F. Pennsylvanica, Marshall, Arbustum, 51.— K(>ch,Deudrologie, ii,253.

F. nigra, Du Roi, Harbk.2 ed.i,398 [not Marshall].

F. pubescens, var. longi/olia, Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vabl, Enum. i, 52.— Pureh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Loddiges, Cat.
ed. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1233.— A. De Caudollo, Prodr. viii, 278.

F. pubescens, var. latifoliu, Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pnrsb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.
223.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1233.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278.

F. pubescens, var. subpubescens, Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Loudon,
Arboretum, ii, 1234. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 395.

F. longi/olia, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209.

F. SUbvillosa, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209.

F. tomentosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 112, t. 9; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 63, t. 119.— Barton, Compend. FL
Pbihidelph. ii, 192.

jP. Americana, va,r. pubescenn, Browne, Trees of America, 39c.

F. Oblongocarpa, Buckley in Proc. Pbila<lclpliia Acad. 1864,4.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 109

New Brunswick to southern Ontario and northern Minnesota, sonth to northern Florida anil central Alabama.

A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarelj- exceeding 0.00 meter in diameter; borders of streams
and swamps, in hjw ground; common and reacliing its greatest development in the north Atli'.ntic states; rare
west of the Alleghany mountains, probably not extending west of the ^Mississippi river.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarsegrained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich brown,
the sap-wood light browu streaked with yellow; specilic gravity, 0.02.j1 ; ash, 0.26; specific gravity of the lighter
sap-wood, 0.5G09; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white ash, with which it is often confounded.

194. — Fraxinus viridis, Miohmix f.

Hist. Alb. Am. iii, 115, t. 10; N. Amorican Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 54, t. 120 (oxcl. fruit).— Hayuo, Delia. Fl. 22-2.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 253.— Cli.apman, Fl. S. States, 370.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^ 46; Mauual N. States, 5 ed. 402; Hall's PI. Teiaa,
19; Syn.Fl. N. America, ii', 75.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54.— Le8quereuxinOwen's2dRep. Arkansas,
382.— Wood, CI. Book, 598; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Watson in ICing's Rep. v, 284.— Young, Bot. Texas, 453.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tre«B,
20.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7('>, 207.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii,
305. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.

F. juglandifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104; Enum. 1060; Berl. Banmz. 140 [not Lamarck].— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— PcrBoon,
Syn. ii, 604.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 63, t. 16.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 476.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Eoemer
& Scbultes, Syst. i, 278 ; iii, Suppl. 255.— Eaton, Mauual, 114.— Spreugel, Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N'. States,
371.— Beck, Bot. 233.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1236, f. 1061, 1062 & t.— Eaton & ■«■ right,
Bot. 247.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 373.

fF. Caroliniana, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1103; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Vahl, Eunni. i, 51.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed.
i, 400.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 62.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.—
Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— H.ayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
148.— Don, Millei-'s Diet, iv, 55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 147.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.

F. juglandifolia, var. nubintegerrima, Vahl, Enum. i, 50.

F. erpansa, willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 150.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. i, 279.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, ."to.— London,
Arboretum, ii, 1238. — A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 399.

.F. Americana, var. juglandifolia, Browne, Trees of America, 398.

F. Novw-Anglice, Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 251 [not MUler nor Wangenheim]

GREEN ASH.

Shores of lake Champlain, Tiverton, Rhode Island, and southward to northern Florida, west to the valley of the
Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the Kocky mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch mountains of Utah, and the
ranges of eastern and northern Arizona.

A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.GO meter in diameter ; borders of streams or in
low, rather moist soil; at the west confined to the bottom lands of the large streams and to high mountain canons.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coar.se-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous scattered, small,
open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numemus,
obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7117 ; ash, 0.65; inferior in quality, although often
used as a substitute for white ash.

Var. Berlandieriana, Torrey,

Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 160.— Gr.iy, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii>, 75.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 305.— Wi>tson in Proc. Am. Acad,
sviii, 113.

F. Berlandieriana, Do Candollo, Prodr. viii, 278.

F. trialata, Buckley iu Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5.

Texas, west of the Colorado river; southward into northern Mexico.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diaiiicter ; borders of streams,
in low, rich soil.

Wood light, .solt, rather dose grained, compact, containing few small, scattered, open duets, the layers of
amiual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5780; ash, 0.54.

110 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

196. — Fraxinus platycarpa, Micbaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 256.— Vahl, Enum. i, 49. — Persoon, Sy n. ii, (305. — Dcsfoutaiucs, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — Nouveau Duliamel, iv, 64. — Micbaux f.
HLst. Arb. Ani.iii,l-25, 1. 13; N. American S.vlva. 3 ed. iii, 63, t. 124.— Poirot, Supiil. ii, 671.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i,9.— Roemer &
Scbultes, Syst. i,27?.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231. — Hayne, Demi. I'l. 22o. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 673. — Sitrengel.Syst, i, 96. —Eaton, Manual,
6ed. 149.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, .55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 247.— A. De Camlolle, Proilr. viii, 277.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 165?, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 53. —
Lesqucrens in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382.— Wood, CI. Book, 593 ; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402 ; Syn. Fl.
K. America, ii', 75.— Young, Bot. Texas, 453. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

tF. CaroUniana, Miller, Diet. No.6.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 518.— Ra-mer* Schultes, Syst. i, 278.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.—
Loudon, .irboretum, ii, 1237. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 258.

F. excelsior, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254 [not Linnaeus].

F. Americana, Marshall, Arbnstum.SO [not Linnaius].

F. pallida, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209.

F. pubescens, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 210 [not Lamarck].

F. triptera, Xuttall, Genera, ii,232 ; Sylva, iii, 62, 1. 100; 2 ed. 127, 1. 100.— EUiott, Sk. ii, 674.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv,56.-
Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1240.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 274.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.

F. curridens, Hoffmannsegg, Verz. d. Pflanzenknlt. 29.

F. pauciflora, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 61, t.lOO; 2 ed. u, 126, t. 100.

F. Americana, var. Caroliniana, Browne, Trees of America, 398

F. Americana, var. triptera, Browne, Trees of America, 399.

F. Ifuttallii, Buckley in Proc. PhUadelphia Acad. 1860, 444.

F. nigrescens, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5.

WATER ASH.

Soutbeastem Virginia, soutli near the coast to cape Canaveral and the Caloosa river, Florida, west through
the Galf states to the valley of the Sabine river, Texas, and the Washita river, southwestern Arkansas ; in the
West Indies.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; deep river
swamps.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the open ducts not conspicuous; medullary
rays few, obscure; color, nearly white, or .sometimes tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.3541 ; ash, 0.73.

196. — Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 255. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104. — Vahl, Enum. i, 50. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 605. — Bosc inMem. Inst. 1808, 211. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Nonvcan Duhamel, iv, 64.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 118, t. 11 ; 2 ed. iii, 61, t. 123.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.—
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Rcemer &, Schultes, Syst. i, 278.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Sprengol, Syst. i,
96.- Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 149.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1235, f. 1059, 1060.— Spach, Hist. Vcg. viii,
29e.— I'eun. Cycl. i, 45.J. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247. — A. Dc Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. —
Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 370. — Lc8<iuereux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI. Book, 598 ; Bot. & Fl. 277. — Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 259. — Young, Bot. Texas, 453. — Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 20.— Engclmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 63.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69.— Bnrgess in Coulter's Bot.
Ga7.ctt<-, vii, 95.

F. tetragona, Cel.") in Nonv. Cours, Agr. vii, 73.

F. quadrangularis, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.

F. mrrOHtt, Loddiges, Cut. 18:J6.

F. quadrangulata, var. nervosa, Loudon, Arboretum, li, 1235.

F. Americana, var. fjttarlranrjulata, IJrowm-, Trees of America, 397.

F. Amcricftna, var. qundrangulnUl nerroHU, Browne, Trees of America, 397.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. Ill

BLUE ASn.

Southern Michigan to central ^linnesota, south to northern Ahibama, and through Iowa and ilissouri to
northeastern Arkansas (Duvall's bluff, Lettcrman).

A tree 18 to 25 or, exceptionally, 37 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.CO meter in diameter;
generally on limestone hills, rarely extending into the bottom lands, and reaching its greatest development in the
basin of the lower Wabash river.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth clearly
marked by one to three rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light yellow streaked with
brown, the sa])-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7184 ; ash, 0.78 ; largely used for flooring, in carriage-building, etc

The inner bark, macerated, dyes blue.

197. — Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall,

Sylva, iii, 59, t. 99 ; 2 od. ii, 124, t. 99.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Eep. iv, 128.— Newberry in Pacific R. E. Rep. vi, 25, 87.— Cooper is
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii«, 28, 68; Am. Nat, iii, 407.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 260.— Gray in Bot. California,
i, 472; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 76.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

F. puhescens, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51.

F. grandifolia, Beutham, Bot. Sulphur, 33.

OREGON ASH.

Shores of Puget sound, south through Washington territory and Oregon west of the eastern valleys of the
Cascade mountains, along the California Coast ranges to San Francisco bay and the western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada to the San Bernardino and Hot Spring mountains, California.

A tree sometimes 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.CO meter in diameter ; moist soil,
generally along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of southwestern Oregon.

Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarsegrained, compact, containing many largo, open, scattered ducts,
the layers of annual growth strongly marked with several rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin;
color, brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5731 ; ash, 0.34 ; specific gravity of the lighter sap-wood,
0.5030 ; used in the manufacture of furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, for fuel, etc.

198. — Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lamarck,

Diet, ii, 549.— Muhlenberg & Willclenowin Nouc Schriften Gesell. Nat.Fr. Berlin, iii, 393.— AVilldeuow, Spec, iv, 1099 ; Ennm. 1059 ; Bcrl.
Baiiniz. 150. — Valil, Enum. i, 51.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Desfoutaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 10;!. — Bosc in Mem. Inst. l!?05, 211. — Nouvean
Duhamel, iv, 00.— Alton, Hort. Kow. v, 475.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 122, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 159, t. 122.—
Pursh,Fl. Am. Sept. i,8.— Ea>mcr& Schultos, Syst. i, 279.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 192.—
Hayue, Deud. Fl. 221.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 126.— Beck, Bot. 232.-Eaton, Manual, 6 od. 148.— Don,
Miller's Diet, iv, 54. —London, Arboretum, ii, 1234, f. 1057, 1058.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vui, 299.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 50.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 147.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.— Emerson, Trees M.issachusetts, 338; 2 ed. ii.381 & t.— D.irlington, Fl.
Ce8trica,3 ed. 239.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253.— Lesqucreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkans.is, 382. — Wootl.Cl. Book, 598;
Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 4t>2; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 76.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Ridgway in Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69.— Bell in Geological Kep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46=.

F. nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 51.

F. Novce-Anglia, Wangoulieiui,Amer.51.

F. crispa, iiort.

F. savibucifolia, var. crispa, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1234.

F. Americana, var. sambucifolia, Browne, Trees of America, 393-

BLACK ASH. HOOP ASH. GROUND ASU.

Southern Newfoundland, along the northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence, southwesterly to thee.isteru
shores of lake Winnipeg, south through the uorthoni states to New Castle county, Delaware, the mount;uns of
Virginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas.

A tree 25 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00 meter in dianteter: swamps and low river banks;
the most northern representative of the genus in America.

AVood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, diuablo. separating easily into thin
layers; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts: medullary rays inimerous,

112 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMEKIOA.

thin; color, dark biowu, the sap-wood lijjht brown, or often nearly white; speuiUc gravity, 0.G31S; ash, 0.72;
specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.7405; largely used for interior linish, fencing, barrel hoops, in cabinet-
making, and the manufacture of baskets.

Note. — tYaxiuua diprlala. Hooker & Ariiott, of tlie California Coast ranges aiul tbi- wi-storii slopes of the southern Sierr.i Novadas,
and /'. cufpidiila, Torrcy, of the vuUe.v of the Kio Grande, do not attain arborescent habit or diineusious.

The following, characti-rized by Bosc in Mem. lust. l!;Ot-, mainly from the foliasic of j;urdeu specimens of supposed North Amcricaa
origin, cannot be safely referred to our species : /'. alba, cinena, illiptica, j'usca, viixta, nigra, oiata, pannosa, 2>ulccrulenta, Hichardi, rubicunda,
and ru/a.

199. — Forestiera acuminata, Poiret,

Soppl. ii, 664. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 194. — Nuttall in Trans. Ani. Phil. Sec. new ser. v, 17G. — Toriey in Nicollet's Kep. 154. — Engelniann
& Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262. — Chapman, VI. S. States, 370. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 382. —
Wood, CI. Book, 600; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, .'> ed. 402; Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 363 (oxcl. var.); Syn. Fl. N.
America, ii', 76. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii, 224. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

Adelia acuminata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 225, t. 48.

Borya acuminata, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 711. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 675. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 57. —
Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 159.

Borya ligustrina, Willdenow, Spec, iv, "11, in part. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366, in part.— Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed.
358, in part.

Borya nitida, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 66.

Bigelovia acuminata. Smith in Bees' Cycl. xxxix, No. 4.

Western Georgia, western Florida, throu<;h the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and
northward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and Cahokia creek, llliuois (opposite Saint Louis).

A small tree, C to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 meter in diameter; borders of swamps aud
streams, in low, wet soil; common in the Gulf region, near the coast, aud reaching its greatest development in
southern Arkansas.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous;
color, light yellow streaked with brown; the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.0345; ash, 0.72.

200. — Chionanthus Virginica, Linnajus,

Spec. 1 cd. 8. — Marshall, Arbustnm, 33.— Walter, F'l. Caroliniana, 60. — Wangonhcim, Amcr. 92. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 14 ; 2 ed. i, 23. —
Lamarck, III. i,30, t.y, f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 46; Enum. 14; Berl. Baumz. 87.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii,t. 98.— Michiiux, Fl.
Bor.-Am. i, 3.— Vahl, Enum. i, 44.— Persoon, Syn. i, 9.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 111.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 7.— Rocmer &
Schultes, Syst.i, 72.— Nuttall, Genera, i,.'.; Sylva, iii, 56, t. 88; 2ed.ii, 122, t. 88.— Elliott, Sk.i, 6.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Torrey,
Fl. U. 8. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. .States, 17.— Sprengel, .Syst. i, 34.— Loddigos, Bot. Cab. t. 1204.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz.
»{, f. 73.— Beck, Bot. 2.32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, .50.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1200, f. 1029, 1030.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. viii, 259.— Dietrich, Syn. i, :!7.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 193.— A. Dc CandoUc, Prodr. viii, 29.').- Browne, Trees of America,
371.— Darlington, Fl. Ce.strica, 3 ed. 238.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253.— Ch.apman,Fl. S.
States, 3t9. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 95.— LosQuoroux in Owen's 2d Rop. Arkansas, 382,— Wood, CI.
Book, 599 ; Bot. & Fl. 276.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N.
America, ii', 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 262. — Young, Bot. Texas, 452. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

0. trifida. Munch, Meth. 437.

0. Virginica, var. latifoUn, Vahl, Enum. i,44. — Aiton,Hort. Kew. 2cd. i,23. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Ilayno, Dond. Fl.
2.— Don, Miller's Diet. iv.iiO.

C. Virginica, var. angunti/olia, Nahl, Enum. i, 44. -Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed.i, 23.— Hayne, Dend. F1.2.— Watson, Dend.
Brit, i, 1. 1.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.

C. Virginica, var. montana, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 92.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.—A. Do CandoUc, Prodr. viii, 295.

G, Virginica, var. maritima, Pur8h,FI. Ani.Sopt. i,8.— Torroy,FI. U. 8. i,7; Compond. Fl.N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 295.—
Kegel, Gartenflora, xvi, t. 5C4.

0. maritima, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.

C. heterophylla, RafinejMjnn, New Fl. & Bot. i, 86.
G. longi/olia, Rafinesfiue, Now Fl. & Bot. i,87.
G. montana, R,-ifine«|ne, New Fl. & Bot. i, 88.
0. ongugti/olia, Rafinesquc. New Fl. Jt Bot. i, 88.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 113

KRINGE TEEi:. OLD MAN'S HKARR.

Lanciuster county and the banks of the Urandy wine, Chester county, Pennsylvania, south to Tampa bay, Florida,
and through the (iult states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.

A small tree, 0 to 10 meters in heifjht, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; genenilly along streams ia
low, rich soil; very common in (uiltivation.

Wood heavy, hard, close grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open
ducts, connected as in that oi Biimclia by branching groups of similar ducts; niedullarj- rays numerous, ob.scure;
color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, U.G372; ash, 0.51.

A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root .sometimes employed in the treatment of intermittent
fevers (Am. Jour. Fharm. xliv, ;5!)8. — U. 8. Dispeimttory, 14 ed. 1G12).

201. — Osmanthus Americanus, Huutham & Hooker,

Genera, ii, GG7. — Gray, Syii. Fl. N. America, ii', i,Tb.

Olea Americana, Linnoeus, Mant. 24.— Marshall, Avbustuni, 98.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 54:j; 111. i,28.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i,
14 ; 2 ed. i, 22.— Willdenow, Spec, i, io ; Euimi. i:!.— Miclianx, Fl. lior.-Am. ii, 222.— Vabl, Eniim. i, 41.— Pi-r>ooD, Syn. i,
9.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 112.— Nouvean Dnliauiel, v, 07.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, .">0, t. G; N. Amprican
Sylva, ii, 3 ed. 128, t. 86.— Pur.sh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 7.— Roemcr & Scliultes, Syst. i, 70.— Eafiue-sqiie. Fl. Ludoviciaiia, 3a—
Nuttall, Genera, i, 5.— Elliott, Sk. i, .'S.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 34.— Croom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 scr. xxvi, .115.— Dietrich, Syn.
i,37.— Don, Miller's Diet. iv,48.— Spacli, Hist. Veg. viii, 267. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 239.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 37.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 333.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. v iii, 28o.— Browne, Trees of America, 381.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rup. 1858, 2.53.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 3(19.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. \. Carolina, 1960,
iii,57.— Lesqncreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 332.— Wood, CI. Book, 509; Bot. & Fl. 276.— Porcher, Resonrcea S.
Forests, 493.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401.— Young, Bot. Texas, 451.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

DEVIL WOOD.

Southern Virginia, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and through the Gulf states to eastern
Louisiana, near th(^ (ioast.

A small tree, 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.;iO meter in diameter; borders of streams
and pine-barren swamps, in moist, rich soil.

Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, uuwedgeable, difficult to work, containing many radiating
groups of open cells parallel to the thin, obscure, medullary rays ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light
brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8111 ; ash, 0.46.

B 0 R R A G I N A C E J]

202. — Cordia Sebestena, LinniBiis,

Spec. 1 ed. 190.— ,Jaciinin,Amer.t. 42.— Lamarck, 111. i, 121, (.9li, f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1073; Enum. 248.— Andrews, Bot. Kt>p. iii,
157, 1. 157.— Poirct in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 45.— Persoon, Syn. i, 160.— Trattinick, Archiv. t.3.54.— Rosnier & Schultes, Syst. iv. 4o2.—
Sprengol, Syst. i, 049. -Bot. Mug. t. 794.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.2ed. ii,8.— Desconrtilz, Fl. Antilles, iv, 205, t. 277.— Chami.sso in Linnira,
vi, 7.55.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 177.— Don, Millers Diet, iv, 375.— Dietrich, Syn. i, Gil.— Xut tall, Sylva, iii, 81, t. lOG; 2 ed. ii, 14,5, t, 10(>.—
Cooper in SmiMiaonian Rc^p. 1658,265.— Grisobach, Fl. British West Indies, 478.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', lt«.

? C.jtiglanflifolia, Jac(iuin,Amer. t. 43.

C. specio.sa, Willdenow in Roomer & Schultes,Sy8t. iv,799.— A. De Candolle, Pn>dr. ix,476.

Sebestena .fathra, Kalin.sciue, SyUa TolInriana,38.

OlOIGEB TREE.

Semi-tro)ii(!al Florida, on the southern keys; rare; in the West Indies.

A small tn^e. sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk O.Oli to 0.08 meter in diameter; rich hummtx-k
soil; ornamental ;ind becoming a large tree in cuitivatiun.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, sa(in.\, containing few .scattered, small, oi)en duets; medulLiry
rays very numerous, thin, con.spieuoiis ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow; specillc
gravity, 0.71(18; ash, 4.L'2.
8 VOR

203.— Cordia Boissieri, a. Do CandoUe,
rrotU. LX, 47ti. — Torrey, Bot. Mei. Boundary Survey, 13o. — Cooper in Saiitbsouian Eep. 18(i0, 442. — Gray, Syu. Fl. N. America, ii', 180.

Texas, valley of the Rio Graude, westward to New Mexico and southward iuto Mexico.

A small tree, rarely S meters iu height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often reduced to a
low shrub.

"Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, compact, containing many small scattered open ducts; medullary
rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light brown; specific gravity, 0.(J790;
ash, 3.53.

204- — Bourreria Havanensis, Miers,

Bot. Contrib. ii, 2;y.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 181.

Ehretia Havanensis^ VVilldcnow in Rcemcr «t Schnltes, Syst. iv, 805. — Humboldt, Bonpland «t Kuntb, Nov. Gen. & Spoo.
vii, 206.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 508.

Ehretia tomentosa, Lamarck, 111. i, 425.— Potret, Suppl. ii, 1.— Sprengol, Syit. i, 648.— Dietrich, Syu. i, 630.

B. tomentosa, Don, Miller'8 Diet, iv, 390.

B. recurva, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238.

B.Oiata, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238.

Ehretia Bourreria, Cbapmaa, Fl. S. States, 329 [not Linnasus].- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.

B. tomentosa, var. Havanensis, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 482.

STRONG BAKK.

Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's Key, etc.); in the West Indies.
A small tree, 10 or, exceptionally, 15 meters (Key Largo, Curtiss) in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in
diameter; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.

A form (generally shrubby iu Florida) with scabrous or hispidulous leaves is —

var. radula, Gray, Syn. n. K. America, ii', 181.

Ehretia radula, Polret, Suppl. ii, 2. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 630.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 506.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 329.

B. radula, Don, Miller's Diet, iv, liOO.— Clwimissp in Linnaa, viii, 120.— Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 23f<.

Cordia Floridana, Xuttall, Sylva, iii, 83, t. 107; 2 ed. ii, 147, t. 107.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays
numeroiuj, obscure; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.8073;
ash, 2.79.

205. — Ehretia elliptica, De Candolle,

Prodr. ix, .503.— Torrey, Bot. Mex.Boundary Survey, 130.— Cooper in Smithsonian Bep. 1858, 200.— Miors, Bot. Contrib. ii, 228, t. 85.—
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 181.

KNACKAWAY. ANAQUA.

Texa.s, Corpus Christi to New Braunfels {^{ohr), and .southward to the valley of the lower Rio Grande.

A trei! 10 to 15 meters in height, with a truuk sometimes 0.50 meter in diameter; generally along borders of
stream.'*, in rich loam, and reaching its greatest developuuMit between the Guadalupe and Nueces rivers, 50 to 75
miles from the Gulf coaat.

Wooil hea%-y, hard, not strong, very clo.se-grained, coinjtact, uiiwudgeable, containing many small oi)en ducts
arranged in numerous concentric rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows of larger
ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood a little lighter; sjiecitic gravity, 0.0140;
a-sh, 1.31.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 115

BIGNONIAOEJE

206. — Catalpa bignonioides, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 64. — Do CandoUo, Prodr. ix, '226. — Darlin<;t<>n, Fl. Costrica, 3 ed. 182. — Cooper ia Smitbgnnian Rep. 18.'>8, 253. — Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 285.— Curtis iu Kep. Goolo;;ical Surv. N. Caroliua, 1800, iii, r>0.— Wood,Cl. Book, 513; Bot. <t Fl. aid.— Bureau, Mon.
BignoniacoiB, t. 25. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 321, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 319, in part. — Kocb. Dendrologie, ii, 302. —
Young, Bot. Texas, 385. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19, in part. — Gnibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 548.

Bignonia Catalpa, LiuniBUs, Spec, l ed. 022 (excl. syn.). — Laujarck, Diet, i, 417.— Marshall, Arbustum, 21. — Wangeubtiin,
Amer. 58, t. 20, f. 45. — Willilenow, Spec, iii, 289; Enum. (i49.— Micbaux, Fl. Boi;-Am. ii,25. — De«fuutaine«, Hint. Arb.
i, 189.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 217, t. G ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 55, t. C4.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelpb.
66. — Rafinesquc, Fl. Ludoviciana, 159. — i'orcher. Resources S. Forests, 4G0. — Mauut & Decaisne, Bot. Eugli^h ed. 602
&f.

C. COrdifoUa, Jaume St. Hilaire in Nouveau Dubamel,ii, 13, in part (cxcl. t. 5). — Barton, Compcnd. Fl. Pbiladelpb. i, 9. —
Nuttall, Genera, i, 10.— Elliott, Sk. i, 24.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 16; Compend. Fl. N. States, 20.— Beck, Bot. 245.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 85.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 363.— Spach, Hist. Vi-g. ix, 132.— Eaton it Wright, Bot. 184.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 439.

G. Syringw/olia, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1094.— Scbkubr, Handb. t. 175.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 24.— Parsh. Fl. Am. Sept.
i, 10.— Eaton, Manual, 8; 6 ed. &5.— Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 3.— Ilayne, Dend Fl. 2.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 128.').—
Sprongel, Syst. i, TO.— Sertuni Botanicum, i, t.— Lindley, Fl. Mod. 499 ; Penu. Cycl. vi, 363.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 2:».—
Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1201 & t.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 82.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 77; 2 ed. ii, 140.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 25.—
Browne, Trees of America, 406.

0. communis, Du Mont, Bot. Cult. 2 ed. iii, 242.

CATALPA. CATAWBA. BEAN TREE. CIGAR TREE. INDIAN BEAN.

Southwestern Georgia, valleys of the Little and Apalachicola rivers, western Florida, and through central
Alabama and Mississippi.

A low, much- branched tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk O.iJO to 0.75 meter iu diameter; bortlers of
streams and swamps, in rich loam ; rare and local; long cultivated for oruameut, and now extensively naturalized
throughout the middle and southern Atlantic states.

Wood light, soft, not strong, coarsegrained, compact, very durable; layers of annual growth clearly marked
by many rows of largo open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the thin (one or two
years') sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4474 ; ash, 0.3S; used and highly valued for fence
posts, rails, etc.; a reputed emetic.

A decoction of the seeds and dried bark occasionally used in cases of asthma and bronchitis (Am. Jour. P/iarw,
xlii, 204. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. ItiOS. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 3G7).

207. — Catalpa speciosa. Warder;

Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 1.— Sargent in London Card. Chronicle 1879, 784.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1S32, 70.—
Barnes in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ix, 74.

G, Cordi/olia, Jaume St. Hilaire iu Nouveau Dubnniel, ii, 13, in part, t. 5.— Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. S«c. 2 scr. v, 1<{.

G. bignonioides, Lesquoreux in Owen's '2d Kep. Arkansas, 375 [not Walter.]— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 321, iu part;
Syn.Fl. N. America, ii',319, in part.— Vaaey, Cat. Fon>st Trees, 19, in part.— Broadbead iu Coulter's Bot. Gaiette, iii, 59.

WESTERN CATALPA.

Valley of the Vermilion river, Illinois, through southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee,
southeastern Missouri and western Arkansas.

A tree 20 to 35 or, e.\ceptionally, 45 meters in height (Jiidgiray), with a trunk I to 2 meters in diameter; borders
of streams and swamps, in rich bottom laiuls; commou and retiching its greatest development in the valley of the
lower Wabash river; cultivated and now widely naturalized tlirough ."Southern Arkansa.s. western Louisiana, ami
eastern Texas.

Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, eonii»act, very durable in contact with the soil; layers nf annual
growth cleaily marked by several rows of large open ducts; medidlary rays nunu-rous. obseuiv ; color, brown, the
thin sap wood lighter; spccitic gravity, 0.41(15 ; ash, 0.30 ; largely used for railway ties, fence posts, mils, etc., and
adapted for cabinet work and interior finish.

116 FOREST TREES Or^ NORTH AMERICA.

208. — ChLlopsis saligna, i). Don,

Ediubnrjjh Phil. Jour. ix,"J61. — Dou, Miller's IHct. iv/iJ-i. — Dietrich, Syii. iii, 5(5(5. — Gra.v iu Bot. California, i, 587 ; Sju. Fl. N. Amorica,
ii', 3-JO.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. — Kothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 217. — Henisley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 494. — Eusby in Bull.
Totiey Bot. Club, ix, 54.

Bignonia Uncarts, Cnvunilles, lcon.iii,3ii, t.2C9.

G. linearis, De CandoUe.Prodr.ix, 227. —Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858,20(5.

C glutinosa, Engeluiann in Wislizenug' Eup. 10.

DESERT WILLOW.

Valley of the Rio Grande, Texas (Laredo, Letterman), west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the
San Gorfjonio jias.s and the San Felii)e canon, San Diego county, California; southward into nortliern Mexico.

A small tree, G to S meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; mesas and banks of
depre.ssioiis and water courses iu the desert; the large speciiiuMis generally hollow and defective.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many scattered, small, open ducts,
the layers of aninuil growth marked by several rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
brown streaked witli yellow, the sap wood much lighter; specilic gravity, O.-'JOO^; ash, 0.37.

209. — Crescentia cucurbitina, Liunmus,

Maiit. 2 p<l. 2.")0.— .Swartz, Obs. 2.'$4.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, :U1.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 168.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iv, :i7.— Giertner f.
Frnct. Snppl. 2:!0, t. 223. —Dietrich, .Syn. iii, 5G7. — Dou, Miller's Diet, iv, 232. — Do CandoUo, Prodr. ix, 24(5. — Sccmann in Jour.
Bot. <Se. Kow Gard. Misc. vi, 274 ; ix, 142. — Walpers, Aun. v, 5ii4.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 445. — Henisley, Fl. Am. Cent.
ii,4Sy.

C. orata, Bnrmann, Fl. Ind. 132.

C. lati/oUa, Lamarck, Diet, i, 558 ; 111. iii, 96, t. 547.— Dcscourtik, Fl. Ant illes, iu, 143, 1. 182.
C. lethifera, Tussac, Fl. Antilles, iv, 50, 1. 17.
0. toxicaria, Tussac, Fl. Antilles, iv, 50, 1. 17.
G. obovata, Benthain, Bot. Sulphur, IIH), t. 46.

BLACK CALABASH TREE.

Semi-tropical Florida, near Miami, and on Little river {Garher, GurtiKs); in the West Indies.

A small tree, in Fhirida rarely exceeding fi meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.12 meter iu diameter.

Wood iieavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly-distributed, open ducts;
medullary rays tliin, hardly distinguishal)le; color, light brown tinged with orange, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity. 0.0310; ash, 1.35.

VEKBKNACEJ^J.

210. — Citharexylum villosum, .l.-iccinin,

Coll. i, 72; Icon. Rar. t. 118. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 142. — Ailon, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. iv, 36. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, G14. — Schauur in DeCandolIo,
Pro<lr. xi, CIO.— Walpers, Rep. iv, 7(i.— Chiipinan, Fl. S. States, 30!).— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, Ii). — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii',
340.— Hemslcy, Bot. Am.-Ceut. ii, MT.

FIDULK WOOD.

Semi-tro])ical Florida, cape (Jan.iveia! lo tin- smitlifni Iceys (l'iim])kiri Key, Curtisn); and tlirongli rlic West
ludie.s to Mexico.

A small tree, rarely exceeding in Florida (> meters in liei^'ht. with a Iriink 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diamctfr. or
north of bay IJiscayne nidiiced to a low, muchbranched shrub; common and i< aching witliin the rTnited Stales
its greatest develop nent on thi^ shores of l)ay IJiscayne, Lost Man's river, etc.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a tiue polish, containing numerous
small, reKularly-distribiited, o])en ducts; c-olor, clear bright red, the sap-wood lighter; specilic gravity, 0.8710;
ash, 0..52.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 117

211. — Avicennia nitida, Jacqnin,

Amer. 177, t. IVi, f. 1.— Persoon, S.vn. ii, 143. — Cbuniisso iu Liniiicn, vii, 370. — Sprcngtl, Syst. ii, 768.— Martius, Mat. Med. Brasil. 49;

Bot. Brasil. ix, 303.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 619.— Schaiier in De Candollc, Prodr. xi, 699.— GriBt-haoh, Fl. Britisb West Indies, 502.

Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 341.

A. tomentoxa, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 221 [not Jacquiu].— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 79, t. 105; 2 ed. ii, 143, t. 105.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 310.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.

A. oblongifoUa, Nuttall?; Chapman, Fl. S. States, 310.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.
BLACK MANGROVE. BLACK TREE. BLACK WOOD.

Florida coa.st, Saint Augustine to tbe southern keys, and from Cedar Keys to cape Sable; deltas of the
Missis.sippi river; thronsh tiie West Indies to Brazil.

A tree (i to 9 meters iu beiglit, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 meters in
height, with a trunk 0 60 meter iu diameter; north of Mosquito inlet reduced to a low shrub; common along
saline .shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless, corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove (Rhizophora),
impenetrable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered and round-headed ; reaching its greatest development in the United
States on the west coast of Florida, north of cajjc Sable.

Wood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact, the eccentric layers of annual growth marked by
sevei'al rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap-
wood brown; specific gravity, 0.9138; ash, 2.51.

NYCTAGINACE^.

212. — Pisonia obtusata, Swartz,

Fl. lud. Occ. I960.— Jacqnin, Hurt. Schcenh. iii, 36, t. 314.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 449, t. 861.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1226.— Choisy in De
Candolle, Prodr. xiii-', 443.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 374. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 71. — Vasey, Cat, Forest Tieee, 21.

PIGEON WOOD. BEEF WOOD. CORK WOOD. PORK WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys; through the West Indies.

A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.4:5 meter in diameter; saline shores and beaches,
reaching its greatest development in Florida on Elliott's and Old Ehodes Keys.

Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, coinitaet, containing numerous large open ducts; layers of
annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; coloi', yellow tiuged with brown, the sap-wood darker;
specific gravity, 0.6529; ash, 7.62; probably of little value.

Note. — The 8emi-i)rostrate and vine-like trunks of /*. aculcata, Linnseus, of the same region, although attaining a considerable size,
cannot be properly considered arborescent.

polygonacej:.

213. — Coccoloba Floridana, Meisncr;
De Candolle, Prodr. xiv, 165. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 392. — Porcher, Resources S. Forest*, :J76. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.
G. l)arinfoiia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 25, t. 89; 2 ed. ii, 9.5, t. 89 [not Poiret].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,265.

PIGEON PLU5I.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and from cape Komano to cape Sable.

A tree 15 to IS meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.tiO meter in diameter; one of the largest and most
connnon trees of the region.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly liard, strong, brittle, very elosegraiiied, incliueil to cheek iu drying, containing
few small, scattered, open ducts; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure; color, rich dark
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; speeilie gravity, O.OS.So; ash, ."i.03; valuable and somewhat used for
cabinet- making.

The edible and abuudant grape-like fruit, rii)ening iu February ami March, is eagerly devouivil b\ raceoiins
and other auiiuals.

118 FOREST TREES OF NDRTH AMERICA.

214. — Coccoloba uvifera, jncquin,

Amer. 112, t. 73.— Ga?rtner, Fruct. i, 214, t. 45, f. 3.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 34 ; 2 ed. ii, 421.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 445, t. 316, f. 2.— Willdenow,
Spec, ii, 457; Euum. 431.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 61.— Persoon.Syu. i, 442.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 61.— Aiton. Hort. Kew.
2 ed. ii, 421.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 252.— Desconrtilz, Fl. Antilles, ii, 41, t. 77.— Bot. Mag. t. 3130.— Rafincsqno, Fl. Telhiriana, ii,
34.— Spacb. Hist. Veg. x, 542.— Dietrich, S.vn. Fl. ii, 1326.— Niittall, Sylva, iii, 2:1, t. 88; 2 od. ii, 93, t. 88.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii,
21, t. 67. — Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xiv, 152; Bot. Brasil. v', 42. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1>'58. 2()5. — Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 391. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 376. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, IPl.

Polygonum UlH/eia, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 365.

SEA GKAPE.

Semi tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Tampa bay to cape Sable; (hiong:h the
NVest Indies to Brazil.

A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 meters in heifrht, with a gnarled and contorted trunk often 0.90 to
1:20 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low, generally prostrate shrub; saline shores and beaches; common,

West Indian forms, difiering in the shape of the leaves, etc., are—

var. ovalifolia, Meisner, I. c
var. LcEgancnsis, Meisner, '. e,

C. Laegoncnfii.'i, .larqiiin, Xwh-t. 113, t. 178, f. 33.

Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish,
containing few scattered, rather small, open ducts; layers of annual growth and numerous medullaiy rays hardly
distingui.shal)le; color, rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9G35; ash, 1.37; valuable
for cabinet-making.

The edible fruit of agreeable subacid flavor.

LAURACEJ^.

215. — Persea Carolinensis, Nees,

Syst. Lanrinaram, 150.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 492.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1339.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. 8.
States, 63.— Curtis in Rep. Geoln{;ical Surv. N. C.-iroliua, 1860, iii, 63.— Wood, CI. Book, 620 ; Bot. & Fl. 21*0.— Meisner in De
Candolle, Pro.lr. xv', 50.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 c<l. 422 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 473.— Young, Bot. Texas, 473.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 21.

Laurus Borbonia, Linnaius, Spec. 1 ed. :}70, in part.— Marsh-all, Arbugtum, 73.— Walter, Fl. C.aroliniana, 133.— Aiton,
Hort. Kew. ii, 3'J ; 2 ed. ii, 429. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 450. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 481. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.i,C5.—
Nonveau Duhamcl, ii, 163.

LaurUH CarolinenHk, Catesby, Carol, i, 63, t. 63.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 245.— Pcreoon, Syn. i, 449.— Deeiontainos,
Hist. Arb. i, 6.'>.— Poiret, Snpjd. iii, 321.— Willdenow, Knum. Suppl. 22.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, ItiO, t. 2;
N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 116, t. 82.— Piir.sh, Fl. Am. Sejit. i, 276.— Elliott, Sk. i, 461.— Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 665.—
Torrey, Conipend. Fl. N. States, 174.— Beck, Bot. 30.5.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 199.— Loudon, Aborotum, iii, 1299,f. 1168,
1169.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 414.— Darby, Bot. 8. SUtea, 491.— Sohnizlein, loon. t.
106, f. .V-12.

Laurvs Carolinensin, var. glabra, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.

Laurus Carolinensis, v:\r. obtusa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.

iMurm Caroliniana, Poiret, Suppl. iii, 323.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258.

P. Borbonia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 268.

P. Carolinensis, var. fflabrivscnla, Meisner in Dc Candolle, Prodr. xt", 51.

BED BAY.

Southern Delaware t, south to bay Biscayne and cape Romano, Florida, and through the Gulf Btatcs to
eonthern Arkansas anJ the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, near the coast.

A tree 1.5 to 20 meieis in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter; borders of streams and nwamps,
in low, rich soil.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish,
containing many evenly distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright red, the sap-wood
much lighter; specific gravity, 0.G429; ash, 0.7G; formerly somewhat used in ship-building, interior finish, and for
cabinet wirrk.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 110

Var. palustris, Chapman,
Fl. S. states, 393.

Laurus CaroHnensis, var. pubescens, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.

P. CarolinctlHtu, var. pubescens, Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xv', 51.

North Carolina to Alabama, generally near the coast.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; low, sandy bauk.s
of pincbarron streams and swamps; well distinguished from the species by the longer i)cduncle8 densely clothed,
as are the young shoots and under sides of the leaves, with short, brown tomentum, and by the somewhat coarser-
grained orange-colored wood.

Wood heavy, soft, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous rather largo open ducts; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, orange streaked with brown; the sap-wood light brown or gray; specific gravity,
0.C39G ; ash, 0.37.

316. — Nectandra Willdenoviana, Nees,
Syst. Laurinanim, 290, 821. — Meiener iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 165.

Laurus sanguinea, Swartz, Fl. lud. Occ. ii, 707.

Laurus Cattsbyana, Michaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 244.— Polret, Suppl. iii, 321.— Pnreh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 275.— Elliott, Sk. i,
4G2.— Sprongel, Syst. ii, 265.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. lUO.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 294.— Darby, ijot. S. States, 491.

Laurvs Catesbcei, Persoon, Syn. i, 409.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258.

Oymnobalamis Catesbyana, Noes, Syst. Laurinamm, 483.

JV. Bredemcieriana, Nees in Linnsea, ixi, 505.

Persea Catesbyana, Chapman, Fl. S. states, 393.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.

LANCE WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral and cape Eomano to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to
Central America.

A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter; common and
reaching its greatest development iu Florida on the shores of bay Biscayue and in the neighborhood of cape
Eomano.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking iu drying, containing many small, regularly-distributed, oi)en
ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow; specific gravity,
0.7693; ash, O.GO.

217. — Sassafras officinale, Nees,

llandb. der Med. Pharra. Bot. ii, 418; SyHt. Laurinamm, 488.— Hayno, Arzn. i, 12, t. 19.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 338.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 13.">7.—
Spaob, IIlMt. Veg. x, 503.— Torroy, Fl. N. York, ii, 158.— Emerson. Trees Maasachii8etts,359; 2 ed. ii, 3.'>9 & t— Griffith. Me.1. Bot.
551. — Darlington, Fl. Costrica, 3 ed. 251. — Spnici^ in Hooker's London Jonr. Bot. vii, 278.— Coopor in Smithsonian Rep. 1;^,
254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 394. — Curtis in Rop. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 63.— Lesquorenx in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 384.— Woo.l, CI. Book, 620 ; Bot. & Fl. 290.— Porcher, Restmroes S. Forests, 350.— Meisner in De Candolle. Pnnlr. xv>,
171.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 4.>3; Hall's PI. Texas, 19— Koch, Dendrologio, ii, 364. —Young, Bot. T.-xa.>',473.— Vasvy.Cat.
Forest Trees, 21.— Broadhoad in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 59.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iii, 220, t. 220.— Ridgway in Pmo.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 188'.!, 70.— Bell iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80. 55''.

Laurus Sassafras, Linnaus, Spec, l ed. 371.— Du Roi, Harhk. i, ":'6.— Kiilni, Travels, Engli.sh ed. i, 14li, ;141.— Marshall.
ArbHstiini,74. — Wangenheim, Amer. 82, t. 27, f. 56. — Walter, Fl. Camliniana, 134. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii.40; 2 eil. ii,
429.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 454.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i. t. 11.— B. S. Barton, Coll. 11. 19; ii, 27 — Willdenovr, Spec, ii,
485; Ennm. 435; Berl. Baumz. 208.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 24:1.— Schkiihr, Handb. 349 — PersiMui, Syn. i, 450.—
Robin, Voyages, iii, 361.- Desl'ontaiius, Hist. Arb. i, 6.i.— Titlbul, Hort. Hot. Am. 130.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii,
173, t. 1; N. Auuricau Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 113, t» 81.— Pureh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 277.- Ratinesque, Fl. Ludoviei;uia, 25.—
Bigelo\v,Med. Bot. ii,142, t.;C>; Fl. Boston. 3 od. 170.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 259 ; Sylva, i,!s8; 2 ed. i, 104.— Elliott, Sk. i,
464.— Nees, PI. Otlic. t. 131.— Torrcy, Fl. U. S. i,40S; Compeud. Fl. N. State."", 174.— Desconrtil.-.Fi. AntilK-s. vii,51, 1.
464.— .Vndnbon, Birds, t. 144.— Stephen.sou & Chureliill, Med. Bot. iii, t. 121!.— Beck, Bot. 30.").— Eaton. Manual. 6 ed.
199.— Darlington, Fl. Cestriea, 2 ed. 254.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 4ll>.— Darby, Bot.
S. States, 492.

Persea Sassafras, Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 270.— Schuizlein, Icon. t. 106. I". l,">-23.

120 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

SASSAFBAS.

Eastern Massachusetts, soutbwi'stern Vermont, and west throufrli soutlioru Ontario and central l\Iichigan to
southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory; south to Hernando county, Florida, and the valley
of the Brazos river, Texas.

A tree 12 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk O.lilt to O.'.H) meter in diameter, exceptionally lil to 27 meters
in heiirht, with a trunk l.SO to 2.25 meters iu iliameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a small tree or
shrub; rich, sandy loam, reachiuy its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory;
at the >outh often taking possession, with the persiinnKui, of ab.mdoiied iields in the middle districts.

Wood lijrht, soft, not strong, brittle, coarsegrained, very durable in contact with the soil, slightly aromatic,
checking in drying : laj ers of annual growth clearly marked with three or lour rows of large open ducts; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, dull orangvbn.wn, the thin sap- wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.50i2 ; ash, 0.10;
used tor light skitts, ox yokes, etc., and largely for fence posts ai:d rails, and in cooperage.

The root, and especially its bark, enters into commerce, aflbrdiiig a powerful aromatic stiiiuilant; the oil of
sassafras, distilled from the root, is largely used iu imparting a pleasant flavor to many articles of domestic use;
the pith of the young brauches infused with water furnishes a mucilage used as a demulcent iu febrile and
inflammatory aftectious (Shar2)e in Am. Jour. Fhann. 18(53, 53. — Proctor in Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 18(iG, 217. —
U. S. Dispenmtory, 14 ed. 814.— Taf. Dispenmtory, 2 ed. 1274; FliicUger ct Eanbury, Pharmacographia, 483).

" Gumbo filet,'- a powder prepared by the Choctaw Indians of Louisiana from the mucilaginous leaves, is used
at the south in the preparation of '-gumbo" soup.

218. — Umbellularia Californica, NuttjiU,

Sylva, i, 87; 2 ed. i, 10-2.— Watsou, Bot. California, ii, 61.

Laurun regia, Donslas iu Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 137.

Oreodaphne Californica, Nees, Syst. Lauriuarum, 463.— Bentliam, I'l. Ilartwig. 3".4 ; Bot. Sulvhui, 4y.— Dietrich, Syn.ii,
i:{56.— Hoolier & Aruott, Bot. Beeehey, 389.— Torrey in Pacilic R. R. Rep. iv, 133 ; v, 364 ; Mex. Boundary Survey, 184.—
Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 24, 8rf, f. 3. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260. — Bot. Mag. t. 5320. ^

Tetranthera Californica, Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beeehey, l.'iO.- Moisuer in De Caudolle, Prodr. xv', 192.— Torrey in Hot.

Wilkes Exped. 451.
Drimophyllum pauciflorum, Nnttall, Sylva, i, a5, t.22; 2ed. i,102, t.22.

MOtrUTAIN LAUEEL. CAXIFOENIA LAUREL. SPICE TliEK. CAGIPUT. CALIFORNIA OLIVE. CALIPOBNIA BAY TREE.

Rogue River valley, Oregon, .south through the California coast ranges lo San Diego county, and along the
western .slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains.

An evergieen tree, 24 to .30 meters iu height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its southern
limits and at high elevations a small tree or shrub; most common and reaching its greatest develo]mient in the
rich valleys of southwestern Oregon.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful poli.sh, containing numerous small,
regularly-distributed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, lliiii; color, rich light brown, the sapwood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.6517 ; ash, 0..3!) ; u.sed on the Oregon coast in sliip-building, ibr Jaws, bitts, cleats, cross-trees, etc.;
the most valuable material produced by the Pacific forests for interior and cabinet work.

The leaves jield a volatile oil, Oreodaphne {Am. Jour. Pharm. xlvii, 105).

E U P II 0 11 B I A C E ^

219. — Drypetes crocea, Portean,

Mem. MuH. i, l.'iO, t. h.— Nutt.ill, .Sylvu, ii, Wi, t. 63 ; 2 i<l. ii, 12, t. 63.— Cooper in SuiitbHouiau Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. 8. Statee,
410.— Grisetmch, Fl. Biiti«h West liidien, 32; Cut. PI. Culia, 15.— Mliller in De Caudolle, Prodr. xv", 455.

Schafferia lateriflora, Swartz, K). Ind.Otc.i,320.

J), kemliflora, Biillon, Elnd. Gen. JJiiphorhincea'. Atla«, 45, t. 24. f. :i4-40.
D. yUntcu, CriM-li.-ieh in Mem. Am. Acad, new hit. viii, 157 [not Valil].
D. crocea. var. Inniiipcx. Miiller iu De Candol;r', Prodr. xv-, 456.

catalogup: of fokest trees. vji

GUIANA I'LUJI. WIIITK WOOD.

Sciui-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to tlie .southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, .sometimes 9 metens in lieight, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, clo.se-grained, che<;kinj; in drying ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color,
rich dark brown, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.9J0!) ; ash, 0.14.

Var. latifolia, MiilKr,
De CandoUo, Trodr. xv'', 'ISO.

D. glauca, Nnttall, Sylv.a, ii, 06; 2 t-d. ii, 14.— Chapman, VI. S. .States, 410.

D. alba, var. latifolia, Grisebach in Nachrich. d. Kouigl. Gesell. Wiss. Univ. Gutting. 1865, 165, in part.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the West Indies.
A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.35 meter in diameter.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, cliecking in drying; medullary rays numerous,
ob.scure; color, brown streaked with bright yellow, the sap-wood dull l)rown ; specific gravity, 0.9346; ash, 8.29.
Perhai)s a distinct species, the fruit and flowers not recently collected.

220. — Sebastiania lucida, MUller;

Do Candolle, Prodr. xv-, 1181.

Oymnanthcs lucida, Swartz, Prodr. 96.

Excoecaria lucida, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oco. ii, 1122.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 865.— Poiret, Snppl. i, 155.— Persoon. Syn. ii, 634.—
Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 60, t. 61; 2 ed. ii, 6, t. 61.— A. de Jnssieu, Tent. Enphorl.. 1. 16, f. 55.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 199.—
Dietrich, Syn. v, 256.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1K58, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 405.— Grisebach, Fl. British
West Indies, 50. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.

CRAB WOOD. POISON WOOD.

Semi tropical Floiida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys; common ; in the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.1.5 to 0.20 meter in diameter; the large specimens
generally hollow and tlecayed.

Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary niys
numerous, obscure ; color, rich dark brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow ; specific gravity,
1.0905; ash, 2. 78 ; now largely manufactured into canes, and furni-shing viduable fuel.

221. — Hippomane Mancinella, Linnajus,

Spiic. 1 ed. U'.ll.— .Iac<iiiin, Amor. 250, t. 15'J. — Lamarck, Diet, ii, (i'.)4. — .Vilou, Hort. Kew. iii, 378; 2 ed. v, ;t;i3.— Swartz, Obs. 1569. —
Wilhlenow, Spec, iv, 571.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 589.— Tilford, Ilorl. Bot. Am. Suppl. 9, t. 12, f. 5.— Lamarck, 111. iii. :U4. t. 7W, f. 1.—
Spreugel, Syst. iii, 805.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 524.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 54, I. 60: 2 cd. i, 202, t. GO.— Bcntham, Bot. Snlphur, 163.—
Richard, Fl. Cnba, 200. — Dietrich, Syn. v, 224. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2t>5. — Baillon. Ftud. Gen. FHphorbiacea>, t. G,
f. 12-20.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 404.— Porcher, Resonrces S. Forests, 120.— Grisebach, Fl. British We,»t ludie-s, 50.— Regrl,
Gartciiflora, xv, 163, t. 510.— Miiller in Do Candolle, Prodr. xv-, 1201.— Schnizlein, loon. t. 243, f. 3.— Waout & Decaisne, Hot.
English ed. 1)93 «& f. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.

Mancinella venenata, Tns!«ic, Fl. Antilles, iii, 21, t. 5.

MANCHINKKL.

Seini-irojiical I'^h.iida, ou the southern keys; eoiuiuon ; throuuh the West Indies and Central America to the
Pacific.

A small tree, in I'Morida rarely exceeding 1 tiieters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter;
abouudijii;- in white, milky, e.Kceediiigly caustic poisonous sap. '• Rain washing the leaves becomes poisonous, aud
llie smoke of the burning wood injures or destroys the eyes." — (.4. //. Cuitiss).

Wood light, soft, close grained, compact, contiiiiiiug numerous evenly distributed, small, open duets; medullary
niyti luimerous, ob.scure ; color, dark brown, tlie thick sap-wood light bit»wu or yellow ; specific gravity (sap-wooil),
0..5'm'2; a.sh, 5.10.

1-2 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

URTICACE^.

222. — Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall,

Trmns. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 169.— Plaucbon iu Aun. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 279 ; De CundoUo, Prodr. ivii, 1G2.— Walpcrs, Ann. iii, 426.—
Cooper Id Smithsonian Rep. 18*-*, 254.— Lesquereui in Owuu's 2d Rep. Arkansas, L530. — Wood, CI. Book, C33. — Gray, Hall's, PI.
Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.

U. opaca, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 35, t. 11 ; 2 ed. i, 51, t. 11.— Browne, Trees of America, 503.

CEDAR ELM.

Arkansas, south of the valley of the Arkausas river to the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, extending west to
Eagle Pass.

A tree 18 to 20 meters iu height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.00 meter iu diameter, or toward its southern or
south wi-.sttrn limits much smaller; bonlers of streams, in rich .soil; one of the most common and valuable timber
trees of Texas west of the Ti-inity river, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Guadalupe
and Trinity rivers.

WoimI heavy, hanl, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary
rays ob.-^cure; marked, in common with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregularly-
arranged groups of small open ducts; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood lighter; speciflo
gravity, 0.72-45; ash, 1.20 ; used in the manufacture of wagon hubs, saddletrees, chairs, etc., and very largely for
fencing.

223. — Ulmus fulva, Michaux,

Fl.Bor.-Am. i, 172.— Per8oon,Syii. i, 291.- Willdenow, Enum. Snppl. 14.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200. —Smith in Rees' Cycl.irxix, No.
10.— Eaton, Manual, 31; 6 ed. 376.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 201.— Roomer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 301.— Elliott, Sk. i, 3;i3.— Hayue,
D. nd. Fl. 32.— Torrey.Fl. U.S.i,299; Couipend. Fl. N. States, 132; Fl. N. York, ii, IGG; Fremont's Rep. 97.— Spren>;el, Syst. i,
931.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 271.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. ii, 142.— Bigolow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 114.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 464.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1407, f. 1247.— Dietrich, Syu. ii,992.— Spach in Aun. Sci. Nat. xv,3(i3; Hist. Veg. xi,
1"7.— Emerwn, Trees Massachusetts, 297; 2 ed. ii, 334 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, .''lOl.— firitBth, Med. Bot. 551.—
Planrhon in Aun. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x,276.—De Caudollo. Prodr. xvii, 101. — Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 446— Walpers, Ann. iii, 426.—
Richardson, Arctic Exped. 436.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 255. —Darby, Bot. S. States, 502. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 416. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 55. — Lcs(|uerenx in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, .'{86.— Wood, CI. Book, 633; Bot. &. Fl. 299.— Porcher, Resources S. Forest*, 310.— Eugclmann in Traus. Am. I'hil. Soc. new
ser. xii, 208.— Gray, Manual N. Slates, 5 ed. 442.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 4-22.- Young, Bot. Texas. 496.— Ilaydeu in Warren's Rep.
Nebraska &. Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— V:uiey,Cat. Fore.st Trees, 22.— Bentley &. Trimen,Med. Pl.iv,233, t. 233.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mas. 1862, 72.— Bell iu Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55=.

n. puhescem, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 111.

U. Americana, var. ri/6ra, Alton, Hort.Kew.i, 319; 2 ed. ii, 107.— WiUdenow, Spec, i, 1325.— Hayne, Dead. Fl. 31.

t U. crupa, Willdcnow, Enura. 295 ; Berl. Baumz. 520.

d. rubra, Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii,278,t.6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 73, f. 128.

RED ELM. SLIPPERY ELM. MOOSE ELM.

Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to Ont;irio and northern Dakota, south to the Chattahoochee region
of northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississi|(pi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.

A tree 15 to 20 metersin height, wiili a tiiink 0.45 to 0.00 meter in diameter; borders of streams and hillsides,
in rich soil.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, very clr),scgraint;d, compact, durable in contact with liu' ground, splitting readily
when green; layers of annual growth clearly marki'd by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, dark brown or red, the thin sajj-wood lighter; specilic gravity, ().&)'>(>; ash, 0.h;5; largely
used for wheel stock, fence j)ost.s, rails, railway lie.s, sills, ••tc.

The inner bark mucila;;inoiis, nutritious, and extensively useil in various medicinal prcijarations (ilm. Jour.
Pharm. xxiv, \m.—Philadelphui Mai. Timen, 1874,303.— ?7. .V. Dispenmtory, 14 ed.913.— A'««. Dinpcnsutory, 2 ed. 1480.—
Fliickiger dr Uanhury, Pharmacographin, .501).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 123

224. — Ulmus Americana, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 226.— Kalm, Travels, English id. ii, 2'J8.— Marshall, Arhuhtuni, l.")C. -Waiigcnheim, Amcr. 4r>. — Gsertncr, Fmct. i, 225 t. 49
f.5.— W.altor, Fl. Caroliniana, 111.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i,319; 2 cd. ii. 107.— Wllldcnow, Spec, i, 13:!.">; Ennm. 295 ; Sappl. 14 ; Bcrl!
Baumz. 51'.).— NouveauDuhamol, ii, 147.— Sohkulir, Handb. 179.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 173.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 191.— Diafoutaines,
Hist. Arh. ii, 442.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 2G9, t. 4 ; N. Anicric:an Sylva,:5 ed. iii, f.7, t. 120.— Pureh, Kl. Am. S<-pf. i, 199.—
Smith in Koos' Cycl. x-^xisc, No. 7.— Eaton, Manual, 31 ; Ci ed. 370.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelpli. i, 150.— Nnttall, Genera, i
201.— Uiemer & Selmltes, Syst. vi, 300.— Elliott, Sk. i, 333.— Hayno.Dend. Fl. 31.— Torroy, Fl. U. S. i,29f!; Compend. Fl. K. States,'
132; Fl. N. York, ii, 105; Nicollet'^ Rop. 100; Emory's Rep. 412.— Sprcngel, Syst. i, 930.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Loudon, Arboretnm,
iii, 1400, f. 1240.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 142.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 114.— Dietrich, S}-n. ii, 992.— Eaton & Wri(.'hi, Bot.
4G4.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 304 ; Hist. Vcg. xi, 108.— Emerson, Trees Maseacbnsctts, 2fiC; 2 ed. ii, 322 i t.— Browne
Trees of America, 499.— Planchou in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 268; Do CandoUo, Prodr. xvii, l.")5.— .Scheele in Roenier, Texas, 44G.—
Walpers, Ann. iii, 424.— Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 398.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 430.— Darlington, Fl. C<-«trica,3
ed. 255.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 502.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. laiS, 2.54.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4H>.— Curtis in Rep.

Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 5^>. — Losiiuereiix in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 380. — Wood, CI. Book, 033 ; B«t. & Fl. 298.

Porchcr, RosourcesS.forests, 311.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,208. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 e<l. 442.— Hall's
PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dcudrologie, ii, 421.— Young, Bot. Texas, 496.- Winchell in Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills, 68.- Vasey, Cat.

Forest Tiocs, 22.— Haydeu in Warren's Rep. Nebraska &, Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Macoau in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 209.

Soars in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 177.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 71.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, ie79-'80, 48^.

U. molli/olia, Marshall, Arbustum, 156.

U. Americana, var. pendula, Alton, Hort. Kew. i,320; 2 ed. ii, 107.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1326.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,

200.— Eaton, Manual, 31.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. iv, 304 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 109.

U. Americana, var. aJha, Alton, Hort. Kew. i,320; 2ed.ii,107.— Hayne.Dend. Fl. 32.

U. pendula, willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 519.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 33.

U. alba, Rnfinesriue.Fl. Ludoviciana, 115; Now Fl. & Bot. i, 38.

U. Americana, VSbT.SCahra, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. XV, 304; Hist. Veg. ii, 109.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 424.

U. Americana, var. Barframii, Walpers, Ann. iii, 424.

U. Americana, var. laspera. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 416.

TI. Floridana, chapman, Fl. S. states, 416.

WHITE ELM. AMERICAN ELM. WATER ELM.

Soutberii Newfomidlaiiil to tlie northeru .shores oflake Sujierior and tlio eastern slope of the Bocky luoiintaius,
in about hititiulo 52° X.; south to cape Canaveral and Pease creek, Florida, extending we.st in the United States
to the Black hills of Dakota, central Nebraska, the Indian territory, in about longitude 100° W., and the valley
of the Rio Concho, Texas.

A large tree, 30 to .'J.l meters in height, with a trunk l.SO to 2.70 meters in diameter; rich, moist soil, bonlers
of streams, etc.; toward its western and southwestern limits only in river bottoms.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, rather coaise-grained, compact, diflicnlt to split; layers of annual growth
clearly n)arked by several rows of large open duels; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light browni. the s;ip-
wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, O.G.lOli ; ash, 0.80; largely used for wheel stock, saddle-trees, tlooriug. in
cooperage, and now largely exported to Great Britain and used in boat- and ship-buildiug.

225. — Ulmus racemosa, Thomas,

Am. .lour. Sci. 1 ser, xix, 170 & t.— Beck, Bot. .•i34.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 37{;.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 464.— NntUlI, Svlva, i, 37,
t. 12; 2 ed. i, .53, t. 12. — Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, lOO, t. 90. — Browne, Trees of Americtt, 500.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1838,
254.— Wood, CI. Book, 633; Bot. & Fl. 29J.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 od. 412.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Sargent in Rep.
Massachusetts Board Ag. H78, 271.- l!.ll in Geological Ro'p. Canada, 1879-'80, 5.5'.— Chapman, Fl. S. Stato8,Suppl. 049.

U. Americana, Plaiuhon in De CandoU., Prodr. xvii,155, in part.

KOCK ELM. t;OUK ELM. HICKOUY ELM. WHITE ELM. CLIFF ELM.

Southwestern Vermont {Ri>bbins), west through western New York, Ontario, and southern Michigan to
northeastern Iowa(\Vaverly, Bessc;/), and south through Ohio to central Kentucky.

A large tree of great economic value, 20 to .'30 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.00 meter in diameter;
low, wet clay, rich uplands, rocky declivities, or river clitTs ; common and reacliiug its greatest development iu
southern Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan.

124 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers
of annual grovrth marked ■with one to two rows of small open duets; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
light clear brown often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood nuieh lighter; spocilic gravity, 0.720.? ; ash, O.GO;
largely used in the nianul'aeture of heavy agricultural iiiii)liMneuts, wheel stock, and lor railway tics, bridge timbers,
sills, etc.

226. — Ulmus alata, Mkbaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 1T:{. — Pfrsoon, Syn. i, Syi. — Micliuux f. Hist. Arb. .\in. iii, 275, t. 5; N. Amcricau Sylva, 3 eil. iii, 71, t. 1'27. — Pursli
Fl. Am. Sept, i, 'iOO.— Nnttall, Geuera, i, 201.— Riciucr & Scliulte.s, Syst. vi, 209.— Elliutt, Sk. i, 3:53.— Sprengol, Syst. i, 931.—
Aiulabon, Binls, t. 18.— Eiitou, Mauual, 6 od. 376.— Loudon, Arborctuin, iii, HOa, f. 1248.— Dietrich, Syu. ii, 992.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 464. — Penn. Cycl. xxv, 493. — Browne, Trees of America, 502. — Planchou in Ann. Sri. Nat. 3 ser. x, 270 ; Dc (-'andollc, Prodr.
xvii, I'to. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 42,"). — Darljy, Bot. S. States, 503. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. lo58, 254. — Chapman, El. S. States,
417. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. X. Carolina, 1860, iii, 55. — Lesquereu.x in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. — Wood, CI. Book,
t«3; Bot. & Kl. 299.— Poreher, Resources S. Forests, 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot.
Texas. 49») — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Broadhead in Coultei-'s Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,70.

U. pumila, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 111 [not Linn.aus], *

U. Americnna. var. alata, Spach in Anu.Sci.Nat.2 ser. xv,3C4: Hist. Veg. xi, 109.

AVAnOO. WINGED ELM.

Southern Virginia, south through the middle districts to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida ; southern
Indiana and Illinois, south to the Gulf coast, and southwest through southern Missouri, Arkansas, the eastern
portions of the Indian territory to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A small tree, 7 to I- meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter; generally in dry, gravelly
soil, or, rarely, along tiie borders of swamps and river bottoms ; most common and reaching its greatest development
in .southern Mis.souri and Arkansas.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwcdgeable; medullary rays distant, not
conspicuous ; color, brown, the .sai)wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7491 ; ash, 0.99 ; largely used for hubs,
blocks, etc.

227. — Plantra aquatica, (imelin,

Syet ii, 150. — WilUlcnow, Spec, iv, 967; Eniim. Suppl. 14; Berl. Baumz. 281. — Persoou, Syn. i, 291. — Xuttall, Genera, i, 202. — Uayne,
Dend. Fl. 2l>2.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 26(J.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 360.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 sor. xv, 355 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 116.—
Planehon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 2<il ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 167. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 428. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. IB.'iP,
254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417. —Wood, CI. Book, 633; Bot. & Fl. 299.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443.— Koch, Deudrologie,
ii, 424. — Young, Bot. Texas, 497. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.

Anonymon aquatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 230.

P. Gmelini, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 248.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 44(;.— Roemer «Sc Schnltes, Syst. vi, 305.— Elliott, Sk.
i, 334.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 493. —Dietrich, Syn. i, 551.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 503.

P. ulmi/oliaj Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 283, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 80, t. 130.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 429.—
Xonveaii Diibamel, vii, 65, t. 21. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1413, f. 1251. — Browne, Trees of America, 515. — Unit is in Rep.
Geological .Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860,81.

T UlmuM nemoralU, Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 319 ; 2 ed. ii, 108.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1320; Bed. Baumz. .520.— Desfontaines, Hist.
Arb. ii, 442.— Pursh, Fl. Am. .Sept. i, 200.— Smith in Kees' Cycl. xxxix. No. 8.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 201.— Beck, Bot. 334.—
Eaton, Manual, (> ed. :t76. — Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 464.

Ulmus aquatica, Ratiuesiinc, n. Ludoviciana, KK.

P. liichardi, .Sprengel,SyHt. i,493, in part.- Torn y & Gray in Paeifi.- K. h'. Rep. ii, 175 [not Micbaiix].

Valley of the (,'ape Fear river. North (Jaroliiia, south to the Cliiittiiiioocliee region of western Florida, and
through central Alabama and Mississipjii to western Louisiana'and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, extending
north through Arkansas and southern Missouii to the valley of the lower AVabash river and (^Mitral Kentucky.

A small tree, 9 t«» 12 meters in height, with a triiidv 0..'50 to 0.(iO meter in diameter ; cold, deep, inundated
river swamps ; rare in the Atlantic anrl eastern Oiilf states; very cotmnon and reaching its greatest developtnent
in the I'ed liiver valley and .■•onlherii Arkansas.

Wood light, soft, not strong, cl<ise-graine<l, compact, containing few scattered open ducts; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; si)eci(ic gravity, ()..'5291; ash, O.t.'j.

CATALOGUE OF FORES^r 'IliEES. 125

228. — Celtis occidentalis, Liuu.; uh,

Spec. 2 ed. 117W.— Du Roi, Ilarlik. i. 1 tl.— M.irsii.iU, .\rl>iistuin, 29.— WaiijfcQUoim, Ainor. 48.— Giertuer, Fruct. i, 374, t. 77, f. 3.— WalUr,
Fl.Caroliiiiaua, '«!50. — Alton, llort. ICmv. iii, 1.;?; ::ii;d.v,449. — LamaruU, Diet, iv, 137; 111. iii,437, t. b44, f. 1. — Abbot, lusccto Georgia,
i, t. 30.— Wilklenow.Speo. iv, 944; Euuiii. 1041!; Berl. Baumz. M:i.— Noiivkaii Dnhanii'l,ii,:W>, t.9.— Michaux, FI. Bor.-Ain. ii.240.—
Peraoon, Syn. i,a92. — Uosfoutaiiics, Hist. Ail). ii,448. — Michaux f. Hi.st. Arb. Aiii. iii,22o. f. 8; N. American Sylva, 3 e<l. iii,3*, 1. 114. —
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 31 ; fi ed. 3C.— N'nttall, Genera, i, •J02.~Ra3iiicr & Scbiiltes, Syst. vi, 306.— Haynr, Dcud.
Fl. iilfi.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 584.- Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 300; Conipi-nd. Fl. N.States, IA>; Fl. X. York, ii, 1(17 ; Bot. Wilkeb Exp.-d. 4.')C.—
Guiuipel, Otto& Hayue, Abb. llolz. U'J, t.9().— Sprengel, Syst. i, 932.— Watsou, Demi. Brit, ii, 147.— Beck, Bot. 3:{4.— Ralines<|ue, New
Fl. & Bot. i, 32.— London, Arborotuni, iii, 1417 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 142.— Eatim & Wright, Bot. 180.— Spacli in Ann. Sci.
Nat. 2 sor. xvi,40; Ilist. Veg. xi, 133. — IVnn. Cycl. xxv, 490. — Browne, Trees of America,.')!". — Emerson, Trees Massacbusetts, 306,
1. 16; 2ed. ii, 344 »& t.— Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 288; DeC'andoIle, Prodr. xvii, 174.— Walpers, Ann. iii,:!9t).— Ricbardson,
Arctic Exped. 436.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 2jC. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 503. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 185", 2.>4. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417.— Curt is iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, ISCO, iii, (SI. — Lesc|uereux in 0\ven's2d Rep. Arkansas, 380. —
Wood, CI. Book, 634 ; Bot. & Fl. 299.- Engelniann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii,2ll8.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 312.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 432. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota,
2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Burbauk in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Mist, xviii, 215. — Pntzliys in Fl. des Serrcs, xxii, 206. —
Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7(i,209.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,72.

G. crassi/oUa, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 138. — Nouvoaii Duhamel, ii, 37. — Micbaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 228, t. 9 ; N. American
Sylva,3 cd. iii, 40, t. 115.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Xuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Rcemer &■ Schultes, Syst. vi,307.—
Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 300 ; Couipnnd. Fl. N. States, 132 ; Fremont's R>!p. 97 ; E mory's Rep. 412.— Spreugel, Syst. i, 932.—
Beck, Bot. 334. — Eaton, Manual, (5 el. 83. — Rafiuesque, New Fl. & But. i, 34. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1418, f. 1254. —
Eaton & Wngbt, Bot 186.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 39 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 130.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Browne,
Trees of America, 519. — Emerson, Trees of Massachusetts, 309 ; 2 ed. ii, 347 & t.

C.ohliqua, Mcench, Moth. 344.

G. occidentalis, var. scabriuscula, Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 995; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 62.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 217.— London,

Arboretum, iii, 1417.

G. occidentalis, var. tenuifolia, Persoon, Syn. i, 292.

G. cordata, Persoon, Syn. i,292.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,448.— Du Mont, Cour. Bot. Cult. vi,389.

G. Iwvigala, Wiliaeuow, Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 81; Euum. Suppl. 68.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Sprengel, Syst. i,
932. — Ratinesque, New. Fl. & Bot. i, 34. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1420. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 432.

G. pumila, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— R(Biner & Schultes, Syst. vi. 306.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i,300 ; Compecd. Fl. N. States,
132.— Beck, Bot. 334.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 86.— Rafiuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 3i.— Loudon, Arborettim, iu, 1420.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. Iwi.

G. alba, Katinesqne, Fl. Luilo\ ieiana, 2.>; New Fl. & Bot. i, 32.— Planchon in De Candolle. Proiir. xvii, 177.

G. canina and G. maritima, Ralinesque iu Am. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii,43, 44.

G. occidentalis, var. cordata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 82.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 217.— Ra>mer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.—
Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1417.

G. tenuifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 202; Sylva, i, 135; 2 ed. i, 149.— Uafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i. 36.

G. occidentalis, Vin:intC(/riJolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— (_lia)iman, Fl. S. States, 417.— Wood. CI. Book. ivU: Bot. &

Fl. 299.

G. Mississippiensis, Bosc, Diit. Ag. new ed. x, 41.— Poirot, Suppl. iii, 088.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 42; Hist.
Veg. xi, 136. — Planchon iu Auu. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 287 ; Do Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 176.— Walpers, Ann. iii, ;W. — Cooper
iu Smithsonian Rop. 1858,254. — Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :{86. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 eil. 443;
Hall's PI. Texas. 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Ridgway in Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus. l-;82. 72.

G. integrifolia, Xuttall in Tran.-;. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 169.— Cooper in Smithsonian K'ep. 1858, 254.

G. longifoUa, Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 169 ; Sylva, i. 134. t. K': 2 ed. i. 148, t. 40.— Ralinesque, New Fl. &
Bot. i, 33. — Planchon in De CaudoUe, Prodr. xvii, 177.

G. hetcropln/lla, G. patiila, G. Fluridiana, G. fascata. ('. salici/olia, G. niori/olia. G. mariiima, Kaiine.*que.

Xew I'l. & Bot. i. :U-37.
G. occidentalis, yAV.firaildidtntata, Spaeh in Ann. Soi. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 40; Hisl. Veg. xi, l;i;i.— Wali>ei-s, Ann. iii. 396.
G. occidentalis, var. seynilata, Spaeh in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi. 41 : Hist. Veg. xi. 134.— Walpen*. Ann. iii. :aX;.
C. C>-a«si/olia, var. tiliai'olia, Spa.h in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi. :«>; Hist. Veg.xi, 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.
G. crassit\dia, var. morifolia, Spach in Ann.S.i. Nat. 2 s.^r. \vi, 39: Hist. Veg. xi. 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii. :«H>.
G. erassifolia, var. evvahjpiifoUa, Spaeh in Ann. Sei. Xat. 2 ser. xvi, 40: Hist. Veg. xi, 131.— Waliwr^. Ann. iii. 3f>a

126 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

C. Atldibertiana, SpacU in Ann Sci. Nat. 2 sor. xvi. 41 ; Hist. PI. xi, 135.— Planohou in Do CnndoUe, Prodr. xvil, 174.

C. Audibcrtiana, var.orata, Sp.icU in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41; Hist. Vcg. xi, 135.

C. Audibcrtiana, var. oblongata, Spach in Ann. Sci. N»t. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 135.

C. Lindheimeri, Engelmaun in herb. A. Braun. (Koeli, Drondrologio, ii, 434).

C. Berlandicri, Klotsch in Linniea, xviii, 541. — Plancbon in Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvii, 178.

C. Texana, Schcele in Liuua;a, xx, 14^ : Rocuier, Texas, 446; Appx. Ufi.

C. occidentalis, var. crassi/olia. Gray, Manual N. States, 2 cd. 305 ; 5 cd. 443.— Wood, CI. Book, C34 ; Bot. & Fl. 299.

C. occidentalis, xar. pumila. Gray, Manual N. States, 2 cd. 397; 5 ed. 443.— Chapman, Fl. S. States. 417.— Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, ISCO, 02. — WatHon in King's Rep. v, 321.

SIGARBERRY. nACKBERBY.

Tallc.v of the Saiut Lawrence river west tocivstern Dakota, south through the Athintic roffion to bay Biscayne
and cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Devil's river, Texas.

A large tree, IS to 30 or, exceptionally, 3C to 39 meters (Ridgicay) in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.50 meter in
diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Mississippi lliver basin; rich bottoms or
dry hillsides; sometimes reduced to a low shrub (C pitmila), and varying greatly in the size, shai)e, and texture
of the leaves (C MisHissippiennis Iwrigata, integrifoUa, cras.ii/olia, etc.) : the extremes connected by innumerable
intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one polymorphous species of wiile geographical range.

Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; layers of
annnal growth clearly marked by several rows of largo open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller ducts
arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, clear light yellow, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.72S7 ; ash, 1.09; largely used for fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap
furniture.

"Var. reticulata.

0. reticulata, Tom-y in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 247.— Eaton, Manual. G cd. 8fi.— Rafiuesquc, New Tl. & Bot. i, 35.— Eaton &
Wrigbt, Bot. 166.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 133, t. 39; 2 ed. i, 140, t. 39.- Browne, Trees of America, 518.— Planclion in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 293; Do CandoUe, Prodr. x^-ii, 178. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 390. — Torrcy & Gray in Pacilic K. U. Rep.
ii, 175. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 200; Am. Nat. iii, 407. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 401. — Watiiou in
PI. Wheeler, 10.- Vas<y, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Rotbrock in Wheeler's Rep.
vi, 238.— Rusby in Bull. Torroy Bot. Club, ix, 54.

C. Douglasii, Plancbon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. s, 293; Do Candollc, Prodr. ivii, 178.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.

tC. occidentalis, var. pumila, Watson in King's Rep. v, 321 [not Gray].

C. brevipes, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. 3 ser. xiv, 297.— Rotbrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 238.

HACKBERUY. PALO BLANCO.

Western Texas (Dallas, RavencI) to the mountains of southern Arizona, and through the Kocky mountains to
eastern Oregon; in the Tehaehipi pass, California [Piingle).

A small tree, lli to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely O.GO meter in diameter ; borders of streams, generally
in high mountain caiions, or in the more arid regions reduced to a low shrub ; well characterized by its sitial!, thick,
coriaceous leaves, slightly pubescent on the underside along the i)rominent reticulated veins, and by the liglit-colored,
deeply-furrowed bark, but connected with the typitjal C. occidentalis liy intermediate forms not rare in western Texas.

Wood not distinguishable in structure or color from that of the sj)ecies ; spet^ifii- gravity, 0.7275; ash, 1.22.

229. — Ficus aurea, Nutiall,

Sylvo, ii,4, t. 43; 2i-(l. i, 154, t.43.— CoopiT in .Sniitbsoiiian Uup. 1858, 20.5. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.
F. aurca, var. latifoUa, Nultall, Sylvn, ii, \ ; 2 cd. i, 1.54.

Semi-tro|)icaI Florida, Indian river to llie southern keys.

A large parasitic tree, germinating on the; truidis and branches of other trees, and sending down to the ground
long aerial roots, which gradually grow together, kill the ineloserl tree, and form a trunk sometimes 0.90 to 1.20
meter in diameter.

Wood exceedingly light, 8<jrt, very weak, (warsegrained, coiiipaci, not durable; medullary rays thin, hardly
distinguishable; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; si)e<-ilic gravity, 0.2(>1(;; ash, 6.03.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 127

230. — Ficus brevifolia, Nnttall,
Sylva, ii, '.i, t. 42 ; 2 cd. i, 153, t. 42.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Kcp. ItjoH, 265.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 415. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.

Seini-tropical Florida, bay Biscayue to the southern keys (Key Largo, Pumpkin Key, Curtiss).

A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0..30 meter in diameter.

Wood light, .soft, close-{;rained, eotui)act, containing few large, open, scattered ducts and many groups of
much smaller ducts arranged in concentric circles ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicaoos; color, light brown
or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.C39S ; ash, 4.3G.

231. — Ficus pedunculata, Alton,
Hort. Kew. iii, 450; 2 ed. v, 48C.— Chapman, P"l. S. States, 415.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 151.
F. COmplicata, Hnmboldt, Bonplaud & Kunth, Nov.Gen.'& Spec, ii, 48.
Urostigma 2)edunculatum, Miqucl in Hooker, London Jour. Hot. vi, 450.— Walpere, Ann. i, 677.

"WILD FIG. INDIA-EXXBBEE TEEE.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayue to the southern keys (Key Largo, Umbrella and Boca Chica Keys, etc.
Curtins); in the \Vest Indies.

A tree sunietimes lli meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.50 meter in diameter, or often shrubby
and muili branched from the ground; rare.

Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, with many groups
of small ducts arranged in conceutiic circles; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light orange-brown, the
sap-wood undistinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4739 ; ash, 4.92.

232. — Morus rubra, Linntens,

Sped ed.986.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 93.— Wangenheim, Amer. 37, t. 15, f. 35.— Waller, Fl. Caroliuiana, 241.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii,
343; 2ed. v,2()6.— Mtench, Meth. 343.— Laraareli, Diet, iv, 377. —Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 70.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 179.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 369; Enum.9ti7; Berl. Bauuiz. 252.— Noviveau Duhauiel, iv, 91, t. 23.— Persoou, Syn. ii, .'wS.— Desfontaines,
Ilist.Arb. 11, 416.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 232, t. 10; N. American S.vlva,3 ed. iii,42. 1. 116.— Pursh.FI. Am. Sept. li, KKt.—
Eaton, Manual, 105; 6 ed. 230.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 89.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 209.— Hayne, Uend. Fl. 155.— Elliott, Sk.
ii, .^74.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 492.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 352; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl.N. York, ii, 220; Emory's Rep. 412.—
Rsfinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 243; New Fl. & Bot. i,43; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 13.— Beck, Bot. 316.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 551.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1359 & t.— Seringe, Descr. & Cult, du Mftr. 223, t. 20.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 323.— Spach, Hist.Veg. si, 43.—
Browne, Trees of America, 457.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 280 ; 2ed. i, 314.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed.2t5.— Daiby, Bot.
S. States, 503.— Cooper in Siuithsomau Rep. ia'.8, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. jcii',47; Manual
N. State.s,5 ed. 444.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18i>0, iii,71.— Lesiiueivux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3*6.—
Wood, CI. Book, 635 ; Bot. & Fl. 300.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 305.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 203.—
Koch Deudrologie, ii, 447.— Young, Bot. Texas, 494.— Bureau in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvii,245.— Hayden iu Warren's Rep. Nebraska
& Dakota,2ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Riley in Special Rep. U.S. Dept. Ag. No. 11,34.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mu9. 1882, 73. — Burgess iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.

M. CanadenuLs, Lamarck,Dict.iv,3S0.— Seringe, Descr.& Cult, du Mftr. 224.

M. scabra, Willdcnow, Euum. 967; Berl. Banniz. 152.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 209.— Rafinesqne, Am. Manual Mulberry Tr<>o«,
29.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 154.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 492.— Loddiges, Cat. 1836.

M. toment^sa, Rafinesque,Fl. Ludovieiana, 113; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 30.

M. reticulata, M. Canadensis, M. parri/olia, and M. riparia, Raiiuesque, .-Vm. Manual Mulberry Treee, 29-31.

M. rubra, var. Canadensis, Luudou, Arboretum, iii, i3(;o.

Jf. Mis.souriensis, Audiberl, Cat. Jard. TounoUe.

M. rubra, var. tomentosa. Bureau in Do CaudoUe, Prodr. ivii, 246.

Jlf. rubra, var. incisa, Bureau in Do Cundolle, Proilr. xvii, 217.

128 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

KED MILBEKKY.

Wi'Mt'iii Xiw Eiifilaml and Limy Island, Now York, west tlirouyh soutbeiu Ontario and eentral Michigan to
the Black hills of Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south to bay Biscayne and cape llouiano, Florida, and
the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.

A lar}:e tree, IS to 20 meters in heii^lit, with a trunk O.'.H) to l.L'd meter or, exi'e])ti()nally. '2.\~> meters in
diameter (P. J. LciTkimin.s, Augusta, Georgia); generally in rich bottom lands; most common and reaching its
greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the Jlississippi rivers.

Wooil light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarsegrained, eomi)ac(, vei'y durable in contact with the soil,
satiny, susceptible of a good polish; layers of anniuil growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts;
medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light orange yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specilic gravity, 0.5898; ash, 0.71 ;
largely u.sed in fencing, coojjerage, for snaths, and at the south iu ship- and boat-building.

The large dark jmrple fruit sweet and edible.

233. — Morus microphylla, Biukloy,

Proc. I'biludelphia Acad. 186-2, 8.— Gray in Proc. PhUaduliiUiu Aca.l. 1662, 1G7. - Young, Bot. Texas, 494.

M. parvi/olia, Engelmaun in herb —Gray, Hail's PI. T.xas, St.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Riley in Special Rep. U. S.
Dept.Ag.No.il, 34.

MEXICAN MULBERRY.

Valley of the Colorado river, through westei'u Texas to the \ alley of the Gila river. New Mexico; and
Bonlhward into Mexico.

A ."^midl tree, .><ometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or often reduced to a
low shrub; most common and reaching its greatest developmeut iu the mountain cafious of southern New Mexico;
in Texas generally on limestone formations.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, co:'ipact; layers of aunual growth marked with several rows of small open
dacts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, orange or, rarely, dark brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific
gravity, 0.771.'); ash, O.OS.

The small acid fruit hardly edible.

234. — Madura aurantiaca, Xuttall,

Genera, ii, 2:>4; Trann. Am. Pliil. .S<n;. 'J scr. v,l(i9; Sylva, i, l:ili, t.:;", '3fi; '2 ed. i, 140, t.:i7, ',)8. — James in Long's lixped. ii, l.'>8. —
Dflile in Bull. Soc. Ag. Her. Irj'M & t. — Eaton, Manual, ti ed. '/I'. — Seringe in Mem. Soc. Ag. Lyon, 1635, l-iii &, t; Descr. &
Cult, du Mfir. ■^•■i, t. '.273.- Lamliert, PiuuH.a ed. ii, Appx. 4, 1. 3.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1342, 13112, f. 122G-1228; CJard. Mag. xi, 312,
f. 40-47.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 311.— Spach, Hi.st. Virg. xi, o3.— Browne, Trees of America, 4l)5.— Darby, Bot. .S. States, 504.—
Cooper iu .Smitlihonian Rej). lf^5S, 2.T4. — Miquel iu Martiuti, El. Brasil. iv, 158. — Wood, CI. Book, (i;i5; Bot. & El. 299. — Porcher,
Re»onrcet4S. Forests, 101. — Koch, Uendrologie, ii, 437. — Bureau in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvii,227. — Dumen in Proc. California Acad.
V, 3tH. — Vattey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 325. — Riley in Special Rep. U. S. Dept. Ag. No. 11, 35.

Torylon Madura, Ralinesqne.New Fl. & Bot. i, 43; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 13.

Joxylon pomi/erum, Ratlnesrpie in Am. Monthly Mag. aud Crit. Rev. ii, 11".

BrOUSSanetia tinctoria, Torrey in Ann. Lye. K. York, ii, 2l<i [iio( Kiiiitli].

OSAGE ORANGE. IJOIS D'ARC.

Southwestern Arkansas, south of the Viilley of the Arkansas river, southeastern portions of the Indian
territory, and sonthwanl in northern Texas to about latitude .'52' .')0' N. (Didlas, Reverchon, etc.).

A tree, snmetimes l.'j to 18 meters in lieight, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.GO meter in diameter; rich l)oltom
lands; most common and probably reaching its greatest development along the valley of the Red river in the liulian
tenitory.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, clo.se-grainnl, ciimijact, very dnral)le in contact witli the
ground, .satiny, siiseeptilde of a beautiful i>olish, containing numerous small open ducts, layers of annual growth
cli-arly marked by broad bands of larger ducts; medullary rays thin, numerous, coii.-])icuous; color, bright orange,
turning brown with exposure, the sap-wood light yellow; specilic gravity, 0.77.'30; ash, 0.08; largely used for fon<;e.
]to»t8, paving blocks, railway ties, wheel stock; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the western states.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

129

PLATANACEiE.

235. — Platanus occidentalis, Linao-us,

Spec. 1 ed. 999.— Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 134.— Marsluall, Aibiist iiiii, 10.'>.— \Vaii>;<'nbiMiii, Anjcr. 31, t. 13, f. 31.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniaoa, 236.—
Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 3C5 ; 2 cd. v, 305.— Mccndi, Meth. S.'iS. — Abl)ot, lusects Georgia, ii, t. 55. — Micbanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163. —
Lamarck, Diet, v, 438. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, G, t. 2. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 474 ; Enuiii. 984 ; Burl. Bauraz. 284. — Persoon, Syn. ii,
575.— Desfontaiues Hist. Arb. ii, 545.— Scbknbr, Ilandb. iii, 274, t. 306.— Kobiu, Voyages, iii, 524.— Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 1*4,
t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 od. ii, 46, t. C3.— Piirsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 635.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladclpb. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph.
176.— Eaton, Manual, 110 ; G ed. 267.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 171.— JameB iu Long's Exped. i, 23.— Elliott, Sk. ii,
620.— Sprengol, Syst. iii, 865.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 100.— Torrcy, Couipcnd. Fl. N. States, 356 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 218 ; Bot. Mei.
Bound.ary Survey, 205.— Audubon, Birds, t. 206.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2043, f. 1959 & t.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 361.— Hooker, FL
Bor.-Am. ii, 1.58. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 384. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 227 ; 2 ed. i, 261 & t. — Sclieele in Rtrmer, Texaa,
446.- Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 399.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica,3 cd.282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.— Agardh, Theor. &
Syst. PI. t. xiii, f. 1,2.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Hartig, Forst. 446, t. 54.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418.— Cnrtifl
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 76. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. — Wood, CI. Book, 640; Bot. & Fl. 303. —
Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi'^ 159. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447 ; Hall's PL
Texas, 21. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 468. — Schnizleiu, Icon. t. 97, f. 1-24. — Young, Bot. Texas, 498. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska
& Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Ridgway iu Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 73.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada,
187y-'80, 55':.

P. lobata, Mcench, Meth. 358.

P. hybridas, Brotero, Fl. Lus. ii, 487.

P. vulgaris, var. angulosa, Spach in Anu.Sci.Nat. 2 ser. xv,293; Hist. Veg. xi,79.

SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD. BUTTON-BALL TREE. WATER BEECH.

Southern Maine and sontbeastern New Hampshire to northern Vermont and the northern shores of lakes
Ontario and Erie, west tc eastern Ifebraslca and Kansas, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi,
and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas, extending southwest to the valley of the Devil's river.

The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 meters in
diameter; generally along streams and river bottoms, in rich, moist soil; very common and reaching its greatest
development in the bottom lauds of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; the large specimens generally hollow.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split and work ; layers of annual
growth dearly marked by broad bands of small ducts; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that
of all the North American species; color, brown tinged ■with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5678;
ash, 0.4G; largely used for tobacco boxes (its principal use), ox-yokes, butchers' blocks, and, rarely, in the
manufacture of cheap furniture.

236. — Platanus racemosa, Nuttall;

Audubon, Birds, t. 3G2; Sylva, i, 47, t. 15; 2 ed. i, 63, t. 15— Bcuthaui, PI. Hnrtweg. 336.— Ncwben-y in Pacific R. K. Kep. vi, ;B,
89, t. 11, f. 10.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204 ; Ives' Rep. 27 ; Bot. Wilkea
Exped. 457.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 160. — Kocb, Dendrologie, ii, 469. — Vasey, Cot. Forest Trees, 23. — Watson, BoU
California, ii, 66.

P. occidentalism Hooker & Aniott, Bot. Beocliey, 160, 380 [not Liiinanis].

P. Californica, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, .54.

P. Mcxicana, Moricaud, PI. Rar. Aiuer. 1. 13?- Torrey iu Sitgreaves' Rop. 172 ; Pacific R. R. Rop. vii,20.

SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD.

California, valley of the Sacramcjito river, south through the interior valleys and coast ranges to the southern
boundary of the state.

A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a truidc O.iH) to 1.20 meter in diameter; borders of streams, in rich
soil.

Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, diflicult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly
marked by narrow bands of small ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light bnnvu tinged with
red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4SSO; ash, 1.11.

9 FOR

130 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

237. — Platanus Wrightii, WatsoD,
Proc. Am. Acad, i, ^49.— Vaeey, Cat. Forest Trees", 23.— Euslty in Bull. Toirey Bot. Club, ix, 54.
P. ilexicana, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 151 [not Moricaiul].
P. racemosa, W.-itson, n. Whceler, 10 [not Niittall].— Rothrock iu Wheeler's Eep. vi,239.

SYCAMORE.

Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to tlie valley of the Sau Pedro river, Arizona; southward into
Mexico.

A tree sometimes 15 to IS meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.00 meter in diameter; banks of streams and
high mountain caiions.

Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows
of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.473G ; ash, 1.35,

JUGLANDACEiE.

238.— Juglans cinerea, Linnaeus,

Spec. 2 e<l. 1415.— Jacquin, Icon. Rar. i, t. 103.— Wangcnhcini, Amor. 21, t. 9, f. 21.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.— Aitou, Hort. Kow.
Ui, 3C1; 2 ed. V, 296.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 503; 111. iii, 'Mm, t. 781, f. 7.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 22, 31; ii, 43.— Muhlenberg &
WilUleuow in Xeue Schriftcn Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 191.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 45(); Euum.
978; Berl. Baumz. 193.— Persoon, Syn. ii, .'iSC.- Dcsfontaiues, Hist.Arb. ii, 347.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Barton, Prodr. Fl.
Philadelph. 92.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 115, t. 32 ; Fl. Boston. 3 cd. 378.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 220;
Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 37.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 622.— Sprcngel, Syst. iii, 865.— Torrey, Conipend. Fl. N. States 3.57 ;
Fl. N. York, ii, Vfi. — Rafinesqne, Med. Bot. ii, 234.— Audubon, Birds, t. 142.— Beck, Bot. 335.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 170.— Lindley,
Fl. Med. 307.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1439, f. 1202.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 143.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 287.— Emerson, Trees-
Massachusetts, 182 ; 2 ed. i, 207 & t.— Griflith, Med. Bot. 589.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii, 42, t. 80.— P.irry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington,
F). Cestrica, 3 ed. 262.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 45.— Lesqncreux in Oweu's 2il Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 040 ; Bot. &. Fl.
304._C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 16, t. 4, f. 45; Prodr. xvi', 137.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 317.— Engeluian'.i
in Trans, Am. Phil. Soe. new ser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 589.— Hiiyden in Warren's Rep.
Nebr.-iska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— V.asey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 00.— Bentley & Trinien,
Med. PI. iv, 247, t. 247.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 36. f. 6.— Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 178.— Bell in Geological Kep. Canada,
1878-'80, 53'.— Riilgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1R*2, 70.

J. oblonga, Miller, Diet. No. 3.— Du Roi, IlarbU. i, 332— Mcench, Meth. 090.— Rttzius, Obs. i, 10.

./. oblonga alba, Marnhall, Arbustuni, 07.

./. citthartica, Michanx f. Hist. Arl). Am. i, 10.5, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 109, t. 31.

Carya catharticn, Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 178.

Wallia cinerea, Alef'ld in Uonplandia, 1861, 334.

BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT,

Southern New Brunswick, valley of «he Saint Lawrence river, Ontario and southern JMichigan to nortlicrn
Minnesota (lake I'okegoma, Garrison) and central Iowa, south to Delaware and along tlic Allegliany nioiuitains to
nortliiTii Georgia, central Alabanui and .Mi.><si.s.sippi, nortlicrn Arkansas, and soiillieastcni Kansa.s.

A tree LS to 24 or, exceptionally, .'50 to :i'> meters {h'idyiraij) in lieiglit, with a trunk O.CO to 0.00 meter in diameter;
rich woodlands; rare at the .south; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Oliio River basin.

Wofxl light, soft, not strong, ratlier coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beaulUnl
polisli, wjntaining numerous regularly-distributed, large, oi)en ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure; color,
bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; sijccific gravity, 0.4(i8G; ash, 0.51 ; largely
need for interior 6nish, cabinet work, etc.

The inner bark, especially that of the root, is em]il()yed medicinally as a mild cathartic {Am. Jour, ritarm.
1874, 100.— r. S. Difipensatory, 14 ed. 520.— Nat. VixpcnHaUiry, Ii ed. 704), and furnishes a yellow dye.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 131

239. — ^Juglans nigra, Liunaius,

Spec. 1 C(l. 997.— Jucqniii, Icon. Kar. i, t. 191.— Wangeuheim, Amer. 20, t.8, f. 20. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 2:{5.— Aiton, Uort. Kcw, iii,
3G0; 2 ed. v, 296.— Mccnch, MetU. 090.- Lamarck, Diet, iv, 502; III. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 6.— Abbot, Inscctt Gcorpa, i, t. 8S.—
Mulilenliorg & WiUdeiiow in Neue Scliiiftou Gi-stll. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388. — Micbanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 191.— Willdenow, Spec, iy,
466; Enum. 978; lii!rl. Haumz. 193. — Smitli in Rocs' Cycl. xx, No. 3. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 566.— Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347. —
Nouveau Dnhanicl, iv, 179, t. 48. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Xm. i. 158, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 140, t. 30. — Pureh,}!. Am.
Sept. ii, 036.- Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pliiladolpb. 92; Compend. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 177.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 220 ; Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i. 57.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 622.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 8C5.— Torrey, Compend. 11. N. Statca)
357; Fl. N. York, ii, 179.— Watson, Dend. Brit. ii,t. 158.— Andubon, Birds, t. 84, 156.— Kafincsqiic, Med. Bot.ii, 23:1.— Beck. Bot. 335.-!
Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 168. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1435, f. 1260 &. t. — Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 287. — Emerson, Trees Massacbutsetts,
185; 2 ed. i, 211 &. t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 589.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 262.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419. -Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 45. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 640 ; Bot. &. Fl. 304. — C. De CandoUe in Ann. Sci.
Nat. 4 scr. xviii, 34, t. 1, f. 1, 8-10; Prodr. xvi-, 137. — Engelni.ann in Trans. Am. Pbil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — Porcher, Resources S.
Forests, 318. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 447. — Koch, Deudrologie, i, 587. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 244, f. 1, 8, 12, 13. — Young, Bot.
Texas, 500. — Haydou in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7

ed. ii, 300. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 36, f. 5.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 178. — Bell in Geological Rep. Cauada, 1879-'80, 53'.

Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1P82, 76. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1882, 780. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155.

J. nigra ohJonga, Marshall, Arbustum, 67.

WaUia nigra, Aleleld iu Bonplaudia, 1861, 334.

BLACK WALNUT.

Western Massachusetts, west aloug the southern shores of lake Erie through southern Michigan to 80uthen>
Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, central
Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.

A large tree, often 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 3 meters in diameter; rich bottom lands
and hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany
mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory; less common east of the
Alleghany mountains, and now everywhere scarce.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not carefully seasoned, easily worked,
susceiJtible of a beautiful polish, durable in contact with the soil, containing numei'ous large, I'egularly-distributed,
open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the thin sap-wood much
lighter; specific gravity, O.G.ll.') ; ash. 0.79; more generally used in cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun
stocks than that of any other North American tree.

240. — Juglans rupestris, Engelmann;

Sitgreaves' Rep. 171, t. 15.— Torroy, Bot. Mtx. Boundary Survey, 205; Ives' Rep.27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1855. 260. — C. De
CandoUe in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 28, t. 2, f. 11 ; Prodr. xvi', 138. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24. —Watson, Bot. California, ii,
93 ; Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. — Rusby iu Bull. Torrey Bot. Clnb. ix, 54.

J. rupestris, YSXT. major, Torrey in Sitgrc^ave8' Rep. 171, t. 16; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey. 205; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii,
20.— C. Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi", 138.— Hcmsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 164.

J. Californica, V.'titsm in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 349; Bot. California, ii, 93.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Rothrook in
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 249.

WALNUT.

Valley of the Colorado river (near Austin), west through western Texas, southern New Mexico, and Arizona
from 5,000 to 7,000 feet elevation, and in the Calilbrnia Coast ranges from the San Bernardino mountains to the
neighborhood of San Francisco bay and the valley of the Sacramento river.

A tree rarely 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.'.Ht meter in diameter, reaching its greatest
developiiuMit iu the neighborhood of San Francisco bay; iu Ti'xas generally reduced to a low. nuu-hbranehed
shrub; borders of streams and mountain canons, in rich soil.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, checking in drying, susceptible of a good poli.sh, containing
numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure; color, rich dark brown,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.(i5.>l; ash, 1.01.

The small nuts sweet and edible.

132 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

241. — Carya olivaeformis, Xuttall,

Genera, ii, 221.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— E.iton, Mauual, 6 oJ. 83.— Spach. Hist. Vej;. ii, 173.— Penu. Cycl. vi, 331.— Loudon,
Arbon-tum, iii, 1441, f. l'.>l>3.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Sebeele iu Ka-raer, Texas, 447.— Bolg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 45, f. 2.— Torroy,
Hot. Mex. Bouudary Siiircy 20."). — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Lesquereiix iu Owen's
2d Be].. Arkansas, 387.— Wooil, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 1, f. 3, t. 5,
f. 59; I'rodr. xvi", 144. — Porcher, Kesourtes S. Forests, 333. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448. — Young, Bot. Texas, 499. — A'asey,
Cat. Forest Tree-s 24.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, CO.- Kidgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77.— Ilemsley, Bot,
Am. -Cent, iii, 163. — Watson iu Proe. Am. Acad, xviii, 155.

Jl/<//ans Pct-an, Marshall, Arbustum, 69.— Walter, FI. Curoliuiaua, 230.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow inNene Sc lirilten
Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 392.

Jliylans lllinoinensis, Wangenheim, Amer. 54, t. 18, f. 43.

Jir/lans anyustifolia, Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 3Gl ; 2 ed. v, 296.

Juglans rubra, Gartner, Fmct. ii, 51, t. 89, f. 1.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 366, t. 781, f. 4.

Jwjlans cylindrica, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 505 ; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 5.— Nouveau Uubamel, iv, 179.

Juglans oUvwformis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 457 ; Enum. 979 ; Berl. Baum/.. 194.— Persoon,
Syn. ii, 566. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 348. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 175, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 114,
t. 32.— Muhlenberg, Cat. 83.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 296.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.- Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.-
Regel, Gartendora, xviii, 89.

C. angu«ti/olia, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 57.

fC. tetraptcra, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. 1850, 80.

Bklorea .species, LeConte in Proc. Philadelphia Acad, vi, 402.

C. JlUnoensis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 593.

PECAN. ILLINOIS NUT.

year Davenport, Iowa (0. C. Parry), southern Illinois, and Indiana, northwestern Kentucky, south and
southwest throujih Missouri and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and through western Louisiana
and Texa.s to the valley of the Concho river.

A tree 30 to 52 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.90 to l.SO meter in diameter ; borders of streams in low, rn-i
soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development iu the bottom lands of Arkansas and the Indian territory;
the largest species of the genus and the largest and most important tree of western Texas.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, comi)act; layers of annual growth marked by one or
two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red ; the sap-wood
lighter brown; specific gravity, 0.7180; ash, l.l.'i; less valuable than the wood of the other species and hardly
uaed except for fuel.

The sweet, edible nuts are collected in great quantities, aflbrding an inii)i>rtaiit article of coiumcrce.

242. — Carya alba, Nuttall,

Genera, ii, 221.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 024.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 148.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N.
York. lf;l.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Aiboretum, iii, 1446.
f. 1209 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 143.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 191; 2 cd. i, 217 & t. —
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3cd. 203.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Belg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 48, f. P.— Cooper iu Suiithsoniau Kcp. 1858, 255.—
Chapman, Fl. 8. Stati-s, 418. — Curtis iu Itep. G'ologieal Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43. — Lesquercux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas,
:>a7._Wood,Cl. Book,041; Bot.it Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t.2, f. 13, 14, 18, t..3, f.24, t.4,f.44,46;
Prodr. xvi', 142.— Gray, Mauual N. States, 5 ed. 448.— Youug, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Aldrich in Am. Nat.
XV, 227.— .S<-ar» iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc.U. .S. Nat. Mns. 1p82, 72.— Boll in Geological Kep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55'.

Juglans orata, Miller, Diet.

JuglaiiH alba orata, Marshall, Arbustum, 09.

Juglans oualis, Wangenheim, Amer. 24, t. 10, f. 23.

Juglans comprensa, Gairtner, Fmct. ii, 50, t. 89, f. 1.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schrifteu Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin,
iii, 300. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458; Euum. 979; Berl. Bauuiz. 195.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566. — Desfont.'iines, Hist. Arb.
ii, 347.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 cd. v, 297.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 104.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 3.

tJuglann exaltata, Bartram, Travels, 2 cd. 38.

Juglans Hfjuamom, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 348.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 190, t. 7; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 123, t. 30.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph.92; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Bigelow, FL
Boston. 3 cd. 380.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 133

Juglans alha, Michaux, Fl. lior. Am. ii 19:! [not Liiinicus].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 037.— Eaton, Manual, 108.

0. microcarpa, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 221 ; Sylva, i, 38, 1. 13 ; 2 cd. i, 55, t. 13.— Sprcngcl, Syst. ii, 849.- Penn. CycL vi, 332.—

Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451. — Darlington, Fl. Cestriea, 3 ed. 264.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. V&i, 255. Chapman,

Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Kep. Geolo^ioal Surv. K Carolina, 18C0, iii, 44.— Wood, Cl.Uook,C42; Hot. Sc. KI.304.—
C. De Candollc.Prodr. xvi-, 143. — Gr.ny, Manual N. States, Sid. 448.- Koch, Dendrologie, i, .'iUC— Young, Hot. Triaa,
499.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 24. — Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug. 1682, 77.

SnEr,L-BAEK HICKORY. SHAG-BARK HICKORY.

Valloy of the Saint Lawrence river, along the northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie to southern Michigan
and soutlieastern Minnesota, south to the Cliattalioochee region of western Florida, central Alabama and
Mississippi, and west to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Te.^as.

A large tree of the first economic value, 2-1 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 4.5 meters in height (Ridgicay), with
a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich hillsides and sandy ridges; common and reaching its greatest
development west of the Alleghany mountains; varying greatly in the size and shape of the fruit. A form with
small, thin-shelled nuts (C microcarpa, IftittaU I. r.) is not rare from Delaware .soutliward, and in Michigan.

Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, comjiact, flexible; layers of annual growth clearly
marked with one to three rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the thin and
more valuable sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8372; ash, 0.73; largely nsed in the manufacture of
agricultural implements, carriages, ax handles, baskets, etc.

The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce.

243. — Carya sulcata, Nuttall,

Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 624.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1448, f. 1271.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, .513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 41f. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.
N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43.— Lesquercux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.- Wood, CI. Book,641 ; Bot. &. Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle
in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 sor. xviii, 36, t. 5, f. 51, 52; Prodr. xvi-, 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78.

Juglans sulcata, Willdeuow, Berl. Baumz. I ed. 154, t. 7 ; Spec, iv, 457.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Nene Schriften GMell.
Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 5Gii.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 346.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 637.

Juglans mucronata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192.

Jliglans lachliosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 199, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 128, t. 37.— Barton, Prodr. FL
Philadelph. 92.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112.— Audubon, Birds, t. 101.

G. cordi/ormis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 597.

BIG SHELL-BARK. BOTTOJI SHELL-BARK.

Chester county, Pennsylvania, west to southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory.

A tree 2-1 to 30 or, exceptionally, 37 [Ridgway) meters in height, wi th a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter;
bottom lands, iu low, rich soil; rare and local; most common and reaching its greatest development along the
streams of southern Arkansas and the Indian territory.

Wood hea\-y, very hard, strong and tough, very close-grained, compact, flexible; layers of annual growth
marked by one or two rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown, the sap-
wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0,S108 ; ash, 0.90 ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory.

The large nuts sweel and edible.

244. — Carya tomentosa, Nuttall,

Genera, ii, 221.— Barton, Compond. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Elliott, Sk. ii,C25.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 649.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States,
357; Fl. N. York, ii, 162.— Beck, Hot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 17t>.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— London,
Arboretum, iii, 1444, f. 1267.— Eaton & Wnglit, Hot. 183.— Emerson, Trees >Iassachusetts, 194,1.13; 2ed. i,222 \- t.— Darlington,
Fl. Cestriea, 3 ed. 263.— Darby, Hot. S. States, 513.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. l!N>6, 255.— Chapman. Fl. S. States, 410.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43. — Lesi|uereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood.CI. Bot>k, (541; Bot. <1 Fl.
304.— C. Do CandoUo in Ann. Sei. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36 ; Prodr. xvi*, 143.— Gray, JIanual N. States, 5 ed. 449.— Young, Bot, Texas,
499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1682, 76.

Juglans alba, Linmcus, Spec, l ed. 997.— Du Roi. Harbk i,333.— Kalm in Act. Holm. 171^1, 117.— Wangenheim, .\uier. -23. U
10, f. 2.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.— Alton, Ilort. Kew. iii,360; 2 ed. v, 296.— Ga-rtner, Fnict. ii,5l>, t. 6;1. f. X.—
McDuoh, Meth. (;96.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 29.— Lam.arck, Diet. iv,503; 111. iii, 364, t. 761, f. 2,— MuhlenWrg A
Willdenow in Neuo Schriften GescH. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 369.— Smith in Rees" Cycl. xx, No. 2.— Willdenow, Sih-c. iv,
457; Berl. Baumz. 154.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 379.

134 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Juglans iomentosa, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504.— Michaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192. — Michaos f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 184, t. 6 ; N.
Americau Sylva, 3 oil. i, ISO, t. 35.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sopt. ii, 037.— Barfou, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91.

C. iomentosa, var. maxima, Nuttall. Genera, ii, 221; Sylva, i, 40; 2ed. i, 56.— Sweet, Hort. Brit. cd. 1830.— Beck, Bot. 336.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1445. — C. De CaudoUe. Prodr. xvi*, 143.

C. alba, Kocb,Dendrolof;ii', i,59<'. ["otNuttallJ.
HOCKEB NUT. BLACK IIICKOKY. BULL NUT. BIG-BUD HICKOKY. -WHITE-nEAET DICKOKY. KING NUT.

Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie to eastern Nebraska, eastern
Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos
river, Texas.

A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 33 {BUlgtcay) meters in height, with a Inmlc 0.00 to l.'JO meter in diameter;
generally on rich upland hillsides — less commonly in low river bottom lands; very common in the Gulf states, and
throughout the south the most widely-distributed species of the genus.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, checking in drying, llexible, containing few large,
regularly-distributed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure; color, rich dark brown, the thick sap-
woofl nearly white; specific gravity, 0.S21G: ash, l.OC; u.sed for the same purposes as that of t lie shell bark hickory.

245. — Carya porcina, Nnttall,

Genera, ii, !H-J.— Barton, Compoud. I'l. rbiladelpl:. ii, IsO.— Elliot! , Sk. ii, Ov'T.— Watson, Dond. Biit. il, t. Hi?.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.—
Torrey, Compeiid. Fl. X. States, 353.— Beck, Bot. 33»;.— Eaton, Manual, G cd. 83.— Spacb, Hist. Vcg. ii, 178.— Ponn. Cycl. vi,332.—
Darlington, Fl. Ceslrica,2 ed. 54C.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1449, f. 1272-1274.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 183.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. ii,
178.— Emerson, Trees Massacbusctts, 197, 1. 14 ; 2 ed, i, 224 & t.— AVood, Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. Do Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii,
36, t. 1, f. 5, t. 5, f. 54; Prodr. xvi-, 143.— Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 332. —Giay, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 419; Hall's PI. Texas,
21.— Vasty, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 78.

Juglans glabra. Miller, Diet. No. 5.— Wangonheim, Amer. 25, t. 10, f. 24.— Mublcuberg & Willdenow in None Scbriftea
GeseU. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458; Berl. Bauniz. 196.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 5G6.— Alton, Hoft.
Kcw. 2 ed. V, 297.— Eaton, Manual, 106.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 104.

Juglans alba acuminata, Marshall, Arbusiuni, 08.

Juglans obcordata, Lamarck Diet, iv, 504. — Mnblenlierg & Willdenow in Nene Scbriftou Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391. —
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458.— Persoon, Syn. 5C)0.

Juglans porcina, Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 206, t. 9; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. i, 132, t. 38.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,
038.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelpb..92.— Audubon, Birds, t.91.

Juglans Ji'jri/ormiH, Mublenberg, Cat. 92.

Juglans porcina, var. obcordata, Pursb, FI.Am. Sei)t. ii, 638.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Pbiladdpb. ii, ISO.— Watson, Dend.
Brit, ii, 107.

Juglans porcina, var. pisiformis, Pursb, Fl. Aiu. Se|)t. ii,6:?8.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 180.

C. glabra, ToTTcy, Fl.N. York, ii, 182, t. lOL— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 412.— Darlington, Fl.Ccstrica, 3 ed. 264.— Cooper
iu SraitbBonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Cbapnian, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii,
41.— Lcsquereni in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkan.sas, 387.— Koib, Dcndrologie, i, .594.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.

C. amara, var. porcina, D.irby, Bot. S. States, 513.

PIG M:T. brown hickory. BLACK HICKORY. SWITCH BUD HICKORY.

Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Jlichigau and Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas,
and the Indian territory, .south to cape Canaveral and Pease creek, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces river,
Texas.

A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 40 {Ridgway) meters in Jicigiil. wiih a Irunk O.OO lo l.."iO meter in diameter;
dry hills and uplands*, common.

Wood ]iea%y, hard, very strong and tougli, flexible, chwegrained, checking in <lrying, containing many largo
open ducts; color, dark or light brown, the thick sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8217;
ash, 0.99; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 135

246. — Carya amara, Nuttall,

flener»,ii,222.— Barton, Compend.n.Philadelph.ii, 180.— Elliott, Sk. ii, C26.— Sprengel, Syet. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States,
358; Fl.N. York, ii, 183.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Spach, Hist. Veg.ii, 177.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1443, f. 1264.—
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 144.— Euierson, Trees Massacliusotts, 199, 1. 15; 2 ed. i,22G & t. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.2C4. —
Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858,255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419. — Curtis in Ecp. Geological Surv.N.
Carolina, 1860, iii, 44.— Lesqueroux in Owen's 2(1 Kep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De CandoUe in Ann-
Sci. Nat. 4 ser.xviii, 36,t. l,f.2, t. 5, f. 53-55; Prodr.xvi^ 144.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch,
Dendrologie, i, 592.— Young, Bot. Texas, .500. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 178. — Bell in Geologickl
Kcp. Canada, 1879-'80, 52"=.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77.

Jliglans alba minima, Marshall, Arbustum, 68.

Juglans cordiformis, Waugcnheim, Amer. 25, t. 10, f. 25.

Juglans aiigustifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504 [not Aiton].

Juglans amara, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 177, t. 4 ; 3 ed. i, 116, t. 33.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638.

Hickorivs amara, Rafiuesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 109.

BITTER NUT. SWAMP HICKORY.

Southern Maine to the valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west through Ontario, central Michigan and
Mmnesota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to the Chattahoochee region of
western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps,
in low ground, or often on dry, rich uplands.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close graiued, checking iu drying; layers of annual growth marked by
several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark browu, the thick sap wood light
brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.755L'; ash, 1.03; largely used for hoops, ox-yokes, etc.

247. — Carya myristicaeformis, Nuttall,

Genera, ii, 222.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 626.— Sprougel, Syst. ii, 849.— Eaton, Mauuiil, 6 ed. 83.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. ii, 179.— Penn. Cycl. v,332.—
Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451, f. 1275.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 1833.— Ch.ipman, Fl. S. States, 419.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci.
Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 6, f. 58; Prodr. xvi-, 145.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 595.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
24.— Ravenel in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, -ri, 81.

Juglans myristicwformin, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 211, t. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 135, t. 39.— Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, G38.— Poirct, Suppl. iv, 112.— Ratinesquo, Fl. Ludoviciana, 161.

G. amara, var. myriKtica'formis, Cooiier in Smithsouian Rep. 1858, 255.

NUTSIEG HICKORY.

South Carolina, " Goose creek " (Michaiw), " Berkeley district " {Eavenel) ; Arkansas, valley of the Aikansaa
river (Pine BluO', Leiterman), south to the Ked River valley.

A tree L'l to 30 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; sandy ridges along the borders of
streams and swamps; rare and very local in South Carolina ; more common and reaching its greatest development
in southern Arkansas.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, compact, containing numerous small open ducts,
layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thiu, not
conspicuous; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O.SOIG; ash, 1.00.

248. — Carya aquatica, Nuttall,

Geuora, ii, 222.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 627.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 8;l.— Spach, Hist. Yog. ii, 179.— Poun. Cycl. ri,
332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1444, f. 1265, 1266.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Sehcolo iu Ra>mcr, Texas, 447.— D.irby, Bot. 8.
States, 514.— Cbapmau, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Kep. Gcologieal Surv.N. Carolina, 18t50, iii, 44.— Lesquereux in Owen's 3d
Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. Do CandoUo iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, 1. 1, f. 4, t. 5, f. 56, 57 ;
Prodr. xvi', 144.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 593.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— A'asey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.

Juglans aquatica, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 182, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 119, t. 34.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept, ii,
638.— Poirot, Suppl. iv, 112.

Uicorius intcgrifolia, Rafinesquo, Fl. Ludoviciana, 109.

C. integri/olia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451.

136 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WATER niCKOKY. SWAMP HICKOKY. BITTER PECAN.

North Carolina, in the lower districts, south to capo Malabar and tho Caloosa river, Florida (in Florida not
detected within S or 10 miles of the coast), throngh the Gulf states to western Louisiana, northeastern Aikansas,
and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.

A tree IS to 21 metei-s in height, with a trunk 0.(J0 (o 0.90 meter in diameter, or generally much smaller; low
river swamps; most common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the lowei' Mississippi
and Vazoo rivers.

Wood heavy, soft, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, containing few scattered, open ducts;
layers of annual growth less clearly marked than in the other species of the genus; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light, often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.7407 ; ash, 1.27 ; used for
fencing, fuel, etc.

MYRIOACE^.

249. — Myrica cerifera, Liimicus,

Spec. 1 ed. 1024.— Kalni, Travels, English cd. i, th2.— JIi<rsli.ilI, ArbiiBtum, 94.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 592; 111. iii, 402, t. 809, f. I.—
Gartner, Fruct. i, 190, t. 30, f. 7.— Waltor, Fl. Caroliniana, 242.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 396; 2 cd. v, 379.— Muincli, Moth. 302.—
B. .S. Barton, Coll. ii, 4.— Xouveau Duhamel, ii, 190.— Schknbr, Handl). iii, 465, t. 322.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 745; Eniini. 1011 ; Berl. Baumz. 254.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 614.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 472. — Titford, Hort,
Bot. Am. 100.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 020.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 235 ; Trans. Am. Phil. See. 2 ser. v, 167.— Bigolow, Med. Bot. iii,
32, t. 43; Fl. Boston. 3 cd. 394.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 197.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 678.— Sprengcl, Syst. i, 493.— Torrey, Compcnd. Fl. N.
States, 372; Fl. X. York, ii, 197.— KaUnesque, Med. Bot. ii, 244.— Eaton, Maunal, 6 ed. 231.— Bock, Bot. 324.— Loudon, Arboretum,
iv, 2057, f. 1968.- LLudley, Fl. Med. 305.— Uictrich, Syn. i, 551.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 324.— Spach, Hist. Vog. xi, 263.— Euicrson,
Trees Massachusetts, 224 ; 2 cd. 1,2.56 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Chapniiin, Fl. S. States, 426.— Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 100. — Lesquorcux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.- Wood, CI. Book, 050 ; Bot. & Fl. 309.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 312. — C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 scr. xviii, 21, t. 3, f. 32; Prodr. xvi^, 148. — Lawson in Trans. Bot.
See. Edinburgh, vlii, 108. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 457.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 663. — Young, Bot. Texas, 511. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 28.

M. Peniuylvanica, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 592.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 472.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 190, t. 55.— Pursh, FL
Am. .Sept. ii, 620.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 493.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 232.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 325.— Spach, Hist. Veg.
xi, 262.

M. CaroUnenais, Miller, Diet. No. 3. — Wangenh<'im, Anier. 102. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 746; Enum. 1011. — Alton, Hort. Kow.
2 ed. V, 379.— Pnrhh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 020.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 235.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 678.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 232.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 324.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.

M. cerifera hutnUig, Marshall, Arbustum, 95.

M. cerifera, var. lalifoUa, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 396.

.1/. cerifera, var. media, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 427.

J/, cerifera, var. arhorescens, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.

M. cerifera, var. pumila, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.— PiirKh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 020.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 427.

M. cerifera, var. anf/ustifolia, C. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 148.

.1/. cerifera sempertirens, Hort.

HAYBEURY. WAX MYRTLE.

Shores of lake Erie; Maine, and south near the coast to the Florida keys and southern Alabama.

A tree sometimes 12 meter.s in height, witii a trunk 0..30 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or, except in tho southern
states, a low, muclibraiicheil shrub ; usually on sandy beaches and dry hillsides, reaching its greatest development
in the bottoms and rich hummocks of the Georgia and Florida coasts.

Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O..00.'57 ; ash, O.iil.

The leave* and stimulant and astringent bark of the roots sometimes employed by herbalists {Am. Jour.
Pharm. 180.3, VJ.i.— U. .S". IHnpenHatory, 11 i'A. 2.">7, MWt.—Nat. Dinpcmatory, 2 ed. 941). Tho wax which covers the
small globidar fruit, formerly largely c(jllected and made into candles, and now, under the name of myrtlc-wax,
a popular remedj- in the treatment of dysentery.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

137

250. — Myrica Californica, Cbamisao,

Linnoea, vi, 535.— Bentham, PI. Hartwog. 336; Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, ICO.— Hooker &. Arnott, Bot. Beechey
:!90.— Lindley iu Jour. London Hort. Soc. vii, 282.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137 ; Bot. Wilkes Expcd. 4C5.— N'eCTberry
in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^, 08.— C. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 153.- Gray In Proc. Am. Acad, vii,
401.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 81.

? M. Xalapensis, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Bccchey, ICO.

Cape Foulweatber, Oregon, south near the coast to the bay of Monterey, California.

A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or
toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub; sandy beaches and gravelly hillsides.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin,
conspicuous ; color, light rose, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.G703 ; a.sh, 0.33.

CUPULIFER^.

251. — Quercus alba, Linnieus,

Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 270, t. 5, f. 5.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Marshall, Arbustum, 119.— Wangenheim, Amer. 12, t. 3, C
6. — Walter, Fl. Carolluiana, 235. — Aiton, Hort. Ke^v. iii, 358; 2 ed. v, 293. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, U, t. 80,87. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-
Am. ii, 195. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 448; Enum. 977;
Berl. Baumz. 346.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 570.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 508.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 13, t. 1; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. i, 22, 1. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 633.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelpb. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 17.— Eaton,
Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,215; Sylva, i, 14; 2 ed. i, 24.— Xouvcau Dubamel, vii, 175.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 158. —
Elliott, Sk. ii, 607.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 864.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 192.— Audubon, Birds, t. 107,
147.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1864, f. 1723-1726 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 158.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :185.—
Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 375.— Spach, Hist. Veg. si, 155.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 127, t. 1; 2 ed. i, 145 & t.— GritBth,
Med. Bot. 585.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 437.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 266.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
511.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendcl iu Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 613, t. 1.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423. — Curtia
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 31. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 645 ; Bot. Jk
Fl. 306.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 257.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 22.— Orstcd in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden.
Meddclt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 66.— Liebmann, ChSnes Am. Trop. t. xxxiii, 29, 30, 58, 59.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 450; Hall's PI.
Texas, 21. — Koch, Dcudrologie, ii=, 50. — Young, Bot. Texas, 505. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, iii, 60. — Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Britton in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, viii, 126. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada,
1879-'80, 52^- Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 78.

?Q. Sinuaia, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.

Q. alba, var. pbinatijida, Michaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 4, t. 5, f. 1 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 195.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1S&4.

Q. alba, var. repanda, Mich.aux, Hist. Chenes Am. No.4,t. 5,f.2.— Pursh,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 633.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 159.—
Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1864.

Q. alba, xar. pinnatifidosinvata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 158.

Q. alba, var. sinuata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 159.

Q. alba, var. microcarpa, A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xyi-,-2-2.

WHITE OAK.

Northern Maine, valley of the Saint Lawrence river, Ontario, lower peninsula of Michigan to southeastern
Minnesota, south to the Saint John's river and Tampa bay, Florida, west to the valley of Xodaway river. Missouri,
western Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.

A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 45 meters iu height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 meters in diameter;
all soils; very common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the Alleghany
mountains and in the valley of the Ohio river and its tributaries, here often forming more than half the forest
growth.

Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, liable to cheek unless carefully seasoned, durable in
contact with the soil; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary
rays broad, prominent ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter brown ; spccitic gravity, 0.7470; ash, 0.41 : largely useil
in shipbuilding, construction of all sorts, cooperage, in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implementj^, and
baskets, and for railway ties, fencing, interior liiush, cabinet making, fuel, etc.

A decoction of the astringent inner bark is emi)loyed medicinally iu cases of hemorrhage, dysentery, etc. (U,
8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 755. — Xat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 119G),

138 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

252. — Quercus lobata, .\ce,

Ann. Cienc. Nat. iii, 278. — Smith iu Rimjs' Cycl. xsx, Xo. TT. — I'oisooii, Syu. ii.'iTl. — Noiiveau Uuhamcl, vii, 180. — Poiret, Suppl. il,
2-24.— Boutham.Pl. Hartwoj,'. :!37.— Liebiuauu in Daiisk. Vi<li-usk. Selsk. Foilinmll. 1S.')4,14; CbOm-s Am. Trop. 23, t. 42, f. 1-3.—
Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bouuilary Survey, 205; Bot. Wilkes ExpeU. 461, t. 15.— A. De Caiulolle, Piodr. ivi«, 24.— Koch, Demlrologie,
ii', 53. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelinanu iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 388; Wheeler's Eop. vi,374; Bot. California. ii,'J5.

Q. nindxii, Bentham, Hot. Sulphur, 55.— Eudlichcr, Genera, Suppl. iv. 24.— Walpers, Ann. i, G35.— Torrey iu Paoilic R. K.
Rep. iv, 13-i; v, 3tK>.— Newberry in Paeilie K. R. Rep. vi, 29, St), 1. 1, f. 7.— Cooper in Smithsonian Ke]>. lt,'.8, 201.—
Bolamler in Proc. Califoniia Acad, iii, 230. — Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nut. For. Viden. Meddelt. 18GC, Nos. 1-0,
66. — Liebmann,Ch6nes Am. Trop. t. 42, f. 4. — R. Brown Campst. Hone Sylvauie, 52, f. 1-3.

Q. longiglanda, Torrey in Fremont's Geographical Mem. California, 15, 17.

Q. Eansomi, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i,25.

WniTE OAK. WEEPING OAK.

Ciilifoiiiia, west of the Siena Nevadas from the valley of the ui)i)ei' Saeiainoiito river south through the foot-
■faills and interior valley.s to the San Bernardino niouutaius.

The hirge.st of the Paeitie oaks, often ;?(• nieter.s in height, witli a trunk 0.00 to 2.10 meters in diameter; very
common through the central part of the .state.

Wood moderately hard, line-grained, compact; layer.s of annual growth marked by few large open ducts and
containing few .smaller ducts arranged in lines i)arallcl to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light
brown, the .sjip-wootl lighter; .siiecific gravity, 0.7409; ash, 0.30; of little economic value, and only used for fuel.

253. — Quercus Garryana, Douglas;

Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechcy, 391.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 1, 1. 1 ; 2 ed. i, 14, 1. 1.— Torrey iu Pacific R. R.
Rep. iv, 13-i; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 402.— Newberry iu Pacitic R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Smith.sonian Rep. 1858, 2G0; Pacilic R.
R. Rep. xii', 28, 68; Am. Na,r. iii, 407.— Lyall in Jour. Liunaian Soc. vii, 131, 144.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 24.— Bolauder iu
Proc. California Acad, iii, 229.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. lleddelt. 18C0, Nos. 1-C, 66.— Kothrock in Smithsonian
Rep. lr!58, 435. — Liebmann, Ch6nes Am. Trop. t. 40, f. 3. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, -'5. — Engelniann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii,
380; Bot. California, ii, 9.5. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new sor. is, 330.

Q. Seai, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173; Chines Am. Trop. 23, t. xli,f. 1, 2.

Q. Douglasii, var. fNeeei, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 24.

Q. (Emtediana, R. Brown Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871,2.

<^. Jocohi, \i. Brown Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871.7.

WHITE OAK.

Vancouver's i.sland, shores of Puget sound,. south tlirough western Washingtcm territory, Oregon, and California
to San Francisco bay ; in Washington territory and Oregon extending to the eastern slopes of the Ca.scade mountains.

A tree 21 to 30 meters iu height, with a trunk O.liO to ((.90 meter in diameter, or at liigli elevations reduced to a
low shnib; dry, ^avelly sod ; cftmmon.

Wood strong, hard, that of the young trees tough, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by
one to three rows of o))en ducts ; nn'ilullary rays, varying greatly in width, often cons|ticuous; color, light brown
or yellow, the .sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specilic gravity, 0.74.'>3; ash, 0.39; somewhat used for carriage
and coo|(eragc stock, in cabinet-making, ship-building, and very largely for fuel; the best substitute for eastern
•white oak produced in the PaciUc forests.

254. — Quercus obtusiloba, Miehanx,

Hist. Chfines Am. No. 1, t. 1; Fl. Bor.-Aiii. ii, l'.M.— Smith in Ree.s' Cycl. xXx, No. 78.— Miclmnx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 36, t. 4; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, :I6, t. 5.— Pumh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 632.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Barton, Conipend. Fl. Philadelph. ii,
171.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 606.— Torrey, Compeml. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 190.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 eil.
29:5.- London, Arboretum, iii, 1H70, f. 1732 &. t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Schcele in Rojmei,
Texaa, 446. -Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 ed. 265.— Darby, Bot. S. StatOH, 511.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.'>5.— Brendel in
Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 615, t. U. —Chapman, Fl. S. St.iti's, 423.— Curtis in l£ip. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 32. —
I^sfjuerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :i87. — Wood, CI. Book, 615 ; Bot. & Fl. 300. — Engnlmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser.
xii, 200.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. 1866, Nos. 1-6, 66.— Lifsbmann, Clifines Am. Trop. t. II, t. 33, f.
60.— Gray, Mannul N. Statca, 5 ed. 451 ; Hall's, PI. Texas. 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 505.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 139

Q. alba minor, Jlarsball, Arbustum, 120.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in None Schriftcn GcsfU. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395.

Q. steUata, WaDgenbeim, Araer. 78, t. 6, f. 15. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 77. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 452; Enum,977; Berl.
Baiimz. 34'J. — Persoon, Syn. ii, .'>70. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2ed. v, 294. — Nouveau Dubamel.vii, 180. — Hayne, Dend. Fl.
161.— Xuttall.Sylva.i, 13; 2 ed. i,23.—Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, loC.— Emerson, Treos Ma.'wachusett'S, 133, t. 3; 2ed. i,151&
t. — A. Do Caiidolle, Prodr. xvi", 22. — Koch, Deudrologie, iii, 7>2. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engclmann in Tran& St.
Louis Acad, iii, 389. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 84. — Watson in Proe. Am. .\c.id, xviii, 15C.

fQ. rillosa, Walter, Fl.Caroliniana. 235.

Q. lobulata, Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 47. 4

f Q. Drummondii, Liobumnn in Dansk. Videusli. Selsk. Forliandl. 18.')4, 170.— A. De CandoUc, Prodr. xvi', 24.

Q. obtuniloha, xar. 2)arvifolia, Chapman,FI.S. States, 423.

Q. SteUata, var. Floridana, A.De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 22.

POST OAK. IRON OAK.

Martha's Viiicjaid, Massacliusctt.'^, .south to uortbern Florida, west tbrough southern Ontario and ^licbigan to
•eastern Nebi-aska, Kansas, the Indian territory, and extending to the one hundredth meridian in central Texas.

A tree rarely exceeding 24: meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter, or on the Florida
coast reduced to a low shrub (var. parvifoUa, etc.); dry, gravelly uplands, clay barrens, or iu the southwest on
Cretaceous formations; the most common and widely-distributed oak of the Gulf states west of the Mis.sissippi
river, forming the principal growth of the Texas "cross-timbers."

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, checking badly in drying, very durable iu contact with the soil;
layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of not hirge open duets; medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous; color, dark or light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specitic gravity, 0.S367; ash, 0.79: largely used,
especially in the southwest, for fencing, railway ties, and fuel, and somewhat for carriage stock, cooi>erage,
■construction, etc.

255. — Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, Engelmann,
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 249.

Q. Gambelii, Nultall in Jour. Philadelphia Acad, new ser. i, 179.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172, 1. 13 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 205.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2C0.— Liehmann, Chfines Am. Trop. 22, t. 40, f. 1.— Hemsley, Bot.
Am.-Cent. iii, 171.

Q. alba, var.? Ounnisonii, Torrey iu Pacific R.R. Rep. ii, 130.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 321.— Porter in Hayden's Eep.
1871, 493.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Sur\-. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 127.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-'76, 209.

Q. Douglasii, var. Gambelii, A.De Caudollc, Prodr. xvi^ 23.

Q. SteUata, var. Utahensis, A. Do Caudolle, Prodr. xvi", 22.

f Q. Emoryi, Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 127 [not Torrey].

SCRUB OAK.

Near the mouth of the Pecos river (Uacard), through the mountains of western Texas, and New Mexico to the
Santa Catalina {Lemmon, Fringle) and San Francisco mountains, Arizona, eastern slopes of the Kocky mouutains
of Colorado north to the valley of the Platte river, and through the AVahsatch mountaius of Utah.

A small tree, rarely 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes (>.(iO meter in diameter, or often a low shrub
spreading from underground shoots anil forming dense thickets, reaching its greatest develoinnent on the high
mouutains of southern Xew Mexico and Arizona; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.

Wood lieavy, hard, strong, that of young trees quite tough, close-grained, checking badly iu drying ; layers of
annual growth marked by few not large open duets; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, rich dark
brown, the sap-wood lighter; speciOc gravity, 0.8407; ash, 0.99; largely used for fuel, and iu Utah the bark iu
tanning.

140 FOREST TREf:S OF NORTH AMERICA.

256. — Quercus macrocarpa, Miclumx,

Hist. Chdues Am. Xo. 2, t. 2, 3 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,.194.— WilUlcnow, Spec, iv, 453; Enum. 977; Berl. Bimmz. 350.— Smith in Eees' Cycl.
sxx, Xo. sjO. — PcTsoon,S,vn. ii,570. — Poirt't, Suppl. ii,254.— Mitbaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,34,t.3 ; N. American S.vlva,3eJ.i,35, t.4. —
Pursh, KI. Am. S<^pt. ii, 632.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, •J15.— Xouveau Diiliamcl, vii, 182.— Hayne, Dend. I'l. 161.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, iMXi.—
Tom-y, Compt-ml. Fl. N. States, X".9; Kieollct's Bcp. IGO; Fl. N.York, ii, 191, t. lOS.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Eaton. Manual, 6 ed. 293.—
Loudon, ArlMjretnm, iii, l!!<>0, f. 1731 & t.— Eaton &. Wriglil, Bot. 3j^. — Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 159. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts,
132, t. 2; 2 ed. i, 149 & t. — Scheele in Ropmer, Texas, 440. — Kiebardson, Arctic Expcd. 437. — Cooper in Smithsonian Ecj). ]S.")8,
255. — Brendcl in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. 131. t. 5, f. 21. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas,
3S7.— Wood, CI. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Engelmaiin in Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. now ser. xii, 209 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 389.—
A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 20.— Orsted in Sacrskitt. Aft ryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddolt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 67.— Liebmann, Cbfnes Am.
Trop. t. G, t. 33, f. 27, 28.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii", 51.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.— ^Vinchell in
Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills, 68. — Hay den in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Broadhead
in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — J. F. James in Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 1 & t. — Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1382,
81. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49<^. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156.

Q. oUrw/ormis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am, ii, 32, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 33. t. 3.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx, No. 91.—
Pursh, F). Am. Sept. ii,C32.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215; Sylva,i,14; 2 ed. i,24.— Nouvcau Duhamel, vii, 181.— Sprengol,
Syst. iii, 864.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.— Fl. N. York, ii, 191.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
293.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1869, f. 1730.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.385.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 159.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 1 ed. 414.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 20.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6,
1666,67. — Engelmaun iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 391.

Q. obtusiloba, rar. depressa, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.

Q. macrocarpa, var. oUcwformis, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 404 ; 5 ed. 451.

Q. macrocarpa, var. ahhreviata, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 20.

Q. macrocarpa, var. minor, a. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 20.

Q. SteUata, var. depressa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 23.

BUER OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK. OVEK-CUP OAK.

Nova Scotia, Xew Brunswi<jk, northern sliore.s of lake Ilnrou to lake Winnipeg, soutb to the valley of the
Penobscot river, Maine (C. E. Hamlin), and along the shores of lake Chaui])lain and the valley of the Ware river,
Ma.ssachusetts, to Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, west to the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky mountains of Montana,
central Nebraska and Kansas, southwest to the Indian territory and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas.

A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 50 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20'
to 2.10 meters iu diameter; rich bottoms and prairies; iu the prairie region the principal growth of the "oak
openings", and extending farther west and nortliwest than any oak of the Atlantic forests.

Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, more durable in contact with the soil tlian that of
other American oaks ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of small open ducts; medullary rays
often broad and conspicuous; color, dark or rich light brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7453;
ash, 0.71; generally confounded with the less valuable white oak ((^. alba), and employed for the same ])urposcs.

257. — Quercus lyrata, Walter,

Fl. Caroliuiana,235. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t.83. — Michaux, Hist. Chines Am. No. :!,t.4; Fl. lior.-Am. ii, 19,"). — Willdiuovv, Spec,
iv, 453. — Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx. No. 79. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 570. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 224. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Ana. ii, 42, t. 5 ; N.
American .Syl va, 3 ck\. i, 39, t. 6.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 295.— Puish, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, G32.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 181.— Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 215.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 607. — Spreugel, Syst. xi, 156. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1H71, f. 1733,
1734.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 386.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 1.56.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.%.-
Chapman, Fl. .S. States, 423. — Curtis iu Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 33. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Re]). Arkansas,
387.— Wood, Bot. & FI.30C.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 19.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. MeddeU. Nos.
1-fi, 1886, CO.- Koch, Dendrologie, ii^ 53.— Gray, Hall's PI. Tex.a«,21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.—
Engclmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 3H9. — Eidgw;iy in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns, 1882, 80.

OVEE CUP OAK. SWAMP POST OAK. WATER WHITE OAK.

Nortli Carolina, south near the coast to the Chattidioocher; region of northern Florida, west through Alabama,
Mississippi, and Louisiana .to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern
Missouri (Alienton, Letterman) to middle Tennessee, southern Indiana and Illinois.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk O.W) to 0.!)0 meter in diameter; deep, often subineiged, river
swamps ; rare in the Atlantic stales ; more common and reaching its greatest (Ievelo])ment in tlie valley "<' the Ked
river and the adjacent portions of Arkansas and Texas.

Wood heavy, hanl, strong, tough, very durable in contact with the ground, close-grained, incliiuid to ciieck in
drying ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large oj)en ducts ; medullary rays- broad, numerous,
coii.xpicnous ; color, rich dark browu, the sai)-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8313; asli, 0.05; n.scd for the
same puqmses as that of the white oak [Q. alba).

»

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 141

258. — Quercus bicolor, Willdcnow,

Neue ScTiriften Goeell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, lii, 396 ; Spec, i v, 440.— Smith in Rccs' Cycl. xxx, No. 50.— PereooD, Syn. ii, 560.— Poiret, SoppI
ii, 219.— Pureb, FI. Am. Sept. ii, 63:?.— Eaton , Manual, 107; 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Couipend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 172.— Xutlall, Genera,'
ii, 215; S.vlva, i, 13; 2 ed. i,23.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 165.— SprcnKcl.Syst. iii.SCO.- Torrey, Couipond. Kl. X. .States, 359 ; FI. N.
York, ii, 192.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Bigelow, FI. Boston. 3 cd. 375.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 335.- Emerson, Trees Masgachnsetta, 135, t. 4 ;
2 ed. i, 153 & t.— Buckley in Am. Jonr. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 397.— Darlington, FI. Ceslriea, 3 cd. 266.— Le.sfiuereux in Owen's 2d Bep.
Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 646 ; Bot. & FI. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 20.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For.
Videu. Meddelt. Nos. 1-G, 1866, 67.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5ed.451. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 47. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.. -
EnKoluuiuu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 389. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179. -
Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, SS"^.- Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1862, 79.

? Q. Piinus platanoides, Lamarck, Diet. i, 21.

Q. alba 2>alustris, Marshall, Arbustum, 120.— Muhlenberg & W'illdenow in Neue Schriftcn Gescll. Nat. Fr. Berlio, iii, 3&'>.

Q. PlillUS tommtosa, Mich,mx, Hist. Cbf-nes Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 2 ; FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1676, f. ITSO.

Q. Prinus, var. discolor, Micbaux f. Hist.Arb.Am. ii, 46, t.C; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 41, t. 7.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 255. — Breudel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 617, t. 3. — Chapman, FI. S. States, 424.— Curtis in Bep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34.

Q. bicolor, var. mollis, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Torrey, Compend. FI. N. States, 359.

Q. Prinus, var. bicolor, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 158.

? Q. bicolor, \ilT. 2)l(ltanoideS, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 21.

SWAMP WHITE OAK.

Soutberu Maine, valley of the upper Saint Lawrence river, Ontario, southern peninsula of Michijran to
southeastern Iowa and western Missouri, south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany mountaius to northern
Georgia, northern Kentueky, and northern Arkansas.

A large tree, '2i to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 or, exceptionally, over 3 meters (" Wadsworth
Oak", Geneseo, New York) in diameter; bordei s of streams and swamps, in deep alluvial soil ; common and reaching
its greatest development in the region south of the great lakes.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, inclined to check in seasoning ; layei'S of annual growth marked
by one to three rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad and conspicuous; color, light brown, thesiip-wood
hardly distinguisliable; specific gravity, 0.7C62; ash, O.oS; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak
{Q. allm).

259. — Quercus Michauxii, Nuttall,

Genera, ii, 215 (oxcl. syn.).— Elli>.tt, Sk. ii, 609.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 860.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 386.— Dtrby,
Bot. S. States, 511. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Eugehnanu in Traus. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382. — Wan! in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
22, 113.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,81.

Q. Prinns palustris, Micbaux, Hist. Chfincs Am. No. 5, t.6; FI. Bor-Am. ii, 196.— Michiiux f. Hist. Arb.Am.ii, 51, t. 7; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i,44, t. 8.— Barton, Prodr. FJ. Philadclph. 91. —Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1872, f. 1735 Jt t.

Q. Prinus, var. Michawjcii, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.

Q. Prill us, Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 33, in part.

Q. bicolor, var. Mtchavxii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 390.

BASKET OAK. COW OAIv.

New Oastle county, Delaware, south through the lower and middle districts to northern Florida, through the
Gulf states to th»i valley of the Trinity river, Texas, and tlirough Arkansas and southwestern Missouri to central
Tennessee and Kentucky, and the valley of the lower ^^■abash river.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk L2() to 2.10 meters in diameter; bonlers of streams and deep,
often submerged, swamps ; the common and most vahiable white oak of the (iulf states, reaching its greatest
develoi)ment in the rich bottom lands of southeastern Arkansas and Louisiana.

AYood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily
split; layers of annual growth nuirked by few rather large open ducts; medullary i-ays broad, conspicuous; color,
light brown, the sap wood darker; specific gravity, 0.803!l; ash. 0.4o; largely used in the numutactureof agricidtural
implements, wlieel stocks, baskets, for which it is unsurpassed, for cooi)erage, fencing, construction, and fuel.

The large, sweet, edible acorns eageriy devouretl by cattle and other animals.

142 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

260. — Quercus Prinus, Limuius,

SiKC. 1 od. 995.— Du Koi, Harbk. ii, -TO, t. C. f. :t.— Liiniarck, Diit. i, T'-'O.— Marshall, Aibustiiiii, 1'25.— WangeiiliLiin, Auici-. Vi, t. 4, f.
s;. — Aitox, Hort. Kew. iii, IJoO; 2 ed. v, v.1)0. — Ma-ncli, >Ietb. 'M>i. — Abbot, Iiisecl.s Georgia, ii, t. ^2. — Miihli'nbcrj; & Williioiiow
in Xcue Scbriltcn Gesoll. N.Tt. Fr. I'erliii, iii, '.W. — Miihaiix, 1"1. Bor.-.\m. ii, l'.).'>. — Wilbleuow, Spoc. ir, 4^9; Kiniiii. DT.'i; lierl.
Baumz. 339.— Smith in Kees' Cyd. xxx, Xo. 47.— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 5fia.-J)csfoutiiiuos, Hist. Arb, ii, 509.— Piirsh, I'l. .Vni. Si'))t. ii,
633. — Bartou, Compend. Fl. rhiladeljih. ii, 171. — Xnttall, Genera, ii, 215. — Nouveau Diihamcl, vii, 154. — Ilayuc, Pond. Fl. 155. —
Elliott, Sk. ii, (JOS.— Sprcnjjol, Syst. iii, t59.— Torrey, Comi)end. Fl. N. States, 359.— Audubon, Birds, t. 50, 131.— Beck, Hot. 331.—
Eaton. Manual, ti ed. 294. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1872.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3^5. — Spatb, Hist. Vcg. xi, l.'>7. — IVnn. Cyil. xix,
210. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.2(T7. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858,255. — Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 42:{. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3-7.— Wood, CI. Book, G45; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
2&1.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 21.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Altryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-C>, 07.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 od. 451. — Yonng, Bot. Texas, 501). — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 48. — Vasi>y,Cat. Forest Trees, 2.5. — Engclniaun in Trans. St.
Louis Acad, iii, 390.

Q. Prinus, var. monticola, iliehaux. Hist. Cheiies .Vni. Xo. 5, t. 7; Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii. 190.— Mieb.-.iix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, S.'i,
t.a; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 40, t. 9.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadclph. 91.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1873, f. 1730.—
Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 158. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2;j5.— Cliapniau, Fl. S. Slates, 424. — Curtis in Reii.
Geological Surv. X. Cartdiua, 1800, iii, 34. — Wood, CI. Book, 046. — A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 21. — Gray, Manual K.
States, 5 ed. 451. — A'ascy,Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Bailey in Am. Nat. xiv, 892, f. 1-4.

(J. montana, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 440; Enum. 975; Berl. Baumz. 340.— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 509.— Smith in Roes' Cycl. xxx,
Xo. 49.- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 034.— Eaton, Manual, 107, 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Couipend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 172.—
Xuttall, Genera, ii, 216.— Xouveau Duhamel, vii, 105, t. 47, f. 2.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 150.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 009.— Sprcngol,
Syst. iii, 860.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. X. States, 354; Fl. N. York, ii, 192.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Bigclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed.
377.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :iS.").— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 138, t. 0; 2 ed. i, 156 & t.— Gray, Manual N. States,
1 ed. 414. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 266. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
367. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 263. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.

Q. Prinus, var. lata, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290.

<?. Castanea, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 137, t. 5 ; 2 ed. i, 155 & t. [not Muhlenberg & Willdeuow].

CnESTXUT OAK. ROCK CHESTNUT OAK.

nine bills, eastern Massachusett.s, west to the shores of lake Cbanii)laiii, shores of Quintc bay, Ontario
iMacoun), and the valley of the Genesee river, New York, south to Delaware, and tbiougb the Alleghany Jlouiitain
region to northern Alabama, extending west to central Kentucky and Tennessee.

A tree 24 to .30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rocky banks and hillsides; very
common and reacbing its greatest development in the southern Alleghany region, here often forming a largo
portion of the forest growth.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, durable in contact with
the soil, containing few open ducts; medullary rays very broad, consiiicuous; color, dark brown, the sai)-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.7490 ; ash, 0.77 ; largely used in fen(;ing, for railway ties, etc.

The bark, rich in tannin, is largely used in preference to that of oflier North American white oaks in tanning
leather.

261. — Quercus prinoides, willdenow,

Xeuc Schrifteu Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 397; Spec, iv, 440. — Persoon, Syn. ii, .J09. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 219.— Xouveau Duhamel,
vii, 106.— Torrey, Fl. X. York, ii, 193, 1. 109.— Gray, Manual X. States, 1 ed. 415.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 207.— Chapman,
Fl. 8. State", 424.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 35. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 387.—
Wood, CI. Book, 646. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 49. — Young, Bot. Texas, 506. — Engclmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 391.

Q. Prinus humilis, Marshall, Arhnstnm, Pi'i.- Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.452.

Q. Castanea, Muhlenberg &, Willdenow in Xeue Schrifteu Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 39C[not Xec].— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 441 1
Enum. 976; Herl. Bauniz. 341.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 509.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 034.— .Smith in Rees' Cyel. xxx. No. 51.—
IViret, Suppl. ii, 219.— Eaton, Manual, 107; 0 ed. 294.— Barton, Compoiid. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 172.— Xutlall, Genera, ii,
216.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. l.")0.— Elliott, Sk. ii, OKI.— .Sprengel, Syst. iii,800.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 354; FI.N.
York, ii, 193.- Beck, Bot. 331.— Eaton & Wright , Bot. 3h5.— Gray, Manual X. States, 1 ed. 415.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica,
3 ed. 207.— Darby, Bot. S. States,5ll.— Bri'udel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 619, t. 4.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.—
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. X. Carolina, \>-M), iii, 34. — Lesiinereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI.
Book, 646.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Xat. For. Vidcn. Meddelt. Xofl. 1-6, 1860, OS.— Liebmiinn, Chf^nes Am. Trop,
t. H, K. Si. 33, f. 31, 32.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.

Q. Prinus, var. acuminata, Michaux, HisLChenes Am.Xo. .'>, t.8; FI.Bor.-Ani. ii, 190.— Michaux f. Hist. Aili. Am. ii,OI, t.
9 ; N. AiEerican Sylva, 3 ed. i, 49, 1. 10.— Nonveau Duhamel, vii, 167.— Lomlon, Arboretum, iii, 187.5, f. 1037.— Cooper in-
Smithdonian Kep. 1858, 255.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.

Q. Prinus pumila, Michaux, Hisf.Chtnes Am.Xo. 5, t.9,r.l; Fl. lior.-Am. ii, 190.— Lond<m, Arboretum, iii, 1875, f. 1738,

p

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TliKi:s. 143-

Q. Prinus Chinquapin, Mkliaux f. IUkI. AiU. Am. ii, a,, l. Ui: \. Amerirau .Sjivn, :!(m1. i. :jO, t. II.— A. Dp CandoUc,
Prodr. xvi", 21.

Q. Chinquapin, I'ms-li, I'l. Am. Sept. ii, (i^.).— Smidi in Rces' Cytl. xxx, No. 4f^.— Nuttall, Otuera, ii. UK;.— Elliott, Sk. ii.OU.—
Torioy, Compeiid. Kl. N. States, 354.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Ealon, Manual,!; t(l.i:94.—Darliugtuu, I'l. Cettt rica, 2 c-d. 536. —
Eaton &, Wright, Bot.:i85. — Bigclow, I'l. Bobtou.3 ed. 377. — Eniersor, Trees MaxsacIinHetts, 140; 2 id. i, lir &. t. —
D.arby, Bot. S. States, Dll.

Q. Prinus, var. oblongata, Alton, llort. Kcw. v, 290.

Q. Prinus, \i\r. j^ri'iioides, Wood, Bot. & Fl. 30G.

Q. Mlthlcnhcrgii, Engdmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad. iii. r)91.— G. D. Buller in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 77.— Ridgway
ill Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18S2, 82.

YELLOW OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. CHINQUAPIN OAK.

Easloiii Massachusetts, shores of lake Champlain, west along the nortbern shores of lakes Ontario ami Erie,
tbrongh soiilheru Jlichigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory; south to Delawaie and
through tlie Alleyhany region to northern Alabama and Mississippi, southwest to the Guadalupe mountains,
western Te.xas {Harard).

A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 meters {Eidgiroi/) in height, with a trunk O.liO to 0.00 meter in
diameter ((j). Mnhlenbergii), or often, especially toward the eastern and western limits of its range, reduced to a
low, slender shrub [Q.prinoidis) ; dry hillsides and low, rich bottoms ; rare, except as a shrub, east of the Alleghany
mountains ; very common in the Mississipjii Eiver basin, and reaching its greatest develoimieut in southern
Arkansas.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the
soil; layers of annual growth marked by rows of small open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color,
dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specitic gravity, O.StiOD ; ash, 1.14; used for cooperage, wheel stock,
fencing, railway ties, etc.

The small acorns sweet and edible.

NoTK.— Ditlerenccs in tho size and habit of individnals of this specie.', thus enlarged, seem to be dependent upon s<iil and climate,
numerous iutonuediate forms connecting the extremes of eastern Massachusetts and the Mississipiii valley.

262. — QuerCUS Douglasii, Hooker & Amott,

Bot. Beeehey, 391.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 382, 383.— Benthaui, PI. Hartweg. 337; Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 10, t. 4; 2 od.
i, 20, t. 4.— Torrey in Pacific R. E. Rep. v, 365 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 462.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 200.— A. Dc Candol'.e,
Prodr. XTi-', 23. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 230.— Orstedin Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Yidcn. Meddelt. Xos. 1-6,
66.— Liebinann, Chfnes Aiii. Trop. t. 41, f. 3, 4.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 392 ;.
Bot. California, ii, 95. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.

(,>. oJihingiJ'fdia, var. hrcrilohaia, Torrey in Bot. Wilkes Exped. 460.

MOUNTAIN WHITE OAK. BLUE OAK.

California, from about latitude 30°, south along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevadas below 4.000 feet
elevation, and through the Coast ranges to the San Gabriel nu)untains.

A tree IS to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.20 meter in diameter: common on the low foot hills
of tho sierras.

Wood very hard, heavy, strong, brittle, inclined to cheek in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several
rows of small oi)en ducts and containing many scattered grou|)s of suutller ducts; medidlary rays numerous,
varying greatly in width; color, dark brown, becoming nearly black with exposure, the thick .-^ap-wood light
brown; si)ecific gravity, 0.8928; ash, 0.8 1.

263. — Qucrcus oblongifolia, Tonvy.

Sitgreavcs' Rep. 173 : Bol. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Cooper in Sniilhsouiau Kep. 1858, 2lil.— A. De Caudolle. Prodr.
xvi', 36.— Watson, I'l. Wheeler, 17.— Vasey, Cnt. Forest Trees, 26. -Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 3',>3 : Bot. Calil'oniia,.

ii, 96.

Q. Ulldillald, var. ahlongata, Kngelnuuui in Wheeler's Kep. vi. 2,".0.

144 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WHITE OAK.

California, foot-bills of the San Gabriel mountains, and in San Diego county (bere occupying a narrow belt, 30
miles in widtb some 30 miles from tbe coast, Parish Brothers) ; foot-bills of tbo niouutain ranges of soutbern Arizona
and Xew Mexico; soutbward into ilexico.

A small evergreen tree, 1 J to 15 meters in beigbt, witb a trunk O.-l.J to (».(J0 meter in diameter ; tlie hirge
specimens generally boUow and defective.

Wood very beavy, bard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, eliecking badly in drying; layers of annual growth
hardly distiuguisbable, containing few small open duets arranged iu many groups iiarallel to tbe bread and very
consjiieuous medullary rays; color, very dark brown or almost black, tbe thick sap-wood brown; specific gravity,
0.9-141 ; asb, 2.61 ; of little economic value except as fuel.

264. — Quercus grisea, Liebmauu,

Dansk. Vidcnsk. Sclsk. Forbandl. 1554,13; Chdnes Am. Trop. t. 4G, f. 1,2.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 35.— Orstcd in Saerskitt.
Aftr>k. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddclt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 78.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad,
xviii, 15C.

Q. pungens, Licbmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forbandl. 1654,13; CbCnes Am. Trop. 22, t. 45, f. 1-3.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi^, 30.— Orstod in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, G9.— Eusby in Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club ix, 7S. '

Q. undldata, var. grisea, Eogeimaun iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382; AVbeeler's Rep. vi, 250.

Q. undulata, var. pungens, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 392 ; 'Wbcelors Rep. vi, 250 ; Bot. California, ii, 96.—
Palmer iu Am. Nat. xii, 596.

Q. undulata, var. Wrighiii, Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382, 392.

WHITE OAK.

ilountains of soutbern Colorado and western Texas {Harard), Kouthern New Mexico and Arizona from 5,000 to
10,000 feet elevation, west to the Colorado desert of California; southward into northern Mexico.

A tree 15 to l.'4 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.CO meter in diameter, or reduced to a low,
mncbbrancbed shrub ; a polymorphous species, varying greatly in habit and in tbe shape and texture of the leaves,
but apparently well characterized by its connate cotyledons; tbe large specimens generally hollow and defective.

^^■ood very heavy, strong, bard, close-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by
one or two rows of small open ducts, these connected by rows of similar ducts parallel to the numerous conspicuous
medullary rays; color, very dark brown, the thick sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 1.0092; ash, 1.82.

265. — Quercus reticulata, Humboldt & Bouplimd,

PI. iEquin. ii, 40, t. 86.— Poirct, Suppl. v, 609.— Sprcngel, Syst. iii, 860.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1944, f. 1865.— Micbaux f. N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 90.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 33.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6,
07.— Liebmann, Cbtncs Am. Trop. t. H, t. 34, f. 10-16, t. 35, f. 15-22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann iu Trans. St.
Louis Acad, iii, 383; Wbeeler's Rep. vi, 250.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. iii. 176.— Watson In Proc. Am. Acnd. xviii, 156. T

Q. Spicata, Ilumbolt & ISonpland, PI. ZCquin. ii, 46, t. 89.— Bentbani, PI. Ilartweg. No. 429.

Q. decipiens, Martens & Galeotti iu Bull. Brux. v, 10.

f Q. reticulata, var. Greggii, A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 34.— HerasUy, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 176.

Southeastern Arizona, Sau Francisco and Santa l{ita moiuitaius from 7,000 to 10,000 feet elevation ; southward
into northern Mexico.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk (»..'{0 to 0.15 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes.

Wood very beavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many small, scattered, open
ducts; medullary rays numerous, very broad ; color, dark brown, tbe sajj-wood lighter; s])ecilic gravity, 0.9479;
asb, 0.52.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 145

266. — Quercus Durandii, Bnckley,

Proo. Philadolpliia Acad. 1860,445; 1881, I21.-Gray, Ilall'B PI. Texu8, '21.— Young, Bot. TtXM, 507.— Vasey, Cat. Forest TreM, iJ6.—
Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, i.'iG.

Q. obtUJiifoUa, var. f brevUoha, Torroy, Bot. Mox. Boundary Survey, 206.

Q. anmdata, Buckley in Proc. Philadolpliia Acad. IHCO, 445.

Q. San-Saheana, Buckley in Youug, Bot. Ti-sas, 507.

Q. undvlata, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 392, in part [not Torreyl.

Aliibaina, Wilcox county (Bvckley), valley of the Little Cababa river, Bibb county {Mohr); Shreveport,
Louisiana?, {Bucldcy); Texas, Dallas {Reverchov), valley of tbe Colorado river {Bvckley, Mohr, Sargent), west and
south.

A tree 21 to 2i inetcr.s in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich bottom lands or dry mesas
and limestone hills, then reduced to a low shrub, forming- dense, impenetrable tbickets of great extent (Q. San-
Sabeana); rare and local in Alabama; the common and most valuable wbite oak of western Texas.

Wood very heavy and hard, stronj^, brittle, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth
marked by few large opeu duels; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; si>ecific
gravity, 0.9507 ; ash, 1.78 ; used lor the same purpo.ses as that of the white oak (Q. alba).

267. — Quercus virens, Alton,

Hort. Kew. iii, 356 ; 2 ed. v, 287.— Bartram.Travels, 2 cd. 82.— Micbaux, Hist.Chfues Am. No. 6, 1. 10, 11 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.- Willdenow,
Spec, iv, 425; Enum.974. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 264. — Smiih in Kees' Cycl. xxx. No. 5. — Persoon, Syn. ii,567.— DesfontTines, Hist.
Arb. ii,507.—Poiri>t,Suppl.ii, 213.— Micbaux f. lli.st. Arb. Am. ii, 07, t. 11; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 52, 1. 12.- Pursh, Fl. Ani.
Sept. 11,026.- Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 16; 2 cd, i,'J8.— Nouvcau Dubamel, vii, 151.— Elliott, Sk. ii,595.— Sprengul.Syst. iii,
868.— Cobbett, Woodlands, 446. —Eaton, Manual. 0 ed.2y4.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1918, f. 1802, 1803 & t.— Eatou Sc Wrigbt.Bot.
385.— Spacb, Hist. Veg.xi, 177. -Engelmann & Gray in Jour.Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234.— Schtele in Rcemer, Texa.s, 446 ; Appx.
147.— Penu. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darby , Bot. S. States, 510.— Torrey , Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206.- Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
255.— Chapman, Fl, S. States, 421.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 35.— Wood, CI. Book, 643 ; Bot. & Fl. 305.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 203.— A. Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi'-', 37.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Meddell. Nos. l-t"i, l». —
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmauu, Cheues Am. Trop. t. 33, f. 50-57.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.—
Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 363 ; iv, 191.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 178.— Watson in
Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. „

Q. Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 17.— Koch, Dendrologio, ii^ .57.

Q. Phellos, var. sempervirens, Marshall, Arbustum, 124.

Q. sempervirenti, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 234.

Q. oleoides, Cliamisso & Schlechtendal in Linniea,T, 79.— Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Bnix. x, No. 3.— Orsted in SaersKitt.
Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.

Q. retma, Liebmauu iu Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forbandl. 1854, 187.— Orsted iu Saerskitt. Aftryk. «f. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt.
Nos. 1-0, 1S60, 09.

LIVE OAK.

Mob Jack bay, Virginia, south along the coast to bay IBiscayne and cape Romano, Flonda, along the Gulf
coast to I\Iexico, extending tlirough western Texas to the valley of the Ked river, the Apache and Gaudahii>e
mountains and the mountains of northern .Mexico south of the Kio Grande at 0,000 to 8,000 feet elevation (Iltivord);
in Costa Itiea [Q. rctu^a).

An evergreen tree of great economic value, 15 to 18 nu'ters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 metei-s iu
diameter, or in the interior of Texas nnicli smaller, often shrubby ; on the coast, rich linmuuK'ks and ridges, a few-
feet above water-level; common and reacliiiig its greatest tievelopment in the south Atlantic states.

Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, very clo.se-gniinetl, compiiet, dillicult to work, susceptible of a beautiful

polish; layers ofiuimuil growth obscure, often hardly distinguishable, conlainiug many si^tall open ducts arranged

iu short broken rows i)arallcl to the broad, eonspicucius nu-duUary rays; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wixxi

nearly white; specific gravity, 0.0501; ash, 1.14 ; formerly very largely and now occasionally used iu ship-building.

10 FOE

146 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

268. — Quercus chrysolepis, Lioiimann,

DuDsk.VidenBk.Selsk.Forbivndl. 1854,173; Chfines Am. Trop. 'i:i, t. 47.— Torroy, Hot. Mox. liouiidaiy Survey, liOG; Bot. Wilkos Expod.
4m>. — Cooper ill Smitbsoiiiun Rep. 1858, '2o0. — KelloKu in Proc. California Acad, ii, 4r>. — A. l)e Cnndollc, Prodr. xvi*,37. — Bnlandcr
in Proc. California Acad, iii, '-'31.— Orbted in Suerhkitt.Al'tryk.uf. Nat. For. Videu. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 18C(i, G9.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest
Trees, "25. — Enjfi'luiann in Truux. St. Loniu Aead. iii,383, 333; Wbeiler's Rep. vi, 374; Bot. California, ii, 97. — Watson in Proc. Am.
Acad, xi, 119. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 090.

Q. /ulvCSiem, Kello.;g iu Proc. California Acad.i,il7, 71.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rop. vi,27, 89.

Q. crassipocuhl, Torrey in Paoilic R. R. Rep. iv, 137; v,3(i''., t.9.

T Q. oblongi/olia, R. Brown Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871, 4 [not Torrey].

LIVi: OAK. MAUL OAK. VALPARAISO OAK.

Cow Creek valley, Oref;oii, snutb through the Californiiv Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains between 3,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and south into Lower
California; S()uthe:istern Arizona, San Francisco (Grcoie) and Santa Catalina mountains {Pringle).

An evergreen tree of great economic value, IS to L'7 meter.s in height, witli a trunk .sometimes 1.50 meter in
diameter, or ;it high elevations reduced to a low, narrow-leaved shrub (var. raccinifolia, Engelmann in Trans. St.
LouiM Acad, iii, 1103; Jint. Cali/'ornia, ii, 07. — Q. vaccini/olia, Kellogg in Trans. California Acad, ii, 90).

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close grained, compact, difficult to work, coiitaitnng many rather
8mall ojien ducts arranged in wide bands j)arallel to ihe broad, consiiicuous medullary rays; color, light brown,
the sajiwood darker; specific gravity, 0.8403; ash, 0.00; somewhat used in the manufacture of agricultural
implements, wagons, etc.; the most valuable oak of the Pacific forests.

269. — Quercus Emoryi, Torroy,

Emory's Rep. 1.11, t. 9; Bot. Mex. Boundary Snr\ey, 206; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138; Ivos' Rep. 28.— Watson in PI. Wlieeler, 17.—
Va-sey, Cat. Foreet Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382, 387, 394; Wbooler's Rep. vi, 2j0. — Palmer in Am.
Nat. xii, 59<'i. — Heuisley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 170.

Q. hantata, Liebmann iu Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 13; Chines Am. Trop. 22.— A. Do CandoUo, Prodr. ivi«,
36.— Oret.d in Sacrskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddclt. Nos. 1-6, 1806, 69.

BLACK OAK.

Bexar and Comal counties, Texas, through the mountain ranges of western Texas, of southern New Mexico, and
of eastern and southern Arizona.

A tree 12 to !'> meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in
Texas reduced to a low siirub; common and reaching its greatest development in southwestern New Mexico and
southern Arizona between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation near streams in open canons ; dry, gravelly soil, the largo
specimens hollow and defective.

Wood very heavy, not hard, strong, brittle, clo.se-grained, comjjact ; layers of annual giowtli marked by several
rows of small ojien ducts, these connected by narrow groups of similar ducts itarallel to the broad, conspicuonu
medullary rays; color, dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood bright brown tinged with red; specific
gravity, 0.9iiG3; ash, 2.3C.

270. — Quercus agrifolia, N6o,

Ann. Ciene. Nat. ill, 271. — Fiwilirr, Miho. Hisp. i, lu8. — Willilenow, Spec, iv, 431. — Porsoon, Syn. ii, 568. — Smith in Rces' Cycl. xii,
No. M. — Pumb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylv.i, i, 5, t. 2; 2 cd. i, Ki, t. 2. — Nouveau Uiibaiiiol, vii, 156. —
Sprengel, Syiit. iii, 8.VJ.— Eaton, .Manual, (i i-il. 292.- -Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1894.— Buntiiam, PI. Ilartweg. ;!37; Hot. Sulphur,
55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :W4.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 377.— Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 391.— Jour. Hort. Soc. London, tri,
157 & t. — Cnrriere in Fl. des Serros, vii, 137 & f. — Torrey iu Silgreaves' Rep. 173; Paeillc R. R. Rep. iv, 138; v, 36.'); vii, 20; Bot.
Mex. Boundary Siirsuy, 206; Ives' Itep. 28; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 460. — Paxton's Brit. Flower (iard. ii, 44. — Newberry in Pacific
II. R. R(;p. vi, 32, f. 9.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 229. — A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 37. — OrKted in Saorskitt. Aftryk.
af. Nat. Fit. Viden. Meddi-lt. Nos. 1-6, lH(i6, 69. — Liebmann, Cliques Am. Trop. t. 44. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engolinnnn
in Trans. St. I.^)uiH Acad, iii, :i^i; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 374; Bot. California, ii, 98. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 107.

Q. oxgadcnia, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172, 1. 17.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Ecp. 1858, 261.

Q. aculiglandxH, K.llogg in Proc. California Acad. i,25.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 147

ENCENO. COAST LITE OAK.

California, Mendocino county, south throutjli t\w. Coast Ilanfje valleys to Lower California.

A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or, rarely, rednced
to a low shrub (var. frutescens, Engelmann in Hot. California, ii, 98); rare at the north; common south of San
Francisco bay, and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme southwestern part of the state;
dry Hloi>es and ridges.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable,
containing many large open ducts arranged in several rows i)arallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays;
color, light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown; specific gravity, 0.8253; ash, 1.28; of little value except
as fuel.

271. — Quercus Wislizeni, A. DeCandolle,

Prodr. xvi", G7. — Orated iu Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. No3. 1-C, 18C6, 73. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. —
Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 390; Bot. California, ii, 98.

Q. Morehus, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, ii, :(6.

LIYE OAK.

California, mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, and
in the Coast ranges south to the Santa Lucia mountains.

An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its
northeastern limits reduced to a shrub 0.90 to 3 meters iu height (var. frutescens, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii,
99); not common.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts arranged in
irregular bands parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-
wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7855; ash, 1.02.

272. — Quercus rubra, Linnseus,

Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, '265.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 7i0.— W.-ilter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357; 2 ed. t,
292.— Moench, Meth. 348.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 103.— Michaux, Hist. Chflnes No. 2, t. 35, 36 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.—
Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 445; Enum. 976; Berl. Baumz. 342. — SraitU in Eees' Cycl. xxx. No. 60. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 126, t. 26; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 84, t. 28.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.—
Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 169.— Noureau Dubamel, rii,
170.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 157.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 602.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 803.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358; Nicollet's Rep.
160; Fl. N. York, 189, t. 106.— Bock, Bot. 329.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1877, f. 1740-1744 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.—
Bigelow, Fl. Bostou. 3 ed. 370. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Sp.ach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 48, t.
.10; 2 ed. i, 163 & t.— Scheolo in Roomer, Texas, 446.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darliugton, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. '269.— Darby, Bot,
S. States, 510. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 369, t. 9. — Chapman, Fl. S. States,
422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. — Lesquereux iu Owen's '2d Rep. Arkan,-;is, SS-*. — Wood, 01.
Book, ()44; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 262. — Engelmann iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new st-r. v,'20<): Trans. St.
Louis Acad, iii, 394.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 60.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Meddelt. Xos. l-<>, 1866,
72. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Liebmauu, Chdncs Am. Trop. t. A, B. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii', 70. —
Young, Bot. Texas, 504. — Haydon in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, '20. — Macoun in
Geological Rep. Cauada, l875-'70, 209. —Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 83.— Bell in
Oeological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51"=.

Q. rubra maxima, Marshall, Arbnstum, 1'22.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow iu Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, Ui, 395.

Q. rubra, var. latifoUa, Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v, '292.— Loudon. Arboretum, iii, 1877.

Q. rubra, var. moniana, Aiton,Hort.KeH-.2ed.v,'292.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1877.

Q. ambigua, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii.l'JO, l.'24; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 81, t. '20 [not HBK.].— Purt»h, Fl. Am. Sept, ii,
630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. '293.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1881, I'. 1749 i t.— Eaton A.
Wright, Bot. 384.

Q. coccinea, var. rubra, .sp,u-h. Hist. Veg. xi, 105.

Q. coccinea, var. ambigua. Gray, Manual N. States, 5cd.4.'>4.

Q. rubra, var. runcinata, A.DoC;mdolle,Prodr. xvi',60.— Engelmanu inTrans. St. Lomm Acad. iii,54'2.

148 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

RED OAK. BLACK OAK.

Nova Scotia, sou tb cm Now Brunswick to easteru Jliiiiiesota, western Iowa, eastoin Kansas, and the Indian
territory, south to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river,
Texas.

A large tree, '24 to 30 or, e.xceptionally, 45 meters {Ridfjtraij) in beifjbt, with a trunk 1.20 to L'.IO meters iu
diameter; very common, especially at the north, in all soils and extending farther north than any Atlantic oak.

Wo<k1 heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by
several rows of very large open ducts; medullary rays few, oonsi)icuous; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood
somewhat darker; si)ecitie gravity, O.C j40 ; ash, O.liG; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and somewhat
for interior finish, iu the manufacture of chairs, etc.

Var. Texana, Buckley,
Proc. Pbiladclpbia Acad. 1681, 123. — Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 14.
Q. 2><lhl.stris, TorroT & Gray in Tacific E. R. Rep. ii, 175 [not Dii Roi].
Q. COCcinca, var. microcarpa, Ton-cy, Bot. Jlex. Boundary .Survey, 206.
Q. Texana, Buckley iu Proc. Pliiladclpliia Acad. 1^G0, 4-ir..— Youug. Bot. Texas, 507.

■VTestcm Texas, valley of the Colorado river with the species and replacing it south and west, extending to
the valley of the Nueces river and the Limpia mountains {Bdvunl).

A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.CO meter in diameter.

Wood heavier, harder, much closer-grained than the species, not checking in drying; layers of annual growth
marked with fewer and smaller open ducts ; specific gravity, 0.9US0; ash, 0.85.

273. — Quercus coccinea, Wangcnheim,

Amer. 41, l. 4. f 9.— Mulilenberg & Willdenow in Nt-ue .Sctiriftcn Gcsell. Nat. Fr. Berliu, iii, TOrf.— Michaux, Hist. CliCnes Am. No. 18, t. 31,
32; FI. Bor.-Am. ii, I'J'J.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,445; Enuui. 970; Berl. Baumz. 343.— .Smith iu Rees' Cycl. sxx.Gl.— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii,
509. — Di'sfonfaiufM, Hist. Arlj. ii, 511.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 110, t. 23; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. i,79, t.
25.— Aiton, Hort. Hew. 2 ed. v, 292.— Pursli. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 6:;0.— Eaton, Manual, lOd ; 0 cd. 292.— Nutt;ill, Geuera, ii, 214.— Barton,
Compend FI. Pliiladelpb. ii, 109.- Nouveau Dulianiel, vii, 171.— Hayuc, Dcud. Fl. 157.— Elliott, Sk. ii,002.— Sprengel, Syat. iii, 803.-
Torrey. Compend. Fl. N. States, 3.'>8 ; Fl. N.York, ii, 189.- Beck, Hot. 329.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1879, f. 1740-1748 & t.— Eaton &.
Wriglit, Bot. 3-4.— Bigelow, Fl. Bo.-,lon. 3 ed. 370.- Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 1G5.— Emerson, Trees Massachnsett.s, 144, t. 9 ; 2 ed. i. 1()3
&. t.— .Scbi-i-le in Ka-nicr, Texas, 440.— Penn. Cyd. xix, 210.- Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 208.- Darl>y, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.'>5.— Chapman, Fl. .S. States, 422.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 40.—
Lesqncrenx iu Oweu's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 38.8.- Wood, CI. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 300.- A. De Candollo, Prodr. xvi«, 01.— Orsted
in Sacrskitt. Aflryk. af. Nat. For. Vidon. Meddclt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Gray, Manual N. Slates, 5 ed. 453.— Liebmann, Chfiues Am. .
Trop. t. B. — Koch, Dendrologic, ii^, 09. — Young, Bot. Texas, .'■j04. — Va.sey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis
Acad, iii, 3^-5, 394.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 80.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156.

Q. rulira, ft. LinnaHis, Spee. 1 ed. !t90.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357.

SCARLET OAK.

.Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and
northcitstern Missouri, south to Delaware and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to nortliern
Florida.

A tree 24 to .'iO or, ex<e|itionally, .14 meters {h'iilyirin/) In heiglit, with a trunk i.iiely exceeding ().(>() to 1.20
meter in diiiineter; at the east in dry, sandy soil or, less commonly, in rich, ilee])soil ; in the northwestern ])rairin region
witli C^. macrocarpa forming the oak-opening growth; not common and reaching its greatest develoj)tnent in tho
basin of the hiwer Oliio river.

Wood lieavy, hard, stnmg, coarsegrained ; layers of aiiniml growth strongly marked by several rows of large
o|KMi duets; medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darkt^r; spetiitic
grarity, 0.740.5 ; a.sh, 0.10 ; if used iit all, confounded with tliat of Q. rubra.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 149

274. — Quercus tinctoria, Bartram,

Travels, a cd.^?.— Aljlx)!, IiiHccts Georgia, ii, t. 5G.—Micliaiix, Hist. CheneH Am. No. i:!, t. 24,2.5; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— Willdenow.Spee.
iv,444; Ennm. 'J7G; Berl. Banmz. ;i44. — DcsfontaineH, Hist. Arb. ii, 509. — Poirct, Supnl. ii,221. — Micbaux f. limt. Arb. Am. ii, 110,
t.2d; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.i, 7(), t. 24. —Alton, Hurt. Kew. 2 ed. v,291.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sei)r. ii, G29.— Smith in Eo«-«' CycL
xx.\,No. 58.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pliiladilpb. 91 ; Compcnd. Fl. Philadelpb. ii, IC^.—Faton, Manual. 10c!; Cc<1.29-.i.—Nnttall, Genera,
ii,214; Sylva, i,21 ; 2 cd. i, 32.— Nouvcau Dubanul, vii, 1G9.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 15G.— Elliott, Sk. ii,G(n.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 802.—
Torroy, (Jompend. Fl. N. States, 3.")7 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 188. — Audubon, Birds, t. S:. — Beck, Bot. 32-!. — London, Arlioretam, iii, l>jd4,
f. 1753, 1754.— Hook(!r, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 158.— Bigelow.Fl. Boston. 3 ed.37G.— Eaton & Wrij-bt, Bot. :}tf4.— .Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi,
1G4.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 141, t. 7; 2 ed. i, 160 & t.— Griffitb, Med. Bot. 58G.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 4IG.—
Darlington. Fl. Cestrica,3 ed.26H. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,255. — Breudcl iu Trans. Illinois
Ag. Soc. iii,627, t. 8. — Chapman, Fl. H. States, 422. — Curtis iu Kep. (ieological Surv. N. Caroliua, 18G0, iii,3U. — Lewiucreui in
Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, G45. — Engelmann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soe. new ser. xii,209 ; Trans. St. Lonis AcaU.
iii, :i95.— Porcber, Kesources S. Forests, 238.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aliryk. af. Nat. For. Viden, Mcddelt. Nes. 1-0, 18GG, 45, 72, f. 18. —
Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. 9, f. G. — Young, Bot. Texas, 504. — Haydeu in Warren's Kep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Guiboart,
Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 288.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— BentUy & Triuien, Meil. Fl. iv, 251, t.251.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus. 1882, 84.

? Q. relutina, Lamarck, Diit. i, 172.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 68.

Q. nigra., Marsliall, .Vrbu-slum, 120 [not Liunseus].— Wangenheim, Amer. 79, t. G, f. 16.

Q. rubra, Wangenluim, Amer. 14, t. 3, f. 7 [not Linnajus]. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Ncue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr.
Berlin, iii, 399.

Q. discolor, Alton, Hort. Kew. Ill, 358.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 111. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 444; Berl. Baumz. 345. —
Poiref, Suppl. 11, 221.— Smith in Rees' Cyel. xxx. No. 59.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 601.— Spningel,
Syst. Ill, 8U3.— Beck, Bot. 329.-Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.

Q. tinctoria, v;ir. angulosa, Micbaux, Fl.Bor.-Ara. 11,198.— Loudon, Arboretum, ill, 1858.

Q. tinctoria, var. sinuosa, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. 11, 198.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1885, f. 1755-1757.— Liebmann, Chtnea
Am. Trop. t. C.

t Q. Shumardii, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 445.

Q. COCrinea, var. tinctoria, Gray, Mannal N. St.ates, 5 ed. 454.— Wood,Cl. Book,306.— A.De CandoUe,Prodr.ivi«. 61.

BLACK OAK. YELLOW-BARK OAK. QUERCITRON OAIC. YELLOW OAK.

Soutlicrii ]Maiue to uortbeiii Veriiioiit, Ontario, soiitbern ^liiinosota, easteru Nebra.ska, eastern Kansas, and
the Iiiditiii territory, .soiitli to the CMiattahoochce region of westei'ii Florida, southern Ahibauia and Mississippi, and
eastern Texas.

A large tree, 24 to 3G or, e.\cei)tionally, 48 meters {Ridgway) iu height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1. SO meter in
diameter; generally on dry or gravelly ni)lands; very eommon.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarsegrained, liable to check in drying; layers of annual growth
miuked by several rows of very large open ducts; color, bright browu tinged with red, the sap wood much
lighter; specific gravity, 0.7045; i»sh, 0.28; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc.

The bark largely used in tanning; the intensely bitter inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye, and is
occasionally used medicinally in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage (U. <S. Dis^ensatorj/,
14 ed. "i^ii.—Kat. J)itipcniiatari/, 2 ed. 119C).

275. — Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry,

Pacific R.R. Rep. vi, 89, 286, f. 6.— Torrey, Hot. Wilkes Exped. 4(X>.— R. Brown Canipst. Horre Sylvanas 08, f. 4-6.— Engelmanu in
Bot. Calll'oruia,ii,99.

Q. rubra. Benthaui.lM. Hartweg. 337 [not Linnieus],

Q. tinctoria, var. Californica, Torrey in Paellie R. R. Rep. iv, 138; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205; Ives" Rep.2S.

(j. Californica, Cooper in SmitlLsoniau Rep. 1858, 261.

Q. Sonomensis, li.'ntbam in Dc Candollo I'r.xlr. xvi^ 62.— Bolander In Proc. California Aead. iii, 230.— Orstwl iu Saerskitt,
Aftryk. at. Nat. For. A lilen. Xlcdilelt. N<.s. 1-G, 18GG, 72.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tn-es. 27.— Engeluiann iu Wheeler's Rcv>.
vi, 371.— Palmer iu Aim. Nat. xii, ri9t!.

lU.ACK O.VK.

Valley of the Mackenzie river, Oregon, south througli the Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada and iSati Beruanlino moutitains to the southern borders of California.

150 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in heigbt, with a truuk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at high elevations
reduced to a shrub ; the most common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the California
Sierra.*.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, coiiii)act ; layer.s of annual growth marked by several
rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, broad, conspituous; color, light red, the thin sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.6435; ash, 0.2G; of little value, except as fuel; the bark somewhat used in tanning.

276. — Quercus nigra, Linnasns,

8pcc. 1 e<l. '.'!>.">. — Lani.irck, Diet, i, 721. — W.-ingcnlioiin, Aiiier. 77, t.;'), f. i:l. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiiiua,'j:i4. — Aitou, Hort. Kcw. iii, 357; 2
ed. V, 291.— Aljliot,Ins«'ct.s Georgia,!, 50; ii,.")8.— Mii-haux, Hist. Clii^iifs Am. No. 17,t. 22, 23; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— Miiblenberg <t
Willdenow in Xeiie Scliriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. — Williltiiow, Spec, iv, 442. — Smith iu Recs' Cycl. xxx, No. 53. — Pcrsooii,
Syn. ii,509. — Dosfoiitaiiios, Hist. .\rb. ii, 509— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,(J29. — Eatou, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 292.— liarton.Compeud. Fl.
Fbiladelpb. ii, IGS.— Nouveau Dubamel, vii, 1G8.— Elliott, Sk. ii, GOO.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 8()2.— Torrcy, Compoml. Fl. N. States, :{57 ;
Fl. N. York, ii, ISS; Hot. Mix. Boundary Survey, 200.— Audubon, Birds. 1. 116.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Loudon, Arboretuui, iii, 1890, f.
1764, 170.1.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3tf4.— .Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xi, 1G2.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 267.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.—
Cooper in Suiitb.«<iuian Rep. 18.'i8, 25.">. — Brondel iu Trans. Illinois Ag. Soe. iii, 625, t. 7. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv.N. Caroliua. 1860, iii,38. — Lesqucreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 644; Bot. & Fl.
305.— A. DeCatidollo, Prodr. xvi=, 63.— Orstcd in Saorskitt. Al'tryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Mcddelt. No8. l-t>, 72.— Gray, .Manual N. States,
5cd. 453; Hall'sPl. Texas, 21. — Liobmann, ChdnesAni. Trop. t. .\. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii', 61. — Young, Bot. Texas, 503. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 26. — Eidgway iu Pix)c. Nat. Mns. 1S82, 82. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 1.56.

Q. nigra, var. lati/oUa, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721.

Q. nigra intcgrifolia, Marshall, Arbustnm, 121.

tQ. aquatica, Walur, Fl. Caroliniana, 23-J.

^>. Maryla7ldica, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399.

BLACK JACK. JACK OAK.

Long island, New York, west through northern Ohio and Indiana to about latitude 55° N. in Wisconsin,
soatheru Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about 99° west longitude, south to
Matanzas iidct and Tani|)a bay, Floridj, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas.

A small tree, sometimes 12 or even IS meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in dianteter,
or more often much smaller; dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through the southern
States, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas, Indian territory, and eastern Texas,
forming, with the jjostoak {Q. oblusiloba), the growth of the Texas cross-timbers.

W'ood heavy, hard, strong, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of
large open duct.s; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood nuich lighter;
specific gravity, 0.7.'524; asli, I.IG; of little value except as fuel.

277. — Quercus falcata, Michaux,

Hiat. Cbene.4 Am. No. 10, t. 28; Fl. Bor. Am. ii, 199.— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 5C9.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Miohanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 104, t. 21 ;
N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 73, t. 23.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadolph. ii,
170.— Nouveau Duhaniil, vii, 169.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 004.- Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
293.— Loudon, Arbori-tuni, iii, 1882, f. 1750, 1751.— Lindley, Fl. Mid. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd.
2C0.— Darby. Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooi)er in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.''.5.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422.— Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii,39.— Lesc|uercux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 044; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Porchor,
RcHources S. Forest.", 25(;.— A. De Candolle, Pro.lr. xvi^ .VJ.— Orsled in Sacrskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, -
72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 4.53; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmann.Chflnes Am. Trop. t. A, t. 22, f. 3.— Young, Bot. Texas,
505. -Vawy , Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Ridg way i n Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, bO.

Q. rubra viontana, .Marshall, Arbustum, 123

Q. nigra digitata, Marshall, Arbustum, 121.

Q. cuncata, Wungouheim, Amor. 78, t. 5, f. 14.— Koch, Dcndrologio, ii', 64.

Q. clongata, Muhlenberg & WlUdenow in Noue Schriflen GewU. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 400.— Willdcuow, Spec, iv, 444.— Smith in
Re«.'i' Cycl. ixx, 57.— Alton, Hort. Kcw.2 cd. v,291.

Q. triloba, Michaux, Hist. Chines Am. No. 14, t.2C.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 443; Berl. Bauniz. :M2.— Smith in Ree«' Cycl. xix,
No. .54.— Persoon. Syn. ii, .'■)69.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 220.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,628.—
Hayne. Deiid. Fl. 156.— Sprcngel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey , Corapen. I. Fl. N. States, 3.57.— Beck. Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 292.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 31^4.— Wood, C!. Hook, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 15!

Q.falcata, var. triloba, Nutfall.Gfincra, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 604.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— A. De Candoll.-. Pr.>.!r.
xvi«, 59.

Q.falcata, var. pagodwfolia, Elliott, Sk. ii,605.— Darby, Bot. S. State8,511.—Cnrti8 in Eep. Geological Surv.N.Carolinm,

18G0, iii, :if).

Q. discolor, var. triloba, Spacli,Hist. Ven.xi, 163.
Q.falcata, var. Ludoviciana, A. DeCandolle,Prodr. xvl'.59.

SPANISH OAK. RED OAK.

Long island, New York, south to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the
Brazos river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southt^astern Mis.souri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, soathem
Illinois and Indiana.

A large tree, L'4 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.80 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly uplands
and barrens; in the north Atlantic states only near the coast; rare; most common and reaching its greateat
devel()i)nient in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, where, in the middle districts, it is the most common forest tree.

Wood heavy, very hard and strong, not durable, coarse-grained, checking badly in drjiug; layers of annual
growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, conspicuous; color, light red,
the sap-wood lighter ; si)ecific gravity, 0.6928; ash, 0.25; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc., and very
largely for fuel.

The bark rich in tannin.

278. — Quercus Catesbaei, Michaux,

Hist. Chdnes Am. No. 17, t. 29, 30; Fl. Bor.-.\m. ii, 199,— Abbot, Insect-s Georgia, i, 27, 1. 14.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 446.- Smith in Reea
Cycl. XXX, No. G2.— Persoou, Syn. 569. — Desfoutaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. — Poiret, Siippl. ii, 221. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 101, t.
20; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i 71, t. 22. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Nonveau Duhamel, vii, 172. —
Elliott, Sk. ii, 603.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 866.- Torrey, Coiiipend. Fl. N. States, 3oe'.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Mann.il, 6 ed. 293.—
Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1889, f. 1762, 1763.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3^4 — Spacli, Hist. Veg. xi, 162.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. —
Wood, CI. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 59.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Video. Meddelt.
Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 67.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.

f Q. Iwvis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,234.

TURKEY OAK. SCRUB OAK. FORKED-LEAF BLACK JACK. BLACK JACK.

North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar and Pease creek, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama
and Mississippi.

A small tree, 7 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to O.GO meter in diameter; verj" common in the south
Atlantic and east Gulf states upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine belt; rare in Mississippi.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, coin()act; layers of annual growth marked by .several rows of large
open ducts and containing many much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad, conspicuous
medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.7294; ash,
0.87 ; largely used for fuel.

279. — Quercus palustris, Dh Roi,

Harl.U. ii, 2tiH, t. 5, f. 4.— Wangenheim, Anier. 76, t. .", f. 10.— Michaux, Hist. ChSnes Am. No. 19, t. Xi. 34 : Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.—
Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 446; 1-muiii.97G; Bcil. Bauniz. 343. — Persoou, Syn. ii, 569. — Dcsfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Poiret, Suppl. ii,
222. -Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 123, t. 25 ; N. American Sylva, i, 83, t.27.— Alton, Hort. Kevv. 2 ed. v,2<^i.— Smith in Kivs' CyoL
XXX, No. 6.— Puish, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 631.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compcud. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 170.— Eaton, Manual. 108;
Bod. 293.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Nonveau Duhamel, vii, 172.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 158. — Sprengcl, Syst. 111,863. — Torrey, Compond.
Fl. N. States, ;158; Fl. N. York, 11,190, t. 107.— Beck, Bot, 320.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii. l5«?7, f. 17.Vi-l76l & t.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 166. — Darliugtoii, Fl. Cestriea, 3 ed. 269.— Cooper in Sniiths(Uii.iU Kcp. 1^.'>8, C5;'>.— Bn^ndel in Trans.
Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, l>31.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 388.— Wooil, Cl. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. :50t;.— .\. IV Candolle,
Prodr. xvi', 60.— Orsted in Saerskilt. Aflryk. al. Nat. For. Videu. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 18ii(i,23, 72. 1". 4.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.
454. — Liebniann, Ch«nes Am. Trop. t. A. — Koch, Dcudmlogie, ii-', 71. — Emerson, Trees MasiMichusells, 2 ed. 1, 167 i t. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 27.— W. E. Stone iu Bull. T..rrey Bot. Club, ix,57.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. ISisa, 83.— Burgess in Cuult«t°«
Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.— Chapman, Fl. S. Slates, Suppl. 649.

Q. rubra, var. diascvta, Lamarck, Diet, i, 120.

Q. rulyra ramosissima, Marshall, Arbustum, 122.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in NeneSchriiten l«s«>ll. Nat. tV. Berlin, .Iftt

152 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

PIN OAK. SWAMP SPANISH OAK. WATER OAK.

Valley of the Connecticut river. Massachusetts (Anilierst, Sfnne), to ctMitral New York, south to Delaware and
the District of Culuinbia ; southern Wisconsin to eastern Kansas, southern Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee.

A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 3G meters {Ridjiiray) in heijrht, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter;
low, rich soil, generally a]on<j the borders of streams and swamps; most common and reaching its greatest
developauut west of the Alleghany mountains.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarsegrained, inclined to check badly in drying; layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, numerous, coiis]iicuous ; color, light brown,
the sap-wood rather darker; specific gravity, 0.G93S; ash. O.Sl ; somewhat used for shingles, clapboards, construction,
and in cooperage.

280. — Quercus aquatica, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniaii.i, 231. — Aiton, Ilort. Kinv. iii, X>~ ; 'i ed. v, 290. — Abbot, Jusect.s Geoi-t;ia, ii, t. .'iO, 79. — Michaux, Hist. ChCncs Am. No.
11, t, 19, 20, 21; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198. — Muhlenberg &. Willdenow in Ncuc Scbriftrn Gesoll. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. — Pcreoon.Syn.
ii,5C9. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.ii,509. — Poiret, Suppl. Ii,220. — Micbaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,89, t. 17; N. American Sylva, :i c<l. i,65,
1. 19. — Smith in Rees'Cycl. xxx, No. 52. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 11,628. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philndclph. ii, 108. — Nouveau Dnhamel,
vii, 167. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 599. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compeml. Fl. N. States, 357. — Andubou, Birds, t. 24. — Beck, Bot.
328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.- Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1892, f. 17G7.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 161.-
Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1S58, 25.'i.— Chapman, Fl. S. Slates, 4 Jl.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 37. — Losqu.-roux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansiis, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 6 13; Bot. & Fl. 305. — A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi',
67.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Meddelt. Nos. l-C, 1800, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452 ; Hall's PI. TexM,
21. — Liubmann, Chencs Am. Trop. t. D. — Young, Bot. Texas, 503. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.

Q. nigra aquatica, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721.

Q. nigra irifida, Marshall, Arbnstnm, 121.

T Q. uUginOSa, Wangenbeim, Amer. 80, t. 6, f. 18.

Q. hemispharica, Willdenow, Spec.iv, 443.— Poirot, Suppl. ii, 628.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.ii,628.— Smith in Keea' CyoLxix,
No. 56, 6-28.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Mlchani t ».
American Sylva, 3 ed. 187.

Q. nana, Willdenow, Spec.448.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 599.

Q. aquatica, vars. cuneata, elongata, indivisa, attenuata, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290.

Q. hemisphcerica, var. nana, Nuttall, Genera, ii,2l4.

Q. aquatica, var. hybrida, Chapman, FL S. States, 421.

Q. nigra, Koch, Dendrologle, ii», 61. in part.

WATER OAK. UUCK OAK. POSSUM OAK. PUNK OAK.

Sussex county, Delaware, south througii the coast and middle districts to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida,
through the Gulf states to the valley of the ColonVlo river, Texas, and througii Arkansas to the valley of the Black
river, southeastern Missouri (Poplar Bluffs, Lettennau), middle Kentucky and Tennessee.

A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; geniMally along streams and
bottoms in heavy, undrained soil, or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest development
along the large streams in the nmritime i)ine belt of the e istern Gulf states.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large
open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous: color, rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.7244; ash, 0.51 ; probably not used except as fuel.

281. — Quercus laurifolia, Michanx,

Bint. Chcneg Am. No. 10, t. 17; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spc-c. iv, 4J7. — I'ers()on,.Syn. 11,567.- Smith in Rces'Cycl. xix. No. 14.—
Aiton, Hort. Kew. a ed. v,288.— Piirnh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Nonvcan Duhaniel.vii, l.'^i3.— Elliott, Sk.ii,
597.— .Sprengel, Synt. iii, 8.^)7.— Eaton, ManunI, 6 ed.'y94.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1897, f. 1775, 1770.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 38,5.—
Darby, Bi>!..S. Slat<yt,510.— Curtiit in Rup. Geological Surv. N.Carolina, 1860, iii, 36. — Liebmann, ChCnes Am.Trup. t. D. — Wood, 01.
Book, 643. — Voiiey, Cut. ForeHt TrecM,26. — Engcliuann in Trans. St. Louis Aca<l. iii, 365, 395.

Q. laurifolia hyhrida, Michaux,Hiht.Ch6nc» Am.No. 10,t. 18.

Q. Invrifnlin, var. ohtusa, Willdenow,Spec.iv,42'^.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 od.v,2H8.— Wood, CI. Book, 343.

Q. laurifolia, var. acuta, Willdenow.Spcc iv,428.— Ait<jn,Hort. Kow. 2 cd. v,288.

Q, ohtma, Pursh,FI.Am. .Sept. ii, 027.

Q. ritellos, var. laurifolia, Chapman,Fl.S. States, 420.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 305.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.

Q. aquatica, var. laurifolia, a. Do Candolle, I'rodr. xvi', 08.

I

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 153

LAUREL OAK.

Nortli Caroliiiii, south near the coast to Mosquito itih't and cajie lioniauo, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to
the shores of Mobile bay.

A large tree, 18 to 2t meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to l.l'O meter in diameter; most common and reaching
its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Florida coast.

Wood heavy, very stroug and hard, coar.se grained, inclined to check in drying ; layer.s of annual growth marked
by seviiral rows of rather small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, consjjicuous ; color, dark brown tinged w ith red,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7(J7;i ; ash 0.82.

282. — Quercus heterophylla, Michaux f.

Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 87, t. 16; N. Amorican Sylva, 3 ed. i,64, t. 18.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.— BartoD, Corapend. FI. Philadelpb. ii,
167.— Nultall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylva, i, 15; 2 ed. i,'24.— Green in Uuiversal Herbal, ii, 442.— Torrcy, Cnmpend. FI.N. Stat*«, 357.—

Sweet, Cat. 2 ed. 466.— Beck, Bot. ;i28. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1894. — Eaton & Wright, Bof. 3'3.

Gale iu Proe. Nat. In.st. 180.J, 70, f. 1.— Wood, CI. Book, 64.').— Buckley in Proc. I'liiladeljihia Acad. 1862, 361 ; 18«'.2, UK).— Gray, Hall's
PI. Texas, 21. — Liebmann, CliSnes Am. Trop. t. B. — Meehan m Proc. Pbiladelpliia Acad. 1875, 437, 465; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii,
10. — Leidy iu Proc. Pbiladelpbia Acad. 1875, 415. — Eugelmaun iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 391.— Martindale, Notes ob
tbo Bartram Oak, 3; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 303.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114.

Q. mjuatica, var. heterophylla, Aiton,Hort.Kew.2 ed. v,290.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. ivi«, 68.

Q. nigra, var. Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858,255.

Q. PheUosXtinctoria, Gray, Manual N. States, 4 ed. 406.

Q. Fhellos, var. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453.

Q. PIldloHX^OCcinea, Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Aca<I. iii, 541.

BARTRAil'S OAK.

New Jersey, Salem and Cumberland counties, "restricted to a line or belt bordering extreme tidal points of
streams entering the Delaware river where the alluvial terminates and the upland commences," {Commons);
Delaware, near Townsend station and Wilmington ; North Carolina {M. A. Curtis in herb. Canby) ; eastern Texas
(E. HoU) ; this perhajts Q. Burandii.

A small tree, 12 to l.'i meters iu height, with a trunk 0.45 to O.CO meter in diameter; rare and very local.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of
suuill oi)en ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
somewhat darker; specitic gravity, 0.6834; ash, 0.17.

283. — Quercus cinerea, Michaux,

Hist. Cbfinos Am. No. 8, 1. 14; FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 425.— Pcrsoou, Syn.ii,567.— Poiret, Snppl. ii,212.— Mich»i«
f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 82, 1. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. i,61,t. 16.— Alton, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. v, 288.— Pnrsh, FI. Am. Sept. ii,626.—
Smith in Kees' Cycl. xsx. No. 6.— Nnttall. Genera, ii, 214.— Nouveau Duhauicl, vii, 151.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 594.— Sprengel, Syst, iii,
857.— Eaton, Manual; 6 ed. 294.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 6 ed. 294.— Engehnann &, Gray iu Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262.—
Scbecle in Eccmcr, Texas, 446.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. lt-58, 2."5.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421.— Curtis iu Kep. Geological
Surv.N. Carolina, ;)7.— Wood, CI. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. Dc Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 73.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat.
For. Viden. Mcddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Koch,
Dondrologic, ii«, 58. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385,395.

Q. Prinus, ft. Linnains, Spec. 1 od. 995.

Q. hximUix, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua,234.

ii. Phl'llos, var. cinerea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, :i,-)4.— Loudon, Arlioretum, iii, 189.i,f. 1773.— Spach, Hist. Vcg. xi, 161.

UPLAND WILLOW OAIv. BLUK JACK. SAND JACK.

North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar ;ind Pe;ise creek, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to
the valk'y of the Brazos river, Texas, extending north through eastern Texas to about latitude oo^.

A tree 0 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk larely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter; sandy Inirrens and
dry upland ridges.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of not
large open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown tiuged with red, the sap-wood
darker; sitecilic gravity, 0.0420 ; ash, 1.21.

154 FOREST TREES OF XORTII AMERICA.

284. — Quercus hypoleuca, Knpelmaiui,

Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, :!j*1 ; ■\V1i.i1.t's K.ip. vi. AM.— Vasoy, Cat. For.-.st Treos, 2(5.— Kusl.y iu Bull. Torroy Rot. Club, ix, 78.

Q. eon/erti/olia, Torrey, Bot. Mox. Boundary Survey, 207 [not HBK.].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,261.

Liuipia mountains, Texas (Harard), valleys of the bigli uioinitain ranges of southwestern New Mexico, Santa
Eita mountains. Arizona, above (>,000 teet elevation; .southward into Sonora.

A small everpreeu tree of {rreat beauty. 9 to 1.5 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.75 meter in diameter;
dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large S])ecimeu8 hollow and defective.

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by few small
open ducts: medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity,
0.8009 ; ash, 1.34.

285. — Quercus imbricaria, Michaux,

HJ8t. CWnes Am. No. 9, t. l.S, 16; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdonow, Spec, iv, 4-iS; Enuni. Suppl. 64 ; Borl. Bauniz. 338.— Persoon,
Sy n. ii, 567.— Poirct. Sujipl. ii, 214.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 78, 1. 13 j N. An>eric.^n Sylva, 3 ed. i, 60, t. 15.— Aiton, Hort. Kow.
2 ed. T, 288.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 15.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl.
Philadelph. ii, 167. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 153. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. l.">5. — Elliott. Sk. ii, 598. — Sprengol, Syst. iii, 807. — Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. .States. 3.">7.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 29J.— Loudon, Arlwrftuni, iii, 1898, f. 1777.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 383.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Torrey & Gray iu Pacific R. R. Rep. il, 130.— Cooper in SniitUsouian Rep. 1858,
255. — Breudel in Trans. Illinois Ar. Soc. iii, 623, t. 6. — Chapman, Fl. S. St.ates, 4i0. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
18<i0, iii, 36.— L<'S<iuereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansa-s, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. .305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«,
6:!.— Orbted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. uf. Nat. For. Viden. lleddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1H60, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452 —Young, Bot.
Texas, 502. — Liebniann, ChfeiieB Am. Trop. t. D, t. xxii, f. 5. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 60. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. —
Broadhcad in Conner's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway iu Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 80.

Q. Phellos, var. imbricaria, Spach,Hist. Veg. xi,160.

SniNGLE OAK. LAUREL OAK.

Allentown, Lehigh county, Pennsylvania (Porter), west through southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and
•outheastern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska and northeastern Kansas, south to northern Georgia and Alabama,
middle Teiines.>iee, and northern Arkansas.

A tree 24 to .'30 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woodlands.

Wood heavy, hard, rather coar.se grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many
rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7529; ash, 0.4.3; occasionally used for clapboards, shingles, etc.

286. — Quercus Phellos, Linmcus,

Spec. 1 e<l. 994. — Laniarcli, Diet, i, 722. — Wungenheim, Aracr. 76, t. 5, f. 11. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 2.34.— Aiton, llort. Kew. iii, 354;
2 ed. V, 287. — Abbot, lusect.i Georgia, ii, t. .")2, 91. — Michaux, Fl. 15or.-Ani. ii, 197. — Wilklenovv, Spec, iv, 42!!; Euuni. 974 ; Berl.
Baamz. 337. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 7. — Persoou, Syn. ii, 567. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii,507. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.
ii, 75, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 58, t. 14.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 62.''>.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl.
Philadelph. ii, 167.— Nuttall, Genera, ii. 214 ; Sylva, i, 15 ; 2 ed. i, 17.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 1.50.— H.ayne, Dend. Fl. 1.5,5.— Elliott,
8k. il, .593. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357; Fl. N. York. ii,187. — Beck, Bot. 32H.—F^aton, Manual, 6
ed.3^t.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1891, f. 1774 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :i83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 160.— Pcnn. Cycl. xix, 216.-
Darby, Bot. S. .States, 509. — Cooper in .Smithsoni.in Rep. 18.5H, 2.')5. — Chapman, Fl. .S. States, 420. — Curtis in Rep. Geological
8nrv. N. Carolina, 1^60, iii, :1C.— Lesfiuereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 6'»3; Hot. & Fl. .305.— A. De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 63.— Oreted in Saorskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Mcddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 7.!.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5
ed. 4.52; Hall's PI. Texajt, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii«, 59.— Vaoey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Gart«nflora,
xxii, 221 & f.— Ridgway in Proc. U. .S. Nat. Mus. Ki.

Q. I'helloH anfjUHlifolia, Marshall, Arbuslum, 124.

Q. Phellos IntifoUa, Marshall, Arbustum, 124.--L(iddige8, Cat. cd. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1895 <fe t.

Q. Phellos, var. viridis, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 354.

Q. Phellos, var. humilis, Pursh.Fl. Am. S-pt. ii,62.5.

WILLOW OAK. PKACn OAK.

Tottenville, Staten ishuxl. New Yoik, south near the coast to northeastern Flr)ri<la, through the Gulf states to
the valley of the Sabine river, Texan, .'ind tiir<>nt;li Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, and southern
Kentucky.

CATALOGUE DF FOREST TREES. 155

A tree 18 to 24 meters in lieifilit, \vit]i ;i trunk soiiietinies 0.90 meter in diameter; bottom lands or rich sandy
uplands.

Wood heavy, stron/i, not hard, rather close-firained, compact ; layers of annual {jrowth marked by several
rows of small open ducts; medullary rays few, distant; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter
red; specific gravity 0.747U; ash, 0.50; somewhat used for fellies of wheels, clapboards, in construction, etc.

287. — Quercus densiflora, Hooker & Amott,

Bot. Beechey, 391.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 3«0.— Bcutham, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Nuttjill, Sjiva, i, 11, t. 5; 2 ed. i, 21, t. 5.— Torrey in
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138.— Bot. Wilkes Expod. 4.')8.— Xewberry in Pacific U. R. Rep. vi, 31, 89, f. 8.— A. De Candolle, Prodr.
xvi", 8-2.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, "231. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 2o.— Kngelmann in Trans. St. Loois Acad, iii,
38-1; Bot. California, ii, 99.

Q. echinacea, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137, t. 14.

Pasania densiflora, Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.

Q. echinoiiles, R. Brown Canipst.in Ann. tt Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871,2.

TANBAKK OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. PEACH OAK.

Valley of the Umpqua river, Oregon, south through the Coast ranges to the Santa Lucia mountains, California.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.00 meter in diameter ; rich valleys and banks of streams;
most common and reaching its greatest devclopinent in the redwood forests of the California coast.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, containing broad bauds of small open ducts p.irallel
to the tliin, dark, conspicuous medullary rays; color, bright reddish-brown, the thick 8ai)-wood darker brown;
specific gravity, 0.G827 ; ash, 1.49; largely used as fuel.

The bark, ricli in tannin, very largely used and preferred to that of any other tree of the Pacific forests for
tanning.

Note. — The following shrubby species of Qiiercua do not properly find a place in this catalogue :

Quercus uudulata, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248, t. 4.
Interior Pacific region from Colorado southward.

Quercus Bre'Weri, Kngelmnnn in Bot. California, ii. 96.

Q. l.hata, var. Jruticom, Engplmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 388.
Western slopes of the high Sierra Nevadas, California.

Quercus Georgiana, M. A. Curtis iuClLipman'sFLS. States.
Stone iloiuifaiu, Georgia.

Quercus myrtifolia, w'illdinow, S]i. iv, 4:4.

Q. Phellos, var. arenaria, Chnpman, Fl. S. States, 420.

Q. aquttUta, var. myrtifolia, A. DeCamloUe, Prodr. xvi, 68.

South Athvutic and Gulf coast.

Quercus ilicifolia, Wangcnheim, Amer. 79, t. B, f. 17.
Q. lianinteri, Micbaux, Hist. CMnca Am. t,27.

North Atlantic region.

Quercus pumila, WiJter, Fl. Caroliana, 234.

(>. I'htllo.ipiimiJa, Miiliaux, Hi8t.Ch6nca Am.t. 15, f. 1.

y. cincrca, var. pumila, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421.— A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. 1«, 74.

Q. cinei'ea, var. s(ricea, Engolmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 884.

Q. sericea, Willdcnow, Spec. 424.

Q. Phellos, var. sericca, Alton, Hort. Kcw. iii, 35t.

Pino barrens, South Carolina.

Quercus dumosa, Nutull, S.n Iva, i, 7.

Q. bcrheridij'olia, Liebmanu in Dansk. A'idonsk. SelsU. Forhandl. 1854, 172, in pari.

Q. dumcsa, var. bullata, Engelmann in Bot. California, 296.

Q. aaUidena, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 207, t. 51.
Coast ranges of sonthern CalifTnia.
Numerous hybrid or supposed hybrid oaks, variously described by .\nieriian botanist*, arc not properly consider^ hers.

156 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

288. — Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DeC»ndolle;

Seemann'sJooT. Bot. i, IftJ; Prodr. svi', 10!».— Watsou in Kiug'8 Rep. v,32-2; Bot. Califoroia, ii, 100.— Gray in Troc. Am. Acad, vii, 401.—
Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 4C3.— Viisey, Cat. Forest Tries, 'JT.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.

Caatanea chryfophylla, Douglas in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. ii, 490, t. Hi.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Aui. ii, 159.— Xuttall, Sylva, i, 21 ; -J ed. i, 37.— Bot. M»g. t. 49.'>3.— Torrey in Pacific K. K. Rep. iv, 137 ; Bot.
Mex. Boundary Survey, 205.— Slorreu in Belg. Ilort. vii, 248, t. 240.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 26, 89,
f. 4. — Fl.des Serrcs, xii, 3, t. 11H4. — Cooper in Soiithsouian Rep. lt-G8, 261.— Kellogg in Proc. Ciililoruia Acad, ii, 2t)0. —
Bolanderin Proc. California Acad. iii,231. — Engeliuannin Wheelei'sRep. vi, 375. — Shingles in Loudon Gard. Chronicle,
ISf'i, 716.

Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337-

Castanea sempervirens, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 71.

C. chrysophylla, var. minor, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 110.

C. chryso2)hylla, var. puinila. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.

CHINQUAPIN.

Cascade mouutaius, Orej^on, lielow 4,000 feet elevation, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadaa^
and through the Caliloruia Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains.

A tree l.j to li4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at high elevations and toward
its southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Coast
Eiinge valleys of northern California; at its southern limits rarely below ]0,000 feet elevation.

WockI light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth maiked by a single row of rather
large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, O.ooT-J:; a.sh, 0.35; in southern Oregon occasionally used in the manufacture of plows and other
agricultural implements.

289. — Castanea pumila, Miller,

Diet. No. 2.— Lamarck, Diet. 1,708.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 193.— Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 461; Enum. 980; Berl. Bauniz. 78.— Smith
in Eecs' Cycl. siv. No. 2. — Nouveau Duhamel,iii, 79.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 572. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 500. — Michaux f. Hist.
Arl.. Am. ii, 166, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 16, t. 105.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 298.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii.624.—
RatincRque, Fl. Lndoviclana, l.'i9; New Fl. &• Bot. i,83.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,217 ; Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, IC.K.- Hayne, D< iid. Fl.
165. — James in Long's Exped. ii. 2«7.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 615. — Torrey, Couipend. Fl. N. State.s, 355; Fl. N. York, ii, 19G.— Audubon,
Birds, t. 85.- Beck, Bot. 332.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 84.- Penn. Cycl. vi, 350.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 2002, f. 11)27, 1928.— Ealon
& Wright, Bot. 1«4.— Spach, Hist. Vcg. xi, 192.- Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 270.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 512.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1^5-3, 256. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47. — Le.squereux
io Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 368.— Wood, CI. Book, 646; Bot. & Fl. 3U7.— Porchcr, Resources S. Forests, 237.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi', 115. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 455. — Young, Bot. Texas, 508. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 24. — Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 27.— Butler in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 17.

Fagus pumila, Unaieue, Spec. 1 ed. 998.— Da Koi, Harbk. i, 175.— Wangenheim, Amer. 57. t. 19, f. 44.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 233. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, .161. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. !:>7.

FagiUi Castanea pumila, Marshall, Arbnstnm,47.

Fagm pumila, var. prwcox, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 233.

C. nana, Muhlenberg, Cat. 80.- Elliott, Sk. ii, 615.— RaCnesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 83. —Darby, Bot. S.Statu8,512.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii, 47.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.

0. alnifolia, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 217; Sylvn, i, 19, t.6 ; 2 ed. i, 36, t.6.

C. vesca, Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388 [not Gtertner].

CHINQI'APIN.

Lancaster county, Penusjivania, and the valley of the lower Wabasii river, Indiana, south and southwest to
northern Florida and the valley of the Ncches river, T4?xas.

A tree sometimes \'> meters in height, with a trunk 0..'!0 to I.Oo meter in di;;nieler, or olten, especially in the
Atlantic states, reduced to a low shrub; rich hillsides and borders of .swamps; most common and reaching it.s
greatest develo|iment in soutliern Arkansas.

Woo<i light, hard, strong, coarsegrained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying; layers
of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts; nie<lnllaiy rays numernu.s, ob.se,ure; color, dark
brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; sjiecifie gravity, O.-OSST ; ash, O.IL'; used for jiosts, rails, railway
tie<<, etc.

The small inits siveet anil edible.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 157

290. — Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, A. De CandoUe,

Prodr. xvi'-, 114.— Srliiicck in ('(imUhi'm liot. (i.i/c-ttc, vi, 1,'')9.— Boll in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53<^.— Bldgway in Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mu8. 18.«2,84.

Fagus GaManen dcntiita, Mar.sii.-iU, Arbimtiiin,4().

Fagus Castanea, Wanjronlieiin.Anicr. 47[not LimiiiMiH].— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,'i33.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,3Gl, in part.—
Lamarck, 111. iii, :tf)li, t. 78^, in part.

C. vesca, var. Americana, Midianx, Fl. Bor.-An . ii, 19;'..— Persoon, Syn. ii, .'■>72.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadclph. 90.—
Piirsli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, (;-.;4.— Eaton, Manual, 109; (i ed. 84.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 217.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 614.— Torrey,
Gompund. Fl. N. States, Xit)-, Fl. N. York, ii, 19.'>, t. 111.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1984.— Eaton <t Wright, Bot.
184. — Enieison, Trees Massachusetts, 104, 2 ed. i, 187 & t. — Porelier, Resources S. Forests, 238. Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 27.— Rndkin in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vii,81.

0. Americana, Ratiuesqno, Now Fl. & Bot. i,82.— Willdenow, Enum. Snpj)l. ti4.— Nuttall,Sylva, i, 24; 2 e<L i, 38.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. xi, 191. — Cooper in .Sniitlisonian Rep. 1858, 25C. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 23.— Wartindale in Proc.
Philadelphia Acad. 1880, 2.

0. vesca, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460, in part.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, .'iOO, in part.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 151, t.
6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 11, t. 104 [not Gairtncr]. — Hayue, Dend. Fl. 165, in part.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856, in
part.— Beck, Bot. 332.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 3.")0.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 224.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 270.— Darby,
Bot. S. States, 511.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 46.— Wood,
CI. Book, 646; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 45,5.

CHESTNUT.

Southern Maine to the valley of the Winooski river, Vermont, southern Ontario and southern Michigan, south
through the northern states to Delaware and .sonlhern Ludiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern
Alabama, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.

A large tree, i;4 to 30 meters iu height, with a truidc l.SO to i meter.-* in diameter; rich woods and hillsides;
very conunon and reaching its greatest develoi)ment on the western slopes of the southeiu Alleghany mountains.

Wood light, soit, not strong, coarsegrained, liable to check and warp in drying, easily si)lit. very durable in
contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by many lows of large o\wn ducts ; medullary ra> s numerous,
obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; .speciOc gravity, 0.4504; ash,0.1S; largely used in cabinet-making,
for railway ties, posts, fencing, etc.

The fruit, although smaller, superior iu sweetness and flavor to that of the European chestnut.

An infusion or iluid extract of the dried leaves is successfully em])loyed in the treatment of whooping-cough
and other pectoral affections {U. S. Dixptnsatory, 14 ed. 245. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 304).

291. — Fagus ferruginea, Aiton,

Hort. Kew. iii, 362; 2od. v, 298.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 75.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460; Enmu.980; Berl. Banmz. 140.— Persoon,
Syn.ii, 571. —Desfontaines, Hist. .\rb. ii, 496.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 174, t.9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii,21,t. UX!.— Smith
in Rees' Cycl. xiv. No. 4.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 90 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii. 174.— Eaton,
Manual, 108; tied. 145.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, :5.">4 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 194, t. 110.— Beck. Bot.
333.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 145.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1917.— Hooker, I"l. Bor.-Am. ii, 1.59.— Eaton & Wright. Bot. 244.—
Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 374.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 271.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2.56.— Chapman. Fl. S. States,
425.— Curtis in Re|). Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47.— Wood, Bot. & F1.307.— A. Di Candolle, Prodr. xvi', U8.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 4,55.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^ 19.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. —Broadhead iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii,tiO.—
Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Bell in G.ological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52':.- Ridgway in Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,85.

F. sylratiia atropunicca, Marshall, Aibu8iuni,4ti.

F. Amerinana latifolia, Wangenheim. Aiuer. 80, t. 29, f. 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 19f^0, f. 1916.

F. sylvatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 233 [not Linnanis].— Pnrsh, Fl. Aiu. Sept. ii, 624.— Beck, Bot. 3.33.— P.irlington, Fl.
CB.strica, 2 ed. 538.— Darby , Bot. S. St.atos, 512.

F. Sjllvestriii, Michaux.Fl. Bor. Am. ii, 194.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. .\m. ii, 170, 1.8; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 18, 1. 107.—
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. li, 159.— Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, '.i8.S.

F. alba, Ratines,iue, H. l.n.loviciana, 131.

F. sylvatica, var, Americana, Nnttall,Genora,ii,21l>. — Barton. t'ompend.Fl. Philadelph. ii, 174. —Elliot t.Sk.ii, 613. —Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 145.- Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 19:>3.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 244. -Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 153 ; 8
ed. i, 1^0 & t.— Woed, CI. Book, ti4T.— Porchcr, Resources S. Forests, 2:?5.

F. Am(Ticana, Sweet, Uort. Brit.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. xi,201.

F. ferrvginca, var. I aroliniana, Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1915.

158 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

]S'ovu Scotia and the valley of the liestegoucbe river to the northern shores of lake Hnron and northern
Wisconsin, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west
to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, and .Madison county, Arkansas (Lttterman).

A large tree, 24 to 30 or, cxceinionally, ;>4 meters (Iiid(jicay) in heigiit, witli a trunk ().!)0 to 1.20 meter in
diameter; rich woods, or at the .south .^^ometimes in bottom lands or the dryer portions of swamp.s, reaching its
greatest dexelopment upon the '*bluft'" formations of the lower ilississippi basin; very common.

AYood very hard, strong, tough, very close grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in
drying, dillicult to season, susceptible of a beautiful i)olish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; color,
varying greatly with .soil and situation, dark red, or often lighter, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity,
0.GS83 ; ash, 0.51 ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel.

292. — Ostrya Virginica, WilUUuow,

Spec, iv, 469; Ennm. 982; Bcrl. B.-nimz. QGO.—Persoon, Syii. ii, 573.— AitoD, Ilort. Kew. 2 cd. v, 302.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.— Eaton,
Manual, 109; 6 ed. 244.— Nuttall. Genera, ii, 219.— Hayne, Dond. Fl. 169.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 018.— Spreiif;el, Syst. iii, 856.— Torrcy,
Compend. Fl. X. States, 356; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl. N. York, ii, 185, 1. 102.— Audubon. Birds, t. -lO.- Loiidou, Arborotnra, iii,
2015, f. 1940.— Hooker, Fl.Bor. -Am. ii, 100.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 336.— Bigelon-, Fl. Boston. 3 cil. 3o;!.—Spacli in Ann. Sci. Nat.
2 Ber. xvi, 246 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 218.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 177 ; 2 ed. i, 201 & t.— I'urry in Owen's Kop. 618.— Darlington,
Fl. Ccbtrica, 3 ed. 274.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.- Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 256. -Chapman, Fl. S. States, 426.— Curtis in
Eep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 647; Bot. &, Fl.
307.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 233.— A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 125.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 456.— Young, Bot. Texas,
510.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Sargent in Am. Nat. xi, 683.— Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Iliu. e5.

Carpinus Ostrya, Linnaius, Spec. 1 ed. 998, in part.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 130.— Wangenhfim,Amer. 48.— Marshall, Arbnstum,
25.— Moench, Meth. 694.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 76.— Nonveau Duhamel,ii,200.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii,
53, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 27, 1. 109.

Carpinus Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7ed.No. 4.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708; Wangenheim, Amor. 49.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii,

201.— Pesfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 493.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. vii, No. 5.
Carpinus iriflora, Moench, Meth. 394.

Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana, Michanx, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii, 202.

0. rirjfimca, var. <7?«nf/«?o*a, .Spach in Ann, Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218.
0. Virginica, var. eglandulosa, Spach.in Anu.Sci.Nat.2 scr. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218.
0. Virginiana, Koch.Dendrologie, ii',6.

nop HOENBEAM. mON WOOD. LEVEE WOOD.

Bay of Chaleur, through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and the lower Ottawa rivers, along the northern
shore of lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany
mountains to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and
Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas.

A small tree, 9 to 1.7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.;{0 to O.GO meter in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly
hillsides and knolls, reaching its greatest develoinnent in southern Arkan.sas; common.

Woo<l heavy, very strong ami hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very
durable in contact with the .soil; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, or, like
the sap wood, often nearly white; specitif; gravity, 0.8284 ; a.sli, O.-'JO ; u,sed for ])osts. levers, handles of tools, etc.

293. — Carpinus Caroliniana, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 2:W.— A. Do Camlollc, Prodr. xvi", 126.— Koch, Diiiilrologie, ii', 4.— Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xviii, IHO.— Kidgway in
Proc. i;. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 85.

C. Americana, Lamarck, Diet. iv,708; Snppl. ii, 202.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 201.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 468; Eiiuni.
Suppl. 64 ; Berl. Baiimz. 75. — Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, .573. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 57, t. 8; N. Auiurican Sylva, 3 ed.
iii,2<st. 108.— Pursh, Fl. Am. .Sept. 11,623.- Aitoii, Ilort. KcW. 2 ed. v, 301.— Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 82.— liartou,
Pro<lr. Fl. Phiiadclpb. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 176.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,21rt.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 168. — Elliott,
Sk. ii, 618.— Watson, Dcnd. Brit, ii, t. 157.— .Sprrngel, Syst. iii, 8.54.— Guimpel, Otto & Ilayue, Abb. Holz. I(i7, t. 84.—
Torrey, Couipend. Fl. N. States, 3,56; Fl. N. York, ii, 185, t. 103.— Peuii. Cycl. iv, 315.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 201,3,
f. 1936.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 160.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 182.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 38;!.— Spaeh in Ann. Sci.
Nat. 2 wr. xvi, 2.5^; Hist. Veg. xi, 224.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 174 ; !i ed. i, I'Jri «k t.— I'arry in Owen's Rep.
618. — Darlington, Fl. CeMtrica,3ed.l!73. — Darby, Bot.S. States, 508.— Cooper in Smithsonian Reji. 1858,2.56. — Chapman,
Fl. S. Slates, 4ti!.'>. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesciucreux iu Owen's 2(1 Rep. Arkansas,
388.— Wood, CI. Book, M8; Bot. <t Fl. 3l;7.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5cd. 4.57 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas,
■')09. — Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, '^7. — Broadheud iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Bell in (leologicai Rei). Canada,
1879-'80, .52«.

C. Betulus Fjr^inian«, Marshall, Arbuslum, 25.

CATALOGUE OF F0KP:ST TREES. 159

UOENBEAM. BLUE BEECH. WATElt BEECH. IRON WOOD.

Nova Scotia, .soiitlRTii New Brun.swiek, nortbern shores of Georgian bay, southern peninsnla of Michi(;an to
northern Minnesota (lake Pokegama, Garrison), ttouth to caj)C Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of
the Trinity river, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the I'oteau river, Indian territory.

A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in lieijiht, with a trunk sometimes O.GO to 0.00 meter in diameter, or at the north
much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and
reaching its greatest develoi)ment along the western slopes of the .southern Alleghany monntains and in southern
Arkansas and eastern Texas.

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying; medullary rays numerooB,
broad; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7286 ; ash, 0.^3; sometimes ased for
levers, handles of tools, etc.

BETULACE^.

294. — Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach,

Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 167 ; Hist. Veg. si, 233. — Endlicber, Gener.a, Siippl. iv', 19. — Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, six, 76, t. 4, t
19-28; Grjiy, M.nnual N. States, 5 ed. 459. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, -'8. — Macoun in Geological Kep. Canada, 1879-'eO, 55«.

B. lenta, Du Roi, Harbk. i, 92 [not LinnieasJ.— Waugenheim, Anier. 45, t 29, f. 38.

B. populifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 19.— Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii, 336; 2 ed. v, 299.— Willdcnow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 37, t 2,
f. 5 ; Spec, iv, 403. — Pcrsoon,S.vn. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arli. ii, 470. — NouveauDuhanipl, iii, 204. — Poiret, SuppL
i, 687.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 139, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 78, t. 71.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii.620.—
Smith in Rees' C.vcl. iv. No. 8. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92; Compend. Fl. Philadeipb. ii, 175. — Eaton, Mannal,
■ 109; 6 cd.53.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218; Sylva, i,2:>; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 166.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, e54.—
Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 151. — Torrey, Corapeud. Fl. N. States, 355 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 199, t. 112. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii,
1707, f". 1560.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wrigbt , Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Emerson, Tree«
Massachusetts, 213; 2 ed. i, 243 & t. — Gray, M.inual N. States, 1 ed. 421. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1358, 256. —
Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii,646.

B. acuminata, Ehrbart, Beitr. vi, 98.— Mcunch, Meth. 693.

B. alha,SVL\i&\tec\e& populifolia, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<,399; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi>, 164.

WHITE BIRCH. OLD FIELD BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH.

New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of lake Ontiirio, south,
generally near the coast, to New Castle county, Delaware.

A small, short-lived tree of rapid growth, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter;
dry, gravelly, barren soil or borders of swamps, now generally springing up upon abandoned or burned land in
eastern New England.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; (olor, light brown, the sai> wood nearly white; specific gravity, O.oTCO ; ash, 0.29 ; largely used iu the
manufacture of spools, shoe-pegs, wood pulp, etc., lor hooi)-poles and fuel.

The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papi/rifera and B. hnia, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for
various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and for rheumatic and gouty complaints; the empyrvumatic oil
of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the -same jnirposes ( {'. 5.
Dispensatory, l-i: ed. 1592. — Nat. J)ispensatorij,2 ed.2S7); the bark occasionally used domestically in the manufacture
of ink.

295. — Betula papyrifera, Marshall,

Arbustum, 19.— Michau.x, Fl. Bor.-Ani, ii, 180.

B. papyrncea, Alton, ITort. Kew. iii, 337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Enum. l>81 ; Berl. Banmi. ;VJ, t.O, f. 1.—
Nouvoau Duhanicl,iii,205.— Pcrsoon,Syn. ii, 572.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477.— Poir»?t, Snppl. i, 6S?.— Michaux
f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 133, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 70. t. 69.— Smith in Reos" Cycl. i v. No. 9.— Puish, Fl. Am. Sept.
ii,621.— B. S. Barton, Bot. Appx. 34,t.27,f. I.— Eaton, Manual, 109; C ed. ,\3.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philad.-lph. ii,
175.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218 ; Sylva, i, 25 ; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 167.— Watson, Dond. Brit, ii, t. i:.2.— Sprougel,
Syst. iii, 854.— Torrey, Coiii)>inil. Fl. N. States. 355; Fl. N. York, ii. 199.— Audubon. Birds, t. S8.—Loudon. Arboretum,
iii, 1708, f. 1561 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. l.".!;. — Bigelow. Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.—
Pcuu. (^ycl. ii, :{49.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 210; 2 ed. i,2;!9 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Richanlson,
Arctic Exped. 437. — Cooler in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2.">6.— Hooker f. in Trims. Liuniran Soc. xxiii% 300, :!:S9. — Wood,
CI. Book, 649 ; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, l>45.— Vasi>y. Cat. Forest
Trees, 28.— Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, 187^-'76, 210.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 180.- Bell in Geological
Kep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45"^.

160 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

B. nigra, Loistlmr in Xouvtau Pubaiiu'l, ii, t.r>l [not Limia^iis].

li. grandis, Schnultr in hui. Hort.Gwtt. Is3;t,'2.

B. rubra, l.odiligi-s, Cat.id. IKMj.

B. Canadinsis, LwUliges, Cat. c»l. lH3f>.

B. alba, var. papyri/era, Spaili.in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2Kpr.xv, 1(^8; Hist. Vog. xi.aw.— Endlicher, Genera, SuiJpl.iV, 19.— Uogel
in Mi'ni. Sue. Xat. Moscow, xix, 81, t. 5, f. 5-10.

B. COriU/oliu, IJ( .;il in MfO). .Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, Wi, t. l".', f. 21I-3G.

B. alba, Pub.spccicS papyri/era, Ki gi l in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 401 ; Dc Candollo, Proilr. xvi', IGG.

B. alba, subspecies papyri/era, var. cordifolia, Eogel in Bnll. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 401 ; Uc Caudollp, Proilr.
xvi=, ICC.

B. alba, Sllb.spec-ics papyrifira, var. cvmmviiis, Kogfl in Bnll. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii\ 401; Do Candollc, Prodr.
xvi-, ir.;->.

B. alba, subspecies commutata, Eepcl in Bnll. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxTiii<,401 ; Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi', ICC.

B. occidentalis, Ljall in Jour. Linuican Soc. vii, lo4 [not Hooker].

B. alba, var. popuUfolia, Winchell in Ludlow's Kep. Black Hills, (17 [not Spach].

CANOE BlECn. WHITE BIECH. PAPER BIRCH.

Nortbern Nowfouudhmd and Labrador to Ibe soiifbern sbores of Iludson bay and Eorlhwist to tbo Groat
Bear hike and tbe valley of fbe Yukon river, Alaska, .«outb, in tbe Atlantic region to ^A'adinp: river, Long island,
the mountains of nortbern Pennsylvania, Clear lake, Montcalm county, Micbigan, nortlieasteni Illinois and Saint
Cloud, Minnesota ; in tbe Pacific region .Mmtli to the Black bills of Dakota (E. Douglas), tbe Mullen trail of tbe IJittcr
Koot mountains and Flatliead lake, Jlontana, Ibe neigbborbood of Fort Colville. Wasiiington tei-ritory (^Ya1son),
and tbe valley of tbe lower Fraser liver, Britisb Colnmbin [Engelmann tC Sargent).

A tree 1« to 24 meters in beigbt, with a trunk 0.(J0 to 0.00 meter in diameter; ricb woodlands and banks of
streams; very common in tbe nortbern Atlantic region and reacbing a bigber latitude tban any deciduous tree of
tbe American forest.

Wood ligbt, strong, bard, tough, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
brown tinged with red, tbe saji-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5955; ash, 0.25; largely used in tbo
manufacture of spools, shoe-lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, \vood-i)uli), etc.

The very tough, durable baik easily separated into thin layers, impervious to water, is largely used in the
manufacture of canoes, tents, etc.

296. — Betula occidentalis. Hooker,

Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, l.'j.l. — Spnch in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 sor. xv,197. — Nuttatl, .Sylva, i, 22, t.7; 2 cd. i, 40, f. 7. — Kndlichcr, Genera, Sni)|il. iv',
20. — Torrcy iu Fremont's Rop. 97; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 4(>C. — N<'wl>crry in Pacific R. K. Rep. vi, 89.— Cooper in .Smithsonian Rep.
l'^i>S.2CI ; Am. Nat. iii, 40**.— Kegel in Mem. (»oc. Nat. Moscow, xix,i:JI,t. l.""!, f. :'5— Porter in Hayden's Reii. 1>:7I, 4:).!.— Watson in
King's R<-p. v,:i2;},t.'Jj; PI. Wliceler, 17; Bot. California, ii, 79. — Porter & Hayden, Fl. Colorado; Haydi'D'sSurv. Misc. Pul>. No. 4,
127. — Rotbrock in PI. Wbwder. 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 2:i9. — Vaney, Cat. Forest Trees, '28. — Marimn in Geological Hep. Canada,
I87.'i-'7C,2I0.—G.M. Dawson in Caniwlian Nat. new scr. ix,:!31.

B. alba, subspecies occidentalis typica, Regel in Bull. Sne. Nat. Mosrow, xxxvlii*, 400; DoCandollc, Prodr. xvi-, lf>.5.

BLACK IUU<U.

Bntisb Columbia, south to the Mount Shasta region (Strawlicrry viilc) and flic eastern canons of flic Sierra
Nevada.s .nbove Owen's valley (Lemmon), California, and tlirongli tlii^ inferior nirigcs and (be IJocky niDunfains to
Utah and nortliern New Mexico.

A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in beigbt, wif b a trunk sometimes 0..'50 to 0.45 meter in diameter; mountain canons
and along streams, in moist soil, often throwing up several stems from fbe ground and forming dense thicket.s.

WfKxl soft, strong, britth^, close-grained, com])act; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, tbe
sap-wood lighter; sjyecific gravity, O.fiO.^O; ;i«h, 0.30; somewhat used for fencing, fuel, etc.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 161

297.— Betula lutea, MicUaux f.

Hist. Arb. Am. ii,152, t. r.; N. Aincricau Sjlva, 3 t<l. ii,82,t. 73.— Spacli in Ann. Sci. Nat.2 ser. xv, 191; Hist. Vcj,'. xi, 243.— Endlicher,
Gcnora, Siippl. iv-, 20.— .Wood, Bot. »t FI. 308.— Gray, Manual N.State8,5 cd.459.— Koch, Den(lrolo(;ie, ii,(»0 — Vascy.Cat. Foreet
Trees, 28. — Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 180.

B. excelsa, Pur8l),ri.Ani. Sept. ii.Cai [not AitonJ.— NuttalI,Genr-.ra,il, 218.— Sprcngcl, Syat. iii.8o4.— Torrcy.Compcnd. FL
N. States, S-W; Fl.N. York, ii, 200.— E.iton, Manual, G ed. 53.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1711, f. I5C4, 15«5 & t.— Hooker,
Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, ]5().— Eaton & 'Wrigbt, IJot. 150.— Bigclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. :J82.— Lindley in IVun. Cyrl. ii, 549. -Gray,
Manual N. States, 1 ed. 422. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 206; 2 cd. i,235&t. — Richardson, .\rctic Espcd. 438, —
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 25G. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. X. Carolina,
18G0, iii, 74,— Wood, CI. Book, 648.— Bell iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'b0, 50=.

B. lenla, Kegel in Mew. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 125, in part ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxiviii', 417, iu part; De CandoUe,
Prodr. xvi-, 179, in part.

YELLOW UIRCn. GRAY BIKCH.

j^ewfoiiiidhind, uortlierii .shores of tin; gulf of Saint Lawrence to Abittibi lake and the western shores of lake
Superior and Kainy lake, south throujili tlie nortliern states to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along the
Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina and Tennessee.

One of the largest and most valuable deciduous trees of the northern New England and Canadian forests,
often 21 to 29 meters in height, with a trunk O.no to 1.20 meter iu diameter; rich woodlands; common.

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, comi)act, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish;
medullary I'ays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly whi'.e; specific
gravity, 0.G553; ash, 0.3 L; largely used for fuel, in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel molds, pill and
match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels.

298. — Betula nigra, Linnams,

Spec. 1 ed. 982.— Marshall, Arbustum, 18.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 231.— Alton, Hort . Kew. iii, 336 ; 2 cd. v. 299.— Ga?rtner, Fruct. ii, 54,
t. 90, f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,464; Enum.931; Berl. Bauuiz. ,'>6.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 203, t. 51.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 572.—
Desibntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477.— Smith in Recs' Cyel. iv. No. 2.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218. — Hayne, Dead.
Fl. 166.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 350, t. 760, f. 2.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 616.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 153.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 854.— Torrcy.
Compeud. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N.York, ii, 201.— Beck, Bot. 325.— Loudon, Arlioretuni, iii, 1710, f. l.''>62, 1563 & t.— Peun. Cycl. ii,
149. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts 208; 2 ed. i, 237. — Darlington, Fl. C'estrica,3 ed.275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 50*. — Cooper in
Smilhsonian Rep. 1658, 256. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73. — Regcl iu Mem.
Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 118, 1. 12, f. 1-12 ; Bull. Sue. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii-', 412; DeCandollc,Prodr. xvi-, 175. — Lesquereux in Owen's
2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 266. —Gray, Manual N. Sta'ies,5ed. 459;
Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 644. — Young, Bot. Texas, 512.— Vasey, Gat. Forest Trees, 28. — Burbauk in Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist, xviii, 214. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1S82, 85.

B. lanulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 181.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 206.

B. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 142, t. 3; N. American Sylva,3 ed. ii, 80, t. 72.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1248.— Eaton.
Manual, 6 ed. 53.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 150.— Spach in Ann. Sci.Nat.2 ser. xv, 185; Hist. Veg. xi, 230.— Endlicher,

Gcnora, Suppl. iv-, 19.

B. iDUJIlhlta, Loddiges. Cat. ed. 1836.

KED BIRCH. RIVER BIRCH.

Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket rivers, Middlesex and Essex counties, j\rassachusetts. AVadiug river. Long
island, south through the coast and middle districts to the (Miattahoochee region of western Florida, west to
western Iowa, northwestern Jlissouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A tree IS to 2-1 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 nu>ter in diameter; banks of stivams and
l)on(ls; very common and reac'liing its greatest development in the .south Atlantic states and in the basin of the
lower ]\lississi])pi river.

Wood liglit, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure: color, bixiwu, the
s;![) wood nuieh lighter; si)ecit)c gravity, 0.,") 702 ; ash, 0.3."i; used in the manufacture of furniture, woodeuware,
wooden shoes, o.\-yokes, etc.

11 FOR

162 FOREST TREES OF Ni^RTH AMERICA.

299. — Betula lenta, Linn.Tus,

Spec. 1 e<i. 9p3.— Lamarck, Diet. i,453.— Marshall, Arbustuiii, I'J.—Aitoii, Hort. Kow. iii,:i;!7; 2 cd. v,300.— Willdciiow, Spec, iv, 4fi4;
Enum. ?~1 ; Bcrl. Raitiuz. 59.— Persoou, Syu. ii, 572. — Dcslbiitaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Xouvcau Diihaiuel, iii, '.'05. — Micbaiix f. Hist.
Arb. Am. ii, 147. t . 4 : X. Amcricau S.vlva, 3ed. ii, 85, t. 74.— Smith in Kecs' Cycl. i v, No. 3.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 021.- Eaton, Manual,
ICO; Ge(1.53.— Barton, Comi)end. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 175.— Xnttall, Genera, ii, 218.— Hayue, Dcnd. Fl. 107.— Elliott, Sk. ii, (il7.—
Wat.'ion, Dend. lirif. ii, 144.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,S54.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl. N. York.ii, 200.— Gnimpel, Otto &
Hayue, Abb. Holz. 105, 1. 1<!.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1713, f. 15(>('i.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 15G.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 15l).—
Bigelow, Fl.Bostou. 3ed. 381. — Liudleyiu Penn. Cycl. ii, 349. — Spach in Anu. Sci. Nut. 2ser. xv,190; Hi.st. Veg. xi,241, — Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 203; 2 ed. i, 232 &. t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. i'SS. — Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv-, 20. — Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 eU. 275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kcp. 1858,250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. X. Carolina, 1860, iii, 74. — Kegel in Mem. .Soc. Xat. Moscow, xxxviii^, 125, in jiart; Bull. Soc.Nat. Moscow,
xxsviii, 417, in part ; De CandoIIe, Prodr. xvi-, 179, in pait. — Wood. CI. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 308. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
265. — Gray, Manual X. States, 5 ed. 458. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 039. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii,
180.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55^—Ridgway in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882, a'>.

B. nigra, Du Ri>i,Harbk. i,y3.— WaDgcnheiui.Amer. 35, t. 15, f. 34.

B. ejccelna, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337 ; 2ed. v, 299 [not Pursh].— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 404.— Berl. Baumz. 41, t. 2, f.2.— Nouvcau
Duhamel, iii, 203, t. 52. — Persoon, Syn. ii,572. — Dc8l'ontaines,Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Poiret,Snppl. i,C87. — Smith in Kees'
Cycl. iv, Xo. 10. — Hayue, Dend. Fl. i, 7. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Xat.2ser. xv, 188; Hist. Veg. xi,243. — Endlicher, Genera,
iv', 20.

B. Carpini/oUa, Ehrhavl.Beitr. vi, 99.— Willdenow, EuMui. 9f 1 : Hirl. Baumz. 49.

CHEKEY BIKCU. BLACK BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH. MAHOGANY BIRCH.

NewfouiKllaud and the valley of the Saguenny river, west through Ontario to the Manitou islands of hilco
Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahooeheo
region of northern Florida, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.'.IO to 1.50 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; very coihiik/u
in all northern forests.

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compai-l, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful iioiish; meiliillary
rays numerous, ob.scure; color, dark brown tinged with reil, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity,
0.7617; a.sh, 0.'J6; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel; in Nova Scotia and New Brnnswiok
largely in shjii-building.

" Birch beer" is obtained by fermenting the saccharine saj) of this and perhaps some other species of the genus

300. — Alnus maritima, .Mnhlcuberg,

MSB.— NutUll, Sylva, i, :», t. 10-; 2 ed. i, 50, t. 10^.— Gray, Manual X. States, 5 ed. 461 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Cauliy in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, vi, 1881.

Betula-Alnun inarilima, Marsliall, Arbustum, 20.

A. oblongata, R.-gel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 172, t. vi, 1". 3-9 [not Willdenow].

A. maritima typica, Regel in Bull. Soc Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*. 427: De Canilolli>, Prodr. xvi», 186.

SEASIDK AI.DKR.

Southern Delaware and ea.stern Maryland, near the coast; valley of the Red river, Indian territory, in about
longitude 90° .30' W. (E. Hall); Manchuria and .Japan (A. maritima, Japonira and arr/uta, Jier/el in De CandoIIe,
Prodr. .XV i^ ISC).

A small tree, 0 to 7 meters in height, with a liiink O.IO to 0,1."> nicli'i in (liainctci : borders of streams and
swamps.

Wood light, wjft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light
bright l)rown, the Kap-woo<l hardly distinguishable, somewhat lighter; specific giavity. (i. tOiUJ; ash, 0..'19.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 1G3

301. — Alnus rubra, Bonganl,

Mem. Acad. St. Peterslnirg, C ser. ii, 1(S. — Hooker, Fl. lior.-Aiu. ii, lOti. — Spacli in Ami. Sci. Nat. U htr. xv, 20,"). — Endliclicr, Genera,
Suppl. iv^, 21. — Lyall in Jour. Linniean Soc. vii, i;{4. — Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii^, 429; De CandoUe, ProJr. xvi«,
180. — Toirey,Bot. Wilkes Exped. 4(i7. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 80. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new scr. ix.XII.

?A. glutmom, Pursli. I'l. Am. Sept. il,(;22 [not Willdenow].

A. Orcgana, Nuttall, Sylva, i,28, t. 9; 2 ed. i,44,t. 9.— Newberry in Pacific E. R. Rep. vi, 25, 89.— Cooper in Smitluionian
Ki'p. law, 261 1 Pacitic R. K. Rep. xii«,28, 68.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.

,1. incana, Var. rnbril, Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 157, t. 17, f. :!-4.

Sitkii, south through the islands aud Coast ranges of British Columbia, Washington territory, Oregon, and
California to Santa Barbara, extending east through the Blue mountains to northern Montana.

A large tree, 1!4 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or in British Columbia
aud the Blue mountains often reduced to a low shrub; river bottom lands aud borders of streams; most eonimon
and reaching its greatest development along the large streams of western Washington territory and Oregon.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a
beautifid i)olish; medullary rays distant, broad ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.4813; ash, 0.42; largely used in Oregon in the nntnufacture of furniture.

302. — Alnus rhombifolia, Nuttall,

Sylva, i, lili; 2 ed. i;40. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes E.'cped. 467. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 2iS. — Watson, Bor. California, ii. •?(!.
A. (jblHnosa, var. serrulata, Refjel in Mem. Soe. Nat. Moscow, xix. 164, in part.

A. NCrrtdatu, var. riniVb-a, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxvili^ 4:J2, HI part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-. 18^^. in part.

ALDER.

Valley of the lower Fraser river, Britisli Columbia, south through the Coast ranges to southern California,
extending east along the ranges of Washington territory to Clear creek, Idaho ( Watson), aud the valley of the
Flathead river, Montana {Canlnj if- Sargent).

A small tree, 0 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its
northern and eastern limits reduced to a shrub; borders of streams; the common alder of the California valleys.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4127; ash, 0.31.

303. — Alnus oblongifolia, Torrey,

Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204.— Couper in Smilhsoniau Kep. l.-<."i-', Uiil).— Wat.sou in PI. Wheeler. 17: Bot. California, ii. 80.—
Rothroek in Wheeler's Rep. vi,2;i9.— Kusl.y in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix.7i).

A. serrulata, var. oblongifolia, Kef;<l in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii', 44:5; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 18?.

San Bernardino and Caytnnaca mountains, California, througii tiu> ranges of southern Arizona and southern
New Mexico to the valley of tlu> Kio Grande: southward into Mexico.

A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, witli a truidv O.OO to 1.20 meter in diameter; borders of streams in dtcp
motmtain (^anons.

Wood light, soft, not sti'ong, brittle, close-grained, compact: medidlary rays numerous, very obscure; color,
light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.30S1; ash, 0.42.

164 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

304. — Alnus serrulata, Wiiuieuow,

Spec, iv, 33i!; Eu'uiu. 9»» : Berl. Bauiuz. 2 eil. 21. — Xoiive.iu Diihamol, ii, 'Jlti. — Porsoon, Syii. ii, o'lO. — Dosfontaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 488.—
Aiton, Hurt. Kew. •> e.l. v, i'lO.— Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 3-JO, t. 4, f. 1 ; N. Aiuprioaii Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 87, t. 75, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am.
S«pt. ii, C-i3.— Barton, Prcnlr. Fl. Philadelpb. Si>; Compeiid. FI. Pliiladclph. ii, l.'i-'!'.— Eaton, Manual, 105; 6 ed. I'i.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, iOti.— Ha\-no, Deud. Fl. l'2-.>.— Elliott. .'^U. ii, .''.(w.— Torrey, Conipcnd. Fl. X. States, a^O; Fl. N. York, ii, 202, t. 115.— Beck, Bot.
326.— Darlington. Fl. Ccstrica, 3 ed. 27l).— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, lt>88, f. 1544.— Eaton iV Wright, Bot. 120.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston.
3 cd. 220 — SpacU in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 scr. xv, 20C ; Hist. Veg. xi, 251.— Emerson, Trees Ma.s.saeliusetts, 218 ; 2 ed. i, 248 «fc t.— Endliclier,
Genera, Snppl. iv-', 21.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 50?. —Chapman, Fl. S. State.s, 429.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 102. — Lesqnereus in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkanssis, 389. — Wood, CI. Book, 650; Bot. &. F1.308. — Poreher, Resourees 8. Forests,
266.- Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461.— Young, Bot. Texas, 513.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.

Betltla ntfjosa, Du Rol, Harbk. i, 176.— Waugenheim, Araer. 66, t. 29, f. GO.— Ehrharf , Beitr. iii, 21.

TBetuhlAlnilS glauca. Marshall, Arbustum, 20.

Betula serrulata, Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii, 338.— AVilldeiiow, lUrl. llauinz. I e.l. 45.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 183, t. 92.—
Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 181.

A. serrulata, var. vulf/aris, Spaeh in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv,206.

A. serrulata, var. macrophylla, Spaeh in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206.

A. serrulata. var. oblongata, Spaeh, Hist. Veg. xi, 251.

A. serrulata, var. laii/olia, .Spach.Hist. Veg. xi,25l.

A. rubra, Tnckerman in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xlv, 32.

A. hybrida, Pieiehcnbach, lion. Fl. Germ. xii,t. 630, f. 1292.

A. glvtinosa, var. serrulata, Reg.l in Mem. .Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 164, 1. 11, f. 6, e, in part.

A. glutiuosa, var. rugosa, Regel in Mem.Soc.Nat. Mo8cow,xix,165,t. ll,f.9, 10.

A. serrulata genuina and obtusifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xsxviii\ 432: DeCaudolle,Prodr. xvi', 188.

A. serrulata, var. rugosa, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii^, 432, in part: De Candolle, Prodr. svi=, 188, in part.

A. rugosa, Ko<.h, Derdrologic, ii,<;35.

.4. oblongata, vndulata, rugosa, Canadensis, and Americana, iiort.

BLACK ALDER. SMOOTH ALDER.

Essex county. Ma.s.sacLnsetts, west to .soutlicni Mis.souri, south to iiortliern Florida and tlic valley of tlie
Trinity river, Texas.

A small tree, C to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching
shnih forming ilen.se thicket.s; borders of streams and swamps, i)robably rearhiiig its greatest develojiment in
southi-m Arkan:?as.

Wood light, .soft, clo.se-grained, comi)act; medullary lays nunieions, coiisiijcuous; color, liglit brown, t lie sap-
wootl lighter; speeific gravity, O.tOOO; ash, 0.38.

A decoction of the bark and leaves, as well as those of A. incana, i.s a iiopuiar icniedy against inipiaity of the
blood and in tiie treatment of diarriioea and ha^maturia, etc. {Kat. Dispensntorii, H cd. 1.'55).

305. — Alnus incana, Willdenow,

Spec, iv, :!:t".; ICniiiii. '.•;'.; Berl. Baiimz. 2 ed.20.— Pcrsonn, Syn. ii,. 5511.— Aiton, Hort. Ki'W. 2 ed. v,25!l. — Hayue.Deiid. Fl. 1.52. — Eaton,
Mannal,6e<l. 12.— London, Arboretnm, iii, 1087, f. 1543.— Ilookc-r, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 1.57.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 120.— .Sjiaeh in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 2 (M;r. XV. 2.6; Hi^t. Veg. .\i, 2.52.— NnttuU, Sylva, 1,30 ; 2 ed. I, 46.— Tn( kernian in Am. .Jonr. Sci. 1 ser. xlv, 32. — Torrcy,
F1.N. York,ii,2i)J. — Enier.'ton, Trees Ma-wachuHctts,220; 2 cd. i, 251 & t.— Endliclier. Genera, .Snppl. iv-, 21. — Parry in Owen's
Hep. 61*. — Cooper in Stiiithsonian Rop. 18.58, 2.56. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnwau So.;, xxiii-, 301.— Wood.Cl. Book. 649; Bot. &
Fl. Sf**.- Rcgcl in Bull. .Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii', 433; Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', la*!. -Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461.— Kocli,
Dendrologie. ij, 636.- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Maeonn in Geological Rep. Canada, 187.5-'76, 210.— Bell in Geological Rep.
Canada, l*71l-'-?i), .55'.

Betula- Alnus, var. (1. incana, LinnnnH, S|iei'. l ed.9-3.— Dn Koi, Hiiilik. i, 109.

Betula ilirtin'U Lii.n.'.'iiM. Snppl. 417.— Ait.m, Ilort. Kew. iii, 339.— Willdenow, Hiil. lianniz. 1 ed. 4.5.— Smith in Rees' Cyel.
iv.N... 7.

f Bet ul'i- Alnus rubra, Marshall. Arbnstnm, 20.

A. glauca, >Ii.-hanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 322, t. 4, f. 2 ; N. American S\ Iva, 3 <d. K9, t. 7.5, f. 2.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 cd. 367.

A. incana, var. glauca, Gray, Manual N. states, 1 cd.423; 3 ed. 461.

A. inrttna, Atiirriraiia, iini] genuina. I>r;;,| in M<in. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 1,55.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 165

SPECKLED ALDKK. IIOAUY ALDKU. BLACK ALDER.

Newfouiidliuid to tlie eastern base of the llocky iiifnintaiiis, .south to northern New England, Wisconsin
Minnesota, and eastern Nebraska ; in Europe.

A small tree, (i to 7 meters in lieight, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching
shrub; borders of streams and swamps.

A form with leaves green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent, extending through the monntain
ranges of the I'aeifie region from the Saskatchewan and British Columbia to New Mexico and the southern Sierra
Nevadas of Calil'ornia, is — •

var. virescens, Watson, Bot. California, ii, 8L

A. incann, var. glauca, Regcl iu Mem. Soc.Nat. Moscow, xix, 154, in part ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxsviii< 433, in port;

Do CandoUo, Prodr. xvi-, 189, in part. — Watson in King's Rep. v, :!2G [not Alton]; PI. Wheeler, 17. Botbrock PL

Wlieeler, 50 ; Wlieeler's R(!p. vi, 239.— Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.

A. .wyndufil, var. rugosa, Regel in Bull. Soc.Nat. Moscow, xxxviii^, 432, in part; De Candollo, Prodr. xvi^, 168, in part.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking in di-.ving ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color, light brown, the
Bap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4G07; ash, 0.-12 ; preferred and largely used in northern New England
in the final baking of bricks, and occasionally, as well as that of J., nerrulata, in the manufacture of gunpowder.

SALIC ACE.^.

306. — Salix nigra, Marshal),

Arbustum, i;!9.— Muhlenberg in Nene Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 237, t. 4, f. 5 (Ann. Bot. ii, 65, t. 5, f. 5).— Willdenow, Spec iv,
657; Euum. 1003; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 426. — Persaou, Syn. ii,599. — Micbaus f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 324, t.5, f. 1 ; N. American Sylra,
3ed. iii, 64, 1. 125, f. 1.— Pursh, FI. Am. Sei>t. ii, 614.— Poirot, Suppl. iv, 61.— Eaton, Manual, US; 6 ed. 320.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231;
Sylva, i, 79 ; 2 ed. i, 94.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. ISO.— Elliott, Sk, ii, 070.- Spreugel, Syst. i, ino.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 370 ; Fl.
N. York, ii, 209.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 280.— W. Koch, Comment. 17.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Trantvetter iuMom. Acad. St. Petersburg, iii,
614.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1529, 1604, f. 8.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 148. — Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 19. — Eatou & Wright, Bot.
408.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 419.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. ii, 35.— Emerson Trees Massachusetts, 271 ; 2 eil. i, 307 & t.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 279.— Andersson iu Ofr. af. Vot. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Hand), ti, 19,
f. 15 ; Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 200.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 506.— Cooper iu Smithsouian Rep. 1858, 256.— Walpers, Ann. v, 744.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 430.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1660, iii, 75.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,

389. — Wood, CI. Book, 654 ; Bot.ifc Fl. 310. — Porclier, Resources S.Forests, 334.— Eugeluiann iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. uewser. xii,209.

Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 460; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii,513. — Young, Bot.Texas. 514.— Macoun in Geological

Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Bebb iu Bot. California, ii, 83.— Sears iu Bull. Essex lu.<t. xiii, 181.

Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 86.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 180

S. pentandra, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 243.

S. CaroKlliana, Michaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 226.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 662.— Poiiet, Suppl. v, 62.

S. Houstoniana, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614.— Poirot, Suppl. v, 68.— Spreugel, Syst. i, 107.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 670.— Trnntrett**
iu Mom. Acad. St. Petersburg, iii, 615.— Forbes, Sal. Woburu. 21, t. 21.— Eaton & Wright, B*>t. 409.

S.falcata, Pur.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614 [not HBK.].— Poirel, Suppl. v, TO.— Spreugel, Syst. i, I(i7.— Forl>e8,S.il.Wobnrn.
279.— Eatou, Manual, 6 ed. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Barr.itt, Sal. Am. No. 21.— Dietrich, Syn. v. 420.

f S. ambigua, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 617.— Forl)es, Sal. Woburu. 282.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 321.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 403.

S. ligustriiia. Micluiux r. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 326, t. 5,1". 2; N. .Vmoricau Sylva, 3 ed. iii,6.->, t. 12,\ f. 2.— Poin't, Suppl. v, 61.

S. Plirshiaita, Sprougel,Syst. iii, 608.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica. 2 ed.560.

S.flavovirem, Horuemanu iu Cat. Hort. Hafu. Stippl. ii, 11.

f S. COrdata, var. falcata, Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. State-s, 370.

8. nigra, XiU-./alcaid, Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 209.— Carey iu Gray, Manual N. States, I ed. 429.— Darlington, Fl. Cc«tria«,S

ed. 280.

16G FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

BLACK WILLOW.

Soiitlieni New BniiKswick uiul tlie northern shores of hikes Uuron and Superior southward tliroiigh tlie
Aihuitic region to bay Biseayne and the Caloosa river, Fkirida, and the valley ot the Guadalupe rivei', Texas;
I'acitie region, valleys of the Sa<;ran)ento river, California, and the Colorado river, Arizona.

A small tree, sometimes IT) to IS meters in height, with a trunk rarely O.OO meter in diameter, or in southern
Florida redueed to a h)w shrub; usually along the banks of streams; most common in the basin of the -Mississippi
river an<l reaching its greatest develoi)ment in the rich bottom lands of the Colorado and other rivers of eastern
Texas; varying greatly in the size and shape of the leaves (vars. an(]ust>folia, loiKjifoUd, lati/olia, etc., -1 »i(/<'r.s'.s'on in
Kongl. Sten. Akad. Ilaiidl. vi, 20), length and habit of the ameuts, etc.

The best marked forms are —

var. marginata, Auilfmson in Kongl. .Svcn. Akail. Hanrtl. vi, 2-i; Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 201.

•S. muitlinata, Wiuimciin Scbcdul. Horl>. Viiidal).

var. longipes, Andorsson ill Kdii';!. Svcn. Akad. Ilandl.vi,2-i; Df Candollr, I'lodr. xvi', V'Ol.

S. longipen, Sbuttlowortli in lu-rh. Itookcr.— Andcrsson in OIV. af. Vot. Akad. Forli. ia'>S, 111 U'i"<'- Am. Acad. iv,. ">:!).—
Wulpcrs, Ann. v, 71-1.

Forms of var. longipes more or less pubescent have been characterized by Aridersson in Kongl. Si'en. Akad.
Bandl. vi, 22; Be Candolle, Prodi: xvi^, 201, as subvars. renulosa aiid gongylocarpa [Shiittleirorth], (S. longiprx, var,
pubencens, Andersson in Proc. Am. Acad, iv, ."),'5; S. subi'illosa, Elliott in herb. iSrhweinitz ex. Niittall, Sylra, i, 79;
2 ed. i, 94, ride Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53, note).

var.Wrightii,Andcre.son in Kongl. .Svcn. Akad. Handl.vi, '."J; Dc Candnllc. I'lodr. xvi-,'.>()l, — llcnitdcy, Hot. Ani.-Ccnt.iii, 180.

S. Wrightii, Andereson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. rurli. 1808, lir> (Pmc. Am. Acad, iv, :•:> — WalpciM, Ann. v, Tt'i. — Torroy in
Bot. Mcx. Bonndary Suvvoy, 804.

var. Wardii, Behb in Bnll. l'. S. Nat. Mn.s. No. SK, 111.

Wood light, soft, weak, clo.se-grained, checking badly in drying; medidlavy rays obscure; color, brown, tlie
sai)-wood nearly white; specific gravity, ().44.'5(i ; a.sh, 0.70.

The tonic and astringent bark U8ed domestically as a i)opular febrifuge, and containing, in common with that of
all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, a i)owerfiil aiitijiyritic now successfully u.sed in the treatment of acute
cases of gout, rheumati.sm, typhoid fever, etc. (Am. Jour, riiarm. 1875,303.— U. IS. Dinjien-saiory, II ed. 790, 1748. —
Xat. J>ixpenmtory, 2 ed. 1248).

Note.— The closely allied .Salix occidenlalix, Bokc, of lh« West Indies i« not pcrliiip.s H|ircilically distinct from S. uUjvh, with wliicli
Home of tlio foriiiH of var. longipes from sontbcrn Florida sooni to connect it.

307. — Salix amygdaloides, Andorsson,

Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Torli. 18o8, IM (pioe. Am. Aead. iv, .i:!).— \Val).ei'.s, Ann. v, 7.14.— Held, in Wheeler's Kep. vi, 240.

t S. melanopHin, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 78, t. •-'!; 2 cd. i, !•:(, t. 21.

S. nigra, var. amygdaloides, AndersHon in Kongl. Svcn. Akad. Ilandl. vi, 21 ; Do Cnndollo, Prodr. xvi', SOl.-Rotlirock,
PI. Wbceler, .'.0— Porter & Conltcr, FI. Colorado; Hayden's .Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.

Shores of the great lakes (Wiiyiio county. New York, llankcmon ; I'ainesville, Ohio, .B«t/-rf«/fc), westward to
the valley of the SaHkaU^hewan, and southward tlirongh the Hoeky iMountain region to .southern New Mexico;
bapks of the lower Columbia river, Oregon (Jloirelh).

A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 meters in height, with a triiidc 0.15 to O.IJO meter in (iiaiiulcr; along streams.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close grained, checking in diying; tiic heart-wood light blown, sajj-woiKJ nearly
white; speciOc gravity, 0.4509; a.sh, 0.92,

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 167

308. — Salix Isevigata. Uebb,
Am. Xat. viji, 302; Bot. Cali/omia, ii, 83.

WILLOW.

California, Sierra coanly (Lemmon) and the valley of the Sacramento river to the soathem boundary of the
sLtte.

A tree eomctimes 15 meters in height, with a tmnk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and
bottom land.s.

A form with narrower falcate leaves (Yreka, E. L. Greene) is —

var. angUStifolia, Eebb in Bot. CaKfonua, ii, &4.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Hep. vi, 374.

A iorm with short, densely-flowered aments is —

var. congesta, Bebb in Bot. California, ii,84.

Wood ligiit. soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact : medullary rays nnmerons, verj- thin ; color, light
brown tinged with red : .si)ecific gravity, 0.4872 ; ash, O.5.S.

309. — Salix lasiandra, Benthani.

PL Hartweg. 336.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 13S. — SewUerry in Pacific E. R. Rep. vi,;^. — Bebb in Bot. Calitornui. u. -i.

S. Hoffmanniana, Hooker & Ainott. Bot. Beechey. 159.

S. apeciosa, XattaU, Sylva, i, 58, t 1" ; 2 ed. i, 74. 1. 17 [not HiX)fcer & Arnott].— Xewberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. ri, 39 —
Cooper in Pacific E. R, Rep. lii-, 29.

S. lueida, var. angugtifolia, forma la^andra. Anderason in OtV. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1S&3, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad.
iv,54).

8. arffHfa, var. la»iandra, Asdeiason in Kongl. Sren. Akad. Handl. vi. S? : De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-. 206.

British Colombia, shores of lake Kamloop (ifaeoun), southward to the valley of the Sacramento river,
California : Rocky mountains. Utah, and through Colorado to ^new Mexico (var. Fendleriana).

A tree 12 to IS meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; banks of streams: very
common : varying in the shape of the leaves and character of the aments.

The best marked forms are —

var. lancifolia, Bebb in Bot. Califonua, ii, €4.

iL lancifolia. And^jSBOn in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi. 34. f. -25.— Grsy in Proc. Am. Acad. Tii, 402.— Hall in Coulter'*
Boe. Gazette, ii, 91.

S. lucida, var.' maerophgna, Andeiason in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi'. 205.

The common form of British Colombia and western Washington territory and Oregon.

var. Fendleriana, Bebb in Bot. CaMtomia, ii. 84.

S. pemtamdra. var. eaudata, Snttall, Sylva, i, ei, 1. 18; 2ed. i,T7. t. is.

if. FemdHeriaiMj Andeiaaoa in OitT. »f. Vet. Akad. Foth. ISoe?, U5 fPwc. Am. Acad. ir. 54^.— Walpers, .\nn. r. 745.

* «S. argmta, AQdeisaoa in Kon^^L Sven. Akad. Handl. vi. 33: IV CandoUe, Prodr. ivi^. 206, in part.

"Wood light, sofk, not strong, brittle, closf^-graincd, compact : niedallary rays nonierous. verj- obscure : color,
light brown, the sap-wood lighter or often ne;»rly white: .s{)ecitic gravity, 0.4756: a.-»b, 0.60. Var. laneifoiia.
specific gravity. 0.4,547: ash. 0.T9. Var. Fen'iWia'i,:.. rhe hf^art-^r.^i/i bn^wn. sAp-wiXKl light brown : smcitio •rrivity.
0.459S; ash, 0.56.

168 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

310. — Salix longifolia, Muhlenberg,

• Nene Schriflen Gesell. Xat. Fr. Berlin, iv, -aSS, t. 6, f. 0 (Ann. Bot. ii, 6G, t. 5, f. 6).— Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 670.— Pcrer.oii, Syn. ii, 600.—
Pareb, Fl. Am. Sejif. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii. 231.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248; Fl. N. York, ii, 209; Nicollet's Kep.
160: Fremont's Rep. 97; Emory's Rep. 412; Sitgreavcs' Rep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No.
23.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Ilocikcr, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 1 19.— Dietrich, Syn. v,
420. — Parry in Owen's Rop. 61* — Richardson, Arctic Expcd. 439,440. — Cooper in Smithsonian Reji. la'jS, 261. — Auderssou in Ofv.
af. Vet. Akad.Forh. l?">a, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, J6) ; Kongl. Sven. Ak:id. Handl. vi, r,4, f. :!,>; Do CaudoUe, Prodr. xvi', 214.—
Walpers. Ann. v, 745.— Lesqucreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansa.s, 3'*9. — Wood, CI. Book, Go:! ; Bot. & Fl. 310.— Engelniann in Proc.
Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. sii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. Slates, .'> ed. 4r>5.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 324 ; Wliceler's Rep. 1872, 493.-
Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Cana<la, 1875-76, 210. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Hall in
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Bebb in W^heeler's Rep. vi, 240 ; Bot. California, ii, 84.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 116.

S. fluriatalis, Nnttall, SyUa, i, 73; 2 ed. i,S9.

fS. rubra, Richardson, Arctic Esped. Appx. 37.

S. longifolia, \ar. pedicellata, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55, f. 35; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 214.—
Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.

SAN-D-BAR WILLOW.

Vallc.v of the Connecticut river (Sunderland, Massaclinsetts, N. G. Jesup) and of the Potomac river at
Washington CWard); west and northwest through the region of the great hikes to the valley of the Mackenzie
river, in latitude CG° N. {Richardson), through the Mississippi basin, Texas, the Rocky Mountain region, and the
Pacific Coast states.

A small tree, C to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams
and river sand-bars, in low, wet sandy soil, often forming low, dense clumps ; rare east of the Alleghany mountains;
verj- common throughout the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of
Oregon and northern California.

Well-marked forms, varying from the type in the form of the leaves, aments, and nature of pubescens, etc., arc —

var. exigua, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85.

.S'. exigua, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 75; 2 ed. i,90.

a. longifolia, var. anguxiissima, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, .56).

Western Texas to California and Oregon.

var. argyrophylla, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Aka<l. Handl. vi, 55; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 214.— Wataon in King's Kep. v,
324.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 493.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 50.— Porter & Conlter, Fl. Colprado; Haydcn's
Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.— Alaconn in Geological Rop. Canada, 1875-76, 210. — Bobb in Bot. Californi.i, ii, 85.

S. argophylla, Xuttall, Sylva, i, 71, t. 20; 2cd.i, 87, t.20.

T S. hrachycarpa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 69; 2 ed. i,85.

S. longifolia, var. opaca, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi,.'^5.

S. longifolia, var. argyrophylla angusti8Sima,Aii<l<!TBeon in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55; De C.iiiilolli', Prodr.
xvi^ 214.

jS'. longifolia, var. argyrophylUr opaca, AnderFson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 214.

Western Texas to (Jregon.

Woofl light, .soft, very close-grained, compact; nu'dullary rays niiiniTons, very obscure; color, brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.4930; ash, 0.48. Var. cjrigua, heavier, the heart- and sap-wood
darker colored ; specific gravity, 0..>jtli; a.sh, l.Ofl.

311. — Salix sessilifolja, Nnttall,

Sylva, i, 66; 2 ed. i, 84.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 18.58, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 5(i); Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, .V.,
. f. 3<;; Do Candolle, Prf«lr. xvi», 214.— Walpers, Ann. v, 746.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, H5.

.S'. sessilifolia, var. tHIohu, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 21.'..

Poget sound southward to nortbem California, near the coast.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 to 0.4.'5 meter in diameter; borders
of streams, in low, wet ground.

CATALOGUE OP^ FOREST TREES. U59

A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento valley and tlie California Coast ranges, is —

var. Hindsiana, AiKkreson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akiiil. I'oili. 18oS, 117 (Proi,-. Aui. Acad, iv, 50).— Bebb in But. Culifornia, ii, 85.

S. Himhiana, Bcntliaui, PI. Hartweg. 335.— Xewberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Toirey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138. —
Audcrssou in Koiigl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, .56, f. 37 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 215. — Walpcrs, Ann. v, 746.

S. Hindsiano, var. tenuifoUa, Andirsson in KouhI. Sven. Akad. Ilandl. vi, 50; De Candolle, Prodr. ivi-, iV,.

"Wood liylit, soft, close-fjniined, compact; medullary ray.s thin; color, light red, the sap-wood nearly white;
8i)eciflc gravity, 0.4397 ; asb, 0.50.

312. — Salix discolor, Muhlenberg,

Neue Scliriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 234, t. 5, f. 1 (Ann. Bot. ii, 02, t. 5, f. 1).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 665. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 599. —
Pursh, FI. Am. .Sept. ii,013. — Poiret, Suppl. v, 56. — Xuttall, Genera, ii, 231. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 669. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. K. States,
309; Fl. N. York, ii,206.— Spreugel, Syst. i, 104.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 279.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 319.— Smith in Recs' Cycl. Xo.
25.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 257.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 16:10, f. 147.— Bigclow, Fl.
Boston. 3 ed. 392. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 147. — Ban-att, Sal. Am. No. 3.— Emerson, 'frees Massachusetts, 258 ; 2 ed. i, 296 & t. —
Dietrich, Syn. v, 419. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 312.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 506.— Andersson iu Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh.
1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 63); Kongl. Sven. Akad. Ilaudl. vi, 83, f. 49; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 225.— Walpers, Ann. v,750.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 430.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 462. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 570. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada.
1874-75, 210.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 86.

8. sensitica, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 8.

GLAUCOUS WILLOW.

Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athaba.sca rivers, southward through the Atlantic region to
Delaware and southern Missouri.

A small tree, rarely exceeding G meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often
a tall, straggling shrub 3 to 6 meters in height; along streams and borders of swamps in low, wet soil: varying
greatly in the form of leaves, aiaents, and nature of pubescence.

The best marked forms are —

var. eriocephala, Andersson iu Koagl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, ^5; De Candolle, Prodr, xvi-, 225.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 463.

S. erixycephala, Michaux, FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 225.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 661.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 391.— Eaton, Manual,
6cd. 301.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 409.— Emerson, Trees Mas.sachusett8, 1 ed. 259; 2 ed. i, 196 & t.— Cart-y in Gray's
Manu.al N. States, 1 ed. 426. — Andersson in Ofv. af. A'et. Akad. Forh. 1858, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, Ti" ). — Walpers,
Ann. V, 746.

S. crassa, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 7.

var. prinoides, Andersson iu Kongl. Sven. Akad. Ilandl. vi, 86 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 225.— Emerson.Tnes Massachu-
setts, 2ed. i,297.

8. prinoides, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 102.— Poiret. Suppl. iv. i".— Torroy,
Compend. FI. N. States, 366.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. No. 26.— Forbes, Sal.AVoburn. 79, t. 40.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.—
Beck, Bot. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 407.— W. Koch, Comment. 46.— Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317. 1612, t.
40. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 150. — iimerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1, cd. 259. — Dietrich, Syn. v, 419.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed, small, open diiets ; medullary
rays and layers of annual growth 'not obscure; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown ;
specific gravity, 0.4l2(!l ; ash, 0.43.

313. — Salix flavescens, Nuitall,

Sylva, i. (i5; 2 ed. i, 81.— Bobb in Bot. Calirornia, ii, 8(i, in part.

Kocky momitains of Idaho and IVIontana southward to the Mogollon range, Xew Mexico (K. L. Gncnc) : on the
Cascade mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada, California.

A small tree, sontctimes (J to !) meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter; boi'<Urs of sti-eams,
reaching its greatest development iu the southern lipcky ^lountain region.

Wood light, .soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure: color, brown tingeil
with red, the sap-wood nearly white; .specific gravity, 0.4909 ; ash, 0.01.

170 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

V;ir. Scouleriana. li.i.ii:
Couller's Hot. Oazctto. vii. I-.".'.

JS. brachystachlfg, Beuthum, Pl.Hartweg.3;«5.— Andersson in Ofv. uf. Vet. Akad. Foil), ia'^.8, 121 (Proc. Aui. AeaU. iv, CI);
Koii;;!. Sveu. .\kad. Hamll. vi, S-i, f. 48 ; De Candolle. Prodr. xvi-, a-24.

& Scouleriana, Barratt iu Hookor. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 145, iu part.— Cooper in Pacific R. It. Ki p. xii-, 2a.

S. brachystachys, var. Scouleriana, Audersson in Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi-,-»4.

S.JJarcscens, Bdd. in Bot. California, ii, H6, in part.

BLACK WILLOW.

Kadiak island. Ala.ska (Keilogp). .southward tlirougli Briti.sli Columbia, western Wa.sliiiioton territory, and
■Orcfjoii to Santa Barbara, California.

A .small tree, S to 9 meters in beijilit. with a trunk rarely (•.(>() meter in diameter; uplands, near springs or
streams, or often iu quite dry soil; common and reaching its greatest development near the shores of Puget sound.

WoihI light, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nuinerotis, very obscure; color, light
red, the sap-wood brown : specific gravity. 0.5412 ; ash, 0.39.

314. — Salix Hookeriana, Banatt;

Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 145, t. ItiO.— Niittall, Sylva, i, 64; 2 ed. i, 80.— Audcrseon iu Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 119 (Proc. Am.
Acad, iv, 59); De Candoile, Prodr. xvi-, 274. — Walpera, Ann. v, 747. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7G, 210.

Grand rapids of the Saskatchewan [Douglas) ; coast of Washington territory and Oregon.

A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low, straggling
shrub with many ])rostrate stems ; on the coast generally along the edge of sea-beaches, or in low, rather moist,
sandy soil.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open ducts; medullary rays thin, very
obscure: color, light brown tinged with red. the sajj-wood marly white ; specific gravity, 0.53.50 ; ash, 0.32.

315. — Salix cordata, v;ir. vestita, .A.udorssoa,

Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 159: I>h Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 2.'>2.

DIAMOND WILLOW.

Valley of the Missouri river and its tributaries. Fort O.sage, Missouri (Prince Ncmricd), Iowa, Nebraska, and
westw:iril to about the one hundred ami tenth degree of longitude.

A small tree, rarely S meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a straggling
shiul) not exceeding 1..S0 to 3 meters iu height; low bottom lands, in wet, sandy soil.

Wood light, .soft, (^lose-graineil, comjiact, the annual layers of growth clearly detined ; meduliiiry rays very
obscure: color, brown or often tinged reil, tlie sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.(iO()i); ash, 0.59; heavier
than that of other species examined, and largely u.sed for feme i)osts, being said to equal, when thoroughly .seasoned,
red cedar in dunibility in contiict with the soil.

XOTK. — The typical Salix cordata, Mnblciilierg, of wide diHtribution tliroiiyli the Atlantic reyiou, rarely, if ever, attains arborescent
«ize or habit.

316. — Salix lasiolepis, Bentham,

PI. llartwcK. :!:'>.".. —Cooper iu.SmitliHouiau Hcj). 1858,201.— Audorsson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1H5H, US (1 'roc Am. Acad. iv,.J8); De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 2(i4.—Walper8, Ann. V, 747.— V,nHey, Cat. ForcHt Trees, 29.— liibb in Bol. C.-ilifornia, ii,8C..

S. InmolcpiH, var. Bigelovii, Bcl.b in B6t. California, )i,6G (a vernal slate, Icnlc Bebb in /i(.).

S. Bigelotii, ToiTcy in Parifie R. R. Rep. iv, 139.— Aiider»son in Ofv.af. Vet. Ak.id. F<.rh. 185H, 113 (I'loc. Am. Acad. iv,58);
Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163, f. 94 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 2.').'>.— Walpers, Ann. v, 747.

8. Bigelorii, \&T.fu8Cior, Audernson in Konj,'!- Sven. Akail. Handl. vi, li;:i; De Candolle, I'roli. xvi', 2r.5.

8. , .' WalHon in King'it Rep. \,'.t£>.

8. lasiolepis, \i\T. fallax, Bebb in Bot. California, ii. 86.

I

CATALOGUE OF FOKKST TREES. 171

Ciiliforuia, valley of the Klaiiiatli river, soutliward tlirougli tlie western jiortions of the >-tate. reaeliiiif; m tlie
Sierra Ncvadas an elevation of .'5,o()(» to 4,000 feet above the sea.

A small tree, sometimes 12 to LS meters in heifjlit. with a trunk 0.15 to 0..'j() mett-r in diameter, or northward
and at high elevations reduced to a low slirnb; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. «H(/H*^/oiia
and latifolia, Andersson in Be CandoUe I'rodr. xvi-, 25.1), or towaid its southern limit often persi.stent until si»ring
[S. ITartirefii, Bentham in PI. Harticeg, 52; ;S'. htimilis, var. llnriircgi, Andemson, I. c. 2.'5G).

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, ligUt browu, the
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5587 ; ash, 0.98; somewhat used as fuel, especially in the sonthern part
of the state.

317. — Salix Sitchensis, Sauson;

Bongard ill Mem. Acad. St. Petersburjj;, G ser. ii, 162. — Ledebour, Fl. Kossica, iii, 609.— Kicbardson, Aroti<' Expcd. 4;!0. — AnderssoD in
Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forb. 1858, 126 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 66) ; Kougl. Svcn. Akad. Haudl. vi, 106, f. 59 ; De CandoUc, Prodr. xvi',233.—
Walpers, Ann. V, 752. —Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Ilall in Coulter's Dot. Gazette, ii, 93.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 87;
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 25.

S. CUncatO, Nnttal!,SyIva,i,66; 2ed. i,82.

SILKY WILLOW.

Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California.

A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter,
or more often a straggling shrub; low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds.
A form with narrow oblanceolate leaves is —

var. angUStifolia, Bobb in Bot. California, ii, 87.

8. cMorophyllu, var. pcllita, Andersson in Kongl. Svcn. Akad. Haudl. 139, f. 72; Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 2-14.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medulhuy rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood
nearlj- white ; specific gravity, 0.5072 ; ash, 0.50.

318. — Populus tremuloides, Micbaus,

Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 243. — Nouveau Uiiliamil, ii, l.'-'J, t. 53. — Persooii, Syn. ii, 623. — Desfontaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 465. — Micbaux f. Hist.
Arb.-Am. iii, 285, t. 8, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 175, t. 9D, f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Willdenow, Kuum. Siippl. 67. —
Torrey,Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Compend. Fl. N. States, 375; Fremont's Kep. 97; Fl. N.York, ii, 214; Sitgreaves" Rep. 172;
Ives' Eep. 27; Bot. Wilkes Exped, 468.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 cd. 277.—
Lindlcy, Fl. Med. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton A- Wriglit, Bot. 370.— Bigelow,Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 3<t7.—Spach in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 2 svr. xv, 30 ; Hist. Veg. x, 384.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 55 ; 2 ed. i, 7(1.— Seringc, Fl. des Jard. ii, 56.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.—
Newberry in Pacilic K. K. Kep. vi,25, 89.— Cooper iu Smitbsouian Kcp. 1858, 257; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, 211, 08; .A.ui. Xat. iii,
409.— Ho(dver f. in Trans. Linna>an Soc. sxiii-, 301.— Wood, CI. Book, 6.55 : Bot. & Fl. 311.— Engelmanu in Tr.ins. Am. Phil. Soc.
new ser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 466. — Wesniad in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 32,"i.— London Card. Cbrouicle, 1871,
083. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 327: PI. Wbeclor, 17: Am. .Tour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135; Bot. California. ii,91. — Porter in Hayden's
Rep. 1871,494.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hriyden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.— Hay<lcn iu Wairen's Rep. Nebraska &.
Dakota, 2 cd. 121.— Vasey, Cat.. Forest Trees, 29.— Hall iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Maconu in Geological Kep. Canada,
1875-76, 210.— Rotbrock in Wbeeler's Rep. vi, 51.— Be:U in Am. Nat. xv,32, f. 1.— Treleaso in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 284, f.
6.— Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 183. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. is, 231. — Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus. 1S82, ST.

P. trepidn, Wiildcnow, Spec, iv, 803.— Alton, Hort. Kew.2ed. 395.— Parish. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 6»8.— Eaton, Manual, 117.—
Nuttall, Gcmia, ii,239.^Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244. —London.. 'Vrboretum, iii, 1649, f. 1510.

P. /rCMiM?//f)/'»ll.s-, Kmutsou, Trees Mas.'*acbusett8,243; 2cd. i,279 iV t.

P. Atheuicn.sis, llort.— Kocb, Dcmlrologie, ii, 486 (excl. syn.^.

ASPEN. CJIAKING ASP.

Northern Newfoundland and l.abrador to the southern shores of IIudsoD bay. northwest to the Great Bear
lake, tlie mouth of the Mackenzie river, and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south in the Atlantic ivgion to
the mountains of renn.sylvania, the valley of the lower Wabash river, and northern Kentucky: iu the Pacific
region south to the valley of the Sacramento river, California, and along the Koeky mountains and interior ninges
to southern New IMexico, Arizona, and central Nevad;i.

A small tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a IrunU tarely exceeding 0.(10 meter iu diameter; very common
through British America and spreading over enormous ar<':ts b;tred by fire of the couifewus forest : in the Taoitic
region very common upon moist mountain slopes and bottoms at an elevation of ti.OOO to 10,000 feet; the most
wJdelv-distributed North Ainericiui tree.

172 FOREST TREES OF NiMmi AMERICA.

Wooil lijilit, soft, not st 1011 jr< close- jiraimil, toiuiKUt, not ihiinlile, coiitaiiiiiijr, as lUn-s tbat of Uio wliok- jjiiius,
numerous uiiiiute, scattered, open ducts; uieduUary rays very tliiu, hardly distinjiuisliable; color, li»lit brown,
the tbick sap-wood nearly white: sjiecifu- y^ravity, 0.J032 ; ash, 0.05; lai't;ely inanufactured into wood-pul[), a
substitute for rags iu the manufacture of jiaper; in the Pacific rejiion sonietiines used for fuel, lloorin^, in
turnery, etc.

A bitter principle in the bark causes its occasional use as a tonic in ilie treatnicnt of intennitteiit fevers and
cases of debility ( T. .S. Dispcitsutori/, 11 ed. 17G3).

319. — Populus grandidentata, Midiaiix,

Fl. Bor.-Aiii. ii, 243. — Persooii, Syn. ii, G24. — Desfunlaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 4t)t'>. — Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 287,t. 8, f. 2; N. Ainericau
Sylva, 3 eU. ii, 176, t. 99, f. 2.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sejit. ii, 619.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Barton, Compeud. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 197.— Nuttall,
Gcuera, ii, 2:!9.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 200.— Willdmow, Emiin. Siipi)!. 07.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 710.— Sprcn^el, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey,
Compond. Fl. X. Statos, 375: Fl. X. York, ii, --'U.- Ik-ck, l{ot.323.—Katon, Manual, 6 ed.277.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.- Eaton
& WriKht, Bot. 370. — Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1650, f. 1511. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397. — Spacb iu Ann. Sci. Nat. sv, 2 ser.
33; Hist. Veg. x, 384. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 242; 2cd. i,278& t.-Seringo in Fl. desJard. ii, 56.— Parry in Owen's Rep.
618.- Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 281.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
431.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 7:i.— Wood, CI. Book, 650; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5
ed. 466. — Koch, Uendrologie, ii, 487. — Wesmad in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 327. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Watson in Am.
Jonr. Sci. 3 ser. XV, 135. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 2. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 182. — Trclease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi,
285.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56^ .

P. grandidentata, var. pendlda, Torrey, Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 375.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,239.

Nova Scotia, New Drunswick, ;ui(l west tliron<;h Ontario to nortlicrn ISIiiinesota, soutli tliroufjh the northern
States and along the Alleghany mountains to North Carolina, e.Ktendiug west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.

A tree 21 to L'-l meters iu height, witli a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 meter in diameter; rich woods and borders of
streams and swamps.

Wood light, .soft, not strong, clo.se-grained, compact; medidlary niys thin, obscure; color, light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4G3li; ash, 0.45; largely manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally
used in turnery, for woodenware, etc.

320. — Populus heterophylla, Linmens,

Spec. 1 ed. 1034. — Marshall, .\rbustum, 107. — Wangcnhcim, Amer. 85. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,248. — Alton, Hort. Kow. iii, 407 ; 2 ed. v,
397.— Nouvcau Dnhamcl, ii, 181, t. 51.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,244.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806; Euum. 1017 ; Berl. Baumz.293.—
Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466— Pursh, Fl. A:-:i. Sept. ii, 619. —Nuttall, Genera, li, 239.— Hayue, Demi. Fl. 203.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 712.—
Sprengel, .Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Conipend. Fl. N. States, :575; Fl. N.York, ii, 215.— Beck, Bot. 32."!.— Eaton, Slaunal, 6 ed. 278.-
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281. — Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1072, f. l.')3l. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371. — Spa<li in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 Bor.
XV, 30; Hist. Veg. x, 386.— Scringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, CI.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Cooper in Smith.souiau Rep. 1858, 257.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 431.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73.— Wood, CI. Book, 650; Bot. & Fl. 311.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 407. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 488. — Wesmiel in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 320. — Vasey, Cat. Forest
TreeH,29. — Wat.sou in Am.. lour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285. -Ridg\y,Ty iv. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
Ifi81,86.

V. cordi/olia, BnrgsUorf, Auleit. Erz. Holzart. 3 ed. 152.

P. urijentea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 390, t. 9 ; N. Americau Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 170, t. 97.

P. heterophylla, var. arf/tntca, Wesmicl in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 376.

UIVF,ll COTTONWOOD. SWA:»n' COTTbN%VOOD.

Guilford, Connecticut (11'. R. JJitdleii), North, lort, Long island, south, generally near tln^ ('Oiist, to southern
Georgia, through tin- Gulf states to western Loiiisian;i, :in(l tliKiugh Ark;insas to central Tennessee and KcMitucky,
southern Illinois and Indiana.

A tree 21 to 27 meters in height, with ii trunk 0.00 to 0.75 nii-ter in <liameter; borders of river swiimps; most
common ami reaching its grciitcst development in the b:isin of the lower Ohio river; rare and local.

Wood light, soft, not strong, clo.segrainetl, <;oiii|)iict; medullary rays Ihiii, very obscure; color, dull brown, the
thick sap-wood lighter brown; specific gravity, 0.4080; ash, O.si.

\

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 173

321. — Populus balsamifera, LinniEus,

Spec. led. 1034.— Dii Koi, llarbk. 8-J — Marshiill, ArhuNtiiiii, 107.— Waiigciiluim, Anier. 85, t.28, f.59.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,406; 2 ed.
v,397. — MccuchiMetl). ;{:58.— B. S. ISaitoii, Coll. i, 16. — Nouveau Duliaiiicl, ii, 179, t.50.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. 11,244.— Willdenow
Spec, iv, 805 ; Euura. 1017 ; I3crl. Baiimz. 290.— Persoon, Syii. li, 024.— Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. li, 466.- Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.
Ill, 306, f. 13, f. 1; N. American Sylva,3ed. il, 172, t.98, f. 1.— Pur»h, Fl. Am. Sept.ii,ClH.— Eaton, Manual, 117; Ccd.SJTP.-Xuttall,
Genera, 11, 239; Sylva, i,55; 2 cd. 1,70.- Haync, Dend. FI. 202.— Spren^'*!, .Syst. ii, 244.— Beck, Bot. 322.— Lindley, FI. Med. 320.—
London, Arboretum, Hi, 1G37, f. 1.535, 1536 & t.— Hooker, P'l. Bor.Ani. ii, l.'j3. — Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 370.— Hooker &, Aniott, Bot.
Beechcy, 159. — Spach in Ann. Scl. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 33 ; Hist. Vcg. x, 393. — Lindley, Bot. Reg. xjcix. Misc. 20. — Seringe in Fl. dea
Jard. li, 65.— Torrey, FI. N. York, 11, 216; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 409.— Cooper In Smithsonian Rep. 1858,257; Am. Nat. iii, 408.—
Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiil=, 301.— Wood, CI. Book, fi.5C; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 467.— Koch,
Deudrologie, ii, 495. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-70, 211. — Watson in Am. Jour. Sci.
XV, 135. — Beul in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 4. — Treleaso in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vl, 285. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xill, 181. — BelJ in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45<:.

P. Tacamahaca, Miller, Diet.

p. vimiliea, Bon .Jard. 1845, 565.

P. hnhamifcra, var. f/OiUina, Wesmiel in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 329.

BALSAM. TACAMAHAC. BALM OF GILEAD.

Straits of Belle Isle to Kicljinoiid gulf and cape Chnrcliill, Elud.son bay, northwest to the shores of the Great
Bear lake and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska, south to northern Xew England, .central Michigan and
Minnesota, the Rocky mountains and interior ranges of lilontana ami Idaho, Washington territory, and British
Columbia.

A large tree,lS to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to IMO meters in diameter: very common on all islands
and shores of the northern rivers ; iu British Columbia generally confounded with the allied P. 1richocarj)a, the range
of the two species hero still uncertain.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, (^losegrained, comi)act; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color,
brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3035 ; ash, O.GG.

The buds, as well as those of .several other species, covered with a resinous exudation, and occasionally used
jnedicinally as a substitute for turpentine and oth«'r balms.

^'ar. candicans. Gray,

3IanuaI N. States, 2 cd. 419; 5 ed. 407.— Cooper in Smithsoni.nu Rep. 18.'>8,2.'>7.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado: Hayden's Surv. Misc.
Pub. No. 4, 129.— Wat.son in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135.— Bull. Torrey Bot. Clnb, vii, 57.— Trelease In Coulter's Bot. Gazette,

vi, 285.

P. haJmmifera hinccolnta, .Marshall, Arbustiim, l(i,-.

p. cuiHUcans, Ait.m, Ibnt. K,u. iii, IOC: 2 i d. v. :i;i7.— Xnuveaii Unhamel, ii, 179.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806: Euuui. 1017;
Berl. Baumz. 291.— IVr.soon, Syn. ii, 024.— Michaux 1'. Hist. Arb. Am. HI, 308, t. 13, f. 2; N. American Sylva. 3 ed. ii,
173, t. 98, f. 2.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 018.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadolph. 90.— Polret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Nuttall, Generl^
ii, 2:ffl.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 202.— Sprengel, Syst. II, 244.— T(urey. Compend. Fl. N. States, 375: Fl. N. York, ii.217.—
Audubon, Birds, t. 59.— Beck, Bot, :i32.— Eaton, Manual, 0 od. 278.— Loudon, Arborotuiu, 11, U~0, f. l.")37.— Hooker. Fl.
Bor.-Anv. ii, 154.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. :{98.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 3:1:
Hist. Veg. x, 392.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxix. Misc. 22.— Emerson. Trees Massachusetts, 245: 2 ed. i, 281. — Seringe iu
Fl. des .lard. 11, 63.— Gray, Manual N. States, I cd. 431. —Wood, CI. Book, 656; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Wesmiel in De
Candollc, Prodr, xvi-, 3:W,

/*. Canadoisifi. M,,.|„li, Wci.ss, 81 [not Michaux f.].

P. hdifolia, Munch, Metli.;!:i8.

P. Ontiuiensix, Horl.— Lod.ligcs, Cat, I8;!i;.

/'. mmrophllJla. l.iiMllcy in Loudon, Kn.yc. PI. ^!40.

7'. (tridfh'scn and /'. Iiftcropln/lln. ii„it. icx. Koch, Wachcu. 18(m. 2;?8V

A large tree, rare or unknown in a wild state: very common in cultivation.
The wood heavier than that of the species; siieciflc gravity, 0.41(>1 ; ash, 0.4t>.

174 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

322. — Populus angustifolia, James,

Loug"» Expcd. i. 4y". — Torri'v in Auu. Lye. N. York, ii, '249; Fremont's Rep. i»7 ; Sitgreaves' Ke|>. 172; Ives' Kep. VT; But. VVilke*
Kxped. 4(31. — Nutiall, Sylva, i, ;V2, t. 16; 'Jed. i. (j)?, t. lli.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 201; Am. Nat. iii,408. — Hiiyden in
\Viirrcn"s Re]>. Neliraska & Dakota, 'i ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Tree.-i, "Jil.— Watson in Am. Jonr. Sci. :? ser. xv, l;i6 ; But.
California, ii.'.'l.

P. Cantldcnuiti. Vltr. anfllistifolia, Wismal in l)e Candolle, Prodr. xvi-',;S2'.l.

P. halxamij'era, v;ir. angustifolia, Watson iu King's Rep. V, 327 : PI. Wheeler, 17.— I'orter in Haydcn's Ucp. 1871, 494.—
I'ontr \- Conlter. Fl. Colorado ; Hiiyden's .Surv. Mise. Pub. No. 4, 128. — Maeouu iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7(5,.
211.— l.'usliy in Bull.Torrey Bot. Clul>, ix, 100.

BLACK COTTONWOOD.

Black hills of D;ik()t:i (I\. Douglax), Swimmiuf; Horse creek, and the Snowy ^Mountain region, 5Iontan;i, Ked
Eock creek, southwestern Montana (irafsow), east Iluniholdt and Shoshone uionntains, Nevada, Kocky mountains
of Colorado, and the riinges of southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona.

A small tree. l."> to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.liO nu'ter in diameter; borders of streams,
between G,(»00 and 10,000 feet elevation.

Woo<l light, .soft, weak, clo.se-grained, coini)act : medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood
nearly white ; specific gravity, 0..J912 ; ash, 0.79.

323. — Populus trichocarpa, I'orrry A Gray;

Hooker, leon. V. e"?. — Walpers, Ann. v, 7()7. — Cooper in .Snlith^^lnian Kep. 1858, 2(>G. — Wesmiel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 330. —
Watson in King's Rep. v, 328; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 13(5; Bot. California, ii, 91. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469. — Macoua
in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-70, 211. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 5. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new
ser. ix. 3:n.

P. balsa mi/em, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 1,')4.

p. angustifolia, Xewlierry iu Pacilic R. R. Rep. vi,89 [not James].— Cooper in Pacific K. R. Rep. xii-,29, 68.

P. bahnmifera, Lyall in Jour. Linuican .Soc. vii, 134 [not LinuiEUs].- Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii,91.

P. trichocarpa, var. CUpulata, Watson in Am. Jour. .Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136; Bot. California, ii, 91.

P. balm m if era, var. ? Californicu, Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136.

BLACK COTTONWOOD. BALSAM COTTONWOOD.

Valley of the Fniser river, British Columl)ia, and jjrobably much farther north, east to the eastern base of the
Bitter Root mountains, .Montana {^Vatnon), .south through Washington territory, we.>-tern Oregon and California to
the lioutLern borders of the state.

A large tree, 24 to 60 meters in height, with a trunk l.liO to li.lO meters in dianu'ter ; b;inks of streams and
Iwttom lands below (»,0(K) feet elevation ; very common and reaching its gieatest development in the valleys of the
lower Cfduinbia river and the streams flowing into Puget sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-gniined, compact; medulhiry rays thin, hardly distinguishable;
color, light dull brown, the .sap-wood lighter, nearly white; ; specific gnivity, 0.3814 ; ash, 1.27; in Oregon and
Wasbiugton territory largely manufactured into staves of sugar barrels, woodenware, etc.

324. — Populus monilifera, Aiion,

Hort. K.H. III. MM,; -z .,1. v,:»ri.— Aljl.ot. \wii\a (Jeorgia. ii. 7L-.Ni.iiv.au Dnliamel, ii, 180. — Will.lenow, Spec, iv, 805; Euuiu. 1017 •.
Berl. Baumz.292.— Penioon, Syii. ii,02:t.— Desfontaii'TO, Hist. Arli. ii, 40.'').— Michaux f. Ilisl. Arli. Am. iii,2yr.. t. 10, f.2; N. Anu-ri.an
Sylvn, 3 ed. ii, irv?, t. 90, f. 2.— I'lirHh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, OH.— Nut tall, Genera, ii, 239 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 2 ser. v, 107.— Ilayue, Deiid.
FI.2W.— Sprengcl, .Syni. ii, 244.— Wat«oii, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 1(»2.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 0 cd. 278.— Loudon, Arlioretnui,
iii, 1657, f. l.'.I7 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371.— Spacli in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 Her. xv, 32; Hist. Vcg. x, 389.— Torrey in Fremoiil's Rip.
97; Fl. X. York, ii.21.".: Paeifn' R. R. Rep. v, 3f)5.— Emerson, Tre.-s MassaehuNettM. 249 ; 2 e.l. i, 287.— .Scringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, O:!,—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. I-.>',2.'.7.— (iray in I'aeilii- Ii. R. L'l-p. xii-, 47 ; .Manual N. States, 5 ed. 407.— Curtis in Rep. Ce.ilngical
Sur^-. N. Cnroiina, |h<;0, iii, "2. — Le!U|uercux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 055. — Engelmann iu Trans. Am.
Phil. Soe. xli, 209.— Watson in King-'sKcp. v,:{27 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 130.— IL-iyden iu Warren's Rep. Nebraska 6l Dakota, 2 <mI.
121.- Maeouu in Geological Rep. Canada, lH7.'>-'7«, 211. -Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 3, 4.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mn«.No.22, IHi.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv.:M, f.3.— Bc^'l in Geological \U-\,. Canada, 1879-'80, .W.— Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu.s
1882,87.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, .Snppl. 049.

/ P. dcltoide. Marshall, Arl.ustuni, IOC.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 175

F. angulata, Alton, llort. Kew. iii, lOtJ; 2 e<l. v, :i'JG.- -Nuiiveau DuhaiiicI, ii, 180.— Di-sfonfaiues, Hist. Arlj. ii, 4C6.—
Willdonow, Si>(?c. iv, 805 ; Eniiiii. 1017 ; Bcrl. liuumz. 294.— Midiaiix f. Hist. All). Am. iii,»«. t. 12; X. Aincricau .Syl%-a,
:i cd. ii, Ifil, t. 94.— rursb. Fl.. 41111. 8<'i)t. ii, ()19.— Eaton, Manual, 1 IT : (J <■<]. 27T.—Xuttall, Genera, ii,23y.— .Jam«w in
Long's Exijcd. ii, 104.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249.— Elliott, .Sk. ii, 711.— .Sjirenge^.Syst. ii, 244.— Loudon,
Arboretum, iii, 1G70, l.'jas <fc t. — Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 370.— Spach in Aun. Sci. Nat. 2 gcr. xv, 321; Hist. Veg. s,391. —
Seringa in Fl. des Jard. ii, 04. — Schcole in Ra-iuer, Texas, 44C. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 507. — Cooper in Smithsonian Hep.
1858, 257.— C'liaimian, FI. 8. States, 4:!1.—Le.sqnereux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, CI. Book, 655; Bot. &
Fl. 311. — Gray^ Manual N. States, 5 ed. 407. — Wesniiel in De Candulle, I'rodr. xvi-, 328. — Koch, Dendrologic, ii, 494. —
Young, Bot. Texas, 514. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; llayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 129. — Vascy, Cat. Forest
Trees, 29. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 182.

P. Iccvigata, Alton, Hort. Kcw. iii, 400; 2 ed. v, 395.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,803.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sej/t. ii,619.— Poiret, Suppl.
iv,378.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,239: Sylva,i,54; 2 cd. i,70.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244. —Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, C
ed. 278.— Loddigcs, Cat. ed. 1836.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 370.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 246 ; 2 ed. i, 283.

P. ghuKluIosd, Mcin.li,Mitli.339.

P. angulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-.Vm. ii,243.

P. Canadennis, Micbauxt. Hist. Arb. Am.iii,302, 1. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 164, t. 95.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser.
XV, 32 ; Hist. Veg. x, 390.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 65.— Fescali, Forst. Pfl. 122, t. 8, f. 10-14.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 311.—
Wesnuel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, ;?29. — Koch, DendroIogie,ii, 491.

P. Virginiana, Du Mont, Cours. Bot. Cult, vi, 400.

P. Marylandica, Bosc in Nouv. Diet, xi, 409.— Poiiet, Suppl. iv, 378.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.

P. macrophylla, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1830.

P. Lindleyana, P. neylecta, and P. kevigafa, Hort.

COTTONWOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR. CAROLINA POPLAR. BIG COTTONWOOD.

Shore.s of lake Chauipliiin, Vermont, south through western New Eiighmd to the Chattahoochee regiou »{
western Florida, west along the northern shores of lake Ontario to the eastern base of the ranges of the Rotky
mountains of Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico.

A large tree, 24 to 31 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 meters in diameter ; low, moist soil ; the commoD
Cottonwood of Texas and the western plains, bordering all streams flowing east from the liocky mountains.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3889; ash, 0.96;.
largely used in the manufacture of paper-pulp, for light packing-cases, fence boards, and fuel.

325. — Populus Fremontii, Watson.

Proc. Am. Acad, x, 350 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 130 ; Bot. California, ii, 92.

P. moniUfera, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 327 [not Aitou].— Watson in King's Rep. v,327; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Torrvy,
Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469.

COTTONWOOD.

California, valley of the u])per Sacramento river, south to San Bernardino tvunj^- (Colton. Pdrry), and eastw;»rd
in. Nevada and Utah.

A large tree, 24 to .'50 meters in height, with a trunk l.'JO to 1.80 meter in diameter; borders of stieams; the
common cottonwood of the valleys of central California.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, diflicult to season; medtdlary
rays thin, very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4!U4; ash, (1.77.

Var. Wislizeni, Watson,
Am. .1(1111 . S,i. :! sir. xv, 137 ; Bot. Caliloi niii, ii, 9'J : I'lue. Am. Acaii. xviii, l.j7.— Knsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.

P. moniUfera, Torrey in Sit,i;reav(s' K.]., 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204; Ives" Rep. 27 [not Aitou ]'.—Bigido\v iu

I'atilie K. R. Re)i. iv,21.

I'OTTONWOOD. WHITE COTTONWOtlD.

San Diego county, Calilbrniii, fhrough Arizoiui and New Mexico to western Texas and southern Colorado.

A large tree, 24 to oO im>tei's in height, with a trunk 1.20 to l.SO meter in di;imeter: borders of streams; the
l)revalent cottonwood of the arid southwestern region, there largely planted ;ts a shatle tree and for fuel.

Wood light, soft, not strong, compact ; sjiecific gravity, 0.4(i21 ; ash. 1.13; furnishing the ordinary domestic
fuel of the region.

176 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

CONIFERS.

326. — Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey,

SniitbsoaiuD Contrib., vi,7, t. 3; Pacific E. R. Ecj). iv, 140; Bot. Mex. Bouudary Survey, 211 ; Bot. Wilkes Exi)e<l. 1. 16.— Boutbam, PI.
Hartneg. 33S.— Lindley iu London Gard. Chrouicle, lf<5:i,G95. — Xewborry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,6a. — Cooper iu Sniitlisonian Rep.
ISJt?, Sta. — Walpers, Ann. v, T9.'>.— Bolaiidor in Proc. Caliroruia Acad, iii, Hb. — Parlatoro in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-', 456. — R.
Brown Campst. in Trans. Edinburgb Bot. Soc. ix, S73. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 309, f. 40. — Watsou in King's Rep. v, 335; Bot.
California, ii, ll(i. — A. Murray in London Garden, ii, 54'2. — Gordon, Pinelum, 2 ed.402. — Veitcb, Manual Conif. 267.

Thuya Craigana, Murray in Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 5.

Thuya gigantea, Carriere in Rev. Hon. 1854,224, f. 12-14, in part ; Fl. des Serres, ix, 199, f.3-5, in part; Trait. Conif. 106,
in part ; 2 ed. 112, in part. — Gordon, Piuetnm, 321, in part; Suppl. 102, in part. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelbolz.
2J0. iu part. •

Heyderia decurrens, Ko.ii.D.ndi-olngic, ii-, 179.

WHITE CEDAR. BASTARD CEDAR. POST CEDAR. INCENSE CEDAR.

XortL fork of the Saiitiaii river, Oregon, south along the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada
mouutaius between 3,000 and S,.JO(» feet elevation, and through the California Coast ranges to the San Bernardino
and Ca\ umaca mountains.

A large tree, 30 to 4.3 meters in height, with a trunk l.L'O to 2.1(1 meters in diameter; slopes and vallejs; common.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, comi)act, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of
small summer cells thin, dark colored, consi>icuous ; medullary rays numerou.s, obscure; the thin sap-wood nearly
white : spccitic gravity, 0.401 7 ; a.sh, O.OS ; largely used for fencing and in the construction of water-flumes, and for
interior finish, furniture, laths, shingles, etc.; often injured by a s])ecies of dry rot {Da'dalia vorax, Harkiiess in
Pacific Rural Press. Jan. 2.5, 1879, f. 1, 2), rendering it unfit for lumber.

327. — Thuya occidentalis, Linncns,

.Sjiec. 1 ed. 1002.— Kalui, Travels, Ilnglish od. iii, 170.— Marsball, Aibiistuiu, 152.— Wangenbeim, Amor. 7, t. 2, f. 3. — Walter, Fl.
Caroliuiana, 236.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 371 ; 2 ed. v, 321.— Gifrtner, Fruct. ii, C-2, t. 91, f. 2.— Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 209.—
Willdenow, .Spec, iv, ."Of; Eunm.090; Berl. Buumz. 504. — Kouveau Dubamcl, iii, 12, t. 4. — Poirct in Lauiarck, Diet, vii, 309; III.
iii, 369.- .Scbkulir, Handb. iii, 287, t. 309.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 580.— DesfontainCH, Hist. Arb. ii, 575.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 98.—
Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 29, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 177, t. 1.56.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Barton, Prodr. Fl.
Pbiladelpb. 93.— Eaton, M.-inual, HI; 6 ed. 364.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 2->4.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 041.— Watson,
iJend. Brif. ii. l.'>0.— .Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 888.— Ricbard, Conif. 43, t. 71, f. 1.— Torrey, Couipend. Fl. N. States, 3G1 ; Fl. N. York, ii,
2:J4.— Ralines<iue, Med. Bot. ii, 268.— Bock, Bot. 338.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2454, f. 2312-2314 & t.— Forbes, Pinetuui Woburn.
193.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 16.5.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot 451.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 388.— Spacb, Ilisf. Vcg. xi, 339.— Penn.
Cycl. xsiv, 409. — Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 96; 2 ed. i, 112. — Eudlicber, Syn.
Conif. 51. — Lindley &, Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 618. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.
294.— Knight, ,\vi). Conif. 16 — Carrifere in R<v. Hort. 1854, 224, f. 15; Trait. Conif. 103; 2 cd. 100.— Darby, But. 8. States, 516.—
Cooper in .Smitbsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Gordon, Pinetum, 323; 2 cd. 403. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 436.— Wood, CI. Book, 602;
Bot. i Fl. 315. — Porrher, Res4iurees .S. Forests, .507. — Henkcl it Hochstetter, Nadelbolz. 278. — Nelson, Pinace.T, 68. — K. Brown
Campst. in Trans. Edinbiirgli Bot. Soc. ix, 363. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 472— Hoopes, Evergreens, 317.— Parlatoro in Do
Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 4.58.— .Schnizlein, Icon. t. 76, f. 2.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 173. — Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, .36. — Maeouu
in Geological Rep. Canada, 187.5-76, 211.— .Sears in Bull. Es-sex Inst, xiii, Ifili. — Veitcb, Manual Couif. 261. — Bell in Gc<dogical Rep.
Canada, 1-79-X), 47^.

T. odorata, Mjrsball, Ailiu.stum. l.",2.

T. obtusa, Moucb,.Metb.691.

CupresHus Arbor-vita; Targionc-Tozzetti.ObH. Hot. ii,51.

T. W'arcaiia and T. Sihirica, ii.ut.

WHITE CEDAK. ARBOK-VITili.

New Ilruiiswick to Anticosti island, through the valley of the Saint Lawreiic(' river t<» the southern sliores of
.lames' bay antl .southeast to tiie eiistern extremity of lake ^^'illnipeg. south through the Jiortiiern states to central
New York, northern Penii.sylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Minnesota, and along the Alleghiiiiy
mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina.

A tree 12 to is meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 to !.'><) meler in diameter: cold, wet swamps
and along the rocky banks of streatns; very common at the north, sjneading over great areas of swa/ni); extensively
cultivated as a hedge and ornamental jdant, an<l producing innumerable seminal varieties of more or less
horfictiliural value.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 177

Wood very liglit, soft, not .stionfif, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the
soil; the bands of small summer cells very thin, dark colored ; medullary rays numerous, indistinct ; color, light
brown, turning darker with cxi)osurc, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.31C4; ash, 0.37; largelj
used for ])osts, fencing, railway ties, and shingles.

The distilled oil and a tincture of the leaves of Thuya have been found useful iu the treatment of pulmonary
iind uterine comi)laints ( r^. <Sf. Dispematori/, 14 ed. 1775. — Wat. Dispenmtory, 2 ed. 1428).

328. — Thuya gigantea, Nuttall,

Jour. Philiiilolphia A<'iid. vii, 53; Sylva, iii, 10^, t. iii ; 2 ed. ii, 1G2, t. 111. — Loddigcs, Cat. ed. 1836. — Loudon, Arboretam, Iv, '.2458.

Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 165.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, '.il2. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 52.— Lindl«y & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Boo.
London, v, 'JOG. — Ncwbrrry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 50, f. 22. — Carrifcro, Trait. Conif. 102 ; 2cd. 112, in part. — Cooper in .Soiithtioniao
Rep. 1858,262; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Gordon, Pinetnra, 821, in part; Suppl. 102; 2 cd. 181.— Torrey, But. Mex. Boundary Sur\-ey,
211. — Lyall iu Jour. Linua-an Soc. vii, 133, 114. — Heukel & Hochstcttcr, Nadidholz. 280, iu part. — Nelsou, Pinaoeu', 67. — Botkrock
in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 434. — Parlatoro iu Dc Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 457. — R. Brown Campat. iu Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc. ix,
367. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 315. — London Gard. Chronicle, 1871, 683. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Fowk-r iu London Card.
Chrouicle, 1872, l.'')27. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii-, 176. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — E. Hall in Coulters Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. —
Watson, Bot. California, ii, 115. — G. M. Dawson iu Canadian Nat. now ser. ix, 324. — T. Howell in Coulter'.H Bot. Gazette, vi,
267. — Veitch, Manual (Jouif. 250.

T. plicata, Don, Hort. Cantab. 6 ed. 249.— Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. ii, 19; 2 ed. 114, in part.- Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 103; 2 ed. ii,
164. — SpacL, Hist. Vcg. xi, 342. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 51 (excl. syn. Wareana & odorala). — Lindley & Gordon in
Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 205.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 16.— Carriferc, Trait. Conif. 102 (cxcl.syn. Wareann & odorata);
2 ed. 100 (cxcl. syu. rTareano).— Cooper in Smitlisoniau Rep. 1858, 262; Paeiiic E. R. Rep. iii-, 27.— Hcnkcl &.
Hoclistetter, Nadelholz. 277 (excl. syn. odorata). — Nelson, Pinaceai, 68. — Gordon, Pinetnni, 2 cd. 406. — A. De Candolle,
Prodr. svi=, 457, in part. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 263.

T. Menziesii, Douglas, Mss.-Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 106; 2 ed. 107.— Gordon, Piuetura, 323.-KiIsou, Pinaeeie, 67.—
Heukel & Hoclistetter, Nadelholz. 281.

T. Lobbii, Hort.

T. OCCidentaliSf var. plicata, Hort.— Iloopcs, Evergreens, 321.

RED CEDAR. CANOE CEDAR.

Alaska, south along the Coast ranges and islands of British Columbia, through western Washington territory
and Oregon and the Coast ranges of northern California to Mendocino county, extending east along the mountains
of Washington territory to the Oceur d'Aleiie, Bitter Root, and Salmon Eiver mountains of Idaho and the western
slojies of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana [Canhy (t; San/ent).

A large tree, 30 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 3.00 meters in diameter; low, rich woods and
swamps, less commonly on dry ridges and slo])es below 5,200 feet elevation ; common and reaching its greatest
development iu western Washington territory and Oregon; the large specimens generally hollow.

Wood verj' light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, veiy durable in
contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, distinct; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color, dull brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.379C; ash, 0.17;
largely used for interior fini.sh, feneing, shingles, in cabinet-making and cooperage, and exclusively by the Indians
.of the northwest coast in the manufacture of their canoes.

329. — Chamaecyparis sph^roidea, Spach,

Hist. Vog. xi, 331. — Eudl ichor, Syu. Conif. 61. —Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 20.—
Carrifcrc, Trait. Conif. 133 ; 2 ed. 122.— Gordon, Pinetum, 49 ; 2 ed. 71.— Honkel & Hoohstetter, N^idolholz. 248.— Nelson, PiuaoeB>,
69.— Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi'^, 464.— Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87.

CuprCfSUS thyoUlcs, Linna>us, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 174.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 198.— M:»rshall,
.XrliMstiun, 311.— Waugcuheini, Amor. .•<, t. 2, f. 1.— .'Viton, Hort. Kow. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, :{2;}.— Bartraui. Travels, 2 ed.
409.— Micliaux, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 208.— Wilhlenow, Spoo. iv, 512; Enuni. 991; Boil. Bauiiiz. 111.— Nouvoau Duhauiol,
iii, 6.— Por.soon, Syu. ii, 580.— Doslontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 567.— Sehkuhr, Haudb. iii, 286, t. 310.— Miohaux f. Hist.
Arb. Am. iii, 20, t.2; N. Auierionu Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 162, t. 152.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, C46.— Eaton. Manual. Ill; 6
ed. 115.— Nuttall, Genera, ii. 224.— Hayuo, Doud. Fl. 178.— Elliott, Sk. ii. 644.— Watson, Doud. Brit, ii, !,">('..— Torn>y,
Compeud. 1"1. N. States, 361 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 233.— Beck. Bot. 3;)8.— l.oudou, Arbon^tum. iv, 2475, i. 2;K7.— ForlH>«,
Pinotum Woburn. 183, t. 61.— Ilookor, Fl. Bor.-A;ii. ii, 165.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 21.'..- Bigolow, Fl. Boston. 3 cd.
387.— Emerson, Trees Ma.ssaohusotts, 98; 2 ed. i, 114.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 442.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 516.—
Cooper iu Smithsonian Rop. 1858, 2.')7.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4;15.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolius,
1860, iii, 28.— Wood, CI. Book, 663; Bot. & Fl. 315.— Poroher, Resources S. Forests, 509.— Gray, Manual N. State*,
5 cd. 473.— Hoopes, Evorgi-eeiis, 346.— Koch, Deiulrologio, ii-, 162.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, :«.— Veitch, Manual
Conif. 23-1,

Thuya .\ph<rroi(ha, Sprongol, 8yst. iii. 889.

Thuya .•iphaioiilali.s. Kiolianl, Conif. 45, t. 8, f. 2.
12 FOR

178 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WniTK CKDAH.

Southern Maine, sourti near the coast to iiorthoin Florida, aii<l aloiifr the Gulf coast to the valley of the I'earl
river, Mississippi.

A tree 24 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk O.fiO to 1.20 meter in diameter; in deep, cold swainps : rare in
the Gulf states, west of the bay of Mobile.

"Woo«l very light and soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the
soil; hands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays luinierous, obscure; color,
light brown tinged with red, growing darker with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3322; ash,
0^; largely used iu boat-building, for woodeuware, cooperage, shingles, interior finish, telegraph aud fence posts,
railway ties, etc.

Along the Atlantic coast from Xew Jersey southward lumber is umuufactured from Imried trunks of this
species dug from peat swamps.

330. — ChamECcyparis Nutkaensis, Spacli,

Hist. Vog. xi, ^33.— Nuttall, Sylv.i, iii, 105; 2 ed. ii, 10,5. — Endlichor, Syn. Conif. C2.— Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 660.— Liudlcy &
Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 13 » ; 2 ed. 127.— Walpers, Ann. v, 796.— Henkel & Hochstettcr,
Nadelbolz, 2^.0.— Pavlatoro in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 465.- Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii. 91.- 6. M. Dawson in Canadian
Nat. 2 ser. is, 329.

Cupressus Nootkatenais, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. ii, 18 ; 2 ed. ii, No. 60.— Loudon,. Arboretum, iv, 2480.

Cupreous Xutkafnsis, Hooki-r, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Newberry in Pacific E. B. Rep. vi, 63, f. 28.— Gonlon, Piuctuiu, 66;
2 ed. 94.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. l&^f!, 263.— Nelson, Pinacew, 74.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 345.— Lavrson, Pinotum
Brit, ii, 199, t. 34, f. 1-12.— Kocb, Dendrologie, ii-, 165.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Macoiin in Geological Rep.
Canada, ie76-"77,211.—A'eitth, Manual Conif. 2.35.

Thuya excelsa, Bnngard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 sor. ii, 164.

Cupressus Americana, Trautvctter, Imag. PI. Fl. Ros.«ica, 12, t. 7.

C. Xutkaensis, var. glatwa, Walpcrs, Ann. v, 769-
Thuyopsis borealis, Hoi-t.- Carriferc, Trait. Couif. 1 ed. 113.
ThuyopSU cupressoides, Carritre, Man. des PI. iv, 324.
C. excelsa, Fischer in berb. .Sitka.
Thuyopsis Tchugatshoy and T. Tchvgatsioyw, Horr.

YELLOW CYPRESS. SITKA CYPRESS.

Sitka, south along the i-slauds audCoa.st ranges of British Columbia and the Cascade mountains of Wa.shington
territory and Oregon to the valley of the Santian river, Oregon (" Lucky Camp mountain". Cusicl).

A large tree of great economic value, 30 to 38 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter iu diameter,
or toward its southern limits and at high elevations much smaller ; conwuon along the coast at the sea-level to
about latitude 40'^ .30' X., then less common and only at higher elevations; south of Briti.sh Columbia hardly below
6,000 feet elevation and very rare and local; the most valuable timber tree of Alaska.

Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, comi>act, very durable in contact with Ihc soil, easily
worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, possessing an agreeable, resinous odor; baiuls of small summer
cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays thin, numerous, hardly distinguishable; color, bright, light clear
yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4782; ash, OM; somewhat used in boat- and ship-
building, for furniture, interior finish, etc., probably unsurpassed in beauty as a cabinet wood by that of any North
American tree.

331. — Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, Pariatorc,

Stud. Orgon. Conif. 2:5, 29, t. 3, I. 2i-2.); Do CandoUe, Prorlr. x\\\ 461.- Conlon. I'inetum, 2 ed. R'.. —Watson. Bot. California, ii,
!!». -.Sargent in London Oard. Chronicle, 1H91, 8.

Cupressus iMtrsoniana, Murray in EdUiburgU New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 202, t. 9.— Bot. .Mag. t. .^.5il.— Nelson, Pinaccw,
-72.-Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. \KS, 263.- Law.v.n, Pinetum Brit, ii, 191, t. 31, f. 1-13.— Hoopes, Ev rgrecnn
:H2, f. .53.— Henkel &. Ilochstcltrr, Nad.lliolz. 246.- Fowler in London Garit. Chronicle, 1873, 285.— London Garden, vo
.504 &t.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 3G.— Veiuh, Manual Conif. 231.— Eichler in Monatsb. Acad. Bcrl. 1881, f. 29,30.

Cupressus fragrans, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 103.
TCupressUS altcnuata, (;ordr)n, Pinetum, 1 cd. .57; 2eil. 79.
C. Boursierii, Carrifre, Trait. Conif. 2 oil. 125 [not liecaisne].
C. Nntl^anus, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Ex ped. t. 16.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 179

PORT ORFORD CEDA1^. OREGON CEDAR. WHITE CEDAR. l^AW'SON'S CYPRES.S. GIXGKR I'INE. •

Oregon, Coos bay, south to the valley of the Eo{fue river, not extendinj^ more than thirty miles from the coast;
California, valley of the upper Sacramento river (shores of Castle and Soda lakes, Shasta county).

A large tree of th(! first economic value, 45 to Gl meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter;
rich woods, in low, moist soil, intersi)ersed with the yellow fir and hemlock; most common and reaching its
greatest development along the Oregon coast; local; in California very rare and local.

Wood light, hard, strong, very clo.se-graincd, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the ground,
abounding in odoriferous resin, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; layers of small .summer cells thin, not
conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light yellow or almost white, the thin sap-wood hardly
distinguishable ; specilic gravity, 0.4621 ; ash, 0.10; largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish,
flooring, railway ties, fence posts, matches, and in ship- and boat-building; the resin strongly diuretic and a
powerful insecticide.

332. — Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartwe.if,

Jour. Ilort. Soc. London, ii, 187. — Beutham, PI. Hartweg. 337. — Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 2% & t. ; Pinetum, 65 ; 2 cd.

yi. — Liudloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Knigbt, Syn. Conif. 20. — Torrcy, Bot. Mex. Bonndarj' Survey, 211.

Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 2G3 ; Proc. California Acad, iii, 290. — C.arriire, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 124, in part. — Bolnnder in Proc.
California Acad, iii, 228. — HenUel & Hochstetter, Nadelliiilz. 239. — Nelson, Pinacea', 73. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 353. — P.irlatorc in
De Candollo, Prodr. xvi^, 473. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285. — Kocb, Dendrologie, ii", 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 36. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113. — Veitcb, Manual Conif. 234. — Lawson Pinetum Brit, ii, 19.5, t. 32.

C. Lambertiana, Carrifere in Kev. Hort. 1855, 232 ; Trait. Conif. 124 ; 2 ed. 106.
G. Hartwegii, Carrifero in Rev. Hort. 1855, 232 ; Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 1G8.

?C. macrocarpa, var. fastifjiata, Knight, Conif. 20.— Parlatore in Do Candollc, Prodr. xvi', 473.— Veitch, Manual
Conif. 234.

fC. Hartwegii, var. /«.S^iV/(V(f((,Carrii;ro, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 169.

MONTEREY CYPRESS.

California, Monterey (Cypre.'^s i)oiiit, Pescadero ranch, and Carmelo i)oint).

A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter iu diameter; on granite rocks immediately
upon the sea-coast; very local.

Wood heav.y, hard, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact
with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, odorous; bauds of small summer cells thin, dark coloixnl,
conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable; color, clear biight l)rowu streaked with red and
yellow, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.(i2Gl ; ash, 0.57 ; very beautiful and of undoubted value
as a cabinet wood.

333. — Cupressus Goveniana, Gordon,

Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 296 & f. ; Pinetum, 00 ; 2 od. 83. — Bentltani, PI. Hurtwog. 337. — Lindloy & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc.
London, v, 206. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 125; 2 cd. 170. — Torrcy, Mex. Boundary Survey, 211. — Cooper in Smitlisuniau Ecp. Itj58,
266.— Hciikel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 240.— IIoopcs, Evergreens. 252. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. svi', 472. — Fowler in
Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— Watson, Bot. Californi.-i. ii, 114.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 230.

?C (7aii/br«ica, Carriiire, Trait. Conif. 127; 2 ed. 161. ^ ^

C. Californica f/rnciiis, Nilsoi;, Pinacea', 70, iupart

fC. COrnuta, Carrii-re iu Rev. Ilort. 1866,251 & f.

f Juniperus aromatica, lUm.

ilumboldt coHuty, California, soutli along the coast and through the Coast ranges into Lower California.

A small tree, sometimes 12 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.(10 to 0.00 meter iu diameter; boixlers of
streams and mountain slopes, in rather rich soil, or often a low shrub, fruiting when 0.30 to 1 meter iu height, and
occupying exten.sive tracts of sandy barrens 1 too miles inland from the coast, or thin, rocky soil (/*nn«7?f) ;
widely but not generally distributed.

AVood light, soft, not strong, brittle, elosegrained, eomi)aet; bands of snuiU summer cells broad, dark colored,
conspieuous; medulhuy rays thin, obscure; color, light brown, the thick .sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity,
0.4089; a.sh,0.45.

180 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

334.— Cupressus Macnabiana, Murniy.

£dinburgh, Nt-w Phil. Jonr. new ser. i, 293. t. 16. — Gordon, Piiiotuni, G4 ; 2 eil. 90.— Carriferc, Trait. Conif. 2 oil. 165. — lloopts, Evergreens,
Xii. — Parlotore in Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 473. — Kocb, Dendrologie, ii^, 150.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 3G. — Watson, Bof.
California, ii, 114.- Veitch, Manual Conif. 23.T

C. glandulosa. Hooker, (ex. HenUel & Hocbstetter, Nadolholz. 241).

C. Cali/orilic i yracHis, Xclson, Pinacea-, 70, in part.

Califoniia, uiountains south of Clear lakp, Lake county {Torrcy, Bolandcr, Pringle, Miller).

A small tree, sonietiiues 9 meters in beight, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall
shrub branching from the ground; very rare and local; not redi.scovered in the original station reported by
Jeffrey, the Mount Shasta region.

Wood not collected.

335. — Cupressus Guadalupensis, Watson,

Proc. -Vin. Aead. xiv.IUlO; Bot. California, ii, 114.

C. macromrpa, t Watson in Proc.Am. .\cad. xi,»lU) [not Hartweg].

C. Arizonica, E.L. Greene iu Bull.Torrey Bot. Cliil), ix.CI.- Riisby in Hull. Torrry Bot. Club, ix, 79.— Watson in Proc. Am.
Acad, xviif, 157.

San Francisco mountains of New Mexico and eastern Arizona (Greene, Rusby), Santa Catalina and Santa Rita
mountains, AnzoivA [Prinple, Lcmmon) ; on the Sierra Madre, near Saltillo, andGaudaliiiie island, Mexico [Vahnci-).

A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter iu diameter ; rocky canons and ridges; on the
yew Mexico and Arizona mountains, forming extensive forests between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, generally
on northern slopes; local.

Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish; bands of small
summer cells, broad, con.spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, gray, often faintly streaked with
yellow, the thick sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4843 ; ash, 0.44.

336. — Juniperus Californica, Carriere,

Rev. Hort, iii, 353 <t f. ; Trait. Conif. 58 ; 2ed. 41. — Gonlou, Pinctum, 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Engclniaiin in Trans. St.
Louis Acad, iii, .V^S; WHieelcr's Rep. vi,375. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 593. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113.

J. telragona, var. osteosperma, Torrey In Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boniidary Survey, 210; Ives' Rep. 28.

./. tefragona, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263 [not Solileclitend.al].

J. Vcrrosianus, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. Ii,37.

J. OCCidentalix, Gordon, Pinctum, Snppl. 38; Einetum,2 ed. 102, in iiart.— Ilenkel & Hocbstetter, Nadelbijlz. 245, in part.—
lloopes, Evergreens, 299, in part. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Predr. xvi', 4>^, in part.

J. Califoritka, var. osteosperma, Eugclmann; Watson in Proc. Am. Acud.xi,119.

California, .San I'rancisco Itay, soutli llirotigli the Coast rang<'s to Lower California.

A small tret', ranly 0 to 9 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00 meter in diameter, or more often a tall
shrub, sending nj) many stems from tlie ground; sandy barrens and dry, rocky soil.

Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very ilurable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer
cells thin, dark colored, no^ conspicuous; medullary rays iiumcrou.s, very ob.scurc; color, light brown slightly
tinged with red, the .sap-wood nearly wliite; specific gravity, 0.(1282 ; a.sli. 0.7."i ; in southern California hugely used
for fencing and fuel.

\'l\l. Utahensis, i;n«<'lniann,

Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 588; Wbceler's U<-i>. vi, 2(M.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tncs, :!". —Sargent in Am. .Jour. Soi. 3 ser. xvii, 418.—
Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113.

J. OCei'lentalis, Watson in King's R<-p. v, :ai>, in part; PI. Wbeeler, lH [not Hooker].

<7. orci'lciilalis, var. UiahrnstH, Vcltdi, Manual Conif. 2^9.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 181

Western base of the Wabsatch iiiouiitains, Utab, to eastern California, soutb tbroiigh the Great Basin to
soutbeastern California {Fringlc) and tbe San Francisco uionntains, eastern Arizona (Greene).

A small, contorted tree, 6 to 0 meters in beif^bt, witb a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often a
tall.nuub brancbed sbrnb; very common tbron{;b tbe elevated valleys and along tbe lower sloi)e8 of all tbe ranges
of central and sontbern Utab and Nevada, and tbe most generally distributed arborescent species of the region.

Wood ligbt, soft, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact witb tbe soil; color, ligbt brown, tbe tbick
sap-wood nearly wbite; specific gravity, 0.5522; asli, 0.49; tbe common fuel and fencing material of the region.

337. — ^Juniperus pachyphlcea, Torrey,

Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142; Bot. Jk-x. Boundary Survey, 210 ; Ives' Kep. 28.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1838, 203.— Henkel Oi
HocIiHtottcr, Nadolholz. 247.— CanifTo, Trait, Conif. 2 cd. 56.— Parlatoro iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 490.— Gordon, Pinctnm, 2 ed.
164.— Eugelmauu in Trans. St, Louis Acad, iii, 589; Wheeler's Rep. vi,2G4.— Palmer iu Am. Nat. xii, 593.— Veitcli, Manual Conif.
289.— Riisby in Bull. ToiTey Bot. CIuI), i.\,79.— Hemslcy, Bot. Am.-Cont. iii, 184.

J. plochyderma, Torrey iu Sitgreaves' Rep. 173, t. IG.

J. Sahina pachyphlcea, Antoine, Kupress. 39.

JUNIPER.

Eagle and Limpia mountains {Havard), west along tbe ranges of western Texas, southern New Mexico and
Arizona south of latitude 34°; southward into Mexico.

A tree 9 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, stony slopes and ridges,
generally between 2,000 and 3,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing and largest juniper of the mountains of western
Texas.

Wood ligbt, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a line polish ; bands of small
summer cells very thin, dark colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear ligbt red,
often streaked with yellow, tbe thin sap- wood nearly wbite; specific gravity, 0.5829; ash, 0.11.

338. — ^Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker,

Fl. Bor.-Aiu.ii,16G.-Euaiiclior, Syu. Conif. 2G.— Lindlcy & Gordon iu Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202.— Carritre, Couif. 42, in part; 2
od. 40, iu part.— Torrey in Paciflc R. R. Rep. i v, 142.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eop. 185^, 263.— Gordon, Piuetum, 117 (excl. syn.); Suppl.
38 (oxcl.^yn.); 2ed. 162 (excl. syu.).- Heukel & lIochstctter,Nadelholz. 345, iu part.— Nelson, Pinaceie, 142.— Hoopes, Evergreens,
299 (excl. syn. C'«()/orn!ca).— Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 489, iu part.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Macoun in Geological
Rop. Cauaila, 1875-'76, 211.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Watson, Bot. California, ii. 113.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 289.

J. excelsa, Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. ii, G47.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 2-15.

J. Andina, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 95, 1. 110 ; 2 ed. ii, 157, 1. 110.— Carrif-re, Trait. Couif. 2 ed. 55.

Cha)n(VCyp<(ris Boursierii, Decaisno in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, i, 70.

J. Ucnnanni, Koch, Deudrologie, ii-, 141 Liiot Sprcngel].

J. OCcidenialiH, var. Itleiosperma, F.ngclinanu in Trans. St. Louis Ac.>vd. ii,590.

J. pyriformh, Hort.

JUNIPER.

Blue mountains and high prairies of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, Cascade mountains of Oregon,
valley of the Klamath river, California, and south along tbe high ri.lges of tbe Sierra Nevada, between 7,000 and
10,000 feet elevation, to tbe San Rernardim-) mountains {I'arinh Bros.).

A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, witb a truidv 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or often a low, mucb-brancbod
shrub; dry, rocky ridges and prairies, reaching its greatest develoi)ment in tiie California sierras.

Wood ligbt, soft, very close-grained, comi)aet, very durable in contact witb the soil; bands of small summer
cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays nutnerous, very obscure ; color, ligbt red or brown, the s:i'>-\vo...l iumiIv
white; specific gravity, 0.5765; ash, 0.12; largely used for fencing and fuel.

Var. monospcrma, v:ii^olm.>i\u.
Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, .WO; Wheeler's Kep. vi,2(i:l.— Veiteh. Manual Conif. 289.-Rnsl.y in Bull. Torn\v Bot. Club, is, W.

182 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Eastoiu base of Piko's peak, ("olorado, to tlie nionntaiiis of western Texas, and tliiough New MoNieo and
southern Arizona to southern California.

A small, stunted tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO meter in diameter, or often hiaiuhing
from the ground with many stout, contorted stems; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet elevation.

Wootl heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often eccentric; specific gravity, 0.7111) ;
ash, 0.7S; largely used for fuel aud fencing.

Var. conjugens, Eugelmann,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 590.' — Vcilcli, Manual Couit. '^ffO.— Watson in Troc. Am. Acad, xviii, 158.

Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river (Austin), west and north.

A tree 11 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter iu diameter, covering with extensive
forests the limestone hills of western Texas; its range not yet satisfactorily determined.

Wood light, bard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of
small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown, often
streaked with red, the thin .sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.G007; a.sh, 0.4G; largely u.sed for fencing,
fuel, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc.

339. — ^Juniperus Virginiana, Liuuicns,

Spec. 1 ed. 1039.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 180.— Marshall, Arbustuin, 70.— Waugcnhoim, Amor. 9, t. 2, f. 5.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliuiana,24:H.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 411 ; 2 ed. v. 414.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 627.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 853; Euum. 1025; Berl.
Banuiz. 199.— Pcrsoon, Syn. 11,032.— Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 539.— Micbanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 42, t. 5; N. American Sylva,
3ed. 173, t. 155.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 047.— Nouvean Dnhamcl, vi, 49, t. 10.- Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelpb. 9fi; Compoiid. Fl.
Pbiladelph ii,200.— Eaton, Mauual, 118; 2ed. 194.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii, 97;2cd. ii, 159.— Bigelow, Med. Bnt. iii,49,
t.45; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 396.— Hayue, Dcnd. Fl. 205.— Elliott, Sk. ii,717.— Torroy in Nicollet's Rep. 167; Compend. Fl. N. States, 377;
Fl. N. York, ii, 235 ; Marcy's Rei). 264 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142 ; Bot. Me.x. Boundary Survey, 211 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Sprongel, Syst.
iii, 908.— Richard, Conif. 37, t. fi, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 43.— Rafiiiesque, M<a. Dot. ii, 13.— Bock, Bot. 337.— Lin(lk>y,Fl. Med.
.'ia;.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 249.J, f. 2357.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 190.— Pcnu. Cyd. xiii, 147.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 268.—
Kmerson, Trees Massachusetts, 102; 2 ed. i, 118.— Eudlicber, Syn. Couif. 27, iu part.— Scbeclc in Rujmer, Texas, Appx. 447.—
Lindloy & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202.— Parry in Owen's Rep. C18.— Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 cd. 295.— Knight,
Syn. Conif. 12.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1955, 101.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. K. Rep.
ii, 130, 17.'..— Carrifcre, Trait. Conif. 43 ; 2 ed. 44.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. 20.— Gordon, Pinetum, 112 ; 2 cd. 1.54 —Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1^58, 2.57 ; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Chapman, Fl. S. Slates, 435.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, 46; Maunal N. Stales,
5 ed. 474; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnajan Soc. xxiii-, 302.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860,
iii, 71.— Lesqncreux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 663; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Porclier, Resources S. Forests, 510.—
Eugelmann iu Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, .''fll ; Wheeler's Rep. vi,263.— I.yall in Jour.
Lintia-an Soc. vii, 144.— Ilenkel &, Hochstetter, Nadilhiilz. 3;}5.— Nelson, Pinaceu', 153.— Hoo)>es, Evergreens, 291.— Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 468.— Young, Bot. Texas, 517.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 138.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 335.— Rothrock in PI.
Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 10.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayduu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132.— Hayden in
Wamn's Itep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122.— Vascy.Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii,242.— Broadheiid
ill Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 00.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329.— Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 183.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 2.'«.— Bell iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'6n, .'■.2' .— Ridgway in Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87.— Honisley, Bot. Am.-
Cent. iii, I8J.

J. Caroliniana, .Marshall, Aibn.^^tmn, -/l.-Dii Roi.Harbk. 2cd. 497.
J. arboraicetm, Ma!uch,.M<-,ili.(;99.

•/. Barbadcmin, Michaux.FI. Bor.-Am. ii,240 [not Liiinuius].- Puish, Fl.Ain. Sept. ii, 047.— Niitlall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva,
iii,9«; 2ed. ii,1.58.

J. Virginiana, var. Caroliniana, Willdeuow, Berl. Banmz. 196.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 205. — Loiiiloii, Arboretum, iv,2495.

•/. Virginiana, var. Hcrmanni, PcrKoou,Syii. ii,G32.

J. Ufrmnnni, Sprengel,Sy»l. iil,908.

J./mtvla, vai'. Virginiuna, Spach in Anii.Hel.Nat.2 ner. xvi,296; Hist. Veg. xi, 318.

J. Virginiana vulgarin, Kudiicher,8jn. Conif. 28.

J. Sabina, var. Virginiana, Antoine, Kuprcss. t. 63, 84.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TilEES. 183

EED CEDAR. SAVIN.

Southci'u New Brunswick to fbe uortheru shores of Georgian bay, uortheru Michigan, VV'JHcoiisia and
Minnesota, south to cape Mahibar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texa-s, west to
eastern Xebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about the one hundredth i)arallel of west longitude; in
the Pacific region, Eocky mountains of (Colorado to Vancouver's island, British Columbia; not extending to
western Texas, California, or Oregon ; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona rare and local.

The most widely distributed of North American ConiferiE, a tree 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60
to 1.35 meter in diameter, or toward its northern and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub;
dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf states, especially near the coast, in deep swamps; in
northern Montana, borders of streams and lakes; common; and reaching its greatest development in the valley of
tlie IJed river, Texas.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained, comjjact, easily worked, very durable in
contact with the soil ; odorous ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous,
vorj^ obscure ; color, dull red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.402C ; ash, 0.13 ; largely need for
l)Osts, sills, railway ties, interior finish, cabinet-making, and almost exclusively for lead-pencils.

A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for savine cerete, and an infusion of the berries
as a diuretic ( U. S. Dispensatori/, 14 ed. 529. — 2fat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 795).

340. — Taxodium distichum, Kichard,

.■\iiii. Mils, xvi, 298; Conif. 52, t. 10. — Nouveaxi Dubamel, iii, 8. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 525. — Lambert, Pinus, 2 ed. 25 & t. — Toirey,
Compeud. Fl. N. States, 361 ; Bot. Mex. Bouudary Survey, 210. — Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 162. — London, Arboretam,
iv, 2481, f. 2335-2339.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 177, t. 60.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68, in part.— Kugelmann & Gray in Jonr. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234. — Schoele in Roemer, Texas, Appx. 447. — Liudley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v,2G9. — Knigbt, Syn.
Conif. 20.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295.— Carri&rc, Trait. Conif. 143; 2ed. 180; Rev. Hort. viii, 62&f.— Morreu in Belg. Hort. vi,
74 & t. — Gordon, Pinetiiin, 305 ; 2 ed. 382. — Loudon Gard. Cbronicle, 1857, 549. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 135^, 2.")7. — Chapman, Fl.
S. States, 435. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 29. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, CI.
Bools, 663 ; Bot. & Fl. 3K.— Hcnkel &, Hochstetter, Nadelbiilz. 253.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 473.— Hoopes, Evergt^^ns, 364, f.
58. — Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 440. — La-wsou, Pinetum Brit, ii, 305, f. 1-9.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle,
1872, 1526. — Young, Bot. Texas, 518. — Koch, Dcndrologie, ii-,195. — Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 127. — Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 30. — Broadliead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Veitcb, Manual Conif. 214. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 87. — Watson
in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 1.58.

ClipreSSUS disticha, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 201. —Marshall, Arbustnni, 39.— Liimarck, Diet, ii, 244.—
Wangenbeini, Auier. 43. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238. — Alton, Hort. Kcw. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, 323.— Bartram, Travels, 2
ed.88. — Micbaux,Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,208. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 567. — Willdenow, Spec. iv,512; Eunm. i>91 : Bcrl.
Banmz. 111. — Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 288.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 4, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 154, t,
151.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Seiit. ii, 645.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93.— RaCnesqne, Fl. Ludoviciana, 151.— Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 224.— Hayno,Dend. Fl. 178.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 317, 318.— Elliott, Sk. H. 642.— Beck, Bot. 238.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 116.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 215.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 349.— Dickson & Brown
in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. v, 15. — Porcbcr, Resources S. Forests, 508.

Cu^yressns disiicha, var. patens and var. 7m1ans, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v,;!23.

GupreSSUS disticha, var. imbricaria, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 163.— Croom in Am.Jour. ScL
1 ser. xxviii, 166.

Schuhertia disticha, Mirbol in Mem. Mus. xiii, 75.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 890.— Spach, Hist. Vcg. xi, 349.

T. microphyllum, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. t>8.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour.
Hort. Soc. London, V, 207.— CarriM-e, Trait. Conif. 148.

T. adsccndens, Brongniart in Ann. Sei. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlichir, Svn. Conif. 69.— Liudley & Gordon in Ji.;ir. Hort,
Soc. London, v,207.—Carriere, Trait. Conif. 148.

T. distichum, var. patens and var. nutans, Kiullicher, Syn. Conif. 68.— Loudon, Arlioretum.iv, 2481.

T. distichum fastigiatum. Knight, Syn. Conif. 21.— Carriire, Trait. Couil. 145; 2 ed. 181.- Gordon, Piuotuui, 307: 2 ed.
383.- Henkel &, Hochstetter, Nadelbiilz. 260.— Hoopes, Evergreer.s, 367.

T. distichum, var. microphyUum, HcnUel & Hochstetter,Nndelholi;.2t>l.—Parl!»tore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 441 (7*.
Sinvnse ptmliilum, Forbes, Pineluni Woburn. 180.— G(.vi)to«(ro&M« jmidulm, Endlicher, Conif. 71.— Bot. Mag. t. 6603.—
Carribre, trail. Conif. 1.V2. — T. Sincnse, Gordon, Pinetum, SO!). — Ciij»r<«»M8 6'm<ii»f, Hort.).

Cuprespinnata disticlia. Nelson, Pinacese, 61,

184 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

BALD CYPRESS. BLACK CYPKKSS. RED CYPRESS. "WHITE CY'PRESS. DECIDUOUS CYPRESS.

Sussex county, Delaware, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet and cape Romano, Florida, west through the
Gulf states near the coast to the valley of the Xueces river, Texas, and through Arkansas to western Tennessee,
western and northern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southern Illinois and Indiana.

A large tree of great economic value, 21 to 4G meters in height, with a trunk l.SO to i meters in diameter;
deep, submerged swamps, river-bottom lands, and pine barren ponds; common and forming extensive forests in
the ."louth Atlantic and Gulf states.

Wood light, soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with
the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color,
light or dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white; si)ecific gravity, 0.4543; ash, 0.41'; largely manufactured into
lumber and used for construction, cooperage, railway ties, jiosts, fencing, etc., often injured, especially west of the
Mississippi river, by a .sjiccies oi Bmlalia, not yet determined, rendering it unfit for lumber.

Two varieties of cypress, black and white, are recognized by lumbermen, the wood of the former heavier than
water when green, rather harder and considered more durable than the other; the unseasoned wood of the latter
lighter than water and rather lighter colored than bla(!k cypress.

341. — Sequoia gigantea, Decaisne,

Bull. Bot.Soe. France,!, 70; Rev. Hort. 1855, 9, 1. 10, f. 1.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, iii, 94; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ecr. xvii. 440; xviii, 150,
a'?6.—Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140.— Kellogg in Proc. California Aca<l. i, 42.— Blake in Pacilic R. R. Rep. v, 257, t. 13.—
Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 166. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 90. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. l.''.")8, 26;!. — Wood, Hot. & V\. ;!1.'). —
Bloomer in Proc. California Acad, iii, 397. — lloopes, Evergreens, 239, f. 29. — Parlatoro in Do Caudollo Prodr. xvi', 437.— Koch,
Dcndrologic, ii^, 194. — Bcrtrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 114. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Muir in Proc. Am. Assoc, xxv,
242.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 117.

Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley in London Card. Chronicle, 1853, 819, 82:?; Bot. Mag. t. 4777. 4778.— C. Lemairo in 111. Hort.
1854, 14 & t.— Naudin in Rev. Hort. 1854, 116.— Fl. des Serres, ix, 93 & t. 903 & t.—Flor. Cabinet, 1854, 121 & t.—
Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 22. — Gordon, Pinotum, 330; Supi)l. 106; 2ed. 415. — Murray in Edinburgh Now Phil.
Jonr. new ser, xi, 205, t. 3-9 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 330, t. 6, f. 8, 9).— Heukel & Hochstetter, NadelhOlz.
222.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 217.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 4 15.

Wellingtonia Cali/ornica, Winslow in California Farmer, September, 1854.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. & Kew Misc. vii,26.

Taxodium Washingtoniannm, Winslow in California Farmer, September, 1854.

Taxodium giganteum, Kellogg & Behr in Proc. California Acad. i. 51 .

<S'. Wellingtonia, Sccmann in Bonplandia, ii,238; iii, 27; vi,343; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 1859, 101.— Law. son,
Pinelura Brit, iii, 299, t. 37, 51,53, f. 1-37. •

Gigantabies Wellingtonia, Nelson, Pinacea?, 79.

BIG TREE.

California, western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas from Placer county (Calaveras Grove) south to Deer creek on
the southern borders of Tulare county.

The largest tree of the American forest, 70 to H!) meters in height, with a trunk G to 11 meters in diameter;
valh'.\8 and moist swales or hollows between 4,000 and 0,000 feel elevation, growing in small, isolated groves,
excejjt toward its .southern limits, here mixed with the sugar pine and red and white firs, covering large tracts,
often several hundred acres in extent.

Wood very light, soft, weak, brittle, rather coarse-graiiuul, compact, remarkably durable in contact with tlie
soil; bands of small summer cells tiiiii, dark colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brigjit
clear red, turning much darker with e.Nposure, the thin sajjwood white; specific gravity, 0.'J.S82; ash, O.no ; in
Fresno county formerly somewhat manufactured intolnmbr'r and locally u.sed for fencing, shingles, construction, elc

342. — Sequoia sempervirens, i.ndlicher,

Syn. Conif. 198.- Dccal»ne in Rev. Hort. 185.5, 9, t. II, f. 2.— Cuniferi', Trait. Conif. 164 ; 2 cd. 210.— Bigelow in Pacifie R, R. Rep. iv,23.—
Newborrj- in Pacilic R. R. Rep. vi, :,7, 90, f. 23.— Torrey In Pacific R. R. Rip. iv, 140; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; Ivch'
Ri-p.28.— Gordon, Pini-tnu), 303; Siippl. 97; 2 cd. :{79.— Cooper in Smitlmonian Rep. 1H58, 263.— Murray in Edinburgli New Phil.
Jour, new ser. xi. 221 (Trans. Bot. Son. Edinburgh, vi, 3IC).— .Sccmann in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 18.59, 165.— Wood, Bot.
& FI. 315. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 2:il. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 244. — Parlatore in Uo Caudollo Pi-odr. xvi', 4:)0. —
Koi li, Ij.ii.lroloyli', ir, 193.— Vaw»y, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Stearns in Are. N.it. x, 110.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 116.— Veitcb,
Manual Conif. 212. — T/nwson, Pinetuiu Brit, iii, t..'')2 & tigs.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. IS^

Taxodium sempervirens, Lambert, Pinus, 114; 2 cd. ii, 107,t.52.— Loudou. Arboretum, iv, 2487, f. 2340, 234 l.—Uookcr, H.
I3iir.-Ain.ii, 1G4 ; Icon, iv, t. 379. — Hooker & Ariiott, Bot. Becchey, 1841. — Frtmont, Geograi)Lical Mem. California, ac,
37.— Hcnkel & HochBtKtler,Nadclholi!.262.

Taxodii species, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, l.'iO.

Sequoia gigantea, Endlicber, Syn.Conif. IfiO, in part.— Btutbam. PI. Hart weg. 33a

Abies religio.ia, HooUor & Aruott, Bot. Beccbcy, 160.

Sch2ibertia scmpervircns, Spacli, Hist. Veg. xi,3.'J3.

S. religiosa, Presl, Epimcl. Bot. 357.— Walpers, .\un. iii, 448.

Oigantabies taxifoUu, Nelson, Piuaccie, 78.

REDWOOD.

California, from the northern boundarj- of tbe slate, south through the Coast rauges to "Veers creek" near the
southern border of Monterey county.

A large tree of great economic value, 01 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 7 meters in diameter, sending
up from the stump when cut many vigorous shOots; siiles of canons and gulches in low, wet situations, borders of
streams, etc., not appearing on dry hillsides; generally confined to the western slopes of the Coast ranges,
and nowhere extending far from the coast; most generally multiplied and reaching its greatest average density
north of cape Mendocino.

Wood light, soft, not strong, very brittle, lather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish, easily
split and worked, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored,
conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, clear light reel, the thin sap-wood nearly white j
specific gravity, 0.4208; ash, 0.14; largely sawed into lumber; the prevailing and most valuable building material
of the Pacific coast, and in California almost exclusively used for shingles, fence posts, telegraph poles, railway
ties, wine-butts, tanning- and water-tanks, coffins, etc. ; forms with curled or contorted grain are highlj- ornamentaL

343. — Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall,

Sylva, iii, 86, 1. 108 ; 2 od. ii, 149, 1. 108 ( T. oaidentiilis on plate).— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140.— Newberry in Pacilic R. R. Rep.
vi, 00, 90, f. 26.— Cooper in Smitbsouian Rop. 1858, 263; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, 26, 69; Am. Nat. iii, 414.— Wood, Bot. Jt Fl.
316. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 229. — Ca^ri^re, Trait. Couit". 2ed. 742. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 383. — Parlatore in De
CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 501. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii*, 95. — Gordon, Pinctnm, 2 ed.392. — Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— M.acouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Watson. Bot.
California, ii, 110. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,329. — Veitch, Manual Couif. 305.

T. haccata, y.u: Canadcnsix, Boiitliani,Pl. Hartweg. 338.

T. haccata, Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii, 167, in part.

r. Bounierii, Carri^ro iu Rov. Hort. 1654,228 & t. ; Trait. Couif. 523 ; 2 cd. 739.

T. Lindhyana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 294; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, I860.— Lawsou, Cat.
lKi5, 15.— Gordon, Pinetura, 316 ; Snppl. 99.— Henkel & Hoehstettor, Nadelholz. 360.— Nelson, Pinacea>, 174.

T. Canadensis, Bigelow in PaciBc R. R. Rep. iv,25 [not Willdenow].

YEW

Queen Charlotte islands and the valley of the Skeena river, south through the Coast ranges of British Columbia,
through western and the mountain ranges of eastern Washingtou territory and Oregon to the western slopes of
the Uocky mountains of northern Montana (Canby tb Sargent), through the California Coast ranges to the bay of
Monterey and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to about latitude 'M° N.

A tree 18 to 24 meters iu height, with a trunk O.iiO to 0.00 meter iu diameter, or toward its eastern limits in
Idaho and I\Iontana much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; rare; low, rich woods and bordei"S of streams,
reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washington territory, ami British Columbia.

il\lllll^ IIO ^1^(1,1,1.01' \tV t ^IV.!!' 1111. ULr 111 11 VOi-VL 11 V^lV^Vfllf « * <1£>11 I 1 ■ ^ ( 1 f II l^tllWl^tf «1ilVl t..f 1 I 1 ■ O 11, V. Vf I » IU «^l»l ■

Wood heavy, iiard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable
contact with the soil; bands of small sumiiu'r cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; meiluUary rays thin,
imerous, very obscure; color, light bright red, the Ihiii sap wood light yellow; specific gravity, O.G301 ; asU,
22 ; usetl for fence posts anil by the Indians of the northwest coast for i)addles, spear handles, bows, fishhooks,

in

numerous
0.21
etc

18G FOREST TREES OP^ NOIMTI AMERICA.

344. — Taxus Floridana, Nuttall,

Sylva, iii.W; 2 ed. ii, 1."j5.— Crooin in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 sor. xxvi, :l;!4.— Chapman, Fl. 8. .States, 43C.— CaiTi<~'rc,Tiail. Co.iif. 2o<1.741.—
Hoopcs, Evergreens, 3S4. — Vusey. Cat. Forest Trees, 36.

T. montana, yuttalI,S.vlva,iii,02; 2 cd. ii, 15.'>.

Western Florida, baiik.s of the Apalaeliieola river from Bristol to Aspalaga, Gadsden eoinity, and AVatson's
Landing? (fHWi.ts).

A Biuall tree, .? to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; rare and very local.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, comitact ; bands of small summer cells very tliin, dark colored, not
consi)icuous ; medullary rays uuiucrous, obscure ; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly
white; .specific gravity, O.G340 ; ash, 0.21.

345. — Torreya taxifolia, Aruott,

Aim. Nat. Hist, i, 134; Hooker, Icon, iii, t. 232, 233.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 434.— Kuttall, Sylva, iii, 91, t. 109; 2 cd. ii, 153, t.
109.— SpacU, Hist. Vcg. xi, 29S.— Eudliclier, Syn. Conif. 241.— Lindley &, Cordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 226.— Darby, Bot.
S. States, 516.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 514 ; 2 ed. 726.— Gordon, Pincluni, 329: 2 ed. 412.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259.—
Chapman. Fl. S. States, 436.— Wood, CI. Book, 664; Bot. & Fl. 316.— IIoopcs, Evergreens, 387, f. 62.— Parlatore in De Caudolle,
Prodr. x\i', 505. — Koch, Dcndrologie, ii', 100. — Vasey, Cat. I'orest Trees, 35. — Veitch, Mainial Conif. 311.

GaryotaxU8 taxifolia, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadclholz. 367.
Fcetafaxux ynontana, Xelsim, Piuacc;e, 167.

STINKING CEDAR. SAVIN.

Western Florida, eastern bank of the Apalachicola river from Chattahoochee to the neighborhood' of Bri.stol,
G;idsden county; doubtfully reported from the shores of a small lake west of Ocheesee and at Wakulla Springs,
Wakulla county (Cur lias).

A tree 12 to 18 meter.'? in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up when cut many
vigorous shoot« from the stem and roots; borders of swamps on calcareous soil; very rare and local.

Woml light, rather hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very
durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells very thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure; color, clear bright yellow, the thin .sap-wood much lighter; .si)ecifi(! gravity, 0.51 15; ash, 0.73;
largely used locally for fence posts, etc.

346. — Torreya Californica, Tmrcy,

N. Yiirlc Joiir. Pliarm. iii, 49; Pacific K. K. Rop. iv, 140. — Bigolow in Pacific R. R. Hop. iv, 24. — Kollogg in Proc. California Acad, i,
3'. — Newberry in Pacific H. R. Rej). vi, 61, 90, f. 27. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Bolandcr in Proc. California
Aca<I. iii, 229. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 385. — Parlatore in De CaiidoUc, Prodr. xvi*, £06. — Koch, Dcndrologie, ii', 101. — Gordon,
Pinetnm, 2 ed. 410. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Watson, Hot. California, ii, 110.

T. MyriHtica, Hooker f. in Bot. Mag. t. 4760.— Van Honttc in Fl. des Serrcs, ix, 175 & t.— Carribre, Conif. 315; 2 ed. 727.—
Gordon, Pinetnm, I ed. 327. — Murray in Edinburgh Now Phil. Jonr. new ser. x, 7, t. 3. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 311.

Curyoturm MyriMica. Henkel & HochHtettcr, NadelhiJU. 368.

Falataxux Ulyri^iica, Nelson, Pinaeeai, 168.

CALirOUNlA NUTMEG. STINKING CEDAR.

California, Mendocino county, and along the western sloj)e of the Sierra Nevadas (o Tulare county, between
3,000 and 5,000 fci-t elevation.

A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk 0..''>0 to 0.!M) nK-ter in diameter, sending up from the stump when
cut many vigorous shoots; borders of .streams, in moist soil; rare.

WrK»d light, soft, not strong, verj- close-grained, compact, susceptiiile of a tine polish, veiy durable in contact
with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, not consi)icuous; medullary rays numerous, ob.scure; color,
char li;iht yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; sjiecWc gravity, O.lTfiO; ash, 1.34.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 187

347. — Pinus Strobus, i.inn.Tus,

Spoo.lod. 1001; Da Roi, [larbk. ii.ri".— Wan-jeulioiiu, Amor, i, 1. 1, f. 1.— .\iton, Hort. Kew. iii, 369; 2 cd. v, 3H.— Swartz,OU.3C3.—
Mcencli, Moth. ;5!)4.— MicLaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 20.'>.— Poirot in Lamarck, Dirt, v, 341 ; HI. iii, 369, t. 780, f. 2.— Lamltert, Pinn», 1 ed. t.
22; 2ed. i, 27, t. 35; 3ed. i, 51, t. 3:2.— Will.lrnow, Spec, iv, .")01; Eiium. DS'J; BerlBauinz. -^Ki.— IVr.fOon, Syn. ii, 579.— DcKfohtaiui-*, Hi»t.
Arb. ii, 012.— Michaux f. Hist. Arl). Ami. i, 104, 1. 10 ; N. American Sylvii, 3 oil. iii, 120, 1. 145.— Xoiivcau Duliamel, v, 249, t. 70.— Smith
ill Rees' Cycl.xxviii, No. 17.— Pur.sli,ri. Am. Sept. ii, 044. —Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 c"d.2<i').— Niiltall, GeniTa, il, 22:1 ; Sylva, iii, 118;

2 ed. ii, 176 (oxcl. syn. vai'. monlicola). — ilaync, Dcnd. I'l. 175. — Elliott. Sk. ii, 038. — Spn-nRcl, Syst. ii, f-S?. — Torrt-y, Couiiiond. FL
N. States, 300; Fl. N.York, ii, 229. — Richard, Conif. CO, t. 12,f. 2.— Audnbon, Birds, t. .39.— IJeck, Bot. 339. —Loudon, Arbori-fom.iT,
2280, f.21'.)3-2196.— Forbes, Pinetnm Woburu. 83.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 101.— Eaton & Wright. Bot. 359.— Bigclow. Fl. Boston.

3 0(1. 385. — Autoiue, Conif. 43, t. 20, f. 3. — Lindley in Penn.Cycl. xvii, 173. — Link in Linna-a, xv, 514.— Spach, Hint. A'eg. xi,394. —
Do Chambray, Trait. Arb. Ro.s. Conif. 262, t. 4, 5, f. 8. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, CO; 2 cd. i, 73 & t. — Eudlicber, Syn.
Conif. 147. — Gihoiil, Arb. Resin. 3.5, t. 5. — Kniijht, Syn. Conif. 34. — Lindley &. Gordon in Jonr. Hort.Soc. London, v, 215. — Carrifere,
Trait. Conif. 302 ; 2 ed. 398.— Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 sor. xiii, 393.— Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 cd. 290.— Darby, Bot. S. Statea,
515.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 239; 2 cd. 322.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Fcscali.Forst.Pfl. 56, 1. 11, f. 7-13. —Chapman, Fl.
S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 25.— Wood, CI. Book, 600 ;*Bot. &. Fl. 312.— Porcbcr, Rcnonrcea

• S. Forests, 505. — Ilcukel & Hochstettcr, Nadelhiilz. 92. — Nelson, Piuacea>, 130. — Hoopes, Evergreens, KiO, f. 19. — Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatoro in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 405. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 77, f. 10. — Kocb, Dendrologie, ii', 319. — Yasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 32. — Macoun in Geological Kop. Canada, 1875-70, 211. — Scars in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 1*'7. — Veitch, Manual Conif.
183.— Boll in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80. 49'=.

P. StrohufI, ViXr. alba, var. brevifolia, var. COmprexm, London, Arboretum, iv, 2280.— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr.
Hort. Soc. London, v, 215.

P. Strohiis, var. nivea, Hort.

WHITE PINE. WEYMOrXn PINE.

Newf()ii!Kllari(l, noitlierii shores of the gulf of Saiut Lawrence to lake Nipigon aud the valley of the Winnipeg
river, south through tlie uorthern states to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of lake Michigan, ■' Starving rock,"
near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa {Parry), and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia.

A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 52 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3.50 meters in diameter;
sandy loam upon drift ibrinations, forming extensive forests, or in the region of the great lakes often in small
bodies scattered through the bard-wood forests, here reaching its greatest development ; north of latitude 47*=
N. and south of Pennsylvania, central Jlicbigan, and Minnesota ranch smaller, less common and valuable.

Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful
polish; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages small, not numerous nor conspicuous;
medullary r>iys numerous, thin ; color, light brown, often slightly tinged with red, the sa])-wood nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.3S51; ash, 0.19; more largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any
other North American tree; the common and most valuable building material of the northern .states; largely used in
cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the manufacture of matches, woodenware, and for many domestic purposes.

Gonifcrm, a ghicoside principle, has been discovered in the cambium layer of this and several other species of
Conlferm {Jour.filr Prakt. Chem. xcvii, 243.— .Iwi. Jour. Pliarm. IStiT, 261.— JJ. S. Diqu-nsaton/, 14 ed. 001).

348. — Pinus monticola, Douglas;

Lambert, Pinus, 1 id. iii, 27, t. 35.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2091, f. 2208, 2209.— ForV)es, Pinetnm Woburu. ?1 . t. 31.— Antoiuc, Conif. 40, t.
18, f. 3. — Hooker &. Arnott, Bot. Beecboy, 394.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 148.— Lindley & Gordon in .lonr. Hort. Soc. London, v,215.—
Carri&re, Trait. Conif. 305; 2 ed. 401.— Gordon, Piuetun),233; 2 ed. 314.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262; Pacific R. R. Rep.
xii=,27; Am. Nat. iii, 410.— Lyall in .lour. Liunican Soc. vii, 141.— Hcnkcl & Hocbstetter, Nadclbidz. 91.— Nelson, Piuacca', 120.—
Hoopes, Evergreens, 135. — Bohiudcr in Proe. California .\cad. iii, 318. — Parlatorc in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-. 405. — Gray in Proc
Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^ 322.— Vasey, Cat. Fort-st Trees, 32.—
Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Engelmann in Hot. California, ii, 12:<.— O.
M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new sor. ix, :528.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 181, f. 41.— Lawson, Pinetnm Brit. i. 69, f. 1-6.

P. Strobus, var. monticola, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 118; 2cd. ii, 176.

P. Orozelicri, Carii(~>re in Rev. Hort. 1809, 126.

P. porphyrOCarpa, Lawson, l'iiu>tum Brit, i, Ki, f. 1-8.

WHITE PINE.

Vancuover's island, Coast and Gold ranges of southern Ikil Isli Columbia, through the Contr d'Alene and Bitter
Root mountain^ of Idaho to the valley of the Flathead river, northern Jlonlana {Vanby »(• Sariirnt), soutii along
the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon and tiie California sierras to Calaveras county.

A largo tree, 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk O.HO to 1.50 meter in diameter: most common and ivaching
its greatest develoimient in the Peud d'Oieille aud Clark's F»uk regions of Idaho, here a valuable and importftut
timber tree; in British Columbia generally below 3,000 feet, and in California between 7,000 ami 10,(H)0 feet
elevation; not common.

188 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. •

Wood very liglit, soft, not strong, close, straigbtgiainod, ooinpaet; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous,
not conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
light brown or rod, the sap-wood nearly white; specitic gravity, O.'iflOS; ash, 0.23; inferior in quality, although
resembling that of the eastern white i)ine (P. Strobus); in Idaho and Montana somewhat manufactured into lumber.

349. — Pinus Latnbertiana, Douglas,

Conipauiou Bot. Mag. ii,92, 106,107, 130, 152; Traus. Limiffian Soc. xv, 500. — Lnmbcrt, Piiius, 1 ed. iii, 157, t. 68, 69. — Loudon, Aiboivdnii,
iv, 'iisS, f. a-.Oa.— Forbes, riui'tum Woburn. 77, t. IfO.— Hookor, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 161.— Anioiiio, Coiiif. 41, 1. 19.— Liiidley in Pcnu. Cycl.
xvii, 17;».— Hooker& Aniott, Hot. Ik-.'cluy, 304.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 397.— Nnttall, Sylvn, iii, 12u', t. Ill; Sod. ii, 180, t. 114.— Do
Chambray, Trait. Arb. Kes. Conif. :!4G. — Endliohcr, Syii. Conif. 150. — Liudloy & Gordon in .Jonr. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v,215. — Carriero,
Trait. Conif. 307 ; 2 ed. 403.— Bigelow in Pacilie R. R. Rep. iv, 21.— Torrey in raiilie R. R. Rep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
210; Ives' Rep. 28. — Newberry in Pacific It. R. Rep. vi,42, 90, f. 14. — Gordon, Pinetum, 228; 2 ed. 307. — Coopor in Smilbsoniau Rop.
IcS-", 262. — Murray in Trans. Bot. Soo. Edinburgh, vi, 369. — Lawsou, Pinetuui Brit, i, 47, t. 7, f. 1-7. — Bolander iu Proc. California
Acid, iii, 226, 317. — Henkel & Hoilistetter, Nadelbolz. 95. — Nelson, Pinace;e, 115. — Iloopes, Evergreens, l:t4.— Parlatore in Do
CandoUe. Prodr. xvi-', 402.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii*, 323. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
32.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 179.

SUGAR I'lNE.

Oregon, Cascade and Coast ranges, from the head of the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Kogue river
south along the western tlauk of the California sierras, through the Coast ranges to tlie Santa Lucia mountains,
and in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca mountains.

A large tree, -IG to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 3 to 7 meters in diameter; most comniou and reaching its
greatest development upon the sierras of central and northern California between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation;
in the Oregon Coast ranges descending to 1,000 feet above the sea-level.

Wood very light, soft, coar.se, straight-grained, compact, satiny, easily worked; bands of small summer cells
thin, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, very large and conspicuous; medullary rays numerous,
ob.scure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specitic gravity, 0.3GS4; ash, 0.22; now hugely mannfaclured
into lumber and used for interior finish, door-blinds, sashes, etc., and for cooperage and woodenware; less valuable
and less easily worked than that of the eastern white pine {I'inus Strobu.s); its quality injured by the larger and
more numerous resin passages.

A saccharine exudation from the stumps of cut or partially-burned trees sometimes used as a substitute for
sugar.

350. — Pinus flexilis, James,

Long's Expcd. ii, 27, 34.— Torrey in Ann. Lyc.N. York, ii, 249; Pacilie R. R. Rep. iv, 141.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 359.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 107, t. 112; 2 ed. ii, 167, 1. 107.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 220.—
Carrii^re in Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 ; Rov. Hort. 1854, 228 ; Trait. Conif. 310 ; 2 ed. 392.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rej). iv, C, 20.—
Gonlon, Pinetum, 224; 2 ed. 302. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262. — Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 121. — Engelmann iu
Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxi v, 3;J1 ; Trans. St. Louis Aca<l. ii, 208; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 257 ; Bot. Califoruia, ii, 124.— Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadelholz. 126. — Nelson, Pinacea-,, 112. — Bolauder in Proc. Califoruia Acad, iii, 318. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 131, f. 18. — pjirlatoro in
Ue Candoilu, Prodr. xvi^, 403. — Porter iu Ilaydeu's Rep. 1871, 494. — Watson iu King's Rep. v, xxviii, 332 ; PI. Whi'cler, 17. — Rothrock,
PI. Wheeler, 27, 5U; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9.- Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Huydcu, Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.— Murray in
Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 187.5, 106.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 420 — Lawson, Pinetum
Brit, i, r., f. 1.

P. Jjambertiana, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, loi.

/'. Llimbcrtiaua, var. brevi/oHa, Endlicher, Syu. Conif. l.')0.— Liudley A Gordon in .lour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215.—
Carrierr, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 404.

P.flexiliH, var. scrrulatn, Engelmann in Wheel-r's Rep. vi, 258.

P.flexiltH, var. macrocarpa, Engelmann in Wheeler's Kep. vi, 258.

WHITE I'INE.

Eastern slopes of the Rocky mountains, Montana, and probably much farlher noilh, south to New Mexico, on
the Guadiiliipe and Limpia mountains, western Te.xas (Ilaranl), on the high mountain ranges of Utah, Nevada,
and northern Arizona, Inyo nioimtains and mount Hilliman, Calilornia.

A tree 1.") to IS meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 meter iu diameter; <lry, gravelly slopes and ridges
between 4,000 and 10,000 feet elevatir»n ; conunon along the eastern .sloptis of the Itocky nujuiilaius of northern
Montana, forming open, scattered forests, here low, round-topped, and the jucvailing forest tree; in central Nevada
the most valitable lumber tree of the region.

Wood light, soft, do.se-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous, re.sin
Iiassages nunieron.s, large; medullary ia\s numerous, consiiicuous; color, light clear yellow, turning red with
fjxposure, the sap-wood nearly white; .specific gravity, 0.4 JuS; ash, 0.28; in northern Montana, Nevada, and Utah
boinetiines sawed, into inferior lumber and used in con.struction and for various domestic purposes.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 189

351. — Pinus albicaulis, Kngclmann,

Trans. St. Lotiis Acad, ii, 209; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Va«ey, Cat. Forest Tree*, rs. — Hall
in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Lawson, Pinctuin Brit, i, 1, f. 1-4.

P. flexilis, Murray, Rep. Oregon Exped. i, t. 2, f. 1 [not James]. — Lyall in Jour. Liuna-au Sec. vii, 142. — Parlatore iu De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 403, in part.

P. CCmhroidcS, Newberry in Paiilic K. I{. Upp. vi, 41, 90, f. 1.5 [not Zuccarini ].

P. Shasta, Carriferc, Trait. Couif. 2 cd. 300.

P. flexilis, var. albicaulis, Engolmanu in Bot. California, ii,124.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new. ser. ix, 328.

Coast lauges of British Columbia, from the valley of the Lltasyotico river (G. M. Dawson) south along the
Cascade and Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, extending east along the high ranges of
northern Washington territory to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains of northern Jlontana (Old Marias
pass, Canhy & Sargent) ; California, Scott's mountains, mount Shasta, and on the high peaks of the Sierra Nevadas
to mount San Bernardino.

A small alpine tree, 6 to 12 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely O.CO meter in diameter, or at its highest
elevation reduced to a low, i)rostriite shrub; dry, gravelly ridges at the extreme limit of tree growth, reaching in
the San Bernardino mountains an elevation of 10,500 feet.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous,
resin passages numerous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscui'e ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly
white; speciflc gravity, 0.41G5; ash, 0.27.

352. — Pinus reflexa, Kugelmaun,
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Rusl.y in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 80.
P. flexilis, var. reflexa, Eugelmann in Wheeler's Rep. \i, 258.

WHITE PINE.

High mountains of southwestern New Mexico [Gi-eene, Rvshy) to the Santa Kita mountains (Rothrocl; Engelmann
& Sargent) and Santa Catalina mountains (Lemmon, Pringle), Arizona.

A tree 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding O.GO meter in diameter; rocky ridges and
slopes of ;ihiiost inaccessible canons between G,000 to 8,000 feet elevation.

Wood'light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, i-esinous, not
conspicuous, resin passages large, not numerous; medullary rays numerous, obscure : color, light red. the sap-
wood nearly white; speciflc gravity, 0.4877; ash, 0.2(;.

353. — Pinus Parryana, Engelmauu,

Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxiv, 332, note ; Hot. California, ii, 124. — Parlatore iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 402. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.

P. Llaveana, Torroy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 208. t. .^f) [not Scliiede ife Deppe]. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18S8,
262. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318.

PINON. M"T ri>E.

California, Larkin's station, 20 miles southeast of Campo, San Diego county (Va.tey). and southward into Lower
California.

A snuill tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; very raw within the limits
of the United States; south of the boundary forming e.xteii.'^ive open forests ujion the high mesas and slopes of
Lower C;ilifornia (Prii'glc).

Wood light, soft, close graini'd, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passjiges
very uuiTierous, large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood
much lighter, nearly white; specitic gravity, 0.5075; ash, 0.54.

The large seeds edible.

190 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

354. — Pinus cembroides, Zuccarmi,

Flora, ii, 93.— Enciliclier, .Syu. Conif. 1(S.— Fl. des Serres, iv, 344C, t. 1»7.— Nelson, Piunce.P, 107.— Parlntoio iu Do Can<liillc, Proilr.
xvi«, 3J>7.— EDgilui.inu iu Traus. St. Loois Acad, iv, 176. — Watson in Proo. Am. Acad, xviii, 158.

P. Llarer.na, Sch-.edo & Dcppe in Liunsea, xii, 488.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 40, t. 17.— Antoine, Conif. 36, t. 16, f. 1.—
Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 401.— Lindley & Gordon iu Joar. Hort. Soo. London, v, 216. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 405; 2 od.
461. — Gordon, Piuetnni, 199 ; 2 cd. 274 (oxcl. ayn. e<luUa). — Henkol & Hocbstetter, Nadelbolz. 64 (excl. syu. ediiUs).—
Hoopeii, Evergreens, 143.

P. OSteosperma, Engelmann iu Wislizenus' Eop. No. 3. — Liudley & Gordou in Jour, llort. Soc. London, v, 216. — Carriore iu
FI. dis Serres. ix, 200 ; Rev. Hort. 1864, 227.

NUT PINE.

Santa Catalina uioiiutains, Arizona (Prhigle) ; through iiortbeiu Mexico.

A small tree, in Arizona 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk hardly exceeding 0.30 meter in (liaiueter; (hy
ridges and slopes at 3,500 feet elevation.

Wood light, soft, very close-grained, comiiact; bauds of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, nsin
passages few, small: medullary rays nnmerons, obscure; color, light clear yellow, the sap-wood nearly whiter
specific gravity, 0.G512; ash, 0.90.

The seeds edible.

355. — Pinus edulis, Engelmauu,

Wislizenns' Eep. No. 1 ; Wliecler's Rep. vi, 260. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v. 216. — Carrifere, Fl. des Serres, ix,
201; Rev. Hort. 1S5I, 227; Trait. Conif 408.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173, t. 20; Pacific R. E. Rep. iv, 140; Ives' Rep. 28.—

Bigelow in Pacilic R. R. Rep. iv, 3, 19. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1853, 261. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 142. — Parlatoro iu Do
Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 396.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17.— Porter «X: Coulter, FI. Colorado ; Haydou's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.—

Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9. — Rusby in Bull. Torrey Lot. Club, ix, 106. — Veiteli, Manual

Conif. 172.

P. cembroides, Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 236 &. f.; Pinetum, 192; 2 ed. 265 [uot Zuccariui].— Fl. des
Serres, iv, 324'', 32.5'', t. 331, f IW.— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 216.— Carriiire, Trait. Conif. 404;
2 cd. 460.

P./utilis, Eoezl in herb, fiiic Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 76; 2 ed. 265.

Plf^ON. NUT PINE.

Eaatem base of Pike's peak, Colorado, south through New Mexico to the uwuntains of western Texas.

A small tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter iu diameter; dry mesas and slopes, generally
on lime or .sandstone, reaching in Colorado an elevation of 9,000 feet.

Wood light, soft, not stroug, brittle, clo.se-graiuod, coini)act, durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small
sammer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages few, small ; incdullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light
brown, tbe .sai)-wood nearly wliite ; specific gra^^ty, 0.C38S ; ash, 0.G2 ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, fencing, etc.,.
and in western Texas occasionally manufactured into inferior lumber. ,

The large edible nuts supply tlie Indians with a valuable article of food.

356. — Pinus monophylla, Torrey & Fremont,

Fremont's Rep. 31'J, t. 4.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. l^V", 201. — Bolandor iu Proc. California Aead. iii, 318.— Hooper, Evergreens,
142. — Parlatoro in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi", 378. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 65, t. 9, f. 1-12 (/'. Fremoniiana on i)lato). — Watson
in King's Bop. v, 330 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Koch, Uendrologic, ii', 271.— Bortrand in Bull. Soo. But. France, xviii, 81, t. 5, f. 81.—
Rothrock iu PI. Wheeler, 28, 50.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. — Kngoluiann in Wheeler's Rep,vi,
259,;{74; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 178; Bot. California, ii, 121.— Sargent in Am. Jonr. Sei. 3 ser. xvii,419. — Minsters in London
Card. Chronicle, 188:!, p. 48, f 8.

P. Fremontiana, Endlichcr, Syn. Conif. 18.ii, in part.— Gordon in Jour, llort. .Soc. London, iv, 293 & f ; Pinetum, 194 ; 2 cd.
23.5.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 28.— Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carriere, Trait. Conif 194 ; 2
cd. 462.— Henkel & HochstetU-r, Nadelbolz. 02.

PiSON. NUT PINE.

Near Utah lake, Utah, to the eastern foothills of the California sierras, south along the moinitaiu ranges of tlio
Great Basin to the San Francisco mountains of eastern Arizona.

A small, bu.shy tree, 4 to 0 meters iu heiglit, with a trnnk sometimes 1 meter in diameter; dry, gravilly slojies
and mesan between 3,000 and 0,000 feet elevation.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 191

Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of (small summer cells tliiu, uot couspicuous,
resin passages few, not largo; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow or liglit brown, the sap-woo*! nearly
wliite; specific gravity, 0.5G58; ash, 0.G8; largely used for fuel aud charcoal.

The large edible seeds furnish the principal food of the Indians of the Great Ba.siu.

357. — Pinus Balfouriana, Mmrav,

Ecii. Oregon Exped. i, t. 3, f. I. — Gordon, Pinetum, 217 ; 2 eJ. "293. — Heukel & Hochstettur, XadeUiuIz. 109. — Bolander io Proc. Califoruia
Acad, iii, 313. — Carriorc, Trait. Coiiif. 2 od. 425. — Nolsoii, Piuacea;, 104. — Iloopes, Evergreous, 149. — Fowler in London Card.
Clironiclo, 1872, 973. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Eagelmanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 179; Bot. California, ii, 125. —
Vcitch, Manual Conif. 175. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 11, f. 1-5.

California, Scott's mountain, Siskiyou county {Jeffrey, Lemmon), mount Whitney, aud about the headwaters of
King and Kern rivers.

A small tree, 15 to 19 meters in height, with a trunk O.fiO to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and
ridges, forming upon Scott's mountain a broad belt of open forest growth between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation.

Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; bands of
small .summer cells very narrow, dark colored, resin passages fe\v| not conspicuous; medullary rays unmerons
obscure; specific gravity, 0.5434; ash, 0.41.

Var. aristata, Engelmaun,

Wlieeler's Rep. vi, 375. — Bot. California, ii, 125. — Voitub, Manual Conif. 175.

P. aristata, Engelmanu in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 sor. xxxiv, 331 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 905, t. 5, 6; iv, 179; Bot. California,
ii, 125.— Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 123.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Kegel, Gartenflora, 1863, iii,91.— Henkil 4.
Hoclistetter, Niulelholz. 417.— Xolson, Pinacc;e, 103.— Carrii^ro, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 424.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr.
xvi-, 400. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. S!isc. Pub. No. 4, 130.— Murray in London Card. Chronicle,
1875, 106.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 291.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Brandegce in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, 32.—
Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, .5, f. 1.

P. Balfouriana, Watson in King's Rop. v, ?31 ; PI. Wheeler, 17 [not Murray].— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50.— Sargent
in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 419.

FOXTAIL PINE. HICKORY PINE.

Mountains of southeastern California, Nevada, northern Arizona, and southern Utah to Colorado, above 7,500
feet, or in Colorado reaching 12,000 feet elevation.

A tree 15 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 2.40 meters in diameter; dry, gravelly ridges; not
common.

Wood light, soft, not .strong, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, uot
conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, red, the thin sap-wootl
nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5572 ; ash, 0.30; in central Nevada largely used for the timbering of mines, and
now nearly exterminated.

358. — Pinus resinosa, Aiton,

Hort.. Kow. iii, 3n7; 2 od. v, 31G.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. t. 14; 2 od. i, 20, t. 14; 3 ed. i, 17, t. 13.— Willdonow, Spec, iv, 4»'.: Eaum.
98S; Bed. Baumz. 267.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 339.— Porsoou, Syn. ii, 578.— Destbntaiuos, Hist. Arb. ii, 612.— Smith in Rtve'
Cyil. xxviii, No. 3.— Pni-sli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 642.— Efttou, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 264.— Nuttall, (ieuera, ii. 223.— Hayne, D«nd. Fl.
17;!._Sprongel, Syst. ii, 83j.— Torroy, Comiiond. Fl. N. States, 360 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 227.— Beck, Hot. 3;ft1.— Loudon. Arlwretum. iv,
23U), f. 2094-2097.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburu. 19, t. 6.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161. in part.— Eaton A Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigclow,
Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 3.^4.- Lindley in Penu. Cyd. xvii. 170.— Antoino, Conif. 7, t. 4, (. 1.— Link in Linua\i, xv, .'.01.— Eudlichcr, Syu.
Couif. 178.— Knight, Syn. Conif, 27.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 219.- Parry in Owen's Kvp. 618.— Carritre,
Trait. Conif 401.— Gordon, Pinetum, 183(excl. syn. TA>iseUHHana) ; 2 ed. 95t>.— Richardson Arctic Expcd. 441,— Coop«>riu Smithsonian
Rep. 1K')8, 257.— Wood, CI. Book, Olil ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Heukel & llochstetter. Nadelholz. 45 (excl. -syn. /.oiw/curiana).- Hoopes.
Evergreens, 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ :k*<.— Koch. Dendmlogio, ii-'. C,-^-.-
Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acid. iv. 17>.>.— *
Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, siii, 185.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 50^— Veiteh, Slannal Conif. 159.

r. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 46, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylvn, 3 cd. iii, 91, t. 134 [not Lambert] —Do Chanibray,.
Trait. Arb. Res. ;M4.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 27.— Ca^•i^re, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 4J>6.

P. Laricio, var. resinosa, Spaob, Hist. Veg. 385.

192 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

KED PINE. NOKWAY PLNE.

NewloiiiKllaud, iiortboni shores of t-he giilfof Ssiiiit Lawreuce and lake Nipigou to the valley of the Winnipeg
river, soiitli tlirough the northern .state.s to Chestnut Hill, Jliddlevsex county, Massachusetts, the nioiuitains of
northern Pennsylvania, Isabella county, Jlichigan, and central Minnesota.

A large tree, 24 to 4G meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to l.;^7 meter in diameter; light sandy loam or dry,
rocky ridges, forming .scattered groves rarely exceeding a lew hundred acres in extent; common and reaching its
greatest development through northern Wisconsin and Minnesota ; rare in the eastern States, except in the extreme
northern portions of New England.

Wood light, not strong, hard, rather coarsegrained, compact ; bauds of small summer cells broad, dark
colored, very resinous, resin passages few, small, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light
red. the sap-wood yellow or often almost white; specilic gravity, 0.4854; ash, 0.27; largely maunfactured into
lumber and used for all purposes of construction, flooring, piles, etc.

359. — Pinus Torreyana, Parry,

Bot. Mex. Boundar)- Survey, 210, t. 58, 59; Proc. San Diego Nat. Hist. Soc. Nov. 1883.— Canifere. Trait. Couif. 32G; 2 cd. 42:J.—
Gordon, Pinctora, 241.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1360, 442.— Ilenkel & Hochstettor, Nadclbolz. 117.— Bolandor in Proc.
California Acad, iii, 318.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 150.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Engolmann in
Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iv, 181 ; Bot. California, ii, 125.— Veitcb, Manual Conif. 173.

P. loplwspcrma, Lindley in London Card. Chronicle, 1860, 46. —Gordon, Pinctuui, Suppl. 69; 2 od. 310.— Henkel A
Hochstctter, NadeUiolz. 112. — Nelson, Pinacea;, 117. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 391.

California, mouth of the Soledad river, San Diego county ; doubtfully rci)orted from one of the islands oft'
Santa Barbara and from Lower California.

A low, short lived, gnarled, crooked tree, C to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.23 to 0.33 meter in diameter ;
•crests of .sandy bluffs immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local and fast disappearing.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather closegrainerl, com])act: bands of small summer cells broad,
resinous, conspicuous, resin pa.ssages small, few; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light red, the sap-wood
yellow or nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4879 ; ash, 0.35 ; locally used for fuel.

360. — Pinus Arizonica, Eugelmann,
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 260; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 181 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.

YELLOW PINE.

Santa Rita mountains {Rothrocl; Engelmann & Sargent), Santa Catalina mountains (Lemmon, Pringle), and
probably upon other ranges of .southern Arizona.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk O.dO to 0.00 meter in diameter ; high rocky ridges between (»,000
and 8,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing forest tree over large areas near the summits of the Santa Catalina
mountains (Lemvtou).

Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, close grained, compact; bands of small summer (h'IIs luoad, very
resinons, conspicuous, resin i)assages numerous, large; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, light red or often
yellow, the sap-wood lighter yellow or wiiite; specific gravity, 0.50.3.S ; a.sli, 0.20 ; sometimes sawed into inferior
lumber.

361. — Pinus ponderosa, Douglas,

Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 111.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 22-13, f. 2132-2136.— Korbi-s, Pinetum Wolnini. 44, t. 1.'..— Anloine, Conif. "iH, t.8,
f.L— Limlley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Link in Linnira, xv,30<i.— Nntlall, Sylvn, iii, 114; 2im1. ii, 17:i.— Spaoli, Hist. Veg. xi, 389.—
Endlicher, .Syn. Coiiif. 10:!.— I^nigljl, Syii. Conif. 30.— Ijudley & Gordon in .lour. Hort. Koc. London, v, 217.— Carriftre, Trait. Conif.
340; 2c.l. 44."..— Gordon. I'lii.-lum, 'J05; .Suppl. 67; 2 cd.awL— Newberry in Patilir I{. K. Hep. vi, 36, 90, I. 4, f. 12.— Cooper iu
SmitliHoniaii Rep. lr.>^, 261 ; PaciHc R. R. Hup. xii-, 27, tW ; Am. Nat. iii, 409.— Torrey, Bot. Mcx. Boundary .'<nrvey, 209; Ives' Rej).
28.— Engelmann in Am. .lour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 332; Proc. Am. Phil. .Sne. 2 ser. xii,209; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 261; Trans. St. Louis
Acad, iv, 181; Bot. Califoniin, ii, 12.'>.— Lyall in .Jour. Liuiiii-.in Soe. vii, 142.— Bolandi-r in Proc. California Acad, iii, 226, 317.—
Henkel 4. Hoclistettcr, Nadi-lliol/. 71.— .Nelson, Piuaceie, 125.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 1 17.— Parlatore in Dn Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 395
(excl. syn. .S'incfairii).— Wals<in in King's l{<!p. v, 331 ; I'l. Wheeler, 17.— Gray in I'roc. Am. Acad, vii, 4(l-^. — I'owler in Loudon Givrd.
Chronicle, 1872, 1.326.- Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 310.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, .50 ; Wliec ler's l(e)>. vi, 9.— Porter &, Coulter, l''l.
Colorado; Hayden's .Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, l-.!9.— Hayileu in Warren's Rep. Nebraska A- Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Korcsl
Trees, rjO.-Hall in Conifer's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91,— Maconn in Geological Rep. Cana<ln, IH75-'76, 211.— Brandcgcc in Coulter'M Bot.
Oszett", iii, 32.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 320.— Riisby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 103

P. Benthamiana, Hartwcg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, ii, 189; iii, 223.— Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 212 i t.-
(Fl. des Scrrcs, vi, 8,5 <fe f.) ; Piiietuni, 188 ; 2 <;d. 2til (excl. Kvn. 5in'7airii).— Kniglil, S.vn. Couif. :«).— Lindley it Gordon
in Jour. Hort, Soc. London, v,21fi.—Ciirri<ire, Trait. Conil, :K0; 2 ed. 4.j2.— Murray iu Edinburgh N.-w I'hiL Jour, new
ser. i,287, t. 8.— Ilenltel & HoclisteftiT, Nadtdholz. 84.— Nidsou, I'inacca', 104.— Kowli-r in London Oard Chronicle,
1872, 973.

P. reninosa, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249 [not Aiton].— Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 120.— Hf>oker, Fl. Bor.-An.
ii, 161, in part. — Winehell iu Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills, 68.

P. brachyptera, Engelmann in Wislizenus' Rep. No. 4.— Liudlcy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carriire
in Fl. dos Serres, ix, 201 ; Rev. Hort. 1854, 227 ; Trait. Conif. 356 ; 2 ed. 454.— Bigelow in Pacific R. K. Rep. iv 18.—
Gordon, Pinetum, 190; 2 ed. 263.— Henkel &. Hoohstettor,Nade]h51z. 85. — Nelson, Pinacese, 454.

P. Beardsleyi, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 286, t. 6.— Carrifirc, Trait. Conif. 359.

P. Graigana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i,288, t. 7.

P. macrophylla, f Torrey in Sitgreaves' Hop. 173 [not Engcluianu].

P. Engelmanni, Torroy in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141 [not Carrifero].

P. Parryana, Gordon, Pinetum, 202; 2ed.277 [not Engelmann].— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 88.— Carrifere, Trait.
Conif. 2 ed. 446.

P. jwndei-osa, var. Benthamiana, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.

p. p07lderosa, var. SCOpulorum, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 126.

YELLOW PINE. BULL PINE.

Interior of British Columbia, south of hititude 51°, south and east along the mountain ranges of the Pacific
region to Mexico, the Black hills of Dakota, Colorado, and western Texas; not detected in central or southern Nevada.

A large tree, 61 to 91 meters in height, with a trunk 3. GO to 4.57 meters in diameter, or tlironghout the Rocky
Mountain region much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meters in height (var. scopulonim) ; dry, rocky ridges and
prairies, or in northern California rarely iu cold, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development along the western
slope of the sierras of northern and central California; in western Washington territory and Oregon rare and
local; after Pseudotsuga Douglasii the most generally distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific forests,
furnishing the principal lumber of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, western Montana, Idaho, the Black
hills of Dakota, western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Wood, varying greatly in qualitj' and value, heavy, hard, strong, brittle, not coarse-grained nor durable,
compact; bands of small summer cells broad or narrow, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, Finall ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the very thick sap-wood almost white ; specific gravity, 0.4715;
ash, 0.35; largely manufactured into lumber, and used for railway ties, fuel, etc.

Note. — A form with purple cones and long glaucous foliage, approaching P. Jeffreyi in habit, is the prevailing tree of the valley of
Flathead lake, Montana (Canby cf- Sargent).

362. — Pinus Jeffreyi, Murray,

Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, 1. 1 ; Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, now ser. xi, 224, t. 8, 9 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 350 & t.) ; Carrifrro. Trait.
Conif. 388; 2 ed. 439.— Gordon, Pinetum, 198; 2 ed. 272.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 87.— Nelson, Pinacea>, 115.— Hoo|>es,
Evergreens, 115. — Parlatore in De Candollo, Prodr. xvi*, 393. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 45, t. 6, f. 1—1. — Koch, Dcndrologie, ii',
314. — Engelmauu in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii,4. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 165.

P. deftexa, 'I'orroy in Bot. Mox. Boundary Survey, 209, t. 56, iu part.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442.— H.nkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz, 416. — Carrit^re, Trait. Couif. 2 ed. 455. — Bolander in Proe. California Acad, iii, 318. — Parlatore
in DeC.andolle, Prodr. x\i'',431. — Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1070. — Murray iu London G.ird. Chmnicle,
1,S75, 100.- Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 289.

P.ponde>-OSa, var. Jeffreyi, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trecs,31.—Eugolniann iu Trans. St. LouisAcad. iv,181 ; Bot. California, ii, 126.

BULL PINK. BLACK PINE.

California, Scott's mountain, Siskiyou county, south along (he Sierra Nevada to the San r>ernardino and San
Jacinto mountains.

A large tree. 30 to 31 metors in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 4 meters in diameter; tlry, gravt'lly slopes between
(i,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest develo])meiit on the eastern slope of the Sierra
Novadas, here generally replacing the allied P. ponderosa, from which it may be distin^ished by its moix^ deeply-
cleft bark, glaucous branchlets and leaves, nuich larger cones, and by the strong, i)ungent odor of oil of orange
•of the freshly-cut branchlets.

13 FOU

194 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Woutl li^^bt, strong, hard, ratUorcoarse-frraincil, coiiipact ; bands of small smunier cells not broad, very resinous,
conspicuous, resin j)assa{res lew, not larfre; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, li{;bt red, the sap-wood pale
yellow or nearly white; s|>eei(ie j^ravity, ().o2(l«; asli, D.L'il; largely manulaetured into coarse lumber.

Abietiiic, a volatile carbo-hydrosen possessing powerful anicsthetic properties, is ])robably obtained t)y distillinji;
the resinous exudation of this species, and not of P. Sabiniaiui { Watfs Diet. Chemistry, '2d Suppl. 1. — Am. Jour. Fharm.
1872, 97.— r'. S. nispensntory, 14 ed. 900).

363. — Pinus Chihuahuana, Eii^clmnnn,

AVisIiiMMuis' Ri-p. No. '^"i ; Wlioi'lfi';* l^'op. vi, vitid ; Traus. St. Lduis Acad, iv, 181 ; Coiiltir's Hot. Gazetti>, vii, 4.— Liudley & Gordon
in Jour. Ilort. .Soc. London, v, 'iM. — Carrii-n- in Fl. dcs Serres, ix, "iOO ; Eov. Ilort. 185), ".i'J? ; Trait. Conif. 357 ; 2 id. 45.'i. — Gordon,
Pinetuiu, 193; '2 ed. 2CC.— Torrey, Bot. Mcx. Bonndary Survey, 'J09. — Cooper in Smitlisoniaii Roi).18f>0, 442.— Honkel & Ilochstetter,
Natlelholz. 86. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 143. — Parlalore in De Caudollo, Prodr. xvi', 397. — Vaeey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.

Santa Rita monntains, Arizona (Rothrocl; Engelmann & Sargent), San Francisco mountains of soulhwestern
Xew Mexieo and Arizona {Greeiu); in Chihuahua.

A small tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.4.5 to 0.(i() meti'r in diameter; dry, rocky ridges and
slopes between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation; not common.

Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous,
conspicuous, resin passages few, rather large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerons, thin; color, clear light
orange, the thick sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0..5457; a.sh, 0..39.

364. — Pinus COntOrta, Douglas;

Loadon, Arboreturo, iv, 2292, f. 2210, 2211.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 117 ; 2 ed. il, 176.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 168.— Csrritre, Trait. Conif. 164 ;
2ed. 474.— Torreyin Pacific R. R. Rop. iv, 141.— Gordon, Pinetuni, 165; 2 ed. 232. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,261.— Lyall in
Jour. Linnican Soc. vii, 133, 141, in part. — Hcnkel & Iluchstettcr, Nadclbulz. 24. — Rotbrock iu Smithsonian Rep. 1807, 433. — Hoopes,
Evergreens, 81, in part. — Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr, xvi-, .381, in part. — Watson iu King's Rep. v, 330. — Fowler in London
Gard. Cbrouicle, 1872, 1070. — Gray iu Proo. Am. Acad, vii, 4U2. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 301. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. —
Hail in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv,
162; Bot. California, ii, 126; London Gard. Chronicle, 188;}, 351.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. 2 ser. ix, 327, in part. — Veitch,
Manual Conif. 145. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 45, f. 5.

P. inops, Bougard in Mem. Acad. St. Poter.sl)urg, 6 ser. ii, 163 [not Alton]. — Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, Kil, inpart. — Ledebour,
Fl. Rossica, iii, 676 [not Aiton].

P. Boumieri, Carrifero in E«v. Hort. ia">4, 233 & f.; Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 & f. ; Trait. Conif. 398; 2 ed. 475.

P. Banksiana, Lindlcy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 218, in part.

P. muricata, Bulander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 227, 317 [not Don].

P. Bolanderi, Purlatorc in De Candollo, Prodr. xvi", 379.

SCRUB PINE.

Alaska, soatb aloDg the coast to Mendocino county, California, extending inland to the western slopes of the
Coast ranges.

A small, stunted tree, 0 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0..30 to 0.50 meter in diameter; sandj'. dunes and
expo.sed rocky points.

Wood light, hard, strong, brrttle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells very broad, resinous, conspicuous,
resin passages niitnc-rous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the
thick sap-wood nearly white; si)eci(ic gravity, 0..5S15; ash, 0.19.

365. — Pinus Murrayana, Balfour,

Bep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 3, f. 2. — Miuniy in Kdinbiirgli New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi,226 (Traus. Bot., Soc. Edinburgh, vi,351).

P. inops, Birntli.im, PI. Hartwcg. 337 [iiol Alton 1.

P. COntorla, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Itep. vl, 34, 90, t.5, f. 11 [not Douglas].- Engolniann in Am. Jour. .Sci. 2. Her. xxiv,
;!32. — Ly.iU iu .Jonr. Linnieaii .Soc. vii, 141, iu part. — Conjier in Am. Nat. iii, 409. — Parlali>re in Dc Candolle, Prodr.
xvi-, :t81, in part.- Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 494. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Rotbrock in PI. Wheeler, 27,
50. — Parry iu Am. Nat. vii, 179.

P. COntorta, var. latifoUa, Kugelmaun in King's Rep. v, :«! ; Porter &, Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub.
No. 4, 129; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 262.— Braudogee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new
M-T. ij[,3i8.

P. cantor ta, var. Botanderi, Va-soy, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 195

TAKAKAf'K. HI-ACK I'lNK. LODGK POLE IMNE. SPRUCE PINE.

Valiey of the Yukon river, Alaska (Fort Selkirk, Dull), soiitli tlirffiifrli tlie interior of Britinb Coluiubia, along
the mountain ranges of Wa.sliinf,'ton territory ami Oregon and tlie Sierra Nevadas of California to mount San
Jacinto; on the higli plateau east of the fioeky mountains in about latitude ')l'P, and south through the inouDtain8 of
Idaho, Montana, Wyomiu};, Colorado, and Utah to New Mexico and northern Arizonn.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in heif;ht, with a trunk <l. 00 to 1. 20 meter in diameter; reachin}; its yreatost development in
tbo California Sierras; in the interior rosions in dry, gravelly .soil, here the prevailing tree, covering imnienKe areas,
and K''ncrally replacing other species destroyed by tire; western Washington territory and .southward oidy along
the borders of moist ali)ine meadows between (i.OOO and 9,000 feet elevation ; generally confounded with the closely-
allied P. contoita of the coast, from which it may be distinguislied by its longer, broader leaves, very thin, scaly
bark, thin sap-wood, and less resinous and finer-grained wood, resembling that of the white ])ine.s ; the distribution
of fbe two species in northern liritish Columbia and Alaska still undetermined.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight- grained, easily worlced, compact, not durable; bands of small summer
eel .=i narrow, not (;onspicuous, resin i>assages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light yellow
or fjearly white, the thin sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4096; ash, 0.32; occasionally manufactured into
lu vber, and used for fuel, railway ties, etc.

366. — Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas,

Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150.— Laiubort, Pinna, 1 oil. iii, 137, t. 58. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2246, f. 213Ji-2143. — Forbes, Pinctum
Woburn. C:i, t. 23,24.— Hooki-r, Fl. I5or.-Am. ii, 1G2.— Lindley in Pcun. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Antoine, Cooif. 30, t. 11.— Hooker &
Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 3i):!.— Link in Linmca, xv, 509.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 110, t. 113; 2 ed. ii, 169, t. 113.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,
390.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. 347.— Endlichor, Syu. C'oiiif. 159.— Kuiglit, Syn. Conif. oO.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour.
Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 216. — Fl. do3 Serres, ix,275, t. 964. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 334 ; 2 ed. 4:15. — ToiTcy & Gray in Pacific R. R.
Rep. ii, 130. — Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rop, iv, 25. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 210: t.57;
Ives' Rep. 28. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 39, 90, f. 13. — Gordon, I'inetum, 208; 2 ed. 284.— Cooper in Sniithsouiao Rep.
1858, 201.— Walpers, Ann. v, 799.— Bolandcir in Proc. California Acad, iii, 226, 318. — Henkcl & Hocliatetter, Xadelholz. 7.">.— Lawson,
Piuotum Brit, i, 85, t. 11, t. 1-3. — Nolsou, Pinaceie, 129. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 121. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. ivi\
391. — Fowler in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1326. — Koch, Deudrologio, ii-, 312. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmano in
Wheeler's Rep. vi,375; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 169.

DIGGER PINE. BULL PINE.

California, Portuguese Flat, Shasta county, south along the foot-h-ills of Hie Coast ranges and the western slope
of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation.

A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; very common through all
the foot-hills region.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, veiy coarse-grained, compact, not durable; bands of small summer cells
broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, large, prominent; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4S40 ; asli, 0.40; largely used
for fuel.

The large edible nuts furuLsh the Indians an imjjortant article of food.

367.— Pinus Coulteri, D. Don.

Trans. Linuican Soc. xvii, 440. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2250, f. 2144-2146. — Forbes, Pinetuiu Woburn. l>7, t. 25, 2ii. — Autoiue,
Conif. 31, t. 12, 13.— Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172. — Link in Linniea, xv, 510.— Hooker & .\ruott. Bot. Beechey, .393. — Knttall, Sylva, iii,
112; 2 ed. ii, 171. — Eudliehor, Syu. Conif. 160. — Carrifsro iu Fl. des Seri-es, ix, 275 & t. ; Trait. Conif. XU ; 2 ed. AXi. — C<H>jH>r in
Smithsonian Rop. 1A58, 261. — Torrey in Ive.s' Rop. 28.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 76. — Bolander iu Proc. California Acad.
iii, 318. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi, 392. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Gordon, Pinetnni, 2 ed. 2()C. — Engclniann in
Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i,2;t, f. 1-5.

P. mavrocarpa, Lindley iu Bot. Reg. xxvi, Misc. 61.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in .lour. Hort. Soc.
Loudon, v,2l6. — Gordon, Pinetum, 201. — Nelson, Piuaeea-, 117. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 115. — Veiteh. Manual Conif. 166.

I'. tSabiniaiia Coulteri, Loudon, Enoyel. PI. 985, f. ie;<9-1841.

p. Sabiniana macrocarpa, iiort.

California, Monte Diablo, south tlirough the (^oast ranges to the Cuyamaca mountains, and prob.ibly in Lower
California.

A tree 24 to 4(i meters iu height, with a trunk 0.9;) to l.SO meter in diameter; dry ridges and slopes betwwn
3,000 and 0,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the San .lacinto mountains.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarsegrained; bands of small summer cells broatl. vtry resinous,
conspicuous, resin passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color, light red, the thick stip wi>od
nearly white; specilic gravity, 0.4133; ash, 0.37.

190 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

368. — Pinus insignis, DougLis ;

Loudon, Arborotiiui, iv, 2C4;l, f. 2l3i-2137. — Koiln-s, Piuetum Wobiiru. 51, 1. 18. — Limlloy iu Peuu. Ci'cl. xvii, 171. — Antoine, Couil". -'7, t.
6, f. 1.— Hooker d: A;:iott, Bot. IJocchoy, :X)J.— Spach, Hist. Vcj;. xi, 380.— Nultall, Sylva, iii, 115; 2 cd. ii, 174.— Bintbaui, Bot.
Sulpbiir, 55. — Endlklicr, Syu. Couif. 1(>;. — Kuight, Syu. Coiiif. 30. — Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 217. —
Carrioro, Trait. Conif. :t39; 2 cd. 440.— Bi-olow in Paci6c H. R. Rep. iv, 25.— Torrey iu Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Hex.
Bound-Ti-y Survi'y,200, t. 55; Ivea'Rep. 2-^. — Newberry iu Pacific R. K. Rep. vi,90. — Gordon, Piuetum, 197; 2 cd. 270. — Cooper in
Smitli^ouiau Rep. l-VS, 2(>1. — Murray in Ediuburgb New Phil. Jour, uew ser. xi, 222 (Traus. Bot. Soc. Eiliubmgb, vi, 347). —
Henki 1& Hocbstetler,Xadelholz.Cy. — BoIauderiuProc.California Acad, iii, 262, t.317. — Nelson, Piuacea-, 114. — Hoopcs, Evergreens,
143. — Purlatore in Ve Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 395. — Lawson, Piuetum Brit, i, 37 t. 1,5, f. 1-14. — Fowler iu London Gard. Cbronicle,
l!J72, 1070. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmann in Traus. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 128. — Veitcb, Manual
Conif. IGT., f. 39.

tP. Californica, Loi.-elcur iu Nouvean Dubamel, v, 243.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2268.— Endlicbcr, Syn. Conif. 162.—
Hooker & Amott,Bot. Beechey,393.—Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 117; 2 ed. ii, 175.— Carri^re, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 253.

P. adiinca, Bosc iu Poiret, Suppl. iv,4l8.

P. Sinclairii, Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 392, 393, t. 93,iii part.— Nutlall, Sylva, iii, 141; 2 cd. ii, 196. -Carrjfere,
Trait. Couif. 2 ed. ii,198.

P. radiata, D.Dou iu Trans. Linua-an Soc. xvii,442; Lambert, Pinus, 1 cd. iii, 133, t. 86. — London, Arboretum, iv, 2270, f.
2182.- Antoine, Conif. 33, t. 14, f. 3.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Bcecbey,392, 393, iu part.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 110; 2 ed.
ii, 175. — Endlicber, Syu. Couif. IGl. — Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 226. — Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon,
iv,214 &f. (Fl. desSerres, vi,434 & t.); Pinotnm,206; 2 cd.282.— Knigbt, Syn. Couif. 37.— Lindley & Gordon iu Jour.
Hort. Soc. London, V, 216. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 337.- Nelson, Pinaceic, 127. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 118. — Kocb,
Dendrologie, ii-, 307.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.

P. tubei'Culata, D. Don in Trans. Linna?au Soc. xvii, 441 [not Gordon]. — Lambert, I'inus, 1 cd. iii, 131, t. 85.— Loudon,
Arboretum, iv, 2-^0, f. 21S1.— Antoine, Conif. 33, t. 14, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Endlichcr, syn.
Conif. 162. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 338; 2 ed. 441, in part. — Nelson, Pinaceas, 137. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 123 (cxcl. syn.
Cali/ornica). — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'',394, in part.

P. rigida,f Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 160 [not Miller].

P. iruiignis macrocarpa, Hartweg in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 226.— Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 440.

MONTEREY PINE.

California, Pcscadero to Monterey and San Simeon bay.

A tree 24 to .'iO meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter iu diameter; sandy soil, iu immediate
proximity to the sea coast; rare and local; now widely cultivated on the Pacific coast for shelter and ornament. A
form of Guadalupe i.><land, ofl'the coast of Lower California, with leaves in i)airs, isvar. hinata (Engelmann in Proc.
Am. Acad, xi, 119; Bot. California, ii, 128).

Wood lijilit, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bauds of small summer cells not broad, resinous,
conspicuou.s; color, li;.'lit brown, the very thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4574; ash, 0.30; locally
somewhat used for fuel.

369. — Pinus tuberculata, tJordou,

Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 218 <tf.(Fl.dc8 Serres, v, 517<: & f.); Pinetum,211; 2cd.288 [not Dou].—Rop. Oregon Expcd.2, t.2, f.2.—
Henkel Jc Hoch'.fetter, Nadclholz. 78, in part. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 262,317.— Lawson, Piuetum Brit. i,93, t.
13, f. 1-9.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 441, in part.— Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 394 (excl. bib.).— Koch, Den-
drologie, ii», 309. — Va.<«;y, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 183; Bot. California, ii, 128.— Vcitch,
Manual Conif. 17<i.

P. Cali/ornica, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Hw. Londi u, ii, 189 [not Loiscleur].

KNOHCONE PINE.

Valley of the JIackeuzie river, Oregon, south along the western slope of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada
mountains, and in the California Coa.st ranges from the Santa Cruz to the San Jacinto mountains.

A tree 18 to 22 meters in hr-iglit, with .-i trunk 0.(J0 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub,
fruiting when not more than 1 nu-ter iu height; diy, gravelly ridges and slojjes from 2,.'50() (San Bernardino
mountains) to 5,.'i00 (mount Sliasta) feet elevation; not common.

Wood light, soft, not .strung, brittle, cojr.se-gniined, eoujiiact; bands of small sumnu-r cells very broiid, not
conspicuous, resin passages numerous, large, prouiineut; me<lullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the
thick saji-wofid nearly whiii' oi- slightl.v tinged with I'ed ; s])eeific gravity, 0..'3499; ash, 0.33.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 197

370. — Pinus Taeda, Linu^us,

Spec. 1 ed. 1000, in part. — DuRoi, Harbk. ii,63. — Wangonlieiiii, Amer. 41.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii,:t68; 2ed. v,317.— Mccnch.Melh. 365.

* Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 205.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 23, 1. 16, 17 ; 2 td. i, 26, t. 17, 18 ; a cl. i, 30, f. 15.— Willdcnow, Si*c. iv, 496 ;
Berl. Baum/. 269. — Pcnsoon, Syn. ii, .578. — Desfontaiiies, Hist. Arb. ii, 612. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 9H, f. 9; N. Americui

SyIva,3ed.iii,12:J, 1. 143. — Nouveau Duhambl,v, 245, t. 7."), f. 2.— Sniitli in IJeos' Cycl. xxviii.No. 13.— Purnh, KI. Am. Sept. ii,644.

Nnttall, Genera, ii, 22.3.— IIayne,Dend. Fl. 175.— Elliott, Sk. ii, G;!6.— Sprengel, .Syst. ii,e87.— Eaton, Manual, 6 fd.2f>".— Lawson,
Ag. Manual, 351; Pinetum Biit. i, 89, t. 12.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2237, f. 2118-2122.— Forbes, Piuefiim W'olram. 43, t. 14. —
Antoine, Conif. 25, t. 7, f.l. — Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 3.'>9. — Link in Linnasa, xv, 503. — Sx<ach, Hist. Veg. xi,391. — Griffith, Med. Hot.
609.— Gihoul, Arb. Uesin, 32.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 164.— Scheele in Rii-mtr, Texas, Appx. 447.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.—
Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carrii-re, Trait. Conif. 344; 2 ed. 448. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 515. —
Gordon, Pinetura, 210 ; 2 ed.286. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.58, 257. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433. — Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, lii, 22.— Lcsquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3f<9.— Wood, CI. Book, 660: Bot. & Fl. 313.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 506. — Hcnkel «fc Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 65. — Kelson, Pinacen", 136. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 eil. 469; Hall's
PI. Texas, 21. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 122. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 393. — Young, Bot. Texas, 516. — Koch, Dendrologie,
ii^ .304.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 259, t.259.— Engelmann in Traus. St. Louis Acad, iv, 183.—
Veitch, Manual Conif. 172.

P. Tceda, var. tenuifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368.

LOBLOLLY PINE. OLD-FEELD PINE. ROSEMARY PINE.

Southern Delaware, south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Floiida, generally near the coast, through the
Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and north through southern Arkansas to the valley of the
Arkansas river.

A tree 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter ; low, wet clay or dry sandy
soil ; springing up on all abandoned lands from Virginia southward, and now often replacing in the southern pine
belt the original forests of Pinus palustris ; in eastern North Carolina rarely on low, rich swamp ridges, here
known as rosemary pine and attaining it.s greatest develoijment and value.

Wood light, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable; bands of small sumn)er cells broad, very
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown,
the very thick sap-wood orange, or often nearly white; wood of the rosemary pine close-grained, less resinous,
hghter, with much thinner sap; specific gravity, 0.5411; ash, 0.26; largely used for fuel and manufactured into
lumber of inferior quality. *

Turpentine is occasionally manufactured from this species ( U. 8, DispensaU>ry, 14 ed. 901. — FlUcl-iger •£• Hanbvn/,
Fharmacographia, 545).

371.— Pinus rigida, Miller,

Diet. 7 ed. No. 10.— Dn Roi, Harbk. ii, 60.— Marshall, Arbustum, 101.— Wangenheim, Amer. 41.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. i, 25, 1. 18, 19 ; 2o<l.
i, 28; t. 18, 19; 3 ed. i, 32, t. 16, 17.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 498; Ennm. 988; Berl. Banmz. 268.— Persoon, Sjti. ii, 578L—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 612.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 89, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 118, t. 144.— Nonveau
Duhamel, v, 244, t. 74.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 317.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xsviii, No. 14.— Pnrsh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.—
Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 265.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 183.— Xuttall, Genera, ii. 223.—
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 175.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 635.- Sprongel, Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360; Fl. N. York, ii, 227.—
Beck, Bot. 339.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2239, f. 2123-2126.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 41, t. 13.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 358.—
Antoine, Conif. 26, t. 7, f. 2.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 385.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Link in Linna<», xv, 503.—
Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 388.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 604.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin, 31.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 164.— Knight, Syn. Conif.
30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.— Carri^re, Trait. Conif. :M2; 2 ed. 447.— Darlington, Fl. Costrion, 3
ed. 290.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.— Gordon, Pinetum, 207; 2 ed. 283.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rop. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl.
S. States, 433.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18()0, iii, 21.— Wood, CI. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz, 67.— Nelson, Pinacca>,, 128.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469.— Hoopes, Evergrecn.s, 119.— Parlatore in
De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 394.— Koc^b, Dendrologie, ii», 307.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Engelmann in Trau.«. St. Louis Acad.
iv, 183.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 186.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 169.

P. Tceda, var. riffida, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368.

p. Tada, var. a. Point in Lamarck, Diet, v, 340.

P. Fraseri, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836, 50 [not Pursh].

P. Loddigesii, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,2269

198 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

PITCH PINE.

ViilU'V of the Saint Joliu's livi r. New liinnswiek, to the noitlieni sbores of lake Outario, south through the
Athiutic states to northern Georf^ia, exteutliny; to the western slope of the Alle-ihany mountains in West Virginia
and Kentucky (I'ineville, Bell county, I)e i-ViPAe).

A tree 12 to 124 meters in heiglit, with a trunk O.tiO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; dry, sandy, barren soil, or less
commonly in deep, cold swamps ; very common.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bauds of small summer cells broad, very
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown
or red, the thick sap-wood \ellow or often nearly white ; specific gravity, Col")! ; ash, 0.23 ; largely used for fuel,
charcoal, and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.

Note. — Upon tbe island of Nantiiikot, Massachusetts, this siiecies is now greatly injured by the attacks of the destructive
caterpillar of the pine moth {[lelina /nmlrana, Scudilur in I'ub. ilasaachiisetle Ag. Soc. 1683 & t).

372. — Pinus serotina, Michaux,

Kl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 205. — Willdeuow, .Spec, iv, 49i>. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 578. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am i, 86, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3
ed. iii, 117, t. 142.— Xoiivcaii Diihamcl, v,24G, t. 75, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 04:!.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Niittall, Genera,
ii, 223.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 cd. iii, :«, t. 18.— KUiott, Sk. ii, 034.- Spreugcl, Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 360.—
Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 2(;5.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2242, f. 2127-2131.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburu. 47, t. 16.—
Eaton A- Wright, Bot. 350. — Autoine, Conif. 27, t. 8, f. 2. — Lindley in Peun. Cycl. xvii, 172. — Link in Linna.'a, xv, .')04. — Spach,
Hist. Veg. xi, 389.— Giboul, Arb. Resin. 32.— Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 163.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gord.m in Jour. Hort.
Soc. London, v, 217.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 341 ; 2 e<i. 449.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 51 1.— Gordon, Pinetum, 209 ; 2 cd. 285.—
Chapman, Fl.S. States, 433.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 21.— Henkel & Hoch8t*!tt«r, Nadelholz. 70.—
Nelson, Pinaceic, 129. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 394. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 305. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.

P. Tceda, var. alopecuroidea, Alton, Hort. Kew.2 ed. v, 317.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 22.37.

P. rigida, var. serotina, Loudon,Encycl. PI. 979, f. 1824-1827.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,257.— Hoopos, Evergreens,
120. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iv, 183.

POND PIKE.

North Carolina, south near the coast to the head of the Saint John's river, Florida.

A tree 12 to 2^ meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter; inundated borders of streams
and ponds in low. i)eaty .soil ; not common.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, forming
fully one-half the annual growth, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, large ; medullary
rays numerous, ob.scure ; color, dark orange, the thick sai)-wood pale yellow ; specific gravity 0.7942 ; ash, 0.17.

373. — Pinus inops, Alton,

Hort. Kew. iii, 307; 2 ed. v, 31(i.— Micliaii.v, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 204.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 cd. i, 18, t. 13; 2ed. i,21, t. 14; 3ed. i,25, t. 12.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 490 ; Knum. 'M-i ; Berl. Baumz. 2C<).— Persoon, Syn. ii, 578. — Michaux f Hist. Arb. Am. i, 58, t. 4 ; N. American
Sylva, 3 e«l. iii, 103, t. 139. -Xouveau Duhamel, v, 2.36, t. 09, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 641.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii. No.'
10.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelpli. 93.— Conipend. Fl. Pliilad.'Iph. ii, 183.— Nutlall, Genera, ii, 223.— Ilayne, Dend. Fl. 173.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 033.- Spreugel, .Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compi url. Fl. N. States, 3.">9.— Audubon, Birils, t. 97.— Beck, Hot. 3:58.- Eaton,
Manual, 0cd.2<U',.— Bon Jard. 1837. 976.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2192, f. 2068-2071.— Forbes, Pinetum Wolium. 15, t. 4.— Hooker,
Fl. Bor.-Ani.ii, llil.iu part.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. X>S. — Anloine, Conif. 17, t.5,f.3. — Lindley in Penu. Cycl. xvil, 171. — Link in
Linnieu, xv,.')0O. — .Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 386. — Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 167. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 26. — Lindley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort.
Sor. London, v, 217. —Carriere, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2ed. 471.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 290.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.— Gordon,
Pinetum, 167; 2 eil. 218.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.')7.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433.— Curtis in Re]). Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1-60. iii, 20.— Wood, CI. Book, (Mil ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstctter, Nadelhiilz. 22.— Nelson, Pinace.-e, 113.— Gray,
Manual N. Stateo, !> cd. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 84. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 380 (excl. syn. rai-iabilin). — Va.sey,
Cat. l"or<!iit Tn-es, .tO.— Veitrli, Manual Conif. 1.58.

/'. Virijiiiianu, Miller, Ganl. Diet. 7 ed. No. 9.— Dn Roi, Obs. Bot. 43; Harbk. 2 cd. ii, 3.').— Marshall, Arbustum, 102.—
Wan^enheim, Amer. 74. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 299.

P. Tada, var. Virr/iniana, Poirel in Lamarck, Did. V, 340.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 199

JEESEY PINE. SCRUB PINE.

Middle Island, Long island, Tottenville, and Clifton, Staten island, New York, soatb, generally near the
coast, to the valley oftbc Savannah river (Aiken, Sonth Carolina), and through eastern and middle Kentucky to
"the knobs" of southeastern Indiana.

A tree iJ4 to 'M> meters in height, with a trunk 0.(J0 to 0.00 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states generally
much smaller; sandy, generally barren soil, reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany mountains.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, coinpact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad,
very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange,
the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5309; ash, 0.30; largely used for fuel, and in Kentucky and
Indiana preferred for and largely manufactured into water-pipes and pump-logs.

374. — Pinus clausa, Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 30.

P. inops, var. clausa, Engolmaun iu Tr:ins. St. Louis Acad, iv, 183.— Chapman, FI. S. Statea, Suppl. 650.
SAND PINE. SCBtTJ PINE. SPEUCE PINE.

Florida, shores of Pensacola bay, south, generally withiu 30 miles of the coast, to Pease creek, and occnpying
a narrow ridge along the east coast south of Saint Augustine.

A tree 21 to 24 meters iu height, with a truuk O.GO to 0.75 meter in diameter, or on the west coast rarely 6 to 9
meters in height ; barren, sandy dunes and ridges ; most common and reaching its greatest development about the
head of Halifax bay.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin
passages numerous, prominent; medullarj^ rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange or yellow, the thick sap-wood
nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5576 ; ash, 0.31; occasionally used for the masts of small vessels.

375. — Pinus pungens, Michauxf.

Hist. Arb. Am. i,6l, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 105, 1. 140.— Nouveaii Duhamel, v. 236, t. 67, f. 4.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v,
314.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 64;!.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 635.— Sprengel.Syst. ii, 886.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
265.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 34, 1. 17.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2197, f. 2077-2060.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobum. 17, t. 5.— Eaton Sl
Wright, Bot. 359.— Antoine, Conif. 18, t. 5, f.4.— Liudley in Peun. Cycl.xvii, 171.— Nutt.all, Sylva, iii, 125; 2 ed. ii, 184.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. xi,287.— Eudlicber, Syu. Conif. 16G. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 27. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. —
Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 359; 2 ed. 470. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 515. — Gordon, Pinetnni, 181; 2 ed. 254. — Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 257. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 432.— Curtia in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 20.— Wood, CI. Book, 660;
Bot. & FI. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz, 21.— Nelson, Pinaceaj, 127.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469.— Hoopea,
Evergreens, 98. — Parlatore in Do CandoUc, Prodr. xvi", 379.— Koch, Dendrologie ii^, 304. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Meeban in
Rep. Penii. Fruit Growers' Soc. 1877 & t. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis. Acad, iv, 183. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 158.

TABLE-MOXTNTAIN PINE. HICKORY PINE.

Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to Tennessee.

A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 meter in diameter; most common and reaching its
greatest dov^elop ment upon the high mountains of East Tennes.see, her<' often the prevailing species and forming
extensive forests.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; b:inds of small summer cells broad, resinous,
conspicuous, resin ]>iissages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light brown, the thick
sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4935; asli, 0.27; in Pennsylvania largely maiuifactuivd into charcoal.

376. — Pinus muricata, D. Don,

Trans. Liunteau Soo. xvii, 441. — Lambert, Finns, 1 eii. iii, t. 84. — Loudon. .■Vrboretum, iv, 2269, f. 2180.— Hooker & .\rnott, Bot. Beechey,
393.— Antoine, Conif. 32, 1. 14, f.l.-Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 113; 2 ed. ii, 172.— Eudlicber, Syn. Conif. 161.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.—
Gordon in Jour. Ilort. Soc. London, iv, 216 &. f (Fl. dos Serros, v, 5171" & f.); Pinetum. 173 ; 2 ed. 246 (exd. syn. M«rrayana).—
Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carrii^ro, Trait. Conif. 3.59 ; 2 ed. 470.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
209, t. 54 (P. Edgariana on plate).— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. l-t58, 261. — Henkel A- Hochstetter, Nadelholz. tW. — Nelson. Pinacojp,
121. — Hoopos, Evergreens, 9i. — Parlatore in Dc CandoUo, Prodr. xvi'', 379. — Fowler in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1164. — Kocb,
Doudrologio, ii'',302. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Eugelmann in Trans. St, Louis Acad, iv, 18;?: Bot. California, ii. 128. — Veitch,
Manual Conif. 151.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1884, 49, f. 7-9. x

P. inops, var. Bentham, PI. Hartwog. 337.

P. Eiitjariana, Hartwog in Jour. Holt. Soc. London, iii, 217, 226.

P. COntorta, Bolander in Proc. California Ac:id. iii, 227, 317 [not Douglas].

200 FOREST TREES OF NORTPI AMERICA.

oBisro PINE, bishop's pine.

California, Mendocino lOiinty sontli throngh the Coast ranges to San Luis Obispo county.

A tree 124 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often not exceeding 13
meters in height; cold peat bogs or barren, sandy gravel; always exposed to the winds and fogs of the ocean, and
not found above I'.OOO feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in Mendocino county; rare and local.

Wootl light, very strong and liard, rather coai-se-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broaa,
resinous, resin passages few, not prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the thid; sap-wood
nearly white; specilic gravity, 0.4942; ash, 0.2G.

377. — Pinus mitis, Mkhaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 52, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 e<l. iii, 96, t. 137.— Bartou, Piodr. F!. Philadelph.
93.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 417. — Loudou, Arboretum, iv, 2195, f. 2072-207G. — Antoiue, Conif. 16, t. 5, f. 1. — LiiuUoy in Ponn. Cycl. xvii,
171.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. si, 386.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 229.— Endlicher, Syu. Conif. 167.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.— Lindley «fc
Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2 ed. 472.— Gordon, Pinetum, 170 ; 2 ed. 243 (excl. syn.
fioy/ri). — CoopvT in SmitUsoniiin Rep. 1658, 275. — Cbapmau, Fl. S. States, 433. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 19.— Lcsquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Ilenkcl & Uochstetter,
Nadelbolz. 23.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 470.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 88. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi*, 380. — Young)
Bot. Texas, 516. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 300. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Broadbead in Conlter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. —
Engelmauu in Trans. St. L^uis Acad, iv, 184. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Jfat. Mus. 88.

P. eihinaia, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 12. — Marshall, Arbustum, 180f— Wangeuheim, Anier. 74.

. P. Virginiana, var. cchinata, Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 38.

P. Tada, var. variabilis, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368.

P. variabilis, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed.i, 22, 1. 15; 2 ed. i,25,t.l6; 3 cd. i,29, 1. 14.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 498.— Persoon, Syn. ii,
578.- Nouveau Duhamel, v, 235, t. 69, f. 2.— Alton, Hort. Kcw. 2 cd. v, 316.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Smith in
Rees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 12.— Bartou, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 183.- Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Elliott, Sk. ii,633.—
Sprengel, Syat. ii, 686.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Forbes,
Pinetum Woburn. 35, t. 11.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoine, Conif. 15, t. 5, f. 2.— Link in Linrnea, xv, 502.—
Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 168 (excl. syn.).— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.

P. rigida, Porehsr, Resources S. States, 504 [not Miller].

YELLOW PINE. SHOET-LEAVED PINE. SPRUCE PINE. BULL PINE.

Staten islaml. New York, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, through the Gulf states to
Tennes.see and eastern Texas, and through Arkansas to the Indian territory, southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri,
and in Union county, Illinois.

A tree 24 to .'30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.35 meter in diameter; light sandy soil or, less commonly,
along the low borders of swamjis; forming west of the Mississippi river, mixed with oaks and other deciduous
trees, extensive forests; the only species of northern Arkan.sas, Kansas, and Missouri, reacliii.g its greatest
development in western Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and eastern Ti-xas.

Wood, varying greatly in (juality and amount of sap, heavy, hard, strong, generally coarse-grained, compact;
bands of small suminer cells broad, often occupying half the width of the annual growth ; very resinous, resin
passages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, orange, the sap-wood nearly white;
Bi)eciQc gravity, 0.0104; ash, 0.29; largely manufactured into lumber, especially in the states west of the
Midiiissippi river, and among yellow pines only inferior in value to that of /*. palusfris.

378. — Pinus glabra, Walter,

n. Caroliniaoa, 237.— Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, v, 342.— Ravenel in Proc. Elliott Soc. i, 52.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433.— Porcher,
Beooarce* S. Forest*, .'>06. — Hoopcg, Evergreens, 82. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 184.

fP. mitis, xar. paupera, Wood, CI. Book, 660.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 201

CEDAR PINE. SPEUCE PINE. WHITE PINE.

South Carolina, south to thu (Jhattahoochee region of western Florida, geiierallv near the coast, and throngh
the Gulf states south of latitude :i'20 30' to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana.

A tree 24: to 30 meters in heiglit, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich bottom lands and bnmmocks
iu dense forests of hard-wood trees, reaching its greatest development in Alabama and Mississippi; not common
and local.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarsegraineil, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad,
not resinous, resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays luimcrous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood
nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3931 ; ash, 0.45.

379. — Pinus Banksiana, Lambert,

Pinus, 1 0(1. i,7, t. 3; 2 ed. i,7, t, 3 ; 3 od. i,9, t. 3. — Persoon, Syu. ii, !J78. — Desfoiitaines, Hist. Alb. ii, 611. — NoDveau Dabaiuel, v, 234,
t. 67, f. 3. — Aitou, Hort. Kew. '3 ed. v, 315. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 642.— Smith iu Rees' Cycl. xxviii, N'o. 4.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,
a93; Sylva, iii, 124; 2 ed. ii, 182.— Sprougel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 3.'J9.— Eato3, Mannal,6
ed.2()5.— Loudon, Arborotum, iv, 2190, f. 2004-2067.— Forbes, Piuotum Woburn. 13, t. 3.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.— Eaton <fe
Wright, Bot. 358. — Antoiue, Couif. 8, t. 4,f. 2. — LiudU^y iu Pouu. Cycl. xvii,171. — Liuk iu Linnsea, xv, 491. — Spacb, Hist. Veg.
xi, 379. — Endlichcr, .Syu. Conif. 177. — Kuigbt, Syn. Couif. 26. — Lindlcy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 218 (excl. syn.
oontorta). — Parry iu Owen's Rop. 618. — Carridre, Trait. Conif. 381 ; 2 e(1.485. — Gordon, Pinetum, 163; 2 cd. 230.— Richardson, Arctic
Exped. 441. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rop. 18.)3, 257. — Hooker f. iu Trans. Liuu.-oan Soc. xxiii', 301. — Wood, CI. Book, 661. — Henkel
& Hochstetter, Nadtlholz. 44. — Nelson, Pinaceae, 104. — Gr.ay, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 78. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 29. — Macouu iu Geological Rop. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iT, 184. — Sears in
Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 186.— Boll iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46^- Veitch, Manual Conif. 15«.

P. sylvestris, var. divaricata, Aitou.Hort. Kow. iii,366.

P. Hudsonicn, Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, v, 339. — Parlatore iu De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 380.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Koch,
Deudrologic, ii-, 298.

P. riqtestriH, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i,49, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 95, t. 136.
GRAY PINE. SCRUB PINE. PRINCE'S PINE.

Bay of Chaleur, New Brunswick, to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake,
the valley of the Mackenzie river, and the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains between the fifty-second and sixty-
flfth degrees of north latitude; south to northern Maine, Ferrisburg, Vermont {R. E. Robinson), the southern shore
of lake Michigan, and central Minnesota.

A small tree, 9 to 22 motors in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 meter in diameter; barren, sandy
soil or, less commonly, in rich loam ; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its
greatest development in the region north of lake Superior, here often forming considerable forests ; toward its
extreme western limits associated and often confounded with the closely allied P. contorta and P. Murrayana of the
Pacific region.

Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small .summer cells not broad, very
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dear light
brown or, rarely, orange, the thick sap-wood almost white ; specific gravity, 0.4761 ; ash, 0.23; largely used for fuel,
railway ties, etc. .

380. — Pinus palustris, Miller,

/)ict. 7 cd. No. 14.— Marshall, .Vvbiisiuiu, 100.- Wangciihcim, Amor. 73.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniann, 237.— Aiton. Hort. Kcw. iii, 3Cv';
2 ed. V, 317. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 42. — Du Roi, Ilarbk. 2 ed. ii, 66. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 2t'4.— Lsmbort, Pinus, 1 ed.
i,27, t. 20; 2ed. i, 30, t. 21; 3cd. i, 41, t. 24, 25.— Willdenow, Sjicc. iv, 499.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 341.— Persoon, Syn. ii,57A—
Desfoutaiuos, Hist. Arb. ii, 612. — Pursh, Fl. .\m. Sept. ii, 644. — Smith in Roes' Cycl. xxviii, No. 15. — Nuttall, Goncra, ii,22;?; Sylva,
iii, 120; 2 oil. ii, 185. — Hayuo, Doud. Fl. 174.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 637.— Sprengcl, Syst. ii,^87.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2t>6.— Forbes,
Piuotum Woburn. 511, t. 22.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 3.">0.— Autoiuo, Couif. 23, t. 6, f. 2.— Link iu Linn.Ta, xv, 2(Xk— Griffith, Med. Bot.
604.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Cooper iu Smithsouiau Rep. 1858, 257.— Wood, CI. Book, tW.— Porchcr, Resources S. Forest-s
495. — Michaux f. N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 106, t. 141 (the plate as P. anslralia).

P. amtraliti, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 64, t. 6.— Nouveau Dnhamcl, v, 246, t. 75, f. 3.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 22r>5, f. 2156-
2160.- Liudley in Pcnn. Cycl. xvii, 171.- Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 392.— Endlichcr. Syn. Conif 165.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii, 43,
t. 87. — Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 33. — Knight, Syn. Couif 30. — Liudley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 217. — CarriJre,
Trait. Conif. 345; 2 ed. 450.— Gordon, Pinetum, 187; Suppl. 63; 2 cil. 260.— Chapman, Fl. S. Statc8,434.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 24.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Heukcl & Ho.hstclter, Xadolholz. 6.\—
Nolsou, PinacivB, 103.— Hoopes, Evcrgreous, 109.— Parlatore iu De Candolle, l^odr. xvi-, 3t>*2.— Young, Bot, Texas
517.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Bentloy & Trinicn, Med. PI. iv, 25S, t. 20*^.- Engclmnuu in Trnns. St. Loois Ac;ul.
iv, 185.— Vcitch, Manual Conif 172.

202 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

LONG-LKAVED PINE. SOUTHERN PINE. GEOHGIA PINE. YELLOW PINE. HAKD PINE.

SontheastiTii Virginia, south to eapc Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and tlironjfh the Gulf states to the
valley of the l!ed river, Louisiana, and the Trinity river, Texas, rarely oxtendinjr beyond 150 miles from the coast.

A tree of the first economic value, IS to 20 meters in heijiht, with a trunk O.iiO to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry,
sandy loam of the maiitime plain, {renerally of Tertiary formation, and lorming', outside of the river bottoms,
extensive fiu-ests almost to the exclusion of other species, or toward its extreme interior ranj^e, esi)ecially in the
tiulf states, iK'cupyinfr roUinj; hills, here mixed with oaks and various deciduous trees; rarely along the borders
of swamps in low, wet soil.

Wot»d heavy, exceedinjrly iianl. very strong, tou^h, coarse-grained, comjjact, durable ; bands of small summer
cells broad, occiijiying fully halftlie width of the annual growth, very resinous, dark colored, resin passages few,
not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light red or orange, the thin sap-wood nearly
white; specific gravity, O.(!990; ash, 0.25; largely manufactured into lumber and used in construction of all sorts,
for ship building, fencing, railway ties, etc.

The turpentine, tar, j)itch, rosin, and spirits of turpentine numufactured in the United States arc almost
exclusively protluced by this species ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 709, 899. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. — FlUckiger <£•
Hanbury, Pharviacographia, 545).

381.— Pinus Cubensis, Grisobacb,

Mem. Aiii. Acad. viii,5:i0; Cat. PI. Cuba, -ilT.— Pjrlatorc in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 396.

P. Tada, var. heterophylla, i;iiiott, .Sk. ii, 636.

P. Elliottii, Kii^'ehnaun ; Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 30; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 166, t. 1, 2, 3.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
.Suppl. 650.

/'. Cubensis, var. terthrocarpa, Wright.— Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cuba, 217.

SLASH PINE. SWAMP PINE. BASTARD PINE. MEADOW PINE.

South Carolina (Bluflton, Mellichamp), south near the coast to the .southern keys of Florida, west along the
Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana, not extending beyond 50 or GO miles inland; in the West
Indies.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in hei^dit, with a tiunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter; light sandy soil along the dunes
and marshi's of the coast, or wet clay borders of i)onds, abandoned fields, etc., and now rapidly taking possession
of grounil from which the forests of P. j)a/iM/n« have been removed; the only species of Florida south of cape
Canaveral and bay Biscayne.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tongli, coarsegrained, compact, durable; l)an(ls of small summer
cells very broad, occujiying fully half the width of the annual growth, very resinous, consiiicuons, resin passages
few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, rather jtrominent; color, rich dark orange, the sap-wood lighter, often
nearly white; H])ecitic gravity, 0.7.504; ash, O.^ll; hardly inferior in value to that of 1'. ptilusiri.s, although rarely
manufactured into lumber.

TuriKMitine is occasionally manufactured in southern Florida from this species.

XoTE. — Specimens collected upon tliii southern keys of Floriila by A. II. Curtiss connect the forms of South Carolina, Georgia, and
northern Florida with the Wi-st Indian tree. .

382. — Picea nigra, Link,

Linnffia, xv,520.— Carrii-n-, Trait. Conif. 2J1 ; 2 cd. 323.— Hooker f. in Trans. LinuioaD Soo. xxiii*, 301.— Uruuot, Hist. Picea, 10 &, t. f.
B.— Peck in Trans. Albany Inst. viii,2^. — Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, lUM.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 185.

Abies Mariana, Miller, Diet. — Wangcnheim, Amer. 7.'j.

Pinus Mariana, Du Hoi,OI)S. Bot.Sei; Harbk. ii, I07.— Fhrhart, Boitr. iii,24.

Pinus Abies Canadensis, Marshall, Arlmstuui, 103.

Pinus Americana rubra, Wangcniieim, Amer. 7.'i.

Pinus niV/rrt, Aiton, Hort. Kew. lii, 370; 2ed. v, 319.— Lambert, Piuns, 1 cd. i,41, t. 27; 2 ed. i, 4r>, t. 27; 3 od. i,64, t. 37.—
Will<lenow,H|ice.iv,506; Enum.990; Berl. Baumz. 278.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 040. —Smith
inlieCK'Cycl.xxviii. No. 20.— Barton, Compend. Fl. I'hiladelph. ii, lS2.—Nuttall, Genera, ii,223.— Ilayne, Dcnd. Fl.
177.— Elliott, 8k. ii, fvjd.— SprenRel, Syst. ii, «•?.">.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 3.'')9 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 2:M).— Bex:k,
Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 <>d.2*M.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Katon «& Wright, Hot. 3.')a—Bigolo\v, Fl. Boston.
3ed. 3-«.— Antoine, Conif. 8^, t. 34, f. 3.— Endlieher, Syn. Conif. 115.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Porcher, Kesonrccs
S. FurcstH, 505. — Parlatore in De Candollc, Prodr. xvi', 413.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES 203

PinUH Americana, Gartner, Fnu t. ii, GO, t. 91, f. 1.

Pinua rubra, Lamborf,Piiiu», li-d.i, 48,t.2a; 2cd. i, 47,t.30;3ed. i,6C,t.»3 [not Micbaox f.].— Pereoon.Syn. ii,579.— Aiton,
Hort. Kew.ded. V, :U9.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Kee«' Cycl. xxviii.No. -2!.— N'nttalI,G<-Dera. ii, 223.—
Sprongcl, Syst. ii, 8;*.').- Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. State8,:«9.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Ani. ii, 164.— Eaton &Wiight, Bot. 3.58.— Autoinc, Conif. 87, t. '.», f. 2.— Eudliclier, Syo. Conif. 113.— Ciboal,
Ai-b. Kesiu. 44. — Parlatore in Dc Cautlollc,Prodr. xvi-,413.

Abies dentictllata, Michanx, FI. Bor.-Am. ii,206.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.

Abies nigra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.— Desfontainos, Hist. Arb. ii,580. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arli.Am. i,I24,t.ll; N.
Amcriciui Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 139, t. 147. — Nouvcau Dubamel, v,292, t. 81, f. 1. — Lindley in Penn.Cyel. i,32. — Loudon,
Arboretum, iv, 2312, f. 2225-2227.— Spacb, Hi.st. Veg. xi, 410, in part.— Emerson, Trees Massacbusctt**, 61 ; 2 ed. ii, 96.-
Griffith, Med. Bot. 606.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 36.— Liudley & Gnrdim in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211.— Parry in Ovren's
Rep. 618. — Gordon, Piuetum,ll; 2 ed. 17. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,257. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N.Carolina, 1860, iii, 27.— Wood, CI. Book,t)62; Bot.&
• FI. 313. — Porchcr, Resources S. Forests, 507. — Henkol &. Hochstettcr, Nadolholz. 191. — XeLson, Pinacese, 50.— Gray,

Manual N. States, .">ed. 471. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 169. — V.isey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed.
ii, 247.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76,211. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 44=. — Veitch,
Manual Conif. 74.

Abies rubra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580.— Loudon, Arboretnm, iv, 2316, f. 2228.—
Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 101, t. 35. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. L.ondon, v, 211.—
Gordon, Pinetum, 11; 2 ed. 17. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 189. — Nelson, Pinaces, 51.

P. rubra, Link iu Liuna-a,xv, 521.— Carri&re, Trait. Conif. 240; 2 ed. 322.

t Abies nigra, var. rubra, Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 123; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 141.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 411.—

Hoopes, Evergreens, 170.

t Abies rubra, var. arctica, Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, V, 211.

Abies alba, Chapman,Fl.S. States, 435 [not Poiret].

Abies Americana, Koch, Dendiologie, iV, 241.

p. nigra, var. rubra, Engelmauu iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334.

Abies arc'.ica, Hort.

Abies Marylandica, Hort.

BLACK SPRUCE.

Newfoundland, nortbern Labrador to TJugava bay, Nastapokee sound, cape Cburcbill, Hudson bay. and
nortbwest to tbe mouth of the Mackenzie river and the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains; south through the
northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains
to the high peaks of North Carolina.

A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.00 meter iu diameter; light, dry, rocky soil, forming,
especially north of the fiftieth degree of latitude, extensive forests on the water-sheds of the i)rincipal streams or in
cold, wet swamps; then small, stunted, and of little value (P. riibrti).

Wood light, soft, not strong, clos(^, straight-grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin,
resinous, resin passages few, minute ; meilullary rays few, conspicuous ; color, light red or often nearly white, the
sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4.jS4 ; ash, 0.27; largely inanufaetured into lumber, used iu construction, for
ship-building, (liles, posts, railway ties, etc.

Essence of spruce, prepared by boiling the young branches of this species, is used iu the manufacture of spruce
beer, a popular beverage ( U. S. Dispensatory, 11 ed. 901).

204 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

383.— Picea alba, Link,

Linmea, xv, 519.— Carrifiro, Trait. Couif. •i;W; 2 cd. 319.— Fl. des Serros, xsi, 157, t. S-JOt— Bruuot, Hist. Picea, 4 & t. f. A.—
Engolmaiin in London Ganl. Chronicle, l^iTS, 334.— Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 184.

Abies Canadensis, Miller, Diet. No. l.

PinUS Canadensis, Du Koi, Obs. Bot. 38; HarbV. ii,l'i4 [not Linnams].— Wangruhcini, Amcr. 5, t. 1, f. 2.

P. laxa, Ehibart, Beitr. iii, 24.

P. glauca, Mceuch, Weiss. 73.

Pin us alha, Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 371 ; 2 ed. v, 318.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. i, 39 t. 26 ; 2 ed. i, 43, t. 28 ; 3 od. i, 61, t. 35.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 507; Euum. 990 ; Berl. Bamuz. 280.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 641.— Smith
in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 21.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 264.— Nuttall, Geuera, ii, 22:t.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott,
Sk. ii, 640.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,885.— Torrey, Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 231.— Meyer, PI. Labrador,
30.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3r>8.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 386.—
.■Vntoine, Conif. 86, t. 34, t'. 1.— Endlicher, xSyu. Couif. ll'.i.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 51.').— Tuiubouw Flora, 1855, 1,
t. 14, 15. — Walpei-a, Ann. v, 799. — Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 414.

Piniis tetra{jona, Mcench, Math. 364.

Abies alba, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 521. — Miuhaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207.— Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580. — Micbaux f.
Hist. .\rb. Am. i, 133, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 144, t. 148.— Nouveau Duhamel, v,291, t. 81, f. 2.— Loudon,
Arboretum, iv, 2310, f. 2224.— Forbes, Pinctum Woburu. 95, t. 33.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 129; 2 cd. ii, 189.— Spach, Hist.
Veg. xi, 412.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 84 ; 2 cd. i, 99.- Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 43. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 36.— Lindley

6 Gordon in Jour. Hort.Soc. London, v, 211.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2; 2 ed. 3. — Richardson,
Arctic Expcd. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Hooker f. in Trans. Liuniean Soc. xxiii', 301. — Engolniann
in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 str. xxxiv, 330.— Wood, CI. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Porchor, Resources S. Forests, 507.—
Henkel & Hochstctter, Nadelholz. 188.— Nelson, Pinaceie, 47. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Murray in Seemann,
Jour. Bot. V, 253, t. 69, f. 2-7. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 157, f. 20. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Guibourt, Hist. Drognes,

7 ed. ii, 247.— Macoan in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-80, 44<:.

Abies rubra, var. CCerulea, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2316. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211.

Abies CWrulea, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 99.

P. carulea, Link in Linnna, xv, 522.

PinuH rubra, var. violacca, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 114.

P. nigra, var. glauca, Carrifcre, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 242.

Abies arctica, Murray in Seemann, Jour. Bot. v,253, t. 69, f. 1,8-13.

Abies laxu, Koch, Dcndrologie, li',243.

Abies alba, var. ccernlea, Carrifrrc, Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 320.

Abies alba, var. arctica, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 414.

WHITE SPRUCE.

Newfoundland, northern nboreof Lal^nidor to Ungava bay, cape Cluircliill, and northwestward to the mouth of
the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south to the coa.st of Maine, northeastern Veiinont
(Went Burke and EliDWood, /Vi;i(;/f>), northern Michigan, Minnesota to Moose lake and the White Earth Indian
reservation, the Black liilln of Dakota (A'. Douglas), along tiie Rocky mountains of northern Montana to tJie valley of.
the Blackfoot river {Canby it Sargent), Sitka, and British rolund)ia.

A tree 1.5 to '>0 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of
ponds and Hwamps; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest
development along the streams and lakes of the Flathead region of northern Montana at an elevation of 2,500
to .V"0 feet; the most imi)orlant timber tree of the American sul)aretic forests north of the sixtieth degree of
latitude, here more generally miilliplied and of larger size than the allied /'. nigra, with which it is a.ssociated;
its distribution southward in British Columbia not yet satisfactorily determined.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close, .straight grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin, not
conspicuous, resin pas.sages few, minute; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light yellow, the sai)Wood
hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4051; ash, 0 32; largely manufactured into lumber, although not
distinguished in commerce from that of the black spruce (P. nigra).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 205

384. — Picea Engelmanni, EDgeluiami,

Trans. St. Louis Acad, li, 212 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250 ; Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334 ; l*B, 145.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed.
348.— G. M. Dawson iu Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 325.— Riisby in Bull. Torrcy Bot. Club, ix, 80.

Abies alba, 1/ Torrcy iu Fremont's Rep. 97.

Abka nigra, Kngoluiann in All], Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 330 [not Poiret].

Abies Engelmanni, Parry iu Trans. St. Louis Acail. ii, 122 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 18&3, 1035; Am. Nat. viii, 179; Proc.
Davenport Acad, i, 149. — Regel, Gartcuflora, 18C4, 244. — Henkcl & lloclistetter, Nadclholz. 418. — Hoopes, Everpreciia,
177, f. 22.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 332 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Porter in Haydcu's Rep. 1»J71, 494.— Porter &. Coulter, Fl.
Colorado ; Hayden's Sur;-. Sli.sc. Pul>. No. 4, 130. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 242. — Hall id
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Sargent in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1877, 631. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-'76, 211.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 38.- Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'d0, 56^.- Veitch,
Manual Conif. 68.

PimiS Engelmanni, Engelmann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 209.

PimiS commutata, Parlatore iu Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 417.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 5.

WHITE SPRUCE.

Peace River plateau, iu latitude 55° 46' N. ((?. M. Baicson), through the interior of British Columbia aud along
the Cascade mountaius of Washiugtou territory a:ul Oregou to the valley of the Mackenzie river ; along the
priucipal ranges of the Eocky and Wahsatch mountains to the San Francisco mountains, Sierra Blanco, and mount
Graham, Arizona.

A large tree, 24 to 40 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter iu diameter, or at its extreme elevation
reduced to a low, prostrate shrub; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 11,500 feet elevation; the
most valuable timber tree of the central Eocky Mountain region, here forming extensive forests, generally above
8,500 feet elevation; rare aud of small size in the mouutains of Washington territory, Oregoi:, and Montana.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells
narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, pale yellow
tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.3449 ; ash, 0.32 ; iu Colorado manufactured
into lumber and largely used for fuel, chai'coal, etc.

The bark rich in tannin, and in Utah sometimes used in tanning leather.

Note. — Forms of northern Montana too clo.scly connect this species with the allied P. alba. The two species occur here, however,
only at different elevations, in different soils, and never mingle.

385. — Picea pungens, Engelmann,

London Gard. Chrouiolo, 1879, 331 ; 18S«, I4.i.— Masters iu Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 725, f. 130.

P. Menziesii, Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 214 [not Carrifere].

Abies Menziesii, Engelmauu in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 330 [not Lindley].— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 18»i3>
76. — Watson iu King's Rep. v, .333, in part.— Parry in Am. Nat. viii, 179 [not Lindley]. — Porter iu Hayden's Rep. 1871,
494.— Hooi>es, Evergreens, 166, in pari. — Rothrock iu PI. Wheeler, 28; Wheeler's Kep. vi, 10 [not Lindley]. — Porter &
Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Miac. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Liudley].— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. :13, iu p.irt.—
Brandegee iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.

Abies Menziesii PatTl/ana, Andre iu lll.Hort.xxiii, 198; xxiv, 53, 119.— Roezl in 111. Hort. xxiv, 86.

Abies Engelmanni glauca, Veiteli, Manual Conif. 09.

WHITE SPBUOE. BLUE SPRUCE.

Valley of the Wind river, south tiirough tlie mountain ranges of Wyoming, Colorado, aud Utah.

A tree 30 to 4'! melers in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.00 meter iu diameter; borders of streams, in damp oj
wet soil, generally between t>,000 and !t,000 feet elevation, never forming forests or reaching as high elevations a«
the allied /'. Kngclmanni ; rare and local. • '■ »

Wood Aery light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous.
resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, itroiiiinent ; color, very light brown or often neaily white, th'
sajj-wood hardly distiugnishable ; si)eeitic gravity, 0.3740; ash, O.-JS.

206 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

386. — Picea Sitchensis, curriiix",

Trait. Coaif. 1 e<l. 260 ; Engelmanii in Lou.loii Gard. Chronicle, 1H70, 314 : Bot. California, ii, VH.

PinuS Sitchensis, Buu;;ar.l ill Mom. \,m\. St. Poterslmi;;. t! s.t. ii, KM.— Hooker. Kl. lioi.-Ain. ii, 104.— Endlichcr, Syn.
Couif. V2i.

Abies Menziesii, Lin.lU'V in IVnn. Cjcl. l, 3-2.— Loiulou, Arhorelum, iv, ^3J1, f. 223J.— Forbes, Pinotuui Wobnrn. 93, t.32.—
Xuttall, Sylva, iii, 131, t. lUi; 2 ed. ii, l-'J, t. 110.— Kui'jlit, Syu. Conif. 37. — Mndley &, Gordon in Jour. Ilort. Soc.
Loudou, V, 211.— Xfwberry in Pacific U. R. Rep. vi, 50, 90, t. 9, f. 21.— Gordon, Pinetnni, 0; 2 ed. 12.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 202 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, 25, 09, in part.— Wood, Hot. & Tl. 314.— L\ all in .lonr. Linnican Soc.
vii, 131, 13:1, 144.— Henkel & Ilochstettcr, Xadclholz. 187.— Nelson, Piuace;e, 148.— Kollirock in Smithsonian Rep.
Ie67, 433.— Hoopes, Uvergrceus, lOG, in part.— Wat.sou in King's Rep. v, 333, in part.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 73.

Pinus Menzienii, Douglas in Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. iii, 101, t. 71.— Hooker, Kl. Bor.-Am. ii, 102.- Antoine, Couif. 85, t. 33, f. 1,
2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Eudlicher, Syu. Conif. 112.— Parlatoro iu De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 418.

f Abies trigona, Rafiuesi|ue, Atlaut. Joar. I19.-En.llkher, Syn. Conif. 124.— Carri^^e, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 204.

f Abies falcata, Rariucsque, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Eadlicher, Syn. Couif. 124.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London,
V. 213.— Carritre, Trait. Conif. 208 ; 2 ed. 314.

Pinus ^fenziesii, var. crispa, Antoine, Conif. 85, t. 35, f. 2.

Abies Sitchensis, Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 212.— Koch, Dondrologie, ii«, 247.

P. Menziesii, Carrifcro, Man. des PI. iv, 339; Trait. Conif. 237 ; 2 ed. 318.

f Sequoia Rafinesquei, Carriirc, Trait. Conif. 2 ed.213..

TIDE-LAND SPRUCE.

Alaska, south to Mendociuo couuty, California, not CKteiiding; more than 50 miles inland from the coast.

A large tree of great economic value, -iO to 01 meters in height, with a truulc 2.40 to 5.10 meters in diameter;
gravelly ridges and swamps, reaching its greatest develoimient in Wa.shington territory and Oregon near the
mouth of the Columbia river, here forming a belt of nearly continuous forest growth .50 or, farther north and south,
rarely more than 10 or l.j miles in width.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small .summer cells narrow, not
conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent ; color, light brown tinged
with red, the saiiwood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4287 ; ash, 0.17; largely manufactured into lumber and
U8e<l for construction, interior finish, fenciug, boat-building, the dunnage of vessels, cooperage, woodenware, etc.

387. — Tsuga Canadensis, Carriire,

Trait. Conif. 189; 2 ed. 248. — Soari in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 18J. — Eiigohuunii in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 224.

Pinus Canadensis, Linmens, Spec. 2 ed. 1421.— Wangeiiheim, Ainer. 39, t. 15, f. 30.- Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 23.— Alton, Hort.
Kcw. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 320.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 206.- Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. 50, t. 32; 2 ed. i, ."iO, t. 35; 3 ed. ii, 79,
t. 4.'>. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 505; Euiiiu. 989; Borl. Bauinz. 277.— Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, vi, .521.— Pereoon, Syn.
ii, 579.— Pnrsb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Rees' CycL xxviii. No. 29.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph.
ii, 182.— Nultall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hnyne, Dend. Fl. 170.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 039.- Sprcugcl, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 3.59; Fl. New York, ii, 230.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 204.— Darlington, Fl.
Ceslrica, 2 ed. .54-'.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, KM, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.- BIgelow, Fl. Boston. 3 cd.38C.—
Antoine, Conif. 80, t. 32, f. 3.— Endlichcr, Syn. Conif. 8(i.— Gilioul, Arb. Resin. 40.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.—
Parlatore iicDe Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, -ViS.— MeNab in Proe. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 3.— Beufley
A Iriinen, Med. PI. iv, 204, t. '2M. ,

Pinm Americana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 6.— Dii Roi, Obs. Bot. 41 ; Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 151.

Pinus Abies Americana, Marshall, Arbnstnm, 103.

Abies Canadensis, DcsfoDtaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 138, t. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii,
140, t. 140— Nonveau Duhamel, v, 293, t. 83, f. 1.— Eaton, Manual, 111.— Richard, Conif. 77, t. 17, f. 2.— Andnbon,
Birds, t. 197.— lyoiidon, Arboretum, iv, ta-li & t.— Forbes, Piiii-;iiiii Wnbiirn. 129.— Niittall, Sylvu, iii, 133; 2 ed. ii,
190. -Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 421.— Emerson, Trees .Massachusetts, 77 ; 2 ed. i, 92 & t.— Grillith, Med. Bot. 000.— Knight,
Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & <;ordofi In Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Parry in Owen's Rep. (ilf.— Darlington, FL
C'estrica, 3 ed. 291.-0001011, PinelMiii, 14 ; 2 ed. 22.— Coojier in Siiiillisoniun Rep. 185H, 2.57.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
4»4.— Curtis in Ri-p. Geological Siirv. N. Carolin.-i, 1800, iii, 27.— Wood, CI. Book, C(il ; Bot. &, Fl. 313.— Porcher,
Re»f»nrci's S. Forests, .500.— Henkel &. Hochst^rtter, Niulelhiilz. 1.'.3 (excl. syn. « romafico). —Nelson, Piaacca', 30.— Gray,
Maiinal N. Slates, 5 ed. 471.— Hooper, Evergreens, 184, f. 2:{.— Koch, Dcndrologie, ii', 249.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
2:1.— Fl. desSerres, xxii, 200.— Oiiibuiirt, Hist. Drogues, ii, 247.— Bell in Geological Rop. Canada, Ib79-'e0, 51°.— Vclteh,
Manual Conif. 114, f. 29.

Picea Canailensis, Link in F,iiinica, xv, .524.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 207

HEMLOCK.

Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the shores of lake Temiscauiing,
and southwest to the western borders of northern Wisconsin; sourli through the northern states to New Castle
county, Delaware, southeastern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and along the Alleghany mountains to Clear Creek
falls, Winston county, Alabama (Mohr).

A tree 21 to 35 meters in height, with a tiunk 0.90 to 1.15 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges, generally
facing the north and often forming extensive forests almost to the e.xclu.sion of other species, or, less commonly,
borders of swamjjs in deep, rich soil; most common at the north, although reaching its greatest individual
develo])inciit in the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake and
splinter, not durable; bands of small summer cells rather broad, cousi)icuous ; medullarj- rays numerous, thin
color, light brown tinged with red or often nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.4239
ash, (•.4(); largely manutactured into coarse lumber and used in construction for outside finish, railwaj- ties, etc.
two varieties, red and white, produced apparently under jjrecisely similar conditions of growth, are recognized by
lumbermen.

The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used in the northern states in tanning leather, and yields
a fluid extract sometimes used medicinally as a powerful astringent.

Canada or hemlock pitch, prepared from the resinous secretion of this si)ecies, is used in the preparation of
stimulating plasters, etc. {U. S. Dispensatory,lA: ed. 709, 903. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1109. — Fliickiger <& Ilaniury,
Pharmaoographia, 552).

388. — Tsuga Caroliniana, Engelm.iun,
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 223.

Abies species, Gibbs in Proc. Elliott Soc. i, 286.

Abies Caroliniana, cb.ipmau, Fl. s. States, Suppl. 650.

Southern Alleghany region, Bluff mountain, North Carolina (A. Gray), '-Saluda mountain," South Carolina [L.
S. Gibbs), Pinnacle mountain, North Carolina {Curtiss), New river. North Cart)liiia, and C:psar's head, South Carolina
{Canby), Whitesides mountain and Devil's Court-House peak, Jackson county. North Carolina (J. Donncll Smith).

A small tree, 12 to lo meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.75 meter in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges between
4,000 and 5,000 feet elevation; rare and local; long confounded with the closelj- allied T. Canadttisis, from which
it may be distinguislied by its larger, glossier, blunter leaves, and larger cones with wide-spreading scales.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap wood nearly white ; specific gravity,
0.4275; ash, 0.40.

389. — Tsuga Mertensiana, C:irrifro,

Tr.iit. Couif. 2 ed. 2o0. — Engeliimiin in Hot. Ciilifornia. ii, 121 ; Coiilter'.s Bot. Gazette, vi, 224. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Xat. new
ser. ix, 324.

f Abies heterophylla, Kannes(iiie, Atlant. .(our. Uil— EudlicUcr, Syn. Couif. 124.— Carri^ie, Trait. Couif. 1 ed. 265.

PinUS Mertensiana, Uougard iu Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. iii, 16:1.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, ll>4.— Endlicher, Syn.
Couif. 111. — Lcdobour, Fl. Rossica, iii, IJG6. — Parlatore iu De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 42;*. — MeXab iu Proe. Royal Irish
Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 4.

PinUS Canadensis, Bougard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. iii. U>:! [not Liunipu.i]. — Douglas in Companion Bot.
Mag. ii, 127. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, lt)4, in part.— Lcdebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 60S.

Abies Mertensiana, l.iiulley & Gordon in .lour. Itort. Soe. London, V, 211.— Carriere. Trait. Couif. 1 od. 2;W.— <5or<ion,
Pinetuui, 18; 8npiil. 12; 2ed. 2!».— Lyall in Jour. Liuiuean Sor. vii, i;!3. 144.— Henkel A lloehstettor, Na«lclh61i!. 152.-
Rotbrock iu Sniithsoi\iau Kep. 1867, 433. — Cooper iu Am. Nat. iii, 412. — Gray iu Pme. .Vm. Acad, vii, 402. — Haopes,
Evergreens, li>2. — Kocb, Deudrologie, ii', 250. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Macoun iu Geological Rep. CnnailA
1875-76, 211.— Hall iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.

Abies Canadensis,? Cooper iu Smitbsouian Rep. ia"KS, 262: Pacilie R. K. Kep. xii-,!?.* [not Uesfonluiuesj.
Abies Bridgesii, Kollogg in Proo. California Acjul. ii,37.

208 FOKEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Abies Albert iana, Murray iu Troc. lli.rt. Soc. London, iii, 149 & f.— Lnwsou, rinctum Brit, ii, 111, t. lG,f. 1-18.— Nelson,
Piuaroa', 31. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 7'>.

Abies taxi/olia, Hartwcg, i«ed. {fide Murray in Proo. Hurt. Soc. Loudon, iii, 148).

Pinus Pattoniana, McXali in Proc Royal Irish Acad. '2 scr. ii.t'U, '2r.>, t.23, f.'^ [not Pailatoro] (fide Kngclnuinn iu London
Gard. Chnniide, 1^.J, 145).

Abies Pattonii, McNab in Jour. Liunivan Soc. xix,308.

Alaska, soutli along the islands and coast of Briti.sh Columbia, and through the Selkirk, Gold, and other
interior ranges to the Bitter Root mountains of Idaho, and the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana
(valley of the Flathead river, Canhy tt Sargent), extending south along the Cascade mouutains to southern Oregon
and in the Coast ranges to Marin county, California, between 1,000 and 4,000 feet elevation.

A large tree, 30 to Gl meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 meters in diameter; low, moist bottoms or rocky
ridges; very common and reaching its greatest development in western Oregon and ^Yashingtou territory, often
forming extensive forests, especially along the western base of the Cascade mountains.

Wood light, hard, not strong, rather close-grained; bauds of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous;
medullary rays numerous, promiueut ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific
gravity, 0.5182; ash, 0.42 ; occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.

The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used on the northwest coast iu tanning leather.

390. — Tsuga Pattoniana, Engclmann,

Bot. California, ii, 121 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 145.

Abies Pattoniana, Jeffrey in Rep. Oregon Exped. i,t. 4, f. 2.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, now 8er. i, 291, t. 9,
f. 1-7. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 157, t. 22. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii,402. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii", 2.')2. — Iloopes,
EvcrgreeuB, 172. — Carritrc, Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 30. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — A'eitch, Manual Conif.
116, f. 31, 32.

tPicea Cali/ornica, Carritrc, Trait. Conif. 261; 2ed.346.

Abies Hookeriana, Murray in Edinburgh Nbw Phil. Jour, new eer. i, 289, t. 9, f. 11-17.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 153, t.
21,22, f. 1-22— Nelson, Piuacea;, 31.— McKab iu Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 1.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 115, t. 32.

Abies WilUamsonii, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 53, 90, t. 7, f. 19.— Wood, Bol. & Fl. 313.— Cooper iu Am. Nat.
iii, 412.— Va.scy, Cat. Forest Trees, 33.

Pinus Pattoniana, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 429.

Abies Pattonii, Gordon, Pinetum, 1 ed. 10 (excl. syu. trigona).

Abies Pattoni, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 12.— Hcnkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 151 (excl. syn. /rtfloiia).

Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia, and probably much farther north, south along the Cascade
mountains and the California Sierras to tlie lieadwaters of the San Joaquin river, extending east along the high
mountains of northern "Washington territory to the western slojtes and summits of the Cceur d'Alfene and Bitter
Root mountains of Idaho (Lojo trail, Watnon), iuul (he divide between Thomp.son and Little Bitter Root creeks,
nortliern Montana (//. Ii. Ayrcn).

An alpine tree, rarely 30 meters in Iieiglit, witli a truidi 1.50 to 2.10 meters in diameter; dry slojjes and ridges
near llie limits of tree growth, ranging from an elevation of 2,700 feet in British Columbia to 10,000 feet in tlu! Sierras
of central California.

Woo«l light, soft, not strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good jjolish ; bands of small summer colls
thin, not conHi)icuou8 ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or red, the saji-wood nearly white;
8i>eciflc gravity, 0.4454 ; ash, 0.44.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 209

391. — PseudotSUga Douglasii, Carrifere,

Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 25(5. — Engolinann iu Wheeler's Rep. vi, 257 ; Bot. California, ii, 120. — G. M. Daweon in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 383. —
Eicblcr iu Mouatsb. Acad. Berl. 1881, f. 18-22.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.

PinUS taxifolia, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. i, 51, t. 33; 2 ed. i, 58, t. 36; 3 ed. ii, 82, t. 47.— Pnreb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Sinitb in Bees'
Cycl. xxviii, No. 28.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.- Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 358.

Abies taxifolia, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 523. — Nonveau Dubamcl, v, 293.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific B. R. Rep. ii, 130.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii', 69.

Abies Douglasii, Lindley in Penn. Cycl. i, 32. —London, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 22:!0.— rorbes, Pinetum Wobnm. 127, t. 45.—
Bentham, PI. Hartwcg. 57.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 129, 1. 115; 2 ed. ii, 187, 1. 11.5.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 423.— Knight, Syn.
Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. — London Gard. Chronicle, 1854, 16:}. — Bigelow in Pacific
R. R. Rep. iv, 17. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mes. Boundary Survey, 210; Ivc8'Rep.28. — Newl>erry in
Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 54, 90, t. 8, f. 20.— Gordon, Piuotum, 15 ; Suppl. 10 ; 2 ed. 24.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1«.><, 262 ;
PacificR. R. Rep. xiiS24, 69; Am. Nat. iii, 411. —Wood, Bot. «fe F1.313.— Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci.2 ser. xxxiv, 330;
Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,209. — Lyall in Jour. Liiin.-ean Soc. vii, 131, 133, 143. — Henkel & Hochstetter, \adelbolz.
155. — Nelson, Pinaceio, 32. — Rothrock iu Smithsonian Rep. 1807,433; PI. Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9. —
Hoopes, Evergreens, 189. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 115, 1. 17, 18, f. 1-23. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 494. — Watson
in King's Rep. V, 334 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872,75. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. —
Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 255. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131. — Murray in London
Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 106. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33 — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122. —
Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, iii, 32. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 119, f. 35.

Abies mucronata, Rafinesque, Jour. Atlant. 119.— Endlichor, Syn. Conif 126.— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London,
V, 213.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif 268 ; 2 ed. 312.

t Abies mucronata palustris, Rafinesque, Jour. Atlant. 129.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 268 ; 2 ed. 313.

Pinus Douglasii, hambeTt, Pinna, 1 ed. iii, 163, t. 21.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162, t. 183.—Antoine, Conif. 84, t. 33, t. 3.—
Hooker & Aruott, Bot- Beechey, 394.— Endlicber, Syn. Conif 87. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173. — Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xviS 430.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 703, t. 49, f. 32, 32", 32\

Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 2231.— Gordon, Pinetum, 16; 2 ed. 25.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 156.

Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata, Antoiue, Conif. 84, t. 33, f. 4.

Picea DoJiglasii, Link iu Liuuiea, XV, 524.

Tsuga Douglasii, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 192.— Bolaudor in Proc. California Acad, iii, 232.

Tsuga Lindleyana, Roezl, Cat. Grain Mex. 8.

RED FIR. YELLOW FIB. OREGON PINE. DOUGLAS FIE.

Coast ranges and interior plateau of British Columbia south of latitude 55° N. (not reaching the coast archipelago
north of Vancouver's island), east to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains iu latitude 51° N. (Bow Kiver pass,
Macoun) ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington territory, Oregon, the California Coast ranges, and the
western slope of the Sierra Nevadas, through the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the
Guadalupe mountains of Texas; in the Wahsatch and Uintah mountains, the ranges of northern and eastern
Arizona, ami soiitlnvard into Mexico; not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the
Wahsatch mountains, south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, and north of Arizona.

A largo tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.S3 to 3.Gt> meters in diameter, or in the Kocky mountains
much smaller, hero rarely 30 motors in height; the most generally-distributed and valuable timber tree of the
Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to au elevation in Colorailo of nearly 10,0t)0 feet ; often forming extensive
forests, almost to the exclusion of other specie.s, and reaching in western Oregon and Washington territory its
greatest development and value.

Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and conditions of growth in density, quality, and amount of s;jp;
difficult to work, durable; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of the annual growth,
dark colored, conspicuous, soon becoming Hiuty and ditficult to cut ; medtdlary rays nniiuMx>u.s, obscni-e ; color, varying
from light red to yellow, the sap-wood nearly whito ; specilic gravity, ().51.">7 ; ash, O.tKS ; largely nianufacluivd into
lumber and used for all kinds of construction, railway ties, piles, fuel, etc.; two varieties, red and yellow fir, ai-e
distinginshod by lumbermen, dependent probably ui)on the age of the tree; the former coarsegrained, darker
colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir.

The bark is found valuable in tunning leather.
14 FOR

210 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Var. macrocarpa, Kni;. itniimi,
Bot (.'nliloruia, ii, I'iO.

Abies Doiujlasii, var. macrocarpa, Tomy in Ivcs' I}i|>.2?.—Vasiy, Cat. Forest Trees, 33.

Abies macrocarpa, Vasoy iu Ganl. Monthly, Jan. 1376.

HEMLOCK.

L'alilbniia Coast iaii};ts; t>aii liernanlino uionntaiiis to the Ciiyamaca luouutains.

A tree 30 to Hi uioteis in height, with a trunk l.L'O to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and canons between
2,500 and 4,000 feet elevation.

Wood heavy, hard, .strong, cross-grained, very durable, difficult to work ; color, rather darker red than that of
the species ; specitie gravity, 0.4503 ; a.sh, O.OS ; somewhat manufactured into coarse Inmber and largely used for fuel.

392. — Abies Fraseri, Lindloy,

Penn. Cycl. i, 30. —Forbes, Pinctum Woburn. iii.t. 38.— Link in Liuna'a,xv,531.— Nuttall.Sylva.iii, 139, t. Hi); 2 cd. ii,196,t. 119.—
Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Sop. London, v, 209. — Ciirrifero, Trait. Couif. 200; 2 cd. 270. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Kcp. 1858,
2.'>7.— Chapman, Fl. H. States, 434.— Curt is iu Eep. Gcologieal Surv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii, 2C.— Wood, CI. Book, GGl ; Bot. & Fl. 314.—
Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadulholz. 1C9. — Gray, Manual N. Slates, 5 cd. 472, iu part. — Hoopos, Evergreens, 202. — Bortraud in Bull.
Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. — Kooh.Dendrologie, ii^, 21(J. — VaseyiCat. Forest Trees, 35. — Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii,
596; London Card. Chronicle, 1877, 147.— Veitch, Manual Couif. 96.

Pinm Fraseri, Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Smith iu Rees' Cycl. xxviii,No. 27.— Poiret, Suppl. v,35.— Sprengol, Syst. ii,
884.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 0 cd. 264.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 74, t. 42.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.—
Antoine, Couif. 76, t. 29, f. l.—Endlicher,Syu. Couif. 91.— Parlatoro iu De Candolle, Prodr. xviS419.— McNab in Proo.
Royal Irish Acad. 2 scr. 11,684, t. 47, f. 10.

A. bahamea, var. Fraseri, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi,422.

Pinm halsamea, var. Fraseri, Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. states, 359.

Picea Fraseri, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,J340,f. 2243, 2244.— Knight, Syn. Couif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 148; 2 ed. 205.

BALSAM. SHE BALSAM.

nigh mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.CO meter in diameter; moist slopes between 5,000
and 0,500 feet elevation, often forming considerable forests.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells rather broad, light
colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.35C5; ash, 0.54.

393. — Abies balsamea, Miller,

Diet. Xo. 5.— DcHfontainos, Hist. Arb. ii, 579.- Nouvcau Duhauicl, v, 295, t. 83, f. 2.— Richard, Couif. 74, 1. 16.— Liudliy, Penu. Cycl. i, 30;
Fl. Mod. .'k'.4— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 109, t. 37.— Link in Linnoja, xv,.'')30.—Sp;»ch, Hist. Veg. xi, 421.— Grillith, Med. Bot.OO.'i,
f. 2C8.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 217; 2 ed. 292.- Richardson, Arctic Exped.
441.— Darlington, Fl. Costrica, 3 ed. 291.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Wood, CI. Book, 661; Bot. & Fl. 314.—
Porcher, Kewuirces S. Forests, .5(K;.— H<-nkel & Hochstctter, Nadelholz. 176.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Hoopos,
EvcrgrteuM, 197. — B<;rtrand iu Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379.— Koch, Dcudrologie, ii\ 214. — Va»i-y,Cat. Forest Trees, 34. —
Guibonrt, Hist. Urogiu-s, 7ed. ii,216. — Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 697. — Macouu in Geological Kep. Canada, 1875-'76,
211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xlii, 184.— Bell in Gcologieal Rep. Canada, 187a-'eo,46<=.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 88.

Pinus balsamea, Linmens, Spec. 1 cd. 1002.— Wangenheim.Amer. 40.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 319.— Jbcnch,
.Meth. 364.— Du Roi, llarbk. 2 ed. 144.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 td. i,48, 1. 31; 2 ed. i,.V.i, t.33; 3 ed. i,72, 1. 41.— Willdeuow,
Spec, iv, .VM; Enuin. 98'J; Berl. Baum?. 276.— Pi-rsoou, Syn. ii, 579.— I'ursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— ICaton, Manual,
111; 6ed. 2C4.— Nuttull,Gener,i, ii,223.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 176. — Elliott, Sk. i i, 639. -Spreng.d, Syst. ii,884.— Torroy,
Compcnd. Fl. N. Slates, :J59; Fl. N. York, ii, 829.— Dcsconrtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, iv,.^,!. 246.— Woodville, Med. Bot.
3 ed. V. I, t. I.— Beck, Bot. :M0.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed.
:Vi.').— Antoine, Conif. (V^t. 26, f. 3.— Endlicher, .Syn. Conif. 10:i.— Gilioul, Arb. Resin. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States,515.—
Parlatoro in De Caudollo, Prodr. xvi^ 423.— McNab iu Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 6*1, t. 47, f. 11.— Bentley &
Trimen, .Med. PI. iv, 263, t.263.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 211

Pinus Abies Balsamea, Marshall, Arbustum, 102.

A. balsamifera, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207, in part.— Michaux f. Hist. Aib. Am. i, 145, t. 14; N. American Bylva, 3ed.

iii, 100, t. 150, ill part.

Picea balsamea, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,23:!9, f. 2240, 2241.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 143; 2 ed. 200.—
Hriikol & Hoelistetter, Nadelholz. 176. — Eiuereon, Trees Massachusetts, 85; 2 ed. i, 101. — Kelson, Pinaces, 37.

Picea balsamea, var. longifolia, Hort.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2339.

Picea Fraseri, Emerson, Trees Massachnsett.%, S8; 2 ed. i, li)| [not London].

BALSAM FIR. BALM OF GILEAD FIR.

Nortlieni Newfoundland and Labrador to the soutberu sliore.s of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear
lake and the eastern base of the Eocky mountains ; south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central
Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of Virginia.

A tree 21 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk rarelj' exceeding O.GO meter in diameter, or at high elevations
reduced to a low, prostrate shrub (^1. Mudsonica, Hort.); damp woods and mountain swamps.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarsegrained, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells not
broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, oft«n streaked with yellow,
the sap-wood lighter; sjjecific gravity, 0.3819; ash, 0.45.

Canadian balsam or balm of fir, an aromatic liquid oleo-resiu obtained from this and other species of Abies by
puncturing the vesicles formed under the bark of the stem and branches, is used medicinally, chiefly in the treatment
of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 898, 900. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. —
FHickiger & Hanbury, PharmacograpMa, 552).

394. — Abies subalpina, Eugelmann,

Am. Nat. x,554; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 597; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 255. — Vasey, Cit. Forest Trees, 34.— Hall in Coulter's Hot. Gazette,
ii,91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32. — G.M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser.ix, 326. — Masters in London Gard.
Chronicle, 1881,236, f. 43,44,45.

fPimtS lasiocarpa. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, KiS [not Hort.].— Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 105.— McNab in Proc. Roy.il Irish
Acad. 2 sor. ii, 682, t. 46, f. 7, 7»; t. 47, 48, 49 (excl. syn.).

fA. lasiocarpa, NuttalI,Sylva,iii, 138; 2 ed. ii, 195.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carrifcre, Trait.
Conif. 1 ed. 221.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262.— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 313, f. 27-31.— Henkel
& Iloehstetter, Nadelholz. 161 (excl. syn.).

? Pinus species, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97.

Picea amahilis, Gordon, Pinetum, 154, in part: 2ed.213, in part.

A. bifolia, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 320, f. 51-56; Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 465, f. 96, 97.— Regel,
Gartenflora, xiii, 119. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 420.

A. grandis, Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 310 [not Lindley]. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 296, in part. — Watson
in King's Rep. v,334, iu part. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402 [not Lindley]. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado;
Hayden's Sur\ . Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Lindley].

Finns amabilis, Parlatore in Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 426, in part.

Picea bifolia, Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105.

A. subalpina, var. fallax, Engchuann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 597.

Valley of the Stakhin river, Alaska, in latitude 60° N. (,Vi/iV), f-outh through British Columbia and along
the Cascade mountains to northern Oregon ((7o;?i>>-), through the Blue mountains of Oregon and the ranges of
Idaho, ^Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado.

A tree 24 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.tiO meter in diameter; mountain slopes and
caHons between 4,000 (British Columbia) and 12,0(10 (Colorado) feet elevation: generally scattered and ran-ly
forming the prevailing forest growth.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather elose-graiued, compact; bands of suuill summer cells very luirrow,
not conspicuous; medullary rays numerou.s, obscure; color, light brown or neaily white, (he sap-wood lightev;
Spccilic gravity, 0.3470; ash, 0.44.

212 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

395. — Abies grandis, LiudK'y,

Peoi). Cycl. i, 30.— Forbee, Pinetum Wobnrn. 1-23, t. 43.— Spach, Hist. V.-g. xi, 422.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 134; 2 od. ii, 192.— Lindlcy &,
Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v,,210. — Ciirritns Trait. Conif, 220; 2 od. 2% (exrl. syn.). — Cooper in SniilliNoninu Rop. 16^)8,
202; Pacific K. K. Kcp. xii', 25,69; Am. Nat. iii, 410.— Wood. Beit. &. I'l. 314.— Lyall in Jour. Liiiniran Soc. vii, 143.— Bolaudei
in Proc. California Acad, iii, 232. — Ilcukd & Uoclistittcr, Xadelbolz. UiO. — Nelson, Piuacoir, 3?. — Iloopcs, Evorgi-cons, 211. —
Bcrtrand in Bnll. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 3Tti. — Va.scy, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. — Hall in Conller's Bot. Gazi'tte, ii, 91. — Maeoun in
Geological Kep. Canada, 1675-7i;, 211. — Enijelumnu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 593; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, C84; 1880,
660, f. 119; Bot. California, ii, 118. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,326. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881,
179,f.33-:W.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 97, f.23, 24.

PimiS grandifi, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. li, 147.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 103.- Antoine, Conif. 03, t. Q'>, f. 1.— Hooker
i Arnolt, Bot. Beecbey, 394.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 105.— Pari atore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 427 (excl.syu.).—
McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 073, t. 40, f. 4, 4*.

tA. aromatica, Rafinesfiuc, Atlant. Jonr. 119.— Endlich.-r, Syn. Conif. 125.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc.
Louilon, V, 213.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2G0; 2 cd.3l0.

Picea grandis, London, Arboretum, iv, 2341, f. 2245,2240, in part.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 155; Snppl.
5 (escl. syn. rareonsii); 2 ed. 216. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 40, 90, f. 10, t. 0, in part. — Murray in London
Gard. Chronicle, 1375, 135, f. 23.

A. Gordoniana, C.irrifere, Trait. Conif 2 ed. 298 (excl. syn. rarsoiisii).- Bcrtrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. Franco, xviii, 379.

A. amabilin, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Loudon, iii, 310, f. 22-24 [not Forbes].

WHITE FIR.

Vancouver's i.sland, south to Mendocino county, California, near the coast; interior valleys of Tvestem
Washington territory and Oregon south to the Uinpqua river, Cascade mountains below 4,000 feet elevation,
through the Blue mount;iins of Oregon {Cusick) to the eastern slope of the Ca?ur d'Alene mountnins (Cooper), the
Bitter Root mountains, Idaho ( Watwn), and the western slopes of the Rocky mountains of northern Montana
(Flathead region, Canby <£• Sargent).

A large tree, 01 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.00 meter in diameter; most common and reaching
its greatest development in the bottom lands of western Washington territory and Oregon in rich, moist soil; or
moist mountain .slopes, then much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meters in height.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broader than in other
American 8i)ecies, dark colored, resinous, cons])icuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light browu,
the sap-wood rather lighter; specific gravity, 0.354."); ash, 0.49; in western Oregon manufactured into lumber and
used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc.

396. — Abies COncolor, Lindley & Gordon,

Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 204.— Va.sey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iii,
COO; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 255; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 084, f. 114, 115; Bot. California, ii, 118.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, iii, 32.— Masters in London Gard. Chrouicle, 1879, C84, f. 114, 115.— Veitch, Manual Couif. 93.

Pinus COncolor, Engelmann in herb. ; Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 426.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Aead. 2 ser.
ii,G81, t.46, f.6.

Picea COncolor, Gordon, Pinetum, 1.55; 2 ed. 210.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 135, f. 26.

Pinus lasiocarpa, Balfrmr in Rep. Oregon Expcd. i, t. 4, f. 1 [not Hooker].— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 314, f.
25.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 429.

tA. hahamea, Bigelow in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 18 [not Miller].— Torrey in Paciiic K. R. Rep. iv, 141.

Picea grandis, Newberry In Pacific E. B. Eep. vi, 40, in part.

Abies grandis, Carrifero, Trait. Conif; 2 ed. 290, in part.— Watson in I'l. Wheeler, 17 [not Lindloy].

Picta Lotciana, Gordon, Piuetum, Suppl. 03; 2cd. 218.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadclholz. 419.

A. Loiriana, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 317, f. 38-41.

A. amabilis, Watson in King's Rep. v,333 [liot Forbes].

A. grandis, var. Lowiana, Hoojuk, Evergreens, 212.

Pinus grandis, Parlalore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 427, in part.

Picea COncolor, var. riolacca, Murray in Loudon Card. Ohroniclo, 1875, 404, f. 94,95.

PinUH Lo>riana, .McXal. in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 680, 1. 40, f. 5.

A. lasiocarpa, Hort. [not Nottall].

A. Parsonsii, Hort.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 213

WHITE FIR. BALSAM FIR.

Nortlieni slopes of the Siskiyou inouiitains, Oregon, and perhaps farther north in the CaKcade mouncains,
south alouf; the western slope of the Sierra Nevailas to tlie Sau Bernardino and San Jacinto uioun'.nins, California;
along the high mountains of ntu'tliern Arizona to the ilogollou mountains, New Mexico, northward to the Pike's
Peak region of Colorado, and in the Wahsateh mountains of Utah.

A large tree, ;jO to tO meters in height, with a trunk l.'JO to J.50 meter in diameter; moist slopes and caDons
between 3,000 and 0,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in the California sierras, varj-iug greatly
iu the color and length of leaves, habit, etc., and i)erliaps merely a southern form of tlie too nearly allied A. grandis,
from which it cannot be always readily distinguished.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells narrow, resinous, not
conspicuous; medullary rays, numerous, obscure; color, very light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat
darker; specific gravity, 0.3038 ; ash, 0.85 ; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used for packing-cases,
•jutter-tubs, and other domestic purposes.

397. — Abies bracteata, Nuttall,

Sylva, iii, 137, t. 118; 2 ed. ii, t. 118. — Hartwcg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 225. — Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London.
V, 209.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 193; 2 cd. 265.— Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1853, 435; 1854, 459; 1859, 928.— Bo t. Mag. 1.4740.--
Lemaire in 111. Hort. i, 14, t. 5.— Fl. do3 Sisrres, ix, 109 & t.— Naudin in Rev. Hort. 1854, 31. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
262. — Murray iu EdiuburgU Now Phil. Jour, new ser. x, 1, t. 1, 2 (Traus. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 211, t. 1, 2).— Ilenkel &,
Hochstettcr, Nadelhiilz. 1G7. — Hoopes, Evi;rgreena, 199. — Bertraud iu Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
35.— Engolmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 601 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684 ; Bot. California, 11, 118 — Veitch, Mannal
Conif. 89, f. 14, 15.

PinUS venusta, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 152.

Pimcs bracteata, D. Don in Trans. Linnajan Soc. xvii, 443.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 169, t. 91.— Antoine, Conif. 77, t.
30. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394. — Hooker, Icon. t. 379. — Eudlicher,Syn. Conif. 89. — Walpers, Ann. v, 798. —
Parlatoro in Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi', 419. — McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 674, t. 46, f. 1.

Picea bracteata, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2348, f. 2256.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 145; 2 ed. 202.— Lawson, Pinetom Brit, ii, 171,
t. 25, 26, f. 1-7. — Nelson, PiuaceiB, 37. — Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 286.

A. venusta, Koch, Deudrologie, ii«,210.

Santa Lucia mountains, California, from the northern boundary of San Luis Obispo county about 40 milea
northward.

A tree 40 to 01 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; moist, cold soil, occupying
4 or 5 caiious between 3,000 and 0,000 feet elevation, generally west of the summit of the range (G. R. Vase)/).

Wood heavj', not hard, coarse grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resiuous, conspicuous;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood not seen ; specitic gravity,
0.G783; ash, U.04; probably more valuable than the wood of the other North Ameiucau Abies.

398 — Abies amabilis, Forbes,

Pinotum Wobiuii. 125, t. 44.— Liudloy &■ Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, V, 210.— Ca^ri^re, Trait. Conif. 219; 2 cd. 296.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Hop. 1858,202. — Lyall in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, vii, 143. — Hcnkel & Hochstctter, Nadelbolz. 159. — Nelson,
Piuacciu, .30.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 209 (excl. syn. lasiocarpa). — Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872,285. — Koch, Deudrologie,
ii', 211 (excl. syn. lasiocarpa). — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76,211. — Eugeluiaun in London Gard. Chronicle, l!i?0,
720, f. 136-141; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. BH.

PinUS amabilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 93.— Antoine, Conif. C3,t 25, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey,
394.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 104. — Parlatoro in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi',426, in part.

Pinus grandis, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii,t. 26 [not Douglas].

Picea amabilis, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f.2247, 2248.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 154 ; 2od.213(oicL
syn.). — Newberry iu Pacllic K. R. Rep. vi,51, 90, f. 18.

A. grandis, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Loudon, iii, 308, f. 18-21 [not Lindloy].

A. grandis, var. dcnsiflora, Engeluiaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv,599.

Valley of the Fra.ser river, British Columbia {Engclmaiin tC Sargent), and probably farther north, south along
the Cascade mountiiins of Washington t*'rritory and Oregon.

A tree 30 to 4") meters in height, with a trunk sometimes l.'JO meter in diameter, forming extensive foivsts on the
mountains of British Columbia, between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, and upon the mountains south of the Columbia river
between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, here reaching its greatest development ; its northern range not yet determined.

Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small suunuer cells bro;id, ivsinous, dark
colorevl, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific
gravity, 0.4228 ; ash, 0.23.

214 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

399. — Abies nobilis, Lindley

Ponn. Cycl. i, 30. — Forbes, Pi uetumWoburii. 115, 1.40. — Liuk in Liunasa, xv,f>32.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi,419. — NuttalI,Sjlva, iii, IIW, t.
117 ; 2 fd. ii, W3, 1. 117.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— CarriOre, Trait. Conif. 198 ; 2 cd. 208.- Jour. Bot. &
Kcw Card. Misc. is, 85. — Cooper in Suiitlisouiaii Rep. If58, 2(52. — Hcnkel & Ilochstcttcr, Nadelbolz. 1C8. — Hoopes, Evergreens,
203. — Koch, Dendrologip, ii*, 209. — Yasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. — Engeluianu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, C01,in part ; London
Ganl. Chroniolf, 187!t,S8.T; Bof. California, ii, 119, in i)art; Conlter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 101.

Pinus nohilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 147. — Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 107, t. 74. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii,
U;-,'.— An loinc, Conif. 77, t. 29, f. 2.— Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beecliey, 394.— Endlicher, Syn. Couif. 90.

Pkea nobilis, London, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2249, 2250.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Lindloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc,
London, v, 209.— Gordon, Pinetuni, 119; Suppl. 46; 2 ed. 207.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 49, 90, f. 17.—
Law6on,Pinetum,Brit. ii, 181, t. 23,29, f.1-18. — Nelson, Pinaceai, 39.

PseudoUuga nobilis. Bcrtntnd in Bull. Sue. Bot.Fr;iU0(>.xviii,S6.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Ac.nil. 2 si<r. ii, Ii9!), t. 49,f.
29, 29».

A. 7na(iniiica, Engcluiann in Lii)r.C:ililiinii:i,ii, U'.l, in part.

Oregon, Cascade iHouutain.s from the Columbia river south to the valley of the upper Bogue river, aud along the
eanimits of the Coast Eauge from the Columbia to the Nestnc^ca river {Collier).

A large tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming, with A. amabilis,
extensive forests along the sloiies of the Cascade Ifaufre, between 3,000 aud 4,000 feet elevation; less muUiplied iu
the coast ranges, here reaching its greatest individual devoloi)meut.

Wood li.'^ht, hard, strong, rather close graiued, compact; bands of small sum mec cells broad, resinous, dark
colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable; coloi", light brown streaked with red, the sap'
wood a little darker; specific gravity, 0.4561; ash, 0.34.

400. — Abies magnifica, Miuray,

Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 318, f. 42-150; London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 134. — Regcl, Gartenflora, xiii, 119. — Henkel & Hochstotter,
NadelhOlz. 419. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii-, 213. — Engcliuann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad. :ii, 601; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 885, f
116 ; Bot. California, ii, 119 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 99.

A. campylocarpa, Murray in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 370.

A. nobilis roblista, Hort.-Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 269.

Picta magnifica, Gordon, Pinctum, 2 ed. 219.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105.

PinuH amabilis, Parlatoro in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 426, in part.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad.2 ser. ii,677,t.46,
f.3, 3«t

A. amabiliH, Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 34 [not Forbes].

Psetulotsuga magnifica, >IcNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 700, t. 49, f. 30, 30«.

A. nobilil. I>i,'«-l!in;i!i, Hot. Cilifornia, ii, 119, iu part.

C!alifornia. mi>uiit Sliasta, sontli along tlie western slo])e of the Sierra Ncvadas to Kern county.

A large tree, 01 to 70 meters in height, with a trnnk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming al)0ut the base of
monnt Shasta extensive forests between 4,JJ00 and 8,000 feet elevation; farther south le.ss common and reaching
an extreme elevation of 10,000 feet.

Wofxl light, soft, not strong, lather close-grained, e<>Mi]>act, satiny, durable in conta<!t wilh the soil, liable to
twist and warp in seasoning; l>an<ls of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary
rays numeron.s, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.4701 ; ash, 0..30; largely
used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into coarse himber.

CATALOGUE OF FOI^EST TREES. 215

401. — Larix Americana, .Miclianx,

Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 203.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, H7, t.4; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 1C7, 1. 1.'53. — Aiidiibon, Binls, t.4. — Loudon,
ArboretQiii, iv, 2399. — Kuierson, Trees Massachuwetts, 89; 2 ed. i, 105 & t. — Gilionl, Arb. Resin, ."il. — Parry iu Owen's Hep-
618.— Richardson, Arctic. Expi'd. 442. — Cooper in SmitUsouiau Rc.p. 18f>5, 2o7. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnxan 8oc. xxiii, 302. —
Wood, CI. Book, C(i2; Bot. & TI. 314. —Nelson, Pinacea;, 8G.— Gr.iy, Manual N. States, .'j td. 442.— Hooped, Evergreens. 247.—
Regcl, Gartenflora, xx, 105, t.6-'4, f. 7,8 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 10.5, 1. 10, f. 2, 3).— Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 90.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. liii, 185.

Pinus larieina, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 49; Harbk. ii,83.— WanKcnlieim, Amcr. 42, 1. 16, f. 37.— Mocncb, Mcth. 364.

Pinvs Larix rubra, alba aud nigra, Marsball, Arbustnra, 103, 104.

Finns intermedia, Waugenheim, Amer. 42, t. Hi, f. 37.— Dm Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 114.

PimtS pemhda, Alton, Hort. Kew, 111,369; 2 ed.v, 320. —Lambert, Plnus, led. 1,55, 1.36; 2ed. ii, 63,t.39; 3ed.ii, 86, t. 49.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 502. — Pcrsoon, Syn. ii,579. — Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,U45. — Smith in Eees'Cycl. xxviii. No. 32. —
Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 365.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Audubon, Birds, t.90, 180.— Beck,
Bot. 339.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 232.— Parlator* in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi'^, 409.

Pinus microcarpa, Lambert, Plnus, 1 ed. i, 56, t. 37 ; 2 ed. ii, 65, t. 40 ; 3 ed. ii, 88, t. 50.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 5;2; Enum. 989 ;
Berl. Baumz. 273. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 579. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 321. — Pnrsh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645. — Smith in
Eees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 33.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed.Se.j.-Nnttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 175.— Sprengel,
Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 30.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 387.— Antoino, Conif. 54, t. 21, f. 1.— Endlichcr, Syn.
Conif. 132.

Abies pendula, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514. — Nouveau Duhamel, v, 288.— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London,
v,213.

Abies microcarpa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 289, t. 79, f. 2.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. i, 33.—
Lindley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, 213.

L. tenuifolia, Salisbury iu Trana. Linuffian Soc. viii, 313.

L. pendula, Salisbury in Trans. Linua;an Soc. viii, 313. — Forbes, Pinetnm Wobarn. 137, t. 46. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed.
272.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2ed. 177.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnaeau Soc. xxiii, 302.

L. microcarpa, Desfoutaines.Hist. Arb. ii, 597.— Forbes, Pinetnm Wobnrn. 139, t. 47.— Spach. Hist Veg. li, 436.— Link in
Linniea, xv, 536. —Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 275; 2 ed. 355.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2 ed. 175.— Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadelholz. 137. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linuseau Soc. xxiii, 302, 341. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 180.

L. intermedia, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836, 50.— Forbes, Pinetun; Wobarn. 141.— Link in Linniea, xv, 535.

L. Americana rubra, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 40.

L. Amei'icana, var. pendula, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 356.

L. Americana, var. prolifera, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2401.— Carri^re, Trait. Conif 2 ed. 3.56.

L. deddua, var. Americana, Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 133.

LAKCH. BLACK LARCH. TAJtARACK. HACKMATACK.

Nortlieru Newfoiindhuul and Labrador to the eastern shores of Hudson bay, eape Chiinhill aud northwest to
the northern shores of the Great Bear hike aud the valley of the Mackenzie river within the Arctic eirele; south
tlirough the northern states to uortheru Pennsylvania, northern Indiana and Illinois, and central Jlinne.sota.

A tree L'4 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk O.tiO to 0.!>0 meter iu diauu-ter; moist uplands ami intervale
lands, or south of the boundary of the United States iu cold, wet swamps, often covering extensive areas, here
nnich smaller aud less valuable.

Wood, heavy, Iiard, very strong, rather coar.se-graiued, comi)act, durable in contact with the soil; bands of
small summer c^ells broad, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin i)assages few, obscure; metlullary rays
numeron.s, hardly distinguishable, color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; .si)eeific gravity, O.filVUJ; ash.O.^W;
preferred aud largely used for tlie upper knees of vessels, for ship timbers, fence posts, telegraph poles, railway
ties, etc.

The iuner bark of the closely-allied European larch is recommended iu the treatment of chronic catarrhal
afl'ections of the pulmonary and urinary passages; probably that of the American specie-; wonl.l he .Mpially
efficacious.

216 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

402. — Larix occidentalis, Nuttall,

Sylva, iii. Ut. 1. 120; 2 wl. ii, 199,t. 120.— Ni-wbi-rry in Pacific K. R. Rep. vi, 59, f. 24, 25.— Cooper in Smithsonian Hop. 1858,262;
Am. Nut. iii, 412. — Lvall in Jour. Linnican Soo. vii, 14:!. — Nelson, PinuceiD,S)l. — Hoopca, Evergreens, 253. — Kegel, Gartenflora,
rx, 103. t. 6S:., f. P*-10 (Belg. Uort. xxii, 101, t. 8, f. 3-5).— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 2 ed. 17().— Macoun in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7G, 211.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329.— Veitcb, Manual Couif. 130.

Pinus Larix, Donglas in Companion Hot. Mag. ii, 109 [not Linna;us].

L. Americana, var. brerifoUa, Carri^re, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 357.

PinUD ytlttaUii, Parlatore in De CandoUc, Prodr. xvi-, 412.

TAMARACK.

British Columbia, Selkirk and Gold ranges, south of latitude 53° N., extending west to the head of
Okauagan lake {G. M. Datcson), south along the eastern slopes of the Cascade mountains to the Columbia river,
through the mouutaiu ranges of northern Washington territory to the west«rn slopes of the Kooky niouutains ot
Montana, aud in the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon.

A noble tree of great economic value, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter;
moist mountain .>jlopes and benches betweeu 2,500 and 5,000 feet elevation ; scattered among other trees and never
exclusively forming forests; the thick bark long resisting the action of forest fires; very common, and perhaps
reaching its greatest development in the region north of the Big Blackfoot river and in the valley of the Flathead
river, Montana, here the largest aud most valuable timber tree.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, rather coarsegrained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish,
very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of annual
growth, very resinous, dark colored, cous])icuous, resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color, light bright red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7407; ash, 0.09; occasionally
manufactured into lumber, but principally- used for fuel, posts, railway ties, etc.

403. — Larix Lyallii, Parlatore,

Enom. Sem. Hort. Eeg. Mus. Flor. 1863; London Gard. Chronicle, 1863,916 (Rcgel, Gartenflora, xiii, 244). — Lyall in Jour. Linnsan
Soc. vii, 143. — Henkel & Hochstettcr, Nadelholz. 417. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 3G1. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 256. — Kegel,
Gartenflora, xx, 103, t. 685, f. 11-13 (Belg. Hnrt. x.\ii, 102, t. 9, f. 1-3).— Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 35.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-70, 211.— Veitch, Manual Conif, 130.

Pinvs Lyallii, Parlatore in "De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 412.

"Cascade mountains, G,500 to 7,000 feet, forming an open belt of trees mingled with P.flexiUs (P. albicmdus);
on the Galtou range at 0,000 feet aud in the Rocky mountains at 7,000 feet, growing with P.Jlexilin" {Lyall);
mount Stewart, Washington territory (Brandei/ee <& Tweedy, August, 1883); Grave Creek pass, northern Montana
(U. B. AyrcK, September, 1883).

A low, miicii-liranched, straggling, alpine tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes
1.50 meter in diameter; dry, rocky soil, generally upon northern expo.^^ures, and associated with Pinun albicaulit
and THugn Pattoniana along the upper limits of tree-growth between 5,500 aud 7,000 feet elevation {Brandegee).

The wood not collected.

Note. — A well-marked species, distinguishetl from A. occideiitalis by its alpine habit, the larger green or purple deciduous cones with
ciliated scales, and by the dense tomentam covering the young shoots and leaf buds.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 217

PALMACE^

404. — Sabal Palmetto, Loddiges;

Eoemer & Schnltes, Syst. vii, 1487. — Croom id Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xsvi, 315. — MartiuB, Hist. Palm, iii, 247. — Kunth, Ennm. iii, 247. —
Spach, Ilist. Vcg. xii, 107.— Cliapman, Fl. S. States, 438.— Curtis iu Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, IbCO, iii, G4.— 'Wood, CI. Book,
666 ; Bot. & Fl. 317.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.

Corypha Palmetto, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 119.

GJiamwrops Palmetto, Miehaux, Fl. Bov.-Am. i,206.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb.-Am. ii, 186, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.
iii, 5, t. 101.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 490.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 231.— Elliott, Sk. i,431.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 137.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 89.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 191.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 546.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 258. —
Porcher, Resources, S. Forests, 526.

CABBAGE TREE. CABBAGE PALMETTO.

Smith island, ofif the mouth of Cape Fear river, North Carolina, south along the coast to Key Largo, Florida,
and along the Gulf coast to the Apalachicola river.

A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter; sandy maritime shores; very
common and reaching its greatest development upon the west coast of the Florida peninsula south of Cedar
Keys.

Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to work, dark colored ; color, light brown ; specific
gravity, 0.440J: ; ash, 7.66 ; impervious to the attacks of the teredo, and very durable under water ; largely used
for piles, wharves, etc.

405. — ^A^ash^ngtonia filifera, Wendland,

Bot. Zeit. xxxvii, 68.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 211, 485.

Brahca dulcis,? Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1860, 442 [not Martins].

Pritcharclia filameniosa, Weudland in Bot. Zeit. xxxiv, 807.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Fenzi in Bull Soc. Toso.
Ort. i, 116 & f.— Palmer iu Am. Nat. xii, 598.

Brahea filamentOSa, Hort.— Williams in London Gard. Chronicle, 1876, 80.

FAN-LEAF PALM.

San Bernardino county, California, from the eastern base of the San Bernardino mountains to the valley of
the Colorado river.

A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.05 meter in diameter, forming groves of 250 to 500
plants in the depressions of the desert, in moist alkaline soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of small
ravines formed by watercourses ; often stunted and greatly injured by fire.

Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to cut, dark colored, conspicuous ; specific gravity
0.5173; ash, 1.89.

406. — Thrinax parviflora, Swariz,

Prodr. 57; Fl. Ind. Oeo. i, 614.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. iii, 614; 2 ed. ii, 307.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 202.— Pcrsoon, Syn. i, 383.— Poiret in
Lamarck, Diet, vii, 633.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 112.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,20.— Roomer & Sehultes, Syst. vii, 13iX).— Martins Hist.
Palm, iii, 255, t. 103.— Kuuth, Euum. iii, 253.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpors, Ann. v, 818.— Grisobiich, Fl. British West Indies,
515. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Ch.-vpinan in Coulter's Bot. Qazotle, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 661.

T. Oarberi. Chapmau in Coulter's Bot. Gaxotto, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651.

SILK-TOP PALMETTO.

Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from Bahia Ilouda to Long's Key ; iu the West Indies.

A siuiiU treo, 9 meters iu height with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter in diameter, or in pine-barren soil
often low and stemless (T. Garheri).

Wood light, soft ; flbrovascular bundles small, hard, uot conspicuous; color, light brown; specific gravity,
0.5991; asli, .{.Oil; the trunk used iu making sponge- and turtle-crawls.

218 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

407. — Thrinax argcntea, LodtUgci;

Deafontaincs, Cat. 3 ed. 31.— Roemur & Sclmltea, S.vst. vii, 1300.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 256, 1. 103, f. 3, t. 163.— Kuntb, Euum. iii, 253.—
Dietrich, Syn. U, 1091.— Walpere, Ann. v,818.— Griscbach, FI. British West Indies, 515.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. (>51.

Pa!ma argentea. Jaoqnin, Fragm. 3«, No. 125, t. 43, f.l. — MUrter in Boui. Thysik. Arbeiteu. ii, 76.
SILVER-TOP PAL5IETT0. BRICKLEY THATCH. BRITTLE THATCH.

Semi-tropical Florida, on a nameless key 10 miles west of Key West, Elliott's Key, Key Largo, Piuey Key,
Boca Chiea Key, Key West, Gordon Key. and on the small keys south and west of Bahia Honda Key {Ourtiss)', in
the West Indies.

A small tree. 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter.

Wood light, soft ; flbro-vascular bundles small, very numerous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter
than the exterior; specific gravity, 0.7172 ; ash, 3.01 ; used for jjiles, the foliage in the manufacture of ropes, for
tliateh, etc.

408.— Oreodoxa regia, llBK.

Nov. Genera & Spec, i, 305.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 168, t. l.">6, f. 3-5.— KicharJ, Fl. Cuba, 348.— Kuutb, Euum. iii, 182.— Spnoh,
Hist. Veg. xii, 63.— ni. Hort. ii, 2.S & t.— Walpers, Ann. v, 807.— Grisobach, Fl. British West Indies, 327.— Londou Card. Chronicle,
1675, 302, f. 66.— Chapman, Fl. S. .States, Suppl. 651.

CEnoearpus regia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 140.

0. ohrucea,f Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 440.

ROYAL PALM.

Semi-tropical Florida, "Little and Big Palm hummocks," 15 and 25 miles oast of cape Eomano {Curiiss), near
the month of Little river, and on Elliott's Key ; in the West Indies.

A tree 18 to .30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 meter in diameter; rich hummocks, often forming extensive
groves; in Florida rare and local.

Wood heavy, hard ; fibrovasciilar bundles large, very dark, conspicuous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much
lighter than the exterior ; color, brown ; specific gravity, exterior of the trunk, 0.7982, interior, 0.2128 ; ash, 2.54.

LILIACE^

409. — Yucca canaliculata, Hooker,

Bot. Mag. t. 5201.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 1217.— Engolraann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 43.

T. Treculiana, CaTTikTo in Rev. Hort. vii,280.— B.ikor in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 828.— Engclmnnn in Trans. Bt.
Louis Acad, iii, 41.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— I^ondon Garden, xii, 328, t. 94.

SPANISH BAYONET.

Southern Texas, Matagorda bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe rivers south into Mexico.

A small tree, 5 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk O.'JO to 0.75 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly, arid soil.

Wooil, like that of the whole geniis, showing distinct marks of concentric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy,
difticult to cut and work; color, light Inown ; Rpccific gravity, 0.(i(]77 ; ash, 0.27.

The bitter, sweetish fruit cooked and eaten by the .Mexicans; the root stock, as in tlic whole genus, saponaceous
and lartrdv ii>r(l li\ tlic Mcxitums as a substiini.. (.n- -..;ip.

410. — Yucca brevifolia, Ennelniunn,

Kinii'ii Hep. V. V.K) : Tr.ini.St. I,<iiiiM A.ad. iii, 47.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 141, 351.-Va«cy, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Wat«oii, Bot. California,
ii. UA.

Y. Draconin.f var. orhorrHccnn, Torrey in Pacific R. R. R.p. Iv, 147.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 219

TUK .lO.snUA. JOSHUA TREE.

Southwestern Utah, nortliwestern Arizona to southern Nevada, and the valley of the Jlohave river, California.

A tree G to V2 meters in height, witli a trunk 0.00 to O.ttO meter in diameter; dry, gravelly soil, forming
upon the Jlohave desert at 2,500 feet elevation an open, straggling forest.

Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work; color, very light brown or nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3737;
ash, 4.00; occasionally manufactured into paper-jnilp.

411. — Yucca data, Engolmann,
Coultci-'s Bot. Gazetto, vii, 17.

Y. angnstifolia, var. radiosa, Eugolmaun in King's Rep. v, 496.

Y. angustifoUa, var. elata, Eugobuann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iii, 50 j Wheeler's Bep. vi, 270.

SPANISH BAYONET.

Western Texas to southern Arizona aiul Utah; southward into Mexico.

A small tree, 3 to 5 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly mesas.

Wood light, soft, spongy; color, light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4470; ash, 9.28.

412. — Yucca baccata, Torrey,

Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 221 ; Ives' Rep. 29. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kcj). 1856, 266. — Baker in Loudon Gard. Cbrouicle, 1870, 92^. —
Andr^ in 111. Hort. 3 ser. xx, 23, 1. 115.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 23.— Engelniann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 14 ; King's Kep. v. 49C ;
Wheeler's Rop. vi,270. — Loew in Wheeler's Rep. iii, 609. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep.vi,52. — Watson, Bot.Cnlifornia. ii. 1R4.

Y. filamentOSa, ? Wood in Proo. Philadelphia Acad. Itf68, 167 [not Torrey].

SPANISH BAYONET. MEXICAN BANANA.

Western Texas, south of latitude 32° N., west through New Mexico to southern Colorado and San Diego
County, California; southward into northern Mexico.

A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO meter in diameter, or often much smaller, and toward the
northern limits of its range stemless ; forming upon the plains of Presidio county, Texas, extensive open forest.s
{Havard).

Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work; color, light brown; specific gravity, 0.4470; ash, 9.28.

The large juicy fruit edible and an important article of food to Mexicans and Indians ; a strong coarse fiber,
prepared by macerating the leaves in water, is manufactured into rope by the Mexicans.

INDEX TO CATALOGUE.

[yon. — In this index the names of families are indicated by "Small cats", of species by "Kuniau" type, and of 83'noDyins by ''Italics".]

Page.

Abietalba (Plceaalba) 204

Abies aU>af <PiceA Engelmanni) 205

Abifsalba (Picea nip^) 203

Abie4 alba, var. arctiea 204

AbitsaWa, var. c<mlea 204

Abies Atbtrtiana 208

Abifs amabilis 213

Abies amainils (Abies concalor) 212

Abies am^bilis (Abies grandis) 212

Abifs amabitis (Abies magoiflca) 214

Abies Amtrieana 203

Abies areb'ea i Picea alba) 204

A bies arctiea { Picea nigra) 203

/ A bies arotrui tiea 212

Abii'ubalKamea 210

/^^u•«^a^afn«a (Abies concolor) 212

Abies balsamea. var. Frateri 210

Abies baUami/era 211

Abieebi/olia 211

Ablfs bractf-aU 213

Abies Uridpesii 207

Abies campylocarpa 214

A bies Canadensis ^ IMcea alba) 204

Abies Canadensis fTeugd Canadensis) 206

A bies Cnnadmsis t (Tnaga Merleusiana) 207

Abies Caroliniana 207

A bies earruUa 204

Abie* roncolor 212

Abies dentieulata 203

Abies Dmiglasii 209

Abies Doiiglarii. var. maerocarpa 210

AMes Dftfiglasii, •v^T.taxifolia 209

Abies Erujfimanni 205

Abies Engelmanni glauea , 205

f Abies /aUata 206

Ablr«Fraiwri 210

Abies Gordoniana 212

AbioBpnmdm 212

Abies grandis (Abies amaMlls) 213

Abies grandie (Abies roncolor) 212

Abies grandis (Abicfl Hubulploa) 211

Abies grandis. var dentijlora 213

Abies grandis. var. Lowiana 212

Abies f heterr/phyUa 207

Abies Ilookeriana 208

Abies HudMtmiea 211

Abies tasi*>earpa (Ablos ooncolor) 212

Abies f tasiocarpa (Abies sabalplna) r. 211

Abies laxa 204

Abies lyowiana 212

Abies maerocarpa 210

Aliirft magniflca 214

Abies magnijiea (Abies nobilis) 214

Abies Mariana 202

220

Abies Marj/landica

Abies Alenzieiii (Picea pnngens)

Abies Ilenziesii (Picea Sitcbensis)

Abies Menziesii Parryaaa

Abies Merteneiana

Abies microcarpa

A bies mucronata

f Abies mucronata palustris

Abies ni^ra (Picea Engclmanni)

Abies nigra (Picoa nigra)

Abies nigra, vnr. rubra

Abies nobilis

A bies nobilis ( A bies raagnifica)

Abies nobilis robusta

Abies Pamonsii

Abies Pattoni

Abies I'attoniarut

Abies Patttmii (Tsaga Mertensiana)

Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Pattoniana)

A bies pendtila

A bies religicsa

Abies rubra

t Abies rubra, var. arctiea

Abies rttbra, var. catrulea

Abies Sitchenteis

Abies species (Teaga Caroliniana)

Abies subalpina

Abies subalpina, vAT./aUax

Abies taxi/olia (Pseuilotsuga DougUsii).

Abies tari/oUa (Tsuga Mertensiana)

f Abies trigona

Abies venusia

Abies Wiltiamsonii

A cacia Uahamensis

Acacia Bi-r}andieri

Acacia biceps

Acacia eseulenta

Aracia /rondo$a

Acacia glauca

Acacia. Green-bark

Acacia Oreggil

Acacia latisilujua

Aeaeia leueoc«phala

Acacia pulverulenta

Acacia Itphroloba

Acacia, Tbrce-thomed

Acucla WHjjhlii

Acer barbatum (Acer glnbrutn)

Acer barbatum (Acer saccbarinuro)

Acer Califomicum

Acer Canadenss

t Acer CaroUniajia

Acer clrcluatam

Acer coccineum

Acer dasy corpom

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

221

Pape.

Acer Douglcuii

J.ccr I>mminondii

Acer eriocarpum

Acer ghibnun

f Acer giauctim ".

Acer K' nndulou tattira

Acer mncroph} llom

Acer nwntanum

Acer Xegitndo

Acer nigrum

Acer palmatum

Acer parvijlorum

Acer Ptuusvlvaoicuni

Acer reniisylvanicuin (Acerspicatum)

Acer rubrnm

Accrrubrum.rar. Drummondli -

Acer rubrum , var. pallidum

Acer SAccbariniim

Acer saccharinum (Acer dasycarpum) - ".

Acer eaccharinum (Acer saccharinum, t-ar.ni<;rum)

Acer saccbarinum, var. nigrum

Acer sacckarum

Acer sanguineum

A c<'r wpicat uni

Acer striatum

Acer tripartitiim

Acer virjatum

Aehras eunei/oUa

Achras mammosa

Acliras pallida

Achraa salicifolia

9 Aehras serrata

Aehras Zapotilla, var. parvijlor a

Adelia acuminata .^

iEsculus Califomica

9 JEscxdus camea

Msculus discolor

^Bculns echinata

^sculua flrtva

^Hctiliis flava, var. ptirpnrascena

^sculu.H glabra

^eculus Hippoca>tanuin, var. glabra

^scubis nippncastamnn,\ar. Okioensit

^sculvs nippociistanum, vax. pallida

bacillus hybrida

JEkcmIus luiea

^senilis neglecta

^sculus octandra

JSsculna Oh ioensis

.^scitltis pallida

.Ssculus /'arm, var. discolor

f ^sculug Watsoniana

Agaf-tianis aeeundijlora —

Ageria Caasena

Ageria geminata ,

Ageria heUrophylla

Ageria ohnvata

Ageria ojtaca

Ageria paltuitria

Abler (Aluua oblongifolia)

Alder ( AliniB rbombifolia)

Aldor (Alnnn rnbni)

Alder, Black (Aluus iucana)

Alder, Black (Aluus eeiTulata)

A'der, Hoary

Aider, Scnsido

Alder, Smooth

Alder. Speckled

Ali.,arobft

Algarobia glandtUosa

Alnua Awericana (Almift iucana)

Alniis Avicricana (Aluus B«rra1ftta)

Alntis argtita ,

Almis Ctinadensis ,

Abiua ijenuina

Page.

Alntia glauea

fA/nu*i/iu(ino«a (Alnua rubra)

AlnuM glutinosa, var. rvgoaa

Alnua gludr^oaa, var. aerrulata (Aluus rhombifoUa)

Alnua glutirioaa, var. serruUtta (Aluus sermlata)

Alnuft hybrida

AlniiB incana

Alnus incano (Rcgel)

Alnua incana^ var. glauea (Alnns iocnna)

Alnua inctina, var. glauea (Alnns Incana, car. Tirescens)

Alnua incaT^a, var. rubra

Alnua incan.i, var. vireaccns

Alnua Japoniea

Alniis maritima

Alnua maritima typica

^ift««oWoni?n/a (Aluus maritima)

Alnua oblongata (Alnus s«rrulata)

Aluus oblougifolia

Alnus ohtuai/olia

Ahius Oregana

Aluus rbombifolia

Aluus mbift

Alnua rubra (Alnus aermlata)

Alnua rugoaa

Alnus fjeiTulata. •

; A Inus aerrulata (Begcl) -

Alnus t^errulata ffenuina

Alnus aerrulata, var. iatifolia

Alnua aerrulata, var. macrophyUa

Alnus semtlata, var. oblongata

Alnus serrulata, var. nblongi/olia

Alnus aerrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus incana, var. rirescens)

Alnus serrulata, var. rwj/iia (Alnus rbombifolia)

Alnus serrulata, var. rugnsa (Alnus serrulata)

.•!(?; »N semdata, var. vulgaris

Alnus undulata

Amelanchier alnifolia

Amclanckier Bartramiana

A viela nchier Hotryapium

Amelnncbier Canadensis -

A ineia nchier lanaden^s, var. oblongi/olia

Amelanchier Canadensis, vnr. oligoearpa

Amelanchier Canadensis, vair. rotundi/olia

A melttnchier intermedia

A ynelanchier oblongi/olia

Amelanchier ovalis (Amelanchier Canadensis)

Amelarichier oialis (Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia) .

Amrlanchier spieata

Amelanchier Wangenheimiana

Ameriean Crab

American Crab Applo

A raerican Elm •

American nolly

American Linden

.■1 m yria cymosa

Amyris dyatripa

Amyria cUmi,fira -

Amyris Flortdana

Amyria maritima

Amyris 2'lumieri

Amyris 8>lvatic»

A XAC.KKPl Al K.E

Anmnomis punctata

Atiaqua

Andromeda arborea

Andromeda arhorescens

Andromeda fenuginoa

A ndromeda ferruginea, var. arhoresg-ens

Andromeda /crrtiginea^xar./ruticota

Andromeda plumata

Andromeda rhomboidalxs

Andromela ngida

Anona glabra

Auttn;) lauiifolia

Anona prndula •

222

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Page.

Page

Amena specK* (Anona Uaiifolik)

Antma triloba

AXOXACS-E

Anonymot atpiOtiea

AnthonuUt (ntitatit

Anthomtla Douglasii

A nthcm«U4 jiara

AntSomfUt fflandutota

A nUumuU* rtttvndiMia

AntAomflta turi'inata

Aut»' Wood

.\l>pl»*. Ameriron Crab

Applr, Ciutanl

Al.pl. H,.w

Ap;»U-. Orepon Crab

Appli*. PoDd

Apple, SeTen-year

Apples Soath«m Cmb

Arlxil de Qk-rro

Arbor- titic

Artftitus tauri/olia

fArf'ittttt inacrophyUa

Arbutua McQzicAii

AHmtvM Jlenzieni < Arbutas Texaoft)

.4 rbutfu Jfenxusii { Arbatas Xalapensia)

A rbutu4 proeera

AibntuB Tcxana

fArbutuM rarien*

Arbntufi Xalapeoflis

f ArhutuM Xalapen*i$ (Arbntas Texana)

Aitlinia Plrkeriii;na

Aronia arborta

Aronin artmt\folia

A ron ia Botryapium

Aronia c<>rdata

A roni'i oraUs

Arruwwooil

Ata^cea tpinoaa

Anh

A»b. DIark

Aiib.IJUie

Anb. Orwn

Ai»b. ffronod

Ash. lioop ,

Anh, Mountain (Pyrua Amcricaoa) ,

Afib. Monntain <Pyraa aambaclfolU)

\nh, Oreeon

Anh. Prickly (XaDtboxylnm Americanam) —
Anh, Prickly (XaDtboxylom Clava-HorcoliB)

Anb, Red

AMi.Sea

AMfa. Wafer

Aab, WaUr

Aith. WhUe

A*h, Yellow

A»1. I.-nved Maple

Aritnirut eampaniJUtra

A*irolita trilobs

Aapvo

AAp.QtiakiDZ

ArjnnniaDillda ,

A rieennia ohlofup/olia

A Ttcmnia iomeiUata

B.

Bild Cypriiui

n«Imof Giload

Balm of GU*ad Fir

ItaliiAm rAbiesFrajieri)

lUl-arn ^\lii.ii nnhalplna)

litlffatn 'F'npolnM balfiamif«ra)

P.alf(Am Co!l/JTiwiM>d

HalMirn Fir ( Abira balaaixi««)

iiaUam Fir (Abie* coocolor)

tialaam. She

Banana, Merxican

Btirt nun's Ortk

Basket Oak

Uasawood

B;iaawood, AVliito

Bastartl Cedar

BastartI Pino

Itatodendron arboreum

Bayonut, Spanish (Yncca baccata)

Bayonet, Spanish (Yncca canalicolata)

Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca elata)

Biiy.Bull

Bay, Loblolly

Bay.Re*!

Bay, Rose

Bay, Sweet

Bay, Tan

Bay, White

Bay berry

Pwiy Tree. Caliibmia

Bean Tree

Bearbern,'

Bearwood

Beaver Tree

Beech

Beech, Bine

Beech. Water (Carpinns Caroliuiana)

Bcccb, Water { Plat-anus occidentalis)

Beef wood

Bee Tree.

Benthamidia fiorida

Betula aeuminata

Jitluhi alba, subspecies commuUita

Bftuia alba, gubspocies occidentalis typica

Bettila alba, subspecies popyr(/ero

Bclula alba, subspecies popi;r(rifra, var. communie.
Betula alba, subspecies papj/n/^'^t var. cordyfolia...

Betula alba, subtipeeies poptdi/olta

Bettita alba, vnr. papyri/era

Betula alba, var. populifolia

Betula alba, var. populifolia (Betula papyrifera) . . .

Betula angulata

Betula Canadensis

Betula carpi7ii/olia

Betula cordi folia

Betula excelsa (Betola lenta)

Betula excelsa (Betula lutea)

Betula grandis

Betula incana

Betula lanulosa

Betula lonta

Betula IsTita (Betula alba, var, populifolia)

Betula Unta (Betula lutea)

Betnia lutea

Betula nigra

Betula nigra (Bctnla lenta)

Betula nigra (Betnia papynfera)

Betula occiilentalis

Betula oecidetitalis (Betula papyrlfera)

Bctida papyracea

Betnlii pftpyrifera

Betula p"pjdi/olia

Itetula rubra { IVitula nigra)

Betula rubra (Betula papyrlfera)

Betula rugosa

Brtula Hfrrulata

/ Betula- AlnifM glauea

Betula- Alnus maritima

f Betvta-Alnus rubra ■

Betula-Alnut, var. p ineana

BKTI'I.A' E,K

BiK-biid IHikorj'

Bi(j Cot toil worn!

Bin I^uiul

BiB Hhellbark

Big Tree ^ •

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

223

Page.

Bigelovia acuminata 112

Signonia Catalpa 115

Bignonia lineariB 116

Bigkoxiace;e IIS.IIO

Jiilstwl 86

Birch, Mack (Bottila Icnta) 162

Bircli, Black (Betulaoccidentalis) 160

Birch, Uanoo 160

nhxh, Cheriy 162

Birch, Gray (Betiila alba, var. popnlifoUa) 159

Birch, Gray (Betula latca) 161

Birch, Mahogauy 162

Birch, Olilfieia 159

Birch, Taper 160

Birch, Red 161

Birch, River 161

Birch, Sweet 162

Birch, West Indian 33

Birch, White (Betiila alba, rar. populifoUa) 159

Birch, White (Botnia papyrifera) 100

Birch, Yellow t 161

Bishop's I'ino 200

Bitter Nut 135

Bitter Pecan 138

Black Aider (Alnua incana) 105

Black Alder (Alnus scrnilata) 164

Black Ash Ill

Black Birch (Betnla lenta) 162

Black Birch (Betnla ocoidentalis) 160

Black Calabash Tree 116

Black Cherry, Wild 68

Black Cottonwiiod (Populus angustifolia) 174

Black Cottonwood (Popnlus trichocarpa) 174

Black Cypress 184

Black Gum 92

Black Haw 94

Black Ilickory (Carya porcina) 134

Black Hickory (Carya tomontosa) 134

Black Ironwood 39

Black Jack (Quercus Catesbtei) 151

Black .Tack (Quercus nigr,-v) 150

Black .lack, Forked-leaf 151

Black Larch 215

Black Locu-st (Gleditschia triacanthoa) 59

lilack Locust (Kobinia Paendacacia) 55

Black Mangrove 117

Black Oak (Qucrcns Emoryi) 146

Black Oak (Quercus Kelloggii) 149

lilack Oak (Quercus rubra) 148

Black Oak (Quercus tinctoria) 149

Black Persimmon 105

Black Pine (Pinus Jeffreyi) 193

Black Pine (Pinus Murrayana) 195

Black Sloo 67

Black Spruce 203

Black Sugar Maplo 49

Black Thorn 79

Black Tree 117

r.huk Walnut m

Black Willow (Salix iiavoscens, var, Sconleriaua) 170

Black Willow (Salix nigra) 1C6

Blackwood 11_

Bl"("V»h .'.'.'"". in

Blue Beech 159

BhwJack l,r,3

Blue Myrtle 41

Blue Oak 143

Blue Spruce 205

Bl uewood ..: 4Q

Bois d'Aro j28

BoilUAnlNACIt^ 113,114

Bnrya acuminata . 112

liorifa lifiuftrina 112

Jlori/a nilida H2

Bottom Shell-bark 133

Ptgf.

BouiToria Havancnsis 114

Bounerin IlftvancDBis, var. radala m

Bourreria ocata 114

Bonrreria radula 114

Bourreria recurva u^

Bourreria tomentosa 114

Bourreria tomentoia, var. Bavanmii* 114

Box Elder (Xegiiudo accroides) 51

Box Elder (Ncgnndo Califamicnm) 51

Boxwood (Cornns florida) ji

Boxwood (Sclia-fieria fruteacens) 39

Brahca dulcia 1 217

Brahea ftlamen toaa 217

Brickley Thatch 218

Brittle Th.atch 2I8

Broad-leaved Maple 47

Brousmnetia gecundifiora 57

Brofuagonetia tinctoria 128

Brown Hickory 134

Bucida Bucerag g7

Buckeye, Califomia 44

Buckeye, Fetid 42

Buckeye, Ohio 42

Buckeye, Spanish 44

Buckeye, Sweet 43

Buckthorn, Southern 103

Buckwheat Tree 38

BnUB.ay 19

Bull Nut 134

Bull Pine (Pinus Jeffreyi) 193

Bull Pine (Pinus niitis) 200

Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193

Bull Pine (Pinus Sabiniana) 195

Bumelia anjjugti/olia 103

Bumelia arborea 103

Buinclia ckrynophylhidcs 101

Bumelia cnneata 103

Bumelia ferrufjinea 102

Bumelia /cetidigsima 101

Bnmelia lanuginosa 102

Bumelia lanuginosa, var. maeroearpa : 102

Bnmelia lycioides 102

Bumelia Ivcioides, var. reclinatnm 103

Binnelia viacrocarpa 102

Buinelia Magtichodendron 101

Bumelia inyrsini/olia 103

f Bumelia ohlontjt/olia 102

Bumelia pallida - 101

Bumelia paroifolia 103

Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia cuneata) 103

Bumelia reclinata (Bnmelia lycioides) 103

tSumelia reclinata (Bnmelia tvnax) 101

Bumelia gal^c^fotia 101

/Bumelia eerrala 69

Bumelia spinosa 102

Bnmelia tenax 101

Bumelia tomentosa 102

Bumwood ^

Bnroiug Bash 3S

Burr Oak K*

Bursera acuminata 32

Bursera gummifera *2

Bl.'l!SGR.^CB.G S3, S3

Buatio ~ 101

Butternut '**

Buttonbnl Tr.-e '. 129

Butlonwood (Conoearpus erecta) ^'

Buttonwood (Platanna occidentalis) '29

Buttonwood (Platanus raceniosa) '29

Butlonwood, White ^^

Byrsonimn lueida ^

O.

Cabalteria coriacta **

Cabbage Palmetto 217

Cabbage Tree ^'^

224

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Cactacbs 89. W

Cactiu, Glut SO

Cieipnc IM

C»Ub«hTree, BUck 116

Cmlicn Bosh 98

CaUcoTood 10«

CaliforBis Bay TtM 120

Califurnia BackeT« 44

ralif-rai. HoUr S4

• ■ .1 120

<■; 168

1 120

OiL:~Jtyrsu4 diU/omiea 43

Caljt-ptnnthM Chjtncolu SS

CuuuU Plum 65

CaodUalba 24

CamtUa laxri/olia 24

CemtUa Winlemnu 24

CAXT-lXiCtS 24

CasocBirrb ICO

Canoe Cedai 177

CaA*>tia faolocantha 33

f >■ 24

.1 24

•uHophara 24

' 'lala 24

."ntis 24

: .,, .Jl 24

CappariM Itniiata 24

Offpj**"'* *f«W«a?a 24

t 93.94

.1 41

- 175

Cafffkhut Americana — 158

Oarpiniu Jiftuluji %'ir'jiniana IjS

CurpibDA CaruliDiaaa loS

Carpii.ut Ottiya liW

Carpintu Ottrya, rot. Americana 138

Carpinu4 tri/ora 158

Ca<7>i>iu< Viryiniana 158

Ciry».-41» 132

CoTfa ^ba (CaiT-a tomenton) 134

CarrmunArA 135

Caryi amara. rv. myristUaformxM 135

Car\ia amara, rar. pordina 134

Cjn/a inyvKtyf^a 132

Carta aqoatica 135

Oaryd cathmrtita 130

Gtrya eordi/ormU 133

Carym ffiabra 134

/Vrvi /mV-H-tw 132

:>* 135

.« 133

.* fonnia - 135

<Ju>«tpiitifc(-rmia 132

Cirya purclss 134

' ' • 133

a 132

133

1 T^.mariwta 134

ijfico 18«

■ L^—./clia 180

CaaurU 101

fi— Tn „ 30

•..alMI A 3«

1 30

. 38

150

1S7

- ISO

r^yOo, Tar. niiwr ISO

150

IM

■ irmt ]M

I'aalaiw pnmUa) IM

Page.

Cattama rttea (Castanea Tslgaria, rar. Americana) 157

Cattatua renss, vmr. Atmtricana 15J

Castaora vul^ns, r«r. Americana 1S7

CasianopsU cbrv soplivlla 150

Castanoptu chn/tophytia, var. minor 156

Qutanopsis ehtysopht/Ua, vat.pumila 150

Catalpa H5

Catalpa bi$:nomoida« 115

Catalpa Ingnonioidet (Catalpa speoioaa) 115

Catalpa eommunis 115

Catalpa eordtfotia (Catalpa bignonioidea) 115

Catalpa eordi/olia (Catalpa speciosa) 115

Catalpa fipt-cios-l 115

Catalpa tyrinffo^olia 115

CaUlpa. Wcateni 115

Catawba 115

Cat's Claw (Acacia Greggii) la

CafeCInw (Acacia Wrightii) 03

Cat 'a Claw (Pithecolobium Unguis-eati) 04

Ceancthuj /errevt ^^9

C*anothut larigatxu 3t)

Ctanofhut redinatru 41

Ceanoihua tbyreiflonia Jl

Cedjr. Bastard 170

Ccdsr. Canoe 17T

Cedar Elm 122

Cellar. IncenM 176

Cedar, Ore;:on 170

Cedar Pino 201

Cedar, Port Orford 1^9

Cedar.Post 17(1

Cedar, Rtnl (Junipema Vir^niana) 1»*2

Cellar. Red (Thuya gigantea) 177

Cedar. Slinking (Toir»ya Califomica) 180

Cedar. StinV.ins (Torreya taxifolia) IfcO

Cedar, White (Chamiccyparis Lawsouiana) 179

Cedar, Wbitc 'Chama'CTparis sphieruidea) 17S

Cedar, While (Libocedms decurrena) KC

Cedar. White (Thnja occidentolie) 1 8

Ctdnu Mahoger.i <3

CsuiBTKACtE 38, ;: <

Ctltualba l--'

CtUii Avdiberliana 120

C^li* AudiberliMna.xaT. obUmgala 120

CtlUt A udibertiana, rar orota 1 -•'

Celtit Jlertandieri 120

CMtlbrevipe* 120

CeUucam'na 125

Ctltit cordata 125

Orltit cTO'tifMa 12 ■

Cellit era*t\folia. Tar. ttiealypti/olia — 125

Celiit era$i\folia,v%T.mori/olia 125

Celtii eratti/olit. Tar. lUittfolia 125

CfUii Douglatii 126

CfUit Floridiana 125

Celtii fatcata 125

Celtii Itetrrophj/Ua 125

Cellii in Irgrifilia 125

CeUi4 Urvigata 125

Cel'ii Lindheimen 126

Cellii toniji/olia 125

CeUie maritiwa (iu Am. Hontbl; Mag. and Crit Bot.) 125

Celtii marilima (in New Fl and Bol.) 12^

Cel'ii itttiiiiippieniil l*^

CeUU mnrifalia 125

CeltUoblufua 125

Crliii.i..<idrnl»lia '2S

Celtii i.eeidrnlalii. var. e^dala 125

Cettis oeeidentalii. Tar. erauifoUa '20

CeUit occidentalii. Tar. prandidentata 125

Celtii oeeitlentalii, var inlejri/olia 125

Ctliii oteiilri.Uilii.vHt. pvmita (Oltiaoccidrotalia) 126

t Cellii r,Tidrnlalii.r»T. p-ni,ila (Celiia occldeotalia rar. rctlculal«) 126

Celtia neridinlalia. rar. P'tirnlati '2«

OtUit ceeidm lalii. Tar. itabriuteula I'*

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

2L^5

Oeltit oceidentalis, var. semUata

Celtia occidentalU, var. tenuifotia

Celtis patula

Celtis pumila

Celtis rctimlata

Celtis snlicifolia

Celtis tcnui/olia

Celtis Texann

Cerasns Americana

CeTasus borealis

Ccrastis Capollin

Cerasus Capidi

Ceraaits CaroUniana

Cerasus Chicasa

Cerasns demissa

Cerasue emarginata

Cerasus erecta

Ceras^ts gtandulnsa

Cerasiis hiern alis

Ccrasiis ilici/olia

Cerasus mollis

Cerasus nigra

Cerasus Pennsylvanica

f Cera»tts persicifolia

Cerasus serotina (Pnimis demissa)

Ctrasus scrotina (Priinns serotina)

Cerasus iphcrrrocarpa

Cerasus umbellata

Cerastts Virgin iana

Cei'cidium Jtoriduin

Cercis Canndfusis

Cercis Canadensis, y&T. pubeseens

Cercis oceidentalis

Cercis oceidentalis, var

Cercis oceidentalis, var. Texensis

CeroiH roniformia

Cercocarpus hetulee/oHus

Cereoearpvs hetuloidcs

Cereocarjms brcviMixts

Cercccarpus intricatus

Cerooearpua ledifoliua .

Cfi'cocarpus Ifdifolius, var. intricatus

Cercocarpns pavYif..liu8

Cercocarpus purvifolius, var. glaber

Cercocarpus parvifoliua, var. paucideDtotns

Ccrnia gij;autcu8

Cliapot*

Chavuvcypai^s Uoursierii (Chamfecyporis Lawsoniana) .

Chamaeyparis Tloursieni (Jnniporus oceidentalis)

Ohamcfcyparis excelsa

CLama'cyparis Lawrtoniana

Chamn'cyparia Nutkaonsis

Chammq/paris Xutkaeiisis, var. glauea

Chama'ct/pariit Xulkanus

Chanm'cyparis Hpliniroidca

Chamarops Palmetto

Cheiranthodendron Cali/omieum

Cherry

Cbt>rry Birch ,

Clicrry. Indian

Cherry, May

Cherry, Pigeon

Cherry, Pin

Cherry, Riini

Cherry. Wild (PninnaCapnll)

Cherry. "Wild (Prunus demiaao)

Cherry, Wild Black

Cherry. Wild Red

Chestnut

Chestnut Oak {Quercus donsiflora)

Clu'Miuit Oak (Quereua prlnoidea)

Chestnut Oak {Quercua Piimie)

Cheat nu t Oak . Koek

Chickasaw Phnu

ChUoptis (jhttinosa

15 FOlt

125 ![ ChUopris linearis ]16

123 ji Chiluphis snligna 1)6

125 Chimanthus aiuyjdalinua 09

125 ij Chiiia,Wild 44

i:;6 ! Cliinquiipin (Caatanea pamiln) 25€

125 |i Cbiii(|uapin (Caatanopsia cbrysopbylU) 1S<

125 Chiu*iuapiu Oak I4S

326 Chionanihus ang^tstifolia lU

G5 C/tionanthus hfterophyUa 112

60 ChionanViUK longifoUa 112

GS Chionanthus maritima 1I2

68 ChimianVius montana 112

60 Ch iotianth u« t rifida U2

GO Chitiuauthua Virsiuiea 112

69 Chionanthus Virtfinica, var. aufffitti/olia 112

67 Chionanthus Virginiea, var. lali/olia 112

07 I Chionanthus Virginiea, var. maritima^ 112

ChionanthvM Virffinica, var. montana 112

ChittamwoiHl 52

Chloramelcs sempervirens 72

Chry sobalanus Icaco M

65 ! Chrysobalanus leaeo, var. pellocarpa CS

60 I Chrysobalanus peJloearjja 85

06 Chri/nophyUum Barbaseo 100

6D ]\ Chrysophyllum Caneto, fi ]00

G8 I Chryttophyllum /errugineum ICO

70 ChrysophyUum microphyllum 100

67 1 1 Chrysophyllu m monopyrenum 100

68 , Chr,\8ophyllum oliviforme 100

60 !, Ci;?arTreo 115

CI ;! Cinchona Caribtea 95

61 !! Cinchona CaroUniana 95

61 li Cineho7ia Jamaicensis 95

61 I ' Ciuyamon Bai t 24

61 i Ciunnnion. Wild ^4

61 j! Citharexylum villosnm IIC

71 1! Cladrastie lutea 57

71 ji Clndrastis linctoria 57

71 !i Clammy lA>cu8t 56

71 Ij CliiTElm 123

Cliftonia lignstrina 38

CInsirttlava 23

Clusia rosea 25

Coast hive Oak 147

Cdccololirt Floridana 117

Coccoloba Letganensis 118

Coccoloba parvifoUa 117

Coccoloba uvifera 118

Coccoloba uvifera, var. La><^neDSis IIS

Coccoloba nvifera. var. ovalifoUa US

Coekapnr Thorn 76

Cocoa Plum 65

ColTceNut 58

Coffeo Ti-ce. Kentucky 58

Colubriua recliiiata 41

COMWUETACK^ 87

Condnlia forrea 99

Coudalia obovnta 40

Cosir KK.K 176-216

Conocarpus aetitifolia 87

Conocarpus orccta 87

Conoearpus crscta, var. protumbfns 87

Com*e.ir]tu* procumb<n* 87

Conoca rpus raesmosa 87

Conil Sumach 54

Conlin r-oisaieri 114

Corxiia Floridana 114

fCordia juglandifoHii 113

Conlia Sobestona 113

Cordia sptciom US

Cork Elm : 123

Corkwoo«l 117

COIINACK.K 90-iW

Cortius altrma 90

<\>rnus alternifolia JN>

2'J6

FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Coraoa doridjk

Comut jlorida (Coniiu }< attallli)

Coroos Kattallii

Ccryplka Falmttto ■

Ckxinut Amerieaniu

ColiMut cofftygria

CottoD Gom

Cottonwood (Popalus Fremontii)

CottoDWood (Popolas Fremontii. rar. WisUnnl)

CotloQVood (Popoliu monilifera)

Cottonwood, Balsjun

Cottonwood. Big

Cottonwood. BUck (Popnlua anj^stifolia)

Cottonwooil. BUck (Popalns trichocarpa)

Cottonwood, Biver

Cottonwood, Swamp

Cottonwood, White

Cow Oak

Cnib. American

Crab Apple. American

Crab Apple, Oregon

Crab Apple, Sontbem

Crab, Swet-t-acented

Crmbwood

Crategns a^atiTalis

Ciaticgns apiifolia

Crattegns arborescena

Cralayuj artniti/oUa

CratffgQfl berberifolia

Cratirffut Bo$ciana

Cralagas bracbyacantba

Crattrgua CaroHmana

Cratn^gus coccinea

Crattrgus eoceinea (CratjBgna tomentoea)

Cratagu* coccinea , rar. eordata

CrataguM coccinea, rar. moUit

Cratiegns coccinea tar. oligandra

Crat^gna coccinea, rar. popolifolia

CraictguM coccinea, xar.typica

Crata»gTi» coccinea, rar viridia

t Cralagut coccinea, rar. ciridit (CtattDgns tomcntoaa)

Cratjrgna cordata

Cratagus coronaria

Cratagva Courtetiana

Cratjegna CroA-galU

Cratagut OruM-gaUi (Cratiegns coccinea)

OrataguM Onu-gaUi (Crat«egDS tomentoaa, rar. ponctata)

Ctatjcgai Crtu-galli, rar. llncaria

Cratjpgna Cma-galli. rar. ovalifolia

CratiFgna Cnu galli, rar. pmnifolia

Cratvgna Crua-galli. rar. py racantbifolia

Cralirjpu CrutgaUi, var. pi/racanthi/olia (Craltegna arboresccna) .

CraUrrnu CnugaUi, var. iatic\folia

C'rat/ryu4 Cnu-gaUi, var. §pU7uUnt

Cratagu* euneifc^ia

CratiFgna DoaglaaU

CralirguM tUipHea (CtatS'gna leatlvalia)

Cratrripn eOipliea (Craliegiu flsva, tar. pnbeacona)

Crats-r;ii 1\-t:\

I . • il.ira, rar. pabcacona)

' 'nmcntona)

r.- - tomentoaa, rar. ponctata)

CraUrffue jiara, var. iobattx

Crata^ena llava. rar. pubeiic«ns

' 'I (Cmtjrgna coccinea)

("M (Crala-Kua Donglaaii)

* *a (Crata-giui flava)

' "1 (Cratjr-giM flava. rar. piibeacvna)

'_ : I *i,vsiT.macracantha

CrattrguM fflandulo»n, vnr. ro(und\folia

Crattntnu latifolia (Craticgna tomentoaa)

f" ''"" rCratiPgna tomentoaa, rar. pnnctata)

hitut

^»e.f- Page.

90 Cratttfntt linearit 77

Dl Crattnjiu lobala (Cr«ta>gua dava) 82

91 Cratir.;u< loliii(a (CratwgtiB tomentoaa) 79

217 CradejTtw (ticida (Cratngns astivalia) 82

52 , CrafirpiK lucitla (Cratffigus CruS'galli) 70

52 i Oaf<F<7H< inacracan(Aa 77

93 Cralirgut ilichauxii 83

175 Cratcrgus mieroettrpa 81

175 Crattrgu4 mollis 79

175 Cratcrgtis oborat\/olia 80

174 Cra((r<7U« opaca 82

175 CraUtgvtovali/olia 78

174 '[ Crattrgut oxyaeantha 81

174 ' Ora»o'<7i(» oxi/acnnlAo, var. oytVolio 81

172 Cralffgtis parvifolia 83

172 j; C/alo-jiu popt(l(^olio (Crata'gus coccinea) 78

175 1^ Crn(<r(7ii*j)(>p«ii/<)lia (Cratirgus cordnta) 80

141 I Cratetgu$ pmnellifolia 76

72 j; Crattrgut pruni/olia 77

72 I Cratefgut punctata 80

Crattvgue punctatti, var. brcvispina 75

Crattrgut punctata, var. rubra and ourea 80

Cra(«!7««j)uni:(a(a, var. aran/Aocarpo 80

Crattrgut pyri/olia 79

Crattrgut racemota 84

Crata'gaa riviilaria 74

Crattrgut rivutaris (Cmta?guB Donglaaii) 75

Cra ttrgut ta hci/olia 78

Crattrgut tanguinea 75

Crattrgut tanguinea, var. Douglatii (Crataegus Doiiglaaii) 75

Craiaegu* tanguinea, vnr. Dougltuii (Crattcgus rivnlaria) 74

Cratcrgut sanguinea.vaT.viUota 78

Cratjpgua apatliulata 81

Crattrgut tpathulata (Craticgna flava, var. pubeecens) 83

Crnttrgut tpieata 8S

Crat.Tgua aubvilloea 78

Crattrgut Texana 78

CratiCgDS tomentoaa 79

Crattrgut tomentota (Amelancbier Canadenfiia) 84

Crattrgut tomentota, var. moUit 78

Crattrgut tomentota, var. plicata 80

Crataegus tomentoaa, twr. punctata 80

Crattrgut tomentota, var. pj/r\folia 79

Orattrgtit turbinata 82

Crattrgut Tirginiea 83

Crattrgut viridit (Cratiegua coccinea) 78

Crattrgut viridit (Crattegna flava, rar. pubescens) 83

Crattrgut TTaf^oniana 78

Crcacentia cncnrbitina 116

Cretcentia lati/olia 116

Creieentia lelhi/era 110

Cretcentia obovata 110

Cretcentia ovata 110

Cretcentia tozicaria 110

Cacambur Tree (Magnolia acuminata) 20

Cucumber Trio (Magnolia cordata) 21

Cucumber Tree, Largeloaved 21

Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved • 22

Cupretpinnata dittieha 183

Ouprctvut Americana 178

Cuprctsut A rbor-vitte 170

Cuprctmit Arizonica 180

f Cuprcttut attcnuatti 178

} Cuprettut Cali/omica 170

Cttprcttitt Cali/omiea gracilit (Cupreaaua Goveuiana) 1 79

Cuprettut Cali/omiea gracilit (Cnpreaaua Macnnblann) 180

/ Cuprettut eomuta 1 '9

Cuprettut dittieha 11^3

Cuprettut dittieha, var. imttriearia 183

Cuprettut ditticjia, var. nutant 183

Cuprettut dittieha, vor. patenf 183

Cuprettut fragrant 1 78

C:'prrttHt glantlulota l"*"

''iipiekaiiaUnvrnlana 179

Cnpreaaua Guadaluponall 1*^'

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

227

POEO.

17fl

137-159
23

184

170

37,38

39

Cuprc8iiun Harticegii

f Oxipressug Uartwcjii, var. fwtiffiata

CttpressHS Lambertiana

CupreatttJt Lawsnninna .'...

Cupreasiia Macimbinna

CnpreasnH miHTocarpa

Cvprenmt macroearpa 1 (Cnprcssus Gnadalupensls)

'. Cuprestui macrocarpa, \ar. fattigiala

Ci(proms Xoutkalcneig

Cupresmm Xutkaensis

VuprcMsm thyoidce

C ur U LI FE ll.E

Cii8»anl Apple

C.vprcss, Kakl

Cypresfl, IJlack

Cypl■e^e, Decithions

Cypress, Lan-son'a

Cypress, SInntcrcy

Cyprpsa, Kcd jc.

Cvprcas, Sitka j-o

Cypress, Wbito .g.

Cypress, Tello\r ..„

CvniM.ACE.E

Ci/rilla Caroliniana

Cj/rilln /utcnla

i^ritla jfanietUata

Cyrilla pani/olia

Cyrilla poh/slachia

Cyrilm r2ieiuifloia

Cyrilla raccmosa

».

P.-ihoon

1 )nlioou lEolly

l>;ilea spinosa

Darling Plum i"!!^.""

Datiscn hirta

Peciduoua Cj press ,q,

Permatuphyllvm speeiosum 5-

Diwrt Willow " jjg

Devilwooil , j_

Diamond Willow ^-„

DisgcrPine jgj

'""^■■^"■' 103

Iho^yros angutti/olia jq,

Diospyros caiycina ,„ ,

Diotpyros cUiata .j,

Dioipyros roncotor ..^

Divspyna (luaiacana ,„,

Diospyros intermedia ,U .

Diospyns lucida , _ ,

THotpyrns Pertimon ,„,

_^. 104

Viotpyrus pulcscent , g,

Diospyros Texniia, 105

Diospyros Virginiana jd,

Diotpyros Virginiana, var. concolor jq^

liiosityroa Virginiana, var. macroearpa 1q4

I'i'tgpyrua Virginiana, var. microcarpa I04

I'ioKpyroe Virginiana, ym: pubeteent 104

Dipluilis snlicifolia ...

Doctorfiniii

Doj;wooil

l>o,!,'woo<l, Flowciiu); (Corniis florid.i) "" \ f,^

1 '»;;wooiI, Flowering ('Jomns KHttallii) .

i'i';;woo(l, Jamaica

1 '•■;;wooil, Stripoil

li"iij:laaFir '

I "wuwaiU Plum

I : niophyUiim paucijtonim

"• petetatha, \i\t. tatifolia

peteaemcoa

I'Otes C11H oa, var. Intifolia

';■«/« erjcea. var. longipet

rtletylama (Drypetea cracca) '.

■ .r(rsal..ura(Drypctcscroeea, rnr. laUfolia) .".!....!.

Drypetet tettilijlora .

Duek Oak

Dwarf Maple

Dwarf Sumach

PW.

91 H

B.

Ebehacea

Uhretia Bourreria IW. IftS

Elirctia elliptica "*

Ehretia Ilavanemit ''*

Ehrelia radula ^**

Ehrttia lommtota

Elaphrium inlcgerrimum

Elder (Sanibiicus glaoca)

Elder (Sambucus Mexicana)

Elder, Box (N'egiindo aceroidca)

Elder, Box (Xcgundo Califomiciim) '. ^'

Elder, Poison "

Elemi, Gum ' ^

Elkwooil **

Elm, American

Elm, Cedar '^

Elm, Cliff Ill '^

Elm, Cork ""''"!!....""l."..! ^

Elm, Hickory ^^

Elm, Moose

Elm, Red ..""!.!..."... "^

Elm, Rock ".I. .1111. 1 ^^

Elm, Slippery (FremontiaCalifomlca) ^

Elm, Slippery (Ulmas fulva) '

Elm, Water "*

Elm, White (Flmus Americana) ,5,

Elm, White (Ulmus racemosa) ,„

Elm, Winged

Emetila ramuhba -.

! Enceno

i „ J 147

J^ndotropte olei/olia

EniCACiLf: „ „

96-89

Erythrinapitcipula „

Eugenia uiiUaris „

89

J'.iigenta Ea nien^s „

Engenia buxifolia

Eugenia dichotoma

Eugenia diehotoma, var. /ragran* gg

Eugen ia diva rieata _,

Eugenia longipoa

,, 89

Eugenia mont^na „

Eugenia mooticola ..^

_ . 89

Etigema myrtoidei „

Eugenia patient

Eugenia procera

Eugenia pungent „

Eugenia triplinervia (Eugenia buxifolia) gg

Eugenia triplincrvia (Eugenia monticola) j^

Enonymua alropnrpureua «

Euonymui Carolinetitit jg

Euonyn) ti» lati/oliut j^

ElTHOnniACEjB

Ezctrca ria lucida

" •• i-i

Exostcmma Caribteum ^

Exothea oblong^folia ^_

Eytenfiardtia atnorphoidet 1^5

/'•/'rnAurrid'a ainorpAoiVfM, rar. ortAoMfpa 55

Eyaenhardlia onhocarpa 5.

120,121

121

Fagara /raiiniMia j^

Fagara Icntitcifolia ,,

Fagara Pterota ,.

Fagutatta .„

Fagut .li/irrtcutm .^

Fagut .Imcricatia lat\/;tlia jj^

Fagut Caelanea ,„

Fagut Caslanta dctilata jj-

Fagut Ctutanea pumila |jb

F:igua femigiuca ,„

228

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Pa^CL

>bfiu /rrm^iw*. xmt. CardimanA J 57

Ftgiu pmtmila IW

Faff€» puwtUm, rmr. jMnte^x 156

Afitf «|rf9«<i«a 15"

^iagug tyUmiiem atropunicta 1 57

Fti^iutjfhutUa^vT.Amt^ricana 1*"

Ta^mt B^lre^trii 157

r»n-lcAf Palm 217

Fmrklcberry 00

Fetid Back«y« 42

R<rn8aurr* 120

ISciit aurta, tat. lat\folia 12C

Ficui. brrrifolU 12"

firm* c0mpUeata 127

Ficoft pedoDcnUU 127

FiddUwood 116

Fip. Wild 127

Fir. lUlmofGUead 211

Fir, BalftAm (Abies baUwnea) 211

Fir, Rdftam (Abie« concolor) 213

Fir. I>oasU« 209

Fir, RmI (Abie* magDiflcA) 214

Fir.Eed (Abies nobilie) 2U

Fir.R«d (PsendoUnga DoagUflU) 209

Fir, White ( Abies concolor) 213

Fir, A\*hil*; <Ab»e« grandis) 212

Fir, Yellow 209

Fluwprinc Do;prood (Conma florida) 91

Flowerine Dogwood (Comas Xattallii) 91

ftrtataxus montana 1^

FiTtataius JTyrufteo 18C

Fon Mtiera acnminaU 112

Forked-leaf Black Jsck 151

Foxtail Pine 191

franf/uia Cali/omiea 40

Franyuia Cai\/9mica, vat. UmienUUa 41

Frangula Caroliniana 40

f Fra n^tila /roffOis 40

Frantpda Pur$kiana 41

FrankUnia 20

FranUinia Alatomaha 25

Frazinut arumitiata 107

Fwiiuusalba 112

/Vann«u atba i Fraxinus Americana) 107

Fraxinus oXMcanf (Fraxioua Americaoa, rar. inicrocarpa) 108

Fraxinus aUncans ( Fraxinus A mericana, rar. Texensis) 108

Kraiioas Americana 107

FrarinuM Amrncana (Fraxiuns platycarpa) 110

Fraxinut Americana, var. Caroliniana 110

Fraxinus A mrrieana, var. jugtandi/olia 109

FraxinuM Americana, var. lati/olia 107

Fraxinus Americana, rar. nilcn*carpa 108

Fraxinus A mfrieana.x AT. ytulfseens 108

Fraxinus Amrrieana. var. quadrangulata 110

Frarinus Americana, var. 'juadTan(tvlata nerrota 110

Fraxinus Amrrican^t, rmr. samburi/olia Ill

Fraxiniu Americana, var Texensls 108

Fretxinus Americana, var. iriptera 110

Fraxinns anomala 100

Fraxmus lierlandieriana 109

Fraxinus Canadensis 107

f Fraxinus Carotiniajia (Fraxinus platycarpa) 110

f Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxfnns vlridis) . lOB

Fraxinus Carolinensis 107

Kr^xinoB rinerea 112

Fraxinus coriaeea (PraxiDOS Americaoa. var. Texroals) 108

Fraxinus e^/riaeea (Frmxlnos piaUcUefolia) 100

Fr-ijinus erispa HI

Fraxinus Ourtissii 1(M(

Fraxinus eurridens 110

Fr^xloa* cunpiilata 112

Fiiixiousdijretala 112

Frarinus disetiior 107

FraxioDs elliptica 112

Frajrint'4 epiptera 107

Fraximts exetlsior ,

Fraxinus txpansa ,

Fraxinus fucra ,

Fraxinus ffrandi/olia

Fraxinus Gri'pgii

T Fraxiutit jugtandi/olta (Fi-axinua AmoricasB)

Fraxinu* jugtand\/olia (FmxinuH viridis) ,

/ Fraxinus jut/la lid i/olia, var. irrrra(a

Fraxinus juglandi/olia, var. stibiutegcrrimA

/ Fraxin usjugland\folia, var. subserrata

Fraxinus laneea

Fra:^:. w*. Icuji/vlia

Fraxinus mixta

Fraxinus nerrasa

Fiiixiuus nij;ra

Fraxinus nujra (Fmxinns pulvesccns)

Fraxinus nvjra (Fraxinus Fnnibucifolin)

Fraxinus ni^cscens ,

Fraxinus Xorae-A nglicp (Fmxinns sambncifolia)

Fraxinus }tor<e- Anolia (Fraxinus viridis)

Fraxinus Xvtlallii

Fraxinus tblonoocarpa

Fraxinus Oivgana

Fi-axint<s ovatn

Ftaxinus pallida

Fraxinus pannosa

Fraxinus paveijltrra

Fraxinus Vennsylvanica

Fnixiiius pititai-ia- folia

Fraxi'riujr pistacio-folia (Fraxinns Americana, rar. Tex^nsis) .

Fraxinus pistacia/olia, var. coriaeea

Fraxinus platycarpa

FraxiuuK pubi'sccns

Fraxinus jtulesecns

Fraxinus puhetcens, var

Fraxinus 2^vbfsenis, var. lati/olia

Fraxinus pvbeseew:, T.ir. longi/olia

Fraxinus piibeseens, var. stibpulescens

Fntxinus pulvcnilfut:^

Fraxinus quadran>jularis

Frax:nuR r|iiadr.iugulata

Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. nerroxa

Fraxinus liicUarJi

Fraxinus niTjirnuda

Fraxinus nifa

FrHxinuH sambucifulia

Fraxiitus sambuci/olia, vat. cnapa

Fraxinus Schiedeana, var. parp^folia

Fraxinus stihfiUosa

Fraxinus tctragona

Fraxinus tumentosa

Fraxinus trialaia

Fraxinus iriptera

Fraxinus relutina

Fraxinus viridis

Fnixinns viridis. var. BerlandierlaoA

Frfuioutia CuHrornlca

FrtffoHto

FrinyeTnt-

G.

Gardenia clusitf/olia

Gclgcr Trc*'

GfuliHk ilusiaifoUa

Geor;:ia Hark :

G»or;;iu Pino

GIsnt Cartnn

Gigantabies tnxi/olia

(iiganlabies WfUingtimia

Ginger Piue

GUmbvrry

Glanruun Willow

GUditsehia aquatiea

GUditschia brachyearpa

Glrdi^hthia Carotinensit

Glrditsrhia elegans

Pago

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

229

Page.

Gi<ili(*M»a inermi» (Gleditschia monosperma) 51

GUditichia inermU (Gleditschia triacanthoB, rar. loermie) 51

OUdiUchia rnacrantha 5!

auditichia ileliloba 51

Gleditschia munoBpenna 5!

GUdiUichia gpiiwga 51

alediltchia triacaniha 5l

Gleditschia triacanthoa 5

GUditsrliia triacanthos, var. brachjcarpos 5

Glfditschia tiiacanthoa, var. inermia 5

OUdittchia triacanUtos, var. monosperma ^

Goose- foot Maple ■*

Gopher Plum '

Gopherwood 5

Oordonia Franldini 2

GordoDia Lasiantbus 2

Gordonia pubescons 2

Oordonia pyramidalis -

Grape, Sea !•

Gray Binb (Betulaalba, var. popnlifoUa) i^

Gray Birch (Betnia lutea) 1151

Gray Pine 201

Great Laurel 99

Green Ash 109

Greeu-bark Acacia 60

Ground Ash Ill

Qvaiacu7n angustifolium 29

Guaiacnm sanctum 28

Guaiacum vcrticale 28

Guettarda elliptica 96

Ouettarda modgettii 96

Guiana Plum 1-1

O^iilandina dioiea 58

Gam, Black 92

Gum, Cotton 93

Gum, Doctor 54

Gum Elastic 102

Gum Elomi 3.3

Gnm, Red 86

Gum, Sour 92

Gum, Star-loavcd 8G

Gum, Sweet 86

Gum, Tupelo 93

Gutnbo Limbo 33

Gur^oon Stopper 88

GlttifeR/E 25

Gymnanthes lucida 121

Oymnubalatiut Cateibyana 119

Gynmocladus Cauadensitt TiS

Qymnocladus dioiea 58

H.

Hackberry (Coltis occidentalis) 126

Hackberry (Celtia occidentaliB, var. reticulata) 126

Hackmatack 215

Halesia dipt<>ra 105

Hali'siaparviflorn 106

Balesia reticulata. 105

llalesia t<traptora 106

Ualmia corni/olia 80

Uatmia flabellata 77

Halmia lobata 79

Httlmia punctata 80

Halmia tomentosa 79

H,vM.\MKi.AeR^5 85.86

Bamaweli* androgitna 85

Hamainelii coryli/olia 85

Haviamelis dioiea 85

ll.*wamelis viaerophylla 85

Ilamaiiulis parvifolia 85

Samamelis Virginiana, var. pareyfoUa 85

namamelis Vivgiuica 85

Hard Maple 4S

Hard Pine 202

Haw, Apple 82

Pa(5e.

Haw, Black M

Haw, Hogs' 75

Haw, May 82

Haw, Parsley 81

Haw, Pear 79

Ilaw, Purple 40

Ilaw, Red (Cratffigtu coccinea) 78

Haw, Red (Cratiegus flava, rar. pobcaccns) 83

Haw, Scarlet (Crataigus cocclnea) 78

Haw, Scarlet (Cratajgns subviUoaa) 78

Haw, Small-fruited 81

Haw, Summer (Cratajgnsflava) K

Haw, Summer (Crataegus flava, rar. pnbesceaa) 86

Haw, YfUow 13

Hazel, Witch 85

Hemlock ( Pseudotsnga Donglasii, tar. macrocarpa) 210

Hemlock (Tsnga CanadeuBis) '. 207

Hemlock (Tsuga Caioliniana) 207

Hemlock (Tsuga Met tensiaoa) 208

Heteromclcs nrbntifolia 83

Heteromeles Fremontiana - 83

Heyderia deeurrena 176

Heymassoli fpino$a 34

Hiekorea, species 132

Hickoriits amara 1^

Hickoiy, Big-bud 134

Hickory, Black (Carja porclna) 134

Hickory, Black (Carya tomentosa) 134

Hickory, Brown 13*

Hickory Elm 123

Hickory, Nutmeg 135

Hickory Pine (Finns Balfouriana, var. ariatata) 191

Hickory Pine (Pinua pungens) 1*9

Hickory, Shag-bark 133

Hickory, Shell-bark 1*3

Hickory, Swamp (Carya amara) 13*

Hickory, Swamp (Carja aqnatica) U*

Hickory, Switch-bud 134

Hickory, Water 136

Hickory. White-heart 13*

Bieorius irtligrifolia 135

Hierophyllus Catsine 3S

Hippomanc M:uicinella 121

Hoary Alder I*-''

Hog Plum (Prnnus angustifolia) ^

Hog Plum (Rhus Metopium) 54

Hog Plum (Ximenia Americana) 34

Hogs' Haw '5

Holly, American

Holly, California »

Holly, Dahoon

Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthoe)

Honey Locust (Prosopis juliflora)

Honey Pod

Honey Shucks

Hoop Ash

Hopea tinctoria

Hop Hornbeam

Hop Tree

Hornbeam

Hornbeam, Hop

Horse Plum

Hoi-se Sugar

Ilypelate oUo»g\f<ilia

Hypelate paniculata

Hypelate trifoliata

Uyperanthfra dioiea

Bypericum Latianthut

I.

Htx aestivalis

Ilex ambiguu*

Hex angustifolia

/(« <IIJU\/<)llUI»

llfi Canadtfvis.

35

59

6-.;

;*

230

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Pago,

JU» CDumnB 56

BexCMBtM ^

lUx OMriiu (Bex Dahoon) 35

IUxCastiM,$.{1) ^

lUx Cassinf, tw. anguttifolia 35

lUs Canine, var. lati/oUa 3^

Iter mstinoidet 35

Hex DabooD 35

Hex Dahoon. rar. nDfrustifolia 35

Hex l>ah(H>n, rar myrtifolia 36

Hex deoidua 37

Hex Horidana 36

Jin lauri/olia 35

Jtfx ItuiJI'^ra 35

IlfT lujuttrifoUa 36

Ilex ligustrina (Hex Casaise) 36

Jlfx liguttrina {XXtx Daboon, var. angnstifoUa) 36

TU-x myrt{/olia 36

HfX oitaca 34

JUx prinaidet 3i

JUx qverC'/fAia 35

}Ux rtUgiota 36

Jlex ro0fmarifolia 36

• Jlex roit\Hor\a 36

; Jlex Waitifniann 36

li.iriNE.K 34

Illinois Xut 132

Incense Cedar 1"6

Indian Bean 115

Indian Cherrj- 40

India nibbt- r Tree 12"

Jnga for/ex 64

Jnga Ouadalupennt W

Jnga mterophyUa 64

Jnga rotea 04

Jnga Unguii-eati 64

Ink wood 45

Joxylon pomiferum 128

Iron oak 139

Ironwo*>d (Bumclia lycioidea) 103

IrDnwo«>d (Carpinus Caroliniana) 159

Iron wood (Cliftonialignatrina) 38

Imnwood (Cyrilln rareroiflora) 37

Iron wood (H^-pelate panicnlata) 45

Iron wood (Olneya Teaota) 56

Imnw«iod (Ostrya VlrglnJca) 158

Ironwoo«l, BUck 39

Ironwood, Red. 39

IroDwood. Wblte 45

laUy 70

Jtea CyriOa 37

Ivy 98

Jack. Black (Qocrcoa CatcsbasI) 151

Jsek. Black (Qaerciu nigra) 150

Jack, Bloe 153

Jack. Forked leaTed Black IM

Jeck^Jak 160

Jack. Sand 153

Jacqulnia armllUrla 100

Jamaica Dogwood 57

Jemey Pine 109

Joewood .*. 100

Joahua. The 210

Jonhua Trw 210

Jodaa Tr*" 01

JUOtAXDACKA. 180-136

Juglansaiha (Carya alba) 133

Juglans atba (Carya tomenloaa) 133

Jw^ns aiba acuminata 134

Juglarn alba minima. 135

Jugtatu alba orata J32

Juglaru amara 1.15

Juglan* angvMii/nlia (Carya amara) 135

Papp.

Juglam angxntifolia (Carya olivjBfonuie) 132

Juglant aquatica 135

Jitglan* Cali/omica 131

Juglant cathartica 130

JuglnnB cinerca 130

Juglatu eompre*ta 132

Juglans cordi/onnis 135

Juglaiis eiflitidrica 132

tJuglans rxaltata 132

Juglant glabra 134

Juglam Illinoinensis 132

Juglant lacinxosa 183

Juglans vixicronata 133

Juglant myrittiea^ormis 135

Juglana nigra 131

Juglant nigra oblonga 131

Juglant ohcordata 134

Juglant oblonga 130

Juglant oblonga alba 130

Juglant olircpformit 132

Juglant oualis 132

Juglant ovata 132

Juglant Pecan 132

Juglant porcijia 134

Juglant porcitta, var. obcordata. 134

Juglant porcina, vaT.piti/ormte 134

Juglant pgri/ormit 134

Juglant rubra 132

Juliana mpeatria 131

Juijlant rupcKtrit, var. major 131

Juglant tquamosa 132

Juglann sulcata 133

Juglans tomentosa 134

Jiinc'bon-y M

Juniper (tTunipctusCalifoniica) li?0

Juniper (luniporua Califomica, var. UtabensU) 181

Juniper (Juniperua occideutalis) 1*12

Juuipor (Juuiperufl occidentalia, rar. conjngona) 182

Juniper (-Timipcrus occidentalia, ror. monosperma) 182

Juniper (Juniporua pachypbloia) '81

Juniperut Andina -SI

Juniperut arborescent 182

f Juniperut aromatica 179

Juniperut Barbadentit 182

Juniperua Califomica 180

Juniperut Califomica, var. oateotperma 180

JuniptTua Califomica, cor. Utabenais 180

Juniperut Caroliniana -* 182

Juniperut Cerrotianut 180

Juniperus excelsa 181

Ju nipcrut fcetida, var. Virginiana 1*2

Juniperus Uermanni (Jnniperua occidentalia) 181

Juniperut JJermanni (Junlpenia Virginiana) 182

JuniprruH orcidentalia 181

Juniperut occidentalit (Juniporua Califomica) 180

Juniperut occidentalit (Juniperua Califomica, var. Utabenala) 180

Jmilpoma occidentalia, rar. conjngens 1*^2

Junipema occitbmtalia. var. inouoapemia 181

Junipervt occidentalit. var.pleiotperma 1**1

Juniperut occidentalit, var. Vtabentit "180

Junlpenin pacb^idibra 181

Juniperttt plochj/drrina 181

Juniperut pyrif <frm.it 181

Juniperut Rabina pachyphlma ^81

Juniperut Sabina, var. Virginiana 182

Juniperut tetragona (Juniporua Califomica) 189

Juniperut tetragona, var. osteotperma 189

Juni)M)ruH Virgiui.iua 182

Juniperut Virginiana, var. Caroliniana 1 82

Juniperut Virginiana, var. Uermanni 1*^

Juniprtut Virginiana vulgaria 1 82

K.

Knliniftlalifolia 8*

Kampmania /raxinijolia ^

Kenlpcky Coffee Tree **

INDEX TO CATALOGUK OF FOREST TRKES.

231

Page.

KiDKNut 13-

Kimckawny 11'

ICiiobcouo Pino IJ*'

Laca thea jlorida 2.

Larjuncularla glabrifolia 87

Lngiincularia racemosa 87

Lancowootl 119

Larch 215

Lnnli. Ulack 215

Lavf^o-ltavcd Cucumber Tree 21

Largo Tupelo 93

Larix Americana 215

Larix Americana rubra 215

Larix Americana, y AT. brevifolia 216

Larix A mericana, var. pendtda 215

Larix Americana, vaT. prolifera 215

Larix dccidua, var. Americana 215

Larix intermedia 215

Larix Lyallii. 216

Larix m icrocarpa 215

Larix occiden talis 216

Larix pendula 215

Larix tenui/oUa 215

Laukace^ 118-120

Lanrol 98

Laurel. P.l^ 19

Laurel, California 120

Laurel, Great 99

Laurel, Mountain 120

I<anrel Oak (Quorcua imbricaria) 154

Lauri'l Oak (QuercuslaurifoUa) 153

Laurel, Swamp 20

Laurel, White 20

Laurocerasits OaroUniana 09

Lavroceratus ilicifolia 70

Lanrus Borbonia 118

Laitrua CaroUniana 118

Laurus Carolinensis 118

Lauru^ Oarolinensis, var. glabra 118

Laurus Carolincnsis, var. obtusa 118

Lanrus Carolinen8i8,vi\r.pubescen8 119

Laurus Catcsbad 119

Launts Catcsbyana 119

Laurus regia 120

Laurvs sa7i(juinea 119

Launts Sassafras 119

Lawson'e Cypress 179

Leaf, Sweet 105

Lkoiimino9;e 55-64

Leptocarpa Carolinianxt 09

Leucmna planca 62

Leuca.Mia pul vcnilentn G3

Leverwood 158

Libooodrus decurreua 170

LiKnnni-vitje 28

LiLlACK^: 218,219

Lime, Ogeecliee 91

Lime Tree 27

Lime, Wild (Xanthoxylum Pterota) 31

Lime, Wild (Ximenia Americana) 34

Liu 27

Linden, Americjin 27

Liquidambar macrophylla 86

LuiuidainlmrStyracifliia 86

Lit^uidainbar Styracijtua,y(iT. Mexicana 86

Liquidaiiiber 80

Liriodvndron procera 22

Liriodendron TuUpifcm 22

Live Oak (Quorcua cho'solople) 146

Live Oak (Quorcus vin^ns) 1^5

Live Oak (Qnercus Wislizeni) 147

Live Oak, Coast 147

Loblolly Bay 05

Pace.

Loblolly Pino 187

Locust (Robiuia XeoMexicaoa) 54

LocUHt (Robinia Paeudacacta) 55

Locust, Black (Gleditscbia triacantboa) 59

LocuHt, IMack (Robioia Psendacacia) 55

Locust, Clamm}' 56

Locust, Honey (Gleditschla triacanthoa) 5ft

Locust, Honey (Prosopisjullflora) 62

Locust, Sweet 50

Locnsi, Water CO

Locust, Yellow 55

Lodge-polo Pino 195

Logwood 40

Long leaved Cucumber Tree 22

Long-leaved Pino 202

Lyonia arborea W

Lyonia fcrrvginea 96

Lyonia rigida M

Lysiloma Jiahamensis - M

Lysiloma latisiliqua 64

01.

^laclura aurantiaca 128

Madeira 34

MadroDa 97

Magnolia acaminata 20

Magnolia auricularie 22

Magnolia auriculata 22

Magnolia cordata 20

Magnolia De CandoUii 20

Magnolia /ragrans 20

Magnolia Fraseri 22

Maguol ia glauca . 19

Magnolia glauca, var. lat^olia 20

Magnolia glauca, var. longi/olia 20

Magnolia graudiflora 19

Magnolia grandijlora, var. eUipiica and o&ora(a 19

Magnolia grandijlora, var. lanc4olaia 19

Magnolia longifolia 20

Magnolia macrophylla 21

Magnolia, Mountain 20

Magnolia pyramidaia 22

Magnolia tripetala 21

Magnolia tJmbrella 21

Magnolia Virginiana, var. a. glauca 20

Magnolia Virginiana, var. fi./oetida 19

Magnolia Yirgiiiiana, var. < 20

Magnolia Virginiana, var. tripetaia 21

Mackouack^ 19-22

Mahogany 34

Mahogany Birch 162

Mahogany, Mouut^iin (Cercocarpns ledifoliua) 71

Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpus parvifoliua) 71

Malpighiacb« 28

Malpighia Ittcida 3?

Malut anjtisti/olia 72

Maluji coronaria T3

Malug direra{folia TS

Mattts microcarpa coronaria T2

Malus ritfularis T3

Malus gemperrirens 73

Malus subc^yrdata 73

Manchiuoel 121

Manchineel. Mountaiu M

Mancintila venfnata 121

Mangrove 87

M nngrove, Black 117

M an grove, Wh ito 87

Maple, Ash leaved 51

Maple, Black Sugar 49

Maple, Broad-leaved 47

Maple. Dwarf 48

Maple, OiH»fle-fi>ot , 46

Maple. Hani 48

M aple, ^t ountAin 46

232

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

lUpl«. K«l 50

lUple. Rock 48

Maple. SilTcr «

Uaple. Soft (Acer dMycarpmn) 49

Maple. Soft (Acer rabmm) 50

Maple. Striped 46

Maple, Supar 48

Maple. Svanp 50

Maple, Vine 47

Maple. Water 50

Maple. Wbit« 49

Mariberry 100

Maatic 101

Maul Oak 146

May Cherry 84

May Haw g2

Mc«dow Pioe 202

Ukuace^ 33,34

MWtcncco panicutata 45

Mfiitt'bvt httrrophjflla 59

MespUui aeeri/olia : 80

Metpiltu eatiralU 82

MftpiiuM apiifolia 81

MrrpUua arborea 84

MespUus arbvti/olia '. 83

Ktgpilu* AzarcltiS 81

HetpHuM berbtri/olia 82

MtspU^* Bo$eiana 77

Mf»pHus Calpodendron 70

Mrapilus Canadensis 84

Me»p\lus Canadmsit, var. cordata 84

Mf*pilu* Canaderuit, var. oboralU 85

MetpiluM Coroliniana 82

MerpiluM coeeinsa 77

Metpilua oordala 80

^erpUus effmi/olia 80

MespHtu CrrtM'QaUi 76

MrtpUuj Crut galii, var. pyraeanth\foUa 76

Me*pHtu CrustfaUi. var. aalieifoVa 76

Mrtpilu* cunei/oUa (CmUtgns Croa pdU) 76

Itapilus eunri/oUa (Cratie^na tomeotoea var. pnnctaU) 80

/ Mfrtpilut eunti/ormis 76

Jfftpitus fttiptiea (CratsDgQB Cros gall!) 76

MetpUuM eUiptiea (Cratffgaa flava, var. pabesccns) _ 83

jr«»/a/u4 /tabflitUa 77

Mt9p%luM Jlata 82

Metpilut JUxUpina 82

Mcspiltis fflnndulosa 77

Mfpilut hiemaliM g3

Mc*piluM latifolui 79

MespiluM linearis 77

MeapUuM lobata 79

M*»pilua lueida 76

Mespilvs lueida, var. angust\/oUa 77

Mesptlvt Hichauxii 83

MespHut monoffyna, rar. apHfoUa 81

MespQiu nirea 84

ife«pi/u4 odoraia 70

J/wpiZui orali/oUa 70

Xf«spilus Phamcpyrum 80

MespUut popuU/olia 78

MetpxluM pruinoMa 79

MetpUuB prii neUifolia 70

Iffspiius pnni/fAia i 77

JdtspduM ptib^aceriM 77

Mrspiltu punetnta 80

MespUuM pyri/olia (Cratagna tomentoaa) 70

MespiluM pyri/olia (Cratejnia toroeDtona, rar, poncUta) 80

JfapiluM rotu ndi/olia (Cratscf^s coccioca) 77

Mftpitus rotundi/olia (Cratttgaa Crua-gallJ, var. pmnlfollft) 77

Metpilus aaiiei/i,lia 75

Mespiius tpathulata 81

Jlejrpiltu tili^r/oUa 78

MespUtu lurbinata 82

MespUuM viridia 78

^*spHu4 TTolaanuina

tMetpilut Wendlandii

McsqntC

Mesquit, Scrow-pod

Ifetopium Linruti

Moxicnn BaDADa

Moxi&in Mulberry

Mcxicnu PcrsimmoD

lliehauria $e$tHit

J/i>;)o«a biceps

21imnta /rondosa

ilimf^a glauea

Mimosa Guadalupensia

Mimosa latisiliqua

Mimoxa teueocephala

Mimosa rosea

Mimom rnguit-eati

Mimutojis disiecta

Minuisopa Sieberi

Mocker "Sat

Mock Orange

MoDtorey Cypress

Monterey Pine

MooHC Elm

Mooeewood

Morus Canadensit (Lamarck and Raflnceqne) ...

Moms microphylla ,

Mortal Missou rienttis

Morus parfi/olia (Moms micropbyUa)

Morus parvi/olia (Moma rubra)

Morvs reticulata

Morusriparia

Moms rubra

Morvs rubra, var. Canadensis

Moras rubra, var. xneisa

Morus rulfa, var. ttymentosa

Morusscahra

Morus tomentosa

Mo8sy-cup Oak

Mountain Aah (Pyrus Americana)

Mountain Ash (Pyma aambncifolia)

Mountain Ivaurcl

Mountain Magnolia

Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpns ledlfoliua) . . .

Mountain ilabngany (Cercocar|>uB parvifoUus) .

Mountain Moncbinool

Mountain Maple

Mountain Plum

Mountain "WTiite Oak

Mulbtrry, Mexican

Miilborn,-, Ked

Mygindapallcna

Mi/locarj/um liyustrinum

Myrica Califomica

Myrica Carolinensia

M\Tica ccrifcra

Myrica ceri/era humilis

Myrica ccri/era sempcrvircTis

Myrica eeri/era.vaT.anffusti/olia

Myrica ccri/era, var. arborescens

Myrica ccri/era, vat. laii/olia

Myrica ceri/era, var. media

Myrica ceri/era, vor. pumila

Myrica Pennsylvaniea

f Myrica Xalapensis

MviurACB^,

M YIWIX ACR^.

Myrrine /lorihunda

Myrrine Floridana

Myriiiuti Rapanca

MvilTACEiE

MyrtJ.-. lUuo

Myrtlr. Wax

MyrtuM axQlaris

MyrUu buati/oUa

Page.

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

233

Page.

llyrtun Chylraculia

lilyrlue dichotoma

Myrtxig VI oiiticola

ilyrtua Poireti

ifyrtus procera

IV.

Nakuil Wood (Culubrina reclinata)

Nrikcd Wood (Eugenia dichotoma)

Naauybony

Necklace Poplar

Xcctandra Bredcweieriana

Ncctandra "Willdenoviana

Negundium fraxini/olium

Negiindo accroidos

Negundo aceroides (Negnndo Califomioam) ..

Neguudo Californicura

Negundo Cali/omicum (Negundo aceroides)

Kegundo fraxinifoUuvi

Negundo lobaium

3 Negundo Mexicanum

Negundo tri/oliatum

Newcastle Thorn

Norway Pine

Nut, Bitter

Nut, Bull

Nut, Coffee

Nut. Illinois

Nut, King

Nut, Mocker

Nut, Pig

Nut Piuo (Finns cembroides)

Nut Pine (Pinna edulia)

Nut I'ine (Pinns Dionophylla)

Nut Piuo (Pinus Parryana)

Nut, Tallow

Nu tmog, California

Nut uii'g, II ickory

NYCTAfilNACE.*:

Nyesa aqualiea (Nyssa sylvatica)

Nyisa aqtiatica (Nyssa uniflora)

Kyssa angulisans

Nygaa anguloaa

Xyssa bijlora

Nyssa Canadctisis

Nysm candicans

Nyasa capitata

Nyssa capUata, vnr. grandidcntata

Nyssa Caroliniana

Nyssa cocci nca

Nyssa dcntictdata

Nyssa grandidentata

Nyssa inkgri/oUa

Nyssa muntana

Nyssa multijlora

Nyssa mnWfiora, var. sylvatica

Nyssa Ogecha

Nyssa palustris

Nyssa s\lvatioa

Nyssa tovicntosa (Nyasa capitata)

Nyssa tomcJitosa (Nysaa unidora)

Ny8.sa unitlora

Nyssa villosa

O.

Oak, lliutraurs

Oak, Basket

Oak, lilick (Qaercns Emoryi)

Oak, Black (Qucrcus KelloggU)

Oak, Black (Quorous rubra)

Oak, Black (Quercus tiuctorla) . . .'

Oak, Blue

Oak, Burr

Oak, Chestnut (Qnercus densidora)

Oak, Chestnut (Quercua piiuoides)

Tmgt.

1«»

I3»

IS*

14»

]«»

la^

Oak, Clicstnot (Qucrcus Prinns)

Oak, Chinquapin ,

Oak, Coast Live

Oak, Cow

Oak, Duck

Oak, Iron

Oak, Jack

Oak, Laurel (Qnercng imbricaria)

Oak, Laurel (Qnercus laurirdia)

Oak, Lire (Qucrcus chrysolepis)

Oak, Live (Quercus virens)

Oak, Live (Qnercus Wislizeni)

Oak, Maul

Oak, Moasy-cup

Oak, Mountain White

Oak, Overcup (Qucrcus lyrata)

Oak, Over-cup (Quercus niacrocarpa)

Oak, Poach (Quercns deusiflora)

Oak, Peach (Quercus Phellos)

Oak, Pin

Oak, Possum

Oak, Post

Oak. Puuk

Oak, Quercitron

Oak, Ked (Quercus faleata)

Oak, Ked (Quercus rubra)

Oak, Ked (Quercus rubra, rar. Texana)

Oak, Rock Chestnut

Oak, Scarlet

Oak, Scrub (Quercns Catesbsei)

Oak, Scrub (Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii)

Oak, Shingle

Oak, Spanish

Oak, Swamp Post

Oak, Swamp Spanish

O.ik, Swaiup White

Oak, Tanbark

Oak, Turkey

Oak, Upland Willow _

Oak, Valparaiso

Oak, Water (Quercns aquatica)

Oak. Water IQuercus palustris)

Oak, Water White

Oak, Weeping

Oak, White (Quercua alba)

Oak. White (Quercus Garryana)

Oak. White (Quercns grisoa)

Oak, White (Quercus lobata)

Oak, White (Quercns oblongifoUa)

Oak. Willow

Oak. Yellow (Quercus prinoides)

Oak, Yellow (Quercus tinctorial

Oak, Yellowbark

Obispo Pine

(Enocarptis regia

Ogeechee Lime

Ohio Buckeye

OLACI.VE.E

Old-tlehl Birch

Old-aeldPine 19T

Old Man's Beard US

dea Atncricana nj

OleaciuE 106-U»

Olive, California IW

OIneyaTesota **

Orange, Mock "*

Orange, Osage »i8

Orange, Wild (Prunus Caroliniana) JO

Orange, Wild (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hcrculis) 3*-

Orckidocarpiim arittinum 2S

Ori'gon Ash -■ m

Oregon Cedar 1^

Oregon Crab Apple ^

Oregon Pino -■*

Orecdaphnt Cttl\/om\ea 12*

140-

)5»-

l>34

FOREST TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Pase.

OnedaiaoleTactal -'8

OT«odoxA rrjn» "*®

Oxagt- Orange '-*

Uamuiikuii Amrricasiu '|'

Ottryd Virjiiiiana JM

l>sliyt VireiDic* '^

Ottiya Virginita, rmr. f^iuluiou 1*8

Orfrya Vir^'nifo, var. glandt»la$a 1^

Over-tnp Oak (Qacrcns Iytat») HO

Orer-<opOak (Qacreusmafiwarpa) l*'

Oiydfoilruin arboreom 9*

P.

Fad>u eatfiUginta ''''

Padu* demitm ^

Padu4 ttrolina **

Tadia Viryiniana - **

Palm. Fanlraf 217

Palm. Koyal 218

Palma argenUa 218

Pauiackje 217,218

Palmetto. Cabbage 217

Patmi-tto. Silk'top 217

Palmetto. Silver-top 218

Pulu Blanco 120

PJo Vetde 60

Pjpaw 23

Paper Birch lOO

Paradise Tree 32

Parkiuflonia acnleata CO

ParkiDAuDia microphylla 60

Parkinaonia Torreyana 00

Paroley Haw St

7'ajonio dentijlora 155

J'avin Cali/umiea *13

f raria earnea 42

Pacia dUtdor 43

Pariafiara 43

Paria glabra 42

Paria hytrrida 43

J-orio luUa 43

J'ono ntgUrla 43

Paria pallida 42

f Paria Watsoniana 42

Peai'h Oak iQnercaa deaaiflora) 155

PiacbOak (Qacrcun Phelloa) 154

Pearb. Wild 70

Pear Haw 79

PccJD 132

Pecan. Bitter , 130

l*i'PI>eridge 92

Pepperwood 30

Ptrtta Jtortcnia 118

Penw-a CarulinenaU 118

Prrua Carolinetuit, var. glabriiueula 118

Pemca CarolinraaU, rar. paloatrla 110

Pcrica CarotinentiM, XK. pvbttcent 119

Vertta Calraf/iiana 119

I'crua Saua/rat. • 119

1'er.lmmon 104

Prmlmmon. BUrk 105

IVrwimman. XI»-xiran 105

Phmtrptmm a^eri/olium — 80

J'hirnojfyrum arboreaftiu 75

Phtm^fpfrrum Carotinianum 82

Phimtrp\frvm rifcrineum — 77

J'haenojnjruin rortlalum 80

Phimfipyrtfin fUipticujn 82

Phtm'jiim'Tn j/tjpuli/t4ium 78

Pkfmoptfrvm pruinotum 70

Phnmfqr)frum rpathulatum 81

Phfmopj/rum tubtiUotvm 78

Phenwj'j/rvm Yirginicum 82

fPftOTuipyrum ririds 78

Pfuxnopj/rum WeiuUandii 77

Page.

PhoHnia arbuli/otia 83

Photinia tatici/olia 83

Picca alba 204

Pie<aainabHi$ (.\biea nmabilis) 213

PiVea amabilit (.\blcs subalpina) 211

Pieta baltamea 211

Picta baltamea, var. lonffi/olia 211

Pieen btfolia 211

Pieea bracleala 213

t Piaa Cali/ornica 208

Pi«eo Canadmtit 200

Pi'cea eatruUa 204

Pieea concolor 212

Picfa coiicolor, vnr. violaeea 212

Picta DougUuii 209

Picca EngclmnDDi 205

I'icea Frateri (Abies balaaniea) 211

Pieea Frateri (Abies Fraacri) 210

Pieea glauea 204

Pieea grandin (Abies concolor) 232

Pieea grandie (Abies grandis) 212

Pieea laxa 204

Pitfeo Loviana 212

Pieea magnifica 214

Pieea Jfemiefii (Pieea pnogonn) 205

Pieea Memietii (Pieea Sitcbensis) 20C

Pica nigra 202

Ptc<a nigra, vav.glauea 204

Pieea n igia .var. rubra 203

Pieea nobilit 214

Pieea piingena 205

Pieea ntbra 203

Pieea Sitcbcnsia 206

Pieleringia panieulata 100

Pigeon Cberry 60

Pigeon Plum 11"

Pigeon wood 117

Pig Nut »

Pitoeerevt Engelmanni f'

Pin Cherry 00

Pin Oak 152

Pinckncya pnbena 95

Pineknepa pubeteent *5

Pino. Bastard 202

Pino. Bisbop-B 2»0

Pino, Black (Pinns Jeffrcyi) 1»3

Pine. Black (Pinns Murrayana) 195

Pine, Bull (Pinns Jeffireyi) 193

Pine. Bull (IMuus niitis) 200

Pino, Bull (Pinus ponduroga) 193

Pine. Bull (Pinus Sabiniaoa) IW

Pino. Cedar 201

Pino. Digger 105

Pine. Foxtail 1»1

Pine. Georgia 202

Pine, Ginger "0

Pine, Gray 2*1

Pine, Uard 202

Pine. Hickory (Pinna Balfonrlana, var. arUtata) 1"!

Pine, Hickory (Pinus pnugons) 199

Pine, Jersey 1"

Pino, Knob-cone l""

Pine, I.oblolly "^

Pino, Lodgo-polo 1*5

Pine, Lung-leaved 202

Pine, Meailow 202

Pine, Monterey ""O

Pine, Norway 102

Pine, Nut (Pinns cembroidca) '00

Pine, Xut (Pinns ednlis) - I0«

Pine, Nut (Pinus monopbylU) '00

Pine, Nut (Pinna Parryaiu) '*•

Pine, Obispo 200

Pine, Old-flold ^^

Pine, Oregon 209

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

235

Page.

I'iue. Pitch 108

Piiie, Pniid 198

Pino. Prince's 201

I'ine, Ked 192

Pino. Rosemary 197

Pine, Sand 109

Pino, Sci-ub (Pinus Bankfliana) 201

Pine, Sci-ub (Pinus clnusa) 199

l*ine, Scrub (Pinus contorta) 194

Pine, Scrub (Pinus inopa) 199

I'iuo, Shortleaved 200

Pine, Slash 202

Pine. Southern 202

Pine, Spruce (Pinus clausa) 199

Pino, Spruce (Pinus glabra) 201

Pine, Spruce (Pinus mitis) 200

Pine, Spruce (Pinus Murrayana) ^ 195

Pine, Stigar 188

Pine, Swainp 202

Pine, Table-mountain 199

Pine, "VWymouth 187

I'ine, AVhito (Pinus Oesilis) 188

Pine, White {Pinus glabra) 201

Pino, Whito (Pinus monticola) 187

Pino, White (Pinus rollosa) l.SO

Pine, Whito (Pinus Strobus) 187

l*ine, Yellow (Pinus Arizonica) 10*2

Pino, Yrllow (Pinus mitia) 200

Pino, Yellow (Pinoe palustris) 202

Pino, Yellow (Pinug ponderoaa) 193

1' iuou {Pinus odulis) 190

I'ifion (Pinus mouophylla) 190

IM&ou (Pinus Parryaua) 189

J'imtg Abi4-8 Americana 206

nn us Abies BaUamea 211

JPinns A hies Canadensis 202

Pinna adunca 106

JHmis alba 204

Pinus albicauUa 189

JPinus ainabilis (Abies amabilis) 213

Pinuit amabilis (Abies magnitaca) 214

Pinus amabilis (Abies snbalpina) 211

Pinus A mericana (Picea nigra) 203

Pimis Americana (Tsuga Canadensis) 206

Pinus Americana rubra 202

Pimts aristata Uil

Pinus Arizonica 192

Pimts a ustralis 201

Pinna liallouriana 191

Pi7ius lialj'ouriana (PinuM Balfouriana, var. aristata) 191

Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristMa 191

Pinu^ balsam^a 210

Pinus baUamea, var. Fraseri 210

Finns Banksiana 201

Pinus Tianksiana (Pinns contorta) 104

JN'niw Ben rdsleyi 193

l*inus lientlianiiana 193

IHnus Bolanderi iQ\

Pimts Boursieri 194

Pinus brachyptera 193

Pinns bracteata 213

/ Pinus Calijomica { Pinus insi^is) 196

JSmis Cali/ornica (Pinus tuboroulata) 196

Pijius Canadensis (Picea alba) 204

JPinu*' Canadensis (Tanga CanadenaiB) 206

Pinus Canadensis (Tsuga Mertonsiana) 207

I'inua eenihroidfS 190

PintLs cem broides ( Pinus albicaulis) 189

Pinus cctnlrroides ( Pinus odulis) 190

Pinns Ohihuahuana ^.. 194

Pinus clausa I99

JSnus commutata 205

Pinus coneolor 212

Pinus contorta IJM

pinus contorta (Pinna marioata) 199

Page.

Pinus contorta (Pinaa Marrayana) i^

Pinus contorta, var. lioUinderi ]J^

Pinus contorta, var. latifolxa 154

Pinua Conlteri 195

Pinus Craigana igi;!

Pinua Cubensia 202

Pinus Cubensis, var. terthrocarpa 202

Pinus dffitxa jflj

Pinus Dott^lasii 209

Pinus Vouglatii, var. hrevibracteata 209

Pintis cehinata 200

Pinus Edgariana 199

Pinus cdulis i^

Pinus Elliotiii 202

Pinus Engelmanni (Picea Engelmanni) 205

Pinus Engelmanni (Pinus pondflrosa) iflS

Pinus llexilia ifeg

Pinus JtexUis (Pinus albicaulis) igg

pinus fiexilis, var. albicaulis ]S9

Pinus fiexilis, var. macrocarpa 188

Pinus fiexilis, var. refiexa 1^

Ptnus fiexilis, var. serrulata 188

Pinus Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210

Pinus Fraseri (Pinua rigida) 197

Pinus Ftemontiana , lOO

Pinus /utilis 190

Pinus glabra 200

Pinus grandis (Abiea amabilis) 213

Pinus grandis (Abies coneolor) 212

Pinus grandis (Abies ^andis) 212

Pinus Orozelieri 187

Pin us Hudsonica 201

Pinus inopa 198

Pinus inops (Pinus contorta) 194

Pinus inops (Pinua Murrayana) IM

Pinus ino2>s, var. (Pinus muricata) 199

Pimts inops, var. clausa 199

Pinus insignia 196

Pinus insignis macrocarpa 196

Pinus insignis, var. binata 196

Pinus intermedia 215

Pinus Jeflft'eyi 19n

Pinus Lanibertiana ISS

Pinus Lambertiana^ var. (Finns fiexilis) 158

Pinus Lambertiana, var. brev\fol\a 188

PintiS laricina 215

Pinus Laricio, var. resinosa 191

Pinus Larix 216

Pinxis Larix alba 215

Pinus Larix nigra 215

Pinus Larix rttbra 215

Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies coneolor) 212

f IHmts lasiocarpa (Abiea snbalpina) 211

Pinus Llaveana {Pinua cembroides) 190

Pimts Llaveana (Pinua Parryana) 189

Pimts Loddigesii 197

JSnus lophosj}erma 192

Pinus Lowiana 212

Pinus Lyalli 21f

Pinus Mariana 202

Pinus macrocarpa 195

Pinus macrophyllaf - 193

i "t M us Menziesii 206

Pinus Menzietii, var. ctujhj 206

Hmts Mertensiana 207

Pinus tnierocarpa 215

Piuus Witts 200

I\nus m itis, var. pa upera 2i»0

Pinns monophyllu 190

Pinus nionticola 1^

Pinus niurioatA 199

Pinus muricata (Pioos contorta) IM

Pinua Murraynna ;. 1^

Pinus nigra 202

ISnusnobiUt. 'I*

L3G

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

P«gc. ',|

7Snii< .VuttaJiili 210 j

Pinut otirotperma 190 1

riouK palostri* ; 201 I

riniu Parryana 1*9 I

/NiiH« i*arryana (rino* pondcnsa) 103

riniu ratloniana (Ttaga MrrtensUnal 208

Finuj ratloniana (Tsugn P»ttonUa») 208

Pinuj p<ndida 215

Pinuft pouJtTOfui 102

rinuM pondrrota, rar. Bentkamiana 103

Piniu pcndmta. T*r. Jtfrtyi 193

/N'niupcfidfrora, rar. aeopiftorvm 193

Vinn* y*.'rykyTQCarya 167

PiDQB puDj^ena 109

Pinut radiata lOO

Tinas rrflrxa - 189

Pioaa rv-ftinosa 101

Vituu rriinota (Pinus poDileroga) 103

PlnosrisiJa 197

Pinus ri'jidaf (Pinus insigDts) IFO

Pinusrigida (Pinus milis) 2CD

Pinus riffida, var. serotina 198

Piuus rubra (Picca nigra) 203

Pinus rubra (Pious rcsinosa) 191

Pinus rubra, rar. violaeea 204

Pinus rupfslris 201

Pinus S.ibiniana 195

Pinus Sabiniana CouUeri 195

Pinus Sabiniana maeroC4Xrpa 195

I'ious serotina 198

Pinus Shasta If 9

Pinus Sindairii 196

Pinus SiUhemit 200

f Pinus %\ux\K a (Abies subalpina) 211

Pinus Strobos 1S7

Pintfj Strobus, var. alba 1S7

/*iniu Utrobus, var. brtri/olia 1^7

JSnus Strof/us, var. eompressa 187

Pinus Strubus, var. moTitieola 187

J'inus Strobus, var. nirta 187

Ptnus tyUfilris, var. divaricate 201

Pious Twila 197

Pinus Trtda. \ar. o 1P7

/"iniij TiKla. var. aloptcurvidea 198

I'inus Torda, var. htterophyUa 202

Pinus Tada, var. rigida 107

Pinus Ttcda. var. tenui/ulia 197

Pinui Tttda, v.ir. rariabilit 200

I'inus Trrda. var. rir^niono 198

I'inus taxi/olia .^ . 2i 9

Pin^u tetrogtma 201

Pinus Torr.-.vana 192

Pinus lub«rr.nIaU 190

I'inus tubtrculata (Plooa insignia) 108

I'inus rarialiUis 200

I'inus vrnusta 213

Pinus Virffiniana 108

Pinus Virrfiniana. var. eehinata 20O

Piscidia Carthagtn»nsit 67

PividiaErvthrina 57

Pix.nlaacult^-ila 117

PIsr.nIa obtsaaU 117

Pislacla Mvxicana M

Piuli Pino 198

Pitl,sr;VMum/urf,x G«

Pithf^'Aobium Guadalupentit 04

Pit/ttrotobiujn microphytlum 04

Pitliecr>lubiani Uo^^uia-catl 04

Planira a<iunllca 124

Planrra Omttini 124

Planrra Uiehardi 124

Planrra ulmi/iAi/l 124

Plataxacex 129, 130

Platanus Calfforniea , 120

Platanus hybridat 129

Page.

Plabinut I<>6a(a 120

Platanus Mexicana (Platouus racemoea) 120

Platanus Mrxicana (Plataous Wrightii) 130

Platanus ucciilentalia 129

Platanus occideiUalis (Plataous raccmoea) 120

PUtanus ru-ouiosa 120

Phjtanus racemosa (Platanus Wrij;htii) 130

Platanus vulgaris, vnr. an^uto«a 129

Platanus WrightU 130

Plum , ('anatia G5

Pluui, Chickasaw GO

Plum, Cocoa 65

Plum, Darling 39

Plum, Downward 103

Plum, Gopher 91

Plcini, Guiana 121

Plum, Hoa iPruuus nuKustifolia) 60

Plum, Uog (ItbuBMetopium) 54

Plum, Uog (Ximenia Americana) 34

Plum, Horse 65

Plum, Muuotaiu 34

Plum, Pigeou 117

Plum, SaOron 103

Plum, Wild 05-

Poison Elder 54

Poison Sumach ^

Poisonwood (Khus Mctopium) 54

Poisouwood (Sebasliauia lucida) 121

POLVCOXACEvE 117,118

Pohjgonum uvi/era 118

Poud Apple 23

Pond Pine 108

Poplar 172

Poplar, Carolina 175

Poplar, Necklace 175

Poplar, Yellow 22

Populus acladesca 173

Pvpuliig anfjulata 17^

I'opulus anguloia "''

Populus anf;uHtifolia 1^*

Popu'us anjusti/otia (Populns trichocarps) 174

Populiu argentea "2

Populus A thenimais '71

Populus balsumifera ■'3

Populus halsami/era (Popnlus trichocarpa) 174

Populus balsawl/era lanccolala 173

Populus hnUamifera, var 1"^

Popvlui baUami/era. xar anguttifolia '74

Populus balsam i/era, var. t Califomica 174

Populi's lmla.amifera,rar. candicans '"3

Populus bnhuwifera, var jenuino 173

Populus Canaden«i> (Populus balsamifera, »ar. candicans) 173

Poputm Canadensis (Populus monilifcra) '75

populus Canadtnsis, var. angutli/olia '"*

Populus candieatu '"'

P(rpulus eordi/olia '"2

/populus dclloide "*

Populus Krcmonlii "*

Populus rrcuionlii, rar. Wislircnl "*

Populus glandtUosa '"

Populus Krandideutata ""

Populus grandidsniata, var, ptndula '''2

Populus lieloroph.vlIa '"

Populus IteUrophylla (Populus balsamifera, tor. candicans) '"3

Pnpulus hclero]ihi/lla, vnr. argenUa "2

Populus Itrrigala (I'opulus luonilifera, Aitan, tie.) '7''

Populus larigata (Populus monillfeni, Uort.) '75

Populus laiijolia '"

Populus LindUyana '"

Populiu mocriiphylla (Populus balsamifera, var. caodicaoa) '73

I'oimlus maerophylla (Populns monilifcra) '7''

Populus Marylandiea "

Populus uionilifera ' '*

Populus mrmiUfcra (Populus Fremontll) ''"

Populus monUi/ira (Populus Fremontll, rar. Wislizenl) '7*

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

237

Page.

Pop ulus negUeta

Popidus Ontariermi

Pojuihift Tacamahaca

Popxdus trf.muli/ormis

Popiilus frcniuloidoe

Popuhts trepida

Popiil na f richocarpa

PopuluJt trichocarpa, y&T. eupulata

Populut viminea

Populua Yirginiana

Porcdia trUoha.

Pork wood

Porlitra an gnsti folia

Port Orford Cedar

Possum Oak

Post Cedar

Post Oak

Post Oak, Swamp

Prickly Ash (Xanthoiylnm Americannm)

Piirkly Ash (Xanthoiylura Clara-IIercQlis)

Prince's Pine

Prinos deciduua

Pritchardia filamentota

Privpt

Progopis Em oryi

Prosopu glandulosa

Prosopis Juliflora

Profiopit odorata (Prosopis .1 alifiiora)

Prosopis odorata (Prosopis pubeecens)

Prosopis pubescens

Prnnns Americana

PruDus Americana, var. mollis

Primus angiistifolia

Prunus boreali^

Prunus Canadensis

Prxtnus CapoUin

Pruuus Capnli

Prtinu^ Carolina

PnmusCaroliniana

Prtmus cartUaginea

pTttnus Chicasa

Prunufl demissa

Prnnua emarginata

l*runus emarginat a, var. mollis

Prtinus hiemalis (Prunus Americana)

Prunua hicmalis (Prnnna Americana, var. mollis)

PnuHis ilicifolia

Prunns insititia

f Pninns lanceolata

Pnmus Lusitanica

Prun>is Mississippi ...'.

Prunus 7»oI/i> (Prunus Americana, lar. mollis) ...

Prtinus mollis (Prunus omarginata, var. mollis)

Prtmus nigra

Prunus Pemisylvanica

f Pntnvs persic{folia

Prunus pumila

Pntnus scmpcrvirens

PiunusRprotina

Pru n us serrati/olia

Prunus spl'.ttrocarpa

Pru7ius spinosa

Ptunusumbellata

Prunus Virginiaua

Pruttus rtrpiriuina (Prunus serotiDa)

Prunus Virginiana, var. demissa

Psfudaeacia odorata

Pseudopetalon glandulostnn

Pteudopetalon tricaryium

Pscudotfluga Dou>;lasii

:Paou(lotsuga Dun^lasii, rar roacrocnrpa

Pteudi)tKuga magn ifica

Pireitdotstiga nobilis

iPsidium Guaiva

Pace.

Pt£liamcUit 91

Ptelia trifoliata SI

Ptclia trifoliata, par. moUiB SI

Ptelia xfitici/oUa 31

Punk Oak 152

Porplw Haw M

Pyroa Americana 73

Pyrus Americana (Pyma aambacifoUa) 74

Pi, rus A niericana, var. microcarpa 74

Pyrus an;n>9tif('Iia 7S

P;/rus aucuparia (Pyms Americana) 73

Pyrtts aucuparia (P>TtL8 aambacifoUa) 74

J'yrus Bartramiana 84

Pfjrus Botryapium. B4

Pyrus coronaria 7,'

Pyrus coronaria (Pyma augaetifolia) 7'-'

Pyrus corfrnaria, var. aitguttifolia 7?

Pynis diversifolxa 7n

Pyrus ftmca 73

P;;rus glandulosa 77

Pyrus microcarpa 74

Pyrus oralis ho

Pyrus ri\Tilaria 7^

Pyrus sambucifolia 74

Pyrtis svbcordata 73

Pyrtts '^angenheimiana 84

Quaking Asp 171

Quassia dioiea 32

Quassia Simarvba 32

Quoj-cilrou Oak 141>

Qaercus acutidens 155

Quercus aeutiglatidis 146

Qtiorcns a:.;rifolia 146

Qi'crcus agrtfolia, var./nticseens 147

Quercus alba 137

Quercus alba minor 139

Qtterctis alba palustris 141

Qucrct^s alba, var. / (runnisonii 139

Quercus atba, var. microcarpa 13T

Qtterctis alba, var. pinnatijida 137

Querctts alba, vnr. pinnatijido-sinuata 137

Quercus aiba, var. repanda 137

Querctts alba. var. sinuata 137

Quercus ambigua 147

Qtierctts annttlata 14."

Qncivu!* aqnatica i'*2

? Quercus a*]uatiea (Quercas nigTA) 15<*

Quercus aquatica, v&r.attenuata 132

Qtwrcus aquotlea, var. euneata l'»2

Quercus aquatica. var. eiongata 152

Quercus aquatica^ var. heterophyUa 153

Quercus aquatica, var. hybrida 152

Quercus aqtiatica, var. indicita 151

Qugrcus aquatica, var. lauryfulia 152

QutMvus aqnatira, rtrr. myrtlfuUa 1^

QuiTcns B;inisteri - J55

Qneivus berberidifuUii 155

Quercus bicolur **»

Querctts bievlor, var. MicAauxii '41

Querctts bieolor. var. mollis 141

.* Quercus fci"(M>/«»r, vnr. platanotdeii 141

Quercus llrewcri 155

Qtereus Cati/ortHca 145

Quercujt Cas'auea (Quercus prinoidos) 142

Qtteretts dttfanea (Quorcns Prinus) l^

QuorvusCatosba-i, I5t

Quercus Chi'tquapin 143

Q;i>Tout» cbrysol. pis M<

Quercus ehrysolepin, var. raccin\/olia 1W

Qaorcu* clnoi^i 153

Qiivivua cint-nM, rar. pumila — l-**-^

QiU'ivuaciuerea, Mr. sork•^ft 1^

QMcrt-r!* coccima 145

Qtterftts ct'ecinea,v:\v. ambig^ia : ■ H'

238

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

l^H^mis coeHnea, TUT. microcarpa

^iMTVui cKKcinea, rar. m^ra

Qmgmu coceinnt, rmr. tinctoria

Qmereus c<n\fert\folia

QuereuM crturipoeula

Quercus eutuata

Qiureug decipien*

Qavrcas densiflorm

^tumu difcolor

i^u£reu$ di»eolor. v«r. triloba

QnercnA Donf;UAit

QmereuM Dovgtatii, t&t. Gambclii

Quercus Douglatii, y^r. tyc<ei

fQuercuM Drummondii

Qucrcus dtiroosa

QafiTcns dunioea, par. bnllatA

QaercuB Durandii

QuercuM eeh inac^a

^w^rcu' echinoidts

i^uerciu €longata

Qacrcss EiDorji

rQiurcus £mor^ iQaercy nodulata, rar. Gambclii) .

Qoercoa falcata

fi^uercus/aUata,\ttT.Ludor%eiana

i/uemu /a leata, vn.T. pagodc^olia

torrent /alcala, VAT. triloba

Quereus /ttlrt^ctTkt

Quercut OambeUi

Qacmu Guryaiu

QacrCQB Gei>rgiana

Qncrciu j;ri«ea

i^vtrctufuutata

(^uercuM hemitpKarica

Quereu4 heTi%i*phcrriea,\a.T. nana

Querrud beUropby Ila

QxuTCUM Sindsii

Quereus KumilU

Qoorcuit hyjioleuca

QoercuB ilicifuliA

Quercus imbricaria

^usreut JaeoOi

QaercQS Eelloggil

f QwtrcvM leerU

Qurrcas biurifolia

i^uercvt laur\folia hyVrida

Quereus lauri/olia, var. acuta

Qttrrcu* tauri/ol'a, Tar. obtusa

QiU'icuN lobaU

Qurirns lubata, rar. fruticosa

QiureuM UAmlata

Qaerctu Itmgiiflanda

Qurrcus lyrato

Qacrcua luacmrarpa

QuereuB maerocarpa, rar. ahbreriata

ifuereua maerocarpa, var. minor

Qiterma %naeroearf,a, var. olicaformiM

<^\4rTtu* Marytandiea

<j:nr(U« Micbaiixii

i^urreui ui'jntana

o 'frri.4 M^rfhvM

V»i^rcuj ^nhUnhersU

(/nvrcu^ mjTtifoIia

i^nereu* nana

t^uercva Xtai -

Qiierruii nij^ra

(^itcrfua n!-?nj •Q<i'>irin aqnAtlca) .'

^"' ' • iM tinctoria)

V- '^

<?" . 'J

Qutrru* nigra integri/oiia

t/vrreu^ nigra trijtda

Oi/rrrus nigra, var. (Qnrrcoa beteropbyUa)

t,'urrcu» niijru. Tar, latifolia

(^n.ir.i«olt!nn;rifolifl

/ \tutrevk obtcngi/€>lia

Pace. II 1^1 j:o.

148 Qvercut ohlong'/olia, var. brevilobata 143

H7 Ij Qiiercuf obtuta 152

149 I Quercus obtuti/olia, var. t breviloba 145

154 j \ Qtiercus obttieiloba 13S

14C 1 1 Qucrcus obtufitvba, var. dcpre4sa 140

159 jl Qtierctjs obtiuiloba, vaT. parvi/olia 13&

144 1 1 Qttcretts (Erstediana i;iS

151 1 1 Querent oUoides 145

149 I ; Qitcrcut oUra/ormix 140

151 I QitercuK rtxt/admia 140

143 Qiiorcus paluRtris 151

139 1 1 Qncrcit$ paliutris (Quercns rubra, rar. Texnna) 148

138 Qtiercus parvifolia 130

139 ' QoorcuB Pbollos 154

155 '! Qucrats PheUof angusti/olia 154

155 ' Qucreus Phellos X eoccirua ■ 153

Quereug J'hetlos lati/olia 154

QuLTcns Phollofl pumila 155

Querctis PhcUogX tinctoria 153

Qucrcus I kcUo», vnr. (Quercns betcrophyllrt) 153

Qurrcus Phellos, oar. areniiria 155

Quereug Phetlos, var. cinerea 153

Quercus Phellos, xar. humHis 154

Qucrcttg Phetlog, var. imbricaria 154

Qucrcus Phellos, var. lauri folia 162

Querctut Phellog, vaT. gempervireru 145

Quorcu» Phetlos, rar. scriooa 155

Quereug Phellog, var. viridit 154

QuorcuB prinoidos 142

QuercuB Prinns H2

Querats Prinus /3. (Qiicrcua ciDerea) 153

Qtterctuf Prinua (Qncrcus Micbauxii) I'll

Quereug Prinus Chinqttajnn 143

Quercus Prinus humilis 142

Quereug Prinus patustris 141

I Quvrcus Prinus platanoides 141

Quereus Prinus pumila 142

Qucrcus Prin us tomeniosa 14 1

Quercus Prinus, var. acuminata 142

Quercus Prinus, xaT.bicolor 141

Quercus Prinus, var. discolor 1-*I

Qucrcus Prinus, var. lata l-*-

Quercug Prinus, var. J/iVAaiuni HI

Quereug Prinus, var. monticola 142

Qutrcus Prinus, var. oblongata HS

Quercus Prinua, var. prinoidee 143

QiieicuH pnmil.\ 155

Qucrcus pungens 14*

Quereus Jtatisotni 1^18

Qucrcua rcliruhita H4

f Quercus reticulata, var. Greggii M*

Qucrcus retusa H''

QuercuH nil.m 147

Qucrcus rubra p. (Quercus coccinca) 1-*H

Quereus ruljra (QmruUH Ki-llogeii) 14D

Quereus rubra (Qucrcus tluctorio) M'J

Quercus rubra maxima 1*7"

(/ucrctis rubra montana !'»**

Quercus rubra ramogiggima !•''

Qucrcus rubra, var. dissecta I*''

Qucrcus rubra var. lati/olia ""

Qucrcus rubra, var, montana ^1*

Qucrcus rubra, var. runeinaia ^1*

QuufcuR rubra, rar. Toiana. ^-IH

Qucrcus San-Hftbeana H'*

Quereug gempervirens 1' ^

Qui reus scrieea ^''■'

f Quereus Shu niardii - '^^

/ Quercus si nuata '. '•''

Qucrcus Sonomensis '40

Qitereus spieata "*

Quereus stcllata '**'^

f/vercjs strUata, var. dtpressa '40

•Qierciisafellata, var. Fhridana '•"*

QuereuMSteUata, var. Vtaheiun* '-'^

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

2^9

Qucrcua Texana

Quorcus t inctoi ia

Qaerais tinctoria, var. anguloga

Quercus tinctoria, var. Cali/omiea

Quercus tincforia, var. einuosa

Quercus triloba

/ QitercKS uliginosa

Qucrcua undulaUi

Quercus undulata (Qucrcua Durandii).

Quercus uiidulnta, var. Gambelii

Quercus undulata, var. grisca

Quercus u7Hlulata, vnr. obto7igata

Qiicrctis undulata. vq.t. pungens

Quercus undulata, var. JVrighiii

<,hiercu8 vaccinifolia

' Quercus vehitina

Quercus v Ulosa

Quercus virens

(>uercu8 Yirginiana

ijuorous WisUzeui

Jiandia clueicefolia

Kaiyanea Gvyanensis .

Rattle-box

Red Ash

lied Bay

Kcd Birch

Red Cedar (Juniiierua Yirginiana) .

Red Cedar {Thuya gigantca)

Red Cherry, Wild

Red Cypress

Red Elm

Red
Red
Rod
Rod
Red
Rod
Rod
Red
Red
Rod
Rod
Rod
Rod

Fir (Abies magnifica)..

Fir (Abies nobilis)

Fir (Paeudotstfga Douglasii) .
Gum..

Haw (Cratrogua coccinea)

nuw (Cratmgns flava, var. pnbescens)

Iron wood

ilaplo

Mulberry

Oak (Qnerens falcata)

Oak (Quercus rubra)

Oak (Quercus rubra, var. Texana) .
Pino

Rod Stopper

Redbud (Ccreia Canadonais).
Rodlmd (Cercis ronifomiia)..
Redwood

Rovnoaia latifolia 39

t Hhamindium revolutum 39

Rhamnace.k 39_42

Ifhamnus alni/olius 41

RbamnuB Caiitornica 40

Uhamuus Californiea, var. tomentella 41

Khamnus Caroliuiana 40

Rhammtg ellijJticus 41

AVi am nus ferrea , 39

' lihavm us l(€i'igattt8 39

. hamuus lauri/vliits 40

l-hamuus ot€\r'olius 40

Khanmus Purahiana 41

Jttianinua tomentcUus 41

Wiizophora A mericana 86

lUiiziiphora Man^fle BO

lihizophora racemosa 80

RuizorHOUACE^ 86,87

Rhododi'udron maximum 99

Itfiododendron maximum, var. album 99

lihododcudron maximum, v&v. purpureum- 99

litiododcndron 7nainmum, \iir. roseum ■ 99

Iihudodeyidron proccrum 99

lihododcndron purpureum 00

likododendron l^urshii 99

Jihus arburescrm 33

lihut Canadente

Rhus copnlliDa

Rhus eiipallina, var. anffustialata . .
fJihus copallina, yar.angu«(i/olia.
Rhus copallina, var. integn'/idia . . .

Rhus copnlliua, var. luDCcolata

? JthtiH copallina, var. latialata ...

? lihvs copallina, var. lati/olia

Rhus copallina, var. lencantba

t Jthua copallina, var. terrata

Rhus cotiuoidcs

Rhus cotinusf

Rhus glabra

Rhus hypselodendron,

Rhus leucantha

RhusMetopium

Rhus Toxicodendron

Kbns typhina

Rhus tt/phina,TaT. laeiniata

Rfius typhina, var. viridijlora

Rhus veneuata ,

Rhus vernix

Rhus viridijlora ,

River Birch ,

River Cottonwood

Robinia fragilis

Robinia gluiinosa

Robinia Xco-AIesicana ,

Robinia Pseudacacia

Robinia viscosa ,

Rock Chestnut Oak

Rock Elm ,

Rock Maple

Rosacea

Page.

48
64-85

Rose Bay

Rosemary Pine

Royal Palm

RtniiACF.^

Rum Cherry

RUTACK^ 20-3^

99

J97

218

95.96

68

8.

Sabal Palmetto .
SaflfronPlum ...
Saguaro

Salicace^ IftS-n.s

Salix f

fSalix ambigua

Salix amy gdaloides

Saliz argophyUa

Salix ar.juta

Salix argula, var. lasiandra

Salix Bigflovii

Salix Bigelovii^ var. fuseicr

t Salix brachycarpa

Salix brachyntachys

Salix brachifstachys, var. Seouleriana

Salix Caroliniana

Salix ehlorophyUa, var. peUita

Salix oonlata

Salix eordata, VAT. faleata

Siilix cortlata, rar. veatita

Salix erasita

Salix euneata

Salix discolor

S.;lix discolor, rar. orioccphala ,

Salix discolor, rar. prinoides

Salix eriocephala

Salix exigua

Salix falcata

Saiix FendUriana

Siilix flaroscona ■.

Salix ^ai'fscrns (Salix tlavoscons, rar. Scouleriaoa).

Salix lluvosrcus, rar Scoiilvriaun

Salix Jlavo-vit ens

Salix Jluviatahs

240

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

P»gei

SalLr nart»*gi "*

Saiix Uindriana l**

Satii BiHdtiatia,-nT.ttnmVotia A '69

Salii Hojinanniaita *"

S.ait HookrriaM '^^

Sali^ UouMioniana '"^

SalixliiimUu.x»r. BarUtgi '"'

S«Jii Ixvi;nita ^^

SsUx U'ViipiU, ror. angnstifoluk '^

SalU la-visata, ror. congesta "^

SalU lanci/olia "^

Sllii la«anatu 1*^

Sali\ lasiauilra. tar. FrDdlrrimo* J**^

Salix laaiaudra, rar. UncifoliA 1*^

S«Us Uniolepw "*

Salij latuAepit. var. iiiiiriu(</'oIia 1"

Saiix la.ii>J»jii.i. var. ZJijfJorii l''"

JSoiii la.i,..>^i>. var./nHai 1'"

J^oiir latioUpU, var. Iaf\/o^ia ^"^

&iJii V.jutlrina JOo

SaUx l..ngirolja 1C8

A'litj lunyi/olia, v»r. a'uiu (unma '^

&tlK lou^folia, rar. ars>-rophyU» ^68

&>(iz lonji/oUa, var. arnyrofkyUa angvrtinima I<i8

Saiiz Uinj'/otia, rar. argyrophyUa opaea ^^^

Salii litupfolia, ror. cxigaa 1*8

£iiUx loiyjifiAia. v»r. opaca 1*8

&iliz Itin^i/olui. Tar ptdiaUata '68

Satix lonjipet l*!*

JIaUz longifnt. mr. pubeuem W

£a<tx luciifd, var. ttngutti/olia, forma lanandra 16"

Salixlueida, var. raacropAyllo 16'

Saiix martfiiiata 166

tSalis mft^nri,$i4 166

Salii nigra 165

Saiix nigra, vur. amygdaloidtt 166

.Salix nigra, VAT. an^utti/olia 166

Saiir nigra, vAT./alcata 16o

*iiir ni;(ro. var. laf./oifa 16«

SeUix nigra, VAT tongi/olia 166

Salix ni,-ra. rar loncipcs 166

Haliz nigra, vor. hmgipet. sobvar. gongylocarpa 166

Salix nigra. Tar. longipa, sabTar. ttnvloia 166

Sa!U nigr:!, rar. mar;:iiiata 166

Salii nigra, ror. WardU 166

Salix nigra, rarWrigbtii 166

Salil oci identalia 166

Saluc peniandra 165

Jializ ptntandra, var. caudala 167

Salil prinoidta 169

Salii PurtUiarM 165

ISalLXrubra I«8

ftalLX .*icoultrianA 170

Balix rentitira 169

Salix ««.llifo)ia 168

Siliia.MUifoUa.rar. niodalan* 169

Bala teMtU^Uia^vmr, viUowa 168

SjUx SilcbeiuU 171

Sillt Siicbroalu, rar. angnatifuUa 171

Saistp*fio»a ... 167

/latix rftbrilhia 1*6

Satix WrigUtii 166

Samara Jt.rihunda 99

A«-"dra ptntandra 99

SaittbueuM Cali/omiea 93

S.4inbncnii ^laura 93

Sambueut gtauea i.Sainbocaa Mextcana) 93

.•(umbnrnaMoliraoa 93

fSambveut iltxicana (Sambacoa glaaca) 93

Samb-ueut velutina 93

SwdJack 153

Sand PIna 199

Stand b«r Willow 168

SAnsDAntJ! 42-61

Snpindut acuminata 44

Page.

Sapindu* Drummondi 44

Sapindut faUatut 44

tSapindut imnjvalit 41

S.ipiDdn8 marginatns 44

Sapinilim Saponarin 45

Sapindut Haponaria (Sapindua marginatos) 44

Sapotace* 100-103

Sareampkalu* Carolinianui 40

Sasaafraa 120

Sa&3afnu officinale 119

S.itinwood 31

Savin (Junipenia Virginiana) 183

Savin (Torre.va taxifolia) 186

Scarlet Haw (Ci-atffigus coccinea) 78

Scarlet Haw (Crat«gua eubviUosa) 78

Scarlet Oak 148

Selictffrria buxi/olia 39

Scharjtena compUta 39

Scbefferia f ratcacons 39

Seh<rfferia la teri flora 120

SchotiMbcta commulala 87

Schulwrtia disticha 183

Schubertia aempervirent 185

Sciew Bean 62

Screw. poll Mcsqait 62

Scnib Oak (Quercns Catusbsi) 151

Scrtib Oak (QucrcuD nndulata, var, Gambelii) 139

Scrub Pine (Piuut) Bauksiiuia) 201

Scrub Pino (Pinna clanaa) 199

Scrub Pino (Pinus contort*) 194

ScnibPino (Pinus inops) 199

Scutia /errea (Couilalia ferrea) 39

Scutia/trrea (R«ynosia latifoUa) 39

Sea Ash 30

Sea Grape

Seaside Aider

Sebastianin lacida

Sebettena scabra

Seqnoia gigantca

Sequoia gigantea (Sequoia semperrlrvna)

J Sequoia liafinetqxtei

Sequoia rdigiota

Seiiuoia seroporvirona

Sequoia Wellingtonia

Service Tree

ScTon-year Apple

SbadBa^b

Shag-bark Hickory

She Balaam -

Shecpberry

Sbellbark, Big

ShoU'bark, Bottem

ShcU'bark Hickory

Shingle Oak

Shltt iinwooil (Bumella lanuginooa)

Shiltiniwood ( Rliamnnn Punhiana)

Short-leaved Pino

Shrubby Trefoil

Sideroxylon Carolinenre

Siderorylon ehryKophyUoidet

Sideroxylon cunealum

Sideroxylon decandrum

Siderox'./Um lanuginontm

Sitlrrojylon Itrve

Sideroxylon tyeioides

Sideroxylon Mantlcbodendron ■

Sideroxylon pattiiluin

Sideroxylon rf-eiinatum

Sideroxylon eaiici/oliuin

Sideroxylon eerv-ewn

Sideroxylon lenax ( Uunielia lanuginoaa)

Sideroxylon tenax (Bnmella tenox)

SUiquaiirum cordatum

Sllktop Palmetto

Bllky Willow

118

113

185

133

102

200

10:1

1(12

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

24]

Pago.

iilvor-boll Troo (Ualoola dlptora)

SilviT-boll Troo (IlalcBia tetraptcra)

iSUvur ila[)lo

■iilvcr-lop Palmetto

,^iinarubu amara —

Siinarulia f^lauca...

Siwuruha medicinalis

SlMAllUIlKiE

Mitka Cyprcsa

Slash Pino

Klippory Klni (Fromontia Califomica)

Slippery Elm (Dlinus fulva)

Sloo

Sloe, lilack

Small-fruited Haw

Smooth Alder

Snow-drop Tree (Halcaia diptera)

Snowdrop Tree ( Ualoaia tctraptora)

Soapberry {Sapindui* -iarginatus)

Soapbrrry (Sapindut Saponaria)

Soft ^laple (Acer dasycarpnm)

Soft Maple (Acer rubriim)

Sophora aflinia

Sophora aecnnditlora

Sophora speciosa

Sorbtis yUnericana

Sorbus Americana, vm: viicrocarpa

Sorbus aucxiparia (Pyrua Americana)

Sorbus aucuparia (Pyrus aambucifolia)

Sorbvs auciiparia, var. a. (Pyrua Americana, var. microcarpa) .

Sorbus aucuparia, var. ^. (Pyrua aambucifolia)

Sorbus aucuparia, var. Americana

Sorbus huniifusa

Sorbus microcarpa

Sorbus riparia

Sorbus sambuci/olia

Sorbus SitchenHs

Sorrel Tree

Sour Gum

Sour Tupelo

Sonrwond ,

Southern Buckthorn

Soullicrn Crab Apple ,

Sout hciu Pine

Spauiah Bayonet (Yncca baccata)

Spaniah Bayonet (Yucca canalictilata)

Spanish Bayonet (Yucca data) ,

Spauiah Buckeye

Spaniah Oak

Spanish Oak, Swamp

Sponiab Stopper

Speckled A Idor ,

Spice Tree

Spiud le Troo

Spiraa Califomica

Spoiuiwood

Spruce. Black

Spruce, Bine ,

Spruce Pine (Pinua clanaa)

Spruce I'ine (Pinua glabra)

Spruce Pine (Pinua mitia)

Spruce IMno (Pinna Murrayana)

S|irucc, Tide-land

Spruce, White (Picoft alba) ,

Spruce, White (Picca Euiielmanni)

Spruce, White (Picea puDgena)

StasBuah

St4ij;luirn Sunmch

Star-leaved Gum

Stkuciii,iack,k ,

Stinkinj; Cedar (Torreya Califomica)

Stinking Cedar (Torrcyn taxifolia)

Stopper ( Eugenia lougipoa)

Stopper (Eugenia montioola)

Stopper, Gurgeon

10 Fon

Page-
stopper. Rod SB

St«ppor, Spaniah gg

Stopper, White gt

Striped Dogwood 44

Striped Maplo 44

Stromhocarpa odorata fl2

Strombocarpa pubescent 82

Strong Bark 114

Styphnolobium ajflne S8

Styracace.* 105,106

Sugarberry 12^

Sugar Maplo 4«

Sugar Maple, Black 4a

Sugar Pino ]gg

Sugar Tree 4g

Sumach, Coral 54

Sumach, Dwarf 53

Sumach, Poiaon 54

Sumach, Staghorn 53

Summer Haw (Crata-gns flava) 83

Summer Uaw (Crata?ga8 flava, var. pabeacena) 83

Suwarrow j go

Swamp Cottonwood ,. 272

Swamp niikory (Carya amara) 135

.Swamp Ilickory (Carya aquatica) 136

Swamp Laurel 20

Swamp Maple SO

Swamp Pine 202

Swamp Po.atOak 140

Swamp Spaniah Oak 152

Swamp White Oak 141

Sweet B.-iy 20

Sweet Birch 162

Sweet Buckeye 43

Sweet Gum 86

Sweet Leaf 105

Sweet Locuat 59

Sweet-acented Crab 72

Swietenia Mahogoni 33

Sioietenia Scuerialmaig 33

Switch bud TTicknry 134

Sycamore (Platanua occidentalis) 129

Sycamore (Platanua raceraoaa) 129

Sycamore (Platanua Wrightii) 130

Symplocoa tinctoria 105

T.

Table-mountain Pine 199

Tacamahao 173

Tallowborry 28

Tallow Nut S4

Tamarack (Laris Americana) 215

Tamarack (Larisoccidentalia) 216

Tamarack (Pinua Mtin-ayana) 195

Tamarind, Wild 64

TanbarkOak 155

Tan Bay 45

Taxoriu apecies (Scqaoia semperrireDe) 1S5

Taxodium odscendem 1S3

Taxodium diatichum lO

Taxodiuin distlchum/attij/iatum 18S

Taxodium distirhuvi, var. microphyllutn 183

Tajeodium distichum. var. nutans 1S3

Taxodium distichum.vAr.palens 183

I'luodiiim .';i'^aiir«iiiii 184

Taxodium microphylium 183

Taxodium sempervirens 185

Taxodium ll'<UiAiiif;/oni<in«m 184

rnxii«(<afc<i(o(T»xu8brevifolla) 185

Torus bticaita., var. Canthistisis 185

Taxue Ilourxitrii 18S

Tftxua brevifolia 185

Taxus Canadensis 18S

Taxna Floridana 186

Taxus Liiulli-yana 185

Taxus montana 186

242

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Page.

«=TnT>TTVCrJB 25,26

. >/omiea 120

Tbr Jwfaom

Tbom.DUck

Tborn, Cockitpar

Tbuni. Newcastle

Thorn. >>VaiibiD;:tOQ ...

Tliorti. White

Thre«»-!h«mt!j Acacia .

TLiriuax urgeutea

Tkrinajc liarOeri

T).ni.:*t pRi-pirtoT*

IL^-.ii jijaiiUa (Libocedms decarrens).

Tkuya L<Abii

77iu.vd ^enziesii

Thvya Uttusa

Thuya m-cideDtalia

Thutta I'cctdentallg, vat. pUcata

77iuy<i idi.rata

Thvia j'Ueatti

Thuya aOjin'ca

Tkuyft tphaeroidalit

Thuya ttphaeroiiiea

Thvya irarvana

Tfvv^rri^t-.r,rraVs

Thyiajc /raxiJitum

Tidp-Uod Sprnce

TtHaalha

T ilia Americana

TiUa Aiit^ricana (T!lia Americana, var. pabeecens).

Tilia Atnrricatui, var. hetrrophyOa

Tilia Americana, rar. pa1>e«cena

Tilia Atiierieana, var. Walleri

Tilia Canadensis

Tilia CarvUniana

r»7»a glabra

Ttlin tjrala

Tilia bt^tt-mphvlla

Tilia heUrophylia, var. aWa

Tilia lati/fAia

Tilia laxijVffa (Tilia Americana, rar. pube8C«n6) ...

Tilia laxtfiora (Tilia hcteropbyUa)

T-i^n-nnUr^fi

var. lepUfphyUa .

i i\i\a Mttrv/petala .
Tilia truneata

TlLtACE^

Tili

Tollon

Ttxithai br Tn^ iXantboxylum Americannm) ...
TfMtbarbc Trf« (Xantboxytiim Clava-IIorcuUa) .

Torch wuod -

Tomllla

Tor«<-yt 'Vnfomlca.,

T'^jjfi'fi* Madura.
Toynn

Trrfoil. Shrubby

Triloptu dentata

TrUopus niffta

TrilfiptiM parri/olia . . .
TriUipuM rotundi folia .
TrilfrpiiM Tirffiniana .
Tauga Canadensis . . .

Pate.

Tflnpa Caniliniuna

Ttutja OougUufii

Tsiiaa LindUyana

Tmtpi Mirtcusiuua

Tttugu Pattouiuua

ISilipastrum Amtricanum.

Talipajttrui

Tulipi/era Liriodendron.

Tulip Tntj

Tupelo

TupoloGiun ,

Tupi'lo. Lurjeu

Tupelo, Sour ,

Turkey Oak

, var. sttbeordatum.

V.

Ulmusaliita ]

Ulmtisalba ]

Clnius Aniericann ]

I'lmus Americana (Ulmus racemosa) ]

rimus Americana, var. alata 1

Ulmit* Americana, var. alba 1

tlmus Americana, var. taspera ]

VlmHS Americana, var. Bartramii ]

r?mu« Americana, var.penduZa 1

tlmuii Americana, var. rubra J

tlmus Americana, var. seabra ]

C7m«* aquaixca !

Uluiu.H ci-Asnifolia ]

/ XTlmus cri*pa

Ulmus Floridana

Ulmus fiilva

rimuK moVi^foUa

t Uhnug nemoralis

TTlmus opaea - —

Vlmus pendida

Ulmvit pube«cena

Ulmvs pumikt

Ulmui} racvmosa

Ulmus rubra

TTmbellulariaCalLfomica

Umbnlla Tree

Untjnadia hfptaphyUa

Ungnadia heterophylla

Unguadin spcriosa

Upbind Willow Oak

Urostvjma peduneuiatum

rnxiCACE^ 122-

Uvaria triloba

Vacciuiura arboroum

Vacciniitin diffusum

Vaccinium mucronatum

Valparaiso Oak

Vmiquelinia corymboaa

Tiiuipiolinia Torreyl

Yekuksace^ 116.

Vihunmm Lentago %

Viburnum prunifollum

Viburnum prunifotium, var. /errugineum

Vihumujn pi/ri/oliuin

Vfn.'Maplo...

Virgiiia lutea

Virfjilia Bceundijtora

W.

I WafiT A(»h

i Walimi (Euuuyriiua atrnpurpurouH).

I Walioo (Tilia heterophylla)

\ Wahoo (TTlniaii alata).

Wallia eintrea

yVallia nigra

Wahiut

Walnut. iJlui:k

Walnut. White

WaHhiDgtnnhi HMrora

Wasliiogton Thorn

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

243

Page.

Water Ash

WiitiT Beech (Carpinns Carolmiana)

WHtt-T Kopoh (Platanus occidentaliH)

■Water Elm

WaU<r Uickory

WattM- Locust.

Water Mapio

Water Oak (Quercns aqnatica)

Water Oak (Querous palustris)

Water White Oak

Wax Myrtle

WeejiingOak

TVcUinfftonia Oali/omica

WAliiiijImiia gujantea

WcHl.-ni (;:italpa

WetiUniliali Birch

Weymouth Pine

Whistlewood

White Ash

Whit<» Basswood

White Bay

White Birch (Betulaalba, var. popnlifolia) ...

White Birch (Botula papyrifera) ,

While Buttouwood

White Cedar (CharacBcyparis LawsoniaDa) ■ . .

White Cedar (Chamaecyparie sph^roidea)

White Cedar (Lihocedrua decurrens)

White Cedar (Thuya occideutalis)

White Cottonwood

White Cypress

White Elm (Ulmua Americana)

White Elm (Uhuus racemosa)

White Fir (Abies concolor)

Wliito Fir (Abies grandis)

White Ironwood

White Laurel

White Mangrove

White Maple

White Oak (Quercns alba)

White Oak (Quercns Garryana)

Wliite Oak (Quercns griaea)

White Oak (Qiiercus lobata)

White Oak (Quercns ohlongifolia)

White Oak. Monntain

White Oak. Swamp

White Oak, Water

White Pine (Pinna flesilie)

White Pino (Finns plabra)

While Pine (Pinna monticola)

White Pino (Piiuis reflexa)

White Pine (Pinna Strohus)

White Sprnoe (Picea alba)

White Spruce (Picea Engelmanni)

White Spruce (Picea pun^ena)

White Stopper

While Thorn

White Walnut

White.heart Uickory ...J

Whitewoo(l(Canellaalba1.

Whitewood (Drypotes crocea)

Whitjiwood (Liriodendrou Tulipifera)

Wild Black Cherry

Wild CheiTy (Prunus Capiili)

WihUMierry (Prunns demisaa)

Wild China

Wild Cinnamon

Wild Dilly

Wild Fig

Wild Lime (Xanthoxylum Ptcrota)

Wil.l Lime (Ximenia Americana)

Wild Orange (Prunus Oaroliniana)

Wild Orange (Xanthoxylom Clava-Horcnlia) .

WiM Pcnch

Wild Plum

Wild lied Cherry

Willi Tamarind

willow (Salix amygdaloldiM) IM

Willow (Sallx la.-vigala) 187

Willow (Sallx hwiandra) let

Willow (Salix laaiolepls) 171

Willow, Black (Salix flaTe«c«DS, «ar, SconlerlAna) I70

Willow, Black (SaUx nlgr*) |M

Willow, Desert m

Willow, Diamond 170

Willow. GlaucuQS iqq

WillowOak ]S4

Willow Oak. Upland ja

Willow, Sandbar leg

AVillow, Silky 171

Winged Elm 124

WinlfTa Canelta 24

Witch Haiel 65

X.

Xanthoxylum Americanom 29

Xanthoxlyum aromatieum 30

Xautbttxyluni Caribasum , 30

XanthoTt/lum Carolinianum 30

XaiUh'txyluTn Catevbianum 30

Xanlbo.v.\lum Clavallercnlia 30

Santhorylmn Clava-TIrreuiU (Xantboxylam Americaitiuxi) 20

Xanthoxylum Olava-nerculit (Xanthoxylam Caribeom) 30

Xantlioxylum Clava-IIerculit, var 30

Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercalis, var. fmticosiim 30

Xanthoxylum Floridanum 30

Xanthnzylum fraxineum 29

Xanthorylum /razini/olium (Xanthoxylum Americanam) 20

Xanthonjlum fraxini/olium (XaDthoxylom Clara-Henmlia) 30

Xanthoxylum hirmitum 30

Xanthoxylum lanceolatttm 30

Xanthoxylum macrophyllum 3u

Xanthoxylum mite 29

Xanthoxylum Pterota Jl

Xanthi'xylutn ramillomm- ..j 29

Xanthoxylum friearpum iXanthoxy^nm Americannm) 29

Xantlioxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlia) 30

Ximenia Americana 34

Ximenia montana M

Ximenia muUiJtora 34

V.

Taupon M

Yellow Ash S7

Tellow-bark Oak 149

Yellow Birch 181

Yellow Cypress 178

Yellow Fir »>

Yellow Haw 83

Yellow Locust 55

Yellow Oak (Quercns prinoides) 143

Yellow Oak (Quercns tiuctoria) 149

YoUow Pine (Pinus Arizonioa) 192

Yellow Pino (Pinns mills) Soo

Yellow Pine (Pinus palustris) SOS

Yellow Pine (Pinns pondorosa) ]AJ

Yellow Poplar ' 22

Ycllowwood (Chidrastis tinctoria) 57

Yellowwood (Seha'fferia fVut«<scens) 39

Yew (Taxua bn-vifolia) ISA

Yew iTaxus Floridaua) Ijrt

Yopon 16

Yucca anffUAti/oUa, var. f^fd 219

Yucca an^usti/olia, var. radiota 319

Yncea biiccaln 219

Yucca brevil'olia 218

Yucca eanaliciilata US

Yucca Dracnnit. /\nr. arborrtcent 11*

Ynecaelata 219

Ytieca ^litamentosa t 219

Fhcco Treeuliana 218

Z.

Zizffphuf liominiytnsit 41

Zi*yphu» ctnaiyinatut 39

ZvooriivuL*CHji 38.29

i

PART II

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

i

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

A critical examination of the wood produced by the iiidifienons trees of Xorth America, exclusive of Mexico,
has been made in connection with the investigation of the forest wealth of the United States.

Jlr. S. r. Sharpies, special agent in charge of this department of the investigation, has had general direction
of such experiments, and suggested the methods adopted for their execution.

The object of this examination has been to determine, first, the fuel value of the woods of the United States;
second, the value as material for construction of the wood of the principal timber trees of the country. The
results thus obtained are highly suggestive; they must not, however, be considered conclusive, but rather valuable
as indicating what Hues of research should be followed in a more thorough study of this subject.

The fuel value has been obtained by a determination of the specific gravity and the ash of the absolutely dry
wood, supi>]eniented by a determination of the actual chemical composition of the wood of some of the most
important trees; the value of our woods for construction has been obtained by experiments made with the Unite«l
States testing machine at the Watertown arsenal. Each specimen as received was at once numbered, and this
number, designated in the following tables as "OflRce number", was carefully repeated on every fragment cut from
the original tree, and always refers to the same specimen. In a few cases itf the early jvart of the work a
sub-number was used to designate a specimen from another tree of the same species received from the same
collector. In most cases the specimens were taken from the butt-cut of the tree, and uidess it is otherwise
mentioned in the remarks, were free from sap and knots; they may be regarded as representing the best wood
that could be obtained from the tree.

The specimens used in the different series of experiments are deposited in the National JIuseum at Washington
and in the museum of the Arboretum of Harvard College. It was found necessary, in onler to secure iirojier
material ui)on which to carry out the various experiments, to obtain a much larger amount of wood of the different
species than was actually consumed in the experiments. This surplus material has been worked into l:i.t>Gl
museum sjiecimens, of convenient size, showing as far as possible the bark, sap-, and heart-wood of each species.
These have been made into sixty sets, more or less complete, and distributed to tlie following eilucational
institutions in the United States and Europe:

Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts.

United States Military Academy, \Yest Point, Ifew York.

Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, ^Maryland.

Shellield Scientific School, New Ilaven, Connecticut.

School of .Alines, Columbia College, New York, New York.

National School of Forestry, Nancy, France.

iAIuseum of Science and Art, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Agricultural Museum, Kome, Italy.

Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.

IJensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.

Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge. Massachusetts.

Iowa Agricultural College, Ames. lown.

Administration of National Forests. Lisbon, Portugal.

National Forest Administration, Paris, France.

McGill University, ^lontreal, (Canada.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, New South AVales.

State Agricultural College, Lansing, IMichigan.

248 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Peabody Academy of Seioiicc, Saleui, Massachusetts.

Arkansas Industrial University, Fayctteville. Arkansas.

Imi>erial Botanic Gartlens, St-Petersburj;, Russia.

American Society of Civil l-^ngineers. New York, New York.

Portland Society of Natural History, Portland, Maine.

New Jersey Agricultural College, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

State Agricultural College, Burlington, Vermont.

State Agricultural College, College Station, JIaryland.

Union College Engineering Scbool, Schenectady, New York.

Cornell University. Ithaca, New York.

Hampton Agricultural and Normal Institute, Hamj^tou, Virginia.

Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania.

Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Agricultural College of Jlissouri, Columbia, Missouri.

University of Wisconsin, Madison, AViscousin.

State Agricultural and Mechanical College, Auburn, Alabama.

University of Miuuesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

North Carolina Agricultural College, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.

State Agricultural College, Orono, Elaine.

Georgia Agricultural College, Athens, Georgia.

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts.

Tennessee Agricultural College, Knoxville, Tennessee.

New Hampshire College of Agriculture, Hanover, New Hampshire.

Dlinois Industrial University, Champaign, Illinois.

State Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon.

State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kansas.

Agricultural College of Mississippi, Starkville, Mississippi.

Kentucky Agricultural College, Lexington, Kentucky.

Claflin University, Orange\nlle, South Carolina.

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. I

Botanic Garden, Konigsberg, Germany. _

Engineer's office, Water- works, Boston, lyiassachnsetts.

Franklin Society, Providence, llhode Island.

Madison University, Hamilton, New Y'ork.

Rochester Universitj", Rochester, New Y'ork.

Colby Academy, New London, New Hampshire.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ASH.

The specific gravity and the ash of every tree of the United States have been determined (Table I) by Mi.
Sharjiles, with the exception of the following: Chmia flaca, once detected upon the keys of southern Florida but
not rediscovered ; Gordonia pubesccnit, a rare and local si)ecies discovered in the last century upon the banks ol the
Altaiiiaha river of Georgia and never rediscovered; I'istacia Mcxicana and Acacia JJcilaudicri, eciononn'cally
unimiMirtant species of the valley of (lie lower Rio Grande; Crataegus berheri/olia, a little known species of the
Re<l River valley; Cuprengm Macnahiana, a rare and local species of California of little economic importance) and
LarU- Lyallii, a rare and local species of the northern Rocky mountains.

At least two determinations of specific gravity have been made for each species studied, and, in the «fise of
woods of commercial imi>ortance, specimens were taken from many trees growing in widely dillereut parts of the
country, and under different conditions of soil and climate.

The si>eiiinens used for specific gravity det<'riiiinati<jns were made 100 millimeters long and about 35 millimeters
square, and were dried at 10(P centigrade until they ceased to lose weight. The specific gravity was then obtained
by mt-asurement with micrometer calipers and calculatiiiii from the weights of the blocks.

Two determinations of a.sh were made from each specimen studied by burning small, dried blocks in a muffle
furnace at a low temjierature.

An Hvcnigeof the sjM-cinc gravity and of the ash of all the 8i)ecimenH taken from the same tree was made, and
the average of these averages is given as the final result for the species ; equal weight is thus given to each tree in
the calculations without regard to the number of si)ecimenK re()re8euting it.

THE WOODS OF TlIK UNFIKD STATES. 2VJ

lu the following table tbe decs of the Uuited States are arranged in the order of the weight of the drj* wood;

Condalia fcrrea

Condalia obor ata

Ilhizopbora Mnuglo

Guaiucani snoctum

Vaiiqiiclinui Tonoyi

ED;;«'uia Innf^Ipcn

Piirliora nn<rustifolia

Sebnuliauia lucida

il imusops Siobori

Ct'tcoc;irpusletlifoliuB .

KoyuosJa latifulia

Olne^ a Tcsota

Amy lis ttylvatica

Gcnipa clnRi.-cfolia

SideroxyloD Mastichodcndron ..

QL'crt. us gi isea

CoDocarpiis erecta

Cani'lia alba

Sopbora sccuDdiflora

Coccoluba Floridana

IVunus ilicifolia .

Coccoloba uvifera

Uypclate paniculata

Qncrcua Darandii

QuiTcus virens

Qdtrcua reticulata

EuKonia procora

Qufrctia oblongi folia

Ac-aoia Wrigbtii

Cercocarpua parvifolius

Ktigcnia biixifului

Cbiy»oph\lluiu oHviforaio

Dryi»eles crocca, var. latifolia

Ilctcromelfs aibutifolia

Dipbolissalicifolia

ExoHtemiua Caribieuin

Qucrciia Emoryi

Li'ucaruaglauca

Dr^pctt-a ciocra ,

Xinit-nia Americana

Eiig<-iiia moDticola ,

AvicrDUiaaitida

Ilypvliito ti'iluliata

QiH'irurt rubra, par. Ti'xaua

ritbt'idlobiiim Uognis-cati

Mygiuda palU ds

XiiDiboxshim Caiibitnim

PruiniH Hpba'nx-arpa

Culyptniutbi'HCbytraculia

En;j» Ilia dichotoiua ,

QiuMcua Dougbi&ii ,

Eysi'iibttixllia orlliucarpa

i'idciilU Erytliiiiin

Vitban !;>1iim villoHiim

rmtius Cat nliuiaiin ,

Crata-gUH cocciiteti

Quoivna priuoidoa

Ardiaia riuLoriii;;ia

A< aria Cropcii

SopbmaaftUiis

Qui'ivuB cbrTHolepia

l)io8pyniH Ti'xana

QiM i-ciia uiiduUita, tar. GamboUi

Caryaalba

Sapiiidiia Suponnria

Queifua ubtuttiluba

Alyi-siuo Kapauoa

y

•r

93

£

^

S

&f?

t

£S

ti

s.

163

1. 80-.'O

1.1S90

159

1. 1C17

20

1. 1432

119

1. 1S74

2.';7

]. i:35

292

1. 1101

270

1.0905

244

1.0838

245

1. 0731

49

I. 0715

106

1.0602

1.11

1.0459

iW

1.031C

201

1.0109

243

1.0002

78

C.9900

204

0.0893

259

0.0&12

79

0. 9835

247

0. J803

284

0. 9035

182

0.9533

128

0.9S07

372

0. 9501

73

0.9479

liy

0. 9453

189

0.9441

109

0. 9392

271

0."93«5

137

0. 9300

135

0. 9360

41

0. 9340

2.14

0. 9326

233

0. 931C

102

0. 9310

122

0. 9203

216

0. 9235

135

0 9209

281

0.9196

258

0.9156

93

0. 0138

192

0. 9102

129

0. 9080

299

0. 9049

104

0.9048

91

0. 0002

240

0.8006

285

0.8U92

92

0.8983

3S1

0.8928

108

0.8740

165

0. 6734

260

0.8710

226

0. li68S

152

0. 8618

286

0. SOUS

251

0. 8002

181

0.8o!;0

160

0. 8309

131

0.8493

2:.3

0.84 60

256

0.8407

SO

0. f3?.'

2:.

0.8367

36

0.8367

252

0.«341

248

Gncttards elliptlca .
Viburnum pruDifulium .

I'li'lia trifoliuta

P>Tus ri\'ulari8

QiuTcns lymta

OtttryaVir^nica

QneicuB agiifolia

Carya tomcntosa

Carya porcina

Colubrina rcclinata

PruDus umbellata

Coruus florida

Sapiudus luarginatus

Osmaiithiia Anicrk-anns

Carya sulcata

liubiuia Tiacosa

Bouireria Uavanensia

Quercns Michauxii

Robinia Keo-Mcxicana

Carya myrieticffifurmis

Quercua hypolcuca

nelia cuneata

CratiPgua aubvilloea

Pinua serotina

IZhua Metopium

l)io8pyro8 Virginiana

Fnixintra Groggil

Prunua Capuli

Quercns Wislizeni

Anielancbior Canadensis

Cratajgua flava

Scbajiferia frutcscens

Madura anrantjaca

Morns micropbylla

Clirysobalanus Icaco

Crata-'gna rivolaria

Nectandra Willdcnoviana

CratSBgna flava, rar. pubescens

Qneroua laurifulia

Qnercua bicolor

Prosopiajulillora

Piaxinus Americana, rar. Toxensis .

Cratiegna toiuoutosa

Bitula Icula

ccininiu arboroura

Pioaopis pubescens

Carya aniara

Qui'rcua iiubricariA

Ccrcia rcuifomiis

Pinus Cubcnaia

Arbntna Toxana

A ndroiucda fcrrueiuea

Priuiw

ITInnianlata

CoiunaXHltallil

Quercns PUclioa

Quercua alba

Iluniolia lycicildes

Oxy^leuilruui at boronm

I'lal.Tiiusiipiifolia

Quercua Ciurryana

Quciuus muerocarp*

Purkinanuia nilcnipbylU ...

XaulboNv Uun Plcrula

Ilex decidua

Queixma lobata

Carya »qualicik

0.8337
0.R3.1;
O.S:!','.
0.831'
0. 8313
0.8284
0.8253
0.8218
0.6217
0.8208
0. 8202
0.81 .'■3
0. 8126
0.8111
0. 8108
0.60»t
0.8073
0.8039
0.8034
0.8016
0.8009
0. 79.W
0.7953
0.7942
0.7917
a 7906
0.7904
0.7879
a 7855
a 7838
0.7809

0.703;)
0. 7017

' Vibomont L<oU;;o

I ^ercns Catenbal . .

I Bnmflia IfniiT , i

I Crala'gun t-onlata

I Ccltia occidcDtalui :

I CaqMonn CaroUniaoA I

Swieteoia Mabogooi I

' Collin orcidenulla, rar. tetieaUU |

' llriCa-sioc '

I rimus racemosa <

Ulmns craasifolla

Qnercua aqiiatica

' Pninus .\mrnraDa

Crat»gua rms-galli

Praxinua qoadrangnUts

Carya olivitformia

Thrinax ar;;rntoa

KalmlA latifolia

Cr^ta-gna apathnlata —

Fremont ia Califomica ...

I.a>:uncularia racemosa . .

•Iuniprmaocctdentalia,rar.iDQDiiap«nBa

Fraxinus viridia

Cordia Scbe.-Ht«oa

Arbutus Xatapensis

Arbutn.s Meoiie»ii ..

Pyrua coronarift

Quercua tinctoria

Pinua palustria .........*..

Capparia Jamaicenaia

I rininafulra

PruDus dcraiaaa —

Crata?Kua DoaglaaU

•TacquiQia amiillarls

I Qiiervus palualris

I Oyniuorladns Cao*<leiwis

I Qurn-uafjltata

.Veer Siiccfaatinuro, Far. lugram

' -Veer aaccharlnuro

Junipems KvideDlaliM«r. caqjagao*

.\ rer (n^uidldmtatum

I Pyrus nnKuatifuU*

I Canotia buKicantlia .^

Prun;is,r. ;i\<tirolU

<>.T»t
0.739

0 -sx

C.7W7
0.7»8
0.7a
OlTTTS
O.TTTO

a7aB

aTS4S
0.7«4
0.7!15
a71M
0.71S4
«l7lM

tiTin
ai7isi

a714S

aTi]7
anig
a 7117

0.T168
0.7Mi
0 TOM

a7»4«

0. TtMS

a 7472

;.-•! 1

0. 74T0

o.74<.:

0. 74 -

0, 74 V

0. 74411

i.Hl

a74M

l.Vi

a7«i!

409

a 7444

61 1

a 7420

ISO

0. 7409

l!M 1

Ok 7407

39>

;.:,ylU ..
•Juemia denaitlur^ . . .
I'r.ixihus plalih iirfolla
Cratft'pia bmchvaeanih.)
Canlii HoiMieri ...
Cvtiili mreiiilrt.ira

i'oiuna allomi!)

-Vcrr * V
Bunuli

39 ' Kuonymus ativparporeaa .

«L6ns

atr«t

A.CMO

IV CO*

X fl8I0
iveTw
^6T>o

0 e-s4

ivsra

0 OHM

e ai«]
0 8.VilT
0.6:03

230

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

SpCCiM.

IW '

CrmUBi^iu KatiTsUs

J npUDf) mpeatriB

Ui'tala lutea

Bumi'Iia bniiginoBa

Fraxinas Americana

Qurrvns rubra

rarkiownia Tonvyanft

PU"»uia oblueata

UnibeUaUnaCalifoTiuca

Pinas cembroides

Ulnma Americana

('ril:pgtis arboreflc«D»

KhrvtirK'Uiptica

Qav-rroa Kelloggii

Persea Carolincnsis

Kliurtccitinoidei»

Qncrcus cinert-a

L\ flilomii !:i1iHiliqna

yirn-^ br^vifoUa

liDODsiB, var. palOBtria —

CbiuuaiiibuA Virginica

Cercla Caaadensift . ..

Ma^^oUa p^ndiflora

Nyaaa gjrWatica

Fr.rr -Tfora .icamiData

: :<laDa

,.' rioRa

Mcurbitina

i-raxiuna luinibiiriroUa

Rbodudebdrun niaximani

Jiiuipvrnif Califomtca

f'lulrafiti^t tinctoria.

( 'upn tuua macrocarpa

Fraxiniin iiubt-srcna

Clirtimln H^fiutrioa'

Larix Ainoricaon

AcfT mbruin

psrktnannia acolcata

: » , tar. Teitita

(J:<-uJuia rteia

r^titb nrcid<fDtiili«

Ari-r gbibnini

UhaniDua Caliramica

TlihUHX i.arrlllorB

XnDlhoxylnm Clara^UorculIji, var. fVu
tlcirimni.

lt«-lala [lapyrirera

)'>rup> aamb ml folia

Mqiiidaniltar Styradflaa

Chllopitia uHjEna

UomH rubra

Hymmlma lucicla

C;iAtanca pitmilii

Ilex DahooD. var. inyrtlfolia

JunipeniH i>arh3-phla*a

Pnioua Bufotiou

Ilexopaca

Pinna C'ltitorta

FrnxiniiM riridia, var. Kcrlandleriana .

n,ipp*mittn*" Miinrini'lla

Jtjnip«Tim <K;cidoDtaHfi

P*tnl,i ni::ra

tViiilA aliia. rar. populifolla ..,

tJenuutbua tb>miIonu

l-*raxinu<« Orfgana

|1

1
1

0.65«

187

0.6554

235

a6553

353

0.6544

47

0.6543

35G

0.6340

22

0. 6531

249

0. 63:9

188

0.6317

316

0.6512

374

0.6506

288

0.6491

357

0.6440

76

0.6433

336

0.6429

45

0.6425

60

0.6420

363

0.6418

120

0.63(18

370

O.G39t!

357

0.6391

313

0.6388

161

0.6372

814

0. 6363

310

0.6360

59

0.6356

180

0.6345

5

0. 6.14U

373

0.6332

!■.«

0.6319

227

0.6318

71

0.6303

65

0.6282

362

0.6278

155

0.6261

71

0.6251

389

0.6240

405

0. 62:i6

391

0.0178

.371

0.0116

345

0.0115

150

0. 61U4

317

0.0069

23

0.6034

10

0.6030

217

0.6028

300

0.6000

2

0.5091

105

0.5067

7

0.5at5

52

0.5928

313

O.SMM

370

0.5002

375

0.6808

310

0.5888

339

0.68*7

.•|2."

0.6873

00

0.6820

2.-«

0. 5822

339

0.6818

362

0.681S

3118

0. .'.7*0

;)68

0.5772

335

0. .57C.-.

306

0.B762

m

0.6760

301

Species.

Baleeiadiptera

PlntaniiA nrcidentalia

Pinns Par ryaua

RhaniDUrt PiirahiAna

PJLUs nioDopbvlla

! Xnntbuxyhim Amoricannm

I Myrica corifora

i Halcsia tctnptera

j Salix InsioU'pis

Pious clausa —

Castauopsi:) chrysophylla

Pimi9 Falfotiriana, car. anstata

, Dalca ftpinoflu

Juoipi-ntH Californicn, car. Utahunais.

BbnniuuR Caioliuiana

' AtMT inUnim, rar. DruntniODdii

Piuiifl Chibiiabtiaua

' Pyrua Americana

PinuaTo-'da

Pinns Uulfouriana

Salix flavearena, var, Scoulerlana

Pinckueya pubi-ns

Salix llookenana

Satix lonpfolia, var. exigna

Acer Bpicatuni

Symplocna tinctoria

Magnolia macropbylla

Pinus innps

Acer Pi-nnsy 1 vanicnm

Planeraaquatiea

Rbiia ciijiallina

Act- r dasycarpum

I'inim Ji-ffrryi

Nyesa nnillora

Khus copallina, var. lanceolata

Tsn^a Mcrtensiana

\VnHbin;:tonia fllifera

Par'Utlotsiiga DouglasU

Pinus rigida

Torroya taxifolia

Sanibncns ^laaca

Salix SitcbonHis

Xantlioxyimn Clava-HercuUa

Annna binri folia

SasHn frail odii-inalo

PiouH Arizonica

Magnolia glauca

Pninus Pcnnnylvanica

Magnolia Krasori

Alnus nitirilima

.JCscitluH Ciilifomica

ftallx llave»i:cn»

Pinunmnricata

Plnnn pungens

Salix b.ni^ifolia

JnnipL'i UH Virginiana

PopuIii«Fromon»ll

Arcr macropbylluni

Plntaniia raccmoHa

PiuuaTnneyana

PinnH nflexa

.Kiitix Ifcvigula

PfiitiH rt'ntuoiui

CupieiuiUH Guadnlupooala

Pinus Sabiniana

Xr'giintio Caliromlcnm

a

0.5705
0.5G78
0.5675
0. 5672
0. 5C58
0. 5G54
0. 5037
0. 5628
0. 5587
0. 5570

Spocica.

Pinaa Banksiar^

Torroya Califoraica...

Salix lasiandra

Ficns pcdnnculata . . .

Platanus Wrijrbtii

OordoniaLnsiantbns .

PinuH pouilerosa

Abit'8 niaguitica ,

3 , Magnolia aci;

nata .

Aln

inbr

Ilex U;.Imh.d

CliamaM-jparin Nutkai-nsta .

0.5402

157

0. 5459

153

0.54.-.7

305

0.5451

809

0.5441

382

0.5434

368

0.5412

391

0.533O

0. 5350

399

0. 5342

309

0.5330

340

0.6325

50

0.5309

17

0.5309

290

0. 6299

107

0.5294

307

0. 5273

6-

0. .WOil

206

0. 5200

411

0. 5194

300

0.5184

390

0.51t2

404

0. 5173

311

0.5157

72

0. 5151

350

0. .M45

70

0.5087

67

0. 5072

380

0. .loss

388

0. 50.33

61

0.6042

312

0.6038

18

0. 5035

887

0.5023

8

0. .WOS

308

0.491HI

.•H2

0.4980

207

0.4909

351

0. 4942

821

0.4935

4

0. 4030

28

0. 4926

367

0.4914

302

0. 4909

305

0.4880

320

0. 4870

238

0.4877

17

0.4872

383

0. 48.34

318

0.4813

326

0.48tO

303

0. 4821

n

0.4813

378

0.4800

322

0. 4782

348

CupresatiB Goveniana

A Inns sornilata

Popiilus grandideutata

Populiis Fremontii. rar. WisUzenii . . .

Cbaiua^cyparie Lawsoniana

Sambucus Moxicana

Nyssa rapitati

Aluus iucana

Salix laaiandra, rar. Fendleriana

Picoa nigra

Pinns insignis

Psendotauga Donglaaii, rar. macro-
carpa.

Abica uobilis

Salix laaiandra, var. lancifulia

Taxodiuni diatichum

.Xnculua glabra

' Tilia Americana

I Casianea vulgaris, var, Americana

Pninna cniarginata

I Salix aniygdiiloides

Magnolia Umbrella

Catiilpa bignonioides

Yucca data

Salix nigra

Tsiiga Pattoniana

Sabal Palmetto

Salix flcssilifolia

Rhus venenata

Pinus flexilia

Rhus typUina

Xegundo accroidea

Picea Sitchonsia

Tsuga Caroliniana

^Honlufl flava.

Salix diHcolor

Tilia hoterophylla

Tanga Canadonsia

Llriodcndrun TuUpifera

Abiea nmabilis

S4M)iioia aempervirens

Catalpa spociosa

Pinna nlbicaulis

PopuliiH b.ilaamifora. ror. candicans

Magnolia curdata

Siniariiba glauca

Pinus CouKcrl

AInuB rhombifolia

Pinna Murrayana

Populus betoropbylla

Jnghina cinerca

Ttlla Aiiiorlcana, var. pubcsccns

Picea alba

PopuluH tromuUddcs

Liboct'druH decurrons

AlnuH obloiigifolia

Asimlna triloba

Pinns glabra

Populus angustifolia

PlMUB monticola

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

2.')!

Spec

i

324 I Populus monilifera 0.3839

347: Pinns Sti-Dbus 0. 38r.4

0.3819
0. 3814
0. 3790
0. 3740

393 Abies baLianiea

323 I PopuIuH Irichocarpa

328 Thuya giganlea

385 I Picpa piiDgcns

410 } Tncca bnvifolia ,..j 0.3737

849 ! Pinus Lambertiana 0.3684

396

SpecicB.

Abies concolor 0. 3638 i 329 Cbamecyparis aphsralde* I 0.

SpecitA.

1.
II

Popnlus balsamifera | 0.36.33

Abies Fraseri I 0.3505

Abies ffrandis ! 0.3545 I

Frasinus platycarpa 0.3541

Pinus taberculata 0.3499

Abies subalpina | 0.3476

384 ! Picea EDgelmaniii 0.3449

I I

149 Ccreus gigantcus ...
S'.T Thuya occiilcntalis .
20 I Bursera gummifera .
341 ' Sequoia gigaotea ...
412 ' Yucca baccata

ann
aiiM

CMOS

o.aan

a2724
229 ' Ficuaanrea ! a2«l«

It will be noticed that all species in which the wood is heavier than water belong to the semi-tropical region

of rioridii or to the arid Mexican and interior Pacific regions. There seems to be a certain, but by no means constant
relatioij, a.s shown in this tabic, between aridity of climate and the wcij^lit of the wood ]>roduced by closely allieu
species or by individuals of the same species. The wood of the form of Querciis rubra peculiar to western Texas is
nearly 39 per cent, heavier than tlie average of all the specimens of the typical speci es grown in the northern
states. Among the white oaks the wood of species belonging to regions of little rainfall, Querai-s yrisea, oblongi/olia,
Durandii, and Dougkmi, is heavier tiian that of allied species peculiar to regions more favorable for the growth of
trees. The average of two specimens of Quercus prinokles grown in western Texas is 19 per cent, heavier than
the average of all the other specimens of this species grown in other parts of the country. In Fraxinxis, the wood
of P. Grcfigii of the Eio Grande valley is heavier than that of any other species; it only just surpasses in weight,
however, the wood of the western Texas form of F. Americana, which is 20 per cent, heavier than the average of
all specimens of the typical species grown north of Texas. On the other hand, the wood of Texas forms of Fraxinus
viridis is constantly lighter than that of northern specimens, and the wood of Celtis grown in Arizona is lighter
than that of the average of all the other specimens of this species. In Jugluns, the heaviest wood is that of J. rupestris,
a species l)elongiiig to a region of little rainfall, and a specimen of J. nigra from western Texas is 33 per cent.
heavier than the average of all specimens grown in the ]Mississipi)i basin. In the case of Platanus, the heaviest
wood is that of the Atlantic species, but wood of the species peculiar to the comparatively moist climate of
southwestern Arizona is, however, considerably lighter than that of the drier climate of southern California.

FUEL VALUE.

The relative fuel values are obtained by deducting the percentage of ash from the specific gravity, and are
based on the hypothesis that the real value of the combustible material in all woods is the same.

A number of analyses was also made of the wood of several of the principal trees of the United States (Table
U) and their absolute fuel value calculated. Mr. Sharpies describes the methods adopted by him to obtain these
results, as follows :

Tlie carbon aiul hydrogen dctevminations were made by the ordinary processes of organic analysis, by bnrning the wood in a current
of oxygen. The njoistnre was deterniinid by drying the wood at 100° centigrade until its weight became sensibly constant. The
calculations were then made on the dry wood. The results contain a slight constant error, arising IVoui the fact that the nitrogi-n in the
wood was not determined. This error is, however, very slight, the nitrogen, which is included in the iiercentage of oxygen, rarely
amoiiuting, in any wood, to one ]>er cent. The column headed " Hydrogen combined with oxygi'U "', is louud by dividing tlie amount in
the cohinui hi-a<Ud "Oxygen" by eight, and represents the hydrogen that may Vie considered as alreaily combined with oxygen in the form
of water, and is therefore useless for fuel. The fuel value per kilogram is found by multii>lying the percentage of carlmn by f.tv-H), and
that of excess of hydrogen by :!4,4G2 (these being the values obtained l)y Favre and SMcmtan), adding these together and deducting fr.mi
the sum the product of the total hydrogeu multiplied by 4,(-3;J, which represents the heat required to evaporate the water produced by
burning the- hydiogen. The constants used above represent the number of kilograms of water raised one degree centigrade, by burning
one kilogram of carbon or hydrogeu. The fuel value per cubic decimeter is found by uuiltiplying the value per kilogram by the 8i>ecilic
gravity. It need hardly bo said that this fuel value is rarely attained in practice, and that it is never utilized. Then.« an- t.w many
sources of loss; the calculation supposes that the combustion is perfect, that no smoke is given otl', ami that the heat of the pnxiucts of
combustion, with the exception of (hat necessary to convert the water into vapor, is all utilized.

It appears from I\lr. Shai'idcs' experiments that resinous woods give upward of 12 per cent, more heat fnmi
equal weights burned than nonrcsinoiis woods; the heat produced by burning a kilogram of dry nonresiiunts
wood being about 4,000 units, while the heat produceil by burning a kilogram of dry resinous wood is about 4..")00
units, a unit being the (piantity of heat requireil to rai.se 1 kilograui of water 1 degree centigrade.

Count Uumford first i)ropouinled the theory that the value of equal weights of wood for fuel was the same
without reterence to specific distiuetions; that is, that a pound of wood, whatever the variety, would always
produce t!ic same amount of heat (Count Rinnford\i Worlx, Uoston, 1ST3. vol. ii). :Maivus lUill. e.xperimenting
in 1820 upon the fuel value of diflerent woods {Trans. Am. I'ltil. Noc, new ser., iii, 1), lonnd a variation of only 11
per cent, between the dift'erent species tested. Kumford's theory must be regartled as uciirly correi-t, if wwds are

2r,2 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

separated into resiuous aud iioii-rosiiioiis classes. The sjjecifle gravity gives a direct means of comparing heat
values of equal volumes of wood of dift'ereiit ifsinous and nourosinoiis species. Tn burning wood, however, various
circumstances afleet its value: few lire-p'aces are constructed to fully utilize the fuel value of resinous wood, and
carbon escapes nncousumed in the form of smoke. l*ine, therefore, whi(;h, although capable of yielding more heat
than oak or hickory, may in practice yield considerably less, the pine losing both carbon and hydrogen in the form
of smoke, while hickory or oak, buruiug with a smokeless tlame, is practically entirely consumed. The ash in a
wood, l>eing noncombnstible, intluences its fuel value in i>roportion to its amount. The state of dryness of wood
also has much inllueuce upon its fuel value, though to a less degree than is generally supposed. The water in
green wood prevents its rapid combustion, evajjoration reducing the temjieriiture below the point of ignition.
Green wood may often contain as much as 50 per cent, of water, and this water must evaporate durinir combustion ;
but as half a kilogram of ordinary wood will give 2,000 units of heat, while half a kilogram of water requires oidy
2CS.5 units to evaporate it, 1731.5 units remain available for generating heat in wood containing even a maximum
aniDunt of water. In cases where the |iressure was p(ri)en(licnlar to the grain of tla- wood it was ai>iili<'d on the
side of the sjiecimen nearest to the heart of the tree.

A factor in the general value of wood as fuel is the ease with which it can be seasoned ; beech, lor example, a
very dense wood of high fuel value when diied. is generally considered of little value as fuel, on account of the
rapidity with which it decays when cut and the consequent loss of carbon by decomposition.

THE STRENGTH OF WOOD.

The specimens tested for the purpo.se of determining the strength of the wood produced by the different trees
of the United States were cut, with few exceptions, before March, 1881, and weie slowly and carefully seasoned.

Those used in determining the resistance to transverse strain were made 4 centimeters square and long enough
to give the necessary bearing upon the sui)ports. These were shod with flat iron jdates, slightly rounded on the
edges and were set exactly 1 meter apart ; they remained iierfcctly rigid under the pressure ajiplied. Each specimen
was weighed, measured, and its specific gravity calculated before it was tested. The result thus obtained represents
the specilic gravity of the air-dried wood.

To eliminate the action of their weight the specimens were placed upright, and hydraulic pressure was aiipiied
by means of an iron rod 12 millimeters in radius, acting midway between the supports, the deflections being read
at this point.

The direction of the grain of the wood is shown by diagrams in the table (Table III), the pressure acting upon
it horizontally from the left.

The pressure was applied slowly aud uniforndy, a reading of the deflections being taken for every 60 kilograms.

When a load of 200 kilograms had been applied it was removed and the set read. Pressure was again applied in

the same way, and the readings of deflections were resumed when 200 kilograms was again reached.

FP
The formula used in calculating the coeflQcient of elasticity was E = . . i ^a ; I, b, d, being taken m millimeters;

3 V I
that of the modulus of rupture, E^v, i~p> h b, d being in centimeters, P, in both formulas, in kilograms.

A few exj)eriment8 were also made in the same manner, for purposes of comparison, to determine the transverse
strength of specimens 1 meter long between the bearings and 8 centimeters .square (Table IV).

The K]iecimens tested by longitudinal comjjression were 4 centimeters square aud 32 centimeters (8 diameters)
long. They were placed between the jilatforms of the machine, and pressure was gradually applied until they
failed. The figures given represent the number of kilograms required to cause failure.

The Hi)ecimeus tested under pressure ai)i)lied perpeudicularlj' to the fibers were 4 centimeters scjuaro and IG
C4.'ntimeter8 long. They were placed upon the iilatfurm of the machine and indented with an iron punch 4
centimeters square on its face, covering the entire width of the siiecimen and one-quarter of its length at the
center. In this series of experiments the direction of the annual rings was noted, horizontal j)ressine being also
afiplicil from the left. Headings were taken of the pressure necessary to produce eiich successive indentation of -
0.2.34 up to 2.5-1 millimeters, and in the case of specimens which did not fail with this pressure a further test was
made of the weight required to produce indentations of 3.81 and 5.08. The remarks (Table V) upon the behavior
of the wood of the different species under compression were furnished by Mr. James E. Howard, in charge of the
testing machine.

COMPARATIVE VALUES.

In the following table the number standing ojijiosite each species represents its relative value in llu! (•oluiiui in
which it ap[)ears.

This table is purely an arbitrary one, since the introduction of one or more species would of course change the
value of all species standing lower in value, or results based on an examination of a larger luunber of s])eciinens
of any sjiecies may change the relative niUMl)ers in regard to it-very considerably. In other woids, any twenty or
thirty species bearing coTisecntive iinndu-is may chan;,'e places with eiicli other. This ari.ses partly from the want
of uniformity of the wood of any species, and jiartly from the fact that where so many determinations fall between
comparatively narrow limits the mere order of sequence must be largely accidental.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

253

TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES.

MAGNOLIACE^.

Magnolia ^amliflora

Magnolia glanca

Mn^Qoliu. acuminata

Magnolia coidata

Magnolia niacrophjUa

Magnolit TTmbi clla

Magnolia Fraaori

Liriodcndron Tulipifera

ANONACE^.

Asiniina triloba .
Anona laiinfoUa .

CANELLACE^.

Canella alba

TERXSTRCEMIACE^.

TILIACE^.

Tilia vVnioricana

Tilia Americana, var. pnbescens .

Tilia lictorophy Ua

MALPIGHXACE^.

Byi

lucida

ZYGOPHTLLACE^.

Guaiacnm Hanclnm

RUTACE^.

Xnnthoxylum Clava-Horcnlis-
X ant boxy lum Caribainm

SIMAEUBE^.

Simamba glauca

liURSERACE^.

Rnrsern gnniroifera

Aniyria sylvatica

MELIACE^.
Swietenia Maiiogoni

ILICINEiE.

Ilex opaca

Hex Daboon

CYRILLACE^.
Cliftonia lignetrina

RHAMNACE^.

Roynoaia latifnlia

Condalia lerua

KluimnnA Caroliniana

Rbaninns Pnrahiana

SAPINDACE^.

^scnlus glabra

iEsfuhift Caliioniica

Siiphuhm niarginatus

Acer maiTopbyUnni

Acer Huccbarinuni

Acer »uccharinum, var. nijcrum

Acer tlaa^ carpnm

Acer rnbnm\

Xognndo aceroidos .

ICfgundo Culilornicnm

Speciea.

ANACARDIACEiE.

BhnscopaUina...
BhuB Mctopium .

LEGUMINOS^.

Robinia Peeudocacia

Robinia Xeo-Moxicana

Olneya Tesota

Piscidia Ery thrina

Cladrastiia tinctoria

Sopliora affiuiH

Gymnocladus Canadensis ..

Gleditschia ttiacautbos

Glcilitscbia monosporma

Parkinsonia Torreyana

Cercis Canadensis

Proaopis juliflora

Prosopis pubescens

ROSACEA.

Pnrnua Americana

Prunus angnatilolia

Prnnus cmnrginata

Primus scrotina

Prunus demiasa

Prnnus Caroliniana

rrunus iUcifoUa

Pyrns coronaria

Pyms samjucifolia

Crat^gus at boreaccns

Crata-gus Ci ub-gr.lli

Cratajgua Mubvilloaa

CratiEgns lomentosa

Crataegus spatbulata

Crata'gus aestivalis

Cratsegus tlava

Amelaucbier Canadensis

HAMAMELACE^.

LiquidambarStyr.icidua

RHIZOPHORACEiE.

Bhizopbora Mangle

COMBRETACEiE.

CoDi>carpU8 orecta

Lagnncularia raceraosa

MYRTACE^.

Engenia buxifidia

Eugenia mont leola

Eugenia procera

CORNACE^.

Comus florida

ConmsNuttallit | 74 j

N> 8»a capitatA | 235

Xyeea sylvatica 1 Wl ,

Nysaa unitiora 195 I

CAPRirOLIACK^ I

Sanibucus gliuica 206

' Viburnum pninifolium 3S

I RUBIACK^.

Exostemma CaribA)ura 15

221 i IGl PinoVnoya pubt'wa 187

33

U |3

81 I 16

24

M

77

93

88

40

49

«l

L34

264

259

184

L46

228

165

123

69

259

273

40

67

172

91

18

S7

"

103

89

119 253 276 197
248 149 1»4 124

112 , 199 186 84

29 I 120 76 50

10 I 212 I 138 63

109 j 245 273 ; 181

163 I 248 2£4 220

133 . 189 228 95

100 ' 240 I 210 169

52 I 135 162 68

65 213 177 153

128 ! 256 ! 176

61 I 223 ' 167

:)4

FOREST TREES OF NOKTll AMERICA.

TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES— Continuea.

222 nimiiD crsMiroUs

223 . riiDua fulT*

Til]-: WOODS (.►!•' THE UNITED STATES.

250

TAIiLE 01' Jn:LATlVK VALUES -Coutinued.

Spc

Quevc

»

t hutt-rophylla

i ciuiin-a

2y4 Qneirua li.vpoleuca

265 Qiiei ens ini biicaria

28C Qiteri;u8 PlielJoa

287 ' Qiiorcus (leiisitlora

288 Caataiiopais chrysophylla

289 I Castjinen pumila

290 I Caatanoii vul{;ari3, var. Americiina.

291 i Fajrns fernij;iuca

292 ! Ostrya Virpinica

'Jfl:J ■ t'arpiiiiis Caroliniana

BETULACE^.

Bi'lulu.alba, var. populilVlia IGS

Cuulapapyriftra j .159

]ietula occkloiitalis

IJbtula 111 tea

B.'tula ni-ra

IJet ula lunta ,

AUius nibra ,

Alims ihombifulia ,

Alnus oblonuii'olia

SALICACEiE.

Sulix auiygdaloitlea

Salix hcvigata

Saiix lasiamlva, var. laiicifolta

Salix laaiamlrn, var. Fendluriaua

Salix liiivescena

Salix ilavescena, var. Scoaleriana

S;ilix lasiMlepia.

Populua ti'einuloides

IVpulus jri umliiU'iitata

Populua bettTophylla

Populua balbamii'era

Populua balaamift^a, var. candicans

Populua anguatifolia

Piipulua trichocaipa

Populua uiouilUoia ,

Pupulus Fiomoutii ,

! Populus Frouudilii, war. AVislizcni ,

i

I CONIFEKiE.

. Libocodi'uB ilccurrona

Thuya ovciib'iitalis

, Thuya j;ijjanlf a

Cbauia-cy paiia aplio^roidea

I Chanuecypaiia Niitkaeusts

1 Cbuutcocyparia Lawaouiana

Cui>rc6aus Govouiaua

I Jnnipcrns occidcntalia, var. coiijngena.

Jniiipiru.s Vli-iimaua

Taxodium diatichum

; St'quoia sij;;autea

Sequoia scnipervireuB

Taxus brovilolia.

Torroya taxifolia

Torreya Califoniioa

35 ' 390 ( 144

57 ! 150 I 118

247 I 152 I 184

294 I 281 . 294

260

242

270

75 i

158

177,

190

174 '

280

213 1

238

187

34

111

M

134

243

250

l&G { 230 239

190 130 I 242

154 145 2»1

Species.

Pinna Strobas

PiDua moDticola

Pinna Lambertiana

PinuH flt'xilia

Pinna albicaulia

' Pinna rtllexa

Pinna Parryana 1

Pinna cdnlis

Pinna mnnophj'lla

I Pinua Balfouriana

' Pinna Balfonnana, var. ariatata-

! Pinua reainosa . .

I Pinna Torreyana

I Pinna Aiizonica

1 Pinna jionderosa

, PinuiiJeffrcyi

, Pinna Cbibnahnana

■ Pinna conlorta

Pinua Muirayana

' Pinua Sabiniaua

Pinna Conlturi

I Pinna insignia

Pinua I ubcrculata

Pinua TjKda

Pinua rigida

I Pinua aerotina

' Pinna inopa

Pinna cinnaa

Pinua puugena

Pinua nuiricata

Pinna mitia

Pinua glabra

Pinua Baukaiana

' Piuus paluatria

I Pinua Cnbfmaia

si

282 154 225 212

287 187 238 I 2fl2

2S3 235 227 t 251

2C2 276 244 I 2CS i

215 127 143 ' 105

174 ' 297 287 258 '

143 ' 291 I 283 253 !

176 289 297 288 '

185 i 255 • 2«« 260

J 219 I

171 226 222

114 I 259 I 170

239 I 101

197 261 158 245

188 269 207 , 241
178 2C8 269 238

211 186 1G6 247

7
5

18
15

60

156

90

155

185

249

285

281

100

216

135

171

171 224 23S

111 V£ 233

Picca iilba

Picea Encrlmanni

Picea punjiens

Picua Sitcbonsis

T6a«:a Cajiadonsis

TsMga Cnmliniana

Tsupa MrrtensiauH

TsuRii Pattoniana

P^i'iiilolsn^n Doa^losii

Pm'U>l»tsii)!a Dnnglasii, var. maoTocarpa —

Abii*a Fi-adoii '

Abies balsnmea '

Abies siibalpiDa

Abit'8 i^rjiiulis

Abii's I'oueiilor

Abies antat>ilis '

Abies itobilis I

Abies iiia^nilica '

Larix Americana ' 153 | 23 90 M

LiirU ueeidoutalia | 83 i 1 7 ' 14

I PALMACEiK.
203 405 ■Wasliingtonia llUrem 199' 263! 285 J 297

290 104 219 255 ,

289 130 180 210

260 ' 24 ' 134 127

241 21 105 141

229 241 182 161

250

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

The following table gives the figures from wliidi the table of iflativo values was coiupnted, ami inelndes all
species upon which complete tests have been made.

The coeflieient of elasticity is derived from the second dellection, the measurements being taken in niillimetera
and the wcij:ht in kilograms.

The ultimate transverse strength is the force, applied at the middle of the stick, required to break a stick 4
centimeters square and 1 meter between the supports.

In tiie compression tests the surface exposed to pressure was 4 centimeters square. To give the pressure
on a squai-e centimeter these results must be divided by 10.

The indentation to 1.27 millimeters, or the tifth in the scries, is the one selected for comparison.

TABLE OF AVERAGES.

Specjea.

MAGXOLIACE^.

Magnolia frniDdiflora

MagBolta glaaca

Magnolia acuminata

Ua;;noIia cordata

Ma;ni<>lia miicruphvlla

Ma^olia ITisbrella

Mapnolia Fraijeri

LiriodcDilroD Tulipifera

AXOXACE^.

Aairoina triloba

Anona lanrifolin

CANELLACE^.

Canella alba

TERXSTRCEMIACE^.

Gordooia Laaiaothus

TILIACE^.

TiliK Americana

Tilia Americana, rar. pabeaceua .

Tiliabolerupb.\lla

MALPICniACE^S.

Byraonima lucida

ZYGOPHTLLACE^.

Goaiacam Aanctnm

KTJTACEiE.
Xantboxylum Clava-IIerculia —
Xanthoxyluro Caribeeum

SIMARCI1E,«.

Simamba clanca

BCRSERACEJ!.

Bur««ni gnmmlferft

Am>Tia nylTatlcA

MELIACEiE.

Swlctenis Mabngoni

ILICIKE£.

Ilex opaca . . .
llrx Daboon .

CYKILLACE^E.
Clirtonln licoatrina

RHAMXACE^.

Rcyuoxia Htifolia

CoDdalia fi-irea

Rbamniu Caroliniana

RbamoQA Punbiana

&£

83. 2«
SO. 11
46.76
4L26
52.90
44.78
49.69
42.20

39.61
48.11

45.00
40.47
42.27

50.15
8a 20

29.41
103.97

S7.74
47.62

108.72
118.38
64. Z7
96.34

If :|]

1,090
1.143

6,790
0,633
6,552
7,829
.^8C1
6,091
5,955

1B7 ' 3,395
259 I 4,629

5,768
6,487
0,307

6,260

i
336 I 11,789

273 7, 189
10,955

2.473
957 I 11,079

283 6, 700
244 9,682

13,426
12,848
7,112
9,904

3,156
1,627
1,709
1,427
1,427
1,343
1,9G0
1,296

1,098
2,037

2,548
6,004

2,820
1,80M

8,793
10,388
2,106
3, 07.'.

Species.

SAPINDACE.aE.

60 . .Xacalns glabra

52 .XsculnsCalifomica

54 Sapindus marpnntus

60 Acer macropliyllum

01 Acer circinatuin

04 ■ Acer snccbnrinum

64 { Acer aaccbariunm, var. nigrum .

65 I Acer daeycarpom

AcerrabniDi

Ki'gundo aceroidoa

Ncgundo Califomicum

ANACARDIACE.ffi!.

Rhns copallina

Bbns Metopium

LEGUMINOSa!.

77 ' Robinia Pst-ndacacla

70 Roblnia Neo-Mexicana

80 Olueya Tieota

61 Piscidia Erytbrina

82 CladraHtls tiiictorla

64 I Sopbora afiinia

85 Gymnocladua Canadonala .

86 GleditRcbia triacautbos. . .

87 I GlcditRcbia niuuoBpcrma..

88 , ParkinaiiuiaTuiTcyaua...
91 Ceroia Cnuatlcusia

93 ProRopiaJuliflora

94 ' Pr(iBu])ia pubcaccna

ROSACEiE.

Prunun AmeHcana

PinnuM anguHtifulia |

l*runuii euiarginata, var. mollis {

I*rnnn t senitina I

PrunuH domiftna {

Prunun Carolinlana I

Prunua ilicifolia

Pyrua coronaria

Pyrua Hanibucifolia

CrHtojguH arburcHcena

Crato-'tfiiH CruH-fjalli

Cnita^^UH NubvilloHa

Cratu'gUH toni*-ut4iHa

CratH'guH Hpiilbiilata

Crata-guB a-ativaliH

Cnitn;;UH lluva, var. ]iabeBcena
Aniolancltier Cauailonala

I UAMAMELACE.X.

139 Llqiiidnmlmr Styracillna. . .

49.03
49.45
80.05
4a 63
60.34
6a75

eace

62.52
61.65
42.82
47.95

52.42
77.28

72.96
79.86
103.59
84.39
62.61
84 46

72.89
64.58
63.18
74.80
76.37

72.02
68 65
44.93
9a 14
09.16
80.52
07.27
70.11
9a 08
04.95
71.94
7a 98
76.90
7L12
69.27
7a 13
77.95

s.-=a

•J

HI

644

211

683

271

837

360

780

292

718

327

1,465

490

1,027

410

1,110

435

943

3-IG

983

220

945

340

736

263

1,050

280

1,301

543

1,149

388

808

320

851

321

1,002

385

977

346

1,048

329

1,086

394

1,170

439

558

233

688

310

583

207

824

383

827

309

603

200

801

290

832

354

769

299

937

396

732

334

642

207

026

190

788

269

664

279

901

315

732

3U3

073

210

992

304

708

309

1,197

483

837

278

uv.

'29

*.017
5,686
7,523
0,100
7, MO
9,907
8,603
7,711
7,402
5, 1.11
7,072

6,033
8,523

11,272
10,931
5. 8.-.1
9,548
8,950
9,129
0,406
8,001
9,344
0,079
7,510
9,412
10, 732

9,419
0,441

7,507
8,740
a 105
a l'89
8,709
8.700
0,123
7,909
0,884
8,012
7,117
7 2W)
7,132
a 437
10,712

1,132
1,722
4,350
2,597
3,205
4,019
4,149
2,899
2, 795
1,781
1,719

1,744
:i 848

4,038
4,427
10,478
5,008
2,937
5,348
2,900
2,097
4,420
3,020
2, 017
5,484
5. 207

3, 405
2.132
1,280
3, 209
3,937
r>, 000
4,888
3,909
1,716
2,051
3,308
4.307
3, H44
3,464
3, 583
6,103
4,483

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

257

TABLE OF AVEKAGES— Contained.

Speolea.

RHIZOPHORACEai.

Rhizophora Mangle

COMBEETACEJS.

Conocarpus erecta

Laguncularia rucomosa 70. 21

MTltTACE^ffi.

144 j Eugenia biixifolia

146 Eugenia monticola

148 [ Eugenia procera

COKNACE^a;.

Cornua florida . . .
Comus Nuttallii.
Njssacapitata...
Nyaaaaylvatica. .
Kyasa unidora...

CAPRIFOUACEiE.

SAPOTACEa:.

ChrysophyUum olivifonue

Sidcroxylon Maatichodendron.

177 I Dipholis salicifolia

178 Bumelia tenax

179 I Bumelia lonuginoaa

Bumelia lycioidea ,

Bumelia cuneaU)

Mimusopa Sieberl

EBENACE^ffi!.
Bioapyros Virginiana

STYUACEJS.

Syniplocos tinctoria

Iloleaia diptora

80.98
74.44
45.97
63.66
51.58

Sambucus glauca 50. 07

Viburnum prunifoUam 82.

EUBIACEiE.

Exostemma Caribfeum

Pinckneya pubena

ERICACE^.

Andromeda ferniginea

Arbutus Menzieaii

Arbutus Xalapensis

Oxydeudrum arboreom ...

Ealmia latifolia

Rhododendron maximam .

74.66
70.24
70.81
74.30
71.31

52.68
56.81

204 {

OLEACE.a':.

l''raxinna piBtaoiiefolia

Fraxinua Americana

I'Yaxinua Americana, var. Texenaia

Fraxinua pubescens

Fraxinna viridis

Fraxinua platycarpa

Fraxinua quadraugulata

Fraxinua Oregaua

Fraxiuus Hnnibueifolln

Foreatiera acuminata

Oamauthua Aniericanua

BOERAGINACEa:.

Bourroria HaTanenais

Ehretia elliptica

17 FOK

1,575
1,085
1,191

92.44

1,124

95.89

1,099

92.86

1,336

72.39

751

64.64

483

74.07

781

67.68

601

65.16

1,015

76.83

1,082

62.85

812

70.71

903

35.16

476

74.50

774

67.12

»48

62.72

872

63.00

703

80.74

1,231

78.48

996

63.66

397

is I

2^&

306 j
449 I

4,400
9,474

12,020
4,355

7,802
8,034
6,419
8,025
6,890
7,020

9,671

10, 410

11, 680
7, 235
6,799
7,825
7,643

6,140
6,940

6,158
7,635
8,664
6,960
7,711
4,014
7,980
8,320
6,766
6,418
8,966

9,197
6,192

S2^

1-14 'SI

13,767 I 7,394

9,593 I
7,190

450

14, 198

600

8,845

S02

10,750

386

8,653

423

10, 603

290

6,895

360

7,497

279

5,848

5,851
6,532

2,484
3,131
2,575

2,218
5,009

7,707
1,678

3,611
3,322
3,947
3,550
4,196
3,066

6,108
6,682
4,460
2,894
2,564
3,529
4,581
6,001

2,967
3,153

2, 745
3, 177 I
3,272 j
3,521 I
2,209 :
3,322
2,653 I
3,106 i
2, 717 I
4,206

4,702
3,663

Specie*.

BIGNOIOACE^.

t

■a

h

l| I" ili:l4
Hi

Cstalpa blgnonioidee { 44.57

41.48
58.79

Catalpa fpeciosa

Chilopaia aaligna

VERBENACE.S.

Citbarexylum TllioBum 86.75

NTCTAGINACE.S. I

Pisonia obtusata ' 60. 31

POLTGOKACE.a;. I

Coccoloba Floridana | 93. 40

LATJEACEa;. I

Peraea Carolinensis 63.81

Persea Carolinensis, car. palaatria 63. 73

Sasaafraa officinale | SO. 38

Umbellularia Califomica ' 64. 92

EUPHORBIACE.!.

Drypetes crocea

Drypetea crocea, tar. latifolia ....

DETICACEA

nimna craaaifolia

TTlmus fulva

Ulmua Americana

Ulmus racemoaa

Ulmua alata

Flanera aquatica

Celtia occidentalis

Celtia occidentalia, car. leticalata

Ficufl aurca

Ficus peduDCulata

Morua rubra

Maclura aurautiaca

8S.U
88.65

71.69
09.77
64.54
72.20
74.17
52.71
72.08
71.86
24.84
45.07
68.56
76.01

_ - •'S

66.52
4&28
46.73

PLATANACE.S;.

Platanua occidentolii

Platanna mcemosa

Platanua ^V^ightii

JUGLANDACE.*;.

Juglans cinetea

Jnglans nigra

Juglana mpcstria

Carya oUvseformla

Carya alba

Carya sulcata ' 80.

Carya tomentosa ' 81.

Carya porciua 81.

Carya amai-a 74.

Carya myristicicfarmls I 70.

Carya aquatica j 73.

MrRICACE.£.

Myrica oorifera

Myrica Califomica

CUP0L1FERS.

Qoenuaalba

Qucrcua lobata

Quorcua Garryana

Quercua obtuailoba

Qiiorcua uudulata, var. Qambelii..

Quon-us macrocarpa '

Qaervua lyrata

Qncrcua bloolor —

1,390 '

1,039

1,150

1,014

1,030

79.31

1,465

7S.1S

1,013 '

66.06

888

06.81

tn

74. SS

Wl

7S.87

717

74.24

811

83.01

833

85.38

8711

74.00

•39

83.59

1,SS4

76.18

900

5,eei
e,s2i

4,753

12,837

9,173
5.874
6,110
9,005

340 10, 410

8,324

7,348
8,028
7,191
9,474
7,001
6,305
6,739
0,985
2,687
4,491
0^731
12, <W

7,207
6^190
6^228

255 0,370
305 ' 9, 178 I
2J0 6,907
347 I 6^961 ,
513 10,007
464 8.939
482 9,485
46« 9,232
470 S, 357
595 ! 10,306 I
T.770 I

7,133,
8,618 I

I
SIMS I

o.T«s;

7,»ST ,

7,790

(1668

7,843
7,864
7. 850

1.330

i,»n

3.804

11.034 4,927
4,902 1,737

0,310

3,128
3,073
3,144
8,180

5,797
0,510

4.080
3,300
2,970
3,281
4,t«6
2,334
3,472
4,873
980
1,905
3.806
3,800

2,045
1,480
1,807

1.488
8,140
2,900
8,714
4. 344
4.000
4.420
4,82:
S,g7S
5,043

3.804
3.017

a.388

3. 014
3,840
4.415
4,073
3,730
4,033
S,SS4

258

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

TAULK OF AVERAGES— Continued.

Spedoft.

Qnerens llichaaxii

Qncrcna Priaa*

Qaercas prinoidcd

QD«rcDA DuugUftii

QntivoA oblongiMiA

Qm-rcos t:n6e«

QuercTis Durandii

QuercuB vircns

Qcerctu chr^solfplB

Qnerctu Kmor^i

Qucrcue apUoiia

QuercQii Wialixf'Dt

QuercQS rubra

Qarrcus rabra, rar. Tcxana

Qoercas coccinea

QQcrcas tinctoria

Qnerttis Kelloggii

Qaercus nipli

Qaercua falcata

Qaercoa Catesbei

Qncrcos paltutxis

Qacrcna aquatica

Qaercoa laarifolia

Qdctciu bet«rophy1Ia

Qurrcuscinerea

Querciu bypolcaca

Quercua imbricaria

Qaereaa Phelloa

QatrcQs dciuiflora

CastaitopBU chrysopbylla

Caataaea pumila

CaAtaneaTolearia, rar. Americana.

FaguH fcmigiziea

OslO'a Virginlca

Carpiooa Caroliiiana

E-

■a"

h

e •' = i I M

BETCLACE.fi.

]M I B«tal> albft, rar. popnlUblla .

296 fi^-tolA papyrifera

2M I)«tal« occld«ntalU

2*7 B«lnUIaU«

198 Bt^tnla nierm

299 B«t<iUln>U

3C1 Aloiurnbrm

302 Alnaa rhombifoliA

303 AIdoi oblongifoliA

HALICACE.K.

SftUz ainyi;dalolt]e«

Sallx iKTifcata

Sallx Uaiaodr*. ror. lancJfoUa . . .
Balii laidatidn, car. Frndleriama.

Sallz flaTcf ena

Sftliz OaTCAceoa, tar. Scoaleii&nA

Baliz kaiol<-pl«

Popoloa trcisololdca

Popaloa grmndidcDtftta

Popoloa het«ropb7D>

Popoloa balaamlfcim

Popoliu balaamifera, tor. oaodl-
cmn*.

Popoloa uifniatlfoli*

Popoluairichorarp*

8a 03
7i.42
80.09
88.63
97.60
99.10
9L00
93.93
84.43
90.44
81.47
77.75
65.28
90.03
73.91
70.10
64.18
72.39
69. U
72.31
6ae3
72.07
7a 10
C8.22
63.47
7&41
74.97
74.35
67.25
55.55
58.80
44.95

ea48

82.42
72.28

67.43
50.40
60.12
65.34
67.42
75.97
47.98
4L14
W.»

1.255
1,125

953

S61

1,137

1,033

1,085

1,034

745

977

1,402

1,C35

1,123

1,227

1,259

1,225

751

944

1,012
1,141
856
1,210
1,373
1,149

1,806

924

1,618

1,113

1,432

1,060

646

769

44.68

SOI

4&44

488

45.73

306

45.12

879

53.91

1,202

49.89

1,086

56.83

888

40.10

814

46.11

983

40.67

723

30.11

8S7

4L42

730

-.^ I * s s

7,715
8,615
9,204
8,913
6,941
7,C6«
8,550
8,748
8,721
6,759
7,416
8,527
8,172
9.310
8,074
8,012
7,184
7,954
9,632
7,316
7,802
8,023
8,424
6,600
7,107
4,605
8.830
6,236
7,009
6,959
7,923
6,106
7,550
8,669

6,664
7,781
6,260
9,907
7,007
9,007
6,6U
5,606
4,462

4,224
6,114

4.581
6,457
7,484
6,632

8,725

3,686

4,224

6,988

7,031

5,829

4,922

5,185 I

5,079 '

6,646

3,770

4,302

2,825

4,C65

3,224

3,243

2,783

4,582

3,223

3,646

3,040

3,169

4,056

2,908

3,221

4,348

3,623

3,452

3,593

1,912

1,887

1,698

3,145

3,696

3,405

2,073
2,083
2,459
2,581
2,117
3,615
1,870
1,257
1,189

1,SM
1,8M

1,311
1,400
2,019
I,5«i

Specite.

6.169

2,241 !

6,285

1,281

6,727

994

4,627

1.384

6,128

1,202

4,418

1,030

4,<S2

1 226

1^248

1,018

Popnlns moniUfera

PopaloB Fr«moDtii

FopaluB FrenioDtii, var. Wialixeni

CONIFEK^.

LiboccdruBdccDiTCDS

Tbnya occideDtolis

Thuya gigaoten

Cbntuiccvparis sphscroidea

Cbam^cyparis NatkaendU

Cham tPcy pans Lawsoniana

CuprcssQs GoToniana

JuniporoB occidcntalia, var. coi\ja-
gcns.

JuniporusVirginiana

Taxodiani diBtichum

Scqaoin gigantoa

Sequoia ecuiporvirens

TaxuB brovifolia

Torreya taxifolia

Torrcya Califomica

Pixiua Strobus

Pinua mouticola ■

Pinus LambcrtiaDa

PiuuB floxilis

PinuB ulbicauliB

PiiJUB rcflexa

PiUDS Parryoua

Pioas edulls

Pinna monophylla

PinoB Balfouriana

PiniiH Balfoariaoa, tar. arietata...

PiuiM rcaiDoBa

PinuB ToiTpyana

PiUDS Arixonlca

Pinus pondcroBft

Pinus Jeffrey i

Pinua Chihuahuana

Pinus coDtorta

PiouB Muri-ayaua

Finns Sabiniana

PlnuH Coalt«ri

PinuH innignis ■

PinuH tubiTCiilata

Pinna T»eda

Pinus rigida

PtnuH Horotina

PinuB Inops

Pinus clausa

Pinua puugons

Plnos niurlcHta

Pinua mitiM

Pinna gUbra

Pinna BankHiona

IMnuBpftluBliia

Pinua CabouHia

Plccu nlgnv

Picca alba

Picoa Engelmannl

Picca pungooa

Plcca Sitcb^nsU

Tauga CanadruslM

TsQga Caroliniana

Tsaga Mff livnaiana ...

>

ii

r

•<

.£•='3

pi

1
1"

III

0

III

II-3

38.63

994

328

6,661

48.77

1,051

298

6,055

46.69

843

285

6,950

40.14

847

291

7,446

31 53

533

4,003
7,197

37.90

1,034

319

33.12

404

194

4,149

47.66

1,029

342

7,281

46.16

1,217

379

7,464

46.68

499

230

5,742

68.75

734

200

8,605

49.11

670

816

6,750

45.24

1,032

6,771
6,210
6,656
7,734
7,864

2a 87

451

42.02

676

63.78

781

61.08

821

378

5,625
6,210
5,349
5,882
5,601
5,296
7,825

851

930

794

676

612

48.65

913

320

6.420
5,679
4,389

421

486

594

55.56

715

279

6, 209

7,274
4,648
6,292

542

60.28

824

270

887

6,087
0,679
6,898
8,868 :
5,328

925

726

58.04

1,585

40.83

771

241

48.18

585

6,387

5,874]

6,680

4,207

6.834

1,141

326

46.60

979

318

34.88

429

176

54.27

1,128

377

61.39

581

316

6,687 1

79.29

1,170

497

8,079 1

52.93

643

281

5,705

55.09

643

214

0,028

49.22
49.29

803
1,194

810
441

6,670
8.142

60.86

1,376

443

7.628

39.13
47.60

448
942

212
278

4,604
0,329

69.82

1,488

490

10,074

74.83
46.71
40.38
33.88
37.26
42.80
42.20
42.58
6L01

1,677

1,100

1,023

808

653

990

900

713

1,376

500
318
819
246
194
277
807
197
388

10,628
6, 520
6,489
4.271
4.128
5,653
6,142
6,450
8,747

?3i

1B|

■sc£

1,327
1,382
1,007

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

259

TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued.

Tsuga Pattoniana

Pseudotsnga DouglasU

I'scuilotsuga Douglasii, var. ma-
crocfli-pa.

Abies Fraaeri

Abies balsamea

Abies subalpina

Abies grandis

Abies concolor

i 0

3.

H

•£■3

iS ' -t'

•s*.i

s = a
p

44. 35 I
51.53
45.50 I

3S.46
38.02 I
34.61 i
35.06
36.07 1

307

1283
1050

6,074
8,289
7,405

6,657
5,851
4,829
6,255
6,237

162

III
1-^

1,664

1,608

1,642 1

1,048

1,202

1,015

810

1,248

1

I.

Sji

Spocien.

398 j Abiea amabilis

399 I Abies Dobilia

400 Abies magniflca ...

401 I Larix Americana . .

402 I Larix occ-identalla .

I PALMACE.«.

405 { WaabingtoDia filifera....

n

lie .V:I

I3i »5ii i'zt =;e

e ;;.= S c e i = c a
gsa --- --=

:b"

42.18 1200

4S.4S I izn

40.87 M2

C2. 16 1261

74.00 1668

7,480 I 1,«»

7,2S« ' 1,917

«,9e3 1.546

8,763 ■ 1.675

11.021 2,aas

183 S, 833 2, 5:«

The followiug table illustrates the relation between the specific gravity and the transverse strength of the
wood of species upon which a sufficient number of tests has been made to render such a comparison valuable. The
determinations of the specific gravity and transverse strength were, in every case, made upon the same specimen,
at the same time. The table is arranged according to the specific gravity of the specimens.

It will be noticed that the strength of the difl'erent specimens closely but not invariably follows their specific
gravity. An examination of Table III will show, however, that in nearlj' every case where any wide diflerence
occurs it is due to imperfections in the stick disproportionately afl'ecting its strength. Moreover, in the case ol
species where the specific gravity and strength of different specimens are nearly identical, their order of arrangement
becomes largely accidental. A slight diflerence in the time occupied in the strength tests, or slight variations in
the direction of the grain of the wood, may considerably afiect the sequence in such a table :

TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN THE WOOD

OF CERTAIN SPECIES.

i
i

a
i
1

Species.

1

s

1

1

Catalogue nnmber.

8

1

«

i

1

1

If

1"

3

Mflgnolia acuminata

20

8

634

2

2

878

a

246

8

3

878

261

4

lots

246

5

1048

261

6

530

8

818
818

1
2

530

74S

1231

3

748

7

1236
1236

77

RobiniA pAondarAfii*

U48

1 1

&

4A.

1

1232

6

1248

i

1232

7

isn

a

895

8

1147

4

983

982

1
2

815
815

•

•^ -

7

1023

8

1«8

15

1

1023

4

IS

3

04

299
1233

1
2

m

1053

4

t

5

1236

S

1

1063

C

1234

4

m

3

1235

6

761

8

1234

6

768

7

1233

7

8<8

»

876

8

817

It

409

9

1

817

11

64

Ac-cr SAC chftrinum. var. nigrum

274
213

1
2

44«

18
U

757
787

o

3
4

m

'Pmift (Vimnarin

1088

1

1 I

7106

3

260

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

RIXATION BETWKKX TEANSVEBSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued.

|i S^K.

1

1

h

*>

1

li

i
i

Species.

1
S

=1

i
11

3

ii

?§

^

g

"■i

W

!

■s'

_5_

§
i

a

1

; „ ___^^ _^ ,

1068

1

2

194

FraxiDOB viridis — contlnaed

948

2

4

1087

4

4

957

3

1

us

LlqniduDbftr St jTsoifliiA

U73

1

2

438

4

3

1182

2

9

57

5

7

1182

3

6

857

6

5

1183

4

8

308

7

6

1173

6

1

308

8

8

loss
uei

6

7

3
11

198

Fraxt&QB qnftdraiiziilAta -...-. ....................

66

1

3

68

2

2

U81

8

10

288>

8

1

5M

9

6

518

4

5

1096

16

4

286'

6

0

S46

11

12

291

0

4

iisa

12

7

125

7

8

in

Coniu florid*

1077

3

1

125

1

7

1077
10S2

4
5

3
8

217

Rnniinftiui offlohudd

814
814

1
2

6

4

812

6

4

71

3

1

812

7

5

854

4

7

7«1

8

7

854

5

8

87

9

6

446

6

.1

67

10

4

387

7

3

IM

2f yssft sylTftticA ..................■.....■■■.>••••■••.•

750

1

2

71

8

2

835

2

9

387

9

0

750
833

3
4

1
6

223

Ulniaa folva

131
134

I

I

1

2

833
834

5
8

4

7

284

TJlnius Americana

533
533

I

g

1

2

4

1

834

7

3

1049

3

2

1

813

8

•5

19

4

1

1

813

9

8

19

6

3

J55 1 X jBAft onlflorm

128

1

2

1038

6

»I

128

2

1038

7

10

,

604

3

958

8

7

604

4

281

0

8

t

550

5

281

10

9

1

550

«

958

11

ru —. „. ,

425
1084

1

225

Ulmoa racemusa

116

1

184 ' i/iosp jToc V ir^tnuoA .................................

2

314

2

\

1162

S

314

8

1

Rll

4

116»

4

1

1084

5

2

428

5

811

6

5

116"

8

61

7

8

116

7

1

61
1045

8
1

7
1

228

(^Itls occideDtalia

873
873

1

1

192 1 Frmxiniu Ampricaum

2

1045

2

4

1111

8

114'

3

3

306

4

S37

4

19

306

6

227'

5

2

1111

6

130

6

7

76

7

431

7

8

75

8

1

114«

227"

8
»

5
10

232

2£ofQ0 rubra ..................>....•..........

182
1255

J

2

sga

1 "

8

132

3

212

"

11

1255

4

213

, 12

9

1244

5

747

"

21

1245

6

SSI

14

14

1246

7

227
267

16
16

13
12

238

Joglaoa clneroa

1057
76'

I

2

747

J7

17

10

3

551

18

16

16

4

114'

IS

18

76

6

114

20

18

76

6

114

' 21

20

•

128

7

IM

Fruiinu TiridU

»4«

1

2

393

8

8

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

2C1

EELATION B'JTWEEN TKANBVEESE STKENGTH AND SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ETC.— Continned.

1

Species.

1

a

!

i

V

It

a.4

|s

r

4

8

1
6
9

8

1

a
1
o

BpedM.

i

i
s

i

\ 1

^^B 289

Jaglaas nigra

951
951
766
766
318
325

1

2
3
4

5
G

251

QoercuB alba^-continaed

49>

m

8

401

19 »

1

18
81

St
28
M

21
17
I*

It
28

407
117

7
8

5
2

8K
2S1

25, 28
26 4

242

Carya alba ••..««*•...•«>.••■■••••............

117
29^
539
631
631
1056
1056
3
1097
249

9

1
2
8
4
5
6
7
8
9

7
4
7
2
3
12
13
6
1
11

253

Qnerotifl Qanyana •••••....

113>
403
251

32«
118«

49
443

32»
113
985
1027

27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
1
2

31
33

28
20
34

22
35

22
31

118

10

14

985

3

249

U

10

088

.

118

12

16

1027

.

3

13

5

1029

816

14

9

888

'.

639

15

8

1029

Corya eolcata ......«*•... ....... a......

816
383

16

1

15
3

254

Quercus obtusiloba

771
771

243

1082

2

5

2S8

391

3

1

151

^

1166

4

6

la

391

5

4

sn

1082

0

7

351

1164
1170

7
8

2
8

256

Qneroos macrooarpft

137
310

«

1165

9

9»

1071

245

Carya poroina •■.•..•••.••..■•

88

1

1

810

10

88

2

2

143

U

:

1168

3

7

833

11

■

1168

4

4

1073

7

442

6

9

1072

638

6

3

>3S

11

6

7

6

78

10

B

6

8

6

432

11

121

9

8

831

12

246

Carya aqaatioa

740

1

1

79

13

740
362

2
8

5
3

257

Qaorons 1 vratA ..■■>■■.....■>..■■.■.••*••■•.■

645

782

h

w

362

4

4

762

■

129

6

2

545

«

L

Qucronsalba «. ^

917
1257

6

1

6

18

268

Quorons bioolor

54

8I«

^^ 261

■

749

2

27

84«

■

647

3

1

54>

V

647

4

11

54

1257
8

6
C

14
19

259

Qn6rcn8 M icbftOxU

755
755

r

1050

7

10

810

749

8

8

sto

259

9

9

S24

238

10

5

534

748
82

11
12

3
12

260

Qoorous FrioQS ........■•.......>>.........■>■........

85

816

1050

13.

2

81

5

_

49

14

IS

'

885

k

260

16

7

81

w

895

16

29

4S4

238
260

17
18

C
16

26t

OiiArriis nrinnidiM

273
S8T

263

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.-Continned.

1

SpeoiM.

i

1

L

f
|l

1

«•
U

Spsolea.

i
1

1

3

7

8

• 2

Ml

Qqctctu prixioidc*— coDtinoftd ........................

614

291

KaguB forruglnca — coxtttnaed

766
765

5U

443

9

1

34

44<

10

Hlf QuercfU Tlrena --

404

296

Botola pftpyrlfonk

830

1

S64

1065

2

954

1065

3

7S9

1067

4

«19

722

5

799

990

6

919

1066

7

xn

QacrciiB mbnb ...•■•.••■••..■■.••■•.••■■.■..>.•..•....

1043
14«

10

1006
990

8
9

1

1043

166T

10

1

217

722

11

215
218

297

B«tiil*late«

843
843

1
2

7

2

1008

4

7

5

1069

6

148

8

1070

3

215

11

1068

0

92

13

1069

7

45«

9

1070

8

141

15

298

Betalanig:ni

842

1

920

6

841

2

920

7

841

3

45>

12

842

4

,45»

14

136

5

r*

QiLercTiB tloctorlA ■■<•••.■■■■■••■■•■•■■■•>•■■..•.......

74
3«»
38»

4
9
2

301

AlnoB mbra ,

136
991
991

6
1
2

80

0

1025

3

36

8

967

4

247

1'

907

6

17

6

1025

0

247

3

324

Popnloa monUifora

309

1

437

10

754

2

_

17

754

3

244

11

309

1

444

12

304

5

m

QaercTLS fulcat*

548
205

325

Fopnlua Fremontil, cor. WUlizent

304
012

0

1

648

646

2

131

640

3

131

900

4

266

012

6

245

909

0

245
742
511

327

ThnyAoocIdentBllB

1099
874
874

1
2
3

280

Qaerctts ftqnattCA

742

782

4

611

1099

5

349

783

0

349

783

7

!

204>

790

8

TOf

790

9

264'

379

10

2M

CuitaDe* ▼algarls, tar. AmarloMUi

18
268

^

879
792

11
12

1

1

1

616

793

13

1

7b£I1s frrmgltM* ......•,•..

18

119

9

328

ChftDiAoypArlfl sphwroidoft ..........................

350
850
860

1
2
3

VI

863

851

4

9

851

6

863

852

0

U9

5

350

7

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continned.

263

I
u !

Speoie*.

I

.2 If

i

&

1

764

142

142

544

S44

780

m

m

aM

87*

780

81

858

US

3S8

357

81

18

3SS

11

380

381

SO

10

880

11

U

243

U

243

u

385

14

18

380

U

IS

357

18

U

85

884

17
18

18
18

S30 ChamaDcyparisNntkflenalA.

330 1 Jnniperus Virglnlana..

I

342 Seqnoia semperrireii*.

347 Pmns Strobiu .

Pinna resliiosB .

301 Plnos ponderosa .

I

Plnas Inopa

Piuus glabra

1249
1290

788
788

1076
1076
785
1074
1075
785
632
910
907

1172
1172
1169
1169

PIntu glabra — eontinoed.

379 ' PlDUit Baokdiiuia .

Pinna palnatris .

Pinaa CnbeiiBla.

Pic«aiiign.

Pioea Sitchetuls .

Tauga C*aad«ii*U .

SS8

358

84

84

231

231

778

513

1|

773

773

784

SIS

784

791

•70

970

I0I5

977

1818

8n

1018

lOM

8

uia

798

T«}

772

771

264

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

RELATION BETWEEN TKAKSVEKSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continned.

GENEKAL EEMARKS.

An examination of the results obtained from the various tests made n|)on the woods of North America indicate
at least the important fact that witliiii tiie limits of any species the weifiht and strength of any specimen of wood
depends u])on the actual proportion of the sj)ace occui)ied in the layers of annual growth with open duels to the
space occupied with compact, woody tissue, and to the size of these ducts; or in the case of the wood of
Coniferii!, the proportion of si)ace occupied with cells formed early in the season to that o(;cupied with the smaller
cells of the summer growth. The proportion hetweeu these two kinds of growth varies not only in every individual-
tree, but in diflerent parts of the same tree. The causes which thus affect the growth of wood are not very
apparent. It is not soil, nor age, nor general (climatic conditions, it appears, which produce the diifereut i)roportioii
between the solid and the light portions of the annual growth in any species, because in the same individiial tliis
proportion is found to vary from year to year. It varies very irregularly; nor does the rapidity of growth, as has
been sujiposed, greatly affect the strength of wood, because the proportion of open to compact growth is little
aflcfited l)y rai)id or slow increase of the tree's diameter. How far annual climatic variations affect the nature of
the annual layers of growth has not been demonstrated, although it is not impossible that in years in which
conditions favoraljle to rapiil growth arc extended late into tiie season, the proportion of the annual layer occu])ied
by oi)en, weak growth to the growth of the whole year would bo greater than that formed in a year during which
the sea.son favorable for rapid growth was less extended.

It follows that while such (experiments as those conducted by Mr. Sharpies are necessary to estal)lish
maximum and relative values for any species, these being established, actual values of any given specimen of

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

265

wood may bo determined by microscopic examination of its structure ; tliat is, two specimens of the wood of any
species to which the census tests have been applied being given, their relative values can be determined by an
examination of their structure as well as or better than by any elaborate experiments.

TANNIN VALUES.

The amount of tannin contained in the bark of various trees of the United States has been determined.

These determinations give the proportion of tannin. They do not indicate the real value of the bark of the
species for tanning, which can only be obtained by actual experiments made on a large scale, other properties in
the bark, beside the percentage of tannin, affecting the value of the leather prepared with it.

These determinations must therefore be regarded as approximations, which will serve, in some cases, to
indicate species not now in general use for this purpose, which may be looked to as possible soarces of tannin
supply.

The methods adopted by Mr. Sharpies in making these determinations are described by him as follows :

The tannin in each case was determined in the rossed bark; that is, bark deprived of the main part of the ontside coating. The
method employed was that devised by Lowenthal, which may be thus briefly described: A standard decoction of the bark is titrated
with permanganate of potash, a quantity of indigo being first added to it. In a second portion the tannin ie precipitated by means of
gelatine, and the g.allic acid iu the liquid again determined by permanganate and indigo. The difference between these two readings
gives the amount of tannin in the bark, the value of the permanganate having previously been determined by pure tannic acid, or bv
oxalic acid and calculation.

The bark of the following species has been examined :

Botnnionl nnme.

Common name.

Oordonla Lasiantbos .
Proaopisjuliiiora

Hbizopbora Mangle

Exostemma Carilueam .

Queronsalba

Qaerons macrocarpa...

Quercos Priuus.

Qaercna priuoides (old tree) . . .

Qaerous prinoides (yonng tree)

Qnercns virena

Qaercna Emoryl

QacrcQS rabnv

QaercQB tinotoria

Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay ,

Mesquit. Algarobft. Honey

Locust. Honey Pod.
Mangrove

WTiitoOak

Burr O.ak. Mossy-cop Oak.
Over-cup Oak.

Cbestnnt O.ik. Eock Chest-
nut Oak.

Yellow Oak. Cbestnnt Oak.
Chinquapin Oak.

do

Live Oak

Black Oak

KedOak. Bl.aok Oak

Black Oak. Tellow-bark Oak.
QuercttronOak. TcUowOak.

1

3

3

^

-*i

i

S

SI

a

13.14

2.85

4.04

8.71

31.04

6.70

S.81

7.16

5.99

C.11

4.59

a 05

6.25

3.83

4.33

8.38 1

10.33

6.23

10.4ft

&89

0.7«

16.09

4.68

4.43

6.90

5.73

290

Botanical name.

Common name.

275 Qnercns Kelloggii .

276 Qoercus nigra

277 , Qaercus falcata

287 Qaercos denslflora.

Castanea vulgaris, tar. Ameri-
cana.

Ficea nigra

Picea Engclmanni

Picea Engelmanni

Picea Engclmanni

Tsuga Canadensis

Tsuga Mertcnsiana ,

Tsuga Mertcnsiana

Tsuga Pattoniana

Pseudotsuga Douglasii

BlackOak ' «.7«

Blackjack. Jack Oak ' 4.36

Spanish Oak. RedOak : &S«

TanbarkOak. Chestnut Oak. | 1&4<

Peach Oak.
Cheatnnt 6.J5

Black Spmce..
White Spmce.

...do

Hemlock .
...do

Bed Fir. Yellow Fir. Ore-
gon Pine. Donglas Fir.

7.20
sass j

17.01 '•

12.60

13.11

14.42

15.87

15.7!

8.64
6.28
4.82
t.84

2.84
2.75
2.tt
0.75

i.n

L44
1.4*

266

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Sp«cie«.

1IA6K0LIACE£.

1. Ifaimolia gruiditlorm

Bit LaurtL JiuU Bap.

i. U*|n><<1i> el'xx'*

Stetfl Bay VThUt Bay. Btater Trte.
Whitt LaurtL Svamp LaurtL
t. Usecolift actimiiiaU

Qucumber Trt*. Uountain Moffnolia.

261'
261'
Ml>

4. MscnoUa cordata I 1178

Otuimber Tret.

I LATKB8 or

I Diameter OBOwm.
I of tree,

346 Alabama .

5. Magnolia macropbylla

LargeUavtd Outumber Trtt.

7. MacDoUa Fr^aerl

Long-Uattd Oucumbtr IVm.

a. Llriodfndron Toliplfcra

Tulip Tree. YelUna Poplar. WkUeWood.

ASOVACRM.

Aalnina triloba

Papaw. Outlari Apple.

266>
26e>

260'
2Ce'

818
1231
1233

10. Aanna UorifoUa
Fund Apple.

YirginU.
....do....
...do....

.do.

do.

MlaalaslppI .

Cottage Hilt .
..do

C.Uobr Elchloam .

do I Swampy...

0.372
0.288

Wythevllle H. Shrivor j Clay limeetone.

Fanoy Gap do | Rich, light

do ' do do

do do — do

Sslvers' mill ' C.Mohr — do

Alabama i Winatoa coaoty .

North Carolina ... Statea'-iUe

MiasiRflippi I QaitmaD

Virginia .
...do...
...do....

...do Fancy Gap

Michigan . .

Ohio

Tonneaaae .
Ohio

do.

do .

Michigan

Weat Vlixinl*.
PonnaylranU . .
...do

Mlawmri...

Tnnnnainn

Wythovillo .

M. E. nyo
C.Mohr..

Kich . .
Rich, In

Damp
...do.

Danaville W. .T. Beal ' Sandy .

D.E.McSherry&Co.' E.E. Barney

Woodanm Machine | do

Company. i
Bonicy i Smith.. ...do

if.inufacturlnj: Co.
D. E.McShorry & Co. ... do

J. W. Stoddard &Co..... do

Bamoy St. Smith do

Manufactaring Co. I
Lansing 1 W.J.Beal

Grafton I C. G. Prlnglo. .

Cheater connty P. P. Sbuploa.

do L...do

Momnirc river, Jef-

fi-r»on county.
Cnnibctland river .

G. W. Lettorman . . I Alluvial
A.Oattlngor ....do ...

A. II. Curtian.

Swampy 0. 240

0.169
0.086

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

267

srsciFic OBAvrrr DBTEanraATiOKS.

ABH DETEBIIIXATIOKS.

1

.Weight, per
cnblo foot, -D 1

inponndS Remark.

(average).

i

Ilrat.

Second.

Third.

Average.

Flret

SecoDd.

Average.

a

0.6040

0.6034

0.S012
0. 4399
0.4582
0.4215
0.60S5

0.4095

0.5375
0.5468

0.8787
0.6067
0.4606

0.6430
0.4976
0.4602

0. 3843
0.3831
0.8798
0.4475
0.4513
0.43C2
0.4436
0.3774
0.4763
0.4444
0.4109

0.3540
0. 4259

0.4912

0.6680
0.5037
0.5413

0.6360

0.40

0.42

0.29
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.34

0.25

0.32
0.45

0.19
0.18
0.24

0.25
0.27
0.33

0.25
0.27
0.20
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.25
0.33
0.26
0.20
0.19

0.10
0.24

4.94

0.65
0.53
0.20

0.53

39.63

U$

0.5035

0.47

31.38

0. 5213
0.4399
0.4562
0.4215
0.5061

0.4690

0.27
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.34

mi

KU

0.5058

0. 4184

0.4859
0.6534

0.33
0.39

0. 4101

Third sp. gr. determination made on aap-wood ; foortb «p. gr.

determination, 0.4175.

0.29

29.23

0. 4139

0.32

25.79

1178

0.5117
0.5501

0.32
0.39

28

0.34

5S2

0.6309

0.35

33.08

0. 3787
0.6067
0.4606

0.19

0.18
0.24

2W>

Growth rapid; 0.5 sap-wood

Growth rapid : all sap-wood

AUsapvrood

Mfi

260

0.4487

0.20

27.96

0.6430
0.49T6
0.4602

0.6003

0.25
0.27
0.33

M>>

MO*

MO*

0.28

3L18

0.3843
0.3807
0. 3792
0.4418
0.4477
0.4256
0.4(93
0. 3774
0.4793
0.4427
0.4455

0.25
0.27
0.21
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.27
0.32
0.28
0.21
0.18

138

0.3783
0. 3787
0. 4361
0. 4442
0. 4150
0.4551

0.27
0.22
0. l.S
0.19
0.21
0.80
0.31
0.29
0.22
0.16

0.14
0.30

4,79

les

174

m

•

178

18T

188

SK

0. 4822
0. 4400
0. 4712

0. 3810

818

ISU

IBl

a 4230

0.23

26.36

0.3079
0. 4259

0.3969

0.15
0.27

211

sa

0. 5199

0.5048

0.21

24.74

aS053

i.86

11.49

418

2G8

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table 1.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

J

Speeiea.

CAPPAJSIDACK&

U. Csppsris JimaioensU ! 477

I 1188

CANELLACB.E.

12. Cuellaalba

Whitt Wood. Oinnanum Bart. Wild
Cinnamon. i

TERXSTEOEMIACK*.

li. Gordonuk Lisiuithiu

LobloUy Bay. Tan Bay.

STEBCOTJACKK.

18. Fremontia CaUfomica .
BKppery Eim.

TILIACE.E.

288
4M

17. Tilia Americana

LimtTret. BauWood. American Liri'
dtn. Lin. Btt Tret.

17. TQia Americana, rar. pub««ceiu.
U. Tilia betiropbylla .

Locality.

LATSR8 OF

Diameter! obo^ytu.
of tree, i ^_^

Upper Metacombo i A. H. Cartim ! Coral .

...do -.■-■■> do I — do '

UmbrellaEey do .

EUiott'eEev "... do .

Sonth CaioUna Bonneaa's Depot .

do Aiken

White Bau Wood. Wahoo.

MALPIGHLACE*.

Maa&achasette — { Arnold Arboretum .

Michigan ' Big Bapide

Missouri : AUenton

Michigan [ Herscy

Massachnsetts I Danvers

H. W. Bavencl .

C. G. Pringle .

C. 8. Sargent

■W. J.Beal

G. W. Lettcnnan.

W. J. Boal

J. Bobinson

A. H. Cnrtiss.

W. M. Linnoy .

Georgia Bainbrldge ..

I
Eentocky | CliOs Kentucky river

do Mercer county do .

do ' do — do

Tenneuee ' Cumberland river . . A. Gattinger .

I I

: I

19 Bynonima Incida

ynonima Inc
TaUmeberry.

Q{ambtrry.

ZTGOPHTLLACES.

10. Guaiacnm lanctam .
Ly/num-vilcm.

11. rorlirra angnatifolla

ECTACEJ!.

12. Xanthoxylnm Amniranom ..
FrieUy AA. TooOuuhe Tree.

610 Florida .

U18

... do

1117

...do

1110

...do

Boca CbicB Key .
Ko-Nanie Key . . .
Boca Cbica Key .
No.KameEey ...

A. H. Curtiss.

'Wet pine-barren.
Swampy

Drift

Gravelly

Alluvial

Rich loam . . .
Moist gravel.

Limestone .
...do

...do.
do.

Mlasonri . .
Mlcbl^an .

Ujj,,

ler Mt'tacombe — do.

Department of Ag-

I rldiliuro.
Clliott'sEey A. H. Curtiss

Allen ton.
Lansing ■

G. W. Lottermnu
W.J.BmJ

Limestone .

Alluvial ...

.do .

0.620
0.120

0.087
0.066

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

269

BTBCITIC GKAVTTT CKTBBUraATIOXS.

ASU DETEBUEIATIOKS.

Weight, per
cable foot,
in pounds
(average).

Remarlu.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

0.6649
0. 7293

First.

Second.

Average.

1

0.6690
0.7272

0. 9570
1. 0390

0. 3852
0.5146

0. 6995

0. 4026
0.3815
0.5035
0. 5166
0.4272

( 0. 4103
\ 0. 4087

0. 4927
0. 3791
0. 3674
0. 4695

0. 5257
0. 5909
0. 5081
0.6009

L1845
1.2738
1.0997

1.1230

0. 6122
0.5235

1

0.6609
0.7315

0.9593
1. 0017

0.4659
0.5255

0.7288
0.4722

5.60
3.82

0.75
2.66

0.49
1.02

1.51

0.30
0.32
0.97
0.55
0.42

C 0.68
( 0.62

0.45
0.67
0.86
0.48

2.84
2.40
2.75
1.94

0.87
0.51
0.86

0.53

0.60
0.64

5.77
3.88

0.95
2.65

0.44
1.08

1.86

0.33
0.38

5.68
3.85

0.6971

4.76

43.44

0.9582
1.0203

0.85
2.66

0.9893

1.75

6L65

0. 4255
0.5201

0.47
1.05

0.4728

0.76

29.47

0.7142

L69

1 44.51

UM

0.4G74
0. 3815
0. 4706
0. 5166
0.4266

0.4525

0.31
0. a.'i

t

1

114

0. 4378

3a

0.64
0.48

0. 07 1
0.64)

0.60
0.45

0.4163

0.38851.
0. 4220 )

0. 4362

[

Growth very rapid

Second growth

a55

28.20

0.4074

0.65

25.39

0.4927
0. 3791
0.3674
0.4620

0.45
0.67
0.86
0.50

28S>

38S>

0.4545

0.5360
0. 6783

0. 5791
0.5964

1. 2180
L1700
1. 0998

1.0843

0. 5969
0.6290

0.53

2.85
1.94
2.56
2.40

a 93
0.81
0.94

0.49

0.58
0.55

320

0.4253

0.62

28.61

0.5308
0.6478
0. 5782
0.5987

2.85
2.17
2.65
2.17

610

0.6743
0.5875

Ills

UU

IIM

0.9503

0.6888

3.46

36.68

1.1196
1.2218
1.0882

0.90
0.66
0.90

4T8

8te

1.0052
1. 1230

USI

1.1432

0.83

71. 31

1.1101

0.51

60; IS

NT

0.604S
0.6362

0.54

80

m

0.66M

0.67

36.33

270

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

i

•

Diameter

LATSBS or
OBOWTB.

SpMiat.

state.

Locality.

CoUeetor.

Soil

of tree,
in

8

metera.

Sap-
wood.

Heart-
wood.

7JS

80r

floridA

Cbattaboocbeo

A.H.CDrtias

....do

Tmtlmektrm PrieUm Aik. SmAtk.
ttfptrWoed. WOdOmgt.

TOTM

C.Mohr

Damp, Bandy

Dry, calcareoDs ..
Coi»l

0.352

30

a. Xaat^ijhim CUTk-Bcraili*, Mr. frn-

S38
1108

....do

flmidk

Aootiii

do

do

a09S

88

BtHmlrmd.

UM

... do

.. do ...

.do

4

S. Tiwllini iliiiii PtmU ...

HO

11M

do

Bay Biaca.nw

A.H.Ciirti8s

C.Mohr

Corel

WOdLimtt.

TflTM

A. H. Cnrtias

Coral

a84

13

81

It PMbtTifoliMi

T«8

...do

Aspalaga

...do

Caloareou

0.M

23

Hem Ttf. Shrutif Tr^nO. W^tr

17 Cmitia bolomitliA

13SB

AriMD*

■Wickenbnrg

C.G.Pringle

EIKASrBEJt.

487

norid*

Bay Biaoayne

A.aCartl»e

Coral

Fmmditilnt.

BinffiKTlACFT

4C2

....do

rp}>er Uetaoonbe

....do

do

OwmSitmi. QumULimlc Wmiln-
ttmt JHnA

... do . . .

Department of Ag-

«78

do

Upper Uetaconbe

A.H.CortiM

Coral

0.128

(1

Tink Wocd.

UZUJlCXS,

n. SvlctCBi* Mahneoni

4a

....do

do

....do

...do

0.228

IS

81

Makfumt. Uadtin.

OLACLKEiE.

47S
UM

do

....do

....do

...do

•.112

8

tt

do

....do

....do

ILIcrVEA

MS

Sooth CaroUBk....
....do

Warerly If ilia

W. St. J. Maiyck . .

Department of Ae-
ncoliurc^

Sandy loam

a 144

K

AmmemMatOf

tl. TW.T>*hc«B

4M

Ilerida

Bay Biacafno

A.ttCarti»a

Low, damp

0.128

It

iMUM. OmMemBtUf.

M. DezDiboa^Mr.mTTtUbll*

an

do

JaekaeoTiUo

...do

do

0.148

«

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Contiuued.

271

SFBCmC C&1.TITT

DBTKBHIHATIOm.

ABB DETKBinXA

1
Avencci

Weight, per
cubic foot.

1

i
s

Fine Seoood.

Third. Avenge.

!

First. Second.

Id pounds -i-i—r-w
(kvenge).

1

0. S139 { 0. 5003
0.4880 0.4772
0. 5392 0. 5153

0.6070
0.4828
0.5272

• i
0.92 1 0.S1 0.S1

aOS i 0.65 0.87

0.90 0 64 0^87

U88

1

0.6030

0.50SS

0.78

IIT«

0l82

3i.a

0.5733

0.8965
0.9275

0.7666
0.5775
0.8949

ai<4oo

0.7305
0.4172

0.2488
0.4022

1.04S0

0.74M

0.8925
0.9505

aKS4
0.6078

0.4830
0.5860

0.SS87

a 78

37.18

1.59 2.01
2.34 1 •> lis

0.S59S
0.9090

0.74»
a5807

a9coo

0.8238
0.«4«4

0.4100

a2677
0.2823

L04«S

•.7339

0.8799

a.9S3S

0.«>4«

0.5524

0.4701
«lS88«

0.8782
0.9222

1.80
3.25

1188
U48

0.9302

aoo

a63

LOO
0.59

a9002

2.K

56.10

0.7573
0.ST91
0.8968

0.95
0.61
0.79

0.7444

0 34

0.78

4&S8

a 8319

0i30

5L84

188

a6S8S

&13 1 4.54

1

0.93 0.93

2.05 1.91
2. 10 2. 07

1

j

S.S3

42.91

iia

a 4138

0.S3

35.78

48r

0.2587

1.98
3.09

tm

8a

aaoos

2.M

1&71

L0459

0.66
1.06

0.51
l.U

0.60

65l]8

at

0.7W7

0.7383

1.09

4&88

488

a8883

0.55 0

a83

«n

at24t

0.9531

a84

0.71
1.04

0.B4

0.83

a65
OiTl

0.86

0.83

5 wood

IISI

a Site

«i73

ST.U

a633$
a 6301

0.83
0.88

a.

888

8.6818

0l78

88.28

0.4806

ti91

ISLtS

484

a6878

&to

8&80

1

m

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table 1.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEICnT TEK CUBIC FOOT

i

8Uto.

Locality.

Collector.

Sou.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LAY!
OBO

Sap.
wood.

BS OF
WTB.

Heart-
wood.

Ui

804
962

335
758
846

341
016

338

63
1078

1188

478
1201

454

4«0

Ml

43
621
803

1094

1266
«03
1101

Alabama

Florida

Texas

Missouri

Texas

Florida

Cottage HIU

Saiot John's river . .
M.itogordabay

Alleuton

Dnllus

Chattahoochee river
Kew Braimfels

Chunchula

Ogeechee river

Cottage Hill

C.Mohr

A.ILCurties

C.Mohr

G. W. Lcttcnnoa

J, Keverchon

A.H.Curtiss

C. Uohr

....do

A.H.Cnrtiss

C.Mohr

O. W. Lettcrman . . .
....do

A.II. Curtles

....do

0.07S

17

Osjaraa. Tavpon. rcjxm.

Light

Clay

Alluvial

o.ose

88

CYKILLACE^.

Alabama

Georgia

Alabama

Damp, sandy

Low

0.I9S

Inn Wood.

Wet

0.104

47

TM. Iran Wood. Buekwluat Tree.

CELASTEACE.*.

3ft EuoD>'mas atropar[>aTcas

Burning Iltuh. Wahoo. Spindle Tree.
Arrow Wood.

Alluvial

do

.. do

...do

0.002

23

Florida

....do

do

Umbrella Key

Upper Uetaoombe
Key.

Coral

....do

0.110

71

leUtne Wvod. Box Wood.

....do

BHAllKACEiK.

...do

...do

Texas

UiHonii

Florida

do

do

....do .'

0.112

o.iee

0.100

7

22
5

S2
66
86

Bed Iron Wood. Darling I'lum.

...do

New BraoDfels

....do

C. Mol.i

U. Vf. Lclteimun ...

A.Oatlingcr

A.H. Cnrtiss

...do

Black Iron Wood.

Dry, calcarooDS. . .

Utue Wood. LogmmL Purple Haw.

Indian Cherry

Saint John's river ..

Rich hummock . . .

O.IOB
0.060

10
14

10

CalifoniU

OrogoB

Caliromia

Santa Cruz meant-
alas.

Portland

HantaCruK

G. Engclmann and
C. H. Bargent.

Klch, alluvial

1

Btarbrrry. Bear Wood. ShiMm
Wood.

« Cwr.othus thyniiloras

0.0M

11

1 1

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

273

SPECIFIC OnAVITY DETEBMlMATIOKS.

ABU DITSlUnilATIOKB.

■Weigbt, per
cnblc foiit.
In pounds
(uverage).

B«markB.

1

First

Second.

Third.

A voroge.

Fitst.

Second.

1
Average.

8
i

J. 7257
0. GS90
0. 7475

0. 7076
0.7888
0. 5D10
0. 7000

0. 7147
0. 6818

0. 6350

0.6240
0.08C8

0. 0007

0.7487

0. 7012

1.0605

1. 3020

1.2049

0.5954

0. 5040

0.49T1

( 0. 1804

( 0. 4789

0. COOO

0. 5065

( 0. 5805
( 0.5005

0.7183
0.7191
0. 7019

0. 7221
0. 7041
0.7547

0.74
1.04
C.80

o.h

0.83
0.87
0. U7

0.41
0.43

0.35

0.70
a 51

3.88

2.79
2.15

3.24

8.00

7.03

0.19
0.70
0.47

1.15

0.03
0.74
0.70

0.70
l.U
0.72

O.iO
0.84
0.70
0.67

0.43

0.40

0.48

0.08
0.53

2.95

2.91
2. 28

3.15

8.01

7.02

0. 18
0.98
0.52

0.81

0.53
0.59
0.68

0.72
1.08
0.81

MM

0.7270

0.87

4S,31

0. 7976
0.7888
0.5885
0. 7931

0.47
0.84
0.83
0.67

54

333

0.5801
0.7894

0. C563
0. CG08

0. 0147

753

0. 7039

M5

0. 7420

0.70

46.35

0.C855

0. 6713

0.42
0.41

0.42

3(1

«15

0.6784

42.28

0.6249

0.42

38.95

Its

0. 0240
0.6943

0.64
0.52

<3

0.7018

0. 9039

0. 7728

0. 7850

1. 0825
1.3020
1. 19411

107S

0.6592

0.S8

41.08

0.9048

3.43

56.39

1168

0.7608
0. 7881

0. 7745

2.85
2.22

3.54

4T<

IMl

48.27

1.0715

3.20

60.78

4S«

1.3020

a 31

81. U

4«0

1.1090

7.03

74.78

Ml

0.6954
0. 5951
0. 5136

0. 4807
0. 5402

0.19
0.87
0.50

0.98
0.64

43

0. 5902
0. ,^301
0. 4720 1
0. 4Si.'5 )

SSI

863

lOH

34.04

0. 6000

0.B8

37.89

asa

0. 6078

0. 5004 ;
0.5625'

0.5672

0.07

35.35
3&83

MS

0.S7S0

0.69

1101

'

IS FOR

274

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

TimtMrnfli

ZhmtfMmfU

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPEC1ME>S OF THE WOODS OF THE UXITED STATES— ConUnued.

trBavK a>«TnT DBnunxATMBis.

TUrd. ATct^k. < JbaL | OieMJ. Avmack.

<i 4T.-7

•.on

•lTSM

4 :xo

i' :.',n

iisa* I

I I1IS8T

' c.soaa

A.S1M

C43U
0.M3S

0.43117

0 5«9
4 SiViC

ATKV :

«lH1« '

0l3»45

•lUM

•.4X14
«l4«M

•l4M3

•iTTS*

«LSie j

&S19 H

•LMn

OlHS*

•.siis

0lM$4

assM

Ol.%«oT

1.9

LU

LM
1.M

3l(«

asm

«k»

0l4»S

•lM

tf **>»

..^

((.»

«L«S«

«.»

«.«Si»

o.«i 1

«.««»

ncm 1

•.»

tn 1.

1. 01
«.S4

tin

«i8>

•in

LSS

1 M )i

«LlfT

•.41

«L«»

•.a*

«.Jf7
«l44

«i34

• >•

•.4*

AIlM^WMd .

•.S8

•.4*

•.»
•.M
•.41

276

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Sp«;ie».

1

a

State.

LoeaUty.

* Collector.

Soil.

Diameter
of trco,

in
meters.

UiTERS OP
GBOWTII.

Sap-
wood.

Hoart-
wood.

£88

lOS
203
298
2tX)
376
409
1233
1234
1235

213
274'
274'
399
440
757
1167

103
367
448
1052

20
530
743
878
1048

1219

1240

290
311

64S
U76

Ut»li

City Crock cnllon . . .

SI. E. Jom-8

CO. Pringlo

Moist, gravelly . . .

0.050

13

Sugar ilovlr. Sugar Tnt. HardlTapU.
Soet itapU.

Ohio

'Woo<lsnm Machine
Company.

Miasonri

G. W. Letterraan....
.. do

... do

... do

. do

Charlotte

Cbarlcstown Navy-
yaril.

C.G.Pringle

S.n.Pook

Xcw England

... do

do

. . . do

.. do r ...

do

do .

uo *.

..do

Alien ton

do

C.G.Priusle

G. W. Lettcrman....
do .

Black Sugar If apt

.. do

....do

... do

....do

Low, alluvial...

TeDnessoe

Florida

Naahville

Chattahoochee

A.Gattingor

A. H.Curti8s

G. W. Lettermau....

C.G.Pringle

... do

Clay

Kiih uUuvial

0.268

51

8q/t ifapU. While ifapU. SUrer UapU.

...do

... do

.. do

MUsoari

M«8sacliagett8

.. do

TopBfleld

Arnold Arboretum..
Kemper's mill

C.S. Sargent

C. Muhr

Drift

0.285
0.222
0.252
0. 1G8
0.204

18
41
23
30
00

36

54
3
0

Jltd ilaple. Swamp IfapU. So/t ilapXr.
Water Uaple.

MiuiMlppi

Kicb, swampy

^°''

A.n.Curtlsa

MiuiFiicbiuctt«

... do

North Koading

Poplar Bluff

do

. do

. do

9

MJuonrl

do

C.W. Lotto rman....

Boxtldtr. Aih-Uated ilapU.

Tcxw

Ctlirornla

Ualhu

.. <io

W. Keenndn Californicnni

Box Elder.

ASACAKDIACE^.

Contru Costa conntj

Itich, moi«t

0.240

14

AUbaaift

C. Alobr

CIttUam Wood.

^illE WOODS OF 'ITU-: UNITED S'l'ATES.
OF BUY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Conliuucd.

277

SPECIFIC GRAVITY UETEBMIKATIONS.

ASII DKTEItMINATIOKg.

Weight, per
cnbic foot,
in pound*
(average).

Uenurlu.

1

Flrat.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

0.64

0. 7012

0. 6130
0. 6363
0.7607
0. 78:8
0.6538
0. 6242
0. 7100
0.0893
0. 7239

■ 0. 7319
0. 7249
0. 7214
0. 7117
0.6410
0. 6808
0.6814

0.4889
0.4860
0. 4760
0. 6247

0. 0701
0. 5770
0. 5283
0.6397
0.0374

0.5503
0.5356

0. 4332
0. 4217

0.4780
1 0.0190

0. 0791

0. 6003
0. 6300
0. 8098
0. 7089
0. 6783

0. 0902

0.60

0.44
0.51
0.54
0.60
0.93
0.36
0.91
0.33
0.48

1.48
0.50
0.52
0.70
1.31
0.55
0.42

0.31
0.30
0.40
0.29

0. 24
0.43
0.49
0.32
0.38

0.31
0.36

0.76
1.01

0.51
a 48

0.61

0.40
0.45
0.59
0.57
1.10
0.44
0.33
0.29
0.35

1.01

43.01

0. 6071
0. 6332
0. 7898
0. 7759
0. 6061
0. 6242
0. 7100
0.6896
0. 7239

0.42
0.48

0.57
0.59
1.02
0.40
0.62
0.31
0.42

tit

0. 6899

123S

0. 6935
0. 0980
0. 7002
0. 6799
0. 6)29
0. 7008
0. 6840

a 5254
0.4828
0. 5062
0. 6163

0. 084.';
0. 0064
0. 5510
0. G496
0. 6185

0. 6639

0.6912

0. 6904
0. 7115
0. 7108
0. 0958
0.0419
0. 7014
0.6827

0.54

43.08

1.25
0.56
0.52
0.63
1.17
0.44
0.39

2IS

274'

0.56
1.02
0.33
0.36

0.32
0.31
0.42
0.27

0.25
0.42
0.49
0.33
0.32

0.31
0.36

1.22
1.30

0.67
0.51

274«

t»

440

0. 7105

7S7

nor

0.6915

0.71

43.09

0. 5072
0.4844'
0. 4911
0. 0251

0.32
0.31
0.41
0.28

103

307

448

0. 6344

losa

0. 5269

0. 0803
0. 5917
0. 54G0
0. 6433
0. 6273

0.83

82.84

0.25
0.43
0.49
0.33
0.35

at

SM

0. 501)1
0. 0406
0. 02U0

743

Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-trood

STS

1018

-

0.6178

0.87

38. SO

0.5563
0.5353

0.31
0.36

0.84

0.99
1.16

1X»

1340

0. 4288
0. 4474

0.4856

.

0.5459

84.03

0. 4310
0.43)0

0.4323
0.4821

2M

311

28.97

1.07

1

•0.64
0.60

80.04

CIS

0.0425

4a 04

IITC

278

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specie*

Rhtu trphioA

Stagfiom Svmaeh.

158 , Vermont Hinesbnrgb..

1060 UassaclioMtto Danrcrs

C.G.Priugle , GraTclly.

J. Robiusou do

71. i:bn« copalUiui . . ■
Iheorf Sumach.

71- KbHS copalliDa, rar. Innceolata .

70 I MisMouri Allenton G. W. Lettei-man .. Moist limestone.

610
736

Georgia Lower Altamaha A.H.Carti88 | Dry, clay.

river. i
Floiida Cbattahoocbee river do do .

Texas ! Dallas J. Rovcrcbon ; Dry, ffi'-'velly .

Massachusetts...

1037

I0«1 ....do.

J. Kobinson , "Wet, swaropy .

...do

.do.

do

73. Rbns Mctopinm 467 Florida.

}'oison Bood. Coral Sumach. Mount-
ain Uane/iineel. hum Wood. Hog
PIvm. Doctor Oum.

LEGUMlXOSi.

Ihtetaconibe ' A. U. Curtisa , Coral .

76. OalM spiooui 1079 CalifoiiiiB \ Agua Calicnte ! PiiiiKb Brolliciri Diy.vindy.

77. Bobittia Pseadacacia 405 t Chailcatown Navy- S.H.Pook...

Loeuti. Black Lccutt. Yeltov Locust. | yard.

441 Tinncssco , Naabville , A. Gattiiigor

815 West Virginia

Hauacbosetts.

71. Boblnia viseou '. 1061 ...do.

Clammy Lonut. I

1031 Colorado.

Grafton C. G. Pringlo .

DanvcFS ' J. Kobinsou . .

W. II. Strong > Low, moist

80. Oloeya Tennta 660 Cnlifomia Lower Colorado G. Engelmaua and Dry, gravelly

Inn Wood Arbol dt Hitrro. | 1 valley. C. S. Saigvut.

81. PiaoldlaErTthTlna...
Jamaica Dogwood.

6<M I'lorida Upper Mctacomlie i A. II. Curtl

S3. CUiIrnstU ttoctorla ! 33 Kentucky.

YrUoirWood TeUowAMh. OopherWood.

430 Ttnncsseo .

r,r

Mercercouaty ^ \V. M. Ltmioy L(:noh(<pn*"

Niabvilk' A. (;:ittin;;tT Alluvlnl .,

0.085
0.067

(ophora
FritoU

C Mobr Limealune .

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOUDS OF THE UNITED STATES— Contiuiied.

279

BFBCIFIC OHAVITT

DBTEBMINATIOKB.

ASH DBTSBIOKATIOKO.

1

■Weight, per
cable foot,
in ponnda
(avenge).

ii«iuitrlu.

i

e
g

First.

Socond.

Third.

Arerage.

Fit St.

Second.

Average.

8

1

0.4476
( 0. 4079
( 0. 3012

0. 4907
0.5478
0.5472

0. 5131

( 0. 4383
\ 0.4192
( 0.4365
\ 0. 4535
0.4259

0. 8106

0. 8001

5 0.5714
( 0. 52S5

0. 7550
0.7908
0.6490
0. 7410

< 0. 8130
\ 0. 7942

0. 79SS

C 0. 8953
( 1. 1542

0. S779

0. 0072
1 0. 6277

1. 0310

0. 4.i93
0. 4855 1
0.3809)

0.5080
0.5579
0.4910

0. 5236

0.4302;
0.4368;
0.4322;
0.4449!
0.4511

0. 7728

0. 8884

0.5904|
0. 5241 5

0. 7004

0.4535
0.4170

0.43
0.52

0.02
0.63
0.65

0.89

0.90

0.49
0.50

2.31

] 29

3.41

0.22
1.26
0.35
0.22

0.22

0.02

( 1.85
( 2.75

3.42

U.21
0.39

1.44

0.54-
0.52

0.62
0.56
0.60

0.80
0.88

0.49
0.60

2.47

1.28

4.68

0.26
1.13

0.49
0.52

0.4357

0.50

27.15

0.5039
0.5529
0. 5250

0. 5273

0.62

o.ao

0.67
0.00

CIO

0.5367

73<

32.86

0.5184

0.85

32.31

0. 4326

0.4418
0. 4403

0.89

0.49
0.55

87<

0.4440

0.4382

0.61

27.31

0.7917

2.39

49.84

4<7

0.8tt4«

0.123 sop-wood

First, second, and third sp. gr. dotcrmtoations made on sap-
wood; fourth sp. gr. determination made on 0.1 sap-vood.

!

0.8740

1.28

54.47

1147

0.5536

4.04

34.60

1079

0.7727
0. 7008
0. 6439
0. 7239

0.24
1.19
0.35
0.24

405

441

0.6387
0. 7279

0.80171
0. 8287 )

0. 7855

0. 0600 >
1.1542)

0. 8089

0.0485

815

0. 7087

0.26

0.19

0.S8

2.15J
2.43)

3.34

0.17
< 36

1.74

Third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. Cnltivated

S45

0.7333

0.61

45.70

0.8094

0.20

50.44

lOU

0.8258
1. 1374

0.8034

0.00

50.07

lOU

1.0602
0.8734

2. 29

00.07

aso

8.38

St. 43

564

0.G2T8
0.6277

0.10
0.38

31

«r9

0. 9890

0.0325

■

0.C27<I

a28

39.13

First and set-oud sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wiKxi

0.9842

1.S8

C1.3<

MO

280

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Tabli: I.— specific CKAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

SprciM.

Locality.

Diameter
of tree,

84. Sopbora affinis.

Texan Dallas :' J. Bevorchon Dry, oalcareoas.

do ' Austin C. Motar do

85. GMnnocUdas Caii.idensia

'Kentucty Cofe* Trtt. Cofef .Vu(.

8G. Gleditacbi.t tri;tcambo8

Bona/ Locutl. Black Loaut, Three-
thornrd Aearia. Sioefl LoeuH.

Honru Shuek4.

2S6 I Ui880uri Allenton G. W. Li tterman . . . Low, riib .

402 do do ' do [ Alluvial

519 Tennessee I N.isbville A. Gattingcr | Limestone.

Missouri [ Allenton.

...do.

Tennessee I Nasbvillo .

G. W. Lotternian . . . i Low, ricb

1
[....do

A. Gattingcr Dry, s.tndy barren

760 Florida Clmllaboochco river. A.n.Ciirtiss Alluvi:il .

K>. Tarkinsonia micropbjlla 12S8

90. Parkiosonia nrnlt-ata .

03. Pmnopbi Jullflora

ItetqvU. A Igarolia
Ilmej/ Pud.

M. rrMMpis iinlx'M'ens

Jicrne litan Kerrvp-id UtMqwt. Tor-
niUa.

95. Lrnra-na ^aura . .

96. L'^tinrnrx Jmlvcrulrnt.

1069
1090
1091

G. EuKclinann and I Sandy
C. S. Sargent.

C.G. Pringlo.

Florida De|iartineut of Ag-

I riculturo.
Texas Austin S. B. Bucliley

Missouri ' Allcntou ' G. W. X^tterman .

Tennessee ( NasbviUe A.Gattinger

Missouri Allenton.

...do j do

...do ' do

...do ' Fort .Stockton

Aiizona Tucson..

...do do

Texas Austin

ColUbnila FurtYunia.

...do I ..do

1224 Mexico LampaMasniouulaiDs

1222 I Toxaa Brownsrilic —

G. \Y. Lettermaa.
...do

Low.ricb ! 0.200

Limestone

Rich

.do.

S. B. Bucklcv I LimestODO .

B. L. BaUlrldgo Light, sandy .

C. S. Sargent

...do

C. Mohr

Rich, calcareous .

O. Kneelmann and

C.S. Sargent.
...do I Sandy .

S. I!. Iliickloy
...do

Sandy

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DKY SPECIMENS OF TUE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutiuued.

281

BFKCIFIC CUAVITI

DETIBMIMATIOKS.

ABB DETEOIUXATIOXS.

Wciebtpcr
cubic foot,
in iiuiiutla
(average).

Benurks.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

Tint.

Second.

A verage.

1

0. S019
0.8510

0. C700
0. 0663
0. 7395

0. 8101
0. 9316

0. 6786

0. 6090
0. 8928

0. 8509

0.42
1.04

0.70
0.45
0.98

0.55
0.69
1.29

o.oc

1.23

4.20

2.32
2.17

0.59
0.67
0.80
0.82
0.67

0.76

3.35
1.07
1.45
2.09

1.02
0.91
0.95

:.27
0.90

0.34

0.88

■

32*
931

1. 13 1. 09

0.67

0.73

S3. 03

0.6743
0. 6663
0. 7395

0.64

402
510

1
0. 50 ' 0. 48

0. 82 0. 90

*

0. 7359
0. 0275

0.61

0.6934

0.67

13.21

0. 7330

0. 7345
0.6346
0.6528

0.58
0.69
l.U

S3'
111

0.6418

0. 6328

0. 7509

0. 0330

0. 7170

0. 6323
0. 3848

0.98

0. 7245
0. 6732
0. 7722

0. 7272

''

Fii-st sp. gr. iletrrmiunlion m.adp ou sap-wood

Second sp. gr. deterniiuatlon mnde on sap wood ...

0. 6740

0.80

12.00

0. 7342

0.79

l.CO

3.08

2.26
2.51

0.56
0.C7

0.77
0.74
0.84

0.77

2.69
I. 71
2.49
2.00

0.98
0.90

.1.31
1.13

0.78

15.76

7C0

0. 6531

1.12

10.70

678

0.7449

3.61

10.75

1258

0.6325
0. 5908

2.29
2.34

ISO

0.5968

0. 6157

38. U

0. 6116

2.32

0.6104 1 0.6070

0.6110
0. 7098
0. 6107
0.0289
0.6213

0.6363

0.66
0.67
0.79
0.78
0.70

0 7098

0.6234
0.6493
0.6009

0. 5959
0.6081
0.6J17

0. 7045

0.8U6«
0. 6997
0.7726

10»
1090

0. 7502

Fii'Mt and second sp.gr.deteiminiitionsni.idoou linlfiuip nriHl
Koot

0.72

39.65

0. 7392

0.7518

0.77

16.82

1142

0.8322
0. 7137
0. 7247

0.8493
0. 7067
0. 7467
0. 7502

3,02
1.09
1.97
2.05

sat

CM

0. 7473 0. 7620

0. 7587

0. 0.'« {»;»p.woO*l

m

17.13

0. 7910
0. 7930
0. 7278

0.9205
0. 680:l

0.7632

2.18

1.00
0.91

0. 95

0.S6

3.29
1.01

, 0.7772

0.7811
0.7?2»
0. 7258

0.7000

0. 9235

0.6732

OM

0. 7527

All sap-woo<l

All sap-wood

0, 7237

MS

0.9205

17.43
57.55
11. S5

I. '21

0. 0655

1222

i

282

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table 1,— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER ODBIO FOOT

Spcoiea.

J
B

B

a
S
§

State.

Locality.

CoUootor.

Soil.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATKB8 OF
OROWTB.

Sap. Heart-
wood, wood.

tn. Aeaci* Wrishtii

1209

sae

<87
8S3

509
1U3

MS
1108

480

68
220
334

435

233

GOO

908

15
100
115
127
148
l«8
817
308
400
725
783
1053

2M
418

Aostio

OaetClaie.

Santa Rita mount-
ains.
do

6. Engelmnun and
C. S. Sargent.

Caf$ Clav.

.. do

....do

...do

CUAon

Boca Cbica Key . . .

A. H.Curtisa

....do

0.202

14

29

'wad Tamarind.

....do

...do

....do

Cppcr MeUcomlw
B.nhu'i ITondaKoy ..

Bay Biscayne

Allenton

Charlotte

DaUas

....do

...do

Call Claw.

... do

....do

... do

BOSACEiE. ^

....do

A.H. Curtiss

6. W. I.etterman

C.G.Pringlo

J. Rcvcrchon

A. Gnttinger

C. G. I'ringlo

4. 11. Curtiss . ..

O. Engnlmann and
C. S. Sargent.

O.S. Sargent

C.G.Pringlo

W.J.Beal

O. W. Letterman ...
K.DongUs

0.100

47

Oieoa Plum.

Wiid Plum. Canada Plum. Hone

Vei-mont

Rich

Tennessee

liivor blnff

Chichuau Plum. Bog Plum.

WiU Red Ch'tmj. Pin Cherry. Pigeon
Ourry.

Georgia

Washington ter-
ritory.

Massacliuselta —

Vermont

Michigan

Misaonri

llUnois

Altamnha rirer

■Willicaon

Clay

0.2K
0.205

21
9

24
31

Sloe. BUukSlot.
107. PioDiu enurgiBata, car. molIU

Low, rich

Wild Ulaek Cherry. Sum Cherry.

...do

DansTillc

Allenton

Waukegan

Barney ii Smith

MitnufiicluringOo.

Hersfv

... do

Michigan

Vennont

VIrginU or Mid.

d^ states.
Pennnylvaula

Florida

Massachiuctts ...

New Mexico

...do

W.J.Beal

C.O.Prioglo

S. 11. Pouk

Blob

Chui'leatown Navy.

y.inl,
Williauiitport

Chattahuucbee river.

To|i>aeld

rinos Altos monnt-
aiai.

A. n. Curtiss

Clay

0.218
0.820

0.238

15 1 48 1

Gravelly

Alluvial

11
7

33
12

S.L.Grecno

...do

Wild Cherry.

....do

TllK WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Contiuued.

283

ePKCIFIC OUAVITT DSTBBMINATI0K8.

A8H DETBBUINATI0.N8.

WeiKht. per
cubic fuot,
in pounds
(average).

Remnrks.

1

First.

0. 9380

0. 8703
0. 8162
0. 8558

0. 0033
0. C901

0. 8829
0.8885

0. 7290

0. 0750
0. 7033
0.787G

0. 0G75

0. 5014

0.8162

0. 4310

0.7047
0. 0523
0. 5809
0. 6730
0.0473
0. 5075
0. 5373
0. 5131
0. 4080
0 5734
' 0. 6753
0. 6633

0. 7283
0 84,'i9

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

ATeruge.

0. 9404

0.9392

0.08

0.68
0.95
1.00

2.00

•1.08

2.48
3.00

0.87

0.11
0.17
0.33

0.28

0.36

0.14

0.18

0.13
0.13
0.12
0.19
0.11
0.13
0.19
0.14
0.06
0.00
0.17
0.10

0.16
0.28

.

0.57
0.80

0.68

58. S3

UM

0. 8703
0.8389
0. 8558

0. 8550

0.79
0.95
1.00

0. 8010

2.44
2.07

2.25
2.09

0.87

0.09
0.21
0.21

0.28

0.43

0.10

0.23

0.14
U.U
0.15
0.17
0.13
0.11

0.01

63.28

•

0.5848
0. 0987

2.22
2.03

Rough bark

0. 8349
1.0135

0. 8129

0. 0745
0. 0800
0. 8070

0. 7092

0. 5031

0. 8242

0. 4094

0. 7079
0. 0539
0.48.12
0. 0235
0. 6503
0. 5059
0. 0186
0. .'>351

0.6418

2.12

40.00

0.8589
0: 9510

2.37
2.55

445

uoe

0. 9049

2.46

56.30

0. 7709

0.87

48.04

480

0. 6748
0. 6918
0.7978

0. 7215

0.10
0.19
0.27

68

2I»

3M

0.18

44.96

•

0.6884

0.28

42.90

435

0.5023

0.40

31.30

m

0.8202

0.12

51.11

coo

968

IS

IM
11 J
I?7
148
196
IIT

0.4S02

0.21

2a 06

0.7063
0. 5532
0. 5321
0.6486
0.6491

0.14
0.12
O.M
0.16
0.12
0.12

0. 5280
O.OLMl
0. 46S0
0. 57.-.G

1

1

36S

0.00
0.10
0.34
0.17

0.08
0.10
0.25
0.16

406

0. 5777
0. 5221
0. 0857

0.6940
0. S8;l7

735

703

0. 6880

0.6837
0.SS22

195S

0.15

86.28

0.7111
0.8648

0.12 / 0.14

tK

•

4U

*

0.7870

a20

49.10

284

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specie*.

110. rrunns diniiMS

ITiW Chrrry.

HI. Pmnas Can>linuuiB

Vild Oranjr. Uoct Orange. TTUd
Piach.

212. PninoA sph^Mocarpa

213. Prunus ilicifolia*

I'la)/.

114. Vaaqnelinia Torroyi

115. Circocarpas ledifulius

Jfounfain iiahagany.

116. Cercocarpud iiaLrrifoIiaa

Mmtntain Uahogany.

417. Pyma coronAria

American Crab. SuetUtcented Crab.

118. P.\Tua MKuslifoUa

Ameriean ("rab Apple. Southtm Crab
AppU.

119. PjTtia rirolarU

Ortijwx (}rab Apple.

120. Pynu Americaiu

Movntain Aeh.

121. Pyran Mmbacifolia

Mountain Aeh.

ITi. C'ratari;!!'! riviiUrio

123. Cratirguj Dottglamii

2*4. CratrEtut l.racbyacaalbA

Uoge' Ua\e.

J25. CratiT^'t* arbor^acpiu

1032
1002

Alabama .
Florida...
...do....

...do

Texas

Strawbtrry valley .

G. Eocclmann and

. LDccln

C. S. Sarj:

,cut.

Low, ricU .

S.indy .

M..bilo |C. ifobr

Jocktiouvillo ' A. H. Ctirtiss ' — do

Chattalioofhcc C.Mohr ' Alluvial .

JacksoDviUe.
Victoria

A. n. Curtia-s Sandy

C. llohr ' Eiili, moist ,

Edsoof Everglades. A. ll.Ciirtisa

City Creek cation. .

C. L. Audersou.

Rocky

M. E. Jones Itocky

®-*' California SisKiyou county G. Eu^elmanu and

C. S. Sargent.

1087
1088

Delaware

Pennsylvania.
.. do

Sonth Carolina.

Oregon .

Vermont.
.. do

... do

UUh

Kiameusi .
Nazareth .

Cliarlottc

Huntingdon .

W. il. Cauby

J. Henry

...do

H.W. Ravcnel.

G. Engolmnnn nud
C. 8. Sargent.

C. G. Pringle

do .

dci .

Mount Muuffieltl

C ity Creek eaHon ... 1 M . E. Jonea

Orogun I Cascadeaof the Co- 1 G. Kuzeliiiann and

I lumbla river. | C. S. Sargent.

VX i Loulsbna ' Web«tcr porlnli C. Unlir

Clay..
Moist .

Rieb, dump .

Gr.;velly.

.do

...do.
Rick..
Clay .

South Carolina .. | Aikcn .

II. W. Ravenel lllcb .

..do do ....do do

Georgia Ogeccbeo | A. H. Cnrtiu | Low .

0.171
0.202

8 61

12 50

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF WOODS OF TDE UNITED STATES— Coutinued.

285

SrECIPlC OBAVITY DBTEBMINATI0K8.

1.0008
1.0950

0. C973
0.6040
0. 7402

0. 6U45
0. 82GG

0. 5345
0. 5512

0. !IJ15

0. 9655

0. S874

0. i<2:;7

0. 7700

0. 7707

0 8000

0. K721

0. 0030

0. MIO

1. 0333
1. 1080

0, 7228
0. 0762
0. 7200

0. 5429
0.5410

Average.

0. 9685
0.8472
0. 7782
0. 8691
0. 8810

0.8688

1. 0447
1.1015

0. 7320
0. 6788
0. 7057

0. 6730
0. 7240

ASH DETEKMIKATIONB.

0.5438
0.5464

0.32
0.39
0.44

1.27
1.09

0.52
0.50
0.49

0.98
0.S«

0.33
0.37
0.44
0.49
0.43

0.48
0.38
0.75

Average.

0.33
0.38
0.44
0.48
0.43

Wi'ighl. pel
cubic ff>ot,
in pounds
(average).

1.19
0.89

0.50
0.44
0.02

1.11

0. 50

MR
80ft

•1ft
1032
IOC

0,125 Bap-wood g(i3

£>04

1087
]«8S

0.25 eap-wooil.

Sap-wood 410

0. 0928

0. C3CG
0. 6093
0. 0203
0. 0934

0. 0835

0. 6230 1
0. 0225 }
0. 6590
0. 6699

0.6»27
0.6817

0.38
0.62

0.38
0.65

286

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER OQBIC FOOT

Species.

1

a
a

s

§

sut«.

I.o<-«ltty.

Collector.

Sou.

Diamotei
of tree.

in
meters.

LATEBB OF
GUOWTB.

wood.

Heort-
wood.

S28
1063

ICO

949
1081

154
426

44:

759

800
614

239

301
569

767

1160

ISO
241
840

867

87S
1259

1095
1173
1181

UaasuIiiuettB...
Hiamnrl

0.180

OodSpur Thorn. KewcattU Jhom,

G. W.Lettorman....

C.G-Piinyle

C.Mobr

ScarUt Hav. Red Baw. WhiU Thorn.

Alluvial

0.180
0.106

61
28

ScarUt Baw.

Missonrl

C.G.Priugle

Clav

BlM Thorn. Pear Bav.

Tennessee

... do

Kashvillo

... do

do

Watkington Thorn.

Chattahoochee

A.n.Curtiss

IT. W. Ravenel

A.H.Cnrtiss

H. W. Kavenol......

...do

0.080

27

rar$Uy Hav.

South Carolina. . . .

Small/ruited Baxo.

Ogeechee river

Bonncau's Depot

Low

0.880

88

1

Snatli Carolina....
....do

Bay Bav. Apple Bair.

Dry, forUle

0.224

68

Summer Baic. YeUovo Haw.

Floriila

A. H.Curti88

...do

I3j. Cratar^iu flftva, rar. pabeeceos

Summer Bate. Med Bate.

....do

0.142
0.184

44

21

84

Toyon. ToUon. CeUi/omia HoUy.

C.G.Prlnglo

■W. M. Llnnoy

Junrheriy. h'had lituh. Service Tref.
May Ctitrry.

Kentucky

MaMUcbnsoUs....

... do

Bnimfleld Station...

Waverlj* shale —

0.140
0.190

84

43

60
21

HAMAMELACEJC.
13?. Ilnmamr-UH Virelnlca

^Y^Uh Haul

....do

... do

...do

Tennessee

Kemper's mill

C. Mohr

G. W. Ut'.

S.P.Shiu 1

K. A1.I...V !

Sweet Gum. Star tear ^d Gum. lAmtid-
amber. Ji*d Gum liiUted

Arksosss '

New Jersey

UliMlHitinl

Mount UoUy

Y«7.n<. River Imtlnm.;

0.208

30

17

■'* 1

AlloTiAl '

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

287

OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

i ■

BPKCmC OBAVITY

DBTERMINATIOKS.

ASn DETKRHINATIOXe.

t

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in poonds
(overage).

Kemarlu.

5

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

SeooDd.

Average.

i

0. 6390
0. 7781

0.8654

0.7909
0. 8370

0.7649
0. 8059

0. 7105

0 7500

0.7524
0. 6716

0.0625

■ 0.7724
0. 8172

0. 7770

0.0010

0. 6074
0.7004
0.8600

C 0.7007
'( 0.70S1
f 0. 0002
< 0. 7028
0. 6099

0.C415
0. 5773
0.5841
0. .5605

0. 0705
0.7667

0. 8382

0.7144
0.8382

0. 7712
0.7110

0. 7481

0.7400

0.7098
0. 0700

0. 0503

0. 7620
0.7718

0. 7596

0. 9042

0.7642
0. 7944
0. 9028

0.73931
0.7826$
0. 7828 1
0.6985 J

0.6632
0. 7791

0.0042
0. 7748

0.57
0.49

0.30

0.77
0.54

0.50
0.53

0.48

0.72

0.71
0.60

0.57

0.82
0.65

0.91

0.62

0.61
0.42
0.65

0.43

0.27
0.32

0.47
0.48
0.29
0.67

0.55
0.60

0.40

0.78
0.68

0.44
0.51

0.44

1.22

0.67
0.63

0.56

0.94
0.73

0.91

0.46

0.64
0.53
0.45

0.44

0.33
0.39

0.49
0.73
0.34
0.06

0.50
0.55

i

0.7194

0.56

44.83

0. 8618

0.38

53.71

0. 7527
0.8379

0.78
0.61

ion

0.7953

0.69

49. S6

0.7681
0.7585

0.47
0.52

0.7633

0.30

47.57

0.7293

0.46

45.45

447

0.7453

0.97

46.45

73*

0. 7611
0.6708

0.69
0.62

300

0.7159

0.66

44.61

0.6564

0.57

40.91

SW

0.7672
0.7945

0.88
0.69

SOI

s«

0. 7809

0.79

48.67

0.7683

0.91

47.88

767

0.0326

0.54

6&18

116*

Firat sp. cr. detorminatiou made on 0.75 cxp-wood j aeoood »p.

er. doterroiuation made on 0.5 aap-\Tood.
0.23 sap-wood

First and third ap. gr. deterrainationa made on 0.9 sap-wood ;
eecftnd ap. gr. deteimination made on Mp-wixtd.

0.0858
0. 7924
0.8733

0.7838

0.63
0.48
0.55

15*

0. 8570

0.5S

48.85

0. 7342

0. 7126
0. 6099

0.44

0.30-
0.36

MT

8TS

lUt

0. CI 70
0. 5605
0. 5991
I). 5519

0.6836

0.37

0.4S

o.ci

0.32
0.B7

12. 72
1

0.6i95
0.5719
0. 5916
0. 5615

M«

IO«S

1173

0.6692

1161

283

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGOT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specie*.

1

a
a

S
§

State.

Local itv.

Collector.

Soil.

Diameter
of treo,

meters.

LATKRS OF
OROWTII.

Sap.
wood.

Heart-
wood.

1182
1183

485

489

507

1205

4S6
1118
1120
1198

1200

ins

IISS
1189

1107
1127

603

8M
801

07
701
812
1077
1092

900

Miasissippi

....do

Yazoo Rirer liottam
... do

R.AbbeT

Alluvial

....do

do

RHIZOPBORACEA.

Brty IJiscayno

....do

A.n.Curtiss

....do

Salc-morsh

do

0.2SO
0.164

81
IS

50
31

J/anjTroM.

COMCRETACEiE.

...do

...do

Button Wood.

Sugai loaf Ronnd . . .

....do

...do

Whin Buttt/n Wood. Whit* ilangmt.
MYKTACE.fi.
Ml CalvptraotliesChytncoUa

...do

...do

Coral

....do

Upper Mclucumbe

Lo8t*MaD'ft river

Elliott's Key

...do

0.084

43

Gurgton Stopper. Spanish Stopper.

...do

... do

Hamas and coral..
Coral

...do

...do

...do

Upper Met.icorobe
Key.

...do

. do

...do

...do

0.084

6

63

Xaked Woo±

...do

Palm Hammocic

...do

....do

....do

do

0.150

15

Sopprr. White Stopper.

....do

...do

...do

... do

....do

....do

...do

do

...do

....do

do ...

Stoj'per.

....do

Miami

...do

do

0.141

87

Bed Stopper.

CACTACEfi.

Tucaon

DuDvcrs

....do

O. Engelmann aod
C. S. Sargent.

J. RublDHOU

....do

0. W. Lollenuan ...

A. H. Curtlu

C. G. Prlnslo

G. W. Lottcniian . . .
....do

SutearrovD. Saguaro. Oiant Caetut.
CORKACEfi.

MaaracbasetU

...do

1

n','lirro.l

....do

ISl. ConiD« O'lriiln

MlMouri

Florida

Alli'Utou

Chattaliooclioo

0.148
0.128

47
72

Floteering Dogicood. Box Wood.

Calcareous

Dry

WMtVirgtuia...
Uiaaonri

AUcnton

....do

GrBTclIy

Flinty

0.122

44

7

1

...do

Purllaud

G. Eugelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

rUncrri-tg Dogteoed.

•

1

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

289

SPECIFIC OnAVITI

DETEimmATIONB.

A8H DETBBHraATIOHS.

Weipht, per
cnbio foot,
in puundH
(average).

Rtmarlui.

1

First.

Second.

Tliird.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

O.Cl*
0. 5825

1. 1391

0. 0939
0. 7100

0.8930

0. 8763

1. 0625
0.8645
0. 8857

0. 8526
0.9542

0.8910
0. 9180
0. 9140

1. 1450
0. 9425

0. sjon

0. 6572
0. C987

0.8264
0. 7599
0. 7892
0. 8690
O.eiM

0. 5891
0. 5765

1. 1842

0. 9860
0. 7174

0. 9282

0. 02.56
0. 5878

0. 6091
0. 6823

0. 5910

0.72
0.85

1.80

0.32
1.69

3.04

1.11
1.19
2.23
1.66

0.85
0.58

2.05
1.60
1.83

3.30
2.44

3.89

0.43
0.89

0.51
0.7S
0.73
0.66
0.62

».4t

0.77
0.77

1.83

0.32
1.54

3.59

1.26
1.05
2.16
1.38

0.91 •
0.60

1.05
1.95
1.99

3.60
2.79

S.Ol

0.41
0.43

0.60
0.84
0.83
0.68
0.60

0.62

0.76
0.81

0.61

36.83

1/1617

1.82

72.40

486

0. 9900

0.32

61.70

48»

0.7137

1.62

44.48

0. 8765

0. 8992

3.32

56.04

0. 8753
I. 0513
0. 9123
0. 9045

1.19
1.12
2.19
1.52

45«

1. 0400
0.8540
0. 9232

0. 8392
0.9472

0.9110
0. 0340
0. 9295

1. 1020
0. 9482

0.3110

0. 0748
0, 0932

0.8264
0. 7710
0. 7863
0. 8910
0. 8215

1. 0200

0. 9360

1.60

68.33

0.8469
0. 9507

0.88
0.59

0.8983

0.74

55.08

0.9010
0. 9241
0. 9217

2.00
1.77
1.91

0. 9202

1135

ll!9

0. 8156

1.89

67.06

1. 1235

8.48

70.02

U97

0.9453

2.62

58.91

HIT

0. 3188

3.45

19.87

•n

0. 0048
0. 6893

0.6456
0. 6937

0.42
0.41

set

so

0.6696

0.41

41.73

0.8264
0. 7055
0. 7878
0. 8803
0. 8165

0.66
0.80
0.78
0.62
0.61

CT

ni

811

urrr

UN

0.8153

0.87

60.81

«.7481

O.SO

4&63

Nt

19 FOU

290

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

SpedM.

Local itf.

ISI. yjMS c*pit*U dOS

Oatrthu Limt. Sour Tupelo. Oophtr
Plum. '

lU. Krua svlTstic*

^ptlo. Sour Ovm. Ptpptridgt. Black

SfiS. Kyeaa nniflora

Largt Tupelo. Cotton Ovm. Tmelo
Gum.

CAPEIFOLIACEJt.

1S4. Sambncos eUnca

£ldtr.

157. SambacQB HexicADB

£lder.

Its. yibarnam LcotaRO

Shttpbfrry. Sannyberry.

US. Tibiirnain pruuifulium

Black naic. Stag Bulk.

RUBIACEJ!.
IM. KzoAtemma Caribsam

Ml. Plnckuf^apabena

Qtorgxa Bark.

in. Oeaipa clunisfolia

4fr«n year Apple.

)M Snaturda cWpUoa

Georgia.

South Carolina.

Xennossee

Georgia

Florida

West Virginia .
MoseachQsctta.

do .

Sooth Carolina .

...do

Alabama

Georgia

CaUfomia .
Arizona ...

Vermont.
...do...

Eentack; .

South Carolina.
!....do

1132

lias

1128
IIM

Ogeechce riror j A. H. Cortiss.

Swampy .

Bonnoau's Depot .
Cumberland river.

Opecche* river

Chattahoochee

Grafton

Wcet Newbury . . .

...do

Cbcbacco pond . . .

H. W. Kavcnel .
A. Gattingcr ...
A. H. Cnrtiu...

.do.

Mnok.
Clay..

0.220
0.214

C. G. Pringlo .
J. Kobinson . .

Bonueau'e Depot .

Stockton

OgcccheorlTer..

n. W. Ravenel.

...do

C. Mohr

A. H. CurtiBS..

Swampy .

0.18S
0.320

ContraCoitacountyi

Charlotte . .
Hincsburg.

Mercer county.

..do

llainbridge

G. R. Vasey | Gravelly.

I
C. G. Pringle

do.

W. M. Llnney .

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss..

^r;.

er Hctacombe I do .

BlulHoB J. n. Mellicbamp.

— do do

Florida j rpper Mctaconibo ; A. TI. CurtisB.

...do I Ellioti'aKey I. ...do

Upper Metacombe ... do

icy.

Umbrella Key .
...do

Muck....
Swampy .

Shale

Tren ton limee tone.
CU»y

Sandy, Bwamp .

0.07«
0.108

Sandy
Coral ..
...do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continned.

201

BFECIFIC GHAVITV

DETEHMINATIOKS.

A6II DETERUlaATIOKe. '

Weight, per
cubic foot,
hi ponndH
(average).

1
Remarlu.

i

g

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

8

0.4C80

0. 0G58
0. 5650
0. 607!)
0. 0436
0. CI08
0. 6849
0. 74C7
0. 7429

0. 5589
0.5650
0. 6002
0. 4424

0. 6070

0. 4568

0.7265
0. 7519

0. 8108
0. 9140

0.7740

0. 0200

0. 6528

0, 6126

1.0210
1.0425

1. 0785

0. 9378
0. 8409
0.7490

0. 4546
0. 6C49

0. 4613

0.35

0.66
0.89
0.40
0.49
0.62
0.41
0.38
0.32

0.72
0.66
0.68
0.76

1.60

1.83

0.27
0.29

0.46
0.47
0.60

0.24

0.28
0.49

0.71
1.00
1.48

0.88
0.94
1.83

0.33

O.El
0.79
0.43
0.49
0.53
0.40
0.39
0.34

0.78
0.81
0.59
0.66

1.55

2.17

0.28
0.30

0.49

0.34 !

28.75

•05

0. 6652
0. 5650
0. 6092
0. 0559
0. 0031
0. 6K39
0. 6974
0. 7026

0.74
0.f4
0.48
0.49
0.53
0.41
0.38
0.33

235

0. 6104
0. «082
0. 5865
0. 6787
0. 6748
0. 6626

0. 5700
0. 0C49
0. 6525
0. 4002

0. 5U98

0. 4608

0. 7075
0. 7332

(08

750

813

0. 8881
0. 6708
0. 7022

833

834

(35

0. 63S3

0.62

39.69

0. 5045
0. 6653
0.5264
0. 4213

0.74
0.74
0.59
0.71

128
236
550
«04

32.37

0. 5104

0.70

0. 6087

1.57

31.70

•81

0. 4586

0. 4614

2.00

28.75

0. 7180
0. 7426

0.28
0.30

0. 7303

0.29

45.61

0. 8108
0. S140
0. 7749

0. 8332

0.48
0.47
0.60

0. 9419

0. 6013
0.6131

0.22

0.27
0.58

0.80

i.oa

1.65

0.79
1.03
1.33

0.S2

51.92

0. 9310

0. 6571
0. 6129

0.23

58.02

0.28
0.54

181

0. 6350

0.41

33.41

1.0219

0. 9957

1. 0772

0.66
1.01
1.52

1.0270
1. 0840

0. 8933
0. 8598
0. 7217

0. 9176

Second and third sp. gr. determinatiODS made on 0.S Mtp-mnd..

list

nw

1. 03X6

0.0164

0.8504
0. 7353

0.8337

1.08

84.29

9.84

0.09
1.32

4T1

1129

1194

1.05

51.96

202

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASn, AND AVEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

8pMi«*.

Locality.

I LATBRB or

Di»nieter OBOwra.
of tre«,

ERICACBA.

IM. Ttccininro u-borenm .
ForhUbtny.

343 AUbanu
SU I 0«oikU..

CitiODdle

Alt«in»h» TiTer .

C. Ifohr Sandy ...

A.H.CuTtlss I Swampy.

Ht. Aodromeda ferrafrinea .

1033 Florida.

1034 {....do...

JackflonTllle ' do .

do I do.

107. Arbutua Xalapenaia.

108. Arbatnt Triana.

170. Kalmia UUfolia

Lawtl. Calieo Bvfh. Spoon Wood.
Jvy.

171. RhododrnrlroD roaximnm . . .
Ortat Laurel. Iio§€ Bay.

MTBSINACEiE.

173. Uynine Rapaoea

171 Ardiaia Pickenneia..
MvUMrry. OuTTy.

SAPOTACE.S.
171. ChryKrphyllcm ollTlfonnn

043 California Contra Costa coanty G. R. Vasoy ; Gravelly.

I I '
879 do Marin cotinty do ' do

2«2>
362'
l«2«

Arizona i Santa Rita mount- G. Rngrlmann and Rocky.

' ains. ] C. S. Sargent.

Texas Bays connty i S. B. Bnckley

AJabama I Cottftgo Hill

Tennessee Nashville —

Virginia Fancy Gap .

C. Mohr

A. Gattinger.

1123 Florida | Bay niscayne A. IT. Curtiss .

1130
ll«2

4S8
1130
1100

do Palm creek .

.do Key Largo

do ' Elliuti's Key ..

.do I Umbrella Key .

Bay Ulscayne . . .
Upper Metacombe

To

Of.

Light, rich . . .
Sandy, rocky .

Hoist.
...do.

THE WOODS OF THE UNTfED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

203

■FBCmC OBAVITT

DBTBBIOHATIOXS.

ABB DBTHSMDCATIOItS.

Weight, per
cahic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Btmarlu.

J

First.

Second.

Third.

ATerage.

First.

Second.

Arerage.

8

0.7814
0. 7740

8. 7766
0.7037

0.6452
0.7482

C 0. 7202
( 0. 6842

0. 7535

0. 7920
0. 7114

0.7536
0. 7214
0.6730

0. 6266
0. 6341

0. 8491

0.8154
0. 8800
0. 8770

0. 5693
0.6437
0. 8300

18S86
1 «125

0. 7470
0. 7405

0. 8021
0. 7174

0. 6939
0. 7332

0.6955;
0. 7397 !

0. 7674

0. 7574

0.7647
0.7573

0.42
0.35

0.45
0.56

0.42
0.42

( 6.21

0.54

0.42
0.27

0.61
0.31
0.32

0.43
0.29

0.74

1.81
1.74
1.75

4.09
3.47
185

l.St
4.90

0.45
0.32

0.37
0.45

0.33
0.39

0.241
0.30)

0.48

0.49
0.31

0 44
0.34

1

3tt

ci:

0. 7010

0.39

47.42

0.7894
0.7106

0.41
0.51

un

lOM

0.7500

0.46

0.38
0.41

46.74

0.6696

0.7407

0. 7052

0.40

43.95

0. 7099

0.25

0. 7292
0.7916

0. 7500

0.51

46.74

0. 7803
0. 7114

0.46
0.29

\

•

0.7458

0.37

46.48

0.7536
0. 7214
0. 6730

0.61
0.31
0.32

tsr

mr

0. 7160

0.41

44.62

0. 6266
0. 6341

0.43
0.29

Ma^

MS*

0.8541

0.8412
0.8532
0.8942

0. 6500
0 6475
0.7065

0.9433
L0149

0.7990

0.88

1.84
1.95
1.95

3.82
3.74
173

1.11
6.(7

0. 6303

0.36

39.28

0.8341

0.81

5L98

lUt

0.8283
0.8666
0.8856

0. 8602

1.83
1.85
1.85

4M

IIM

iiaa

0.6582

1.85

53.61

0.6258
0.6456
0.8132

3.96
3.61
2.79

496

IIM

U9B

0.9660
1.00S2

a 6948

3.45

43.30

0.9360

1.24

58.33

4«

1. 0109

5.14

63.00

4«1

294

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Spades.

1T8. Bamrlia t«n«x.

180. Bomell* spinoss .

183. Bamelia conesta

Ants' Wood. Downward Plum. 8c^-
fron Plum.

in. UimuAopt Sleberi .
WildDia^.

EBENACE£.

IBS. DlfttpyrTM Tt^xaiui . .

Black Ptriimmon.

mon. ChapoU.

Maiean Periim-

3TYKACACE«.

U(. Symplocod tinctoris

Bor$e Huyar. Bwtet L«a/.

187. H»1m1» dlpUr*

Bntw-drof Trt. BOttr^Ml Trf.

£

1064
1102

Florida .
..do...

Georgia.

Missouri..
Texas . . .
Missoori.

Tennessee .
Florida

do .

Missonri

Tennessee

West VirRinla .

Uissoari

,...do

Locality.

Bay Blsoayne..
Umbrella Key .
Ko-Nams Key .

Bainbridgo do

A.H.Cartiss .

..do

...do

AUenton .
Austin . . ■
Allenton .

Long Key

Boca CMca Key .

G. W. Lettormon .

C.Molir

G. VT. Letterman.

C. G.Pringlo.

A. Gattinger.

A. H. Corliss
...do

Upper Metacombe — do .
Key.

AUenton..
Xasbville .
Grafton . . .
AUenton..

.do.

G. W. Lcttomian .

A. Gattinger

C. Q. Pringle

Q. W. Letterman .

.do.

Low

Limestone .
..Jo

.do.

Rocky .

Alluvial.
Coral ....

do.

Rich upland -
Rich loam . . .

Rich upland .

C.Uobr i Calcareous.

Alabuu Cottage Hill ... .

Arkansas Tezarkana j G W. Letterman .

Georgia.
Floilda.

Sandy .

Baiobrldgs ...
Apalaobloola .

A.n.Curtlss .
C.Uobr

I LATEB8 OF

Diameter | OBOWTii.
of tree,

0.170
0.160

0.266
0.237

0.134
0.123

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY- SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

295

BPECIFIO OBAVITJ

DBTBBjnKATIONS.

ABH detriuhbationb.

■height, p«i
cobio foot,
in pounds
(ftverago).

EemarkB.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

ATorago.

First.

SecoDil.

Average.

s

0. 0813

0. 9737
0. 9312

0. 7106

0. 7541
0. 5947
0. 6221

0. 6580
< 0. 6392
\ 0. 6565

0. 7467

0. 7567
0.8420

1. 0525

0. 7639
0. 8552
0. 7962
0.7700
0. 7710

0.8325

0. 6265
0. 5079

0. 5481
0. 5909

0.8887
0. 9233
0. 8912

0. 7479

0. 7299
0. 5997
0. 6386

0. 6991
0. 6063 ^
0.6658'

0.9350
0. 0485
0.9112

0.34
0.26
0.37

0.71

1.10
1.44
1.27

1.19
1.32

0.81

2.29
1.60

2.89

1.03
0.95
0.83
0.80
0.97

3.34

0.72
0.62

0.67
0.35

0.32
0.31
0.33

0.84

1.02
1.28
1.27

1.04
1.43

0.81

2.31
1.43

2.32

1.03
1.12
0.70
1.02
1.05

3.33

0.81
0.67

0.42
0.35

0.33
0.29
0.35

4a

500

IIM

0. 0316

0.32

6&oe

0.7293

0.78

45.45

T4«

0. 7420
0. 5907
0.6304

1.06
1.3G
1.27

00
«3«

108«

0. 5777

0. 6544

1.23

40.78

0. 0786
0.6410

1.11

1.37

0.6603

1.24

4L15

0.7467

0.81

48.63

0. 7465

0. 8384

1. 0080
0. 7465

0. 7516
0.8403

2.30
1.51

1. 1000

0.7959

1.90

49.60

1.0838

2.61

67.54

0. 75i)2
0.8552
0.7913
0. 7855
0. 7607

1.03
1.04
0.77
0.94
1.01

0.7804
0. 7920
0.7722

0.8391

0. 6503
0.5360

0.5381
0. 6957

811

1084

0. 7670
0.8664

11S3

0.7908

0.98

48.28

0. 8460

3.83

62.72

tse

0.6429

0. 6220

■
0. 5325

0.77
0.60

347

SM

0.08

SS.18

1

0.6431
0.6078

0.6706

0.S0
0.35

7S8

0.43

W.K

296

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Species.

Locality.

Haleaim tctjmpter*

BmtUtbai. SnoK-drvp Tree. Siltrr-
UUTrtt. CeUico Wood.

OLEACEiE.
I8B. Fnolniu Greggii

no. Fnxiniu tDomai*

m. Fraxiniu pi«Ucicfoli> ..
Atk.

192. Fntxiiiiii Ain«ri:«ii«, Mr. Texeul* .

27S I Virginia.
613 Georgia..

114'
U4»
U4«
U4»

227'
227«
297'
mP
207*
431

SSI

I
728 I

747 I

1045 i

Carter'sfeny H.Shrivcr —

Altamaba river A. H. Cortias .

Rocky .
Clay...

Mexico .
nuh ...

Kane county | A. L. Siler .

Sandy

Arizona Santa lUta mount. G. Engelmann and

1 ains. C. S. Sargent

Eastern Arizona. . San Francisco monn^ E.L.Greene,
ains.

Haasachosetts.

MiasoDii

...do

...do

Michigan

.do.

...do

...do

South Carolina . .

niinoia

Ohio

...do

...do

do.

...do

Vlrginl*

Vermont

...do

Virginia

...do

...do

Tonneeaee

Alabama

PennaylTanla

Georgia

Maaaachoaetts. . .

IM Michigan .
tiV Vermont .
a28> ... do ....

Acashnet

Allenton

...do

...do

Dans villa

Hudson

Lansing

Dansrille

Bonneau's Depot . . .

Waukegan

Pineo, Daniels &Co.

Fanners' Friend

Manufacturing Co.

J.W.Stoddard* Co

Woodsum Machine

Co.
B. E. McShorry &

Co.
Wytheville

Charlotte

£. A. Dana

G. W. Lettorman

do.

Siliceona hills .
Alluvial

. . do .
CUy..

W.J.Beal ...

...do

...do

do j Clay

H.W. KaTenel Wet

Bobert Douglas ■ Clay

E.E. Barney ,

...do I

....do

...do

...do

aShriver...
C. G. Prlnglo.

.do.

do .

H. Shrivor .

...do...

A.Gattinger.

Wytheville . .

..do

...do

Nashville....

Eomper's mill ' C. Mobr. ......

Williamsport ; CO. Prlnglo. .

Bainbrldge | A.H.Cartlss .

Seading J, Bobinson. . ■

Gravelly.
Swampy .

Limestone .
AUnvial...

Dallas.

Aostin

loosing ..
Charlotto .

J. Bevetobon .
C.Mobr

^.J.Beal...
CO. Pringle.

o.2go

0.215

Dry, caleareons . .
Bleb, caleareons .

Poor..
CUy..
...do.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutiimed.

297

SPECIFIC OBATITT DBTEBHIMATIOMS.

0. 5617
0. 5500

0. 6336
0. 7267
0. 6868

I. 5911
I. 6253
I. 6223
I. 6771
I. 5265
I. 7225
. 6506

1.7449
I. 7179
I. 6470
I. 6383
1.6116
I. 6157
i. 6253
. 6489
I. 6097
. 6329
: 6763
.6449
. 6176
.6423
. 6509

0. 8262
0. 7095

*. S06«
0. 6610
«. 6495

0. 64C0
0. 5804

0. 6243 j
0. 6656 !
0. 7120

0. 6682
0.6481

0. 7005
0. 7600

0. 7116
0.6473
0. 6387

0. 6213
0. 6326
0. 6987

0.6481
0. 6944
0. 6972
0.8141

0. 8630
0. 6667

0. 5539
0. 5717

0. 6625
0. 6994

0. 6297
0. 6367
0. 6223
0. 6771
0. 4988
0. 7225
0. 6606
0. 6086
0. 6875
0. 7616
0. 7449
0.7148
0. 6472
0. 6335
0. 6116
0. 6185
0. 6290
0. 6738
0. 6097
0. 6329
0. 6763
0. 6449
0. 6329
0. 6184
0. 6766
0.8429

0.6543

0.8391
0. 6881

0. 0125
0. 6619
0.6456

ASH DBTBBUUIATIOICS.

0.84
0.44
0.51

0.29
0.33
0.61

0.53
0.60
0.38
0.32
0.36
0.45
0.35
0.39
0 31

0.24
0.45
0.30
0.26
0.43
0.35
0.44
0.74
0.55
0.37
0.68
0.47

0.56
0.66

0.26
0.21
0.22

Second. Arerage.

0.36
0.38

0.88 J
0.69)

0.32
0.34

0.37
0.43

0.71
0.53

0.89
0.45
0.37
0.39
0.29

0.69
0.48
0.28
0.71
0.39

0.49

0,67

0.31
0.34
0.51

0.53
0.60
0.38
0.32
0.38
0.45
0.36
0.39
0.30

0.24
0.44
0.30
0.26
0.43
0.35
0.44
0.72
0.52
0.33
0.70
0.43

0.53

0.67

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in poQiida
(average).

, J

Growth slow not

'Wood from hills not considered Talnable.
All sap-wood

U4>
114<
114'

All sap-wood

All sap-wood I second growth. Growth rapid .

0-5 sap-wood -

0.5 sap-wood .
0.6 sap-wood -
All sap-wood .

»7»
2J7<

2«T»

Poor qaality .

298

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Sp«ci«

Locality.

in. TTkiiout pnbe«fen»— continued .

loss

100. Frmxinus giudrwignlAta.
BhuAMh.

tB7. Frmxloaa OreganA .
Orison Sth,

IM. Frmxiniu •ambaclfolU...
Black AiK n<x>p Aik.

1001
1024
1030

102

VennODt

HaMaehnsetts .

UlaiioiiTi . . .

Toxaa

Tennessee.

Texas

...do

..do....

Alabama.

Hiisoaii . . .
Michigan . .
KentDcky .

.do.

...do

HlsaoDri . . .

.. do

TeDsessee.

Oregon .
....do...
...do...
...do ..

TemiODt

122 ^ Uicbigan

147 ', Illinois

878* I Tetmont

Maaaaehnaetto.

tit
737
86S

100. CblmsathDii Ylrglnlca

FriHt4 Trt. <M Mant Btmr*.

Oaorgla.
.. do...

TirRlnia.
Florida..

Charlotte .
Topsfield .

C.G.Pringlo.
<r. Robinson..

Clay

Elver-bottom .

Allenton

Dallas

KasbTille

Victoria

Matagorda bay .

G. "W. Lotterman.

J. Revcrcbon

A.Gattinger

C.Mobr

...do

.do .

Rich upland .

Rich, wet

...do

Anstin S.B.Buckloy

Stockton I C.Mobr

Allenton

Lansing

Mercer county..
...do

do.

Portland

We idler's saTr-mill

Portland Fumituro
Company.

Charlotte ..
DansTille..
Wankegao
Charlotte . . .
Danren

Ogccrheo river .

BainbriilKe

Matagorda bay .

Carter's ferry. .
Chattahoochee .

G. "W. Letterman

W. J. Real

W. M. Linney

...do

Rich, allaviol .

Dry upland ..
Rich lo.-im —
Limestone

do.

...do

G. W. Letterman .

A.Gattinger.

Sandy loam

Rich upland —
Rich limestone.

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

C.G.Pringlo...

W.J.Beal

Robert Donglas.
C.G.Pringlo....
J.Robinaon

Wot, peaty .

.do

Low, wet . . .
Wet, peaty .
Rich, loamy.

A. n. Curtias .

H. ShrlTer....
A. H. Cnrtiaa

Rich, molat .
Clay upland .

0.144
0.184

0.075
0. ISO

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

299

ePKCIPIC OllATITT DETEBMIHATIOKS.

ABB DXTERUIMATIONB.

Weight, per
cable foot,
in poonds
(average).

Remark*.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Ayerage.

a
9

a

o

0. G459
J 0. 6957
I 0. 5685

0.0640
0.5947
0. 73S0
0. 7728
0. 7198

0. 6774

0. 3667

0. 8246
0. 4929
0. 7789
0. 8131
0. 7469
0.5967
0. 6897
0.7960

0.6432
0. 5314
0.4563
0.6317

0.6209
0.5034
0.6859
0.6485
0.7020

0.7067
0.6829
0.5088

0.6476
a 7150

0.6459
0. 6598

0.20
0.42

0.47
0.54
0.82
0.63
0.82

0.51

0.69

0.63
0.96
0.74
0.81
0.82
0.88
0.78
6.60

0.11
0.73
0.12
0.21

0.62
0.89
0.84
0.77
0.46

0.75
0.65
0.88

0.53
0.39

0.20
0.42

0. 5260

0.5489!i

0. 6701
0.6277

0.41

0.62
0.57
0.80
0.66
0.76

0.56
0.76
0.67

0. 6251

0.2S

38.96

0.6671
0. 6112
0. 7350
0. 7949
0. 7503

0.55
0.56
0.81
0.60
0.79

0. 8217
0. 7807

0. 6786
0.3515
0.8440

0. 7902

Second and third ep. gr. determinations made on sap-wood

B48

0. 7117

0.65

44.35

0. 5780

0.54

36.02

0.3541

0.73

22.07

0.8343
0. 4929
0. 7789
0. 8131
0. 7469
0.6027
0.6822
0.7960

0.65

0.96
0.74
0.81
C.82
O.fcO
0.76
0.61

0. 6086
0. 6746

0.90
0.74
0.61

0.43

0. 6947
0.6123
0. 4736
0.6425

0.6338

0.7184

0.78

46.78

0. 6189
0. 5719
0.4645
0. 6371

0.27
0.73
0.14
0.23

0.16
0.24

0.57

Brash

0.5731

0.S4

35.72

0.6274
0.5034
0. 6836
0.6207
0.7243

0.60
0.89
0.86
0.80
0.47

in

III

0. 6812
0.5028
0. 7465

0.7600
0.5681
0. 6002

0.4028
0.7166

0.88
0.83
0.48

0.72
0.72
0.60

378

na

0.6318

0.72

39.37

0.7284
0.6755
0.6995

0.74
0.69
0.74

616

737

955

0.6345

0.72

39.64

0.5552
0. 7191

0.53
0.48

776

0.7260

0.5S

7.11

0.6378

0.61

39i71

300

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

SpcClM.

1
s

8
1

State.

Locality.

Collector.

SoU.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATRICS OF
OllOWTII.

wood.

Heart-
wood.

283
344
BS4

1202
1218

1223

455
1137

827
042

167
MO
744

38
1«0
IM
171
160
181
182
183
184
210

SS<
506
C82

ms

481

Amttc .'

C. Mohr

Rich allnvial .

DtrU Wood.

...do

Saint John's rivor .

A. n.Curti88

do

Sandy loam

Coral . . .

0.160

45

19

BORKAGIKACEA
101 CordU Srb«stcn>

....do

Geigtr Trt4.

....do

...do

....do

yi^ CxHiii P"lmli>'1

Brownsville

Upper Metacombe
Kev.

S.B.Bockloy

A. H. Corliss

. do ...

0.082

45

Strong Bark.

....do

....do

105. Ebrctis elUptica

Department of Ag.

nculturo.
C Mohr

Knackatcaj/. Anagua.

...do

New Bniunfels

Alciandersvillo ....

Eich, aUnvial

0.170

BIGSOKIACELE.

S. H. Biukley and E.

E. Bamev.
C.Mohr

Calalpa. Calauba. Bean Trie. Cigar

_

A-H.Curtiss

C.&Sargent

E. E. Barney

D. AxtcU

0.238
0.288

3
8

17
51

Wetltm Calalpa.

Ohio

... do

Wabiuib river

E.E. Barney

E. P. Hynds and E.
E Barney.

Low.alluTial bot-
tom.
....do

Teoneuee

UiKwuri

New Madrid

nilln

.. .do

IIMn'fft

. do

..do

ITowMadrid

....do

....do

...do

...do

....do

... do

....do

....do

loe. Cbllopalll ullou

Now Mexico

Arizoiu

....do

Valley of Iho Upper
Gila river.

E. L.Grcone

O. Encolmonn and
C. 8. Sargent.

Alluvial

De»trt WIUov.

... do

{Florida

Bay BUcayne

...do

A.n.Cortlae

....do

Coral

Blaek Calabath Tret.

VERIIENACEiB.
210. CItharrivlam Tilloaum

....do

fSiUU w,»a.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

501

•raoiFio onAviTT dstbuhihatiohs.

ABB DBTEnMIKATIORB.

Weight, per
cable foot,
in pounds
(average).

£emsirl».

§

a

1

Flrit.

Second.

Third.

ATerago.

First.

Second.

Average.

0.8156
0. 8806
0.7100

i

0. 7740
0.6008

0. 6710

0. 6280
0. 7708

1

0. 6636
0.6274

0. 4293
0. 4694
0.4426

0. 4601
0. 4586
0. 3897
0. 3850
0. 4156
0. 3900
0. 3968
0.4493
0. 4535
0.3911

0. 6059
0. 6031
0. 6003

> 0. 6270
«. 1776

0. 8652

0.8404
0.8006
0. 7322

0.68
0.26
0.43

0.65
0.29
0.43

4.00
4.28

3.39

3.20
2.27

1.27
1.41

0.41
0.34
0.37

0.41
0.39
0.34
0.30
0.50
0.42
0.43
0.37
0.34
0.39

0.37
0.41
0.32

1.23
164

0.07
0.28
0.43

283

All sap-wood

First Bp. gr. deterDiination made on sap-wood ; second sp. gr. de-
tcnumation made on •.75 sap-wood.

0.7544

S84

0.8111

0.46

60.55

0. 7740
0.6475

4.09
4.35

4.22

0. 6942

0. 6870

0. 8248
0. 7900

0. 6.'-.48
0. 6302

0. 4270
0. 4979
0.4177

0.4446
0. 4467
0. 3829
0. 8878
0. 3783

4.43

3.67

3.38
2.28

1.23
1.33

0.40
0.26
0.47

0.30
0.34
0.36
0.32
0.45
0.38
0.47
0.48
0.40
0.38

0.37
0.43
0.32

1.47
0.4S

0.7108

44.30

0. 6700

3.53

42.31

0. 8264
0. 7883

3.29
i!.28

0. 7980

0,8073

2.79

50.31

0. 6592
0. 6288

0.6440

1.25
1.37

1.31

40.13

0. 4282
0. 4837
0. 4302

0. 4474

0. 4524
0. 4527
0. 3803
0.3864
0.4066
0.3900
0.39G8
0.4493
0.4535
0. 3909

0. 4165

0.41
0.30
0.42

744

0.38

27.88

0.30

o.:;7

0.35
0.31
0.48
0.40
0.45
0.43
0.37
0.39

ts

IM

IM

171

0. 4260

ISO

181

181

183

184

0. 3907

no

0.39

25.96

0. 6059
0, 6031
0. 6015

0.37
0.42
0.32

0. 6026
0. 0368

e.seu

•81

0. 5902
0. 0319

0.37

36.78

1.35

SS.38

m<

0. 8710

0.5%

54.28

tsa

302

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

i

i

a

Diameter

LATBB8 OF
OBOWm.

SpectM.

Stat*.

LocalitT.

Colleetor.

Soil.

■of tree.

in
mct«n.

Sap-
wood.

Hewt-
wood.

4M
826
828

Florida

....do

Bay Biscayne

A. E. Cartisa

Department of Ag-

ncultore.
...do

0.158

38

18

Blaei itanarox4. Black Trtt. Black
ITow*.

....do

NYCTAGrKACEiE.

212. PUunik obtnsala

474

do

Upper MeUcoDibe

A. n. Cartisa

Pigrim Wood. Bt</ Wood. Cork Wood.
FvTk Wood.

POLYGOXACEiC.

473

....do

... do

....do

0.15C

48

27

Pigeon Plum.

453

do

. . do

0.214

17

28

Sea Orapt.

LArEACBLE.

585

....do

Saint John's river..

do

Sandy loam

0.188

12

45

Bed Bay.

21S. Periwa CaroUneneis, rar. paloatriB

C. Mohr

Damp, aandy

47*

Upper Mctacombo
Kev.

A. H. Curtiss

Lance Wood.

1138

....do

do

do

0.086

27

IIM

....do

Upper Uctacombe

. do

... do

71
387

\riaannri

G. W. Lettorman...
... do

tSatta/rat.

....do

....do

Allnvial

448

A. Gattinger

Kich

814

West Vircinia....
Maasacbaaetta

854

Daavers

J. RobinsuD

Rich loam

0.232

11

68

1163

Miiionri

218. Cmbellularia f ■•lifornica

703
887

G. Encrlmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Department of Ag.
rlcoltare.

tfouniain Laurel. California Laurel.
Spir* Trff. Caaiput. California
Olize. California Bay Tre*.

Califotnia

£UPHOUBIACE£.

488

I18S
Ut8

Florida

Upper Mctaeombe

A.U.Curtia8

....do

Coral

l}uiana Plum. WhiU Wood.

....do

....do

....do

-Upper Metacombe

....do

459
1187

do

do

do ...

do

0.202

112

63

do

do

do

do

1

TUK WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutiuaed.

303

BPICIFIC GBAVITT

UETKKHIKATIOXS. 1

ABU UETEKHIHATIOIIS.

■Weight, per
cnbic foot,
in pounds
(aveiage).

B«mark8.

8

s

First.

Second.

Third.

Average. 1

First.

Second.

Average.

1

1.0919
0. 90CC
0. 7074

0. 6475

0.0629
O.OUO

• 0.0373
0.5977

0. 8206
C 0. 7980
\ 0. 8148

0. 7222

0. 5030
0. 4900
0. 4542
0. 5200
0. 5705
0. 4558

0.6326
0. 6697

0.9195
0.8918
0. 9090

1.0090
0.9048

1. 0485
1.(1622
0. 0T62

0. 6582

1.0040
0. 9998

0.6485

0. 6815

0. 7650
0. 8482 1
0.7980)
0. 6787

0. 5210

0.4828

I. 0702
0.9794
0.6918

0. 9138

1.99
1.71
4.54

7.44

3.25
1.11

0.66
0.46
0.82
0.52
.0.48

0.11
0.08
0.04
0.00
0.06
0.12

0.36
0.53

8.58
8.10

7.07

8.60
7.70

1.12
1.72
4.01

7.70

4.81
1.63

0.85
0.27
0.68
0. .'.9
0.47

9.09
0.09
0.05
O.07
0.23
0.16

0.27
0.3«

8.18
3.26
8.58

9.00
7.70

1.98
1.71
4.27

0.5 sap-wood

First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood; second sp-gr. '
determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. :

2.51

' SS.95

0. 6529

7.62

40.89

0.66 sap-wood

First sp. pr. determination mada on 0.5 sap-wood : third »p. gr.
determination made on 0.25 sap-wood.

0.9835

6.03

81.29

47t

0. 9759

0. 9635

1.37

60.01

4SS

0.6429

0.76

40.07

sat

0.6396

0.37

39.86

MO

0.9 sap-wood

All sap-wood

0. 7928
0. 8147
0. 7005

0.75
0.56
0.48

470

1138

UM

0. 7693

0.60*

47.94

0.5120
0.4864
0,4542
0.5315
0. 5709
0.4644

0.10
0.09
0.05
0.07
0.15
0.13

Tl

tST

44<

0. 5363

814

0. 5773
0. 5055

SS4

0.4319

0. 6202
0.6840

0.8448
0. 911»
0.9882

0.9390
0.8878

iia

0. 5042

0.10

SI. 42

0.6264
0.6769

0.32
0.46

i

781

wr

0.8517

0.30

40.61

0.8821
0. 9019
0.978C

a 37
3.23
8.83

««■

list

„..

0.9209

<.M

E7.S9

0.9730
0.8063

O.M4e

8.89
7.70

tm

IMT

8.2>

S&24

304

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMLPvICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Sp«ci««.

Locality.

469 I Florida.. { tTpper Metaeombe ' A.H.Cartisa Coral.

I ^cy. j
1128 ....do ....do |....do I... do .

12M I do ! Key Largo do

ai. Bippomane Hancmclla

UETICACK*.

233. Ulfflna cnaaifolia

CMorfiffl.

TO. nimiu ftalra

SedElm. Slippery Elm. Uooie Elm.

Texas ' Dallas .

... do ' AnstiD .

J. Bevercbon Rich loam.

C. Mohr ' do

22i. niroiM ncemosa

Boek Elm. Cork Elm llitkoTV Elm.
WhiuElm. Cli/Elm.

M9 lllmn«»l»t»

Kentaeky.

Mercer county.

Vermont..
Michigan .

W. M. Linnoy Limestone .

...do do

C. G. Pringlo Gravelly loam

Dansville 1 W. J. Bcal .

Missouri Allcnton . .

Vermont Charlotte .

— do ... do

Tennessee Kashville.

G. W. Letterman.
C.G. Pringlo

.do.

A. Gattinger.

800 Mansacbusetts .. Boxfor<l .a. J. Robinson.

... do I Arnold Arboretom

Ohio S. M. Brown & Co .

1038
lOU

Missouri.
..do ....
Texas ....

Massaobosetts.
...do

Allenton.
...do ...

C. S. Sargent

E. E. Barney

G. W. Letterman .
...do

Colorado river C. Mohr.

Gravelly

Rich, alluvial.

Gravelly

..do

Clay

Drift

Limestone .
Alluvial ...

.do .

Danvers J. Robinson Gravelly .

I I
North Reading — do ' do —

118> Michigan .

UV
US*
>14

428

...do.
... do.
...do.
...do.

DanHvilllo ..
Big Rapids .

...do

Hudson

Hersey

NashvtUe...

W.J. Deal I.... do

.. do \ Low.gravelly.

Alluvial ...
Rich loam .

A. Qatttnger — do .

South Carolina . . . i Bonneau's Depot -

Tennessee i Davidson county .

Mississippi Eemper'amlll

II. W. Rsvonol ... do . . .

A. Gattinger I<oam

C. Mohr AUuTlal.

0.160
0.215

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutinaed.

305

sPECinc OKAvmr

DETEBMIMATIOIIB.

JLBll CBTBIUUNATI0K8.

Weight, per
tnbic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bamarka.

{

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Secund.

Average.

8

§

1. 1196
1. 0900
1. 0832

0. 5945

0. 6260
0. 7807

0.8303
0. 7002
0.6499
0.5699
0. 6769
0.G841
0. 6340
0. 7330
0. 0706
t 0. 7013
i 0. 7978

0. 5462
0. 7459
0. 6221
0. 6299
0. 0495

0. 0382
0. 7173

0. 8144
0.6840
0. 0803
0.7345
0. 7200
0.7111

0. 8710
0. B979
0.7632

1. 0855
1. 0705
1.1010

0. 6000

0. 7185
0. 7040

0. 8358

1. 1025
1. 0768
1. 0021

4.96
1.82
1.65

5.20

1.05
1.41

1.30
0.79
0.60
0.66
0.62
0.68
1.24
0.12
1.22

1.07

0.80
0.40
0.93
0.86
1.04

0.75
0.75

0.43

4.48
1.96
L82

5.11

1.03
1.30

1.00

4.72
1.89
1.74

L0640

iiii

1. 0905

2.78

67.96

0. 5772

6.16

35.97

Ash of a knot, 1.85

0. 6736
0.7754

1.04
1.36

an

0. 7245

1.20

43.15

0.8361
0.7062
0.0499
0. 5619
0.6769
0.6841
0. 7065
0. 6817
0. 0706

0. 7823

1.15
0.79
0.60
0.84
0.82
0.74
1.04
0.12
1.27

0.88

»■

tf

a**

0. 5538

0.81

101

IM

0.6841
0. 7589
0.6303

0.79
0.84
0.11
1.31

0.70

0.82
0.56

114

36l>

ua

isa

0. 7522 1
0. 8180 5

0. 5309
0. 7287
0. 6054

en

Specific gravity of wet sap-wood, 1.026

0. 0956

0.83

43.35

0.5386
0. 7373
0. 6207
0. 6299
0. 6413

0. 6742
0.7124

0.84
0.48
0.93
0.86
1.02

0.88
0.60

i»

m

0. 6346

»i>

ISl*

0.0480

0.7102
0. 7085

0. 6265

0. 6742
0. 7116

0.99

1.01
0.45

First sp. er. determination made on 0.5 sap-Tvood ; second sp. gr.
determination made on 0.75 sap-wood ; third «p. gr. determina-
tion made on sap-wooii.

968
lOM

First sp. gr. determination made on 0.25 sap-wood ; second and
third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wooil.

1»U

0.6500

0.80

10.54

0. 8144
0. 6846
0.6400
0. 7345
0. 7430
0.7414

0.42

U«>

lU^

0. 5996

0.34
0.79
0.59
0.90

1.02
1.14
0.76

0.34
0.79
0.64
0.81

11V

ur

0. 7570

0.09
0.72

1.12
1.17
9.72

114

tM

0.8544
0. 6220
0. 7800

All sap-wood

0.5 sap-wood

0.7203

0.60

4S.28

0. 6827
0.6100
0. 7746

1.07
1.16
0.74

0.99

IS

3M

sa

1

0. 7491

46.09

20 FOB

306

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Spcciee.

rUners aqufttica .

328. Cdtu oceideDtalls

Bugarimr)/. HcKi^trrf.

758
818

Florida.
...do...

Cbattaboocbee .

A. B. CortisB .
C.Mohr

873
1111

228. CfcltU occidenlalia, car. ix-iicalata

Backbtrry. Palo Blanco.

228. Ficn««ure»

230. FicnB breTifoUa

231. FicnupednncuUta

VUd Fig. India-rutbtT Trte.

232. M'»niB rubra

HM Uulbrrry.

233. Uorna microphylU

Mfxican Mulberry.

234. Maclnra aarantiaca

Otagt Orange. Boi4 d' Arc

PLATANACE.E.

235. riataons occidentaJfa

Syaimore. BuUon Wood. Button-ball
Tree. Water JIteth.

Tit. PlatanoA nc«mo«a

Sycamore. BuUon Wood.

237. Plauniu Wricbtii

fyeamore.

jrOLANDACE.!.

23A. Joelaoarinerra

BullemuL WhiU WatnuL

MiMonri Alli'Dton.

...do do .

...do

Texas

TeDneaaee

Massacboaetta

— do Salem

Missonri Saint Loais

G. W. LetUnn.an.
...do

do.

Dallas J. Revercboo .

DavideoD conoty ... A. Gattingcr. .
PInm Island , J. Robinson...

do.

Henry Eggert .

Florida Bay Biscayne

Missonri...
Tennessee .

^ew Mexico.
TexM

.. do

PcsssylTaDls. .

Key Largo

Bora Cbica Key .

Allen ton..
ICasbrllle .

Silver City.
Anstin

Dallas

West Chester.

Limestone ..
Low, ricb . . .
Allavlal....

.. do

Loam

Sandy

Loam

Moist loam .

G. £ngelmann and Dry.
C. S. Sargent.

A. H. Corliss ; Coral .

G. W. Letterman . . . Kiob loam .
A. Gattinger do

E. L. Grocno..
S. B. Buckley.

J. Reverchon .
S. P. Sbarples.

Maaaacbu
Missouri.
Oblo

Caliromis
Arizona ..

Maaaachnsetts.

MiMKinri

..do

Michigan

Arnold A'borotum.

AUcnton

Miami valley

Am»ild Arboretum.
AUcnton

C. S. Sargent

G. W. Lettermitn .
E.E. Barney

G. Kngrlmann and
C. S. Korgcut.

C. S. Sargent

G. W. L<tt»rnian.

Moist olay .
Limostono .

Bottom

Clay loam .

Drift

Rich, alluvial.

Cloy

Rich, gravelly .

Drift

Ricb loam

Allavial

Ornvolly clay.

0.078
0.008

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

307

trKClFIC GIIAVITY

CETEUMLXATIONS.

J1811

DETKHM1SATI0X6.

1
Wolsht.pcr

; cnbio foot,
in ponnds
(aversge).

Bemarks.

1

Firat.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

ATentge.

1

0. 5735
0. 4074

0. 7602
0. 6858
0. 6592
0. 0910
0. 8384
0. 7784
0. 7999
0. 6570

0. 7400

0.2537

0. 6321

0. 4680

0. 6242
0. 6679

0. 7169
0. 8270

0.7841
0. 8551

0. oooo

0. 0073
0.4980

0. D151
0. 4783

0.4183

0.4UU

(1. 4033

1 0. 3038

0. 6631
0. 5137

0. 7419

0.6683
0. 4006

0.48
0.42

1.89
0.74
0.68
1.70
0.97
1.05
0.89
0.89

1.32

5.17

4.65

4.83

0.77
0.69

6.57
0.79

0.87
0.38

0.35
0.47
0.40

1.17
1.34

0,35
0.40
0.69
0.70

0.48
0.43

1.89

0.48
0.42

7U

tu

0.5294

0.45

82.99

0. 7611
0. 6858
0. 6502
0. 7274
0. 8170
0. 7452
0. 7837
0. 6304

1.89
0.74
0.68
1.65
0.94
0.90
0.98
0.82

IB
T«>
7S»
M6
*Ti
(M
>»
UU

0. 7637
0. 7956
0. 7186
0. 7908
0. 6.547

0.7154
0. 2695
0.6475
0. 4798
0. 6993

1.60
0.90
0.75
1.07
0.94

1.12

4.88

4.18

5.00

0.60
0.78

0.54
0.82

0.68
0.59

0.33
0.67
0.57

1.05
1.36

0.30
0.43

0. 7385
0.7604
0. 6396

0. 7287

1.09

45.41

0.7275

1.22

45.34

0. 2016

5.03

16.30

0.6398

4.36

39.87

0.4739

4.92

29.53

5M

0. 0118
0. 5079

0.08
0.74

0. 7157
0. 8262

0. 7495
0. 7054

0.61U
0. 6748
0. .1091

0. 4009
0. 4Gt>8

0. 4343
0. 4005
0. 4;!55

C.S898

0.71

36.76

0.7103
0. 8260

0.56
0.81

IIM

0.7715

0.68

0.68
0.4D

48.08

0. 7668
0. 7803

47.78
4a 63

a>

Ciiltiratcsl. First «p. gr. determination made on limb-wood i
aocond ap. gr. detvrmination made on toot-wood.

421

0.7736

acs

48.21

0. C086
0..'-.911
0. ,'-1038

0.33
0.57
0.48

0.46

&

IS*

us

0.5078

35.38

0. 4880
0.4736

0. 42(:3

('. 4(i;o

0.41(14

0. :;638

1.11

30.41

«n

1.35

29.51

MS

0.83
0.40
0.69
0.79

It

W

TV

la

508

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Tablk I.— specific GRAVITY', ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Spoeie

DinmotiT
of tree,

metvn.

Ja:;lftDS ciocrtA— cnDtinned .

Uarra alba

BhtlUark ni€ioTy. Bhag-barkBiekory.

32i'
322'

118<
118>
US'

816

lose

lOOT

llliDoia

Ohio

lUchipiD

Uasaachasetts

Uiuouil..
Mlchif^on .
niiDOis . . .

Ohio

HichigHn .
Texas

Florida .
Texas..

New M(?xico .

California

Arizona

Missiasippi .

...do

Texas

MaBnacliiuetto

Kcntarky

...do

do .

VTuokegaQ

Bamrj &■ Smith

Manufacturing Co.

Lansing

Tops6eld .

Allenton ...
Dansville . .
Wankogan.

Barney &■ Smith

Manufacturing Co.

Lansing

Charli'stown Xavy-
Xosbville

Aspalaga .

Anetln

New Braunfela

Pinos AUns inouut-

aina.
ConT ru Costa count v

Arnold Aibort^tnm
DnnviUe

do.

Missouri

MIcblgtn

..do

...do

Uissniiri

VlrRlnla

Miasonrl

Mississippi

...do

West VlrglDta . . .
Maasacbosctts. . .
Uiasoarl

..do ....
Allenton .
Hudson . .

.do.

Lansing

Allect«n

WylhcTJIlo ...

Allenton

Keujpcr's mill .

do .

Grafton...
Topafleld .
Allenton..

Robert Dougla
E. E. Barney . .
W.J.Beal....
J. Kobinson . . .

G. W. I.,ettcrnian .

W.J.Beal

Kobcrt Douglas .

E.E. Barney

W.J.Beal

J. Re%'ercbon

aH.Pook

A. Gattlnger

A. n.Curli:
C.Mobr....

E. L. Greeno
GE. Vasey.
C. G. r

le.

C. Mohr

...do.

J. Kororcbou

C. S. Sargent .
W. M. Linnoy
...do

.do

G. W. Lctterman .
W.J.Beal

...do

G. W. Lcttrnnan .

II. Sbrlver

G. W, Lei torman .
C.Mobr

.do .

C. G. Piinglo

J. Robinson

G. W. l.cttennan .

Grr.Tclly loam ,
Drift

Loam

Alluvial .

Limeatonn .

Clay

Moist, calcareouH .

do

0. 207
0.313

Drift.
Shale .

Upland .
Clay....

do.

Rich upland .

Clay

Alluvial

do .

0.288 28

0.300 31

Blch loam . .
AUnvbtl ....

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

309

BFECIFIC ORATTTT DSTEBMUCATIONS.

ABO DKISIiUIKATIOItB.

Weieht, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bemarlu.

First.

Secflnd.

Thud.

Average.

First

SecoDd.

Average.

a

0. 4394
0.3941
0. 3379
0.4538

0.5778
0. 5807
0. 5579
0. 5025
0.6313
0. 5608
0. 5750
0. C3T«
e 0. 6415
( 0. 6435
0.7830
0. 6CC0

0. 0789
0.0206

0. 7258

0. 7390
0. 7020
0. 7314

0.7618
0. 9680
0. 9205
0. 9859
0. 8249
0. 8028
0. 7974
0. 8019
0.8064
0. 8470
0.7289
0.8696
0. 8739
«.7470
0. 8800
0.6805

0.4388
0.4023

0. 4391
0.3982
0.3379
0.4530

0.51
0.44
0.43
0.41

0.63
0.48
0.12
0.63
0.62
1.92
0.00
0.93
C 9.78
\ 0.51
1.22
0.71

0.S7
0.85
1.15

0.96
0.93
1.33

0.01
0.73
0.86
0.65
0.37
0.28
0.66
1.14
0.87
0.63
0.92
0.7»
0.78
0.76
0.64
0.90

0.51
0.44
9.43
0.47

145
17«

saa

0.44

0.4355
0.5881

0. 4698

0.53

0.4086

0.51

25.46

0.5830
0. 5807
0. 5569
0. 5145
0. 0252
0. 5721
0. 5750
0. 6376

0.6403

0. 7916
0. S409

0.63
0.48
0.12
0.56
0.62
1.96
0.65
0.99

0.68

1.43
0.64

lU

0. 5559
0. 5265
0. 6191
0. 5(^33

0.12

r.4»

149

1.99
0.69
1.05

0.05;

0.77!:

1.64

0.57

1.09
0.07

1.42

1.18

0. 6363 1
0.0400)
0. 8002
0. G388

0. 6469
0.5011

0. CS48

0. 0925
0. 6982
0. 7445

0. 7^14

First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood

First sp. gr. determination made on 0.8 sap-wood

0. 0753

0. 6115

0.79

0.83
0.91

1.28

38. U

0.6670
0. 5939
0.7053

i"*^

0.0554

1.01

40.85

0. 7158
0.7001
0.7380

1.07
0.93
1.40

i2J>

Second sp. gc determination made on 0.5 sap-wood

1V^

1.40
0.58

All sap-wood

All sap-wood

•.71S0

1.13

44. 7t

0.7716
0. 9080
0. 9205
0. 9970
0.8255
0. 8028
0. 7974
0.8019
0.787)
0. 7974
0. 7523
0.9033
0. 8711
0.7523
0. 9027
0. 7443

0.60
0.73
0.80
0.65
0.40
0.28
0.60
1.14
0.77
0.78
0.01
0.79
0.83
0.71
0.62
0.90

1

29>

29*

1. 0080
0.8260

All sap-wood

:»>

0.43

ns'

US'

US'

0. 7677
0.7477
0.7756
0. 9370
0. 8692
0.7605
0.9035
0. 8061

0.66
0.93
0.00
0.78
0.88
0.66
0.69
0.90

Hi

All sap- wood

249

431

.■ui

5S»

M6

0. II24S

1056

lOST

9.8373

0.73

52.17

810

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CDBIC FOOT

SpMire.

1

o

State.

Ideality.

XKtt-.r cocinly

...do

Collector.

SoU.

Diamct«r
of tree,

in
motors.

I.ATRH8 OP
GUOWTll.

Sap- ! noart-
wood. vood.

27
91»
91«

336
3«3
391
lOK!
1164
1165
1106
1170

52

254
289
S18

«
51

121
288
US.
538
1051
1098
1168

153
401
888

871

237

120
362
740
917

Kentucky

....do

AV. M. Liun(>y

...do

Bij) SkMUHirk. Bottom SheU-barl.

Alluvial

....do

TenD08.soc

MinBouri

.. ilo

....du

...do

Na.sb\illo

A. Gatliusir

G. \V. Lcttcrmaii ...
... do

...do

.. d..

...do

...ilo

.....1.1

... .In

.. do

... <Io

... do

....do

... do

... ib>

...do

..do

.....lo

...do

KeDtncky

...do

...do

.. .lo

.....lo

Penjvill,.

Allen tou

... do

Citronplli*

»

Ariiol.l Aiboi'ctum .
All.'DtOIl

...do

.. <lo

... do

... .lo

... ilo

... .In

...lb.

W. M. Liunoy

G. W. Lottermnn....

.....lo

C.Mobr

C. S. Sargout

G. W.Lotterman....
....do

ifaelrrXut. Blatk Biekory. BunA'ufc
Bio-bud niehTy. Whilt heart Biek-

ory. Kinj .Vu(.

Ri.'b upland

....du

...do

Alabama

Ma8.-acUu«ttU....

Uisfwun

...do

Micbipau

Missouri

TeDnessco

Alaliania

Masaacbusctta . .

Hissonri

...do

...do

... do

MaHsachiMictin

...do

Soulb Carolinii . . .
....do

0.200
0.317

42
29

31
55

Drift...

Flinty

J'igXut- Brmcn Biekory. Black Iliek-

... do

Rich loam .

0.1S9

41

«

•W.J.Bcal

G.W.L.>It.minu....

A.Gattingur

C.Mobr

J. R.tbiuaou

G. W. Letfermon...
.....lo

do

Rirb loam

O.JOO

47

13

KasbviUo

Ki.'Uipcr'H mill

Nortb Reading

AlIuutoQ

...ilo

....do

Al uvial

0.354
0.228

63
31

69

42

Drift

niuty

....do

M«. Cary»»m«r»

BiUrr XuL Suamp Biekory.

....do

.....lo

....do

SauviTH

...do

..du

J. RobigHon

11. W.Ruv.noI

Iticb, iinani|iy ...

0.115
0.402

18
7

19
107

fitttme'tf Biekory.

Wa'er lliekory. Sun tnp Biekory. Bit-
tsr i'oean.

HiuiMippI

VIckBburg

Bolubridco

Cbattolioocbco

0.277

28

18

A.n.Ciirtlsa

Allurbil

....do

0.202

23

28

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutinued.

311

I Sl'ECIFIC OnAVITT DETERMIXATIOXB.

ABII DETEBMIXATIONB.

0.7S43
0. 70r.4
0. 9020

C. 8512

6.8911

0. 8827

0. 7054

0. 8508

0. 8024

0. 8524

0. 8G10

0. 8334

0. 8316

0.8157

0.8827

0,0180

0 6803

0. 8554

0. 7926

0. 8530

0. 8842

0. 8990

0. 7470

0. 7814

0. 5927

0. 7530

0.9208

0. 7919

0. 7039

0.7719

0. 8248

0. 0422

0. 8767
0. 6859

0. 6010
0. 8424
0. 9061
0. 8854
0. 0898
0. 8432
0. 7275

0. 8168
0. 8709
0. 8300
0. 7279
0. 8402

0.7152
0.8481
0. 7640
0. "355

0. 8244
0.6313

.8815
I. 8468
I. 891:4
I. 8840

0.8346
0. 8660
0.8417
0. 7279
0.8389

0. 8218

0. 8148
0. 8827
0. 9?40
0. 0803
0.8542
0. 7926
0.7841
0. 8620
0.8315
0.7913

0. 8217

0.7822
0.5841
0. 7336
0. 9208

0.7552

0. 7480
0.7710
0.8248
0. 6185

0. 7407

1.09
1.04

0.99
0.91
0.83
0. SI
0.73
0.90
0.84

0.97
1.02
0.72
1.29
0.99

0.60
1.25
0.85
1.S8
0.83
0.68
0.82
0.74
1.27
1.15

0.94
1.42

1.31
1.05

1.05
1.65
1.03

0.60
1.40
0.85

0.71
0.70

0.97
0.93
1.03
0.92

2.03
1.32
1.05
1.17

Average

0.91
1.04
0.89
1.47
1.01

0.60
1.33
0.85
1.58
0.77
0.69
0.84
0.75
1.28
1.17

Weicht.per
cubic fout,
in poiiudH
(average).

»«

Tint sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 aap-wood t83

WI

All sftp'Wood

0.5 sap-wood.

loe

IIM
UK

iioa

IITO

0.90
0.9S
0.99

1.67
1.19
1.10
1.04

0.5 sap-wood

Second sp. gr. determination made <

1 aap-wond ; second growth 2^

First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 aap-wood; seeond sp.
gr. determination made on aap.wood.

I "

SocoDd ap. gr. determination made oo sap-wood; second growth 88

I 121

First sp. gr. dotermiQAtion made od sap-wood ; second sp. gr. \

dotormination made on 0.9 sap-wood. |

All anp- wood '

First sp. fu. determinution made on 0.8 sap-wood; second sp.

gr. dotcrmiuatiou made onsftp*wood.
Third sp. gr. detenu inatiou made on sap-wood

Second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood

All sap-wood

1061
1008

ues

0.5 sap-wood ' 871

49. 96 All sap-wood .

AH sap-wi)od i 129

0.5 sap-wood I 90

0. r>sap<wood

0. 5 8*i>-wood

312

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Species.

1

3
B

s

I

State.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

Diameter
oftrte,

in
motera.

LATKRS OF
OIIOWTH.

Sap.
wood.

Heart-
wood.

MTRICACEA.

S8«
MS

8
2<
32'
82«
dS>
48<
49»
49"
113'
113'
U3>
ISO
188
196
228'
228>
228"
238
250
251
259'
259"
259>
403
443
547
748
749
695
1050
1287

870

866
868

1027
1028

87>

87«

Florid*

Saint John's river . .
Santa Oral

Arnold Aibori'tnm .

Aonshnet

Uorccr county

A.H.Cartisa

G. Engclmann and
C. S. Sargent. .

C. S. Sargent

Sandy loam

0.1D8

18

23

Kayfrerrv. Wax Jfyrdt.

Cnlifoniia

CrPULIFERJI.

Hassachasetto —
....do

Drift

0.560

12

88

mile Oak.

Kentacky

...do

W. ILLinney

....do

...do

do

Shale

Ulwoari

...do

G. W. Letterman ...

...do

... do

....do

.. do

do

...do

Michigan

■W J Boal

0.374

34

18

...do

... do

...do

. do

Waukegan

Pineo, ftanlols & Co.

Barney & Smith

Man'u factaring Co.

Champlain valley. . .

Kobort Douglas

E. E. Barney

. do

Ohio

....do

C.G.Pringlo

do

Clay

... do

do

do

do

do .."

SonthCaroUaa....

Bonncan'e Depot . . .
Wythovillo

H.^-Eavenel

Cloy

..do

. . do

do ....

0.225

66

. . do

do

do

....do

....do

. . do

...do

....do

do

.. do

Uaryland

Tunneaac*

Alabama

Charleatown Navy.

yard.
Navh villa

S n Pook

A.Gattinger

Kemper's mill

Chattahoochee

....do

A.II.Cuitli.s

Clay

0.236
0.248

6
13

48
74

....do

....do

... do

North Reading

Cbarlcstown Navy-
yard.

Redding

Wcldlcr's sair.mlll..

0.203

7

11

CallfoTnla

G.U.Va«ey

G. Engolmsnn and
C. B. Sargoiit.

Gravelly loam . . .

0.356

16

17

Whiu Oak. W-pint Oak.

WKiU Oak. '

... do

Rich loam

0.303

30

82

do

roiiland Fnmltnre
Company.

do

... do

Xentaekjr

...do

Harrodsbarg

... do

W. M. LInnoy

...do

Pot Oak. Iron Oak.

... do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

3J3

SPECIFIC OKAVm

DETBDMntATIOKe.

ASH DBTBBUIKATIOKS.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

RcxDArka.

1

a

First

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Secood.

Average.

( 0.5639
\ 0. 5723

0. 0703

0.7165
0. 7970
0.&t80
0. 6328
O-liSOS
0.6965
0. 7826
0. 6829
0. 6000
0.6852
0. 7017
0. 7892
0. 7672
0. B203
0.8304
0. 8670
0. 8091
0. 7830
0. 7874
0.6S48
0. 7556
0. 7069
0. 8056
0. 7300
•.65'I9
0.8508
0. 7732
0. 8066
0. 7672
0. 8065

0.6692;
0. 5519 '

0. 0613

0. 7093
0. 8012
0. 8451

0. 6711

0.5B37

( 0.54)
{ 0.47}

0.33

0.37
0.30
0.45

0.51

35.13

tat-

0.33

0.31
0.25
0.47

0.6703

0.33

41.77

•"

..

0.7129
0. 7991
0. 8299
0. 6328
0. 6305
0. 0746
0.7826
0. 7107
0. 6000
0. 6932
0. 7017
0. 8314
0. 7672
0.6254
0.8304
0.8670
0. 8091
0.7611
0.7647
0.6916
0.7556
0.7069
0. 8056
0. 7414
•.6549
0. 8180
0. 7047
0.8147
0.7703
0.7069
0.8439

0.34
0.28
0.46

»

0.7965

1

i

ar

0. 6526

0.37
0.45
0.30
0.37
0.41
0.24
0.47
0.21
0.57
0.39
0.33
0.37
0.43
0.35
0.21

0.43

0.40
0.45
0.,10
0.37
0.41
0.24
0.45
0.22
0.61
(1.39
0.33
0.37
0.43
0.34
0.23

0. 7385

0. 7012

■

0. 8735

0.42
0.23
0.65

0. 6305

0. 7391
0.7419
0.6984

0.42
0.33
0.25

0.30
0.37
0.49
1.37
0.45
0.47
0.34
0.33
0.26

0.30
0.37
0.47
1.51
0.37
0.49
0.33
0.35
0.24

SSI*

tsv-

0. 7437

0.44
1.64
0.29
0.50
0.31
0.37
0.22

.

4a

44S

0.7794
0. 7562
0.8228
0.7734
0.7584

MT

748

74*

Tnkcn from beam in old coort-hoose ftt Cftmbridge, boUt tn 1757.

fS6

0.7358

1050

KS!

0. 7849

0.7814
0. 0549
0. 7478
0.6698

0.8200
a 8765

0. 7072

0. 8425
0.7600
0. 7674
0.7309

0.8008

0.6706

0.26

0.33
0.33
0.37
9.62

0.63
0.74

0.34

0.25
0.33
0.41
0.4S

0.7470

0.41

46.35

0. 7409

a 80

46.17

en

0. 8120
0. 7075
0. 75f 5
0. 7034

0.29
0.33
0.39
0.6«

M»

«M

0.7704

uar

10»

0. 7493

0.39

46.45

0.8104
0. 8766

0.C2
0.74

jf»

O.S sap-wood ...'

JF

4^

FOREST TREES OF NOinil AMERICA.
taule I.— specific Gravity, ash, and weight pee cubic foot

Specie*.

1

s
c
(^

e
o

SUlc.

L.*alily.

Collector.

Soil.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATBIIS OP
OHOWTII.

Sap-
wood.

Heart-
wood.

2M Qurtcua obnuiloba—coBtiBncd

S7»
151
2S0
SSI
T71

2K>
417
525

TBI
79»
79>
7»«
337
143
1G8
204
310
400
412
432
S83
831
83J
933
1071
1072
1073

424

782
013

12
H'
M>
S4»

840

Eentncky

Soutli Cnrolina , . .

Miitsouri

AUliaina

Floridn

llarrodaburir

Bonnenu's Depot —

W. M. Linney

H. W. KavcDcl

0. W. Leticrainn...

C.Mobr

A.n.Curliss

Clay

Citroiiille

Aupalaga

rint)9 Alios moiint-
-nins.

....do

G ravclly barrens .

0. 2J1
O.:04

0. las

38
32

,8

88
115

07

363. Qiircniii.ndulnla r.ir r..inil;.lii

Serub Oak.

Kew Mexico

.. do

do

Enpelmann's caEion .
Santa Kita moant-

Mcrccr county

...do

Robert Douglas

CCrriu'lo

B56. Querent DiacTt>carpa

Jiurr Oak. Uotn-cup Oak. Over-cup
Oak.

Kentucky

...do

W. M. Lluncy

.. do

Alluvial

. do ....

... do

do

do

do

..do

...do

... do

...do

Missouri

Illinois

G.W.Lettcnuau...
Robert Douglas

Rich

Oliio

...do

Wood sura Machine

Companv.
Barniy L Smith

MauufaeturiDc Co.
Dallas ....

.. do

J. Revcrchon

G. W. Lcttcrman —

C.G.Prinslo

A.Gattinger

Rich, moist

0.528

13

120

Charlotte

Kosbvillc

Clav

TcDDessee

niioois

"Waukegan

Wiiinclmso county .

.. do

M.S.Bobb

do

Loam

....do

do

n.MoUr

Alluvial

. do

.. do

.. do

... do

.. do

...do

VjT. l^u.-rrii, ivrita

TtnuiiMMc

Uiui»ippl

Ilorida

.Na/.livillo.

A. GattioKcr

C. Mohr

OcrT.cup ftak. Svamp Foil Oak.
Water WhUe Oak.

Koinppr's mill

Cliuttaho<ii:1icc

Matagorda bay

Aniuld Arborotoni..

Alluvial

0.33D
0. 2(10

10

20

73
70

A.n.CurllHs

...do

C.Mobr

Msssiirliuiietu

MiMwuri

C.is. Sar;;ent

G. W. Lottcmuin

. . do

0.305

8

60

Btcamp nitUe Oak.

Allnrial

....do

(III

do

....do

. . do

. do

..do

UauacbaMtta

West Newbury

Low, swampy

0.200

5

30

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPKGIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutinued.

3].

srncinc obavitv dbtbkmisations.

0. 84.-0
0. 8920
0. 8322
0. 7888
0. 8j4S

0. 838:i
0.8080
Or7G84
0. 9487

0. 7070
0. 7205
0. 7275
0.G42G
0.8409
0. 8280
0. 0440
0.0458
0. 7722
0.0183
t. 8030
0. 7271
0. 9229
0.0842
0. C107
0. 7005
0. 7740

0. 8000
0. 7802

0. eofio

0. 97110

0.8010
0. 0833
0.7114
0. 8404

0. 8S62
0.819C
0. 7510
0. 7942

0. 7894
0. 9052

0. 7275
0. 0300

0.8270
0. 0383
0. 6177
0. 8100
0.0411
0. 8490

C. 9543
0.7112
0. 7075
0. 8402
0. 8087
0. 7924
0. 7030

0. 7803
0. 7502
0. 7649

0. 7315
0. 6028

0. 8047
0.7300
0. 8018
0. 7317

0.B459
0. 8991
0. 8359
0. 7702
0. 8187

0. 8307

0. 8472
0. S097

0. 7070
0. 7205
0. 7275
0.0303
0. 8409
0. 6278
0. 6410
0.0318
0. 7944
0. 0297
0. 8003
0. 7271
0. 9387
0. 0977
0. 0391
0. 8018
0. 7729
0. 7929
0.7515

0. 7902
0. 7052
0. 7850
0. 9790

0.831S

0,6833
0.7114
0.8307

ASH DKTERMINATIOXS.

First. Second. Average.

1. 50
0.79
0.48

0.78
1.08
1.10

0.90
0. CO
0.70
1.18
0.41
0.00
0.31

0.00
0.26
0.74
1.18
0.78
0.98
1.11
0.45
0.32
0.44

0.59
0.22
0.23

0.26
0.39
0.98
0.08

0.79
'o. 52
0.53

0.32
0.43
1.03
0.00
0.27
0.75
1.46
0.70
0.93
1.18
0.40

0.36
0.23
0.18
1.44

1.56
0.79
0.49
0.53
0 76

cubic foot,
iu poanils j
(average), i

0.79
1.23
0.95

0.21
1.58

0. 27
0.39
0.98
0.98
0.20

First sp. gr. determination made on 0.75 aap.wood.

Second growth 1 137

From fcncc.post 6 years iu the ground.
Old fonce.post

1071
I0T2
1073

31G

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specks.

201. QoercaM prinoides

Tellov Oak. Chetlnut Oak. Ohingua- '
pin Oak.

SeZ Qarrvas Doucluil

ir<nm'jiin WkiU Oak. Bliu Oak.

2«3. Qncrcnii oblcnr^oll*

WkiU Oak.

'-'W Qnrrcn* ztifA ,

Whilr Oak.

Mi Qaercu nUculaU

iM Qtkiciu I>aruidll

Vn. Qorreax TlniM

Lin Oak.

Sonth Carolina .
Alabama

Eentneky .
..do

Tenne8»c« .
Alabama . .

Kentucky .

do.

...do....
..do...
Missoori .

Xexoa

TenneDSce

Texas ,

Haaiachusetts.

Bonncau'a Depot H. W. RareBcl.

Kemper's mill ; C. Mohr

Chattaboocheo \ A.Il.CurtUs.

Boyle county W. M. Linney .

do.

do.

Kasbrillo .
Cullman ..

Harrodsbnrg . . .
Mercer coubty .
Boyle county . .
Mercer county.
Allcnton *.

.do .

A. Gattingor .
C. Mohr

W. M. Linney .

do.

...do

Dallas J. Keverchon .

Kasbvillo.. I A. Gattinger..

Dallas J. Beverchon .

Box/brd ' J. Bobinson...

Contra Costa county G. B. Vasoy.

San Diego eouaty.

San Gabriel G. Engilmaun .

KewUezlco SllTerCity K. L.Groeno.

do.

LATSBSOF

Diameter growth.

of tree, t

0.322

0. 2eo

..do

Lunestone

Rocky upland ]

Dry.rooky I U.436

Limestone

"Wavorly shale .
Utica shale —

Poor, hilly

Limestone

Flinty

Calcareous ....

Alluvial

... do

Damp

Clay.

Dry, jrayelly .

Dry, rooky.

Oi8 I AriaoDft Santa Bila mount.

I aim.
U48 L..do |... do

SIS

un

G. Eugolmanu and do.

C. 8. Sarjient
C. O. I'riogle do .

Auslio C. Mohr

S. O. Buckley.

M4 Horida Cliarlrslown Nary. , H. H. Book

yard. |
Kalnt John's rlTor... A. H.Curtiaa Sandy 0.238

Damp, calcareous. Oi 164

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
(Jl<' DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

317

srKciFic onAViTi

DSTEimiNATIONS.

ASn DBTEBJUKATIOXR.

Woight.per
cubic fool.

i in pniinda
(aveiuRe).

R<:inarks.

1

a

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

0.33
0.57
0.38

0.36
0.33

Second.

0.48
0.57
0.35

Average.

a

0. 7074
0. 82.13
0. 8200

0. 7120
0. C549
0. 7726
0.8308
0. 0870
0. 8550

0. 8401
0. 7951
0. 8712
0. 0643
0. 6561)

0. 9237
0.8248

1. 0240
0. 8592
0. 9183
0. 7052

0. oasa

< 1. 0078

I 0. 9495

0. 8 120

0.0171
0. 9807
1. 1340

0. 9.130

( 0. 9702
i 0. 8C48

0. 9640

1. 0350
0. 9005

0.R3I2
0. 7704
0. 8000

0. 7102
0. 6050

0. 7993
0. 7979
0. 8145

0.40
0.57
0.37

7U

0. 8039

0.45

60.10

0.7114
0.0004
0.7726
0. 8308
0. 0870
0. 8308

0.36

0.33

0.70
1.94
0.40

1.50
1.49
0.39
1.62
1.39
1.10
0.04
1.25
1.43
1.38
0.43

0.80

C 4.62

\ 2.28

0.99

1.22
■- 2.67

1.32

0.51

C 1.70

i 1.80$

1.S2

0.87
1.93
0.49

1.40

0.79
1.94
0.45

43i

0. 8185

0.8419

0. 7499

0. 8410
0. 7951
0.8712
0. 9043
O.CMO
0. 8893

0. e-146

1. 0184
0. 8071
0. 9294
0.7605

0. 8605

0.77

46.73

1.45
1.49
0.44
1.62
1.32
1.24
0.61
1.17
1.46
1.30
0.43

0.49

0. 0125

0. 8548
0.8044

1. 0728
0. 8750
0. 9405
0. 7458

0. 7898

1.0700
1.1500
0. 8374

0.9835

1.25
1.31
0.57
1.09
1.49
1.22
0.43

0.88

4.69;

4.08;
1.31

1.26
3.33
I. 10

0.53

xn

ZS7

^

514

S8S

0. 7706

86«

53.63

1.14

0. 8928

1. 0486
0. 8397
0. 9441

0. 9236

0. 0897
1.1143

1. 0002

0.84

55.64

oa

1.01091
1. 0882 5

First nud si'cond sp. gr. ditorniiiiatious lBa.Ui on Mp wood

All sap-woiMi

4.07
1.15

iW

0. 8703

0.5sAp.wood

2.61

58.84

1.24
2. D5
1.20

111)

aoe

1. 0945

0. 9528

0. 8000 1
0.8690!'
1.083S

iitj

1.83

62.80

0. 0478

0.62

50.07

1140

0. Ssap'Wood

•

0. 8773

1. 0238
0. 9507

1.76
1.32

m:.

1103

'

1.78

50. IS

1.0300
0.8077

4IM

■ 0. 8919

1.23

1.21

1.22

no

IIS

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Tadlk I.— SrEClFlC GRAVITY, ASU, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Lftcality.

I I LATKHS or

Diameter cnowTii.
of I ne,

2ff7. Qaercus Tirrne — coDtiDucd .

Alabama Moliilr cuanty C. Mohr .

Texas Mnlncorda bay do

Rich, sandy.
Sandy loam .

368. QnercuB cLrVRoIepii* 574

Lirt Oat. lUaut Oak. ralparauo Oak.

■74. Qijfrrtirtlinctoria

lllaci flak YfUrne^Mrk Oak. QiMT-

extron (fak YrtU^ fittk

OrrgoD

Califoniia .
...do

Saw-mill, .A shKlnd . G. EofieluiaDn .ind

I C. S. SBrgi'Dt.
San Bcmardino W. O. Wright

Marin county ' G. R. Vnsev ,

Gravelly.

O. Enfiolmann and ' Dry, rooky.
C. S. Sargent. i

Marin county G. R. Vasey .

Auburn 1 G. Engelmanu .

Massacbueetta 1 Arnold Arboretum

Kentucky ' Mercer county

Missouri Alleiiton

Kentucky i Mercor county .

Michigan j DansvUle

..do do

Illinois I Wankegan

Ohio I Barney Sc Smith

M.-\nnracturin;; Co

Tennont.
.. do

.1 Charlotte.
.L...do .

.do.

du

C. S. Sariient Drift

■W. M. Linney I Shale .

do.

.do.

G. W. Letterman .
W. M. Linney ....

.. do

W. J. Beal

do .

Robirt Douglas.
E. E. Bamoy . . .
C. G. Pringle . . .

...do

.. do

Alabama ' Kemper's mill .

Massachusetts.. Danvt-rs

Mississippi Enti'rfiriso

MasHarlioaettH .. Nunli ICfading

...do

C. Mohr....
J. Robinson.
C. Mohr ....
J. Robinson.

Texas 1 AnatUi .

Masaachusetta.
Florida

Masaachusetta.

38> I Kentucky

3«" I... do

Hinghain .
Aspalaga .

Arnold Arliorotiim . C.S.Sargent..
Danrills Jnnctinn . W. M. Linney .

T. T. BonvA . .
A. U. Curtias.

Rich loam .
Alluvial ...
Limestone .
Sandy

.do .

Gravelly.
Gl*avelly.

do.

Alluvial .
Drift ....
Alluvial.
Drift ....

Light, SAudy .
Clay

Drift .
Shale .

TIIK WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

OF DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES-Coiitiimed.

:JU>

SPKCIFIC OBAVITT UETEBHUATIONB.

ABU UETEBHIHATIOXS.

i 1

WelRht, per
nihic foot. „ .

II

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

1.27
0.03

1.14

in pounds Remarks. . a
(uvoiage). ' 1 g

0. 8225
1.0080

0.7888
0.8830
0. 8787

C 0. 9075
\ 0. 9201

0. 8290

C 0. 79Jtf
( 0. 8018

0. 0381
0. 5186
0. 5169
0. 7480
0. 5899
0. 7510
0.6410
0. 5932
0. 7481
0. 6516
0. 642:i
0. 0807
0. 6089
0. C7G5

0. 6:mo

0. 0636
0. 5244
0. 7130

0. 0142

0.7111
0. 7CC7

0. 7364
0. 0663

0. 7^05

0. 9330
0. 9709

0. 7592
0. 8827
0.9033

0. 9019 ^
0. 8855 5

0. 8216

0. 7788 1
0. 7657 5

0.6440
0.6910
0. 6251

0. 8778
0.9900

1.25

1.09

1

[
t

0.80
0.33
0.73

( 1.86
} 2.61

1.21

( 0.94
\ 0.06

0.14
0.46
0.43
0.27
0.47
0.15
0.20
0.23
0.22
0.16
0.27
0.20
0.20
0.33
0.37
0.07
0.25
0.14

0.93

0.11
0.22

0.13
0.21
0.31

1.30
0.78

0.62
0.34
0.79

2.19;

2.78!^

1.34

0.981
1.18 5

0.10

1

91»

0. 9501

50.21

0. 7740
0. 8829
0. 8910

0.71
0.34
0.76

574

1

0. 8403

0.60

62.93

1

1

0.0263

2.36

57.73

1

0.8253

1.28

61.43

6t3

0. 7855

1.02

48.05

677

0.6411
0.6548
0. 5710
0. 7480
0.5899
0. 7515
0.6410
0. 5052
0. 7498
0. 65C6
0. 6710
0. 0994
0. 6768
0. 0897
0.6480
0.6487
0.S424
0. 6952

0.12
0.46
0.43
0.27
0.47
0.15
0.21
0.24,
0.27
0.17
0.25
0.22
0.23
0.33
0.36
0.11
0.23
0.17

T

4S>

tif

89

0.47

92>

0. 7512

0.7516

92*

0.21
0.24
0.31
0.17
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.32
0.34
0.14
0.21
0.19

0.76

0.16

0.28

0.08

140

141
146
IW
215

0.7514
0. 6615
0. C997
0. 7090
0. 0867
0. 7029
0.6589
0. 6252
0. 5604
0. 0806

0. 9018

0. 7079
0. 7762

0. T305

21«

217

21S

5S»

0. 6573

8«6

9»)

0. 6920

1043

40.75

0.6540

0.26

0.9080

0.85

56.59

ni

•

0. 7095
0.7716

0. 7405

0.14
0.25 i

SB

.7»

0.19

40.15

0. 7335
O.r.863 i
0.7205 '

0.11
0.21
0.31

17

M>

8«»

320

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA-
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

mecen. Ea^ BcnV

tm Kntacky ! SoaTaie/aactbB.. 'W.U.Itwmrj ^ua

41 W I , AUtaiaa ! n ir ¥-.»-— hIUj '

' ■' I

•* —J»m j... <• da Skkaybad ai

m \-*» , -- *» j-- *• ;...-*• j

Mi ! Tlrgiaia Wjthe*9a i B.Skinv ' Chj

*C ...im.^ ....fc L. *• ... d, I

07 I TcMBcaH* ' •TMfcinVi A-Gattiaecr... do I

' ' I < I

aMofcT SaadT

■\ •!

«a otcev.
«a ...da...

., Sav-BiD. Aabbarf .. 6. KaiwIaiaM aad

C &SBV]gcat.
.'SaenwCity dLCaUkr

i 1

CZM , n f T8

y i

VI. QuuiaiMcala

trmmiti Omk. Jiad Oat.

I I

G-W.LeUMM Clar

CttnaeOa ' C3iahr bad; •.123 U

Ul SaathCanGaa ... Biiaiaa'aPepat H.W.Ba*«ad Bichla^.

MS Vii;|iiiia WytkeriDe H.Skiinr Cby

JW do Camacaaaty da do

Hi UiB«iaslppi Memrtt'tmSa Clfobr.

I

I

II

Xn. QamM Tilnlia I

TmrkifOmi Sent Oml. tmbttMrnf
SUetJmet. BUekJmet.

^U AUbamM , Cecaee HiB do Batna. audy j

AaftMS» A.H.Caitiat ...do ' «.!« «

i'lft Oil. Swamf
Wttrr Oak.

BfmUk Omk.

47 Win i ADcaUa C. W.LettoBaa... Bidi. aUsTial

m. QorrraA atiaailes

Va^^Omk. DwkOak.
JfmkOai.

tm ' AUfaaau

•ti GrareU

CoMaceHiU.
TaOahaaa...
Balabridca..

. Clfakr

' A.Gatti«(tv
. A.H.C

Sandy kaa •.■!•

■rtiM AIlaTta] ' aSH

TM n«n^ ' Saiat Jataa ■

801 ..da

SB: QwrcaakaCcnyhySa..

^'— ! J-

. im VovJcraey Ifaaal Brfly sr.Skailaa.

O^

?4« n »

«.«> • It

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued,

321

BFECIFIC OEtAVrnr

DETEBXniATIOXS.

;
tuB DmiuinATioss.

Welgbt.per

coble foot, T>. ..t.

2

s

s

Fint.

Second.

Third.

Averaee.

nm.

Second. '

1

ArenKe.

In pounds
(STenge).

i

0.T749
0.7506
0.8014
0.71*2
0.5070
1 0.7164
0.6765
0.6622

1 0.6563
0.6273

I

0.7304
0.7300

0.6802
0.S701
0.6613
0.7334
1 0.65a«
0.8092

0.6670

0. 7906

1

1

1 «. 6017

0.7«0

! 0. 71(57
0.7uW
0.7237

0.7474
0.8146

( (k.«81a

( t.mea

0. tin

0.774*
0.7474
0.8014
0.7192
0.5123
0.6875
0.6765

0.18
0.17
0.22
0.28
0.44
0.14
0.35
0.59

0.18
0.33

0.«.
1.41

0.27
0.27
0.15
0.22
0.2S
0.29

0.86
O.M

a<s

0.92

0.45
a82

ass

a4S
aw

i

LS7

a 18
a 16
a 21

0.23
0.54
0.15
0.36
a 65

im

0.7352

0.14
0.19
0.18
0.63
0.15
0.37
0.70

0.21
0.30

0.02
1.32

0.27
a 33

41

71

88

Mi

0.6588

K7

417

0.6072 0.7100

m

0.7(M5

0.28

43.90

0.6582
0.6322

0.74*2
0.7192

0. 7003
a 6780

0 6573

0.20
a 32

tm

0.6297

MM

0.6435

0.28

40.10

0.73S8
0.7251

0.»4
1.37

MB

Ut

0.7324

LIS

4Su64

0.6048
a62U
0.6613
0.7334
0.0556
0.7874

0.27
0.30

a IS
a22
a2S
a 29

m

Ui

■

2S3>

\

US'

285"

0.7606

0.6736
0.7854

0.6465
O.UiiflO

0.7149
0.7202
0.7624

0.7075
C.7D0S

a28

aao

0.90

o.a

hOi

a 39

0.84

au

a4«

L41

au

LU

540

0.6028

a2s

43.17

a«7oe

0.7880

0.83

o.to

j

341

j

770

0.7294

0.87

4SiiS

0.66»1
0i7ieS

a 81

LOO

47

m

0.6888

an

«aLM

0.n58
0.7143
0.7431

a42
a8s
a27

M9

511

T41

0.7244
a 7275

a 51

4&.U

a 47

L17

1

n«

t

881

0.7673

aai

«7.a

0.*»02'
0.6337

1

1 aMM

an

1 "

1171

1

«IM»

Lll

4aoo

1-

i

21 FOE

322

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SrEClFlC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Sp«oie6.

Locality.

Diameter
of tree,

284. Qncrciu bypoleaca .

285. Qaercoit imbricaria

BkingU Oak. Laurtl Oak.

18t. Qnercas Phelloa

WiUov Oak. Peach Oak.

287, Quercus donsiflora

Tanlark Oak. Chatnut Oak. Ftaeh
Oak.

288. Caatanopaia cbrysopbyUa

Chinquapin.

280. Cutanea pamila

Ohinqvapin,

290. Castanea vnlgaris, rar. Americana

Chatnut.

20L FacruB fermgisea.

racnia I
Baeh

382. Oatrya Virjziiiica

JJop Hornbeam. Jrtm Wood. Lever
Wood.

5M Arizona Santa KiU mount- G. Encelmann and

ains. ! C. S. Sargent

VI' Kentucky ' Harrodabuig .

do do

..do do

Miaaouii | AQenton

...do I — do

ISS

258>
258>

25«»

1M7

Tennessee .
California .

do.

MasaacbustittB . . .
Virginia

do.

Tennessee

Pennsylvania . .
Massacbusetts.

..do

Kentucky .

Tollahoma

Marin county

Mendocino couutj' .

Hot Springs .

Arnold Arboretum

Fancy Gap

...do

.do .

do.

...do

...do

Micbigao

Florida

Haasacbuaotta.

Nashville

Williamsport .
Danvers

Arnold Arboretum

Mercer county

...do

W. M. Linney.

Dry, rocky.
...do

.do .

G. W. Letterman | Ricb, moist .

— do Rich loam . .

A. Gattinger.
G.K. Vasey..
A. Kellogg ...

Moist, siliceous.

Gravelly.

0.184
0.400

G. W. Lotterman.

C. S. Sargent.
H. Shriver

do .

A. Gattinger.
C.G.Pringle.
J. Robinson..

C.S. Sargent..
W.M. Linney.

.do.

Drift .
Moist.

Sandy .

do.

DansvUle | W.J.Boal Gravelly.

Cbattaboocboe A. H. Curtiss . . .

I
Hamilton J. Robinson do .

...do Amuld Arboretum.

Missouri Allooton

Maasacbnsetta Danvers

...do do

do North Reading

48 I Misiiouri Allcnton

731 I Kentucky Mercer county.

7V I do : do

C.S.Sargent j Drift

G. W. Lolt«rman i Rich loam

J.Robiuaon Rocky

do i Eicbloam..

...do

G. W. Letterman , Dump, alluvial

W, M. Linney i Trcntun limestone.

0.285
0.085

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— CoDtinued.

323

srscinc gbavitt

DETEBHIHATIOKB.

ABH DBTEBUUIATIOXe.

WeiBBt,per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bcmarks.

g

"3

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

Firet.

SecoDd.

AveTBge.

a

S
O

0. 7826
I 0. 7774
\ 0. Ii208

0. 7402
0. 7234
0. 8332
0. 7517
0. 7200

0.7532

0.6650

0. 5520

0. 5698

0.3829
0. 4720
0. 4716
0.4494
0. 4693
0.4663
0. 4613

0. 6663
0. 6200
0. 6343
0.7092
0.7150
0. 7619
0. 6897
0. 7017

0, 7008
U. 8910
0.8512
0. 8491
0. 7818

! 0. 7657
1 0. 7264
' 0. 7526

0. 8304

0.8066
0.7932

1.27
f 1.21
I 1.64

0.23
0.65
0.79
0.22
0.23

0.51

1.55

0.35

0.12

0.10
0.26
0.21

1.27
1.35;
1.4Z;'

1.27
1.41

1

1

0. 7735
0.7394

0.8089)

0.8009

1.34

49.91

0.7398
0.7234
0.8332
0.7439
0.7243

0.23
0.65
0.79
0.28
0.21

i

0. 7360
0.7265

0. 7412
0. 7004
0.5627
0. 6076
0. 3827

0.34
0.1&

0.48
1.41

1

1

0.7529

0.43

46.92

0.7472

0.50

46.56

0.6827

1.49

42.56

0.5674

0.35

84.74

72>

0.11
0.12

0.5887

0.12

36.69

sn

0.3828
0. 4720
0.4716
0.4494
0.4693
0.4453
0. 4621

0.11
0.26
0.21

18

2S6I

258*

258*

0.18
0.16
0.14

0.34
0.76
0.70
0.57
0.54
0.31
0.47
0.29

0.84
0.49
0.63
0.55
0.51

0.76
0.80
1.34

0.21
0.17
0.13

0.33

0.20
0.17
0.13

516

0.4247
0.4594

0.6556

7J7

0.4656

8M

0.4504

0.18

28.07

0. 6610
0.6200
0.6343
0. 7092
0.7175
0.7112
0.6729
0.6904

0.34
0.75
0.70
0.57
0.54
0.35
0.47
0.34

(

44*

Eed beech

44*

1

S9*

0.7200
0.6605
0. 6500
0.6825

0. 7030

'

White beech

&5>

0.38

119

7CS

0.6870

0.38

0.87
0.67
0.66
0.S1
0.S9.

0.80
0.79

First and second sp. p. determinations matle on 0.5 sap-wood ;
third sp. f^r. dotvrmiuatiou made on sap-wood.

8S3

0.6883

0.51

42.89

0.7622
0.8919
0.8695
0. 8440
0.7842

0.36
0.58
0.60
0.63
0.45

11

87

0. 8402
0. 8296
0.7940

0.77U

0.8870
0.8534
0.7768

870

en

1047

0.8284

a SO

51.63

0.7084
0.7264
0.7516

0.78
0.80
1.34

4*

TS'

0. 7504

T»"

32-i

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— srECIFIC GKAYITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

Specloe.

J

Looality.

Carpliius Cattilinuuui — contiDned .

BETtTLACEi:.

Belula alba, rar. popnhfulia

jrhilr JJirth. Oldfield Birch. Oroy
Birch.

9S. Bctnla papvrifen

Conot Birch. WhiU Birch. Paper

3n. Betalalotea ,

YtUow Birch. Oray Birch.

3B9. B«taU li'iita

Chrrry Birth. Black Birch.
Bireh. ilahf^gany Birch.

77 I Missouri AUeoton.

UassaohuBi'tts Danvere .

1038 ....do.

10«5
lOfie
1067

230>
230*
843

loss

1009
1070

VermoDt

...do

...do

Montaoa

Ma£&achue«tta.

Alaaka

Vennout

do .

Colorado...
California .

Vermont

... do

....do

MaaBnchaaetta.

Vermont

... do

do.

842
1184

.do.

Arnold Arboretum .
Danvcrs

Charlotte .
..do

do.

Missoula

TowQscnd

Chilcoot inlet .
Charlotte

.do.

Eogelmann's cafion
Strawberry valley . .

.do.

...do

Danvers . .
Charlotte .
...do

do .

Miaaoari AUcoton

...do do

HomaohuaottJi — North AndoTor .

do.

Hamacbnaetta . . .

Vermont

sboaetts...

Arnold Arboretum.

Charlotte

Danrers

G. W. Lcttenuan.

J. Robinson

...do

C. & Sargent .
J. Jlobinson . .

C. G. Pringle
...do

do.

Sereno Watson .

J. Bobinsou

PaulScbultze...
C.G. Pringle....

.do.

Robert Douglas

G. En^clmnnn and
C. S. Sargent

C.G. Pringle.

J. Robinson . .
C.G. Pringle.
...do

Jo.

6. W. Lottorman

do.

J.RobinHon

...do

O. W. I..i'ttonnan

C.S.Sargent.
C.O.Pringlo.
J. Robinson .

Rich, alluvial .

Low, rich

Gravelly

Drift ....
Gravelly.

Gravelly .

do.

Wet, sandy .
Wet, peaty .

Swampy .

Clay

Gravelly .
...do ....

.do.

Moist loun .
AlluvUl....

...do

Sandy loam .

Drift ....
Gravelly.

LATSItS OF

Diameter' OROWTh.
of tree, I

0.170
0.196

0.234
0.188

0.102
0.214

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

32;

SPECIFIC aiUVITY

DETltmnXATIONS.

Asn DETEnHIHAIIOKB.

WfiRht. per
cubic toot,
in poands
(average).

Bemarlcs.

1

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First

Second.

Average

0. 7591
0. 7014
0. 7080

0. 53til
0. 0330

).4394
0. 6021

o.osee

0. C-'40
0. 0290
0. 60B1
0. 6801
0. 6002
0.5804

0. 5880
0.6543

0. 57.W
0. 7047
0. 0410
0. 7032
0. 0468
(]. (1380
0. 0557

0. 5608
0. 5554
0. 6910
0. 0049
0. 5556

0. 7.'i55
0. 7344
0.8116

0. 0907
0. 7085
0. 6804

0. 7249
0. 7079
0. 6927

0.60
0.88
D.SS

0.32
0.28

0.24
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.26
0.20

0.18
0.44

0.29
0.33
0.00
0.16
0.28
0.28
0.27

0.30
0.27
0.38
0.38
0.44

0.16
0.26
0.2S

0.52
0.93
0.65

0.27
0.28

0.24
0.31
0.22
0.22
0.19
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.22

0.18
0.37

0.20

0.56
0.91
0.60

0. 7137
0. 6896

lOO

0.7286

0.83

45.41

0. 5361
0. 6160

0.30
0.28

I*

ta

0. 6088

0. 4757
0. 5979
0. 6207
0. 6096
0. 6260
0. 6060
0. 0227
0. 5665
0. 6908

0. 6183
0. 5777

0. 6237

0. 6061

First and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood

0. 5760

0.29

35.90

0.4676
0. 6000
0. 6297
0. 6168
0. 6315
0. 6070
0. 0380
0.5837
0.5849

0.24

0.31
0.24
0.24
0.20
0.25
0.27

0.24

2S
291

as
■ax

8M

loe

MM

INI

First sp. ^r. dolcrmination made on 0.5 eap-vood; second sp.
er. determiuation made on 0.75 sap-wood.

0. 6305

0. 6112
0.5843
0. 5745

All sap-wood

0. 5955

«0.25

37.11

0. 6032
0. 6028

0. 6030

0.18
0.41

0. 57«?

0.30

37.58

0. 5998
0. 7047
0.6416
0. 7104
0.0445
0. 6360
0. 6494

0. 6663

0.25
0.33
0.60
0.20
0.27
0.25
0.27

ao»

0. 7200
0. 6293
0. 6472
0.0543

0. 5721
0. 5608
0. 6759
0. 5975
0. 5830

0. 7604
0.0946
0. 8160

0. 7080
0. 0573
0. 6256
0. 6382

0.25
0.25
0.22
0.27

0.31
0.31
0.38
0.38
0.40

0.20
0.32
0.33

All sap-wood

aa

0.31

40.84

0. 6065
0.5531
0. 5827
0. 5090
0. 5793

0.31
0.29
0.33
0.38
0.42

All sap-wood

MS

0. 58U
0. 5905
0. 5988

sa

MS

^11 sap-wood

0.5762

0.8S

86. U

0. 7570
0.7145
0.8128

0.18
0.29
0.30

sa

0. 8109

MC

0.7617

0.20

47.47

320

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specie*.

105. AIdim iDcana

SpttkU4 Alder. Hoary Alder. Black
AUUr.

SALICACE.S.

3M. 8«Ux laaUndn, tor. UnclfoUs .

too. Sallx luimndn, mr. Feodleriana .

no. Salix loDgifoll*. rar. azigna .

DeUware .
.. do

Wneliington ter-
ritory.
Oregon

Montana .
079 Oregon ..

Alabama.
Georgia..

Ycrmont

Uaaaachnsetta . ■ ■

Vermont..

Maasacbnsetts

Locality.

Adgcr'smiU..
Pepper's mill .

Sitka

Pnyallnp

Portland Furniture
Company.

Uissonla Sereno Watson

Drain C.S.Sargent

W.M.Cauby Moiet.eandyloam.

...do

Fanl Schultzo

O. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

San Bernardino W. G. Wright

Wet

Moist loam

Stockton C. Mohr

AUamalia river A. H. Curtiss .

BinesboTgh.
DaoTers —

Sbelbnme .
TopsBdd . .

080 CaUforala Santa Cmz.

1210 '....do.

C.G. Pringle.
J.BobinBon..

C.G.Pringle Wet,8andy.

J. Robinson ' Allnvlal

Wet ..
Damp.

Wet loam.
...do

M. E. Jones .
B. Weston . .

Clay.

G. Engdinann nnd MoiHt, sandy .
C. S. Sargent.

640 ;....do...
081 Oregon .

1174

Utah ...
nilnola .
Texaa ..

C.L. Anderson

Strawberry valley . . : O. Eogelmann and Moist, rich .
C. S. Sargent. '

City Creek cs&on .

Rocktord

Matagorda bay . . .

F. Skinner Allnvlal .

M B. Jones .
M. 3.Bebb..
C. Mobr....

Moist, saline

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

327

BFECIFIC QBAVTTT

DBTEIUIIMATIOHB.

ASH DETBBKIHATIOKg.

Weight, per
cable foot,
inpoonds
(average).

Renurks.

a

s

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Aversge.

O

0.4988
0.4923

0.4922
0.4855
0. 4829

( 0.45501

) 0. 1427 5

0.4172

i

0.4138

0. 4714
0.4573

0.4029
0.4960

0. 4327
0.4790

0.4530
0. 4689
0. 46ia

0.4116

0 4810

0. 450"
0. 5063

0. 4678
0.4901
0. 5221

0.5186
0.4889

0.4851
0.4847
0.4565

0. 3722
0. 4183

0. 3823

0. 4635
0. 4738

0.4842
0.4642

0. 4102
0.4621

0.5087
0.4906

0.34
0.87

0.89
0.59
0.36

( 0.39

( n.43

0.19

0.42

0.32
0.47

0.47
0.38

0.62
0.65

0.65
( 1.08
( 1.38

0.56

0.60

0.61
1.09

0.53
a 46
1.02

0.35
0.47

0.40
0.49
0.28

0.451
0.30 5
0.25

0.43

0.34
0.39

0.40
0.40

0.79
0.71

0.89
0.911
1.08 J

0.60

0.69

0.73
0.72

0.."i8
0.49
1.09

0.35
0.42

0.4996

0.39

81.13

0.4887
0.4856
0..4097

0.4813

0.39
0.54
0.32

0.3604

First sp. ffT. deterraination made on sap-wood: 0«<ond sp. grr-
det«rmiDation mad'* on 0.5 snp-wood.

0.42

29.99

0.4077
0.4178

0.39
0.22

m

0. 4127

0.31

25.72

0. 3981

0.42

24.81

0.4675
0. 4656

0.33
0.43

0.4666

0.38

29.08

0.4436

0. 4778

0.44
0.39

S74

0.4732

28.71

0.75 Bap-wood

SC

0.4607

0.42

0.4215
0.4696

0.71
0.68

m

0.4676

First and second sp. gr. determinations made on 0.66 sap-wood;
third sp. gr. determination road© on 0.5 sap-wood.

8SS

0.4456

0.70

27.77

0.4530
0.4488

0.72
1.11

884

0.44481
0. 4201 >

0.4828

0. 4702

0. 4530
0. 4.''>7:i

0.4019
0. 4959
0.53iy

•"

911

0.4509

0.92

28.10

a 4872

ass

80.36

m»

^

0.476«

0.60

29.64

U19

0.4519
0.4576

0.67
0.91

MO

0.4089

rni

0.4547

0.79

2&34

0.4698

0.66

28.65

88*

0.49S0

0.4S

30.73

UT4

0.6482

0.6342

1.06

33.29

MB

328

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Sprcirs.

311. Salix wssilifolia .

313. Salix flaTescens.

314. Salix Hookeriana .

317. Salix Sitcbeiuia .
Silky WilUnc.

318. Populiu tremololdca

Atpen, Quaking A9p.

ESS
1225

319. PapDln* KTandidcDUta

Poplar.

«

320. Pormlui hrtrmphylla

liitcr CoWmwrod. Svamp Cottonwood.

231. Popnliu balftamifcru

BaUam. Taeamahae. Bairn o/OOead.

1175
1180

OreeoD .

Maaaachnsetts.

Locality.

Topgfic'ld .

KewTork Ellenburg

New Uexico .

Montana

Utah

Washington t«rri-
torj-.

Oregon .

Nebraska .
lowo

MS California .

1161 I Oregon .

...do....
Vermont.

Masoacbasetts.

Vermont

Haaaachnaetta.

Tcnneaaee .
Alabama...

Pinos Altos mouu^
nins.

Pnttoc'a ca&ou, Mis-
soula.

Cily Cieek caKon ...

Winchester bay

Brownsville .
Sioax City . .

Sauvio's Island .

Alpine.
...do..

Charlotte .
Danvcrs . .

Charlotte .
Danvera . .

NaahriUe.
Stockton..

Jos. Howolls.

J. Robinson ■
J. H. Sears..

E. L. Greene .
S. Watson . . -
M. £. Jones . .

Loam.
.. do .

G. Eugelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

K. W. Furnas .
W.G.Wright..

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent

Bich, moist

Moist, gravelly . .

Moist, sandy.
Sandy saline .

Allnvial .

Sandy loam .

T. S. Brandogee ' Damp .

do ' do .

...do do.

C. G. Pringle Moist.

J. Bobinson .

Gravelly.

C. G. Prlnglo Raitdy loam .

J. Bobinson Gravelly —

A. Gattlnger .
C.Mohr

Shelbumo CO. Pringle Sandy loam.

Chilcoot Inlet Panl Schnltzo Alluvial....

0.148
0.117

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

329

BFBCIFIC OBAVIIT DETEBMIHATIOKe.

ASH DETERUOIATIOMB.

■Weight, per
cnbfc foot,
in poonds
(average).

liemarlu.

i
i

First.

Second.

Third.

Arerage.

Rrst.

Second.

Arerage.

s

e
c

0. 4326

C 0. 4930

\ 0. 4434

0.3074

0.4912
0. 5234
0. 4923

0. 5320

0.5471

0. 5750
0.6393

0. 5704

0.5011

0.3785
0.3579
0.3569
0. 4880
( 0.4184
( 0.4227

0.5119
0. 4205

0.4023
0.4115

0. 3524
0. 3843

0.4545

0. 4184 )
0.4643 5

0.4319

0.4397

0.49

0.48
0.36

• 0.79
0.36
0.67

0.43

0.33

0.49
0.72

1.01

0.67

0.76
0.72

0.50

0.49
0.37

0.68
0.42
0.72

0.34

0.32

0.44
0.71

0.95
0.52

0.SO

27.40

0.4548
0.3974

0.49
0.37

800

IXB

0. 5081
0. 4953
0. 4707

0. 5504

0. 5229

0. 5683
0.0450

0.5323
0. 5133

0.4261

0.43

26.55

0.4997
0.5094
0.4815

0.74
0.39
0.70

611

T21

888

0.4969

0.61

30.97

0.5412

0.39

33.73

972

0. 5350

0.32

33.34

946

0. 5716
0.6422

0.47
0.72

UTS

1180

0. 5734

0. 6069

0.59

37.82

0.5587

0.98

34.82

an

0. 5072

0.59

31.61

ua

0. 3785
0. 3579
0.3569
0.4951

0.4278

0.76
0.72

272'

272»

272»

0.5021

0.42551

0.4446>

0. 4872
0. 4416

0.4113
0. 4105

0. 3404
0 37C8

0.31
0.43

0.31
0.39

0.43
0.47

0.70
0.90

0.72
0.40

0.31

0.41

411

1035

0.4032

0.5S

25.13

0.4996
0.4268

0.43
0.46

157

0.4182

0.45

0.74
0.90

1.12
0.39

847

0.4632

..«

2&87

0. 4068
0. 4110

0.72
0.00

sas

SM

0. 4089

0.81

25.48

0.3464
0. 3806

0.02
0.40

1S»

961

0.3635

0.66

22.65

330

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

SpflCifA.

LATRRg OF

Diameter' obowtu.
of tre«,

aSl. Papains Inlaamifrr*, rar. ondiruis .

10S4 ' Uuuohiuetto....

Top»fleld ' J. Rohln'on .

BaltamOoOonwovd.

552 Colorado M»nitou Spring* — Robert Douglas.

I

1012 Oregon Saint John's Barrel F.Skinner

Factory. Portland.

1028 do Portlnnd" I'"uniitnre G. Eneilmann and

Company. C. S. Sargent,

124. Popolus monflifem

Cotumtrvcd. y<eklaet Poplar. Caro-
lina Poplar. Big CoUonteood.

Ohio

Vermont.
Uissouri..

do

Texas ..
Florida .

659 California.

328. Libocedms decnrrens 579

WhiU Ctdar. Bastard Cedar. Pott ' _
Cedar. JneenMe Crdar.

Tbnya cigantea .
Rtd (Mar. Oa

Vermont

....do

Neir Bronawlok
....do

ProrlnoeofQnebeo

....do

....do

Maine

Wisconsin

1017
1021

Oregon .
...do...

Barney and Smith ' E. E. Barney .

Manufacturing Co.
Charlotte C.G.Piingle

Allenton ; G. W.Letterman.

do |....do

Dallas J.Rcverohon —

I
Chattahoochee A. H. Cartiss ...

Sacramento valley .1 G. K. Va-sey . . .
San Bernardino W. G. 'n'nKlit.

Saw-mill. Straw.

berry valley.
...do

Bridgcton
Amqni

Mattawamkeag .
Ban Claire

Wetdler's aaw-miU,

Portland.
Portland Fumitnre

Company.

aS« Alabama Col Uge Hill .

G. Eugelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

TV. G. Wright.

Gravelly 1 0.1

Sandy loam j 0.098

C. G. Pringlo Cold, peaty.

do do

Intercolonial rail.

way.
Ed. Sinclair

Grand Tmnk rail-
way.

J. Robinson...
H. C. Pntnam

G. Engelmann and

C. 8. Sargent
do

C.Mohr.

Massacbuaatla.

...do

...do

Ikrverly i J.Roblnson.

...do do

...do I.... do

Sandy, wet .

Swampy

..do

.do.

0.800
0.250

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF TOE UNITED STATES— Coiitinned.

331

BPBCmO OUAVITI

DETBBUINATI0K8.

ASn DETEBMIKATIOKB.

Welpht,p«r
cable foot,
in ponnds
(average).

c
1

3

First.

Second.

Third.

ATeroge.

First.

Second.

Average.

1

1 O

1 0. 3959

0. 3942

0.35U
0.4163

0. B817
0.3939
0. 3315
0. 3201
0. 4706
0. 4365

0. 6490
0.48'i7

0. 3891
0. 3428
0. 4686

0. 3048
0. 2847
0. :i2«4
0. 3103
0. 3010
0. 84.'-.2
0.3108
0.3584
0. 3121

0. 3»06
0. 3460

0. 3337
0.3105
0. 3038
0. 2090

0.4222

0. 3881

0.3656
0. 3937

0.3946
0. 3302
0.3444
0.3231
0. 4778
0. 4G32

0. 4655
0. 4176

0. 3830
0. 3769
0. 4596

0. 3021
0. 2870
0. 3276
0. 3275
0. 3007
0.2880
0.8104
0. 3529
0.3232

0. 4178
0. 3551

0. 3447
0.3644
0. 3036
0. 3091

0.4301

0.4161

0.48

0.82

1.47
1.B6

1.34
0.68
1.18
0.83
1.09
0.69

0.77
1.17

0.03
0.13
0.08

0.29
0.29
0.49
0.39
0.29
0.36
0.43
0.39
0.37

0.12
0.24

0.94
0.17
0.13
0.11

0.43

0.75

0.87
1.18

1.43
0.94
0.92
0.79
0.96
0.60

6.46

25.93

Cnltlvat«d. First and second sp. gr. determinations made on 1054
sap-wood.

0. 3912

0.79

24.38

0.3S67

■

0. 3578
0. 4050

1.17
1.37

0. 3814

1.27

23.77

0. 3882
0. 3621
0. 3380
0. 3216
0. 4742
0.4494

1.39
0.81
1.05
0.81
1.03
0.65

0.98

0. 4597
0. 4860

0. 3889

24.24

0.4914

0.77

30.62

Allsap-wood 6S9

1.09

0.04
0.17
0.05

0.25
0.29
0.51
0.44
0.31
0.44
0.37
0.34
0.38

0.14
0.19

0.90
0.16
O.ll
0.13

0. 4621

1.13

28.80

S4«

579
634
•82

0. 3861
0. 3599
0. 4591

0.04
0.15
0.06,

0.4017

0.08

25.03

0. 3035
0. 2859
0. 3280
0. 3237
0. 3012
0. 3166
0.3106
0. 3603
0. 3177

0.27
, 0.29
0.50
0.42
0.30
0.40
0.40
0.37
0.88

IM

379

782

0.3272

783

790

T92

796

0.3697

S74

1099

0.3164

0.87

19.72

0.4087
0. 3506

0.13
0.22

1017

1021

0.3796

0.17

2a 66

0. 3392
0. 3277
0. 3085
0. 3!>36

0.92
0.16
0.12
0.12

SSO

0. 3081
0.3182
0.4627

850

8Sl

8a

0.3322

0.33

20.70

332

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND \YEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Sptciea.

330, C1uuiurc\'pah8 Xutkaensis

TttUv'Cyprett. Sitta CyprtM.

Alaska j Sitka

British Columbia . Saw-mill, Victoria ..
! Alaska ' Peril strait

1000 I. ...do.

331. Chuiiscvp.iris Lawsoniana TOl Or«con .

Port Or/ord Cedar. Oregon Cedar.

W}iUe Cedar. Laicton't Cf/prttt. \ 707 do.

Ginger Pine.

332. Copn-ssos macrocaipa.
Monttrey C}fprem.

333. Capressos Goreniaaa .

335. Copicssas Gnadalnp^nsis .

Jonip^ms Califomica 1220

Juniper.

336. Jonipi^rus Callfomica, i
Juniper.

337. Jonlpems pacbyphl(ea 555

Juniper. I

336. Jnniprnis occidentalis .
Juniper.

338. JaoiperasoccideDtalls, rar. monospoima
Juniper.

338. Juniprrtu oceidnilalls, mr. coi^agens.
Juniper.

ATeidlcr's saw.niill,
Portlnnd, OrcROn.

G. Kogolmann aud

C. S. SareeDt
Paul SchuTtzc

G. Engelmnnn and
C. S.SarRent.

Beau ,t Co. "8 saw. do .

mill, Mnrslitleld. i

do.

C75 California ' Monterey.

■do Marin connty.

-do , Calistoga

Eastern Aiizona.. Snn Francisco mount-
ains.

Arizona Santa Catalina

mountains.

Utah

Xew Mexico.

Arizona

...do

Xew Mexico..
Colorado

San Bernardino
county.

Silver City .

Yreka i>I:iius .

Silver City

Manitoa Springs.

Texas Austin .

do..

Massacbuaetta

Texaa

Florida

..do

Maaaacbns<-tta. . . .

Florida

Uaaaacbosotts

Arnold Arboretum

Dallas

Cbattaboocboo

Saint Jobn'i river .

Dauvers

Cbattuboochco C. Mohr

Xopsneld J. Robinson

G. E. Vasey. .
W. F. Fisher.

Gravelly loam .
Dry ridges

.do.

0.283
0.234

£. L. Grcono .
C. G. Pringle.

Rocky.

...do

M. £. Jones .
£. L. Greene.

Gravelly.

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Stony....
Gravelly.

F. L. Greene

Bobert Douglas.

Stony....
Gravelly.

C. Mohr

S. B. Buckley .

C. 8. Sargent .
J. Reverchon .
A. H. Curtlsa.

...do

J. Robinson . .

Drift

Calcareous .

...do

Sandy loam .

Drift

Alluvial ....
Drift

0.230
0.484

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OP DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

J33

SPECIFIC GBAVITY

DETEEMINATI0N8.

ASH DETECUINATIOlie.

Weight, per
cable foot,
In poands
(average).

Hemarlu.

S
1

First.

Socond.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

o

0.4011
0. 4987
0. 5350
0. 4555

0. 4356
0.4380

0. 6260

0.4492
0. 4620

0.4648
0. 4826

0. 6309

0. 6504

0. 5744
0.5085
0.5185

«. 5724

0. 7329
0. 6708

0.4484
0. 5010
0. 5166
0.4686

0.4487
0. 5259

0. 6263

0.4733
0.4910

0.4643
0. 5272

0. 0255

0.5539

0. 6965
0. 5619 1
a 5321 S

6. 5807

0.7440
0. 0935

0.6967
0.6840

0. .'.045
0. 4493
0.5310
0.4727
0.4t»3
0.4705
0.4937

0.4248
0. 4999
0. 5261
0. 4621

0.30
0.29
0.29

0.37

1 0.34

tag

983
9M
1000

0.34 t 0.32
n. 34 1 0. 32

1

0.39 1 0.36 0.38

0.07
0.08

I

0.55

0.41
j 0.54

0.43
0.41

0.77

0.47

O.U
C 0.07
< 0.08

0.12

0.08
0.89

0.45
0.39

0.15
0.12
0.16
0.13
0.16
0.16
0.09

0. 4782

0.34

29.80

0.4422
0.4819

0.12

0.10

0.09 1 0.09

0.59

0.4C21

0.10

28.80

0.6261

0.57

39.02

975

0.4613
0. 4765

0.35
0.47

0.38
0.51

0.73
0.51

0.16

0.07

0.09:

0.12

0.68
0.8«

0.47
0.53

0.14
0.14
0.17
0.08
0.14
0.12

ao9

0.38
0.51

0. 4617

All sap-wood

0. 4689

0.45

29.22

0.4636
0.5049

0.41
0.46

7«

0.4843

0.44

30.18

0. 6282

0.75

39.15

1229

0.8 sap-wood

0.5522

0.49

34.41

S8T

0.6355
0. 5302

O.U

0.08

592

C92

0.5829

0.U

36.32

a 6765

0.12

35.93

624

0.7385
0. 6852

0.68
0.88

420
527

0.7U9

0.78

44.36

0.0967
0.6846

0.46
0.46

939

0. 07i;0

0.6112
0.4,')85
0.5455
0.4901
0. 4804
0.4838
0. 5290

a«948

0. 6907

0.4G

43.04

0. 6079
0.4539
0. 5433
0. 4814
a 4743
0.4761

0.5111

1

0.14
0.13
0.10
0.11
0.15
0.14
0.09

14

P-

a 5533

a 4733
0.4740
«. 6107

1
. . 1

9SI

1055

41.4926

0.13

80.70

1

334

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AXD AVKlcnT PER CUBIC FOOT

J
S

a
S
i

State.

Localit.v.

Collector.

SoU.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LAVXB8' OF
nBOWTB.

Sap-
wood.

Heart-
wood.

535
542
543
581
S8Z
741
8M>
8Sf

923

1212
1213
12U

657
686

673
710
711'
711«
712
713
7U
716

878

805

82
277

661

J
164

208
222
723
777

Stockton

Oti8&Co.,saw.mill.
....do

C. Mohr

Alluvial .

Bald CypTu*. Black Cyprtst. Std

...do

..do

....do

ouMCypnu.

....do

....do

...do

Arkansas

....do

Little Kock

G. W. Lctttnnan ...
....do

...do

....do

....do

Cbattaboooboe

0.514

55

230

Department of Ag.

riculturo.
....do

Stockton

Allavial

....do

....do

Louisiana

California

....do

Bayou La Battcrj- . .

Tulare county

....do

do

Alluvial .

G. Eneclmann and
C. S. Sargent.

do

Big Tne.

... do

W2 SeqooU Mmpervirciu

....do

....do

....do

...do

... do

...do

....do

Bnssian river

RcdKood.

Turner, Kennedy

& Shaw.
....do

....do

. ..do

....do

Uendocino county. .
do

....do

....do

do

. do

....do

343. Taiiu brevifuliA

Oregon

Portland

G. Bugelmann and
C. S.^argent.

A.H.Curtl88

O.S.Sargent

A. H. Curtiss

Moi»t, rich

0.270

8

46

r«».

{
Mi. Taziu Floridaoa

rew.
tU,. Torrev* UiifoIU

. ..do

Cbattaboochoe

....do

SHnking Cedar. Savin.

....do

Calcareous

0.284

0.361
0.610

12

20
IB

78

7a i

61

tU. ToTTpra CaUrotniu

Caliromla

UaMacbnaetta ...

Ulcblgan

....do

Vermont

P(!Dniiylraola

New liranawlck..

Maiin county

Arnold Arboretum .

Wooilsum Machine

Compunv.
Barney ic Smith

MauiirncturlngCo.

Cah/omia .\utmtg. Slinking (Mar.
Ul. PlnM .Slmbm

C. S. Sargent

ir»i«e Fin4. Weymmth Pin*.

....do

C.G.Pringle

do

Wllllamaport

Intercolonial rail,
way. 1

j

;

1

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coiitinued.

335

6FBCIF1C OBAVITY DETEBMDCATIONB.

JL8Q DETEBMIKATIOKB.

Weight, per
cabio foot,
in pounds
(average).

K« marks.

1

a

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First

Second.

Average.

*

0.4S59

0. 0114

0. 5017

0.4082

0.4683

0.4159

0.2444

0. 2362

[• 0. 3442

I 0.4282

1 0. 4599

[ 0.4112

0. 3860

0. 4123

0.4878

f 0. 3234

( 0. 3236

0 !>.'>24

0. 3788
0.4242
0. 3963
0. 4912
0.3015
0. 3610
0. 5226
0. 4827

0. 6390

0. C340

0. 6034
0.4728

0. 4S23

0.3946
0.3481
0. 3400
0. 4880
0. 3690
0.3600

0.4442
0. 4800
0. 5224
0.4545
0. 6031
0. 4094
0. 2013
0. 2394
0. 3650
0. 3705
0. 5022
0.4336
0. 3750
0. 4957
0. 4904

0. 3202 ^
0. 3289 )
0. 2523

0. 3965
0. 4281
0.4444
0.4562
0.2982
0. 3612
0. 4714
0. 5181

0.6553

0.4501
0. 5005
0. 5121
0.4614
0.4857
0. 4020

0.44
0.35
0.66
0.38
0.34
0.27
0.56
0.55

t 0.48)

0.50
0.51
0.36

( 0.54

( 0.41

0.50

0.12
0.16
0.11
0.14
0.06
0.18
0.17
0.10

0.22

0.20

1.08
0.25

1.27

0.11
0.13
0.22
0.23
0.18
0.23

0.40
0.31
0.52
0.45
0.29
0.36

0.42
0.33
•0.59
0.42
0.32
0.32

53S
M2
M3
S81
SS
7il

White cypress

Black cypress

0. 3808

White cypress sap-wood

0. 4072

0. 3805
0.4540
0.4891

0.44

0.50
0.52
0.37

' From opposite sides of center of tree next to heart. .

1

J.

^ > One tree.

0.50
0.53
0.37

0.501
0.33)
0.04

0.23
0.19

0.3492

I Outside of tree J

Oateide wood i i '

SOno tree: Wliilecypreaa ■

1212
1213

0.4543

0.42

27.85

0.3240
0.2524

0.44
0.57

0.2882

O.SO

18.20

0.3877
0.4262
0.4204
0. 4737
0. 2999
0.3611
0. 4970
0. 5004

0.17
0.18
0.U
0.14
0.09
0.17
0.17
0.12

711*

0.11
0.15
0.16
0.13

0.22

0.22

1.38
0.21

1.40

0.10
0.17
0.20
0.21
0.12
0.30

712

715

^^^

0. 6230

0.4208

0.14

26.22

0.6S91

0.22

* 39.83

m

0.6340

0.21

39.51

m

0.630»
0.4447

0. 4690

0.4106
0.3459
0.3418
0. 6461
0. 3850
0. 3140

0. 8702
0.4S88

1.23
0.23

a

an

0.5145

0.73

32.08

0.4760

1.34

29.66

tu

0. 4026
0. 3470
0. 3409
0. 5070
0. 3770
0. 3373

0.15
0.15
0.21
0.22
0.15
0.26

1

IM

208

33S

•a

336

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMEriCA.
Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Spe*i»«.

Locality.

MT. Pinas Stiobiu— continned .

349. Pinus Lamb«rtiaiu> .
Svgar Pine.

351. PtQiis albicaalifl .

2^7. Pioiu BftlfoorUna

UT. Pinoji BalfouriAim. car. sristAta
t'oxUiii Kru. Uickory I'ine.

3S8l PiDiu rculnow

Hed Itnt, Nonaay Pint.

Kew Bnuuwlok .

Bridgeton
Amqai

Ed. Sinclair
A. Grant

Massachusetts.

British Colombia .

Grank Trunk rail*
way.
Beadiug J. Robinson

Oregon .

Hasting'a saw.miU,

Bnrrard inlet.
Cascade mountains

Saw-mill, Straw-
berry valley.

Lassen's peak .

Colorado.
Nevada...

Forest City

Monitor range .

British Columbia

Arizona

Kew Mexico..
Arizona ... .

California.
Arizona ...
Colorado...

Silver Mountain val-
lej*, Fraser river.

Santa Rit.a mount-
ains.
PinoB Altos mount-

Santa Kita mount-
ains.

San Diego county. .

CaBon City .

Eastern Arizona.

Uuli

Eastern Arizona.

California

Kevada

San Francisco mount-
ains.
Lcwiston

Scott mountains .

Colorado.
Nevada..

Forest City

Prospect mountain .

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent
C.S. Sargent

6. Kngelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
G. E.Vasey

Sierra Lumber Com.
pany, San Fran.
Cisco.

T. S. Brandegeo .
A. Triple

Ot. Engclmonn and
C. S. Sargent.

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent

G.R.Vasey..
C.G.Pringle.
E. Weston....

E. L. Greene .

M. £. Jones . .

E. L. Greene .

partment

iculturc.

A. Triple..

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent

T. S. Brandegeo. .
A. Triple

IM Michigan Barney t: Smith E.E.Bamcy.

I ManufacturinttCo

Gravelly.
...do....

Rocky .

Gravelly.

...do..
Rooky .

Qiavelly .

Rocky.

Rocky.

THE WOODS OF TlIP: UNITED STATES.
OF DKT SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

337

8PB0IFIC GBAVnr DETEBHIHATIOKB.

ASH DSTBEHIKAIIONS.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(aveisgo).

Hemarks.

1

i

o

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

•0.3991
0.3624
0. 3903
0.3503

0.4291
0.3684

0. 40C6
0. 3782
0. 3153

0. 496.->
0. 4209

0. 4233

0. 4729
0. 4980
0. 4869

0. 5028

0. 6C95

0. 5S13

0. COOO
0. 4499
0.6140
0. 5715
0.5585

0. 5134

0. 5580

0.4997
0. 6140

0. 4S7-J

0.3970
0. 3463
0.3725
0.3513

0.4102
0.3554

0. 4014
0. 3889
0. 3201

0. 4031

0.3980
0.3543
0. 3815
0. 3485

0.20
0.19
0.21
0.10

0.26
0.15

0.17
0.29

o.2e

0.20
0.35

0.30

C 0.24

I 0.27

0.30

0.54

0.88

0.37

0.78
0.67
0.72
0.89
0.41

( 0.41
( 0.38

0.18
0.42

0.33

0.20
0.19
0.21
0.12

788
789
787

0.19
0.22
0.13

0.28
0.21

0.16
0.25
0.24

0.20

0. 3438

0.3854

0.19

24.02

0.4197
0. 3619

0. 3908

0.27
0.18

0.23

24.35

0.4040
0. 3835
0.3177

0.3684

0.17
0.27
0.23

0.4526

Second sp. Rr. determination made on sap-wood. Cnt at elevation
of 10,000 feet.

0.22

22.96

0.4507
0.4209

0.20
0.35

0. 4097

0.5253
0. 4961
0. 4096

0. ,5721

0. 0330

0. 09G3

0.3563
0. 4044
0. 7017
0. 5230

0.23

0.241
0.20 5
0.27

0.4358

0.28

27.18

0.4165

0.27

25.96

0. 5032 1
0. 4847 )

First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ■ [

0.4971

0.4783

0.24

0.28

^

wa

0.4877

0.26

30.39

0.5675

0.64

35.37

650

0.92

0.68

0.65
0.77
0.72
0.76

0.0512

0.90

40.58

123t

0.6388

0.62

39.81

3V7

0. 5781
0. 4372
0.6876
0.5473
0.5585

0.71
0.72
0.72
0.83
0.41

8a

900

915

0.5409
0.5476

0. 5319

0.52731

0.411
0.42)

0.18

0.5658

0.68

35.26

0.5434

0.40

33.86

S7T

0.4671

0.4996
0. 0149

0.18
0.42

811

•14

0.4838

0.18

0.5572

0.30

34 72

0.4865

0.20

191

333

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

Spccia

Locality.

LAVKKft OK

Diamoterl oKOwrii.
of tree,

S58. Pinaa re«iooa»— contloaed.

3i9. Pinna Xorreyana .

M3. PiDiu Chihiuliiun* .

77»
78S
10T4
1V75
1076

U44
US4
U55
]15«

BIO
1007

M5. Pionn Mnrmyanft

Tamaratk. ' Black Piiu. Lc4ffe-poU
Pint, Spruce Pint,

Mi, Pinnii SablnUw

DiggtrPin*. BvttPin*,

Hiohigm

VtnDODt

Kew Bnmswick .

...do

Termont

.do.

...do.
...do.

Dakota....
Oref;on —
CalifornU.
...do

Oregon ...
California.
Hon tana..
California.
Colorado..

.do.

...do

...do

Calif otBia..

Hersoy . . .
Charlotte .

Bridgeton .
Charlotte . .
...do

do.

Sao Diego coonty.

Dcndwood

Saw.mill, Ashland .
Strawberry valley .

.do.

Saw.mill, Ashland .

Saw.niill, San Ber.

narilino.
Saw.mill, Missoala. .

La88en*B peak .
CaBon City —
...do

Scott raoantalDS .

BritiahColombls..

Colorado...

...do

Califomla.

Santa Rita roonnt-

ulna.
...do

VanconTcr'a laland

•Foroat City

..do

Scott monntaina . . .

Jolon

Contra Coata connty

W. J. Beal...-

C. 6. Prlngle .

Intercolonial

way.
Ed. Sinclair ..

Clay.

G. Engt'lmann .
C. G. Pringle . .

Booky .
..do..

Robert Douglna.

G. Engt'lmann and
C. S. Sargent.

l>ow, wet, swampy

do .

...do

W. G. Wright .
S. Wataon

Sierra Lumber Com-
pany.

W. G. Wright .

G. Eogolmann and
" S. Sargent.

Drj', gravelly .

.do.

W. G. Wright .

6. Engolmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Dry, gravelly .

.do.

G. Engelinann and
C. S. Sargent.

T. S. Brandegee .
C. S. Sargent —

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

....do

MoiHt, sandy loam

...do

...do

Gravelly .

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

339

SPEC
riTBt.

[FIO OEAVITI

DETEBMIMATIONB.

ABH DETEBHIKATIOIIS.

Weight. ptr
cubic foot,
in pouuds
(average).

Remarks.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

B

s

§

0.5450
0. 6121
0. 4555
0.4250
0. 4627
0. 4931
0. 4892

0. 4659

0.5360
0. 5066
0.4567
0.4168

0. 4877
0. 4552
0. 4571
0.5264
0.4184
0.5144
0. 3972
0.4284
0. 4676
0.4376
0. 5521

0. 4661
0. 4985
0. 5982

0.5584
0. 5226

0. 5709

0. 3550
0. 4291
0. 4204

0. 4528
0.4988

0.M16
0.4537
0.49U
0. 4G31
0. 4752
0. 4922
0.4582

0.5119

0. 5079
0. 7844
0.4204
0.3864

0.4813
0.4419
0. 4152
0.6350
0.4240
0. 5265
0.4479
0. 4437
0. 6305
0. 4459
0. 5412

0. 4520
0. ,5075
0. 5274

0. 5780 1
0. 5239 )

0. 5995

0. 3551
0. 4267
0.4711

0. 4.531
0.6312

0.6433
0. 4829
0. 4733
0.4441
0.4869
0.4899
0. 4777

0.20
0.24
0.28
6.39
0.28
0.26
0.24

0.38

0.14
0.21
0.19
0.26

0.27
0.38
0..'!8
0.31
0.34
0.23
0.40
0.28
0.68
0.46
0.30

0.22
0.23
0.29

( 0.37
( 0.41

0.21

0.36
0.26
0.37

0.43
0.40

0.24
0.24
0.29
0.34
0.27
0.29
0.31

0.33

0.15
0.20
0.26
0.24

0.26
0.41
0.36
0.30
0.43
0.23
0.36
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.33

0.20
0.3fi
0.24

0.371
0.40)

0.16

0.20
0.25
0i37

0.41
0.35

0.22
0.24
0.29
0.37
0.27
0.28
0.28

0.5227
0.4845
0. 4858

0.4860

First and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood j
second sp. gr. determlnatioD made on sap-wood.

Second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood; third sp.
gr. determination made on sap-wood.

First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood

1075

0.4854

0.27

30.25

0.4879

0.35

30.40

996

0. 5220
0.6455
0.4461
0. 4016

0.S038

0.14
0.20
0.23
0.24

0.4611

ll&S

1156

0.20

31.40

0.4845
0.4485
0. 4362
0.5307
0. 4212
0. 5204
0. 4225
0.4360
0.4990
0.4417
0.5466

0.27
0.40
0.37
0.30
0.39
0.23
0.38
0.27
0.49
0.45
0.32

636

630

632

CM

689

718

731

907

910

10O7

J On<> tree. Fourth sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. <

0.4715

0.35

29.45

0. 4785
0. 5628

0. 6206

0.25
0.27

0.26

32.44

0.5457

0.89

34.01

.193

0. 5760

^

664

0.5815

0.19

86.24

997

0. 3551
0.4279
0. 4457

0.33
0.26
0.37

62S

0.4096

0.32

25.68

0.4530
a 51.50

0.42
0.S7

.">71

644

0.4840

0.40

30. le

340

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASD, AND ^YEIG^T PER CUBIC FOOT

Species.

I

Locality.

367. PiniuCoalteri.

CallfornU San BerniU'dino TV G. Wri|;lit .

S68. Pinns insienls

UoKttrty Pin*.

...do I Monterey 6. R. Vasey .

fiartment
culture.

Dry, gravelly . .
Gravelly loam .

Moont Shasta.

870. Pinna Tsda

LobloUy Pine. (Hd-fiMd Pin*. Bote-
nwry Pine.

O. Bngelmann and Gravelly .
C. S. Sargent.

Florida Dnval county A. H. Curtiss Moists sandy.

Alabama Cottage Hill C. Mohr Ixiw, rich

North Carolina . . . Wilmington Edward EJdder.

..do do do

MaAaachnsetta .

373. PinuainnpA

Jersey Fine. Scrub Pine.

net

U72

SoutI) Carolina...

...do

Indiana

Now Jersey

374. Pinnnclaosa

tiandl'ine. SentbPine. Spruce Pine.

375. Pinon pnngcna 821

TabU-mounlain Pine. Hiekory Pime.

Virginia

Ponnnylvania

Arnold Arboretum.. C. S. Sargent .
North Reading J.Robinson...

Duval county A. H. Curtiss

Aiken H. W. Rarenel .

...do '...do

I
New Albany I U. J. Bobinaon .

Mount Holly ' S. P. Sharpies ..

Apalachicola A. H. Curtiss.

WytheviUe I H. Shrivor...

Colorain Forge J. R. Lowrio.

Drift

...do

0.207
0.230

Moist, sandy loam.' 0.312

Dry, sandy 0.206

0.164

Dry, sandy barrens 0. 238

Clay .
Slate.

0.264
0.010

376. Pinna mnrlcsts

Ol/itpo Pine. Bithop't Pin*.

Califomia Marin county O. B. Vasey Gravelly

377. PinusmlUs

YeUmc l\ne. Short-leaced Pine.
Spruce l-ine. BuU Pine.

378. linns glabra

(MdarPine. HpnuePine. WhiuPine.

Florida ' Chattahoochno i A. 11. Curtiss ] Clay

Louisiana Amite C. Muhr Sandy loam.

Arkansas ' Texarkana < F. L. Ilarvey I — do

do J do do ..' , do

...do do

South Cirullna ... Bonncau's Depot .

M4 Mississippi Gainr«ville

7M H..rl<la Chattahoochee

Iicl.

II. W. Iti

C. Molir

A. II. Curtiss

RliJi upland .
Low, sandy . .
Low, wot ....

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF TOE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutiuued.

341

SPECIFIC QUAVITY DETBBUTKATIOKB.

ABB

DETESmifATIOXa.

in pounds R«mark«.
(Bverage).

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First

Second.

Average.

0. 4272

0. 4952
0.4082

0. 3409

0. 6010
0. 5788
0.5458
0. 6045

0. 6597
( 0.40C5
( 0. 4131

0. 7904

a 4905
0.6571
0. 5149

0. 5778

0.4096

0. 5235
0 4851

0 5054

0. 5739
0. 7098
0 6086
0. 7202
0.40S9

0. 4.158
0. 3232
0.4018

0.309*

0.5244
0. 4018

0. 3529

0. 5609
0.5466
0.5054
0.4896

0.4U3

0.34

0.25
0.34

0.36

0.26
0.25
0 28
0.27

0.19
C 0.32

( o.ioi

0.15

0.24
0.32
0.32
0.29

0.30

0.30
0.24

0.26

a 35
0.22
0.23
0.33
0.32

0.40
0.83
0.35

0.40

0.20
0.37

0.30

0.29
0.26
0.26
0.23

0.21

0.87

25.76

1U7

0. 5098
0.4050

0.23
0.36

1

' 0.4574

0.30

28.50

0.8499

ass

21.81

m

AUsp-wood

0. 5609
0.5627
0. 5550
0.4971

0.5441

a 27
a 26
a 27

0.25

a

Rosemary pine

All sap-wood

388
S8S

0.26

S3. 91

0. 5669

0.4.64.

0.6323)

0. 5633
0. 4668

a 20

0.26

I First sp. gr. dftcrmination made on sap-wood ; second and
•] third sp. gr. dctermiuations made on 0.5 sap-wood. Foorth
( sp. gr. specimen very resinous.

1046

0.18"

0.27
0.31
0.23
0.34

0.31

0.30
0.23

0.25

o:.^
0.22
0.17
"0.31
0.41

0.61
0.U

ass

1

0. 6151

0.23

32.10

0.7931

0.4830
0.6680
0. 4603
0.5841

0.7990

0. 7942

ax7

49.49

83

AU sap- wood

0.4867
0.6626
0. 4876
0. 5870

0. 6309

0.26

a 32

0.28
0.32

921

1189

0. 5991

UTS

a 30

33.09

0.6466

0. 5050
0. 4602

0. 5576

a 31

34.75

2TS

0.5143
0.4727

a 30
a 23

396

0.4935

a 27

30.75

0.4831

0.4942

a 26

30.80

0.4550
0.7569
0.6129
0.7232
0.4689

0. 4235
0. 3741
0.4002

0.6144
0. 7333
0.6107
0.7247
0.4689

0.85

a 22
a 20
a 32

0.37

xre

i

319

^

5S7

&S8

5sa

0.6104

a 29

S8.04

0.4297
0. 3487
0.4010

0.50

a 49

0.S5

SoconU. -r d terminaaon mad . m> »a wood

14S

544

7M

0.3931

e.45

- 24.50

342 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

^laete.

1

SUto.

Locality.

Collector.

SoiL

Diameter
of tree,

meters.

LATIRSOF
QUOWTH.

wood.

Heart-
wood.

3M
780
879

81
85
X72
243
302
357
358
359
3«0
381
384
385
390
S62
1096

84
356
493

109
231
373
776
794
880

513
620
773
784
701

292
576
822
899
906

Michigan

Baldwin

W. J. Beal

OrayPine. Scrub Pine. Prittee't Pint.

Intercolonial rail,
way.

....do

Duval county

do

A. H. Cnrtiss

do

Sandy loam

Moist, sandy

0.353
0.355

25
4S

119
61

LongJtattd Pine. SouOtem Pine.
Georgia Pine. Teitow Pine. Hard

....do

Miasissippi

Barney & Smith
Manufacturinj; Co
Sawmill, Sunt

John's river.
Aikun

Sonth Cutilina . . .
Alabama

H.'W.Kavencl

Cottage Hill

....do

...do

do

... do

....do

do

do

....do

... do

... do

...do

....do

...do

do

.. do

Saw-mill, Cedar
Keys.

...do

...do

Kortb Carolina . . .

■Wilmington

Sabine county

E. Kidder

C.Mohr

Florifla

Alabama

Duval county

Cottage Hill

Bay Biscayne

A.H.Curti88

C.Mohr

Moist, sandy

... do

0.326

68

60

Siaeh Pine. Suntnp Pirn. Baelard
Pine. MeadoxB Pine.

Florida

A.n.Curtiss

C.G.Pringle

...do

m Plee* nigra

Blaekipruee.

...do

...do

.. do

....do

New Bnuuwiok..
Province Qaobeo .
New BniDHwick . .

New Hampahire . .
Dakota

Bay of Fundy

Danville

Intercolonial rail.

way.
Grand Trunk rail.

way.
Ed.SiiicUUr

Bridcoton

283. Pl»-aalb»

0.186

10

22

VhiU Spruce.

Terry's peak

Bay of Fundy

Bobort Douglas

Int«rcoIonial rail-

Now BnuMwick . .
...do

ProTince of Qae-
bec.

3M. P1r>« Eneslnuuil

T. S. Brandegeo ...
C. 8. Sargent

o.sao

8

7d

Wkiu6pruee.

....do «...

....do

....do

....do

do

0.318

45

71

....do

DopartmentofAcri.

cnltore.
... do

Utah

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES,
or DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE TJSTITED STATES— Continued.

343

BPBCiFic oBAvrrr dkteemimatiosb.

ma DETSBMDIATIOIIS.

Weight per
cnblo foot,
inponnda
(average).

Remarks.

1

First,

Second.

Third.

Average.

Firet

Second.

Average.

a

0. 4622

0.4965

0.4588
0.5065

0.7284

0.4794
0.4588
0. 4900

0.28
0.20
0.19

0.26
0.16
0.26
0.28
0.39
0.27
0.28
0.15
0.21
0.23
0.32
0.28
0.29
0.17
0.19

0.31
0.16
0.30

0.23
0.25
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.38

0.28
0.42
0.34
0.32
0.24

0.36
0.35
0. 29
0.32
0.43

0.33
0.19
0.18

0.26
0.17
0.26
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.20
0.16

0.30
0.20
0.19

3M

7»

0.4778

0.7551
0.7117
0. C927
0. 7569
0. 6139
0. 6602
0. 8652
0. 8509
0. 6673
0. 7590
0. 6163
0. 8549
0. 4602
0.7744
0.6415

0. 6533
0. 7881
0. 8529

0. 4576
0.5289
0. 4285
0. 4730
0.4065
0. 4830

0. 4074

0.3848

[ 0. 4231

1 0. 3809

0. 3737

0. 3550
0. 3305
0.3507
0. 3717
0. 3195

0.4857

0.4761

0.2?

29.67

0.7418
0. 7117
0. 6950
0. 7199
0. 5665
0.6609
0.8989
0.8479
0.7294
0.7663
0.5938
0. 0236
0. 5734
0.7245
0.6453

0.28
0.17
0.26
0.25
0.31
0.27
0.24
0.16
0.21
0.23
0.32
0.28
0.32
0.18
0.22

0.6974
0. 6829
0. 5191
0. 6616
0. 9325
0.8450
0. 7914
0. 7736
0. 5714
0.5924
0. 0186
0. 6745
0.6490

0.6506
0. 7340
0.8389

0.4715
0.5258
0.4486
0.4593
0.4290
0. 4098

0.4194
0.4034
0.4375
0.4188
0.4020

0. 3551
0.3217
0.3528
0.3725
0.3137

343

Boxed for turpentine, 1852 ; chipped 10 jears ; abandoned, 1861.

Boxed for tnrpentine, 1876 ; cliipped 4 years ; specimen taken

along chip.
Boxed for torpentino, 1876 ^ chipped 4 years; upeoimen taken

above chip.

>SB

88B

0.23
0.32
0.28
0.34
0.18
0.26

0.31
0.16
0.31

0.17
0.27
0.29
0.27
0.25
0.28

0.21
0.38
0.38
0.31
0.29

0.29
0.35.
0.24
0.33
0.26

161

384

165

0.6413

ISO

663

10B6

0.6999

0.25

43.62

0.6520
0.7611
0.8379

0.31
0.16
0.31

84

3S6

0.8220

m

[P. rubral ~

0.7504

0.26

48.78

0.4646
0.5272
0.4386
0.4662
0.4087
0.4431

0.20
0.26
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.33

186

331

373

776

0.3907
0. 4425

n*

8»

0.4S84

0.27

2a 57

0.4134
0.3941
0.4303
0.3999
0. 3879

0.24
0.40
0.36
0.32
0.27

SU

630

778

784

731

0.4051

a32

2S.2S

0.3551
0. 3291
0. 3518
0. 3721
0.3166

0.83
0.35
0.27
0.33
0.34

ssa

S7S

sa

890

MS

«.3449

0.32

21. 4>

]U

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

}

I

Locality*.

Diameter
of tree,

S8S. Pier* pniigvna

WJuteSpruM. BUa Spruet.

tSS. Pices Sitcbeiuis....
Iid*4aHd Spmct.

187. Tunga Cuudensia .

tM. Tauga Pattonlan* .

Ml. Pw-u<l'it/in|^ DnoKluli

Red fir. ItUmo Fir. Oregon Pint.
Douglat Fir,

1015
1019
102S

1040
1042

Colorado .
..do....
...do....
Utah

Alpine.

Sitka .

Biitiah Colombia

Oregon

....do

...do

Barrard

Maasacbatetta. . .

Vermont

Pennsy Ivanis

Kew Broneviok .

...do

....do .•...

....do

Province Qnebec

Wont Virginia . . .

Masaaohaaetta. . .

..do

Saw.mill
inlet.

■Wcidlcr'sni ill, Port-
land.

Saw.mill. Astoria. ..

Portland Fnmitnre
Company.

Arnold Arboretom.

Cbarlotte

Williamsport

Bay of Fundy .

Bridgeton

Danville

Grafton

Danvera

North Reading.

Korth Carolina . .

Waahington terri-
tory.
Alaska

HendersonTllle .

Wilkeson .
Sitka

Britiah Colombia

Colorado..

California

Oregon

..do

...do

..do

...do

...do

Montana

California

Utah

Britiah Colnmbla

...do

...do

Oregon

Alpine

Saw-mill, Strawberry

vallov.
Saw-mill, Marshflold

do.

T. S. Brandegee .
...do

Damp

PaalSohnltze.

....do.
...do.

C. S. Sargent .
C. G. Pringle .
...do

Drift

Gravelly.
Damp

Intercolonial rail-
way.

Grand Trank rail-
way.
C. G. Pringle

J. Robinaon .
...do

Moiat, loam.

0.230
0.200

G. Enficlmann and

C. S. Sargent.
Paul Schultze

Dry, rooky.
Rich loam .

G. Engelmann and
C.S. Sargent

T. S. Brandegee .

Gmrolly loam .
Moiat

G. Eiigclniann and
C. S. Sargent.

do.

Saw.mill, MIsaonla.

LojfHf-n'n prak

Salt Lake

Sawmill, Bnrrard
inlet.

...do

,...do ,

S. Wataon .

Sierra Lomber Com-
pany.
M. £. Jones

Rocky.

Saw-mill, Victoria .
Sawmill, Portland .

G. Rngelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutiuued.

345

BPItCnnC OBATITT DSTBRHINi nONg.

ASH DSTEUMUfATIOMB.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Kemarlu.

1

1

Fir»t.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average

0. 3480
0. 3540
0. 4300
>). 3704

0. C029
0. 3G58
0. 4280
(L 3520
0. 3661

0. 3830
0.4633
0.3817
0.3963
0.4839
0. 3418
0.4538
0. 5033
0. 3719
0 4213
0 4112

0. 4289

0. 6671
0 4981

0 4462

0. 1461
■J. 6570
0.4003
0.G332
0. 5215
0.6403
0.6189
0.4264
0. 5269
0.4896
0. 5251
0. 4809
n. 5028
0.4511
0. 5990

0. 3480
0.3549
0. 4292
0.3641

0.22
0.32
0.49
0.69

0.23
0.16
0.16
0.22
0.13

0.24
0.73
0.43
0.45
0.34
0.6J
0.44
0.40
0.43
0.51
0.52

0.39

O.-U
0.43

0.84

0.16
0.10
0.08
0.02
0.03
0. 10
0.02
0.04
0.09
0.12
0.18
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10

0.22
0.31
0.50
0.48

aw

0. 3558
0.4274
0.3617

0. 6485
0. 3974

0.29
0.61
0.28

0.24
0.17
0.13
0.13
0.12

0.25
' 0.67
0.36
0.46
0.42
0.56
0.48
0.46
0.51
0.60
0.31

0.41

0.45
0.39

0.53

270

0. 3740

0.38

23.81

0. 6257
0. 3816
0.4280
0. 3463
0. 3619

0.24
0.17
0.15
0.18
0.13

977

1015

0. 3423
0. 3570

0.3896
0.4624
0. 3823
, 0.4704
0.4707
0.3343
0.4538
0. S191
0. 3.''00
0.4554
0. 4080

0.4260

U.4833
0. 4975

0. 4396

0.4S74
0. 5653
0.4364
0. 6760
0. 5250
0. 6937
0.5785
0. 3859
0. 5215
0.4941
0 5855
0.4679
0.4848
0.4504
0. 5922

0. 3446

1019

1036

0.4287

0.17

20.72

0. 3688
0.4629 .
0. 3820
0. 4333
0.4773
0. 3381
0.4538
0. 5112
0. 3010
0.4443
0.4097

0.25
0.70
0.40
0.46
0.38
0.55
0.4«
0.46
0.48
0.56
0.42

5

219

TM

775

778

787

7K

817

0.4561
0. 4098

1040

1042

0.4239

0.46

26.42

0.4275

0.40

26.64

0. 5252
0. 6122

0.43
0.41

971

0.6411
0. 4503

0.5182

0.42

32. 2D

0.4454

0.44

27.76

0.4568
0.6612
0. 4214
0. 6551
0. 6233
0. 5715
0. 6987
0.4057
0. 6242
0. 4918
0. 5.158
0. 4744
0. 4988
0. 4508
0. 6950

0.16
0.08
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.08
0.03
0.04
O.U
a 13
0.18
0.06
0.05
0.09
O.ll

271

0.06
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.12
0.13
0.18
0.06
0.04
0.08
0.11

SS7

703

704

70S

TOO

T«8

TOO

7S0

7SJ

881

Rcdflr..

97S

ToUowflr

«4

9M

98*

i46

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AArERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

£

Ml. Pwodotangs DooglasU— eontliiaed

393. Abiea b«]«aiDe«

BaUam Fir. Bairn <if OiUad Fir.

387. Abic« bnctesta .

398. Abli<<i amabtlla .

401. Larix AmTican*

Larch. Jllaek 'Larth. Tamaraek^

H
1008
lOU
1016
1018
1020
1022

BritUh Colombia
Oregon

U9'
449*

774
781
78S
7B5

California

North CaroUna .

Vermont..
...do....

Oregon

Colorado...
CaUfomia .
...do

.do.

BHUiib Colombia

Oregon .

do.

Mew Btnoswlok .

... do

do

....do

HaaaachoMtU . . .

Saw-mUl, Bnrrard

inlet.
OreKon Railwav and

NaHpation Co.
Wcidler'fl Baw-mill,

I'ortlanil.
Saw. mill, Astoria . .

Portland Knmituro

Company.
Portland fumitore

Company.

Roan monnlain .

O. Encelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

, . .do .
..do.

Green moontaina .
Monkton

Forest City.
...do

£nf;elmann*s cafion
Strawbon-y valley .

..do

Lassen's peak

Santa Locia moont-

Cascado monntains

Soda Springs .

Bay of Fondy .

Bridgoton .
Danville ...
Won ham ..

W. G. Wright.
Walcott Gibbs.
C. G. Prlngle . .

Poaty loam .

.do.

Cold, gnvelly loam
Peaty.

T. S. Brandegee .
...do

Hoist, sandy loam
...do

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Robert Doaglas.

Rich, allovlal.

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Rooky . . .
Allovial.
...do ....

Sierra Lombor Com-
pany.

G. R. Vasey .

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Rieh, sandy loam
Rich

Gravelly loam . . .

C. G. Pringlo.

Cold, swampy.
...do

Inti'rcolonlal rail-
way.

.do

Xd. Sinclair

Grand Trunk rail-
way.
J. lC«)binson

Swampy .

THE WOODS OF TII1<: UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

347

Bl-BCIFIC OnATITT DBTBIlinNATIOKS.

ABH DBTERIIINATI0K8.

Weipht.per
cable foot,
in pounds
(average).

Remarks.

i

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

0. 5268
0.4902
i. 5831
0. 5060
0. 4331
0. 4)62

0.4064

0. 3699

0.3386
0. 4248

0. ,^.266
0. 4885
0. ,'>715
0. 5692
0. 4J77
0. 4575

0.03
0.03
0. 11
0.05
0.07
0.06

0.08

0.47

0.63
0.33

0.66
0.33
0.34

f 0.38
J 0.63
I 0.66

0.87
1.12
0.56
0.70

2.09

0.25

0.27

0.30

0.26
0.27
0.32
0.30

0.47
0..35
0.36
0.27

0.04
0.03
0.07
0.04
0.11
0.07

0.08

0.60

0.49
0.35

0.04
0.03
0.09
0.05
0.09
' 0.07

0.4807
0. 5599
0. 5725
0. 4422
0.4588

0. 4463

0.3431

0. 3342
J. 4299

lOU

0. 6157

0.08

32.14

0. 4563

0.08

2a 44

0.3565

0.54

22.22

0.3364
0.4273

0.S6
0.34

0. 3819

0.45

23.89

0. 3440 0 3515

0.3481
0. 3541
0. 3405

0.66
0.33
0.34

0. 3475

C 0. 3416
J 0. 3643
[ 0. 3390

0. 3613
0. 3059
0. 3286
0.4242

0 i'082

0. 42!)7

0. 4025

0. 4752

0. 6973
0.0945
0. 0835
0. .5075
0. 5925
0.5389
0.5882

0 3397

0. 3371
0.3842
0. 3625

0. 3717
0. 2910
0. 3780
0. 4500

0. 6483

0. 4159

0. 4497

0. 4014

0. 7075
0. 7779
0. 6060
0. 6765
0. 5740
0. 5570
0.5804

0.3342

0.33

0.32
0.57 ■
0.47.

0.89
1.12
0.48
].04

1.99
0.21
0.41
0.30

0. 3476

0.44

21.66

0. 3545

0.49

21.07

0. 3531 j.

0. 3605
0. 2885
0. 3533
0. 4371

0.88
1.12
0.52
0.87

....

0. 3638

0.85

22.67

0. 6788

2.04

42.27

0.4228

^0.23

26.86

0.4561
0. 4701

0.34

28.42

965

0. 4738

0.30

2S.30

0.7024
0. 7362
0.6462
0. 0870
0. .ISSS
0. 5479
0. .'i873
0. GOOD

0. 6230

0.2«
0.27
0.32
0.28
0.48
0.33
0.34
0.38

SS6>

396*

SW

0.27
0.49
0.30
0.32
0.48

T74

761

786

795

0. 6000

840

0.33

38.86

— ~~

548

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

Specie*.

1

1

i

Stat*.

Locality.

CoUector.

Sou.

Diameter

of tree,

in

metota.

LATK
0B0\

Sap.
wood.

K8 0F
YTU.

Heart-
wood.

719

sst

1006

242

1159

504
U07

506
1116

565

1119

1063

6B5
696

6M
1003

Missonla

Tamarack.

Wuhingtan ter-
ritory.

Fulda

... do

William N.Siksdorf.
do

MoUt

PALMACE^.

*IU S>h>1 P.linrttn

Sister island

AguaCaliente .

A.H.Curtiss

W. G. Wright

A.H Cnrtiss

... do

Shell

CabtMgt Tree. Cabbage Palmetto.
405. Wuhiou-lunia lillft-n

Califomia

Florida

....do

Fan-Uttf Palm.

Coral

Silk-lop Palmetto.

Babia Honda Key . .
Suparloaf Sound . . .

....do

...do

do

do

Silrrr-lnp Palmetto. BricOey Thateh.
Brittle Thatch.

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

Royal Palm.

....do

Lost Man'a river

....do

....do

liILIACEiE.

Texoa

California

do

Spanith lUiyimel.
«I0. Yorca brevifoliii

G. Eneelroann and
C. S. Sargent.

The Joshua. Jothua Trtt.

...do

....do

411. YnccarUU

Arizona

CalUtonk

Tocaon

do

do

Upanieh BayontL
412. Tiicta bacc«U

0. Engelmann

....do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

349

SPECIFIC OBAVITY

DSTEnMINATIOKg.

ASH DETSBMJHATIOIIB.

Weightper
cnbic foot,
in pouadB
(average).

T> 1.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

0.6003
0. 7717
0. 8340

0. 6002

0. 5897
0. 7839
0.7984

0. 4020

0. 6280
0. 7778
0. 8102

0.08
0.09
0.07

7.51

1.80

2.65
5.73

1.71
3.90

2.9«
1.31
2.79

7.03

6.53
2.60

8.50
8.S4

0.09
0.09
0.12

7.80

1.98

2.79
4.81

2.19
4.25

2 52
1.14
2 53

5.52

4.75
3.08

10.06

0.09
0.09
0.09

1«M

0.4191

0. 7407

0.09

46.16

0.4404

7.66

27.44

241

C 0.5597 0.49421

0.5173

1.89

32.24

( 0. 4700

0. 7014
0. 4539

0.7357
0.6775

0.2370
0. 8178
0. 7451

0.7162

0. 3473

0. 4002

0. 2327
0. 1990

0.5453>

0. 7258
0. 4957

0.7408
0. 6907

0. 1887
0. 8807
0.7513

0. 5875

0. 3472
0.4002

0.0511
0. 3458

0.7136
0. 4845

2.72
5.27^

3.99

0. 5039

1167

0.5991

37.34

0. 7412
0. 6933

1.95
4.07

0. 7118

UU

Pith..)

0.7172

3.H

44.70

0. 2128
0.8492
0.7482

2 74
1.23
2 6«

sas

Kind..)

Kind

Ul>

0. 6994

0. 6034

2.21

37.60

0. 6677

6.27

41.61

10(3

0. 3472
0. 4002

6.14

2 87

«6

0. 4572

0.S737

4.00

23.21)

0.4470

9.28

27.86

■Q

0. 2724

8.M

16. 97

IMS

350

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table II.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OF THE

Botanical luune.

LiriodendroD Tnlipif en

Bareera gommifcra

Sirieteoia Maho^oni

Acer ftacchariniUD, var. nigmin .

Robinia Pfieadftcacia

Proaopis jnliflora

Ccrcocarpas ledifoUns

Liqaidambar St>Taoiflii»

Kysaa nniflora

DiospvTos Virginian*.
Fiaxinaa Americana .

Catalpa Bpeciosa

TJImus Americana

Platanos occidentalis .

Joglans nigra

Carja oUvseformia .

Carjaalba

Carya tomentoea . .

245 Carya porcina .

246 Carjaamara

2i7 Carya myristictefomiit .

248 Carjaaqoadea

2S1 I Qnercnsalba

253 Qaercoa Garryana

257 Qnercna lyrate

2M

Qaercoa Prinas . . .

Qaercas mbis

Qnercoa tinctoria .

Qaercna nigra

QaercQfl falcata

Qaercns aqoatlca

Caatanea vnlgaria, var. AmetioAna. .

Fagos ferraKioea

Betnla alba, rar. popnlifoUa ,

Betula papyrifera

Populns tremoloidea

Popalaa monilifora

Common name.

TnlipTree. Yellow Poplar. White Wood.
GmnElrmi. Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch

Mahogany. Madeira

Black Sngar Maple

Locnst. Black Locnst. YcUow Locust

Meaqnit. Alparoba. Honey Locoat. HoneyPod

Monntain Mahogany

Sweet Gum. Starleared Gum. Liqnidamber.

Ked Gam. Bilatcd.

Large Tupelo. Cotton Gum. Tupelo Gum

Persimmon

White Aah

Western Catalpa

White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm

Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree.

Water Beech.

Black Walnut

Pecan. Dlinoia Nut

Shell. bark Hickory. Shag-bark Hickory

Mocker Nut. Black Hickory. Ball Nut. Big-
bud Hii kory . White-heart Hickorj-. King Nut

Pig Nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory.
Switch-bud Hickory.

Bitter Nut. Swamp Hickory

Nutmeg Hickory

Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bittar Pecan

White Oak

.do .

Thuya occidcnlaUa

Chamecyparia Lawaonlana .

338 Janipenia occidentalia, var. mono-

■penna.
340 J Tazodlum dlaticbom

342 Seqoola acmpervirou

347 ; Pinna .SIrobna

34> ' Pinna Lamberttana

356 Pinaa monopbylla

358 Pinna reaiooaa

361 Pinna ponderoaa

365 Pinna Uorrayana

366 ! Pinna Sablniana

370 ; Pinna T«>da

371 Pinna rigida

372 Pinna aerotina

373 Pinna loop*

375 Pin" 1 pnngena

377 Pinna mitla

Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White
Oak.

Cbeetnnt Oak. Rock Chestnut Oak

BedOak. BUick Oak

Black Oak. YoUow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak.
Yellow Oak.

Bbick Jack. Jack Oak

SpanisbOak. Red Oak

WaterOak. I>nckOak. PoesnmOak. PnnkOak

Cheatnut

Beech

White Birch. Old-flHld Birch. Gray Birch

Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch

Aspen. Quaking Asp

Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Pop-
lar. Big Cottonwood.

WhiteCedar. Arbor.vit4D

Port Orfonl Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Ce-
dar. Lawson'a Cyproas. Ginger Pine.

Juniper

Bald Cyprcaa. Black Cypress. Red Cypress.

White Cj^ress. Ueciduons Cypress.

Rulwood

White Pine. Weymouth Pine.

Sugar Pino

Pinon. NutPine

Re<l Pine. Norway Ploo

Yellow Pino. Ball Pino

Tamarack. Black Pine. Lo<lgc-pole Pine.

Spmce Pine.

Digger Pino. Bull pine

Loblolly Pine. Old.fiold Pine. Rosemary Pine

Pitch Pine

Pond Pino

Jrnx-y Pine. Scrab Pine

TabbvmoonUin Pino. Hickory Pine

Yellow Pino. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine.

Bull Pine.

Region.

Atlantic

Semi-tropical Florida .

Mexican boundary .

Interior Pacific

Atlantic

Southern Atlantic .

Atlantic

...do

...do

...do

....do

.do .

Sonthem Atlantao .

...do

Atlantic

Northern Pacific. .
Southern Atlantic .

...do

Atlantio

...do

...do

Southern Atlantic .

-do

Atlantic

...do

Northern Atlantio .

do

Atlantic and Paclflo .
Atlantio

Northern Atlantio .
Northern Pacific . . .

Southern Atlantic .

California coast

Northern Atlantio .

Pacific

Interior Pacific —
Northern Atlantic .
Pacific

.do .

California

Southuin Atlantic .

Atlantic coast

Sonthem Atlantio .

Atlantic

Alleghany „

Atlantic

FUBL VALim.

1425.67
997. 32
27C9. 31
3091. 37
2822.99
3291. 21
4234. 06
2255. 24

2332. 41
2970. 45
2652 34
1582. 42
3247. 02
2406.89

1984. 56
2708.72
3851. 17
3319. 79
3380. 57

3392. 12

2863.42
310a 27
3140. 33
8197. 41

2594. 31
3268. 92

2843.60
3062. 08

2595. 04

2692. 51
3193. 28
2055. 82
186&25
2795. 34
2509. 00
2582 06
1024. 64
1900.42

1411.67
2;i27. .12

1935. 71

1085. SO
1489. 03
1785. 40
224a 13
2061. 75
2441. 24
1701. 32

1804.29
2031. 75
3472. 20
3080.96
2008. 20
2054.78
3D9L S2

Per Ulognun.

3744. 61
2913. 88
3802. 95
4345.48
3890. 02
4352. 30
4052 00
4016. 46

4MI. 83
3781. 61
4217. 42
3936. 38
4191.87
407L83

3857.26
3954. 75
4078.76
3811. 48
3904.11

3922. 89

3903. 25
3877. 68
4073. 59
4187. 83
3667.39
4105. 05

3997. .12
4075. 16
3774. 00

3713. 81
4055. 48
3718. 07
4042 90
3805.04
4073. 05
4101.41
4292. 31
4242.15

8917. 77
6203. 50

4789. 73

4191.47
4272. 09
4419.31
4107. 08
4220. 05
4(100. 04
4010. 12

3962. 07
4087. 20
6491. 47
6012.54
4126. 16
3996. 30
Wfll 75

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
MORE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

351

BELATIVB FUEL VALUE.

By TOlame.

By weight.

FUBCKHTAOK IK DBT WOOD.

Hydrogen.

Oxygen.

nydroeen

comDinedwith

oxygen.

hydiDgsn.

Speciile
gravity.

Weight of

cable foot, in

pounds.

I

I

0.27
2.09
1.09
0.6C
0.23
2.05
1.20
0.48

0.74
0.77
0.30
0.47
0.74

0.S6
0.95
0.73
0.83
1.04

1.03
1.06
1.19
0.24
0.33
0.68

0.34
0.15
0.15

1.37
0.29
0.83
0.13
0.54
0.29
0.23
0.74
0.65

0.13
0.12
0.10
0.83
0.20
0.31
0.37

1.12

0.17

6.43

C. 02
6.69
6.61
6.17
C.61
5.45
5.85

6.97
6.44
6.93
6,92
6.57
5.83

0.00
6.15
6.49
6.13
5.93

5.91
6.37
6.60
6.59
5.73
6.75

6.33
6.62
6.09

5.73
6.14
6.75
5.70
6.11
6.49
7.12
&58
6.26

6.03

6.54

0.01
6.08
6.40
6.39
6.07
7.03

7.19
6.80
6.30

47.29

46.01

40.80

51.09

40.76

45.46

61.55

41.28

49.19

44 41

51.08

40.26

52.14

41.21

50.99

42.68

48.78

43.51

47.37

45.42

49.73

43.04

47.44

45.17

50.35

42.34

51.45

42.15

49.28
49.51
49.67
48.45
49.69

48.98

49.71
48.26
49.16
60.44
48.56
49.22

49.69
49.49
48.78

48.68
60.58
48.73
61.74
49.27
49.77
48.28
51.13
51.64

48.80
60.07

54.98

52.10
62.55
52.85
50.48
62.18
62.60
60.05

50. 22
60.60
59.00
5a 55
50.74
61.07
.16.64

44.16
43.39
43.12

43.29
44.31
43.05
42.73
45.38
43.45

43.74
43.74

44.32
42.99
44.69
42.43
44.08
4a 46
44.37
41.55
41.45

44.46
33.65

38. 12

38.08

41.70
41.25
40.56
4^30
41.65
40.07
43.30

43.32
43.02
82.68
36.48
42.70

5.75
6.39
5.C8
5.16
6.56
5.03
515
5 33

5.44
5.67

5 29

5 27

5.52
6.42
6.39
5.67
6.42

5.41
5.54
6.38
6.34
6.67
6.43

5.47
6.47
6.62

554
6.37
5.58
5.30
6.61

5.56
4.21

5 22
6.15
5.07
5.41
6.19
6.01
6.42

0.36
1.01
L4S
0.62
1.58
0.30
0.52

1.53
0.77
1.65
L27
L28
0.56

0.48
0.73
1.10
0.56
0.51

0.50
0.83
1.22
1.25
0.06

0.86
1.15
0.37

0.19
0.77
0.17
0.40
0.60
1.06
1.58
1.39
1.08

a93

1.33
0.98
0.88
2.01

0.80

5 41

0.63

6.36

a 87

4.08

8.11

466

3.34

5.34

0.96

.V35

0.43

4 53

2.3S

0.3807
0.3423
0.7282
0.7114
0.7257
0.7562
1.0447
0.6615

0.5645
0.7855
0.628B
0.4020
0.7746
0.59U

0.6145
0.7001
0.9442
0.8710
0.8659

0.8647

0.7336
0.8016
0.7709
0.7635
0.7074
0.7962

0.7U4
0. 7514
0.6875

0. 78T4
0.7143
0.4621
0. 7175
0.6160
a 6297
0.3785
0.44»4

0.3603
0.4422

a 4737
0.3485
a 4040
a 5(73
a48SS
0.5307
a44'lT

a 4530
0.4971
0.6323
O.TSH-2
a4*6T
0.5143
0. 6107

2a. 72
2LS3
4S.28
44 32
45.22
47.12
OSlIO
34 98

35.17
4a 95
3^19
25. OS

48.27
36 83

32.06
43.63
58.84
I 5428

53.K

63.88

I 45.71

I 49.95

^ 48.04

I 46 58

i 4408

I 49.61

\ 44.32

46 72
43.84

I 45.18

49.07
44 51
2&80
44 71
38.05
39.24
23.59
2&00

22.45

29..'i2
21. K
25.18
3411
30.26
SS.07

3>V9.<
39 40
49.49

sass

32.05
38.06

4SI
274
845

SST
9ZS

352

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

TAin.r. IT.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OF THE

BoUmieal name.

VimtM B«nk«l»n» ' OrkvPine. ScmbPine. Prince's Pine Northern A tiant

n... ....i-.f^. f LongIe»v«l Pino. Sontliorn Pine. Georeia )

Eton, paluatri. J p^^ Yellow Pine. Hard Pine. I

SSt 881 Finns Cubensis .

794 3S2 Picea ^i;ra

Slasli Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine.
Meadow Pine.

Black Spmcc

Tsapi Canadensis Hemlock

Pseadotsn^ Douglasii RcdFir. YellowFir. OreponPino. DonglasFir.

Sonth Atlantic coast.

Kortbem Atlantic .

326 401 ' I^rix Americana , Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack.! Northern Atlantic

Sabal Palmetto i Cabbage True. Cabbage Palmetto .

Oreodoxs regia ' Royal Palm

Soath Atl.intic coast. ■
Semi-tropical Florida .

FUBL V.U.OK

2152.6
4346.8
4664.'!
2810.5
4129. g
4319. «

1614. 1

1724. 2
1766. a
2937. 4
1653.3

839.0
370a4

• Boxed for turpentine 1876; chipped 4 years; specimen t-iken along chip.
b Boxed for tnrpentine 1852; ihippetl 10 rears; abandoned 1861.

c Pith.
d Rind. °

Per kilojxram.

4383.18
S126.04
5480.33
4506.42
4594.97
4806.05
4418. 55

3949. 37
4208. .18 .
43J4 84
4182. 04
3754. 21
4037. 01
4367. 03

1

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
MORE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES -Continued.

353

BBLATIVB FUEL VJtLVB.

rSBCKNTAOS IN

I)BT WOOIl.

Speefflo
gniTity.

Weight of

cobic foot, to

poaoda.

1

1

O

Ily Tulame.

By weight.

Ash.

Hydrogen.

Carbon.

Oxygen.

1

Hydropen

oomblntd with

oKygezL

Szeeaa

of

hydrogen.

47

15

0.19

0.29

52.93

46.59

6.97

1.22

0 4910

3a«

871

1

4

0.15

7.26

56.19

30.30

4.54

2.72

0.8479

62.84

IM

5

2

0.26

7.41

58.61

33.72

4.21

3.20

0. 7417

40.23

81

20

I'J

0.28

6.70

52.70

40.32

6.04

L6«

0.6230

3a 88

38S

i

10

0.28

6.85

62.99

39.88

4.99

1.88

0.8968

55.98

3sa

■2

'

0.24

6.83

54.78

38.15

4.77

2.08

0.8988

65.68

368

12

14

0. 16

6.22

53.33

40.29

5.03

1.19

0.7612

47.44

33«

U

51 1

0.30

6.58

48.45

44.67

5.68

1.M

0.4087

2&47

7H

CI

25

0.48

6.01

52.38

41.23

6.15

0.76

0.4097

2^53

1042

to

17

0.03

0.42

52.32

41.23

5.15

1.27

0.4058

25.28

70*

■2«

29

0.27

6.03

51.91

41.79

6.22

9.81

0.7024

43.77

22(

62

C3

7.60

7.00

43.35

41.93

6.24

1.82

0.4404

27.45

MS

70

44

2.74

6.82

47.73

42.71

6.34

1.4*

0.2128

13.26

MB

8

IG

1.24

a 98

50.46

41.32

6.18

L82

(.8492

62.92

SOB

23 FOB

354

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpeeiM.

l^§

COEPKICIBNT OF I
KLA6T1CITY. |

■sg

MAGXOLIACE^

1. Uaenolta grandiflorm

Big Laurel. Bull Bay.

846

Alabama .
...do

Cottage Hill .

2. Ma^nit^lia gUaca 3M do.

Svtcl Bav White Bay. Beartr
Tree. IFTiitt Laurel Saamp \ 354
I^uret

Z. Uainiolia Acnmioata

Cuevmbfr Tree. Hountain Mag-
nolia.

!>46 Virginia . . . .

246 ....do

2611 ....do

261>'....do

534 I Mississippi

do .

.do.

534

1178
1178

..do

Wytheville H. Shriver.

...do

Fancy Gap do .

do.

Selven' mill.
...do

.do.

C.Mohr.
...do...

Large-Uaved Cucumber Tree.

T. Ua^olia Fnfl«ri

Long4eared Cucumber Tret.

8. Liriodendron Tulipifera.

rood.

ANOXACE£.

Aaimloatriloha

J'apav. OuMtard AppU.

10. Anona Uurifolia.
Pond AppU.

CANELLACEiE.

Cinruimnn Bark.

12. CanrlU nlha .

KhUr H-f-od.

Wild C>nn>

TERXSTR(KMIACE>E.

14. Oordonia Laxiaothiu

LobtoUy Bay. Tan Bay.

Mississippi .
..do

Tirginia .
...do...

. . .do .
...do .

Michigan

West Virginia .

...do

Pennsylvania . .

.do.

Winston county .
...do

Qaitman .

■Wytheville .

.do .

Fancy Gap .

do .

Lansing

Grafton

...do

Chester connty .

.do.

...do

...do

...do

...do

1236 Tennessoe .

1
1236 ....do

1236 ... do

1237 do

1238 ...do .......

211 Ulssonri...

2U '....do

332 Tonocuec .

Florida.
...do ..

Son tb Carolina.

...do

...do

...do

Moramec river, Jef-

feraon county.
...do

Cumborland river .

Bay Biacayno .
...do

.do .

W.J.Bcal ....
C.G.Pringle..

...do

P. F. Sharpies.

.do.

...do

A.E.Bidrd .

do

Swampy .

Clay limestone.

.do .

Rich, Ught.

...do

...do

.do.

G. W. Letterman . Alluvial .

do do

A.Gattinger ' do

A. B. Curtlaa Swampy .

do ....do

EUlott'aKoy I. ...do .

do.

Bonneaa'a Depot .

H. W. Bavenel .

Aiken do .

...do ' do .

0.7051
0.7006

0.5222
0.5028

0.5000
0. 47SS
0.4862
0.4564
0.5682
0.5852

0. 4318
0. 4625

0.5807
0.5580

0. 4170
0. 5051

Damp 0.5688

...do 0.5103

0. 4174
0. 4830
0. 4800
0. 4704
0.4011
0. 4019
0. 4381
0.4011
0. 4550
0.4014
0.4607
0. 4591
0. 43i!«
0. 4463

0.5705 p.
0.B704 ij^i

1.1280 [IJ]'
LOS.'.? i ■■

Wet plne-Imrren. . 0. 4F.U

....do , 0.47.'9

Swampy I 0.5470 1^

. . .do 0. 5005 ^

i~^'.

1061
IIUO

1191
1252

1085
1085

076

0.3034 ^1 444
0.3675 ^ 862
0.4323 ^ 608

542

1085
1085

1050
1085

1085
1252

1170
1050

1085 005
1148 I 1148

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDElt TRANSVERSE STRAIN.

355

DKFI.ISCTIOX, IN tllLMMETElIB, UKUBB A FBESBUHK, IN KILOOHAHB, OF —

5.4

10. 2 16. 0 22. 8

16.7 23.4

16.0 21.7

16.7 ' 24.0

9.2

10.0
6. 2 13. 3
6.7 13.0
4.C 9.3

5. 1) j 11. 3
5.0 I 0.0

0.0

14.5 I 20.0
17.0 ' 24.0
21.0 34.3
21.0 I 31.8
20.0
13.7 19.2

10.0
10.7

o

(set.)

9.5

10.6
11.7
11.0
11.5
11.5
i. 0 10. 0

17.3

i;.2

13. S
11.6

19.4
23.0

14.4
16.4

26.0
12.0
14.3
15.0
14.4
15.2
18.0
14.0
15.7
16.0
16.0
17.5
17.2
15. 2 i 22. 2 1 1.5

24.0

27 0

28.0
22.4

10.0
51. 5 10. 0

13.7 18.5 1.0

17.6 0.8 I 17

82.0
20.2
23.5

32.5
30.0
23.7

25. 0 31. 0
22.0 28.0

40.0

31. 0 I 44. 0

37. 0 68. 0

P|

Broke suddenly with long Hplinten* .

Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splioten 2M

Cmshed at center bearing ; square break

Crushed at center bearing ; splintered break .

Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot ■
Broke with fine splinters

Splinters started at small knots

.do .

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters .
Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long splinters . - -

UTS
UTS

sn

6SZ

asr>>

3S6

Square break

Broke with long splinters 818

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long splinters 818

Crushed at centvr bearing ; broke with large splinters 1331

do 12M

Crushed at center bearing; sqnaio break ' 1231

Crushed at center bearing ; square bn?ak at large knot 1232

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with dno splinters 13S2

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long splinters at knot 1132

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis - - 1338

Specimeu cross-grained : broke with the grain 1236

Specimen cross-grained; started at the angle of two faces 1288

Square break ' 1337

do ■ 1*88

Broke with largo splinters ..

do

Broke with splinters at knot.

Cnishid at center ben
Square l>n*rtk

ns : broke with .-tpliute

Speclraou defi-ctive, 0.75 s.ii>-woo<l ; 8quttn> break

0.7.*> sap-wood; broke with long, Ci>arse splinters

213 Sup-woml ; broke at knot with large splinters

290 Cru»he»l nt center bearing ; broke with long, fine spUnters .

330 do

311 Broke with long, oo«ric splinters .'.

2U

478
478

USl
1181

856

FOREST TKEKS OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE

Rp«ele».

IT. TUi* Amrrirank

lAmt Trt*. Bass Wood. Amfri-
«w> Linden. Lin. Bts Tret.

IT. TUU Amerircoa, rar. pubeee«iu . . .

MAiPIGmACE.!.

tcMmcberry. Glamberry.

ZTGOPHYLLACEfi.

30. Gaaiacnm Banctum .
Liffnum-viUE,

n. Xanthoi^Iam Clava-Hercolis

Toftihaihe Trre. I'ricUy Ash.
,Sta Ash. J'epper Wood. Wild
Orange.

SIMARUBE*.

BUILSERACEiE.

2 Masaachasetts.
252 Misaouri

-do.

252

316 Michigan

1039 I Massachnsetta.
1039 L..do

745 !

28S»
285''

Georgia.
...do...

2i. Bnrwsra (nimmifcra ! 462

Bum Klnni. Gumbo Limbo. Wegt
Indian Birch. 462

MELIACE.B.

n. Bwlcli^i.ia Malinzonl ...
Ual*t,tfany. iiadeira.

n. Hex cpnca

Si. lIexDaIi<.on

Z>ahijon. Dahoon IloUy.

CYKILLACEiE.

Kontncky .

...do

...do

Tennessee .

.do.

.. do..
..do..
Texas .
...do..

Florida.
...do...

.. do.
...do.

Sooth Carolina .

Florida .
...do...

..do.
...do.

Locality.

Arnold Arboretnm.. I C. S. Sargent .

G. W. Letterman

...do

Hersoy W. J. Bcal

Danvers J. Robinson

Cliffs Kcntncky river
Mercer county..

Camberlandriver.
...do

No-Name Key .

Upper Metacombe
EllioU'sKev

do.

A. H. Curtiss.
...do

W. M. Linney .
..do

A. n. Curtiss.

...do .
...do .

Chatt;ihoocbee do .

do.
Palestine .
...do

Babiii Honda Key. .

Bay Biscayno.

Upper Metacombe

Jppor
Kcv.

Waverly Mills.
...do

Bay BIscayne .
...do

CliiuKbiila...
CottJi^u Hill .

A. n. Curtiss .

W. St. J. Ifaz-yik

llrift ....
Alluvial .

^ .

°i

a

l!

o

e'a ■

■Si

«

Q

0.4601

m

.do .

Rich loam . . .
Moist gravel.
.. do

0.4CC8

I 0.5400

t 0.4517

0.4492 '

0.4237 I

Low 0. 4702

...do ' 0.4.i.-)5

Limestone 0.4017

0.3944
0. 39211

Alluvial 0.4750

...do 0.4924

Dry, sandy . . .

... do

Damp, sandy .
...do

Baudy lu

Loiv, dump .
...do

C. Jlobr 1 Dauip, sandy.

...do Wot

1.1430 ^
1.1582 ^

I

0. 5240 ^

0.5353 1^

0.5S98 1^

0.5545 ^

I
0.9833 [J]]!]

0 0545 ,B

1

0.4.100 ^i
0.4104 l^j

0.300U ^(]III]
0.3090 ,P^

1.1 MO pn

1. 1273

0. 8304
0. 8221

O.U990
0. 7018

0.0307 ^,

D.rm.i ^^l'

0. 0002
0. C7C2

Wa

COBFnCIENTOK

^

RLAbTlClTV.

2

•''5

tM

r

1

814

781

SCO

970

976

016

1«38

1027

804

888

888

525

608

729

553

008

«:!8

400

842

834

509

814

788

548

097

634

403

751

723

525

827

814

.541

1085

1085

703

976

976

712

5(2

525

424

800

814

028

856

912

947

651

098

628

COO

688

708

857

888

757

059

030

409

HI4

814

820

814

931

087

888

888

580

loni

970

514

417

183
112

1038

1085

1244

1.170

1085

1366

!l'6

970

895

1109

1148

nil

051

022

703

707

004

070

OlO

CIO

580

<i!i7

073

558

405

488

314

098

751

.■)74

814

814

478

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES UNDEli TRAjSTSVEUSE SIKAIN— Coutiuued.

357

DEFLECTION, ra MILLUICTERS, UNDEU A PliEgSUUE, IK lULOCUAJIS, Op—

5.8 ' 11.7

G. 0 : 12. 4

7. 0 j 15. 4

0. 5 : 13. 5

.->.9 12.0

4. ." 9. 0

. 1 12. 0

. 7 10. 7

ISO 300 I O

7. 5 II. 0

7.3 I 14.2
.■>.7 I 11-0 I 17.5

7. 4 ] 13. 3 : 23. 8

i i
6. 0 ! 12. 0 18. 0

0. 0 10. C 15. 5

32.0 I

24.-2 ;

1
19.4 I

27.6 I

31.0
29. G

■Jl. 6 31. 0
22.5

3. 5 : 11. 0
4. 6 . 10. 0

S.0 I 10.0 U.O
4.4 I 8.5 , 13.2

.5 15.7
^ 9 I 14. 7

!!. 0 J la 0 2«. 0
7.0 14,

7. U 13. 0
to 12. 0

350 SOO 350

25. 7 33. 0
22.0 ! 27.6

0.3 , 18.2
0. 3 18. 2

1. 0 22.0
0. 9 18. 6 '

. 0 42. 0 I :«. 0
i. 3 39. 0 .'■.7. 1

5. 5 . 41. 0 I
5. 0 I 3a 3 I

28.8
27.9

2. 3 30. 0 ;
2. 5 2a 8 '

39.0
35.5

4SO 300 S.^O

Crnshed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinten.
do

-do.

Cmsbed at center bearing; broke saddenly .

Broke suddenly with large splinters

Broke, on reloading, with large splinters

Crushed at center bearing ; square break.
do

103B
1C3*

T«S

181 I Specimen cross-grained ; split with the grain.

47«
lUI

Long fracture with one large splinter 73S

Long fractore with two large splintara 735

do j 10i«

Specimen cross-grained; st^nare break IMS

Broke in three pieces U40

Sqimre break with large splinters .
Square break, the ends splitting...

Square break .
do

Broke with long splinters

Broke with long splinters on compression side ■

Broke suddenly ; stick shattered .
do

Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long split .
Squarv break

4a
4a

<75
«7S

SiMvimen cross-grained : broke with long split

Sqnnri' brrak on trusi.'n side with l:irge flake on rompi

134 I S|iecimeii oro.<i«<p-jiuod : broke through small knot*.

BroKe at knot

Sprcimen croes-graiaed ; oblique fracture.

358

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table HI.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Ac<«r daxTcmrpuiD 10^2

S)^UnpU. WkiU SfapU. aattr
MapU.
Awr nihram

SM MapU. tiwamp UapU. S^/l
MafU. Wattr UapU.

20 do. Arnold Arboretara.. CS-Sargont.

530 UiislMlppi I Kemper's mill C.Uobr.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TKANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued.

359

DEFLBCnOlf. IN MUXIUETEBS, UNUES A FBEBSUBS, IX KILOOIUlfS, OF—

100 : ISO !too

11.3
12.1

12.3
14.2

10.7

10. 0 15. 0

5.S 10.0
0.4 10.6

O 300 3SO 300

(net.)

21.0
10.2

2«.i,|
13.5

1S.0

20.0

15. S

20.6

7.7

10.2

8.*

11.2

10.2

13. tf

10.0

13.0

0.6

13.0

9.1

12.2

13.6

18.2

12.0

15.5

13.0

17.0

16. S

23.0

21.0

30.0

14.0

19.0

17.2

34.5

14.2

19.5

13.6

17.0

20.3

26.0

21.3

27.0

10.2

12.6

11.2

14.0

13.0

16.0

13.0

16.0

13.0

15.8

12.5

15.4

18.0

23.5

16.3

I 18.0
24.0
80.7

35. 0 46. 6
2a 0 . 39. 5

400 4SO SOO

g|

81.4
39.0
47.0
42.0 I
60.0 ,

350 I Specimen croM-gnined .

481 ; Long, shattered break . .
200 , SpecimeD croas-gralQcd.

221 I Long break, starting at snuB knot. .
283 Sliattered ,

Long, shattered break with large splinters. .
.Specimen cross-graineil : shattered

Cmahed at center bearing .

.do.

Crushed at center bearing; broke at knot on tension side .

Long fracture; large splinters.
Long fracture

Long, splintered fracture .

Splintered fracture

do

Long, splintered fracture .

SbatUred .
do ...

Short break, splitting in axis of stick

Slightly crushed at center bearing

Slightly crushed at center bearing; spUnterad.
Short break with long, large splinter

Ixing, shattered break.

.do

loa
ion

lOU
lOU

Long splinter oo angle of two face*

Splintered

Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain.
Broke with fine splinters on back

.do .

Sf|uar« break on tension side, splitting in asla.

. .. do

Specimen cross-grained ; shattered on angle of two I

IZM

1234
1235
135

Broke with long splinters ■

Crushed slightly si center liearlng ; brake with floe »pliote«

Unike with fine splinters

SpllnlrrtMl on angle, surting at small knot

Brake nith Inn-.:, flno splinter*

435 l;ink<' with Ion-: finr ■pllnlrrs

I I Spei'imrn nap-wuuU. cmu-gralned; broke at knot ....
I I (.'ru«he<l at center bearing, broke irith Bne splinters.

300

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

tabli: 111.— i5i:iiayioi{ of the principal woods of the

SpeoiM.

H. Aeer mbmm— oontinaed .

07. Xefando BccroldM

Box KUer. Aik-Uarti MapU.

Missiaaippi

Georgia

...do

Massachusetta.
.. do

..do.
.. do.

Eempcr'a miU .
Bainbridgo

290 Missouri.

290 i....do

311 , Texas ...

SU

do.

KecnoAo CaUromicum ' (M5 I California.

Box Elder. I i

I MS ...do

AXACARDIACEiC

;i. Bliuii copallina 736 Flotida .

DicarJ Hunmch.

do.

CHahr

A. H. Cartiss .

do.

AUentoD | G. W. Lctterman.

...do j — do

Dallas 1 J. RoTerchon —

do.

do .

Conlni Custa county G. R. Vast-v.

Cbnltukoocbee A. H. Cnrtiss .

467 Florida Uiipcr Alutacombe i A. U. Cartiss.

iloiintain itanehinetl. Jtum
WotKl. Hot) Plum. Doctor (rum.

LEGtTUIKOS.B.

Robinia Pseuilacocia

Xociut. Blact Loeutt.
Loaut.

815 I WMtTirginia...

815

1247 :

I 1247

I 1248 I

1248

do.

New York .

...do

...do

do.

1031 ' Colorado.

Navy. S. H. Pooli .

Biob, swampy
Low

11 =

« £ «*

0. 5624
0.5500

do i 0.6818

do i 0.7102

do 0.6699

do 0.6710

Drj- ciay .

do.

Grafton C. G. Pringle

Long Liland I U. C. Be«dle .

... do do

Trinidad W. B. Strong

Luwt-r Colorado G. PJOKolmann and
v.allcy. i C. S. Sargout.

81. Pixidiu Krvlhrinu...
Jamaica Ifogteo<rti.

12. Ciadni»ll»tlnrtorla

Yetiotf Wood YelUne Astt, Gopher
VToiHt.

M. Sopbura affioU.

0. Gymnncladnn CanadroHla

Kenlurly Cofrt Tree. Coft* Nut.

I'lorida Uj

... do

r Metucombo A. U. Curtiss.

33 Kcntncky , Mercer county W. M. LInney

320 j Texaa llalliu J. lUivirchuu

032 J do Auallu , C. Mobr

Dry, gravelly .
..do

Coral 1.0398

..do 0.94IJ0

0.4750
0.4585
0. 4773
CI. 4614

0.5227
0.5227

0.4888
0.5054

0.7967
0. 8105

0. 8205
0.8148
0. 6J33
a 6433
0.7956
0. 7709
0.8U69
0.6450

0. 8010

0.0841
1.1966

Limestone | 0. 7852

.. do 0.6444

Dry, calcareous...' 0.8697
...do • 0.051)4 1^

519 I Tenoeaaee .
1241 J Mbisouri...

1212 |... do

1243 ...do

X. GlMlllMfala trlaranthoa 53' do.

Uonry lA-ruii Jllaek LoevH. I r

ThTuthrrrj\ni Acaeia. Hteret \ 53*1... do.
Loetui. Uonry Hhuclr: I I

MaabTiUo.
Allen ton..

.. do

.. .l<i

...do

... du

NaabTllle.

A. Gat linger

O. W. Lctterman.

A.Gatting«r..

LImeHtone j 0.7148

Alluvial 0.

..do I 0.6875

...do

Low.rlch I 0.6250

...do 0.6381

Dry.aandy barrens 0.0960

U

1221
1039

814
1526
1627

970
Mi 1320

1001
1221

1050
1050

1302
1302
1208
1050
976
1627
1627
1123
1436

1140

1039

1110
1149

1085

1140
1221

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TKANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued.

361

UEFLECTIOK, IN UILUIIBTEBB, UNDER A PBESSUIIB, IN KILOGBAiie, OF—

lOO ISO. 20O O J 300

(set.)

I

¥

14.2

I

10. 8 I 15. 8

15. 3 I 23. 2

11. 7 j 18. 0

9.3 I 14-5
9.3 14.5

3.5

8.0 ^

5.7

7.5

4.0

7.7

4.7

9.3

e.o

10.0

3.2

6.0

3.0

6.0

5.0

8.7

3.7

6.8

4.0

8.5

5.0

9.4

7.4

14.0

e.«

12.0

5.8

11. «

6.:.

10.0

6.1

9.5

5.8

U.t

4.4

8.0

i.O

11.0

4.8

as

4.0

8.5

5.0

9.0

5.0

8.5

4.2

8.0

5..',

11. 0

12.4

ia2

14.2

19.6

21.0

29.9

19.5

26.0

17.3

24.0

15.8

21.8

14.5

20.2

17.0 I 23. 0 I
1S.0 1£.2 I

18. 5 I 29. 9
13.0 ' ia4
14. 0 19. 2 j
13.7 20.0

12.6 16.8
12. 0 17. 0
10. 4 22. 5

23.0
23.0

0.8 14.7
0. 3 IS. 8
0. 2 1 15. 3
0.3 19.0

0. 5 19. 5
0.0 12.0
0.2 I 11.8

0. 4 16. 8
0.5 j 13.5

0.4 I 16.7

20.0
31.0

33.5
30.5

29.0
2a 0

33.0
24.0

37.3
2a 0
2a7
2cl.3

24.0
25.0

41. 0 67. 0

47.0 I

M. 5

345 Broke nlth long spUntcra i 6M

2^6 Specimen 0.75 sap-wood; cross-grained I 74S

340 Sap-wood ; crushed at center krario); ; broke with fine (plinten.

400

do.

358 , Sap-wood; broke witb long, large spUnten.

Broke at knot near center bearing

Crushed at center bearing; square break

Square break at knot

Flaked on tension side ; broke at small knot .

Crushed at center bearing ; broke into long splinters

Crushed at center bearing; broke into long, flue splinters | 645

878
878
U«8
MIS

296 Shattered, splitting to the end.
270 I do

263 I Squaic break

206

.do.

632 60.2 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; specimen crtMs-

561 : Broke with fine splinters

646 64.3 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms ; broke with fine

splinters.
444 Broke with coarse splinters

738
7M

487
487

363

.-do----

692 Splintered on corners

578 Broke with fine splinters

456 I Broke w ith large splinters on comers.

596

-do .

388 I Broke with long splinters .

402 I Cross-grained; split with grain-
Square break

Broke with long, largo splinters .

IS4T
1347
UU
UM

I«U

aS8

341

Long, large splinters on angle uf two faces . ..
Started at .imnll knot ; loni:. oblique taKtui* .

Broke at large knot with Ion:: splinters.
Long, oblique break

m

300 Square bie;ik on tension side, splitting in i

347 Splinti'iwl on angle of two facrs

328 I Broke with line splinter

842 1

dii

lof thestlck Si*

, 1J41

j IStt

I laa

413 I Cin.Hlieil ai ••enter be,iiiug; broke with fine splinter S»'

387 Bmkewith Hue splinter SS*

:i.'!l Divke Willi \«\\z spliutcr «44

3G2

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table 111.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Sp«eie«

as. Parkinaonia Torrevans 1 «T8 Arizona.

Grttn-bark Aeaeui. Palo Ytrde. '

Florida.
...do...

Proaopu joUflon

Mm^uit. Algaroba. Honey Loeiut
Honey Pod.

M. Prosopis pube»cens

Serrw Btan. Sereie-pod iletqvU,
TomiUa.

430 Temieaaee Nashville

ChattahoochM.

Hiaaoori I Allenton.

....do .

680 ArizoDa .
680 I. ...do....
927 • Texas ...

658 j California.
658 i....do

do.

TacsoD .
...do...
Austin .

A. H. Curtiss .
..do

G. EnKclmann and
C. S. Sargent.

A. GattiDger

G. W. Lettennan.

n

Alluvial 0.7028

...do 0.7748

Sandy i 0. 6705

...do I 0.6727

do

C.S.Sargent.

...do

CMohr

Limestone 0. 7323

Rich I 0.8341

...do i 0.6534

...do 0.6250

Eich, calcareous .

Fort Yuma \ G. Engclmann and| Sandy .

C. S. Sargent.

0.7818
0.7614
0.7750

0.8068

too. Lysiloma latisiliqua 509 ' Florida Boca Cliica Key .

Wild Tamarind. ' ;

...do

A. H. Cnrtlss .

103. Pninuft Americana

Wild Plum. Canada Plum.
BoTK Plum.

104. Pmnns noguatifolia

Chiebuau Plum. Ho^ Plum.

.do.

Bay Biscayne do .

107. Pninaa emarginata, rar. mollia .

Uiaaouri I Allenton.

I I
68 I ..do do

334 Toxaa i Dallas ...

435 I Tennessee Nashville.

968 , 'Washington ler. Wilkenon.

' rilory.
968 ... do do

106. Pnxnua wroiina

Wiid Black Cherry. Hum Cherry.

IS ' Masaacboaetta Koxbury .

15 -.. do do

1151 Michigan Lansing..

115>...do Danaville.

I 127 Missouri Allenton .

127

do.

.do.

148 niioois Waukegan

817 Michigan I Beraey

110. Primna drroiaw
Wild Cherry.

111. PrannaCaroliniana

Wild fnangt. Hock Orong*.
WiUPiack.

817 do J do

368 Vermont Chtrlotte .

406 Virginia or Mid.

dh- Sutra.
763 Florida

...do

Maaaachoaetta

an I Calllbrala.

1032 Florida .
torn Tezaa..
1062 ....do ...

Clinrlfjitown Navy.

yard.
Chailakoocbee

G. W. Lettcrmau.

...do

J. Kevercbon . . . .

A. Gattiuger.

G. Engelmanu and
C. S. Sargent.

C. S. Sargent .

do.

W.J.Bcal

...do

G. W. Lettennan

.do.

ILDonglna ...
W.J.Beal ....

...do

C.G.Pringle..
S.H.Pook ....
A. Q. Curtis* .

.do.

Topsflold , J. Itublnsun .

KtniwlK;rry vallf^y

JackaooviUe.
Victoria

G. Engolmann and
C. S, Karffcut.

A.U.Curilas

CMohr

....do

1 0.8568

i !

Dry, gravelly i 0.8714

Coral ..' 0.5070

Swampy 0.7753

Rich upland

.. do.
Rich..

River bluff .
Low, rich . . .

Gravelly

do.

Gravelly.

Rich

...do....
Gravelly.

CUy.

Gravelly..
...do

Low, rich .

Sandy

Utch, moist .

0.6003
0. 5916
0.8045

0.6538

0.4699
0.47S0

0.7438

0.7386

0. 5315

0.5048

0.6790

0.6670

0.6471

0.5315

0.5408 '

0.M48

0.5028

0.6105 ,

0.6244 '■
I
0.6751

0.6716

I

' 0.7636

0.8785
I 0.8608
I 0.8481

m

1061
1221

1039
488

•2? I -s

775
1017

835 j 902 I
814 886

461

653|

1110

061

769

040

734

703

076

1240

603

460

849

687

872

670

849

1171

888

1064

673

579

849

724

970

005

1028

906

930

937

800

689

828

091

857

769

718

042

958

707

976

702

769

8-,!0

775

820

700

oai

718

586

1097

I'JOO

006

930

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEll TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Contiuued.

3G3

I

DEFLECTION, IN HILLIUETEB8, UKDBR A FRE88DBE, IN KILOOBAHB, OF-

6.0 I 12.7

13.3

300 n

(set.)

43. 2 I C. 4

35. 3 I 3. 0

15.8

22.9

24.5

35.0

29.7

43.0

20.0

28.4

13. 0 i 17. 8

19.3 27.4

21. 0 28. 9

14. 9 I 20. 7

2G. 0 38. 3

11.5 17.7 25.2

11.2 17.0 24.7

17.3 I 28.0
15.9 I 22.0
21.7 I 32.0
17.6 24.6

10.0 15.2 I 21.5
9. r, : 15. 0 ' 21. 0

10.5 i 16.0
19.0
16.7
16.7

12.2

11.8

11.4

13.6

10.2

10.0

12.7

12.(1

12.7

13.6

8.9

9.8

20.0
26.0

24.2
22.0
32.5
25.0
22.0
22.0
22.5

28.5

I

2a 0 j

28.0

27.5

30.0

24.0

30.0

23.0

30.0

31.6

43.5

21.8

26.5

21.5

27.0

28.0

30. 0

27.0

3«.0

28.3

36.5

34.0

73.0

19.0

23.6

19.0

24.5

34.0
35.0
46.0 62. S
46. 0 ' 60. 5

SI
si

El

0.66 sap-TTOod ; broke with long, fine eplinten .
SpecimcD cross-grained ; split with grain

Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot .
Long, obliqno fracture

Broke with long, large splintBra -
do

-do.

Broke at knot near support

Specimen cross-grained ; short, oblique fracture -
do

Specimen cross-grained ; .shattered

Specimen cross-grained; short, oblique fracture.

.do-

Broke at knot near the end .
Specimen crosa-grained

Broke with long splinter.'*, starting at knot.

Broke with long splintera

Broke with long, large splinters .
Broke with flue splinters

43S

10»
1090
1091

«58
658

480
68

Specimen cross-grained, defective ; square break on tension aide — 435

Broke with long, coarse splinters .
Shattered

Broke with fine splint<*r9 .
Long, obliqno fracture —

.do.

lis-

Broke with long splinters

Shattered; long splinters

Broke with fine spliuters

Shattered; long splinters on comer

Broke with long splintera on comer

Broke with coarse splinters

Spoeimcn croas-grained ; single (taoture

Broke with flue apliuters i —

Broke with long, large splinters

Specimen cross.gniiniMl ; long fVacturo

do

Specimen gross grained ; split with the grain -

Specimeu eross-gmined

do

Specimen cross-grained : shattered .

toss
loss

lOtt-

I

losa

1062-

•364

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Taule III.— BEIIAVIOi; Ol" THE PKUCCIPAL 'AOODS OF TlIK

^a. Pruiu iUcUoUa .

il7. Pj-nw c-<roii»ri» : 1087

Am^riean Crab. Sweet-4eenUd 1
Cni. 1087

I^cnnsjlvania.

Pvnis
Mountain Ath.

12S. Cr»UBgu» arb.ir, 1

410 Vermont.

ISO. Cralicgnii rrn9-;;alli

Ooe^purTfwm. yeweattU Thorn,

11: C'nila-;ni.^ Apathulala .
SmaU-/ruiUd JJavj.

i34. CralSfrni) XJitivalLs

Itan Hate. Apple Ilavs,

137. AfDeUn<-hier CaD;uli>uiii«

JitntUrry. t>liad Jiuth, Strriee
Tree. May Cherry.

nAMAU£LACE£.

Liqalilambar St>Tiu-illua

av€et Oum. Star-Uatrd Qum.
Limiidamier. Rtd Oum.
BiltUd.

328 Has8:ichnsat8

Miasonri
..do ...

Ttxaa ...
Uiuoari.

TemicsMe .
.. rto

Lottisiaoa

SoathCarolioa.
Florida

EoDtucky

Maasachasetts.

146. Rbiznpli-
Manffr>

RHIZOPHORACKiE.
Mangle

COMEiiETACEJi.

940

loss

1005
UT3
1173
1181
1181
1182
1182
1183
1183

Alabama..

...do

Arkanaaa.

do

Kcw Jbney .

...do

UliaUalppi..

do.

Locality.

Santa Cm* .
...do

Ifazareth J.Henry.

...do

C. L Anderaon.
..do

do.

Moant Mansfield
Opeccheo

do .

Brookline
...do....
Allen ton .

.do.

Victoria

Saint Looi* .

.do.

'Wob6t<-r paritih. . .
Bonnean'a Depot. .
Aspalaga

Bmrafleld Station.

Sanvers

.. do

Eemper'a mill .

...do

LitUoKock....

do.

Mount Holly .

Yazoo Kiver bottom

C.G.Pringlo..

A.H.Curli8s .
...do

G. W. I^tterman

C.Mohr...
H.Eggcrt.

A. Gattingor.

Gravelly.
Low

.do .

C.Molir

H. W". Kavenel . . .

Clay

Damp, rich.

A.H. CurtisB I Dry clay.

W. M.Linney.
J. Robinson...

.do.

G. W. Letterman.

...do

8. P. Sban'Iea ...

do .

n. Abbey.

Florida Bay Biacayne I A. Fl.Ciirti

Warorly sfaolc.
Loam

Rich, aUuTial .
...do

Clay

...do....
Alluvial .
...do ....

li

n COEPFICIEXT OF
"g ELA£TICITT.

0.0734
0.9678 I

0.7357
0. 7228
0.7340
0.73S2

0. .1727

O.CSIS
0.7120

0.0946
0. 71116
0.7787
0.7040

0.7S0S
0. 8070

0.7166
0.7527

0. 71C2

0.72.10

0.7973

0.8312
0.8472
a 8410

0. .'>700
0.6012
0.5705
0.6080
0.6477
0.5861
0.6001
0.C250
0. 6375
O.S40S
0.0159

.do.

.do.

Sugar-Leaf Sonod .
...do

Sultnmrali 1.1480

...do 1.1335

.do I 1.02-10

.do ' 1.0292

.do I 0.7384 j

.do a7230

1101
1085
1103

1627
1027

1221
1149
1221

1027 I 1308

1084 1 no;

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

365

UKFLKCI'IOK, IX UILUMETKnS, VKDKB A PlIEBSUBB, IK KILOORAUS, OF—

SO

lOO

6.6

13.0

7.0

13.7

6.6

13.0

6.7

13.5

0.0

21.0

7.5

15.6

8. .5

15.6

0.0

12.0

0.2

12.8

9.0

17.0

9.6

19.0

a.i

12.6

6.5

12.3

5.3

10.7

S.8

11.0

6.6

13.2

7.6

13.5

6.8

14.6

8.2

16.5

0.0

13.8

4.1

8.0

4.6

8.5

4.2

8.0

8.1

10.0

7.1

14.6

6.6

10.5

5.0

9.8

6.5

12.7

7.0

12. 0

0.5

12.6

0.2

11.5

5.0

9.0

1.2

9.2

n.o

11.0

4.H

10.0

0. 0 , 8. .1
.1. 8 8. 5

11.0 10.7 10.0
4.0 a 6 12.7

20. 0 I 3.0
32. 5 4. 5

7. 0 15. 4
0. 3 I 12. 0

11.0 I 0.2

w.r, 0.2

19.6 ' 25.7 1.3

Broke with large eplinten.
Broke with long ftplintcrs. .

Broke at kDot

SpecimCD cross.graiDed

Specimen cross-graiaed ; defective.
SpL-ciiuen cross-jp^ined

IIU

io«

108?

loss

1088

190 Broke at knots.

Specimen cross-grained j broke with one long epliuter I W7

Broke atknot ' OOT

Broke with long splinters

Specimen cnis.s-grainid: split with grain .

Square break

Broke at knots

Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain .
Broke at knot

Broke with a long splinter, starting at knot.
Broke at knot

.do .

109«
lOSi

Broke at knot with a large splinter .
Broke with fine splinters

Sap-wood: split lengthwise without breaking ; 6*6

Sap-wood: crashed and splintered j 646

Long, shatteretl break

-do.

Sap-W"'0d : broke with flue splinters.

do

Broke witli long splinters

.do.

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with one long splinter .

Broke with long, coarse splinters

Crushed at center bearing ; shattered

do .

Broke with coarse splinters .

Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain.
Splinten'd ,

109i

low

I17J
1173
1181
1181
1183
11S3
IIM
IISJ

Bivke atknot | W7

Shatlf-red S*?

FORKST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpecioA.

LocAlity.

U

MTRTACK*.

141 Eni:et.i» bmifulul

Otiryton Stopptr. Spanish Stop-
per
146. Enc<<nia mnnticnla

Siopprr. )YhiU Stopper.

148. EiijEfnU proccra.
Ktd Stt'pper.

1118 Florida .
1135 ... do ...

CORNACE^

ISl Comna 6oridit

Flovtring Dofwood. Box Wood.

152. Comas KutlalJii

FItfverxng Dogwood.

do.

Florida

West ViridDia

..do

Missouri

do.

960 Oregon .

Ii3. X,vRa.i CApitata

Oyttchet Limt. Sour Tupelo.
Gopher Plum.

605 Georgia.

154. XvBAa 83'lvatica

Tupelo Sour Gum. Pepperidge.
Black Gum.

South Carolina.

Lost Man's river.

TTmbrolla Key

Miami

.do.

do.

Cbettahoochee.

Grafton

...do

Allenton

do .

Ogeecliee river.
...do

Bonnoan's Depot

do.

Tennessee

Florida

...do

■West Virginia
...do

Massachusetts.

do .

Cumberland river.

Chattahoochee

...do

Grafton

do.

do .

■West Newbury .
...do

156 N.vMui nnJAora 128 South Carolina.

Jjorpe Tupelo. Cotton Oum.
Tupelo Gum. .

CAPUIFOLIACE^.

ISe. ViburxiMn pmnifolinm

Jllart lime. Stag Buth.

llflilACE^,.

ii'ma''arib:rnm.

128 ...do

550 Alabama .

550 '..do

604 ' Georgia..,
804 .. . .do

Cbebacco pond . . . .
Bonneau's Depot .

do.

Stockton

...do

Ogeechee river.
...do

Hnmns and coml . ! 1. 0635
Coral I 0.9405

California.

Kentucky

..do

Georgia. . .

Florida...
...do

.do 0.9966

do I 1.0023

G. W. Lctterman.. Upland ' 0.8937

...do do I 0.8904

A. H. Cortisa I Calcareous 0.7795

C.G.Pringle ' Dry j 0.7980

...do I 0.7947

Gravelly 0.8647

.. do I 0.8490

do Flinty I 0.838T

G. W. Lettcnnan.

G.EngcImann and 0.7763

C. S. Sargent. I

...do 0.7807

H. W. Ravenel .

do .

A. Gattingcr..
A. H. Curtiss .

...do

C.G.Pringle..

do .

.do .

H. W. Bavenel . . .

...do

C.Mohr

.do .

A. B. Curtiss .

Swampy . .

Swampy .
...do...
Alluvial .
..do ....
Swampy .

.do .

ContraCoslarounty. O. ItVascy Gravelly.

Georgia liark.

Mercer connty.

...do

Bainbrldgo

W. M. Unnoy Hudson River |

I shnle. I
do I Trenton limestone

A. n. Curtiss ' Clay

0. 5739
0. 0170

0. !J960
0. 5735
0. S979
0. 7885
0. 7930
0.6222
0.6447
0.7364
0.7534
0.7233
0.6800
0.7914

0.6648

0.6135

.1 0.5455

. 0.5228

. 0.D730

I
.1 0.5841

I

. I 0. .'>2iO '

I

I 0. Mii
0. 0034
0. 8270

Upnor Motacombe A.n.Curtisa Coral i 0. 05.'>4

Koy.

.do I... .do I 0.9624

I

II. Mrllicliamp . Snndy swamp 0. 542.'i

m

1027
1017

1130
1221

1575

1085

849

781

006
052

888

783

1039

899

769

012

814

730

71»

827

872

924

651

717

692

701

564

724

471

628

585

687

444

63.';

444

B.'i.T-

305

370

057

729

1028

1228

734

808

loe.'i

056

1302

1065

683

405

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

367

DBFLBCnON, IN HILUKKTEUe, UNDEB A PHE88UBX, IK KILOGRAMS, OF—

•.tool o

(set.)

a 0 i 15. 3

7.0 I 13.5

I
I

7.1 I 12.5

5. 5 I 11. 5

6.0 I 12.0

1
C. 1 j 11. 5

C. 4 12. 5

.^2 I 11.0

9.4

12.7

12.0

13.7

11.2

15.0

24.1

0.9 I 17.9
0.6 17.5

2.0

29.0

26.7 I 2.2

27. 0 ' 2. 5

23. 6 ' 1. 5

24. 0 i 1.0

24.5

35.3

3.6

14.5

20.3

0.9

13.2

17.5

0.4

25.0

37.3

3.3

20.3
IS. G

29.5
27. 5

2.2
1.6

23.0
22.4

36.0
32.7
40.5
36.5
39.0
32.0
24. 6 1 32. 0
37. 0 48. 5

18.0 23.5

19. 5 I 28. 7

I I

17.7 I 2.'").7

19.0 , 26.5

16.2 < 22.5 [

I !

13.5 18.0 1

19.7

19.0

21.6

17.0

26.0

9.0

10.5

8.7

17.3

11. 0

20.7 1

a2

16.7

10.7

22.0 '

10.0

22. 0

32.0

25.0

29.0

I
28. 7 ] 43. 0

I 33. 0 I 48. 5

20. 7 39. 0

36.5 j 67.5

36.5 ■ 58.0

20.3
18.0

38.0
30.5

28.2
26.3
29.5

26. 0 34. 0

27. 5 37. 0

23 0 29. 0
18.2 ! 22.0

29.7 3a 0

30. 0 42. 0

45.0

33.5
23.2
40.6

46.6 ; 60.0 '
45. 5 66. 2 '

46. 0 . 63. 0
74.0

35.0
84.0
95.0
110.0
44. 0 64. 0
100. 0

1 1. 0 : 32.0 55.0

5. 0 10. 2 ' 14. 7 I 20. 6
5.4 9.5 ■ 14.6 I 19.7 I
0. » I 13. 3 { 20. 7 I 29. 0

4. 3 1 9.0 i U.8 1 15.5

4.0 I 7.5 11.4 ' 15.2

III
7.4 14. 3 I 22.2 1

82.0
59.5
108.0

15.7 I 20.0
15.4 19.0

32.0 43.5

46. 5 ' 61. 5

I
46. 5 ! 62. 0
46. 0 61. 5

93.0
120.0

41.0 51.0

!
71.0

Shattered..
Splintered .

Specimeo cross-grained ; splintered .
Bruke with coarse splinters

IIM
113S

un

1127

Broke at knot

Maximum deflection, 120 roillinictera ; broke with large splinters.

Broke with large splinters

Square break on tension side with large flakee

Square break on tension side with Ion;; splinters

Bi«ke with long, coarse splinters

Shattered one end

Specimen cross.grained ; broke with large splinters

1077

ion

lOK

Broke with long splinters

296 Broke short and split in axis .
285 Shattered ,

.do.

Long split at one end

Broke into fine splinters

I Deflected 150 millimeters and slipped from the bearing .
Shattered

.do.

389 Sap-^ood : broke with flno splinters.

394 Failed from small splinter on comer BM

Crumpled on compres.sion side at knot : square brvak with fine S35
splinters.

Broke with long splinters 136

Shattered at the end I 1J8

Crnslied at center boariug ; broke with long splinters

.do .

Failed fivni large splinter on comer .

.do

158 ; Broke at knot

.do .

HP*

21 ! Broke at knot with one large splinter ' 110*

7S>

383 ; Shattered.

. 408 I Specimen cross-grained : split with grain.
.| 450 Broke with fine splinters

173 Broke at knot with Inr^e splinters.

368

FOREST TKKES OF XOimi A>[ERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVlOIi OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THB

f*p«'ie«.

9

g.5i

•9 I

ERICACEfi.
106. Antlronic<la ferru;:inea .

1(7. Arbutus Xalipeo

170. Kslmia latirolin

Laurrl. Calico Jliuh. Spoon
Wood. try.

171. RboOodendroD maxininni . . .
Ortat LaurtL Itote Bay.

SAPOTACE*.
175. Cbryrapbyllum oliviforme.

178. BDiD'-liii truax

181. Boniellalyrioidea

Jrrm Wood. Southern BuckUiom.

182. BamrlU ctineala

Anit' n'o^l. Downward Plum.
ttajron J'lum.

183. llilniiMpnti .>»]iilM!rl

wad IHUy.

EBEXACE.«.

1033 ' Florida.

Califoniia .

...do

.. do

do

Arizona .
..do...,

Alabama .
.-do

Virginia.
..do ...

746

...do
...do.

.. do.
..do.

Georgia..

930 Texas ...

030 ....do

Hioaonri.

Tennessee .
Florida....

...do.
...do.

01 Mlsaonri.

425 TeoDcase«

811 West Virginia

811

do.

1084 UlsM>iiri.

1084 ...do

U« t ...do

STTRACACE.S.

U(. SywplocAfi I inrU'Tla

Uortt Sugar. Swttt LtaJ.

Va Hal<-«ladi|it<-ra

Bnoutdrop Trtt. BUttriM Trt.

347 Alabama.
788 Oeorgia...

738

do.

Jacksonville A. U. Ciirtiss .

lliiiumock .

Contra Costa coDDty G. R.Va«iey Gravelly.

■ do '.do ...' do

Marin county do do

.do .

do.

Snnta Kita rooant- G. Engelmann and

.T^ns. C. S. t^argont.
.. do do

Cottage Hill , C. Mohr.

do.

Light, rich

Fancy Gap | H. Shriver Moist .

..-do do !-.. do .

Bay Biscayne.
...do

Upper Metocombe

A. H. Curtiss .
...do

Boy Biscayne do .

do.

do .

TTmbruUaEey do

Bainbridge do

Anstin

Coral .
...do.

do.

AUcnton

NashviUe

Boca Chica Key.

per

.«y-

do

CMohr

...do

Q. W. Letterman .

A. Gattinger

A. n. Cnrtiss

...do

do.

Allcntoo G. W. Letturman

...do do

XasbviUe i A. Gattlngor

Grafton CO. I'riiiglo

...do do

AUenton I G. W.lK^ttcmian..

...do do

...do do

...do.
Low ..

Limestone .
...do

Allavial .
Coral ....

Rich upland .

Cotlagu IIlll C. Mohr .

Rich loam .

Rich upland .

0. 7273 ;

0.7200 '
0.7000
0.74M
0.7540

0.7670
0.7501 [

0. 7380 I
0.7S01

0.0901 I

0. 6218
0.6403 j

i
0.06C3

0. 0583

I
0.0872

0.9S27

0. 0602

0. 9173

0.8823

I
0.7914

0.6847

0.6903

0. 7148 \

I
0.8061 I

0.8630 I

1.0780
1. 0191

Bainbridge .
..do

A.IJ.Ciutias.
...do

0.7638
0.7302
0. 8716
0. 8170
0.8110
0.8125
0.8410
Rich 0.8240

Sandy 0.6580

Low 0.6704

...do 0.6577

1356
1395
1191

787 800 4ea

039 970 I 979

631 C70 696

465 500 584

1140
1050

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Coiitiuued.

3G9

KPFl ECTIOS, IK MILUMBTEps, L.N

... ;UU>0BiiH8 OF—

30 lOO I30 -300 1 O

(set.)

12.3 I
1S.C

14.3
17.8

14.6
19.5

10.5
24.0
14.0
1C.3

i 22.0

I m 0

19.0

i 15.0
i

I 23.4
31.0

22.8
25.0

27.0

I
33.2 ;

19. 0 ■ 0. 0 20. 0

,1 1.0

31.5 I 2.5
43. 5 I 5. 5

2. 6 33. 6

4. 8 47. 0

2. 3 33. 5

2. 8 35. 5

8. 5 I 12. 8 I 17. 5
9.3 13. C ; 18.3

0.8 10.0 t;t.o

10.0

rj. 3

13.0
19.7 j

14.7
15.0

e.o 1 12.3

13.0

23.5

I
1. 7 j 17. 0

.5 ! 18.0

!
'. 0 ! 21. 5

41. G

15.7

14.5

18. 0 20. 2

19.4 I 29.0

11.0 15.0

24. 3 35. 3

25. 7 I 3a 0
10. 3 28. 5
26.0 38.0
21.0 I 30.4

25. 6 40. 0

23. 0 j 32. 0
14. (I I 22. 5 1 32. 0
24 FOR

2.0 28.0
3.2 29.7
0.2 I 15.0
4.0 I 37.9
30.0
30.0
40.2
31.8

2. 5 33. 0
2. 0 33. 0

400 4SO 500 350

51. 0

55.0 '

24.2 30.0

70.0 111.5

79.0 115.5
I

38. 0 I 52. 0 I 73. 0

55.0 I 7&0 136.0

40.5 sao 7a 0

44.0 I 59.0
43. 0 ' CO. 0

82.0 I
90.6

433

10 I Broke at knot 1083

Specimen croas-grained I 643

.do

I
.Sqiiaco break A j 879

Threw ofri:ir{;e flakes on tension side 879

Large flake ou tension side

Broke at knot : Hake on compression side .

Specimen cro.«s-grainocl ; splinter started at larpe knot .
Cmsbed at center bearing ; broke with floe splinters . . .

Broke at knot.
Spe

rn cro8.s.graincd ; .•abattercil; long split with grain , 262*

295 Threw otf flake from tension side .
270 Broke at knot

404 ' Specimen <
328 ' do . .

j-graincd .

2831
2«3«

Broke with large splinters

Broke with coarse splinters

Broke with long, coarse splinter* 488

do 488

Broke at knot with long, coarse splinters

Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot

Broke with a large splinter

Broke with large .splinter at knot

Defective specimen; broke at knot

Broke at knot with one largo splinter

Specimen orossgrsined ; large flake on compression side

Specimen cposs-graine*!: broke at knot — 458

Speciraon cross-grained; large flake from compression side 4S8

Specimen cross-grained; short break on tension side, flake fWim

comi»rv.ssiou side.
Short break on tension side; fl:»ke fhim eompn-ssion side , 61

Bniko with line splinters 1 42*

Deflected 170 millimeters before bi^aking ; broke with fine splinters 81 1
Sqnai* break on tension side, large flake on compreasion side 10S4

10S4

net

264 Specimen ctt>j

378 ■ Shatteretl at u
355 Broke with la

end

• splinters.

10

FOREST TREES OF KORTII AMERICA

Tablk III.— UEUAVIOK of TOE PlilNCirAL WOODS OF THB

Specie

IK. FmxiDtuAmericauit,rar.Tcxes>U

195. FrATtonH pUtycarpa.
WttUr Atk.

,14.

lU'l

I

U4«

1U<

114'

130

Alusouri..
Michigan .

.do.

...do

...do

...do...'.

Soath CaroUoa .
.. do

212 Virginia.

.do.

Yirgiuia . . .
Tennesaeo .
Altbama ..

...do

Goorgia

.do.

Texas

MafliMcbaiOttii.

Texas DuUus .

do..

du .

AUcuton

Dan&ville

..do

Haddon

LanaiDg

DaDHVillo

Booneau's Depot. . .

do .

Wytliovmo .

..do

Charlotte . . .

do .

Wytlieville....

JJashvillo

Keniper'H luill .

...do

Baiabridgo

.do.

Austin...
Roadiug .
...do....

13D , Micliignn Lanaiog ..

220 I Vcnnont i Charlotte.

220 ...do ,

lOSO Mitssathiuetto.

Missouri...

Texas

.. di»

Ttnncasce .

Texas Victoria.

...do

TopsQvld .

Allcnton..
palbs ....

... do

XuohTiUo .

do.

.du .

.. do MntagdVda bay .

..do do

...do ..■ do ,

Alabama .Stoclttoo .

Allcnton.

Ulssonri..

... do

Micbigao .
..do

Lani>ini: .
.. do...

G. Fngolmann and Low.
C. sT Sargent. |

G. ■\V. Lettermau
W. J. Beal

n. \V. Kavenel.

C. G. Priugle .

do.

H. Shrivcr

A. Gattinger .
C. Mohr

.do .

A. ILCurttss..

CMohr

J. Bubinson.

.do.

W.J.Bcal ....
C.G.Pringle.

...do

J. ICobiuBon . .

Clay..
...do.

Clay..
Wet..
...do.

Gravelly.
...do...

Limestone .
Alluvial ...

.do.

Biver-bottoiu

...do

Kich, calcareous .

Dry, ralcareuiu. .
...do

Poor.
Chiy.

JJivcr-buttom .

G.W.Lcttc-mian.. Etch, wet

J. Reveruhon { ... .do

do
A. Unttingcr.
; C.llohr

.do

...do

G. W. Letterman.

W.J. Beal .
...do

Kich upland

ICieh, wet

Uich, alluvial o. 4760

Dry uplaud.

ti

0.66S3
0. 0!iD5

0. C592
0. 49S3
0.&)69
0.7535
0.6622
0.5920
0. 6914
0.6864
0. C5C9
0. C524

0. <mi

0. 0013
0. 72«
0. 7151
0. 6250
0. 0792
0.0417

0. oons

0. 6512
0. 6250

TV\

1.0812

m

m

0. 6424
0.8620

1221
1470

1061

1163

1191

1284

814

872

1191

1284

1136

1221

976

1085

030

1007

1085
1163

1221
1085

1028
1135

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Coutiuued.

371

DKFLKCTION, IN MILI.!H£TEII8, UNDZB A FBEBSUIIE, IK KIL0GBAH8, OF—

0.5 18.0
7. 0 U. 8

61.0
110.0
90.0

g i

M

Squaro break on tension aide with large fltVe on compression aide .

Broke with coarse nplinteis

Loug, sLattered break \

Short break on tension side

Sap-wood ; brok« with fine splinters

Broke with coarse splinters

Broke with fine splintprs

Broke with large splinters on tension side .
Broke with tine splinters on tension side . .
Broke with large splinters on tension side.

.do .

.do.

Specimen croes-grained ; broke with long spUnten

Failed from splinter on comer

Square break on tension aide with flake on compreaaion side .

Sqnaro break with large sphntcra on tension side

Broke with lar^je splinters on tension side

1U«
114'
1M«

212
212

.do.

Specimen crose.grained ; broko at knot

Brokn with large splinters on tension side .

Specinen cross-grained ; broke at knot

Broke with lart^e splinters on tension side .
Broke with fine splinters on tension side...

Broke with fine splint<^rs

Broke with fine s;n;uters; buckled on compreaaion aide .

Crushed at center bearing; broke with fino splinters

Broke with large flako on compression side

Failed from two Itirgo splinters on angles of tension side.
Sqn.tre break with large flake on compression side

Broko with smalt splinters

Sap-wood ; square break, splitting in i
Specimen cross-grained ; split in axis . -
Broko with fine aplinters

-do .

Square br«ak on tension side ; split in axis .
Short break; .ihatterod

Broko with tlno spliuter^ at small knot on eoinpre,'«sion side

.do .

Split and shattered

Squtiro break on tension side with large liukc on compression side

S37
1045
1045

13»
2»

2a»

10S9

FOREST TREES OF NORTH A:\IERTCA.

Tablk III.— DEnAVIOR OF THE nUNCIPAL WOODS OF TIJE

Spede*.

196. Fnxiniu qnadnngulato— cont'd .

197. FmxiDCJt Orcganft.
Oregon Ash.

ISB. FrsTinns s-imbncifolia

Black Ath. UoopAth. Ground
A$h.

190. Forci«t iera acuminata

rritet.

201. Omiantliiis AiDericamia ,

DevU Wood.

BORKAGIXACE£.

204. Bonrreria FTaraDcnsla

Strong Bark.

205. Ebmia clliplica

Knaekavay. Aiuujua.

BIGIfO^^ACEa.

20«. C;it.-i1pa lilgnnnioidi'a

Catnlpa. Catawba. Bean TrM.
Cigar Tree. Indian Bean.

207, CalaliLi npiu'to^a

Western C'aOtlpa.

20*. Cl.iIoi..la mIIsiui

Dueri Willow,

VKKBENACB*.

SO. CHban-iiliiin vllloaam

nddU Wood.

XYCTAOIXACKa.

212. Piwtil... I: ■.,:.,

/'i ■ ' Wood. Cork

'■ I.

y i:,K.

213. Corcolnlw nnriilaii.i

J'igeon J^um.

LAURACE.^

215- Perwa Camllnriul*

lUd Bay.

Eeotiicfcy .

... <lo

Missonri . .
Tcnnesaeft .

OrcpjD

...do.

Micbigan

llliDois

Ma:4sachuBettB .

do.

Georgia.

Alaliama .
Georgia...

.. do

.. do

MiMonri.
...do....

Florltia .
.. do...

Mercer county.

do.

AUeoton..
NashviUo.

Wcidler'8 saw-niill .

Fortland Furniture

Company.
. . do

do.

I>an8ville..
W^aukcgan.
Ban vers ■ . .

do .

Saint John's river .

Key Larf;b

Kev Braunfols

Stockton....
Bafnbridgo .
...do

.do.

Bay IMrfcayno.
...do

or Hetacombe

Saint John'* river .

palua- I 340 Alabuns I Mobile county.

W. M. Linney.

G. W. Lcttcrman.
A.Oatlinger

G. Ensclninnn and

C. S. Sargent.
do

do .

■W.J.Bial

■Robert Poupla«.

J. Bobinson

...do

A. 11. CurtirtH.

A. n. CurtisB. .

C. S. Sargent .

6. Kneclniannand
C. S. Sargent.

Sandy loam

Ricb limestone .

Wet, peaty. .

Low, wot

Bicb, loamy.
...do

Kioh, alluTial .
...do

Sandy loam . . .

Coral

Iticb, alluvial .

Low, wet.
Clay

Wet clay
...do....

Afoist, gravoUy .

do.

Coral . .
...do..

Sandy loam .

Damp, sandy.

0.7989
0. 7914
0.60S0
0. 7923

0. 0182
0.0057
0.62*5
0.0001
0.4894
0.4832
0.0430
0.0419

0. 5215
0. 7371
0.73C5
0. 7575

0.5876
0. 5814

0. 8762
0.8455
0.7330 I

0. 7084
0.6640

0. 4816
0.4413
0.43ri2
0.4585

0. 4015
0. 4915

0.9718
0.0762

0.6427
0.0480

= ^--==^

1 1 ICIVNTOF
\ollClTV.

o

B.

B

o

llIM

"^ a
-.2
§1
1"

976

1028

697

097

71.".

651

697

.731

010

651

731

930

948

820

842

039

7.'i7

888

913

803

740

781

729

478

474

349

425

4'25

351

1062

1085

738

1220

1220

766

814

814

612

976

1062

977

888

849

820

814

763

811

610

592

698

872

814

734

1221

1328

1202

1062

1221

1015

1085

1130

937

888

990

915

42.1

397

722

6G9

697

6K2

574

CIO

623

507

531

409

814

888

C91

787

849

673

703

794

595

614

514

469

655

574

689

1163

1177

703

1820

1338

1170

405

405

'2!)8

1103

1221

937

1017

1050

898

814

864

021

814

814

883

814

839

820

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEADf— Contiuued.

373

DKFI.BCTIOX, IN JIlLI-IMETEUe, rXDER A PEEBBUBB, nt KILOORAHS, OF—

\

SO 100 ISO 200 O ;200,250 300 330;400

(»tt.)

12.;

12.0 10.0

II. 2 I 14. 0

11.5 IS.O

12. 8 22. 0

10. 5 20.5

12.0 18.0

ao , 12.4

9.3 j las

11.3 ; 18.0
1 >. 0 i 17. 6

0.4 I 17.1
0.8 IS.'

24.3 I 1.0
24.3 I 1.2

32.0
131.0

23.0

20. 0 25. 0

4SO SOO SSO

Specimen croN-graincd ; aplit

Failud at knot

Bniko with coareo sjilintersi shattcriMl .
Shattered

Square break on ttjDsiun bid^with split in s
Sbatterrd

Specimen crina-i.Taincd ; aquaru break ou teiisiuu side, flska on

cofupreBSioD Bide.
Specimen ciosa-graintd ,

1001
1001
lOM

Specimen crusa-graiDcd ; flake ou tenaion aide 1034

Specimen ci-oss-^rainud ; break started at knot ' 1(00

1030

Square liroak on tension side vith coarse splinters .

Square break with two large splinters

Square break on tenaion aide with coarse splinters . .

Sqnare break on tenaion aide ; shattered .

.do

122

737

Square break on tension side, splitting in the axia with fine eplinters. 2e3

Sap-wood; apecimen croucgi-ained ; broke with long splinters | 2S3

do SS«

Specimou cross-grained; aplintered j 1187

Specimen cross-grained ; square break ou tension side ; aplit in axis. 942

Broke with coarse aplintera i 640

Crtiahed at center bearinK; broke with coarse aplinters 744

Craehcd at center bearing ; splintered .

do .

Splinter»-d on corner 6^^

Specimen croas.grained ***

Specimen crnss-i;ii»iD»d ; broke nt knots . 430

Itroke with flue splinters , 4$0

Specimm cri>8a-gr;iiuid; failed ftom large eplinters on comer ] 474

400 Shattered; large Hakes ou tension aide ' 473

383 Broke with coarse splinters ' 473

350 ; Broke with coarse aplintera **•

FOREST TREKS OF KORTR AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

Locality.

Saiurafnii officinaJa .

Missonri AUenton.

do |... do

Jo do

-do.

do.

ErPHOKBIACE.E.

'/omialASu-l
I'liL Cal\for-\
ia Ban If*- 1

219. Prypctcs ciocca, rar. latifolia 450

UKTICACE^.

Tcnnwiiee ' Xogbrillo.

Weet Virginia : Grafton...

do f... do

Masgachnsetts OanTCrs..

do do

Oregon Coosbny.

Florida .
... do...

do.

"K.

cr Metacombe
ey.

.do.

Toxaa Dallas . ,

do ... do .

do I Austin.

... do do . .

G. W. Lettenuan .

..do

..do

...do

A-Gattinger

C.G. Pringle

...do

3. BobinsoD

.do.

AllnTial .
...do ....
Rich

H

en

0.5280

I 0.4!J6»

I 0.454G

I

! 0.4818

0.4824

0.5849

0.5S28

.do .

Biub loam .
...do

O. Engclninon and :
C. 8. Sargent. |

.do.

do.

5

0.6813
0.6755 ,

0.0301 1 1
0.9318 I

J. Beverchon

... do

C.Mohr '....do

...do

Biohloam I 0.070S |

I 1

0. 7348

0. 8375

22X Ulmns fnlvn 30' Kentucky Mercer county ' W. M. Linney .

KtdF.Un. SUppery Elm. Hoot \ i I

/'.hn. 134 ; lligsouri AUcuton i G. W. Lcttcrman.

4 ..do j....du .....do

19 I Voraiont Cliarlottu ' C.G.I'ringle

9 TenncsBeo Kashvillo A. Gattingor

224. Ulmirn Amrricana

Whtit Ktm. Amtriean Elm.
Water Elm.

0.BC82

10 ' Mastiachnsetts

Lul Mis<.oiirl

A mold Arborctom . C. S. Sargrnt

..do ., '...do

Allenlon G. W. Lottemian.

325. UlmtiN r^cemo^a

Itork Elm. Cork Elm. Itietory
Elm. WhiUElm. Cliff Elm.

130. tJImaaaUU

Wakoo. Winjtd Elm.

Texas | Colorado rirer

do
Hassacbuaetts...

..do

...do

do.

Danvera .

North Keodine .
...do

C. Uobr....

...do

J. liohinson.

Limestone 0. SS75

I
Kich, allavial I 0. 7iO«

....do I 0.0033

Gravi'llv 0.0707

CLiy 0.C821

Drift 0. 6920

...do 0.7080

Alluvial 0. 6477

.do .

do.

116' Ml'<hipin i DansTille ...] 'Vr.J.Beal .

11«" ...do Big Rapids do

110* do — do i do

116* do DudiiuD do

314 1 do Uerke'y ' do

do do I do..

428 I Tenni38See . • NasbriUo A.GatUoger.

183 I Sooth Carolina .

380 Tenaeasee

633 Hisaiasippl

633 ....do

Bonoeaii's Depot ... II. W. Rarenel .
Darldnon ciiunly ...' A. Gattlnger.
Kempnra Mill ' C. Mohr

AlluTlal.
...do....
Gravelly.

do.

do .

...do

Low, gravelly .

Alluvial

Rich loam

0.0506
0. 6168
0. 7370
0.73511

0.8562
0.6245
0.0830
0.7401
0.7677
0.7466
0.7442

...do 0.8768

Loam ! 0.8615

AUuvUl I 0.8243

...do 0.7883

o S

1136 I 1100 KI61

814

921

886

1136

1221

1055

080

1073

1094

1220

1302

1105

1103

1268

1030

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITEn STATES UNDEE TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

utD

DEFLECnOH, IN MILLWETEBS, UKDBB A niESSUBE, IK KILOOIUHB, OF—

30

lOO

8.6

17.4

8.5

15.6

U.O

21.0

8.0

15.0

7.5

14.5

8.0

18.0

10.0

19.5

14.0

29.0

iri.O

31.0

4.5

8.5

->.5

9.9

r>.o

9.4

5.8

11.2

6.5

12.2

0.5

12. 5

6.0

11.0

7.8

16.0

9.4

18.2

5.0

10.0

•■i.S

10.5

4.8

9.2

0.0

10.4

6.0

11.4

5.0

10.0

5.3

10.4

0.8

13.6

0.8

i:i. 0

6.5

12.2

0.7

11.7

12.2

25.0

9.0

19.0

5.9

11.5

6.0
4-S

11.4

S.2

6.0

10.0

4.3

ao

4.9

9.1

4.0

7.5

4.2

7.7

7.5

14.0

10.8

20.4

8.6

17.2

8.0

15.0

7.0

14.2

25.0

27.5

30.0
24.5
42.0
47.0

23.0
23.5
20.8
20.3

21.3
21.0
31.0
31.0
29.0
25.6
73.0
49.2
26.2
24.0

17.0
23.0
10.7

ia4

15.0
16.0
35.0

47.0
45.5
35.3

96.0
97.0

112.0
86.0

ts

Broke short and split

Broke with fine splintera .
Shattered

.do.

Coarse spliuters.
Shattered

Square hreak on tension side with large flake on compr«e«ion side.

Specimen oross-giained ; split .

do.

Sap-wood; shattered

Specimen cross-grained ; s«p-woo<l; shattered.

Biiiko Tvith coarse splinters

Short hreak on tension side

Sap-wood i shattered

4SS
450

-do

Crnslied «t center hearing ; best and splintered witbont breaking.

Til in scale on tension aide

Broke Tvilh coarso splinters; starte<l at knot.

0.5 sap-wood; splintered on comers-
do

IS

Broke with coarse splinters SPl

.do .

Broke with fine splintera ! 96S

Sqnare break od tension side, splitting in axis ; 953

Specimen cros8-graine<l | 1038

Broke with fine epliuters

- 431

.1 378

-do.

Buckled on compression side ; Due splintera .

ICM
104*
)M»

1161

Broke with flnc splinters

Cmshed at confer bearing; broke with fine apUnten 118»

Broke witli flue splintera | 11**

do "•»

do.

.do .

Sap-wood; failed at knot

O.'.l liejirt woiid; splinienMl at corners

Drukowith coarse splinters

Slipped tt\>m bearings; buckled large splinter on comer..

FOKEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

tablk ni.— beoavioe of the peincipal woods of toe

Epeate*.

Z27. rUoprm aqnktlca .

C«lt» oreldeaUlis

SugarUny. Hackbtrry.

tS. Ccltlii occiilPDtaliii. rar. retlcalata.
Ilaclbmy. Palo Blanco.

220' Ficos anrea

231. Ficnn pedoDcnlata

Wild rig. Jndia^nMer Tree.

2S2. Moranmbra

Jied Mulberry.

tU. Marlara anmntinra

Otage Orange. Bene d'A.re.

PLATANACE.E.

235. PlaUnns ucciilr-ntaUs

hyeamore. Button Wood. But'
lon-l/oU Tree. Water Beech.

ZU Pl.itantiii racemoM

Hyearnore. Button Wood.

237. lMaUDa<4 Wrightil.
tiyeamore.

JUGLAXSAC2&

238. Jnslanii cinetea

UuUemut. WkU* Walnut.

Florida .
.. do...
...do...

Minaoari..

...do

Texas ...

HaDsachnsetU.

...do

MissoDri

do.

'<eC Florida .

do .

UissanrL.

...do

...do

..do.
. . do .
...do.
.. do.

Toxaa .
.. do..

21 MaMBchusetta.

120 Mlsaouri

12a ...do

Chattalioocboo..

.do.

AllcntOD .
...do....
Dallas . . .
...do....
...do....
Salem ...

G. W. Lettcrman

J. Itovcrchon .
.. do

Saint Louis .
...do

Bay Biscayne.

Boca Chica Key .
AllentoD

DonryEggert.

G. Kngelmnnn and
C S. Sargcut.

A. n. Corties .
...do

G. W. Letterman
...do

Dallas .
...do..

Arnold Arborutom
Allonton

086 California. Carmrl river.,

080 ...do

M8 Arizona .

do.

n.'.7

MaaaacbusetU.

...do

UlMonri

...do

..do

Michigan

Michigan

Maaaacbaiette.

Uloonri..
Mjchigaa .
JlllnoU ...

.do .

Arnold Arboretum.

.. do

Allonton. ...«

do.

...do

DanivUlo .
Lamring . .
Topallcld .

Allen ton..

C. S. Sargent

O. W. Lcttomian.

G. R. Vaaey.

0. Engolmnnn and
C. S. Surgvut.

C. S. Sargent .

G.W. Loltenuan.

.do

....do...;..
W. J.Bcal.

...do

J. Bobtuson

G. W. Letlorman.

Bicli, alluvial .

Low, rich .
Alluvial . .

Moist loam .
...do

Dry

Coral .
...do.

.do.

Rich loam .

...do

Upland

.. do

...do

Klch

Drift

Rich, alluvial .

Clay.

Rich, gravelly . . .

Moist, alluvial . .

Rirli, niolst up.

land.
Gravelly clay

Grnvolly loam .
Drift

Danavillo W.J. Seal Giavolly.

Waukegan '..\ Robert Donglas. .. i Loam....

f-3

0. 5920
0.5113

0. SRST
0. 0023

It

m

0. 7727 I
0.7920

0.3215
0. 30G1

0. 0876
0.6784
0.6510
0. 0506
0.0312
0.0875
0.6040

0.8011 I
0.7927

0.0724 I

0.0125 1

0.0295 '

I
0.5170

0. 4812

0. 5309

0. 4820
0.4570
0.43IK
0. 4375
0. 4043
0.3804
0. 3205
0. 5284

0. .0852
0. 5l-,52
0. G031

COKFPlrlKXT OF
ELAMICITT.

1

E
3

1.

P

509

488

674

697

751

820

407

415

409

610

665

712

787

849

808

555

652

738

478

628

755

751

697

840

542

664

771

026

610

762

787

703

891

976

930

820

669

051

580

076

1085

1024

317

257

278

222

l^

407

230

1039

1062

037 ,

814

904

848 ,

039

888

766 :

718

814

738

697

723

690

751

697

745

034

678

608

857

930

nil

930

957

1150

407

454

408

888

070

792

1136

1100

042

020

022

586

695

626

6.17

407

426

408

581

488

887

034

051

308

703

787

068

814

888

087

070

1017

040

1130

1221

600

007

097

500

488

424

328

814

814

818

004

1039

1020

004

070

706

872

070

726

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE TRA>'SVEKSE StCaIX— Coiilimufl.

UKFUECTION, IK UILI.IMRTKEfl, UKDKB A PKKBSUBII, IK KILOGRAMS, OP—

50

lOO

9.6

20.0

7.0

13.0

12.0

2X5

8.0

14.7

6.2

11.5

8.8

17.7

10.2

18.5

33.5
10.9
39.0

23.0
17.5

21.5
29.0
25.2
20.0
16.0

!«OOj O jSOO

(set).

48.5
27.2

34.4
25.0
41.5
44.5

2. 5 ' 32. 0

I
5. 7 , 44. 0

4. 8 I 39. 0

2.3 29.0

1.1 I 22.3

37. 0 5. 3 I 38. 0

i
0. (I ! 14. 3 20. 0 I 1. 5 i 20. 2

l.'i.O j
12.4
II. 0

H.O

2;;. 0

i-.o;

0.4

10.0
10.0

14.0 I
lfl.4 I
15.8 '
18.5 I
20.0 '
21.4 i

22.2 !
I

15.2

15.2

38.0 j
14.5

12. 3

20.5
23.0
22.6
26.6
29.0
32.4
32.!;

20.2
20.4

55.7
19.6
17.0

1.8 ; 20.7
1.0 ; 23.6
2.0 23.5
2.3 27.0
2.6 30.3
2.0 32.2
3.0 33.5

0.7 I 20.6 I 27.0
0. 4 ' 21. 0 ! 26. 4

24.4 j 36,8 ,
24.6 39.0

1. 0 20. 8 25. 0
0.6 17.5 22.6

38.3
41.0

38.7 [
34.2 !

23.0

19.0 j 27.6
1B.8 ' 22.8
14. 5 I 20. 3
12, 4 17. 0
18.5 27.0

28.0
24.0
21.0
0.9 18.0
. 0 2i), 0

40O 430 500 ! 330

38.5 I 47.0
38.5 47.8

BB !

Sap- wood; liroko tbroagh knot

Sprciiuon croa8-;:rainMi

Broke with large epUuterB; bbatt«r(Ml .

Broke with coarse splinters

Failed by bending; Hue spliutera

Specimen cr08«-iTnined; njAitiTS on comcra at koota ■

Broke witblarpo spUnteia

Broke with lar^f Bfale

Sqnaru lircak uD tension aide with coane apUntera

Broke with eoar.^e splinters

Shattered; lar;ie, coarse splinters

Broke at knot; coarse splinters

1111
Ull

Specimen cross-^iTinciI; pplit with gr^in '- <SS

Specimen croas-grnined ; brokcwitb large aplintera 633

Square break

do

Speciiiicu ci-08S-gr»iiutd ; (tpUt with gruin .

Broke with coarse splinters

do 1»

Broke with thin flakes 1244

Failed from splinters on the comer 1245

Failed from thin scales on tension aide ] 1348

Broke with largB splinters 1255

do 112SS

Broke with fine splinters .

253

Specimen cross-grained; split with grain *1

Square break with coarse Bplinters 12*

Broke with fine splinters

Broke with tbiu tlakes from tension side .

Specinieii crosi^-grained ; 8i>lit with grain , W8

Specimen cross-grained -- i ***

Specimeu cross-jimiiied ; broke at small knots ••

Sqnare break on tension side: split iu axis !•

Crushed nt center bearing ; broke with long splinters 7«

Crusheil at center boariug: broke with fine splinters ^

Stpiaeo break • **^

Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis: shattered i MST

Specimen ci-oaa-gniined; shnltenHl 'l^

310 I Specimeu cross-grained; long break started at small knot.

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AHIERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

, JufiUoB nigra — coDtinned.

340. Jnelnns mpeaoia

WatnuL

Ml. Car>n olivipfnnnig.. ..'

I'tca n. lUinfju XuL

242. Cananllia

ehrllbark IlUkory. Shag-bark
Hickory.

Ml. C>r3r» milraU

Kio NhtU-tiark. BoUcm BhM-
bark.

Micliipm .
Texas

TenDcasee .
Florida....

...do

Texaa

..do

California .
.. do

Hisaiasippl .

...do

Texaa

do.

Ma«8achusetta.

do.

301
lOK!
1082
I IIM
1184
1104

Kentacky .
Michigan..

. do

Misaonri . . .
Vlriftnia...

MiNiiasippi

..do

...do

-do

..do

Weat Virginia.

do.

Uaaaacbnaetta.

...do

Miaeonri

...do

Kentncky .

do.

Locality.

Lansing .
Dallaa...

Cbnrlpslown Navy.

yard.
Nashville

Ag|>RlafEa

Kew Braanfels.

Contra Costa county

do

Arnold Arborctam

...do

Bnnvillo

Iludson

Lansing

Allonton

■WythovUle

do.

..do

Keniper'a mill.

Tnpsfleld .

McrciT county .

do.

■W. J. Boal...
J. Uererchon .

S.n. Pook

A. Gattingnr .
A. H. Curtlss.

do

C. Uobr .
..do...

G. K. Vasey .

Loam

Alluvial .

C. S. Sargent.

W. M. Linney.
W.J.Beal....

G. W. Lctterman
H. Sbriver

...do....
C. ifi.br .

.do.

...do

...do

...do

C. G. Prlngle.

...do

J. Robioson. .

O. W.Lotterman..

G. W. Letterman.

Limestone

Clay

...do

Moist, caloarcona
..do

Alluvial ...

Shale .
Clay..

Rich upland .
Clay

.do.

Alluvial...

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

.. do

Rich loam .

do.

en

0. 6619
0.6455
0. S»81
0. :u-u
0.6933
0.6949
0.7483
0.7386 ;

!

0.6125
0.71I97 j
0.5977
0.6063

0.7444
0. 7489
0. 7181
0. CS.IO

0. 8205
0.7955
0.9716
0.8085
0. 8038
0.8217
0.8108
0.8041
0.8163
0.8835
0. 8829
0. 8746
0. 9148
0. 7698
0.7569
0. 7947
0. fOI4
0. 8439
0. 6261
0. 7522

0.7130
0. 6603
0.0376 t^
0.0333
0.9421
0.8886
0.8648
0.9000
0.88:i4 'iSl

0.7927'^

0.84lil 1^
0.7762 \Mlt

1221
1627
1221

1305
1320
1163
1356
1576
1627
1221
1085
1221
1320
1356
1526
128S
1479
1626
1628

1306
1221

1221
1356
1221

STOP
TY.

S

e

"S

s

1

i

1!

976

586

930

668

1136

923

921

898

1221

820

1627

1137

1191

923

1017

937

688

462

679

949

842

468

697

520

651

457

876

676

496

581

542

600

1356

1245

1356

1240

1220

1266

1395

1057

1550

103*

1027

1132

1191

1144

1103

1160

1320

1242

1479

1289

1395

1289

1601

1444

1526

1242 '■

1675

1237

1627

1041

1628

1210

B76

1137

921

1073

1502

1381

1356

1172

1062

781

755

842

1223

720

losn

10R5

lion

95T

1172

1007

inn

840

10K7

835

10H3

1191

1144

1326

13.W

139S

1287

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

379

DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMKTXRB, VKDZCL A PIISSBUBB, IK klLOQBAMB, OF-

o

(act.)

0. 9 21. 6
8. 8 M. 4
44.0

0.4

3G.0
81.0
105.0
3&0
48.0

85.0 132.0
102.5 1S4.0
73. 0

.W. 0

01. 0
84.0
130.0
05.0
60.5
37.0
42. G

I*

o

-S
II

Specimen croRS-gralncd ; Bbattered

Specimen cross-graineil ; nplit at <H>nieT

Cmshcd at center bearing ; bn>ke in long apUntcn.

Sqnftre break; split from oml to end

Square break on tension side; split in axis

do.

Specimen cross-grained .
Shattered

Specimen croes-graiued ; broke at knot

Pailed fiom splinters on comers

Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot

Cros.s-grainod ; broke with large splinters .

4IS
415
672

Defective specimen ; square break on tension aids 823

Split; didnot break 322

Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side ; split in axis. 826

SqiiAro break on tension side; long splinters 320

Sap-wood ; broke with file splinters.
do

Bioke wilb fine splinters

Broko with long llakes from tension sida..

Broke with long, fine splinters

Broke wi:h large, coarse splinters

Sap'Wood ; broke with fine splinters

Crushed at center bearing ; fine splinters.

Si'fli'Ction of 88 millinioteiii under pressure of 600 kilograms ; some

crushing at center b*vrtng.
CruBhudat center bearing; fine splinters

0. 5 sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; fine splinter* .
Broke with long splinters

US'
118*

Broko witli fine spliutei-s

Sap.wood; broke with tine splinters.

0.5 sap.wood ; brttke witli tine splinters.

laide.

1066
1066

lOK

n

>!•

Broke witli two larjit- splint*'rs out

Faile.l IVom Ibinllttkison Iwek

Slipped from bearings; splintered

Sap-wooil ; slipped fntm lu^arings ; did not break

Tailed fum thin Hakes on back

Broke with flue splintri-s

0.5 sap-wotMl ; briike with fine splinters

Did nut break; pushetl through the bearings ; 1061

Broke with fine splinters 10«I

do ' 1164

do.

.: 1164
.' 1164

)S0

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AIMERTCA.

Tavia: III.— liEHAYIOK OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

243. Ctj* mlCTt* BonHnned .

1*4. Carva tanirntoui

ilKtrr .Vu». Black Jlietory.
Hull .Vut Big-bud Uictory.
Vt'hUe-lieari Hickory. King
XuL

345. C*r\ ■ porrina

Pig \iii. Sroim niekory. Black
iiickory. Switcfi-biid Hickory,

244. Ctrraaman

Bitter Xut. Suamp Hickory .

247. Caryn iDjrriiitira-fornila

Sutmcg Uiekory.

248. Cnrva aqnalira

\faur Hiekfry. Swamp Hiebyry.

li.lirr /W/in

MYRICACEA

249. IfvlHrariTifcra ,....

ilaytrrry. Wax ityrll*.

2M. Myrica CaUromica

CCPHLITER*.

2S1. Qnnrriia allia

If Atte OeJt.

State. Locality.

Maaaacbnaetta . . .

Iforth lEcading .
..do

Kentucky ■ PorryviUo .

234 Missouri AUtDton...

I I

34S Alabama , CUroDcUa .

Maasacbnaetts.

do .

MitffloTiri

.. do

Micbigao . . .
MifisooH —
TcDn<'i»e6 . .
Al.ibauia ...

do .

MuasHcbuBctts.

do.

Misaouri.
.. do ...
.. do....

..do.

...do

Maaaacbuaetta.

...do

.. do

Sontb C'aTDlina. . .
....do

...do

lliaalaaippi .
...do

do.

Georgta..

...do ..
Florida .

(MS CalirornU
805 ....do

8 MaaanihuaetU. . .

32 Kentucky .

Arnold .Arboretum

do.

Daoaville

AllcntoD

2sa.sbviUe

Kcmpei-'s mill .
..do

do.

Xorth Readiug.

...do

AUentoD

. do .
DaoTo

BoDDcaa'B Depot . .

.do.

...do

Yickaburg.
...do

.do.

Baiobriduii

Cbaltabooobeo. .

.do.

W. M. Linnoy

...do

G. AV. Lettoroiau
C. Mobr

C. S. gnr^ent

...do

G. W. Lrtterman

...do

W.J.Beal

G. W. Lettcnnan
A. Uuttinger . . .
C. Mubr

do.

...do

J. KobiDson.

G. W. Lctturman
...do

.do .

J. lUibioau

!... do

...do

Solnl Jalin'a river . . A. H. Ciirilaa

H. W. Ravcnel...

.do.

...do

C. Slohr

...do

... do

A. U. Curtiits.

do.

►>5.

^

]<=>

Drin . 0.7181 ^

-do |»-8s«i;[l

.do 0.7630 1

nUcaabalo j 0.7587

...do I 0.6058

Kicb upland 0. SGOU

Sandy 0.8050

Drifi

.do.

Grarolly clay ..

Kicli lo;iiD

Upland

Alluviul

...do

...do

Drift

Flinty .

Rich upland .
Ricb loam ...

0.7818 S

0.9658 p

O.MfiS '^

0.00.19 1^

0.S473 j^

o.8«2 m

0.8183
0. 6932
0. 7463
0. 863G
0.8760
0.8614
0.8U3
0.8580 [IT'If]
0.8500 iS?^

0.7804 '^

TW

Ricb, Bwampy
...do

Swampy .

Alluvial .
...do...
...do....

.do.

Sandy loam 0, 6227

Santa Cniz | G. Kniiclmaiin uud | lilili loam

I C.S. Saicent.

: o.s.Tic

0.7380
0.7540
0.7727
0. 7813
0. kVM
0.8470
0.81»»
0.6415

,liiiiJ:

|E2i

do .

0.0511 i
do 0.8021 i

Arnold Arboretum.. O.H. Sargent Drift

. . do ....do ... do

Mi-rcor county I W. M. Llnncy I Liraeatone .

Uoyle county ilo

.do.

Khnle
Slate .

0.7432
0.8358
0.800(1

0.7008

I
U.65»4 I

976
1252
1039
1085
976
751
1062
1062
1085

! 1221
1479

1221
1085

I I

1221
1007
1395

948
1085
1028

939

976

1002
1395
1149
1221
1085
814
1221
1007
1221

1085
1136

1302
1028

1028
848

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
TJNLTEI) STATES UNDER TIIAKSVEESE STKAIN— Continued.

3S1

UUFLECTIOX, IX M1I,LIJ1I:TI'.1,S, L MiKK a rilESSUKE,

IN KM.

0GIIAU8. OF—

ii

I*

Ii<:ttiarlu.

.10

4.0

5.2
4.0

.1.1

.-i.O
3..1
CO

5.0
3.0
4.7
4.5
5.0
C.5
4.0
4.6
4.5
9.3
4.9
5..5
0.8
7.4
0.1

4.7
0.4
5.1
4.5

4.0

3.3

4.0
7..')
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4. 5
0.7

6.0

5.4
5.0

0.4
4.3
0.0
5.4

100

8.0
9.7

7.0

10.3
9.0
6.0

10.4

10.0
9.2
7.0
8.S
8.0
9.0
12.0
8.0
8.9
8.0
13.3
8.9
12.0
13.0
13.7
11.1

9.0
12.0
9.0
8.0

7.5
0.0

8.4

14.0
10.3
10.0
9.0
7.1
9.5
11.8

11.0

10.0
9.7

1:1. 5
11.0
8.0
10.5
10.3

ISO

£00

15.6
20.8
13.5

22. n

19.6
12.2
21.4

20.4
20.0
14.2
17. 5
10. 2
IS.O
26.7
16.0
17.1
15.7
22.6
18.5
27.5
28.0
31.5
23.0

19.0
26.3
19.0
18.4

14.6
11.0

16.5
30. D
21.5
20.2
18.0
14.4
20.5
23.0

24.0

19.9
20.0

30.7
23.5
17.0
20.7
21.5

0

(act.)

0.5
1.3
0.5

1.4
1.1
0.3
1.1

1.0
1.1
0.5
1.1
0.6
0.9
2.0
0.6
0.0
0.9
CO
1.3
3.0
2.6
5.0
2.2

1.0
2.2
I.l
0.6

0.3
0.1

1.0
3.0
1.2
1.1
0.7
0.4
4.0
0.9

1.3

1.0
1.0

3.1
1.5
0.4
1.0

0.7

iiOO

10.0
21.0
14.0

23.0
20.0
12.2
22.0

20.5
20.7
15.0
18.0
16.6
19.0
28.0
10. 0
17.0
16.4
23.3
19.0
28.5
28.8
32.5
24.2

18.4
27.5
19.0
18.7

15.0
12.0

10.5
31.2
22.0
21.0
18.2
15.0

•^ao 300

S30 400

450

137.0

SCO

aso

k
i

1

11.5
15.0
10.5

1.'-.. 3
13.8
9.0
15.6

14.5
U.2
10.9
12.5
12.0
13.7
19.0
11.9
12.7
11.0
18.0
13.4
18.8
19.2
21.0
10.1

13.3
18.5
14.0
13.7

11.2
9.0

12.0
21.0
15.2
14.7
13.5
10.8
10.5
17.0

17.4

14.4
14.7

21.2
10.7
13.0
15.0
15.6

20.0

28.0
18.0

29.0
26.0
15.0
28.0

27.0
26.2
18.5
22.5
21.3
23.6
36.0
21.0
23.0
21.2
28.4
24.5
37.6
37.5
41.4
31.0

24.0
37.0
24.7
24.0

19.0

14.7

22.0
41.2
80.0
27.5
23.5
18.0

.ST. 2
24.0

41.5
33.0
19.1
87.1

34.0
35.0
23.6
30.3
28.0
30.6
47.0
27.0
30.0
28.6
36. 0
31.0
52.5
51.6
57.0
41.0

21.3
50.5
32.5

.mo

23.7
18.1

29.0
67.2
42.0
36.6
80.3
22.2

5U.0 ; 09.5
34.0 50.0

333

463
435

392
444

002
489

450
450
578
500
874
489
344

466

J
396

474

497

473

411

399

389

450

483
399
479
518

663
637

464
893
400
469
336
527
200
240

348

450
434

334
392
439
389
349

Broke with coarse Bplin ten

Fiiio gplintors; not broken

lie

5&0
44.0
22.7
47.0

44.0
44.2
31.0
37.-b
38.2
40.0

Sap-iroo(l; failed with two tliin flakes on back

02.0
27.4
01.0

57.5
60.0
36.0
49.0

33.0
89.0

73. 7

40.0

50.0

Broke with coaiscaplinlers

2St
M8

a

-do

Broke with fine splintuns

do

.......do

Broke with fine splinters

Broke at knot with coarse splinters

Broke with fine splinters

do

Square break on tension side ; split in axis

Broke with flue splinters

do

Broke with coarse splinters ; flaked on tension Bide

do

Broke with coarse splinters

do

46.0
66.0

00.2

76.0

88

121'

52.0

63.0

288

35.0
39.5
36.4
46.5
42.5
70.0
73.0
85.0
55.0

41.5
70.5
42.5
39.0

30.0
22.0

37. 5
86.0
56.5
49.0

44.0

60.0

538

538

49.0
61.0
50.0
110.0

68.0
84.0
75.5

538

1098

1098

1168

73.0
56.4

105.0
84.0

1168

153

838

6^7
51.0

36.0
26.0

52.5

74.5
68.5

45.0
31.2

do

83S

103.0

58.5
3&5

77.0
48.0

838

23T

Deflection 63 nnllimoters with a preMure of 600 kilograms ; broke
with fine apliotcra.

237
129

0.5 aop-wood ; failed from flakes on back

Broke with 1un;;spliutt<ni

362

82.0
68.0

3C3

109.0

sa

740

27.0

33.0

40.0

47.2

740

740

23.6

24.0

20.0
20.4

32.0
24.0

lao

21.5
21.6

917

81.5

25.2
20.0

42.0
31.0
23.0
2&2
28.0

42.0

32.0
33.0

59.0
40.0
30.5
S7.0
37.0

S8S

40.0
42.4

50.0
60.0

Sqnare brtnik im teusinii sidr; split iu axis; shattered

do

ess

MS

8

52.0
38.6
47.5

70.0
48.6

Broke with larpj apUutow ,

8

3a

S2«

SJ»

582

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEUAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Spfcie*.

2SI. Qnenos tiba— cODtinaed .

2£2. QniTcu* InbiU

IThilt Oat. Veefing Oak.

i'04t Oat. Iron Oak.

49 Missonri.

...do

Micbigan .

.. do

Sonth Carolina.

.. do

Virginia

...do

.. do

do .

Loculity.

Big Kapids
PansviUo . . .

Hndson

Bonncan's Drpot -

■WjfUeTille .

Charlfstown Navy-
jiiril.

G.W.Letterman.

W.J.Beal.
..do

Rich npland .

.do.

do.

Gravelly.
Sandy ...
....Ao ....

&|

Ms

ID

H. W. KaTenol . . Ricb, damp loam.

H.Shriver Clay.

do do

...do

.S.n.Puok.

Gi'avelly.
...do....

NacbviUi; A. Cadinger.

Alabama ... ' Ecnip«r'a mill C. Mobr .

. . . do ' . - du I . . . do —

I I

Florida

.do.

...do ,

...do

HuaacboaetU.

I 803

lOSO
1257
1257 i

070 CaliToniU .
070 ' do

B8S
085

Oregon .
...do...

1077

... do

1027

....do

1020

... do

1029

...do

Chattaboocbee A. H. Curtiss .

Kortb Beading .

lt.C.Beedle.„.

Churleslovn Navy-
yard.

Bedding .
.. do....

Weidl.r'a
... do....,
Fortlaud.

do

rnrlUiicI Farnilare
Cftni|Muiy,

S. H. Pook .
...do

G. B. Vascy.

(j.Engrlmannnnd

C S. Hiirgeut,
...do

Kcntocky ' Harrodsburg

Soalh Carolina . . . { Booncau'a Dnpot. . .

UImwui I Allenlon

Alabama Cttronello

W.M. Linnoy..-.
n. W. RaTrnol . .

G. W. Letlorman.

C.Mohr

...do

Bicb bottom .

Alluvial

...do

Clay

.do.

Gravellyloao
...do

Bleb loam .
...do ,

Shall)

Bicb upland .

...do

• ■lay

...do

do.

0.7027
0.7060
0.7784
0.7501
0. 7614
0.6001
0. 7149
0. 7060
0. 7460
0. 8085
0. 7707
0.7876
0.7790
0. 7102
0. 7170
0.8091
0.7631
0.7364
0.7143
0.6630 .
0.8475
0.8.'i79
0. 8075
0. 8099
0. 8233
0.8C55
(I. 730«
0.7H18
0. SOOl
0.8343
0. 8461!
0. 8773

I
0. 7443
0.7657

1.7548
1.7716
1. 7B36

1.8795
I. 80C5
I. 8013
I. 8043
1.7014
1.7688

m

m

i

07G

1028

740

751

872

930

814

814

872

913

079

697

814

896

857

775

1356

1850

1055

1221

1221

1055

1163

1221

1047

1061

1191

928

814

842

764

1163

1221

1059

976

976

1043

1221
1320

1252
1061

1017
1177
1252
1802

1268
1085

840 ino5
107 1 1048

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Coiitiuued.

383

UEVLECTIOM, IN MILLIUKTERB, UMDIB A FBESgUIlB, IN KILOOUAHS, OF—

14.4
20.4
17.0
19.0
16.5
23.0
16.2
20.0
16.5
11.0
12.0
12.0
12.7
18.0
12.0
16.0
16.3
15.3
17.8
26.0
14.5
12.2
11.6
11.0
18.8
20.0
17.5
20.6
12.7
19.5
11.7
13.3

23.5
18.7
15.5
18.0
19.0
16.7
18.0
23.0
10.5 i 10.0
14.0 I 22.0

13. 0 19. 6
11.5 17.5
9. 6 j 14. S
12. 5 19. 6
15.5 23.0
11. 0 ' 17.7

2.2

28.0
24.6
19.0
20.2
33.7
1. 7 25. 0

46. 7 62. 0
40. 0 ; 60. 6
33. 5 43. 0

50.8 ; 64.0

47.0
100.9
40.5

Broko with flue aplin ten

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis.

Broke ^cith email splinters ; slightly cmshed at bearing.
Broke with fine splinters

.do.

Broke with large flakes

Broke with (ine splinters

Broke wilh large epUnters

Broke with tine Hplinters

Broke with large scale

Broke with tine splinters

Broke with large scale

S(]u:iro break on tension side, splitting in axis .

Broke with tine splinters

do

.do.

.do.

113>
113>

2S0>
23S>

T48
748

do

Broke at knot

Specimen cross-grained . . .
Broke with fine splinters .
do

do IMO

Broke with largo splinters 1257

.do.

I 13ST

Specimen cross-grained ; splintered on both comera ] 870

Splintered on comer CTO

Square bre;>k on tension side, splitting in axis tSS

Specimen oross-graintMl { 965

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis MS

do.

do • 1087

do 1027

Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long splinters .- 1029

do ' 1029

4r>0 Squiiitt bn':ik on tension aide, splitting in i

Broke with coarse splinters i IM

Square brejik on tension side, splitting in axis i 2i«

384

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tabi.k III.— BEnxWIOll OF THE PRINCirAL WOODS OF THE

Sp«ci<«

2M. Qaereu obtn«lloh« wmHnutd.

SS& Qn«*rmA macrticarpa

Burr Oak. il<tty-eupOak. Ottr-
eup Oak-

IS7. QnrTcos IyT»tn ,

Orfr.fMp Oak. Swamp Post Oak.
Walrr IHliK Oak.

2S6u Qaerras birolnr

Smmp WkiU Oak.

Qarrrna Prinon..,
Ckftnut Oak.
Oat.

Rack Chutnut

Ml. Qn^rroo prinoiilea

TfUewtxtk. CkutnutOai. OhiK-
, quapin Oak.

do.

Xew 3Ioxico .

..do

Colorado

...do

KcDtacky .

...do

Hissouii...
niinoia —
Texns

do

Tcnnesseo .

Illinois

Tesu

.do .

Vennont..
...do

MiftsisAippt .

South Carolin* .

..do

AUbama

do

do.

KentDcky .

I.ocality.

Aapalnga.
...do

EDgclmaan's caflon

Mercer coantj.

do .

Allcnton...
Wnukogan .
Dallas

.do

XnshTillc

Winoebafiio connty
Austin

do.

Charlotte .

..do

..do

Kemper's mill .

do.

..do

Cbattohoocbee.

.do

Allenton

...do

...do

..do

West Newbury

Arnold ArlMretum.

IVioneaa's Depot . .

...do

Kemper's mill

do .

Chsttaboocheo.
..do

Kobert Douglas.

do .

W. M. Liuney

..do

G. W. Lotterraan.
liobert Douglas..

J. Eeverchon

...do

A. Gnttiuger

M.S.lJobb

C.Mohr

...do

CO. Pringle

C.Mohr.,
...do ....

.do.

CW. LcttcrniBn.

...do

...do

do .

J. Robinson..
C. S. Sargent .

n. W. Itarenel .

...do

C.Mohr

do

do .

W.U. Linney .

Boyle oonoty .

.. do^. .......

..do

TennoMce j Naahvlllo | A. Oaltingor .

Alaboma ..
..do

Gravelly barrens
...do

Kooky.

do.

do.

Moist upland .

Rich

Rich, moist ...

do.

AUavial .

Loam

Alluvial .

do.

Low, swampy.
Drift

AUuvlal .
...do ....
...do....

do.

do.

Kentucky .

Shale .

...do

Limestone

Ro<'ky upland .

Mereer county.
Doyle county . .

Allenton

..do

W. M. Linney ... I Limestone .

Wavi'riy shale .
O. W. Lrtterman 1 Limestone .
do Flinty.

61

0.0172
0.8958

0.8489
0.S092
0.7996
0.8073

0.7030
0.7358
0. 9418
0. 83G8

o.8a«o

0.84C6
0.7507
0.7465
0.7804
0.8313
0.8523
0. 8153
0.8153

0.7784
0. 7972
0.7808
0.7955
0.7955

0. 9102
0. 7182
0. 7443
0. 7580

1.8087
I. 7808
1.7710
1.9199
1.0280

0.7313 [|^

Cullman C.Mohr Dry, rocky O.BL'UT

do do 0.7573

0.7083
0.)'04D
O.OMit
0.0125

COKFFIIIKXT OF

&

KLA8TICITT.

E

5
800

.1"

o

'2 3

u

dS

888

930

814

814

581

610

610

820

761

718

998

143

430

323

514

528

579

1221

1221

1055

1086

1103

1092

872

948

1226

679

679

696

1017

1028

968

939

907

919

976

930

926

1039

1149

1055

697

723

914

729

712

803

814

835

1052

904

913

1029

703

814

1034

1039

1073

865

1221

1221

1146

1285

1302

1041

1027

1550

1020

1744

1520

1055

703

M.'.

1100

976

1085

998

970

1085

937

1002

1149

1036

543

,192

581

651

603

702

1085

1085

1064

957

030

1(199

070

P30

1116

1110

1112

1141

828

840

ura

888

857

1127

1221

12.-.2

1319

1030

1149

MO

llVJ.I

lOM

1305

1

595

640

1028

1028

1130

1221

1221

1050

970

970

1140

1479

1520

1465

970

1050

1291

1221

1221

1277

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
fJNlTED .STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continuctl.

385

DEFLKCTIOK, IN HILLIUETESB, l/TiUSn A PUEBBUUK, IN KILOOBAHB, Or—

DIIFLIM

SO

too

10.5

CO

12.0

8.0

10.0

c.r,

13.6

11.0

22.7

0. fi

18.6

4.0

8.0

4.^

8.4

n. 0

10.3

7.2

14.4

4.8

9.5

n. 2

10.1

n.o

10.5

4.7

8.5

7.0

13.5

li. 7

13.7

0.0

11.7

r..4

10.7

0.4

12.0

4.7

9.1

4.0

8.0

,X8

7.5

3.0

«.3

2.8

6.4

fi.4

n.7

.'"..0

9.0

.'■..0

9.0

4.0

8.5

0.0

10.5

7. r>

14.1

4.5

D.O

.'). 1

10.4

.'i.O

10.6

4.4

8.7

5.9

U.5

r,.5

11.4

i.O

7.8

4.7

8.5

II.O

5.8

8.4

10.4

3.0

0.0

4.0

8.0

5.0

10. 0

.1.0

9.3

4.0

ao

12.0

14. G
10.0
14.0
12.0
25 FOB

73.0
90.0
87.0
75.6
99.0
135.0

47.6

64.0
13&0

EC

SpHutorod on corner .
Square broak

Bruko with coanie Bplintoro

Sap'WtHHl ; ilruw off boarings ; fine spHntora

Specimen rotten ; squnrn brMli

Split at ono cod ; HcpinrM break on tension ftlde.

Broke whli lon;^ H)>liiitei- on toruer ,

Broke wil li fine Bpliiit^^ra ,

Broke with larj;o Hpliutor on comer

SpecimoD crotia-^ruiued ; started at knot

Specimen croiw-^-ained; split

Splintered at comers

Typical

Broke with lino splinters .
do

Square break on tcnniun sido

Faded from umall Bj>liDterH on comer .

Failed fiom thiu flakeH on back.

Failed from fino rtpHnterw un comor. . .

Square brojik ; crushed

Broke with fine splinters

FaihMl from long spUnters on tension side .

Broke at knot in center of stick

Square break on tension side

Broke with nmall splinters ; drew off bearing. .

Broko with lonj; splinters

Sqnare break on tension side, splitting In axis .

Broko with tine splinters

Broko at knot near the end

Spociirton erosB-ffraiued ; split with grain

Broko with fine splinters

Failed A'om larf^e splinter, starting at knot ■
Did not break ; drew from bearing

Broko with fine splinters

Square break on tension sido, splitting in axis.
CniBhod at bearing; brok>« witli fine splinters. .
Square break on teuMion side, splitting In axis .

Square broak with largo HpHnters

Faiknl ft-om hirgo splinter on ooraer

Broke with fine 'splinters

IVfliH'tion with a pressure of 600 kilograms, 08 miUlmet«r«i broke

with tine spliutors.
Broke with lar^jo splinters

Broko with tine splinters

58G

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tablk 111.— BEIIAVIOK OF TUE PlllKClPAL WOODS OF lUE

11

Sp«(le

m. Qnereiu priBoidea— omtinaed

SB. Qnrrcns Donclasii

Mountain White Oak. Slue Oot.

2S3. Qar'rnn nbloDgifolia

While Oat.

in. Qnrrcnn crisea

Whiu Oat.

ZM. Qurrrus Duruidii

187. Qoercns Tirvna

Lit* Oat.

SB8. QofTcns rhrysnlfpia

Licf Oak itaul Oat. Talpa-
raito Oat.

tn, QoercDa Zmoryi

lilaek Oat.

•570. Qarn-a« a^rifolta

Encmo. Coatl Live Oak.

Texu Sallns —

... do ' do

Xenncsseo NaahviUo.

do do

Califoroia .
...do

...do.
..do.

Arizona .
Texas ..

Califoniia.
...do

Cahfornia.
..do

Maaaacbneetta.

..do

Kcotacky .

do

KoDtiicky .
Michigan ..

...do

IlllaoU....
Vermont ..

do.

..do

...do

..do..

Ulaalarippi .
...do

Contra Costa connty

do.

San Diego county.

Charleatown Xavj-.

yanl.
Saint Johu'a rircr .

Matagorda bay . . . .
...do

San Bernardino .

.. do

Marin county...

.do.

Marin county.

Arnold Arboretum.

...do

Mercer county.

Mi'rcer county .
Danavillo

do.

J. Rorercbon .

A.Gattinger.
...do

G. 15. Taacy .

S. B. Buckley.

do .

S. n.Pook ...
A. H. Curtisa.

G. E.Va«ey.
...do

O.R.Vasey

G. Kogelmann . . .
..do

C.S. Sargent.

...do

W. M.Linney.

W. M. Linney
W. J.Boul...

do.

Waukegan Robert Dmiglaa

Charlotte .

do.

...do

...do

.. do

EnterpriM.

.do.

C. G. I'riugle

Clay..
...do.

Dry» gravelly.
...do

Dry, rocky

Damp, calcarcons

.do.

Sandy

...do

Rich, eandy.

...do

Sandy loam.

.do.

Gravelly.

do.

Dry, rocky.
Loam

do .

...do...
..do ...
Shale ...

Alluvial .
Sandy ...
..do....
Gravelly.

do .

J, 2 a
1.5 E

0.9203
0.0966
0.0059
0. 8755

1. 0023
1.02&«

1. 1408
1. 0474

1. 0023
1.0420

1.0469
0.9127 I
0.9307 '
0.9114
0. 8972
1.0114

1. 0193 ;

0.8833 j
0.8989 I

0. 9386
0.9204 '•

1. 0264

0. 8602
0. 8508

0. 8076
0.8653

kd

1.7011 ffl
1.6872 ^
1.0304 Ej
I.650O 1^
I. 55-.'8
1.6139
1.5432
I. 6201
I. 6787

1.7203
1.6703
1.7310
1.7254
1. 6935
I. SMI
1.5852

B

•^ B

E"

1436
1285
1221
1221
1163

1039
1221

1953
1283
1130
I3SU

1221
IS.IO

1221
1221

M

1007 I
1007 I
1140
1062

921

1502
1393
1232
1191
1122

1085
1140
1221
1338

1350
1140
1320

1221
1336
1028
888
1302
1208

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TKANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued.

)87

1

DKFLECTION, IN Mltl-IJIETERS. IXDKlt A Plil-bBUBE, IN KILOOUAMB, OF—

1

i

o

50

lOO

ISO

300

O

300

330

30O

3SO

40O

430

50O

sso

z c

Benurks.

(set.)

H

5.0

9.7

15.4

20.0

1.1

20.5

26.5

33.5

43.0

64.0

eao

91.0

525

Broke wilb longtplintere

323

5.0
4.5

9.7
8.5

16.3
12.7

21.0
17.3

1.5
1.1

21.5
17.5

2&0
22.3

3C0
29.0

46.5
3C0

69.5
45.0

93.0
5C0

465
660

do

Broke with fine Bplintors

71.0

93.0

514

5.0

9.2

14.0

19.0

1.0

19.2

25.0

32.0

51.5

64.0

478

Shattered; cross-grftincd

SpecinitD cross-^raiDc-d ; nplit wil h grain

16.0

22.0

SCO

5C0

447

6.0

l.'i. 7

23.2

32.3

2.3

S3. 0

42.5

55.3

72.0

400

8M

14.0

21.0

30.0

52.5

90.5

413

4.8

9.6

14.5

20.5

1.2

21.6

200

CSS

C.8

13.2

20.7

29.0

2.6

29.8

39.0

51.0

5.5

11.0

10.5

23,0

1.5

23.4

29.5

38.3

63.0

426

«.l
3.4

12.4
0.6

19.3
10.0

27.0
14.0

2.0
0.2

27.3
14.0

35.0
17.0

4C0
21.4

61.5

80.0
38.0

421

do

48.0

3.8

7.0

10.7

14.0

0.4

14.5

18.0

22.7

28.0

34.0

43.5

55.5

73.5

564

799

4.0

7.8

11.5

15.5

C9

15.7

20.0

25.7

32.0

40.5

50.2

6C7

517

do

799

8.2

12.8

1C3

2C5

55.0

4.2

7.0

8.7
13.2

12.5
20. C

17.1
29.5

C2
3.0

17.0
30.0

22.0
39.0

28.4
51.7

36.0
69.2

43.0

450
348

do

919

do

BSi

0.5

13.0

20.0

20.2

3.1

30.0

40.7

277

6.0

9.0

13.6

18.2

0.5

18.2

23.0

28.0

35.5

43.0

54.2

73.0

120.0

568

•49

4.7

8.5

12.2

16.6

0.5

16.6

20.0

25.5

38.0

46.5

69.0

541

619

4.0

8.0

12.0

1C4

0.6

16.5

21.0

27.0

40.0

66.0

548

3.8
7.0

7.3
15.3

11.2
23.7

14.7
33.2

0.6
3.5

15.0
34.7

19.0
45.0

24.5
62.4

30.5

3C5

46.0

59.0

517

4.0

10.2

16.6

21.8

1.6

22.7

29.6

39.2

52.0

75.0

5.0

10.3

1.^.0

21.3

1.5

21.9

29.0

38.0

51.0

397

C6S

5.4
5.7

11.5
11.2

17.5
1C8

25.4
23.3

1.7
1.3

25.8

36.0
33.0

47.0
39.5

324

tss

61.5

Specimen croaa-^rrained ; sqaare break on tension aide^ splitUng In
nxia.

CO

9.0

12.0

0.1

12.2

15.3

19.0

23.2

28.2

34.2

45.2

547

3 8
4.3
3.0
6.0

7.2
8.S
7.4
9.8

10.7
12.3
11.3
14.7

14.4
1C6
15.2
20.5

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.7

14.7
16.8
15.3
20.7

18.0
21.5
19.6
27.6

22.5
27.5
25.8
37.6

28.0
35.0
32.0
53.5

35.0
4C0
43.0

45.2

67.0

500
447
451
365

do

7

69.0

do

4S>

5.0

97

15.3

21.7

0.5

20.7

27.0

3I>. 0

46.0

385

45>

6.7
CO

11.5
12.0

17.0
18.0

23.7
24.9

1.2
1.3

24.7
24.6

32.5
32.0

47.6
42.5

336

4S*

0. Saapwood; sqnaro break on tension &id^ splitting bi axis

4.0

7.8

11.5

15.4

C3

15.7

2C0

0.4

12.7

19.2

2C4

1.3

26.7

35.0

47.0

333

HI

4.0

R.0

12.5

1C8

a8

17.0

22,1

2a 3

85.5

382

148

3.0
6.0

7.2

11.0
14.5

H.5
20.0

0.3
0.6

14.6
20.0

18.7
2C2

23.6
34.5

29.0
4a 0

SCO

43.6

461

374

do

IIS

2IS

,^5

11.0

17.0

24.0

2.0

24.6

81.0

41.0

52.5

oao

02.0

457

SIT

4.0

7.8

11.0

14.6

0.2

14 7

18.5

23.0

2a 6

34.8

43.0

54.0

530

Broke with thin scale aiid fine splinters

:!l«l

4.0

7.7

11.2

15.4

0.8

15.6

19.7

25.0

80.7

sao

4C0

60.0

500

Broke with tine splinters

Ilf

,S.7
5.0

12.0
10.0

18.0
16.0

27.0
24.0

2.8
2.0

27.7
24. S

39. S
83.0

290
325

Failed ftxuu long scale on Itack

Broke with long, coarse splinters

920

49.0

190

388

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tablk III.— bEDAVIOK OF TDK riUKClPAL \VOODS OF THE

SpaeiM.

S72. QacrvnB rubra — rontiiined

272. Qacrriu rabn, rar. Texui*

SedOak.

VTS. QaercuH cnccisba

Scarlet Oat.

274. QnfritiK linctorta

Slack Oak. Tta<ne.bark Oak.
(juerdtnn Oak, Tdioa Oak.

275. Qnercos Kelloeeil

BUuk Oak.

Tit. Qnercoji nigra

Black Jack. Jack Oak.

377. Qaercas falcata

iS^nuA Oak. Etd Oak.

278. Qnercun CaU-abci

Turkmj Oak. Haruh Oak. Forked.
Un/ Btaek Jack. JllackJack.

279. Qnrr' im pklimtriii

J'in Oak. ttuamp HpanUh Oak
Water Oak.

280. Qurrcas aquAtica

Water Oak. fiuck Oak. Ponum
Oak. l-unk Oak.

IMS Uaaascbneetta.
IMS ....do

282

511

Texaa.
...do

Xortb Keadiog .

.do .

Massachusetts Arnold Arboretum.

Kentucky Panvillo Junction .

do.

Missouri.
...do ....
...do....
Virginia.

.do.

...do

...do

Tenncaaee.

Oregon ,

Missouri.

South Carolina.

...do

Virginia

.. do......

Miaasaippi .
.. do

Alabama
...do....
Florida . .

do

.do.

VlrgioU.

2MI

204> ....do

204« .. do

MO I Alabama..
a4« I. ...do

WytheviUe .

Nashville .

Saw.mill, Ashland .

...do

Eugene City

do .

Boncean's Depot.

do.

Wytbevillo....

.. do

Carroll county .

do.

Kemper's mill .

Cottago Uill .

Aspalaga .

do .

Allunlon.
...do . ..
...do.."..

Carroll county ,

...do

...do

Ciittagallill ...
.. do

A. H. Cartiss .

C. S. Sargent..

.. do

W. M. Linnoy .

do.

G. W. Lcttcrman.

.do .

A. Gattingor..

G. Engolmannand
C. S. Sargent.

G. W. Letterman .

H. W. Itaveuel .

A. H. Curtisa

G. W. LotUirman.
...do

do.

H. Shrivor .

...do

...do

C.Molir...

Clay ..

Drift .
...do .

Shale

...do

Slate

Kich u]ilaod .

...do

...do

CUy

Clay .

Iticbluam.

...do

Clay

.do

...do

Rich lonm .

Barren, sandy.

Rich, alluvial .

do.

Tenneasee Tollahoma ' A. Gattingor

do do do

Sandy loam
...do

?3e

0.75E0
0.7426

assso

0.892G

1.6847
1.7284

0.8J9S
0.8408
0. 7519
0. 5432
0.5026
0. 7102
0. 7046
0.6949

0.06J2
0.6841
0.6960
0.6875

0.7688

0. 7521
0. 7421
0. 6307
0.6767
0. 7837
0. 6033
0.7875
0.7614

0.6875
0. 7193
0.8395
0.8442

0. 7148
0. 7071
0.7531

0.0523
0. 6170
0. 6158
0. 7142
0,7313 !
0.7500 !
0.7411 I

COKPFIClKNTbr
KLA6TICITT.

|i

e
1

1221

1320

128.'

1221

1302

1172

070

1039

1252

1017

1028

794

976

1085

1055

1221

1221

1161

1085

1149

1054

976

1028

1043

1221

1221

1270

697

723

9.54

921

930

1181

814

814

930

888

930

1120

842

820

794

561

558

551

1479

1479

1284

1395

1436

1201

1130

1136

937

814

849

809

872

921

844

660

651

663

625

558

698

976

976

1048

I3«5

1302

1172

1320

1394

1071

1221

1221

1041

1320

1194

1172

1526

1502

1334

1221

1221

1172

1526

1601

1200

1628

1575

1317

888

048

090

1017

1002

1027

970

1007

1113

1103

1122

106.-.

1620

1470

1233

957

970

lO.'.S

0O4

013

982

1085

1122

089

1130

1191

1052

1163

1140

032

1103

1285

ILW

1221

1285

1130

970

1028

919

1221

1338

1170

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UKDEE TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Con I iiiued.

)39

DEFLSCTION, IS MILMUETEHH, UKDEII A FBISSUBE, IK KllOOKUIS, OF—

C.2

9.3

10. 3 15. 4

I

9.2 j 14.0

9. 7 V4. 6

e. 7 13. 0

O.G

10.;

62.5

42.0
44.0
58.2
41.5
135.0
64.0

44.0
105.0

Broke with fine aplfntcrs and scale '1943

Fuiled firooj splinter on each comer 1043

Specimen cross-yraincd; brck-.' with large splinteTB 9Q1

Specimen afiected with dry rtit; broke at knot near the end

Broke with fine splinters ...W..

7SZ

Broke with medium splinters

Broke with scales and fine splinters ,

Broke with coar..*e splinters on comer

Broke with fine splinters ,

Broke with eplit through center p.irallcl to pressure

Broke with fine splinters I 74

Specimen cross-^rained, knotty ' 74

Failed from scale on hack and splinter on comer 1 M

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis of stick 244

3<i

39

do

•M*

Crushed with fine splinters ] M7

do i S47

Failed from large scale and coarse splinter

Specimen cross-grained

do

Failed from coarse splinter on compression aide

Shaky

Broke with fine splinters .

do j ISl

Broke with coarse splinters 131

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis 24$

Cmshod nt center bearing; brtike with fine splinters 345

'.... MS"

i «S«

do .

DOO Broke with long, coarse splinters

540 Broke at knot with long flake

6G'.! , Crushed sli^'htly at center bearing

Broke with large .ipliuters

Broke with l«r;.o spiiuters; shattered

Siieeiuien ciY)Ss-gn\iued; split through knot
Speeiinen evoss-gntiuetl ; shattered

Crushed al center hci»ring ; broke with fine splinters .

Square break on ti*\isinn side, splitting; iu axis'

Broke with scale ami liue splinteis

3S2

Square bn^ak on tenttion side, splitting iu axis 264*

Broke with fine scale , S*4'

St)uure hri-ak on tension side, splitting in axis ! !64'

Broke with Bnosplinters 3W

do.

319

Broke witli coarse scales All

Broke with coatee apliutors - , ***

3P0

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table 111.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCirAL WOODS OF THE

Specie

280. QnerrDS aqnatira— coDtinacd

2S2. Qneirnfl hrterophylla

Bartram't Oat,'

a?3. Q.M i.n^;. Jnrr.-a

Vj.land ir.UowOat. Blue Jack
^yand .fact.
SS4. Qacrcus hyiHjIcuca

2S5. Qufrcof* iinliricarin

ShinjU Oak. Laurel Oak.

288. QacTcna Phcllos

WaUiui Oak. Peach Oak.

287. Qnoivafl donsiflora

Tanbark Oak. Chestnut Oak.
reach Oak.

288. Ca«tjinnptti« clir\-8oiihvna

Cliin^uapii'.

. Ca^tun^a pnmila.
Chill'juapin.

282. On'rya Vlr2inlr»

Hop IlonU^am. Iron Wood.
Leitr Wood.

Locality.

G«oisla Bainbridge .

...do

Saint John's river .
...do

New Jersey I Mount Holly..

do .

.do.

Aiabama.
Arizona . .

Eentnoliy .
60 I Missouri...

513 Tennessee .

087 I California.
(187 '....do

AiVan
...do

MaAsachnsetts.
.. do

Tennessee

Msssachusotta

..do

Kentncky

..do

Michigan

.do .

7«5j....do

8S3 Uaanachnsetts.

do

do

n
11

877
877
1047
1047

do.

do .

....do.

..do.

.do.

..do.

Santa Bita monnt-

narrodslmrg .
Allen ton

Tnllahoma
.. do

Mat in cnnntv .

Mendocino connty .
...do

Hot Springs

do.

Arnold Arlioretiini .

do.

.. do

Fancy Gap

...do

NashviUo ..

Arnold Arboretum.

...do

Mercer county

do.

DansTille

...do

Chattahoochee..

do.

.do.

Arnold Arliorotam.

..do

DaoTm

.. do

North Reading

...do

S. P. Sharpies.

G. Engelmannand
C. iS. Sargent.

Sandy loam .

Clay..
...do.

do.

Pine-barren.
Dry, rocky..

do .

W. M. Linnev ' Utica sbale .

Rich, moist .

G. W. Lotterman.
A. Gattinger

do .

Moist, siliceous . .

G. R. Vasey ' Gravelly.

do.

.do.

A.KeUogg

G. W. Lettcrman .
...do

C.S.Sargent.
.. do

do.

A. Gattinger.

C. 8. Sargent..

...do

W. MLinuey.

do

W.J. Deal.

do.

A. H. Curtisa .

...do..

J. Kobinson...

..do

.do

C. R Sargent .

Sandy loam .
..do

Drift . .
... do .
...do .
Moist .
...do .
Sandy .

Drift

...do

Hudson River shall

.do.

Gravelly .

...do
.. do .
...do.

H ! =

^& rt

^ 1 o

0.7415

0.8006

i
0.8034

0.7980

0. BIOS

0.8204

0. 7023
0.6818

0. 8710
0. 8325

0. 7440
0. 7477

0.7093
0.7557

I

0.6010 ;

0.7203 I

0.57:HI
0. 5909

i
0. 0017

0. 5960

I
0.4123

0. 5330
0. 4.'ifl8 \
0.50.50
O.SOSJ
0.4039

0. 7833
0. 7146
0. 0352
0.6410
0.7571
0. 6945
0.6892
0.0770
0. 7000
0. 7324
0.7250

0.7784
0.7614
0.8460
0.8591

m

I -,

1231
1350

1221
132U
135G
1221

1395
1110

1136
1252

1285
1356

1177
1221

lai'o

1320
1338

loes

1083
1302

1221

1103

1085

1039

872

888

1221

1302

1221

1221

1085

1050

1030

1122

1221

1302

1221

1302

976

1007

110.1

1130

1221

1221

12»(5

1252

130.1

1305

1628

1628

1305

1470

1395

1395

1320

1305

1110

1163

1136

1177

I 990 1007

51 1017 1017 035

1221
1062

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TItANSVEKSE STKAIN— Continued.

391

DEFLECTION, IN MILLIHETERB. U^DEB A FBEBSUIIB, IX KILOCBAUS, OP—

12.0
10.3

8. 3 12. 2

8.0 , 11.0

7.4 : 11.0

7.4 ' 11.0

7.3

11.0
12.0

11.0 14.7

20.5

15.0

10. 0 2i 7

13. 5 I la 5

11.2 15.3

10.4 28.0

19. 2 27. 0

17. 5 24. 5

13. 0 18. 2

1'-'. 0 16.2
N.O 19.0

23.6
33.0
17.5
10.6
23.2

'.too 350,300

0.6

15.7

10.2

19.0

18.0

14.7

14.7

19.4 I 0.7

18.0 I 0.6

IC 0 I 0. 5

1.';.4 0.5

13. 6 0. 4

0.3

21. 8 29. 0
17.5 21.3

35.5
37.0

31.5
25.0

47.0
40.5

46.3
42.5
29. 5 i 36. 5
30.5 1 37.5

Sa 5 I 80. 0
58.5

Specimen cro8S.(;mlDed

Broku with coarse iipllDters.

Broke witb l.irgo splinters

Broke with Lirge splinters and scale on tension side.
0.5 sap-uood ; broke witb DM splinters

do.

Crusbed at center beurinj: ; broke witb fine splinters.
Specimen cross-grained ; broke witb large splinters . .
Broke witb fine splinters

Cro33-gminod ; i)roke wilb co.irso splinters.
Broko witb coarse splinters

.do.

0.5 sap-wood; broke witb larjjo splinters .
Broke witb fine splinters

Broke wilb large splinters, starting; at knot.
Broke witb coarse splinters ,

75*

1171
1171

874
<7«

Broko witb scale; st.irted at Icnot -
Broke witb coarae splinters

Specimen cross-grained; shattered

Specimen cross-grained; splinter on comer..

Scale on tension sido; broke with coarse splinters

Crusbed at center bearing; broke witb sctles on tension side

Shattered

do

Square break; split at end

Crusbed; square bre-ik •-

Specimen cross.gminotl ; shattered *•

Broke witb coai-so splinters

7»

72y

-do-

Crusbed; coarse splinters

Square break on tension side, splitting in SiXis. . .

Sc;ile on tension aide

Broke witb coarse splinters

Broke with flno splinters; scale on tension side

Broke wilb coarse splintci-s

Specimen cross-^raim^l ; broke at knot

Failed trom lonj; splinter on corner

Crusbed with fine .ipliulers

Crushed with Ions splinters

44*
44>

in
II*

TSS

ns

Sap-wood; brt)k.witb Hne splintors;

pres4«uri\ 64 niillniii-tfre.
Sap-wood; broke with One splinters

Bmkeiitknot

Square hr»-iik ou tension sill^ splitting in axis .
Specimen cros8-gr.»lni»d ; .■»pliutertHl on corner..
Failed ft-om senile on Imok

deflection with 600 kilogrvna

>92

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table lU.— BEnAYIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Species.

Locality.

*f 'I

Btttk. Iron Wood.

BEXITLACEX.

Kentucky Uerccr conoty i 'W.M.I.inney j Trenton limestont.'

73'|.-. do do w do

73»'..^-do !....do do

73", do do do

1038 I Hissaohoiu'tts . i Danrera | J.Kobinson Gravelly.

B4*i-.tLi ulba, rar. popnlifolla

WhiU Bireh. OtdJMd Sink.
Gray Birch.

B<'tiiU papvnfen

Canot LireK. While Birch. Pa-
per Birch.

tn. BetnU lutes

TeOmc Birch. Gray Birch.

10

— li.i \niold Arlwretnni

...du. do

...do DaDTera

}dontana Higaonla.

do

do.

990
106S

io«s I

1065
1086 :
1066
1067

ioa7

628

Moaaachusetta I Townsrnd

Alaska Chilcoot iulet .

do do

Vermont | Charlotte

do do

— do do

— do do

. . do .do

do do

— do do

Colorado Engelmatui's oaBod.

California Strawberry valley . .

843 Uaaaachnsetta.
843 ....do ,

.do.

Vermont Charlotte .

— do do

— do |... do

— do do

... do I do

do do

136 , Misaoori I Allenton

136 — do — do

841 Hiwiuichnaetta Xnrtb Aiidover.

fttl ....do .. do

S«2 '... do.

do do .

IVtriUlcDta ..

Cherry Birch. Black Birch.
Sieett Birch. Mahogany Birch.

...do

..do ,

Vermont

UaaaachaaetU
.. do ,

067 Alaaka .

801 Wanbliigton terrl.
I tofy.

Arnold Arboretum .

... do

Cbarlotto

Danvera

do

Sitka

...do

Payallup .
...do

C. S. Sargent. .

...do

J. Sobinson...

Sereno Watson .

.do.

J. Robinton ...
FaulSchnltze.

..do

C.G.Pringle...

do.

Bobert Dougla

6. Engehnann and
C. S. Sargent.

.do

C.G.Pringle.

...do

..do

Drift....
...do....
Gravelly.

Wet

...do.....

Wet, sandy.
Wet, peaty .

Gravelly

.. do..
...do.

do.

do .

G. W.Lettannan.

...do

J. Ilobtiuion

.do.

Moist loam .

...do

AUnvluI ....

C.S. Sargent..

...do

C.G.Pringle.
J. Robinson . .

.do.

Panl Scbnltso .

O. Engolmann and
C. S. Surgunt.

.do .

do .

0. 770-
0.7852
0.7G41
0.7983
0.7307

0.6121
0.6168 i
0. S940 !

0.6244
0.5848
0.7034
0. 6136
0.6239
0.6921
0.6653
0.6614
0. 6136
0.6136
0.6409
0.6028

0.SS98
0.5905

0.7147
0.7215 :
0. 6579
0.6G47
0.6f.73 I
0.0047 .
0.0710 j
0.6056 I

0.6835
0. 6815 I
0.0335
U. K7.i
U. 0.">40
0.0I4IP

Drift I 0.7303

...do I 0.7454

OravcUy ' 0.7002

I
...do 0.8570

...do 0.8215

0. 50WI
i 0.5017

m

COEFFICIBNT OP
KLAbTIClTT.

"S

1

1

i

6 .

Is

r

921

957

1134

1221

1285

1356

1395

1395

U72

888

939

1055

1285

1395

1436

857

921

773

814

814

009

465

503

686

872

872

837

1110

1140

1083

1221

1149

1008

1221

1320

1181

1030

1085

816

1221

1191

994

1526

1602

1165

1628

1675

1099

1395
1085

1526
1191

1228
lU'W

1320

1338

1017

1356

1356

1134

1285

1285

982

888

872

738

976

076

874

1628

1660

1202

1675

1626

1280

1675

1601

1216

1G28

1028

1219

1479

1628

13?0

1628

1684

1212

1479

1550

1245

19.13

1775

1282

1039

1085

1041

1221

1221

975

1030

1085

954

1221

1356

1006

921

004

937

1030

1028

926

1.396

1436

1289

1470

1002

1282

13.56

1302

1294

1305

1415

105!<

1575

1.502

1166

078

1028

701

1017

1017

703

842

m

830

842

807

820

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
DNITED STATES UNDEK TEANSVEKSE STRAIN— Continued.

y.ri

DKFLECTION, IX ini.1.I>;lITEi;B, UKDEB A I'llBEBUBK, IN KII.OCRAMB, OF—

H

n

so lOO 130 200

10.2 16.2 21.0
7.6 j 11.0 j 15.0
10. 5 I 14. 0
15.7 I 21.7
10.0 ! 13.7

10. 6 i 17. 0 24. 0

10.4

18. 0 25. 4

30. e 46.0

17. 6 25. 5

13.0 I 17.2

13.4

19.0

11.0

15.0

14.0

19.5

12.4

17.0

10.0

13.0

9.6

13.3

10.0

13.4

12.6

17.0

U.2

15.0

10.7

14.3

12.0

16.5

11.2 18.0 I 27.0
10.0 15.5 j 21.4

12.7
12. S
12.4
11.5

a7 I ii.a

8.8 I 11.6
9. 4 12. 4
8. 3 11. 8

5.8 I 11.0
5. 8 12. 1

9.5 1 14.0 19.2

I

' ID. 0 13. 5

10.0 J3.0

I0:4 I 13.3

10.0 13.6

10.0 [ 13.7

14.4 la.o

14.6 j 19.8

16.7 22.5
19. 0 i 27. 0

o

soo

(8ft.)

1.2

21.6

0.4

15.0

0.6

14.4

1.5

22.4

0.4

14.0

2.2

24.8

0.4

26.0

6.5

47.8

'2.5

26.8

0.5

17.5

1.0

19.2

0.5

15.0

1.0

20.0

0.5

17.0

0.5

13.4

0.7

13.3

0.6

13.7

0.4

17.3

0.4

15.5

0.3

14.3

0.5

16.5

2.9

27.4

0.9

21.6

0.5

12.7

0.4

12.6

0.3

12.2

0.3

11.5

0.2

11.6

0.3

11.7

0.3

12.4

0.1

11.4

0.5

18.6

0.7

16.3

0.9

19.4

O.C

14.7

1.5

24.0

0.5

19.4

0.4 13.5 I 17

0.8 I 13.6

0.2 I 13.6

0. 4 I 13. 5

0.4 I 14.0

0.6 I 19.5

0.5 j 20.0

0.7 j 22.7

1. 0 27. 5

16.7
16.5
17.2
18.0

50.0

28.4
33.0
24.0
35.0
28.0
21.0
21.5
22.0
27.5
25.0
23.0
28.0

54.0

40.5

20.0
19.6
19.2
18.0
17.0
17.7
19.5
18.0

30.0
27.0
32.6
24.0
45.0
38.0

21.6
20.8
19.7
22.0

3SO 400,450 500 SSO

60.5

80.0

35.5

45.0

34.3

41.5

84.0

93.5

33.0

38.5

30.0
29.0
27.0
25.0
26.5
30.5
27.0

64.5
51.0
66.0
41.0 I
100.0 I

Square break on tcnstoD side, splittiog in axis j M

Bi-oko with fiDti Hpliiit«ra 73

Specinieu croHB-graiueU; failed from large splinter on corner 73>

Square hrciik on tennion side, itplittiog in axis 73>

Dcllection with GOO kilogramR prcssore, 82 milliraeters; brokewith 73*
I fine Dpi inters.

330 Specimeu tross-srained ; started at knot ». . . 1038

Crashed at center beaiiug; square break on tension side 10

Brukeat knot j 10

Cruebed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters i 843

Square break uu tension side, splitting in axis I 73B

Broke with coars** splinters ' 722

I'^ailed from se.ile and long splinter on comer 836

348 Speciiueu cross-gruincd ; Itroke on corner SOO

424 I Broke with coarse splinteis.

I *«»

Crushed at center bearing ; broke vith tine splintors ! 1065

Cra8he<l at center bearing ; broke irilb large apUnter on conier ' 10G5

Square break ou U'Dtuou side; broke wiib eplmt«ra < 1065

SiK-oimcn cioss-grained ; bruke with coarse splinters 1066

Crnsbed atrenttTbtariaj;; br'ko with fino scabs \ 1066

Failed from scales and coarse splinters ; I 1067

Cmehed at center bearing; splintered 1 1067

Specimen cross- giaincd ; shattered .

51. 5 72. 0
51.0

Sap-wootl ; specimen cross-priune*! ; shattered

Sap-wood ; cmsbcd at center bearing ; broke with coarse splinter on

corner.
Sap-wood : crnshed at center bearing ; broke with coarse scales. . .

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters ...

0.5 sup'wood; crushed at center bearing; br)ke with fine splinters..

0 7.'> sop- wood; crushedat center bearing; broke with fine splinters.

631 Sitp-wood; crushed at center bearing ; broke with line splinters on

corner.
547 Heart-wuod; cruslied at c^-nter bearing; broke with flue splinters ..

444 Sup-wood; broke with conrso splinters at comers.

41C Sap-woi>d: crushed at center bearing ; broke with coarse spUutera

I at corners.
407 Sa)> woud ; ciUHbed at center bearing ; splintered at comers

429 Stip-woud ; crushed at center beating ; broke with tine splinters on

tousmu (tide.
400 : Sap-wood ; vnished at center hearing ; shattervd on comer

S28

1068
1068
1069
1069
1070
1070

Sap-wood ; specimen cri>8.s-graint-d : started at knot .

Sap-wood ; cruHluMl at center hearing ; square bit^k on tensioo

»ido, splitting in axis.
S»p-woMl ; spliulen.^d on corners

Sqii:)re break on ti^nsion side, splitting in axis.

Splinten-d on comers

Specimen cross-grained

Sqnare br\'ak on tension side, spUttiug in Axis.

304

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF TBE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpeciM.

Ml. .Mdus rubra— continued

SALICACE£.

309. Salix bBUndre. rar. Umcifolbt.

m. Salix lasiandra. r
113. Salix flit TeiaM>iu.

Ongon .

...do....
Montana.

Oregon .
...do...

California.
..do

Locality.

Pnrtlnnd Fumitare O. Engrlmannand
Ciimpany. C. S. Sargent.

Asblnnd ' do .

MissouLi

...do

Drain .

...do

San BcnianUno .

Massachusetts.

California .
...do

...do ..
Oregon .

Serono ■\7ataon .

C.S. Sargent.
...do

W. G. Wrigbt.

Moist loam .
...do

J.Kobinson Wetloam

Topsflcld ..." ....do

CnDon City .
...do

E. 'Weeton .

...do

.. do

Strawberry valley . .1 do

Portland .

Utah

Montiina.

WaKfaington tor.

ritory.
do

Califoniia.

J18. I'opnlus lr<>iniil>ildc« ...
Arpen. i^itakitiQ A»p.

tl». Poputnn grandidenUU .

fopuinn

272'
1035
1035

847

Colorado

.. do

Mmuwrbiidi'tli

City Creek caOon .

Moist, sandy.

Moist, ricb.
Alluvial...

M. E. Jones Gravelly

Scrcnii Watson . . . ' Ricb, moist .

Santa Cmz

G. Engelmnnn snd I Moist, sandy.

C S. Sar^uut.
...do

..do

Alpine T. S. Brandogee .

do do

Dan vers I J. Ilobinson

. . '...do

'(.ptiln* !,< 'rroi^Iiylla

Ji.'rr t:„Tti,mc /ijd. Swamp Cot-

jlahnin liicamahae, Halm of .
liiUad.

331. Pi«pnlnalia}Aanilfrra,rar. caodlcansi 1064

do ....do

Tenncssen Nnsbvillo . . . . .

Alaska Chilcoot inlet .

do.

.do.

A. Gattingcr...
Paul SchultKo .

Uassacbosett* | Topsfluld J. Ilobinson .

.. do do .do

Colorwlo Manitou Springs

Ttubcrt Douglas .

323. PopuIri»lii<ho.arpa I 1012

Vlaet Cotionicood. BaUam Cot- !
tvnuoitd. 1012

102H

■^cf^A

Oreicon Saint Jobn's Barrrl | P. Skinner.

I Kictor.v. Puitbiod. ,
..do di> do

0.4739
0.5084

0. 4857
0. 4.M5
0.4S86
0. 4405
0.4375

0.4170
0.4U49

0. 5330

0. 467.T
0.4B76
0. 4670

0. 5341
0.5284

0.4705
0.4375
0. 4614

0.4198

0. 5057

0. 5719
0.5278

Sandy loam i 0. 5760 i

Damp

.do....
Gravelly.

Gravelly —
....do

Sandy loam .

do pnrtland Knmitaro < G.lCngolrannn and

I Cumpany. { C S. Sargent.

0.3955 i
0.3885
0. 4580
0.4828

0.4448
0.4386

0.4080
0. 4034

0.40B5
0. 4500

0.4488

^

0.37.50 IIIIUJ
0. 3898 O
0.4108 Id
0.4108 S

COKKFICIEXTOF
KLA6T1CITV.

i

E
1

6
Ig

5

*

•=1

1320

1285

900

1221

1338

905

904

048

738

670

000

567

729

751

701

904

948

698

888

913

708

787

751

696

787

787

«77

1163

1085

820

407

301

424

610

514

511

488

476

630

554

514

809

479

488

734

509

488

553

S42

555

684

1163

1085

701

976

1028

743

330

805

400

1221

1085

800

1285

1375

928

1221

1149

888

921

888

813

740

781

E62

651

661

.541

976

013

720

888

013

881

976

906

006

904

930

748

740

723

642

857

842

674

888

872

627

740

097

620

761

703

693

488

458

401

1062

10.V)

682

1085

1002

637 1

1221

1221

604

•163

•■130

145

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEllSE STRAIN— Continued.

395

DETLBCTIOX, IK MILMUETEnS, UKDEB A PBEESUKB, IX KILOOBAllB, OF—

H

•so.

ii
ll

BI

3R4

386

315

24-J
299
298
300

297
289

350

181

218
2:6
200

313
236

249
299
317

200

345

390
379

347

240
231
309
370

297
319

274

246
235

267
253

171

291
272
29«
276

Remarkt.

J
i

a

50

3.7
4.0

n.4

7.2
0.7

a. 4

5.5

e.2

6.2

4.2

12.0

8.0
10.0
8.8

10.2
9.0

lOO

ISO

20O

O

(sot.)

20O

15.7
14.8

21.2
35.0
31.0
22.0
23.0

29.0

2a 0

19.0

aso

300

3SO

400

430

500

S30

7.0
7.3

10.3
14.6
13.0
10.3
10.7

13.0
12.4

9.0

25.0

19.0
20.5
19.0

20.0
20.0

11.5
11.0

15.5
23.0
20.4
15.7
16.5

19.0
19.0

14.0

44.0

36.0
30.0
32.5

31.2
32.0

31.0
14.2
14.3

57.0

14.0

10.5
12.5

10.6

19.3
23.2
17.0
17.0

15.0
15.5

21.4

17.4
17.0

22.4
21.0

85.2

14.0
14.0
12.0
12.0

15.0
14.7

20.6
34.0
30.0
21.8
22.2

28. 3'
27.3

19.6

0.1
0.0

0.5
3.5
3.0
0.9
1.0

1.3
1.5

0.8

20.0

las

.27.0

25.2
23.5

35.7

33.0
30.0

1033

ass

Snp-v7ood; crofls.graincd

717

44.0
30.2
30.6

39.0
8a7

20.0

717

978

50.0

Sprcinien cross-gmineil ; ?quiii« break on teDsioo sidr, aplittiDg in
axis.

Cnishfd at center hraring; square break on tension aide, splitting

an

W4

«0«

35.0

88!

8S5

04.5
58.0
55.0

40.0
40.0

46.0

21.0
19.5

125.0

19.0

14.2
16.8

24.5

27.7
33.0
24.0
25.0

21.4

21.7

30.7

25.0
25.5

34.2
34.8

10.2
11.0
11.5

0.0
4.8

6.0

1.2
0.5

32.5

1.1

0.5
0.3

l.S

2.4
3.8
1.5
2.9

1.5
1.0

3.3

1.3

1.7

4.1

6.9

73.0
03.0
57.0

47.5
48.5

4a 0
21.5
20.0

MS

... .do

908

91.0
64.0

911

110.0

6M

«M

640

4. 2 1 9. 0

29.5
L'6.0

45.0
3a 0

•81

961

14.8

4.0

3.8
4.0

5.3

0.0
7.5
5.0
5.5

5.0
5.4

0.6

5.7
5.5

0.0
6.5

32.0

9.0

7.1
8.5

11. 0

12.5
15.0
10.7
10.7

9.8
10.6

13.5

11.0
11.2

14.0
12.8

Ea

20.0

14.7
17.2

25.0

2a 7
37.2
24.5
20.0

22.0
22.0

32.0

26.2
26.2

35.8
30.0

2a S
ia3

22.0
33.0

.3a 5

24.0

2a 0
4a 0

CrnsluMl nt center bcriring; splintered; sqnaro bre«k od tension
aulf, splitting in axis.

Til

31.5
35.0

an

an

eaa

!n»

mf

32.0
35.0

30.0
2a 7

47.0

50.0

4ao

1005

71.5

ion

S47

41.0

847

oa

at!

an

52.0
02.0

lOM

a„

lOM

6H

4.0 0.3
4.5 1 9.8

20.8
10.0

18.0
17.0

1.0
0.9
1.1
0.5

20.8
20.0
17.6
17.0

2a 4
27.6
24.0
25.0

laii

1011

lODI

loa

300

FOREST TRIBES OF NORTH xVMERICA.

Tablk hi.— behavior OF THE PRIIs^CirAL WOODS OF THE

Bt. Fopniuii monilifcra

Coltontrocd. .VmUom Poplar.
Carolina Poplar. Big (Mtoit-

CONIFERS.

t26. Libocf^dms decamns

WhiU Ctdar. Battard Cedar.
Pott Ctdar. Inettue Ctdar.

Locality.

25S Uinonri.

304

.do.

304 ....do ...
S09 Texas ..

309 do ...

7S4 I Florida .

764

.do

.do.

646 ... do....
646 ...do ....
909 Colorado.
909 !....do ....

379 Vermont.

792
874
874
1099
1099

1017
1017
1021
1021

New BmiuwIcV .

.do.

...do

ProTinoeofQnebec

....do

....do

..do

..do

Maine

.do .

Wlaoonaln.
...do

Oregon

do.

MaaaacbnaatU.

...do ,

...do

...do

...do

Ailenton.
..do....
...do....
Dallas ...

.do

Cbattahoocbee.
...do

Sacramento valley .
...do

San Bernardino.

..do

Cafinn City

Saw-mill. Sti-aw-
borry valley.

Bridgeton
...do...
Amqoi...
...do...

Mattawarakeag .

Eau Clalro.
.'. do

Portland' Fiimlinre
Coni[iiuiy.

do.

CotUgo Hill .

.. do

Beverly

...do

...do

...do

...do

G. 'W. Letterman . .

J. Rovercbon do .

A.H.Curties I... do .

— do do .

6.K. Taaey.
...do

W.G.Wrigbt.

...do

E-Weaton

...do

..do

.do

G. Eiipelmaun and

C. S. Sargent.
do

W. G. Wrigbt.

C.G. Prlngle.

Intercolonial rail-
way.
Ed. Sinclair

A. Grant.
...do...

Grand Tmnk rail-
way.

...do

J. Robinson.

H.C. Pntnam Dri/t .

do .

6. Engelmannand
0. K. Sargent.

J. Robinson.
...do

Sandy, wet

...do

Swampy

...do

...do

...do

...ilo

II

0. 3477
0. 5136
0.4838
O.SOOl
0.4909
0. 4023

0. 4977
0.5000

0.5079
0.6023
U.4867
0.4451
0.4499
0. 5107

0. 3748
0.3079
0. 4818
0. 4989
0. 4869

0. 3023
0.2902 Ife
0.3.->80 \M
0.3439 1^
0.3413 Ip
0.3216 \m
0.3330 '<M.
0.2714 idlT

m

m

0.2612 ^

0.2803 1^
0. 38;i5 i£'^
0. 3002
0. S.'.OO
0.4121

0.4:112
0.4250 j^
0.3623 p

0.3783 ;^

I
0.3020 ll^

0. ai.M If^

0. 3823
0.3002 ,y
0.3.323 if^
0.3407 1^
0.3324 \Wk

COEFFICIENT OF
EL48TIC1TY.

1

D

1

■§ g

§8
1'

669

669

548

888

857

061

751

723

605

1136

1149

893

842

842

759

1221

1302

902

1221

1221

937

1221

1191

851

1017

1017

584

1085

1085

818

651

665

748

6C9

679

687

904

1149

795

976

939

703

872

833

679

703

794

642

897

751

619

814

814

702

872

896

781

872

888

e64

828

888

654

488

314

455

444

452

441

319

642

544

651

610

527

626

651

448

588

610

684

610

681

386

331

337

394

279

394

3.32

209

206

364

70:1

781

686

009

729

660

342

358

.386

514

542

064

1221

1149

818

076

1028

820

872

930

635

1017

1028

722

271

2.37

328

341

834

380

408

488

483

426

415

661

444

444

409

519

514

609

388

376

469

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Contiuued.

507

UEFLECTIOM, IN MILLUUCIBBS, UKCIIB A FBEWUnE, IK KlLOriRAUS, OP—

7. 3 i 14. 6 23. 0
17.2

6. 5 J3. .■■) ; 21. 0 I 30. 0

7. 5 j 14. 7

7.3 14.4
0.4 8.5
5.0 10.4
5.0 11.7

6.4 I 12.3

7. 0 13. 0

6.0 12.0

5.0 10.9

5. 0 1 11. 0

5.0 11.0

O

(sot.)

1. 4 I 25. 3
30.7
19.1
26.5

Hi. 0
17.0
17.5

21.8
19.4

33.0
34.0

2. 0 40. 7
1.2 I 34.6

2.0 , 37.0
1.0 1 37.2

1. 6 ! 28. 7

1. 4 ! 29. 0

2. 4 ' 40. 5
2. 1 40. 8

0.4 , 18.0

0. 5 19. 0

0. 8 I 22. 2

0.8 ' 20.0

1

46.0
03.0

5.2 I 50.2
6. 6 6... 0

si

Crasbed at center bearinp ; square brealc .

do 304

Crushed at center boarini; ; broke with fine Bplinten 309

Crushed at center bearing; abattered 309

Crushed at center bearing ; oroke with fine aplinters 754

Shattered 754

.do.

754

Starte<l at knot ; splintered at comer

Specimen cross-grained ; splintered on comer.

225

i-graint'd; split .

.do.

Square break on tension side, splitting i

Shattei-cd

Broke with fino splinters

Square break

do

Specimen cross-grained; shattered.

Square break; splintered

do

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .
do

Broke with coarse splinters.
Square break ; splintered . . .
Square break ; splintered . - .

Square break

150 j Square break; split to end. -
Square break

250

do .

.do .

Square break with long splinters.

Shattert'd

Squaro bre.ik .

Shattoi"od

Square break t

1 tension side, sptilting in axis.

.do.

am

783

109»

low

1017
1017
1021
lOU

3S0

3Sf

Squaro brejik

Square break on tension side, splitting in axla

Squan? break ..■.' 8W

Square bri>ak on tension side, splitting in asio ; &^1

Squaro break 851

.do.

sa

}98

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table 111.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

330. ChnmiPfvpTiii Nntknen»l«

XtUoK tVprwi. Stiia Cyprttt.

831. CbmmwcTpaiis Lawiwniana

Purl Orjard Cfdar. Oregon Ce-
dar. WTiite Crdar. Launa't
Cyprejt. Ginger Pine.

332. CaprpMon m»«:tw.irp»

itonterr}) Ci/pretl.

333. Cupr«ssQS GoTfaiana

337. Jaoipctiu pacbyphlcea

Juniper.

838. Jtinipcrn)! occidfintnlis, var. con*

jlUi DH.

Jnniprr.

330. JiiUiiHTiin Virj;iDinaa

But Cedar. Sacin.

no. Taiwliam •lintlrhum

Bald (■•ipr'Mt. lltiek Ctrpre—.
Iltd i',,pm^. WhiU'Cvpreti.
Ifecidut/uM Cifpreu.

341. Benaola clRaDt«tt .
Big Tree.

Alaska

...do

British Columbia

do.

...do.
.. do .

Oregon .

Arisona .
...do...

Massacbosetts.

...do.
...do.

...do
.. do .

Abtbama .

...do

Florida . . .

do.

CaliroTDia.
...do

...do.
...do.

Locality.

Sitka

..do

Saw.mitl, Victoria .

do.

Dean & Co.'s saw.
Djlll, Marsbtiuld.

Calistoga .
...do

Arnold Arboretam

.do .

Chattaboochco

...do

Saint John's rivor .

do.

Chattahoochee.
Wilson county .

...do

...do

.do .

Cbattauoochee.

Roaslan rlror.

Paul Sohnltze .
..do

G. Encrlmaniiai
C S. Sargi^nt.

Paul Scbultze

G. KnjiPlmanD and

C. S. Sargent.
..do

G. K. Vasey.

G. Engelninnnand

C. S. tjurjjent.
...do

S. B. Buckley
C. S. Sargent .

do.

J. Reverchon .

A. B. Cunisa

Gravcllv loam .

Dry ridgoa.

eUy.

Limestone .

Drift

...do

Calcareous.

.do .

.do Sandy loam .

.do do

C. Mohr....
A. E. Baird .

A. H. CnrtisB.

G. Kngelmannand Granite.
C. U. Sargoul. ;

C. B. Sargent .

03

0. SC97
0. 4229
0. 5267
0.5114
0. 5074
0. 4913
0. 5267
0. 5078
0. 5159

0. 5239
0. 4082
0. 6335

0. 6307
0. 0512

0. 558U

0. xm

0. 48;i4
0. 5078

0.6630
0. 5419

0. 5357
0. 5239
0. 5723
0. 5364
0.5558
0. 5386
0. 4997
0. 7373
0.6029
0.8071
0. 6398
0.6670
0. !>307

0.4007
0. 4923
0. 4167
0. 4334

Wi

m

m

0. 3426

0. 3B00 ||^

0.2687

I
0.4103

0.4211

i ! ^_.

1221
1110
11C3
1085
1320

787

814

787

904

888

588

444

488

718

S81

601

1103
1110

904

939

595

425

360

674

787

1221
1101
1140
1122
1221

1221
1502

1002
1085

010

851

630

562

787

1052

849

1031

781

755

888

800

868

888

688

750

474

n94

642

409

007

800

605

520

603

703

1122

075

1163

000

004

087

039

698

695

511

444

409

315

401

658

037

751

703

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEll TKANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued.

599

DKrLECTION, IN MILLIMETEItB, UMOEU A PBESSL'RE, IN KIL00RAI18, OF—

19.5
19.0
16.0
15.6
12.4
11.5
12.5
11.0
11.0
li.2
20.6
lU.O 18.0
14.0

40.0

52.0

40.5

53.0

33.5

43.0

32.0

24.5

3L7

23.0

29.0

26.7

35.0

22.0

28.2

21.8

27.7

29.0

34.7

EJ

Square break; apliatered

Cru8be4l at center bearine; square break

Crusbcd at center bearing ; square break, splitting in i

Shattered BM

do ' S9i

do 1000

1000

Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot .

Square break; shattered

Cnishrd at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered from end 675

to end. {
do «75

Shattered I «M

Specimen cross-grained ; sljattered UOO

Specimen cross-grained ; splinter on coriter 1100

i-grained; shattered 1103

Shattered.
do...

.do .

0.25 sap-wood ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis..

0.5 sap-wood; square break; split end toend

Square break at knot; split to end

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Sqnnre break; split parallel to pressure

Specimen not seasoned; shattered

Specimen not seasoned; cross-giaioed

Specimen not seasoned ; cross-grained ; split to end

Specimen not seasoned; shattered

Specimen not eie.isoned ; square break on tension side, splitting in

axis.
Specimen not seasoned ; shattered

800
800
934

I24S
1!S0
ISSl
125S
1253
12.M

Sqnare break

Crashed at center bearing with flakes on tension side .

Square break on tension side, splitting in »xia

Broko with coarse splinters —

Square break on tension side, splitting In axia.

Square brcjik

Sap-wood ; shattcr\'d

Sqnare br«ak ; split to end -
do

400

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpeeiM.

Locality.

(0

Ml. Seqnoixemperrlrea*— ooDtinDCd

M3. T»m» brevifoU*

m. Torreya Uxifolia

Utittting C4dar, Savin.

SM. Torrey* Callfornica

Caiyfomia Kutmeg. SUnlcing
Otdar.

tn. Pinna StroboB

VhiU Pine. Weymoutk Fine.

Mi. PioQi Lambrrdao*.
Kugar Pine.

ni. Pinari albiccoll* .

CaUfornia..

....do

....do

....do

...do

...do

....do....

....do

....do

...do

Santa Cms .
...do

Mendocino county . .

Oregon .

Florida.
...do ...

Chattahoochee.
...do

Uaspachnsetta.
...do

Arnold Arboretam .

Vermont

Kew Bronswick .
...do

do.

...do

ProTince of Quebec

...do

....do

Bridgeton .

...do

Arnqoi

do.

do.

Uaasaobnaetts.
....do

Reading .

do.

Britlib Colombia HaatinKn' naw.mUl,

j liurrard Inlot.
Oregon I Cascade mountains

Saw.mill, Straw.
berry valley.

Lawen's peak .

Colorado.
...do....
...do...
Nerada . .

Britlah ColmnbU
..do

ForeatCity

..do

J. Eent&cld ic Co

G. Encclmannand

C. S. Sargent.
do

.do.

C. S. Sargent .
A. H. Cnrties.

Allavlal . . .
Calcareons .
...do

Q. R. Taecy .

Stony.

C. S. Sargent .

C. G. Pringle

Intercolonial rail-
way.

Wet, awampy . . .

.do .

Ed. Sinclair .

...do

A. Grant . . . .

.do.

Grand Trunk rail

.. do'.

J. Robinson

.do.

Drift.
...do.

G. Eng«'lmann and

C. S. Sargent.
C. S. Sargent . .

O. Eogolmann and

C.S.SnrKcnt
G. R. Vaaoy

Sierra Lumber
Company,

T. .S. Uranilegeo . . . Gravelly.

A. Triple do .

G. Kngrlninnnand

C. S. Sargent. I

...do...... I

0.4443
0.452S
0.4419
C. 3230
0. 3239
0.3841
0.3C48
0. 5289
0. 5243
0.6533

0.6743
0. 7110

0. 6993
0. 4693
0.4639

0.60C3
0. 5135

0. 4301
0. 4090
0. 6204
0.3671
0. 3933
0. 4022
0. 4088
0. 3608
0.3671
0. 4092
0. 3938
0. 3710
0.4549

0.4323
0.8682
0.8690

0.4301
0.3027 j
0.3071
0.3303
0.3307 j

0.4602
0.4642 I
0.4733 ,
0.4604

0.6066
0.4587

1085
1086
1039

1039
1U02
1039

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

401

DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETKBB, UNDEB A PBKB8UEE, IK KIL00BAM8, OF—

If

el

Bemarki.

J

50

lOO

ISO

300

0

(set.)

300

3S0

30O

350

400

4SO

soo

8SO

7.0
6.5
9.0
0.0
7.5
0.0
0.5
0.5
7.5
7.5

6.0

7.0

7.5
5.6
5.2

12.0
11.0

e.5

5.3
8.5
7.6
4.5
4.5
4.7
0.4
6.3
5.0
6.8
7.1
6.0

4.2
0.5
6.1

5.5
6.6
0.0
6.4
0.6

6.5
7.5
6.2
12.8

13.2
7.2

14.0
13.0
17.5
17.2
15.0
11.6
13.8
13.0
14.7
16.0

11.5
14.5

15.0
10.6
10.7

22.7
22.0

11.5
10.5
16.5
16.3
9.4
9.2
9.4
13.0
13.0
10.0
11.5
14.0
11.0

8.2
13.2
10.6

11.0
13.2
12.0
12.4
13.2

12.4
14.0
U.7
25.6

2a 0
14.5

21.2
10.4
26.6
26.6
22.4
17.2
20.0
20.0
22.0

29.5
26.0
30.3

1.0
0.5
1.7

30.0
26.4
37.0

39.0
33.6

279
248
252
108
250
238
270
313
343
126

400
431

403
360
372

200
298

266
291
343
181
271
279
293
243
225
397
266
167
249

292
226
263

293
246
280
231
226

293
271
331
169

1»S
299

Sqaaro break

32.0
23.5

27.7
26.0
29.5

1.5
0.7
1.0
0.6
0.9

33.6
24.0
28.4
27.0
30.0

38.0
34.0
38.0

50.0
48.0

Specimen with curly grain ; square break on tension aido, splitting
in nzia.

17.8
21.5

22.5
10.5
16.0

34.5
33.0

17.2
16.4
26.0
22.8
14.0
14.2
14.8
20.7
20.0
15.4
17.8
22.4
17.0

12.5
20.2
16.2

17.0
20.3
18.2
18.7
20.6

18.0
21.6
17.5
41.5

46.0
22.6

24.0
29.7

31.0
22.3
22.0

60.6
46.6

23.8
22.8
34.3

0.9
1.7

2.4
0.4
0.5

24.0
30.0

3L0
22.6
22.2

31.5
39.0

41.0
28.7
28.5

38.0
49.0

52.0
36.6
35.5

.
47.0
61.6

66.5
47.0
46.2

59.3
84.0

92.5

75.0

do..

ViS

do

277

3.1

1.2
0.5
2.3

49.5

24.2
23.2
35.0

68.0

32.0
31.0
46.6

Square break on tension aide, epUttins in axis ; also brote ftt knot
near the end.

651

62.0

f»9

20.0
19.8
20.5
30.0
32.3
21.6
25.2

1.0
0.6
0.3
2.0
3.6
1.0
1.3

20.4
21.0
21.0
31.0
33.6
21.8
25.2

29.0
29.0
28.0

do

788

780

do

788

30.0
36.0

7S7

1M4

24.0

17.1
32.1
23.6

23.0
29.0
26.0
28.0
.32.0

26.0
31.0
24.0

1.3

0.7
3.8
1.3

0.6
1.2
1.0
2.4
8.0

1.0
2.0
0.8

24.6

17.5
34.2
24.0

23.0
29.0
2&0
29. S
32.8

27.0
31.4
24.2

1044

24.0

>75

SET

35.0
30.2

do

K7

<n

Mt

35.0

«t

n*

TSt

35.0
46.2
32.0

818

... do

81t

43.0

Specimen cntss-graineil ; sqnv« break on t«naioD side, splitting In

819

911

9«a

31.0

1.2

32,0

42.0

do

8aa

26 FOE

402

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table 111.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

352. PiDos rvflexa .*

Wltiurim.

S63. Pinna Pmmrana

PiAon. .Vu< Pitu.

365. Pinos edalis

ISiUm. Xut Pint.

350. Pinos moDopbylla . .
Piiion. ^ut'Pim.

.^7. Finns Balfomiana . .

S57. Pinna Balfonnana. var. ariatata.
Foxtail Pine. Uietory Pine.

358. Pinna reainosa

Bad Pint, Aorway Pi'iu.

359. Pinna Torreyana .

342. Pinna Jcffl-eyi

BvU Pine. BUuk Fine.

SOT 1 Colondo.

Utali ...
Nevada.

....do.

Colorado.
.. do...

...do

Kevada..

Micliigan .

Ke w Bmnawicli . .

Vermont.
...do...

California
...do

Arizona .

...do....
...do ....
...do....
...do....

Dakota

Oregon

CaUfomia .

...do

...do

...do

do

Montana..

.. do

California.

do.

do.

California .

...do

...do

..do

San Diego connty.

.do .

CaCon City

Lowiaton . .
Danville

Scott luonntaina .

Foreet City .

Prospect mountain.

Hersej

...do

^ridgoton

.do.

Charlotte .
...do

San Diego county.

do.

Dcadwood

Saw.niill, Aalilond.
Strawberry valley .
...do

Saw.inill, Straw,
berry valloy.

Saw. mill, San Ber-
nard mo.
Saw.niill, Miaaoula.

Canon City .

Scott muunt^iina .

Bnw.mlll, Ran Ber-
nardino.
...do

O. £ngelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

G. K. Vaaey.
...do

M. K. Jonee.
A. Triple . . .

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

T. S. Brandegee.
...do

A. Triple . .
W.J.Beal.

C.G.Pi-ingle.
...do

G. Engelmann .

.do.

C. G. Pringle

...do

...do

.do.

Robert Dougloa.

G. Engelmnnn and
C. S. Sargent.

Gravelly .

Rocky . . .
Gravelly.

Rooky.

do.

Rocky .

Sandy .

Gravelly

Low, wet, Bwompy
...do

W.G.Wright,
a WaUon ....

SicrmLumborCom
pnny.

E. Weaton .
..do

G.Iiugi'lmannand

C. S. SargcnL
...do....:.

W.G.Wright.
...do

Dry, gravelly .
...do

0.5261
0. 5392

0.6862
0.6342

0.5894
0.6579

0. 5623
0. 5714

0. 5113
0.4987
0.4811
0. 6240

0.5482
0. 5511
0. 4S5I
0. 4191
0.4886
0. 4789
0. 5221
0.5104

0.6471
0.5800

0. 6570
0. 7913
0.4740
0. 4096
0.4250

0.6084
0. 4788
0. 4814
e.474S
0. 5502
0.4420
0.B079
0. 4502
0. 4700
0. 4795
0.4803
0.B206
0.5277

0.5678
0. 5758
0. 5948
0.6329

coefficunt of

KUISTICITT.

1.

4

814

849

839

976

390

349

444

407

429

421

m

1356
1320
1039

1039
1163

1221
1366

1221
1627

1395
1375
1039 '
849
1110
1007
1062
1221

1285
1252

1285

1302

1085

1110

lies

1103

1221

1221

1163

1163

1320 902
1470 1171

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

403

CEFI.ECTION, IS MII.LIMETHB8, UNDEB A FBEB8UUS, IK KILOOIUIIS, OF—

II. 0 [ i:>.o

0. G Ili. 0

Specimen croas-gralned ; foiled wltb long iipllt.
do

Broke at knot nenr end .

-do.

Broke at knot

Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot .

.do.

.do.

Square break .

do .

0.25 sap'^'ood ; specimen cross-grained .

Square break with split at end

Sbnttored

Crusbcd at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting I 315

in axis. |

Cmsbcdat center be.iriug; square break tlS

Specimen cross-grained; shattered

Square break

Square break on tension aide, splitting in axis

Square break on tension side, splittini: in axis; crashed at center

bearing.
Square break; crushed nt center bearing

Broke with long scale

.do.

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Specimen crosA-gruined; broke at knot

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Square break on tension aide, splitting in axis; shattered .
Square break ; split to one end

7H
TBS
1074

ion

1976
lOT*

US4
IIM
UiS
1156

0.75 snp'Wood ; crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension

side, iiplitting in axis.
Square break; shattered

Broken at end; shattered

Short break; shattere<l

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .

Square break

Squnrti bieak ou tension side, splitting in axis.

do .

Square break ; split to one end

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Specimen cross-grained

Sap-woo<l: specimen cross-grained; broke at knot.
Cross-graiucd

Squnrv brrnk on tension side, splitting In axis ; shattered

Sqiwre break at knot

Crutthetl at center bearing: broke with flue splinters

Squ:iTV break on tension side, splitting in axis

404

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

tablk hi.— behavior of the principal woods of the

Piniu Chihaahoaiui .

MS. Pinus Murray.-Ji» i »»

Tamaratk. Black Pin*. Lodgt- ,
pvU Pint. Spnice Pine. 293

Pious Sablniana

Digjtr Pint. BuU Pine.

W7. Pinnfi Conlteri.

368. I'inus insignia...
ilonterry Pine.

n». PlnusTicda

LMoUy Pine. Old-field Pint.
Btiteaiarjf Pine.

Ariion* .
...do....

British Colnmbia

.do.

Colorauo. .

...do

...do

Califoinia.

.do.

du.

Florida . . .

...do

AlAbamA .
...do ...

Korth Carolina . . .

Uoaaachniatta.
.. do

tn. Pinos innps

Jerni/ pine. Bervb Pine.

.1 621
622

...do...
Florida .

do.

Soulb Carolina .

...do

Indiana

1168

1160

1172 ! New Jersey

1172 .....do

3T4. Plnas clmosa

Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce
Pine.

278 Florida .

279 . . do...

Virginia .
...do...

ST* Pinnninnricata 671 California.

tjbiepo Pine. Biehop't Pine.

VancouTer's island

Forest City.

.do.

..do

Scott mountains .

Contra Cost.i coonty

San Bernardino.

Mount Sbosta .

.lo.

Duval county .

...do

Cottage Hill . .

.do .

Wilmington .
..do

Arnold Arboretum.

North Reading .

Davol connty .
...do

Aiken

...do

New Albany.

do .

Uonnt nelly.

Apslacbicola .

Wylbevillc .

Hario coonty .
..do

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

do.

T. S. Brandegee.

...do

C.S. Sargent

G. Engclmnnn and

C. S. Sargent
...do......

G. E.Vnscy.
...do

W.G.Wright.
..do.........

G. R.Va8uy.

G. Engelmann and
C. S. S.irgent.

A. H. Curtisa .

E. Kidder .
...do

.do .

C. S. Sargent .

...do

J. Robinson . .

do .

A. H. Curtiss .

H. W. Bavonel .

U. J. Robinson .

Dry, gravelly 0.5801

...do I 0.5985

0.C4OG
0.0198

Moist, sandy loam . 0. 4551

...do 1 0.4265

...do

...do

Gravelly.

Dry, gmvelly.
...do

Gravelly loam .
...do

0.454C
0. 4G0O
0.4618

0. S4C0
0.5426 jj]^

0. 4i43
0. 4322

0.4835
0. 5005

Gravelly 0. 4071

.. do 0.3901

Moist, sandy | 0. 0068

..do I 0.0147

Luiv, rich . .

...do

Loam

do .

0.5914
0.5840
0.5600
0.4<i0a
0. 4075
0. 4937

0. 5070
0. 5943
0. 4371
do i 0.5140

do.

Drift.
...do.
...do.

Moist, sand; loam . 0. 7592
...do 0.7518

Dry, sandy .

aP.Sbarples ' Clay.

A. H. Curtiss I Dry, sandy barren.

do do

ILShriver Clay.

.do 0.5300

0.5403
0.5537
0. 5010
0. 5703
0. 5920
0.7088

0.5341
0.J218

O. K. Vsaoy Gravelly.

.do.

.do ! 0.5883

1221
1062

1627
1744

1130
1221

1039
1221

1B08 1775 I 10)8
1395 1395

1221
10G2

1027
1G84

1163 1168
U77 1172

1085 1006
1302 1059

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

4or.

OBFLBCTION, IK MlLLIHBTRBfl, UKDEU A PBB88UBB, IX KILOOBAIU, OF—

1^1

5.5 11.2

4.3 I 9.0

i
27.0

19.7

ISO 300 O

I (set.)

23. 0 31. 5

1&2 25.7

11.5
14.0

29. 0 43. 0
32.0

17.0 j 23.5
14.3 j 19.6

1.6 32.0
1. 3 25. 8

U.G
14.0

4ao 55.0

32.4 43.7

14.4 18.0

18.0 21.3

44. 5 61. 0 I 95. 0
62.5

16. « I 21.3 27.5
20.0 I 27.0

1.0 23.7
0.4 19.8

30. 6 45. 0 4. 8 ! 48. 0

12.3
11.8
33.0
24.5
15.0
24.0
22.5
18.0

11.7

0.2

33.0

2.5

24.0

1.5

15.0

0.3

24.0

1.1

22.4

L.O

18.0

0.5

33.5

3.0

10.5

21.0

7.0

14.0

6.5

12.5

9.0

18.5

10.8

22.8

13.1

27. ;t

0.0

18.5

aa

17.6

7.2

15.5

5.0

10.0

4.7

9.0

4.0

7.5

12.3 17.0
12.6 ' 17.0

42.7
63.0

17. 0 21. 5
17.4 22.

51.0
33.0

45.0

52.5 71.0

63.5 88.0

35.5
23.2

0.3 I 18.0
0. 0 15. 2

St
.'iOO s.io 1 1

•2

I a

Square breaV on tenaioD eide, splitting in axis .
Failed from large splinter on tension side

447 i CrasLcd at center beating; failed from tension aide

.1

400 [ Failed f i om lar^e epltuter on Cijmer
122

624

99T

as

Brolsoatknot 'B.

Square break at knot - - i *"

Square break; splintered *•*

Sqn.ire break •*

.do.

Square break on tension aide, splitting in axis; sbattered .
do :

Broke at knot ^^^

Specimen cross-grained ; shattered .
do

87*

Sap-wood; .square break ---' '**

Crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, q>Uttiiig I 82

in axis. ,^

do «

Long split at one end , *^

281 Longsplit ''^

432 I 0.33 sap-wood ; square break **

240 Square break ou tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered 3S8

330 do , ^

.do.

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ' "

.do.

276 I Shattered I '•••

283 i Square break on tensiion side, split(in£ in axis j !•*•

500

Broke with coarse splinters.
, do

•n

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Oblique fracture; started at knot ■ •**

Shatlend "«•

213 j Square break '••*

308 , Specimen cross-grained; shattered '"*

272 I do

IITC

183

Specimen ctvss-grained ; aturtedMknot ^^^

Shattered *"

Specimen cross-grained ; brokenearead *"

Squiiiv bi\\ak • *"'

406

FOREST TREES OF NORTH A^IERICA.

Table III— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRmCIPAL WOODS OP THE

Spedo*.

s

a

s

i

sut«

Locnlily.

Collector.

Soil.

ii
11

ttrs

g.5s

00

278
278
319

142
142
5U
£44
544
764
TS4

394
394
780
780
879
879

81
81
81
81
85

as

85
85
248
243
857
357
358
356
359
359
8«0
300
381
341
384
384
386
390
390
1096
1096

84
84
84
3S0
3S6

Florida

Chattahoochee

do

A. H. Ciirtiss

do

Clay

0.6524

TtlUnt Pitu. Shorl-UoTtd Pint.
Spnin Piiu. flufl Pine.

.. do

. . do

0.6490

Loalsiana

South CaniUn* ...
do

C.Mohr

Sandy loam

Bieh nplimd

... do

0.6516

BouDcau's Depot . . .
....do

H. VT. Kavencl....
... do

0.4650

Cedar Piiu. SpruaPint. WhiU

0. 4035

MusiBalppi

...do

Ualursville

....4o

C.Mohr

...do

...do

A. H. CorUss

....do

W.J.Bcal

....do

Intercolonial rail,
way.

Low, sandy

do

0. 3535
0.3500

....do

....do

do

0. 4208

Florida

Cbattahooclice

....do

... do

do

0. 4713

Micbigan

Baldwin

do .. .

Low, eaudy

...do

0. 4912

Gray Pint. Serub Pine. Princt'$
Pine

.. do

....do

0.4297

....do

... do

0.4639

...do

...do

0. 5129

J80. PtDiu pnliutru

LongUared Pine. Southern Pine.
Georgia Pine. Tetkm Pine.
Bard Pine.

Diival ooiinty

...do

A. n. Curtiss

... do

Sandy loam

....do

....do

... do

... do

do

O.OB50

....do

...do

....do

....do

...do

....do

Moist, sandy

.. do

... do

..do

...do

0. 6632

... do

....do

. . do

do

... do

....do

....do

... do

... do

Saw-milK Saint

Jolin's river.
....do

....do

....do

...do

0. 7066

Cottage Hill

...do

C. Mohr

Bandy loam

....do

...do

... do

...do

... do

....do

...do

do . .

...do

...do

....do

Chnuchula

...do

...do

...do

.

... do

... do

... do

...do

... do

do

...do

....do

... do

do

...do

...do

...do

.. do

...do

...do

....do

do

Florida

Saw.mlll, Cedar

K.JB.

...do

....do

North CnroUna . .
... do

.. ,lo

... do

...do

\

WilnilogtoD

...do

E. Kidder

0. 6739

... do

Alabama

Mobile

C. Hobr

...do

... do

do

«l. Fiona Cahffiiiii. . .

BlaeliPine. Swamp Pine. Bat-
tardPine. Uiadmc Pine.

riurida

...do

Duviil ruuiily

... do

A. U. CurtlM....
...do .

Moiat, sandy

do

0.6934

... do

...do

...do

. do

CottaKe Bill

....do

C. Mohr

do

..do

....do

....do

COEFKICIKN'T OF

E
"S

S.

1

FLA8T1C1TT.

1221

1252

874

1395

1415

1055

1479

1458

1188

634

600

460

642

660

670

220

208

262

244

238

840

244

233

431

561

542

786

595

692

633

574

574

574

814

769

649

1320

1356

947

872

939

670

976

030

448

1039

1085

722

1628

1628

1100

1526

1575

1266

076

1062

820

1628

1628

1240

814

888

820

1028

1575

1030

1039

1085

987

642

630

93S

1953

1775

1200

2123

1713

1289

1628*

1560

1172

1028

1713

1472

1486

1305

1289

1628

1775

1392

1628

1684

1233

1628

1628

1307

1684

1770

1380

1221

1302

1170

2035

1053

1287

2035

2035

1322

957

067

042

1628

1656

1001

1221

1221

1046

1808

1776

1137

1628

1560

1032

1085

1103

1106

1479

1459

1095

1479

1302

1170

1163

1191

1048

1479

1470

1181

1878

1963

1270

1953

1963

1406

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Ui^ITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

407

DEFLBCTIOK, IN MILLIMETEI18, UXDEB A PBK88UBB, IK KILOOBAHS, OF—

12.5
12.7
18.2
12.3
24.0
12.3
18.8
33.0
10.9
11.0
12.5
11.4
13.7
11. 5
12.0
12.6
11.4
14.6
10.0
10.0
20.5
11.6
15.4
11.2
12.8
16.8
13.2

0.2 15.6
16.4

10. 0 0. 3 10. 0 12. 0 16. 0

24.6
35.0
25.0
2&5
30.0
29.0

35.7
86.5
28.5
21.3

tl

Specimen cross-graioed ; started at knot

Square break on tension side, splitting in ftxiB .

Specimen crogs-grained ; broke with long split with gnin 142

Sqnare break on tension ride, splitting in axis ! 143

do I S44

Shattered - S44

Square break at Icnot I 544

Shattered I 764

do I 7M

Square break

Long, shattered break

Broke with small splinters

Broke at small knots

Broke at knot

Broke at small knots ; shattered .

Sqnare break ou tension side, splitting in axis

Crushed at center bearing : sqnare break

Square break with large splinters

Square break on tension aide, splitting in axis with larg« splinters .

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Crushed at center bearing; sqnare break

0.5 sap-wood; splintered break

Shattered; split to one end

Broke with large flakes on back

78(
7W
878

do.

Square break with flakes on back | *57

45 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; broke with flakes on 357

back.
Sqn.ire break, (a) Boie<i tS52; chipped ten years; abandoneJ ISll 358

694 Shuttered, (o) Bo\ed 18,"2 : chipped ten years ; abandoned 1S61 — X\S

526 ■ Sqo.irebreakwifhlarcefl!ikesoncomer». (o) Boxed IFT^ ; chippe»l 35»

lour Tears ; spt'cinicn l;iken along chip.
696 Square" bre;ik on tension side, splitling in axis, (a) Boicd 1?76: iS»

' chipped four years; specimen taken along chip.
589 j Broke with thin (lakes on Iwck. (a) Boxed 1876; chipped four 360

I years; specimen taken al>ove chip.
499 Squai-e br\ak, somewhat shattci-ed. (o) Boxed l!T6; chipped four 3*0

j ve:>r8; specimen t.iUeu al'ovo chip.
549 1 Square br.ak on teusion aide, splitling in axis, (o) Boxed IS?,'; 361

I chipped two rears. '

564 I Broke with many splinters, (a) Boxed 1878; chipped two yean

467

Specimen crosa-gnuned ; split . . .

Brt>ko with flakes on back

Broke with thick flakes on back .
do

Shattered, (a) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty yean ago

Broke with large flake, (a) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty yean afo

499 Specimen cross-grained ; split

447 I Specimen oross-grnined ; broke with large spUnten.

504 Squarebreak

642 Slightly splintered

81. 5 625 39.2 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; broke with Urge
' flat splinters on comore.

a In the mannfacture of turpontiuo.

1096
lOM

408

FORf:ST TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpMiW.

tSL Piaos Cnbenai*— eootiiioed.

Pioea DiirT«

Black Spruct,

IS*. PioMalba

Wkiu Spruee.

.. do

J^ew Brunswick .

LooaU^.

Bay Blscayne.

do.

A. H. CnrtisB..

do.

ii

S 1.5

do.

0.8406
0.8042

C. G. Pringle Cold,p6!»ty 0.5004

...do do i 0.5429

' GrovoUy..... \ 0.4587

nuntingtoo do

BayofFundy IntercoloDial rail- I 0.

I way.

do.

880 ; New Brunswick .
880 ;-...do

Bridgeton

do.

384. Pier* Eneelnuuini

WhiU Sprue*.

385. PiempuDKens

WhiU Spruce. Blut Sprue*.

MS. Picca .Sitclii nils

Tui4 land Spruce.

270'
270»

l>77

lOlS
I 1010
j 1010
I 1020

1028

New IIani|i8bire .. Stratford CO. Prinple i Gravelly 0. 445S

do ! 0.4983

New Brunswick . . Bay of Fnndy

do.

do.

.do Bridgoton

.do.

.do.

Province of Que- Amqni

bee. I
do j do ...

Colorado , Forest City .

do do

Intercolonial rail-
way.
do

A. Grant.
...do....

0.4579
0.4590
0. 4411
0.4530
0.4319
0. 4103

.do.

do ' Alpine.

.do ' . do ..

do ' do .-

Alaska | Sitka

...do — do .

British Colombia.'

do.

PanlScbultzo...
...do

do.

du .

6. Engrlmann and
C. S: Sargent.

Oregon I Weidler's saw-mill, \ do .

P<irtland
— do Saw-mill, Astoria. . - do .

...do ' do ' do .

— do I Portland Furniture ' do .

Coiupuuy.

do .

UaMacboaetts.

Vermont .
.. do...

Arnold Arboretum..; C. S. Sargent .

do.

.do.

Charlotte C.G.Priogle

...do I — do

New Brunswick . . lotercolouiul rail-
way.
...do

...do

...do

.do .

Bay of Fundy .
... dn

do i — do

...do Bridgeton Ed.Slnclair.

Drift

...do....
Gravelly.

.do.

0. 4076
0.4568
0. 4038
0.8882
0. 4308
0. S5I7
0.3088
0.3891
0.3810

0.4210
0.8089
0. 47K
0.4000
0.5124
0. B129
0.4922
0.4458
0.3406
0. 3075
0.4811
0.4805

do 0.4910

I 0.4296

I 0.4153 '

': 0.4425

1 0.4785

I

T. S. Brandegeo.. Damp I 0.4325 i

...do ....do I 0.3642 I

C. S. Sargent Peaty i 0.3411 I

T. S. Brandegce ..... do | 0.3805

Damp 0.3939

...do ' 0.4030

...do 1 0.3810

COXFnCIENT OF

i

■i.ASTicrrr.

■B

§■
i

1
1

r

1479

1479

1064

1744

1684

998

1526

1479

930

1221

1221

002

904

921

688

1062

1062

504

1221

1221

834

906

1062

717

1221

1085

701

976

888

687

939

872

741

787

708

78«

679

688

708

1285

1252

818

1163

1136

702

939

976

689

978

970

731

1221

1230

811

1130

1140

708

076

1028

757

554

588

420

751

751

64$

888

864

877

542

574

441

444

444

387

010

642

039

921

957

734

1062

1085

741

1085

1149

682

1039

1062

635

1221

1302

776

996

076

614

1110

1085

673

642

051

653

610

642

431

763

814

614

787

7<il

68U '

1085

1062

738

1017

1007

707

1136

1136

900

1130

1177

1031

488

470

m

432

432

836

079

888

841

609

665

630

970

976

746

1085

1085

790

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITEJ) 8TATKS UNUEK TliANH VERSE STRAIN— Continued.

409

DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMBTERS, UNDER A FRESSUBB, IN KILOOBAUS, OF—

21 a

U.2

U.7
10.0

5.5 41.

22.5
18.7
19.0
21.8
15.8
22.0

1. 0 20. 0

4.3

400 430 SOO SSO

40.0
34.0

27. 5 35. 7
24. 0 32. S

li

II
"I

11

426

Sqaare break

Square break on tension aide, splitting in axla.

397 Square break witb scales on back

385 ' Crushed at center be.iring; Bqnarc break

296 [ Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .

215 , Square break at large knot

356 Square break

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .

Square brc.ik

■m
m

.do.

Square bn-ak ; split to end .

Broke with Hat scales on back

Square break ; shattered

Crushed at center bearing; failed from flakes on tension aide.
Sqnare break

.do .

Crushed at center bearing ; fkiled tnm thin scale on tension side..
Crushed; square break

Broke with thin scale on back

Square break at knot near eud

Square break

Square break with short splinters .

[ Started at knot

do

Square bioak

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with few thin splinten

do

Crnshed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters

Crushed at center bciring : broke with thin flake

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters

Cniehed at center bearing; broke with thin flake

Cm.xhed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters

Shattered

Specimt n eriiss.^niined : i*plit --

1015
lOW
IP»

I 10»
! lOM

Shattered ..

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Broke with large flakes on back

Square bre.ik -

Square break with lung split In center

do

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis.

Shattered

Square break; shattered

Square break

Square break; somewh.at shattered

Square brejik .*-

Xlt

n»
m

77S

m

T7S
778

n«

787

410

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRLNOIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpfcJee

S87. Tsapi Canadensis — continncd .

793 Province of Qasbec' Danrille.

793 do I do

817 West Virginia Grafton..

817 ....do '....do ....

1040 Miusacbnsetta Dnnvcrs .

1040 ....do do ....

1042
1042

do.

188. Tsnga CaroUniana

Btmlock.

38t. Tnica Mrrtenaiana

nemhck.

180. TsDga Paltoninna

301. P«»n<!oiKUga Douglasii

Bid Fir. XeUmc Fir. Oregon
Pint. VtntgUu Fir.

623 North Carolina..

Wnshington tor-

riiory.
Alaska

North Reading.

.do .

Hendersonville .

980 I British Colnmbia

Wilkoson.
Sitka ....

Alpino.
...do ..

California i Saw -mill, Straw-
berry valley.
— do do

Oregon Saw mill, Marshfield

...do ....do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Montana...

...do

Coliroml*..

...do

Utah

.do.

Britiab Colombia

...do

..do

do.

Oregon

British ColnmbU

...do

Oregon

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

.. do

...do

...do

...do

Saw-mill, Mis.'^nula.

.do.

Lassen's peak.

.do .

Saw-mill, Bnrrard

Inlet
...do

Saw.DiiU, Victoria .
Saw-mlll, Portland .

Oregon Railwnv and
Navigation Co.

Baw-miU, Astoria .

Portland Fnmltare

Companjr.
...do

Grand Tmnk rail,
way.

do.
C.G.Pryigle.

J. Kobinson.
...do

G. EocolroRnn and

C. S. Sargent.
Paul Schultze

G. Engelmonn and Gravellv loam .

C. S. Sargent.
...do

Hoist loam .
...do

Dry, rocky .
Rich loam .

T. S. Brandegee . .

do

Moist.
...do .

G. Engelmann and I
C.S.Sargent.

S. Watson .
..do

Sierra Lnmber

Company.
...do

M.E. Jones

do.

C. S. Sargent .

do.

G. Engclmaun and
C. S. Sargent.

Rocky .
...do..

^ i!

g.5B

0.0204
0. S248
0.4041
0.3748
0.S090
0. SI 14
0. 4248
0. 4244

0. 6335

0. S318
0.5002
0.5472

0.4590
0.471S

U. 4852
0. 1780
0. 4«!74
0.5735
0.5382
0. 4373
0. 0590
0. 5795
0.5477
0.0087
0.0802
0. 4375
0. 4448
0.6345
0.6448
0. 6227
0. 6090
0. 5001
0. 6705
0.6005
0. 4900
0. 5306
0. 4500
0.0016
0. 4870
0.6501
0. 638S
0. 6326
0.6060
0.0085
0.0129
0. 0135
0.4632
0. 4485

113S
1221

1017
1628
1520

1110
1744

LWO
1130

laos

1576
1808
1085
1103
1062
1221
1221
1163
990
1163
1221
1103
1350
1085
1221
1252
1028
1221
1191
1028
1028
1028

1177
1285

1017
1028
1470

1149
1628
1356
930
1628
1221
1395
1628
1808
1086
1085
1062
1221
1262
1169

1110

976

1221

771

1149

820

1430

902

1122

787

1191

1008

1838

764

1628

898

1356

900

1191

096

1713

900

1628

690

1028

947

1744

008

1085

1048

971

1065

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continual.

411

DEFLECTION, IX UILLIMETEBS, UKDKB A PREBSUBE, Dl KILOOBAUB, OF—

7.3

U.O

0.0

9.0

7.2

11.0

8.2

12.3

5.7

as

6.0

9.0

6.0

8.8

8.0

as

0.0

13.3

10.0

15,2

21.0
12.6
13.2

27.0
26.4

23.3

24.0

17.5

12.6

14.5

22.5

12.1 I

15.8 {

13.6

12.3

11.0 j

18.7

17.8

10.6

16.2

16.0

17.8

22.0

18.6

17.0

17.0

13.6 I

18.0 I

17.0

14.7

12.5

14.5

I
16.8

12.0

U.O

11.8

1.4

0. 9 23. 7
1. 0 [ 24. 0
0.8 18.0
0. 0 j 12. 6
0.2 I 14.8
1.5 I 23.0
0. 3 12. 2
0.5 16.0
14.0
12.5
11.2
19.0
18.0
0.5 j 20.4
0.4 16.8
10.0
18.0
22.0
18.5
17.5
0.3 j 17.5
0.3 j 13.6
' 18.0

0.4

16.0 19.7

16. 5 20 5

36. 0 I 55. 5

35. 5 ! 48. 2

32.0
33.0
23.0
16.0
18.2

it

a Si

I 1 ' 1 rl

' 'si :

330 400 I.IO .lOO SSO || <

I -^ a

PS

24. 5 I 30. 5
25.0 I 34.0

34.0 45.6
29.0 34.5

Cnisbcd at center bearing with tbin flkke on teukn slda ' 7M

Square break ; lone split in center 7H

Sqaaro break 817

.do .

; 817

Broke with dakea un tension side lOM

Sqonrc break on tension ddo, splitting in axis 1040

Crushed at center bearing ; failed with flakes on comer 1M2

Sqnare break; shattered i 1042

197 [ Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot.

Started at knots

Crashed at center benring; failed from flakee on back.
Crushed: splintered

307 I Square break .

.do .

Square break and split nt end

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .

Did not break ; split through the center

Sqaaro break ; slightly splintered

nv

.do.

Flaked on tension side

Square break; Urge splinters

Specimen cross-gmined ; split with grain

Crushed at center bearing; sqnare break

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .
do

Failed from large splinter on comer .
Specimen cross-grained ; splintered..
Specimen oross-grained ; shattered . .

708
708
7M
708
730

.do .

Failed ttom large splinters on comers

Failed from largo splinters on one comer .
Square break on tension side, splitting in i

Failed from large splinter on comer

Sqnare break

.do .

Failed from largo splinter on each comer

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . .
Crashed at center bearing ; broke with flakes on back .
Crushed at center bearing ; sqnare break; splinter«d..
Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . .

Started at knot : splintered on comer

Crushetl at center bearing; broke with fine spUntera .

Crackctl at knot

Crnshed at center bearing and scaled on tension side . .
SpIinleriMl

1008
1008
1011
lOU

mis

1018

lOM

1018

I 10!8

' 1028

412

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table HI.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

1

a

s

§

Steto.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

It

H

ill

30] . PMutlotauga DongUsU— cont'd —

1022
1022

642
M2

S23
523
523

377
377

449<
M9<
M8>
449>
820
820
820
820

1009
1010
1010

529
529
639
639
733
733

1004
1004

965
965

647
647
647

226"

226>

774

774

781

781

7SI

788

795

795

840

840

Portland Fomiture
Comjiany.

6. EnKPlmann and
C. S. Sarpent.

...do

0. 473j

391. pM>udotsajr« Dougluii, rar. ma*
crocnrpa.

California

Sawniill, San Ber-
nariUno.

W-CWright

0.5357

...do

....do

North Carolina...
... do

Itoau mountain

....do

■\ValcottGibb8....
.. do

Peaty loam

... do

0.3602

Italtam. She BaUam.

0. 3323

... do

. do

do

do

0.3630

Vermont

...do

C. G. Pringlo

....do

0.4435

BaUamFir. Balm of OiUad Fir.

...do

....do

T. S. Brandegeo . . .
...do

lluiet, 8audy loam
....do

0.3941

BdUam.

... do

....do

. . do

....do

.. do

... do

0.3682

... do

.do ....

do ...

do

...do

...do

... do

... do

... do

... do

...do

...do

do

do

....do

0. 3673

..do

....do

...do

...do

G. Engelmannand
(;. S. Sargent.

Rich, alluvial

....do

TihiUFir.

...do

...do

.. do

....do

do

do

Engclmunn's caSon
... do

KobertDonglaa...
do

Whitt Fir. BaUam Fir.

... do

do ...

0. 3801

California

... do

Strawberry valley . .
...do

O. Engelmannand
C. S. Sargent.

AUuvinl

...do

...do

Loasen'a peak

... do

Sierra Lnmber
Company.

... do

0 4304

British Colnmbla .
... do

Silver peak, near

Fraser rivor.
..do

G. Engclmann and
C. S. .Sargent.

Bich, sandy loom . .
do

SM. Abie* Doliillft

CnHcado mountains .
... do

...do

....do

Bed Fir.

...do

....do

California

... do

So<la Springs

... do

C. Eogelniann and
C. S. Sargent.

Gravelly loam —
....do

RtdFir.

...do

...do

....do

....do

CO. Pringlo

....do

Cold, swampy

....do

Larch. Iltatk Larch. Tamarack.

... do

... do

New Bronawlok . .
...do

Boy of l'°andr

... du ..:

Intercolonial rail-
woy.

... do

....do

...do

..do

... do

...do

...do

...do

.. do

...do

Danville

Gmnd Trunk mil-
wny.

•

...do

...do

Uaaaachnaetta

..do 1

J. Itobinson

.. do

..do

....do

0. 6272

m

m

COBFTICIKXT OF
EI.ABTICITX.

1

E

D

1

6

1221

1221

769

1163

1136

098

1062

1050

783 1

1085

1050

009

976

10)7

654 i

970

976

621

976

921

042

740

734

445

651

638

584

775

767

548

775

723

370

872

849

580

679

642

347

068

679

518

761

740

462

787

787

492

976

8«8

400

763

751

333

976

1085

527

976

1039

621

660

697

555

775

787

49!)

688

655

703

051

673

764

1285

1320

904

1252

1320

706

1221

1252

769

1221

1208

816

1221

1285

00.-.

1221

1208

820

542

614

580

976

939

816

542

534

703

2325

1953

1100

1526

1628

10.15

1221

1856

937

1305

1479

790

097

734

708

088

688

717 1

1430

1396

023

1285

1356

1060

1479

1436

937

1520

1395

»70

842

872

820

8lt

842

823

THE WOODS OF TIIK UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TliANSVEESE STliAlN— Coutiuued.

413

DSFLncnoN. n< millimeters, ukuee a fbessuue, ik kiloouams, op—

8. 0 12. 0

8. 0 I 12. 5

9. 3 14. 0
!). 3 14. 3

16.4

17.0

19.0 0.4
19.4 0.4

10.8

10.0

21.0

22.4

11.0

10.8

10.0

10.3

18. 2 2«. 3

17. 8 25. 7

1.0

34.5
2. 0 I 30. 0
33.4
32.5
15.0
16.0

2.8

32.8
0.5 14.6
0.4 . 14.7
0.3 , 13.5
0.4 : 14.5
3. 0 I 27. 0
2.0 ' 26.5

300 330 400

ii

Sqnare break : split at end .
Square break

MS

Sqnare break on tensiOD side, splittisg in axis; shattered
do

Square break ; splintered .

Square break

Specimen cruas-grained .

Cruabed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting

in axis. J

Square break at knot i

44»>
4U>

Crnsbed at center bearing ; flaked on back.

Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot

Sqa.are break

do .

Square break and split

Broke vritb long, oblique split

Specimen sbaky; broke with long split .

Crtisbed at center bearing

Square break with long, thin splinter. . .

lOW
1010
1010

Shattered

Square break ; shattered

Square break with flakes on tension side. . . -

Thin flake on back

Crushed at center bearing with thin flakes .
Crushed at center bearing ; splintered

Square br«ak

Cnished at center be.i

square break .

1004
1004

Crushed at center bearing ; flaked

Crushed nt center bearing ; splintered .

Square break ; split

Specimen cross.grained

Sqnare break on tension side, splitting i

1 axis .

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with flue splinten .

Cmslied at center bearing : broke with thin scales

Crnsbed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters .

Largo scale on tension side

Shattered at one end

Specimen cross-grained ; sqnare break ; split

Crushed at center bearing: broke with fine splinters .

Square btwik.; splinlertMi

Crushed at center bearuig ; scaUnl on tension side

Crushed nt center bearing ; scaled

Failed fVoni large splinter on corner

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

339

7U
781

nt

414

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tablk 111.— BEUAVIOK OF THi; PiaKClPAL AVOODS OV THE

401. Lailx oocidenUUi .

PALMACEJJ.

40S. WuhiDEtoni* flUfrra.
Fan-Ui/ I'alm.

710 UontMia.

1004 L...do .
lOM ....do.

116>
11S0

California .
....do

Apia Colientc.

Mluoala S. Watson...

..do

Fnlda ! W. Sikudorf J Molat.

W. G. Wright Drj-, gravelly .

do do

lie

0.0

0.S180 :

O.KJM
0. 8426 I
0.837S

0.C013 p
0.6307 m

1231
1356
1G28
1628
1878
1953

1221
1395
1718
1718
1053
1053

Tablk IV.— BEnAVIOK OF SO.^IE OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATE*

MAGKOLIACEf.

I. Uacnalta eraodlflura

Bto lAiurH. BuU Bay.

2. Mafniolia Klanra

A'lMwl Bay. Whil4 Bay. Btat«r
Ttm. nhiu jMurel. Smmp
Laurel.

8AI-IXDACE£.

54. Hanindan margtoaln*

iViid China. H^apbtrry.

LEGUMIXOS^.

346 Alabama
854 I. ...do

T7. Knblnia PHiidararia I

/.octut. Btaek Locutt. TMmt
LocuMt.

UAUAMKLACEf.

tat. LiquidaniUr Styniclflua

.SKttt Oiim. StarUartd Uvm.
I.iquiilamUr Itfd Oum. BO-
lU*.

OLEACEJi. I

IV2. FrBxJnua Anivrlcaaa, tar. Triroata

BIGNUMACE£.

107. Caul |>n Diirr lorn

Wutrrn t'atatpa. ,

liniCACEA

224. rimu. Anirrlrana

Whtle Htm. Amtriean EUn.
Water rim
128. CrlUKixriiltiitAli*

Sugartyrrry. Itaekbtrry.

.iri;i.A.\DA<;i:,»;.

24(1. Canaaqimllca

Vlaler Ilirh.rM. Nuomp Itittary.
Buur Ittait.

Cri'ULlFER*.

lllaaoiirl.
.. do....

Uaaaacbuaolta.
Teiaa

...do

MUalaalppI .

Cottage mil I C. Mohr .

...do do ....

Dallaa J. Bovercbon

Long laland ' U. C. Bccdlo .

Kcinpi'r'n mill 1 C. Mobr

IMlaa

CharloatoD.

do .

Aniiild Arbf>rf-i4ini .

0.8. Sargent.

Rich loam .
Swanpy...

Rich, damp.

Itlcb. alluvlnl .

I>r\ , calcAriHiua.
Wilcla.v

do .

Oallaii J. Urvvtrbflii .

Dria ....
Alluvlnl .

Kow Ilfnunrcln
Vlckabiirg ...

MolHt. cnlcnrcouH

0.7347
0. 5262

Uaaaacliiuetto Amnld ArlMirrlum C. H. Snrgrnl Drift .

do '....do ....do do.

0.4783
0. 4767

0.7634
0. 7481

0.7108
0.778S

0.0058
0.6820

I*

n»i

1130

030

11 lo*^

070

1007
1028

040

608 j

888

70s'

1050

1118 1

800

1)16

1

006

B30

057

058

787

802

600

658

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
I XITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAO— Continued.

415

oa3<ij>CTn». a Mnxomrms, nam a ruacst, a eiloskaiu, or—

W

gl

a tr

■Tirti

i
1

j«

lOO 1>0 JOO

t> HM I.jO JOO

3.iO 40« 4.SO .500 540

is

t

,

^^

i.a 1 ii.»

I&S

•.5

MLS

aL»

S>.S

1

T.» 1 IOlS

U.C

u.*

I1.4

B.3
17.5

2&» M.«

i

9S0

da

do

2X5

3X7 <7.<

IM

S.T| S.3
&• T.C

•.a

•iX

U.*

ia.4

UL*
IX*

U.5
IC*

19.5 13.0
lAO 22.7

3X3
31.2

3X0 3X5
3X0

S32
5W

Deflectioa with S0« kiiogiaiiia = 43.5 mflljimnrrt; knke witk •■•

splinters. ^

Cnufaed u center bearing: ttfted

13t

um

&s

&• T.B

Vkt

tLS

ML*

B.>

15.5

1X5 ^9.a

X.5

SIS

IIM

a>.a

UC
3S0

Twiaied and spHt

Sqnan break _

lUi

ia.5 m*

a.4

1.8

3&S

un

UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE.

DITtJKTXO^r. a igTTrrtnmrww^ VTSHMK A FBSEBiraB, IX ISILOGRAStS^ OP —

40« $00 1-200 I«4)0 »

!••• apOO -2400 -l^OO 3-JOO 3600 |>

X* Xi {

..I ..I

xal x« xc

* • X* XI

X* xa XT

x>

xa

X5

xs

xa

x«

x«

X*

HlC

XT

x», ixaj 1X1

xs' 1X4 [ ixa

XI ixa IX*

XI ixa cc 1X3

ixT| M.a ixsj ax*

3335 ' BnAe with Urge splinten on back .
KS5 Broke with large splioten

3908 Broke with Urge flake an back.

Broke with large spUntecs oa back .

SIM ' Broke with many flne splinten .

X5

5,1

XS

X3

xs

XS

xs

x's

xc

X*

X5

xs

.. -

«.»

XI

1

x«

IL*
U.*

X3 ixa IX*

n.* 1X5

11.* I iXT axe

Ml* 1X5 I 1X5 1X5

MLS ixs ixa* ax4

xs i 1X4 1 li.* 1X2 ar.s

IX* i4.a 1.3 1 ix»! axo

iv. o a. 5 «JiM Bn>k<;

Li ^e »ptuittrr« .

SMI Crushed and »plit to the ead

'>40a Broke with fine spliater aa odc eoraar.

L* I 3X* I 3SI5 Broke with ftne tpUnten

3L3S Broke with large splinter on ooe coraer-

Sin Broke with large spUnieni on >.-v>nier>
3379 Broke with large apUatan

1IM3 Broke with lais* ipllBtara aa back .

416 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table IV.— BEHAVIOR OF SOME OF THE ^VOODS OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER

Specie*.

ISS. Qa«rrus Mirhaaxii

Batktl Oak. Cou Oak.

SM Qacrcus Prinua

CkutnutOak. Bock Chatnut Oak.

275. Quercuj* KcUog^

Black Oak.

380. QnirrDs •qoatica

Water Oak. Duek Oak. Potmm
Oak, Punk Oak.

BKTPLACE*.

3oI. AIna.H rubra

AUer.

COXIFEKS.

3S9. Cham^cyparift sphsroidea

WhiU Cedar.

370. PiniMTieda

LtMolly Pine. Old-field Pine.
B<Mmary Pint.

37'i. IMnas urotina

Prmd Pine.

3e0. rinuf* palustris

Lon/j'Uated Pine. Southern Pine.
Otorgia Pine, ivi/oio I'ine.
Bard Pine.

Ml. PioaaCubeniiis

JUaeli Pine. Smmp Pine. Bat-
tard Pint. Meadow Pint.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE— Continued.

417

PEFLRCTIOX, Ul UaUUETKBS, UKDEB A PBES8DBB, IB KlLOOBAUa, OF—

SOO 1300 IGOO

O

(set.)

320O ' 3600

^1

a S

• P<

■Si
11

6.3 I 10.0 I 14.0

». 1 ! 9. 3 I 13. 1

10.6
13.0

27 FOE

14. 5 10. 6
13.3 ' ie.o

I

13.3
24.0

26.5
24.2

39.0
33.0

40.6

11.8

12. 0 17. 0
7.6 1 10.0 12.0
I
0. 4 11. 0 13. 6

0.9 13.4 18.0 I 23.0

3016
3393

1987

2313

A large eeason crack at one coraeri iiplinteredoBoi>po-

sito comer.
Splinters on comers

Split leogthwiBe with small Bplintem on cor-
Brokc with large splinters on comers

3905 Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. .

Broke with large .oplinters on back ; shattered.

1284 Short, sqnaro break ; no splinters .

2703
2800

8.7

10. S
16.4

12.5
20.5

Shattered .
do....

0.75 sap-wood ; broke with large splinter on comer. .
3085 ' 0.5 .-^'p-wouil; bvokewitbl.irgcsplintcr on comer...

12.6
10.0
9.8 i 12.0 i lao I 23.5

17.5 [ 3600 ' SqMnru break on tension siilr. splitting in axis.
320?'

12.2 , I ' .' 2790 ' Broke with large splinter on comer; somewhat shst- ; 34S

I : Itn-d.

' '>•> •i 3239 ' Sqiiato break on tension side, splitting in axia 24S

.1 3513 I Split between rings at one end } 84

I
10. 2 12. 6 I IS. 5 19. 5

418

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMKKICA.

Table V.— BEIIAVIOH OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS

Sp«ci»

MAGKOLIACE^

1. UacDolU cnuididor* I

^0 Lauril. Bull Bay.

2. UiMHiolia fflanca

AicfflBaii WhitfBati. Bta-
• rr Tree. White Laurel.
.Sicainp LaurtL'

3. M3:niolU acnminata

i'ueumbtr Ire*. Hountain
HoffnoUa.

4. Unenolia cordau

(.'uruinfrCT' Tree.

5. MasQolia macrophyllA

Large-leated Cueiimber Tret.

6. Itlasnolia Cmbrella

VmbreUa Tree. Elk Wood.

7. Ma^nxiIU Fraa«ri

L<mff4eared Cucumber Tree.

i. LiriodrDdron Tnlipifera

TuKp Tree. Tettow Poplar
While Wood.

3«6 AUbuna Cottage Hill

34« ....do.

XA ... do
3ol ... do .

do.

ill

lis

3*"

C.Uohr I Bich loam .

Swampy.

do.

..do Fancy Gap .

..do.

I
Mississippi ! Sclrcrs' mill.

...do !... do

H. Shrircr l Clay limcetono 6793

....do ....do i 6582

do Rich, light.

do do

C.Uohr — do

do — do

Crushed fibera at 10 millimcterH

knot 28 millinioUrs frum end.
Triple flexure

Fibers crushed at 51 niiUimeteni

from end.
Fibei-8 crushed at middle

I
Alabama ■WinHtcm connty .

I
....do 1... do

do .

Fibers crushed at 7C millimeters

from eud.
Triple flexure

Mississippi Quitman.

do do .

266< Tirginia.
266»i....do ....

Michigan

West Virginia . .

...do

Pennsylvania...

....do

...do

...do

Tennessee

...do

WytheviUe .

Rich, low I 7357

....do I 8301

Fancy Gap — do .

do do .

Damp .

AXOXACEiE.

9 Anlmina triloba

I'apatc. CuMtard Apple.

211 I Missouri

10. Anona lanrifolta .
J'ond AjrpU.

<axeli.a<;e«.

47» Florida .
47t ...do ..

12. CanrlUclba

White Wft'id. Cinnamon
Bart Wild Cinnamon.

TEKXSTKiF.MIACEjE.

14. Oordooia I.A«lanthna

lAMaUy Hay. Tan Bay.

1131 ....do.
iin I. ...do.

17. Tilla Aro<ric»na

2Ame Tree. Baet Wood.
Arneriean Linden. Lin.
See Tree

2U [ RoQth Carolina...
236 ... do

...do

...do

Uaasacbnsetts

Lansing .
Grafton..

Chester county . .
...do

Saw-mlUatKasb-

vlUe.
...do

Meramco river,
Jefferson conoty.

W.J.Boal....
C.G Pringle..

...do

P. P. Sharpies

.do.

5800
I 7575

4063
6341
0630
6514
0109
030S

...do

...do I 5874

A.E.BaJrd I i 6480

5008

G. W. Lctterman
...do

Bay iiiacayne
...do

EUiott'tKey |....do

Crushed iu vicinity of knote at

middle.
Crushed libera at 63 millimeters

from cud.
Cnished libers at 70 millimeters

from eud.
Crushed fibers at in2mill)metor8

from end and on opposite side at

end.
Cnished fibers at 3H miUimetera

fr<j

iiUlle

Opened longitudinal crock be-
tween rings.

Clashed fibers at 63 millimeters
from end.

Crushed filters at 128 millimeters

from end.
Triple fle.\ure: developed inter*

secting "Cooper lines".

Failed nt 6 millinietera knot 51

millimeters from end.
Fibers crushed at 51 and at 12^^

millimeters from end.

Failed at knot at middle

Fibers crushed at 51 uiilliMt- i- i
from end; nngleof cm- tin

I'lbcrs crushe<l nt 128 mill i. i ,

from end ; aniile of cruslj.u,.;. 0.. . ,

Filters enished ut 70 uiillimulvrs
from end ; ansle of nusbing. 76°.

Fibers eruslied ut miildle I

do

Filters crushed in vicinit.v of knot I
51 millimeters from end.

Fibers crushed At 03 millimeters
from end.

Swampy 4090

...do 4087

Bonneau's Depot . n. W. Ravcnel .
do

Wot pine-barren .

. . Swampy ,

Arnold Arboretum' C. K. Sargent Drift.

.do.

124 Michigan Big Rapids .

W.J.Bval I Gravel

12740
12202

Fibers crushed at lit uiillinieier-.

from end.
Crushed nt knot 03 millimeters

from end.

Fibers cnished at 03 millimeters
from end ; angle of crnshint!, 0.10.

Filters enislied on one side at
middle.

Fibers cnished at midille and split
along grain.

Fibers cinshed nenr middle; de-
flected from heart .

6842 I Fibers crushed at knots ne.ir end

6762 Fibers crushed nt 03 and nt 127
i millimeters froin end nt knots
' lOmilllineii'is In diameter.

0700 : Fibers <ni»lied ut 03 millimeters
' from eiiil.

0300 ; Fibeis enisbert at In millimeters
I knot near end.

-ff

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
■OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION.

419

PRESSURE, IN KIIXSORAMS, REQUIRED TO PRODUCE AN IXDEKTATIOH, IK UILLIHETEBB, OP—

~ O.^.t 0.31 U.76 ].03

3.S4 '. 4.S1

m

2041
1724

1U16
1080

1010
1125

1325
1384

1080
1010

3074
3311

1334
1829

1343
1420

1088

1519

1134

1533

934

1157

703

880

717

852 '

3221
2556

1433
1433

3447
2076

1547
1633

3497
2805

1651
1603

1315

1420

1379

1405

1442

1583

1010

1709

1098

1170

1325

1402

1742

1882

1533 I 1588

1051 I 1737

1506 ' 1583

1579 1005

1800 1751

1833 ! 1932

1238 1315

1470 1538

1647

1765

973

1098

1270

1388

1524

1665

1015

1787

1060

1125

1297

1388

1025

1170

844

925

1288

1397

1080

1152

1012

1084

1157

1229

1116

1166

894

957

943

1052

1429

1610

1660

1882

6577

7021

6663

8523

1125

1248

1021

1116

1519

1042

1111

1470

1810
1914

1143
1470
1229
980
1433
1216
1120
1293
1202

1016
1111

1805
2010

1343
1211

1746
1700

1335
1007

3670
2921

1733
1667 I

1642 1

i
1805 I

1860
2019

1343
1606

1143 I 1216
1542 t 1619

1901 I
2032

1175
1533 I
1311 '
1043 I
1533 j
1257
1166
1361
1201

1039
1157

1941
2132

8573
9763

1388
1293

1807
1846

1393
1048
1034

1990
2082

1202
1606
1370
1125
1601
1302
1234
1429
1306

1075
1198

2068
2227

8822
10206

1462
1847

1932
1923

3847
3016

1805
1742

1674

1774
1910
2105

1406
1660 .

2318 j
2191

i
1247
1678 j

I
2082 I

2146 I

1234
1674
1415
1152
1656
1343
1270
1479
1352

1111
1229

2159
2341

3978
3112

1846
1760

1733
1941
1758
1824
1982
2245

1483
1719

2418
2203

1297
1742

2173
2195

1252
1737
1474
1193
1706
1379
1333
1520
1397

1116
1261

10614 ' 10886

1633 :

1433 .

2006
1991

1670
1488

2068
2059

4078
3189^

1753
2037
1787
1864
2068
2304

1524
1740

2486
2336

1329
1787

2245

1297
1792
1524
1220
1746
1384
1352
1665
1456

1129
1288

2304
2477

9344
10090

1643
1638

2146
2123

1442 1497 1643
1111 1167 I 1189
1043 1071 1093

4209
3291 I

1973 '
1873

1792
2111
1838
1901
2114
2359

1538
1819

2635
2404

1343
1866

2318
2295

1315
1846
1565
1266
1801
1442
1388
1601

1152 I
1297 '

2330
2563 I

i
9671 :

11227 I

1701
1697

2318
2177

1619

1678
1225
1120 1122

Began to shear flben 3tt

Slight shearing of flben 344

Sheared flberti 354

Slight nbeariiii; <>t nixrn .354

■lo.

Spliutered at pitli ; slight shearing of fibers 240

Indented withont shearing fibers 201

Sheared fibers Ml'

Slight shearing of fibers

.do.

do

Fibers sheared .

Indented withont shearing fibers.
Fibers sheaied

514

II78
U78

Indented withont shearing fibers

Slight shenring; short epecimen. 120 millimetera
long; split at Ixith end^.

Sheared fibers.

Slight shearing of fibers

.do.

818

Sheared fibers 1231

do I 1231

do 1232

, do ISM

do ; 12S6

do 1236

Slight shearing of fillers.

Sheared fibers and opeiietl gm'u

Sheared fibers and opened grain at middleaudat end.' IlSl

47*
47>

IMI

Sheared fibers

420

FOREST TREKS OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tablk v.— IlEIIAVlOlt OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TIIH

Spedea.

1

a

o

i

Statf.

Locality.

Collector.

SotL

m

Romaiks.

IT. TOl* AMerkaiu— ooBtlsned ...

124
252
2S2
316
SIS
1039
1039

745
745

285'
285>
285>
320
320

1113
1113

478
1133

735
735
1086
1086

1140
U40

487
487

402
462

475
475

452
452

280
280

484

484

308

338

BigKaplds

"W.J.Bcal

G. W. Letterman .
... do

4944

7167
7235
6314

AlloTial

Fibers cmsbcd at 114 miUimcters

from end.
Fibers crusbed at 43 milliDU'lers

fiom end.
Fibers cinsbed at 51 millimelers

ttom end.

do

do

Miohigan

W.J.Beal

...do

Blch loam

... do

..„do

Haosacbosetta

J. Kobinsou

do

Moist gravel

... do

5080
4527

G305
(!«08

4917
5548
5120
7666

8278

6260

Fibers cnisbod at 76 millimelers
from eud.

do

n. TiU» Amn-irao*, rar. pabw.
eeas.

Bainbridge

....do

A. B. Curties

...do

Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters

from end.
Fil.ors crushed at 127 millimeters

from end.

Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters

from end.
Fibers cnishod at 51 millirueters

from end.
Fibers crushed at 152 millimeters

from end.

...do

Kentacky

Cliffs Kcntncky

river.
Murcvr county

... do

W. M. LiuDoy

...do

LilurstoDO

....do

miU Bats ICood. WaJtot.

...do

....do

Tennessee

Cumberland river.
....do

A. Gattinger

...do

Alluvial

... do

Fibers crushed nt 114 millimeters
from eud.

Fibers crushed near middle in
yiciuity of »nvA\ kuots.

HAI^IGHIACE£.

No.Name Key

do

A. H. Curtiss

do

Coral

TalUncherry. Glamberry.

do

... do

ZYGOPnTLLACRfi.

...do

do

Upper Metacombe

...do

.do . ..

....do

....do

11930
11048

7372
7698
7707
6978

11158
10751

7303
6328

2330
2595

11975

Loimitudinal .-^plit ; stick w.Tijied

before test.
CruMhed (iber.i and split along

grain near end.

Triple flexure; developed iuUr.

sectiug "Cooper lines".
Cru.ilieilut middle; deflected finro

hosrt.
Cni.«h>'d fibers nt 127 millimeteni

fiom 1 u<l.
CiniBlii'd fillers .it knot Omillinie.

ters in diameter; an^leof cnisb.

injr.lli".
Biilile; I Tuiihin;; of fibers ; .^)diu.

t<red along praio.
Knictured suddenly; shattered

along grain.

Fibers crushed nt middle; nnglo

of crushing, HO".
Split eud to eud along grain

Fibers cnisbed in vieinily of

knots.
Fibei-s ei ut-hed lit 38 milliuioteni

from end.

Split along grain

Liffnum-cittB,

BrXACE^

do

Chottaboocbee

... do

... do

Dry.sandy

... do

Totithacht Tret. FrUUg Ath.
lira Aih. Pepper Wood.
Wild (Hangt.

do

...do

C.Mohr

Samp, sandy

...do

....do

... do

BafaianondsEoy.
...do

A. n. CurtiRS

.. do

tiaim H.od.

...do

do

....do

SlilARVREX.

... do

....do

ParatiUe Tree.

do

do . . . .

do

....do

BUnSEKACEA

do

Upper Metacombe

....do

do

....do

Ovm llltniii. Gumbo Lifnbo.

do

....do

do

.. do

... do

....do

Tvnh rteod.

...do

MELIACZJS.

.. do

do

...do

... do

...do

....do

....do

'....io

Sundy loam

...do

11204
10115

7330
6078

5032
5512

61C9
6706

Fibers rinshcd at 80 milliuieters
from . ml ; tlir- w nfl' upliuters.

Failed ttt ::lni.I!imelor« iVoni eml;
knot 70 mlllimoturs from end.

Triple flexure; knot near end ....

Failed at knot 03 inilliinetern
fioiu end.

Foiled in vicinity of knots 7(1 mil.

liniotcis from end.
Fibers cmslii il at 114 millimeters

from end.

Fiboni crushed ot end and at 04

mllllmetcrH from end.
Triple flexure ; flbors crnshcd at

127 mllliineters from eud ; grain

wavy.

Mahogany. jSadeira.

ILICIXE*.

Sontb Cstnllns ...
do

Wartrly Mil's....
. do

W. St. J. Maiyck .
. . do

Amentan II My.

Bay Biscayne

... do

A.n.CurtU«

... do

Low, dump

... do

DaJtcon. Dahocn IloUy.

do

CVRILLACE^.

■L CUftonl«li(:Ti«tr)n»

IVtt. IroK Wood. Buebeh—t

CottngelUU

...do

C.Mubr

Wet

do

...do

....do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UKDEE COMPRESSION— Continued.

421

FRBS8VBB, Dl EILOOBAUe, BEQUIBEU TO PBODUCB AN GIDBMTATION, IK lOLLDOmBS, OP—

0.33

0.51

472

694

M6

035

544

794

012

749

C02

012

. 812

040

821

012

789

033

839

481

694

857

989

798

857

800

1093

749

1039

1709

2926

1010

2404

4854

8663

1769

5421

1293

1996

1111

1819

2041

3016

1179

1882

1905

4128

2717

4513

861

1134

806

1184

663

720

485

640

2767

6851

2920

5829

2087

3697

2531

4309

1179

1792

Ifi.-.l

2518

1J43

1809

885

1343

1338

1987

1202

1078

0.76

1.02

1.27

1.S2

753

707

794

817

916

1098

1139

1184

835

802

912

953

803

857

930

953

857

903

948

1002

839

894

925

948

882

903

944

984

8C6

6s9

907

948

869

934

993

1043

707

817

898

889

1057

1071

1125

1175

898

953

989

1012

1161

1210

1201

1320

1111

1161

1207

1247

3198

3339

3475

3529

2858

3153

3257

3393

11022

12565

13562

14289

8392

10614

11817

12565

2173

2245

2259

2304

2032

2068

2164

2223

3157

3307

3429

3543

2141

2259

2341

2303

6285

6693

5987

6396

6262

5670

5942

6214

1220

1311

1315

1356

1352

1388

1452

1520

753

803

812

848

602

071

085

708

7417

8097

8098

9117

7167

8210

8890

9208

4060

4332

4559

4799

4831

5036

5343

5534

2023

2182

2363

2490

2835

3075

3289

3420

1905

1973

2032

2123

1462

1533

1583

1087

2180

2390

2576

2726

1882

2014

2136

2254

1202
1052
1374
1297

3620
3515

14742
13245

2318
2277
3647
2395

6423
6419

1443
1569

9426
9435

4899
5670

2608
3602

2840
2350

1302
1025
1039
1066
1021
1043

1010
1120

912
1229
1080
1420
1343

14946
13653

2468
2322
3742
2422

6646

0600

1456
1579

9707
9753

5035
5851

2694
3769

2971
2390

1338
1061
1080
1107
1052
1080

1039
1160

1139
1470
1406

3765
3710

2522
2368
3856
2499

1488
1615

1365
1095
1111
1148
1071
1107

1075
1220

990
1311
1170
1504
1438

3819
3756

15105
14560

2567
2400
3919
2563

1501
1647

5193
5074

2790
3910

2313
1846

3085
2586

2980
4073

2395
1878

16103
1558)

2880
2790
4626
3016

1746
1951

2744
2200

3900
S193

Sheared fibers Uf

do.

Slight eheaiing of fibers .

.do.

do

Sheared fibers .

ni
n6

lOM

low

7«S
74S

3094
2994
4786
2257

7802
8165

1928 '
2078

Sheared fibers ; split along grain.

Sheared fibers.
do

Sheared fibers ; split along grain .
Sheared fibers

1157 Sheared fibers; specimen wonu.eaten.
..do

2»I8
3(49

4287
SS74

Split along grain at ends

Split at ends ; sheared fibers. .

Sheared fibers.

UU
IIU

471

ua

735
7SS

loet

lOM

1140
II40

487
487

4a

401

4a

4B

Slight shearing of fiben ' tSt

Sheared flbors «•

422

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tablk v.— behavior OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specire-

i
i

a

1

O

State.

Localit.v.

Collector.

Soil.

ill
III

KcmarkA.

KHAirXACE.E.

4M
454

460
4«0

803
803

993

297

297
888
388

684
084

944
944

307
928
928

463
463

404
464

382
982
1023
1023

1013
1014

298
298
299

378
370
409
1233
1233
1234
1234
1236

Florida

Upper MeUconibe
Key.

A.U. Curtiss

....do

Coral

...do

13428

Split alonu grain

6td Iron Wood. DarUtu)

....do

....do

....do

....do

...do

13290
12406

7112

Fillers crushed at knot.s and split

along grain.
Fibers crushed at knots 04 mi.Mi-

meters from end.

Fibers crashed at 140 millimoti rs
fi'oia end.

Biaet Iron Wood.

...do

....do

... do

....do

...do

....do

Saint Jobu's river.
....do

...do

Kicb bummock . . .
...do

Indian Chtriy.

....do

G. Engelniannand
C. S. Sargent.

G. W. Lcttemiaii
. . do

Kicb, alluvial

Rich, moist

...do .

0934

4031

4885
S344
6207

03'J8
5U44

eaK,

Fibers cnisbed near middle

Fibers cruebcd at 70 and at 102

niillimot^rsfromcnd ; splitalong

grain.
Fiberscnishcd near middle ; grain

wavy.
Fibers crushed at 19 millimeters

from cud.
Fibci-s crushed at 127 millimeters

from cud.

Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters
fioui end.

Fihi IS cruslicdat middle in vicin-
ity of knot. '

Cnished at knot 51 millmietera
from end.

Bearb^rry. Bear Wood. Shit-
Um Wood,

SAP1^'DAC££.

Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buekey*.

do

..do

....do

...do

... do

Alluvial

....do

... do

..do

...do

Califutnia

... do

Marin county

....do

G. K. Vasey

... do

C. Mohr

l!kliu|daiid

.. dri

California Buckeye.

New Biannfels . . .
...do

LiniestDue

... do

Spanith Buckeye.

.. do

...do

...do

Dallas

J. Kcverchon —
....do

Kicli, damp

....do

7802
8041
7212
6430

10031
10387

0872
7167

OMl
0418
5520
5819

Fibers crushed near middle

Triple flexure ; developed intersect-
ing "Cooper lines" at middle.

Triple flexure; deflected about 16
millimeters without crushing.

Triple flexu:v ; split along grain..

....do

... do

... do

...do

C. ilobr

Limestone

....do

...do

... do

....do

Florida

Upper Metacombo

A. B. Curtiss

... do

Coral

Ink Weod. Iron TTood.

....do

Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters
from end ; angle of crushing, 00°.

Deflected and split along grain '. ..

57. Brpcliitc trifolUM

White Iron Wood.

....do

....do

....do

G. EnRelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Rich, oUuvial

....do

Fibers crusbed at knot TO milli.

meters from etui.
Tiiplo fleiure; knot near end

Fibers crashed at 25 and at 76 mil-
limeters tVom end.

Fibers crushed near middle ami
near cud.

1

Broad-leared ilnple.

do .

....do ...

do

Portlond Fumiture
Company.

...do

... do

...do

-

do

... do

Vine ilapU.

VVMbingtoD ter.
rilory.

Wllkewn

do

do

7349
10031

Fibors crushed at knot at middle

Fibers crushed near middlo and
at 25 milliineters from end.

G. W. Lotterman..
.do

Rich upland

. . do

,'iu/jar ilnple. Kunnr Trre.
Hard UapU. Itock Unpit.

do

do

. .do

....do

...do

....do

11180
83112

Fibers crushed at 127 millltneters

from crnd.
Fibers crushed at 76 mmiuielers

from cud. 1

VormoDt

CO. Pringlo

Gravelly

....do

X<-wEni;UDd

Charicatown Navy.

vard.
Charlotte

...do

S. H. Pook

0063
11000
9070
0057
9707
8890

Fibers cnisbod nf25 millimeleis j

from end.
Fibers crushed at 30 millimeters ,

from enil at 0 luillimelels knot. {
Fibers crushed at elul ; ciosh-

grained. ,

F. U. Uoniford...
do

...do

do

d.

do

do

...do

....do

. . do

from I'nd. ■
Fibers crushed at TO millimeters ,

from end; specimen split before >
testing. 1

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

423

PBBBSL'BE, CI KILOGBAMS, REQUIBEU TO FBODUCK AS IKDEKTATION, Dl laLUMETEBS, OF —

0.33 0.51 0.76

3016 0260

3447
3994

1338
1247

1860
2404

2032
1982

0617
9004

2073
2073

0753
lOTOS

10115
10660

2193
2153

10524

11885

11113
11794

2218
2214

11158
12383

11G12
12837

2304
2277

1071
1397

11658
15109

12474
13780

2390
2309

1116
1429

12112
13789

13245
14765

3468
2350

1157
1515

12610
14470

13903
15603

2518
2386

1179
1547

4.81 I S.08

2880
2858

1429

1778

Sheared fibers; split at ends .
do

.do.

Sheared dbers

Slighlljr sheared fibers; split at ends .

Sheared fibere slightly

Sheared fibers; split at end .

1061
1225

1769
2073
2109
2064

1179
1433

1592
2132

3153
3103

1452

1569

1801
2495

32^9
3348
4513
3955

1579
1051

1696
2576

3520

3520

4404

2078
2699

3742
370!
5307
4649

1733
1810

2109
2785

3874
3874
5398

1801
1692

2195
2867

4037
4037
5379

5062

1846
1973

4155
4241
5974
5216

1928
2068

2327
2976

42C4
4355
6103
5425

2431
3073

4468
4518
6214
5366

2331
2540

2638
2833

Sheared fibers.

5262
5298
7190
6759

Sheared fibers ; split at ends .

Sheared libera

Slight shearing of fibers

do

.do.

2767

4944

1796

aooi

1796

2313

1950

2617

1633

2313

1338

1703

1500

2576

1225

2168

2849

4355

2359

3357

2858

2064

31S7

2067

2926

1724

2313

2250

3303

2133

2767

2586

3583

2540

4128

2540

3SS2

5715
4899

2422
2765
2495
1996

2835
2768

4626
3393
3239
2472

4633
3928

2003
2563
2073

3l.'85
3039

3307
4060
4967
3606
3420
2613
3801
3267
4060
4745
4069

3012
2013
2159

3232
3157

3579
4287
5263
3731
3602
2704
3083
3357
4246
4940
4200

0759
0205

2672
3116
2703
2232

3420
3280

5489
3892
3248
2849
4100
3303
4382
3149
4:I32

2812
3216
2707
2259

6023
4740
5603
4060
3810
2944
4287
3611
4433
5330
4427

3248
2638
3381

3701
3074

6101
4899
5906
4100
3983
8057
4418
3706
4495
5434

3339
2983
3440

6260
4967
0101
4228
4055
3107
4581
3801
4581
.%530
4673

7557
7167

3012
2304

8210
8074

4364
4104
3302
4708
3969
4609
5635
4831

7485
4899
4763
3647
5443
4436
3648
C260
3379

8340
8641

3583
4105
3697
3129

5307
3033

5239
5194
8901
5987
4899
6169
6736
6078

Sheared fibcn ; split at sides .

Sheared fibers.

Sliglit she.irinj of fibers .

<62

we

1023
1023

1013
1014

Slie;U'ed fibers

Slieht shearing of fibers: split at cad .

Sheared fibers

do

I2t!
1233
ISM
1»«
1235

424

FOREST TKEES OF NORTH AJIERICA.

Table v.— BEHAVIOR OF TOE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

M. Acer saccharinum— conUooed.

•4. AoermcchuiDoni. rar.nigmm.
Btaek Sugar 2taplf.

ims I VetmoDt..

Charlotte F. n. Horsford

C.G.Prinfilo Clay

do.

2^'

2T4* Uissonri.

.do.

Allvnton

...do

Cliattaboocbee.

6S. Acer dafivcarpum

Sc.n ilapU. mUe llapU.
Silrer JIapU.

M. A«»r nibroni

lUd ilapU, bteamp 3Iaple,
St)ft itapU. Water ilapU.

1167
U6T

20

Florida....

..do

Mia&ouri AUenton 1 G.'VT. Lottemian.

do do do

.do.

G. W. Lettonuau .

...do

A.H.CurtJg8 ....

Clay

Sicb, alluvial.
...do

Fibora omehed at end.

Triple floxure; dcvuloped inter.

arcting "Cooper lines".
Fibers crushed at knot 102 milli.

meters from end.
Fibers crusbed at niiddio; dovol.

opeil "Cooper linos".
Triple flesure ; "Cooper lines " . .

Haesacbasetta ; Topslield J. Bobin.son Low meadow .

do Arnold ArborctTun C. S. Sargout Drift

do.

do .

do.

do .

530 j Mia8ia^ippi Kemper's mill ^ C.MoUr.

Kich, swampy.

...do ' — do I do do .

I '

Georgia Bainbridge I A-H.Curtias Low..

I I I

...do !... do do L.. do .

Maaeacbuselta Dan vers } J. Eobinsou do .

do I do do do .

67. KeeiiDdo aceroides

Box Klder. Ash-Uartd MapU.

10(8
1048 I

..do .
..do.

North Beading .

do.

6. W. Letterman .

Uiasouri I AUenton...

do do < do

Texas DaUas | J. Itevercbon .

do do do

.do.

iG88 Fiboraomsbcdnearniiildle

Fibers erusbed at 89 niillinietors

from end.
Fibers erusbed at 25 millimeters

from end.
Fibei-s erusbed near middle

67iU
6003
7360

7485
7371

5080
5208
5148

Fillers crushed at middle and at

end.
Triple flexure; "Cooper lines" . ..

Triple flexure; "Cooper lines";

middle bend 115 millimuiers

from end.
Fibers erusbed at 89 millimelers

IVom end.
Fibers erusbed at 25 and at 102

millimuters from end.

Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crusiieil near niiddlo and

split lon^itutiiually.
Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters

from middle.
Fibers crushed at middle

California Contra Costa G. R. Vasoy | Rich, molat .

county. j
... do do do do

ANACAKDIACEJE.

71. llbuK cojialllna...
VtcarJ yumach.

Florida Cbariakoocbee.

...do do

A. n. Curtisa .
....do

Dry clay .

71. Rbusc.ipallina. rcr. lanceolaU.. 330 , Texas ^ DalUa .

J. Revercbon .

73. Kbnslletopinm 467

I'ti'MmiWi.ftd. Coral Humaeli.
itftuntain ifanekinttl. 407

l.um Wwjd. Bog Plum, i
iHitUir Oum. 1

LEGCMIXOS.S.

77. Kobinia r»/^dacacia 405

Loeujt. lllacl Lonut. YiUow I
Loaut. I 405

Florida Dj

....do

icrMetacombe A. II. Curtlas.

CharlestowoNaTy. S. II. Fook .

yard.
. .. do ; I do

816 West Virginia.,
81t 1... do

!....do

1247|KewTork LoDg

1247 ...do I. ...do

1248 ....do ....do

1248 .. do ...do

C. G. Pringle .

Dry, graTelly .

.13426
Jl2096

12407
8360
•934
111294
10274
11385

Fibers erusbed at knot near mid-

Fibers crusbed at 80 milli.ncters
from end at 3 millimeters from
knot.

Fibers crushed nt knot 51 milli-
meters from middle.

Fibers crusbed at 127 millimotors
from cud.

Fibers crushed nt end and at 76

millimeters fh)ni < ud.
Fibers crushed near end and split

aloo}; p;rain.
Fibers eruKhod »t 10 millimeters

I'rimi Kijol und at .01 ni'llimetors

from end.

Fibors crashed In vicinity of knuti

Fibers crushed In vicinity of sninll

knot at oud.
Fibers I rushed in vicinity of small

knot 102 millimeters from eud.
Fibers crushed ut eu<l of specimen

do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
U^IITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

425

PBE6SUBE, TS KIUIGBAUB, BEqumSD TO FRODUCB AN IKSEDTATION, IS HILLDOTEBS, OF—

0.51 0.76

1.37

1.53

8379

3534

4110

^332

3751

3007

5080

5262

3334

3465

4046

4173

3792

3007

4744

4962

3479

3629

3.28

3.84

3933

4037

4781

4890

433C

4441

6670

5784

3892

4028

4531

4753

4300

4346

5339

6452

4033

3724

^fn

EiJ

m
m

2313
1642
2812
1860
2087

1051
1315

3357
2-99
4219
2744
3379
3343
3978
2840

3747
3392
4559
2948
3611

1951
2540
2073
1533
1179
1361
1700
m 1409

1805
13G1

1179
1202

1134

1270

(H 'OS'

^i 1384
M 1033

2926
2676
2291

18M
2132
1905
2223

2250

2570

2518

2703

3837

4327

2976

3248

1896

2041

1633

1715

1792

1860

2649

2803

2032

2268

2259

2386

2168

2404

1071

1166

1447

1610

1352

1479

2250

2449

1479

1574

1520

1619

1397

1479

1610

1078

1438

16:17

1669

1928

1928

2395

2858

3289

3856

.4346

8878

4155

3343

3742

4204

4559

2019

2722

2341

2486

8257

3615

3248

3674

3302

3606

3529

4128

8934
3579
4844
3166
8837
3652
4599

43U0
3379
2123
1842
1932
3016
2427

2508
2303

1315
1624
1529
2486

1633
1674

1551
1805

1765

2028

2749
3529

4740
4436
4u64

4808
8016
2622
8783
3878
3792
4219

2935

3085

4022

4753

3479

3606

2254

2427

1887

1940

2028

2141

3121

3257

2449

2580

2013
2703

1332
1710
1574

1637
1851

1878

2164

2738
2794

1433
1774
1660
2531

1946
2168

2930

3765 i 3901

5126
4763
4200

4967
3103
2703
3978
4060
3983
4332

5353
5058
4522

4237
4160
4513

3666

4478
4028
5401
3615
4377
4019

3252
4872
3742
2449
2028
2214
3384
2703

2794

2858

1483
1855

Sheared fiber*

1733
1991

2059

2177

5706
5416
4609

5307
3343
2894
4264
4377
4346
4626

4617
4164
5548
3801
4527
4069

3384
4983
8833
2472
2037
2254
3479
2776

2939
2971

1556
I860
1733
2672 I

1982 j
1996

3397
<i338

2567
2141
2350
3665
2890

107
3039

1619
1905
1774
2790

2005
2073

1801 1805
2046 ' 2100

2160 I 2169

2268

3434
4095

5920
6615
4844

5421

3438
2026
4386
4482
4427
4K3I

3525
4296

3094
430O
4604
4608

8520

3615
5298
4021
2685
2177
2400
3760
2935

3198
3139

1678
1961
1819
2794

1835
2150

2159

2259

3570
4395

6056
5112

5670
3620
3216
4604
4662

6715
.5262
6396
4808
5353
4944
6328
4831

4626
3175
2531
2722
4332
3493

3652
3901

6849
5308
5851
5389
6782
4881

4536
6368
4879

2722
3039

4037
4332

1973 2177

2168 2308

2064 I 2223

8062 3311

2295 !

2449 2790

2381 ,

1973 I 2449

3969 4346
4944 • 5363

U«7

.do.

do I SM

Sheared fibers; epi it at end ' 5M

Sheared fibers 748

do 74J

do 878

Slight aheariof; of fibers cn

1MB
1048

Sheared fibers .
do

Sheared fibers : split at end 64S

Shearedflbers I MS

Sheared fibot-s : split at end.
do

Sheared Sbeis ; split stick .
do

Sheared fiben; rnislied oMiqiicly at eaoh end.
Sheared fibers ; split at sides

Shoareil fibois: split at end

Slight shearinj;: split at eod

Sheared fibers: split at end ' 441

.do.

81t

Shearedfi)<crs 8I»

Slight shKiriug : split at end I3<T

Slight shearin;: : split at ends 13K

Sheared flbt-rs ; split at end ia4»

Slieared flbon r split at ends < Utf

426

FOREST TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PEINCirAL \V()()I)8 OF TnH

Specira.

O I

1031 Colorado.
1031 ....do

n. PiacidiaEnrthrins 564

Jamaica i>offvood.

82. Cludniitifi tioctotu

YrUew Wood TtUow Ath.
Gopher Wood.

M. Sophnni aftini!

SS. G MDDOcladas Cao.ideD«ia 296

Kmtucty Cofa Tret. Cofet i
Xut. 519

88. Gleditacbia triacanthon j.V

Honey Locxut. Black LocxuL '
Three-thomed Aeaeia. Stcai ] 53*
Locutt. Honey Hhuctt. i

03. Proiiopin iulidom

iieiquit. AViaroha. Hoitey
lActuL Honey Pod.

94. PnfHopia pulH-i*rrn>*

Screw Bean, ticreic-pod ifu*
i/uiL Umilla.

do .

Kentucky .

..do

Tennoaaoc .

Texas .
...do .

Missouri...
ToDnes^eo .
Miasoori . . .
...do

do .

Florida .
.. do...

1089
lOSO
1091

Xcnooaaee .
Miaaoun...

680 Arizona .

. California.

I... do

697 Arizona Santa KiUi mount.

Locality.

ill

a si:

Trinidad 'W. B. Strong Lo\r, moiat .

do do do

Lower Colorado

Upper Hctacombc
Key.

Mercer county. .

Dallas .
Aaatin .

Allen ton . .
Nashville
Allenton . .

do .

Cliattahoochee.

Lower Colorado

river.
..do

Nasbville.
Allenton..

do.

Tucson .
...do...
Austin .

Port Yoma .
...do

103. Pmniift Ami'ricaoa

Wild Plum. Canada Ptiim.
Horn Plum,

ains

Florida i Boca Clilca Key .

...do Key Largo...

— do — do

. . do r Bay Biacayne

Uiaaourl Allenton

...do do

T«o» Dallas

i
Teoncaace i Maabvllle

G. Eneclmann and Dry, gravelly .
C. S. Sargent^

.<Io

do.

A. n. Curtiss Coral .

do do .

Split along grain; obliqae fracture

9M8 Sbatti'rcdoDoend; cross-grained.

W. M. Linney .

A. Gattinger..

J. Reverchon .
C. Mohr

Alluvial 7167

Dry, calcareoua.

do.

G. W. LL'ttermau , Low, rich . .

A. Gattinger Limestone .

G. W, Lt'ttcmian..! Alluvial...

do .

<lo .

...do

A. Gattinger .

Low, rich

..do

Dry, sandy barren

G. Engelniann and Sandy .
C. S. Sargent.

Alluvial .

A. Gattinger I Limestone .

G. W. Lettermao .

Rich . .
...do

0. S. Sargent.

.do.

C. Mohr Blob, calcareous . .

G. Cngclmann and ' Sandy .
C. S. Siirgont.

.do I Dry, gravelly.

A.ll. Curtias..

.. do i Swampv

I
G. W. Lctterman . . I Rich upland .

— do I... do

Blob

J. Revorchon .
A. Gattinger. .

River bluff .

7734
10524

8208
6169
5874
5434
5343

8119
7711
8174

0704
6849

9934
10841
7462

10084
11431

Crushed near middle and at end . .

i»I lit 102 railli.

Split alimg groin from i-nd to cud . .
^versed

Cmshi'd at 13 and at 114 niilli-

nietrrs from end.
CrusUod and split ulung srain in

vicinity of knotj^.

Crushed at end aud at 102 milli.

meters from end.
Triple flexuro

Crushed at 76 millimvterH Irani {

end.
Triple flexure

Crushed iit 89 mllliuieter.t f-tim I
end at lu miUimeti^rrt from liuiit. I

Crnslied pt middle nt kuiit .'> milli-
meters iu diameter.

illimeters Uiiot at

Crusheil at 0

mi«idle.
Crushed at 64 millimetciH from

eud.

Crushed iit knot near middle . . .
Crushed gear middle

Crushed at knot 102 milllmulers

from end.
Crushed iu vicinit.v of knots at

middle.

: Split along grain from end to end;
crushed near middle.
Triple llexurc

8663
8709
10706

6141

Crusheil near middle; opened
cranks along grain ; split ueloro
tesiiug.

CrUHhetl at 6 millimeters knot at
midillc.

Crushed near end ; cross-grainoii .

Split along grain from eud lo en<l

Crushed at 25 mllllnietors IVom
end In vieinity of small knots.

Crusheil at 10 and at HO mllllnict«rs
from end.

Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end and at eud.

riii: WOODS of the united states.

427

UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

~ I rKEagUBB, IN KILOr.RAHg, UEQUIBED TO I-BODUCE AS UiDJUiTATIOK, ID IULLUIITEB8, OF—

0.3.7 o..'si 0.76 i.oe

1005

2041 !

18G0
4309

2586
2313

1656
2518

3765
8256

4173
3002

2078
2840

4695
4626

2250
3216

4155
4037

6849
11885

5126
5013

2350
3348

4427
4241

2440
3434

4614 4799
4400 4550

5920
6010

2540
3543

5013
4786

11521
15467

6033
6237

2762
3720

!>.38 a.34

5126 5298
4808 4831

12474
16057

13245
16510

2849 2935
3847 3946

4.S1 SMS

5924
5602

3402
4527

3756
4926

Sbearedaber* ■ lon

Sheared fibers; Dpllt at ena ... ! 1031

Slight shearing; splitatend CO-

do «!0

Sheared fibers ;^>entHlsea««Ding crack SM

Shearedflbers; splitatend 1 SC4

Sheared fibers.

2427
3720

4808
4581

5035
5062

5262
5434

5439
5761

5715
5874

6074
6105 6559

I '

6260
6655

7756
7847

Sheared fibers..

1610
1656
1429
1352

1928

1787

1796

2245

1179

1905

2041

2903

2132

3674

2019

3447

1452

2223

1833

2939

1110
ITGlt
1633
1452

2713
2132

3611

I

1769 !

I

2381 I

2114
1928

2313
2168
2903

4219
3856

2699 :
3266

2132
2522
2527 I 2794
2263 1 2676

4219 I iala
3007 , 4468
5674 I 6214

3357
2254
2232
1991

3529
2322
2309
2082

4105
3924

4604
4536

2404

2495

2268

2404

3071

3193

4332

4577

4073

4264

2948

3620

3479

3620

2395

2663

2703

28S0

4790
4699 I
6332

4967 I
5080 ;

3252
2875

4931
4990
6532

2472
2427
2168

2654
2495
3379

4763
4468

3298
3701

2844
3026
3352
3071

5216
5103
6804

5421
5829

3847
2540

3933 : 4195

2698 I 2676

2622 j 2672

2318 ' 2390

5035
4658

3484
3788

3044
3184
3538
3153

5513
5330

;;939
2694
3847

5162
4799

3652
3901

3583
3293

6648

5425
7067

5738 5860
5851 5965

3075
2776
3946

5252
5026

3801
4024

3810 I

3343 I

i
5802

5521

7117

6160
6114

3180
2862
4014

5389
5203

3538
3520

6028
5702 I
7244 I

6214
6314

3720
3357

5034
607rl

4527
4717

4173
4291
4536
8765

6849
0486
8210

Sheared flbrrs; split .it end .'U

Sheared fibcra , i;41

Slight 8be4iriD^ ; splitatcDds 1343

Sheared fibers : split at ends 1243

Slight shearing; splitatend.

I Sheared fibers ; split at end . .

5512 Sheared fibers

6350
6350

58»

5080 I Sheared fibers and splintered at 6 milUmetera knot.. 6T8
5035 I Sheared fibers «78

4527 j Slight sbenring, raused by nneren lo.^diug; sMLSon- 436

ins: craek.
4699 Sheared fillers 1 1<I»

Sheared fibers; split at end ; 109©'

Slight .shearing ' 1081

4105
7394

Shearedflbers , «8C

Shctred fibers; splitatend SjO

Shearedflbers *^"

.do.

1452 I 1860
1497 I 2341
1724 I 2654

1928
2685
2858

3153

2087
2821

^^ 1660 2522

^ 1790 j 2449

[g"|' 2132 I 3198

[^;| 1134 l.-.TO

8484
3163

2880
2703
3520 ' 3828

2159
2967
8107

3162
3030
4014

1801

1982

2241
3066
3252

3257
3221
4160

2331
3171
3357

3343
3356
4332

2368
3248
3456

2445
3339
3606

2488 I 2880
3438 3937
3653 4198

3130
4241
4491

Sheareil fibers.

4150 ; 4241

I

3484 ' 3.579

3443 j '3620

4527 4662

2413 2540

6058 j I Sheared tUni J: splitatend...

4795

i!608 !

4241 !
4219 '
5670 '

4473
4873

Sheared fibers

Shear>'d fillers; splitatend S3I

,1m,* SIi.iire.1 :>t .

iillimclors knot..

428

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TIIE

Sp^ci^^«.

lOS. Pninus Prnnavlrmnic*

TTiU l:ed Cherry. Pin Cher
r». Pigeon Cherry.

rmurgiiuita, rar. mollis.

108. ProDus «erotiD>

WUd £taek Cherry.
Cherry.

IN. PniDus Capnli

Wild Cherry.

110. Pruntiti domiiwa

Witd Cherry.

111. PrnnnnCiiroUniui*

ITiW Orange. Mock Orange.
Wild Peach.

113. Pniiiu. lliiifo'in

I'la;,.

IIS. Corrocari'Uii li'dlfolins

Ifoun'atn itahogany.

117. Pjrnii c'lruDarl*

AmerieanCrab. SveeUeenUd
Crah

120. Pynu A mcricaiu

'Mountain Ash.

121. Pjnui Mmlmcifalls...

Jfoftniain Aeh.

125. CraUBKnM arborriiceiu

233 Vermont.
233 ....do

666 Georgia.
606 ... do ...

Cbarlotto | C.G.Prlngle Cold, gravelly.

do I — do — do

Altamaha river. ..; A. n. CurtisB ; Clay..

' 1

do.

068 'VTaehington ter- Wilkeson G.Ensilmannand

rilorr. C. d. Sargout.

968 ... do .".

15 Matisucbusetta .

15 — do

115 I Micbif^n

115 ... do

127 I Missouri

127 ... do

148 lllinoia

817 I Mitbigan

317 i....do

VermoDt

....do

Massacbuaetta

410 j

Vireioia or Mid-
dle States.
Florida

New Mexico.

Florida .
Tcxaa ..
..do...

California .
..do

.do .

PennaylvaDia.

....do

....do

....do

Vermont.

.do.

3a3>| Sooth Carolina.

607 OeorgU

667 ...do

Boxbory.

.do.

Lansing . .
Danaville .
Allcnton . .

do.

"Waukegan
Horsey

C. S. Sargent Gravelly

do.

Cnialiod nt 3 nnllimotors knot lOfi

millimeters fruni end.
Crusbed at 102 millimeters fi-om

end.

Cross-grained ; split at end

Crusbed fibers near middle .

do.

G. W. Lotterman

K. Dunglus
W. J. Beal .

do.

Gravelly.
Elcb

.do.

Cbarlestown Navy.

j-oid.
Cuattaboochee

...do

Topsfiold

C. G. Pringle Gravelly .

S.n.Pook

A. n. Curtiss i Clav

.do.

.do.

J.Rubinson Gravelly.

do ■ do

Finos Altos mount.. E. L. Greene Alluvial .

ains.
...do ...do do ....

Stra-ffbciTV valley G. Enpeltiianii and
' C. S. Sur^ent.

Jacksonville.
Victoria

Sauta Cruz .
...do

A. n. Curtiss .
C. Mehr

C.L. Anderson.
...do

City Creek caBon . ' M. E. Jones .
...do ....do

Kiamensi < \V. M. Canby .

...do ' do

Kazaretb .
..do

Charlotte...
IIiiutin;tton.

Mount Matisfleld

Aikon ....
Ogoecbee .
...do

J. Henry.

CO. Pringle

n. W. lUvenel .
A. H. Curtiss ..

Sandy

Bicb, moist .

Kooky .
...do..

Ctoy..
...do.
Moist.
...do .

Gravelly.

.do.

Rich..
Low ..
....do.

10138
1025G
7235
8732
0979
8890
0109
780S
8324
9093
G5C4
8773
9571
8029
8009

Failed nt knot at end and split

along ;;niiu.
Triple flexure

Cnislied at middle at 3 niillime-

tei's knot.
Crusbed at 32 millinicters from

end.
CniHlied at 25 milliniotcrs from

luiildle.
Triple flexure

Crtisbed at middle niid at end.
Crushed at end

Crushed at 127 millimeters from

end.
CrUHbed at middle

Crushed at end and split obliquely

along grain.
Crushed at 51 rnillinietors from i-nd

mill split oliliipielv nlona gram.
Crnahod libers at 38 millimeters

from end.
CrFsiied tillers near middle of one

etdeof spociiuen.
Triple flexure

lilliim-tcrs

CriiKhed near middle nt small

kuou.
Ciushoil nt 10 millimeteis kuot

lOJ millimclers fioni eud.
Shuttered at end; crosagmined .,

CrosS'graiued ; shattered .

Triple flexure

CruHhodatknoiniiiillimoli-

do 6128 I Triple llexure.

OnllllM.'l. I'.lMiMM'O.I

Cni^hiM 7il iMillioi.l.rH lioni ilid
in viiinityol'-l niillimitiTs knot

Crushed nt 102 niiilinieters fmni
|.|i<l: I rnssgrnini d.

Crnslii'il nt t wo 6 milMmitiTs knnli
70 millimeters from enil.

6305 Crushed nt middle: knots 3 mil-

llmeleisln dlnnietcr.
6851 I Crushed nt 3 milllmeteis knot 102

iiiilllmetors from eud.

6672 I Crnsheil at in millimeters knots
I M and 70 milliniet4<rs from end.

il346 Crushed nt middle; knot 3 milll-
I miters in diameter.

8890 Ciushed at 1U2 mllllmeterH from
eud.

UN

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
ITED STATES UNDEK COMPEESSION— Contiuutd.

429

rnsMuuE, IS KiLocaAue, kxquibed to fboduce an ikdentatiox, a uiLumTxaa, op—

0.33 0.51 0.7G 1.03 1.37 1.52 1.78

C12

1257
14?3

4640
35S3

1021

nil

3112 I 5308
3107 j 5307
1973 2241

1084
1216

1442
1724

5851
4527

1161

1252

6237 66-16
5489 j 5920
2408 ; 2510

1501
1790

6214
4740

1216
1343

6885
6237
2099

1538
1932

6555
6120

1300
1452

6759
5285

1347
1483

7221
6646
2849

3.03 a.28

1660
2073

1393

1542

7326
6795

1710
21U

1470
IGIO

1483
1687

7376
7112
3094

1715
2019

8165
7530

1951
2078

8618
8210
3878

Sheared fibers; split at end .
Sheared fibers

Slight alii'ariag ; split at ends.
Sheared fibcr^ split at <.'nd

.do.

Sheared filters utid dpLintored.

Sheared filters

do

13;

2019
1588

1837
1381
1225
1125
1588

2041
2041

2313
2223 I
2132 ;

3221
14:.2

3153
2948

1678
2395
1792
1905
2449
1588

1005
1343

2649
2177

2381
1588
1660
2749
2078
2123
2)95
3538

2708
3311

4060
4105
3606

4513
2676

5171
5534

2401
3357
2835
3788
3652
2609

1748
2699

2880
2341

3075
2536

2753 !

i
1656 : 1765

1837 1909

1483 1569

2259 2336

2350
2713
3007

4196
3738

4786
3671

6314
6804

3171
4513
4128
3166

2264
3030

2495
2812
4173

4445

4200

5216
5307
3909

5625
3611

7122
7462

3379
1831
4400
8170

3202
2667

3334
2771

3193
3026

4491
3538

Sheared flbi-rn 127

Sheared fibrrs; xplit atend 127

1860
2078
1615
2390
2581
2971
4432

5534
6557
4191

6871
3901

7372
7983

3583
5017
4572
3792

3438

2713

1941
2161
1660
2513
2713
3093
4717

40S7
6793

6205
4128

3198
4191
3683
5207
4786
4055

3574

2948
2019
2259
1710
2576
2853
3184
4790

5126
4940

6141
6105
4740

6482
4445

3075
2087
2313
1760
2631
2890
3302
4931

5376

5207

6292
4800

6759
4740

3198
2173
2427
1805
2722
2939
3420

6568
6522
4990

7021
4899

3856
5334
4890
4173

3016
3701

4028
5507
5080
4318

3110
3001
3103

35G1
4536
4173
5061
5293
4481

2223

3248
4021
3339

2214
2181
1851
2753
3048
3479
5203

2159
3107

4173
5978

5661

4531

7239
6613
5153

7235
5971

6710
5443

8302
6305

3074
4649
4237
6719
6325
4603

3438
3720
3107

3153
2268
3331

4SS1
6311

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers: split at cod.

do

Sheared fibers

.do.

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

do

Sheared fibers

4753

4211

S134

4090

6390

6160 I 6532

5080 5093

2676 2SI2

Split at ends

Sheared flbei>. s;^lit M emi .

Slight shoariir:: nplit Ht end: short specimeo, 12

CL'iitiiiieters Ion;:.
Shoai*ed tiUers

Sheare^l fibers; split :it end

Slight shearing ; 1 niilUiuetors kuot .
Split at end

1053

loss

418
418

1033
IOC

10€»

1158
11S8

Shenrt'd fibers .
Split at end ...

She.irvHl fibers ...*..••.....

do

Slight shearing: split at end

Shrnrvd fibers: 13 millimeters knot at comer of com-
pression nrxNi.
Slight shearing

Sheared fibers

260S

2039 SlioarcHl Ubt

.do.

1150 I 4763 I

4980 539S I do

4128 1 Sheared fibers ; split at end.

808
lOR
10$7
1088
1088

410
S8S«

430

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table v.— BEHAVIOIJ OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Sp«cira.

1

i

S

Slate.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

ill

111

remarks.

328
328
1093
10S3

M«
1081

420
426

926

239

767

241
849

849

540
MG
1095
1095
1173
1173
1181
1181
U82
1182
1183
1183

485
485

489
489

GOT

1118
1118
113S
1135
1127
1127

07
07
781

Hamachnsetta

J.Bobtoson

....do

0033
5806
7349
8346

Crushed at 04 miUimetera from
end.

Coettpur norn. IfttctattU
Thorn.

.. do

....do

Uisaonri

G. W. Lettrnnan .
...do

Triple flexure; small knots

do

do

... do

C.Mobr

cud and split along grain.

8605 Crushed at 19 millinictcra from
end niul along one i'ace.

8618 Cruslieil at niiddli> at knot 3 milli-
meters iu diameter.

7434 1 Crushed at each end and at middle.

Searlel Batr.

MiaaoDii

Saint Louirt

Tenneasee

....do

Loaisiana

Sontb Carolina

Florida

Kentncky

Massachnsetta

...do

AJabamn

. ...do

Arkansaa

.. do

l»ew Jersey

...do

A. Gattinger

....do

Limestone

do

BUtck Thorn. Pear Saw.

. do

1:1 •. (°ratS'Zii> spathalala

Small.fruiUd Jlatr.

Webster parisb . . .
Bonncan's Depot . .

C.Mobr

Clav

limetera in diameter.

Crushed at 16 millimeters knot
102 millimeters from end.

Cnished at middle on one corner. .

Crushed along one corner; dc.
fleeted from crushed aide.

Crushed at 115 millimeters teom
end.

n. W. liaveuel ....

A.H.Curtiss

W.M.l.iiine.v...

J. Kobiuson

....do

Damp, rich

Dry clay

WaTcrlyabale...

7122
8437
11291

J/oy JIatc. Apple Bav.

13.. Cnitn-£nHfiaTa,rar. pnbescena
Summer Baur. JUd Bav.

IV .\ni('lanrbierCaDadensi8

Jttnebrrry. SliadlSuth. Scrr-
ice Tree, ilatj Cherry.

Brumflilcl Station.

Danvern

... do

Kemper's mill

...do

LitUeKock

...do

Mount Holly

...do

....do

UAMAUELACE^.

Q3& LiiiuiilambarStyraciflua

iiveet(runt. J^iar-leavedOvm.
Liquidamber. Red Oum.
BilMtei.

0. Mobr

do

Kicb, alluvial

... du

6795

middle.

Crushed near mirtdle; angle of
crushing, 50=i.

G. W. Lctleriuan.
....do

7892
0337
G366
G940
7870
8..73
8210
7938
8256

13517
14010

9671
9614

7212
7187

14198

ters from end.

Crushed at 51 niillimctere from
cud.

Cnished at 64 millimeters from end
and at middle on opposite face.

Crushed and split at end ; cross-
grained.

Crushed at 64 millimet-iirs from
end; 0.75 siui-woixl.

Ciuslicd at 04 millimeters from
end.

S. P. Sharpies . . . .
...do

Clay

....do

Miaaiasippl

....do

Yazoo River bot-
tom.
...do

K. Abbey

Alluvial

... do

. du

...:do

..do . ..

do.

.. do

. .do . .

do

do

do

do

... du

....do

...do

do

Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.

do

....do

... do

do ...

UIlIZDI-HORACEiE.

Florida

Bay Bigcayne

... do

A.H.CDrti8»

....do

Salt-ninrob

....do

Crushed at end in vicinity of knot .
CruBbodat middle; cross.grained.

(Crushed at 38 mlllimeleis from

end; wiirniealeu.
Tni.lo flexure

llangroTt.

...do

COMBUKTACK^.

...do

do

....do

... do

Itiitt'jn H'(W(/.

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

....do

ilci

....do

Sogar-Loaf Soiuid
....do

....do

Crushed near middle ; cross-
grained and worm.enfeu.

Crushed at 76 millimelers fiom
end; snndl knots.

Ciunhed at 127 millimelers from
end.

While Iluliim Wood. Wkile
ilantfrore.

MYKTACE.E.

do

....do

do

Loat Man 'a river. .
....do ...".

HouMis anil cor.d .
■■■"'

ijiirgeon Stopper. HpanUh
Stojrper.

\e. KiiKinIa mnnlicola

.Stfrpper. White Stopper.

....do

... do

Umbrella Key ....
do

....do -.

....do

Cotal

....do

....do

8754
0936
10931
10907

0270
0571
7031

Split along grain, opening season

eiaeks; spill in seasoning cracks.

Split and crushed neat- I'ud

Triple flexure; developed Intar-
seeling "Coopor I.nes".

im. EtiKrnia piwrra

Sed Slupper.

.. do

WtaS ,

... do

...,do

... do

COKXACE^.

^^^

G. W. Letteruion..
do

L'plunil

do

Triple flexure ; opened cracks at

end.
du

I'Uneering Doamod. Box

do

do

Florida

Chatlabnocbre. . .

A.ir.Curtlaa

Calcareona

i-nil; iTnHM-tTdim-d. 1

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

431

PRESSURE, IK KILOGBAMB, RHQUIBBD TO PBODUCB AJ( IXDIXTATIOX, DC mLLUOTBIIB, OF—

f 0.25 0..'il 0.»6 I.Oi i.ir

.-VJ 1.7»i 3.03 ' 3.38

131S
13M
2041
1701

1787
12S3

1424
1S88
1384

771
1198
R078
1089

952
1384
1043

-O, "11

'3

2404
!903

817
1270

2330
4601
238G

2313
2155
3153
2676

1315 I 2495
2449 ' 3C74

2493 i 2676 2803

2490 2713 ! 2808

I

3656 3937 4255

I 3083 I 3379 3611

3130 ' 3484 3788

2359
2617

3221
3221
3515

1914

U33

1996

1315

1814

2844

1506

1452

1792

1620

1452 '

1488

I
4173

4763

4173
4491 j

1315 I
I
1973

2250
1542
2000
316»
1633
1C69

1814
1923
1837

2978
4482

8071 3171
4695 ' 4859

3198
5035

3992 I 4119 ! 4264

4219 4391 , 4581

4119 4445 4626 ' 4922 i 5013 ; 5162 5439

3765 ; 4055 4309
2948 ! 3130 3379

4658 { 4781 i 4944

9.94 4.8t

4296
4763

Shearetl fibers .

3397 3983
3484 I 4064

6171 ' ,

4391 6353

4753 4806

5534 6759' 7212 Sheared abera : split at end X081

Slight sbearing ; split at end lon

6013 Sheared fibern | ltd

I 3742 I 3802 4119 ' 4287

3006 3329 3484 ; 3674 j 3910 4055 4104 i 4287

3130 3402 : 3583 3742 | 3850 4028 4101 | 4264

4445 4831 5103 5398 5625 5874 0056 6200 7394

5035 6851 ' 6486 | Sheared abers
4035

2234
2313
2277
1574
2186
3302
1715
1760

1914 I
2041 I
1896 I

7570
7212

3674 3992 4423 4436
4110 4491 4708
3946 4291 4336 4803

2019
2073
2191
1474
1996
3026
1588
1574
20110
1656
1633
1078

3800
3987

6078
6432

2359
2708

6169
7076
6793

4877 4990 5194 5334 6350
4922 I 5112 5316 | 5489 6646
5098 5303 5484 5684 6782

2377
1074
2859
3438
1760
1851
2300
2019
2091
1941

4854

5398

5731

5210

5761

6101

1706

2050

2133

2250

2472

2040

4763

3398

5831

5942

6373

6840

5048

6033

6332

2477
2518
2413
1719
2472
3561
1928
1887
2350
2091
2108
2073

8464
8052

6396
6759

2536
2604
2486
1769
2531
3661
1941
1941
2449
2141
2273
2155

8822
8337 ,

6000
7099 I

2531
2948

j
6008
7653

2643
2703
2327
1860
2676
3801
1973
2028
2586
2291
2381

2709
2540
1932
2708
3042
2014
2050
2649
2345
2445

4445

2313

2404

3075 I

2708

I
2722

5625
5761
5379
7983

43*
42*

do 9at

SheaT«d abers ; split at end 239

Sheared abers ; Indented on 6 millimeters knot 767

Sheared fibers; split at end 241

Sheared fibers 84*

Sheare<lfil>ers: split at end W»

3329 Sheared librrs iU

3020 do &M

do 1005

Sheared fibers; split at end lOK.

do un

Sheared fillers 117?

do 1181

do ] ua

4881

2440

2331 I
I
3302

do.

lis.

Sheart^d fibers: fiplit at end IIS.

Sheared fibers ; US

Shearo«l fibers : split at end .

9140

9433

8663 .

8913

6895

7085

Slight i*bearing; split ut end .
Sheared fibers ; split at end . .

2026
3035 '

2790 I Shearwl B1..TS ; split at i-ml

3116 I 3674 3901 . Sheared fibers

Opened seasouiug cracks .. .....j 1U(

8029 9320' 97SS Sheared fibers ; split at end IIU

7983 9026 9753 , Shearwl filH-rs 11»

3538 .
2313

2948
1660

5080
4672 I

4381
3720 j
3162 1

235

7439
7689

7702
8119

6713
4513
3493

6146 6386 6754
49:i3 5180 3464
3703 4037 4241

8119
8419

.IOCS
4503 '

8506 I
8714

CT8« I 10614 1 ' Sheared fib.Ts: split at end ' HIT

8990 10841 11930 do U2T

I ,r...

6192 I
4667

e:i06

4844

9798 8hcart><l fibers ; 7 uiillinielers knot in rompr\<ssion 07

siirftice.

8702 SheaitMl fibers ; split at end 67

81«» do 7M

432

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

TA15LE v.— HKIIAVlOi; OF TOE PEI^'CIPAL WOODS OF TilE

SpcoiM.

a

State.

L«>caUty.

1

Collector.

Soil.

ill
3*-

1
1

1

Roniaiks. |

j

f

151. CotBtu florida— «ontlniied

812

812
1077

Wc«t Virginia....
do

GraAon

... do

C.G.Pringle

...do

Dry

do

6732

7021
9004
8981
8210

10387
10819

6893

Sap-woo<1; triple flexure; Inter-
eectiug "Cooper lines"; split at |
end. 1

'" i

Triple flcxnro |

Triple flexure; split at ends; in.

tcrstcting "CooDCT lini's".
Triple flexure ; split at ends

:

Alleuton

....do

CW. Letterman..
...do

Gravelly

... do

... do

... do

Flinty

9C0
860

60&
805

n?

750
750
813
813
833
833
834
834
835
835

128

r.'8

55(1
550
.04
004

881

370

nu'
no*

730
486

4se

381

343
343

1033

643
•43
070
S7«

Oregon

...do

Georgia

....do

Tennessee

Florida

Portland

....do

Ogeechee river —
do

Ctunberload rirer

Chattahoochee

....do

G. Eugelniann and
C. S. Sargent.

Flotrering Doftcvod.

Cmabe<l at 102 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 114 milliuietcrs from
end ; split along grain.

1S3. Mj-6»» rapit«ta

Offttthu Lilnt. Sour IV
ptio. Gopher Plum.

A.U.Curtiss

....do

...do

7349
7802
8119
8414

8210
7689
6823
0577
7394
7022
7176

6396
6328
5035
5715
6123
5489

4400

8890

luieo

10329
7938

1S381
10060

<355

5874
6895

7802

Cmehed on one face at 25 millimc.

ters from middle.
Triple llexnro i split nt ends

Cmsbed nt 3 millimeters knots

at middle.
Crushed neur middle; split along

one corner.
Crushed at 102 millimetera from

end.
Triple flexure; split at ends

Cmshod at knots 64 millimeters

from end.
Cruslie<l nt 6 millimeter!) knot 25

millimeters from middle.
Triple flexure; split at cuds

Triple flexure, deflected diago.
nnll.v : split at euds.

Triple flexure ; split at ends; In-
tersecting " Cooper lines ".

Cmshed at 12 and at 127 millime-
ters from end on opposite sides.
Triple flexure ; split nt ends

Tuptlo. Sotir Gum. Ftp-
peridft. Black Gum.

A. H. Curties

....do

Clay

...do

....do

....do

Grafton

....do

C.G.Pringle

... do

Maasaehueetts. . .
...do

.. do

■WohtXewbury...

...do

...do

do

J. Kobinson

....do

Kich

... do

....do

do

. do

do

... do

Cbebacco pond

....do

....do

....do

....do

UC Vrm nniflora

Large Tupelo. Cotton Oum.
Titpelo Uum.

South Carolina. . . .
... do

Bouneau's Depot .
...do

H.W.Kavcnel....

....do

C.Mobr

Alabonia

....do

... do

....do

^* "°

Ogeechee river —
... do

A.B.Curti88

.. do

Triple flexure 102 millimoters

froita end.
Triple llexui-e ; cpUt at end

Shattered at end ; 10 millimeters
knot.

Crushed near middle; grain -vvnv.v.

Crashed nt ends in viciuil.v nf
knots; split nlong grain,

Crushed :)H milllnietors from mid-
dh-.

Crushed 20 millimeters from mid-
dle; cross-grained.

Shattered from end to eud

Cmshed nt knot nl middle; split
along grain.

Crusliid nt knot 'J5 millimeters
from uiiddlo; ojiined between
rings.

Split nnd crashid ,it end; cross-
grained.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Crushed at 76 millimeters finm

....do

do

CAPEtFOLIACE.».

Califomia

Contm Costa
county.

Uiocsburg

Mercer county . .
... do

G.R. Vaaey

C. G. Pringlc

Vr.M.Liniicy

... do

A. U. Curtlss

do

i'tdrr.

Vermont

Kcntaoky

...do

Swampy

Hudson Biver

sbnle.
Trentou limestone.

Chiy

aheeplerry. Abnnyberry.

IM. Vlbarnum pruiiifoliam

Black jr<i,r. Sl.jj IliuK.

Bainbridge

Upper Mctscombo

l:l liIAiJK.l..
ltd ZxiMMnimB C aribenm

....do

...do

.. do

Soulli Carolina...

Blufflon

J. II. MtllichaDip
C.Mobr

Sandy swamp

Sandy

....do

GeoT'jia Jiark.
EHICACEiE.

FarkUbrrry.

....do

... do

....do

IK. Aiiflroro< da fLrni;;l2i(-a. ......

166. ArbatiM Menzlfc«U

llorida

JaokaonvUle

Contra Costa
couDly.

A. n. Curtlss

G.It.Vasey

Hummock

Gravdiy

.. do

...do

....do

Callforata

end; cruBa-graIu> d.
7303 Triple flexure; split at cndn

Madroiia.

7750
7630
9648

do

... do

...do

■■■

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

433

PBKeSUUE, IN KILOUUAUB, BEQUIBEU TO fUODUCE AK IMDEKTATIOX, IX UILLIIUITBBS, OF—

m

lOul
2223

2068

lew

14UC
1452

2291
1051
1179
1C33
1724
1257
1384
1901
1837

2132
2313
1043
1343
1497
1202

S130
2291
3856
3833

2994
3198

2177
1814

179C
2767
3130
3749
1352
2676
2495
2531

2022
2948
1529
1905
2313
ICIO

3C0B
3G06
4491
4509

3343
3550

2386

2522

2150

1941

2064

3130

3329
2921
2019
2948
2744
2713
2513
3130
3130

2875
3130
1588

3602
4418
4944
4044

3615
3742

3606
3075
2259
3002
2971
2899
2849
3357
3311

3003
3207
1078
2168

2803

4069
4944
5243

5158

3819
3946

2713

2254

2150
3538
3792
3243
2336
3243
3148
3030
2921
3515
3529

3148
3348
1765
2254
3012
1923

4250
5325
5552

5308

4014
4164

3756
3992
3375
2404
3583
3307
3171
3107
3697
3656

3329
3438
1869
2881
3139
1996

1.78 2.o:t 2.28 2.54 4.81 8.08

B711

\
5606 1

4530
5878
S883

4132

4323

4287

4491

2971

3085

2449

2608

2331

2400

3S92

4073

4831

S761

4241
3438
2495
3097
3447
3311
3193
3856
3042

3475
3593
1960
2472
3216

2531
3919
3556
8420
3311
3983
3946

3574
3742
2014
2586
3348
2195

4717
6146
6114
5929

4436
4572

3143
2622

2499 j

4219

4536

3588

2567 1

4055

3683

3502 I

34S4

4105

4004 I

3715 '

3042

2059

2654

3425

2232

4899 ' 5987

6419 I 7599

6373 7394

6123 7212

6326

Sheared llbetB.

.do.

G390 '.

8663 ' do

I Sheared fibers i split at end .

7938 Sheared fibcm.

•11
IflTT
lOTT
lfl«

4604
4708

2022
4400
4726
3670

3615 I
3579 I
4241
4264 (

3828
3946
2132
2708
3493
2308

5489
SS79

3878 ,
3153

3016
5307
5851
4106
3039
5126
4581
4418
4196
5035
5216

4401
4545
2436

5851
6350
4391
2894
5887
5171
S013
4581
5851
5615

.do.

Sheared fibers ; split at ends .
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers on c

! edge .

.do.

Slight sheariog .
Slight shc»iiig .
do

.do.

I
4944 I Sheared fibers.

4944 I do

3334
4491

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; split at end.

2948
3447

1941
1905

4649
4854
3806

6940

6CC8

3402 3833
8243 3742

w

1 Hir.

2404

lllli

20,H7

2685

El

1041

2858

y

; i;iCii

2313

3243
2640

28 FOB

4976
5207
4033

6512
4264

5498
5724
4463

6874
6232
4840

6033
6441
4581

4164
4241

2967
3248
3515
2908

3048
3443
3720
8075

4749

3633

3266
3620
3851
3243

8074 1 8192
1896 1941

6171
4990

5162
4173

5513
5302

4300

6283
6595
5162

9026
8301

6305
54^

4491

3846

Sheared fibers; split at ends

SU|;ht shearing ; split at ends

Sheared fibers on one edge ; split at «nda .

lit*
U0«

3574 3728

8992 4110

4173 4309 4418

3561 I 3602 3810

6918 I

6577 } 7076

5216 I 6715

4468 5036

6120
4481

Sheared fibers ; radial split .

Sheared fibers ; 4 milliuieters knot on indented i

Sheared libers

Slight shearing ; 10 niUlimetera knot at edce .

Sheared fibers.
Sheared fliwr*.

Sheared fibers; split at ends.

4r.-4

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table A'.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

117. Arbotus Xalapeosls .

do.

Alabama . .
...do

Tenneaaee .
l....do

Cottage Hill .

ITO. Ealmia Utifoliu

Lavrtl. Calico BuMh. Spoon
Wix^. Iry.

171. KbododendroD maximnm . .
Great LaurtL Uote Bay.

Virginia.
...do ...

Fancy Gap .

SAPOTACEa;.
17S. Cbrysopbyllam oliriforme .

do.

|....do.

G. Engelmann and
C. ti^. Sargent.

A. Gattinger.
...do

IIj

Ligbt, rich .

....do

Sandy rock .

.do.

H. Shriver Moist .

Florida I Bay Biarayne.

...do do

firlletacombe

488 |.

ITS. Bamelia tenax .

Georgia.

Teiaa ...
...do...
Miafionri.

182. BiimFlia ruoraU

A nW Hood. Downward
Plum. Saffron J'lum.

Tcnnesace .
FloriiU....

Wild IHUy.

EBEXACE/E.

458 \
4S8

.do .

Bay Biscayse..

...do

Umbrella Key .

A. H. Curtiss .

.do.

Baiubridge ' do

Anstin C.Mobr

AUcnton ' 6. W. Lettorman.

I
Kaahville ' A. Gattinger

BocaCbicaEey...! A. 11. Curtiss

Upper Mctacombe ' do

..do

i^;r

do.

do .

1084
1162

MinBoori Allenton..

...do j....do

Tcnneasce XaahviUe.

WeBt'Vlrglnla....j Grafton...

...do j — do

Uiaaouii I AUcnton..

do ! do

do do

Coral .
...do .

7122 I Cmslicd near middle at knots 3

millinii-ter» in diameter.
5715 I Split obliquely fioni middle to ]
j end, ci usliiug libers at middle.

7430 Crusliod nt 10 millimetora knot

at middle. '

7847 Cruflud at 10 millimeters knot I

i 25 niillinii-ters from middle. I

8799 i Triple llexure I

6831 .

S84S I

I

7462 '

6577

10433 \
8700

11952
12565
11272

Crushed ut 04 l.iillinieters from end I
and BT)lit aloii;: j^ain.
10931 I Crushed nt lii2 niillimetirs from
end in vicinity of kuotH.

7235 I SplitoWi(iiwl.vfrommiddk't(iend.

Alluvial .
Coral ....

G. W. I.etlerman..! Rich upland .

do .

do.

A. Gattinger Klch loam .

C.G.Prlngle.

..do

G. W. Lettorman . . Bich npland .

do .

STYKACACE*.

do.

do.

186. Kvmploc^m tlnitAria

TJoTM* Sufjar. 8v«tt Ltcf.

IKJ. Ilaleiia ilipt<'m . .
Snotc^rop Tree.
Trtt.

Alabama Cottage HUI C. Mobr .

Georgia { Bainbtldgo A. U. Curtlaa.

' do

O. KuKOlmnnn and
C. S. Kargenu

.do.

Sandy .

Crushed at two 6 millimeters :

kuots at cud.
Crushed at knot 51 millimeters

from cud.

Crushed at 25 luillimeters from I

middle.
Crashed at 3 millimeters knot at

middle.

Crushed at 25 millimeters from '
middle, deflecting diagonally.

Crushed at kuot at iMiddlo; split
obUqudy.

Split along grain nt end; slight i

crushing. j

Crushed at end ; oblique split

Triple flexure

Crushed near middle .

5489 Crushed at end

5012 Crushed at 102 millimeters fhim

end at 5 millimeters knot.
6895 Deflected at middle ; split ut ends .

Splitatcnd; crosR.graiued; season.
Ing crack ut middle.

Cross-grained ; split obliquely

from eml lo end.
Cross-grained ; split along season*

iug cracks.

Triple flexu

...":"i!;

deflected dingo-

Crnsbed nt end .
Triple flexure ..

Triple flexure, deflected dingo.

iially.
Doflccteil at 2.'i millimeters from

middle.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally: Intersecting "Cooper
lines".

Crushed nt 0 niiUlmeters knot 76
mlllluietei'S from end and at 3
millimeters knot at end'.

Failed at 0 ndlllmetcrs knot 127
millimeters from end and split
ulung gralu.

Triple llexure

Crushed at middle on <

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPKESSION— Continued.

435

rnKSSUBE, IM KIL0GBAU8, BEQUIIIIU) TO PBODUCE MS IKUEKTATION, DC HILLUIETBOS, OF—

1520
2359

1951
1211
1407
1560

2268
2223

2011
1051

4219
1860

2313
2767

2087
2177

2070
2:i59

1905
2041
1060
2767
1005
1746
2076
2540

12D3

1837

1170

2586
3583

3062
2223
2214
2254

3289
3447

2767
2468

5579
3765

4536
4332

3420
3493
2486

1923
1497
2835

4355
3097

3130
3402
3602
4536
3266
3402
4092
4499

1 790
2336

3479
2676
2527
2586

3674
3892

3425
3239

2055
1606
3148

5307
4491

3674

4060
4459
5353
3901
4264
4766
6557

1069
2753

3221
4250

3751
2971
2694
2767

3909
4173

3107
2830

6464
5126

6586
5307

4436
4327
3810
3833

2168
1692
3425

6023
5058

4001
4436
4908
5738
4341
4699
5194

3411
4482

3946
3153
2849
2921

4105
4287

6791
5425

6874
5489

4717
4608
4114
4073

2259
1801
3633

6532

5470

4214
4695
5269
6005
4604
5035
3484
6323

4237
3284
3021
3003

4237
4432

3352
2994

7145
5742

6201
5761

5035
4844
4364
4400

3116

2381

2227

3039 I 342!1

4695 5060

2871 2967

2064 2127

2998 3153

2948
3787

6895
5851

4332
4971
5561
6260
4854
5307
6716
6S68

5421

3003

3080
3901

3801

4854

4414
3479
3193
3157

4350
4581

3434
3065

6382
5987

5434
4649
4604
4527

1978
4024

3946
4990

4554
3633
3325
3207

4527
5067
5860
U486
S080
5421
S863
6736

5606

3039

2295

3212
4150

7693
6250

6677
6123

5670
5398

2572
2073
4191

7521
0386

4667
S239
6083
6840
5285
5661
6042
6881

68:.l

3057

2361
3083

3343
4383

4105
5112

4695
3760
3493
3393

3597
3252

7974
6532

4219
5207

4831
3856
3611
3438

4690
4890

3674
3302

8219
6736

7117
6464

4922
6123

5670
4491
4287
3946

5534
6625

4264
3810

9753
8119

2635
2177
4350

7811
6713

4786
5362
6310
7049
6434
5811
6187
7049

6069

3085

2446
3810

3561
4509

5648
5103
6207

4518
4536
5666

4890
5534
6477
7235
5615
5965
6319
7221

6240

3162

2504 I
3910

3674
4604

3121
2703
5398

5625
6486
766G
8256

8170

7417

3720

2903
44(1

4355
S443

5421
6623

6350
5058
4626

Sheared flben.

Sheared flben ; split at end .
do

do

Sheared fibera.

4491
4150

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Slight Bhearing ; split at end

Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short epecimen, 121 mil-
limeters lung.

Split at end

Sheared fibers on one edge; split at end

Sheared fibers ; split at end

.do.

3443
3085
5851

Sheared fib«rs
do

.do.

9163
9026

6146
7076
8392
8799
7530
7711

8301

3856

3239
S171

4763
6078

Sheared fibers ; split at comer .

Split at ends

Sheared fibers

do

Slipihf shearing of fibers .
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers along one edge .

498
4S8

1064
1084
116S

S47
738

436

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF TBE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TUB

Speotea.

Locality.

bS.

Si

5""

1M>
1M>
1U<
1M»
130
130

227',

227'|,
227' .
207' I
2«7'.

Alisaoori..
Hicbigaa .

.do.

South Carolina .

...do

Virginia

.do.

.do.

747
747
937
1045

304

Tennessee .
Alabama ..

....do

Georgia

do .

Texas

UaMacb<uotts.
...do

.do.

22a»' Vermont

229>!....do

loss I Uoaaacbosetts.

K7 Missouri...

I 308 I Texas

I 308 ....do

I 438 Tennessee .

I MS Texas

I 018 ...do

057

do

Allonton..
Dansville .
...do

Hudson

Lansing

Dansville

Bonncan's Depot.

.do.

WythcTillo .

...do

Charlotte...

...do

Wytheville.

Xashville

Kemper's mill .

.do .

Bainbridgo.

...do

Austin

Reading

.do.

Dallas .
...do.

Charlotte .

...do

TopsBuld .

AUcnton . .
Dallas ....

...do

MashriUe .
Victoria ..

do.

Matagorda bay .

G. W. Letterman
W.J.Bcal

Loir .
Clay.

.do.

530 I Alabama

12j Uichigan .

2801 Kentucky
286>'....do

201 ! UiMouri ..
618 , Tcnncssoe .

Allimton .
...do ....
Lansing .

do .

Mercer county..

H. W. I^aTenel.

...do

U. Shriver

Cloy.
Wet.

.do .

0. G. Pringlo .
...do

Gravelly.

.do .

.do .

H. Shriver....

...do

A. Gattinger Limestone.

C. MoUr Alluvial ...

.do.

.uo .

CMohr

J. Kobinson.
...do

J. Roverchon .

.do.

Biver.bottom

...do

Rich, calcareous .

Dry, calcareous...
...do

C.G.rringle.

G. W. Lettermnn.
J. Itovcrchon

A. Gattinger .

C.Mobr

...do

Stockton do

G. W. I..ctt«rman.

Allnnton O.'W. Letterman

W. M.Ltnncy.

NaabTille ' A. Gattinger.

Clay.

Rlvor.bottom .

Rich upland .
Riob.wct....

Rich, alluvhil .

Dry upland.

do.

Rich loam .

...do

LUnostono .

do .

Sandy loam

Rich Umoatono .

Triple flexnre

Triple flexure ; split at end

Deflfctcd diiigonally ; crnshed at

25 mitlimeti!i-a I'roiii midtllo.
Crushed ot 25 millimelora from

end.
Cruslicd at 3S niiUimetira from

middle; "Cooper lines."
Crushed at G4 millimeters from

end.
Crashed at 114 millimeters from

end.
Ci-ushed at middle ,

Cniahod at 3i milliinetcrs from

mid'lle.
Crushed .it 51 millimeters from

middle ; delloeted diasonnlly.
Crnshed at 3 millimeters knot 12

millimetoi-8 ttom middle.
Triple flexure

Crushed at 38 millimeters from

middle.
Deflected diagonnlly; maximum

bond :i8 millimeters from middle.
Triple flexure

.do.

Deflected and fibers crushed at 76

millimeterH from end.
Crushed at 3 millimeters knot at

middle.
Triple flexnre ; split at ends

Cnished at end and nt 7(i mitlimo.

tersfrom eud iu vieinity of knots.
Triple flexure; middle' bond 10

millinieters from center.

Triple flexure

Failed at knot G4 raillimetora

from eud ; cross.gruined.
Triple flexure

Triple flexure, deflected dlugn.
ually.

Deflected at middle

Crushed at middle on one face . . .

Triple flexnre

Crushed nt f^9 millimetors from

end, splittiu;^ between rings.
Deflected diagonally

Triido flexure; middle bend 38

millimeters eeeentric.
Crushed nt G millimeters knot 51

millimeters from end.
Triple flexure

Triple fleiun-

Triple flexure, dofleotod diago.
nally.

Triple flexure; developed Inter

aeclinu'Crinper lines".
DeUrcledatmidillenndnt:! mill'-

meters knot 70 milliiuetersfi'om

end.
Ci nshed at 3 millimeters knot 61

millimeters from eud ami uenr

middle.
Crunherl on one face 10 mdlimc

tors fiom middle.
Cruslicd at knots 102 mllllmeteni

from end.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION-Continued.

437

FnEBBUBE, IK EILOOBAUe, BBQUIItED TO VBODUCE JkX UtDEXTATIOlC, IK MILUUZTEBS, OF—

1.03

i.2r

l.SS

243C

2527

2744

1597

1610

1096

1542

1019

1619

3208

3488

3633

2068

2205

2304

2161

2279

2427

2622

2717

2939

3148

3284

3434

2273

2400

2486

2186

2336

2504

2277

2440

2536

3611

3742

3964

2003

2989

3102

2890

3103

3248

3379

3074

2403

2579

2708

1932

2028

2132

1887

1991

2123

3157

3234

3334

2014

2214

2313

2948

3152

3334

3198

3470

3751

4082

4100

4303

2G08

2085

2S60

3615

36G9

4033

3021

3102

3343

2948

3221

3311

3334

3434

3620

3337

3593

3710

2109

2223

2155

2488

2567

2676

3175

3379

3647

3909

4200

4482

4281

4454

4717

3470

3720

38S6

3842

4028

4164

2090

22«S

2313

4413

4590

4722

4513

4880

7180

1705

1724

1842

1619

1674

1778

3974

4150

4332

3720

3882

4082

2939

3071

3202

4164

4377

4527

3.38

3.34

3130

3207

1810

1883

1833

1842

4033

4128

2518

2570

2663

2690

3334

3488

3860

3937

2818

2983

2894

3037

2899

3089

4230

4359

3513

3940

3583

3706

4092

4132

3134

3221

2400

2341

2430

2522

3529

3579

2181

2531

3901

3987

4539

4601

4190

4300

3420

3529

4473

4491

3070

3751

3529

3674

3983

4073

4037

3810

2713

2880

2890

2935

4055

4205

5121

5330

5207

5280

4190

4332

4572

4072

2522

2549

5158

5316

6905

0128

2029

2105

1982

2037

4907

4427

454S

3479

3615

6103

6218

a

U

1334
1134
749
1996
1542
1315

1529
15S8
1588
15S8
1862
13C0
1860
2449
1551
1179
1352
1538
1433
1905
2023
2041

1325
1837

1533
1364
1860

1579
1633
1588
2041
2041
1800
2109
2177

2S80
2339
1452
1179

1973
1656

2078
1338
1302
2948
1882
1842
2109
2654
1769
1741
1973
2985
1619
2481
2948
2159
1042
1579
2376
1801
2468
2622
3357

1996
2944

2518
2427
2807

3198
3402
3020
3202

1700

3901
3020
1033
1500

2740
3171

1488
1334
3121
1982
2041
2305
2976
1987
2023
2218
3388
2708
2744
3221
2250
1801
1746
2976
1982
2094
2885
3878

2291
3384

3243
1951
2409
2894
3038
3992
3293
3611

4204
4191
1050

2804
3810

2930
1719
1724
3833
3368
2499
3075
3529
2390
2667
2631
4042
. 3307
3388

2218
3423

3110
4287

3484
3425
3774

3S78
2064
2749
3828
4672
4808
3987
4309

4849
6489
1896
1873

3357
4744

2980
1783
1787
3964
2408
2586
3162
3065
2762
2830
2776
4137
3425

2241
2330

2436
3788
4190
4522

3207
4418

8597
3484
3837

3933
2503
2830
3910
4844
5035

2459

5022

1973
1932

3429
4835

2155
2205
4944
3039
3130
4219
4491
3742
3610

3856
4899
3924
2926
3062
3901
2970
4990
5489
5434

4377
4196
4626

4717
3583
3348

4035
5421

6373
7485
2427
2381
6»42

4128
U23

2413
2472

3130
3357

Split at ends ; abort epecimen, 120 milllmet«n long.
Sheared llbcni

.do.

4990
4491
4296
4382
5285

U4>
U««
U4>
U4*
U4«

5443

4300
3130
3429

5489
0010
5851

4699
4423
5035

5035
3992
3465
5625
6940
6395
5262
5987

3157

Spfitatcorxicrof epecimen; flb«rB not sheared ■

do

Split at corner; slight alicaring

Slight shearing ; Hplit atend

Sheared fibers

Splitaleud; sheared flbera 2U

Sheared fibers 213

• I

do i 227*

do 227»

Sheared fibers ; splitatcnd 227*

Split at end 2W

Slight shearing of fibers 2S7»

do.

431

Slight shearing of fibers; splitatend ; 551

Slight shearing of fibers [ SSI

Sheared fibers 747

Slight shearing of fibers 747

Slight shearing | 187

Slight shearing of fibers ! lOtS

Indented \rithout shearing , IMS

.do.

3M

Slight shearing : split stick 364

Sheared fibers i 2H*

Indented without shearing 109S

do.

Slight shearing of fibers i 3(8

Sheared fibers 308

Slight shearing of fibers I 438

do »*S

Fibers did not shear »*8

I

Sheared fibers J 857

, do •«

.do.

7031 Slight shearing of fibers

8029

2588

2567

6509

Sheared fibers , 13*

do

Slight shearing of fiber*

1S8>

Sheared fibers ; split at end.

2«>

4445 Indentcil section eoveni unsoand knot 10 mllU- 291

meters in *li»metor, I

6849 Slight shearing of fibers I "8

438

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Sp«ci<

I tn. Fnixion.« OrrgMi*.

OU j On>Eon .■ PorUand.

964 ' ..do do

1001 |....do

1001 ! .. do

10!l I... do

1024 ';....do

11.

G.KDfsrIniannand Low. ^Tt't .

C. S. Sargcut. ,
do ..do

Weidler's s^iw-miUj .
...do .

C'riiHkrd al laiddlv

Cnislu'd 25 inilliniotcrs from mid-
dle on ono liirc.
Tiiplr llt'xuve, di'tloutcd dingo-

I Ponland Furniture .. . do ' 0441 . Cniiilied at iiiiddln ; side of sinx'i-

Conipany

2^ Fraxioas sanibacifolia .

Hlaei Ath. Ileop Atli.
Groimil Afh.

1030' do , do.

I 1030 I ...do '....do .

1.2 Mirbignn L'anav

g]'J ^las'sachusetts . . . ' Dauvc

rii spilt nil.
.do ! 5557 j Ctuslif'ilal middle ; iiiivlo of cruNli-

.do I 9208 I Ciii»lio.Utiniddlo:.nuLlcofirimli

I ill',', 5:P. ,

do ! I 9798 \ Ciiialicd at.51 aud nt 114 millimc-

t< ra fniin lud.

AV..T.Boal..
J. l^obiusou.

Wet, peaty..
Kieli, loamy .
...do

!37 Cii

; miUil

tors

shed oil ouefj

ri..m middle.
7C21 Triple llcxuie; niidillii bend 2i

millimeters eccentric.
C141 do

19". Forexlicra acuminata 737 Georgia I Baiobridgo.

Frirtl. I

737; do do

A. U. Curtisa.

2t!3 LoniKi.ina.

BOKKAGIXACE^.

204. lioiirrrria Flavanensls.
Stroiiff Dark.

Florida .
...do ...

305. Elireli.i.lliptica

Knactauyay. Anaqua.

i!Ii;noxh.ce^.

£06. Catalpa bignnnioideR

Catalpa. Catawba. Bean
Trte. Cigar Tree. Indian
Btan.

do.

Amite ' 0. Mulir Kicb, allurial

do 1... do do

Saint John's river ' A. U. Curtiss Sandy loam.

...do I do do

Key Larco do Cotat .

do .

New Braunfels .

do.

C.Mohr.
'....do ...

.do.

I I I

.Mabama Stockton ' do j Low, wot.

Georgia l!;iiiibri(l;:n A.H. Curtiss Clay

.. do .. ' " do ' do

J07. Cat.'dpa ►pecio'a . .
Tr««(*'n Catalpa.

Vi:UBF,XACE.E.

SYCTAGIXACE.E.

212. Plwoln obtnuata

/■i';..,ii Wood, lift/ VTood.
r„rk Hood. Perk Wood.

l'i.I.Vi;()N-ACEA

!• '• ■ I'loridan* .

j:jr..n num.

214. Cocrololia nrlfrra

hra Orapt.

LAUKACEJE.

215. Prmi^A CarollnruiilN..

tied Ban.

217. Saarafnia nfflcinala .
Saua/Ttu.

Missoui i
.do...

Cbarlcston C. S. Sargent , Wet clay .

do do do

Tnscon G. Eugrlmann and Moiat, gravelly

C. S. Sargent.

490 Florida Bay Bisrayno ' A.n.C'uiti

CI18 Split fhim end to end

Crushed alnnj: one faro

Criislii'd at knot C4 millimoters

fiouieud.
Cnislu-d at 76 niilliiiieters from

cud.
Cnisiied at 1U2 millimoteiH from

euil.

Criislicd flbcrs at 38 i

fioiu '.nd.
Cioss.grnined; obliqii

along ;;r.iin.

Cnished at ono corner

IllinioterH
fr.iituio

Cmsbed at end

CriiHhrd nt 38 millimeters from

niiitdio on one face.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
1 end.

Crnahrd at 19 and nt 102 niilll-

meters I'limi end.
Triple flexnro.

490

.. do

Cora! 11007 j Cnmliid near middle

I j enisliing, 65o,

lo ' do IIOOO Crashed near middlo..

angle of

'>£

jrMclacoiiibe do.

Saint Jobn's rlv

310 Alabama { Mobile county .

Bandy loam .

Damp, sandy.

do.

71 MiMonrl AUcnton.

(}. W. T^clUrroun . . Low, rich .

G398 .Split along grain from middle to

I end.
4627 Cruslii'd at knots 102 millimeters
liV'Ui end.

(,'rnslied nt 38 iiiillimeterH from
mi<ldle and at end.
231*3 Crushed ul middle

4355 Split from end In end; badly

:rni'ked in sojuouing.
3900 : do

9548 Crushed atSmlllimcterakuotucar

i middle.
6799 ' Cruahed at end

5216 Cmsheil at 04 millimeters from

: end.
0532 ' do

0009 I Crushed nt 51 millimoteni from

middle and at ends.
6466 Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 36
I millimeters from mtddlo. 1

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

439

FRKSeUnE, IX KILOOIUHS, liEQVIItllD TO mOUl'CR AK IK1IEKTATI0N, IN MILLIMIITBnci, OF—

f 1 O.-i.l 0..'i

o.;u 1.03 i.ar 1.33 i.rs 3.03

3.38 3..14 4.81

M

1452
16C9
1C33
1S14
1497
1315
1579

1370 '

I

1IS9 I
2273

2744
2449

2041
2087

IfilO
iri42

2670
2048

4128
2404

2010
1792

1810

nil

2200
2359
243C
2223

2223
2277

1G74 I
3348 I
2C99 I

3837 I
2381

4355
2640

3756
3334

1003
1851

,3652
4241

5398
3810

1805
1792

2504
2570
2593
2313
lOGO
2004
2472
2380

1740
3801
2849

4990
2903
3021
2703

4482
3837

3339
3066

1170
2105

3991
4808

6260
4499

3157
2481

2019
2014

2683
2703
2C20
2440
2118
2090
2CS5
2654

1819
3983

3U84

2J31
2930

5393
3212
3334
3062

4877
4146

3611
3293

1429
1229

4264
5153

16G9
1609

7031
4980

3339
2803

3339
2558

2037
2068

2803 I
2622 '
2214
2141
2880 !

2880 :

I

1842 '

4119

3357

2368
3006

5048
3405
3500
3212.

4907
4436

3878
3447

1488
1260

4491
S3C2

1740
1728

7303
5310

8429
2920

3515
2031

2127
2118

2971
2935
2080
2749
2313
2245
3094
3010

1887
4264
3383

2481
3184

5920
3742
3650
3425

5210
4681

4037
3051

1320
2408

4704
5561 ;

!

1778 I
1705

3465
2994

2155
2164

3075

3089 '

3021 '

2894

I
2431 ,

2345

3289 :

3212 I

i
1937 I

4336 '
1

3819
1

2376

3213
j

0123 I

3924 '
3788 I
3570

5371
4872

3175
3180
3121
3020
2531
2381
3837
3302

2033
3375

3221
3130
2622
2480
S488
3438

2005
4613
4133

2717
3434

6373 0518

4150 4287

4014 4110

3710 3842

5489 ; 5020
4990 I 5171

4477
4037

1642
1080
1402

1551 , 1019 1600 ; 1674

4155

4336

3774

3901

1579

1606

1023

1000

1347

1393

1402
2558 2058

4895
5052

1787
1851

2108
2214

5080
5942

I80;.
1S7S

8074
6123

3024
3125

2218
2322

1442
2731

1790
1928

3379
3357
3208
3243
2634
2530
3323
3561

2082
4713
4318

2753
3484

6659
4432
4246
3969

5702
5343

4572
4150

1719
1488

1805
20O5

3724
3212

3788
8253

2318
2400

3>t78
3878
3029
3856
3148
2903
4128
4150

2295
5370
5285

2912
4078

7756
5489
5058
4763

0577
6237

5239
4926

2028
1302
1701

1960
1724

1978
2177

Slight Bbearing of ttben ; tpllt at end.

do

do

do

3470 ! Sheared ai<«n.
3107 '-

4355
4708

Sheared fibers; split at eod.
Sheared fibers

2427 I Sheared fibers; split at end .
5469 Slight sheariof: of fibers.
5625 do

3583
4287

5625
5262

5851
5443 I

tool
itei

lOM

i«t

Sheared fibers.
do

2a

Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short specimen, 103 m

miUimcters long.
Sheared fibers i S84

113T

Sheared fibers; eplit at end; specimen 120 miUi- S4«

meters lon<;.
1433 Sheared fibers

1941
3593

Sheared fibers ; split at end.
Sheareil fibers...-

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.

Sheared fibers ; split at end.

Shoand fibers

4300
3856

4491

3538

Slight slicarlns : split at end : short specimen, 120
mlUiuietors long.

4332 ^ Sheared Dbcn .
4196 I do

4SS4

3878

.do.
.do.

440

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINOIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

ST. SMMfrMoOoiiiale— oontinned.i 3R7

7U. TTmbfllnlaria CaJifomiea

fountain Laurel. Cali/omia
Laurel. SpieeTrte. Ccgi
put. Cali/omia Olite, CaU-
/ornia Bay Tret,

ECPnOEDIACE^

m. DrrpetM cmcea

Guiana Flum. White Wood.

nt. Drrpeteicrocca. tar. Istifolia.

UBTICAqE.S.

281. Ulmnfl cmAsifulia

Cedar Elm.

SBl ITliDna folr*

Jird Elm. Slippery Elm.
Uocte Elm.

Ulnion Amr-ricana

White Elm. American Elm.
Waltr Elm.

tnnm« nccmoiu

lUxkKlm. Cork Elm. Hick-
WhiUElm. Olif

T^Jl:'

'Uhaaii aUta

VoAoo. Winged Elm.

Miaaonri

...do

TenDea«4w

West Virginia. . .

..do

Uaaaachosetts. . ■

do.

Missouri.
...do....

Looalltj.

Allen ton..

...do

Xaahville.
Grafton...

do.

Danvera .
...do....
Allen ton .
.do....

I
Oregon ' Coos bay

do.

Florida .
.. do...

...do .
..do .

30< Ecntacky.

S0«... do

120 UlchiKnn..
131 I MiKDOuri...
IM .. do

10 j Massachnsetts .

.. do

Missouri

VS8

.do.

Texas

...do

Massacboaetts.

1034

1030 |....do

10<t ....do

Michigan .

..do

..do

...do

do.

.. do

Tennessee .

Tennessee .

do.

perMetacombe

Dansvillo.
Allenton..

Arnold Arborctom

do.

Sontb Carolina...

Allenton

.. do

Colorado river...

.do.

Donvcrs

...do

Korth Beading .

DaasTille...
Big Raplda .

do.

Hodaon...
Heraoy ...

...do

NashTille.

Bonncao's Depot

Daridson coonty .
Mississippi I Kemper's mill

do.

do.

G. W. Letterman.

A. Gattingcr .
C. G. Pringlo.

do.

J. Itobinsoo . . .

...do

G.W. Letterman..!
..do

sis

|o.. .

B-if
111

o B. a

6659

Bicb loam 4359

5851

5751 Crnsbod at 51 millimeters IVom

end.
6328 CrQ9lii>d nt middle and at 64 milli-

meters from cnil.
6713 Crualioil at 31! and at 80 milli.

meters froni end.
M18 I Triple flexure, deflected dingo.

nully

do .

Low, allavlal.
...do

G. Engelmonn and

C. S. Sargent.
..do T

A. B. Cnrtiss .

.do.

J. KoTCrcbon .

...do

C.Mobr

do.

W.J.Beol

CW. Letterman.

C. S. Sargent .

G. W. Lcttomian.

J.Robinson.
..do

n. W. RaTonel.

A.Gattiogei.
C.Mobr

.do.

Limestone .

Gravelly

Eicb, nlluvial .

...do....
Gravelly.

do.

.do.

do .

Loam —
AUnviol .
...do....

6341

Triple flexure -

Triple flexure; developed inter.
[ fleeting "Cooper lines".
6033 Triple licxore

Eicb loam 7847

...do I 8414

i
5051

6781

...do

Low, gmvelly

Alluvial

Eicb loam

7847
8573
0889
8437
8302

8641
8573
7598
G895
58J1
4900
7022
5570
9040

11383
0571
7847
0571
10387
10206
7340

Crashed at 25 millimeters from

miildle.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from

end.

Crushed in vicinity of small knots

Split suddenly from end to end. . .
Split suddenly; oblique fracture.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

cm).
CrH.*lied in vicinity of small knots

10- millimeters from end.
Ciiished at end ; crcss-graincd. . .

Triple flexure.

Deflected and crushed nt end and
I at 102 millimeters from end.
i Crushed nt raiddlo

Crushed at 102 ;

end.
Tiiplu flexure...

lillimetcrs from

Deflected; crusbed at middle nnd

Cnil.
Triple flexure

Triple flexure; middle bend ec-
centric.

Crushed nt middle ; deflected di-
ngnnally.

Crushed at knot 102 milliriieters
fiom enil.

Crushed nt 10 miUimoters knot
nenr middle.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

du .

Triple flexure; developed Inter-
sectiug " Cooper lines ".

Triple flexnre; middle deflection
25 inilliiuetors eccentric.

Crushed flbers at 32 millimeters

fr<'m end.
Triple flexure

Cnished nt 25 nnd at lt4 mllllme-

ters frnm end.
Triple flexure, deflected ilingo-

nnlly.
Crushed at small knot at middlo.

OeOS Crashed nt 13 millimeters knot

nt mi4ldle.
7847 Triple flexure, deflected dlago-

nrilly.
0260 Crashed at 10 millimeters knot

, &t millimeters fioin end.
7008 Triple flexure ,..

7892 Triple flexure, deflected dlago-
I nally.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION-Continued.

441

PRESSURE, IN KILOORAUa, BKQinRED TO FBOUUCE AN IKDEKTATION, IN UILLIIIETEBS, OF-

0.51

0.76

ues

1615

1442

1588

1892

1914

1882

2109

1778

1982

2068

2381

1960

2014

, 1833

2068

22S0

2368

2609

2971

2744

2926

3850

4854

5670

6328

4S09

5198

1878

2259

3393

3620

3850

4296

3705

4196

18U

1910

1479

1619

1932

2223

2277

2B86

2073

2300

2350

2699

1005

2168

1060

2041

1769

1914

16C9

1715

1669

1896

2449

2744

2835

3260

2880

3198

3289

3674

1687

2041

1987

2254

22S5

2740

2853

3076

2503

3018

287".

3.148

3901

4377

2912

3606

2495

2017

8030

3237

3403

3D65

1.04

1.37

1665

1710

1G42

1669

1978

2055

2195

2254

2164

2250

2468

2522

2078

2132

2104

2259

244a

2490

3066

3193

3057

3198

S4C6

5797

0768

7145

5615

5874

2477

2040

3837

4046

4635

4890

4482

4744

2032

2223

1765

1855

2440

2576

2527

2685

2481

2058

2875

2971

2377

2504

2186

2336

2064

2196

1787

1882

2014

2109

2958

3139

3515

3697

3434

3697

4037

4241

2164

2268

2408

2613

2971

3184

3266

3452

3198

3366

3020

3842

4677

5013

1.S3 ' 1.78 ' 3.03 3.38

1760

1846

1710

1765

2123

2155

2350

2413

2377

2531

2558

2621

2177

2250

2413

2468

2531

2576

3329

3334

3357

6092

6373

7439

7756

6110

6396

2803

3030

4237

4359

4699

5353

4953

5163

2322

2427

1969

2064

2667

2758

2799

2976

2958

3121

3212

2645

2753

2372

2504

2313

2431

1982

2118

2214

2304

3261

3452

3810

3064

3828

4028

4527

4695

2381

2477

2794

2898

3402

3583

3638

3765

3556

8665

4073

4200

6248

6557

4644

4881

2071

3o;to

3810

3992

4753

4937

3.34 4.81

m

1111

1071
1452

nil

1542
1270
1778
1275
1065

2019
1978

3652
3130

1315

26-|"6

I 2676

2109

1678
1093
1565
1379

1561

1592
1338
1610
1293
1610
1324
1656
1700
2096

2291
1338
1179

nil

2291
1996

1078

2ri86
1474
1078
2381
238f

4092
2708
3465
4264

4404 I
2869 j

1873
1801
2209
2472
2672
2658
2330
2531
2622

3561
3561

7983
6509

3166
4531
5516
5380

2522
2164

3348
2844
2567
2549
2214
2409
3556
4046
4182

4886
2670
3035
3738
3919
3747
4400

5697
6116
3202
4150
6194

1987
1801
2259
2490
2776
2699
2427
2595
2667

3674
3628

8155
6749

3334
4690
5797
5611

2667
2277
2935
3207
3207

3438
2971

2459
3697
4109
4281

5035
2658
3125
3682
4033
3946
4581

6942
6389
3293
4287
5358

1887
2304'
2513
2862
2741
2473
2635
2690

3756
3674

6949

8237
6918

3484
4899
5965
5797

2744
2359
2994
3266
3334

3529
3057
2744
2726
2354
2522
3774
4281
4408

6198
2708
3243
4019
4196
4119
4672

6069
5579
3348
4400
5567

2250

2155

2608

2884

3501

3139

2858

I
3198 i

2908

I
4300 I

4037 I

2440 I Sheared flben

Sheared fibers: split at end .

I
2758 I Sheared fibers

3121 do

3946 ' do

8334 ' &0....4

3062 ' do

3538 Slight ahcariDg of fibers

3026 Sheared' fibers

4672

9486 10160
8256 8T99

4300
5851
7212
7031

2948

2858

6192
7983
8029

4250
3674

3221
2971
2971
4740
49G7
5489

4513
3992

4808
4808
4854

5625

3860
6353
M41

3357
3266
5171
5353
5874

7621
4196
6806
7235

8St

1163

iiai

Sheared fibers; eplitatesd 499

Sheared fibers 324

Slight shearing of fibers ', 929

Sheared fibers 929

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

do.

Sheared fibers.
do

Split at ends; fibers not sheared; specimen 120
millimeters long.

do.

Sheared fibers

do

Slight sheariug of fibers.

Split at end ; fibers did not shear

Split at end ; slight shearing of fibers.
Slight sheaiing of fibers; split at end .

do

do

do

Slight shearins; of fibers

281

as8

898
lOM
1036
10l>

IIS

11«»

1H»

iia*

i»

Sheared fibers »»

Slight sheaving of fibers j ***

do S»

42

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table v.— BEHAVIOR OF TUE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Rprcles.

22T. PUnen aqnatica.

H8 C.'llUoccidrnUlii

Hi'garbrrry. Ilactberrtj.

228. Colli" cic«ldent:Ji», rar.retica-
Li I a.
JJackbrrry. Palo Blanco.
22». Kiciuaurea

231. Firti« mitiinnilnln

iriW Fig. India-rubber Tru.

232. Uonia nilira

lied lluWerri/.

ZU. MmliiM niiraDtiaca

Oxije Orange. Jtoit d'Ar

I'LATAN'ACEiE.

I'latannii nrcidi'iitnlU. .

Siiramure. Hiillon

Jluii',n-l,aU Tree.

230. rititanii« ra<H*mOMi

Hyeamore. liuUon Wood.

237. PInUnna WrIglitU .
hycaniore.

JUGLAXDACEiE.

Florida .
.. do...
...do...

MUaoori.

.do.

Texas

.. do

leaaesaev

.. do

MasaacliuDctts. .

...do

Missouri

..do

Arizona .

Florida..
..do....

do.

TcunoHfwo .
Missouri...

...do

..;do

...do

.. do

Toxaa

...do

MafsacbuBOtU.

.. do

Missouri

do.

Arizona .
.. do...

UoiNUU'biuciU.

do.

MlMourl

...do

...do ,

Michignn

IllinoU

MiohlKan

MasaachoMtta.

Clinltalioochcc.

do : C.Mohr .

Allenton

..do ;

Dallas

...do

Davidson county . .
...do

B.1V Biscayno

Boca Cbica K*'y .

Allenton

..do

Noslivillo

AUcntoD

...do ,

...do

...do

...do

Dallas .

Arnold Arborituui

fiania Rltamoont-

■10 .

G. W. Lottorman

.\. Guttiuger.

do.

J. Robinson . .
.. do

Henry Eggcrt.

.do.

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargcut.

A.n.Curtiss
..do

G. W.Lsttci-man.

A.Gatlinger

G. W. Lcttcrninn.

C. S. Sargent .

G. W. Lotlorman.
...do

G.R.Vn«6y.
...do

G.Eng«lninunnnd

<:. S. Hiirgeut.

do.

Arnold Arbondum:

.. do

Ailontoo

.. do

..do

Dnosvillo

Waukegan ...

Lansing

Topsflold

C. K. SargODt

..do ,

O.W.Ltltcrnian.

do

...do

W. J. Beal

Itoberl Douglas.

W.J.Boal

J. IlobinaoD

do .

Low, ricb . .
Alluvial . . .
...do

.do .

...do

..do

Hoist loam .
...do

0373
03^8
C214 j

5079 I

0803 I

I

5579 ,

G1C9 ;

0895

7U31

5489

7303

Triple floxnre.

Dry ..
Coral .

Kicb loam
...do

Upland .
...do ...

Eicb, alluvial .
...do

Clay..
...do.

]{|i:li, gravelly . . .

do.

Drift

...do

Moist, alluvial .

do.

liieli, moist up-
land.
(Jnivelly clay —

Alluviol

Gravelly loam .
Drift

Triple (lexurc. deflected diago-
nally.

Criiabid at 3S ami at 11'2 millimo-
tors from cnil.

Cniidicd on one face at 25 millime-
ters troni middle.

Criislieil at Kuiit 51 millimeters
Iromeuil.

Cruslicil nt middle, di-Sccti-d di-
ammally.

Triple liexiire, lUflectcd diago-
nally.

Triple llexui*o

Triple ilt-xure, deflected di-igo-

ually.
Triple flexure

Triple flexure, di-tlectcd diago-
nally.
Deflected; cruslicil at middle

Cmsbcd at 12 millimeters knots
nt end and at 102 millimeters
f(Oin end.

Tripii* flexure

Split obliquely.

8754
8483
8827
0056
0109
5987
5829
5001

Cnisbed at iniddli- and at 25 milli-
meters i'rom end.

Crushed at niiddbwind at end ; de-
flected ilia-ronallv.

Failed at U nijlliiiielern knot 103
nnlliiiieters from enii.

Cnislied at 'J5 iiiilliiiieteis from
middle at 3 millim.terH knot.

Crusiied at lU millimeters from
end in vicinity of hiiiall knots.

Tri|)le llexuro . .'

Tri|>Io floxuro, deflected dingo-

ually.
Triple floxure

14107 Crnsbed at middle

inp. .ro".
11771 Triple flexure...

0759 Crimbed nt end and at 102 milli-

ijictors fioin <>n<1.
5579 CnisbiMl at c nd and at 127 niilli-

nieti-r.i from inii.
8233 Criinlicd at 102 niillimeterH from

end.
82,'iC Cniskcd nt 38 and at 127 milli-
I meters I'rom ind.

4401 I CriiHbed nt 13 and nt TO millimeters

I frimi end ami nidil ainnK grain.

5888 Cruslicd nt iniddle of oni< face. ..

Triple nexnre, d, fleeted

nnlly.
Triple Uexuro

Crnsbed at 51 and at 127 millime-
ters from end.

Ci'iislied nt J02 millimeters from
end.

CniHlied nl Ot millimeters from

7000 I Cru'bed nt 51 ndlllmelcrs from

en<I.
(1840 ' Critslied nt 2.'> millimeters from

from

0123 ! CruHlied ut 10 milllmetc

end.
6080 Crnsbed nt 13 millimi'lers from mid-
dle and at aHmliiimelersfrom end.
4160 I Cnislied nt 114 millimeters from

end and at end.
0373 Crusiied at middio

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

443

444

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

9i>t«la

M2. Carraallu

ShtU-ixxrk Uiekory. Shag-
hark Hickory .

Locality.

112 Misaoari..
UT Uichigan.

407 I

7G6 Florida .

....do...

Texas ..

....do...

AlloDton.
Dansville
LaDsiog .
Dallas . . .

Chnrlcstovro Navy.
I yard.
Aspala;;a A. 11. Curtiss

m

p .. _
ill I

AUnvial 9028

..' 9067

CW. Lettcrman

I
W. J. Beal Gravelly

— do Loam —

J. Rovorchon AUnvial

S.H. Pook I

Clay....

...do — do do —

I
Xew Braunfcls C. Mohr Moist, calcareous

...do ... do

415 Kew Mexico Pinoa Altos moant- £. L.Grceoo Alluvial

9095
S346
9934

' 9979
9084

' 8301
9662

Crushed at middlo

Crushed at 102 niillimotors frum

end.
Split obliquely from end to end ..

Crushed nt 19 millimeters from

middle.
Cruslird at 25 nilllimotera from

middlo.
Crushed nt small knot 32 millirao.

ters from middlo.
Crushed nt middlo

C7S California .

I
672 ' do

Cuntra
county.

Costa G. K. Vasey .

322 Mississippi .

322 ...do

325 Texas

326 ...do

Dallas.
...do ..

J. Beverchon .
...do

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
CruHhed at .32 iiiitlimotora from

5942 ; Shattered stick at end .

do .

3 Massachusetts..

3 ... do

29' Kontocky

118' Michigan

US'

do.

IS2 Missouri.
249 Virginia .

249

do.

631 Mississippi

! 531 !... do ,

...do

...do

■West Virginia.

lari

. Arnold Arboretum C. S. Sargent Drift .

.1 do .. do do .

! Danville W.M.Linney Shale.

I 1. •
^ Hudson W.J.Bcal Clay..

. Lansing [ do I do .

. Allenton G. W. Lcttcrman

! I

.; Wylhcville I H.Shrivor

.' do do

. Kemper's mill C. Mohr

.1... do L..do

. ... do do

.1 do — do

Split along grain in oblique direc-
tion.
Cmshed at 51 millimeters from

Split at ends.

Triple fioxure; doveloi)ed inter.

socUug " Cooper lines".
Triple llexuro

,11431
11507

Triple flesure ; 60 per cent. sap.

wood ; dellccted Irum sap side.

Split lit eutl

Failed at 10 millimeters knot

near middle; sap.n'ood.
Crushed at eud

Bich upland .10100 ,

Clay |l0178

D934
Alluvial

10342 ; Crashed at 38 millimeters from
I middle.
0 Crushed at knut.s; cross-grained.

do.

61<
1056 ' Maasacbiuotta-

lOSO --..do

I0V7 Misaoari.

Keotocky
Missouri.

... do....

....do....

... do....

Grafton.

C.G.Pringlo ....do .

Crushed at 114 millimeters from

end.
Ciusliid at 38 milHiiu'tera from

middlo.
Triple llcxure

.do.

• do.

.do.

Topaflcld .

10060
10S14
11204
11022

9o:n

Alleotou G. W. Lettcrman .

McTocr county W.M.Linney —

Allenton O. W. Lottorman .

do

1082

... do

1082

...do

UM

.. do

11S5

... do

lies

...do

1170

...do

144. Carya tomrntou

UockerKuL BlaakBiekom. '
Bull .Vut. Jligbud niek-
ory. WhiU-/teart Uiekory.
Sing Xut.

Kentucky .

Pcrryvillo .
.. do

.i . .do .

W. M.LInncy.
...do

8301
7602
0707
0571
7983
8369
I0S92
8846
8981
9231

Cnislied utSSuud ati70 millinuters

from end.
Crushed near middlo

Crashed nt 51 millimeters from

end.
Cnishi'd at 25 iiiillimotcrs from

midille.
Triple llexuro, deflected dUigo.

uully toward heart i 80 per cent.

sap.

Triplii tiexure, deflected diago-
nally ; 00 per cent, hap- wood

Triple llexuro; split I'lom end to
cud i 45 per cent. sap. wood.

Triple diagonal flexure; 00 per
■nt. sapwooil on roncavo sidr

Triple flexure ; 30 per cent. Btt|i

wood on coucavo side.
Triple diagonal llexuro

Triple flexure j 60 per osnt. sap.

wood.
Ti-i|)le flexure; 6 per cent, sap

wood.
Crashed at 25 millimeters from

end.
Cnisheil ot 25 millimeters from

enil and split along grain.
Triple flexure; 05 per- cent. sap.

wood.
Cnisbed at 0 millimeters from

end ; sapwouil.

Triple flexure ; sap.wood

do .

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued,

445

FBESBUBE, IN KILOGIUMB, IlEQUIBED TO FBODUCE AX INDEKTATIOK, IN mLLIHETZBS, OF-

0.3S 0.51 0.7G I.02

1360
1740
1769
1338
H79
2812

1043
1170

195)
1928

2200
2948

2208

2518

2223

2305

2670

2894

2740

2921

1851

1909

1951

2149

3701

39C9

2903

3212

2007

2903

3470

3924

1928

2245

1941

2214

2165

2408

2907
3221
1882
3039

3357
4105
4042
2713
3243

2404

3447

3847
4536
4581
3293
3015

2672
2481
3071
3221
2073
2713
4082
3438
3175

4196
2480
2330
2576

3450
4173
2744
3674

4000
5035

2707
2570
3212
3388
2195
2890
4255

4336
2200
2440
2058

3652
4423
2971

3810

4303
6239
5353
3819

4014

2740
3302
3597
2250
3003
4377
3797
3502

4500
2830
2545
2749

3705
4753
3103

4037

4559
5534
6652

2985
2776
8497
3783
2359
3121
4568
3978
3097

4604
2953
2622
2808

3905
4944
3202
4196

4717
6851
5851
4160
4346

2840
8679
3687
2427
3253
464B
4118
3783

4740
3039
2713
2912

4028
5080

4281 I
4482

3184
2912
3710
3956
2504
3393
4749
4204
3909

4840
3153
2762
2970

4119
5398

6035
6250
6200
4427

4554

4042
2546
3450
4790
4432
4128

4931
3289
2694
3035

4228
5657
3538
4072

5180
6419
6373
4401
4095

3561
3447
4400
4423

5216
4890

6025
3682

4990
6192
4105

3615
4740

3130
4630

6897
5534

8638
3742

Sheared fibers.

Sheared fibers ; split »t end .
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; indented section includes two 2

millimetcra knot& '

Sheai-ed fibers

Slight shearing of fibers I

Sheared fibers i 4IS

Sheared fibers ; spUtatend ' 41S

Sheared fibers ' 675

I SIii:ht shearing of fibers ; split at end ' 322

Sliglit shearing of fibers ; split at end; shaky stick . ' 323

4400 Indented witfaont sbeariug fibers 329

5942 Slight shearing of fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; CO per cent, sap-wood .

.do.

7750 '

7038 Indented without shearing fibers ; sap-wood .

57C0 , Sheared fibers ; split at end

6370 I Sheared fibers

1400
2612
2019
1429
24U4
1056
1503

2094
2c:il

2699
4000
3130
2005
3302
2576
■J613
2390
4014

3,111
4626

3207
4300
3783
3171
3652
2920
2939
3016
4r.I3

4049

4o:;6

3705
5171

3529
45,i9
4173
3020
3851
3103

4986
r.071

3924
6579

3797
4717
4495
3033
3978
3293
3243
3300
5149

6363
5389

4060

4164
4287
BS02
8447
3611
5421

4205
6260

4146
6017
4044
4364
4495
3652
3529
3601
6575

4341
6555

4355

4403

5189

5294

6167

6394

4608

4744

4605

4808

8756

3078

3052

3766

3710

3797

5701

5087

6214

0477

6033

0123

4427

4017

6840

7212

5670

6730

6341

0532

6398

6525

4649

4863

6203

6208

3425

3470

6421

5570

4877

498S

5294

5475

4026

4790

4608
5452
5534

4844

6715

4940

6579

4105

4854

3862

4536

3887

4527

6114

7417

6704

7825

0390

7439

4720

5489

7430

8437

5987

7031

0704

7825

6756

6895

6058

6101

6280

6441

3520

4037

5800

0040

5110

0033

6062

6068

4908

5761

Slight shearing of fibers.

.do.

5398
4944

4377
8142

240

Fibers did not 8he.ir ; split along grain 631

Fibers did not shear ; split atend ' 631

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end ' BSJ

Sliglit shearing of fibers ' 539

Sheared fibers 818

.do.

816

Indented withont shearing fibers; sap-wood ; 10S«

Slight shearing of fibers ; 40 per cent. s.np wood lOOT

1
Sheared fibers ; 90 per cent, sap-wood 91'

Sheared fibers; 85 per cent, sap-wood ' 383

2132

3334

2245

1407

2200

1700

2381 I

2381

310'
2118 I

3003
2790
2495
8810
3493

4037
82:'l

1346
4854
4241
3470
4066
2744
4332
3819

4330

3701

4503
6230
4669
3774
4382
2640
4026
4073

4527
3910

4907
5761
4817
3847
4 661
3016
4831
4255

5243
5707
6013
4200
4872

4976
4291

6310
6159
6162
4495
6068
3289
6271
4090

0091
6713
4491

7145
0500

1V83
1082
1164

Slight shearing of fibers

do

.Fibers did not slieiir

Fibei-s sheared ; 80 per cent, sap-wood

Slight shearing of fibers

Shc-uvd fibers '•**

Slight shearing of fibers ; 80 per cent- sap-wood ... U68
Slight shearinir of fibers ; sap-wood

Sheared fibers ; sap-wood

do

416

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Taojle v.— BEUAVlOIi OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Spedca.

1
i

O

Slate.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

ijl
III

Kcniaiks.

344. Carya tomentoaa— coDtinaed. .

G. "W. Lettcrman .

... do

C. Mohr

C. S. Sargent

....do

Rich upland

do . .

11240

9103
9367

81C5
9C95

10954
0889
9117
8754
8845

10424
0526

8392
8392

S2I0
9117
7983
8119

9253
11158

8437

Triple flexure ; middle delloction

'.'5 millirootors eccentric; 0.5

suji.wood.
Cruslieil at 13 millimotois knot

102 inillinieteiH from end.
Tiiple diagonal llexuro; aap*

wood.

F;iilcil nl knot nt middle; 80 per

cent. «up-wooit.
Cnislu-d at o2 millimeters fV'om

<u<l.

289

348

G
C
88
88
121
288
♦42
538
1051

1168

lies

153
153
838
838

237
287

120

302

862
740
740
«17
S17

586

665
665

8
8
32
32.

...do

Alabama

ilasutacbusc-tt^. . .

..do

Missouii

...do

Micbigan

Mii^onri

Tcnncsacc

Alabama

MassachDsctts —

Missoori

...do

...do

... do

Citronelle

Amuld Arboretum
....do

^

245. Car\-a porcma

Piij \ul. Bnien IlietoTy.
Blatt Bietory. Smteh-
bud Jlictory.

Drift

....do

AlUnton

...do

DansTillu

AUeoton

XashviUe

Kemper's milt

North Eeading

AllentOD

...do

....do

G. W. Li ttermau .
....do

liich loam

....do

Trijde llixurc, diagonal direction;

fiap'Wi 0(1.
Triple ll.xure; niidrtle ticflcction

25 railliiucicrs from ceuur.

W.J. Beal

G. W. Lettcrman .

A. Uattinger

C.Mubr

J.BobinsoD

G. 'W. Liltcniian.
do

Gravelly clay —

Iticbloam

Upland

Alluvial

Triple Cexure

do

Drift

Triple flexure : middle deflection
25 milliHicters from center ; 0.2
sap-wood.

do

do

....do

Kich upland

. . do

Triple flexure, deflected diago-

nullv.
Ci iisljed at 3 niillimeters knot 25

millir.ictci 8 1'riim middle.

Bitter Kul. Sicamp Hickory.

do

.. do

do

MassacbuBCtta

....do

Danvcrs

... do

J. Bobiuson

. do

Eich loam .... —
....do

do

247. Carya myriittica-formu

A iUmtg Hiekory.

Sooth Caroiiut

. do

Bonncau'B Depot .
....do

H. W. Ravenel...
do

Kich, swampy . . .
do

Crushed at knots near middle

Crushed at 51 millimeters from
middle-; ciossgrained.

Triple flexure, diagonal defleo*
tion: 80 per cent, sap wood on
convex side.

.. do

... do

do

Swampy

Wat/TT Uickory. Suamp
Hickory. BitUr Pecan.

Mississippi

. ..do

Vicksburg

....do

C. Mohr

do

j ually ; mi.ldlti licml 'Jj niillimo-
7439 j Triple Ui'.xuro ; sap-nowl

9208 I'Mbcrs crushed at 10'.! millinietors

1 from end.
7892 1 Fibers ciiisliid st 0 niiUiineters

1 kn.ils 102 niilliinct.ia rrom end.
6509 1 Triple floxuic, diaKoiiul dcllcc

1 liun.

Bainbridgo

....do

A. H. Curtiss

...do

Alluvial

....do

....do

Chattahoochee —
. do . .

C. Mohr

....do

do

do

do

MTRICACE.I:.

....do

Saint John's river

.Santa Ci-ur,

...do

A. H. Curtiss

G.EniEclmaunaod
C. S. Sargent.

Sandy loam

Kich loam

....do

7122

7983
9049

5579
5353
0163
8074
7779
9163
7702
8437
7825
8301
6781
8437
730?

from end.

Baybcrry. Wax ilyrile.
2S0. Myrica (.'alirorsica

Califumia

... do

Cmnhed flliets at 51 millimeters
from middle.

CCPCLIFEILK.

251. Qnercaaalba

While Oak.

Maaaachuselta

.. do

Arnold Arboretum
... do

C.S. Sargent •.

...do

Drift

Deflected and split along grain . . .
Triplu floxuro ; spilt along grain..

....do

Kentncky

. do

Mercer county —

Boyloooanly

do -.

W.M.Linney

... do

Limestone

Shale

do

...do

Mlimnri

do

G.W. Lettennao..
do

Rich upland

do

Triple flexure 19 millimeters from-
end.

in

do

do

4ai

4V
113

iia«

UP

•
...do

....do

do

... do

Triple flexure, deflected dlago-
na'ly.

... do

....do

... do

....do

.. do

BlglCapids

DansTillo

... do

W.J.Bcal

do

....do

...do

... do

naliy. 1

THE AVOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

■447

UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

FszeeviiE, IX kilograub, reqvibed to prodi'CX ak insektatiok, ix uillihetxrb, or—

2268
2350

2540
1905
2948
2971
1170

3243
3742

4110
3198
4400
4423
1760

3547
4150

4539

son

4990

1.02 1.2r J.52 1.78

3756
4445

4854
3810
5370

3983
4662

5I7n
4073
5661
5602
2259

4200
4831

5307
4300
5924
5806
2413

2.03 ' 3.38

4332
5013

5512
4527
6105
6010
2531

44S6
5216

5C70
4072
6386
6169
2013

4604
5421

5851
4851
6577
6341
2703

5933
4980
6759
6568
2S49

6500
67S2

7802
7756
3348

7167
6159
8523
8483
3583

Sheared flbcra; up-wood 25i

Sheared fibers; split at end; apecimea 120 minime-

leni Inne. j

SheaK-d fibers; sap-wood i

Slight HheariDg of fibers; 40 per cent, aap-wood.

do X

Fibers did nut shear; sap-wood

do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

2041
3130
2586

2041
2449

1315
2032
2132

nil

1792
2812 I

1325
1474

13S4
1951
1542
1051
1442

3583
4473
4173

3742
4173

3074
4082

2109

3306

2449

4028

2590

4028

1C78

2903

1400

2608

2449
2232

1946
3239
3588
2041
2563
2767
3357
2722
3221
3293
1774
2486
2.41

4281
4C95

3311
3397

4486
4409

3633
4740
4572
3221
3026

2059
3388
4042
2:91
3035
3130
3484
3057
34:6
3556
1932
2094

4527
5294
S035

4527
4926

3697
3751
3475
3797

3910
5225
5013
3465
3216

2976
2713

2218
34(8
4445
2440
32C6
3329
3751
3311
3588
3f01

4B31
5525
5307

4G49
5149

3828
4073
3620
3992

5194
4890

3538

S470

4057
5479
5316

2313
3570
4808
2563
3379
3552
3946

3roe

3738
3D69
2109
3112
2654

5058
5738
5557

4899
5262

4032
4350
3751
4296

5421
5198

3720

5851

4196
5696
5625
3738
3475

3348
2926

2354
3633
5080
2699
3447
3774
4114
3701
3865
4173
2168
3207
3713

5007
5579

4146
4427
3910
4527

5634
5389

3915

6023

5516
6149
5933

5248
5770

4314
4672
4037
4681

5738
5525

3974

6101

4386 I 4522
5946 ' 6214
5887 j 6023
3819 3910
3620

3479
3057

2499
3742
5330
2867
3583
3837
4332
3937
3978
4309
2263
3298
2776

3615
3130

2581
8842
5539
2080
3692
4110
4495
4105
4110
4495
2400
3307
':890

5702
6314
6159

5512
5878

4445
4S04
4150
4904

5996
5715

6373
5606

6849
7521
7485

6509
7031

4219 ' 4980
5035 I

6164 7303

5851 I 6895

4296 4831

!

6423 t 7190

3710
3257

2672
3951
5711

4672
4309
4200
4686
2368
3484
3030

4877 ,
6509 '
6419
4119
3738

3797
3379

2722
4046
5906
3139
S819
4409
4872
4483
4296
4826
2427

5693
7553
7553
4672
4210

4400
3847

3166
4445
6713

4219
S080
5851
5262
4922
5670
2740
4219
3434

7303
8047
8097

5851
6292
5489

Slight shearing of fibers.

do

do

538
lOSl

Ilea

lies

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

8006 I Slight shearing of fibers.

7394 Sheared fibers.

5479

I
7756 1 Sheared fibers ; sap-wood .

237
237

12&

3«e

-do.

7802 Sheared fibers..

8210 I do

5035

4513

4740
4173

3529
4672

5987
5579
6353
6056
2053
4.->l3
S810

.do.

Sheared fibers; 3 millinieters knot in indented seo- 66&
Sheared fibers «»

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end X*

Sheared fibers I SS*

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end I 49

Sheared fibers 1 4*

Fibers did not shear 49'

Sheared fibers 49"

11S»
113*

448

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tablk v.— behavior of THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Spccioa.

92. QnorcQB l*ibatA

While Oak. Weeping Oak.

256. Qucrcim undoUta, i
iM-lii
Scrub Oak.

2S6. Qncrrnfl macrnrarpa , .

£urr Oak. Uo»gy<up Oak.
Ocer^up Oak

Locality.

SL Qoemualba— continned..

Sonth Carolina.

..do

Virginia

...do

...do

do .

-do

...do

Maryland.
...do

Tennessee .
Alabama . .

...do

Florida....

do.

Bonneau'a Depot . H. W. Baveuel .

do .

do.

Wy theviUe I D. Shriver .

do.

do.

.do.

.do .

Charlestown Navy- S. II. Pook .
yard.

.do.

NashTillo

Kemper's mill .

..do

Chattalioocbce.

do.

.do ' North Reading ..

California .
...do

Oregon

.. do .
...do.
..do .
...do.
...do.

Cbarlestown Navy
yard.

Bedding .

do.

Weidler's saw-mill

Portland.
...do...

87* Kentucky .

do.

ISl Sunlb Ciroliaa . .
161 I. ...do

Miaaonri

Alabama

2S8

861

do.

Florida
.. do ..

Kew Mexico .

...do

Colorado

do.

Eentack7 .
W ....do

Portland Fnmitore
Company.

do .

A. Gattinger.
C.Mobr

...do

M. C. Beedle .

...do

J. Robinson .

S. II. Pook .
...do

G. R. Vasey.

.do.

G. Eogelmannand
C. S. Sargent.

Harrudeburg

...do

Bonneau'a Depot,

...do

AUenton

Citronelle

...do

Aapalaga

...do

Engelmaon's canon
...do

Mercer connty.

W.M.Linncy...

...do

□. W. Baronol . . .

....do

O.W. Lctterman.

CMobr

...do.

A.H.Curtlu ....

do.

E. L. Grcono

...do

Robert Douglas.
...do

its
til

Rich, damp loom.

...do

Clay

...do

Gravelly.
...do....

Ricb bottom .
Alluvial

Gravelly loam.

.do.

Ricb loam .
...do

Ricb upland .

<;biy . .
...do.

QravoUy barrens

Rocky .

W.M.Linnoy.

10024
9017

10026
9889
7570
0940
9730
8137

7892
8256
7847
7430
8483
8483
8754
7530

7402
0641
10002
8709
8437
0078
630.-.
8018
7870

7439
7001
0691
4581

8392
8119

Triple flexure

Crushed at 89 millimeters from

end.
Crusbi-d at 13 niilliiui'tcrs fiom

niiddli'.
Cnishrd at middle; split porpen-

diculai tu liugs.
Cnishrd on odo Ttce at 25 milli-

uictoi-s fruiii midille.
CniBhod at IG millimeters knot

51 ntilliuioters from end.
Ti iplo diagonal flexure

.do.

Fibers crushed in obliqno lines

at midillo nml at ends.
Fibers crashed at 32 millimeters

from end.
Deflecte*! at 102 millimeters from

end ; Hi.lit at end.
Trij.lo llexure; niiddin bend 25

millimeters from center.

.do .

Crashed fibers at 32 millimeters

from end.
Triple flexure, deflected diago.

ually.
Trijile flexure, defleeted dingo-

niiUy: knotMtliii.lille.
Crushed !it 1U2 milliiiietcrs from

end: njilit truiii lud to end j.cr-

p<-niUeular to linss.
Split from end to end, opening

Hcasoii eineUft.
Crushed (ibers at 32 millimeters

from <'nd.
Triple flexure

.do .

Crushed fibers at 32 niilliniotc

Crushed at 6 miliinieters knots

31 millimeters front i ud.
Crushed at end in vicinit> of knots

Triple flexure ; bearing defecti

.do .

Trii>lo flexure, deflected toward

heart.
Tiiplo flexure, deflected from

heart.
Crushed at 127 millimeters from

end and split along grain.
Triple llexure

.do-

Crashed at 6 millimeters knot at

mi'lille.
Triple flexure

do.

Triple flexure i split along grain .

Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end and split along grain.

Crushed at 0 mllliiMiters knot
102 millimeters from end.

Triple flexure

.do

Crashed at 25 milllniitcrs from

middle at 3 nilllimitters knot.
Triple flexure ; split along grain

Crashed at knots 32 millimclors
from middle (dry rot).

Triple floxuro

THE \yOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
CmiTED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

iAO

PKEBSUUE, IN EILOOBAUB, ItEQUIltED TO PRODUCE AN IKDENTATIOK, IN UILUMETEBS, OF—

2744

1633
2G08
1633
2313
1438
1860
1882
2132
1483
1996
2427
1951
989
2499
1542
2109

1179
2313
1941
1438
2223

1384
1860

2313
2041
4482
1896
2214
1588
1896
885

2245
1928
3357
1619
2123
2586
1547
2250
2195

1778
1860
2032
2291

2141
2214

3574
2341
3447
2200
3085
3815
2767
2495
2449
1987
2980
3130
2812
1969
3579
2604
3311

1951
3639
2699
2985
2858

2233
2459

3493
2676
3797
2767
3833
2295

3284
3375
4563
2670
3379
3810
2449
3479
3928

2971
2785
3447
3747

129 FOB

4014
2617
3760
2504
3311
3865
3016
2622
2763
2205
3071
3402
3134
2631
3974
2067
3311

2186
4001
3030
5212
8289

2581
2085

3615
3289
8742
2794
4119
3302
4110
2812

3316
3642
4237
2767

8257
3112
3833
4146

3021
8334

4250
2880
4019
2703
3447
2567
3357
2849
2048
2023
3162
3633
3429
2976
4341
3248
3389

2336
4300
3284
3447
3470

3837
3484
3882
2980
4291
3567
4827
2912

3742
4309
S234
3765
4228
4482
2921
4110
4704

3520
3438
4042
4377

8275
8470

4545
3094
4200
2894
3488
2713
3574
3026
3021
2150
3266
3978
3683
3239
4672
3502
3561

2440
4536
3538
3574
3611

3016
3012

4028
3742
4024
3157
4491
3788
4454
3080

8992
4604
6570
4095
4477
4681
3107
4305
4899

3792
3724
4246
4527

3484
3633

4735
3248
4468
3153
3G15
2858
3751
3162
3166
2803
3343
4223
3901
3497
4881
3697
3636

2527
4703
3720
3701
3751

4182
3905
4246
3257
4695
3946
4613
3125

SS23
4454
4740
4872
3316
4527
6U89

4037
3933
4436
4044

3647
8747

1.7S 3.03 a.38

4976
3434
4658
3329
3738
3048
3933
3334
3293
2967
3429
4445
4110
3692
5070
3842
3751

2645
5035
3905
3842
3892

3388
3307

4346
4155
4305
3425
4831
4110
4753
3261

4430
5062
6110
4763
4944
5062
3425
4058
6307

4219
4250
4559
4813

S801
3937

5153
3629
4709
3465
3833
3160
4078
3465
3411
3048
3479
4790
4273
3856
5334
3983
3833

2731
5225
4105
4010
3983

3574
3438

4405
4300
4391
3497
4990
4264
4922
3402

4581
6398
6314
6035
S144
5271
3538
4744
5466

4423
4432
4730
4953

3010
4105

5325
3765
5017

3248
4223
3583
3488
3157
3570
4990
4450

5489
3891
5194

5525
4092
3887

2817
6271
4255
4114
4042

3724
3588

4626
4427
4527
3674
5126
4427
5062
3525

4749
6570
6482
5339

3710
4953
4043

4581
4599
4S63
5067

4033

I
4273 ,

3964
3357
4296
3692
3583
3252
3633
4740
4595

5738
4240
3960

2903
5470
4404
4246
4128

3842
3710

4758
4527
46S3
3792
5252
4495
5194
3647

4890
5747
6664
5579
.5466
5489
3819
5002
5711

4704
4708
5013
5216

4101 .
4350

6613
4500
6214

4355
3901
5103

4037
6260
5625

6759
4944
4545

3434
6704
5398
4890
4513

4617
4332

5670
5579
5330
4377
6123

5761
6804

6396
6396
4473
5606
6359

6398
5534
5942
6103

4763
5216

Slight BbeariDg of fibers

Slight shearisg of libera ; split at end .

.do.

4899
4400
5625

7045
6033

Fibers did not shear; split at end.

Sheared flber^

do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

.do.

7391
5380
4854

3765
7235
5942
5370
4890

Sheared fibers; split at end

Split at end

Sheared fibera

Slight shearing of fibers

Slight shearing of fibera ; split at end.

Split at end

Indented withont shearing fibera

2Sai
259*

.do.

Sheared fibera ; split at Bide uf stick .

Sheared fibers ' 895

Slight shearing of fibera ' 1050

Fibera did not shear ' 1050

Sheared fibers ' 1257

do

6214
5S78
5897
4795
6600

6214
7621
8119

4990
6860

6010
6305
6532

Did not shear fibers ; split at end

Slight shearing of libera ; split at end .

Sheared fibera

.do.

Sheared fibers ; specimen split into two piecM.

Sheared fibera; split at end

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibera; split at cud

Slight shearing of fibera.

670

1027
1027
1029
1029

Split at end ; fibera did not shear. .

Slight shearing of fibera

Fibera did not shear ; split at end .

Slight shearing of fibera

Shcareil fibera

.do.

Slight shearing of fibera { 417

do I 417

Sheared fibera.

S2S

S3S

5171 do

6606 I Slight shearing of fiben.

450

FOREST TREES OF Xoirill AMEIIICA.

Taui.k v.— i;i:iiavioi; of tih: ruiNcirAL woods of the

nacrocarpa— conl'd. .

137 Missouri Allenton

143 I Illinois 'WaaliegaD

310 Texas I Dallas

I
...do |....do

Tenuessoo Nashville

lilioois Winnebago couDty

Texas | Austin

...do ! do

I

; 1071

1072
I 1073

Vermont .

257. Qncrcus lyratd

Orrr-evp Oak, Swamp Post
Oak. Water White Oak.

424 i Tennpssoo .

258. Quercus btcolor

Swamp WhiU Oak,

do.

755

2tO, Quercna PrinuK

Chftinut Oak. Rock Ohttt-
nut Oak.

Mississippi .
...do

Florida
...do...

MaSfutclinsetts

...do

Missouri

...do

...do

do .

Massacbnaetts .
..do

SuulU Carolina .

...do

Alabama

...do

Florida

.do.

Kentucky .

do

do

TcDDease* .
025 Alabama ..
«25 . . do

261. (^nrmuprinoidM. J 34 Kcntuikv

TtUow Oak. fjhettnut Oak. '
(Jhin'piapin Oak.

84'|

do .

MiSAonri...

..do

Texas

Tenneaaee .
614 ....do

282. QnercDs Uonelasil 088 California .

Mmintain WhiU Oak. Shu
Oak. f98l...do

Charlotte .
...do

Kemper's mill . . .

Chattahoochee.

Arnold Arboretum

'Went Newbury
Arnold Arboretum

Bonueau's Depot

...do

Kemper's mill . . .

.do .

Chattahoochee . . .

Boyle county .
..do

G. W. Lcttonnan.. Moist upland .

Robert Douglas.. ' Kich

J. Roverchun ; Rich, moist . . .

.do.

do .

A. Gattingor.
M. S. Bebb . . .
C.Mohr

do .

C. G. I'ringlo
... do

A. Gattiuger

C. S. Sargent .

G. W. Letterman.

.do.

...do

...do

J. Robinson..
C. & Sargent .

U. W. Ravonel .

A. H. Curtiss .

W. M. Linney ....

XaahvUlo j A. Gattinger .

Cullman C. Mohr

Alluvial ..

Loam

Alluvial . .

.do .

Low, «
Drift.

.do .

Limestone

Rocky upland .
Dry, rooky

.do

W. M. Linnay j Limestone

Boyle county 1 do

AUi^nton • G. W. Letterman

Dallas J. Revorchon .

Nashville i A. Gattinger..

f'ontra
copnty.

Costa C. U. Vnsey

Wavcrly shale.

Limestone

Fliuty

Calcareous

Alluvial

.do.

Clay.

at
111

O B< ID

loseo

6942
9290
7892

7938

11022
8603
9270
9103
9117
9253

8700
9117

Triple flexure

do

Triple flexure ; split at end

Crushed at middle of one face

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Crushed at 19 millimotors from
end.

CruBhed in vicinity of 3 millime-
ters knot.

Triple flexure, deflected diago.
nallv.

, do

Triple fle.vurc

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Split obliquely across the grain ;

croRfl.ui-ained.
Cnialied and split at ends

Crushed at middle of one face

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Crushed near middle: stick worm-
eaten.

CniBhcd near middle

Triple flexure ; split along grain..

Crusheil fibers at end

Triple flexure ; split al<»ng grain . .
Triple flexure

Trijdo flexure, dollccted diftgo-

nally-
Fibi t» ei-nslied at o4 millimeters

from end.
Tiiplii flexure, deflected Aiago-

imlly.
Triple flexure

Triple flexure; split aloug grain..

do

Triple flexure

Triple flexure, defleet.'d diago-
nallv.

Triple flexure at 8 niiUimetors
knot. 102 millimeters from end of
concave side; split at end.

Triple flexnre, deflected diago-
nally.

Crushcil fibers at uiidille

Crushed fibers at end

Cnislu'd fibers at 92 and at 127

niillhnetera from end.
Ci'uched and split at end

Crushi'd fibers at 70 millimeters

fnim enrl.
Split at end; cross-grained

Triple flexure: middle bend 25
mtllimeterH from center: dc-
flcrlcil from heart.

CruHlii d at n millimeters knot 89
millimelirs Inmi end.

Crushi'd iind split at end

Triple flexuri-, deflected from

h<-arl.
Deflected 7fi niillimeters from end

and rtplil along graiu.
Triple flexnre, deflected toward

hcart-
do

Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters

from middle.
Crushed fibers near niidille

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

451

UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

I'UEBBURS, IN KILOdUHS, KXQUIBKD TO FBOUUCK AH IKIIEKTATIOK, a MILLIHETEBS, OF

o.ro

1.03

4341

4817

3184

3420

2654

2812

2980

3134

2935

3166

2858

2907

3148
3366

3361
3574

2.03 3.2S 3.S4 4.81

m

1179 I
1678 I
1960
1542 I
1769
1678

2858
2481
1452
2078
2041
1461

1905
1343

2313
1628
2091
1951

1946
2359
1S96
1202
3057

2155
1542
1860
2245
1452
1656

1624
2613
2223

3887
2676
2254
2790
2835
2549
2849
2926
3556
3456
2885

4500
4105
1796
2971
2631
2059

2640
2073
2776
2921

3239
3198

2540
2050
3656

2177
3452
3329
2676

8166
3847
3348

5189
4749
2068
3320
2926
2313

2740
2322
3071
3329
3529
2586
3652
3538

3044
3402
2867
2341
4092

3583
2504
3670
3307
3039
3335

4219
3697

3080

3356

3393

3134

3484

3715
I
4336 I 4604

4150

3701

3470

5606
5162
2254
3574
3180
2563

2908
2495
3311
3683
3683
2744
3919
3856

3339
3720
2948
2573
4482

3674
2713
4042
3674
3270
3520

8783
4495
3951

5403
3792
3230
3535
3525
3248
3665
3856
4944
4341

5847
6010
2422
3833
3366
2722

3094
2676
3579
3955
3792
2935
4196
4046

3547
3978
3130
2776
4744

3901
2921
4300
3842
3434
3720

4854
4164

2844
3742
4196
3942
3094
4445
4287

3674
4150

4990
4409

3574
3878

4196
6103
4386

5622
3933
3434
3692
3638
3456
3779
4028
5035
4518
4114

6373
6112
2790
4114
3661
3157

4014
4500
3983
3248
4604
4626

3878
4486
3447
3116
5171

4626
4037
3720
4033

4S82
5262
4563

5915
4042
3602
3792
3792
3624
2882
4155

4613

4291

6500
6364
2935
4206
3751
332D

3534
3125
4178

4028
4658
3606
3261
5410

4191
3379
4886
4146
3856
4160

4559
5498
5753

4178
3801
3937
3919
3756
3964
4237
5430
4799
4391

6600
6559
3062
443G

3615
3261
4350
4944
4332
3529
4944
4971

4146
4849
3720
3375
5615

4300
3479
4967
4191
3978

4708
5670
4904

S260
4355
3910
4028
3983
3901
4064
4314

4717
4653
4881
4690
4763
5062
6577
6078

7666
3720
5443
4559

5126
5153
5353

5058
5307
7145

Slight dhrariDg of fibers

Short specimen. 120 millimeters losg; split st ends -

Slight shearing; split st ends

Slight shearing

Sheared fiberai^

Slight shearing of fibers 1 split at end

Slight bhcaring of fibers

.do.

do.

5806
4990

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .
Sheared fibers

do.

3729
3348
4554
5149
4441
3661

4309
5008

Sheared fibers ; splitatend

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .

1071
1072
107*

545

7«2
T«2

.do.

4366
3638
5262
4246
4073
4436

5035
4355
6978
6123

4382
4028
6849

6260

4795

6459
5625

Fibers did not shear ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.
Fibers did not shear

6759

do

Slight shearing of libers; split at end.

6577 Fibers did not shear

I Fibers did not shear; splitatend

340
240

4382
7394

Fibers did not shear

Slight shearing of fibers .

do

5652
4990
4626
5035

5706
7U31
5851

Slight slioaring of fibers ; split at end.

Split at ends

Sheared fibers

-do.

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
do

Slight shearing of fibers .

I Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

7756 1 Sheared fibers

2404

2767
, 1769

3425
4281

5942
4491

3765
4559

6373
4990

3969
4804

4164
5044

4436
5216

7248
5797

4717
6579

7512
6942

4877
6747

7928
6396

5839

6985

6169 I Slight shearing of fibers .

S034 do

8392 I Fibers did not shear .

452

FOREST TREES OF NOimi AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF TUE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Spedw.

•,aa\

13"

m. Qoemu obloneiloUs
irAiKOofc.

264. QiiprcnR CTi»*»

Wl.iU Oat.

SM. QaervoB DanuulU. ..

XI. Qacrcna vireni

Lie* Oat.

QacmiB chrywilppia

Lit>fOak itnul Oak. Tal-
paraUo Oak.

CaUrornia.
...do

San Diego coanty
...do

G. K. Vaaoy.
...do

Dry, gravelly.

.do.

1103
1103
1103

Texas .
...do..
...do..

S. B. Bocklcy.

Florida .
...do...

Charlcstown If avy

yanl.
Sa'uit John's riror .

Damp, calcareoos

.do.

S. H. Pook

A. n. Cnrtiss ' Sandy .

...do

Alabama .

...do

Mobile connty .

.do .

do.

Matagorda bay .

.do.

Caliromia San Bcrnarclioo .

do

W. G. Wright.

Arizona —
California.

...do.

Masaochnaetts.

...do

Ecntncky

...do

...do

Misaoari

.do.

Eenlncky .
Michigan . .

...do

niinoia....
Vermont...

Harin county.

G. R. Vasoy.
...do

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent

G. RVasey.
...do

G. Eogclniann .

do.

Arnold Arboretum

C. S. Sargent .

.do.

Mercer county.
...do

.do.

Allcnton

...do

Mercer connty.
Dansvilto

W.M.Linncy

...do

..do

G. W. Lettermau.

.do .

W. M.Linnoy.
W. J.Bcal...

.do.

.do .

.do

Waukegan .
Charlotte . .

...do

...do

...do.

MiMlsilppI £nt«rprUe

...do do

Hoaucboaatta North Beading .

,do do .

Texas Anatin.

Koboi-t Doiiglaa.
C.G. Pringle...

..do .
./do .

C. Mohr.
...do...

Ajpalagm A.H.CartlM CUy

Rich, sandy.
...do

Sandy loam.

.do .

Gravelly.

.do.

Dry, rocky.
Loam

Drift..
...do.
Shale .
...do

.do .

Rich loam.

...do

Alluvial ..
Sandy

.do .

Gravelly.
..do....

Drift..
...do.

Calcareooa.
...do

S140
7892
8618

10478
9707

9934
81GS

Boao

6577
7439

Slick shattered at seasoning

cracks.
Stick sliattcrcd at knots and sea.

Triple flexure ; split along grain. .
Cruaiied at knots 51 niilliuiotcra

Crusiiod at mid die and split; cross.

fimiiicil.
Cnishi-d fibers at 25*niillimptera

fruin iiiiditli' aud at 25 millimc.

tcrs from end.
Triple llrxuie; developed inter-
secting "l*ooptT linc-^".
CtuslicU fibers ut i'0<l ; splitalong

siile.
Crushed fi'ocra at midilio, 6 milli.

mctirs fioni liDot.
Ciiisbcit ill vkinity of knots 102

niilliriiotiTft frum end.
Triple llcxure

Crashed fibers at 32 millimeters

from niiilillr.
Crushed libers at end

6985
7847

80S2
9004

9617
10093
G895
7621
6623
10705
10524
6917
7122
7031
6625
8603
920H
9020
7602
8081
6306
6579
0957
0063

9321
9299

Crnshcd nt knot 51 millimeters

from iniddlo.
Ciu»beil nt knot 64 millimeters

Crushed at end and split.

Crnsbod at two 6 niillimeiers k nuts
19 ami 57 inillinii-tcni from did.

Crushed liliers at 57 miiliuieteis
frum middle.

Crushed and splintered at end —

Crushed at end

Cmslicd at 2.') millimeters from

"iMld : iipened ;;r;iin.
CriL^hed at 32 millimeters from

end
Triple flexuro, deflected parallel

to riu;;s.
Trijile flexure, deflected piinillol

to lings.
Crushcil at 34 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 102 minimotcrs frum

cud.
Cninbed nt 19and at 89 millimeters

from end.
Tiiiile rtesiirp, defleeted perpen-

diciilni to riugs.
ClUBli.ilnt.ncli xplitlintof wedge

sh.ip d piero: i loim t'riliued.
Cnmlied lit end niid ut 25 liiilli.

meters from iiifilille.
Crushed nt 0 millimeters Inot 51

nii'Iimeterrt fiotii end.
Triple flexure, dclhelcd toward

I.ealt.
Cruxhed fillers at end

Triple flexure

Triple flexure, deflected parallel

to rings.
Crushed fibers at end

Crushed flhors at 25 rollllmolers

In.m middle
CniHliid fltjers at SI millimolerd

from . n.l
Triple tlexurii; middle bend 25

millinieleis from ciilc-r.
Criihhi d lit .nd aod ut 102 milli-

ctem Ir

end.

Crunhcd nt knots 114 millimeters

from end.
Triple flexure; middle deflection

25 nillliinctors trom center.

Triple flexure, diagonal deflootioo

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

453

PBEeSUBB, IN KILOGRAMB, BEQUIBBD TO FRODUCI AX IKDEKTATIOX, EC MILLIHirrilRS. Or—

1724
2350

2200
2631

0.31 0.70

~

4717
4309

4354
4332

7349
5761

4G26
4C07

4940
4004

8437
6477

5071
5210

8981
6795

5353
5466

7081

6119

S48D
5643

9707
7372

5057
5806

9979
7566

5806
6987

7870
6377

Sheared fibers

Split at eods; eap-wood .

Split at end

Slight Bhcaring of fibers.

«S5
SSS

wa

1103

^i

m

m

3130
1724

1701
2449
1769
1879
1610

2563
1633
2087
1910

1424
1520

2313
1415

1637
1043
1905

2109
2132
1869
1678
1778
1951
1111
1837
1769
1905
1560
1084
1565
1724

2495
2109

m

5534
3742

2971
4468
3311

4001
4128
8602
3456

2678
2604

3856
2685

2205
2046
2168
1651
1851
2976
2860
2540
20U
2254
2576
2404
2245
2522
2454
2631
1910
1678
2118
2409

3310
3438

6441
4445

3579
50h0
3856
4400
3769

4445

4922
4187
3978

6782
4922

3892
5398
4146
4908
4150

4077
5421
4495
4364

3393

8030 I 3212

4454
3116

2495
2395
2286
1955
1955
3393
3153
2862
2164
2372
2722
2558
2531
2699

1951
1787
2418
2703

4332
3882

485 1
3402

2694
2622
2400
2028
1987
3683
3357
2971
2322
2518
2858
2835
2767
2753
2808
3166
2028
1833
2549
3334

4772
4146

7122
5176

4259
5657
4436
5252
4391

4844
4877

4060
3479

5058
3665

2899
2744
2440
2130
2123
3892
3543
3171
2422
2681
8026
3003
2899
2944
2989
3329
2141
1869
2T67
3484

4971
4359

7358
5470

4491
5851
4563
5602
4744

5289
5965
5107
4971

4377
3605

5421
3896

3157
2939
2586
2286
2232
4033
3783
3379
2626
2785
3171
3588
3075
3075
3121
3543
2209
1978
2908
8175

6252
4563

7576
6706

4753
6060
4922
5874
S053

6557
6141
5280
5248

4626
3797

5643
4082

3266
3075
2690
2313
2295
4359
3983
3543
2803
2944
3293
3397
3193
3166
3212
3665
2263
2041
2985
3307

6407
4844

7802
5920

4999
6223
5053
6128
5339

6720
6332
5512
5570

4881
3960

5851
4264

8470
3289
2785
2468
2350
4500
4200
3656
2890

3316
3243
3343
3701
2318
2105
3134
3438

5489
5062

7970
6105

5285
6332
6280
6314
5584

5878
6609
6733
5702

5116
4092

6005
4482

3692
3434
2817
2536
2481
4653
4355
3851
3003
3130
3525
3756
3393
3388
3452
8797
2354
2164
3225
3570

J265
6382

5513
6513
5362
6577
5856

6078
6745
6929
5929

6312
4223

6250
4695

2875
2599
2536
4854
4491
3951
3075
3175
3611
3937
3461
8570
3570
3946
2440
2209
3302
3629

5856
5380

9117
7666

6940
7462

7212
7054

6577
6013

7457
5398

4445
4033
3366
3021
2958
6715
5398
4559
3774
3783
4309
6058
4164
4264
4264

4445

6368

10047
8415

7066
7802

7621
8483
7924
8006

7258
5670

7910
6305

3166
2860

7349
7439

Sheared fibers

Slight sheariog of fibers.

.do.

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .

Split at end

Slight shearing of fibers

do

do.

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end.

Slight Bhearing of fibers.
do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.
do

Sheared fibers ,

Sheared fibers; split at end

Sheared fibers

Slight sheariog of fibers ; split at end.

do

Shosrcd fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . .

Sheared fibers

Split at cud

Shearcil fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Split at end

-do.

Split at end; short spectmeo, 120 millimotors long . .

Sbean'd fibers

.... do ;

Split at end

Split at end; fibers did not shear

Sheared flbera ; -split at end .
Slight shearing of fibers

21S
920

1043
1043

2899 3071 3234

Fibers did not shear I 753

454

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

74. Qai>r>-n!« tluctoria

Black Oat. TeUn^bart
Oat. Qaereitnn Oat.
Tttkne Oak.

Qucrcaa fulcate

Spanish Oak. Red Oak.

17 HaaaiiohuMtt«.

36 I Kentucky.
SS>\ do

88 ...do ....
244 ' Virginia .

do

437 Tennessee .

Oregon

...do

...do

..do

Missouri .
Alabama

131 I SoBtfa CaroUua.

131

do .

245 I Virginia

245 ' .. do

265" I ...do

2«W» .. do

Mississippi ,

548

Qiicrcus CaU-aluei ' 342

Turkej/ Oak. Berub Oak.
ForkaHeaf Ulack Jack. »42
Jllack Jack.

do .

1 770 ' Florida .

79. Qu n-iiii p^untiis 47 ! Missoorl .

fin Oak. Swamp SpanUh

Oak. WalTT Oak.

280. ()u»rcns */|natlca

WaUr ffak. Duck Oak. Pot-
turn Oak. I-unk Oak.

Tta

.do .

284>l VirgInU ...

2S4> ...do

264' .. do

340 I Alabama...

...do

Tennessee .

611

.do

Locality.

Arnold At boretom C. S. Sargent..

...do

Danvillo Junction W. M. Linnoy .

.do .

.do.

Wythcville .

do.

6. W. Letterman .
..do

do.

H. Slirivor .

...do

...do

do.

Kasbrillo A. Gattingcr.,

Saw.millt Asblandi G. Eiigclmann and

I C. S. Sargent.
...do do

Euzone City ' G. H. Collier .

A lien too..
Citronrllo .

Bonntau's Depot.

.. do

Wytlieville

do.

Carroll county .

...do

Kemper's mill .

.do .

Cottage Hill .

...do

Aapalaga

Allen ton.
...do. ..
...do

.do.

Carroll county .

...do

...do

Cottage Bill...

do .

Tollahoma.

742 Georgia Balnbridgo .

742 ....do do

7S6 Florida >.. Saint John's rirer do

G. W. Lcttorraan. .
C. Mobr

H. TV. Savenel .

...do

aSbriver

do

...do ....
,^..do...,
CUohr..
...do...,

.do.

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss .

G.W. Letterman.

B. Sbriver .
...do

.do

A. Gattingcr..

...do

A. H. Curtiss .

.do.

do.

Sbalo

...do

Slate

Kioh upland .

...do

...do

Clay

'8890

9081 I

I

7530 :

I

9617 I

7320 ■

Cruohcd nt eutl, also at 102 millt.

mt'ttra from cud.
Criisbt'd fibrra uoar middle

Cnislicrt SI milliniotor.s from end

at 3 inillinu'tciH knot.
Cnislicil libera on oiio face at 13

milliijiiteia from mliMlu.
DolU't'trd a!iJ Hplit uliiiig i^rain

from end to miildle, '

Ti-ipic llcxure, deUccled parallel i

to rincs. I

Clay...
Sandy .

Eichloam.
...do..!..
Clay

.do

...do

...do

Elcb loam .
...do

82S0
5534
5103
8663
9562
7089

8233
8301
C39G
5806

[ 7766
8142

9208
0163
9730

10003
9698
9081

10006
92T6

Triple flexure, deflected from

lieart.
Triple flexure, deflected parallel

to HoKa.
Ci-usbcd and split at end ; brittle. .

C rnahcd at 13 and at 7CmillimetorB

from Olid.
Crushed at end

Crushed at 19 millimeters from
cud.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Triple flexure

Crushed and apliatered at end . . .

Splintered at end

Triple flexure

Crushed in ricinity of small knots

Barren, sandy.,

...do

... do

. Cruahod at 64 millimeters iVom
I cud.

Ciuabid .It 2.1 and at 10:' milli.
meler.s rn)ni eud.

Cruahei) at 10 millinntera from
I eud.

Cruahcd at 25 millimeters from
I enil.

Cnishe'l on one face at 25 niillimc.
I \vrn from middle iind at end.
, CrUT^hed at 102 millimeters from
(ml.

CrUHhed It eud and at 114 milli-
, meters from end.
j Cruabeil at t^9 milliini-tera from

Triple flexure, dettcclod diago-
nally.
Tiiplo flexure { split along grain..

Triple flexure ; knot at middle

Rlcb, alluvial .

Sandy loam .
...do

...d»....
...do....
AlluTlal .
...do ....

Sandy loam .

8437
8156
6895
7961

7974
7802
7530
8709
8799
7167
7371
6256
8596

8500
7884

Cruabed at end .

Triple flexure

do

Triple flexure

Cruahcd iit 64 milllineters fiam

end.
Crunheil lit knolH lit middle and

at .M milllniilera from end.
Cruaheil at II iiiillimetera knot 76

iiillii

Cniahid libera nt middle

Cruahcd at 80 mlUimelers from
end in vicinity uf small knots.

Triple flexure

Crushed in vicinity of 3 mlUlmo.
ters knot Wi millimeters from
end.

TIIK WOODS OF 'I'lIE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Coutiuued.

455

FBEBSUKE, IN KIL0GBAH8, RBQUIRBD TO PBODUCK AN EKDEXTATION, IN UILLIMETEBB, OF—

2032

2313

2495

1542

2449

2681

1637

2522

4150

2318

3160

3357

2518

8407

3665

1709

2903

3329

1565

3266

3992

1928

2858

3130

1343

2291

2322

835

1569

1633

1315

2313

2576

2019

2422

2667

1347

2277

2481

1769

2672

2790

1642

2495

2081

989

2232

2840

1229

1860

2141

1987
1406
17J8
i:i84
2136
1751

0.S1 0.76

4024
4110

3438
2250
2395
1814
2563
2400
2953
2867

2753
2477
2776
3411

2268

4277
4010

3701
2799
2572
1887

2890
2703
8221
3905

1.03 i 1.37

2812
2849
3012
3543
3842
3819
4436
3230
2380
1674
2790
2867
2726

2803
2713
2907
2313

4493
4246

4042
3053
2722
2087

3066
2853
3501
4259

3674
4064
4028
4717
3383
2395
1751
2976
3035
2880

2917
2776
3066
2372

4072
4491

4264
3284
2803
2245
3021
2835

3302
3026
3750
4500

1.S3

3048
3134
3379
3742
4123
4300
5013
3588
2454
1842
3153
3212
2130

3184
2513

4854
4699

4572
3493
2958
2440
3130
2994
3828
3933

3429
3180
4060
4817

8075
3348
3525
3983
4237
4518
5398
3810
2518
1878
3252

3026

2994
3332
2586

5026
4881

4922
3665
3098
2622
3298
3125
3942
4110

3615
3302
3815
5071

3221
3434
3593
4037
4400
4649
5670
3892
2563
1928
3388
3443
3407

3026
3075
3452
2617

5262
5067'

5044
3828
3230
2767
3402
3207
4082
4264

3751
3447
4463
5303

3361
3539
3747
4110
4626
4935
5915
4064
2649
1951
3374
3566
3547

3139
3193

5407
5262

3302
2980
3497
333!)
4178
4386

4717
5067

3470
3656

4886
5103
6146
4196
2685
2078

3225
3221

5579
5407

5407
4110
3423
31S3
3374
3438

4173
4346
4491

7212
4944

3710
3856

.6486
6392

6214
4877

4468
5851

S.08

3248
2634

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Split at end -, fibcre did not shear

Fibers iodei^Bd \ritboDt shearing

Split at eud; flbera did not shear

Indenfed without shearing fibers

Split at end

Sheared fibers; split at end

Sheared fibers

Split at ends

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

.do.

Sheared fibers

Sli;;l)t shearin;; of fibers ; split at end .

Shaky stick ; split at ends

do

Slight Ahenring of fibers.
Sheared libers; split at ei

Slight shearing of flbeis ; split at end .

.do

Split at end

Slight shearing of fibcre; split at end .

Split at end ; fibers not sheared

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .

Sheared lil>ers

Sheared fibers; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .

H

Pj

1450

2359

1624
1406
1078
1709
i:>06
1542
1293

2109
1842
1955
2676
2245
2685
2313
3511
2926

3705
3030

2295
3075

2241
1932
2005
2790
2490
3130
2749

4219
3429

2480
3343

2359
2087
2096
3139
2744
3475
3012
4190
3429

2486
2155

3693
3218
4493

2527
2214
2295
3484
3062
3937
3393
4781
4314

5035
4164

3039
3847

2676
2341
2413
3074
8221
4128
3600
5013
4500

5262
4346

3202

4055

2753
2400
2481
3901
3388
4191
3783
5239
4690

5461
4500

33S2
4160

3840
2454
.2595
4060
3538
4445
3910
5416
4700 I

5661
4192

3393
4327

2980
2493
2676
4173
3632
4626
4037
5615
4M0

Slight shearing of fibers : split at end .
Fibers did not shoar ; split at end

3511
2948
3121

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

.do.

4377
5534
5080
6849
5761

Sheare<l flbors ; split at end

Fibers did not sbcutr; split at end

do

Indented without shearing flbcm

Slight shearing of flliere; split at end.

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of filx'R) : split at end .

Shearoil fibers

Split at end ; flliers did not she

45G

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEIIAVIOli OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie

281. QnercniUnrirolui— continned.

aa. Qncrrns hpt*rt)phyna

hartram't Oak.

283. Qurrcns cjncrfft

(>(aiid ir.Uoir Oak. Blu»
Jack. i>4ind Jack.
iS4. Qut-rcos Lypoleuca

T85. Qncrciw imbric&rU

Shinglt Oak. Laurel Oak.

SM. Qacrfos Phello*

WiUoic Oak. Peach Oak.

287. Qurrcns dcnxiflora

TanharkOak. ChetlnutOak.
Peach Oak.

288. CasUnopaiB chrysophylla

Chinquapin.

28t. Castuira pnmiU

Chinquapin.

2M. CvtaDca Talgaria, sar. Amer-
Icnna.
Chatnul.

^»cna fermgiD

292. 0«trT» Vlrc)nl«

Utni tlorrOtfam. Iron TTood.
Lexer Wood.

203. CarpinnHCarriliDinDa

llornbram. Jllue Seech.
WaUr Beech Iron Wood.

Florida .
...do...

Kow Jersey

Arizona .
...do....

Kentncky .

...do

Missonri...
...do

Tennessee .
..do

Arkansas .
...do

Massaebnaetts .

..do

Virginia

.. do

Tennessee

Massacboaetts ■

Kentucky .
...do

Michigan .

...do

Florida ...

.do

Hossacbiuetts
...do

..do.

...do .
...do .
...do.
.. do.

M ^ Miaaoiui

73 Kontacky

73 '....do

I
1038 . Maasacbowtta.

Saint John's river.

Monnt IloUy.

A. H. CnrtiBS .
... do

S. P. Sharpies.

■s|J
t|§i

.do.

.do.

Barrodsbnrg .

...do

Allenton

do .

TuUahoma.
...do

Marin connty .

Mendocino connty

Hot Springs .
...do

Arnold Arboretum

..do

Fancy Gap . . .

do.

XasbTllle.

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Mercer county
..do

Dansvillo

...do

Cbattalioochce.

do

.do .

G. Engelmnnnand

C. S. Sari:eut.
..do.

W. M.Linney

.. do

G. W. Letternian.

do

A. Gattinger.
..do

G. R-Vasey.

..do :.

A. Kellogg.

do.

6. W. Letterman .
...do

C. S. Sargent.

...do

H. Sbriver . . .

do.

Clay.

do.

Pine-barren.
Dry, rocky..

do .

Kicb, moist .
Rich loam . .

Moist, siliceouB .

Gravelly .
...do...

Sandy loam .

do.

A. Gattinger I Sandy .

C.S.Sargent I Drift

do do

'W. M. Linuoy Hudson Iliverebalc

do

W.J.Beal ....

..do

A. H. Cnrtiss .

.. do

J. Bobinson . . .

do.

Arnold Arboretum C. S. Sargent .

— do ^ i do

Dan vera ' J. Koblnson . .

do

North Reading.
.. do

Allenton Q.W. Letterman..

I
Mercer county.... W. M.I.Inney

....do

Daorers

.do .

Gravelly .

...do.
...do .
...do.
...do.

Rich lonm .
..do

Dump, alluvial

Trenton limestone

Gravelly.

0480
7734

5171
8028

7107
2222

8029
9026
8845
9458

5987
648S

6464

8754

5651
8256
8156
7689

4137
6298
7235
7485
6373

78J7
7070
7506
8006
8822
8340
6496
6827
8278
7235

8390
9934
9707
6359
7983
8041

0903
9390
8573
6949

Cmabcd at 25 millimeters trom

middle.
CruslDnl at 89 millimeters from

eud and at end.

Crushed at 25 millimeters knot 61

miltinietei's from end.
CruBhed at 102 millimeters from

ind.

Split at end and splintered nt 102
millimiters from iiid; brittle.

Triple flexure, dollected dingo-

n:illy; split at end.
Crops-priiincd; oblique split 152

millimeters long.

Crushed at end

Triple flexure, deflected parallel

to rinus. •
Triple flexure

Crushed at 70 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 10 millimeters knot at

end.
Triple flexure

Crushed at 38 millimeters from
niidille at 5 milliiuciera l<niit.

Triple flexure; middlu beud 25
miiUiuelertf from middle.

Crushed at end at 3 millimeters

knot..
Crushed at end

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crushed nt 5 millimeters knot 51

millimeters from middle.

Triple flexure, deflected parallel
to rin"s.

Crushed 25 millimeters from mid-
dle at 3n]illimeters kuiiL

Cntshed nt 26 lilillimeters from
eud.

Crusheil at 102 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 44 millimeters from
eud.

Crushed at 32 millimeters from

middle an<l sjilit nlon^ ^rain.
Crushe 1 at 64 uiilliiueters from

end.
Crushed at 70 millimeters fruiu

enil.
Crushed nt 25 and at 127 milliuie.

ters Iron) end.
Crusho^l at end

Crushed at middle and at end

Crushed nt middle In viclnltv of

13 niillinu'tois l<not.
Crushed at end

Cnifhed at 25 millimeters from

end.
Crushed nt 19 milliiueters from

end.

Crushed at 61 nillllmoters from

miildle.
Ti iple llcxure ; middle bend 25 mil-

llcueteiBe<<eutrlo.
Tiiplu flexure

Crushed nt 89 millimeters fnitu

end.
Tii|iIo flexure, delleeteil dingo-

uullv iierpendi<',ul;ir to riiiKs.
Crush'eil nt fil inillinjeters from

end ; opi-ned grain.

Di'flertoil at middle unil split at

en<lK.
Trii>Ie flexure

do

Crof*s-gralned ; split nt l^nots

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued.

457

PKEB8URE, IK KItOOBAUS, BEQUUIED TO FRODUOB AK INDRKTATIOX, E! WLLWETSBS, OF—

1.03

i.2r

3674

3901

3438

3647

3157

3339

2291

2477

2958

3221

3709

3978

448G

4717

3GI1

3788

3434

3629

2921

3139

3665

3937

3429

3611

3125

3293

3384

3583

3525

3602

1733

1837

1892

1987

1774

1960

1665

1814

1T4C

1914

1787

1846

1524

1610

1715

1774

1297

1347

3212

3407

2713

2858

3162

3284

3525

3652

3248

8411

3293

3493

2703

2866

2490

2658

2835

2985

2686

2840

3064

4146

2894

3130

4155

4380

3720

3983

3103

3348

3017

8184

3139

3329

3206

3515

3066

3438

3193

3S39

lecs

1438

1610
1842

1851
1315
1270
2358

1610
1143

1792
1860

1089
1325
1225

2223
1452
1111
2631
1073
I860
1542
1379
1683
1452

2223
1678
2132
1973
1547
1315

1542
1702
1501
1247

2713

1878

2948
3402

3153
2386
2245
3216

2835
2540

2039
3012

1452
1338

1474
1506
1284
1461
1080

2803
2223
2744
3193
2740
2767
2291
2123
2427
2241

3352
2391
3470

2072
2767
2454
2576

3348
3157

2921
2155

3525
4128

3402
3112
2744
3402

3248
2890

3153
3366

1610
1778
1746
1524

l&t2
1706
1424
1637
1229

8057
2536
2971
3329
8134
3016
2513
2359

3713
3874
3402
2885
2740

2935
3012
2785
2935

4000
3847

3493
2617

4131
4944

3969
3878
3343
4205

3801
3438

3701
3806

1892
2136
2028
1914

2019
1910
1087
1860
1452

3652
3121
3470
3774
3552
8593
2994
2753
3121
2994

4327
8202
4622
4210
3536
3398

3493
3706

3652
2713

4332
5153

4164
4037
3538
4414

3810
4001

2005
2227
2182
1978

2118
1978
1756
1901
1529

3774
3288
3583
3874
3611
3710
3121

4527
3438
4840
4423
3729

3801
3774

4463
4164

3828
2844

4463
5343

4341
4196

4527
4309

4001
3007

4559
5469

4S13
4400

4631
4436

4137
3116

4672
5643

4699
4572

5653
5262

5512
0623

5579
5625

4078
3756

3960
4191

2223
2041

2204
2028
1810

3905
3420
3701
3951

8048
3338
3202

4658
3615
6080
4604
3833
8742

4203
3878

4082
4318

2105
2354
2295
21C2

2227
2073
1887
2037
1047

4037
3565
3797
3987
3915
3928
3348
3089
3443
3438

4854
3n4
5232
4808

8792
4273
4119
4037

4300
3887

4164
4436

2173 I

1

2459 I

2395 !

2214

2250
2123
1932
2001
1706

4169
3665
3874
4132
4009
4033
3456
3193
3579
3552

5080
3924
6479
4908
4119
4046

3910
4355
4246
4146

5171
4831

4899
5262

2586
2994

2903
2413
2227

4854
4491
4391
4740
4581

4150
3720
4173
4264

•6078
4854
6713
5042

6419
6214

5579
5398

5443
5738

3130
2554

5149
4990

6579
5579

Slight shearing of flben

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end..

un

1171

Split at end 352

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end I 674

Sheared fibers ; Ki

Indented withont shearing fibers .

do

Split at ends

.do.

Indented withoot ehearing fibers 512

Slight shearing of fibers 51S

Sheared fibtrs.

do

Sheared fibers : splitatend 729

do 729

Slight shearing of fibers ; splitatend 573

do.

Sheared fibers.

.do.

Sheared fibers ; split at ends .
Sheared fibers ; split at end..
do

573

2SS>

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing o^ fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; splitatend

Sheared fibers ■

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.

do

do

Slight shearing of fibers .

.do.

1047

4«

Split at ends

6010 Slight shearing of fibers •*

Sheared fibers ; sjdit at ends ^

54T0 ' Sheared fibers lO^S

458

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMKUICA.

Table V.— BEITAVIOK OF Tni: PinNCIl'Al, WOODS OF TDK

Sftdm.

i

o
a

8

State.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

ill

Remarks.

BETVLACEX.

2M. BctnU alba, ror. popnlifolU . .
TniteBirrk. Oid-JiMdBmk.
Croy BirA.

10
10

848

223
223
722
722
836
836
090
990
1065
1005
1066
1066
1067
1067

S28
629

843
843
1068
1068
10«B
1069
1070
1070

130
136
841
841
842
842

i
4
221
221
844
844

810

967
967
991
991
102S

Maaaaohnsetta...
....do

Arnold Arboretnm
... do

C. S. Sargi-nt

...do

Drift

...do

0123
5307
S2C2

Triple flcxnre parallel to rings

Criislied at 0 millinictiTs knot 102

niillimetera Inun oud.
Crushed ond split at middle

.. do

Danrers

Charlotte

do

J. Robinson

Gravelly

Canoe BirA. Whit* Bitth.
Paper Birch.

...do

... do

Hisaoola

Sereno Wataon . .
do . ...

Wet

..do

8346
6713
7983
8890
6480
0577
8346
7485
7485
7552
7847
9062

5670
6840

8270

Crushed nt 102 millimeters from

end.
Cntalied at 2.5 millimeters from

miildli); dcfleiioci dinKouiillv.
Crnslii'd nt 'M niilliinciers from

middle on one ftue.
Crushed at VS millimeters from

end.
Crushed at middle at3 millimctera

knot.
Crushed 70 millimeters from end

at 3 millimeters knot.
Crushed nt 8 millimeters knot at

middle.
Ciushcil ut G raillimelers knot at

miiMlo.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from

end.
Cruxhed nt 6 millimeters knot 38

inillimetors from end.
Crusheil i:t 70 millimeters from

ond nnd nt cud.
Crushed nt 38 millimeters from

middle.

Crushed nt middle; opened grain
r hiee-fourths 1 he lengi li of st ick.

Crushed nt middle and split along
grnin.

Crushed nt 51 millimeters from
end.
.In

do

do .. .

Masaachiisetta —
....do

Townaend

... do

... do

Alaska

Chilcoot inlet

....do

.. do

...do

Vermont

....do

... do

....do

...do

. do

... do

.. do

....do

■do

....do

....do

do

....do

....do

....do

....

Wet, RaiKiy

Wet, peaty

Gravelly

...do

... do

Engelmann'a caSon
Strawborrj* valley .

KobertDouplaa...

G. Engclmann and
C. S. Sargent.

J.Bobinson

. do

Black lUrA.
297. Biinli lilies

California

Maaaachoaetta

...do

IVUvif Birch Gray Birch.

do

. ..do

... .do

....do

. . do

10093
10023

Triple dingonnl flexure perpon.

dicnlnr to rings.
Crushed at CI millimeters from

end.

.. do

...do

....do

do ....

.. do

....do

...do

....do

... do

....do

....do

....do

... do

....do .:

... do

.. do

luilliiiu'icra fri'in iiiiiUllcj.

2M. Bvtula aisni

lied Birch. Biter Birch.

Mtoaouri

...do

Uaaaacbnaetta

....do

Allenton

...do

G. W. Lottennan .
... do

Moist loaiQ

do . . .

7330
7122
7249
7000
6600
OOCO

9072
8823
1 1022
10931
9480
10115

CniHhi i\ nl r> niilliiiietiis knot at

middle.
Crushed nt 10 millimeters knot

32 millimeters fiomrnil.
Triple Urxiiio pi ijicnilieulur to

rinv's.
Crushid at 44 millimeters from

middle.
Triple flexure toward heart

Crushed nl 0 millimeters knot 88
millimeters fVom end.

Cnishcil ut 31 mllliineters from
middle ; ilillecleil dhii;omilly.

Triple lleMlle; niiilille hend 32
milli I.r»..cii.lrie.

Crusheil nl KU millimeters from

end.

Korth Andover...
... do

J. llobinaon

....do

Alluvial

....do

...do

...do

...do

... do

... do

...do

...do

....do

3M. B«tnUleiiU

....do

Arnold Arboretam
...do

C.S. Sargent

....do

CaPringla

....do

Drift

0 Cherry Birrh. Black Birch.
.s<Mr( Birch. Uahoganv
^ Btri-h.

...do

...do

..do

... do

....do

UaaaacbnaetU...
...do

do

Crushed ut 102 millimeters from

• nil.
Crushed lit in milllmolers from

middle.

.. do

....do

... do

Pepper'a mlUa . .
Sitka

W. M. Canby

.■ica.,d^ .ildrr.

Alaaka

6976
0033
0010
0829
6750

Crushed nt 32 millimeU'rs from
middle.

Aldtr.

...do

...do

... do

Waablogton terrl-
torj-.

G. Engelmann and
CRHargoot.

Criishe<I nt 76 millimeters from

end.
Triple nexuie; middle liend 61

liilllimelurn eccentric.
Crushed nt 25 rjllUmetors from

middle.

... do

OT«{:on

Portland Fumllare
Com|.«ny.

...do

THE WOODS OF THE UNFfED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

459

I
1

5

PIIB8SUUE,

IK KILOODAUS, BEQUIBBD TO PBODDCB AH IKDENTATIOIf, » HnXUBTEBS, OP—

Remarlu.

1

a

a
a

8
1

O.'iS

0.31

o.re

1.03

1.37

l.Stt

1.78

3.03

3.38

3.S4

4.81

S.08

1

m

U

u
m

w

m

m
m

m
m

m

1178
1048
1406

1179

830
163G
1189
1134
1343
1384

930
1270
IZfil

075
1021
1179

794

i)30
749

1748
1742
1S29
1315
1210
1343
1842
IU21

1225
1210
889
894
1647
1120

2136
1407

1619
1547
2223

1669
1093
1978
1978
1701
1941
2028
1479

1740
1338
1488
1533
1325

1837
1320

2359
2622
3987
170S
2028
1887
2495
1542

2108
1497
1343
1379
2123
1516

3561
2440

1778
1597
2332

1787
1170
2114
2223
1878
20C4
2168
1583
2064
1883
1529
1633
1656
1447

2168
1424

2586
2868
2214
1987
2254
2118
2699
1733

2472
163*7
164:;
1542
2254
1624

4114

2713

1846
1701
2409

1868
1325
2236
2359
2028
2214
2304
1087
2313
2005
1592
1715
1769
1579

2840
1533

2722
3002
2404
2168
2449
2254
2858
1851

2685
1760
1801
1669
2377
1737

4386
2894

1955
1760
2495

1032
1356
2295
2495
2118
2295
2391
1796
2427
■ 2077
1710
1819
1892
1683

2459
1597

2867
3139
2477
2282
2567
2368
2948
2000

2790
1851
1023
1765
2522
1851

4572
3130

2055
1877
2549

2014
1460
2391
2649
2250
2440
2531
1864
2490
2182
1796
1892
1978
1705

2599
1669

3030
3311
2576
2345
2708
2481
3107
2132

2889
1982
1982
1855 ■
2626
1890

4753
3230

2168
1937
2604

2105
1565
2531
2740
2345
2549
2676
1941
2551
2295
1883
1991
2150
1846

2685
1751

3121
3470
2731
2504
2758
259(1
3221
2241

3016
. 2064
2046
1910
2717
2000

4990
3397

2223
1991
2654

2150
1615
2649
2844
2431
2076
2785
2023
2676
2391
1932
2046
2209
1941

2744
1805

3243
3574
2794
2572
2894
2654
3343
2345

3085
2205
2159
1987
2803
2087

5112
3574

2322
2078
2703

2209
1696
2731
2948
2545
2771
2862
2091
2748
2513
2028
2073
2304
2023

2862
1892

3357
3601
2880
2669
2998
2749
3456
2463

3162
2308
2182
2037
2894
2141

5257
3656

2390
2173
2748

2254
1783
2799
3016
2635
2867
2935
2177
2799
2595
2114
2200
2391
2082

2930
1937

35G1
3774
2998
2776
3071
2799
3574
2567

3216
2345
2232
2082
2989
2205

5443
3815

2971

3198

10
10

B48

223

3311

2676
2087
3334
3529
3198
3470
3543
2676
3288
3207
2363
2667
2939
2567

3348
2395

4332
44-23
3652

2903
37C5

.... do

ti-rs knot

■m

3946
3629
3901
3847
2994

Sligbt Rhc-rine of Sbirs; indented sectian corert 3

millinioUra knot.
Slight shearing of fibers; split at end

do

722
SM

Sheared fibers

do

.In

loss
lots

!<«
1087

2858 do

Sliglit shearing of fibfrs ; spUtctend

3357 1 Slight sheiiring of fibers

3652
2699

4536
4590

Slight sheaiins ..f fibers

io

m

do

Sheared fibers; split at end

Slight sheailns of fibers ; split at end

84S
IOCS

3606

Split at ends; fillers did not shear

Sheared fibers

Split at end; fibers did not shear

4241
3130

3742

2581
2563
3674
2209

6396
4626

4672

4014
2880
2912
2799
41U5
2948

6922

1070
1070

136

136

S4I

841

do

do

643

do

4

m

laos

1179

1270

1089
10C2
1774
975
707

2685
2380

1810

1270
1724
2064
1257
1361

8089
2731

1932

1347
1023
2223
1861
1515

8334
3030

•2023
•

1397
1990
2877
1910
1616

3497
3261

2063

1474
2032
2481
2032
1C«9

3720
3411

2164

1492
2127
2572
2168
1756

3856
3583

2218

1647
2177
2636
2232
1896

4078
3B01

2259

1610
2254
2753
2295
1946

4205
3955

2341

1628
2308
2808
2350
1987

4305
4101

2400

1665
23S4
2930
2427
2078

5216
5022

2812

1032
2803
3574
2427
2449

5761
5761

2041
3039
3910
3198
2722

844

do

844

no

067

do

Wi7

do

Ml

do

1025

460

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Speoiea.

301. Alna^ nibr«-<-contlooed .

3C3. AIddo obloogiraU*

Alder.

305. Alans iocana

SptriltdAldrr. Boary Alder.
Black Alder.

SALICACKS.

306. Salix nieni

Blatk irtOfw.

307. Salix nmjgdaloidu

WiUoa.

308. Salix Icri^ta

ViUmc.

309. Salix ljuiiuidra, var. LiDcifoliA

313. Salix Sarcacciu .

113. Salix flarcKena, var. Sconle-
rloDH.
Black Wmme.

nt. Salix Hookerlana .

318. PopnlualrcmnlMdMi....
Atj-rn. (/uakiny Aep.

310. I'.
321. p.

J:aL.,„.. I„r
o/OiUad.

/ Swamp
nahae. Balm

ZJV
272
103S
103S

847
M7

Oregon ■

...do....
Montana.
..do....
Oregon ..
...do....

Califoinla..
.. do

Masaachosetts.

Coloiado

...do

...do

.do.

California .
...do

...do...
Oregon .

Montana.
...do....

Wanliington tor*
litory.

Oregon ,
...do...

California.
Colorado...

Maaaacbnactta. . .
...do

Alaaka.
...do...

Maaaachoaetta.
..do

Locality.

Portland Fumitare
CuDipiuiy.

Ashland

Missoula

Drain.
.. do .

San Bomardluo .
...do

Hinesburg.

Sbclbame .
Topsfield..

CaSon City .

do.

do.

Strawberry valley

Portland

...do

City Crock caQon

■Winchester bay ,
...do

Santa Cniz .
Alpine

do.

Dan vera .
..do...

.do.

...do

NaahTille

Chllcoot Inlet.

do.

Topaflcld .
...do

G. Ensrlmann and
C. & Sargtiut.

Screno Wataon . .

C.S. Sargent.
..do

W.G. Wright.
...do

C.G.Pringlo.

E. Weston .
...do

G. Engclniann and
C. S. Sargent.

...do

F. Skinner .

M. E. Jones

Serene Wataon .

G. Engrlmann and

C b. Surgeut.
..do

O. Engolmann and
6. C. Sargent.

T. S. Bmndegeo . .

...do

J. Bobinson

...do

A. Gattiogor...
Paul Scbnltze .

J. Itoblnson.
...do

Moist loam .
..do

Wot, sandy .
Wot loam...

Moist, sandy.

.do.

Moist, rich.
AUuTial ...
..do

Gravelly.

Rich, moist .
...do

Moist, sandy.
...do

Sandy saline.

do.

Sandy loam .

Damp

..do

Gravelly

Gravelly.

liUiitiutcrs from

Cmnhod at 25 niillinicters ftom

Criisliol lit 114

end iit3milliii
CniHliod ul Ui'J

iiilliineirrH from
'lel-u knot.

■ra from

■uil on oue fiico.
CniMlii'il at 25 millimeters fiom

miiltlle.
Triple Ucxaro

Cmftbcd at 89 millimeters from
end at 3 uiilliniplei n kiiMt.

Cninlhil nt lUi iiiilliiiii'iurs from
end At 3 niilhmL-tcrs kuot.

Triple flexare perpondicular to

rin"8.
Cniiincil at 5 millimeters knot 51

milliineters froiu end; oross-

gr]tiue<l.
Criistifil at 6 millimeters knot at

niiiUlle.
Triple llexnre; split along grain

bi'tweeii rings.
CrUHJieil .1151 luillinietiTa from end ;

split along urniii lii-twi-eii riu^s.
CniKiiid at 5 iiiillimi-t.TB knot 51

milliiueters li-um miUdlo.

Triple flexure.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end in vicinity of knula.

Criisheil i:i niill'iiiii'teiH fiiim mid-
dli' nt 2 niilliinitci-H knot.

CriiHlii-il at sn luitlimolera from
end and at end.

Crushed near middle on one face.

Crushed nt middle .

Triple flexure, deflected ding-

ouiillv.
Triplu flexure

Crushed near middle on (

Crushed ntSI and nt 114 nilUime.

turn from end ; split nlmii; tri iiin.

Triple llexuro patiillel to nu;;s ..

nilllmoters from

4072 Crnshod nt 0 millimeters knot 25

itilllinintei^ lioiii end.
{£70 TiiplK llexuro : middle bend 32

niilliiUi t< la ei'contrlc.

4327 Cnmhed nt 70 milllmiters from

I'liil.
4300 I Triple flexure pri'i>eDdicular to

I iUKB.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPliESSION— Continuecl.

461

FUE88UBE, IK KILOGUAUB, BEQUIRED TO mODL'CE AS IKDENTATIOK, IK MILLIHr.TEES, Ot—

0.31 0.70

1605
1043

1052
1111

17C9
1071
948
1084
1175

1203
1080

1851
1080

1125
1229

19M
1120
1043
1193
1288

1302

1207

1D96
1152
1084
1270
1347

2068
1179
1129
1315
1397

1402
1266

2132
1234
1160
1347
1415

1443

13U

2200
1270
1229
1388
1483

1489
1343

2486
1442
1497
1669
1678

1765
1624

2686
1547
1647
1860
1878

2064

1774

Sheared fibers ; rplit at eod .
Sheared Ubers

1025
S3S

1134
1030

1021
1066

1064
1220

1497
1207

1229
1252

1021
1687

13Q7
1143

1202
1301
1016
1080

1424
1087

1560
1270

1379
1397

1384
1082

1569
1297

1252

1438
1075
1094

1488
2123

1619
1388
1016

1479
1505

1015
2168

1628
1361

1347
1479
1166
1184

1569
2218

1674
1447
1080

1505
1597

1078
2359

1719
1442

1393
1547
1234
1216

1651

2286

1760
1M7
1120

1719
2486

1824
1529

1447
1642
1306
1257

1719
2350

1801
1569
1170

1724
1729

1810
2567

1524
1674
1347
1306

18U
2482

1846
1624
1220

1787
1801

1960
2085

1941
1642

1574
1733
1393
1352

1923

2504

1892
1674

1206

1833
1855

2019
2731

2032
1733

1619
1814
1452
1624

1951
2590

1928
1715

1302

1865
1928

2078
2858

Slight ehoariDg of fibers; apllt at end; epecimen

VJO uiiltinieteis lou-;.
Slight shcariog ot fibers

2019
2168
1774
1833

2395
3029

2214
2032
1570

2132
2313

2481
3311

2232
2449
200S

2685
3379

2232
1778

Sheared fibers.

Slight shearing of fibers .

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.
Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

1851
1134

1397

12C7

1089
1030

2004
1202

1505
1261

Sheared fibers.

1288
1179

1710
1365

I2;i8

1166

1750
1411

1288
1100

1824
1470

1120
1034

1348
1179

1905
1524

1101
1080

1384
1220

1302
1043

1170
1129

1393
1201

1320
1084

1901
1578

1211
1170

1415
1306

1361
1125

1610
1025
2268
1860

1474
1402

1651
1488

1650
1315

1746
1111
2586
2019

1056
1533

272*
lOU
1035

Si7

Shenn-il fibers ; split »%, end ; epecimen 110 milUme-
ters lung.

Shearvd fibers ■

do

1883
1533

Slight shearing of fibers .
do

1054
1054

4152

FOKEST TREES OF XOimi AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Sprcles.

323. Populus tlirfaocarpa

Ulaet CbKonirot^i. liaUam
Con cm mod.

334. PoptihjA moDiliffrv

Ciinirt^d. yecllace Pop-
tnr. Carolina Poplar.
Jluj Cottonvood.

MS. Populus Frrroontii, ror. WU.
lizcni.
Cottantcood. While Cotton-

32«. LilxiO'tlniiiili'Cum'nH

WhiU Cedar. Sattard Cedar.
Poet Cedar. Ineerue Cedar.

I'oloniilo Maniti

KoboTi Doaglas .

...do.
Tens .

Florida .
...do...

782
783
783

;»o

7W
782
7SZ
7M
708

trn

874

lose

]OIW

1017
1017
1021
1021

Xew Bmoswlck .
...do

.do .

Province of Quebec

...do

...do

..do

do.

...do

Uaioo

..do

WlaooiulD .
..do......

Ongmi

PuHIand Fnmitnre G. EneclmaDn and
Company. C. Si Sargent.

do

AUentoD.
...do...

G. W. Letterraiin.
... d.i

do.

.do.

Dallafi

...do

Chattahoochee.

do.

Sacramento valley

do.

San Bemaidino .

...do

CaSonCity

Saw.mill. Straw,
berry valley.

Saw-mill, Son Ber-
nardino mount-
ains.

Brldgeton. .

...do

Amqai

do.

Mattawamlccag .

Eaa Claire.
.. do

J. Reverohon .

...do

A.B. Curtiss .
...do

G. RVasey.

W. G.Wright.

G. Engelmann and

C.S. Sargent
do

W. G. Wright.

C. a. Priuglc

Intercolonial rail-
way

.do .

Ed.Sinchkir.

.. do

A. Grant

do .

Grand Trunk rail-
way.
...do

...do

...do

J. Roblnnon

do .

n. C. Putnam
...do

Sandy loam .

Cold, peaty .

Drift.
...do .

Weldlor'aMtw.mlll, I G. Angelmaunand
Portland. | C. S. Sargent.

Portland Fumitnre .
Company.

a —

m

....do

do

Crushc<l nt 38 millimeters tnva

middle.
Criisluil at 51 millimeters from

end.
Cnislicd at 38 niillimelera from

middle.
Crushed at 25 niillimetci-x from

niiddie.

Triple flexure

Cruahed at middle and opened

niong grain.
Crushed at 10'.' millimeters from

end.
Cnmhud nt 38 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at middle

Crushoil nt G millimeters knot 86
millimeters from middle.

Crushed at 1*5 millimeters from
middle.

CiTislied ;it 38 niillimeters from
mi<ldleat 3 millimeters knot.

Crushed at 38 millimeters from
end.

Crnslieil at 25 millimeters from

miiltUo.
Triple flexure; middle liend 19

miilimi t. ra ecei ntrie.
Cnishi-d at 89 milliiueters from

end.
Crushed ut 5 millimeters knot 04

milluneters from end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from end

iuvieinitv of 6 millimeters knot.
Triple tlexnro

Crnslied at 25 millimeters from

middle.
Crushed at 102 uiillimcteis iVom

end ; split wliole length of speci.

men.
Crushed at middle

Cruslieil at eud; iipt^ucd along
grain.

Crushed at 25 millimeters from

end.
Crushed nt 13 nnd nt 57 millime.

t4irH from end.
Crushed at 25 nnd at 102 millime-

Icrs from eud.
Triple flexure

Crushed nt 13 and at 102 millime-
ters from end.
Tri|de llexuic; middle bend 2B

millimeters eeeeulric.
(^'rushetl nt 80 m illimeters from end

and at end.
Triple llexure; smull knots at

midille.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crushed nt 25 mlllimotera from

■ nd.
Crushed at 32 millimeters from

end.
Trijde diagonal flexure

Crushed at 80 millimeters from

end.
Tiiple flexure

Split at knot nt middle; sides

HWelleit.
Criislieil nt 51 niillimeters from

nnd ; split nioug grain.

Criishi'd at wormhole 51 niilllme-
ters from cud ; split along grnln.

Criishid nt 32 millimeters from
middle; sudden fracture.

Crushed nt 83 millimeters from
end.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDBK COMPRESSION— Continued.

403

g I 0.23 0.31 U.7U t.»i 1.27 1..VJ 1.7$ ti.Oti 3.38

«i

FBI

0.23

a

n

m

454

m

749

^

S04

n

930

^

449

n

C6«

^

408

d

1588

^

522

^

862

M

839

W

934

^

703

m

2064

^

653

1

1120

1

658

ii^ii

635

n

817

n

1071

^

1007

^

956

^

1071

11

522

^

508

PI

821

ipj

490

'El

621

a

494

,cr;]

631

iiii

080

p

549

iM

404

*

671

!|^

703

111

594

in

717

n

572

11

058

n

712

^

1080

%.

567

^

980

1

PBESeUBE, VH KILOOIUUS, BlUiUiniiU TO ntODUCE AK DiUEKTATIOK, IK HILUUBTItBB, OP—

2254
1043
1320
1143

2071
1125
1311

1179
1202

1111

1002

1488
1220

1311
1179

3143
1220
Mil
1061

1216
1284

1166 1225

1043 I 1080
817 \ 889

1229
1542
1306

1338
1438
1107

1270
1447

1007
1034
1030

102S
1076
1016

1306 I 1343

1120 I 1101

934 948

1106 j 1216 , 1279 I 1338

852 i 889 939 998

726 1

2490 I
1315 j
1628
1352

1438
1325

3307
1397
1533
1189

1315
1470

1030
1071
1057

1089
1084
1057

766

2567
1356
1687
1397

1515
1388

3375
1470
1637
1239
1016

1363
1492

1075
1016

1043
1025

1034
1501

807

2622
1447
1801
1442

1569
1442

3420
1574
1719
1279
1071
1338

1402
1538

1060
1102
1107
1030

1075
1039
930
1057
1161
lir.2

1071
1497

1363
1043

1438
1574

979
1075
111(>
1116
1043

884

680
1116
1057

939
1073
1193
1207

1093
1778

1030
1429
1084

2703

2753

1488

1538

1851

1896

1488

1529

1619

1605

1556

1386

3479

3529

1660

1724

1756

1801

1352

1307

1120

1166

1397

1447

1442
1583

1710

2250

1120
1129
1076

1157
1075

1220
1252

1116
1406

1261
1039
1474
1125

2807
1597
1946
1574

3574
1805
1869
1442
1211
1488

1463
1597

1270
1007
1112
1134
1161

1170
1102
980
1116
1270
1266

1669

1474

1030
1315
1179
3302
2032
2223
1837

4037
2177
2177
1701
1433
1760

1628
1787

1941

2622

1084
934
1429
1116
1243
1216
1311
1213
1043
794
1397
1261

1216
1497

1746
U16

1579

1179
1432

1833
1610

1769
1896

1542
1229
1288
1243
1488
1325
1076

1293
1610
1542

1769

Slight BbeariDg of fibers .

Sbeaxed fibers

Slight BbeariDg of fibers; split ftt end..

.do.

Sheared fibers

do

Slight sbcnriDg of fibers ; split at eod.

1012
10)2
1028
1028

.do.

Sheared fibers ; splitatend i 754

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

.do.

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers ; split at end

648
•44

do.

Sheared fibers .

.do.

I
Sheared fibers; split along indented face I

Sheared fibers ; splitatend 6(<2

Sheared fibers

.do.

Sheared fibers; split along indented fooe.
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; indented fsce covers S milUmeteis

knot.
Sheared fibers -••

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

.do

Slight sliearing of fibers ; split at end

Sheare<l fibers

Sheared filters ; splitatend

1728 I She.ii-ed fibers

loas
low

lOlT
1017
1021
1021

461

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

. Table Y.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

330. Chainirc3T>»ri« Xutkneniiis

TtUoui Cypreu. Sitka Cy-
yna.

331. CbUDCcyparU Lawsontana . .

PuTt (/rjord Cfdar. Oregon

Cedar. Wl.iUCrdar. Imv-

toa'tCyprui. Ginger l^ne.

333. Cnprraalls macrocaTpa .
Monterey Cypress,

333. Cupi

Alabama

...do

Maaaachoaetta.

...do

...do

...do

...do

..do

Abaka

...do

Briciab Columbia

...do

Alaska

...do.
...do.
...do.

Oregun .
...du...
— do . . .

California .
...Jo

338. JoDipenia occidcDtalia I 824

Juniper.

624 ....do.

338. JoDiiienifi occidenUlia,
oinjnxvna.
Junipfr,

Texaa.
...do.
...do.
....do.

...do...
... do...
Ploilda.

do.

...do....

...do.... ,

Uaaaacbiiaetta.

do.

...do:
TeoDa

LocaUty.

cotuge urn .

.do.

Beverly.
..do...

Saw.miU, Tictoria

De.in & Co.'b saw.
mill, M»r»hfiuld.

MoDteroy .

Marin coanty.

Caliatoga .
...do

Treka plains.

.do

CbatUboochco

...do

Saint Jobn'd river

,.. do

Danvera

do.

TopaSeld .

do.

Wilaon county.

...do

...do

Paul Schnltze .

G. Engelinann and
C S. Sargent.

Sandy, wet.

...do

Swampy ...

.do.

m

4400
4105 :
4000
37SO
4014
4581
4173
4105

Paul Schnltze.

G. Engetniannond
C. S. Sargeut.

.do.

G. E.Va«ey..

...do

•W. F. Fiaher .

do.

G. Engelmann and

C. 8. Sargent.
...do

.do .

S. B. Buckley .

.do.

do.

A. n.Cnrtlaa

...do

...do

...do

J. KobinaoD...

do.

...do

...do

A. E. Balrd .

do.

Gravelly loam .

Dry ridgei

Limeatone .
...do

do.

...do

..do

Sandy loam .

..do

Drift

...do

Omvelly

.do.

.do.

Crushi'd at 76 millimoters from
end nt 3 niillimttvis knot.

Cruslio.l lit uiiildle in vicinity of
3 niitlimctom knots.

Crushed »t t'ud; opfucd grain ..

CruHhcd nt 3 niillimctcrH knot 51

iiiilliuietevA fruin mil.
Crushoil nt 3.' uiillinietcrs from

»'n<l; opi'ni-tl between lintr.s.
Criit^hfd at 2.> nnd nt 127 nnllinie.

ters tVom end.

Triple diagonal ilexuro pamllol

tu rin;:8.
CiushoU at 38 millimetora from

euil.
Crualicd at 04 millimeters from

ruil.
Tiiplc flexure: middle bend 38

niillinieioiH eccentric.
Crushed nt 25 millimeters from

end.
Crush, d nt 13 millimeters knot

3K niillimeteis from niiilille.
Cnislict nt 31 millimeters from

Crushed nt 25 and at 51 millime-
ters from eml ; split slon^ grnin.
Cni.4heilnt cud !>ndatlU2millioie-

Crusheil nt middle ; end abntterod ;
s|ilitnl(>uggra)u.
4672 Split along grain ; shattered

Triple diagoual flexure pcrpen*

(lit iilnr to rings.
Split r>bliqucly ; cross.grainedand

knots.

Cninhed nt 102 millimetora from

en<l iind split ulnntE uinin.
Triple nexiiie; miilillu bend 32

nllllinle^■rB ececutric.
Cnislieil at 2.'> nod at 127 milliiuo-

lers frem entl.
Cnmlird nt :i millimeters knot 25

milliM.oleisfiiinien.l.

ihed nt ID niillinietera knot 13

iillin

1 fr.i

end.

Opeiieil giain nt 6 milllnietors

knot nenr middle.
Tilpio diagonal flexure purnllul

to rings.

Crashed in vicinitv of 13 milllmo-

tei^ knot ul mldille.
CrunUed at uiiddlu; deflected

Crushed at knot at middle.
Crushed at knot near end. .

Triide dlngunnl flexure perpen-
dicular to riugs ; opcued grain.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Goutinued.

465

FRESeVRE, IN KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO PRODUCE AK IKDENTATION, IN HILLIMETEIie, 07—

1320
1542

1650
17C9

1406

IBC'S

1343
1610

1778

1474
1740

1170
1502
1247
1442
1S;!7
2032

3311
3280

2340
2413
1574
2427

2431
2450

3503
3134

3402

1103
1125

1302
1787
1320
1315
1082
2118

I5ia

1080
»1U6

3016
2558
2118

2558

2025
2622

4291
4040
4033

1315
13)1

1012
1048
1393
1842
1303
1507
2073
2205

1520
1120
1101

3742
3020

3311
2572
2404
2022

3134
268]

4653
435D
4264

1305
1356

1025
1080
1488
18G0
1442
1083
2114
2254

1579
1170
1202

3860
3724

3425
2819
2563

2771

3202
2768

4817
4513
4414

1160
1030
1279

1057
1120
1517
1919
1492
1333
2104
2400

1579
1211

1207

3951
3797

3515
2672

4944
4649
4626

1211
1061
1293

1474
1483

1093
1166

1588
1960
1547
1774
2214
2354

1651
1229
1206

3647
2V03
2081
2944

3393
2899

5103
4854
4726

1234

1084

1506
1551

1120
1175
1642
2009
1592
1819
2259
2404

1087
1275
1311

4164
3001

3729
2739
2731
3012

3434
2953

5158
4953
4795

3.38 3.34 4.81 S.08

1270

nil I

1315

1565
1579

1129
1216
1724
2032
1047
1800
2400
2481

1728
1306
1325

3783
2803
2799
3094

3484
3010

5221
5080
4899

1270
1120 I
1329

11.".7
1234
1700
2087
1687
1896
2331
2513

1746
1329
1301

4214

4078

3842
2821
2817
3134

3515
3094

1007
1452 j
1308 I
1429

1034 I
998 I
1805 I
1928 I

1300
1406
2028
2313
1996
2214
2580
2835

112S
1574
1452

1080
1973
2132

1400
1520

Sheared fibers .

350

Slight shearing of fibers 852

.do.

2790
2994

3348
3901

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Slight sheannj; of fibers ; split at end .

.do.

Slight shearing of fibers; splitatend; 3 millimeters

knot.
Sheared fibers

1000
1000

do.

Split along grain ', 707

.do.

707

Sheared fibers .-. S75

Sheared fibers; split at ends 075

Slight shearing of flhei-s ; indented section covers 691

two 3 milliuietcrs knots.

Slight shearing of libers ; split atcomer 891

Sheared fibers 1100

, do 1100

Sheared fibers; split at ends; womioaten 624

do 624

Sheared fibers 939

Sheared fibers : split at end 03»

Sheared fibers : splitatends 1102

11«

1087
1207
1587

2014
1U32
2381

2068
2182

2186
2182
2844

2250
2214

2340
2250
3030

2395
2304
3066

2449
2341
3094

2504
2350
3139

2994
2586
3438

Sheared fibers

Sheare4l fibers; split at end .

fe 1041

2091
1700
1438
1279
1928

2291
19CD
1583
1424

2341
2028
1705
1511
2 59

2363
2062
1733
1533

2454
2118

1574
2540

1778
1679
2572

2549
2173
1790
1628
2017

2590
2214
181U
10,"il
2049

2008
2286
1824

2527
1051

1878
3030

3221
2672
2074
1D96

Sheared fibora.

do

do

do .

Slieareil fibers ; splitatend | 1055

2700
2404

ait i.'oii

3188
2840

3334
2985

3443
3039

3505
3153

3588
3202

3674
S293

3720
3348

4264
3001 I

Slight shearing of Bbei« ; split at end .
ShoaTed fibers

1241
1350

466

FOREST TKKES OF XOKTll AMEKICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PKINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Spfcie

S44. Tkxodiam dUticham ; S3S

Bald Cmrfit Black Cy- '■
prtst. lied Cyprett. White ' 5.TS
Cypreu. Deciduo\u CV*

M2

Ml. Sequoia ingan(e«.
Itig Tret.

iil. Torrrva taxifoliB

Stinking Cedar. Satin.

34C. ToiTp;r» Califoinica . .

OsU/omia \utineg. Stink-
ing Cedar.

347. PiDDii Slrobns

WkiUPint. Weymmith Pine.

do.

...do...
...do...
Florid* .

.do.

California.
...do

...do.
...do.

..do .
...do

Oregon .
...do..

...do.
...do .

Califomia .
...do

C. MoUr j Alluvial.

do '... do

Cliattahoochee...
.. do

Tnlare county

G. Eugelnjonn nnd Granite.
C. S. Sargent.

.do...

Ku8t«inn river.

C. S. Sargent

Santa Cmz Turner, Kennedy

I & Shaw.
...do

Maarachuaetta. . .

...do

Vcnoont

New Bmnawick .
...do

do .

Province of Quebec

Mendocino county
...do

Ciiattahoochee..

Marin county.

Arnold Arboretum

do

...do

...do

Maaaachnaetta.
....do

BridgetoD .

.. do ,

Amqui

...do

Reading .

do.

J. Kentfleld & Co .
...do

G. Engcluannnnd I Moist, ricb .
C. S. Sargent. |

C. S. Sargent i Alluvial .

A. H. Curtiss.

G. R. Vnaey Stony

Calcareous
...do

C. S.Sargent ..'...I Diifl

C. G. Pringlo Wet, swampy .

Intercolonial rail-
way.
...do

J.Robiniion ' Drift .

Britluli roliinibia Ilaalinga' saw-mill, G. Eugelninnnand 1

Biirrard iulot. | C. S. Sargent.
Oracon | Casenile mount- C. 8. Sargent ! Moist loam ,

80:9 I Cniabcd at 64 millimeters tmm
millimeters from

lillimeters f^m
iiillimoters from

Cruslied at i

end.
Cru»liiHl at 38

miil.ll...
Cnishud at 25

Crushed at end.

Ci*ashcd at middle . . .

Crushed at 25 millimeters fi-om

middle.
Crushed at middle

Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end.
Crushed lit middK-; shattered

Crushed at (J4 millimetci-« from
end; threw oft'iwii Hplinters.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.

Crushed nt 38 millimeters from
middle.

do

Ciushed at 25 millimeters from
middle in vicinity of 2 milli-
meters knots

Cnislied at iriiddle and at 38milli
uielers I'nim t nd ; opened grain.

Crashed at l(f2 millimeters from
end; splitfruiiiendtoiud: giain
cinlv.

Foded at 19 millimeters knot at
middle.

Cnishi d near middle at 3 niilliine.
ters knot.

Crushed at 6

nllii

Crushed ut 19 millimeters from
end.

Triple diagonal llexure perpen-
dicular to rincs.

Triple diagonal tiexure

Cruslied at 61 millimeters from

middle at 5 millimeters knot.
Triple ilexuro

Crushed at 51

middle.
Crushed nt Ot

end.

lillii

leter.s from
etera from

Crushed at 70 adllimptcrs from
end.

Cruslied nt 10 millimeters knot
38 niilliliietera IVom midille

Cninh<'d at lu millimeleis knot
51 millimet4 rs I'lom end.

Cnishcd al 51 end at 114 millime-
ters from end.

Crusheil at 1U2 uiillimelers from

lillii

elel

from

CniHlied at 13

end,
Ciuflied at end

Ourheil at 04 milllnieters from
mlildlo.

Crushed at euil and at 32 millime-
ters from middle.

CruHlied at 4.'i uiillimelers from
middle.

CruHlied at 83 uillllineterH from
end.

Cruslied 111 7i; nilllilii, liTB from

end.
Triple flexure panillel to rings

4D44 I Crushed at 13 millimeters from
end.

6441 Crushed 111 Ihree places near ends

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEK COMPRESSION— Continued.

467

PRF.BSL-UE, IN KILOGRAHS, BEQUIBBD TO PUODUCE AK IKDEKTATIOK, IN MLLDIETEBS, OF—

0.43 0..5I 0.70 I.03

U'J4
1220

1.-.97
13U6
1325

1202

1078
13S2
14S2
1257

1030
1052

1742
1415
1483
1320

1084
1098

1787
1483
1529
1356

1066
1007
1824
1529
1569
1415

1093
1034
1864
1551
1610
1447

1148
1288

1139
1052
1905
1588
1619
1483

1161
1329

1175
1080
1941
1619
1642
1529

1184
1442

1334
1247
2205
1882
1796
1792

1320
1524

2087
1932
1987

1460
1701

Sheared flben ; split atend

Sli,;ht sheariDg of fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.

Sheared fibers ; split at comer

Sheared fibers

.do.

1048
1306

1001

nil

1002
1084

1325

1002

1025
1107
1039

1393
1043

1030
1157
1035
962
1034
1442
1080

1034
1193
1039
984
1075
1470

1061
1221
104°
1007
1098
1501
1120

1179
1370

1116
1216
1633

1306
1792

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers; split along grain

Slight shearing of fibers ; split along grain.

Sheared fibers; split along grain

Sheared fibers

-do.

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

2440
3652

•J331

2731
4037

2013

2341 2840

1923 2118

1

ir)29 I 1033

1452 !
1293

1135

11,1
1542 i

1628
1941

1211
1343
1883
1048
953
1043
1030

4150
4024

3035
2209
1683

1710
2050

1261
1393
1950

1080
J 075

•11

080

9,-,:. [

'll'

712

871

i;j

no2

8.^7

4296
4150

3125
2254
1742

1805
2118

1297
1447
2087

nil

980
1125
1120

1320
1002

4360
4255

3270
2313
1796

1842
2205

1347
1483
2227
1116
1012
1166
1161

1320
1025
1347
1048

4436
4386

3365
2345
1651

1806
2250

1370
1511
2304
1120
1021
1207
1207

1361
1034
1370
1071

1139 1189 1234
1075 1120 1101

4518
4473

3456
2363
1896

IMl
2259

1393
1524
2427
1134
1052
1220
1247

1411
1066
1384
1075

1375
I ICO
lOUS

4581
4613

3515
2386
1941

2046
2304

1429
1538
2454
1152
1093
1247
1270
898
1025
1488
1116
1397
1093 ,

1311 I

1184

1120

4631
4726

5103
5421

5489
5851

Split at ends . .
Sheared fibers .

Split at ends .

3661
2440
1964

2087
2341

1447
1551
2563
1161

nil

1297
1293
921
1039
1520
1148
1420
1116

1347
1220
1143

4287
2713
2245

2481
2586

1.588
1724
2971
1270
1270
1520
1424
1043
1175
1792
1293
1529
1243

4527 Sheared fibers ; split at ends .
SheartKl fibers; split at end . .
2413 S Shenreil fibers

(78

vre

S77
277

2076 Sheared fibers ; split at end .
2767 Sheiircd fibers

1778
1769
3130
1329
1384
16A9

.do.

Sheared fibers : split at end .

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; split at end .
Sheareil fibers

1270
2023
1397
1601
1361

788
78>

1044
1044

•Q

i:in

i;i3s

1356

1547 Sheared filers : split At end .

1424 I 156,". j Sheared filwra

1293 i:i8* do

lOln 1724 do

468

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tablk v.— BEUAVIOR UF THE I'lMNCirAL WOODS OF T)1E

Mt. Plniu Lamb«rtiiiii>— cont'd

SM. Pinnii flexilia

WkiU Pint-

Kl. PinoB albiraulis

KS. Pinna rvflcxa

Whilt Pint.

SS3. Pinu« Parrvana

Pinon. \<it Pint.

■S5. Pinna rdnlia

IHtion. Sat Pine.

SSft. PinuHmonoiiliYlla...
7'i.-.on. SutPint.

1st. Pinnit Balfuiiriaoa —

SS7. Pinna Ualfoaruna. rar.ariatata
Foxtail Pint. Bietory Pine.

CaUfornis |

do Laaacn's peak .

I§§,-|

1121

G.B.Yiiaey...

Sierra Lumber JC'G

Cumpaoy.

Cnialicd at 38 millimetoia

cnil.
Triple llejiuro

Colorado I Forest City ( T. S. Brandegee .

do ... do j... tlo

Xcvada Danville I A. Triple

992 Britisb Colombia . Silver Monntain ! G. Eogelmnnn and
valley, Fraacr 1 C.S. Sargent,
river.
— do ' do

tOI < Arizona .

Gravelly 01J3 CrnRlied at 25 niillinieters from

end.
...do 0123 Cnisheil at 76 niillimetera from

end.
— do 4527 Crnslic'd nt 10 niillimetpis knot

76 mi)liiuct4.'r8 fi-uni end.

4740 Triple lU-xiiro .
5851 do

G. Kngelmann and
(.'. S. Sargunt.

California Sau Diego county.

do ... do

8029 Croslicil nt 38 and at 89 millime-

lers from end; upt-ncd gridn.

7621 Cmsbol nt 32 niiilioirtrra from

I j end; ^plltullliqurlyI.loug grain.

G. R-Vasey i I 5262 Cnishcd nt 04 niilltmotora from

I < nd at ll> millinirtcra knot.

...do ! 5570 Tripli! flexure

3J7 Colorado CaBou Citv E. Weston ' Gmvellv.

Utah Lewiflton .

Xevnda Danville..

M. E. Jones.
A. Triple...

Kocky 4037

Gravelly 4740

Split obliquely along grain.

tat. Plnnii Torrevana

1074
1075
1076
1076

BM

California Scott ninnntaina ..' G.Engelmann and Kooky.

I C. S. Sargent, i
do do ' do do ..

Colorado ForeatCity \ T.S. Brandegee... I

-do.
Nevada Prospect mountain A. Ti iplc .

Hicbigan .
...do

New Bmnewick .

...do

Vermont

...do

...do

.do.

Califotnia

...do

...do

IU4 Arizona
1151 ^....do....
ll.« '....do....

1155 do....

11G« ' ...do...
IIM ....do....

Hersey W..T.Beal..

do do

Bridgeton Ed. Sinclair.

do .

do.

Charlotte ' C.G.Pringlo.

— do do

...do !.. do

.. do ... do

Kocky.

San Diego county. G. Engilmaun Sandy .

do

C.G.Pringle.
...do

Deadwond Uobrrt Dnngln

6I« Dnk'.ta

626 On-g..n j Snw.mlll, Aablund

630 Callfumla I .Stniwbcrry valley

630 ...do |... do

BK .

sae |.

6M .

G. Engelmnnn and
C.S Sargint.

...do Saw.mill. Straw.

I lM-,r> valley.

4763

Failed at 19 millimetin

luil.inii.rirAfionMMHl.

B033

CiiiHbid at 3 iiiiilimct

nt niiil.lU'.

knot 70
ra klH>t.s

5489
.1120

Cviiabed at 32 millin

* nd; (-I'OSH.giiiiued.

Ci ii.<.bed at end

Cnisbed nt niidillo and at a uiilli-

nu-tt'iH knot 2.'>ntillinietcr» fmni

niidille.
Cnisli('<l at .'il iiiilliiiii'ters from

mil.
CriiKlicd at 04 niillimolora fiom

euil.
CmisIumI nt 10 inillinietera knot

-T) niillinit'lcra fiou» end.
Cniabeil a( i nd

CriiHhed at 25 and at 114 niilli-

niclom fiitm onil.
CriiKbrd al I'S nnd at 70 niilllnie.

Iti.s fioiii riid.
Crtihhi d i.t .01 iiiillinietfTH from

end.
CniHbed ,it 6 niillinietera knot nt

middle.

Cnialied nt 2.'> and at 102 niilli-

nu^tciH from end.
Trillin lli.xine; mlildlo bend 51

niillinietdK iTirnliic.

7485 I Crnaboil nt 25 inilllnietora from

end.
7349 CniHliod at end

.do .

5.130 Slinlt.red nt end

0:i.'iO t'niKhcd nt 61 niillimetcra from

euil
.rohO Ci'i:i<iii'd at 25 niilllniplera knot

nt I'lid.
i:iU do

Crnvelly 7915

j 7530

Loir, vet, nirampy 3620

dn.

C'ruxbi'd nt 51 inillinietcra from

end.
Crimlied at 70 mlllinielera fruin

end. I

Triple flexnre pcipendicular to |

ilngH; knota.

Triple (lexnre

Cmabed nt 51 niillimetera from

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES U24DEK ('OMrilESSlON— Coutiuued.

469

PBESHURE, IN' KIIOGRAUS, REQUIEED TO fBOUUCE AN IKVENTATIOK, IK HILUUBTEBS, 07—

iliUiJ

m

'~ «/i5 «..

[ill

lllG

d

CSS

PS

670

1)

CO.'

1261
1134

2023
1497

190S

1792

1442
1116
1397

I'JTO
13:18
1-1 .'2

11121
11134
10S9
1010

U.il
ll'.'l

1270

icoa

EE! "oe 16«

1710
1800

2123
2169

2014
1311

2136
1506
2000

1034
1170
1116 j
I4C0

2000
2480

1724
2400
U98

i:;43
ii7;p

U2!)

914

2459
1800

2286
150U

1343
1583
102.-I
1034
1379

nil

1710
1837
1-129
1I)S7
1024
13r8

1093
IWI
24 OS
170",

u:>n

ll,-i9 ■

i:)42

962

1525 1019
14U6 1483
1824 1955

1400 1474

I
1796 1892

1905 1973
1932 , 2005

3157 3243
2608 2735

3210

2481
2744

2658
1923

2391
1619
2209

1220
1325
1433
1647

1080

nu

1420
1170

1892
1488
1724
1579
14C6

1161

1879
2518
1833
1533

1037
1529
2014

1501

1932 I

2032 ;
2053 j

3411
2840

2540

2885

2713
1987

2477
1674

2259

282T

2223

2291

2359

2440

1796

1864

1941
1524
1774
1597
1429

1207
1005
2608
1851
1601

.33 ! 1.78 3.03

1483 1497
1021 I 1061

IG06
1574
2119

1542

2023

2073
2118

3520
2926

3493

2654

2386
2350

2486

j
1046
1991
lr.60
1805
ICOl
140G

1257

1978 I

2007

1883

1CC9

1343

1700

1583

2073

2123
2182

3674
2717

2576 2645
1705 1751
2359 I 2431

1365

1424

1483

U79

1497

1551

1706

1724

1765

1134

1166

1207

1157

1202

1238

1461

1520

1069

2400
2527

1615
1633
1610
1497

1302 I
2046
2749
1932

1733

I
1305

1790

1524
1084

1760
1642
2227

3.38 3.S4 4.81 5.08

3679
3085 :

2753 I
3212

2703
1801
2527

1415
1547
1584
1787
1234
1266
1601
1370

2449
2477
2495

2041
2073
1C60
1SS2

1547 I
1120 ;

1774
1687
2400

2159

2209 , 2223

3738
3216

2771
1833 '
2622 j

1442

1574 i

1624

1801

1270

1293

1633

1415

2499 I

2572 I

I

2518 I

2118 I
2100
1092
1896

1579
1139

1798
1724
2341

1837 !
1261

1973
1941
2667

1932 ,

2495

1982 I Sheared fibers.
1334 do

2032 ■
2078

3833
3266

2894
3857

2953

3136 2168

4400
3856

2096 Sheared fibers.
2735 do

Split at eud ; indented section covers 9 millimetcrb

knot.
2758 Sheared fibers

4854 Slight shearing of fibers.
4264 Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; split at end 3OT

do

3720 I Sheared fibei

3538
2676

2799
1842
2681

1470
1619
1665
1837
1311
1329
16C9
1452

2554
2595
2536

2141
2576
1719
1905

3311
2168
2948

3515
2381
3470

1678 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

1860 ....

1901
2032
1497
1520
1923

1633
2087

Sheared fibers

do

Sheaied fibers; split at end.

Sheared fibers

do

1706 Sheared fibers; split at end.

2948
3016

1973

1996

1637

1C51

1656

1.-.24

1538

1565

1338

1361

1402

2082

2118

2155

»f03

28S3

2903

194C

1960

1982

1767

1851

1901

1411

1483

1529

1840

lS-'90

1!C2

3166 Sheared fibers

3261 I do

Sheared fibers; split at end.

.do.

2926 Sheared fibers

2205 do

Sheared Abel's ; split at end .

1778' 1892 ! Shcaredfibers

1805 1919 do

1074
107S
1V76
lOTt

list

1154
1155
1155
1156
I15«

IGIO
2336
3266
2214
2177
1760
2200

Sheared fibers; spUtatend ! SID

2540 [ Shenrtdfibcrs | K8

3438 ilo : 6Ji'

1 , 1

•J381 ' do : «S0

Slijiht shcarin); of fibers; split ut end j 6U

1796 Shcarv'd fibers { 6M

do I 68»

470

FOREST TREES OF NX)RTIT AMERICA.

Table V— BEHAVIOR OF THE PUESCIPAL WOODS OP "j RE

Species.

Ml. Pilin« poDdem«a — rooTillQt^ .

Uoobuu I Saw-mill, Miuonlk! &Wat«aD .

... do do do

all'

acs a
S— «

t|i

64G3 Crashed mt enfl .

T31 CaliTorahi Lasaeo'a peak.

S07 Colorado ^ Cafion City . . .

910 ....do !....do

Sierra Lumber 7349

Company. '
E. Weston 3892

Cmshetl at ^\ niillinictcrs from

cnit; nniUlimetcrH knotnteod.

Crushed at middle

G33 CaUfamia .

Scott monntains . . ' 6. Engrlmann and ! D17, gravelly 5443

I C.& Sargent 1
...do !....do .-.do 6577

SaT.mill. San Ber. j 'W.G.Wright 8759

nardino. |
..do du 1 17938

SB. Pinna Chihnnhoaoa

SS4. Pinos rootnrta '

Scrub Pine.

305. Pinas Morrayana

Tamaraek.' Black Pine. ■
L'jdje-poU Pine. Spruce
Pine. !

' British Culnmhia .
I. ...do

Colorado.
..do...

G23 California.

Ml Plnos Sahiniana

Diffjer Pine. Butt Pine.

M7. Pinu* Couiteri

ttB. Pinna insignia

Monterey Pine.

tm. Pinna tnbcrmlato

Knob.etme Pine. \

IT*. Pinna TaMla

LMeMvPine. OU-feUPi
Boeemary Pine.

1157

...do

1157

... do

ST8

... do

070

.. do

do .

Florida

...do

Alabama

...do

North Carolina . .

do.

ITl- Plans ririda

Pitch Pine.

172. Pinna simllna

Pond Pine.

t73. Pinns inoTHi

Jeriey Pine. Scrub Pine.

13 Uaas.ichnaetta.

Triplo diagonal flexure; knota

lii-:ir niiilille.
Triple dia;;un.-il litxiir.': 6 milli.

meters knot nt middle bend.

Cmshe<l at middle at 6 millime*

tcrs knot.
Triple diagonal ticsuro parallel

to rinizs; middle Lend 6 milli.

niet4Ts rccentiic.
Oblique split IVif niiliimcters long,

separating stiek.
Crubhe<l at ')1 mUlimeters from

end.

Triple diagonal flexure

Vanconver's island! .

Forest City.

.do 7802 I Crushed at 102 millimeters from

T. S. Brandegee.

Uoist, sandy loam .
.. do

Scott moOBtaina . . ; 6. Engeliuann and . do . .

I C. S. Sargent
...do 1 do i do ..

Contra Coata G. U. Taaey I Gravelly.

county.

San Bernardino.... W.G.Wright

Dry, gravelly.

do

do.

4826
40.-!7
6214
5S48
6U5

52*2
5511

4808
6040

Monterey.

Monnt Shasta ...

do.

Duval county.

...do

CotUgeHill..

do.

Wilmington .

..do

...do

..do

AnioU Arboretom

..do...

Kortli Beadioc ..

do.

Florida l^uval oonoty.

do do

G. R. Vaacy.

Gravelly loam .

...do ;...

Cnii^hed at 38 millimetera from

cud.
Cnisheii at 10 millimeters knot

19 niillilueters from end.
Crushcil at 89 millimeters from

enil.
Crushed at 10 luillinietera knot

102 millimeters fnmi end.
Crushed at 5 miUimeten* knot at

middle.

Triple flexure; middle bend 1i

millinieteirt eefentric.
Failed at 13 miUimeten knot at

middle.

Crashed at 10 millimeters knot

38 millimeterK frniu utiddle.
Cnislieil at 76 roillimrU-ra from
I end.

Crushed .it 38 miilimelers from
end at 5 inilliinetets kiint.
1 Crubhed at t>l to 71 milliaietere

G. Engelmannand 1 Gravelly 4672 1

C.S. Sargent , '

...do I. ...do I 3742 1

A. n. Curiiss

Uoiat, sandy.

..do

Low, rich

.do.

C.aSargent Drift

.do.

do.

J.Robinaon do .

do ....do .

A.H.Ciirtisa Hoist sandy loam

South Carolina .

I16B Indians.
1109 ... do ...

Aiken ' H. W Kavenel .

..do j... do

Xew Albany | M. .T. Kobinwtn

do .do

Dry. sandy .
....do

9154

9183

4445

4876

7:94

8437

S398 I

578S

I
6123 I

7076 j

4808 j

4740

Crashe<i at Iu2 millimetera irom

end.
Crashe<l at kunts at middle anik

near eud.

Crushed at 76 mdlimeters fruw '

end.
Crushed at 51 millimetera tmm

ind. I

Triple llexnrc

Crashol at 76 millimetera lh>m

eud.
Crashed at :ts millimetera fiom

eud in vieinitv of ^ikiIh.
Crashed St middle lu vieinitv of

.iuiillimeteiskmit.
Cninhe<l at middle in vicinity of

knot.

Crushed at 102 millimetera from

emi.
Triple Bexun- parallel t« rings...

Crashed at 64 milliiii?tera from

end.
Triple flexure

7l>3» ! Triple flexure pcri.<udicuhir to

rines.
8219 ' Triple fleiHic paralli I to rings ..

5080 I Triple flexure, contnhied 7 knots

3 to (i millilneti-ra iu diimielcr.
6577 Crushed iu vieinitv ef 3 uillli'ne-
ter«kiint.'>i millimeters rrcimciiil
£829 Crashed at end at 13 uiillinioters

knot.
B489 Cra-lie.l .nt IT millimeters knot .s
' lullillueleni Ir-iei emi.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
; MTED STATES UNDEIJ COMPKESSION— Continne.1.

471

f«MiUBB,l» DIOeSUB, OttCUI..

• miinnma^or—

««3 isn

<».'> I-IK!

*H IJ15
771 12B

963
S1T7

1T8T

ISM

iiei i

I

•R- 1 laaa

liT» 1374

iWT taa:

1202 I

U7) :

7tf7

177?
»14

lass

UIK

i3ae
uos

1728

aes

IB82

:3T»

ItiS

IT<D

»;«

IM6
12IK

u-a
lan

1438

U32

1914
iM4

UK
1374

Udil
VHP.

IMt

uas

1962

ims

i«)."

1173
I94«

1479

1S<»

1907

2IIIM

1229
117»
1588
14S9
1138

1362

2132

U97

i-e*

:«4

IS74

:a-3

1297
IMS ,

SMS

j9a»

51)78

13U
M3

2014
MM

2Me'

3013 '

21M
son

.»s

aj>3

•3.i*>

■IJH

13t7

130

van

1438

i4se

i«»

IM2

I3»

2U4

2133

2IM

2818

24W

3M<

2123

2ue

3928

awi

sm

2US

3U3

23«8

stu

2431

IDM

288!

SIIS

2iai

MSI

I«S7

1751

1773

ins

1735

179«

1»«S

2S40
-.MS

2USi

1878 Sbcand fbcn.

1928 ^

2«83 do

aM do ..

iabei4*pltta(aBd.

2DIM 523 *»

5a«7 2377 SIi«SRd8b»n.

1252 1279

II98 12a» !

IM5 1TI5

1339 ISIS

12Sa 1302

2041

23H3

1479

1424

LKO

2087

vm

1333 !

1547 j

1
17111

174«

143<
13*7

21«
3071

229)

ii-94

1279
1243

1774

i>n»

1329

1374

14£»

1379

3U<

23IX>

1286
ISS
li4S
UWl
13T4

230O
251.1

lOS

na?

.iai»

1324

Line

31)73

23S4
T29S

31r:i

13)3 UU

1275 1288

1910 !9S4

1847 1«5

140« I43n

22S»
2S90

MSI

».;

1833

ia»

1429

2313

5«.>4

1<87
1715

mi

[869

2812
3705

ltj7
1407
2223
ISU

2023

1373

acainlliben; •pHtateai*

SSiehtihanagaf fibers; ipBOatcad.
Sbeaied Sben ; •piitatawl

IMO ShcandSbciB.
13» do

Sbcncdl fkos: liBt a* cad .

1787 Slwffii ini»T>.-. -..--. ......

SIigfctiiharax«<fibcn; apBl ■(•■<.

5ZU Sheandfiben

2ia» .... 4»

U7»

007 1989

lUr IMT

E30 nvi

•!!« looa

•«: ii3»

1247 1433

9e> US*

!.<«» :£2S

150 25i3

»•' E5»|

T>ia 1179

LM7 IJOO 143)1 1320 L374

2218 237-> 24311 2518 2S«3

1389 L5aC lllBli I70lt 1737

1319 20S» 2118 2223 2203

Ua ■ t21« I27S 1347 ' U4S

1198 1273 13SS I4IW 145*

i-mn um iitas 11174 itdi

iiiTs lan liSB iji)i mas

2li&8

L)20 2132

r~ n«i i«7»

f" KU 17WJ

Wn luc I 2ua

2296
2844

3711
4iiS4

23«
2023

e,

2341

wiai

1374
142«

HMI

xxy
iior.

2137
21I0K
2«!1

1207

uua

1442

2*77

■a» ^

2144
2314

l-SJl

till)
31179

2Sa-
22«1
2136

2;19e

I4:n

t3l)l

1037

10S6

IMO

2835

2072

svx

ITM

lel9

Ufi5

•323

2388

3tU

1407

1S47

1507

15*7

I3II7

1037

1733

1774

I79Si

1373

'2006

2B07

285S

5740

21«M

ItiSi

3S7t

1«.j

1432

van

1329 '

:3<1.7 Sh«tre.l fiVrs

Shewn! lb*n; (pGt tt cad*

SpH-. .

Sh-

Sfi-

2338 i» .

W» Jo

223li

43311 M)»

>IKS SSM

■x» sua

23MO 2MI

22.'»l 22m

21W11 ^-iU"

IMS

uas

2019

2S!3

3280
4219
W78

"4: ^Ur-ormi [ih«^n spiit aloof fCaA-..

3Wii) RUU Jh!ac<Nl Ihao.

■SKI "hior 1 t>«T» . •pCt«i«a«i

2.77: aK!3 SkmrW diKn

Sieiic luMJin. M fitxn : i^Ct at <c-i

472

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEUAVIOK OF TUE PEIXCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Speeiaa.

3T3. Piona ioopa — continued

374. Pinus claim

Sond Pine. Sentti Pin*.
Spnuf Pine.

J75. I*ina» puDf;rns

TaUf-mountain Pine. Biet-
ory Pine.

3TG. Ptnus muricata

Obitpo Pine. Bitkupe Pine.

J7". PiDOAinttU ,

Teiloic Pine. ShoTt.leared
Pine. Spruce Pine. BuU
Pine.

ST8. Pioiu claim

Cedar Pine. Spruce Pine.
White Pine.

1172 Kew Jeraey .
j 1172 :....do

Z7S Florida .
279 .. do...

do.

MonntHoUy S-P.Sharples Clay..

I
...do do do .

Apalacbicola .

A. n. Cnrtiss , Dn;*, sandy bairem

Crushed at middle on one face .
Triple diagonnl (Icxuro

5715 ' Tiijilo fli-xtiro p.iraMol to rings;

I fcuolH at inidille.
0.141 Crii»l»d nt knots at middlo

321 Virginia VTytbevilh- H..Shrivcr.

do .

do.

G71 t'alifitroia Marin rount.v

G. K. Vttsey Gmvelly.

Triplo lloxure perpendicular to

rincs.
Crushed at 89 millimeters from

end; split &i end.

Crushed at 114 millinieters firom
euil at :t niillinu-terB knot.

Crushwl at 10*2 miltinioters from
end.

Florida I Chattalioorbee .

do do ..t

A. H. Curtissr.... CUy 4703

319 Louisiana ' Amite C. Mubr Sandy loam

.10138 '

142 South Carolina ... Bonnean's Depot 11. W. Ravcnel.

H2 ...do ...do du

&44 Mississippi Uniiiesrille C. Uobr

144 ... do do du

764 Florida Cbattaboocbee A. H. Cnrtiss . .

764 do ."....! do do

779. Pinna Banksiana

Cray Pint-. Scrub Pint.

3M. PiDUspalontriii

tAjng-Uared Pin*. Southern
Pine Georma Pine. YeU
Unt Pine. Hard Pine.

Micbigau | Baldwin W.J. Bcal.

.du -do

780 New Brunswick .

Florida Duval county.

.. do

p Intercolonial tail-

Triple floxuro.

Rich upland '. S4GG

...do j 5308

Low, sandy 3130

...do 2903

Low, wet I 5353 | Triple fl-

...do I 5375

Crushed at 51 uillimotors from

end.
Cruthcd at 76 millimeters from

( nd at 10 millimeters knot.
Ti iple Hexure

> parallel to rin<^. . .

Low, sandy .

.. do

South Carolina.

I 357 Alabama .

Saw.mill. Saint

John's liver.
...du

A. U. Cnrtiss.

..do
...do .
...do

H. \r. Ravcnel .

do

(•. Mobr

.do.

Florida Sawmill. Cedar A. ILCnHisa.

Key..
— do ;... do do

Crushed 32 millimeters from mid-
dle in vicinity of knot.

Crushed at end at 13 luilliuielers

knot.
Triple ilexure : opnied lO'aiu

Crushed at 0 millimeters knot 70 j

millimeters fnuii end.
Crushed anil opened between

riucs at »'nd.
Crushed at 89 niillimctors IVum |

end.
Crushed at 3 millimeters knot at |

middle.

Moist, sandy .
...do

Dry, sandy..

...do

Sandy loam .

do.

...do

...do

...do

...do

do

8392

Split olill<n

el.V

stick bruke in

10977

Cru.shed

I't

13

to 70 uiilliu

eters

Inmi end.

8018

Triple 11.

xu

re parallel to rij

t'A..

0321

Crushec
end.

at

13

mdhuiolers

from

11204

CruBhcd
end.

at

19

millimeters

fiom

lOlbO

Crushed at

niddle

7847

Crusbeil
Crushed

near m
at 51

iddlo

81C5

niilliuittors

fhim

end.

10478

Cnithed

at.

38

millimeters

fixini

10O47

Crushed
middle

nt

38

millinietfirB

from

10609

Crushed nt end
Triple flexuri' .
('rushed and sp

11839

11930

ind-red at end . . .

1U931

Cnishcd at middle

I10S8

f:nislied
end.

a.

Ti

millinieters

from

10931

CruslKil
iiildiile

at

m

milliiiiet.'is

IriHii

10000

Crushed
end.

at

38

mlllluiet.i.

riiMii

10931

Crushed

at

711

millinieters

''■'""

977.-,

Crushed

nf

70

niilllmeteis

Irntii

end and li

latU'nd.

9034

Crush, d

nt

.11

miir.titotciH

I'l

8603

Crushed
end.

at

36

uiilliiuelcrs

•■••'"

0017

Crushed

at

fU

niillimel. Is

II I'l

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES
UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPRESSION— (Jontiuued.

473

FBSSSUBE, IN KILOGBAMB, IIE<jUIREU TO PBODUCE AK INUEMTATIOK, IK MLLDfBTBBS, OP—

0.33 0.31 0.7« 1.03

1247
1384

1243
1134

1080
1393

1043
1030

1043
1370

17C9
1388

1588
19.-.1
1479
1125
1134 I

nco '

14(10
I860

lor.i

2223

I5:,i

2041
18S3
1010
1400
1452
KTO

i:!ii

2404
2082

1941
1429

1687
1452

1901
1325

2812

2254 I 2304

2100
1656

2218
1715

1833 1910
1816 1705

2050
1515

1429 ' 1551
2177 i 2481

1769
1470
1198
1148
1515
1674

1247
1452
1442
1315
1306
1293

1960
2803
1882
1452
1442
2395
1683
2767
2296
3202
1837
2021

;iu48

lUUO
1542
2540

1941
1506
1311
1284
1592
1787

1501
1520
140C
1301

2136
1601

1624
2613

2028
1565
1335
1338
1660
1364

1470
1778
1583
1628
1415
1443

1.37 1 1.53 1.78

3248
2400

3343
2440

2400 I 2377

1801 1814

1951 2032

1733 1750

2232 2286

1069 175C

1706 1756

2076 2762

2499

2622

1990

2087

1728

1778

1778

1860

20«4

2109

3012

2994

2358
1833
2971
2495
3447
2037
2071
3438
1906
1700
2885
2078
2023

1905
1637
1746

1941
3039
2640
3484
2214
2812
3661
2136
1778
3026
2218

2096
1606
1415
1393
1728
1928

1529
1851
1637
1687
1424
1529

2681
2168
1873
1919
2191
2812
2023
1710
1796
2035
2037
3139

3153
3751
22-0
1014
3116
2295
2250

2154
1619
1442
1429
1760
1982

1569
1978
1710
1719
1438
1574

2790
2259
1941
1987
2273
2880
2259
1792

2890
3543
254U
2817
3887
2341
2000
3166
2359
2300

3411
2513

2436
1846

2118

1787

1810
2781

2209

1647 i
I
1479

1438

1810

2005 ]

1615
2U19
1778
1760
1524
1642

2885 I

2313

1991

•J040

2322

3075

2522

18G4

1973 I

2676

2182

3388

3071

3663

2676

2904

3878

2422

2082

3216

2436

3456
2072

2477
1860

2191
1801

3.38 3.54

2250
1065
1506
1470
1851

1814
1810
1597
1687

2948
2386
2050
2150
2363
3193
2622
2431
2041
2903
2254
3484
3198
3750
2758
3103
3033
2486

2030 2576

1S69 I 1923

2250 2331

1824 1910

2431 2490

Split at end

2994 3198 Sheared fibers.

iin

1172

2880 I I Sheared fibers ; splitateDLS 279

2132 I 2359 '. Sheared fibers J7»

2707 1

2291 I 2495

Sheared fibeiV; split along grain ' 331

Sheared fibers 321

Slieared fibers ', splitateDd S71

1951

2785

2295

1687
1533
1483
1901
2008

1683
2091

3021
2440

2009 2341
2790 I 3139

2345

1701 1800

1505 1740

1515 1633

1941 , 2166

2006

1715
2146
1923
1855

3062
2480

2236

2286

2409

2440

3257

3302

2703

2903

2486

2381

2114

2168

3025

3134

2295

2350

3529

3633

3270

3842

3890

2885

2998

3316

3452

4014

4101

2581

2654

2177

2263

3357

34U

2572

2635

2404

199U ;
I
2454

2336

2032 I

1769 j

2064 '

3221 i

2917

1951
1879
1S5I
2336
2785

2141
2653

do.

S71

Slight sheariD); of fibers: split at end 278

I
Sheared fibers i 278

Sliglit shearing of fibers ; split at end.
Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; 3 millimeters knot in indented section .

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

Sheared flijers; split at end

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

Split at end ; fibers did not shear

Sheared fibers; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers : split at end

Sheared fibers; split at end

Sheared fibers ; apene<l seasoning eiacks .

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Split at end ; fibers did not shear

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end —

Split at end ; fibers did not shear

Split at end ; slight shearing of fibers —

.do.

SheariMl fibers; split at end

Sheaml fl lie rs

Slight .shearing of libers ; .iplit at end .

244« I 2495

3107 \.
2813 .

Sheaivd fibeis; split at end

Slight shearing of l«..-rs; split at i

474

FOREST TKKKS OF NolM-lI .V.MKNKW.

Iaulk v.— lUiUAVioK OF Tin; riMNcii'.vL WOODS OF rjia

'S d SI

Specie*.

=
s

:i90

390

84
84
3X
356
493
493

231
231
373
778
776
704
794
880
680

513
313
620
020
773
773
784
784
791
TBI

292
292
575
822

269
270'
270"

.•»tal«>.

Locality.

Collector.
E. Kidder

Soil.

Ill

Kcmarlis.

Crushed at middle ami at 'J5 milli.

meters Irom miilillc.
Crushed at 61 milUiuelers frotu

end.

Cmslicd at 51 millimeters from
cud and at end.

380. Pjniu paliutriti — continui-d

381. Puiuii CiiU'nKis

SUuh lift. Saamv Pine

N'oilliCurolina ...
...do

Florida

...do

Alabama

...do

Florida

...do

Vermont

...do

...do

New Dninawick . .
....do

Province of Quebec

... do

•Nen- Brunawick . .
....do

New Ilamiisbire . .
...do

Dakota

... do

New Bninswick ..

...do

...do

....do

Pro»1ncc ofQuebec
...do

Colorado

....<lo

do

'WilmingtoB

...do

Dnval county

...do

Cottage HUl

...do

Bay Biscay uc

Cborlottc

...do

Huntington

Bay of Fundy

...do

Daurille

...do

Bridgeton

... do

lO'jue

9957

9003
8637

...do

A. U. Curtiss....
....do

C. llohr

.....lo

A. H. Curtiss

...do

C. O. Pringlo

...do

...do

Intercolonial rail.

way.
....do

Grand I'rnnk rail-
way.
...do..

Moist. simdy

... do

J'iut.

... do

12792

.. do

13583

ters from cud.
Crushed at 7G millimeters from
end.

SnILr nlilinnelv nlnnc I'mii. . u,.i<.

... do

souing cracks.
ni.i6 Crusbcd at •-•5 aiUlimotera from
middle.

8210 Cnislicil at :i millimeters knot 7il
millim.'l.-rs tVoin cud.

686C Crushed nt 3 millimeters knots ut
middle and at end.

382. IHrrani^mi

Ittaek gpniet.

Cold, peaty

....do

6305
6305
SS51
6373
6464
6260

4672
5117
5330
5443
5715
4518
5987
5078
5670
6260

4037
3883
5202
8901

4046
3702
4645

6568
6140
571S
5S79
6486
6210
6625
5017
4627

6087
5706

cud.

Crut-hed at 6 millimeters knot 31
millimeters from middle.

Crushed at middle at 6 millime-
ters knot.

Triiile flexure; middle bend 25
millimeters eccentric.

Crushed at 25 millimetcis from
end.

Crushed at 13 millimeters from
middle.

Crushed at middle on one face

C^uah^d at 5 millimeters kmit r.!

millimeters from i-ud.
Crushed at 13 millimeters kmit

at middle.
Crushed at 51 inillimelers lioin

middle.
Crushed at 3 niillimeteis huet r,l

from end.
Ciushed at Hi niillimeteis km.l

25millimeleisfi... iiMle.

Crushed at 16 niill.metei s ku >t

1U2 millimeters from end.
Crushed at 15 milliiiii ter.s fium

iiii.Idh'.
Crushed nt r>l milliiueleis IriMii

end.
Crushed at 76 milliuietei» liuiii

cud.
Crushed at 04 millimeters fr

end.

Triple flexure parajlel lo rings

Clashed at 10 millimelers knot
tiO uiillimcfers fWuu end.

....do

C. (;. I'riiinlc

... do

R.Doii(;la«

....do

Intercolonial rail-
way.
....do

Kd. Sinclair

...clo

A.litkuit

...do

X. 8. Urandegoe..

....do

C. S. .Sargent .....
T. S. Oraudcgee ..

....do

TThite Spruce.

... do

Xerrj-'speak

....do

Bay of Fundy

...do

Bridgoton

...do

...do

....do

....do

Damp

•■"o

J84. Pirra EnEelDianni

...do

Forest City

...do

.. do

While Spmee.

... do

...do

..do

.. do

...do '

Al|iino

.. do

do

...do

Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end ; cross-grniued

Crushed lit 102 millimi-teis from

emi at 10 niillimeteis ku.it.
Cliislied at lU uiillimeleis knot

711 iiiilliuieters fniMi end.
Cnishid nt 3H milliiueleis from

eudnml at middle ut 3 mlUinie.

ters knots.
Ti ijile llexiire parallel to rings —

Triiilo flexure per|iendiculnr lo

riuus.
CmKhed at G4 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 70 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at middle ; angle ol crush-
ing. H.1°.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end ; angle of crushing, x^t".
Crushed at 70 milliuielurs Irniu

.lid.
Crushed at 13 and nt 102 mil lime

tela from end.

White Spruce. Blue Spruce.

....do

do

..do

.. do

'

Sitka

.. do

Saw.niill, Ilurnird
iiilcl.

\V.lillerH«»w.t.ini.

I'lJl'llniid
Saw mill. Aatoriii

... do

Portland Funiliun;
I'liuipaiiy.

<lo

A mold Arliomlum

.. do

Clinrloile .,

Tide-land Spruce.

970 ... d.i

vn BrilWi Colambl.

977 |,.. do

lOU OnxoD

1019 |....do

1019 ' ...do

1020 .. do

i026 1 do

I

6 , UaMttcliinH'tln

5 ...do

219 1 VennoDt

....do

ii. Eugelniann and
C. S. Sarucnt.

...do

.. do

...do

...do

do

•

C. S. Sargent

...do

Drift

Triple Uoxuro parallel to rings. . .

Hemlock.

do

C.O.Prlnglo

(Jravclly

7702

end.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UIODER COMPRESSION— Coutiuued.

475

I i PKESSUBS, IK KILOCItAUa, UEQUIB£D TO FBODUCE AK IMDENTATIOX, IS HILLCIITBBS, OF—

V.iS O.ol 0.7ti t.Oi I.j7 1..VJ 1.7>< 2.0.-t i.-lS -2.54 4. SI 3.0^

nil
rj93

1229

1474 I
1041

14UC j

17C9

1452

3303

3892 <

2722

1089
10S9

720

902

671

1007

035

962

B35

939

776

lOGl

735

1120

726

11S9

676

1084

563

708

631

939

662

817

644

916

817

966

640

984

567

1080 1

953

1379

572

833

390

003

907

1270 i

1)40

912

lUlB

1148

ssg

1184

1637
1967

15,5'

1646

13S8

3783

4400

3130

1406

14SS

1238
1030
1001
1039
1034

1311
1229

1021
1043

1170
1515

1043

1120

007

980

1007

1084

817

848

771

866

1814 I

I
2141

1360 '

1»<92
1700
39B3 I

1442
1542
989
1201
1302
1071
1071
10«0
1003

1179
1325

1887
2313

1S73
2431

1071
1071

1234
1597

141S
1026

1170
1U23

1592 j 1687

1932 1082

1706 I 1951
4073

5080
3438

1429
1588
1066
1279
1352
1102
1098
1116
1125

1202
1388
1447
1393

957
112S
1007

993
1125
1139

1275
1665
862
1006

1524

1470
1706

6252 I
3456 '

1520 j
1637

2155
2563

1710 '
2078 I
2041 j
4264
5570
3710 '

1120

1106

1302

1325

1379

1402

1125

1170

1129

1101

114:i

1100

114:i

1100

1101

1193

1225

1201

1420

1438

1468

1324

1438

1488

1012

1043

1143

1175

1030

1080

1039

1061

1170

1220

1184

1229

1325

1361

1710

1751

866

808

1008

1120

1565

1019

1016

1034

1334

1379

1529

1600

1765

1829

066

993

1388

1406

830

866

1021

1048

1016

1048

1220

1279

1071

nil

1297

1306

1002

1107

1016

1062

2223
2654

2123
4309 I
5761 ■
3801

1606
1719

1202
1347
1438
1211

2277

27S5,

1796
2277
2236 1
4418 !
5851 '
3887 '

1628
1778
1234
l:!70
!47fl

1207

123S

1293

1315

1456

1300

1342

1505

1533

1574

1080

1116

1220

1206

1098

1111

1071

1098

1270

1320

1201

1302

1393

1415

1765

1778 1

944

948 1

1152

1175

1656

1669

1052

1066

1397

1443

1660

1728

1892

1069

1008

1161

1424

1433

903

939

1120

1139

1080

1116

1325

1356

1125

1152

1352

1170

1216

1129

1120

2350
2944

1824 I
2331 j
2304

SUgbt sbparinc of flben ; ■plitmtends 3M

Sheared fibers: split at eDiU

Slight shearin); of fibers ; split at enda .

do

.do..

split at ends 3oC

Sheared fiben

6214 Sheared tilitrs : splU at end: indenledBectioBCOTiirs 483

10 millinietera Knot.

3901 4146 4246 Sheared 11 U-ib VR

1600 1851 j Sheared fibers: split at inda 231

1810 I I Slight sbearini; of Ubem ; splitatenda 231

12:37 1452 16in do 373

1397 1:300 172* Slicareilflliers 776

1511 1742 Sbiaied libers: siilit at end 77C

1306 Sheared fibers 7»4

1506 ' do I iM

1488 ' .... do 880

1579 do ; 880.

1247

1429

1243

1388 1

1252

1370

1275

1488

1334

1542

1152
1302
1134
1125
1347
1325

1447
1814

1683
1098
1470

1760

2068 I

1252

1436

966

1
1161 I

1161 I

1415

1166 '

do

1824 Slight shearing of fibers.

1588

1678

1724 Sbeand fibers; 3 millimeters knot eovered by in-
dented aeotion.
1937 3132 Sheared lihers

513

620

1325 I Slight slieariuc of fibers: split at end <*i

1438 I 1669 Sheared fibers 773

1379 ' Sheared fibers: split at elid 7M

1261 I 1379 Sheared fillers 764.

1533
1492

1043
1320

1882
1276
1637

1C33
1302

1257 I
1161 '

1542
1311

Sheared fibers :
Sheaied fibers.

split at end 791

2009
1370
1778

Sheared fibers: 10 millimeters knot oovered byin- ; ^JS

dente*! seetiun.

Sheared fibers 57S

Sheared libers : splitatend ' 822

S7»»

Sheared flb«rs : splitatend VSn

2531 Sheared fibers »7»'

Slight shearing of fibers: split at end I Vtt

Sheared libers W7

I Splitatend: fibers did not shear 1015

' Slight shearing of fibers ; splitatend IOIt>

Sheared fillers : splitatend \ 10I».

Sheared fibers 1026

1397

do.

■-"ti

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end

1732 I Sheared fibers

I
Slight shearing of fibers : splitatend .,..

4TiJ

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERR'A.

Table V.— BEHAVIOli OF THE PKIIS'OIPAL WOODS OF THE

Sp«CiM.

M7. TniEaC>iiad«iiais— contioanl. 219 Vermont Charlotte

C. G. PriDgle

775

I
775

778 i

787

do .

793 ProTince of Quebec

798 ....<lo

817 . West Virginia . .

I 817
I 1040
I 1040
1042
I 1042

do .

MatuiachusettB.

do .

Bayof Fundy do .

...do do .

do.

GraTclIy ' 7P92

' 4049

' M07

5489

Crii'.li.il :il r.l iiiilliniilcra

tnitUllf.
Cninlii i1 :it niiddlo nt 3 niillii

cttTH

5738

, : 5035

5058

Bridgeton Ed.Sii)clair 5851

...do do 6301

do.

Danville Grand Tnink rail-
way.

7403

do.

do .

S310

Grafton C.G.Pringle ' 6323

..do do 0101

Danveri) J. Robinson Hoist loam flS27

..do do do 5510

Vorth Beading ...do ' C4f0

...do do ; 5120

ripli- lli'xnix: jicrpoudifular lo

riuc--*.

riir.h<-fl nt 45 inilliiiietors from

niidill.'.
Tii|il.' iKAiiri- inidille bend 51

niilliiii. tors ,(•.•. iilric.
Cnifh.,1 mill shiiitiri'd nt end in

vi.iiiityof kni.ts.
Crnslii il ut niidillit nt lu niillimc-

tcr» knot.
CiiiHlicHlatTOiuilljini.tc-iHlVonicnd;

iipi ueil craiii from oiid to i>«il.
Tiijilo lU'Xiiiu puipenilixilHi' to

CrnxliiMl nt 0 inillinietrrs knot 04

niiiliiitetfrs from end.
CniRbcd nt 13 to 25 tnillimetera

from end.
CruHlied nt 19 niillinictem from

middle.
CruHlied ut 32 niilliiucterH from

middle.
Crushed nt TO millimiterH from

end.
Triple rt*'X\ire

iSn. Tsnca CjiroUnUaa .
nrmloct.

38^. Tfuiza Mertensiana
nrmloct.

«e. TuigB Pattoniana. .

rt\ . PflfodotMDgB Douglaaii

Std Fir. TeUov Fir. Ore-
gon Pint. Dmiglat Fir.

623 . Xorth Carolina...

HcndersonvUle . . . A.Ii.^^tiss.

Dry, rocky 0150

CriiKbod at 70 niillimeti-rs from

CUlt. I

CniHlied nt 51 millimeters from '
middle. j

Crushed at 5 tnillimeters knot

971 : Wasbinfiton ter- Wilkeson G. Encelmuuu nnd Kioh loam

rilory. I C.S. Sargent.
995 Alaska Sitka Paul Schnltio ; 7021

9185 Crushed nt 70 niillinicters frum

960 : British Culumbia . Silver peak, near G. Engolmann and Gravelly loam 5800

Fraaer river. C. S. Sargent. I I

271>! Colorado Alpini

027

CalifomU Saw-mill, Straw-

1 berry valley.

.do .

0341

Ciutiliud ut 0 millimeters knot 45

millinieleis from end.
Crushed nt 51 millimeters fi-om

middle.

Triple llexuro; middle bend 38
millimetets eceentiio nt 3 milli.
meters knot.

CniHhed at ■'! millinietei-s knot nt
middUr.

T. S. Brandegcc .

G. Engclmann and
C.S. Sargent.

I E. n. Dean's saw- ! .
\ mill, Marshfleld.

.do

704 ... do

705 ...do
7M ... do
708
708
709
709
720

720 .. do

732 CaltroniU

732 '....do ..do

881 Utah SaltLake

-do

do

...do

..do

...do

...do do .' . . do

Montana i Baw-mill,Uia>ouIa S.Watson

.. do 1... do do

peak Siena Lnmber

Company,
do

Moiat 6013 Tiiplell

1 I

9117

9390

n-om

5489
9026
8709

20550
9970

11022
7303
7212

Crushed nt 51 miIlimot<
middle.

Crushed at end and at lOJ milli-
meters from end.

Triple flexure perpendiculnr to
rings.

Crusheil at 51 millimctorn IVom
end.

Triple flexure

do .

do

973 Urillsh Columbia .

Saw-mill, Burrard

inlet.
...do

974

•lo .

986 .. do Saw-mill, VIotoria.

989 Oregon ' Saw-mill, Portland

1008 British Columbia. 8aw-mlll. Burrard
inlet.

Bocky .
...d6..

0. S. Sargent .

G. Engelmuun and
C. S. .Snrgent-

Crnshrd nt 80 millimeters from
i end.
Crushed at 45 millimeters fi-om
end.
I Crushed nt 25 millimeters from
I end at 3 inillimetera knot.
Crushed nt 70 uiillimolcrs from

end.
Crushed at 70 milllmuteis from
. middle.

CruHhisd at 51 millimetets from
I end; shuttered »uil-
Tiiplu flexure; uiidille b. ud 38

niillimelerneeei-ntiie.
Crushed nt 10 millirueturs from

end.
Crushed at end

Crushed nt 3 millimeters kuots 1)8 '
millimelers iioiu end. {

Cruslieil at 13 uiilUmeters kuflt at i
middle.

Crushed at middle !

Crushed at 3K

en<l-
Cruslied nt 51

iiillitneters fioiu

Triple flexure

Crushed nt group of knots 25 lull-

limeteis Iroiu middle.
Crashed and shtitteied at end

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
(JNITEL) STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Coiiti mud.

477

m

w

PREegUItE. IN KILOORAMB, RRQUinED TO PBODUCE AN niDEKTATION, IN UILLIlUCTBnB, OF—

1338

nil

1089
1406

130G
1338
llGl
8C6
1769
1134
1080
1229
1033

1S33
1833

IICC
1343
1193

944
1311
1474

8."
1833 '
1462 1

802

cr.7

ODB

1814

8«5

1210

767

780

I08B
862

1120
1257
1474
1286

io;i

2041
1551

1034

ii:;9

1800

1837

857

1093

771

817

118D

1842

84S

971

1170

1315

2032

2132

1315

1438

1438

1533

1931

2118

1170

1279

1089

llCfl

2141

2440

2096

2209

1S33

1656

1120

1189

2291

2522

2078

2308

1207

1247

1179

1089

1198

1238

1438

1513

1107

1220

2200

2205

1041

2482

1932

2118

1.03

i.2r

1 ..-ii

894

075

1002

1320

1397

1415

1315

1433

1492

1538

1628

1724

1352

1442

1547

1075

1107

1157

1411

1415

1447

1461

1405

1583

998

1048

1089

2218

2241

2245

1069

1733

1792

803

844

857

826

852

871

1103

1247

1288

1937

2068

2141

1225

1306

1352

871

894

839

1928

199G

2032

1048

1093

1139

1397

1461

1533

2223

2313

2395

1601

1551

1592

1666

1778

1828

2277

2345

2436

1311

1325

1361

1221

1284

1320

2576

2667

2768

2322

2301

2472

1710

1742

1778

1257

1293

1352

2676

2817

2971

2409

2489

2605

1297

1352

1370

1293

1429

1629

1306

1370

1411

1506

1515

1547

1266

1320

1361

2313

2245

2109

2546

2595

2635

2254

2300

2345

910

1012

lOlG

1041

!8i:o

1778

12C2

rj-.9

1338

1048
1J8H

1302 .

UISO

1006 { 1116

1438 14G0

1551

1778 1851
1687
1211
1538
1705
1170
2250
1828

1170
1479
1G37
1143
2245

1325
2259
1397

1170
1597
2495

2407
1406
1356
2799
2245
1883
1374
3004
2672
1384
1642
1447
1628
1433
2132
2713
2409
1084

loon

1411

i:n3

1120
1074

1365
2309
1415
1021

1220
1656
2558

1960

2531-

1447

1406

2890

2590

1806

1411 '

3257 1

2740

140G

1706

1497

1674

1488

2246

2758 I

1366 I

1139 I

1152
1511
1710
1910
1737
1234
1628
1751

1402
2354

1261
1733
2640

2576
1479
1434
2930
2645
1932
1465
3411
2821
1483
1765
1536
1719
1506
2359
2821

1116
1C37
I3.'4
1402
1170
1705
1533

1179
1628
1778
1969
2096
1252
1674
1760

4.81 S.08

1220

1760 i

2078

2404

2313

1361

1837

1996

1002
1456
2381
1420
1071

2681
1709

2599
1501
1461

1034
1120
1710
2670
1520

1497
1996
2l41

Slight shearmg of fibers ; split at end . .

Sheared fibers ; splitatend

Sheared fibers : split from end to end .
Slight shearing of fibers : split at end.

do

Sheared fibers

do.

Splitatend

Slight sbraring of libers; split at end.

.do

2731
1987
1501
3557
2917
15U
1824
1574
1774
1556
2436
2912

1529
2223
3053

1715
1065

Sheared libers ; split from end to end . .

Sheared fillers

Slight slieariug of fibers ; split at end .

Sht-nrt d fibers ; split at ends

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends.

2495 I Slight shearing of flbci-Si splitatend.

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends.

10

Sheorod fibers ; split at ends ,

7W
817
817
1040
1040

lots

1042

MS

2227 , Shenrcd fibers.

Sheai eil libers : split at end

Sliglit shearing of fibers ; split at end.

Slight sheariu;;; of fibers; -^plit at end; lOniiUiroe-

knot on indented seel ion.
Slight shearing uf flbeis; splitatend

2223

1742 I
4105 ■

2369 She.ired fibers ; splitatend , 705

1724
1951
1814

1^
2023
2005

Sheared fibers.

S561

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers ; split at end

do.

1143 I
1738 ;
1374
1433

1193 ;

1801
i:09

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

1460 I 1J79 Shenred fillers

2495' 2722 do

1824 Sheanil filH'rj.: opiitatend

1688 , 1687 I dn

S7»
975

1311

do

do

Fibers did not sheai

478

P\)REST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOU OF TllK PlMNCll'AL ^V001>8 OF THE

Specirs.

m. Paraaolui|!>D<Hif:UMt— vont'di lOuS
1011

lull
1010 '

j 1016 !

i 1018 I

British CslnmbU . Saw-mill, Barrard G. Engelmaon and
inlet. C. S. SargcDt.

Oregon I Oregon Railway do'

! and Navigation
Company.

..do .
..do.
...do.

1018

do .

do.

Saw.mill, Astoria

in I

1= Cm

a»\. Pwudotsuga Douglasii.
macrocarpa.
Bemloek.

I 1020
1020
1022

1022

642

..do Portland Furniture .

Company.
...do do .

8981
87Cg
10002
9662
7892
7660
8346

Crushed at 38 milliuioters from

middle.
Crushed at 3 uiillinioterti knot at

iniildlv.

Criislicd at IC miUimrt- ' knot TO

millimt'tol's from rnn.
Cruslied at Si» ml imeter** from

end.
Crushed at S ^lillimeter^ fi-om

lillimeters from
i-ters from

Triple flexure

Crushed Dt .'il millimetera from

■W.G. Wright j 6872 ,

....do 7938 I

Xorth Carolina .
... do

Roan mountain ... Walcott Gibba.

Peaty loam I 5874

....do I 8239

Split r.bti<iuely ; pieces He

machine.
Cruslii'd at 1"3 millilnotei

end; opened grain.

Crnsheil ,it 0 mil

niilliiuii.is 1V.M

Clusluil at liJnnI

■ from
I fi-om

< knot 31
I knot 25

393. AiiieH halsamea

BaUamFir. Balmo/GiUad

377 Vermont .

Honkton | C.G.Pringle

Peaty.

Colorado I Forest City ! T. S. Brandegeo . . . Mot8t,(

...do ' do do

449>
449» .

uly Inam 4854
4400

38SC
5661

nt 2.'* millimeters from

Crushed nt middle nt 25 niillime.

ters knot.
Crushed at 6 millimeters kuot 38
nullinieters from middle; split
alniijz ;;rain.
Crnshrd nt 10 millinietels kuot at
I miiUlte ; split aiuog grain.
' Crushed nt .'}8 millimct4'rs from
' enil.
Ciushed at uiiddle

4808 Crushed and shattered nt end.

Oregon .
...do ...

529 Colorado.

Porthtnd G.Engelmannand Rieh, alluvial .... 6033

C S. Sargent.
...do do . I do 0477

Engelmann'sra&on Robert Douglas..., Rocky

.. 4967

.. 6350

. 6670

Lassen's peak ' Sierra Lumber | 8618

Companv.
....do do ....'. • I 7507

California Strawberry valley G. Eogelniannand Alluvial.

C.S. Sargent.
do do . - do do

Ciuhhed nt 25 millimeters from

miildle.
CiTished at 19 millimeters flom

luichUe.

Crushed 51 uiillimeters from end
(at < ud bcnrins transverse test) ;
split nlon^ rings.

Split nt 10 uiiUimeter8knots25miI.
limelers froiu middle.

Triple llesure

Triple Hexure perpendieulur to

riocH; opened crnin.
Crushed nt middle

Crushed nt 38 niilli

Me.

Abie* amabdis .....

1004

1
1004

IM

Abies Doblli*

MS

Krd Fir

1
965

400.

Abies maimiftf^

Btd fir.

617

047

Urix Americana

^

l^reh. Illaek Larch. Tama-
rack llaftmatack.

226'

22«»
774

British Columbia . Silver peak, near G. EngeUnann and liieh.suudv loam.. 7838

i Fraser rivor. C.S.Sargent.
... do I do do do 7122 \

\ Oregon.

Soda Springs .
...do

CrUNied nt 2ri ni

mid<..e.
Crushed nt middh

from
ItimeterH from

do Rich I 7230 1 Crushed at 51

G. Eiigelmnnnand Gravelly loam —
C. S. Sargent.

Clwrlottc .
...du

.do.

New Itrunswiek . ' Bay of Knndy.

C. G. Pringlo Cold, swampy .

12021

10387

I 0849

8165

ohinlal rail. | 7802

9095

Crushed at 51 niillluuiers fr

Crushed at 25 mllllnieteis from

ndd<lle.
Triple flexure; middle bend 25

nnllinit ters ecc» ntiie.
Crnshed nt u inlllinielers kimtat

middle; split Iniiu end to i nil.
Crushed nt middle; split

Crushed nt 13 millimeters knot 51
millimelers from end ; iijfenod
between rings.

Crushed at 04 ndlliniirtern from
middle at Vt niillimetrrs knot.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

47'J

I-RESSL'KG, IX KILOOBAMS, BEQU'RED TO PRODUCE AK ISDENTATIOX, IS IIIUJHETBBS OF—

'~ o.-^.^ O.-l I

1315 I 20S7
771 1306 I

1211
1129

1080 I
1187 '

1134
1134

13S6
1184

1270
1225
1039
1724

1551
1520

540
499

830
835

644

866

780

880

726

1016

794

925

590

817

563

826

631

817

499

617

769

1002

522

776

749

1134

852

1116

1243
1179 I

1565
1610

1016
1583

22S4 I

I
1433 !

1048
1297
1189

1033
1583

.02 l.str 1.52 1.7^ 2.0:t ■i.-i'S 2. .11 4.!<1 .'S.08

2241

147!)

1275
1202
1075
1343
1229

1610
1624

1048
1111

1148 .
1860 '

g^

1769

2087

2241

1533

1628

1778

1533

1728

1860

2358

2609

2875 '

1143

1247

1343

1134

1279

1352

1996 I
1520 '

1334
1257
1125
1393
1284

1615
1669

1093
1002

1093
1139

1978
1556

1692 1
1728

1257 I

1

1125

1007
1012

1003

112,-.

1143

894

971

1002

1189

1198

1216

1207

1270

1320

1338

1438

1633

1229

1270

1275

880

939

998

930

1002

1061

1701

'l842

1941

1696

1778

1892

1175
1914

18C9
1982

1388
1447

1025
1247
1347

1080
1098

1207
1982 '

2472
1940
2073
3026 I
1429

I960
1588 I

1388
1302
1184
1456
1329 1384
1002 1039
1111 1157
993 , 1030
1315 ! 1470

1778
1746

1039
1034

1052
1279
1402
1692
1470

1116
1129

1252 '
2059 '

2073
1606 I

1447

1393

1284

1615 '
I
1447

1071

1198

1080

1C51

1157

1170

1080

1116

1306

1365

1184

1211

1211

1347

1061
1052

1039 ' 1052
1012

1084
1320
1438

2263
2123

1275
2073

2549 2581

1987 I 2050

2150 2263

3039 3502

1442 1470 I

2227
1633

1488
1429
1343

1910
1824

1193
1129 :

1238

1201 J

1116
lOSO I

1039
1066

1098
1338
1465
1824
1592

1216
1193

2345
2173

1311
2118

2640
2114
2381 I
3506
1197 I

1987
1660 I

1524
1438
1386
1737
1506

1102

1134

1211

1252

1107

1143

1751

1805

1960
1842

1202
1166

1206

1284 [

i
1110

1102

1098
885

1202

1116
1361
1511
1869
1624

1257
1234

2413
2214

3612

2676
1452

1724
1642

1361
1429
1306
1987

2177
2082

1379
1306

1442
1474

1270
1270

H70
1225

1225
1610
1746

1429
1452

1474
2404 ;

2903
1565

Sbearaiebcni M

Sheared fiben*; Bplit at eod

Fibers did not shear : split at end

Slight shuaEing of fibers ; split at end .

-do.

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers : split at end .
Sheared fibers

2409
2166

1442 '
1379 I

1011
101«

lou

1018
1018
1020
1020
1022
1022

1588 Sheared fibers.

1225
1379

1651
2586

-do

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Split at end

Slieared filters ; split at ends

.do.

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers ; split at end

44»>
449»

1010
1010

.do

Sheared fitters .

Fibers did not shear; split at end.
Sheared fibers ; split at end

1001

ioe«

Slight shwirinj; of tillers: split at euil
Sheiired fibers: split at end

Sheared fibers 617

1474

1463

Slight shearing of fillers : split at ends ^SO*

Slight shirring of AIhts: sp'it at end: sperimen SSO*

120 uiilliineters long.
Fibt's dill lull shear: splil at end. speoiiuen 120 S.*

niillnn.-lers Ions.
Slialii shoiiiiig of flbt-rs: ah.tttere<l stick: »iM>ci- 'JSO*

imii 1.0 iiMllinii'ters long.
Slight shearing of fibers : split at end 774

4 so

FOKEST TREES OF XOKTli AMERICA.

Table V.— BEUAVIOH OF THE PRINCirAL WOODS OF TUE

Syccif^

1
§

i

Stale.

LiH-aliiy.

Collector.

Soil.

'5? §

|E5

Kemarks. j

«l. Larix AiD«tir«i>— continoed..

781
781
786
786
79$
7»5
840
8«0

719
719
984
984
1006
1000

1159
1159

yew BransTick . .

...do

....do

...do

...do

....do

MassachnsetU —
...do

Mootaua

...do

Wuhiugton terri.

tory.
do

...do

... do

Bayof Fundy —

...do

BridgctoD

do

Intercolonial rail-
way.
.. ,\6

8147
8142
9390
7000
9480
6437
6967
7530

0307
10047
11016
12C33
11-So
10660

1401

:.suc

Crushed at 25 millimeters ftom

middle.
do i

Cmslifd at 51 millimntcrs ftom

midille.
Crush<d ttt 04 millimeters ftom

middle.

do

DaiiTillo

....Jo

Grand Trunk rail.

way.
...do

Wenbam

.. do

Misaoula

do

J.Kobiusou

do

Triple flexure parallel to rings;

interHectin;j: "Cooper lines".
Cnislicd at 102 mUlinioters from

end on ouo face.

...do

Tamarack.

Crushed nt 04 mUlimcters from

end.
Crushed at .11 millimeters ftom

end ntauiillinfteisknut. ;
Cru.111. d nt 3 millimeters knot 19 '

millimeters from inil.
Crn..<he(l ut 25 millimeters fn>m '

middle.
Crnslied at 90 milliuieters from

euil; iipuned grain.

Split obliqnely; fracture 228 niil-

limeters Ion's.
Split oUliquely; fracture 305 mil.

limeters lunj;.

Fnlda

W.Siksdorf

....do

.. do

....do

....do

...do

Agiia Callcntc

....do

....do

do

....do

PALMACE^.

W.O.Wrisht

....do

Dry. jcnvoUy

....do

ran^MtfPalm.

..do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Ux^TITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

481

FRESBUBE, IM KIL0G11AM8, BIQUIBED TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN UILLIUXTEIIS, OF-

0.3S 0.51

1125
1765
S34
1202
1111
1002
1315 1733
1179 1769

1211
131S
1633
1656
1400

1574
1452
1451

1220
1905
1025
1270
1189
1429
1842
1892

1774
1579
1547
2350
3134
1005

1311
2041
1075
1325
1288
1506
1087
1040

1800
IGOG
1619
2345
3348
2046

1388
2159
1125
1347
1329
1551
2082
2028

1710
2400
3375
2159

1461
2254
1189
1433
1388
1656
2168
2168

2000
1860
1792
2545
3470
2300

1538
2345
1229
1633
1429
1769
2227
2259

2019
1946
1910
2681
3652
2391

1601
2422
1261
1624
1442
1860
2313
2390

2050
1987
1987
2803
3766
2500

1674
2504
1302
1692
1461
1905
2422
2490

2118
2082
2046
2048
3901
2549

1774
2572
1325
1778
1501
1941
2472
2536

2186
2118
2123
3094
4051
2672

2313
3198

2541
2449
2563

1048
1906

Slight Bbeariiig of fibers

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .
do

-do.

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .

78fr
786

Sheared fibers; split at end; indented section 840

covers 6 millimetiTs knot.
Slight shearing of fibers; spUtatend I 840

do luos

Fibers did not shear I IOCS

Sheared fibers 1159

Slight shearing of fibers 1159

31 FOB

P^RT III.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES

IN THEIR

ECONOMIC ASPECTS.

I Th«! Xw\ M|nrtJc«lriillwfHi(l
S .prrtitaaiwutUr

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 489

jMichigan i.s tlio i^ieatost lamberproduciiifj state in tbe Union. The value of it.>* lumber product, witli that of
Wi.seonsiii and lAlinnesota, exceeds oiui-tliird of the total value of all tbe huuber nianufaetured in tbe United States.
This enormous development of tbe lumber business in tbe lake region i.s due to tbe excellence of its forests, tbe
natural advantages of tbe country for manufacturing lumber, and the easy communication between these forest* and •
tbe treeless agricultural region west of tbe Mississippi river.

Tbe extinction of tbe forests of tbe lake region may be expected to seriouslj* affect tbe growth of population
iu tbe central portion of tbe continent. Tbe country between tbe Mississippi river and tbe Rockj* moantains, now
largely supplied with lumber from Jlicbigan, Wisconsin, and Jlinnesota, must for building material soon depend
upon tbe more remote pine forests of tbe Gulf region or those of tbe Pacific coast. A great development in the
now comparatively unimjjortant lumber-manufacturing interests in these regions may therefore be expected. ]!sew
centers of distribution must soon supidant Chicago as a lumber market, and new transportation routes take the
place of those built to move tbe pine grown upon the- shores of tbe great lakes. It is not probable, however,
that any one point will ever attain tbe importance now possessed by Chicago as a center for lumber distribution.
With tbe growth of the railroad system and the absence of good water communication from the great forests
remaining in the country toward tbe center of the continent, lumber will be more generally sbipjjcd direct by rail
from the mills to the consumer than iu the past. In this way the pine of Mississipjii, Louisiana, and Arkansa.* will
reach Kansas, Nebraska, and tbe whole country now tributary to Chicago. Western Texas and northern Mexico
will be supplied by rail with tbe pine of eastern Texas, and the prairies of Minnesota and Dakota must draw their
lumber by rail, not as at present from the pine forests covering tbe shores of lake Superior, but from the lir and
redwood forests of tbe Pacific coast.

FUEL.

The following table represents the consumption of forest products as fuel during the census year. The
estimates of tbe amount and value of the wood used for domestic fuel are based upon answers to letters of inquiry
addressed to persons living in every town in the United States. The average amount and value of the wood used
by a family of five persons, taken as a unit, is multiplied by the number of families iu each state using wood for
fuel, and tbe result thus obtained is taken as the total state consumption :

490

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The forests of the United States, in spite of the great and increasing drains made upon them, are capable of
jielding annoally f..r many years longer a larger amount of material than has yet been drawn from them, even
with oar I : :< of forest management. The great pine forest of the north has already, it is tnie.

suffered : c which once covereKl Xew England and New York has already disapi>eared.

Pennsylvai...i > :.• ..: \ -::;i ] • ■ of her pine, which once api>eared inexhaustible. The great northwestern pineries
are not yet exhausied, and with newly-introduced methods, by which logs once supi>osed inaccessible are now
profitably brv'ugbi lo the mills, they mar be expected to increase the volume of their annual product for a few
years longer in rt>{x.>iise to the growing demands of the great agricultural iMpulation Cast covering the treeless
mJdcwntineiital iilateau. The area of pine forest, however, remaining in the great pine-producing states of
Michigan, "Wisfonriin. and Minnesota is dangerously small in proportion to the country's consumption of white
pine lumber, and the entire exhaustion of these forests in a comparatively short time is certain. The wide areas
DOW c-overed in New England by a vigorous second growth of white pine, although insignificant in extent and
productiveness in comparison with the forests it replaces, must not be overlooked in considering the pine supply of
the ooQutry. These new forests, yielding already between two and three hundred million feet of lumber annually,
are capable of gre-at future develojiment.

The pine belt of the south Atlantic region still contains immense quantities of timber unequaled for all

' -• - •" ' • --- - -^ion. although unsuited to take the plac-e of the white pine of the north. The southern pine

■ped from the banks of streams flowing into the Atlantic, are practically untouched in the
:^^. Mjose lx»rdering the Mississippi river. These forests contain sufficient material to long

sap] - which can be made up<jn ihem.

T_ . . . .- of the Mississippi basin are still, in certain regions at least, important, although the

best walnut, ash. cherry, and yellow poplar have been largely culled. Two great bodies of hard-wood timber,
however, remain. nj»on which c*omparatively slight inroads have yet been made. The most inir»ortant of these
forests covers the region occupied by the soutLem ^Uleghany Mountain system, embracing southwestern Virginia^
West "Virginia, western Xorth and South Carolina, and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee. Here oak uue^jualed in
quality abounds. Walnut is still not rare, although not found in any very large continuous Ixjdies, and cherry,

vellow imnlar. unel nthfr wnrwic nf mtnmfrfna} im-nftrtunff aro »»/-.mTnr.i. TUo i^<v»nnr1 rrroat imrlr (if hard WOOd, largclv

41 '<

i

II7' IL**'

MAI- 01-- iiii-;

C.S.S.Vm'.KXT, SPhlLU. AUKKT

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 49:^

In tlic centnil portions of tbe Atlantic region tlic general replacement of the sweet-fruited valuable wLite oaks in
tlie young forest growth by the less valuable bitter-fruited black oaks is noticeable, and seriously endangers the
future value of the forests of this whole region. The damage inflicted upon the California mountain forests by sheep
Is immense; they threaten the com])lete extermination of these noble forests, and with them the entire agricultural
resources of the state.

The pasturage of the forest is not only enormously expensive in tbe destruction of young plants and seeds,
but this habit induces tiie burning over every year of great tracts of woodland, which would otherwise be permitted
to grow up naturally, in order to hasten the early growth of spring herbage. Such fires, especially in the open
pine forests of the south, do not necessarily consume the old trees. All undergnjwth and seedlings are swept
away, however, and not infrequently tires tlius started destroy valuable bodies of timber. This ia especially true?
also, in the coniferous forests of the Pacific region.

The railroads of the country, using in the constructioa and.maintenance of their permanent ways vast quantities
of timber, intlict fiir greater injury upon the forests than is rejjresented by the consumption of material. Railway
ties, excei»t in California, are almost invariably cut from vigorous young trees from 10 to 12 inches in diameter;
that is, from trees wliich twenty or thirty years ago escaped destruction by fire or browsing animals, and which, if
allowed to grow, would at the end of fifty or one hundred years longer afford immense quantities of valuable timber.
Th(! railroads of the United States, old and new, consume every year not far from (i(),O()0,(K»0 ties ; the quantity of
lumber in 00,000,000 ties is comparatively not very great, and would hardly be missed from our forests; but the
destruction of 30,000,000 vigorous, healthy young trees, supposing that an average of two ties is cut from each tree, is
a serious diain upon the forest wealth of the country and should cause grave apprehensions for the future, especially
in view of the fact that in every part of the country there are now growing fewer seedling trees of species valuable
for railway ties than when the trees now cut for this purpose first started.

The condition of the forests of Maine is interesting. They show that forest preservation is perfectly practicable,
in the Atlantic region at least, when the importance of the forest to the community is paramount. The prosperity
of this state, born of the broad forests of pine and spruce which once covered it almost uninterru])tedly, was
threatened l)y the prospective exhaustion of these forests, in danger of extermination by fire and the ill-regulated
operations of the lumbermen. Tbe very existence of the state depended upon the maintenance of the forest. The
great forests of pine could not be restored, but the preservation of the few remnants of these forests was not
Impossible. Fires do not consume forests upon which a whole community is dependent for sujjiiort, and methods
for securing the continuance of such foi-ests are soon found and readily put into execution. The forests of Maine,
once considered practically exhausted, still yield largely and continuously, and the public sentiment which has
made i)ossible their protection is the one hopeful symptom in the whole country that a change of feeling in regard
to forest property is gradually taking place. The experience of Maine shows that where climatic conditions are
favorable to forest growth the remnants of the original forest can be preserved and new forests created as soon as
the entire community finds forest preservation really essential to its material prosperity.

The production of lumber is not, however, the only function of forests: and the future extent and condition of
those of the United States cannot, in every case, be safely regulated by the general law which governs the volume
of other crops by the demand for them. Forests perform other and more important duties in protecting the surface
of the ground and in regulating and maintaining the tlow of rivers. In mountainous regions they are essential to
prevent destructive torrents, and mountains cannot be stripped of their forest covering without entailing serious
dangers upon the whole <;ommuuity. Such mountain forests exist in the United States. In northern Vermont and
New Hampshire they guard the upper waters of the Connecticut and the Merrnnac; in New York they insure
tbe constant How of the Hudson. Such forests still cover the upper slopes of the Alleghany mountains and
diminish the danger of destructive floods in the valleys of the Susquehanna and tbe Ohio. Forests still cover the
upper watersheds of the Missouri and the Columbia, the Platte and the Kio Grande, and preserve the California
valleys from burial under the debris of the sierras. The great mountain forests of the country still exist, often
almost in their original condition. Their inaccessibility has jircserved them; it cannot preserve them, however,
much longer. Inroads have already been made into these forests; tbe ax, fii^, and the destructive agency of
browsing animals are now everywhere invading them. Their destruction does not mean a loss of material alone,
which .sooner or later can bo replaced from other parts of tbe country; it means tbe ruin of grt'at rivers for
navigation and irrigation, the destruction of cities located along their banks, and the spoliation of broad areas of
the richest agricultural land. These mountain forests once destroyed can only be renewed slowly and at enormous
cost, and the dangers, actual and i)rospective, which threaten them now otler the oidy real cause for general alarm
to be found in the i)resent condition of the for(>sts of the United States. Other forests may be swept away and the
country will exi)eiience nothing more serious than a loss of material, which can be produced again if the price of
lumber warrants tbe cultivation of trees as a commercial enterprise; but if the forests which control the tlow of the
great rivers of the country perish, the whole community will sulVer widespread calamity which no i>recautions taken
after the mischi<'f has been done can avert or future expenditure prevent.

494

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION.

MAINE.

The forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of Maine. Pine and spruce, with wl)ioh
were mingled maple, birch, and other «leciduou.s trees, covered the entire state, with the exception of the immediate
coast region between the Kennebec and the Penobscot rivers, a region of hard-wood forest; hemlock was common.

The original pine and spruce forc^^ts of the state have been practically destroyed. Pine has been cut in every
township, and the largest spruce everywhere culled, except from the inaccessible region about the headwaters
of the AUaguash river. Scattered bodies of the original pine, often of considerable extent and generally connected
with farms, exist in the southern, and especially in the southeastern, counties, and fine hemlock of large size is
still an important element of the forest in the central and southern portions of the region west of the Penobscot
river. Birch, maple, and oak, too heavy for transport by raft, are still common, except in the neighborhood of
manufacturing centers and the lines of railroad. Harilwood timber is particularly fine and abundant through the
central portion of the state: farther north the forest is more generally composed of coniferous trees.

The lumber business of southern and central Maine attained its greatest importance as early as 1850. In that
year spruce was for the first time driven down the Kennebec with pine, and the i)roportion of spruce to pine has
since steadily increased, until, in the season of ]S79-"S(>, only 20 per cent, of the lumber cut on that river was pine.
The lowest point of productive capacity of the forests of Maine has probably been passed. Tlie reckless disregard
of forest property which characterized the early lumbering operations of the state has been replaced by sensible
methods for preserving and perjjetuating the forest. This change in public sentiment in regard to the forests has
followed naturally the exhaustion of the forest wealth of the state. As this disappeared the importance of preserving
some part, at least, of the tree covering, the source of the state's greatest prosperity, forced itself upon ])ublic
attention ; for unless the forests could be perpetuated, the state must lose forever all commercial and industrial
importance. It has followed that the forests of Maine, as compared with those in other parts of the country, are
now managed .sensibly and economically. They are protected from lire principally through the force of i)ublic
sentiment, and only trees above a certain size are allowed to be cut by loggers buying stumi»age from the owners of
land. In tlie southern counties the young jdne now springing up freely on abandoned farming lands is carefully
protected, and large areas are planted with pine in regions where the natural growth has not covered the soil. The
coniferous forests, under the present management, may be cut over once in every fifteen or twenty years, producing
at each cutting a croj) of logs equivalent to 1,000 feet of lumber to the acre, of which from 5 to 7 per cent, is ])ine,
the rest spruce.

Forest fires, which formerly inflicted every year serious damage upon the forests of the state, are now of
comparatively rare occurrence. During the census year only 35,230 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by
flre, with an estimated loss of $123,315. These fires were set by farmers in clearing land, by careless hunters, and
by sparks from locomotives.

The following estiniates of the amount of pine and .spruce standing in the state May 31, 1880, were i)rei)ared
by Mr. Cjtos A. P:u;kard, of Augusta, land agent of the state. They were made up from the results of actual
snrvey.s, and have been reviewed by a large number of experts most famihar with the condition of the forests in
different parts of the state:

Pino (Pinut StTolnu). , Spruce (Pta«a nigra).

Feet, board meaiire. Feet, board meature.

Saint Jobo liror SDil tribnUrie*

Pcnobftcot rircr noil ti-ibnlBricn

KciiDeb<« liver and tribatarica

ADdraacogelo rivrr ami trjliulariea

Saiot Croix. Macbtiu. Narrasaagoa, and Cnloo tlvan ud otberrauill atreuni ■ .

Tola!

Cat for the ccniioa year niding Haj 31, 1880

7.1, 000, 000
100,000,000
.'.0, €00, 000
M, 000, 000
200, 000, 000

476,000,000

1. 400, 000, 000

1, 000, OOO, 000

1,000.000,000

500. 000, 000

S( 0, 0<)U, GOO

{,000,000,000

s

Dr^AKI'MENI' CF

N

DK.XSITV OF FORESTS

(■DMrn.Ki) i'Nm:)iTiiK iiim:rni)N hk

c.s .SAKi;i:.vr, spkciai. .\i;K.vr

U

X. CONNECTICUT NF'

TnE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 495

Qiiiiiitities of logs cut in Aroostook county are driven down the Saint JoLn river and manufactured in New
l}ninswi(!k. During the season of 1879-'S0 there were handled in this way 70,000,000 feet of sjjruce, 4,.jfK),000 feet of
pine, 13,800,000 feet of cedar, 1,500,000 feet of squared pine timber, 1,000,000 feet of squared birch tin)ber, 110,000
feet of squared larch timber. Of this 70 per cent, of the spruce and SO per cent, of the pine were returned to tbe
United States manufactured into lumber, and the whole of the cedar in the form of shingles.

Important industries dependent for material upon a supply of hard wood have long flourished in the state.
Large quantities of cooperage stock, woodenware, handles, spools, bobbins, etc., are manufactured, and more
recently the production of wood pulj) and excelsior, principally from poplar and other soft woods, has a^sume^I
important proi)ortions. Manufacturers from nearly every part of the state report a deterioration and scarcity of
the best timber, especially oak, which is now largely imported from Canada or replaced by southern hard pine.
Birch, however, is still abundant, and is largely exi)orted in the form of spool and bobbin stock. The manufacture
•of potash, once an important industry of the state, has been abandoned as unprofitable. Several establishments
engaged in the manufacture of tanning extracts from hemlock bark are located in the state, and the numerous
tanneries upon the Penobscot river consume large quantities of the same material. The demand for hemlock
lumber is now good, and the logs, after being stripped of their bark, are manufactured into lumber and not allowed,
as in other parts of the country, to rot upon the ground. A recently-established industry is the manufacture of
kegs, barrels, and woodenware from pulp made from chips, brush, and other waste material of the forest. Partial
estimat<,'s of the hoop-pole industry give a product of 5,449,200, valued at $75,G12. During the year 1ST9 153,334
j)ounds of maple sugar were produced in the state.

Androscoggin county. — One-lialf of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth ; it
contains, however, considerable bodies of line first-growth white pine. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report
oak exhausted, other hard woods scarce and of inferior (juality, and that no .second-growth timber is of snflScient
size for use. A large amount of excelsior is manufactured, principally from poplar.

Aroostook county. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests, the cleimngs being confined
to the neighborhoods of the rare settlements along the river bottoms. Logs cut in this county are largely rafted
down the Saint John river, and little lumber in proportion to tbe cut is manufactured within its limits. The
production of cooperage stock and other articles requiring hard wood in their manufacture is rapidly increasing,
and with abundant material such industries seem destined to great development.

Cumberland county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, principally of second growth.
Manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of material, especially Lard woods,
now nearly exhausted. Spruce and poplar in large quantities are manufactured into wood pulp.

Franklin county. — Three-fourths of this county is reported covered with woods, principally confined to
the northern portion. Staves, hoop-poles, handles, and excelsior are manufactured in large quantities.

Hancock county. — Seven-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, largely composed, toward
the coast, of second growth white pine. The northern portions contain flue bodies of large hemlock. ^Manufacturers
of cooperage stock report deterioration of material ; ash especially has become scarce.

Kknnebec county. — Four tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth.
Merchantable spruce and pine have been everyM here removed. Considerable areas are again covered with pine, and
the wooded area is increasing. Next to Penobscot this is the most important lumber manufacturing county in the
state. Numerous mills located on the Kennebec river saw logs driven from its upper waters and from beyond the
limits of the county. Large quantities of i)oplar and spruce are consumed annually in the manufacture of wootl
pulp, excelsior, handles, etc. The supply of hard wood is small and of inferior quality. The po]>lar now nsetl is
nearly all second growth.

Knox county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, generally of second growth. Heavy
timber, however, still exists in the towns of Washington, Apploton, and Union. \Vlute pine is scarce, and gr»\it
deterioration in timber of all kinds is reported. Scarcity in the near future is apprehended by manufacturers. A
large anu)unt of cord-wood is consumed annually in burning lime.

Lincoln county.— About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, nearly all second growth.

Oxford county. — I'rom one half to two-thirds of this county is i-eported covered with woods. The northern
l)ortiou still contains large areas of original forest, although pine and si>ruce have been culled everywhere. In the
southern part of the county tlu're are considerable bodies of second-growth white pine, and the wooded area is
increasing. Cooiwrago stock, handles, and wood pulp are largely manufactured. Mamifacturei-s report that
timber of all kinds has deteriorated in quality and become scarce, with the exception of oak, which is still abuHdant
and of good quality.

Penobscot county. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods. The meix-hantable pine
and spruce have been removed from the southern ]>ortiou and everywhere culled. In the northern townships
hemlock is still abuiulaut and of fine quality. Peuol)scot is the great lumber manufacturing county of the state,
Ikmgor, once the luincipal market in the United States for jtine lumber, being still the most important saw mill
center. Spruce and luH pine, however, except in insiguilicant tjuantities. is now manufactured upon the Penobscot.
Manufacturers using hard woods report an abundant sui)i)ly of excellent material.

49(;

'IIIK FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

PiSCATAQns COlT>TY. — Fioiii i'i«;lit lo iiiiioti'ii t lis of tills iiuiiii\ is njiortod covered with forests, the soiiiheru
portion only beiuj; cleared of the orijiinal tree jirowth.

Sagadahoc couni y. — One lialf of this county is rejiorted covered with woods. i)rincipally second <;;rowth.
Considerable second-growth white i>ine is now growing up ui>on abandoned farm lands, and the wooded area of
the county is increasing. Manufaeturei-s rejiort all timber of sullici^-nt size for use scarce and of inferior qiuility,
and apprehend early exhaustion of hard woods suitable for mechanical j)uri)oses.

SoMKKSET CorNTV. — Five sixths of this county is reiwrted covered with woods, the southern ixirtion only
being cleared of its forests of Ri>ruee and pine. E.\c<'lsior, handles, woodenware, etc., are largely manufactured.
Hard-woiid timber of all sorts is abundant and of excellent (iiiality, with the exception of black ash, now scarce
and in great demand.

Waldo cotnty. — From one-cjuarter to otiehalf of this county is it'ijorted covered with woods, generally of
second growth. The wooded area is now gradually increasing by the growth of white pine on abandoned farmiug
lantls. Manufacturens rejiort a scarcity and deterioration of timber of all kinds of sutlicient size for use.

Washington cofnty. — From eight- to nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the
southern portion considerable areas contain scattered bodies of large pine, and through the center of the county
are large tracts of first-growth hemlock forests. No future scarcity of lund)er is apprehended.

York county. — From one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods; it contains largo
quantities of scattered pine. Second-growth pine is spreading on abaiuloned agricult ural land, and the forest area
is increasing. Wood pulp, cooperage stock, and handles are largely manufactured. Timber of all sorts is reported
as de])reciating in both quality and quantity. No immediate scarcity, however, is apprehended.

NEW nAMPSniKE.

The forests of New Hampshire were originally composed of a bolt of spruce, mixed with maple, birch, and
other hai-d- wood trees, occuitying all the northern part of the state and extending southward through the central
portion; the southeastern part of the state and the region bordering the Connecticut river were covered with
forests of white pine, through which considerable bodies of hard wood were scattered. The origiiuil wliite-i)ine
forests of New Hami>shire are practically exhausted, although in flic northern counties of the state there still
remain a few scattered bodies remote from streams and of small size; once of great extent and importance, these
forests have disajtpeared before the ax of the settler and lumberman, or have been wasted by forest fires. Large
areas, however, once covered with forests of pine, have grown uj) again, especially in the southern part of the state,
■with this tree. No estimate of the amount of this second-growth i)ine standing in the state has been jiossible; it
furnished during the census year a cut of 99,400,000 feet of lumber, board measure. The remaining forests of the
state, i-onsidered as a source of lumber supply, arc composed of spruce, more or less mixed with hard woods, of
whicii the sugar maple and the birch arc the most valuable. In the northern part of the state large areas of the
original spruce forest remain, although these bodies of timber are now only fouiul at a considerable distance from
streams.

Fires, which at different times have destroyed vast areas of forest, especially in the norlhern part of the .state,
arc now less frecjuent and destructive. During the year 18S0 but .'5,9.'il acres were reported stripi)ed of their tree
covering by fires. Of such fires twelve were set by sparks from locomotives, seven by the esca)>e into the forest of
fires originally set in clearing land for agricullural iini])os(s. six by siiortsmen, one tlirougli mali<e, and one by the
careless u.se of tobaccr*.

The basis of the following estimate of the amount of merchantable black spruce (P/fca JuVy>«) lumber standing
May .'JI, 18S(), in Carroll, Coos, aiul (Irafton counties, where alone the spruce forests of the state an; now of commercial
importance, was furnished by Mr. O. T. ('rawford, of Boston, and veiilied l>y the testimony of other experts:

BLACK .SPRUCE (Picea nigra).

Coiinlirs

Tret, board
mvoaurv.

Carroll

Coo* ..

00, ouo, ouo

1,000,000,000
460, 000, OOO

XoUl .. -

1,SIO.OOO,000
168.175,000

Cot for llip c-atn
feel sawrtl ou tl

> yxHr POilInK Mny 31, ICM (Ini'lodlng 20,000,000
c C'finnc<;ttriit rivet, In ^laJiiUK-biiHetlN).

It is roughly cstimatwl that the spmce forests of the state contain over 33,750,000 cords of hard wood and
165,000,(){|(> f.et of hemlock.

pP/.RT.M-K\'T PF -ru. ,_,....p.

.^,. ^

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 497

Partial returns of the liooi>-i)olc iiuliislry give a production during tbe census year of 4,225,000,' valued at
$29,280. New nampsliire is fourth among the states in the iniiiortance of its maple-sugar iiroduct. During tbe
year 1S79 it produced 2,731,915 jiounds.

Belknap county. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods.

Cakroll county. — Five eighths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the northern portion
there are still large areas covered with an original growth of sjn uce. Large quantities of charcoal are manufactured
in this county, and tbe usual method of lumbering adopted heic and very generally in northern Jfew
Ilamiishire is first to cut the spruce large enough for saw-logs, taking all trees G inches in diameter 25 feet from
the ground, and then cut for charcoal all the remaining growth, hard wood and soft, even tbe young spruce. As
the land cleared is of little value for agricultural ])urposes, it is allowed to grow up again with wood. Deciduous
trees come up at first, and these arc sometimes, but not always, followed by spruce. It is necessary to exercise
great care in order to prevent the newly cleared tracts ironi sufl'ering from lire, as the material for charcoal, cut
into cord-wood, is often left on the ground until the second season. Mr. C. G. Pringle, who studied the forests of
this region, furnishes the following notes upon the forests of Carroll county:

"The forests on the mountain sides between Crawford's and Eartlett are composed principally of tbe yellow
and paper birch, the sugar maple, the red maple, poplars, the black spruce, and the balsam fir. About Bartlett
scattering specimens of white pine make their appearance. In the more level part of North Conway tbe red and
the pitch pine and the hemlock become common, while on the more sterile, sandy i)lains farther down tbe Saco
these ])ines with the white birch constitute the principal arborescent growth.

" The tract known as Hart's location, lying partly in the ^Ybite Mountain notch, includes 10,000 acres, 2,000 of
which bear 15,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock — rather more of hemlock than of spruce; 10,000 acres in this
tract will cut 25 cords of hard wood per acre. The town of Bartlett, partly cleared, still has 40,000 acres of
woodland, which will yield an average of 5,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock and 15 cords of bard wood.
Sargent's grant covers mount Crawford, Stair mountain, and a part of mount Washington. On this tract arc 15,000
acres of timber land, carrjing 20,000 feet per acre, chiefly spruce. The Thompson and ^leserve purchase comprises
portions of mounts "VYasbington, Jeflerson, and Madison, and covers 12,000 acres. Two thousand acres of this will
yield 30,000 feet of spruce and hemlock per acre in nearly equal proportions. The remaining 10,000 acres will cut 25
cords of hard wood per acre. The Bean purchase lies north of the town of Jackson, and covers 40,000 acres. It is
occujiied by a dense forest, amounting to 20,000 feet of spruce and hemlock and 20 cords of hard wood per acre.
Originally there was considerable jnne on the streams and sides of tbe mountains in this vicinity, particularly on
mount Kearsargc, but now there is little left. Twelve and twenty-five years ago much of tbe town of Bartlett was
burned over, and a diiferent growth has come up — white birch, poplar, bird cherry, etc."

A large amount of cooperage stock, excelsior, and an average of 1,000 cords of shoe pegs (from birch and
maple) are annually made in this county. Considerable damage to oak and poplar caused by tbe ravages of tbe
army-worm [!J are rei)orted. The natural increase of timber is said, however, nearly to equal the present consumption
by local industries, and scarcity is not apprehended.

Chkshire county. — About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods.

Coos COUNTY.— Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests. Tbe following is extracted from
Mr. rringle's notes ujion the forests of this county :

" Everything east of the Connecticut lakes and about the upper portions of Indian and Perry streams is
original forest. Such also is the condition of the Gilmanton, Atkinson, and Dartmouth College grants and tbe
towns of Dixvillc, Odell, and Kilkenny. All the eastern portions of Clarksville, Stewartstown, Colebrook,
Columbia, and Stratford are forest, and nearly all of M'entworth's location, iMillsfield, Errol, Dummer, Cambridge,
and Success. In these forests the spruce will cut 5,000 feet and the hard wood about 50 cords per acre. There
is considerable hemlock, but even less pine than in Essex county, Vermont. Not much of the region has l>een
burned over, and siiruce comes into the soil again but slowly after clearings and tiros.

" In the townshi]! of Kilkenny, in the mountains east of Lancaster, there are 10,000 acres of forest still untouched,
though a branch railroad from Lancaster into this forest has been surveyed, and may be constructed in a few years,
for the puri)ose of bringing the lumber down to the mills at Lancaster. Lowe and Burbank's grant is a wilderness,
three-fourths well timbered and the remainder a mountain ridge of nearly bare rock. Beau's purchase is nearly
inacci'ssiblo and but little lumbered. Stark, on the upjier Ammonoosuc, is badly cut over, only about one-quarter
remaining in virgin forest. About one-half of Berlin is niicut ; also tbe northern half of Bandolph, tbe south half
of Gorham, and the south quarter of Slielburne. Considerable land in Success was burned over some years ago, as
well as some in Stark and in the eastern part of Berlin, but tiros have not lately been very destructive in tbe New
Hampshire fvuests."

A large amount of coojierage stock, handles, wood pulp, shoe pegs, etc., is manu(i\eturcd in this county.
Abundant material, with the exception of ash, is reported.

Gkafton COUNTY.— One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly confined to the northern
and central portions. Shoe pegs, cooperage stock, wood pul(), and excelsior are largely manufactured. Tbe amount
of material is considered abundant for the present consumption.
32 for

498 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

EIiLLsnoROi'Gn coi^'TY. — One-half of this comity is ivportoil covered with woods, mostly second growth. A
large amount of eoiiperage and wheel .stock is inaiiutactnred. No deterioration in tho qualitj- of material is
reported, although at the present rate of cousunii>tion it must soon become exhausted.

MKURntACK roi'XTY. — One half of this county is reported covered with woods. Cooperage stock, handles,
and excelsior are largely manufactured. A slight deterioration in the quality of material is reported.

RocKixnnAM coi'XTV. — From one-quarter to five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, most iy
second growth.

Strafford cox'XTY. — Fonr-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth.
Eloop-poles. cooperage stock, etc., are largely manulactured. Wood of all sorts is re])orted scarce and rapidly
increasing in value.

VERMONT.

The forests of Vermont, as compared with those of New Hampshire and Jlaine, are varied in composition.
About the shores of lake Champlain several western trees first appear, and throughout the state the forest is more
generally composed of deciduous than coniferous species. Forests of spruce, however, spread over the high
ridges of the Green mountains, their foot-hills being covered with hard-wood trees and little pine or hemlock
occurring in the valleys. A forest of while pine once stretched along the banks of the Connecticut, and great
bodies of this tree occurred in the northwestern part of the state, adjacent to lake Champlain. The original white-
jiine forests of the state are now i)ractically exhausted. They are represented by a small amount of second-growth
pine only, which furnished during the census year a cut of 0,50.1,000 feet of luml)cr, i)oard measure'.

The forests of Vermont now snfler comparatively little from tire, although at dillereiit periods during the last
fifty years very serious fires have laid waste great areas of forest in the Green IMountain region. During the year
1880 3,041 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with au estimated loss of 8l8,4GG. Of such fires ten
escaped from farms into the forest, five were set by locomotives, two were traced to the carelessness of hunters,
and one to malice.

Large amounts of cooperage stock, woodenware, furniture, ])aper pulp, excelsior, veneers, etc., are manufactured
throughout the state. ^laterial for these industries is fast disappearing, and a great deterioration in quality,
especially of oak, ash, and chestnut, is reported by manufacturers.

Vermont surpasses all other states in the manufacture of maple sugar. During the year 1879 11,201,077
l)onnds were produced in the state.

The following estimate of the spruce standing in the state ]\ray31, 1880, has been prepared from Mr. Pringle's
report, and is liascd upon the statements of numerous timber-land owners and experts in different parts of the state:

BLACK SPRUCE {I'iceanigraX

ICeglonii.

Orcen MooDtain range

Volley of the Connocticnt rlvor

ToUl

Cot for tlic remtnn yrarpiKliDg May 31, 1880 (excluding 16,191,000
fe«t imi>ortcd froDiCauad:!).

380,000,000
375, 000, 000

Partial returns of the lioop-pole industry give a production during tho census year of only ^.''.(OOO, valued at
$470.

Addison county. — .Vbout one third of this county is reported covered with woods. Spruce and ash are scarce
anil rapidly disappe.iring. Oak of suflicicnt size for the manufacture of coo])erage stoc^k is exhausted.

IJr.NXiNOTON roi'NTY. — Two-thirds of this county is re])ortcd covered with woods. ^Manufacturers of woodenware
and coopei-age stock couFiiler the prospects for future local supply favorable.

Cai.KDoxia coi'X'J'Y. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is re])oited covered witli woods, mostly
confined to the northern and western portions.

CniTTKXDKN rorxTY.— About one-fifth of this county is i('i>orted as woodland. TIk! following extracts are.
made from Mr. I'lingle's note upon the forests of Vermont:

"Excc])t on the summits of a few of the higher peaks of tho Green mountains, where black sjn'iice and balsam
fir grow to the exclusion of other trees, the aibor.-al growth is composed of a large number of species. In tho
valleys and on the foothills, and even on the slo])e8 of the higher mountains in their lower jiortions, hemlocks
mingle with spruce, beech, maple, and birch (yellow birch chie/ly, for there is little white birch seen in northern
Vermont); basswood, butternut, the ashes, red oaks, etc., are confined to the lower elevations and are less abundant
than the trees first mentioned, lietween tlic isolated patches of spruce and fir about the summits of the mountains
and the region where hemlock is found, rock maple, yellow birch, and black spruce are the predominating species.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 499

"To estimate tUc area of valnable original forest still standing in the Green mountains is not an easy task.
The belt extends from the Canada line to Massachusetts, and even into that state. The outlines of this belt are
made very irregular by the cleared and settled valleys which run up among the mountains, and by reason of forest
clearings, so that its width is constantly varying as we proceed from one eiul to the other.

"The woodlands of the plateau, some 10 miles broad and elevated Irom L'OO to 300 feet above lake Champlain,
lying between the foot-hills of the Green mountains and the lower ])lain oeside the lake, occupy, for the most part,
rocky hills, and are composed principally of sugar maple, beech, basswood, white ash, black birch, and red oak.
Certain limestone hills oiler a favorable situation for the butternut, the ironwood, the slippery elm, and the bitter
hickory. The swamps and other lowlands yield the red maple, the black ash, the white elm, and the black willow.
The latter, especially along streams, is associated with alders and the sheepberry. The colder, sphagnous swamps
are covered with a growth, more or less dense, of yellow cedar, black spruce, balsam, and larch ; sometimes in the
higher portions the white pine mingles with these, scattered or in groves. When grown in such soil this wood is liable
to be extremely hard and brittle. The poplars occupy hillsides and ridges where the soil is a light, cold, sandy loam;
with them the bird cherry is perpetually associated. Tlie black cherry is scattered iu a diversity of soils. White
oak aud hickory attain their best development on clayey soil or glades of slight elevation ; on the red sand-roek hills
they are smaller. Certain slopes of cold clay are still here heavily wooded with hemlock, while warm clay lands are
the favored site of the burr oak. In the vicinity of the lake aud its tributaries low, wet shores are scattered over
with the swamp white oak and the burr oak. The chestnut oak is common on the thin, poor soil of the red sand-rock
hills, ranging through the valley from the lake as far back in some places as the loot-hills of the Green mountains.
The red pine appears on the sandy shores of lake Champlain, aud extends far up the Winooski river. The moister
aud more fertile portions of the sandy plain are still occupied to some extent by white pine, the poorer portions
by pitch pine. The white birchr occurs on cold, wet, sandy soil near the lake ; aud in the mountains the black
spruce becomes the most common tree ; with it in stronger soil are associated the yellow birch aud the sugar maple.

" Burlhujton. — This place is believed to rank as third, or next to Albany, among the lumber markets of the
United States. More lumber may enter some ports, as Oswego aud Tonawauda, for transshipment, but all lumber
brought to this market is stored and sold here. The kind is chiefly white pine brought up the lake from Canada,
a little of it being cut in Michigan (perhaps one-teuth); all the rest is of Canadian growth. A few of the lumber
companies hero own lauds of limited extent among the Green mountaius, fi'om which they obtain spruce for
clapboards, etc. The general direction which the lumber sent from here takes is to the older portions of Xew
England, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, and Connecticut, considerable pine being sent even to Maine, which once
supplied to commerce so much of this material. Much lumber is dressed here and sent to Boston for shipment to
foreign countries. The business still enjoys the highest prosperity, aud during the census year, under the stimulus
of general commercial prosperity, it was especially active. As yet no lack in the supply is felt, the loggers only
having to go farther back in the Canadian forests than formerly to obtain timber enough to meet the demand. The
proportion of lumber worked up here is small, there being merely a few factories producing doors, sash, blinds,
packing boxes, etc."

Essex county. — Five-sixths of this county is reported covered with forest. The following is extracted from
Mr. Pringle's report :

" Four-tiftiis of that i)art of the county of Essex lying north of Guildhall and Victory is still iu virgin forest,
which will yield 5,000 feet of si)ruce per acre. The towns of Lewis aud Averill are entirely unlumbered, and
so is Avery's Gore. Colton is mostly covered with forest, and so is Ferdinand. Timber-lands compose about
two-thirds of Granby and East Ilaveu, and cover the back parts of the river towns and those crossed by the
Grand Trunk railroad. South of Cruildhall and Victory the towus of Coucord and Luneuburg are mostly cleai-ed
and settled. The projjortion of hemlock in these forests is not large ; there is considerable yellow cedar and a
large amount of maple, birch, and beech — probably 50 cords per acre. There is but little pine in all this region,
jtrincipally confined to the township of Lewis; elsewhere only occasional pine trees occur.''

FuANKLiN COUNTY.— From one fourth to three tenths of this county is reported covered with forest, mostly
confined to the hills in the northeastern and northern portions. In the village of Montgomery a large establishment
for the manufacture of butter tubs is located, aud at East Kichford birch is largely manufactured into turned ware.

Grand Isle county. — About a quarter of this county is reiiorted covered with woods.

Lamoille county. — About oue-third to one-half of this county is rei)ortod covered with woods, very generally
listributed over its entire surface.

OKANOJi"' COUNTY. — Ouc quarter of this county is reported covered with forest.

Okleans COUNTY. — Oue-lialf of this county is reported covered with woods. The following is extracted from
Air. Pringle's notes:

"At Newport, situated at the southern extremity of lake Memphrcmagog, are several mills for cutting
veneering from birch. The product of these mills is closely packed in boxes, so that it cannot warp, and sent to
the manufactories near the large cities, to be used for chair bottoms and other purposes. Southwaitl from Newport,
in ti(e valleys of the Barton and Black rivers, which tlow northward into lake Memphrcmagog, and of the
Tassumpsic river, which runs southward anil joins the Connecticut, aiv almost continuous swamps of yellow

500 THE FOKESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

tetlar, black spruce, and laicL, from wbicb tbe cedar timber is now beiujjf largely drawn to be sawed into shingles.
At Barton tbe banl woods are largely" cut into material for furniture, wbicb is shipped toward tbe sea-board before
being i)uf together.

"The valley of the Clyde river from Newport to l.sland Pond is cleared for the most part and iinprove<l for
fanns. The usual species of the uorthenj^forest occujiy the summits of the low hills on either side of the valley.
Eastwartl from Island Pond, down the Neipegnn river lo the Connecticut by the line of the Grand Trunk railroad,
■we pass through the wild region from which the lumbermen have only taken some of the spruce and ])iiie. Here,
beginning 2 or .'5 miles back from the railroad, or in some places much nearer to it, a virgin and unbroken forest
stretches over the slopes and summits of the hills for many miles to the northward and southward ; black spruce,
yellow birch, sugar mai>le. and beech are its chief component species. In a few ■places, ■where the soil is saudy,
■white pine occurs in straggling groves or isolated siiecimens, and the swam|)s, as well as those of all of northern
Vennont. are <Hcu]iit'd l)y the black sjtruce, yellow cedar, and by a few scattering pines. The jiine being the kind
of lumber tirst secured, is .seldom found now in these Vermont swamps. The cedars are now cut and manufactured
into shingles, fence posts, railway ties, etc., for which i)uriPoses the lasting quality of the wood makes it eminently
suited. There is little hemlock in northeastern Vermont, and it is believed to indicate poor soil wherever it occurs.
Tbe soil of this entire region presents a marked contrast to that of northern Xew York, being fertile and in other
resjiects well adapted to agriculture. On this account land once lumbered over is generally occupied by the farmer
and not allowed to come up again to forest, except in the mt)re billy i)ortions."

Staves, tubs, pails, buckets, and hoops are largely manufactured from siirnce, cedar, and ash. The qiuility of
the material used is said to have deteriorated, and uianufacturers report that at the present rate of coiisuiii])tion it
■will soon be consumed.

Rutland covnty. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, principally in the eastern
portion. Elm, formerly largely used in manufacture of tubs, etc., is reported exhausted, and basswood has become
scarce.

Washington corNTY. — One-third of this county is reported covered with woods, i)rincipally situated in belts
along its eastern and western borders. The following is extracted from ]\Ir. Pringle's report:

"Reaching Montpelier from the west we have left behind the Green Mountain gneiss and entered a granitic
formation. Here is an extensive burned region; the lire, in consuming the lorest and vegetable mold upon the
surface of the land, has exposed granite bowlders thickly embedded in the soil. To replace the forest growth thus
removed there is only an occasional little si>ruce or balsam to be found among the thickets of bird cherry. The
hilltop and hillside forests ea.st of Montpelier show hemlocks every where mingled with sugar majiles, yellow l)irches,
and spruce; farther cast the s]irnce and birch iiredominate. Approaching the Connecticut river, hemlocks and
ina|)les again ajtpear and .second-growth white i)ine and i)ai)er birches take the place of the other s])ecies."

^VINI)IIAM coiNTY. — Thrce-ciglilhs of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly coiilincd to ridges
of the Green mountains. Ash and white jiine are reported very scarce.

■\ViND.soR COINTY. — From one-fourth to one-third of this county is re])orted covered with woods, (juite generally
distributed over the hills. Tubs, barrels, kegs, and buckets of white ami red oak, white jiine, spruce, and ash are
manufactured. Oak is reiiortcd by manufacturers to he already practically exhausted, spruce to be fast disappearing,
and asb very scarce and in danger of speedy extermination.

MASSACHUSETTS, KUODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT.

The original forest which on<!e covered these states has disaj)pearcd and been replaced by a second, and
sometimes by a third and fourth growth of the trees of the Northern Pine Belt. The area covered by tree growth
in these states is slowly increasing, although, with the cxcejition of the young forests of white i>ine, the luoductive
capacity of their woodlands is, in view of the heavy demands conti muilly made njion them, esjiecially by the
r.iilroads, rajiiflly diminishing. Abandoned farming land, if i)rotected from lire and browsing aninmls, is now
very generally, except in the immcfliate vicinity of the coast, soon covered with a vigorous growth of white jjine.
The fact is im])ortant, for this new growth of pine )>romises to give in tlii' future moie than local importance to the
forests of this region.

These states sustain a considt-rable annual loss from forest fires. In Massachii.seds duiing the year 1880
13,.S»(» acres of wooilland were re|torfed destroyed by lire, with a loss of ifUy2,'J(i2. Of these lires fifty-two were set
by locomotives, forty by fires started on farms and escajiing to the forest, thiify seven by hunters, nineteen by the
carele.'^s use of tobacco, eight through malice, and three by careles.sness in the manufacture of charcoal. No returns
in regard to forest fires in Rhode Island and Connecticut have been received, but it is believed that in ])roi)ortion
to tbeir forest area such fires are not less destructive in these states than in iMassachusetls. Nunurons imjiortant
industries using hard wood have been driven from these stales or forced to obtain their material from bcyoml
their limit.s. On the other hand, indu.stries like the manufacture of certain sorts of woodenware, using secoud-
growtli pine, are rapidly increasing in volume. The jiiincipal forests now found in these status are situated in
Berk.shire, Hampden, and Worcester counties, Mas.sachusetts.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 501

Berkshire county, Massachusetts.— From one-third to one-half of thi.s eounty is reported covered with
woods, largely second growth. The high ridges of the hills are still covered with forests of black spruce, their
slopes and intervening valleys with hard woods or hemlock, now often replaced by a growth of young white pioe.
Cooperage stock, baskets, and wood pnlp are largely manufactured. Si)ruce is reported to have deteriorated ia
quality; manufacturers consider the supply of material, however, abundant for all present local demands.

Fkankijn county, Massachuskt'JS.— One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely
second-growth white piue.

"WoHCESTKR COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. — Ouc-half of this couuty is reported covered with woods, largely
second growth white piue. Winchendon, the most important point in the United States for the manufacture of
woodenware, small cooperage, etc., is supplied with material from the young pine forests of this and the neighboring
counties. Timber is reported to have deteriorated. The supply of pine is not equal to the demaud, and is rapidly
increasing in value.

In Barnstable county, IMassachusetts, numerous experiments in fore.«!t planting have been made. In South
Orleans and neighboring towns fully 10,000 acres of sandy, barren soil have been successfully and profitably planted
with pitch i)ine. Similar i)lantations have been made upon the island of Nantucket; aud many large groves of
white pine planted many years ago in Bristol and Plymouth counties demonstrate the entire practicability of forest
culture in this whole region.

Theonly important lumber manufacturing establishments found in these states are situated upon the Connecticut
river, in ^Massachusetts and Connecticut. They are entirely supplied with niaterial from th^ forests of northern
New Hampshire and Vermont. Partial returns of the hoop-jjole industry give a production during the census year
in Massachusetts of 11,507,600, valued at 895,009; in Connecticut, of 191,000, valued at $9,GG0.

NEW YORK.

That portion of the state north of the forty-third degree of latitude, including within its limits the elevated
Adirondack region, was once covered with a dense forest of maple, birch, basswood, aiul other northern deciduous
trees, through which were scattered spruce and pine. The low hills bordering the Iludson ami extending along
the southern boundary of the state west of that river were covered with the coniferous species of the Northern Pine
Belt. Over the remainder of the state the broad-leaved forests of the Mississippi basin spread almost uninterruptedly,
except where an occasional sandy plain or high elevation favored the growth of pines. The original forest still
covers largo areas in the northern counties, and protects the hills through which the Delaware river forces its way
in crossing the southern part of the state. With these exceptions, however, the forests of New York are now
almost exclusively of second growth.

The forests of the state, esi)ecially in the north, have at diflerent times sutfered great damage from fire. During
the census year 1-19,491 acres of woodland were re])orted destroyed by fire, with a loss of $1,210,785. Of these
fires thirty-seven were set by faruiers clearing land for agricultural purposes and allowing them to esc;ipe to the
forest, forty three were set by locomotives, and twenty-two by the carelessness of sportsmen.

With the exceiition of the s])ruce of the Adirondack region, the forests of the state are no longer important
as a source of general lumber supply ; and many industries depending upon hard woods have iu late years decreased
in importance, owing to the want of sullicient niaterial, or have been forced to obtain their supply of timber from
the west. White oak, largely consumed by the railroads, has become scarce, and has advanced at least 50 per
cent, in value during the last twelve years. Elm, ash, hickory, and other woods are reported scarce iu all parts of
the state. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of 10,948,258,
valued at $155,704.

New York is oidy surpassed by Vermont in the amount of maple sugar produced by its forests. During the
year 1879 10,G9;5,OI9 jjounds were manufactured in the state.

The following extracts are taken from Jlr. Pringle's re])ort upon the forests of northern New York:

" Oue who enters northeastern New York at I'ort Kent, aud takes stage by way of Keeseville to the Saranac
lakes, finds himself, as long ::s his route runs up the Au Sable river, which is as far as the Au Sable forks, i)assing
through a region which gives evidence of having been formerly covered with pine. The white, the red, aud the
pitch pine are all represented here. The pitch ])iue is conlinetl chietly to the sterile sandy plains between the Au
Sable aiul the Saranac rivers. The red piue mingles with this sjiecies. and grows on the rocky hills of the n>giou
and on the river dills, while the abundance of white piue in nearly all situations must have made this quarter of
the state, like the region of Vermont lying opposite, a valuable pinery in fornun- times. But fifty or seventy-five
years have passed since the pine of the Chauiplain valley was harvested and shipped to Kngland by way of the
Saint Lawrence.

" In the valleys of the Au Sable and the Saranac rivers white pines spring up numerously whenever permitted
to do so, and I am told that farmers, realizing that much of their soil is not suitable for profitable agriculture, are
seriously considering whether it be not to their highest advantiige to surrender much of their laud to timber givwiug,
and encourage the growth of the more valuable species, such as white i>iue, white oak, etc. Of uou-couiferous trees

502 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the white, red, auil black oaks are conspicnoua among the pines, and in the colder and wetter sands the white birch
is common. But through all this region the trees are all of second growth, and lumber for building i)uri)oses is
largely imported.

'•The forest on the upper waters of the An Sable and of the divide between this river and the Saranac is
principally devote«l to supplying fuel to numerous iron furnaces. The best butt logs only of spruce are sorted out
and sent to the saw-mills as the forests are mowed down ; the hemlock bark is removed for the tanneries, but
everything else, young piue, spruce, and poplar, fall clean wi(h maple and birch. Here and there, even far up on
the hillsides, are seen the charcoal kilns, and around and about them, (piitc to the crest of the foothills of the
Adirondacks, tlic woods are cut down in great swaths to feed them. Lands once cut over are left to grow up to
timber again, though fires originating in the dead brushwood and consuming the sun-dried vegetable mold on the
surface of the soil generally interfere with any new growth of trees.

'•Little Tupi>er lake is situated in the heart of the Adirondack wilderness, and is surrounded by some of tlie
most valuable timber lauds to be found in all this region. The woods about the lake have never heard the lumberman's
ax. The stream which connects it with Tapper lake, by way of IJound i)ond, is not adapted to driving, and before
lumber could be brought down it would be necessary to clear out the stream by blasting away nui(;h rocrk and building
a dam with Hood gates at the foot of IJound pond. The shores of this beautiful lake ])rcscnt a marked contrast to
those of any I have as yet visited. On other shores and river banks I had seen scattering )>ines, but on all the points
and blufl's of this lake tiiroughout its entire circuit, and even following the ravines far back in the hills, are great
groves and belts of white itine with straight and clean shafts towering high above all other trees, unless is excepted
the red pine, of which a few specimens are mingled with them on the gravelly l)anks of the lake, vying with tlie
vrhite pines in height and beauty of trunk. At certain ])Iaces on the shores of this lake, and jiarticularly along
»he sluggish streams connecting it with Ivouud pond below, are considerable swami)S occui)ied cliielly by larch.
It is jdeasing to observe and to learn from guides that this lake region of the Adirondack woods has suHcred but
little from forest fires. It is only limited areas here and there on the shores of the lakes and ponds or along the
rivers that have beeu devastated by tires originally started in hunters' camps. Seldom do these tires spread far
back from the water, a fact which is to be attributed, it is believed, to the wet and mossy condition of these woods;
yet, when they have been lumbered, as is the case lower down the Ilacket river, and a considerable jiroportion of the
trees have l)een removed so as to expose the brn.shwood, etc., to the drying influences of the sun, much the usual
liability to lire exists here.

" It is .safe to a.ssume that 2,500 square miles fairly rei)resent the area of the virgin forests of the Adirondack
wilderness. This area will average 3,000 feet of spruce (board measure) ])er acre, or about five billion feet in the
aggregate. Tbe amount of hemlock, variou.sly estimated from 300 to 10,000 feet per acre, will cut at h-ast 2,000
feet per acre, or 3,000,000,000 feet in the aggregate, or its equivalent; when the bark alone is considered, 3,000,000
cords of bark. The pine hardly, if at all, exceeds 200 feet per acre, or 320,000,000 feet in all. The hard wood
growing over this entire region will fairly average 40 cords ])er acre, or 0-1,000,000 cords.

'•Gh-ns Falls is tlie great sawing center for the lumber cut upon the ni>iier Hudson. This business here has
passed the jxiint of maximum prosperity and begun to decline; not that there was any necessity for a diminiition
of the yearly crop of logs from this field, if the forest could be ])rotccted from devastating fires. The lumberman
leaves staiuling, as far as ])ossible, the si)rnco trees too small for the ax, and these, the overshadowing growth being
remove<l, grow with increased vigor, so that good crops of timber could be harvested from the soil every thirty or
forty years, were it not that over at least one-half of the are.i lumbered fire follows the ax, burning dee)) into the
woody soil and inducing an entire change of tree covering. Poplars, birches, and bird cherries, if anything, succeed
the spnices and firs. From this cause alone the lumbering industry of the region must dwindle. A large area utterly
nnadapted to agriculture is being made desolate and nearly valueless, and its streams, the feeders of the water
privilegi'S and canals below, become every year more and more slender and fitful. These fires arc largely set by
reckh'ss sport.'^men and hunters, with whom this region peculiarly abounds in summer. They aie careless in their
smoking; they neglect to watch ami properly extinguish the fires lighted for cami) and cooking j)uri)08es, and
sometimes they even delight to set fire to the dry brushwood of hunbered land in lawless S])ort. Again, to some
extent, a class of petty jnoneers follow the lumberman, obtaining for a trilling sum a title to a little land, or, squatting
without rights, set fire to the dry brushwood left by the lumberers, and allow the fire to spread at will, devastating
thou^anils of dollars' worth of jtroperfy for the mere convenience of saving themselves the trouble of liurning
boundary strips around their fields, which might not cost lln-m labor to tin-, amount of $10. The laws of New York
in resjtect to the setting of forest fires are totally inadeipiate to ])roteet the forests. The ojiinion jirevails in the
forest region of northern New Yoik that a growth of trees removed is followed by a similai- growth, the result of
young .seedling trees left in the soil, except in the case of i)ine. ' I'ine once cleared off is never ren((wed,' was the
invariable remark. This of <;our«e ]>re8umes that fire is kejit out of the clcaiing, for after a fire has consumed
the brushwood and much of the 'dufl'or vegetable mold, an<l with this all the young seedling trees, and even
the seeds of trees that may be in the soil, iin entirely dillerent growth from th(^ hemlock and spriici- si)iingH up.
Rasi)berry bushes are the first to appear, the seeds of which are droj>i)ed by birds flying over the clearing. Bird
cherries generally appe^ir among the first trees, tbe seeds being dropped everywhere in a new country by birds;

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 503

poplars and small willows also appear early iu a burned district, their downy seeds being widely distributed by the
wind. It is only throufih the aj^ency of the wind that the seeds of birches and conifers can be disseminated, and
spruces and hemlocks must needs appear, if they return at all, as tardy stragglers.

" Not many miles above (J lens Falls the Hudson tiows out from among the lowest outposts of the Adirondacks
and winds through a ])lain which reaches from near Troy to the vicinity of the southern ends of lakes George and
(Jhamplain. The soil of this plain is sand deposited by the waters of former periods. The hills which bound this
plain on the northwest are piles of sand, gravel, and bowlders, evidently the moraines of a glacier which once flowed
thrt)iigh the course of the Hudson. All this region, from Troy to Luzerne, among the foot-hills of the Adirondacks,
must formerly have been covered with i)ine; among the hills and near the streams white pine, and iu the more sterile
central portions of the plain, red and i)itch pine. To-day there exists of these species scarcely more than a scanty
and scattered second growth.

"Thirty or forty years ago it was thought that all the accessible spruce iu the valley of the upper Hudson had been
harvested, but there is to-day nearly as much sawed at Glens Falls as there was at that time. At that time nearly
all the timber standing near this river and its larger tributaries had beeu cut. Such as stood 5 or 10 miles back
from these streams and all that was growing in the valleys of the smaller streams, or higher up the mouutaiu slopes,
would not pay the cost of hauling to the larger streams ; but it is this timber which now furuishes the present
supply. Logs are now driven out of streams which were then thought incapable of being driven. By damming
streams so small that they may almost dry up in midsummer, throwing the logs into theii- courses during the winter,
either above or below the dams, and in spring-time, when the dams are pouring with the floods resulting from the
melting of deep mountain snows, tipping the planks of thodamsandlettingloosethetorreuts, the logs from remote
places are got out to the large rivers where they can be driven. All the rivers of this region, however, are steep
and rocky. The logs come down with their ends badly battered, and often with gravel and fragments of rock
diiveu into the ends iu a manner to injure the saws. They must, therefore, be 'butted' before being sawed;
that is, a thin section is cut from each end, and on this account the logs are cut iu the woods 4 iuches or, for the
Avorst streams, G or more iuches longer than the standard length. The standard length for all logs brought down
the Hudson is 13 feet. The character of these streams is such that long logs, for spars or other purposes, caunot
safely be driven through them. Such sticks are certain to get fastened among rocks ami cause bad jams. As
already stated, the lumber business ujjou the upper Hudson is well advanced iu its decline, and a score of years
hence it must become insignificant under the practices now pursued, and the future of this valley gives little
promise of prosperity ; the soil is inferior in quality and not adapted to agriculture, while the timber, once the chief
source of its prosperity, is nearly exhausted.

" As a lumber market Albany ranks second iu the United States, or next to Chicago. White pine is the variety
of lumber most largely handled here, and two-thirds of it comes from Michigan by way of the Erie canal, the
remaining one-third coming from Canada through lake Champlain, the white i)ine contributed by New York being
an inappreciable quantity. Most of the lumber firms here are merely commission dealers, although in two large
mills considerable lumber is dressed belbre being shipped. The region supplied by this market iueludes the banks
of the Hudson, New York city. New Jersey, and the shores of Long Island sound. A little reaches Philadelphia,
and much is shipped to foreign ports from the city of New York. A great deal of the lumber handled by Albany
dealers, however, does not go to Albany at all, but, sold by runners, is sent direct by railroad from the Michigan
mills to points south of New York. The lumber trade here is still iu full prosperity.

"Leaving the beautiful Mohawk valley at Pionie, the traveler by the Kome and Watertowu railroad soon notes
a less imi)roved region, and one, indeed, less capable of imi>rovement. For a long time the road stretches over a
sandy plain ; in the higher portions of this plain, not far from Ifome, the red and pitch pines are seen, aud iu the
wetter places heudocks and black spruces appear, with white birch, black ash, etc. On the higher, undulating
huuls, 20 or 30 miles north of Kome, white piuo and heuUock seem once to have beeu the most abuiidaut species of
the forest ; they now exist only iu broken and scattered ranks, although uumerous stumps give evidence of a former
heavy growth of these two species. Northward from Albion the country gradually rises, hard wood becoming
more aud luore common until on the limestone banks of the Black river at Watertowu the patches of woodlaud
are mainly composed of birch and mai)le. Yet the soil continues sandy, and at a little distance fmm the river is
favorable to the growth of pine, and I can readily believe that all this samly tract east of lake Outario was
originally covered with a heavy growth, principally of pine and hemlock. The pine was long since h;irvested, and
now the mills and tanneries are consuming the heudock. On each of the small streams that flow into lake Ontario
arc established saw-mills which cut quantities of hemlock yearly. Little, however, is sawed at Watertowu,
although a limited amount of logs is driven down to Dexter at the mouth of the Black river, and there sawed;
yet once tlie neighborhood of Watertowu and Dexter was a great center for the production of i>iue lumber. This
region (chiefly its swami)s) still yields a little black spruce. The lumber sawed aloug the Kome aud Watertowu
railroad at Williamstown, Kichmond, etc., is mostly sent southward to Syracuse and other i)laces to meet the
demand there for coarse lumber. The lumber yards at Watertowu are mostly filled with Canadian june.

"Carthage, in Jefl'erson count\-, was once an important hunber center. The 'Long falls' of the Black river
furnished unlimited water power. Immense quantities of pine aud hemlock lined the banks of the rivex and eovere*!

504 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the plains of the vicinity ; northwanl lay a heavy pinery. Canal-boats hulen with lumber were towed through the
river to Lyon's falls anil tlicnoo by canal to Utica. Now the pine is nearly all jione from this region, the saw-mills
are rotting down and only a little hemlock is sawed here.

'• That portion of the state which lies along the Saint Lawrence river as far east as the vicinity of Malone, and
extending some 25 miles back from the river, seldom exceeds 250 feet above the sealevel and is, for tlic most
part, clayey loam, flat and well adapted to agriculture. This tract is now pretty well settled. Proceeding to
the southeastward and rising to an altitude of 250 feet a wide region of sandy soil is entered, cold, damp, and
nnfit for agricultnral purposes. This is the region of forest lying northwestward of the mountains in the soutlieru
portions of Saint Lawrence and Franklin counties, and has not yet been badly encroached upon by the ax and
fire. The destruction of this forest would be a public calamity, so useless is the soil for any other purpose than
the prixlnction of timber, and so harmful to the settled country below would be the consequences resulting from
clearing it. This forest is, no doubt, capable of yielding, i)erpetually, an annual crop double that now drawn from
it. This estimate, of course, is based upon the supposition that lires are prevented. But this side of the forest is
less invadetl by lires than the valley of the Hudson river, and ftres do not burn so deeply into the soil nor consume
so much of the vegetable matter ; they are, consequently, less fatal to the continuance of timber growth.

"At Canton, in Saint Lawrence county, and in its vicinity as far down as Buck's bridge, below Morley, is
Bawed all the lumber cut on the Grass river. From this jioint the lumber is shipped principally to Massachusetts
and Connecticut by rail, both via Rome and via Plattsburgh and Rouse's Point.

"Colonel Colton, of Norwood upon the Racket river, explained to me at length the methods employed by him
in the himber business, and. as nearly the same methods are pursued throughout this region, I give his account.
Several weeks of the summer he devotes to exploring the lands of his company, to decide from what tract the stock
of logs for the following year shall be drawn. In the settlements near the margin of the forest are men whoso
bnsiness it is to cut and haul onto the ice of the river during winter the timber desired bj- the lumber companies.
Contracts are made with these men to harvest the timber above a certain diameter on certain specitied tracts belonging
to the company. The contractors go to their respective fields of labor as soon as the snow is of sufficient depth, taking
into the woods a force of men, horses, and supplies, and building camps in the vicinity of their work. When a
fiill stock of logs is placed on the river, and the sj)ring floods break up the ice and set the logs going, other contracts
are made with the same or other men to drive the logs into the booms of the different mills at a stipulated price
per log. If, as is usually the case, logs of several different companies are on the same river, all are driven down
in common, and the drive is called a ' union drive'. Arrived at the uppermost boom — formed by chaining together
logs tloating on the surface of the water and held in i)lace by occasional piers, strong but rude structures of logs
filled in with rocks, located above the first sawing station — the logs belonging to these mills are soiled out and
tamed into the different booms, while those belonging below are sent on their way down the channel. Once within
the boom of the mills to which they belong, they are again assorted; the pine, hemlock, and the spruce are separated,
and the different gnides are floated into sejjarate booms or pockets which lead down to the different mills or saws
\Thich are to cut up each sei>arate class. At the mills inclined planes lead down to the water from each gang
of 8aws, up which, chains being attached to the logs, they are drawn by the machinery into the mill. After
sawing, the soiting of the lumber into different grades is comideted with care. The boards are run through
planinginills which smooth both sides, then through other machines which tongue and groove their edges, and finally
fine saws neatly triiy their ends. This dressing of the lumber at the mills makes a saving in freight when it is
shipped, besiiles greatly facilitating sales. Colonel Colton invited me to accompany him 20 or 30 miles up the
river to see the 'drive' which was just coining out of the woods. The highway by which we drove led near the
river, and we could see the logs everywhere coming down, advancing endwisci with the current. In many places
of still water the entire breadth of the river for some distance was closely covered with them. These were not so
small as those usually seen in the -Maine rivers, but were from lull-grown trees of the original forest — spruce from
1 foot to 2 feet in diameter. With the spruce logs were a few hemlocks, usually of larger size; a few pine logs,
sometimes L' or ;i feet in «liameter, floated with the others. As the water was lowering, stranded logs were .seen
everywhere along the shore. They covered gravel banks and bars in the middle of the river, and were piled in
disorder on the rockK of the rapids, or, pushing over the waterfalls, stood on end in the midst of the white, pouring
torrent.

"A few miles above Potsdam we entered upon a sandy soil; the farms a])i)eared less productive and the farm
buildings and fenws gave evidence of less thrift. As we advanced toward Colton, a region near the borders of
the forest some twenty years settled, less and less jnosperify amcng the settlers was manifest. The tilled fields
appeared incapable of yielding even passably good crops; some of them cfuild do no more than give a small crop
of rye once in three years. The grass lands were red with sorrel, which comes up everywhere over this region as
soon as the forest is cleared and the ground burned over. The sandy soil is cold and sour, in some i)laccs so light
as to be blown about l)y the wind. Above South Colton we drove over sandy plains utterly incaiiable of sustaining
the meager poi)ulatioii, which ekes out a wretched existence by means of fishing and lumbering. JNIy coini)aiiioii
a£Brmed that settlements had been jmshed farther info the forest than they can be maintained, and that they must
in most places be abandoned and the land given up to forest again. All along our way the woodlands Avere

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 505

straggling and sadly ravaged by the ax, fire, and wind. The spruce and i)ine bad been culled out and most of the
hemlock had been cut down and barked. Ilalf-burued stumps and logs and gaunt and blackened trunks still
standing disfigured the landscape on every side.

"The species of trees observed embraced all those common in northern woodlands. In one locality black
cherry was remarkably abundant. Formerly the saw-mills of Colton cut pine, as there was a larger proportion
of this lumber upon tlie Kacket than is usually found in northern New York; now they do little bnsness in any
lumber.

"As we passed up along the river I saw small squads of 'drivers' stationed in a few places where the character
of the river was such that it was liable to become obstructed with logs. By assisting the logs to pass such places
great jams are prevented. The main body of the men, however, worked at the rear of the drive, scrambling over
the disordered piles of logs which accumulate ujjon the shore or lodge against the rocks in the midst of the current.
With their cant-hooks the men i)ry and roll the logs into the current, springing about on the pile as the logs roll
from under their feet. Not unfrequently logs are left by the subsiding waters among the rocks at some distance
from the main channel of the river. Files of men on each side then seize ihem with their cant-hooks and, spla.shing
through the shallow water, bring them by main force into the channel. Sometimes logs become fastened among
the rocks where the current is so swift that they cannot be reached by a boat or in any other way. Then hooks
attached to ropes are thrown out from the shore; the logs are grappled and thus hauled oft" into the current. The
drivers work Sundays and week days, fair weather or foul; their occupation is full of peril, and men are lost every
year. Such are usually, as a driver assured me, 'men who do not know where it is safe to go.' But sometimes
the most careful men become mixed with the rolling logs or seized by the current of the waterfalls and are swept away.
"Franklin county contains 995,27'J acres, and 34:7,500 acres are still believed to be timbered. The timbered
portion lies in the south end of the county, and because it is not watered through much of its area by streams of
sufficient size for driving out the logs, much of the timber is inaccessible, or rather, the prices of lumber do not
yet warrant hauling the logs long distances. The country across the line of the Ogdensburg and Lake Chaiiii>lain
railroad appears exhausted of its spruce and hemlock. Some tracts of hard wood arc still standing, but the poplars,
whose young growth often conceals the stumps and prostrate trunks of dead hemlocks, really seem in many places
the most common species. But little timber land remains in Clinton county and, until the present season, lumbering
on the Saranac had been for several years nearly suspended. This year, however, a company was cutting a few
million feet of lumber drawn from the woods of Essex and Franklin counties. The lumber of the eastern side of
the Adirondack wilderness mostly comes out by the way of the Saranac and the Iludson rivers. The mountain
sides about lake George are being denuded of their spruce, which is sawed in the vicinity of Ticonderoga, and here,
as elsewhere, fires follow the ax in their usual fashion."

The forests of the Adirondack region have suffered severe loss at diflereut times, particularly in 1S7S, by
the sudden death of great blocks of black spruce. Mr. Pringle carefully studied the extent of this destruction
and the causes which produced it. In regard to these, great diversity of opinion exists among woodsmen and
others familiar with the Adirondack forests. It has been genei-ally supposed that the trees were killed by an
unusually severe summer drought, or by the attacks of a boring insect working under the bark; but the testimony
gathered by Mr. Pringle points to other causes of destruction. The spruce occupies dry mountain slopes and
ridges and deep wet swamps never greatly affected by drought. It is noticed that as many trees have died in
the swamps as upon the dry slopes. It is evidently not drought, then, which has caused them to )>erish. The
opinion, too, is firmly held by the .most intelligent observers that insects do not attack the trees "until they are
dead or nearly dead, and are never found in vigorous living specimens.

Tiie black si)ruce is not a long lived tree, and this dying out may indicate that the old trees of this forest, probably
all of nearly the same age, had so nearly reached the limits of their natural existence as to be unable to withstand
some unusual or severe climatic state, such as a period of intense winter cold or late spring frost. The following
extracts from Mr. Pringle's report will indicate the opinions of those best able perhaps to form an opinion upon
this subject:

" Mr. Mark ]\Ioody, residing at the foot of Tupper lake, a hunter and woodsman who has passed his life in the
forest, testifies as follows : 'The spruce died fearfully ni his vicinity about two years ago ; he tried to learn the cause.
Sixteen years ago the spruce had died out much in the same way as it has been doing lately. It is the older trees
which die. They seem to die by crops, successively. Under the large trees were always springing up small tix»es
to take the places of those that i)ensli. Tiiere seems to bo a narrower limit to the life of the spruce than to that
of any other species. Other trees do not die in the same manner, by crops. Tlie s]uuce does not seem to enjoy the
same green old age, long drawn out, as other trees do, but when it has reached its full growth seems to relinquish
its vitality without any apparent or sufficient cause, and before giving evidence of decay or any diminution of
vigor.'

"JMr. Wardner, of Bloomingdale, Essex county, an old hunter, woodsman, and guide, testified as follows: >The
spruce timber on this side of the forest has failed clear through to its northern borders, in the same manner and
during the same seasons as in other portions of the region.' Mr. \Vardner first noticed the leaves falling and
covering the ground in 1878; the destruction was continued through 187l>, but during the past season he had met

506

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

with very few trees that were ilyiug. Spruce timber bad perished iu this manuer before, aud he pointed out a
broad valley iu which most of the trees were dead and I'allinji when he came into this region, twenty-five years
before, rie had carefully endeavored to ascertain the cause; was i)ositive that insects either under the bark or
U|x>n the leaves had nothing to do with the death of the spruce trees, and he is sure that it is not due to drought,
as he has seen the givatest destruction on the nortlicrn slopes. No active destructive agent being apparent, he
ineliues to the oi)inion that the spruce trees die because they have reached the limit of their life, aud that it is
some ]>eculiarity of the winter rather than the summer that turns the scale against them; for this reason they
perish iu quantities, sometimes iu sections, lie has counted the rings of many trees, and considers 100 to l.JO years
the average lifetime of the spruce."

Whatever has caused the destruction of these forests, the damage thus occasioned, both in the loss cf valuable
timber and in the increased danger of forest fires from the presence of such a body of dead wood is enormous. It
is believed by Mr. Pringle that from one-third to one-half of the fully-grown spruce timber left in the Adirondack
region is dead.

NEW JERSEY.

The original forests of New Jersey have disappeared, except from some of the highest aud most iuacccssible
ridges situated iu the northwestern i>art of the state, and these, with the increased demands of the railroads
for tics and other material, are now iast losing their Forest covering. The forests of New Jersey are insuflicient to
supply the wauts of the population of the state, and nearly all the lumber it consumes is brought from beyond its
limits. The forests of pitch pine, which once covered large areas in the southern counties, have now generally
been rei)laced by a stunted growth of oaks and other broad-leaved trees.

The forests of New Jersey, especially those on the dry sandy soil of the southern part of the state, have long
suflered from destructive fires. During the census year 71,074 acres of forest were reported destro> ed by fire,
causing a loss of $252,240. Of these fires twenty-eight were set by locomotives, seven through malice, seven by
fires set on farms escaping to the forest, and six each by the carelessness of hunters and charcoal burners.

The manufacture of cooperage stock and other industries using hard woods have been largely abandoned,
owing to the decrease of the local supply of timber.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Penn.sylvania once possessed vast forests of white pine and hemlock stretching over both flanks ol the
Alleghany mountains and extending from the northeru boundaries of the state to its southern limits. East aud
west of the Alleghany region the whole country was covered with a heavy growth of broad-leaved trees mixed
with hemlocks and occasional groves of pines. Merchantable pine has now almost disappeared from the state,
and the forests of hard wood have been either replaced by a second growth or have been so generally culled of
their best trees that comparatively little valuable hard-wood timber now remains. Large aud valuable growths of
hemlock, however, are still standing in northwestern Pennsylvania. From all parts of the state manufacturers
using hard wood report great deterioration and scarcity of material, and Peiuisylvania, which during the census
year was only surpassed by Michigan in the value of its forest crop, must soon lose, with its rapidly disappearing
forests, its i)osition as one of the great lumber-])ro(lucing states.

Tlie following estimates of merchantable pine and liciidock standing iu Penusylvania May 31, ISSO, have been
prepared by >h-. 11. C. Putnam. They are based upon the reports of a large number of timber-land owners and
experts familiar with the forests of the state :

WHITE PINE (I'mut Strobut).

BegioiM.

AlIcRhaDy rirrr and tTilmtariPi

West Branch of tbo StuqiicbaODa liver and tribatarioa

Total

EaUmatcd amoant cut for tbu cciuoa }'Cir ending May 31, 1880

HEMLOCK (Tnuga CanadentU).

Kirtlmatcd amonnt of hemlock atandiog May 31, 1880

4, GOO, 000,000

Of lumber of all kinds ],84«,.304,00O feet, including 258,.%!, OOd shingles and ]S.'?,740,000 laths, were manufactured
in the state during the census year; the nature of the returns, however, prevents anything beyond an estimate,
based npon extended correspondence, of the amount of pine and hemlock sawed.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 507

Numerous bodies of pine too small to be indicated ou tbe map, of no great commercial importance and not
included in tliese estimates, still remain scattered over tbe region originally occupied by pine forest.

Tbe forests of Pennsylvania, especially tbrougb tbe mountain regions, bave long suffered from destructive fires.
During tbe census year 085,738 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, witb a loss of $3,043,723. Of these
fires a large proportion were traced to locomotives and tbe escape of fires from farms to tbe forest.

Tbe forests of Pennsylvania i)roduced during tbe year 1879 L', 800,010 pounds of majile sugar.

Tbe ioUowing extracts are made from Mr. Pringle's report upon the princi]:al lumber-producing regions of
tbe state :

" Originally tbe bioad ])inc belt of northern Pennsylvania, occupying tbe region drained by tbe nnmerons
streams constituting tbe headwaters of tbe Susquebanna, extended from Susquehanna county, in tlie northea.stem
corner of the state, westward tbrougb Bradford and Tioga counties to Potter county, although this county never had
as much pine a.s tbe others, and thence soutbwestward over Cameron, Elk, and Clearfield counties. The heaviest
growth of pine in all this region was on Pine creek, in the southwest part of Tioga county. ^Xow there is but
little i)ine left in Susquehanna and Bradford counties, these counties being thickly settled ; and in Tioga county,
from which one firm alone has cut four billion feet, there now remain standing but little over one billion feet. The
greatest part of the pine now standing in the Pennsylvania forests is ou the upper waters of the West Branch of
the Susquehanna, in Canjeron, Elk, and Clearfield counties. In some of tbe counties adjoining these, as JIcKean,
there was once, and still may be, a little pine timber.

"Active lumbering operations on tbe West Branch of tbe Susquebanna were begun in 18.50, when the boom
.of tbe Susquehanna Boom Company was constructed at Williamsport. At this place tbe greatest part of the
lumber on the West Branch is sawed. At Lock Haven, 25 miles above, on tbe same river, advantage was taken of
the feeder-dam of a canal to construct another boom, and a few companies operating in lumber are now locatetl
there, about one tenth as much lumber being sawed as is handled at Williamsport. Some of the companies,
Lowever, are removing from Lock Haven to tbe larger center of "U^illiamsport. Below Williamsport no logs are
driven, but a little timber squared by tbe ax in tbe woods and left at full length is made into rafts and taken
down the main Susiiuolianna. Some of this is sawed in the towns on the river, and tbe remainder is taken to the
large markets to supply the demand for squared timber for ship-building, etc.

" Williamsport is situated on tbe north or left bank of tbe West Branch of tbe Susquebanna, and for 2 or 3
miles along tbe river side are ranged the mills and lumber yards of the thirty-four lumber companies operating here.
We visited a large number of mills and found much tbe same methods employed in all. The logs are first slit up
by gang-saws; then each board or plank is jnit through an edger, where two circular saws cut a strip from each
side to give tbe board a square and straight edge; the boards are then assorted into two or more grades, loaded
on trucks, and moved over tramways which ramify tbrougb tbe lumber-yards adjacent to each mill. The fragments
of boards and better portions of tbe edgings arc made into fence pickets and other portions into laths, and the
fragments and strips which will not even make laths are carried to one side and added to a burning pile. The
fragments thus burned (rather than thrown into the river) constitute the only waste, for tbe sawdust supplies the
engines with fuel. This being cut chiefly from heart-wood makes better and more easily handled fuel than the .sap-
wood strips. Even these are, however, often cut and put up into bundles of kindling-wood for city use.

" In tbe woods tbe trees are sawed into logs 12, 10, or 18 feet in length, as can be done to the best advantage
and tbe least waste of timber.

"The West Branch of the Susquehanna must be an exceptionally fine river to drive, judging from the
comparatively unbattered condition of the logs seen about tbe mills. Tbe smaller streams in tbe woods are
furnished with flood-dams, and from these extend throughout the timber belt numerous narrow-gauge railroads,
tramways, and slides for bringing down tbe logs. Little hauling is done upon wagons or sleds, the ground in the
■woods being too rough, it is said, for hauling logs with teams. It is ])robable that snow does not fill up the
depressions and smooth tbe surfaces to the same extent as in the northern woods.

"Tbe lumbermen of this idace at first were content to send their lumber to tnarket in the simplest shape, bat
of late, as the supi)ly diminishes more and more, mills and shops are being built for the manufacture of doors,
sashes, blinds, ])acking boxes, furniture, etc. Some companies bave so exhausted their pine lands that they can in
future only carry on business in this way, buying tbe rough timber from their neighbors. As the pine lands of one
firm after another are exhausted tbe pine remaining comes to be held b.v a very few parties, who know its value.
Not all of these are operators, but, living at a distance, sell stumi)age to manufacturer.s.

"Tbe following table, giving tbe amounts of lumber rafted out of the Susquebanna boom at Williamsport
since the record has been kei)t, may be of interest as showing something of the rise and decline of tbe lundier
business at this imi)ortant center. Tbe greatest prosperity or fullest development of the business was attained,
as will be seen, in 1873. After that year, with the steady decrease of the sujiply of i>ine and the consequent
increase of exi)ense in securing logs, tbe annual stock steadily diminished until 1877. During tbe past three years
the increasing demand for lumber has stimulated the operators to greater activity, but more than to this cause the
recent gain in tbe yearly stocks is duo to the substitution of hemlock for pine, the ratio of hemlock to pino

508

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

being at present as 1 to 4, althougb the averajre for the last seven years is but as 1 to 10. As the supply of pine
timber is exhausted, hemlock will be more ami more handled until it will become the most important timber of tbia'
rejjion. The summary is made for the hist eight years only:

Tears.

lEc:

1S83
166t
1«CS
1866
1867
)8«S
I860
1870
1S71
187-.'
18<3
1874

Xomberlooi.! Feet, board

S79.392

72,

615,373

118,

833,388

163,

853,663

165,

1,080,511

223,

1, 099, 777

225,

642,120

116,

1, 484, 103

297,

1,582.460

318,

989,586

180,

Teats.

Komber logs.

Yect, board
measure.

1875

1,096,807
715,087
589, 827
617, 552

1, 040, 278
763,768

210, 740, 936
134, 3%, 293
106, 944, 257
112,069,002
190,549,111
128,558,950

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880 (to November 21)

1873 to i860 (eight yeais) . . .
Loca rcmainiDg in river

7.395.455.

1,382,342,272
25,000,000

1,407,342,272
140,734,227

Williamsiiurt pine, 1873-1880

1,260,608.045

"It is proper to add that the variations in the yearly stock of logs sliown above are in some measure due to a
greater or less i>roportion of each annual cut being left behind in the woods or in the streams, from varying supplies
of water or from i>ther peculiarities of the season.

"The lumber manufactured at Lock Haven and Williamsport is shipped by railroad and canal to Baltimore and
Philadel]ihia and to intermediate cities anil stations.

"1 Ibuud it more difficult to obtain information of the extent and limits of the hemlock woods of Pennsylvania,
and of the amount of the standing timber and the annual crop of hemlock, than I did to get the same facts respecting
the pine. Lumbermen agree that there was originally far more hemlock in this state than pine, and they speak of
it now as im-xliaustiblc, which is not strictly true, for it is doubtful if it holds out to sui)ply the increasing drain
made upon it by tanneries and sawmills for more than twenty-five years to come. Large (piaiitities of hemlock
Lave been wasted. Much (hat grew intermingled with the pine has died after the pine has been removed, partly
from exi»osure to fuller sunlight and summer dioiiglit, and partly to forest fires induced by and following lumber
opiT.itions. Ill the early days of the tanning industry of this region, when hemlock lumber was esteemed of little
value, and whenever of late years the lumlier trade has been so dull as to oU'er no inducement to send to market
the trunks of the trees felled for their liark, large quantities of these have been left in the woods to decay. Now,
however, with a good market for hemlock lumber, tanning com]ianies owning hemlock lands, or the contractors who
furnish the tanneries with bark, buying for this jmrjiose stumpage from the proi)iietors of the timber lands, often-
own sawmills in the timlier region, and cut and shi]> this lumber to market by railroad.

'' Inasmuch as hemlock, besides mingling more or less with jtiiie throughout the i)ine belt, .seems to have formed
a border entirely around the ])ine, the extent of the hemlock woods, as «ell as the (piantity of hemlock timber, has
always been much greater than of pine. Dcginning in Wayne county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the
state, the original hemlock Ibrest extended westward through the northern tier of counties as far as Warren
county, in the vicinity of lake Erie. Thence its bounds may be traceil southward through Forest, Clarion, and^
Jeflers<jn, and thence ea.stward through Clearfield, Center, Clinton, Lycoming, and Sullivan counties. Now the
northeiustern counties are for the most i»art cleared, and not only have the outskirts of these woods been cut oflt
on all sitles, but their continuity ha.s been completely broken nj) throughout its whole extent by countless clearings
and .settlements. Yet, however iniich the hemlock forest has suHereil, it i)ossesses to day greater value than did all
the i»ine standing in 1.S50. Quite negle<;ted a few years ago, hemlock is aiijiretriating rapidly in value and importance,
and ere many year.s shall have jiassed it will be almost the only kind of lumber known in the Williamsport market.
The best grades of hendock bring as high a jjrice as .scrub pine, the i)ro(ln(;t of the shorter and more knotty trees
grown on high land. Although as a nile Pennsylvania hemlock is of sniieiior (piality, much of it being nearly as
good as spruce, yet here, as well as el.sewliere, considerable variation in qualiiy is noticed. liUmbermen classify
hemlock into two kinrls, red and wlite, according to the character of the wood, but the more intelligent among
them attribute the diflference to soil and Nituation. White hemlock, being sounder, (inner, and straighter grained,
constitutes the highest grade. Ked hemlock is more brittle, more inclined to splinter, and liable to be found more
or less decayed when the trees have gained full size. In this condition trees arc said to be 'shaky'. Such timber is
generally found on bottom laiid.s, while the hemlock of high hillsides is apt to be short and fijTubby. The cpiality
of the hemlock seems to deteriorate west from the center of Ihe state. The I'ine Creek hemlock is considered better
than that of the Sinnamahoniiig, and this better than that on the Alleghany. Seldom more than two good logs can
be obtained from a trunk, the third and fourth logs being generally inferior and knotty; 8,000 feet per acre is here
consiflered a good yield of hemlock, and 10,000 feet a large yield.

" From Williamsport to Lock Haven the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehanna is usually less than a
mile in width, being bounded by abrui)t and rocky ridges a few hundred feet in height. At Lock Haven wo

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 509

ascended the ridge on the south side of the river, some 800 feet in altitude, in order to examine the moderate forest
growth with wliich it wa.s covered. In favorable places scattering specimens of white pine indicated the crop these
hills have yielded the hiniberman in former years. Hemlock, also, was scattered over the hillsides, but even as
late as the jiresent year most of the trees in this immediate neighborhood had been felled for their bark ; their
peeled trunks lay strewn over the hillsides, being left to decay within a mile or two of the sawmills of Lock
Haven. The summit of the ridge afl'orded a good view of the surrounding country. Parallel ridges of a similar
altitude, and which appeared more heavily timbered, lay back of the one on which we stood ; between them were
seen narrow valleys occupied by farms. On tlie north or oi)])Osite side of the river successive ridges rose higher
and higher as they receded from the river, and in the distance seemed to lose themselves in a plateau wliose
altitude was equal to that of the ground on which we were standing. The gentle slopes and rounded summits
immediately above the river showed smooth, cultivated fields interspersed among woodlands of deciduous trees.
The more distant heights displayed a darker forest growth where hemlock and pines iiredominated.^

"From Lock Uaven to Warren, the county-seat of Warren county, even on the hillsides overlooking the river,
close to the banks of which the railroad cre])t, but especially where we were able to look iuto the deep runs coming
down to the river by a gradual descent from the table-lands of the divides, seldom more than a few miles back
above the river, we saw much original forest still standing and principally composed of hendock. Some white
pine api)eared as scattering trees or in groves, and some hard wood. The proportion of hard wootl increased as
we ascended the divide between the waters of the Susquehanna and those of the Alleghany river.

" On the summit of this divide the forest had a truly northern aspect, except that we missed the spruce, not
seen in Pennsylvania. The dark foliage of the hemlock mingled with sugar maples, beeches, and birches. For
many miles above Lock Ilaven it was a second growth which occupied the hillsides, a thin growth of white oak,
chestnut, locust, etc., which had followed the lumberman and forest fires. Considerable second-growth white pine
was seen iu a few places, but on this none of the present generation seem to set much value, and I have yet to
meet any one in the state who gives a thought to encouraging and preserving such growth. To consume the forests
as speedily as possible, satisfied with what can be realized from them in the operation, appears to be the spirit
which rules this region. Alternating here and there with tlie original forest mentioned above were seen all along
the railroad leading through this timber belt, but esi)ecially iu the vicinity of the settlements and lumbered districts,
tracts which have been ranged by fire. Sometinu^s the fires had si>read from the clearings into unculled timber,
killing everything, large and small. Sometimes 'hemlock slashes' had burned over after the trees had been cut
and 'peeled'. Always the charred stumps thickly dotted the ground, and the blackened, halt-consumed trunks
strewn over the soil in confusion gave to the landscape an asi)ect of complete desolation. The bird cherries and
poplars, which iu the forests farther north soon cover and hide from view such wastes of ruin, are wanting here.

"I learned tliat the best hendock grows on the steep sides of the deep runs, and thatui>on the summits of the
divides were considerable barrens, the soil of which was sometimes too poor to support any arboreal growth.
Farther to the west the summits of the dividing ridges are occupied by hard wood chiefly, although hemlocks
mingle with the beeches and maples.

"Arrived at AVarren, we find that we have passed through the woods and are in a long-settled and well-
improved country, and, judging from tiie scattered patches of woodlands occupying the low hills within view, the
region of hard-wood forest has been reached. The coniferous forest belt only extends into the southeastern »iuarter
of Warren county; the northern and western i)ortions, lying beyond the Alleghany river, yield oak, chestnut,
hickory, etc. Originally there was a little pine scattered over the southeastern portion of Warren county, but this
has been mostly eut, and hendock remains, as it ever has been, the most important tunber iu this part of the county.
In Forest county, next south of Warren, jiine is local, being scattered in small quantities throughout the county.
On the highlands there is much hard wood, beech, maple, and white wood existing iu belts betweeu the.stivams.
This, Iiowever, may be called a hendock county. In i\IcKeau county a central tableland is coveu'd principally by
a growth of niajjle, beech, etc. In the remaining portions ol the county the timber is chiefiy hendock. The valley
of the Alleghany river, in the eastern ])art of McKean county, is mostly cleared and improved. KIk county is
one of the best counties for hemlock. Through Elk, the soutliwestern corner of McKean, and the southeastern
corner of Warren runs the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. Along the line of this road, as it passes through this
portion of the limber belt, are located the largest tanueries of the Uiuted States. These are consuming the hemlock
of this region at an enormous rate, and, in addition to the vast auiount of bai'k which they consume, large quantities
are shii>j)ed out of the region by railroad. The first important tanneries of AVarren county weiv establisheil li* or
15 years ago, and at the present rate of consumption the hendock of this county can haidly hold out L'O years
longer. The land, after the forest has been removed, is excellent for agri»udtural luiriioses throughout this n»gion,
and on all sides pioneers are making themselves farms. These men prefer to begin in the uiulisturbed foivst rather
than locate on the slashes, because they can i»ay for their land with the hemlock bark which it yields; and from a
radius of 15 miles bark is drawn and sold at from .*i 50 to !?5 a cord to the tanneries. On an average, four tiXH-s yield a
cord or ton of bark, the equivalent of 1,000 feet of lundier, boanl measure. In Warren county ln>m 5,000 to (i.OaO
acres of hendock were cut down in 1S80, ami there is no iwssibility of this growth being ixMiewed. for every foot of
slashed land is eventiudly burned over, ami sometimes the burnings are repeated until tlie soil is nearly ruiueil for
agricultural i)urposes. Fi»m the dry slashes the fires extend to a greater or less distaiice through the living

510 TTIE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

wotMls, ruining not only beavv bodies of Leniltx-k, but also destroying the belts of bard wood intermixed with tbo
LeiuWk. Notwithstanding stringent legislation in this state ni)OU the subject of forest fires, they seem inevitable,
and especially so iu the slashes. They si)read from the clearings constantly made throughout this limber belt by
the settlers, and, as the forest abounds in deer and its streams are stO( ked with fish, hunters and fishermen are
always in the wootls. and from their camp fires spread many conflagrations. JIany tires here also are set by a tribe
of half-civilized Indians residing in this region, to burn over the huckleberry fields in order that the bushes may
renew themselves and yield fuller crops ; or, where it is so easy to start a fire and conceal its origin, many doubtless
arise from malice.

" In this region the aspen springs up on land upon which the hemlock has been destroyed, but this tree
manifestly does not thrive as it does in northern woods. Yellow and black birch, bird cherry, beecli, maple, white
oak, chestnut, black cherry, etc., are the trees which spring up slowly among the briers, and cover burned land
with a rather meager second growth. If a few ])iues have been left on the hilltops they may scatter a few seeds and
give rise to some sai>lings, but as regards hemlock, fires kill it out clean, seedlings and seed; and if the 'i)eelers'
and the fires happen to leave any scattering trees standing, these, being more sensitive to changed conditions
than pines, are seldom able long to survive as seed bearers. The bird cherry only thrives on cold, wet soils
here. There is another phase of the slaughter of the hemlock forest : As the pine forest gives out, large numbers
of laborers turn to the heiidock woods and find employment as bark peelers. In the jiine woods work is mostly
suspended when spring arrives; then larger numbers of men come into the hemlock woods than can liiul work at
satisfactory wages, and these sometimes set fires in the slashes, which spread into the living woods and kill large
quantities of hemlock. To save the bark it must be peeled at once, or before it adheres to the wood and becomes
injured by worms, and thus emjjloynieut is given to a larger force of men.

"■•The piuc now remaining in Clearfield county is mostly found in the northern and the southwestern i)ortions
of the county. The eastern and southeastern portions are now principally cleared and improved, as the entire
couuty is destined to be, the soil being princii)ally a strong, clayey loam, excellent for farming purposes. Already
fourlifthsof the pine timber originally standing in the county has been removed; most of the hemlock, which
orgiually about equaled in amount the i>iue, remains. There are no tanneries in this region, and after the pine is
cut the hemlock is next harvested, the bark being saved and shipped to the tanneries below to the amount of from
OjOOtJ to 0,000 cords annually. Fires are here .sometimes started by hunters in order to clear away the young .second
growth, that they may be able better to .see the deer. One imi)ortant reason which lumbermea have for planting
their .saw-mills near the woods, in preference to driving all their logs to the sawing centers below, is that they can
then work into shingles, etc., many trees which, being defective by reason of rotten spots or other blemishes, would
not be worth driving down the river. Such trees are seen standing here and there all through the woods, having
been left behind by the lumbermen. Sometimes persons buy this culled timber and erect shingle-mills, etc., to
work it up.

" With respect to the maximum yield of [)ine i)er acre, it would seem that 10,000 feet was a good yield for tracts
of -too or 5<KJ acres in extent, although smaller tracts of 50 acres and upward will often cut L'5,000 feet to the acre,
and even a yield of 100,000 feet to the acre has been reported. The rough nature of the surface in all this region
often necessitates the use of slides to' bring the logs from the forest to the streams. They are constructed by
pinning to ties of hemlock some 3 feet in length hemlock logs about a foot in diameter iilaced side by side,
their inner sides above the point of contact being hewn with care to form a broad V-shaped trough along which the
log.'i may be sliil. Excei)t where there is considerable descent logs cannot be slid unless the weather is frosty,
when the slide can be kei)t icy by means of water si)rinkled over it from time to time. Slides soiiielimes are
built for 0 or 8 miles back into the woods, usually following up .some run so as to get an even and gentle grade.
By this means the greatest part of the logs come down to the streams, for sleds are not used in this country. Most
of the hazard of lumbering dejjeiids upon the lumberman's ability to sli<le his logs successfully. They can be cut
at any time in the woods, and almost any year can be diiven to the mills when once in the water, but mild weather
interrupts sliding and deep snows impede the oi)eratioii ; so that in ojien winters lumbermen are sometimes
compelled to do their Nliding in the night time, when ice will form on the .slide. The logs, stripped of their bark, are
ilrawn singly, by hor.ses with chains, from the jilaces where they have fallen to the ujiper end of the .slide. When
a suflieient number — from 0 to 10, according to the grade and the size of the logs— have been jdaced end to end in
the slide, the hook of a chain is driven into the re.ir log near its forward end, and horses are attached wiiich walk
a tow-i>iitli formed on one side of the slide, and push ahead of them the ' trail' of logs, thus bringing them down to
the stream.

"Only in the late autumn and in the winter is it thought expedient in Pennsylvania to fell pine; if cut in summer,
when the bark will part from the wood, the sajj-wood soon assumes a blackish ai)pearance and disfigures the
lumber. As a rule hemlock i.s here cut and peeled in summer, at the time when operations in i)inc are suspended;
thns by alternating operations in i(iiic and hemlock the hands are kejit employed throughout the whole year. In
cutting trees the several parts of the work are allotted to dillerent men ; some merely fell the trees, others measure
them off into suitable lengths and cut away the limbs as far as the upper end of the last log taken, where they
sever the top of the tree from the trunk by means of the ax ; others follow in pairs with crosscut saws and cut
the trunk into logs." ^

; D . m:zT vikginia, Virginia ,

'ITUCKT TENNKSSFE INDLANA imWcTi

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 511

SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION,

DELAWARE.

The nortboni portion of the state, eoniprisiug Kew Castle aud Kent counties, was once covere<l with the
deciduous forests of the Athintic plain. Conifers, with the exception of the red cedar, were rare. In the sandy
soil of the southern part of the state various pitch pines flourished, forming fidly one-half of the forest growth.
These pine forests were long ago consumed aud are now replaced by a second growth, generallj- comiwsedof the species
which originally occui)ied the ground; and throughout the state the best hard-wood timber ha.s been ctdled from
the ft)rest. Large quantities of wheel and cooperage stock were formerly manufactured in the northern counties;
but of late years these and other industries using the products of the forest have, for want of material, generally
decreased in importance. The manufacturers report a general scarcity of timber.

During the census year .3,305 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $15,G75. Of
such fires six were set by locomotives, six by the careless burners of brush upon farms, and two through malice.

Kent cotjnty. — About one quarter of this county is reported covered with forest. A few small mills saw oak
from the immediate neighborhood into shipstuff and car lumber, shipping to 'Wilmington, Philadelphia, and even
to New York.

New Castle county. — About one-quarter of this county is rei)orted covered with woodland, mostly of second
growth and attached to farms. The large establishments for the manufacture of gunpowder, located in the
neighborhood of Wilmington, consume large amounts of willow wood, generally grown for the i»urpose upon farms
in their immediate vicinity.

Sussex county. — One-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woodland. Numerous small
mills, obtaining their supply of logs from the immediate neighborhood, saw oak for shipstutf.

MARYLAND.

The northwestern portion of the state, crossed by the ridges of the Ai)palachian system, was once covered with
the forests of white j>ino, liendock, birch, and maple peculiar to this mountain region. The central portion of the
state, exteiuling from the mountains to the shores of Chesapeake bay, was covered with oaks, hickories, gums, and
other deciduous trees in great variety, the eastern peninsula largely with ditierent species of pitch pine, occupying
sandy plains, or mixed with deciduous trees.

Ill the mountain region considerable bodies of the original forest remain upon the highest and most
inaccessible slopes ; in the remainder of the state this, where the laud has not been permanently cleared for
agriculture, is now largely replaced by a second growth, or — the best timber at least — has been everywhere culled.

A large amount of cooperage stock was formerly manufactnred iu this state. This industry has. however,
greatly suffered from the deterioration and exhaustion of the local supply of tindier; nmnufactuivrs rvjort the
best stock nearly exhausted and the substitution for oak, formerly exclusively useil, of elm and other inferior
woods now brought from beyond the limits of the state.

During the census year 41,070 acres of woodland were rei)ortod destroyed by forest tires, with a loss of $3",-12o.
These tires were traced to the carilessness of hunters, to locomotives, and largely to the escai)e from farms to the
forest of fires set in clearing land. The priucijial lumber manufacturing establislnnenis using MaryhMid logs are
situated in Garrett county; these saw white pine, heudock, and oak to sui»ply a Hunted local den)and and ship to
Baltimore, riiiladelphia, I'ittsburgh, and Wheeling; considerable oak timber is sent to Europe from this county.
During the year 1S70 the northern counties i)roduced 170,070 pounds of maple sugar.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

The original forest has disappeared from the District of Columbia >\\\d has been rei>lacoil by a second and
third growth of oaks, scrub pines, and other trees. The area occupied with woods is probably slowly increasing.
A single saw-mill, situated iu the city of Washington, saws logs grown beyond the limits of the District.

VIRGINIA.

The forests of Virginia, like those of the Carolinas and Ceorgia, fall naturally into three divisions, de|H>ndent
upon the elevation and soil of the ditierent parts of the state. The mountains aud ridges of its western boixler ai-e

512 Tilt: FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

covered with a heavy grrowth of pine, hemlock, white oak, cherry, yellow j)oi)lar, and other northern trees; over
the region extending east of the uiounfaius oaks, principally black oaks, once formed the i)revailing: forest growth;
through these are now mingled long stretches of various pitch i)ines, occupying exhausted and barren soil onco
devoted to agriculture. The eastern counties are covered with the forests of the Maritime Pine lUlt, generally
confined to the Tertiary deposits of the coast and extending iidand to the liead of tide-water of the prineii>al
streams; along the western borders of this i)ine belt the Ibrest growth is nearly eiiually divided between the pines
and the broad-leaved si»ecies.

The inaccessible mountain region in the southwestern part of the state still contains immense quantities of the
original oak. hickory, walnut, and cherry, tUe scanty poinilation of these mountains hiiving made but slight inroads
ujiou the forests. Kaihoads have hardly i)enetrated them, while the streams which head here are unsuited tocarry
to market the hard woods of which this Ibrest is largely comjjosed. The most valuable hard-wood forest remaining
on the continent exists in southwestern Yiiginia and the adjacent counties of West ^"irginia, Kentucky, Tennessee,
and North Carolina. From the central and eastern portions of the state the original forest has almost entirely
disajipeared, and is now rejilaced by a second growth, in which the Jersey pine and the old-field i)ine are characteristic
features, generally replacing more valuable species of the original growth.

During the census year 27l.',319 acres of woodland were rejiorted ravaged by fire, with a loss of $320,944. Of
such fires the largest number was traced to the careless burning of brush ujion farms and to locomotives.

The manufacture of cooperage stock is increasing rai)idly in the we.-tern part of the state, and gieat quantities
of staves are exported thence directly to Europe, as well as oak, yellow jio]>lar, and walnut in the log. The
manufacture of tobacco cases from sycamore lumber is an imjiortant industry in the neighborhood of Lynchburg
and other tobacco-distributing centers. Considerable quantities of hand-made shingles are i)roduced in the
cypre.^s swamps which occupy a large ])ortion of Norfolk and other eastern counties. A largo amount of second-
growth i)ine (rinux Tcrda) is shiipjied fiom the diflereut Virginia jiorts by schooner to New York for fuel, and this
second growth jiine furnishes the jirincipal building material used throughout the state. The grinding of oak and
sumach bark and the manufacture of tanning extracts arc important and profitable industries of the state.

WEST VIRGINIA.

The forests of West Virginia, with the exception of the belt of pine and spruce confined to the high ridges
of the Alleghany mountains, are principally composed of broad leaved trees, the most important of which are the
white and chestnut oaks, the black walnut, the yellow ]ioplar, and the cherry. The white i)iue and spruce forests
reach within the state their southern limit as imi)ortant sources of lumber supjdy.

The forests have been largely removed fiom the counties bordering the Ohio river, and the most valuable hard- .
wood timber adjacent to the i)rici]»al streams, especially black walnut, cherry, and yellow poplar, has been culled in
nearly every j»art of the state. But slight inroads, however, have yet been made into the magnificent body of
hardwood timber covering the extreme southern counties, which still contain vast quantities of oak, cherry, and
jiojilar.

The black walnut found scattered everywhere in West Virginia is least plentiliil in the northwestern and Ohio
Kiver counties, and most abundant along the upjier waters of the rivers llowing into the Ohio through the
southwestern jiart of the state. Yellow pojihir is found throughout the- state, and is still abundant about the
headwiiters of nciu ly all the i)rincipal streams. Large boilies of cherry are found in (Ireenbrier, Nicholas, Webster,
and other counties immediately west of the mountains, and a large amount of hemlock is scattered thntugh the
valleys and ravines of the northeastern jjart of the state and along the western slojies of the Alleghanies. The
area still occupied by white jiine is estimated to extend over 310 square miles, aiid to contain about !l!}(),()0(),(i(U) feet
of merchantable liiuiber. The juinciiial centers of lumber manufacture are ahing the Kanawha river at Itonceverte,
in Greenbrier county, at I'arkersburg, and along the upjier Potomac.

I'artial returns of the hoop pole industry gave a i)roduct during the census year of 3,^>■l9,^M), valued ;it .^l t(!,()00.

During the census year 470,77.^ acres of woods were reported destroyed by fiie, with a loss of .*1. ■").">, L'SO. Of
these fires the largest number was traced to the careless clearing of land for agricnltnial imrposes, although many
had their origin in s]>arks from locomotives.

The manufacture of cooperage .stock is fa.st increasing in importance, and seems destined, with the exhaustion
of the more accessible haid wood forests of the country, to assume a much greater develojiment than at present
Large quantities of black walnut, yellow poplar, and oak in the log are shipjied to northern markets and to Jiurojie.

The following notes upon the forests of West Virginia are extracted from Mr. I'ringlt^'s report :

"Entering West Virginia at Keyser (New Creek) by way of Cundieilan<l, Maryland, we find ourselves in one
of the narrow valleys lying among the low abrupt ridges of the northern Alleghanies, among which we have been
traveling since we reached the vicinity of Williamsjiort, I'ennsyh ania. Coming south from middle Pennsylvania,
however, the forest growth covering the long mountain chains withiii view from the railroad becomes heavier and
heavier, the evidences of fire and ax largely disapi)earing. On the hills above Keyser fewer eveigreens ai)j>eared
than 1 had pre\iously seen. A few slopes were i»rincipally occupied by jiine in variety, but the mountains of this

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 513

region were covered with a prow(l) of dcciihiou.s frees, wbite, black, red, Spanisb, and chestimt oaks, bickoriei;,
biittcrinits, black waliiiifs, yellow jioplar.s, locusts, elms, sugar inajjles, etc. At Piedmont some ?200,f)00 Lave Ix-en
cxi)en(le(liii the const ruction of a boom on tlie Nortli li ranch of the Potomac. At this point, as well as at .S\Tautonand
Deer Park, on tlics Maryland side, there are mills sawiuff chieOy white oak, and also considerable white pine, sjinice,
hemlock, poplar, whit(; ash, etc. iSome si)ruce whi(;li had not been seen or heard of in the timber Ix-lt of Pennsylvania
is found liO miles above Piedmont. The market for lumber manufactured here is chiefly eastward. Much of the oak
is sent to Europe, partly in the form of squared find)er, i)artly cut 5 by 12 inches and from 1.5 to 20 feet long. Tlie
mills at Swanton and Deer Park arc located on the railroad, and cut timber is hauled to them from the vicinity.
The mills at Piedmont arc fed by logs driven down the river from the western j-.ortions of Mineral and Grant counties.
West Virginia. This lumber is chiefly oak, spruce, and heudock. Great difficulty is ex])erienced in driving this
part of the Potomac, as it is a swift and rocky stream. Logs, especially oak, constantly lotlge on the rocks or
banks, and there has been great difficulty in maintaining the boom and dam at this ])oiut.

" Eowlesburg, in Preston county, owes its existence as a lund)er depot to the fact that the Cheat river, ui)on
which it is situated, as it i)asses through the Briery mountains, for a distance of 25 miles below this point has so
narrow and rocky a channel and so swift a current that it is not i)o.ssible to get the logs farther down the stream.
Above Iiowlesburg the Cheat river is a good stream to drive, and any one of its branches can be driven from a
point 125 miles above that jioint. From the mouth of the Black Fork, 30 miles above, the timber is brought down
in raffs rather than as separate logs; this is because there is no boom as yet at Kowlesburg to stop the logs. There
are small booms on Black and Shaver's Forks, many miles above Eowlesburg. Scattered along the river at some
distance above Eowlesburg there are a few small mills, the product of which is floated down the stream on rafts.
The timber of Preston county between Eowlesbung and the vicinitj- of the mouth of the river is oak, jwylar,
chestnut, ash, beech, yellow beech, hemlock, basswood, and hickory.

" The timber of Canaan valley, in Tucker and Eandolph counties, is largely hemlock on the lower lands, on
the higher situations and slopes sugar maple and beech ; and, as soon as a suitable elevation is reached, spruce is
mingled with black cherry. In other portions of Tucker county and on the tributaries of the Cheat river, flowing
out of Eandolph county, the timber is chiefly oak, jioplar, ash, spruce, cherry, black walnut, white Jiine, etc. This,
however, is not a black-walnut region, and there are here nowhere more than scattered trees; a careful search has
failed to find auy great body of this timber here. It is estimated that 2,500,000,000 feet of yellow poplar are still
standing in the valleys of the Cheat and its tributaries.

" Shaver's Fork is heavily timbered with sjjruce. A boom has been constructed at Grafton, on Tygart's Valley
river, a main branch of the Monongahela. It is a rough stream, unfavorable for lumber ojierations, and for a
distance ouly of 10 miles above Grafton is smooth enough to admit of the passage of rafts. All lumber has, therefore,
to come down in separate logs, and oidy such kinds as are light enough to float well can be got down. For this
reason there is very little except i)o])Iar sawed at Grafton. Oak is too heavy to be driven successfully, and as it
cannot be tied up in rafts with ])Oi)lar, as is done on the Cheat, the stores of oak timber growing in the valleys
drained by this river must wait the building of a railroad to bring them to market. The yellow poplar still stan»ling
in this region is estimated at 300,000,000 feet, and on the higher grounds, especially about the headwaters of
streams, there ai-e tine bodies of black cherry mixed with other trees.

"At Parkersburg are located the mill and shojis of the Parkersburg Mill Company, situated on the banks of
the Little Kanawha, a short distance above its continence with the Ohio. This is the only company operating
in lumber within the city of Parkersburg. It manufactures about 0,000,000 feet of lumber annually, mostly poplar,
some oak, and about a quarter of a million feet of beech. Little black walnut can now be obtained here, and
that of inferior quality. Eough lumber and manufactured articles of wood tind a market in nearly every direction,
west, north, and east. I was astonished ami delighted to see how closely the lumber was worked up and the givat
variety of articles manufactured from slabs, edgings, culls, etc., which in other mills are so generally thrown into
the waste pile. Broom handles, corniHip])er handles, brush handles, brush heads, tool handles of many deserij^tions,
and fly-trap bottoms are but a iVw of the articles which are funu-d out by millions from odd bits of wmid, few of
whicli are too small to make something or other from. The eoujpany executes orders for articles use*! in
maiuifactories widely distributed over the country from Cincinnati and Chicago to Boston and New York. Poplar
is used for broom handles, and beech, nnii>le, sycamore, black walnut, dierry, etc., for smaller articles. This company
does not own and operate limber lands, but buys its logs from parties who deliver rafts to its mill. Form^jrly
much lumber was wasted in this region in clearing lands for farms, but now jiroprii^tors of land tind it to their
advantage fo cut and save their logs, which they bring down in rafts themselves or sell to jiarties who make a
business of rafting. Once out of the small streams, the logs are easily rafted down the Little Kanawha during
favorable seasons.

"There are no booms on the Little Kanawha, except temporary constructions for special purposes, whicli are
broken uj) by every flood. Several years ago it was siii>poscd that the timber on this river was nearly exhausted,
but it continues to come down in undiminished (luantities to the value of some hundred thousand dollars annually,
in addition to railroad ties, staves, etc. It is only about 40 miles np the main river, and to no givat distance back
from the stream, that the supply of oak is exhausted. T1h> river is a hundred miles long, and about its upper

33 FOK

514 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

waters and tlioso of its tributaries the oak is comparatively uutouelied. Much of Wirt county and the greater part
of Koaue, Calhouu, and Giluier, in the ujiper part of the vaUey of the Little Kanawha, are a vast virgin forest of oak
and poplar, containing a good deal of black walnut and sugar uuiple and some black cherry. Baxter county is
magniticeutly timl)ercd, as is Webster, although the timber here is yet inaccessible.

"The Guyandotte is a good river for lumbering operations. Kafts can come down from a point 100 miles from
its mouth. There are yet no booms ou this river, except strings of logs occasionally stretched across it for temporary
puriK)ses. Ou its course above Guyandotte are four or five mills, doing for the most part a local business, their
product for export being ouly about 1,000,000 feet of sawed lumber. The rafting of this sawed lumber is attended
with s<ime risk of loss, and therefore a much greater amount is brought down in unsawed logs bound together iu
nifts, which are taken down the Ohio and sold to various mills along its course. These rafts are usually made 11
logs wide, and three or four of these courses are placed end to end. White oak is made up into rafts with a poplar
log iu the center of each course, and thus the raft is made light enough to tloat easily. Along the Guyandotte, in the
lower part of its course, the oak and poplar have been cut for a distance of from 1 mile to 2 miles from the stream, the
black walnut for some 5 miles back ; but nine-tenths of the area drained by this river is still in original forest,
composed of white, chestnut, aud other oaks, poplar, waluut, several hickories, beech, sugar majjles, sycamore, ash,
etc. In this region there is, iu the aggregate, a good deal of black waluut, but it exists as scattered trees rather
than in groves or tracts.

" Coal river is IGO miles long, and for 3G miles, or to Pey toua, is navigable for barges. The valley of this river
is covered with truly maguificeut forests, in which the trees of the several species composing them attain remarkable
dimensions. I'oi)lar aud white oak here exist iu uearly equal proportions, aud together constitute about a third of
the timber. Besides these there is a good deal of black cherry, liu, and locust, as well as hemlock, the latter not
being considered valuable in this country. Black walnut appears more abundant in this region than iu any other
of similar extent of which I have yet heard. But little timber has yet been removed from the valley of this river,
and it is chiefly the lower portion and the immediate vicinity of the bauks which have been lumbered.

•• The Elk river empties into the Kanawha at Charleston. About 2 miles above its mouth are located a boom and
several sawmills, and here are also a dam and lock which secure slack- water for some 20 miles. The river is about
ISO miles iu length ; logs have been driven from a point 150 miles above its mouth, but its valley has only been
lumbered to any great extent in the immediate vicinity of the main river, and to a distance of some 110 miles from
its mouth. Most of the original growth of the forest of the Elk basin still remains, and is composed largely of white
oak, hickory, chestnut, and poplar. Black walnut here, as everywhere else in this state, is scattered, although it
is estimated that 10,000,000 feet of this lumber still remain iu this region. Above a certain altitude and about
the ujiper waters of this river considerable black cherry, sugar maple, and birch is found. Here also beech
and basswood abound, by the streams hemlock occurs, and on theniountains a little black si)ruce. About the
upjKT settlements on this river miles of fence constructed with boards of black cherry and farms fenced with black-
walnut rails may be seen. Formerly large numbers of coal-boats and salt-boats were built upon the Elk liver.
Once, also, the salt-works of the Kanawha required vast numbers of barrels; these were made of black as well as
white oak; now but live of the sixty furnaces once boiling brine in this vicinity are iiiopeiatioii,and there is little
demand for bhick oak for staves. The country along the Kanawha between the Elk and the Gauley rivers has been
lumbered for 5 or 0 miles back from the streams, aud about one-fourth of the timber has been cut from theses valleys.
The Gauley river with its several large tributaries drains a valley which covers nearly .'),000 square miles; its length
is about 110 miles, much less than that of the Elk, which is a long, slender stream, but it occupies a much broader
valley and has twice the volume of water of the Elk. Unlike the rivers just considered, which wear out for
themselves smooth channels through the soft sandstone, the Gauley is a rough stream, tumbling iai)idly over hard
conglomerate rock, its bed being full of bowlders and ledges. For the first 10 miles from its inoutli the fall averages
4 feet to the mile ; above that 20 feet to the mile, while its upper waters are so swift and rough as to be unnavigable
even for small boats. For these reasons the Gauley does not admit of the i)assiiig of rafts, and it is a diflictilt river
u()ori which even to drive single logs. Its valley is but little settled, excei)t on iMeadow river and along its right
bank below that stream. Above apoint 15 miles from its mouth no timber has been touched except by the few settlers.
In the lower part of the valley of the Gauley for 15 or more miles the timber is chiefly oak, jjoplar, waluut, etc;
The (jauley and its large aOluents, the Cherry, Cranberry, and Williams rivers, all head back in the forests of black
sjtruce, which sometimes take entire possession of the mountain tops; a little lower, yet (jften mingled with the
s|»ru<;e, hemlocks and black cherry abound. On Cherry river the cherry trees so ])redominate over all others as to
have given their name to the stream. Here are trees often 4 feet in diameter. The region intermediate, between
the upper and the lower districts of the Gauley thus described contains much beech, sugar niai)le, and black
cherry. The white oak which abounds in the lower basin of this river disai)i)ears above an altitude of 2,(100 feet.
J was informed that, although lundjering ojierations were but lately begun on the Gauley, nearly 1,000,000 feet of
l)oplar were brought out of the river in 1870, and that i1 had yielded 50,000 feet of black walnut in IH.SO, while
there were now in the river i)oplar logs enough to make .'3,000,000 feet of lumber. About ouo fourth of the cut of
late years has been sawed at mills near the falls; the rest is rafted to Charleston.

9

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THE FORESTS OF THC UNITED STATES. 515

" The valley of the New river is ouly lumbered for from 3 to 5 miles from the stream, although the walnut has
been gathered 10 miles farther back. This is a rough country in which to lumber, since the streams cut deep into
the earth, and New river cannot be driven.

" Konceverte is situated on the Greenbrier river at the point where the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad first
meets this stream as it descends from the Alleghany mountains. Here is the boom of the Saint Lawrence
Boom Company, and here are located three or four lumber lirms operating steam-mills. One of these, the New
York lloop Company, uses two million hoop-poles per annum, chiefly hickory, manufacturing hoops for flour
barrn^ls, pork barrels, hogsheads, and tierces, besides strips for boxes, etc. The process of manufacturing hoops
was exi)lained to me as follows : The poles, of assorted lengths and sizes, are ]>assed through machines which split
each of them into two, three, or four pieces, and these are put through other machines wliich plane flat the inner side
of each strip, leaving the bark intact. The hoops thus made are tied into bundles and shipped to New York.

"The Greenbrier river rises in the limestone sinks in liandolph county, whence it flows southwesterly through
the fertile limestone valley between the Alleghany and the Greenbrier mountains for a distance of li'O miles,
emptying into the New river at Hinton. Flowing through such a valley it is not a rapid stream, but from a jioint
12 miles below Travelers' Rest, on its headwaters, it is tine for rafting. Yet the stream needs some imi)rovement,
especially by the closing up of back channels into which the logs are borne by high water, to be left in swamps
"when the flood recedes.

" Ouly a small proportion of the timber of the Greenbrier river has been removed as yet, and it is estimated
that in its valley white oak, white pine, poplar, cherry, hemlock, walnut, and ash enough remain to make 1,000,000,000
feet of boards, and that there are not less than 500,000,000 feet of white pine in this region, occupying a
belt through the center of both Greenbrier and Pocahontas counties. The eastern limit of the black-spruce belt
on the headwaters of the Elk and Gauley rivers, the most extensive and valuable in West Virginia, coincides
with the western limits of the white-pine belt lying in Pocahontas county. Its southern line runs northwesterly
from the south end of Pocahontas to near the center of Nicholas county. From this point its western line runs
northeasterly through the center of Webster county to the vicinity of Huttonville, in Randolph county, the northern
end of the belt covering the upper waters of Shaver's Fork of the Cheat river. Over this belt black spruce is scattered
more or less densely, sometimes occupying almost exclusively the high slopes, particularly the northern slopes
and the summits of the mountains.

" It is believed that 10,000,000 feet of black walnut, in paying quantities, could still be gathered in this part
of the state, and that there would then be left an equal amount so scattered that it could not be profitably collected
at present prices."

NORTH CAROLINA.

The forests of North Carolina were once hardly surpassed in variety and importance by those of any other
part of the United States. The coast region was occupied by the couifmous forests of the southern Maritime Pine
Belt; the middle districts of the state by a forest of oaks and other hard-wood trees, through which the old-field
pine is now rapidly spreading over worn-out and abandoned farming lauds. The high ridges and deep valleys of
the Appalachian system which culminate in the western part of the state are still everywhere covered with dense
forests of the most valuable hard-wood trees mingled with northern pines and hemlocks. The inaccessibility of
this mountain region has protected these valuable forests up to the present time, and few inroads have yet l>eeu
made into their stores of oak, cherry, yellow jjoplar, and walnut. The hard-wood forests of the middle districts,
however, have been largely removed or culled of their liucst timber, although the area of woodland in this part of the
state is now increasing. These new tbrests, usually cc)nii)osed of inferior pine, are of little economic value, except as a
source of abundant fuel and as a means of restoring fertility to the soil, preparing it to i)ro<luce again more valuable
crops. A larger i)roportiou of the piiu' forest of the coast has been destroyed in North Carolina thau in the other
southern states. Thispartofthe state has long been the seat of important lumbering operations, while the manulacture
of naval stores, once almost exclusively confined to North Carolina, and always an important industry here, has
seriously injured these forests. The original forests have been practically removed from the northeastern part of
the state, the great region watered by the numerous streams flowing into Albemarle aiul Pandico sounds; and
although some lumber, largely second growth pine trees of poor quality, is produced here, the importance of these
forests is not great. The merchantable pine, too, has been removed from the banks of the Cape Fear and other
rivers flowing through the southern part of the state, and although these streams still yield annually a largo
number of logs, they are ouly procured at a constantly increasing distance from their banks and with a consequent
increasing cost for transport.

Forest lires inflict serious damage ujton the pine forests of the south. During the census year 540,102 acres
of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $357,080. The largest number of the.<e fin'S
were traced to the carelessness of farmers in clearing land, to locouu)tives. hunters, and to nmliee.

Manufacturers of cooperage and wheel stock, industries which once tlourishcd in the eastern and centr.tl
portions of the state, already sutter from the exiiaustion aiul deterioration of material. Such industries, however,
are increasing in the extreme western counties, and promise to attain there an important development.

516

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The following estimate, by counties, of tbe nu'irliaii tabic ])inc staiidin"; Jlay 31, ISSO, soiitli of tlio Neuso
riviT, the only part of the state where it is of eonniu'irial iini>ortance, was jnepared by Jlr. Eilwanl KidiliT, of
Wilmington. It is based upon actual surveys and flie reports of a large number of timber-land experts lamiliar
with the different counties still occupied by the forests of long-leaved pme :

LONG-LEAVED PINE (/'ihhs paluetrU).

Blmden

Brunswick ..

Cbalbam

ColuDibofl ...
CumberloDd .

Duplin

Harnett

Johnston

Uoore

New Hanover.

OukIow

Robeson

Sanipson

W»Ve...

W»}-ne

1,000,000
, 000, 000
I, 000, 000
I, 000. 000
I, 000, uoo
, 000. 000
i, 000, 000
1. 000. 000
, 000, 000

;, 000, 000

, 000, 000
, 000, 000
I. 000, 000

;, 000. 000

. 000, 000

Total I 5,229,000,000

I

Cut for tbo census ve-Trendinp May 31, IBSO, exclusive of
50. lOil will flit ciit'in IbecmililiisiidjaciDt to Ale cinailo
ami P.iniliro sounds umi n'onc tlio I'lmilico nml Niuso
rivers, wbith is lar;;ely loblolty i)iue (Pintu Tada}. I

NAVAL STORES.

Small quantities of crude turpentine were produced njion the coast of North Carolina, between the Pamlico
and Cape Fear rivers, Boon after the earliest settlement of the (country. It was sent to Great Britain or converted
into spirits of tnri)entine and rosin for home consumption. The demand for ships' stores had greatly increased
the NDrth Carolina i)roduction as early as 1818, although the field of oi)erations was not extended south of the
Cai)e Fear river, nor more than 100 miles from the coast, until 18.'3G. The large demand for spirits of turpentine
created during that year induced manufiicturers to test the yield of trees on the west side of the Cai)e Fear river,
up to that time considered unjiroiluctive. The result was satisfactory, although overproduction and low jirices
deferred nntil 1840 the development of this region. Since 1840 this industry has been gradually carried southward.
Xaval stores were j)roduced in South Carolina in 1840, and in Ceorgia two years later. Turi)cntine orchards were
established in Florida and Alabama in 18.j.^, and more recently in Jlississipj)! and eastern Louisiana.

Tlie naval stores manufactured in the United States are principally produced frou) the resinous ixii<latioiis of
tlie Ion; leaved pine (rinttn palmtriis), and in small cpiantities from the loblolly i>ine (Pimis 7'ccda), and the slash
pine (I'inuM Chbcnuin) of the Florida coast. The trees selected lor "boxing" are usually from 12 to 18 inches in
diameter, although trees with trunks only 8 inches through are now sometimes worked. A deep cut or "bo.K" is
made in the trunk of the tree, by a cut slanting downward, some 7 inches in depth, and generally 12 inches above
the ground, and met by a second cut started 10 inches above the first and running down from the bark to meet it.
In this manner a segment is removed from the trunk and a triangular trough formed 4 inches deep and 4 inches
wide at the top.

Two such lK*.\es, or npon a large trunk sometimes four, are made on each tree. A "crop", the unit of production
among large operators, consists of 10,000 such boxes. The boxes are cut early in November with a narrow-bladed
ax si»ecially manufactured for tlie purpose, an<l the trees are worked on an average during thirty-two weeks. As
soon as the njiper snrlace of the box (teases to exude freely, it is "hacked" over and a fresh surface exi)Osed, the
dried resin ailhering to the cut having been first (;arefidly rtMuoved with a sharp, narrow, steel scrajier. The boxes,
especi.illy after the first season, are often hacked as often as once a week, and are thus gradually extended
upward until upon trees which have been worked during a number of sea.sons the upjjcr surface of the box is often
10 or 12 feet above the ground. For these long boxes the scraper is attached to a wooden handle, generally
loadcil with iron at the lower end to facilitate the o]»eration <if diawiiig down the resin. Once in four weeks, or
often less frequently, the resin caught in the bottom of the box is removed into a bucket with a small, sharp, oval
steel spade attached to a short wooden handle. The ])roduct of these "dippings", as this ojicration is called, is
place<l in barrels and transported to the ilistillery. The first season a turpentine orchard is worked boxes are
nsnally dipped eight times, jiclding an average of .'JOO barrels of turpentine to the crop. The second year the

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

517

iiuiiiber of dippings is reduced to five, the product falling off to ISO bands, wliile for the third season 100 barrels
are considered a fair yUM from three dipjjinf^s. To this must be added the yield of the "scrapes", which for the
first year is estimated, for one crop, at from 00 to 70 barrels of 280 pounds each, and for succeeding years at 100
barrels.

Trees can be iirofitably worked in North Carolina by experienced operators during four or five years, or, upon a
small scale, in connection with farming operations and by actual residents, several years longer; farther south the
trees seem to possess less recui)erative power, and in South Carolina four years is given as the ontsiile limit during
whi(!h an orchard can be profitably worked, while in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama they are often abandoned at
the end of the second and always at the end of the third year. Twenty five men, including overseers, wagoners,
distillers, coopers, and laborers can work ten crops. The average wages of such a force is 81 a day per man, so
that the cost of labor necessary to work a crop during the season of thirty-two weeks is $4.S0.

The following grades of turpentine are recognized in the trade: "Virgin dip", or "Soft white gum turpentine" —
the product the first year the trees are worked; "Yellow dip" — the product of the second and succeeding years, and
becoming darker colored and less liquid every year; "Scrape" or " Ilard turpentine" — the product of the scrapings
of the boxes.

llosin is graded as follows: "W" — Window-glass; " N "—Extra pale ; "M"— Pale; "K"— Low pale; "I" —
GoodNo.l; "H"— No.l; "G"— LowNo.l; " F "— Good No. 2 ; "E"— No.2; "D"— Good strain ; "C— Strain;
"U" — Common strain; "A" — Black.

Window-glass is the lightest grade, and is only produced from the first dippings of " virgin " trees — that is,
trees worked for the first time. The resinous exudation becomes darker colored and less volatile every year, as the
box grows older, and the rosin produced is darker and less valuable. Trees worked during several years proiluce
a very dark brown or black rosin. Spirits of turpentine made from virgin trees is light colored, light in weight,
an<l free from any t;iste; the resinous matter yielded in succeeding years gains more and more body, and the
additional heat required in distilling it throws off some resin combined with the spirits, producing in it a strong,
biting taste and greater weight.

Tar, produced by burning the dead wood and most resinous parts of the long-leaved pine in covered kilns, is
graded as follows: "Eope yellow", or Kopeiuakers' tar — the bighest grade, i)roduced with a minimum of heat from
the most resinous parts of the wood; "Koany," or "Ship smearing" — the next running of the kiln; "Black" or
"Thin" — the lowest grade, made from inferior wood, or the last running of the kiln, and therefore produced with
the maximum of heat.

The following statistics of the production of naval stores during the census year were prepared by Mr. A. H.
Van Bokkeleu, of Wilmington, North Carolina, to whom I am indebted for much information in regard to the
methods used in carrying on this industry :

Alabama

Florida

Georgia

LouieiaDa

Mississippi —
North Carolina
Sooth Carolina

Total ...

Terpentine.

OalloTU.
2, 005, 000
1, 030, 350
3, 151, 500
250, 000
250, 000
6, 270, 200
4, 503, 200

158, 4«2
68,281

277, 500
20,000
20,000

«63, 967

333, MO

IT, 565, 250

Eighty thousand barrels of tar were niaiuifactured during the census year in North Carolina, and 10,000 barrels
in the other southern states.

The total value of this crop of n.aval stores at centers of distribution, and of course including freight from the
forest and difl'erent brokerage charges, was not far from $8,000,000. The net profits of the industry, even in the
case of virgin trees, is very small, and at i)reseiit prices is believed to be uni>rofitable except to the most skillful
operators. The low price of southern timberlands and the facility with which rights to operate tracts of forest for
turpentine have been lately obtainable in several states have unnaturally stimulated production. The result of
this has been that manufacturers, unable to make a jirofit except from virgin trees, abandon their orchards after
one or two years' working and seek new fields of operation ; the ratio of virgin forest to the total area worked
over in the production of naval stores is therefore constantly increasing. It is estimated by Mr. Van Bokkeleu
that during tiie years between 1870 and 1880 an average of one-third of the total annual i>roduct of the country
was obtained from virgin trees, and that in 1880 one-fourth of the crop was thus produced, necessitating I he boxing
in that year of the best trees upon 000, 000 acres of forest. The production of naval stores is curried on in a
wasteful, extravagant manner, and the net profits derived from the business are entirely out of proportion to the
damage which it inflicts upon the forests of the country; the injury is enormous. Lumber made from trees

518 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

previously worked for turpentine is of inferior quality, althoiigb it is probably less injnred than lias boon fronerally
supiwsed. Coiupanitively few trees, however, once boxed are manufaetnred into lumber. It is estimated that 20
per cent, of them, weakened by the deep gashes inflicted upon their trunks, sooner or later are blown down and
ruinetl; fires, too, every year destroy vast areas of the turpentine orchards, in spite of tho care taken by operators
to jirevent their spread. It is customary in the winter, in order to prevent the tires which annually run through
the forests of the Southern Pine Belt from spreading to the boxes, to "racket" the trees; that is, to remove all
combustible material for a distance of 3 feet around the base of each boxed tree. Fire, carefully watched, has then
beeu set to the dry grass between the trees, in onier to prevent the spread of accideiital conflagrations, and to give
the Iwx-choppers a firmer foothold than would be ottered by the dry and slippery pine leaves. In spite of these
precautions, however, turpentine orciiards, especially when abandoned, are often destroyed by fire. The surface
of the box, thickly covered with a most inflammable niatetial, is easily ignited, and a fire once started in this way
may rage over thousands of acres before its fury can be checked.

The manufacture of naval stores, then, decreases the value of the boxed tree for lumber, reduces the ability of
the tree to withstand the force of gales, and enormously increases the danger to the forest of total destruction
by fire.

Wilmingtou. the most important distributing point for this industry in the United States, handles 80 percent,
of all the naval stores manufactured in North Carolina. Previous to 1870 Swansboro', Washington, and New
Berne were also large shipping points.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

The forest covering of South Carolina resembles in its general features that of the states immediately north
and south of it. The pine forest of the coast, nearly coinciding in area with that of the Tertiary deposits, covers
the eastern portion for a distance of 150 miles from the coast. The middle districts are occupied witli hard-wood
forests, or forests in which pines of various si)ecies are mixed with oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The
forests of the Alleghanies, rich in species and magnificent in the development of individual trees, sjjread over the
mountains and valleys, which occupy the extreme western part of the state. The streams which flow through the
Coast Pine Belt, often bordered by wide, deep swamps, are ill-suited to lumber oi)erations, and less serious inroads
have therefore been made into the pine forests of South Carolina thau into those of North Carolina or Georgia.
The nuTchantable pine, however, has been removed from the immediate neighl)orhood of the coast, from the banks
of the Little Pedee river, and from along the lines of railroad.

The most accessible hard-wood timber has been cut from the forests of the middle districts, although vast
quantities still remain remote from railroads or protected in deep river swamps, inaccessible except during a few
months of summer. The western counties still contain great bodies of hard-wood timber, yet undisturhed except
to supply the wants of the scattered i)Oi)ulation inhabiting this almost inaccessible mountain region.

The manufacture of rough red and white oak split staves and lieadings for the Eurojjean and West Indian
trade, already an imjmrtant intlustry in this state, is capable of large development; rice iierces and rosin barrels
are also largely madi- in tlie coast region from pine. At Plantersville, in Georgetown (-ounty, and at other points
along the coast quantities of haml-made cyjjress shingles are manufactured in Hie swamps.

During the census year 4.31 ,730 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of
$291,21.'.j. These fires were set by careless hunters, by the careless burning of brush upon farms, and by sparks
from locomotives.

BURNING OFF DEAD HKBBAGK.

The pine belt of the coast, in South Carolina as well as through its entire extent from Virginia to Texas, suffers
from fires set every spring by gntzers for the purpose of improving the scanty herbage growing among tho trees
of this f>i)en forest. Tliese fires run raj>idly over tlie surface stripi)ed by the fires of jtrevious y(!ars of any
accumulation of vegetable material, without infli(;ting any immediate injury ui)on tiie old trees of the forest unless
a turjientine onthard is encountered, when, tiie resinous surfaces of the boxes being once fully ignited, nothing can
save the trees from total destruction. If the mature trees of the forest are not under normal cdnditions greatly
injureil, however, l)y this annual burning of the dead herbage beneath them, the forest itself, as a wliole, suffers
enormously from this cause. Slight and shr>rt lived as tliese fires are, thi'y di-stroy the vegetable mold upon the
surface of tlie ground, all see<ls and secflling trees, and all shrubbery or undergrowth, which, in jirotecting the
germination of seeds, inhures the contfnuation of tht^ forest. They deprive the soil of fertility and make it every
year less able to support a (-roji of trees, and in thus robbing the soil they influence largely the composition of
succeeding croj)s. Few young pines are springing up anywhere in the coast region to rejilace the trees destroyed,
but where seedlings protected from fire appear uj)on land long subjected to annual burning, they are usually,
although not universally, of less valuable species, ami not the long leaved jiine which },nves to this forest its ]>rincipal
economic importance. These annual fires are slowly but surely destroying the value of the Southern Pine Belt.
They deatroy all seeds and seedling trees, the fertility of the soil, and its power to produce again valuable species.

10

518

previous
supposes
piT cent.
riiiiHHl ;
to \trv\v
the foro!
eouibnst
been set
the box-
preeauti
of the b<
may rag

The
the tree
by fire.

Wil
of all tl
Bcme w

The
and soul
the east
forests,
forests <
nionntai
Coast P
liave th
Tlic iiii'i
of the L

The
qoantiti
months
to snppl

Th€
trade, a'
are also
along tl

Dui
$291,21.'i
from lo(

Th«
from fir
of this
accnmn,
a turpei
save th<
injured,
enonnoi
surface
germini;
year le<
succeed
but wh
althoug
econom
They d«

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( •. S. SAHi .KST. SI •!•:( •! Al . . V '.VIXV
IHKS.

PJDA ALABAMA, TvlISSI S5TFPI LOUISIANA

r^K

1?^

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

519

The following pstimates of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the state were made up from information
obtained from Mr. Edward Kidder, of Wilmington, North Carolina, in regard to that part of the state north of the
Edisto river, and from Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, Georgia, for the Koulhern part of the state. They are
based on what is believed to be less accurate information respecting the northern part of the state than has been
obtained in regard to the pine forests of the other states, and allowance should be made for possible large errors.
The estimates are, however, probably largely below the actual productive capacity of the pine forests of the state
which may bo expected to exceed by 25 or 30 per cent, the following figures :

LONG-LEAVED PINE {Pinus paluslris).

Aiken

Barnwell —
Beaufort —
Charleston . .
Chesterfield
Clarendon ..
Colleton —
Darlington. ,
Fairfield....
Georgetown
Hampton ...
Horry

209, 000, 0
340, 000, 0
49, 000, 0
458, 000, 0
183, 000, 0
332, 000, fl
453, 000, 0
337, 000, 0
7, 000, 0
128, 000, C
202, 000, C
380, 000, C

Kershaw

Lancaster

Lexington

Marion

Marlborongh ..
Orangeburgh..

Kichland

Snmter

Williamsbnrgh

Total ....

Cut for ihe census year ending Hay 31, 1880. .. 124, 492, 000

171, 000, 000
5,000,000

76, 000, 000
326,000,000
191, 000, 000
465, 000, 000

88,000,000
380, 000, 000
536,000,000

5,316,000,000

The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Georgetown, Charleston, and various points in Hampton and
Barnwell counties, where small railroad mills are located. Charleston and Georgetown are the distributing centers
for naval stores manufactured in the state.

GEORGIA.

The northern counties of Georgia are covered with the forests of the Alleghany Mountain region, here and in
northern Alabama reaching the southern limits of their distribution and considerably reduced iu the number of
species composing them, the pines, firs, beeches, and other northern trees being generally replaced by the broad-
leaved species of the Mississippi basin. From the base of the mountains forests of oak mixed with pines extend
southward, occupying the central portion of the state and mingling with the trees of the i\Iaritime Pine Belt along
its northern limits. In the southern and coast counties great areas of swamps are still covered with forests of
cypress, protected by their inaccessibility from the attacks of the lumberman.

The merchantable pine in the immediate vicinity of the principal streams and along the lines of railroad has
been removed, and serious damage has been inflicted upon the pine forests of the state by the reckless manufacture
of naval stores. Vast areas covered with pine, however, still remain, while the hard wood forests of the central
and northern portions of the state coutaiu a large quantity of the most valuable hard woods.

The manufacture of coo])erage stock is still in its infancy, and this and other industries requiring an abundant
and cJieap supply of hard wood seem destined soon to reach an enormous development in the upper districts of
Georgia and the other states of the south Atlantic division.

During the census year 705,351 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with a loss of $167,620.
The greatest number of these fires was traced to carelessness in clearing land, to sparks from locomotives, and
to hunters.

The following estimates of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the stute of Georgia May 31, ISSO,
were prepared by Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, in that state, a timber viewer and expert of high standing.
He obtained his results liy dividing the whole jjine belt into irregular regions over which the average cut per acre
couUl be obtained, allowance being made for clearings, farms, areas of culled forests, streams, swamps, etc. The
area in each of these regions, by counties, was measured ui)on a large-scale map and the standing timber cominitod.
These estimates include merchantable jiine still standing <ui laud partly cut over, or which has been worked in the
manul;u•t^u■(^ of turpentine. The boxed areas include nearly all the regions from which any i>iue has been removed,
and extend beyond them in all directions into the uncut forests and along rivers and i-ailroads.

Similar m-.^thods, practically, were adojited in prejiaring the estimates of the amount of i)iue standing in Florida
and the other Gulf states. The results thus obtained are not, of course, strictly accurate, and are not sujiposed
to be so. The estimates are intended to show the average luoductive cajiacity of the pine forests over large areas,
and to indicate generally in what i)art of the state the jirincipal bodies of june still occur, laberal allowance has
been made in com]uitiiig areas of swamp and cleared land, and it will pnU^ably be safi> to add 10 per cent, to
these estimates of the pine standing in any of the southern states.

520

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The following is au estimate of the aniouut of piue timber .staiiiliiig in the state May 31, 1880 ;

LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinna paluslris).

Coon tin.

Feet, board
meaauie.

Conntiea.

Feet, board
meaaorc.

Conntiea.

Feet, board
maaaure.

543,000,000
134,000,000

35,000,000
410, 000, 000

38,000,000
281,000,000

60, 000, 000
733, 000, 000
298, 000, 000
117, 000, 000

82. 000. 000
246. 000. 000

96.000.000
350.000,000
578, 000, 000
339. 000.000

45. 000. 000
653.000.000
417, 000, 000
334.000,000

90. 000. 000
299. 000. 000
183. OOO. 000
6, 000. 000
956. 000, 000

19,000,000
17,000,000
47,000,000
70,000,000

21. 000. 000

22, 000, 000
191,000,000
488,000,000
206. 000, 000
291. 000. 000

40, 000, 000
1,064,000,000
128, 000, 000
236, 000, 000
236, 000, 000
10, 000, 000
65, 000, OOO
62, 000, OOO
164, 000, 000
379, 000, 000
18, 000, 000
791, 000, 000

Polk

36, 000, 000
408, 000, 000
128, 000, 000

21,000,000

28, 000, 000
188, 000, 000
191, 000, 000

44, 000, 000
788, 000, 000

S3, 000, 000
598, 000, 000
104, 000, 000
311,000,000

84, 000, 000

32, 000, 000
161,000,000

80, 000, 000
240, 000, 000
160, 000, 000

48, 000, 000
292, 000, 000
152, 000, 000
512, 000, 000

16,778,000,000

Tlttrr

Glaacock

Pnlaaki

Baldwin

Berrian

Han cook

Schley

Bmui

Tallwt

Telfair

Terrell

Cl»y

Leo

Liberty

Ware

Miller

Mitchell

DoDgberty

Echola

35. 000. 000

Worth

Total

Paolding 2,000,000

Pierce 220,000,000.

Cut for the ceDsas j
leaved pine and ml

ear ending Uaj
led growth).

31, 18fO (excloding 28,335,000 feet cut

n the region of abort-

272,743,000

Tbe principal centers of lumber manufacture are situated along the coast at Brunswick, Darien, Savannah, and
Saint .Mary's. Logs sawed at these points are now driven down the various streams for a considerable distance from
the coast. Large quantities of piue lumber are also manufactured iu different mills located along the lines of
railroad in Ai)pling, Polk, Floyd, and other pine counties. Savannah and Brunswick are the principal points of
I'lstribution of the naval stores manufactured in the state.

FLORIDA.

The forests of the Southern Pine Belt cover the state as far south as cape Malabar and Charlotte harbor. The
long-leaved pine is replaced along the sandy dunes and islands of tlie coast by oaks (of wliich the live oak is alone
of commercial importance), scrub pines, and palmettos, while a deciduous forest, largely of northern composition,
occupies the hinh, rolling lands in a large part of Gad.sden, Leon, Jefferson, and Madison counties. The pine
forests gradually decrease southward in density and value, and south of latitude 29° N. are of little present
commercial value. Forests of jiitch jiine (Pinus Cubemis), howevei', extend far south of the region occupied by the
more valuable long-leaved jiine bordering the coast and covering the low ridges of the Everglades. Great areas of
swamp o<;cur everywhere through northern and central Florida, covered with forests of cypress, red cedar, gum, and
boriliTcd with bays, magnolias, and other broad leaved evergreens ; while the hummocks or low elevations, covered
with rich soil and everjwhere common, bear oaks and other deciduous trees, often of great size.

South of cape Malabar ami Tampa bay the character of the vcgetaticm changes, and the North American
arborescent species are replaced by the semi trojiical trees of the West Indies. Tiiese occupy a narrow strip along
the coast, cover the keys and reefs, and spread over some of the hummocks of tin- Everglades. This semi tropical
forest is confined to the saline shores of the innumerable bi-ys and creeksof the region, or to the coral and sedimentary
calcareous formation of the keys and hummocks. The s))ecies of which it is comjio.sed an- Iieie at tlu^ northern
limits of their range; indivirlual trees are comjiaratively small and tlit! forests of the southern extremity of the
riiirida peninsula are commercially iinimporiant, although suflicieiitly extensive and varieil to siijiply the scanty
l)oi>nlation of this region with lumber, fuel, and material for boat building and the iiiaiiufacturi- of lisljing apjiaratus.

The forests of Florida have not suffered greatly from fire. Much of tlie state is uniiihaliifed and unfit for
agriculture or grazing. The danger, tlierefore, of fires set in clearing land for farms spreading to the forest is less
than in other parts of the south, while the numerous streams and swamps everywhere intersecting the pine forest*
ami the natural dryness of the sandy ridges, thinly covered with vegetable mold, check the siireud of fires
when started.

During the census year 105,320 acres of woodland were reported as burned over, with an estimated loss of
$69,900. The largest number of these fires was set by grazers to improve the pasturage for their stock.

DEPAJITMENT Or TBE mTIRlOR

; -'JCTe:- "Ta.t

THE' FORESTS OF THE L'NITED STATES.

521

The following estimates, by couuties, of tbe lougleuved i)iiie still standing in Florida east of the Apalachicola
river were prepared by Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville ; those for west Plorida by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile,
Alabama :

LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinus palusMs).

Counties.

Feet, board
mooHure.

Conntles.

Feet, board
measure.

Conn ties.

Feet, board
meaanra.

525,000,000
144, 000, 000
138, 000, 000

150, 000, 000
233, 000, 000

23, 000, 000
425, 000, 000
346, 000, 000

75, 000, 000
122, 000, 000
200, 000, 000
315, 000, 000
104, 600, 000

W, 000, 000
210, 000, 000

121.000,000
60,000,000

213,000,000
10.% too, 000
022,000,000
2ia 000. 000
59,000.000
72.000,000
409,000.000
187. 000, 000

Jackson

63, 000, COO
81, 000, 000
77, 000, 000
455, 000, 000
67, 000, 000
90, 000, 000
311,000,000
149 onn oon

Clay

Madison

Duval

Manatee

Wakulla

Hamilton

Nassau ,...

Toul

Hillsborough j 162, 000, 000

Polk

1, 1881 (excluding 77,500

6, 615, 000, 000

Cut for tlie census yea
and sawed in westci

r ending May 3
•n Florida).

OCO feet, estimated, grown in Alabama

208,054,000

In this estimate no account is made of timber remaining on lands which have been cut over, or of that injured
by the manufacture of turpentine.

The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Pensacola, Millview, and Blackwater, in Escambia and
Santa Kosa couuties. The logs sawed here and at other points upon Pensacola bay are driven down the streams
fi-oin the forests of Alabama, the accessible pine in this part of Florida having been long exhausted. A large
amount of i)iuo lumber is also manufactured at Ellaville, in Madison county, upon the upper Suwannee river, and
at Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and at various jtoints upon the lower Saint John river. Logs driven from the lower
Suwannee river are sawed at Cedar Keys, where are situated the most important mills iu the United States devoted
to the manufacture of red cedar into pencil stulT.

Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and Fernandina are the largest centers of distribution for the naval stores
manufactured in the state.

The following (extracts are taken from Mr. Curtiss' report upon the forests of Florida :

" In visiting western Florida I have had particularly iu view the examination of the timber of a part of the state
which is unlike all others in physical conformation, and consequently in vegetation. This region difiers but little
from the country bordering the southern Alleghanies, and may perhaps be regarded as the southern terminus of
the Appalachian range. It commences about 40 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico, and extends northward between
the Chipola and Okalokonee rivers into southwestern Georgia and soulheastern Alabama. North of this there is
little to connect it with the southern mountains except the rugged banks of the Chattahoochee river. The surface
is undulating, hilly, often precipitous. The soil, like that of the Piedmont region of Virginia and Carolina,
abounds in red clay, and is therefore adapted to crops which do not succeed in other portions of Florida. The
vegetation is extremely varied and interesting, comprising most of the plants of northeastern Florida, a large
portion of those found in the Piedmont country and in the rich river bottoms of the interior, and a considerable
number found only on the limestone with which much of this country is underlaid. In the river bottoms, which are
inundated at seasons, there is found a great variety of trees, some of which attain a size probably not equaled
elsewhere. In this small portion of the state of Florida is to bo found nearly every species of tree growing
within the limits of the state, except those semi tropical species found on the coast south of Cedar Keys and Mosquito
inlet. Fully lifty American arborescent species here reach their southern limit. A few species show marketl
diminution in size, and all northern species which extend southward of this Chattahoochee region here attain iu
Florida their largest dimensions.

"There are two trees in this regit)n of particular iutorost, as they are not known to grow anywhere else; these
are tiie stinking wdar {Tonri/a ta.vifolio) nud the yew (Taxus Floridann). There is reason to believe that the
Torrcya wvnvs also along the Wakulla river, and i)erhaps elsewhere iu (he state, but there is no positive knowleilge
of its occurrence except along the Apalacliicola river, onthe limestone hills which border it at intervals on the east

"The forests of this region are still almost intact. Some poplar ami tulip wood is cut from the river banks
for northern markets, but tiie valuable timber on these rich shores is as yet almost untouched. The country
southwest of this region, tliough of very little agricultural value, contains an immense quantity of the best cypress
timber, hardly yet disturbed by the lumberman.

•'Two mills have recently been established at Apalachicola, one of which saws nothing but cypress lumber.
The lu'oduct of this mill is sent to iS'ew Orleans. As wliitepine lumber mnst soon become scarce, the attention of
dealers ought to be directed to southern cypress, which will prove a good substitute for it. Although there is
plenty of valuable pine in this country the swamps render it somewhat iii;iccessible, and the mills at Apalachicola

522 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

arc more easily supplied with lops rafted down the river from Georgfia. ^laTiy hewed lops of larpe dimensions are
8hipi)ed from this point. The country near Apalaohieola in surface and timber jrrowtli is tuucIi like that of
northeastern Florida, all the good timber having been cut.

"PENCIL CEDAR.

"The favorite variety of red cedar, of tall and straight growth, is becoming scarce, but there remains a large
quantity of quality snfiBciently good for pencils in nearly all sections of the state north of a line drawn from cape
Canaveral to the north end of Charlotte harbor. There is no red cedar in southern Florida, the Dixon mill at.
Tampa having exhausted the supply within reach of that place; but new mills have been established near Webster,
in Sumter county, and at the head of Crystal river, at present the best source of supply.

" CTPEESS.

"The main body of cypress in southern Florida is located in the 'Big Cypress', a region of which I have heard
much from persons who were in an expedition which went througli it during the last Indian war. They entered it at
the 'Little Palm hummock', 18 miles northeast of cape" Romano. Traveling east about V2 miles they came to the
'Big Palm hummock', when they turned and traveled nearly due north for six days, averaging 12 miles a day.
Their guide then informed them that the cypress extended 12 miles farther north; so it would seem that the main
Inwly of the ' Big Cypress' has a length of about So miles and a width, as they think, of about 20 miles. The cypress
grows iu belts running north and south, the main central belt being about G miles wide and consisting of largo
timber. There are narrow strips of cypress and pine alternating with prairie, altliotigli probably two-thirds of the
whole region is covered with cypress. According to these estimates there must be at least 1,000 square miles
covered with cypress timber in this region, which in times of high water could be floated out by the numerous
creeks and inlets flowing toward the Gulf. There are also large quantities of heavy cypress on the swampy borders
of Peace creek, the Hillsborough river, the Withlacoochee, etc., many trees squaring from 2 to 4 feet.

"The long-leaved pine extends south to Prairie creek, in about latitude 27° N. The pine l>etween Prairie and
Peace creeks, which is sawed at the mill near Ogden, belongs to this species. Timber in this region is quite shaky,
and from all reports it is evident that the yellow pine in Manatee, Orange, and Ilillsborough counties is quite
inferior, being mostly of the rongh-barked, sajipy variety called in this region bastard pine. The long-leaved pine
occupies nearly the whole of the interior of the peninsula north of a line drawn from Charlotte harbor to capo
Malabar. At its southern limit 1 saw trees which measured over 2 feet in diameter and which would furnish logs
30 feet long.

"Pitch pine {Pinus Cubensiti) appears on the west coast at JIargo, 10 miles north of cajie Romano, and extends
northward to Prairie and Fishhead creeks, being the only pine of this region. From Charlotte harbor northward
it is confined to a belt from 10 to 1.5 miles wide, bordering the Gulf, extending to Tamj)a and as far northward
as Pensacola, being also scattered through the interior. This tree seldom exceeds 2 feet in diameter or r>{) feet in
height, anil will atford a great quantity of framing tiniber, although it will be probably generally used in the
production of naval stores, for which it is nearly or quite equal to the long-leaved pine.

"One of the most imjiortant facts in regard to the pine forests of Florida is their permanence. Owing to the
sterility of .soil and the liability to inundation of most of the state, it is certain that but a very small ])ortion of
Florida will ever be cleared of its forest covering. Taking into consideration the great area covered with valuable
pine forests, and the fact that there will be a continuous new growth if the spread of forest fires can be checked,
only trees of the largest size being cut, it is evident that Florida will furnish a jierpetual supjily of the most
valuable pine lumber."

The following notes upon the pine forests of western Florida were furnished by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile,
Alabama :

"The i)ine forests occupying the region between the valley of the Apalachicola river and the banks of the
Choctawhatchee, and from the headwaters of the Chipola to the l)ay of Saint Andrew's, are yet mostly in their
jtrimeval con<lifion and contain a vast body of valuable timber. The district between the Clioetawhatcliee and
the Perdido is the seat of the oldest and most active lumbering industry of the whole Gulf coast. The numerous
.streams flowing through the jiine forests of eastern Alabama to the large bays upon the coast of western Floiida
make fully -l.tKHi square miles of southeastern Alabama comjiaratively accessible and tributary to the region from
which the lumber finds an outlet by way of the l)ay of Pensacola.

"The better da.ss of the somewhat elevated and undulating timber-lands which surround Escambia, Blackwater,
and Saint .Mary de Galves bay were long since strip])ed of their valuable timber. These forests having been culled
time after time during the last quarter of a centurj-, are now <;omi)letcly exhausted. The low, wet ])ine barrens,
with their .soil of almost pure sand, which trend eastward along the shores of Santa Rosa sound and (Choctawhatchee
bay, have never borne a growth of pine suflicir-ntly large to furnish more than a small supply of timber of very
inferior quality. The ridges between the Choctawhatchee river and the Yellow river are also, for the most part,
arid, sandy wastes, never yielding more than a few hundred feet of lumber per acre.

(SE.

Ill

Mr f
i r i

= <

t

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 523

"The wf'lltimbcrcd portion of west Floiida coininences with tlie southern l)or<ler of Holmes connty. This
region is now, however, nearly exhausted alon^- wuter-i'ourses laiffe enougli for rafting, while of late years canals
and ditches dug into the forest afford facilities for floating timber growing remote from streams to the mills.
According to those best iufornuMl regarding tin; amount of timber :<till standing in this section, there is scarcely
enough left between the Escambia and Choctawhatchee rivers, in western Florida, to keep the mills on the coast
supplied for another half-dozen years, even if the whole of the pine standing could be made available.

"The lumber business of Perdido bay is entirely concentrated at Millview, where three large saw-mills are
established. The production of lumber commenced hero in 1865, increasing rapidly from 10,000,000 feet, board
measures, in that year, to three and four times that amount. All tlie lumber manufactured upon Perdido bay is
sent to Pensacola by a railroad constructed for tlie puri)ose. Only about 400 pieces of hewed timber are shipped
from Millview, although the railroad has carried an average of 37,000,000 feet of lumber annually to Pensacola,
the maximum annual yield of the Millview mills having been 45,000,000 feet.

"Pensacola is the most imiiortant jiort of lumber export on the (Julf coast. During the year ending August
30, 1870, 403 vessels, of a comhined caiiacity of 217,487 tons, carried from the harbor of Pensacola 3,090,460 cubic
feet of hewed square timber, 3,700,527 cubic feet of sawed S(iuare timber, and 60,000,000 feet of sawed lumber,
board measure. Of the squared timber four fifths is shipped to Great Britain.

" The peninsula between the junction of the Escambia and the bay of Saint Mary dc Galves is low, and, along
the shore-line, bordered with marshes. The timber needed to supply the mills located upon the shores of these
waters has during the past forty yc^ars been drawn from this region, and when new forests have replaced the
original growth they have been cut over and over again, and still furnish a small amount of timber, as the
turpentinedistiller has not followed the log-getter in these regions. The supply of timber here, however, at present
is too small to be taken into account in view of the enormously increased demands of the mills. There are three
large mills on Blackwater bay producing 40,000,000 feet of lumber a year. Three-fourths of this lumber is ])rodnced
in the establishment of Messi's. Simpson & Co., near the mouth of the Blackwater river, at Bagdad, about half a
mile below Milton. Mills sawing square timber are situated 20 or 30 miles above the mouth of the Blackwater and
use mostly water-power. Tho, mill of Messrs. Milligan, Chafliu & Co., on this river, 20 miles above Milton, sends
28,(K)0 jiieces of square sawed timber to Pensacola, averaging 32 cubic feet each ; 5,000 such pieces are furnished by a
few very small water-mills higher up, swelling the whole amount of square timber to 33,000 pieces. The last-named
firm has acquired by imrchase large tracts of jmblic land along Black and Coldwater rivers. To reach the timber
growing on their land a canal 20 miles long, with sluices that intersect the small ti'ibutaries of these streams, has
been dug. By means of this canal a sullicieut supi)ly of logs is secured to keep the mill running through the year.
The large manufacturers of Bagdad have adopted a similar system, and by these means, and by the construction of
tramways ta])])ing the more remote and isolated regions tributary to the waters of lUack and Yellow water rivers
toward the northern part of the state, the exhaustion of the timber lands throngli the whole breadth of western
Florida, as far as the banks of the Choctawhatchee river, will certainly be accomi)lislied before the end of the next
five years. A sash, door, and blind factory located at Bagdad consumes a large amount of cypress lumber. This
is procured from the mills situated along the shores of the upper Choctawhatchee bay. and is grown along the banks
of tlu^ Choctawhatchee river. The cypress lumber is exclusively used in the manufacture of sashes, blinds, dooi-s,
moldings, and i)articularly in the construction of houses, of which every year a considerable number is shijiped
by the way of New Orleans to the treeless regions of western Louisiana and Texas. This establishment manufactures
a large amount of fencing, the rails of cypress, the posts of red and white cedar, rounded and capped. This is
shii)|)ed to New Orleans and to the settlements in southern Florida. Of late years it has commenced sawing jH'ncil-
boards of red cedar. The logs, of very sujierior (juality, are obtained from the hummocks and bottom lands bordering
upon the Choctawhatchee. The lumber for this purpose must be entirely free from knots, of even, close grain, the
woody fibers perfectly straight. These logs are cut in sections 6 inches in length, and the carefully selected jueees
sawed into slabs 2 inches broad and a quarter of an inch in thickness. Fifty gross of these slabs are packed in a
case, and the establishment i)roduces about six hundred cases annually. These are mostly shipjied to a pencil
factory in Jersey City, a small number going also to (Termany.

"The saw-mills situated on the shores of Choctawhatchee bay extend fioin the mouth of Alaqua creek to
Freeport, and westw'ard to Point "Washington; the logs sawed at these mills are for th<> most inirt brought down
by raft from the upjier waters of the Choctawhatchee and its tributaries. The lumber sawed here is mostly long-
leaved jiiiie, with a small amount of cyi>ress. The product of these mills is inoslly shipiH'd to New Orleans in small
schooners carrying from 15,000 to 20,000 feet each. The capacity of the. mills upon this bay is in excess of their
production, the ditliculty of obtaining logs causing most of them to remain shut during half the year.

"The causes which up to the inesent time have prevented the destruction of the pine forests about Saint
Andn^w's bay, whi(;h is traversed by one line river and bordered by another, must be traced to the dittieulty of
navigating these streams and to the want of a convenient outlet to the (iulf at Apalachicola. There are few saw-
mills upon this bay, supi)Iying only the local demand, and even these are furnished with logs floatetl down the
Chattahoochee from beyond the confines of the state."

524

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

SOUTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION.

ALABAMA.

The northern and uortbeastern portions of Alabama, embracing the foot-bills of the southern Alleghany
mountains and the valley of the Tennessee river, are covered with a rich and varied forest growth of broad-leaved
trees, in which oaks, hickories, ashes, walnuts, and cherries abound. South of the Tennessee river the rolling
country is covered with oaks, through which belts of short-leaved pine occur. In Cherokee and Saint Clair
counties isolated bodies of long-leaved pine appear, while a narrow strip of the same species stretches nearly
across the state between the thiriy-third and thirty-second degrees of north latitude. South of this central belt
the country is again covered with forests of hard woods, which farther south, in the rolling pine hill region, are mixed
with a heavy growth of the long-leaved pine; and this species occupies, or once occu[)ied, almost exclusively,
outside of the numerous liver bottoms, the sandy plain extending along the coast and reaching nearly 100 miles
inland from the shores of the Gulf. Great regions of swamp covered with heavy forests of cypress occur in the
southern part of the state, especially in the region watered by the lower Tombigbee and Alabama rivers.

The forests of northern Alabama still contain great bodies of hard-wood timber, although the demands of the
rapidly-increasing iron industry located here have already strip])ed of their tree covering many of the low hills of
Dortheastern Alabama. The best pine has been gathered from Mobile and Baldwin counties, in the neighborhood
of Mobile bay. from the lines of railroads and the banks of streams heading in the southern part of the state and
flowing to the Gulf through western Florida.

The pine forests of southern Alabama have long suffered from the reckless manufacture of naval stores.

During the census year 5G9,lCO acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
tl21,l.'l.'5. Of these fires the largest number were set to improve grazing, or by careless farmers and hunters.

The manufacture of cooperage and wheel stock, furniture, and other articles of wood is still in its infancy in
Alabama and the other Gulf states. Such industries, in view of the magnificent forests of hard wood covering
great areas in this region and the rapid exhaustion of the best material in the north and west, must in the near
future be largely transferred to the southern states.

The cypress swamps adjacent to Mobile bay yield a large number of hand-split shingles and give employment
to many i)crsons, i)rincipally blacks.

The following estimate of the amount of pine standing in the .state May 31, 1880, was prepared by Dr. Charles
Mohr, of Mobile, who carefully examined the whole pine region of the Gulf states:

LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinus paltatrie).

Begioiu.

EHtof PeriUdo rivor

We«t of Perdldo rlTer

la the refdoD of mixed growth.

Is tbo Central Pluq Bolt

In the Coona Rivi-r bociu

In Uie Walkrr Consty dUtriot

ToUl

Cot for the cenmiii jrt-ar enillfiK May ill, 18^0 (Includinit 77,600.000
feet, eatimftted, ktowd In Alabomauid aaved In wcelcni Florida).

i. oa, 000. 000

2, 000, 000, 000

10, 000, 000, 000

1,750,000,000

900, 000, 000

180, 000, 000

18, 88S, 000, 000

■ SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinut mitU).

In theCrDtnl Pine Belt

In tbeCoOMA River basin

ToUl

Cnt for the cenioa year ending Hay 31, 1880, none reported.

1,875,000,000
432, 000, 000

DEPARTWEMT DF THE IKTERIOIj

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 525

lu this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 1,282,000 acres wbich have been cat
over, and from which the merchantable pine has been i)ractically removed, or on 000,000 acres injured by the
manufacture of turpentine.

There are fewer pine trees per acre in the region of mixed growth than in the pine belt jiroper, with which it
mingles on the north ; but the individual trees being larger, the; average amount of standing pine per acre is
greater, although generally of poorer quality.

Moliilc is still the principal center in the state for the manufacture of i)ine and cypress lumber; a large amouut
of pine lumber is manufactured also along the line of the railroads jjenetratiug the i)inebelt in Etowah county, and
considerable liard wood is sawed in counties bordering the Tennessee river for local use and northern shipment.
Mobile is also the distributing i)oint for the naval stores manufactured in the state.

The following notes upon the forests of Alabama are extracted from Dr. Mohr's report:

"THE MARITIME PINE EEGION.

"West of Mobile the road traversed for a distance of over 5 miles the plain, or so-called 'second bottom',
composed of a more or less tenacious or sandy yellow clay. It has an elevation above the alluvial of the river of
15 to 23 feet, and is bordered on the west by the ridges of the stratified drift, which extend to within C to 18 miles
of the shore-line. Near the coast this plain, flat and devoid of drainage, forms for many miles the low, wet savannas
s])arsely covered with a stunted growth of long-leaved i)ines ; near the estuaries it is interspersed with tracts
covered with a black, light soil, rich in humus and bearing a luxuriant growth of broad-leaved trees associated
with a few Coni/cra', and with the wooded swamps which extend over the depressions about the base of the higher
land, and follow the low, inundated banks of the numerous streams. The ])revailing forest tree of this plain, now
much cultivated in the vicinity of Mobile, is the Ion/;- leaved pine. Situations ofl'eriug a moister and somewhat
richer soil along the hummocks and gentle acclivities bordering the swamps and the botton)s of the water courses
are occupied, by the loblolly pine. With this is often associated the pitch pine {Pinus Cubensis), which prefers,
however, the more or less inundated and always wet, swampy forest, where its spreading crown towers above
the gum trees and while cedars. Wherever in the plain the long-leaved ])iue has been cut down, this pitch pine
principally and the loblolly pine sj)ring up to replace it.

"Many acres can be seen in this region covered with thrifty seedlings of this pitch pine, and trees have sprung
n]), to my own knowledge, since 180.5, which are now from 20 to 25 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of
from 4 to 6 inches; and trees from 5(1 to GO feet in height with a circumference of from 3 to 4 feet, forming quite
extensive forests, may be seen upon the shores of the bay from which the primeval forest was removed about fifty
years ago.

"Ascending the highlands of drift, with its poi'ous soil composed of irregular strata of white or ferruginous
sands, gravels, and pebbles interspersed with layers of clay, the home of the long-leaved pine, which here arrives
at perfection and i'orms the entire forest growth over immense areas, is entered. Upon this formation, after the
removal of the original forest, either the long-leaved i)ine takes iiossession again of the soil or is replaced by a
more or less stunted growth of various species of oak {Quercus Catcuba'i, cinerea, nigra, obtiisiloba, and falcdta), the
mocker-nut, and a few other small trees and shrubs. What the conditions are by which such a rotation is
regulated is not ayyparent. It is no doubt much influenced by the conllagrations which annually sweep through
the woods and which are particularly destructive to the young i)ines, but it cannot be explained solely upon that
ground. I have, however, observed that the more broken lands with the same sandy character of surface soil, but
with a more argillaceous subsoil more or less impervious to water, are mostly covered with this second gmwth of
deciduous trees, and that the flat table-lands with either a sandy or gravelly soil are invariably covered again with
a second growth of the long-lea\ed pine. Among such young growths of this species I have never been able to
discover a single seedling of the other pines.

" Cypress swamps of the Tensas river. — The river was extraordinarily high, the lowlands being overflowed
to a dei)th of more than 10 feet. The torrents which had fallen during the past three weeks caused a heavier freshet
than any that had been experienced since the s|)ring of 1875. Since that year no such opportunity has been oflered
for getting heavy cypress tiuiber from the depths of these swami)y forests. Xo idle man was to be found on shore;
everybody who could swing au ax, jiaddle a boat, or jiilot a log was in the swamp engaged in felling and floating
cypress timber. All the mill-hands worked in the swamps; fields and gardens were left untouched, and even clerks
from the stores were sent to the swamps as overseers.

" We soon entered the deep, dark forest stocked with some fine and large cypress trees, and came upon
two negroes, each standing in his little skitf, engaged in felling a tree of the largest size. It was astonishing
to witness the steadiness and celerity with which they performed their work, eonsideiiug the instability of their
footholds in the narrow boats. ICvery stroke of the ax told at the designated place, and it took them scarcely
longer to cut a tree in this way than if they had been working upon solid ground The top of the tree when
felled is sawed oft' close to the first limbs by one tnan working under water a single-handled crosscut saw.
Another, provided with a long pole armed with a sharp iron spike, seizes the trunk and tows it, with the aid of

526 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the slow current, to one of the lake-like sheets ol still water which, interspersed with streams, are so commoa
in these lowlands. Here the truuks are made iiito rafts and can be floated down th<i river to the mills alou-j the
banks below after the subsidence of the flood. The j^reatest part of this lar}i;e timber is only accessible during tha
time of a high stage of water, so that the energies of the whole jiopulatiou are devoted during the times of freshets
to getting out as much of it as possible. The large number of. logs harvested shows clearly with what activity the
destruction of these treasures of the forest is being jjushed ; and the reports, as of heavy thunder, caused by the
fall of the mighty trees, resounding at short intervals from near and far, speak of its rapid progress.

'• In l!v?l Mr. Vaughn found these cypress swamps untouched by the ax. At present their resources are so
diminishe<l by the inroads made upon them during the last twelve years that, with a prospect of a rapidly-
increasing demand for cypress lumber in the near future, he Judges that they will be completely exhausted during
the next ten years. This opinion is shared by all mill-owners here, who believe that in less than that time their
business must come to an end. There is no hope that the supply will be continued by the natural increase of young
trees. It is rare to find small trees among the large specimens. Seedlings and saplings are not found in these
deep, swampy forests, and oidy occur in the openings anil ujjou the banks of water-courses. The fact that the almost
impenetrable shade, excluding the admission of light anil air to a soil almost constantly drenched with water, is
unfavorable to the giowth of a new generation of the cypress, threatens to exclude it from localities where formerly
this tree attiiined its greatest perfection. In swamps open to the influences of light and air, and not liable to
prolonged perioils of inundation, a growth of seedlings and small trees, especially along the banks of the smaller
tributaries of the larger streams, springs up. The extremely slow growth of the cypress, however, during all stages
of its existence, even if young trees spring up, destroys all hope of an adequate supply of this timber to meet the
wants of coming generations. Trees of small size are as frequently cut as large ones. Saplings from 4 to 12
inches in diameter even are cut and supply the farmer, the builder, and the mechanic with material for uuuiy useful
puriM)ses. Logs not over M inches in diameter, however, are not worked up in the Tensas mills, which only use
logs of larger size, the saplings being sent in rafts with pine logs to the saw-mills of Mobile. It is rare that a
true over 3 feet in diameter is found perfectly sound. Trees above 4 feet through are almost always invested with
signs of decay. No timber seems to be open to so many defects as that of the cypress. Many of the trees are ' wind-
shaken'; that is, portions of the body of the wood have separated in the direction of the concentric rings, causing
annual splits which extend throughout a great length of the trunk, and if occurring repeatedly in the same stick
render it unfit for use. A considerable number of the larger trees are rotten in sections. Logs cut from such
trees may ajipcar perfectly sound at both ends, but are found hollow and rotten in the interior. The inspection
of cyjtre.ss logs requires great experience and care to protect the buyer from loss. But there is one disease
which particularly aflects this timber, the cause of which is a perfect mystery to all interested in the matter, (a)
Prom the center of the tree outward, although never extending into the sap-wood, occur great numbers of
spindle-shaped, narrow excavations with perfectly smooth, rounded walls more or less tapering toward the ends,
parallel with the bundles of woody fibers and nearly regularly disposed in the direction of the annual rings of
growth. These cavities vary from one-half an inch or less to a foot in length, and are found from a few lines to
an inch in width. They are filled with a yellowish-brown powder, the result of decayed, woody substance,
although the wails of the cavities appear perfectly sound and unaffected by decay. These excavations are called
'pegs', and timber so affected ' peggy ' timber. The cavities have no communication with the surface apparently,
and remain always inclosed within the surrounding belt of sap-wood. It is only in the case of very old trees that the
larger cavities produced by the junction of the pegs sometimes reach oi)enings produced by external decay or
accident. Undoubtedly these pegs cause the large hollows so often found in the center of large-sized and
apparently perfectly healthy trees. Some of the timber of medium-sized si)ecimens is honey-combed with these
pegs. Such i)eggy staff is nseful for poles and pickets, which are found not less durable than if made from
solid lumber.

"Two varieties of cypress timber arc; recognized according to the color, firmness, and heaviness of the wood,
and arc known as white cypress and black cypress; the. latter has darker, closer grained, and more resinous wood
than the former, anil will sink in water. Its weight makes impossible the transportation of black-cypress logs by
floating under ordinary circumstances, and the hnnbermaii, unable always to recognize these i)eculiari lies of the
wihmI in the standing tree, cuts a chip before felling, which thrown into the water indicates, by its floating or
sinking, whetln-r it is black or white cypress. Trees of the heavy variety are deadened during the months of August
and September by cutting a deep ring through the bark, ami in the sjuing of the second season the timber is
founil sufficiently light to float.

'•The cypress region of southern Alabama, which must be regarded as one of the great resourres of its forest
•wealth, commences upon Moliilc river, about 10 oi 18 miles above its entrance into Mobile bay, extending through
the lowlands upon both banks of this river, in Ualdwin and .Mobile counties, where it covers an extreme area of from
75 to 80 sqnare miles. It extends northward to the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers, covering

a This injury to the cypre«« ig cauocd \>y a fungoid plant not yet detemiin<'(l, althongU widely distributed along tho Gnlf coast.—
C. 8. 8.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 527

large tracts in the delta between them, follows northward the course of these streams, and covers the extensive
swamps which border their banks and the mouths of their numerous tributaries. Upon the Alabama the cypress
swamps extend to the lower part of Clarke county. Next to the Mobile liiver region the laigest supply of cypress
can be drawn from the extensive bottoms of the Tombigbec, about the mouth of Bassett creek, near Jackson.
During the freshet of the present year (1S80) a large number of logs from this vicinity will be sent to the mills on
the Tensas.

" Baldwin county. — A quarter of a century ago a jiiue forest, uuequaled in the magnificence of its tree growth,
and supposed at that time to contain an inexhaustible supply of timber, covered Baldwin county through its whole
extent. Today this forest, from the line of the Mobile and Montgomery i ailroad, along the eastern shore of Mobile
bay, and along all the water-courses as far as Bonsecours bay, upon the Gulf, is entirely destroyed, and presents a
picture of ruin and utter desolation painful to behold.

" The jnoduction of naval stores has been carried on in this region without regard to any of its future interests,
and, the forest being exhausted, manufacturers have been driven to seek new fields of oi)eration. In the old
turpentine orchards, long abandoned, no young trees have sprung Up. Too far remote to make it possible to get
their timber to the saw-mills, the large trees which have sufficient strength to withstand the eflects of the barbarous
jjrocess of boxing drag out their precarious existence for years after the smaller and weaker trees have been laid low,
and shade the ground sufficiently to prevent the start of a young growth. The wood of these old boxes, as dead pines
are called, is, after the loss of their vitality, charged throughout with an excess of resinous matter, and is in that
condition sold as 'fat' or 'light' wood, being greatly esteemed as fuel for the generation of steam. For this
purpose this final product of the pine forest is carried to the city of Mobile in broad tlatboats, propelled by one huge
square sail, and steered by a ponderous horizontal beam serving as a rudder. In a few years, however, this, the least
valuable and the last product of the pine forest, will have forever disappeared, and with it the last remnant of the
original forest growth of this part of the state. Occasionally, under the shade of the trees left standing, a young
growth of pine is found, and on the high and undulating table-land between Jlobile bay and Fish river, where the
soil is light and very porous, a low and scanty oak scrub has taken possession of the ground. Toward the banks of
the water-courses, however, where the largest trees were first cut to furnish timber to the mills once situated on Fish
river, thus early leaving the ground open to atmospheric intiuences, fine and promising groves of long-leaved pine
now often cover areas of wide extent. I measured many trees in these young second-growth pine forests, grown up
within the last twelve to twenty-five years, standing from 15 to 30 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of from
4 to G inches, of thrifty growth, and rajjidly overcoming the small oak growth with which it had to contend for the
possession of the soil. It is the turkey and the upland willow oak alone which occur in these thin soils, too poor to
support the Sjjanish and black oaks. -^

"The banks of the North Branch of the Fish river are composed of marsh or white drift sand. The sirid, sandy
ground is covered with a dwarf growth of live oak and myrtle live oak, observed here for the first time, and which
farther east formed by far the largest part of the oak scrub covering the shore-lines of the large bays of western
Florida. Two or three miles beyond the forks of Fish river a belt of pine forest is reached, not yet destroyed by
the mutilations of the 'box-cutter' nor bereft of its best growth by the log-gatherer; it covers the highlands and
declivities between Fish river and the waters which find their way into Perdido bay. This may be regarded as a
virgin forest, only slightly invaded up to the present time along the Blackwater creek, HoUeuger's creek, the
I'erdido river, and the bay shore. The mills situated on Perdido river and bay depend entirely for their present
and future supply of logs upon this forest of southern Baldwin county, although 1 learn that it is expected to supply
them during the next five years only, even if their production of lumber does not increase. This forest extends
over six townships and covers an area estimated at from 125,000 to 150,000 acres.

"^THE FORESTS OP THE CHATTAHOOOHEE IN EASTERN ALABAMA, MIXED FOREST GROWTH, ETC.

"The forests which once covered the wide bottom lands of the Chattahoochee in the neighborhood of Franklin,
Alabama (opposite Fort Gaines), are now reduced to small patches of woodland confined to the base of i-anges of
low hills bonUring the plain valley to the southeast. The tree growth was found here to difter in no way trom
that found lower down, except that the short-leaved pine {rinus mitis) occurs more fi-equently. The crab apple
and the cockspur thorn are frequent along the borders of the woods, but the pond pine (Finns xerothia). which
might have been exjiected here, was not observed. In the sandy, wet, and deeply-shaded bottoms of a sluggish
stream winding along the base of these hills I found the spruce pine (Pinuit tjlabra) abundantly associated with
the loblolly bay, red and sweet bays, and stately magnolias. The live oak is not found here, and it is donbtlul if
it extends in this part of the Gulf region more than a few miles north of the thirty first degree of latitude. The
low hills do not rise more than 150 feet above the plain; in entering them the secoiul division of the sylvan
vegetation characteristic of the eastern Gulf states is reached — a forest of mixed growth, whicli must be i-eganie<i,
on account of its extent as well as the variety of its vegetation, as one of the important natural features of the
region. I am of opinion that the deciduous-leaved trees have an equal representation in this forest with the

51^8 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

conifers. This certaiuly \r,ns the e^ise before tlie settleuieut of the country, but as the broad leaved trees occupy
the bi'St land, the areas of bard-wood forest have been more reduced by the demands of agriculture than have the
forests of iiine.

"The distribution of the different species of trees throughout this region depends upon the nature of the soil
and the toiH)graphi(al features of the country. In general it can be stilted that the marls and calcareous
Tertiary strata which form the lower ridges and more or less undulating uplands and jilaiiis are chiefly occupied
by trees with deciduous leaves, and by a few yellow pines. Here oaks pn domiiiafo, and especially the post
oak (Querciis olitutiloba), wliicli prefers the level or gently-swelling ground with a generous, warm, and open soil;
with it is frequently found the black oak (Qucrcus iinctoria), the Si)anisli oak and black-jack upon soils of poorer
quality, the last, particularly, preferring one of closer, more argillaceous character mixed with fine sand. The
black-jack finds here its best development, rivaling often in size the post oak ; it enters largely also into the
nndergrowth of the post-oak woods, forming dense thickets on lauds too poor to sustain a heavier tree growth.

"The hickories are unimi)ortant features in the foiests of this region. In the dry uplands they seldom attain
more than medium size, although in the more 'shaded and richer situations the mocker-init and i)ig-nnt are not rare.

"Tiie long-leaved pine, on account of the broad extent it covers, its gregarious habit, and the siilendid
growth it attains here, must be regarded as the most important timber tree of this region. Confined to a siliceous,
dry, and porous soil, it occupies the high ridges invariably covered with a deposit of drift, often found widely
spread over the more elevated highlands. For this reason the pine forests crown the hills and cover the more
or less broken ])lateaus. They are found also toward the southern boundaries of this region, where the sands
and gravels of the drift of the lower pine region encroach upon and mingle with the strata of older formations.
Under these circumstances it is evident that the line of demarkation between this and the pine region of the coast
is difficult to determine. The best distinction is found in the fact that in the pine forests of the lower i)ine
region the growth of i)ines upon the ujjlands is never broken by patches of oak, and that the short-leaved i)iue
never occurs there. Another point of distinction is found in the nature of the second growth, which springs up
after tlie large pines have been removed. In the pine woods in the region of mixed tree growth the subsoil, of
Tertiary origin, seems more favorable to the growth of oaks than to a second growth of (he long-leaved pine. This
is replaced generally by oaks mixed with the short-leaved pine and various decitlnous trees. It is safe to assert that
the southern limits of this region coincide with a line following the northern boundary of the coast drifts, along
which the lower strata have completely disappeared beneath it.

" Pike county. — On the broad ridges which form the divide between the waters of the Pea and Conecuh rivers,
ni>on a purely sandy soil, are found, within the Ibrest of long-leaved piue, tract.s with strictly-defined outlines from
a half mile to several miles in width, covered with a dense vegetation of small trees and shrubs peculiar to the
perpetually moist and cool hummocks of the coast. The soil covered with this growth j)! esents no unusual features ;
it is as poor and arid as that covering the rest of these heights, burrounded on all sides by pine forests, not a
single pine tree is seen within the limits of these glades, called by the inhabitants 'pogosines', an ludian name
the meaning of which I was unable to learn.

" The trees are of small growth, the willow oak, the water oak, beech, red maple, and black gum rarely rising to
a height of more than 30 lect among the sourwoods, junipers, hornbeams, hollies, papaws, fringe-trees, red bays,
and other trees of the coast. These glades verge u])ou deep ravines from which issue large springs, and from
this fact I conclude that, below their sandy, porous soil, strata must exist perpetually moistened by subterranean
waters near enough to the surface to supply the moisture necessary to support such a luxuriant vegetation.

"FOEESTS OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY.

" The character of the forest vegetation changes upon the limestone formation of the valley of the Tennessee.
This new region of tree growth extends from the northeastern confines of Alabama to a short distance beyond the
Mississii)pi state line with a width of from .'35 to 40 miles, and reaching beyond the northern boundary of the slate.
Its prominent feature is the total absence of pine and the scarcity of other evergreen trees. A few scattered
sajilings of the loblolly piue are found ou its lower borders, waifs strayed from their natural habitats, the lower part
of Morgan county, the tnie northern limit of this »i)ecies, in Alabama at least. The red cedar is the only
evergreen tree common among the forest growth of this limestone region, and the dural)ility of its wood condtiued
with its beauty places this tree among the most useful i)roduced in this region. The red cedar forms here almost
exclusively the wcond growth after the removal of the original forest, covering everywhere with extensive groves
the dry, rocky hillsides and flats. The timber, however, of this second growth is only fit for the most oidinary
purposes. The trees branch low, and the trunks are consequently full of knots and unfit for anything except fence
posts. The fertile portions of this region have Ijeen largely denuded of their forest growth, although more than
half is still covered with wood, a considerable j)ortion with almost virgin forest. This is particularly true of
Lauderdale and Colbert counties and the mountainous jiortions of the counties of Madison and .lackson. The vast
quantities of oak, ash, walnut, and jioj-lar timbi-r contained in these counties can be sent to northern markets iis
soon as the Tennessee river has been made navigable by the removal of the obstacles at the Mussel shoals.

J

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITKl) STATES. 529

"The road from Decatur to jMoulton, in Lawrence county, leads tbrougli liroad and fwti'e valley lands, broken,
as tlic mountains are approached, by limestone ridpes Jutting out into the plain. The beautiful Moulton valley,
inclosed by the low foot-hills of the Sandy ]\Ioiintain range which form its southern boundary, shows only along the
base of the mountains a remnant of its original tree covering. Here the water oak, wilhiw oak, red oak, mulberries,
elms, and ashes were the trees found in the lower situations, and on rolling, higher land the white oak, the bUick
oak, i)ost oak, sassafras, and dogwood formed the [jrevailing forest growth. The lower Hank of the steep ei5cari>meut
of the highlands, a terrace of liniestoiK! clitfs mostly destitute of soil, bears a stunted tree growth. Here the red
cedar and the upland hickory abound, and where the surface is less broken and a deei)er soil covers the rock,
chestnuts make their appearance with white oaks and the shell bark and mocker-nut hickories. The ascent is less
l)recipit()us as tlu? sandstone ledges are reached, and here the yellow i>ine {I'iiiun iiiitiH) and the scrub j ine (J'inuH
inops) are prominent among the oak forests of the mountains. When the crest of this abrupt decline is ])a.s.setl the
oak forest is reached. It covers the extensive^ table-land between the Coo.'ja and the eastern tributaries of the
Tombigbee, and extends southward from the valley of the Tennessee to the lovlands commencing below Tusciiloosa,
occupying an area of nearly 6,000 square miles.

"CtENERAI. Kkmakks.

"The forests of long-leaved i)ine are |)rinci])ally confined to the following limited regions east of the Mi.ssi.ssippi
river: 1. The Great Maritime J'ine region. 2. The Central Pine Belt of Alabama. 3. The Pine Region of the
Coosa.

"Pino forests of more or less extent, too, mixed with woodlands composed of deciduous-leaved trees, occupy
the ridges covered with a porous siliceous soil in the region of what I have called the mixed tree growth, and which
upon its southern borders verges upon the Coast Pine Belt. Upon the heights of the low ranges of the metamoq>hic
region of Alabama are also found more or less extensive tracts of this pine, generally, however, of inferior quality
and size, while as far north as the thirty-fourth degree of latitude patches of thinly-scattered pine are met on the
brows of the mountains, and, rarely, on the plateau of the carboniferous sand.

"The pine forests of Alabama, from the Escambia to the Mississippi state line, in the counties of Monroe,
Baldwin, Washington, Mobile, and in ])ortions of Chirke county, cover .'3.500 square miles. Of these about 1,000
square miles have already been more or less destroyed in the manufacture of naval stores. Allowing 25 per c<?nt.
for laud under cultivation, or covered by a forest of diHereut trees, by water, etc., there are still 1,S75 square miles
left of this forest to supply the denumds of the future.

"The whole amount of long-leaved pine lumber received at the i)ort of Mobile averages about 00.000,000
feet, board n'leasure, representing (he ])roduct of mills at that jilace and along the various railroad lines leading
to it. The amount of hew-ed square timber received is still small, but the business of exporting timber of this sort
promises to assume large proportions in the near future.

"The riNK belt of central Alabama. — This forest occuj)ies the dei)osits of drift which, in a strip varying"
from 10 to 30 miles in width, traverses the state from east to west. It is nearly in the center of the line connecting
its eastern and western limits that its greatest width is found. This forest is estimated to cover 550 square miles,
no allowance being made for lands cultivated or covered by other trees. The timber, both in quality and quantity,
is unsurpassed by that growing on the best sections of the lower pine region. The manufacture of lumber and its
export to northern markets has oidy been carried on in this region to any large extent during the last three or four
years, and it is now rai)idly assuniiug large i>ro])ortions. The nuist imjiortant saw-mills in this region are situated
on the line of the Louisville and Nashville railroad, between Clear creek and Elmore, Elmon> county, and ]>iXMluced
in the aggregate 07,0t)(),000 feet of lumber, lioard measure, during the years 187!»-'SO. Considerable lumber is also
])roduce(l along the line of the Selma, Kome and Dalton railroad, in Chilton county.

"Naval stores are not yet manufactured in (his region.

"Tin; iMNE KE(HON OF THE CoosA. — A detached belt of drift largely composed of coarse pebbles stn>tches
from the eastern base of the Lookout Mountain range through the valley of the Coosa river, near Gadsden, covering
nearly the whole of Cherokee county, to the Georgia state line. This forest is estimated to cover from 400 to450 square
miles, although much of the best timber nearest to the river has already been exhausted. Ixigs aiv driven down the
Coosa and sawed at Gadsden. The manufacture of lumber at tliis place has been carried on for a numlH^r of years,
and anu)unts to an average of 20,(100,000 feel.

*'.\AVAL STOKES.

"The manufacliue of naval stores in (he cential Gulf sta(es is almost entirely restricted for the jux>sent to the
forest contiguous to Mobile and to the railroad lines leading (o (hat ])or( and (o (he sou(hern contines of the i)ine InMt
in Mississii)pi. It is only <luriug (he i)ast two seasons that (urpendne orchards have been worked near Pascagoida.
l\Iississipi)i, Pearl river, and in eas(ern Louisiana above Coving(on. The (hst t)iri>en(ine disdlleries were establishetl
on the (iulf coast a little more than a quarter of a century ago, along I'ish river (Ui (he eas(ern aiul l>og river on the
western shores of Mobile bay. The business soon a.ssumed such i)roju)rtious as to lead (o the destruction of tUo
J4 FOU

530 Till-: FORESTS OF THE UXTTED STATES.

forests covoiiiig Liiiulivtls id scjuaiv inik's, iiarticiilarly in lialdwiii cDiiuty. Tin- prodiKtioii of naval stores in this
county, as well as in tbe lower part of Mobile eourily, lias at presi-iit nearly eeaseil, on aeeount of the exhaustion of
the forest. It is, however, now carried on with tiie greatest activity on the line of the ^lohile and Oliio railroad.
Between ilobile station, in Mobile eounty. and <^>nitinan. ^lississipiii, there are at this date not less than thirty-three
stills iu oi>eration, while along the Louisville and Nashville railroatl there have been during the last live yt-ars lifty-
tbree stills established in Alabama and Mississipjii. These, with few exceptions, are controlled by Mobile capital,
their whole protluct being handled from that market, so that the returns contained in the annual reports of the
boanl of trade nf Mobile fairly represent the whole production of naval stores in this pine region.

"According to the statements contained in the report for ISSO, the crojis auKmnted in the years ISTO-'.SOto 2."),ioy
barrels of spirits of turpentine and l.")S.4SJ barrels of rosin. During a period of eight years, Ix'tween 187:5 and tbe
close of tbe business year of 18S0, lGU,0(tO barrels of spirits of turpentine and 8(l(»,0()0 barrels of rosin have been
protluced in this same district, (a)

"The increase in jirices during the last few years for all kinds of naval stores, and i)articularly the active demand
for the best class of rosin, have given an increased imjietus to this business, inconsequence of which many of the
older orchards have been abandoned and new ones started, while the number of new boxes cut during the i)reseut
season is greater than ever before. There are no returns to be obtained of the production prior to 1875, but it can
be safely assumed that up to that year 2dO square miles of pine forest had been boxed. The production since 1875
must have involved a farther destruction of G40,()(»0 acres, or 1,00b scpmre miles of forest. With the low jirice at
which pine lauds are held there is not the slightest regard jtaid to the utilization of their resources, and under
the present .system they are rapidly destroyed, regardless of the needs of the future and with the sole object of
obtaiuiiig the (inickest possible returns on the capital invested.

"It may be of interest to mention here the results obtained by a practical manufacturer by submitting the
refuse of saw-mills, that is, slabs and sawdust, to a process of combined steam and dry distillation, with the view
of utilizing the volatile products of such waste. He obtained from one cord of slabs 12 gallons of spirits of
turi)eutiue, 2.5 gallons of tar, 120 gallons of weak pyroligneous acid, and 12 barrels of charcoal. From one cord of
lightwood he obtained 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, C2i gallons of tar, and CO gallons of ]iyroligiieous acid.
The sawdust obtained from sawing 10,000 feet of pine lumber, subjected to distillation during one day, produced
22 gallons of si>irits of turpentine."

MISSISSIPPI.

The forests of Mississippi originally extended over nearly the entire state. Prairies of no great area, situated
in the northern central part of the state, i)rcsented the only break in its tree covering. The forest consisted of a
belt of long leaved pine, occupying the coast plain and reaching from the eastern confines of the state to the
bottom lands of the Mississippi river, and from the coast nearly to the line of Yicksburg and ]\Ieridian. The
northeastern portion of this long leaved pine forest si)rcad over a high rolling country, and here the ))ines were
mixed with various hard-wojd trees; north of the long-leaved pine forest a long belt gradually narrowing toward the
north and occupied by a growth of short-leaved pine and of hard woods reached nearly to the northern boundary of
the state, while south of the Tennessee river, in Tishomingo, Prentiss, and Itawamba counties, a considerable area
was covered with forests of tiie short-leaved pine. The remainder of the state was clothed with a growth of hiird
woods, whi<h in the swamps of the Yazoo dc^lta and the bottom lands of the Mississippi river formed vast and
almost imjieiietrable forests, where cyi)resses, gums, water oaks, ashes, and other trees which find their home
in the deejt, inundated swamps of the South Atlantic region attained noble dimensions and great value.

The pine fon-sls have been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the Pascagoula ami Pearl rivers and
from their principal tributaries within the southern tier of counties; the most accessible timber has been cleared
from the Biloxi, Blind, .lordan. Wolf, and Tchefuncfa rivers, flowing into Mississippi sound, and from the line of the
Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad. The long-leaved pine of Mississip]ii is, however, still practically
intact, and these forests are capable of sni)i)lying an immense amount of timber as soon as the means of
transportation can be furnished for it. A small amount of iiine has been cut in the norllK astern jiinc region from
along the line of thi' Memphis and ("harleston railroad.

The hard-wood forests outside of the bottom lands have been largely cleaicd from many ciMiiities in jnoviding
f«)r the requirements of agri<ulture. Such land when abandoned is again covered in the central i)art of the state
with a growth of olil-field pine, and in the north, anil especially in the nortln astern counties, by a vigorous growth
of short-leaved pine (I'intm mitin), which seems destined tu become the most important timber tree of that regiim.
The forests which cover the swam|)S of the state are still almost intact, although the most accessible cypress, which
has long been cut in the Vazoo delta and the valley of the Pearl river to supply the Niw ( )ileaiis market, has
l>ecome scarce.

During the census year 222,800 acres of woodland were rejiorted destroyed by fire, with a loss of$78,.jOO. Of
them' fires the largest number was set by hunters, and by farmers carelessly starting fires in clearing land or to
improve jta^tturage.

a Thede figures dillcr somewhat from those prepared by Mr. Van Bokltelen. See page 4D3. — C. S. S.

.KPAl- IME::.'r UV I HE INTERlOl

THE FORESTS OF THE rXITED STATES. 531

EstablishineTits for the iiiiiiiiifactuit' of \Vll{^■()ll^^, wbcel stock, cooperate, etc., liave been established at dittereut
times in the northern part of the state. The in(bistiies, however, which depend upon the hard-wwd fore.sts for
material are still in their infancy in Mississipi»i, and are capable of enormous development.

The following estimates of the standing-pine supply of :\lississippi. May 31, 1880, were prepared by Dr. Charles
Mohr, who carefully explored the forests of the state:

LONG-LEAVED PINE {Pinus jjaluntria).

llegiona

In region west of Pearl river, tributary to tbc Chicago, Saint Louis. 6, 800, 000, 000

and New Orleans railroad.

East of Pearl river 7,600,000,000

Kegion of mined growtb, exclusive of 200,000 acres injured by the | 3,800,000,000

inannfacture of turpentine

Total 1 18,200,000,000

Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 ] 108,000,000

SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinus m«(»).

In the nortbeastem belt 1,600,000,000

In northern region of mixed growth ' 5,175,000,000

Total ■ 6,775,000,000

Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 7,775,000

In this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 2,912,000 acres w hieh have been cut
over, and from which the merchantable \nue has been practically removed.

The region of mixed growth, which adjoins the pine belt upon the north, contains a smaller number of pine
trees per acre than the pine belt proper; but, the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing
pine per acre is here greater, although generally of poorer quality, than nearer the coast.

The principal centers of lumber manufacture are at the mouth of Pascagoula river, in Jackson county, at
Mississippi City, in Harrison county, along the lower Pearl river, upon the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and
New Orleans railroad in Lincoln county, and in the northeastern counties, where are located many small niilroad
mills, manufacturing in the aggregate a large amount of yellow-pine lumber {Pinus mitis).

The pine forests of the state have up to the present time suttered but little damage from the manufacture ot
naval stores. Turpentine orchards, however, have been recently established in the vicinity of the coast, near the
mouth of the Pascagoula river, and at other points in the coast counties.

The following remarks are extracted from Dr. Charles Mohr's report upon the forests of Mississippi:

"The pine forests of souxnERN IVlississiPPi. — In the v:cinity of Scranton, near the month of the
Pascagoula river, little is left of the original pine forest. The old clearings are covei-ed with tine loblolly pine,
from -10 to 00 feet high, upon rather close, dry soil. The jiitc'li jiine {Piinm Cxbensi-s) forms dense groves, with
seedling trees from 20 to 30 feet in height upon lands of lighter soil exieuding to the sea-shore. Oaks aiv not
common. Fine groves of stately live oaks, however, lino the banks of the river up to Moss Point, 4 miles distant.

"The annual export of lumber during the last four or live years has averaged 4o,(iOO.(HK1 feet fi-om the Pascagoula
liver. The largest percentage of this lumber is mannfaclured into boards and scantling for ordinary building
purposes, and is shijiped to Cuba, the ^Viiidward islands, to Mexico, Hrazil, and a small jiart. in the form of deals
2 or 3 inches in thickness, intended for shipbuilding, to France, Spain, UoUand, Helgium, and Germany. Large
quantities of charcoal burned upon the banks of Black and Ked creeks are sent to New Orleans in small roasting
schooners, which run also from the bay of Biloxi and the bay of Saint Louis. At Moss Point eleven sawmills,
which furnish the lumber manufactured upon it, ai'o situated on both lianks of the East Pascagoula river. The
combined capacity of these mills amounts to 220,000 feet a day, although the annual i)roduction during the past
years has scarcely exceeded 10,000,000 feet. The timber manufactured in these mills comes from the Pascagoula
and its tributaries, the I^eaf and Chic;kasawha rivers and their sources, the Rogue Homo, Tallahala. Pay, and
Okatuma creeks, as far up as the sonthern limits of Covington and .Tones counties. A small nuuilH>r of logs also.
comes from the Kscatawpa. The logs received at these mills average 20 inches in diameter and 40 feet in lengih
Sticks of such average dimensions are only furnished from tirstclass timber-lands, which, acconling to the best
judges, produce six or seven trees of that size to the acre. Only lamls lining the streams just mentioned, in a
belt not exceeding 3 miles in width on each bank, have been ui> to this time invaded by the log-getter to supply
these mills.

532 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

"The vastiiess of the timber resoiures yet eontajiu'd in the refrioii euibraeed in tlie iiorlliorn half of narrison
ami the whole of Greene and Perry, up to the southern contines of Marion and Jones counties, is astr)nishinfr. As
is the case in Alabama, however, trees furnishing tirst-elass si)ars for masts are dillicnll to find ; tlicy have been
cut by spar hunters in every part of the forest which could be reached by teams.

" Cypress lumber is not manufactured in this region, and the loblolly pine furnishes so small a part of the
timber manufactured that it need not be considered. In Jones and C"ovin};ton counties, about the headwaters of
the upper tributaries of the Pascajioula, the country is rolling, intersected by nunierou.s small, swift streams and
rivulets. This region is magnilicently timbered, and devoid of the barren ridges of almost i»nre sand so frecpiently
found in the pine belt of Alabama.

'•The low, tlat, more or less wide pine lands bordi-ring ni)()n the marshes of the coast are sparsely co\ crcd with
pine, while the trees growing in this wet, boggy .soil, devoid of drainage and overlying a snbsoil im])er\ious to
water, are stunted and of little value. The lower i)art of Harrison conuty is covered with these pine meadows,
which fact accounts for the comparatively small importance of the bay of Saint Louis as a lumber-jiroducing center.

"At I'earlington, on the Pearl river, is established the huge saw-mill of Poitevent & Favre, cap ible of
producing 10tl.00(» feet of lumber a day; at Logton, 1,' miles farther uj) the river, are two mills, and ."> miles above
these, at Gainesville, there is another. The largest i)art of the logs sawed at these mills is cut upon the banks of
the Abolochitto creek, in Hancock county, and its tributaries e.xtending into the lower part of Marion county,
50 or (iO miles distant. The remainder comes from the banks of the Pearl and the upper and lower Little rivers,
which empty into it 10 miles above Columbia.

" The cyi)ress is nearly exhausted from the lower Pearl river, and the 20,000 or 30,000 feet of this lumber which
arc sawed annually at Pearlington are derived from the cyi>rcss swami>s on the u])per waters of the Pearl and
Jackson rivers, where there is still a large amount of this tind)er of good size.

"The eastern bank of the Pearl river, within the Maritime Pine Belt, is s])arsely settled, and forests, the
esi)ecially in Hancock county and the upper i)art of ]\larion county, are unsur])assed in the (piality and cpiantity of
their pine timber. It is estimated by good judges that these forests will yield an average of 13, 000 feet of lumber,
board measure, to the acre. Up to the present time a striji of land scarcely 3 miles in width, embracing the baidcs
of the water-courses, has been strijtped of its timber growth, and fine si)ar timber is yet to be found here a few
miles back from all the streams. Almost the whole oi' these rich timber-lands supplying the mills on Pearl river
form a jiart of the jitiblic domain.

" The almost unbroken i)ine forests covering the upper tier of counties between the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers,
toward the northern contines of the pine region, are still practically intact. The wealth of these forests has as yet
found no outlet to the markets of the world. Thinly settled, they are still largely the i)roperty of the government,
but in \-iew of the speedily-increasing demand for lumber and the profits derived from the lumber business, such a
coDdition of affairs must soon come to an end. It can be safely a.sserted that by far the largest part of the timber,
felled in the Abolochitto region is taken from government laud. There <;an be no question of this when it is considered
how in.sigiiificanlly small is the area of land which has been legally entered by private i)ersons along tliat stream.
The necessity of adopting ]iroj)er measures to protect the timber wealth ui)on the ])ulilic domain from depredations of
such enormous extent forces itself ui)on the most casual observer, while to one wiio looks closer at the consecpiences
of the continuance of the existing state of affairs the urgency becomes ajipallingly ajiparent. The ever-increasing
consum]ttion of timber at the mills ujwn Pearl river, of which one alone can cut 100,(100 feet of lunil)er a day, will
prove a jtowerful stimulus to a people who, since the develoj^ment of the lumber business in these regions, have
almost comi)letely abandoned their former agricultural and j)astoral i)ursuits and now depend entirely for their
support u|)on cutting i)ine logs, to supi)ly this enormous demanrl at the expense of the i)ubli(; property. Already
plans liave been made to invade this region by tramways and railroads, in order that its timber may be brought to
market. This is true, too, of the region between the Pearl and the Amite rivers, down to the marshy lands of
eastern Louisiana, a region in which the forests are also particularly good.

"In the state of .Missi.ssippi it is safe to estimate that, after deducting 25 per cent, for areas of swampy and
cleared land, 0,(M)0 stpiare miles are still covereil by forests of long-leaved i)ine. The ])ro(lucfion of this region
during the wmisus year amounts to 10.S,000,000 feet; of thi.s, (!0.000,00() finds its outlet at Pascagoula, 30,0()(>,((00 by
Pearl river, 0,0(K»,000 by bay of Saint Louis, and 12,(»0(»,000 I)y the Chicago, Saint I>onis, and New Orleans railroad
to northern markets.

"In the northern ](art of Hariison county wv crossed a tract from which twelve, years ago a hurricane swept
a belt a quarter of a mile wide of all tree growth. It is inteiesting to note the growth which has sinci! s])rnng up
among the prostrate charred trunks of the i)ines still found lying about in large numbers. Ulack-Jack oaks, the
large^jt not over 12 fi.-et in height, are mixed in almost etpial numbers with stunted, tliin sajjlings of the long leaved
pine. The.se plaiidy exhibit the; hel|»lessness of the struggle to which these ofl'spring of the great timber tree arc
sulijected under thr- influence of rejieated conflagrations wherever the oak .scrub has sprung nji and added fuel, in the
abundance of its leaves, to the fires \vhii;h annually sweep through these woods.

"Tui; NOKTIIKA8TKRX coi'XTiKS. — After cros.siug the Sucamoochee river below Scooba, in Kemper county, the
pines which had covered the ridges near the borders of Lauderdale county disappear; scarcely a stray sapling

THE F0RP:STS of the united states. 533

of tbe loblolly pine is seen as Scooba is reached. The cokl, wet, calcareous soil of the tlatwoods and prairies i.s
unsuifed to tlie growth of all coniferous trees, with the exception of the cypress. Along the railroad, as it traverses
the Hat prairii! region, the country is sparsely wooded; large tracts of the prairie lands have always been destitute
of trees, and the woodlands witli which they were interspersed were cleared at the first settlement of the country.
What remains of the original forest growth is now confined to localities too dillicult of drainage to make agriculture
profitable, and to the banks of streams subje<'t to inundation. More or less extensive patches of woods are fouud
also on the ledges where the limestone rock conies to the surface. In the swam])y land the willow oak, the water oak,
the black gum, sweet gum, white ash, and along tlie ponds willows and cottonwoods, prevail. The post oaks, white
oaks, and cow oaks are mingled more or less freely with these trees in localities enjoying better drainage. lilack-jack
and black oaks, mixed with various haws, viburnums, and persimmons, occupy the rocky flats. No magnolias were
seen in this region. The red, willow, and water oaks, the sycamore, and the sweet gum abound along the streams
here, and are so common as to deserve S])ecial mention, while on the rolling uplands lilack oaks, post oaks, and
white oaks, with iioplars, shell-bark and pig-nut hickories, are common. From TujjcIo toward Corinth the country
is poorly wooded. The ascent is constant, reaching the point of highest elevation between the (julf of Mexico and the
Ohio river at Boone ville. ('orinth is situated on a wide pine plain, bounded on the west by the valley »>f the Tuscumbia
river and east by the ridges which mark the water-shed of the Tennessee. The soil is here a deep calcareous clay,
very stiff and heavy, hard as brick in warm, dry weather, and suddenly becoming a bottomless, sfifi' mire in seasons
of rain. Below the valley of the Tuscumbia river the road passes over low and undulating ri<lges, of which the
higher and steeper are yet covered with the remnants of the old oak forest. Here the 8[)anish and post oaks
predominate in numbers ; then follow the black oak and the scarlet oak, while the shell-bark hickory and the mocker-
nut form but a small part of the tree growth of these uplands. The bottoms of the Tuscumbia, although subject
to fre<iuent overllows, are covered with a ])rimeval forest not inferior in luxuriance and variety to that of the
Mississi])pi river bottom lauds. White-oak timber of the finest (piality is found here in the greatest abundance and
perfection. The most common species is the cow oak (Qiwrcus Michanxii). I found that this river-bottom forest
contained, by actual count, an average of from twelve to fourteen trees of this species, from 30 to 3o inches in
diameter, to the acre. It is known to the inhabitants here by the name of cow oak or basket oak, being easily split
into narrow, thin strips. The wood is extensively used in the manufacture of baskets used by tbe negioes iu
cotton-picking. These baskets are light, and of considerable strength and durability. Next iu frequency follows
the willow oak, and then the over-cup swamj) oak {Quercus li/rato), and finally the red oak, found especially on the
outskirts of the forest.

"The white ash is not so frequently seen here as elsewhere in similar localities, and does not seem to thrive
on these stiff, cold soils. It is in part rephu^ed by the gl-een ash, which here attains the size of a large tree. The
black gum is very common, and where the soil is least subjected to overflow the true white oak is found, with fine
groui)s of beech, overtowered by large poplars. Among the smaller trees the mulberry, hornbeam, holly, and
abundant i)apaws must be mentioned.

"The i)ine hills in the eastern jjart of Alcorn county are reached at a distance of (! or 7 miles In a southerly
direction from Corinth. Pine occurs on the tlividing ridges between the waters of the Tuscumbia river and Yellow
creek, or toward the south on those between the Tonibigbee and the Tennessee rivers. A short distance west of
Glendale station the Cretaceous strata disappear under the ferruginous sands, and mixed with a stunted growth of
post oak and >Si)anish oak, ])ines ajtiiear, forming vast forests on the crests of the hills. This pine (P/hk.v mith)
takes possession of all the old clearings and tields thrown out of cultivation. The rapid growth of the seedlings,
which sijontaiieously spring uj) thickly after the lemoval of the broad-leaved trees, leaves no chance for the seedling
oaks. It is therefore a certainty that in the future the short-leaved pine will be almost the sole forest trtH' in this
part of the state, outside of the bottom lands, and that it will probably extentl its domain far beyond the original
linuts of its growth.

"The aspect of these i)iue woods resembles closely that of the lower pine region. 'J"he short leaved pine
replaces here the long-leaved pine of the (ioast, the scrubby i)ost and Sp;inish oaks take the place of the turkey and
the ui)land willow oaks, whiU' the blackjack is common to both these regions of identical geological formation.
The flora of the two regions also presents the .same general features ; the asters, goldenrods, sunllowers. and various
leguminous plants are often the same or belong to closely-allied species. The pine clad diift hills interspersed
between the Carboniferous and Cretaceous regions are parts of the northern interior drift belt which extends
throughout Alabama. The region of the short-leaved i)ine of northeastern Mi.ssissipju extends from the -southern
border of the \alK'y of the Tennessee river to the southern extremity of Itawamba county, and is on an average 10
miles in width, embracing an area of nearly (JOO sciuare miles. Of this region, after the deduction of the fertile
bottoms of the Tonibigbee and Yellow Creek valleys, where no jiines are tbund, two-thinls can be i^'ganletl as
occuiiied by the pine forest. -Vs the sole supply of jiine lumber in the northern part of the state, this region is of
great importance. Several .saw-mills, none of which havt' an annual eaiiaeity of more than ;>,tH)0,(MU1 feet, aix»
established on the railroad line at Clendale, Burnsville. and near luka ; portable saw-mills are worked also thi-ough
this tbrest in its whole extent, their product tieiiig hauled in wagons for miles to the nearest station on the Mobile
and Ohio and the Memphis and Charleston railroads. The largest shipments are made trom Burnsville and Corinth.

536 THE FOR E8TS OF THE UNITED STATES.

sbrub ran live in the dark, shaded, water covered soil. These reservoirs of draiiiaj-e, geiierallj without outlet,
are called <'ypress lakes if the water in auy part of theui, too deep to allow the growth of trees, coufinea the
cjpre.<s to their nioiv shallow borders. IJero the cypress arrives at its greatest diiuensions and produces timber
of the tiuest quality. These cypress lakes and cypress brakes, renu)te from streams, at no time of the year
ctmnecttHl with them, and always surrounded with a mire of forest swamp impassable to wagons, still retain their
best timl)er. Of late years, since swamp and overllowed lands have become the property of the state, planters
have added many of those cypress tracts to their estates by purchase ; many others have been acquired by companies
formed to construct artificial channels by which the timber may be floated to the neare^:t streams. The richest
and most extensive of these jjroves of cypress, already more or less in the hands of capitalists, are fouiul along
Steele's bayou, between Deer creek and the Sunflower river, in Washington county; between that stream and
the lower course of Bogue Phalia, and between the Mississippi river and Black creek above (Ircenville. There is
also a very large body of cypress inclosing the 'California brake', upon the Little Sunflower, in the counties of
Bolivar and Coahoma, extending through Tallahatchie county to the Yazoo river.

"The traffic in cypre!<s lumber in the Yazoo region dates from 1S30. In 1838 it was commenced upon the
Sunflower river and Deer creek, ten years after the fiist settlements were established upon the banks of these
streams: since that time rafts have been sent regularly to Xew Orleans, and camps of Inmberiiien have been
established in every direction, the forests, particnlarly those upon the public domains, being regarded as the
nudisjiuted i>roperty and lawful prey of the log-getter. In consequence the cypress groves have been, il not entirely
destroyed, largely culled of their best timber wherever it could be obtained without investment of capital, that is by
siui|)ly floating the logs to the streams at times of freshet and overflow.

'•The cutting of these cypress forests is not wisely regulated under the ownersjiip of the state. These lands
have been thrown into the market at 50 cents an acre with the condition of .settlement. Beneficial as such a law
might prove in the disposal of laiuls fit for cultivation, it results, in the case of timber-land unfit for the i)Iow, in
the reckless destruction of one of the surest sources of public revenue. The state thus sells for 50 cents what on
its face is worth to the purchaser hundreds of dollars, and which, w hen dei)rivcd of its value and rendered forever
worthless, will be tui'ned back to the state again.

•'Much of the destruction of the timber can be traced to wasteful methods practiced by the negroes. Under
pre.seut methods any one having rented a plantation w ill, for the most trifling wants, cut down a tree, regardless of
size, and w ithoiit any ell'ort to i)reserve f«)f future use the parts not immediately wanted, so that the next (juarter
of a century will probably see the entire destnictioii of flie vast (|naiitities of limber stored in the whole of this
great territory."

LOUISIANA.

The coast of Louisiana is bordered by saline marshes and savannas extending inland from 10 to 40 miles, or is
covered with a scattered growth of cypress occajtying extensive freshwater swamps i)eculiar to the region. In
Vermillir»n, Calcasieu, Saint .Martin's, and Saint Landry parishes considerable treeless areas, oi)en grassy prairies in
the borders of the forest, occur. With tlie.se exceptions Louisiana wasoriginally covered with a dense and varied forest
growth. The Maritime I'ine licit covered the eastern portion of the state nearly to the Amite river, or until ciiecked
from further western develo[)ment by the alluvial dejiosits of the Mississippi. Forests of pine, too, ociuipied the
Western part of the .-^tate north and south of the lied river. Tiie i)ine flats of Calcasieu were covei'cd with forests
formed almost exclusively of the long-leaved pine, which, farther north, mixed with oaks and various hard WDod
tnre.s, extends over the high rolling country which stretches froui the Sabine northeasterly nearly to the Ouachita
river. The northeastern part of the state was covered, outside of the broad bottom lands of the rivers, with a
heavy forewt of shortleaveil jiine {J'inun mitis) mixed with ujiland oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The
bottom lands and all that part of the state bordering the Mississippi were covered with a heavy growth of the trees
pj'culiar to such low, rich soil tiiroughout tiie (iulf region. Tiie high blufl's which occur at dillerent points along
the .Mississippi, the Atchafalaya, anrl other streams flowing through the western part of tlu? state were covered
with a noble forest of evergreen magnolias iningled with beeches, water oaks, and gums.

The most valuable forests of the state are still almost intact, although the pine has been cut from the banks of
the I'earl river and some of its tribntarit-s, and from along the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans
railroiul, to furnish the New Orleans market with lumber. IMne has al.'so been cut ahtng the Sabine rivei-, from
l)«th forks of the r'alcasieii, along the lied river in tiie neighborhood of Alexandria and Shreveport, and more
recently in (>atahoula jtarish, along Little river. The river swamps and rolling hills in the eastern and iiortiiern
parts of the state still contain vast bodies of valuable hard-wood forest yet untouched liy the ax.

The forests of Jyouisiana, uninvaded as yet by the manufacturers of naval stores, have not greatly suflered
from forest fires. I)uring the census year only (i4,410 acres of wooilland were n-ported as burned over by fire, with
a I0.S.S rif only ^i»,KOO. These fires were generally set to iinpiove i>asturage, or by careless hunters (^ariipiiig in the
forest.

A small amount of cooperage stock is made in New Orleans almost entirely from cyjiress and pine, although
that city has long been an imimrtant point of export for oak staves and headings brought there from Arkansas and

■^

T S

5

^.

-H

X

rr :«

r-

"■ H

<^

V^

►

^ 3

-J

•£

^

^

■^

^

X

= ^ ^

THE FORKSl^S OF THE UNITED SIWTES.

5:37

Tennessee by river. The iiiaiiuiiiceut hard woods coiumon over luuch of tlie state can supply abundant material for
many important industries which already at the north sulier from the exhaustion and deterioration of the lo4:al
tuuber supply.

Tlie following- rou^h estimates of the anunuit of the lon-;-leav(Ml and short-leave<l pine standing iu theatate have
been prepared by measuring upon a large-scale map areas occupied by the pine forests, which coincide almost exactly
with geological formations. From these areas the totals of clearings as returned by enumerators and all areas of
swamp, bottom lands, and prairies are deducted to obtain the extent of territory covered with pine forests. By
multiplying this area by the average stand of timber per acre, obtained by numerous observations iu difierent
parts of the state, the following estimate of the amount of merchantable pine standing May 31, 1880, is reached:

viiio.

Bi<

Bossier

Caddo

Calcawieu

Caldwell

Catahoula

Claiborne

Do Soto

East Baton Ilougo..

East Feliciana

Grant

Jackson

Livingston

Morehouse

Xat»;hiloohe8

Ouachita

Kapides ,

Red River ,

Sahine

Saint Helena

Saint Landry

Saint Tammany...

Tangipahoa

Union ... -

Vernon

Washington

Webster

West Feliciana —
Winn

Long-leaved pine
(Pinvs palt(gtritf).

Feet, board measvr

Short-leaved pine I
(Pinut miti*).

i"" ^ I

. Feet, board meature.l

1, B37, OOV, 000 I

j 1, 574, 000, 000 I

1,696,000,000

4, 219. 000, 000

G02, 000, OUO

1, 538, 000, 000

108, 000, OOO

1, 574, 000, 000

493. 000, 000

300, 000, 000

.•i02, 000, 000
304, OOO, 000
1, 923, 000, OOO
1,971,000,000
157, 000, 000
886, 000, 000

1,670,000,000

1, 792, 000, COO

16, 000, 000

2, 422, 000, OOO

797, 000, 000

G18, 000. 000

1, 126, 000, 000 I

598, 000, 000

7-; 9, 000,000

579, 000, 000

1,398,000,000

1,537,000,000

3, 741, 000, 000
1,734,000,000

1,443,000,000
122, 000, 000

Total .

Cut for the ceiisna year ending Maj' 31, ISSO

23,709,000

The iiriucipal point of lumher miiiiufactiire is Saiut Cbarles, in Calcasieu paiisb, on the southern border of the
western pine forest. Lumber manulacturod here is shipped east and west by rail, and in small scboouei-s to Mexiean
and West Indian ports. A comitaratively small amount of lumber is maunfaetured at New Orleans from lo.irs eut
in eastern Louisiana and towed throu};li lake Pontehartrain and the eanals to the eity, and along the river front
from logs raited oul of the Red, Little, Hlaek, and other streams of northern Louisiana. New Orleans, however, is
))rineipally supplied witli lumber sawed at (Inlf ports, in spite of its position with referenee to the most valuable
liard pine (brests upon the eontiiieutpts large local demand for lumber and all sawmill refuse, and its faeilities for
export, wiiieii would seem to indieatc that it must become the most imixu-tant center of lumber manufaetuiv and
distribution in the south. Small quantities of pino lumber have long been manufaetnred upon the Ked river ne;ir
Alexandria; short leaved pine [PiHus mitix) is sawed at Shreveport, and in small quantities for local eonsumptiou at
otJier points in the northern parishes.

MOSS GINNINi;.

New Orleans is the center of the '• moss-ginning" industry of the United States. The "moss" (TiUandsia
usneoidcn), a common ei)ipliyte, growing in great quantities ui)on the cyi)ress, live oak, and other southern tn>es,
is gatliered, by men known as '• swamiiers", in the swamps of Louisiana, JIississi]ii)i. Alabama, and Florida. The
moss when gathered is jnled near tiie swamps and allowed to rot during ten or twelve nuinths. It loses in this
process about DO per cent, of its weight, and is then siiipiied to New t)rleans, where it is cleaned, dried, and ginned,
losing in this latter operation ;>."» per cent, in weight. The jjrepared moss is used iu upholstery, either alone or

538 Till-: FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

mixed with hair. The proiluet of the New Orleaus factories is principally shii>pe(l to the western states, a
comparatively small amount being: s^'nt to Europe. Six moss factories are located in New Orleans, and there are
also small establishments at riaquemine and at Morgan City, Louisiana, and at Pensacola, Florida. New Orleans
received during the year ending August 31. ISSl, 3,500 bales of rough moss, weighing 10,000,000 pounds, and valued
at $315,IMK), A considerable amount, however, is ginned in the country and shipi)ed direct to consumers, or is
prepared by the consumers themselves. Ter.sons most familiar with the volume of this industry estimate that the
value of the prepared moss gathered annually in Louisiana, the principal region of supply, is not far fro7n $550,000.
The amount gathered, however, varies considerably from year to year. Moss can only be profitably collected at
times of high floods, when the swamps are navigable to snmll boats, and the moss, hanging from the branches of
the trees, can l>e easily gathered. The wages earned by the swami>ers, too, are not large, and the gathering of
moss is only resorted to when more jirofitable employment npon farms cannot be obtained.

The following extracts are from notes of a hasty journey made through the forest region of western Louisiana
by Dr. Charles Mohr:

" For the investigation of the iniportant pine region of western Lonisiana I selected Alexandria as ray starting
I>oint. Situated almost centrally between the forests of long-leaved pine which skirt both sides of the Ked River
valley. Alexandria is the seat of the actual lumber trade and the point where the lundier interests of this great
timlR'r region must be developed in the future. Little is left of the vast cypress swami>s which once covered the
alluvial lands on the Mississipjii river below the mouth of the Ted river and the lower basin of that stream. It is
only in the most inaceessble swami)s, cut off from all communication with the rivers, that patches of this timber
remain. The everincrea.sing demand for this lumber has almost exhausted the available cypress of the lied Kiver
country, and cypress is tiow drawn from the forest farther north bordering the lilack and Ouachita rivers. The
lowlands along the river front, subject to inundation and devoid of drainage, present in their tree growth the same
featuu'S as the low forests of the Mississippi and the Yazoo valleys. The bitter pecan flourishes here luxuriantly,
and with it the white ash, the swamp over-cup oak, the persimmon, sycamore,' sassafras, sweet gum, and cottonwood.
The green a.sh is common, and in better-drained localities the willow, white, cow, and red oaks appear, with elms and
occasional pecans. Twelve or 15 miles below Alexandria the first pines are seen looming up in the forest; upon
a nearer approach they are recognized as the loblolly. A short distance farther u]t the river, npon sandy blutfs
fronting the western shore, fine specimens of the short-leaved pine are observed, associated with black oaks,
Spanish oak, the black-jack, and many of the shrubs peculiar to the drift of the coast pine region east of the
Mississippi. The wide bottom lands of the river upon which Alexandi'ia is situated extend west to bayou Bieuf.
This district, unsurpassed in fertility and regarded as the garden of Lonisiana, has but little left of the forest with
which it was once covered. The pecan trees alone of the original forest growth have been spared from the general
destruction. Of the.se, fine si)ecimens line the roadsides and dot the fields. The unsightly honey locust occuj>ies
the waste low places, in company with a second growth of willows, hackberries, and catalpas. The shores of
bayou Bo-uf are covered with a variety of trees. Cypresses line the brink of the water ; beyond these, sycamores,
bitter gums, sweet and white gums, pecans, water and willow oaks, red and white elms, red ma]>le, and
a.sli occupy the gentle acclivities, with a dense undergrowth of smaller trees— the dogwood, several haws, wahoos,
catali)as, Carolina buckthorn, southern prickly ash, etc. Ascending the ridge to the uplands the deej) alluvial
soil i.- left behind, and the light sandy loams of the Tertiary strata make their ajjpearance, and with this change
of soil the vegetation changes as suddenly. Stately loblolly pines rise above the groves of post, black, and Spanish
oaks, and where the ridge descends again to what might be called the second bottom of bayou Bo-uf, a forest of
white oak is entered, which contains a stand of timlier seldom equaled. On the long, gentle swells these are
associated with fine Spanish oaks, a few pig-nuts and mocker-nuts, and in the depressions with red oak, elms, ash,
and other trees found on soil of good quality in the same latitude east of the ]Mississii)]ii river.

"The hills formed by the sandstone drift gravels rise suddeidy from tiie jilain covercil with the forest of
the long-leaved pine, comparing favorably both in the size and number of the tntes with the best timber districts
in the Coa.st Pine Belt of the eastern (!idf states. Trees under 12 inches in diameter are rarely seen, as is the case
everywhere in these undisturbed jirimeval jiine forests. The soil of this region is closer, more retentive of moisture,
and richer in iilant food than that in the Maritime Pine Kegion east of the Mississippi. The pines here are
therefore of more rapid growth and below the standard of quality for which the piiii' jnoduccd on the jioor, siliceouti
ridges of lower Mississijq)! ami Alaltama is so highly valued. The numerous streams which cut their way through
the.se pine hills are fringed with many of the evergreens peculiar to the eastern Ciilf coasl ; and magnolias, the
red and white bay, wax myrtles, willow.s, and the devilwood are common.

" The i)ine region west of the Bed Biver valley spreads westward to the Sabine, forming part of the great itiiie
forest which extends far into eastern Texas. Soiithwanl it constantly increases in width; and its leiigtii from
north to south, where it verges upon the lower maritime prairies of the Calcasieu, is not less than 100 miles. It
includes the whole of the parish of Vernon, the largi-st part of C.ilcasieii, ami portions of the parishes of Natchitoches
and Kapide.s, covering an area of about 4,.500 square miles. The northern jtortion of this licit is one vast primeval
forest. The small inroads made bv the .scattered settlers and the few small saw inills which siipjily a small local

THK FORKS1\S OV 111 K rXI'IKI) S'l'ATKS. 539

(k'maiul are too iiisigniliciiiit to be tiikon into nccomit. In tlie soutlK-rn jiortion of this forest the saw-mills on the
Siibino river and at Lake Charles have already removed some timbei' from tlie baidis of the principal streams.

" 'J'lio region of long leaved iiine which skirts the eastern eoiifines of the iJed JJiver valley, and which at it«
Nontliern extremity almost touches the river banks, may be called the central ]iine region of west Ix)uisiana. The
village of I'ineville, ojyjiosite the city of Alexandria, is the center of the lumber trade of this repion. The high,
undulating uplands formed of the Pliocene-Tertiary strata which here front the river bear a growth of loblolly and
short-leaved i)ine mixed with ni)land oaks. A few miles to the eastward, however, npon the hills covered with drift,
the forest of long-leaved pine a])i)ears. The surface in this central pine region is more broken, the soil pof»rer,
more jtorous and siliceous than west of the IIm\ River valley, and the timber ])roduci'd here is of uusur])afi.se<l
quality. An average of not less than fifteen trees to the acre, with a diameter of over 15 inches .'} feet from the
ground, grow here. Thei»roductiou of lumber is limited to saw-mills situated 7 or 8 miles from the river. They have
been gradually removed from its baidis as the timber was exhausted on a line 7 or 8 miles in length north and
south from Pineville. The i)rodu(;tion of these mills amounts in the aggregate to -lOjfKMi feet a day. The bimber
)iianufa(;tured her<? supplies the population of the Red River valley as far west as Shreveport.

"The rolling ni)lands which extend to the edge of the river at Shreveport are covered with a heavy, cold, clayey
soil almost impervious to water; they bear an open growth of oaks, among which the post oak is the prevailing
species, finding here the conditions most favorable to its growth. The Spanish oak, invariably called we.st of the
Mississippi rivei' red oak, with line black-jack makes up the larger i)art of the tree growth. Hickories, represented
by the i)ig-nut and niocker-nnt, are not frequent, and are of small size. The black oak is fonnd in localities with
sonu'what rocky surface and loose subsoil, while white oaks occur along the base of declivities where an accumulation
of vegetable inatter has been dejjosited. The undergrowth in these woods is scanty, and consists for the most part
of seedling oaks. Where, however, the forest has been entirely i-emoved, the loblolly pine takes exclusive iios>ession
of the soil. These oak forests reach to the northern confines of the state and extend west into Texas. In their
southern extremity toward the pine region the soil is better, and the white oak becomes the i>revailing forest tree.
My attention was directed to the fact that since the removal of the raft of the Red river the drainage of the ni)i>er
l)ari of the valley has been greatly im])roved, and many of the lakes and swamps formerly continually inundated
are now dry, while the swamj) forest growth, including the cypress, is dying, or has already died.

"OpjKisite Shreveport the valley sjireads out into an extensive plain from 8 to Id miles in width, descending
imperceptibly as it recedes from the baidi of the river. These lowlands are mere swamps, often deeply overflowed
by the backwater of the river, which finds its way through the numerous bayous and inlets which inter.scct this
plain. The forest growth covering these swanijjs is of inferior size, and consists of but few species. The cypress
occu|)ies the overtlowed swamps, but it is always below niedium size, and I did not notice a single s]>ecimen 2 feet
in diameter. The saline, gypsum soil does not seem suited to its full development. The water locust finds here it.s
favorite home. It is very common in moist localities not subject to constant Inundation. The. wood of this tree is
as hard and durable as that of the common honey locust, and is employed for the sam(> purjioses ; that is. in the
manufacture of stirrups, blocks, hubs, etc. The green ash is tVequeutly seen here growing with the wahoo. hornbeam,
holly, and privet, and forming broad clumps of great luxuriance beneath the larger trees. After passing Cro.ss
bayou the land gently rises, and, with better drainage, the trees of the swamps disapjiear and are replaced by a
more varied and valuable timber growth. The white ash ami white and red oaks are the more common trees in the
woods which skirt the base of the ridges forming the eastern limits of the valley of the Red river. At this jMiint
they are se])a7ated from the low hills of the Pliocene saiuly loams by a i)retty, clear stream, the Re<l Chute, which
runs swiftly over its bed along the base of the ni)lands; these form long, gentle, swelling slojies, or spread out into
broad fiats more or less defitaent of drainage. The ridges are all wooded with u])land oaks and short-leaved jiines,
while the loblolly piTie, with water and willow oaks, sweet and black gums, cover the «lei»res.sions and dantj> th'ts.
The tree growth npon these ridges is vigorous. 1 have nowhere found the short-leaved i»ine of liner i>ro|i(>rlions,
equaling in size and liMigtli of clear trunk the long-leaved species. This region of the short-leaved pine, with its
low, lieavily-timbenMl ridges, is similar in character of soil and vegetation to the jtine hills of central and northern
IMis.sissippi, and might be designated as the region of the piiu> hills of northern Louisiana, between lake lltHlcau
and lake liistineiiu the suiiace of tlu^ country is very often imperfectly drained, and there the loblolly pine is
tli(> prevailing tree. A few miles back of l>ellevne, in Hossier jiarish, the level forest is interruiited by a strip of
))raii ie from 1 mile to .'> miles wide, covered with a cold, soajty, gray soil impervunis to water. On these natural
meadows no tree or siirub is growing, excei)t a ])eculiar Cralwijiis, new to me. (a) It is a small tree or large shrub.
forming strictly-defined, impenetrable, dense thickets a few rods or of several acres in extent. In its arluin^scent
form it rises to a height of from lo to 2(1 feet, with a more or less bent trunk (! or 7 inches in diameter, sjnvading its
crooked lindis at a height of from 4 to (! feet above tht> groinid. The fruit is said to be as large as that of the aiij)le
haw, sweet and edible; it is eagerly (<aten by swine, whii'li fatti'u ui>on it. This tree is here called by the iKHiple
'hogs' li;i\v'.

a Crat<rgHii brachi/acatitka, Sargent ami Knct'liiiaiiu.

:)40 Till-: FOUESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

'•On the iktliiie whicli leads to the valli'v of bayoii DaiK-hitta, the flatwootls give way to a tine growth of
Spauish ami i)ost oaks. elms, and gums.

"The western bank of the bayou is confronted by iiilis of tlie post-Tertiary sands and gravels which westward
form a succession of steep ridges heavily wooded with the ujjland oaks and short-leaved pine. The narrow creek
bottoms inclosed between these ridges are watered abundantly by springs and clear streams shaded by white and red
bay, hollies, azaleas, ami kalmias. The great jnagnolia is not seen here, and the American olive is missing. In those
gravelly hills, extending westward to the valley of the Ouachita river, the short-leaved i)ine is very common and
the characteristics of the pine hill region are prominent. These hills cover a large area extending northward into
Arkansas, and toward the south merging gradually into the oak woods which border niion the bottoms of the
numerous tributaries of the Ked river. This jjiue hill region is sparsely settled, and, remote from water and rail
eommunication. its original stores of pine and hard-wood timber have .scarcely been touched.

"An intimate knowledge of the forest growth in this section was obtained by an excursion over the hills to
bayou Dauchitta above its entrance to lake Bistineau. In the localities of the best drainage in this valley the
cow oak is very common, mixed with the white and post oaks, while sweet gums, black gums, water an<l willow
oaks, and hackberries occupy lower situations. On the immediate banks and in the sloughs small cyi)ress trees
are common, mixed with the bitter pecan, the hornbeam, the water locust, and the sycamore. The loblolly ])ine
takes possession of every opening in the forest, descending the Iiigh hills, while numerous haws border the edges
of the forest. In the bottoms and along the declivities, the Chickasaw and the American jdum are found of larger
size than farther east. Loblollies and hickories with the black and post oaks occni)y the lower declivities, and
upon the heights the yellow ])iiie mixed \\ith n])land oaks forms line forests."

TEXAS.

The most important forests of Texas are found in the extreme eastern i)art of the state, where the .Maiitimo
Pine IJelt of the south Atlantic region extends to about midway between the Trinity and the J5ra/,os rivers. A
forest of long-leaved i)inc occupies most of the territory between the Sabine and the Brazos south of the thirty-first
degree of north latitude, reaching south to within 20 miles of the coast. Beyond the long-leaved pine ibrests,
forests of the loblolly june, mixed with hard woods, stretch westward .50 or GO miles, while north of these two
regions a third division of the jiine belt, coinjjosed of a heavy growth of short-leaved i)ine mingled with upland oaks,
occupies the rolling ridges which extend nortiiward to beyond the Bed river. The swain])s which line the larger
streams Howing into the Oulf, especially within the limits of the pine belt, still contain large bodies of cyi)ress.
The quality of the Texas eyjircss, however, is inferior to that grown east of the Mississii>pi river, and probably
one-third of the timber growing in the valleys of the Sabine and the Nueces rivers is "i)eggy"' or allected by dry rot.

West of the j)ine belt ojien forests largely composed of post and blackjack oaks occur, gradually decreasing
in density, and finally, west of the ninety-.seveiith degree of longitude, entirely disappearing. Farther west,
however, the "lower" and "upper cross-timbers", two reniarkalde bodies of timber, conii)osed of small and stunted
specimensofthe.se oaks, extend from the Iinlian territory far south into the i)rairie region, occupying long, narrow,
irregular belts where sandy or gravelly alluvial dei)osits overlie the limestone of the i)rairie region. A belt of
fon?st, largely composed of post and blackjack oaks, varying from 20 to 50 miles in width extends southwest of
the Trinity nearly to the Nueces river, its eastern border following generally, at a distance of Irom ."lO to <I0 miles
iidand, the trend of the coast. The bottom lands east of the one hundredth meridian are lined with the deciduous
trees which occupy similar situations in the eastern (lulf states. Near the coast the bottom lands of the large
rivers, often several miles in width, are coveied with dense forests comi)osed of enormous trees. I<'arther west the
bottoms gradually narrow, the number of arborescent species covering them decreases, and individual trees are
small anri stunted.

West of the Colorado river the forests of the Alhinlic region are replaced outside of the bottom lands by
Mexican forms of vegetation ; the hills are covered with a stunted growth of mesfiuit, Mexican persininioii, various
aca(;ias, and wther small trees of little vahn; except for fiU'l and fencing.

An important tree in the forest of western 'J'exas is the cedar covering Ihe low limestone hills which occujiy
hundreds of stpiare miles north and west of the Colorado river, in Travis, iiastrop, Hays, Comal, and adjacent
(ronnties. \V(;st of the one hundredth meridian all f'oicst growth disa]ii)ears, with the exeei»lion of a few scattered
coltonwoods, elms, and hackberries, confined to the narrow bottoms, and a shrubby growth of mes<|uil, whieli covers
the plains of western 'J'exas, furnishing the, only fuel of the region. The mountain ranges, outlying ridges of the
I'oeky mountains, which occupy the extreme western part of the state, are covered with an open, stunted forest of
western pines and ci-ilars, with which mingle, the post oak, tin; yellow oak, and oilier species of the Allanfi(! legion.

The j)ine l.'clt covering the eastern counties of the state is alone important as a .source of lumber supply.
An-asof river-bottom land covered with tr<'es are, as comjiared with the area of the state, insignificant in extent, and
these river belts of foiesl are entirely insutlicient to su]>]ily even the meri! local wants of the nearest settlements.
The oak forests, which stretch more or less continuously between the eastern pine belt and the treeless western
prairies and plains, are, except along tli<'ir extreme eastern borders, composed of small, stunted trees, often hollow,
defective, and of little value except for fuel, fence rails, and railway ties. The Ibrests of the western mountains are

Mi

i

It K I h
II III 1 II

fl dH H H

i 7 .,

rr-xr-M- ' = p "1^

THE FORESTS OF THE FXITED STATES.

541

not luxuriant, and at the best can only supply a limited local demand with inferior lumber. It is i)robably no
exaggeration to say that west of the ])ine belt, and with the excei)tion of the small amount of hard wood found on
the bottom lands near the coast, the forests of Texas do not contain a single tree fit to manufacture into lirst-class
lumber. Tiie pine forests, therefore, of eastern Texas and western Louisiana are important factors in the future
development of Texas, as well as of the treeless northeastern i)rovinces of Mexico, which must draw their building
material from these pineries. Tlie position of these forests, therefore, with reference to an enormous territory
destitute of timber, although adai)ted to agriculture and grazing, and which must soon be covered with a i-onsiderable
l)opulation and a net-work of railroads, their richness of compositiou, and the facility with which they can be
worked, give to them jierhaps a greater i)rosi)ective value than that j)os.sessed by any body of timber of similar
extent in the United States.

During the census year 599,359 acres of woodland were reported damaged by (ire, with an estimated loss of
$273,990. Of these fires the larger number was set to improve pasturage, in clearing land, or through malice. These
returns do not include the large areas burned in western Texas by prairie fires, checking the growth of the me^quit
over a great extent of territory.

Small amounts of cooperage stock aiid woodcnware, princiiially for local consumption, are manufactured in the
eastern counties from oak and cypress. Manufacturers report an abun<lant supjily of material.

The following rough estimates of the amounts of the three kinds of pine standing in the state May 31, ISSO,
were made by multiplying tiie average stand of timber pei; acre by the county areas occupied by the i)ine forests,
these being obtained by deducting, from total areas of the county, estimated areas covered by clearings, bottom
lands, swamps, etc. :

Anderson

Angelina

Bowio

Camp

Ca89

Cherokee

franklin

Gregg

Grimes

Hardin

HarriB

Harrison.

Houderson

Hopkins

Hoaston

Jasper

Jefferson ...

Liberty

Madison

Marion

Montgomery

MoiTis

Nacogdorbca ...

Newton

Oniugo

Panola

Polk

Eed River

Eusk

Sabine

San Augustine.

San.Iacinto

Shelby

Smith

Titus

Trinity

Long-leaved pine
(Ptnu« paluttrU).

Feel, board mttuure.
1, 340, .'00, 000

LobloUv pine
(7'iniut Tada).

Fat, board meaturt. Feet, board meatvre.

336, COO, 000

1, 763, 600, 000
1.190,400,000

2, 380, 800, 000

579, 'JOO, 000

2, 470. 400, 000

2, 230. 400, 000

448, 000, 000

598, 400, 000

2, 534, 400, 000
41, 600, 000

311,200,000
627,200.000 I
1,S'7,200,000

2. 326, 400, 000
521, 600, 000
483, 200, 000

1, 216, 000, 000
2,112,000,000
230, Oi)0, 000
1, 193, 600, 000
2, 720, 000, 000

729, 000, 000
1,555,200,000

1, 107, 200, 100

388,000,000

2, 147, 200, 000

233.600,000

3.\ 500. 000
3.^ 000, 000
518, 400. 000

Upshur . . .
Van Znndt.
Wallvor...

■Waller

Wood

TotiU

Amount rut forlhoy*'

ending May 31, 1880.

115,200,000
1, 048, 000, 000
1, 625, 000, 000

372,000,000
!, 492, 800, 000

425, 600, 000

2, 0,35, 200, 000

806,000.000

51,000,000
2, 550, 400, 000

1, 392, 00«, 000
26,000,000

1,590,400,000 {
19,000,000

1,600,000,000

;«, 093, 200, 000

so, M7, 100, 000

a lucluding :w.2!H).00() sliiugles.

542 TlIK l\)Ki:8'l\S OF Till': rXlTED STATES.

Tlio prim-ip;)! ci'iiters of luuibi-r inamil'iU'tiire in Texas are Oraiijie ami Beauniont, on the Sabine and Niieees
rivers, above Sabine pass. Louji-leaved pine and cypress arc saweil here and shipped east and west by rail,
and in small (juantities by sehooiu-r to Texan and ^lexiean ports. Loblolly pine is sawed at a number of small
mills upon the line of the International and (ireat Northern railroad in the counties south of (he Trinity river,
and a large amount of short-leaved iiiiie is manufactured in the mills upon the line of the Tt'xas Pacitic railroad in
the northeastern counties, Loiiyview, in Gregg county, being the principal center of this industry. The product of
these mills is shipped west by rail to supply settlers upon the prairies of northern Texas with building material.

The following extracts are derived from the notes upon the forests of Texas made by Dr. Charles Mohr, of
Mobile:

'•West of Marshall, ujion the Texas Pacitic railroad, the surface of the land becomes nuirc broken; the soil is
lighter, more porous, and favorable to the growth of the short-leaved ])ine, which soon becomes the i)revailing forest
tree in the woods extending toward tlie west. Lougview, a small town at the Junction of the International and Great
Northern and Texas Pacilic railroads, is situated almost in the center of the short-leaved pine region, and is the
seat of an active lumber business. These forests of short-leaved pine, more or less intersi)ersed with oaks, extend
to the northern boundary of the state, and southward with aii easterly- trend to the confines of the region of the
long-leaved pine. The short-leaved pine finds its western limits near Mineola.

At Palestine, in Anderson county, the uplands are covered with a loamy, somewhat sandy, soil underlaid with
a heavy clay. Here a more or le.-^s open oak forest is common. The black oak abounds, with the Spanish, black-
jack, blue-jack, and post oak, the last, however, always the i)revailing species. Kext to the post oak the black-
jack is the species of widest distribution in Texas, the two species being always found associated together from
the uorthern confines of the state to the prairies of the coast, and from the east to the treeless regions of western
Texas. The bois d'arc {Mavltini aiirantiaca) is common along the banks of the water-courses in eastern Texas,
attaining a size large enough to be economically valuable. It is here, however, most i)robably adventitious from
the region in the northwest, where it forms an almost uninterrupted belt of woods from 4 to !(• miles wide, extending
from a short distance south of the city of Dallas to the northern frontier of the state, entering the Indian territory
between Sherman and I'aris. This tree attains a height of from 4."> to JO feet, with a <liamcter of from 1 foot to 2
feet, ami is of great value.

•• The timber growth immediately west of the P>razos is stunted and scanty : large areas of grass land intervene
between the scrubby woods until all at once ligneous growth disajjpears, and the seemingly boundless prairie, la
gently undulating swells, expands before the view on all sides. Near the center of Jlilam county a belt of open
jmst-oak woods from lib to 2^) njiles in width is entered. It extends from lielton, in Bell county, southward to the
upper confines of Gonzales county. Post oaks stand here from 20 to 30 feet apart, with black-jacks and blue-jacks
between them, the trees being all of small size. The soil of these oak hills is of jjoor quality, sandy, gravelly,
and more or less broken, arid, and devoid of vegetable tuold. Toward the southern limit of this belt, near llastrop;
a tract of loblolly i)inc is found covering nearly four townships, or about 00,000 acres. Dui'ing the last twelve
years all the useful tindjer on this isolated tract has been cut down. A secoml growth of pine, however, has
sprung up, and is now growing vigorously under the fostering care of the owners of the land, and promises in a
short time to afford a new supply of timber. A belt of post oak is found intersecting the prairie from the upper
l»art of McLennan wjunty, near ^Vaco, and extending to the iu)rthern frontier of the state, where it joins the cross-
timbers of the ^^'ichita. It is known as the Mower cross timbers'. This belt of oak wood is nearly l.'iO miles long,
with its greatest width of about 20 miles between Dallas and I'ort Worth. At a <listance of from 20 to 40 miles
we.>it of the lower cross-timbers another belt of oak extends from Comanche county to the northern boun<lary of
the state, with a long western sj)ur following the valley of the Brazos as far as the ninety-ninth meridian. This oak
forest is known as 'the cross-timbers'.

" Taken as a whole, the country west of the Brazos river, excei)t the basin of the Colorado, is a poorly-timbered
region. The mesquit was first met with on the declivities of the i)rairie, which verge, here ujion the valley of the
Colorado. The wood of this tree is hard, fine grainetl, tough, heavy, and of great durability. In the western
portions of the state, almost entirely destitute of other timber growth, it serves, according to its size, a variety of
purposes in the economy of the stock ranch, and is there invaluable for fencing. Burning with a clear, smokeless
flame and possessing great heating powers, it is unsurpassed as fuel by any other Texas wood. It serves, moreover,
another important i)Urpose in furnishing an abuiuhnuu^ of wholesome an<l nutritious food to large herds of cattle,
at a season of the year when long continued droughts hav<; destroyed the grass upon the prairie. With the
increasing settlement of the treeless-prairie region during the last l.l or 20 years, this tree has sjiread rai)idly east and
north. Near San Antonio I saw extensive districts, rei)orted to have been, a few years ago, entirely destitute of even
a trace of ligneous growth, and which are now covered with r;op.ses of mes(|uit. Similar growths have sprung up
everjwhere in the jirairies of western Texas. The apjiearance of this new growth may be traced to tlie influence
of the vast herds of stock which range over the jtrairies, and which, in voiding the seeds of this tree, assist its
wider distribution, and, in keeping down the grass, diminish tlie quantity of combustible material which feeds the
prairie fires, and thus check and linally i)revent tlii' spread of the fre<]iient conflagrations which swept year after
year over these gra.ssy ])lains.

19

.\!-K'.n3AC, 1

THE FORESTS OF THE UNTIED STATES. 543

" West of the Coloiiulo river the pecaii-uiit is an imiiortaut product, forining one of the staple articles of exiwrt.
Shipments of this nut Iroin San Antonio avcrajie annually l,l-'oO,000 pounds, obtained from the bottom lauds of
the Nueces, the Rio I''iio, Medina, and itio Concho. A million pounds, obtained from the Colorado, Guadalupe,
liio Blanco, Pierderelis, Sabinal. Llano, and Sau Saba rivers, are shipped from Austin, and about a quarter of a
million more from Indiauola, gathered on the lower Guadalupe, tpan Antonio, Colorado, and other streams dewing
iuto the Gulf. Tlie nuts are wortli, on an average, '> cents a pound to the gatherer.

''On the range of low hills extending from San Antonio to Austin, which rise at some points to a height of
over 500 feet above the plain, forming the base of the terra(;es loading to the table land of northern Mexico, the
woods are conflued to the barrens and the declivities bordering upon them. The <)|)en ]ilaius on these tal)le-lands are
either entirely destitute of ligueous growth, or, when covered with deei)cr and more fertile .soil, supjwrt low copses
of mesquit. The western Junii)er is observed here for the first time. It is a tree of low growth, seldom exceeding
S~y feet in height, or more than a foot in diameter. It branches at a short distance from the base, forming a
broad, round head. The wood is of a dingy, reddish color, line-grained, hard, and heavy, and iu density and
durability is not inferior to that of the red cedar. It is knotty, however, from near the base, and furnishes no sticks
suliiciently long to allow its use in cabinet-making, and can only be employed for rough coustnu-tion, posts, palings,
etc., for which purposes it is invaluable. The home of the western cedar is found on the rugged highlands which
surround the chanuels of the headwaters of the numei'ous streams which flow from the eastern declivity of these
hills. Here it forms opeu groves, with scarcel}' any other woody growth among the somewhat scattered trees.
These cedar woods are particularly common upon the brows of the steep escarpments from the base of which issue
the large springs which form such a striking feature iu this part of the state. In the vicinity of the settlements few
of the full-grown trees have been left. The improvidence of the first settlers in obtaining their timber supplies
and the prairie fires which ran through these cedar woods in former years have caused the destruction of large areas
once covered by this valuable tree. According to my observation, the western cedar prefers a calcareous, dry soil.
Its range of distribution seems limited to the hilly region bordering upon the upper part of the Colorado valley,
extending toward the south a short distance below New Braunfels. and westward to the sources of the Nueces and
Guadalupe rivers. Well-timbered tracts of this tree are still found west of New Braunfels as far as Boerne, in
Kendall county, and on the terraces of the higher ranges in Bandera and Kerr counties."

INDIAN TERRITORY.

The forests of the Indian territory are confined to its eastern portion. West of the ninety-ninth meridian trees
are only found along the narrow river bottoms, the intervening ridges being bare of all forest growth. The extreme
northeastern part of the territory contains numerous extensive open prairies, south of which a heavy body of forest
composed of hard woods, mixed on the high ridges with the short-leaved pine, extends southward into Texas, with
a maximum width iu the Choctaw nation of GO miles. In the Cherokee nation six considerable bodies of pine,
varying from 10 to oO miles iu length and 2 to i miles in width, occur on Si)avina creek, Illinois river, Salina river.
Spring creek, and Bowman's Fork, tributaries of Grand river. A large body of pine occurs also 2r» miles west of
Reams, a station upon the IMissouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad. Snuillcr bodies of pine are found, too, east of
Reams, and at Stringtown, where lumber is uuinufactured and shipped soutliward by rail into northern Texas.

The bottom lan<ls of all the streams (lowing through the eastern portion of the territory are heavily timbered
with hard woods, and especially those of the Neosho, Verdigris, Arkansas, and Canadian rivers contain great bodies
of the finest black walnut now growing. A particularly fine growth of this timber extends along the \'erdigris river
for r)0 miles above Cott'eeville.

West of the region of heavy forest the country is covered with ai\ opeu growth of upland oaks, anumg which
the most prominent are the post oak aiul the black-jack. These forests are interspersed with prairies, often of
considerable extent, which gradually oecujjy the whole country outside the bottom lauds. Farther west, between
the ninety-seventh and ninety-ninth degrees of west longitude, the "cross-timbers" enter the territory from the
south. They are composed, as in Texas, of a stunted growth of post oak and black-jack, and extend northwanl
across the territory in straggling patches into southern Kansas. The u)ain belt of the "cross-timbers", about 70
miles wid(^ at the Texas boundary, gradually beeome's narrower toward the north and northwest, disai)pearing, at
about longitude !»flo west, upon the ridges south of the Cimarron river.

No returns of the auunuit of lumber manufactured in the territory have been received, nor other than the most
general information in regard to its forest covering.

ARKANSAS.

Heavy forests cover the state of Arkansas, with the exception of a few isolated prairies principally confined
to Prairie and Arkansas counties, north of the valley of the Arkansas river, and the western bonlers of the state.
North of the Arkansas river the forests are nu)stly composed of the decKluous trees of the Mississippi basin, through
which isolated belts occur, often of considerable extent, iu which the short-leaved pine, the only species found in

544

THE FOREf^TS OF THE UNITED STATES.

northern Arkansas, is niixi-d with the lianl woods. The southwestorn i)art of the state south of the Arkansas
river and west of the broad, h'Vel pUiin of the ^lississippi is eovered outside the river-liottoin hinds with an almost
contitiuous fon>st of pine, in wliieh the short leavetl s])eeies octui)ies tlie hijjh, dry ridjres and the loblolly the
moist soil above the bottouis. (Jreat bodies of cypre.ss eover the extensive swanijis that stretch alonjj the eastern
bonier of the state or line the bottoms of the ^^■Jlite, Arkansas, Washita, and Ked rivers. The hard wood forests
of the state are hardly surjias^ed in variety and richness, and contain inestimable bodies of the liuest oak, waluut,
hickory, and ash tiud>er. Black walnut of lar^e size is still widely scattered over the state, and is parti'ularly
abundant in tin- valley of the IJed and other southern rivers. The jiine forests are almost intact. Settlement.s
made for a;:ricnltural jiurjioses have been confined to bottom lands, and only during the last few years has
pine lumber been nianiilactured in the state, excejjt to snpjdy a very limited local demand. Recently, however,
comparatively small <iuautities of lumber manufactured at numerous railroad mills, i>rineipally established south of
the Arkans:i.s river, have been shiiipcd north and south out of the state.

The forests of Arkau.sas have received comi)aratively little damagre from lire. Tine jrenerally succeeds pino
even «n burned land, althou<rh ui)on certain gravel and clay soils the second growth is largely composed of black
and re»l oaks, or, in the southern part of the state, the sweet gum replaces other trees on bottom lands. During
the ceii.»us year S,58,115 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $i!5!),470.
The largest number of these tires was due to the carelessness of farmers in clearing land, or to hunters camping
in the forest.

Industries consuming bard woods are still in their infancy in Arkansas, although doubtless dc\stined to attain
an important development. Hough white-oak staves are largely manufactured in the White IJiver coiinlry and in
the northeastern jiart of the state for eastern and European markets.

A considerable trafBc exists in the southwestern counties in the wood of the Osage orange, used for wheel
stock, and more recently as ])avement in Saint Louis and other northern cities.

The following estimates of the amount of short-leaved pine standing in Arkansas May 31, 1880, were prepared
by Professor V. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville:

SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinus miiU).

Coontiea.

"■^^•jTr^ ^o-ti--

Feet, board
meaaore.

Conntiea. ""Z'k^^

AilUe;'

1,348,000,000
1,254,000,000
93, 000, 000
242, 000, 000
518, 000, 000
248,000,000
588,000,000
14,000,000
lOJ, 000, OPO

Perry 1,023,000,000

Boone

Bradlry

Cilhoun

C«m>U

Clarke

CUy

ColambU

Cralghwul

1!4, 000,000 Indrpendcnce

1,140,000,000 Iiord

1,519,000,000 Jiffcraon

l.W.OOO.OOO 1 JohDiHin

1,280,000,000 iLnFayettc

8,000,000 Lfe

1,880,000,000 Lincoln

Pike

1, 00.1,000, 000

45,000,000
2, 592, 000, 000
208, 000, 000
068,000,000 j
7,000,000 '
933,000,000 1

Polk

Pulaaki

Saline

18; 000, 000 1 Little River

64,000,000 Logan

l.«5»,000,000 ! Lonoke

720,000,000 M:!<liiion

DalUa

Vanej

r.', non rnn

Sevier .

. Sh.rn

FuilkBV

180, 000, 000

I'uion

1,805,000,000 MaDtKomiTy

207,000,000 Xcrada

v.... n.,^„

1,453.000,000 ■Whit* ' 2J,000,000

n«npal«ad

ToUl

I,17B,OC'n,000 OiuubilA 1,384,000,000

41,316,000,000

Cat fur the ceo*(Ui yrar codloe M«v 31. 1880 (iDcludinc S7.M3.000 uliinirlrii and 2.Kgi.aoo Utlial

TB]«fESSEE.

The western counties of Tennessee are eoven-d with heavy forests, similar in distril)ution and density to those
whirh occn|»y the Yazoo region of western Mi»sissi]»])i. The river swamps in this ])artof the state still contain large
bfxlies of cypress, while the hills are covered with oaks, hickories, and other hardwood trees. The central j)ortion
of the .state, now hirgely cle.ired for eullivation, was once covered with forests of hard wood, remnants of whi(;li
are still found upon rocky ridges or land unfit for agriculture. Nearly tliroiigh the center of this middle district,
extending north and south, "the cedar glades" occuiiy an extensive region of .Silurian limestone. Hero the
characteristic growth consists of red cedar {Juuipirun Viryiniann), often forming stunted forests of considerable
extent, to the exclusion of other species, oh is mixed with the honey locust, a characteristic, species, also, of this
well-marked region.

THE FORESTS OF THE rXITED STATES 545

The easteiu part of the state, occupied by the Cuinbeilaiid i)hit<'iiu and the high ranges of the southern
Alleghany mountains, is covered with a heavy forest of oak and other hard woods, mixed at high elevations with
hemlock, i»ine, and spruce, and constituting one of the finest bodies of tinii)er now standing in the United States.
It contains, besides white and chestnut oak of fine quality, much yellow poplar, black walnut, and cherry. In the
southeastern counties, especially in the valley of the Tennessee river, the hard-wood forests have been, however,
already destroyed over large areas to furnish charcoal for the iron manufacturing industry established here.

During the census year 985,430 acres of woodland were re[)orted devastated by fire, with a loss of $.j,254,980.
Of these fires the largest number was set ui the careless clearing of land for agriculture or to improve grazing,
and by hunters, locomotives, etc.

Mr. A. G. Willey, of Manchester, Tennessee, has supplied the following statement in regard to the efifecta
produced upon the forest growth by the annual burning of dead herbage to improve pasturage :

<' EFFECT OF FIEES UPON THE FOREST.

"The practice of burning timber-land, said to have been of Indian origin, has been continued by the white
settlers. The native grasses do not die down when killed by frost; they simply die standing, and the young graiw
iu the spring has to push through the old tuft, which is often G or 8 inches high. The fires are .set in the timber
and old fields to burn these tufts, that stock may graze four or six weeks earlier than if the old herbage had been
left upon the ground. In the barrens and on the Cumberland plateau the timber is jirincipally oak of various
kinds, which do not shed their leaves at once when killed by frost, or rot when partially green, but remain drj"
upon the trees and fall gradually during winter and spring. The largest portion, therefore, are on the giouud in
February, the time when fires are set. The effect of these fires is to destroy all the natural soui-ces of fertility, grass,
leaves, and fallen timber. Had these been allowed to accumulate, what are now called barren lands would be the
most fertile in the state. The practice kills, too, the young trees, .so that some of the most valuable timber that
the land is suitable to produce is unable to stand. The black jack, post oak, black oak, etc., however, on account
of the protection aflbrded by their thick bark, are able to gain some headway, and so crowd out more valuable
trees. The state law makes it a misdemeanor with heavy penalty for any one to set fire to and bum a neighbor's
land; but the difficulty of detection and conviction iu such cases makes this law nonefl'ective. These are the causes
and effects of forest fires in this section; they never occur here iu summer."

Considerable cooperage and wheel stock is manufactured iu Tennessee, but, except in the eastern part of the
state, manufacturers report a scarcity and deterioration of the best hard woods, especially white oak. In tin'
eastern counties the manufacture of oak staves and other industries using hard woods are capable of large
development.

The principal center of lumber manufacture in the state is Nashville, where several mills saw large quantities
of black walnut, poplar, cherry, ash, oak, etc., received by raft from the upi)er Cumberland river in Tennessee and
Kentucky. The local market takes about one-third of the lumber manufactured here, the remainder being sent
north and east by rail. Jlemphis, on the Jlississippi river, is also an imi>ortant manufacturing center. The mills
here are largely supi)lied by rafts from Mi.ssouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, and saw large quantities of cypress, ash.
poplar, hickory, gum, and black walnut. Considerable hard-wood lumber manufactured in Dyer, Lincoln, Obion,
and Smith counties, and pine and hard-wood lumber in Knox and Jetlerson, largely from logs obtained in the
vicinity of the mills, is jtrincipally consumed locally.

KENTUCKY.

The forests of Kentucky resemble in general features those of Tennessee. Cypress, gum, and various water
oaks occupy the river swamps of the western counties. The central region, now- largely cleared and devotwl to
agriculture, was once covered with the oaks, walnuts, and hickories of the Atlantic region, while over the eastern and
soutlicastern counties the dense forests of the Alleghany mountains extended. The eastern counties still contain
great bodies of the best hard wood, especially black walnut, white oak, cherry, and yellow poplar, which are
])arlicularly fine and abundant iu Bell, Harlan, and other southeastern counties. These forests, protected by the
falls of the (Cumberland river, which have prevented the driving of logs from its upjier wafers, and inaccessible to
rail communication, are still i)ractically uninjured, and jirobably unsurpassed in the amoujit, quality, and value of
the timber which they contain. The destruction of forests to supply numerous iron furnace.'^ with charcoal has been
great in the northeastern counties, ami no small i)art of this region has already been cut over.

During the census year r)r)(),(i-17 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of
$237,035. Of these fires by far the largest number was traced to farnuns carelessly clearing huul for agrienltural
purposes.

In Barren, Edmon.son, and other central counties extensive tracts of prairie existed at the time of the
earliest settlement of the state. The presence of these prairies in (he midst of a heavdytimbered ivgion is
ascribed to tXw annual burning to which tliev were subjected by the aborigines. 'With the disappearance of the

35 FOR

540 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Indiaus trees sprang up, aud this i-ogiou is now well covered with a vigorous growth of black oaks of difl'oreut
■pccies. White oaks, however, are not abundaut, and other species coinuion to the region, such as the walnuts,
the yellow poplar, and the beech, are wanting in these young forests, indicating perhaps the eflect of (ires in
flheckiDg the subsequent growth or development of many useful timber trees.

PASTURAGE OF WOODLANDS.

The forests of Kentucky, as well as those of all the central and southern jiortion of the United States, suffer
severely from the almost universal custom of using woodlands for pasturage. The evil resulting from this practice
is only "more apparent in Kentucky and Tennessee, because in these states the amount of live stock is proi>ortiouately
larger than in other parts of the south, while in the thickly-settled agricultural sections of these states the
r Uio of wooiUand to total area is smaller. The pasturage of woodlands necessitates, or at least induces, the annual
burning of the dead herbage, by which underbrush, young trees, seedlings, and seeds are destroyed and the
succession and permanence of the forest endangered. What the tires spare, browsing animals devour; hogs root
out set-filings, and by selecting the sweet acorns of the white oak in preference to the bitter fruit of the black oaks,
are gradually changing the composition of the oak forests. Comparatively few white oaks spring up in the forests
of tlie more "thickly settled portions of the central Atlantic region, and this change of forest composition must be
ascribed to the preference of domestic animals for the palatable fruit of what, as regards their timber, are the
most valuable species. The injury, too, inflicted by the constant stamping of animals and consequent packing of the
hind alK)ut the stems of old trees is very great, and all reports speak of the gradual dying of old trees left standing
in the grazing regions of Kentucky and Tennessee.

Tlie spread of the mistletoe {Phoradendronflarescens), consequent upon the removal of the forest and the increase
in the number of birds (the mistletoe seems to require a certain amount of light and air for its development; it
does not flourish or increase rapidly in the deu.<<e forest, and cannot spread except by the agency of birds), is a cause
of .serious injury to the forest of this whole region. It slowly but surely destroys the trees upon which it obtains a
foothold. The black walnut especially sufifers from the growth of this parasite, which seems destined to destroy the
finest walnut timber left standing in the settled portions of the southern central region.

Large quantities of cooperage and wheel stock are produced all over the state, and manufacturers generally
report no scarcity or deterioration of timber, with the exception of white oak. The principal centers of lumber
manufacture are at the mouth of the Tennessee river, in McCracken county, where a large amount of cypress,
sycamore, gum, oak, walnut, and other hard wood is manufactured for the northern market from logs rafted down
the Tennessee and other streams flowing into the .Mississippi ; at Frankfort, where poplar, oak, ash, walnut, pine.
cherry, hickory, and maple logs, rafted from the upper waters of the Kentucky river, are sawed, the lumber being
shipped north and east by rail; and at Louisville, where walnut, poplar, aud oak lumber is manufactured for local
con»umi)tion. The manufacture of pumjjs and water-pipes from logs of the Jersey pine {Pinus inops), at one time
an imjMjrtant iudu.stry at Ixiuisville, has, since the general introduction of city and town water-works, become.
nnremunerative and unimportant.

THE FORES^rS OF THE UNITED .STAl'ES. 547

NORTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION.

OHIO.

Tho forests of Ohio were oiijiinally composed of deciduous species, among which, iu the eastern and especially
111 the northeastern counties, white pine and hemlock existed in isolated bodies of no great extent.

The original forest has now been generally removed, except from Ottawa, Miami, Montgomery, and a few
other western counties, and from swamps and other lauds unfit for agriculture; everywhere the walnut and other
valuable timbers have been culled, and Ohio must soon depend almost exclusively for the lumber which it cousumes
upon the northern pineries and the hardwood forests of the south.

During the census year 71,114 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$797,170. Of these fires the largest number was traced to carelessness in clearing laud, to hunters, sparks from
locomotives, etc.

The production of cooperage stock has long been an important industry iu the state; it has already suffered from
a scarcity and deterioratiou of white oak, for which elm, beech, maple, and poplar are now often substituted.
Manufacturers of wheel stock, furniture, woodenware, etc., report abundant material forpieseut consumption.

Ohio is sixth among the states iu the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The business is widely
distributed throughout the state, generally iu the hands of small manufacturers operating portable mills, which
threaten the rapid destruction of the remnants of her forests.

INDIANA.

Indiana was once almost entirely covered with noble forests of deciduous tiees. Along its western bonb-re
these were interrupted, however, by numerous small prairies, the extreme eastern outi)osts of the great treeless
region which, toward the north, extended over the counties of Benton, Newton, and Jasper, and over considerable
portions of Lake, Porter, La Porte, Pulaski, White, Tippecanoe, and Warren counties. These prairies have
gradually decreased in area with the settlement of the country, and those originally of small extent are now covered
with a vigorous growth of the forest trees of the region.

The forests of Indiana are characterized by an almost entire absence of coniferous frees. Stunted white and
gray pines occupy the sand-dunes which border the southern shores of lake Michigan, and "the knobs" — low,
gravelly hills of small extent, in the .southeastern river counties — are covered with a heavy growth of the Jersey
pine. Swamps in the southwestern counties contain cypress, which finds here the northern limit of its distribution.
The broad bottom lands and low ridges of this i)art of the state are covered with a forest growth probably
unsurpassed in the development of iiidi\idual trees, and rarely equaled in the richness of its composition.

The forests of the state have been largely removed in the develoimient of its agriculture. No large bodies
of the original timber remain. The black walnut with which the forests of Indiana once abounded has been
everywhere culled and is now rare, while the best yellow poplar, oak, and other valuable timbers have been largely
consumed.

During the census year 90,427 acres of woodland were reported injured by fire, with an estimated loss of
$130,335. These fires were set by farmers carelessly clearing land, by hunters, and by si)arks from locomotives.

The forests of Indiana have long supplied material for a large manufacture of cooperage stock, furniture,
wagon stock, woodenware, etc. The cooperage and furniture manufacturers already feel the scarcity and deterioration
of the highest grades of oak and walnut, and very generally i>redict the entire exhaustion at no very distant day of
the forests of the state.

Indiana is fifth among the states in the value of its lumber-mannfactiiring interests. Evansville. ujioii the
Ohio liver, in Vanderburgh county, is an important manufacturing center on account of the capital invested there in
he lumber business and the amount of its product. The business, however, as in Ohio, is generally in the hands
of small manufacturers operating i)ortablo mills and sawing logs hauled to them by farmers. At the present rate
of destruction the forests of the state must soon lose all commercial importance.

ILLINOIS.

The forests of Illinois were originally confined to the southern imrtion of the state, the broail bottom lands of the
Mississipjii and the Illinois, and the southern thinl of the delta formed by these rivers. The remainder of the state
was covered by broad, rolling prairies. The forest growth in this [irairie region was confined to the n;u-row river
bottoms and occasional open park like groves of burr, scarlet, red, black Jack, or post oaks, known as '-oak openings".

THE inteh::h

MINNESOTA IOWA

Iful- ' ..lATHh

if j^J

/

ml llrtnl WtH-1
r.^uul ll.inl»'o.«l

I

1

(

J

k-.

y MM- III- TIIK i-i-— -= •*■>•

I/nVKH PKXIXSl'LVoi MICIIKJAX

>ihiwim; nw. uisrHiBnuiN ok kukkstswitii si-kciai.

l«K^•^:lr^■■ ' ■■'.■■'■-• ■• ■■ IMMSTIO

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

551

pine trees left by the logger; they have robbed the soil of its fertility, and made it unfit to produce another
crop of pino until the growth and decay of generations of other plants shall have restored its lost constituents.
In the dense, unculled forest, on the other hand, fires, although often destructive, are less dangerous in the absenc*
of dead material to feed the flames than when the ground i.s strewn with dead branches, tops, and resinous chips.

During tlie census year only 238,271 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss
of $985,985. Of the 267 fires reported, 101 were traced to fires set in clearing land for agricultural puqwses, and '
which escai)ed to the forests; 59 to hunters, 43 to sparks from locomotives, 3 to smokers, while only 1 was reported
set by Indians.

The hard-wood forests of Michigan have long afforded abundant material for large and important indastries
engaged in the production of cooperage stock, handles, oars, agricultural implements, excelsior, wood pulp, etc.
ManiTfactnrers, especially in the southern part of the state, now report, liowever, a scarcity and general deterioration
of stock. The best oak timber has been everywhere culled to supply the wants of railroads or the demands of th«
Canadian market. Elm, bass, and other soft woods, which a few years ago were considered of little value, are now
in great demand and are fast disai)pearing, except from regions rwnote from railroads. Much hard wood, especially
in the southern peninsula, has been destroyed by fire, or, if not destroyed, rendered almost worthless for
manufacturing purposes by partial burning.

Next to Vermont and New York, Michigan produces a larger amount of maple sugar than any other state.
During the year 1879 3,42.3,11:9 pounds were manufactured in the state.

STATISTICS OF GROWING TIMBER.

The following estimates of the merchantable timber standing in Michigan May 31, 1880, were prepared by
Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, "Wisconsin, with the assistance, in the lower peninsula especially, of Mr. G. W.
Hotchkiss. Tliese, as svell as the estimates of the timber resources of Wisconsin and Minnesota, were obtained
by compiling the results of actual surveys, and have been further verified by a large number of persons familiar
with the forests in the different regions of these states. It must not, however, be forgotten that the figures given
represent estimates, and not facts. Statistics of the volume of any growing crop are difficult to obtain and
always liable to considerable error, and the forest, from its very nature and the extent over which it is spread,
presents greater difficulties to the collector of statistics of productive capacity than the more compact and mor«
easily studied crops of the field. The estimates of pine include all trees 12 inches in diameter 24 feet from the
ground. Since they were prepared the scarcity of white pine has changed the methods of the lumberman, and
trees are now generally estimatc-d and cut as small as S inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. If the amount
of standing pine had been estimated upon the S-iuch basis it would have added (roughly) 10 per cent, to Mr. Putnam'*
figures. Small bodies of pine remote from streams no doubt exist in different i)arts of Michigan. Wisconsin, sind
Minnesota, in the aggregate of some commercial importance, which are not included in these estimates. The
following figures, however, are bi lieved to represent with as great accuracy as is attainable the productive capacity
of the northwestern pineries. They cover the entire region, and these pine forests now contain no gi-eat body of
unexplored timber, an unknown factor in the country's lumber supply:

WHITE PINK (Pinun SIrobus).

Bogions.

Feet, bcird
mcasare.

LOinCR FENIKSULA.

Bnsine of stronms flowing info Saginaw bay, inchiding Snginaw river
aail tiibutfliifs.

7,000,000,000

S, OOO, 000, 040

Basiu» of Ktroanis flowiuj; iuto lake Slichisan

Total

14.000,000,000

29,000,000,000

Cnt for till, cinsns v. ai- onding Jlay 31, 1880 (lnoln<liiiB 2,988,600.000
sbiiiglos iiiul •)28.'14,"),000 laths, but cxclnsivo of 3a,UOO,000 staves
null 3,:);i0,000 spts beadings).

4,068,773.000

iri'KU rKxixsi;i.A.

BuHiu of Alenouiinoo river nud tributarica (Marqurtte and Mononii-

1. 600, 000, 000

Ontonagon, llongblon, Keweenaw, Baraga, Marquette (west and
n(U"th o! Alenoniinee basin), and ilcnoutince (east of MeiHUniuci'
basin) counties.

2,400,000,000

Schoolcraft, Cbipiiewa, Macl-iuae, and Delta countiiK

2,000,000,000

Total

6.000,000,000

Cut for the census renrendingMavSl, ie80(iucludiD{[ 106,482, OOOshla-
glosand 3i,:6C,0VU laths).

328,438,000

55-2

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

An estiiuatt'il aiiiouut of 57ri,5(K),(100 conls of hard wood is distributed over some 20,0(10,000 acres in tlic lower
peninsula. Of this about 20 per cent, is suitable for lumber aud eooperage stoek. The cut of bard wood for the
census year ending May M, 1880 (exclusive of 1G;?,S21,000 staves aud 18,507,000 sets headings, and including
6,038,000 feet of sjuxd stock), was 440,i)44,0(K) feet. In scattered swamps there are standing some .5,000,000 cords
of yellow cedar (Thuya occidciitaliii).

Fi-oui Menominee and Delta counties the merchantable pine has been almost entirely removed. Baraga county
contains little pine, and Keweenaw county a single considerable body some .^0,000 acres in extent.

The northern portion of Ontonagon and Marquette counties is chietly covered with hard wood.

An estimateil amnunt of 124,.j00,000 cords of hard wood is distributed ovi r some 10,000,000 acres in the upper
peninsula. The cut of hard wood for the census year ending I^Iay ;>1, ISSO (exclusive of fuel and railroad ties),
was 1.14.'..000 feet.

The southern counties of the upper peninsida contain large areas of swamp, covered with tamarack and yellow
cedar {Thuya occidrntalin), estimated, in the aggregate, at 02,o00,000 cords.

Some 7,000.<HXI.OOO feet of hemlock lumber and 7,000,000 cords of bark still remain in the state.

Michigan is first among the states in the volume and value of its lumber product. Its principal centers of
lumber manufacture are Muskegon, on the shores of lake Michigan, the shores of Saginaw bay, in Hay county, the
Saginaw river, in Saginaw county, Manistee, and Menominee, in the ui>i)er peninsula. The valley of the Saginaw wa»
long the seat of the most important lumber-manufacturing operations in the United States. Its supremacy, however,
has «leparted with the destruction of the splendid pine forest which covered its watershed, and the center of
manufacture has moved westward from the shores of lake Iluron across the peninsula to the waters flowing into
lake Michigan.

Lumber was first manufactured in the Saginaw valley as early as 1832. Three years later a second mil!, with
an annual capacity of 3,000,000 feet, was built upon the Saginaw. In 1S3C the first shipments of lumber were made
from this mill, and from that time forward great attention was given to the manufacture of lumber for shipment.
The commercial panic of 1837, however, seriously interfered with the develoi)ment of this business, and it was
not until 1849 that mills began to multiply. In 1814 there were 23 mills upon the Saginaw, with an aggregate
capacity of (iO,000,000 feet. Ten years later the number of mills had increased to 82, manufacturing 42.">,000,000 feet
of lumber, while in 1873 therewere 83 mills, which jjroduced that year 507,000,000 feet. Since 1870therehasbeen an
almost steady decrease in the number of mills operating in the Saginaw valley; the number finishing their "cut out"
i« fast increasing, and those destroyed by fire are not rebuilt. But, although the number of mills has decreased,
their production has increa.sed, their i)resent capacity being estimated at 923,000,000 feet. A large part of the lumber
manufacture«l upon the Saginaw is transported by lake to Ohio and New York ports, and thence to the i)rincipal
eastern markets, although a considerable amount is shipjied by vessel to Chicago aud Milwaukee, and thence
distributed by rail through the west. The wide market open to this lumber is due to its excellent quality. Twenty
years ago logs which would run 25 i)er cent. " uppers" were considered common ; 40 |)er cent, was the rule, and as
high art 75 jier cent. " uppers " was sometimes obtained. Logs wi re then cut from the lower trunk of the tree below
the tops, and oi;ly the largest trees were selected. Now land which has been cut over three times is gone over
again, and lumbermen are .satisfied if logs yield 10 j)er cent. " uppers ".

Of late years considerable changes have been introduced into Mi<;higan lumbeiing operations by railroad
logging; by this means mills are able to obtiiin a constant sui>itly of logs by railroads built into tin- forest for the
pnrfK)se, ami this supply can be regulated almost entirely by the demand. There are several roads in diflereut
parts of the state doing this business, the ])rincipal being the Flint and Pere Manpiette and the T^ake (!eorge and
Muskegon I'iver railrfiads. The growth of this business in the Saginaw valley an<l at Muskegon, Manistee, aud on
the Flint aiirl I'iro Marquette road is shown by the following table extracted from Brn<htircVx of IVbruary
6,1881:

Flint nod Pore
Mjirquetto ral Iroad.

I"
Kw/.

lee?..

18(8 .

lots.,
iwo..

1«71 .
1K7J..

itn..
\rit..
uvs..
int..

1177..
1S78..

urn..
ino..

Sagtmiw valley.

JIuiikr

■ I'U

. 108,

_i i ' ..'.']0

157,

ia»,2«,80«

288,

446.0«0,683

213,

321. 3(0,063

267,

«E3.3»7,33J

108.

62I,7(K>,V27

2S0,

W5. 285, 278

31.'.,

e8O.07»,40l

378,

S80. 22S, 404

224.

Mt, 843, 701

309.

S7l 220,472

2»»,

aSl.S«7,»48

312,

858^070,074

340,

780, 181; 2M

432.

;.Hi,17i.I74

380,

.121,221.305
14?, 3«0, 817
l.'..'.,.'.r>().720
17fl. til'O. '.MS
I'-'. 21 «, 383
108,0'.'0, 107
147.721,2(1
1S2, 221, 548
178, 542, 800
211,722,030
211,071,000

14,357,070
87,485,647

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 553

Tlie following extracts are made from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forest.s of Micliigau:

"The southern boundary of the pine forest in Michigan may be represented by a line drawn from .Sarnia
westward across the state nt^arly to the mouth of the Kalainiizoo river. Orifjinally the pine forest covered
the northern two-thirds of the state, and estimates made in 18;j.j gave the amount of i>ine then standing ius
15(),0()0,()(){t,t)00 feet. This estimate included the northern peninsula. The i)resent estimate of the pine standing
in the whole state, the northern peninsula also incluiled, is .35,000,000,(100 feet. There are now remaining no large
bodies of stantling pine in the state which have not been more or less cut into, and the timber adjacent to streams
has all been cut. The pine now remaining is scattered generally through the northern half of the state, lying back
at a distance of from 2 to 10 miles from streams large enough to lloat the logs. The best pine in the state has been
cut. The belt of pine which ran through the center of the state, extending north from the southern boundary of
the original pine forest for some 75 miles, contained the best pine in tl.e northwest. This pine was what was called
by lumbermen 'cork i)ine', a soft white pine, large and sound, with a thick bark. The quality of the pine of the
Saginaw valley was particularly fine, too; that on the west shore was of smaller size.

"The standing pine on the lower peninsula of Michigan is estimated at 29,000,000,000 feet, of which there are
in the Saginaw valley about 7,000,000,000 feet, including the pine npon the Saginaw, Au Sable, and Cheboygan
rivers and their tributaries; on the streams dowing directly into lake Iluron there are some 8,000,000,000 feet
more; making 15,000,000,000 feet upon the streams of the east shore. On the western shore of the state there are
14,000,000,000 feet, including the i)ine upon the Kalamazoo, Black, Grand, JIuskegon, White, Pentwater, Aux B«'C
Scies, Boardman, and Pine rivers. As before stated, the quality of the timber in the eastern portion of the .stale is
better than that upon the west shore; this is smaller and partakes more of the sapling nature, while that on the
east shore is largely cork pine. The pine of the east shore and Saginaw valley is largely used for finishing lumber,
and should he transported to the east; indeed all the pine in the lower peninsula of Michigan is wanted at the
east, and none should be sent west. The pine of 'the western shore is suited for fencing, tlooriug, and dimension
stuff, being smaller and containing more knots and sap.

"The largest bodies of pine left in the lower peninsula are in the counties of Prescpie Isle, Montmorenci,
Alpena, Alcona, Ogemaw, Eoscommon, Ci-awford, Missaukee, Wexford, Manistee, Grand Traverse, Lake, O.seeola,
Clare, Giadwin, and Charlevoix. There are bodies of pine also in other counties from 15,000 to 20,000 acres in
extent which have not yet been cut. The pine left in the lower peninsula is generally scattered through hard-wood
timber, into which the settlers are now entering, clearing the hard-wood forests and exposing the pine to destruction
by fire and windfall. This destruction has largely increased with the settlement of the country, and will increase
still more unless stringent measures can be taken to protect the pine forests from waste.

"The southern part of the state outside the pine belt was originally covered with a dense forest of hard-wood
timber; this region is now largely settled and is the farming region of ^lichigau. There is a large amount of
hard-wood timber of commercial value still scattered through this farming country, particularly in its middle and
nortliern parts. Along the west shore as far north as the straits of Mackinaw the pine has been cut in large
(piantities, but there is still a large amount of hardwood timber left upon this area.

" The pine of the northern jjeninsula of Miciiigan is estimated at 0,000,000,000 feet. This includes the pine
from the Saint Mary's river westward to the Wisconsin line and the mouth of the Montreal river, and upon the
south shore of lake Superior. It is divided as follows:

"1. On the Menominee river and tributaries, 1,000,000,000 feet.

"2. In the western portion of the ])eninsula, not including the Menominee and tributaries, but including all
west of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Escanaba and Marquette, 2,400,00t),000 feet.

"3. East of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway, 2,000,000,000 feet.

"The largest bodies of pine in the northern peninsula are in the counties of Chipi)ewa, Mackinac, Schoolcnill,
Marquette, Houghton, and Ontonagon. There is also quite a large body in Keweenaw county, covering perhajis
30,00lt acres. Ontonagon county, which extends along the south shore of lake Superior for nearly llHl miles, for
35 miles back front the lake is mostly covered with hard-wood timber, with a little pine along the streams, but not
in sutlii-ient (piantities to estimate. This is also true of the northern part of Baraga antl ilarquette counties,
extending along the southern shore of lake Superior, a distance of 125 miles from 1/Anse to Onota, in Schoolcraft
county. There are here a few small bodies of pine scattered through the hard wood, but it is needed by the
settlers, and has no export value. The quality of the timber upon the Ontonagon and Presque Isle rivers and the
u])per Menominee, growing among the hard woods along the south slope of the Penokee iron range, is similar to
that on the western shore of the lower peninsula. This timber is, however, somewhat dillicult of access. The
streams over which it must be driven (the Ontonagon and Presque Isle) are rough, bn)ken, and require considerable
improvement. The pine east of tlie line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Marquette and Kscanaba,
on the east half of tlie northern peninsula,' is of poor quality, and may be classed as 'sapling pine', with occasional
groves of what is called 'big sapling' scattered through the hard woods.

" In the upper peninsula of Michigan, according to the Lake Superior Canal Company's reports of examination
and estimates of cord wood, there is an average of about eighteen cords of wood per acre over the whole area ot
the peninsula, of which two-thirds is hard wood and (Miethiid .soft wood.

554 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

"lu Menouiinte and Delta connties, the southern part of Schoolcraft county, and the extreme southern ]>art
of Marquette county are quite larpe quantities of tamarack and yellow cedar. From most of these lauds the
merchantable pine has l>een removed, and where the (ires have not destroyed the cedar and tamarack the railroad
companies are cntting the timber and shipping it to the prairies for telegraph jwles, ties, and pests. It is stated
by the owners of the lands, who long since cut the pine from them, that the cedar and tamarack trees left upon the
U»ud have netted them more than the original i)int' harvested. What makes this timber so valuable is its close
proximity to the railroads and the ease witii which it can be shipjied by rail or over the waters of Green bay. This
shows the necessity of preserving this kind of timber for future use, and of not abandoning it for taxes, as has
heretofore Vieen done, or allowing it to be destroyed by tires and windfalls.

"There are on the Menominee river some lt,000,(K)0,000 feet of standing pine, one of the largest bodies left in
the northwest. More than half of this, however, lies in the state of Wisconsin. About 1*00,000,000 feet of lumber
are manufactured annually upon the Menominee. All the mills upon the river are located at its mouth, in the towns
of Marinette and Menomouee, in Wisconsin, and it is considered next to impossible to build more mills at that
point. The river is here narrow, and the facilities for holding logs, shipping lumber, dockage, etc., are quite
limite<l in i>roportiou to the amount of timber left in the region tributary to this stream ; and this body of pino
may therefore be considered to a certain extent in reser\e, and likely to outlast many larger ones. There is
little danger from fire on this river; the pine which is left grows upon the hardwood ridges, interspersed with
broad areas of swamp."

WISCONSIN.

The great prairies of the central Atlantic region once found their northeastern limits in southern Wisconsin.
The forest covering of all the southern i)art of the state was confined to the bottom lands or open upland groves of
stunted oaks of no great extent or of more than local importance. The central part of the state was covered with
a den.se forest of hard woods, oaks, a.sh, maple, cherry, birch, and the other trees of the northern forest, through
whidi, npon gravelly or sandy ridges, great bodies of white pine were scattered. These pine forests gradually
change in character and decrea.se in productiveness as they reach northward. Lakes are more common, and
.swamps of tamarack, cedar, and spruce occupy in the northern part of the state a considerable proportion of the
forest area. The pine trees in these northern forests arc smaller and more scattered than those farther south,
although generally less interniixed with hard woods, and aflbrding lumber of poorer quality.

The forest area has somewhat increased in the i)rairie region of the state .since its first settlement and the
consequent decrease of destructive prairie fires. The growth of trees has gradually spread from the bottom lands
of the streams to the hills, and the oak forests upon the uplands have gradually encroached upon the praiiie, losing
th»-ir open, park-like character by the ajipearance of a young growth wliicli has sprung up among the old trees.

The pine ha« lieen destroyed along the entire southern borders of the pine belt, along the Itanks of the
princii>al streams, and from the linos of railroad, while the hard wood has lieen often greatly injured or destroyed
by tire in those parts of the state where pine has been cut. The ainonnt of pine still growing in Wiscoii.sin is
nevertheless largo, although it should not be forgotten that the best and most easily accessible has already been
harvested. What remains is generally remote from actual lines of transportation, and often, especially in the
extreme northeni jiart of the state, of comparatively poor quality.

Dming the census year -100,298 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
<725,C10. The largest number of the.se fires was set by farmers in clearing land, or by s])arks from locomotives.

The manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of the best varieties of hard
woods, and the substitution of beech, elm, ami other woods for oak.

The following estimates of the amount of tind)er standing in Wisconsin May .'51, 1880, were prepared by Mr.
n. (". Putnam:

WHITE PINE (Pinut Stroinu).

Regloiu.

Buin of Saint Croix rivpr and trlbularlc* .
Baiiln of Chippewa riTrraiid tribatarlcH . ..

2, COO, 000, 000

15, 000, 000, 000

000,000,000

10,000,000,000

600, 000, 000

iliirio* 600,000,000

I •! IrlmUrlm [ l,S00,00O,000

1" >Dil tributariosdn IVIiooii*!]!) I 0,400,000,000

Shim of Uiii! bapviior I 3,000,000,000

ToUl I 41,000,000,000

Cat for r<Ti»o« VMir Mutiny Mny 31, iHfO (Imluilltig l,00*,03SI,Ono 2,007,200,000
•liiu^lca an)l 34><.3<Jl.U0u lulliK).

X'^'*^ '

„ , (; '

. !•:

WISCONSIN.

.Sfl(lWIX(; rUK UI.STRrHfTH»X ok KdkKSTS.

M I Til SrKriAl, KKFKm'..NCK T" THK

Ll'MUKFt IXDISTHY

r'VMPll Kli IMiEIl TBI; DlltEmoK >•(

s S.MtOKXT, SPECIAI, AUKN i
IMHI

■X ^'v''".

''V't^f-'-

>5l

, llnlllUVu,!
Sl.iliillnnl'll

IINn.'.;uiilllanlt<'n..<

"t!

— -L-l Jj/'^i " Ni

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 55&

Of this auiount 485,552,000 feet wore manufactured aloug the Mississij)i)i river in Illinois. Iowa, and Missouri
as far south as Saint Louis.

Tlie wooded regjion in Crawford, Richhmd, Sauk, and Ycruon counties is estimated to contain 12,000,000 conls
of hard wood in addition to some timber of commercial value. The cut for the census year ending May .'51, 188*
(exclusive of 86,545,000 staves and 7,408,000 sets of headings), was 117,041,000 feet.

Valuable oak timber exists in large quantities in Dunn, Pierce, and Saint Croix counties.

The cedar swamps scattered through the pine belt of the state cover an area of some 1,305,000 acres, and are
estimated to contain 02,800,000 posts, telegraph poles, and railroad ties, in addition to large quantities of tamarack
and spruce.

Wisconsin is the third state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The great centers of
manufacture are in the neighborliood of Eau Claire upon the Chippewa river, upon the Wisconsin river, and upon
the shores of Green bay and lake Superior. Logs cut in the forests of Wisconsin supply also mills located on the
Mississippi river in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri with mateiial equivalent to nearly 500,000,000 feet of lumber.

The following is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Wisconsin:

"The southern liouudary of the forest coincides with a line extending northwesterly from near the city of
Milwaukee on lake Michigan, to the falls of Saint Croix on the Saint Croix river, and the western boundary of the
state. This includes the heavy hard-wood as well as the pine forest. There is also, or there has been, a large
amount of hard-wood timber in the southeastern part of the state, south of this line, but as no large bodies of forest
of commercial value are now standing there, it will not be considered here. Large bodies of hard-wood timber
exist in Vernon, Crawford, Richland, and Sauk counties, covering in the aggregate fidly 400,000 acres and
containing at least 12,000,000 cords of wood. This region, however, is alreadj- thickly settled, and the tbrests are
being rapidly cleared for agricultural i)urposes. Ko estimate has ever been made of the amount of pine timber
standing in Wisconsin at the time of its original settlement; at the present time it is estimated that 41,000 000.000
feet of nnnchantable pine remain in the state, situated as follows, river basins being taken as the natural di\isions
of these pineries:

"1. North of tlio Saint Croix river and upon the lands tributary to that stream there are 2,500,000,000 feet,
covering 2,000,000 acres.

"2. On the southern shore of lake Superior, including all the waters tributary to the lake in the state of
Wisconsin, extending from the Montreal river on the Michigan line westward to the western boundary of the
state, and embracing the Wisconsin pine on the Montreal river and upon the Bad, White, Bois-Brule. Black, and
Left-Band rivers, 3,GOO,000,000 feet, covering 1,800,000 acres.

"3. On the Chippewa river and its principal tributaries, the Red Cedar, West Branch, East Branch, Flambeau,
Jump, Yellow, and Eau Claire, covering an area of some 0,253,000 acres, with an estimated stand of pine of
15,000,000,000 feet. •

" 4. In the Black River basin, with an area of 1,000,000 acres, containing an estimated stand of HOO.tXtO.tKK) feet.

"5. In the Wisconsin River basin, with an area of 4,500,000 acres, with an estimated stand of 10,000.000 feet.

"The remainder of the state, lying east of the east line of the Wisconsin River division and nortli of the
sonthern boundary of the original forest, is divided by rivers as follows: (1) Wolf river, with O00,00O.0lK> feet of
piue; (2) the Oconto river, with 600,000,000 feet of pine; (3) the Peshtigo river, with 1,500,000,000 feet; (4) the
Menomonee in Wisconsin, 0,400,000,000: making a total in the division east of the Wisconsin of some 7,00tl.00<) acres,
with an estimated stand of 0,000,000,000 feet of pine. This nuikes a grand total of pine forest area in the .sf«te of
nearly 23,000,000 acres, still containing 41,000,000,000 feet of standing idne. This includes about 200,(H>0,0tMl feet
upon the Menomonee Indian reservation, in the county of Shawano, where very little pine has ever been cut;
100,000,000 feet on the Flambeau reservation, and 200,000,000 feet upon the Court Oreilles reservation. Thei-e is
no merchantable pine standing on any of the other Indian reservations in the state.

" The quality of the pine in the state of Wisconsin varies largely with the diftercnces in soil. The quality of
the pine growing mixed with hard woods upon tlie southern boundary of the forest and bordering on the prairies w;vj
similar to that of the best Michigan pine. This is especially true of tind>er cut on the Wolf. Oconto, and Peshtigo
rivers. The tind)er originally on the Wolf and Oconto rivers was especially line. This has been largely cut, although
there are still some very line bodies of the best pine left on the Oconto find the western branch of the Peshtigo and
nort hern branch of the Wolf rivers. The Black River district contained also a large amount of the best upper quality
of pine, of which, however, more than half has been cut. The Eau de dalle River basin, in the counties of Pierce,
Dunn, and Saint Croix, also contained at one time a large amount of the u]>per grade of jiine. now. however, all
reiiiox ed. This grew among hard-wood timber, on good soil, which, when the timber is cut otl', is valuable for
farming purposes. The i>ine in this part of the state did not grow in extensive tracts. If was scatteivd thnnigh
the hard-wood timber, from 1 to 10 large pine trees growing on an acre — trees whii'h would scale froni 1,0(.K> to 3,500
feet of lumber each. There are still small bodies of this large pine left, but the great bulk of it is gone.

"As we go north from the southern boundary of the forest we enter a ligliter soil, wheix^ cedar and tamamek
swami)s are interspersed between the hard wood ridges. :Many of these swamps are natural peat bogs, covertMl
with cedar, tamarack, and si)ruce. The tree growth upon them is heaviest near the outer edges, the ceutere

o:j(J the forests of the united states.

often beiiij; cove rt'tl with {rniMs or uranberrv plant ;. These s\vam)is, oritriniilly the beds of hikes, are now lillinj,' up
and lieeoniin^ jrr.uhially covenil with timber. On the Wolf river the timber was very heavy. Instances are known
of 1(»,000,000 or r_',l)0(i,UOO iVet of pine lumber having been cut from one section of 010 acres in the Lower Wolf
River ri'gion. '

"In the pine forest, away from the large bodies of mixed hard wood and jiine i)reviously described, the general
character of the timber is about the same, varying somewhat in diflerent localities, but still possessing the same
general characteristics and qualities. Where the jiine grows in large solid bodies there are many young trees
mi.\e<l with the older, and the timber is generally of inferior or lower grade. This is true of pine growing about
the head of the Flambeau and Wisconsin rivers, and the Jleiioinonee river in Wisconsin. Large pine cainiot grow
uud uniture upon very poor soil, and where the soil is jjoor the trees, after reaching a certain size or age, decay and
arv thrown down by wind or destroyed by lire. The white pine in Wisconsin does not nuiturc except njjon the rich
jjnivelly loam of the ridges.

••The principal points of lumber manufacture at i)resent in Wisconsin are on lake Winnebago, at the cities of
Ushkosh and .Menasha, which take largely the jmiduct of the Wolf and Fox lliver jtineries; at Green Bay ami
Oconto, which derive their logs jirincipally from the Oconto river; at Pe>htigo, on the Teshtigo river; at Marinette,
on the Menomonee river; on the Wisconsin river, at Grand IJajjids, Stevens Point, Mosinee, AVausau, and Jenny,
the tcnninus of the Wisconsin Valley railroad, and at Necedah,on the Yellow river. Along the Wisconsin Central
raiimad, from Junction City to Ashland, are mills of more or less capacity at every station, the most important being
at Ogema. Ashland, Medford, an<l Unity. Upon the 151ack river the principal manufacturing points are I^a Crosse
and ISlaek IJiver Falls. On the Chicago. Saint Paul, Minneaiwlis, and Omaha railway, at Fairchild, are the large
mills of Foster & Co., who are engaged in manufacturing the timbi r lying between the Black river and the waters of
the ( 'hippewa, included in the Chii)i)ewa estimate. On the Chippewa river the largest manufacturing establishment
is the .Mississippi Kiver Logging Company, comi)oscd of fifteen of the heaviest concerns upon the Mississip])i river.
These tirins obtain their stock mostly from the Chijipewa river, the logs being driven down to its month into what
is called the -Beef Slough boom', where they are .separated and formed into rafts and towed to the dillerent mills
below. This company cuts on the Chipjjewa about 10:',000,000 feet a year. The jjrincipal manufacturing i)oints
on the ChipiK'wa deriving then- logs from its basin art- situated at Waubeck, Dunnville, IMeiionionce, ^leridian, and
Eau Claire, where several large and iinjjortant manufacturing establi.shments are located. Higher up the river
the Hailger State LumlM-r Company and the (!rand Island Lumber Company are located, and at Chipjiewa Falls,
the county seat of Chijipewa county, the Chipi)ewa Lumber and Boom Company has a large water-mill, with a
capacity of Go,non,(K)0 feet a year, besides several smaller concerns. The railroa<l extending from Chippewa Falls
eaKtward through Chippewa and Clark connties into JLirathon county, and joining the Wisconsin Central railroad
at Abbottsford, j»a.s.ses through a hardwood country. Several linns are already established upon tiiis lino and
have comiuenced the mannfaetiire of staves and the lu'oduction of hard-wood lumber for wagons, etc., and are
developing a large business. This road runs through one of the tiiiesl bodies of hard wood in the state, containing
large amounts <if oak and tnaple growing on a fine soil suitable for farming. The Chipi)ewa River country now
contains the largest body of white i»ine of the best ((uality left in the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
It is, however, iM-ing very rapidly cut.

"It is fouinl in going north toward the heads of the streams thiil ilic tiiiilier stands more in large groves,
anil that there is lews hard-wood timber mixed with the pine. When llie loggers attack these Ibrests they cut
clean nn they go, the timber being of more uniform size and age, and then^ lieiiig less undergrowth than farther
ilown the streams. It is found, also, that the pineries on the heads of the streams do not hold out as well or yield
a»i large an amount of timber as those farther .south, where the forests border on the prairie lands and where the
pines grow on better soil. Thi.s is true both of the Wisconsin anil of the Michigan i>iiieries. The poorer soils in
the iicirthi'ni i"»r1ion of the state do not grow and mature the large sa|>ling forests of pine found in the soutliern
portions of the jiine belt. So that, while there is still a large area which has not l»een cut and which may ai)pear
iiiexliuiistible, yet, owing to the f.ict that the timber lies more in groves, and that there are herc^ wide extents of
tatnara* k and cedar, swamps and < pen spaces, the ground will be i-ut over more rapidly than when the forest was
flr.Ht entered. ThiH is true of the pine standing upon all the streams of northern Wisconsin in the Menomonee
di.HtricI — the Wisconsin, the Chippewa, Saint Croix — and on the southern shores of lake Superior. Commencing at
Menomonee. on the Chicago, Saint Paul, .Minneapolis, and Omaha railway, and running west through the .'50 miles
of 'big woo«1h', large mills for the mannfaeture of hard- wood timber and of what little seat tereil pine there is let t are
eitlablished at Kriai»p,WiI.son, Ilersey. Woodville, and Baldwin stations. The jnincipal manufactories in the Saint
Croix (Wstriet are at Hudson, on the Willow river, and at Stillwater, in .Minnesota, which receives its logs from the
Saint Croix, in Wi.-wonsin, and which, therefore, should be treated as one of the Wi.seoiisin pinery manufactories.
At Somenu^t. on Ap[>le river, there is one mill ; there is one at Osceola, upon the Saint(jroix. and upon the Northern
Wisconsin railroad, which runs through the Saint Croix division; at Clayton, (Jranile Lake, and Shell Lake are
large mills. There are also other mills along this road on the Lake Sni»erior shore. There are mills of snnill
capacity at Sujierior City, Bayfield, and Ashland; the latter receive their logs by the Wisconsin Central railroad
from the Bad Kiver piiicrj-.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 557

"On tbe Eau Claire river the timber is .small and sound, growing very thiek and long; there are frequent
instances wliei'e 1,200,000 or even 1,500,000 feet of lutnbcr have been eut upon a 40aere lot. One tree wa.s cut
on Jump river some years ago which scaled 7,000 feet of lumber. The general character of this timber. eKjiccially
ujion the main C.hi])pewa or West liranch and a portion of the Fland)eau, is called 'big sapling jiine'. Of the true
cork pine very little is found in. the northern part of "Wisconsin, probaltly because the soil is not strong enough to
permit its full development. The general character of the timber upon the Wisconsin river is very much the same
as that upon the main Chippewa. There are instances of very fine pine having been cut in the hard wood forest
upon the lower ])art of the river, and some fine groves are found even as far north as the Tomahawk and East
Branch. The Flambeau river, or East I'ranch of the Chippewa, has al.so, in ranges 2 and 3 east, extending from
townships 35 to 41 north, inclusive, some excellent bodies of upper-grade pine.

" On the Jump river are some fine bodies of pine, nearly a])i)roaehing in rjuality Michigan cork pine and running
largely to ' uppers '. This is true also of the pine u])on ihe Yellow river, where the timber grows largely scattereil
among hard woods and is of fine quality. One of the finest bodies of pine in Wisconsin is that which belongs to
Cornell university, lying in townships .33 to 38, ranges 8 and 9, in the highest part of Chippewa county, on the
divide between the Chippewa and Red Cedar rivers. On this body frequent estimates of 1,000,000 feet to 40 acres
have been made. On the Saint Croix river are manj- barren areas timbered with scrub i>ine, jiatches of Norway
pine, and small black and white oak. These barrens cover about 700,000 acres of the Saint Croix region. Tbe .soil is
sandy, and fires run over the country every year. South of the.se barrens, in Polk, Barren, Saint Croix, Dunn, and
Pierce counties, is a tract of very valuable hard-wood land, upon which the greatest portion of the timber is now
standing, although settlements are already largely scattered through this region. This body of hard wood contains
a large amount of valuable white-oak stave timber and much timber suitable for general manufacturing pur])oses.
It is being, however, rapidly destroyed by settlers and by the fires incident to agricultural and logging ojierations.

" In Clark co.unty, which lies partly in the Chij)pewa and partly in the Black Elver region, are large bodies
of hard-wood timber as yet uncut and growing upon land valuable for farming purposes. This growth extends as
far north as the northcvi'n line of the county. The same body of timber extends east through Marathon and Wmxl
counties, and is particularly fine in the western portions. The same body of liard-wood timber continues east
toward lake Michigan, including the counties of Portage, Waupaca, Shawano, Outagamie, Winnebago, Brown,
Kewaunee, Manitowoc, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan, and Ozaukee. Large tracts in these counties are, of
course, cleared and settled ; still they contain large bodies of unoccupied hard- wood timber, and the oi»portunities
for cheap farms are plenty.

" Of the forest region proper of Wisconsin, fully 5 per cent, is not covered with timber ; this includes swamjis.
lakes, rivers, bottoms, etc. In the extreme southern i)art of the forest area, < ver a region from 35 to 50 miles in
width, the hard wood predominates, only about one fifth of the forest growth being pine. North of this hard-woo<l
region projjcr, perhaps one-half of the forest growth is pine and other soft woods and tbe rest hard woods. IlemKu-k
is scattered through the jiine forest outside of the heavy hardwood areas. A careful estimate of the hemlock timber
now standing gives the following results, the divisions agreeing with tIio.se used in estimating the standing j'.ine :
On the Chipijewa river, niton 3,000,000 acres, L',5<*<*/><'l',W0 le<'t of hemlock : on the Saint Croix river, upon 1,0(X),000
acres, 500,000,00(» feet of hemlock; on the lilack river, upon 350,000 acres, 100,000,000 feet of hemlock: in the
country east of the Wisconsin River division, and including the Wolf, Oconto, Peshtigo, and ^leuomonee rivers
and their tributaries, upon 3,000,000 acres, 1,500,000,000 feet.

>'Tlie total area in the state on which headock timlier grows is about 10,5l>0,0lKi acres, containing, roughly,
5,.">(>(),000,()00 ieet. The quality of the hemlock timber in Wisconsin is not so good as that grown in New York and
northern Penn.sylvania, although it is valuable for its bark, and the timber when peeled can be driven down with
the pine and sawed at the mills into dimension stuff for use where coarse lumber is required.

"Generally, therefore, the forests of Wisconsin may be divided into the hard- wood lands already deseriln^d,
along the southern borders, from which the pine has been mostly cut; north of this, and extending northward
somewhat indefinitely, the mixed growth of hard wood and i)ine, growing uiion soil adapted for agricultural iturposes.
The open meadows in this region are covered either with grass or cranberry marshes, alike valuable to the lumber
and farming interests. About the head of the Flambeau river are large open s]>aces running into groves of heavy
])ine timber. These open spaces, once lakes or swamps, are drying u]) and the timber is gradually spreading over
them. There are bodies of timber scattered through the southern portions of the state outside i>f the original forest
area, but the amotint of this timber is relatively so small that it cannot be consitleivd of commercial imiuirtance,
and hardly suitpbes the wants of the population occupying the thickly-settled southern counties.

"Five thousand men are employed in the pineries of the Chii>pewa river. They are expected to eut during
the logging season about GOtt,000,000 feet of logs, or an average per man of over 100,000 feet. This rule is not
applicable to the northwestern jtineries generally, for in Michigan, as the timber is now farther in>m the stivains.
the average cut per man is not as gr(>at, and 80,000 feet ])er man would perhaps be a fair average, taking the
pineries of the whole northwest.

558 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

"The annual increase or growtb of titnlKT is countiibalaiictil by tlu' annual wasti- by winUlalls and llie natural
decay of the old tn'cs. The loss to the forest by lire is an unknown (luantity, but it is quite a large amount,
probably 5 per ceut. of the whole. The hunbenuen waste the log which runs into the top of the tree; this is
knotty, but usually .souml, and would make good nu'ixhautable lumber. It is left in the woods, however, because
there is a good deal of work in trimming the knots and cutting off the limbs. From au ordinary-sized tree four
16-foot logs are usually taken, the rest being left. Often this top log is 22 inches in diameter at the butt and will
scale from 100 to ll'O feet. Loggers are paid so nuich per thousand feet by the lumberman, anil the amount they
receive is so small that they cannot affoixl to sjteud the time to linish up and take out the lifth or last log, which is
therefore left in the wiH)ds and lost. Nearly one-tenth of the timber, therefore, is left in the woods and lost. The
fires about the oUl choppings, or where lumber operations are going on, are principally caused by the carelessness
of wootlsuien in hunting up land-lines, or of driving crews on the river in the spring who leave their tires, or by
explorers in the forest during the mouth of May or June leaving their camp fires burning. In all the old cuttings
the drietl pine boughs and other timber left on the ground get very dry, and tire once startL-d burns with great
rapidity and violence.

'• As a matter of fact, more than half the area from which pine forests have been cut in the northwest is sooner
or later burned over. The fire destroys the young trees and changes the nature of the surface of the ground, so that
the next crop which comes up consists of briers and poidars, and theu hard woods. When pine is cut off or burned
it does not come in again, and I have never seen any old cho[)piugs of pine come up w ith pine again, even when some
trees were left and the ground had not been burned, although where a few large trees only are removed from a
pine forest gi-owing »v :oi.d soil the small trees left standing, if protected from fire, will continue to grow."

mi>;nesota.

The Northern Pine Belt finds in Minnesota its extreme western limit in the United States in longitude 95° 30',
and its southwestern limit near the forty-sixth degree of latitude. Along its southern and western borders a
narrow territory covered with an open growth of hard wood separates the forests of i)iue from the i)rairie, which
occupies all the .southern and western portions of the state.

The same general features which characterize the pine belt of Wisconsin extend into Minnesota. The pine in
the .southern portion, confined to gravelly ridges, is scattered through forests of hard wood. Farther north the
forest changes in character, the pine being small and of inferior quality. Broad areas of barren laud covered with
stunted birch, gray i)ine, and scruli oak occur, while the whole country is thiitkly studded with lakes and with
tamarack and cedar swamps. North of the Mississippi River divide the country is more open; the forest is stunted
and of little valne, and pine is only found in small, scattered clumps mixed with spruce, tamarack, and yellow cedar.
The forest growth here occui>ies pi-rhaps two-thirds of the rocky or swampy surface of the ground. Its jjroductive
capacity is not large, and the northern part of the state is not adapted to lumbering ojjerations.

The pine has been removed from the i)rincipal streams of the state, and that which remains, except in the
region tributary to lake Superior and in the vicinity of Red lake, is now inaccessible or of comi)aratively inferior
quality. The best hard wood forests of the state, as in Michigan and Wisconsin, have suD'ered seriously by fires
Mtarte4l in abandoned pineries, or in clearing land for agriculture.

Duiing the census year 2.'»0,.S0'i acres of woodland were rejjorted devastated by tire, with an estimated loss of
il,.395,110. The largest number of these fires wa« set in clearing land or by 8])arks from locomotives.

Tlio manufacture of cooi>eragc stock to supjdy the large Ilouring-mills of th(; state is an important industry.
Manufacttirers report a growing scarcity and general deterioration of material. Basswood, elm, and ash are largely
used ; oak is inferior in r|uality to that grown farther east and south.

The follr)wing estimates of the am'ount of i)ine tindier standing in Minnesota May 31, 1880, were prejuu'cd bj
Ur. n. C. Putnam:

Willi i; I'IM: (I-mut .Strobuj,).
KckIouh

2, 000, 000, 000
30O, OOO, OOO
000, 000, 000

:.: — ._-..,.,.. riterwid trfbnUiirs

Bain J lake and itaioy Lake rivor

I!«4 I.ali« rlrer and otber tribnlariea of UiP Red rlrer ...

Saint Loula riTpr and tribnUrira 3, SOO, 000, 000

Sbora of lake Sapcrior S70, OOO, 000

Total 8,170,000,080

Cot for lh« e«nini« your, imdJnK Ma; 31, 1880 (lucloding 187,830,000
•blaglra and lt>t,«B8.0CO latba).

MO, 907, OOO

In the belt of hard wood extending west and sonth of the pino region, and consisting of white, red, and burr
•ak, sugar maple, poplar, etc., it is estimated that 3,840,000 acres of forest remain, capable of yielding an average

PARTMEin err tht ititctiok

"■1l^">"

MAP (»K

MINXKSO i'A.

siiDvaxc; THJ-; distiuhitiox of koiiksts.

WITH SPE(L\I. KKKEREXiT. TO TIfK
U'MUKK tNDlSTIlY

IHIMI'li.KD I'SKKIt TflE lllHECTliiS 'it- ^'-

(■ S S.MdiKXT. SI'EriAI. AliKNT

imti

A R . S H

■4K<±i>i

-^^.

i^JM^-^.^

w

p.

\ b=- — i^-l-.-rc^:;:-;;::^;^^^ x

ft<a

ihitr AiMlUord W(im1

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 559

of 15 cords of woo<l to the acre, or 57,000,000 cords. The cut for the ceii-sus year ending ilay .il, ISiH) (exclusive of
7,825,000 staves and 547,000 sets of headings), was .•16,«S1,000 feet.

Minnesota is the eiglitli state in tlie importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The principal centers
of manufacture are Minneapolis, upon the Jlississippi river, the Saint Croix river in Wasbiugtou county, the
Mississijjpi river in Anoka county, and Duluth, near the mouth of the Haint Louis river.

The following is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Minnesota:

"The great hard- wood forest of Minnesota lies to the south and west of the pine forest, extending north and
northwest from Freeborn and Mower counties on the southeast into Marshall county, and to within 50 or GO miles of
the boundary-line between Canada and the United States. This body of hard wood, which is .some 300 miles long
by about 20 miles wide, borders upon the praii'ie, and is the extreme western body of timber of any commercial
value east of the Eocky mountains. This forest covers about 3,840,000 acres of land generally valuable for
agricultural j/urposes, besides its timber, which will average about 15 cords to the acre. The surface of the land
is level or gently undulating, well watered, particularlj* the so-called 'park region' which lies in Becker, Otter Tail,
Douglas, Stearns, and Todd counties, and in fact extends through Wright, Ilenuepin, Carver, Le Sueur, Kicc, and
Steele counties.

"iSTorth and east of this belt of hard wood the pine forests commence at a jtoint where the southern line of the
Wisconsin forest crosses the Saint Croix river, near Taylor's Falls. They extend northwesterly through the counties
of Chisago, Isanti, Mille Lacs, Benton, Morrison, Todd, Otter Tail, Becker, Polk, and Beltrami, nearly parallel to
the lino of the hard wood forest, and, crossing Eed Lake river, extend round to the north of I'ed lake, and thence
easterly, reaching the shore of lake Superior at the Grand Poitage.

" The general character of the pine in Minnesota is similar to that of northern Wisconsin, although it contains
more sapling pine and a smaller percentage of ' uppers.' It is generally somewhat scattering and in smaller groves.
Large areas of barren land within the forest proper are covered with birch, through which are scattered patches of
small pine, while large areas of swamp bear only tamarack and cedar. The i)ino of Minnesota is estimated as
follows :

"1. On the portion tributary to the Kainy lake and Eaiuy Lake river, including the Big Fork, the Little Fork,
and tlie Vermillion rivers, 300,000,000 feet. This stands upon streams which flow northward. This pine will
naturally be sent to Manitoba.

"2. On the northern shore of lake Sui)erior, east of Duluth, and covering the waters tributary to lake Superior,
of which very little is surveyed and no area is given, 870,000,000 feet.

"3. On the waters of the Saint Louis, including the Cloquet, White Face, and other small streams, 3,500,000,000
feet.

"4. On Eed Lake river and its tributaries. The great botly of pine in this division is principally upon Red lake
and Red Lake river. It is estimated to contain 000,000,000 feet, although it is nearly all unsurveyed.

"5. On the Mississip))i river and tributaries above Minneapolis, 2,900,000,000 feet.

"About one half of the pine has been cut in Carlton county; it has all been cut in Pine county with the
exception of that growing in a few townships. It has nearly all been cut in Chisago, Kanabec, Morrison, and
Crow Wing counties. A great deal of pine, too, has been cut in Cass county, while Todd, Otter Tail, and Wadena
have all been cut over. The principal bwlies of i)iue now remaining are locatetl in Cook, Lake, Saint Louis, Cass,
Itasca, and Beltrami counties. There were a few thousand acres growing on the Roseau river, where it runs into
northwestern Minnesota, but this has all been cut by the Canadians. There is no hemlock or spruce in Minnesota.
There are occasional ridges of hard wood within the i>ine forest, as in Wisconsin and Michigan.

"A large portion of the northern part of the state is as yet unsurveyed and but little known, except that, in
the region extending from 30 to 100 miles south from the international line, there is little pine of commert-ial value.
It is an open country, full of bogs, swamps, rocks, and wide areas of worthless land ; this region extends from the
Arrow river clear through to the iuternatioinvl line, south and west of the Lake of the Woods, and to the Vermillion
lake.

''xVlong the line of the Northern Pacific railroad and north and east of the Mille Lacs country are largo swamps
covered with tamarack timber of commercial value. Through this country are Tna?iy marshy lakes containing floating
islands, lands in process of formation by the accumulation of vegetation. The timber in this district is gix>wing and
increasing, and if tires can be kept out of the tamarack and cedar timber the small pine will grow rapidly.

"The timber which grew on the Saint Croix river in ■Minnesota was tributary to Stillwater, and has all been
cut and manufactured there.

"The principal manufactories of pine on Ihc Mississippi ri\er are at Minneapolis.

"rORESTS ON INDIAN KKSKUVATIONS.

"Referring to the Red Lake Indian reservation in Minnesota, and other Indian reservations on which the pine
remains uncut, amounting in the aggregate to 1,000,000,000 feet, it may be said that they are nearly all uusurveytni.
and are generally covered with a heavy pino forest, and that the lauds are unlit for agricultural purposes and only

560 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Tuluable for the piue timber which prows npou them. These reservations should be held as long as possible by the
government as a timber reserve. They should not be surveyed and subdivided except so far as may be necessary
for their protection, and they should not be oftered for sale until some necessity, now unforeseen, arises for their
<lis|>osaI. The l,ODl>,0tK),0lMJ feet of piue should be held until the amount for which it can be sold is needed by the
Indiaus. or until a j>rice near its value can be obtained for it. By selling the laiul now the value of the timber
cannot be realize<l, while the interest of the settlers who may hereafter enter njiou the jirairies would seem to
demand that 8*>me reservation of pine shoidd be made for them, if possible. The i)ropositi(>n to bring these lands
into market, subje<'t to preemjitiou and homestead entry, is against the interest of ever.y one except the few worthless
tnimps and irresi>onsit>le i>ersons who may seek to enter and jirocure a title to these lands; aud even if the land
was so open to homestea<l and pre emption entry, the aim and purpose of these laws coidd not be carried out, for
iio farms will l>e nnule nor homesteads improved in this Indian country.

"The White Earth Indian reservation is largely covered with hard wood, there being no i)ine upon more than
a quarter of its area. The land is desirable for agricultural purposes, aud may be utilized for the settlement of
Indians, or under the homestead and pre-emption laws by whites, but the pine lauds are unfit for cidtivation, and
the homesteading or pre-empting of them should not be allowed."

IOWA.

Iowa lie^i within the i>rairie region. The broad bottom lands along the river of the eastern p.art of the state
once bore heavy forests of broad-leaved trees. Farther west the tree growth was less heavy in the narrower
bottom.s. All over the state, however, forests lined the streams and often spread, especially in the southwestern
counties, over the uplands. Since the first settlement of the state the forest area has iucreased by the natural
spread of trees over ground protected from fire, aud by considerable i)lantations of cottonwood, maple, aud other
trees of rajtid growth made by farmers to supply fuel and shelter.

The natural forests have been everywhere largely culled of their most valuable timber, and iu spite of their
increased acreage are, iu their commercial aspect, in danger of speedy extermination. Manufacturers of cooperage
stock and others using Iowa timber report great scarcity aud general deterioration of stock.

During the census year 11,017 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estiuuited loss of
?<4.j,170. These fires were largely thi' result of carelessness in clearing land.

Iowa is the ninth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes its i)osition to
numerous large mills situated along the Mississippi river entirely su]>])licd with logs from the jjincries of Wisconsin.
The amount of Iowa-grown lumber manufactured is insignificant.

MISSOURI.

Southern and southwestern Missouri was originally covered with a dense forest of hard woods, tlirougli which
iu the .southern counties extensive areas of the short-leaved pftie (J'inun »ij<i.t), covering gravelly ridges and the low
O/ark hills, were common. The northern and western limits of the true forest region may be deliued by a line
entering the state from the southwest, in the southern part of Jasper county, and i)assing northeasterly through
Dade, ('edar. Saint (Jlair, Henry, Henton, Morgan, and Cooper counties, and then northward to the borders of the
state. West of this line the timber is largely confined to the broad bottom lauds, iu belts often li or .'3 miles in
wi<ith. Farther west these become naiTOwer and less heavily timbered. The extreme northwestern counties,
Afihison and Xcxlaway, are almost destitute of timber.

The forests of southeantern Mi.s!«ouri still contain great stores of valuable timber, altliouj;li the licst trees have
Wen cut in tiie neigh borliood of all setth'ments, and for a distance varying from 5 to 20 miles back from all lines
of railroad. This is esiM-cially true of the best white oak and of black walnut, once common, but now almost
exterminated in all jiarts of the stale.

.Manufacturers of cooperage slock re]>ort a growing scarcity of material everywhere, and are n<iw forced to
obtain iiak from Arkansas and elm and ba.'<swood from the rivers of southern Illinois and Indiana. The further
development, however, of the railrojid system of sontliern Missouri will make available for manufacluring purimses
a large amount of valuable timber now remote from transportation.

DnriuK the cciikuh year 78.'5,«K; acres of woodland were reported destroyed iiy lire, with an estimated loss of
ili04,>SC."». These flre« were traced to careless hunters, lo (ires set in clearing laniiing land, to si)arks from
locomotive.'*, etc.

A gratifying improvement in the condition ol the forest in the i»arts of the state first settled has followe<l the
enactment of a fence law i»reventing the general ranging of .stock through the timber-laud. A .voting growth has
Hpmng up among the older trees aud along the borders of woodlands protected from browsing animals, and these
young forests are valuable in their j)rospective yield and as an indication of the methods which must be adopted
to pre8er\e and ]ier|tetuate the forests of the wliolc Atlantic region.

•-':.H -'EMSU3 oy rm: •r.irK'i stati

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5(31

IMisRouri is tlio tenth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes its i>OKitiou in
part to large mills located upon tlic Mississippi river maiuifacturinjj lo^s cut in the forest.s of Wisconsin. A much
larger amount of luiiibcr, however, in the aggregate, both jiiiie and liard wood, is j)roduced in nunier'nis small
railroad mills located along the line of the Iron Mountain and other railroads running through the buuthern i>art
of the state.

Saint Louis is an important center of lumber distribution. It receives a large portion of the Wisconsin pine
crop by raft, Michigan x>ine by rail, and southern pine and hard woods by rail and river.

DAKOTA.

Dakotii, with the exception of its river lauds and the small territory between the north and .south forks of
the Cheyenne river, is piactically destitute of timber. The bottoms of the princip;il streams contain extensive
groves of hard wood. As far West as the James river timber exists about the shores of the larger lakes, and ufK)u
the Low Turtle and Peujbiua mountains of the northern boundary, occasionally ascending the cotct or sides of low
tables rising from the prairie. Tlie Black hills, an extreme outjjost of the Kocky Mountain system, were once
heavily timbered. The yellow pine of the Pacific region is here mingled with the white spnice, the canoe birch,
the burr oak, aud the elm of the eastern forests, while i)oplars of the Atlantic and Pacific regions grow side by
side.

Mu(;h timber has already been cut along the eastern rivers to supply the wants of a rapidly-increasing
agricultural population, and the isolated i)iue forests of the Black hills, separated by hundreds of miles from
any equally large or valuable body of building timber, have ali'cady .suffered serious inroads. The best and mo.st
accessible ]>iiie has been cut and manufactured into lumber or consumed as fuel in the silver mines aud stamping
mills to which this region owes its population, and unich timber has been allowed to perish in the fires which of
late years have often swept through these forests.

The priueijjal center of lumber manufacture is Deadwood, in the Black hills, where a comparatively large
amount of ])ine is sawed. In the eastern counties a little oak aud elm is manufactured, for the most part in small
portable mills.

The following extracts ixre made from Mr. H. C. Putnam's report upon the eastern portions of the territory :

•' Along the whole length of the Missouri river in Dakota there is a belt of hard-wood timber in the bottoms
in bodies of from 100 to 500 acres in extent. This timber sometimes grows continuously, but more often there are
open R]>aces between the groves. About three-fourths of the trees are butr oak, the remainder sycamore, eottonwood,
green ash, box-elder, poplar, willow, etc. A similar forest growth lines the banks of the Ked river north of Fort
Abercrombie as far as Fort Pembina, near the international line. This strii> of tiuiber averages perhaps forty
rods in width, and consists of the same varieties of trees that grow upon the Missouri river.

"In the Pembina mountains and west of Fort Pembina, on the Tongue and Pembina rivers, there are bodies of
timber, generally of stunted growth, lying mostly along the streams or about the Pembina mountains in groves of from
IGO to 3,000 acres in extent. This timber is situated principally in the two northern tiers of townshijis of Pembina
county. It has no value except as fuel. The next body of timber in Dakota is in the neighborhood of Devil lake ;
it aggregates some 2.^,000 acres, distributed as ibllows: At AVood hike, some 20 miles north of Devil lake, there
are 1,000 acres; on Graham's island, a promontory on the north shore of Devil lake, near the northwest end, are
2,500 acres of timber; east of this, on the north shore of the lake, are two groves of about .")00 acres; at Kock
island, which is really a promontory running into the lake, are ;!,S00 acres of timber; around the east and north
shores, and around the whole southern shore of the lake, past Fort Totten to the extreme west end. are some l."),0()0
acres of forest adjacent to Devil lake; at Stump lake, a lake some 15 miles in diameter on the north side of
Devil lake, there are 1,400 acres of timber; and commencing some 10 miles south of Fort Totten, and extending
down along Cheyenne river into township 14G, range 56, in Traill, Foster, aiul Grand Forks counties, an- about
10,000 .acres of timber. The valley here is only 1 or 2 miles in width, and the timber is generally distribntwl
through it. Probably seven-eighths of all this Devil Luke timber is burr oak ; the lemainder is sycamore, green
ash, etc. This timber in many places grows large, sometimes 30 or 40 feet to the first limb, and is valuable for fuel,
for the construction of log houses, and for general use by settlers in the absence of other and better nuiterial.

"In the Turtle mountains, in Bottineau and Bolette counties, and extending info the British posscfisions, is
quite a large tract of timber, i)rineii)ally oak of short, scrubby growth, and only valuable as fire- wood. A bivly of
timber from 1 mile to 5 miles in width extends for 150 miles along the I^Iouse river, in the counties of Bottineau,
McHenry, Stevens, and Benville. This timber is comixised of burr oak, box elder, sycamoir, green ash, etc., and
is suitable for fire-wood, housebuilding, and rough eonsfruetion."

Mr. Robert Douglas, of "Waukegan, Illinois, ciuitributes the following remarks upon the forests of the Black
Hills region, of which lie made a critical examination:

"From I'ort Meade the stage road runs about 2 miles along the base of the hills, and then follows up through
heavy timber, gaining an altitude of over 1,500 feet above the fort when within 2 miles i\f Dead wowl ; thence down a
3G von

5G2 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

etwp {Trade of about a mile until the valley is reached, aud then ui) the valley by an easy grade to Deadwood. Five
days' drivinj; through the hills from the base of tiio loot hills to one of the highest peaks shows little variation in the
species of forest trees. The yellow pine (Pinus jionderimt) is the only tree of much value in the hills, and composes
nineteen twentieths of the forest, generally covering the hills from base to summit. The trees are larger and
stand closer together than in Colorailo, and grow here, too, more rapidly than farther south, as is shown by the
width of the annual rings of growth and the shoots upon the standing trees. This is the only tree used for lumber
at the saw-mills, and no other is used in the mines. The white spruce (Picea alba) grows principally near the water-
courses, and here the largest trees of that species are to be found. It is scattered, however, through the pines even
within .^iO feet of the summit of Terry's peak. It is condemned by both saw-mill proprietors and miners as lacking
strength and being very knotty, which cannot be doubted, as it retains its lower branches with wouderi'ul tenacity,
even when growing closely and in dense shade. These two species comprise all the Coniferw in the Black hills,
with the exception of a i)rostrate. juniper and rare specimens of the red cedar. The burr oak is found in the valleys
extending into the foot-hills and along the creeks for 40 or 50 miles into the plains. It is short, gnarly, and
apparently of little value, although exceptional trees in the valley are of fair size. In the narrow valleys and along
watercourses are found the common cottouwood, black willow, narrow-leaved cottonwood, green ash, white elm,
box-elder, ironwooil, canoe birch, and quaking aspen; in the hills canoe birch, mountain ash, hazel, choke cherry,
and juneberry are found growing side by side with the snowberry and mahouia of the Pacitic region. The
little aspen and the canoe birch perform the same service the aspen does in Colorado, and cover the ground after
the timber is burned off, thus making a shade in which the pine seedlings find protection from sun and wind, and
finally repossess the hills. On the banks of the numerous creeks intersecting the 'bad lands' and plains from the
Missouri river to the Black hills, boxehler, white elm, green ash, black wdlow, cottouwood, choke cherry, wild
plum, and buffalo-berry occur, but the canoe birch is not found below the foot hills, where it grows along the creeks
6 or S inches iu diameter, or as a low shrub upon the hillsides.

"The region occupied by the Black Hills forests is SO miles in length north and south, and about 30 miles wide
from east to west. Forest fires are not so frequent nor so disastrous as in Colorado, although the 'big burning' of
18Co, near Custer's peak, is estimated to have extended over 400 square miles. The yellow pine is largely reproducing
itself over the whole of this area, the trees being now 3 or 4 feet high. As far as my observation went, this re))rod action
of the yellow pine over the old 'deiwlenings' is almost universal through the hills, although rarely or never seen iu
Colorado, and even in northern Wisconsin and the Michigan peninsula scarcely a single young pine has appeared
in the whole burned district of 1S71.

"The timber i.s disappearing rapidly iu the vicinity of Deadwood, Lead City, Terryville, and Central."

NEBRASKA.

The forest growth of Nebra.ska was once confined to the eastern part of the state; the broad bottom lands of the
Mis-souri and the lower I'latte rivers contained groves of large oak, walnut, ash, and box-elder of considerable extent.
These, under favorable conditions, spread to the bluffs and uplands. Westward the tree growth gradually became
more scanty and stunted, until, west of the one hundredth meridian, only the large streams were lined with a few
small cottonwoods and willows.

The best trees have already been culled from the scanty forest growth of the state, aud if the area of natural
wo<)<lland has somewhat increased along its eastern borders since the settlement of the country and the diminution
of pniirie fires, these forests are, in their commercial aspect, of little importance. Many small plantations of
cottonwood anil other trees of rapid growth have been made in connection with farms in the eastern counties, and
the.se in some cases already furnish much-needed shelter to buihlings and crops, and sujtply domestic fuel.

Tiie lumber-manufacturing interestsofNebraska are not important. Millsat Omaha, the principal manufacturing
center, .saw cottonwood and a little w.dnut and oak, hauled to tliem from the neighl)orhood of the city, and sinall
portable mills at other points along the Mis.souri saw a little cottonwood and such logs as the country tributary to
them can furnish. The product of all the Nebraska mills is consumed in sui)i)lying the local demand.

KANSAS.

The heavy forest of the Mississij>pi basin Just rea<;lies the extreme southeastern e^)rner of Kansas, covering
nearly one-tbird of Cherokee county. North of this, and occupying the remaining eastern border of the state, a
prairie region varj ing in width from .}<» to 100 miles is still heavily wooded with valuable tind)er along the streams,
the forest growth occasionally extending and covering areas of upland. West of this region of mixed i)rairie and
wofrtllaml th^ timber is confined to the banks of streams. It is often, east of the ninety-seventh meridian, of
con.sidenible size and value, occurring in suflicient quantity to supply the most pressing wants of the agricultural
population of this part of the state. West of the ninety-seventh meridian the tree growth gradually diminishes in
vigor. Trees are here wjufined to the immediate banks of the large streams, and are small and of little value. West
of the ninety-ninth meridian a few small stunted willows and cottonwoods, scattered at wide intervals along the
large streams, represent the only forest growth of this arid region.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5G3

A large iimouut of lumber is inaiuifiictured in the eastern counties in proportion to the extent of tijeir forest
area; but much of the best timber of the state has been cut, and Kansas must soon depend, even more than at
present, upon the forests of Arkansas and Louisiana for its lumber sup]»]y.

Considerable plantations made in the eastern and southeastern counties by railroads and in connection with
farms promise abundant success. All attempts, however, to raise trees in the arid central and western parts of the
state liave resulteil in failure.

During- the census year 7,080 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$14,700. The largest number of these fires originated upon the prairie.

564 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

WESTERN DIVISION.

MONTANA.

The forests of Montana are eonfiueil to the liigli mountain ranges wLicli occupy tbe western part of the territory
They are dense and inijiortant ui)on the sloi)es of the Canir d'Aloue and other high ranges. Farther east, along the
eastern slopes of the IJocky mountains and their outlying eastern ranges, the Big liv\t, the Little Lelt, the Crazy,
the Snow, and the Bear mountains, and the ranges south of the Yellowstone river, the Yellowstone, Shoshouee,
and Big Horn mountains, the forests are more open, stunted, and generally confined to the highest slopes, the
borders of streams, or the sides of eanons. A narrow fringe of eottonwood, green ash, and willow lines the bottoms
of the Missouri, Yellowstone, Tongue, Bosebud, Milk, and of the other large streams of the territory; and a few
stunted i)ines and cedars are scattered along the river blnfl's and the highest ridges of the Powder Kiver, the Wolf,
and other ranges in the southeastern part of the territory. The remainder of the territory, the eastern, northern.
and .southern portions, are destitute of timber.

The heavy forests of northwestern iloutana, largely eomi)o.sed of red lii-, yellow pine, and tamarack, and
containing great bodies of white pine (Pinu.s monticola) and considerable valuable spruce (Picea Emichnanni and
P. alha) constitute, with those covering the adjacent mountains of Idaho, one of the most inii)ortant bodies of timber
in flje United States. East and west of this forest a treeless country, adai>ted to grazing and agriculture, aiid
destined to snjijjort a large itopulation which must obtain its building material and railroad supplies from it, extends
over thousands of square miles. The development, too, of the imi)ortant mining interests of southern l^Iontana
and Idaho is dependent njion these forests, their only valuable source of timber and fuel sui)ply. These forests
guard the headwaters of two of the great rivers of the continent, and in regulating their flow make i)0ssible
through irrigation the devotion to profitable agriculture of a vast territory now an almost arid waste. The forests,
largely compo.sed of the lodge-pole pine {I'inus Murraynna), which cover the outlying. eastern ranges of the Bocky
mountains at an elevation of from .5,000 to 10,000 feet above the ocean level with a dense growth of slender trees
or on poor soil and in exposed situations with an open, scattered forest, are, as .sources of lumber supply, of
comjiaratively little value. The.se forest.s, however, contain valuable supplies of fuel and alnindant material for
railway ties. They guard, too, the flow of numberless small streams, and their inii)orlance in this connection should
not be overlooked.

The most important forests, commercially, of the territory are found along the valley of Clarke's I^ork of the
Columbia river, between the Horse Plains and the Idaho line; here the western white june reaches its greatest
development, becoming an imjiortant part of the forest growth. The valleys of the S.iint Begis de Borgia and
Mi.-^soula rivers contain great bodies of valuable fir and ])ine, which sj)read also in great luxuriance over the
mountains east and south of Flathead lake.

Fires destroy every year large areas of the forest covering the mountains of the western division. The long,
dry summers and the character of the forest, composed as it is almost entirely of coniferous resinous trees, favor
the spread of forest fires. They increa.se rajiidly in number with the increase of poi)nlation, and threaten the entire
extermination of the forests of the whole interior Pacific region. During the census year 88,020 acres of forest
were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $],r_'8,000. These fires, few in number, were traced lor the most
part to careless hunters, i)rosj)ectors, and smokers.

Little lumber is manufactured in the territory. Bed lir and spruce are sawed at Missoula and in the
neighborhood of nearly all the mining centers in the western part of the territory. The inoduct of llie ^Montana
mills is entirely u.s4'd to sujiply the hx-al demand.

Tlie following report ui»on the forests of the northern Ifocky Mountain region was prepared liy Mr. Sereno
Watson, of Candtridge, a special agent of the Census Ollice, in the division of ]'"orestry:

"Tiie territorj- whose forest resources I attem|tted under your instrn<;tions to examine includes an area of
about l.Vl,(M)0 square miles, extending from tlie one hundricl and thirteenth meridian to the summit of the Cascade
mountains and from the parallel of •14.i'^ to the British boundary; or, according to i)oliticaI divisions, tlu^ wesrern
fifth of Montan.i, the northeni two fifths of Idaho, the eastern three fifths of Washington territory, and the
Dorlheastern jtortion (or nearly one half ) of Oregon. It comjirises a central treeless i)lateau of some .'50,01)0 square
miles in extent, the great 'plain of the (."olumbia', surrounded by more or less extensively timbered mountain
systems. This tract is bounded on the east by the broad mountain range which sejiarates Montana from Malio, on

___^_/^!ai-i^^-'^—

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 565

the north by the irregularly-broken country which lies north of the Spokane river and of that portion of the
Columbia which has a westerly course in the same latitude, and on the west by the Cascade range, while on the
south the circuit is less completely closed by the somewhat complicated system known as the Blue and Salnion
Eiver mountains.

"With the exception of a single county (Beaver Head) in Montana this entire region is drained by the Columbia
river, since the Kocky Mountain divide, or the main central divide between the headwaters of the Columbia and of
the Missouri, forms the bouudai-y between Idaho and Jlontana only as far north as •1.5^40', when it turns abruptly
eastward for 75 miles and then again northwestward to the British boundary in continuation of the line of the
Wind lliver mountains of Wyoming.

"As will be seen from the detailed account which is to follow, the general character of the forest growth
throughout this region is remarkably uniform, both iu the kinds of trees found and in their manner of distribution.
The trees of the most constant occurrence and tiiat form the mass of the forests generally are, first, the red lir
{Pseudoimga DouylanU) and yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa). gradually giving place at higher altitudes to Pkea
Engelmanni and Abies H^ibalpina or Pinus Murrayana ; while of only somewhat less extended range, though
sometimes more local iu their distribution, are the larch {Larix occidentalis), cedar {Thuya gigantea), the white pine
(Pinus monlicola), the hemlocks (Tsuga Mcrtcnsiana mid, less frequently, Tsuga Pattoniana), Abies grandis, and the
balsam poplars. Abies amabUis only is confined to the Cascade mountains. Xo other species occur of sufiicient
size to be of importance as timber trees.

"In order to indicate more particularly the extent and distribution of the tree growth, the territories will be
taken up in order by counties, and an estimate given of the area covered in each, though necessarily of the actual
density of growth and amount of available timber (varying from square mile to square mile, and much of it never
seen) no estimate can be given of such probably approximate accuracy as to bo of any value whatever:

" MONTANA.

" Beavek Head county (4,230 square miles). — This county, nearly equally divided by the one hundred and
thirteenth meridian, is surrounded on three sides, north, south, and west, by the Eocky mountains, and is divided
into two portions by a lofty spur which sets off iu a northeasterly direction from the middle of the western side.
The valleys of Beaver Head river and Red Eock creek to the east and south of this spur are treeless, except that
the latter stream is bordered with a considerable growth of Pojyulus angustifolia, often GO feet high and a foot or two
in diameter. The region to the east is scantily supplied with timber of any kind, while the northern flanks of the
Eocky Mountain range as far as the head of Horse Plains creek are only sparingly timbered on the ridges and in
some of the caiions, the trees small and mainly red fir, with some Pinus albicauUs, the summits and exposed ridges
wholly bare.

"The broad dividing si)ur, which includes Bald mountain and several other peaks from 10,000 to 11,000 feet high,
is about 30 miles in length by 20 iu breadth. The peaks are bare above 9,000 feet, and the western slopes have some
timber in the upper ravines alone. The trees at 7,000 feet are mainly red fir, giving place above to a small growth
of Pinus Murrayana and P. albicauUs. On the eastern side of the spur there are deep, densely- wooded valleys, the
timber said to be chietiy red fir, P/cm Engelmanni and Pinus Murrayana. On Eattlesnake ci-eek in this i-egion
there is a single saw-mill, 12 miles from Bannock City, which supplies the town and neighboring mining camps with
lumber. When a better quality is needed it is brought across the mountains from the Lendii Eiver district in Idaho
by a road crossing the range at the head of Horse Plains creek. The fuel used in Bannock City is hauled some
12 or 15 miles, chiefiy from the Eocky mountains. Beyond the head of Horse Plains creek (where the Bald Mountain
spur commeuces) the range for about 40 miles changes in character greatly, becoming higher, broader, autl more
rocky, with rugged, snow-clad peaks from 10,000 to 12,000 feet high, and with high, rocky spurs to the east, separating
densely-wooded valleys diflicult of access and rarely visited. The forests here come down to the western edge of
Big Hole valley, and are continuous. The trees are said to be largely Pinus Murrayana. but there is probably a
considerable proportion of red fir, Picea Engelmanni and Abies subalpina. The range now takes its turn to the east,
forming the northern line of the county, and rises again into some high, snowy peaks, but is much less densely
wooded. Where the pass crosses the range from the Big Hole valley to the Bitter Boot, the prevalent tree is found
to be Pinus Murrayana, mixed toward the summit of the divide (at 7,000 feet altitude) with some red fir and a small
proportion of Picea Engelmanni and Piuus albicauUs. The trees are mostly young and small, evidently fn'queutiy
overrun by fires, a dense new growth immediately in most cases replacuig the old. The trunks very rarely reached
a dianu'ter of 15 or 20 inches. The timbered area of the county may be estimated at 1,000 scpiare miles. Xo yellow
pine was seen or heard of within its limits.

"Deeii Lodge county ((i,500 square miles).— This county, also nearly bisected by the one hundred and thirteenth
meridian, is occupied by spurs of the Hocky mountains, which form its southern and eastern border, with the
intervening open valleys of Deer Lodge river, Flint creek, and Big Blackfoot river. These spurs aiv to a largo
estent wholly bare of trees, oidy some of the ravines aiul ridges being covered by a more or less scattered growth
of yellow pine and red fir of moderate size, aiul the higher northern slopes by a denser growth of Pinus Murrayamu
Iforth of the Big Blackfoot the timber is more dense, coming down into the valley, and consisting principally of

566 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

yellow pine, with some red fir and larcli, aud at the bighcr elevations (above 5,000 feet) of red fir, larch, and scrub
pine. In the higher canons of the main range to the south il is i)robable that Ahics xuhalpiiui and Putu E>igclma7int
also occur, as I heard of a soft tamarack found at Gweudale, whi<-h appeared from the description to be tiie latter
species. Total timbered area of the county is estimateil at li,l!.iO s(iuare miles.

" MissoiLA. COU>'TV (21,000 square miles). — The Bitter IJoot niountaius, which separate this county from Idaho,
are a direct continuation of the liocliy mountains north from the i)oiiit of divergence of that range in latitude 45°
40'. While broadening out until they cover a base of 100 miles or more, they rarely reach a height of 8,000 feet.
There is nothing alpine in the character of their higher vegetation, nor do they anywhere rise above the limit of
forest growth. The suuuuits are not oft«n very rugged, and though the slo])es may be steep tliey are not generally
preatly broken. For the most jnirt they are well wooded upon both sides, with no meadows along the streams and
little grass anywhere until the foothills are reached. Upon tlie Jlontana side it is from 20 to 40 miles from the
base to the summit of the divides, and the Bitter Koot valley, which skirts their feet for (iO miles, separates them
from the low and comparatively bare spurs of the Bocky mountains on the east.

•'Upon crossing the main divide upon the southern border, between the Big Hole aud the Bitter Root valleys,
at an altitude of 7,000 feet, the yellow jtine immediately a])j)ears, of large size, and with its usual massive habit,
and is henceforth the most conspicuous forest tree alung the usual routes of travel, coming farther down into the
valleys than any other tree, and more fretpiently attaining a large size, juobahly from its less liability to serious
injury from fires. The descent from this southern divide to the Bitter Boot valley is well wooded with large trees
of the yellow i)iue and red fir (with at fir.st some suudl Piiius Mitrrayana), which continue to be the only trees
seen bordering the valley. These mountains were crossed by me on the Lolo trail up the Lolo creek, and by the
Mullan road, which follows the Saint Begis de Borgia river. In the lower cafions only yellow pine and red fir are
found, of the usual scattered growth — the trees rarely much over 2 feet in diameter — with larch and Abies sithalpina
coming down the side gulches, and white pine in the middle canon. The yellow pine gradually gives jdacelo Picea
Enijclmanni, Alien mtbalpina, and ^1. {/randis, though none of these reach the size which they attain on the Idaho
side of the range. The large timber is mostly confined to the ueigliborhood wf the streams, where the larch and
white pine sometimes reach a diameter of 3 or 4 feet, but it becomes much smaller upon the rulges, aud in the u])per
canons rarely is more than a foot or 18 iuches through, while the mountain slopes are usually mtu-h burned over
and covered with fallen timber, largely of Pinm Miirraynna. The largest and most abundant tree in the upper
canons is i)robably the Picea Engelmanni. Small trees of the Thuya f/iganfea are akso occasional, but nowhere in
northern Montana dcjes it become large enough to be of importance. The Thuya and Abies grandis extend as far
south as the Xez Perct* creek. I think that no hendocks were seen on the ]\Iontana side of the range, but they
may occur.

"North of the Mullan road to Clarke's Fork the eastern slopes of the range continue well wooded. Ou the
eastern side of the county the low sjjur of the Bocky mountains lying to the east of Bitter Boot valley is to a large
extent bare, but has some young yellow pine (known as 'scrub i)iue' or 'blackjack pine') and Pinus Murrayana.
Approaching Ilellgate river the timlK'r becomes mon^ ))revaleid in the ravines; and in the government timber
reservation lu-ar Missoula, where there is a saw-mill run for government i)urposes, the timber was found to be
yellow pine and red fir (not large) and considerable larch — fine trees 2 feet in diameter or more and 100 feet high.
lu (Iranite canon, in the mountains north of Missoula, where there is also a saw-mill, the lower canon wasoccupied
by yellow pine and larch, with some red fir rarely over a foot through, and in the Hi>i)er canon Abici nubalpina aud
Picea A'nf/p/ma;ini a foot in diameter. On the mountain sides above the canon the timber is, as usual, small and
worthless for lumber. lu the eastern i)ortioii of the Flathead Indian reservation a very high and rugged range of
mountains i-xtends nearly as far north as the In-ad of I'Matliead lake, and ])aiallel with the main Bocky .Mountain
range, which here enters the county and continues across the northern boundary. Both of these ranges are
throughout densely wooded, though on the eastern side of the Bocky mountains the timber wholly ceases a few
miles (H or 10; below the summit, givirig iilace to the oj>en grazing n-gion of the ni)]>er Missouri. On crossing over
the lower end of the western range, from the liig Blackfoot to the Jocko river, the timber was. found to be at first
almost entirely yellow pine, with red fir and larch in the gulches, the yellow pine (teasing toward the divide (at
6,000 feet altitude) an<l Pinun Murrayana taking its |)lace, but reapi)earing on the hortliern side, with occasional
Picea Knfjclmnnni and even small Thuya yigantea. No white pine was seen. The same trees jn'ohably continue
northwarrl to the bonnilary (tlie larch is re|>orte(l from about ;iO miles south of the boundary).

''The remainder of the county, lying west of the I'lathead Biver valley, is wholly occui>ied by mountains, of
less altitude, but, so far as is known, generally densely wooded, with the e.\cei)tion of some of the spurs toward
the Flathead river and Clarke's Fork and some small luaiiies bordering the streams.

" The total timbered area of the county is estimated at 17,000 square miles."

WYOMING.

The highest mountain ranges in AVyoming only are well timbered. The high rolling table land which occupies
the central part of the territory is destitute of all tree growth, while the low ranges which rise irom this plateau

THE FORESTS OF TIIK UNITED STATES. 507

and border it on tlie soiitL are eitlicr treeless or only sui)])ort a few stunted yellow j)ines or firs widely scattered or
formiiif;- siuiill, isolated i)atehes of ojien forest upon the bit;liest sloi)es of tbe most sheltered ravines. TLe most
important forests of tlie territory are those in the northeastern corner covering tbe western extension of the Black
hills of Dakota, those upon the foothills and slopes of the canons of the Big Horn mountains, and the dense
forests of small lodge pole pini; {Phtu.s Mitrrayann) which oixupy all the northwestern portion of tbe ttrritory
studded by the system of mountains surrounding the Yellowstone park.

The most valuable timber of the Big Horn mountains consists of yellow pine (P/n«sj>on<Zero«a), attaining on the
foot-hills suflicient size to furnisli saw-logs. Probably one-third of this timber on the east side of tbe mountains
has alrciuly been cut to sujiply mills located ujjon the streams from Crazy Woman creek to Tongue river. The
table-land on both sides of the range between the crests of the foot-hills and the base of the Snow range is covered
with a belt, from 8 to 10 miles in width, of small white lir {Abies suhalpina). The trees are small, rarely exceeding 8
or 10 inches in iliameter. They afford, however, useful material for fuel and fence and telegraph i)oles. This forest
has suffered seriously from wind storms and lire. A heavy growth of cottonwood, with which is mingled a little
green ash, occu])ies the banks of all the streams of tbe Big Horn region, with tbe exception of No-Wood creek,
flowing from tbe western flank.

The forests of the Yellowstone region, composed for the most part of small lodge pole pine, are confined to the
mountain slopes and high valleys, at an elevation of between 5,000 and 10,000 feet. These forests are capable of
supplying great quantities of fuel and fencing material. They contain, however, little timber suitable to manufacture
into lumber.

The forests of all this arid central region suffer seriously from fire. These increase with tbe settlement of the
country and inflict great danjage upon the forest. In northwestern AVyoming, however, the forests of lodge-pole pine
{Pinus Murniyonu) destroyed by fire rei)roduce themselves, and the area occupied by this sjiecies in all tbe Rocky
Mountain region is increasing. This is due no doubt to the fact that fire does not destroy the seeds of this species,
protected in the cones, which reniain closed upon the trees for yeiirs. The heat of the fire causes the cones to open
and shed their seeds upon tbe burned surface of the soil, where they germinate (juickly and freely.

During tbe census year 83,780 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$3,255,000. These fires were set by Indians, trsippers, and jjrospectors.

A little lumber, in addition to that manufactured in tbe Big Horn region, of which no returns have been
received, is sawed in the Medicine Bow and other ranges in the southern part of the territory. A large amount of
fire-wood and many railroad ties are cut in tbe southern mountains and delivered by chutes along the line of the
Union Pacific railroad.

COLORADO.

Tbe forests of Colorado arc confined to tbe niountain ran ges and high valleys which cover the western half of the
state; tbe elevated, rolling plateau which extends from tbe eastern base of tbe mountains to tbe eastern boundary
of tbe state is entirely destitute of tree growth, with the exception of an occasional stunted willow or cottonwood
found in the bottom lands of the large streams. The inii)ortant forests of tbe state cover the mountain slojies
between 10,000 and 12,500 feet elevation, and arc almost exclusively composed of spruce (Picea Eiigclmaiini), with
which are mingled difl'erent alpine pines of little economic value. Below tbe spruce belt a more open forest of red
fir and yellow pine, occupying ravines or scattered over tbe ridges, extends down to the foot-hills. These are
covered with an open growth in which the nut i)ine and tbe western Juniper are the prevailing tix'cs. while the
borders of streams and bottoms of tbe canons are occupied by cottonwoods, willows, cherries, oaks, and other
deciduous trees and shrubs of little economic importance. Large areas upon the sides of the high Colorado
mountains are exclusively covered with a dense growth of the quaking aspen. This tree very generally takes
possession here of ground from which tbe couifei'ous forest has been removed by fire, and, as tbe number of forest
fires is rai)idly increasing in Colorado, it seems destined to become tbe only widely-distributed forest tree of this
region. The high valleys, or "])arks*' as they are here locally called, when timbered at all, are coveivd with a dense
forest growth in which tbe lodge i)ole i)ine (Piini>i MiirrayaiKi), also common at high elevations in the sprnce forests,
is the prevailing and often the oidy species, disi)uting with the aspen the possession of tbe burned soil. The high
plateau of southwestern Colorado is either treeless or is thinly covered with an open growth of small, stunted
junii)ers.

Tbe increase in the number of forest fires raging in the mountains of Colorado is alarming in a region where
the forest once destroyed cannot easily reproduce itself, and upon mountains where forest covering is necessary to
l)reservo the integrity of the channels and the constant flow of numeix>us important streams essential to the
irrigation of wide areas of arid territory.

During the census year 113,820 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with an estnnated loss of
$935,500. These fires were set by careless hunters, miners, and i)rospectors, and by Indians or whites through malice.

The forests of the Colorado foot-hills afford abundant fuel and fencing material to supjily the wants of the
present ])opulation of this i)art of the state. Coarse lumber, suitable for the timbering of mines and raihxMid

568 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

coDstnu'tioii, is uiauufactnred from tbe fir ami pines of the lower niouiitaiu slopes, which have also furnished
immense quantities of fuel and railway ties. The timber, however, of this forest most accessible to niininfi centers
and the lines of railroads has already been destroyed, while its inoductive capacity is everywhere impaired by
wasteful metliods of lumbering and destructive conllagrations. The elevated spruce forests, wiiich contain the
only great bodies of heavy timber found in the central Kocky Mountain region, have thus far, on account of the
diflSculties of operating in them, escaped all serious inroads from the ax of the lumberman. Small portable mills,
however, have been established iu these forests to supply the wants of some of the most elevated mining centers,
an«l fires every year reduce their extent and value.

Colorado is principally supplied with lumber from Chicago; a small amount is manufactured, however, iu the
state, mostly uixm the waters of the South Fork of the Platte river, iu Jefl'erson county, and in the extensive
pineries wiiich cover the divide betweeu the waters of the South Platte and the Arkansas rivers. A little lumber
is also manufactured iu sniiill portable mills in nearly every county.

NEW MEXICO.

The forests of Xew Mexico are confined to the slopes and canons of the high mountain ranges. The elevated
plateau which occupies the whole of the eastern part of the territory is treeless, with the exception of occasional
willows and cottonwoods bordering the large streams, while the high mesas of the southwest and west are sometimes
dotted with an open growth of dwarf junipers and nut pines of considerable local im])ortance as a source of fuel
and fencing supply. The high mountain ranges extentling southward into the northern part of the territory are
covered with forests very similar in composition, density, and distribution to those covering the mountains of
Colorado. Engelmanu's spruce is here the important timber tree at high elevations; lower, open forests of red
fir and yellow pine occui)y the sides of cations and the lower mountain slopes, and the nut pine and juniper cover
the foot hills with an open, scattered growth. The detached mountain ranges which spring from the central
plateau of the territory are less heavily timbered than the higher mountains north and south. The yellow pine is
here the most common and important tree, mingled in sheltered canons and at highest elevations with occasional
red firs.

The most important forests of the territory cover the high group of mountain ranges west of the Eio Grande
and south of the thirty-fcmrth degree of latitude— the San Francisco, the Tulerosa, Sierra Blauca, Sierra Diablo,
Mopollon, Piuos Altos, and Mimbres. Tbe foothills and lower slopes of these mountains, between 5,000 and 7,000
feet elevation, are covered with a heavy growth of junipers, nut pines, and ditferent evergreen oaks. The banks
of streams are here lined with immense cottonwoods, sycamores, cherries, ashes, and hackberries, while the arroyos
or depressions in the mesas contain fine groves of mesquit. Above an elevation of 7,000 feetfthe yellow pine ajjpears,
and mingled with it on north slopes the red fir and white pine (Pinus rejlexa) ; the elevated valleys contain fine
groves of Cottonwood, box-elder, alder, and small oaks, while the most inaccessible slopes of some of the highest
ranges are covered with forests of cypress {Cujyyessits GunAulupensis).

The coniferous forests of these mountains are dense and valuable, and, although not yet accessible for lumbering
operations except at a few jjoints, they seem destined to become an important factor in the future develi.])ment of
the whole region. They can, if properly protected, supply with lumber indefinitely a larger ])opulation than will
probably occupy this part of the United States.

The deciduous trees of this entire southwestern region, often of considerable size, are generally hollow, especially
the oaks; they are of little value for any mechanical ])urpose, although allordiug abundant and excellent fuel.

During the censu.s year 01,034 acres of woodland only were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss
of « 142,07.'}.

A small amount of coarse lumber, principally yellow pine, is manufactured in the territory, mostly iu the
Gonnties of San Miguel and Santa F«5. New Mexico, however, like Colorado, obtains most of its lumber by rail
from Chicago.

ARIZONA.

Northern, western, and southwestern Arizona are destitute of true forests. Ravines iu the mesas of the high
CJolorado jilateau of northern Arizona are occasionally covered, however, with stunted junipers. Cottonwoods and
willows line the banks of the Colorado river, and the; ironwood, the palo verdc, the mesquit, the suwarrow, ami
other Mexican forms of arborescent vegetatioii are found in the valley of the Gila and the deserts of the southern
part of the territory; individual trees are, however, widely scattered, nowhere forming forests in the true meaning
of the word. The low lava ridges and arid lake beds with which the southwestern part of the territory is covered
are entirely destitute of tree growth.

The mountain system culminating south of the Colorado plateau in the San Francisco mountains, and
extending southeasterly through the middle of the territory into New Mexico, is well timbered. The high ranges
which spring from this central elevated plateau bear heavy forests of yellow pine and red fir, the plateau itself

;-i;PAKTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

(XiMpnjH) ("NDfrn niK im»:<"Tii>N ok
C. S SARCKNT. SPKCIAI. .U;».7<T

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NEW MEXICO

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5G0

being covered, over thousands of square miles, with an oijen growth of yellow pine of considerable size. The
streams and bottoms of the high mountains are lined with deciduous trees, of which the cottonwwjd, the cherry,
the ash, the aider, and the walnut are the largest and most important. The group of short, detached niountaia
ranges which occupies with a geueral north and south trend the southeastern part of the territory is covered with a
rich and varied forest growth. The highest slopes are covered with forests of pine, in which, in the Santa Catalina
range at least, great bodies of splendid cypress {Cupressus GuadalupenxiH) are found; a little lower the red fir
and white pine {Fimis rcflexa), different oaks and junipers with a inadrona, are scattered over the dry, gravelly-
slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. These in turn are replaced below 5,000 feet with an ojien
growth of small evergreen oaks. The bottoms of the canons and the borders of the streams between i,000 and
8,000 feet elevation are lined in these mountains with hackberry, sycamore, cottouwood, willows, cherries, and
ashes. The arroyos in the mesas arc often covered, as in southern New Mexico, with noble groves of me.sfpiit, or ia
drier situations support a stunted growth of acacias, yuccas, cacti, and other desert plants.

The yellow pine is the only tree of Arizona of great importance as a source of lumber supply. Oaks and
other hard-wood trees are invariably defective and of little value except for fuel. The red fir, white pine, and
cypress occur only at high elevations, and are generally too scattered and too difficult of access to make their
manufacture into lumber practicable for the present at least.

The pine forests of central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico are of great importance to the development
of the treeless regions which surround them. No other body of timber of any extent or value exists near the
southern boundary of the United States between the pine belt of eastern Texas and the forests of the California
mountains. These southern interior forests have nowhere yet greatly suffered. Their inaccessibility has protected
them. Railroads, however, now either penetrate this forest region, or will soon do so, and these, with the rapid
development of the mining industry now going on in the southwest, threaten these forests with the dangers which
are fast exteiminating those of Colorado and Utah.

During the census year 10,240 acres of woodland were destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of -SaC.OOO.
These fires were set by careless hunters, prospectors, and Indians.

Pine lumber is sawed in Pima and Pinal counties, principally upon the Santa Cataliua, Santa Eita, and Huachuca
mountains, to supply important mining centers in this part of the territory. It is also manufactured in .>;inall
quantities in portable mills near Indian reservations and other centers of population throughout the forest region.
Returns from 13 mills only, situated in Pima, Pinal, Apache, and Yavapai counties, have been received. Southern
Arizona is now, in spite of its fine forests of pine, almost entirely supplied by rail with lumber manufactured iu
Calilbruia.

UTAH.

The Uintah range, occupying with an east and west trend the whole of the northeastern part of the territory,
the Wahsatch mountains and their southern extension, the San Pitch and the Sanpete ranges, extending north
and south nearly through the center of the territory, and the mountains which bound on the east the great
Colorado plateau, bear at high elevations fir, spruce, and pine forests of considerable extent. The foot hills of
these mountains and their high valleys are dotted with an open growth of nut pine, juuiper, and mountain mahogany
(Ccrcocarpus). The high Colorado plateau and the arid deserts of western and southern Utah are treeless, witli the
exception of a few stunted junipers and nut pines which struggle for existence upon some of the low mountain
ranges, and of willows and cottonwoods which line the banks of the infrequent and scanty streams.

The western flank of the Wahsatch mountains north of the fortieth degree of latitude has already lH»en almost
denuded of its best timber to supply the wants of the agricultural and mining settlements of the Salt Lake region,
and tiie scanty forests of the territory have everywhere suilered serious loss from fire and wasteful methods of
cutting timber and railway ties and of manufacturing charcoal.

During the census year ■1:2,8()5 acres of woodlaml were reported destroyed by fiiv, with au estimated loss of
$1,01L',S00. These fires were set by Indians, woodcutters, careless hunters, and prospectors.

Small (juantities of lumber — pine, cottouwood, and a little spruce — are manufactured through the Wahsatch
region, the principal centers of manufacture being Beaver City and Cedar City, iu the south, the neighborhoi>d of
Salt Lake City, and Cache county in the extreme northern part of the territory. Utah is, however, almost entiitly
supplied with lumber from the eastern slopes of the California sierras and from Chicago. Small tanneries in Salt
Lake City obtain a supply of red lir and siiruce bark from the neighboring mountains.

The following notes upon Utah forests, made during the i)rosecution of a special investigation into the meat-
l)roducing capacity of the territory, have been supplied by Jlr. H. C. Hall, a special agent of the Census, in the
division of "Meat Production iu the Grazing States and Territories":

" The timber of the Wahsatch mountains, iu Cache, Rich, Morgan, and Weber counties of Utah, hardly suflioes
for the wants of the settlers. The trees from which lumber is obtained are cedar anil a variety of white pine
(Pinusjlexilis). Some fir {Psciidotsitija Doitglnsii) is found, but it is not common north of the latitude of Salt Lake
City. This tree likewise furnishes au inferior kind of lumber. In geueral, in Utah, north of latitude -tOo, the west

570 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

base of tlio Wahsatcli iiiouiitaiiis has been strii>j>eil of the avaihil)U> timber, so that in the accessible canons,
especially in the neighborhood of settlements, it is laborions and expensive obtaining posts and polos for fencing,
to say nothing of snuwth |ilauks, etc., for building. Cottonwood and occasionally box-elder are found fringing
the river bottoms of the sections described.

'•The Oqnirrh nnmntains, on the east of Tooele county, and the Onaqni mountains. 30 miles west, contain cedar
and considerable red tir, the latter a tree which I am told is not frequent in the Wah^iatcli range. The mining c;>mi)s of
Salt Lake and Tooele counties have largely depleted the timber aieas of these mountains. More timber is standing
ou the Ouaqui hdls than on the Oqnirrh range. From the vicinity of the latter to Cottonwood and IJingham Canon
mining districts the dearth of good fencing material is very noticeable throughout Box Elder, Caclie, liich, Weber,
Morgan, and Salt Lake counties. Willow withes, stone walls, cottonwood i>oles. and sod walls Hanked by ditches
are among the devices for barriers against stock incursion, all pointing to the lack and costliness of lumber.

"Lake range, west of Utah lake. — This range of low mountains contains scattered black balsam and red
fir. In winter this range is visited from the settlements of Utah valley, and the trees felled and sledded across the
lake on the ice, to be used by the railroad and by farmers. >ro piuon pine was found in the Oquirrh or Ouaqui
mountains.

'•The .San Pitch mountains, in latitude 39° 30', longitude 111° 52', contain sparse timber — a so-called white pine
(Pittiix Jftdilix). scrubby cedar, and some other evergreen trees — at a high elevation and unavailable as lumber. No
good clear jtlankiag suitable for building is obtained from these cuts.

"The low ranges west of Juab valley ami Hanking Dog valley, Dry valley, and Ferncr valley, in latitude 39°
30', longitude 112°, contain straggling cedar and some red fir difficult of access. The timber of the whole region
north of latitude 39° and west of the main Wahsatch mountains is meager and inadequate for the purpo.ses of the
Mormon settlers.

"Fencing about Salt Lake City is of poor constructiou and costs $200 ]ier mile of pino poles and cedar jjosts.
I sjiw some posts of white balsam {Abies coucolor) 50 feet long, obtained from the canous of the ISan Pitch range,
usi'd for fencing. At Spriugville, in Utah valley, posts of cedar were pointed out which were in good condition
after fourteen years standing. Were it not for the existence of the 'no-fence' law, which enables a farmer to
cultivate nufenced ground and claim damages from incursions of stock, the Utah farmer would be very badly ofl', not
having means to purchase fencing material in a country so ill supplied with timber. The cedar which abounds
here affords a lasting supply of fire-wood and posts, but for poles or plank the region depends largely upon imported
lumber, especially for building plank, joists, etc.

"Upon ranges flanking East and West Tintic valleys, Juab county, in latitude 39° 50', longitude 112° 30', the
timber is not abundant ; it consists of red fir and black and white balsam, from which rough lumber for the mining
camps of Mammoth, Tintic, and Silver City has been extensively taken. Cedar of the usual dwarfed kind grows
abundantly along the upper .slojies of the foot-hills, and is used for braces and i)0sts in shafts of mines.

'• Saxpete Valley kaxge {longitude 111° 30', latitude 39° 20'). — The Wahsatch mountains, on the east of
Sanpete valley, carry on their spurs and through the deej) canons facing the valley some of the best timber found
in Utah. It is largely used by the Sanpete settlers. Yellow pine, black and white balsam, red fir, cedar, and
poplar constitute the varieties of trees found. The yellow pine, less abundant now in accessible canons, furnishes,
it is claimed, a clear and firm himber, fit for building, and not surpassed by any variety in Utah. The range west
of the Sani>ete mountains — i.e , the San Pitch mountains before spoken of^carries on its eastern slopes and canons
considerable balsam of both varieties and some red fir and jioplar al»Dut the headwaters of creeks. Lit lie yellow
pine is found on the San Pitch range; at lea.st, none is taken out at i)resent, although I was told considerable had
alreaily bet-n lumbered from such canons as were ))enetrable. Fencing of cedar i)osts and jjoplar and balsam poles
is largely used in the valley ; cedar jjosts and i)ine ]dank are also used in fencing meadows and fields. In no other
valley of Utah are the Mormons so well Mii)iilied,api)areiitly, with fair lumber of native growth. Except for furniture
and hou.se trimmings, no imi)ort«'<l woo<l is used here.

"Sevier IIiver moixtaixs (latitude .JS^.jO' to 39° 10', longitude 112°). — TheTushar monntainsand the Valley
range, on the west of the Sevier valley, are supjdied with meager timber, esjiecially the Valley range. In no j)art
of Utah have 1 noticed so few and so limited areas inclosed. Timber is Said to exist in inaccessible places only
on the Wah.tatch range to the east of the valley. This is true in regard to the ranges west of the Sevier valley,
•where tlie character of the tree growth is inferior to even the average poor (pnility of Utah forests. Black balsam,
white bal.sam and red fir grow in both ranges, but are apj»roached with great difficulty. The indigenous scrub
cedar pn-vails often in thick groves along the foot-hills, especially on the Valley and Tushar ranges to the west of
the valley. Several saw-mills at the Tuouths of canon streams on the East Wahsatcli range have for several years
•worked up all the available lumber, but the iirices asked for linnbcr— from $35 to .$15 per 1,(100 feel — i)lace fencing
material beyond the reach of the Sevier farmer.

" All the way up the Sevier valley, and along its south and east forks, fencing is limited and lumber high, a
eore proof of the inadequate .su])ply of trees on accessible mountains.

'• Fish Lake plateau and mountains (latitude 38° 3.3', longitude 111° 50') contain a considerable quantity of the
picvailing timber of Utah, as do also Thousand Springs mountains.

Ul-.TARTMBNT OF TUP: INTERinp

UTAH

■ZEsrm CENSUS «r the united states.

iNiiVADA

iluliiui HiWx C0.IUI1

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 571

"Tlic Aquarius plateau is said by Sevier Valley stockmen to be abundantly timbered with pine, balf>am, and
spruce, but Boulder valley (latitude 37° 55', longitude 110° 30') was destitute of standing timber, save cedar and
poplar on its foothill fringe. TUe country was visited by fires, the Mormons told me, in 1872-'73, which
deslroyed large areas of the foiests in the region southeast of the Grass Valley country. The whole section of
Utah lying east of the Sevier valley to the Rio Colorado is better timbered, but from its rough and imjienetrable
location tlie tin^ber is of no avail to most of the settlers, but only to such as penetrate the high valleys of Gras.s,
Boulder, Potato, etc., lying adjacent to the timber. Fencing on Grass and Itabbit ^•alleys, western Pinto county,
is chea])er than in Sevier valley, but farmers and stockmen are so poor tliat they are forced to avail themselves of
the nofenco law when bi'eaking giound for crops.

" In the Paria Piver region fencing is very limited and lumber expensive, as timber is hard to get out of the
mountain canons.

" In Ihe Kanab Kiver region fencing at the settlements of UjJiier Kanab and I-ower Kanab, Kane county, is
said to b(^ expensive, as material is diflicnlt to obtain, the canons leading to the valley atl'ording a meager su])ply
of cedar and black and white balsam, while some red fir and yellow pine is said to grow on the Sevier plateau
(latitude 37° 30'); this, Iiowcvct, seldom reaches a market in the settlements, owijig to the isolated situation of
these forests.

"Considerable scrub oak is found on the slopes of the Oquirrli and Onaqui mountains, above referred to, in
Tooele county, and many ceclar thickets of considerable extent. In Tooele valley some fencing with cedar and panels
of balsam occurs. Rush valley contains some bull fences of trunks of cedar, costing •*! 25 per rod, .showing the
cost of even poor material.

" It will be observed that outside of the Wahsatch mountains no building timber of value has been noted in
Utah. The supi)ly in this range has been largely consumed from the easily-approached canons and slopes.

" In summing up my observations, which were made wholly with a view of investigating the fencing of i)asture
areas and cost of same, it may be stated that Utah seemed very generally lacking in serviceable material for fencing
or building. The country settled for thirty years has drawn uimn the near su]>i)ly of standing timber, so that now
lumber is obtained by great exertion and expense in most of the valley settlements. The labor and cost of fencing
caused Brigham Young to enact the no-fence law, which enabled the destitute settlers to break ground, irrigate,
and raise grain without the provision of any barrier against stock inroads, the cattleumn being held responsible
for the damages oi' his herd. This law in itself is a commentary on the scarcity of timber in Utah."

NEVADA.

The tree growth of Nevada, except in a portion of Douglas county, in the extreme western ]iart of the state,
which the forests of the California sierras just reach, is confined to the low ridges of the central and southern
part of the state. The most important of these — the Humboldt, Toiyabc, I^Ionitor Creek, Timpiute, Hot Creek,
Kawich, and probably others — bear near their summits, in sheltered ravines, scattered patches of stunted white
pine (Pinnn Jicxilis) of suflicient size to furnish saw-logs. The lower slopes of the mountains of this region are
often quite thickly covered with small nut-pines and groves of the mountain mahogany (C(rcocrt/-j)i/*), here attaining
its greatest development. Below the luit-pine low, stunted junijters cover the foot-hills, often extending, in the
central part of tlie state, across the narrow elevated valleys which separate the low mountain ranges.

The great development of the mining interests of Xevada has already nearly exterminated its scanty and
stunted forests. The white i)ine has been cut in the neighborhood of mines from all the mountain ranges, and
the most accessible nut-pine, juniper, and mountain mahogany have been converted into cord- wood or made into
charcoal. The forests of Nevada are nowhere reproducing themselves, and a scarcity of fuel, even for domestic
purposes, nuist soon be felt.

A considerable amount of lumber is manufactured in the neighborhood of lake Tahoe, in Douglas county, and
sent in Humes down the eastern slopes of the sierras to supply Carson City and ^'irginia City. The IuuiIht-
mamifacturing interests of the remainder of the state are necessarily small and unirniiortant. Their entire
extermiiuition, with the forests which furnish them material, cannot be long delayed.

During the census year 8,710 acres of woodland were devastated by lire, with a luss of ."rilit.dtn). The tiivs
weie traced to hunters and Indians.

IDAHO.

The western slopes of the Bitter Root and l\vur d'Alene nu)uiiTains, which form north of latitude 4G° the
eastern boundary of the territory of Idaho, are covered with dense, extensive, and valuable forests of fir, pine, and
larch. The ridges of the Rocky mountains, which below latitude -llio occupy the eastern border of the territory,
and the extreme eastern development of the Blue nu)uutains of Oregon, just entering it from the west, aie less
heavily tin\bered with a scattered growth, in which yellow pine and red fir are still the juevailing tix'cs. The
great central region occui)ied by the Sahnou River nu)uutains is unexplored. These mountains are moi-e or less
timbered, but nothing is known of the composition or cb.aracter of the forests which cover them. Judging,
however, from the geiu'ral elevation and climate of this region, its forests cannot be very imjiortant. nor capable of

572 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

sni)i>lyiiit: iiiore than the local wauts of its luiiiiiig population. The great i)lains south and southeast of the
Salmon IJiver mountains, comprising fully one-thinl of the territory, are entirely destitute of tree covering, while
the Snake Iviver range and the ranges of the Bear Kiver country coutaiu in their more sheltered canons only small
areas of ojieii, stunted forest.

During the census year 21,000 acres of woodland were rei)orted destroyed by lire, with an cstinuited loss of
♦202,000. These tires originated in the carelessness of hunters, prospectors, Indians, etc.

A small amount of piue and fir lumber is manufactured at Bois6 City and near other centers of population.
The great forests of cedar, lir, and pine, however, in the Canir d'Alene region arc still almost intact. These forests,
with proper care, are capable of furnishing iudefluitcly the treeless agricultural region of easteru Washington
territory and Oregon with an abundant sni)ply of excellent building material.

The following extracts are made from Mr. Sereno Watson's report upou the forests of the territory:

"This territory nortii of latitude 44*° is occupied by the Eocky and the Bitter Eoot mountains, forming its
eastern boundary, with their broad, timbered, interlacing spurs, which terminate in the high, mostly treeless
plateau which extends from near the Spokane river in a southeasterly direction to this parallel of latitude. The
southern and southwestcru portions were not visited by me, and the statements regarding them are to son)e extent
conjectural.

•' LE3IHI cou>TY (o,.330 square miles). — In the extreme eastern portion of this county, where the mountains
are crossed by the Utah and Northern railroad, scattered trees of red fir are fii'st met at an altitude of fi,000 feet.
Beaver canon, up which the railroad passes, is well timbered on both sides nearly to its head at (),(i00 feet altitude
with red fir only, but the broad plateau at the summit (C,SC9 feet) is treeless. In the lateral caiions (8 to 10 miles
long), coming out near the mouth of Beaver caiion, there are two saw-mills, one of which was visited. The tiuiber
was here found to be confined to the south side of the caOon, and consisted almost wholly of red fir (here called
'red pine"), averaging from 20 to 22 inches in diameter. The largest log seen measured 32 inches at the butt. A
'white pine' proved to be Picea Engchnanni, and a 'bird's eye pine' was Pinus Murrarjana^ both small, as was also
the balsam {Abien subalpina), which was found some 3 or 4 miles up the canon. The yellow pine did not occur here.

"It is i)robable that the canons westward along the range are similarly timbered as fiir as the Lendii agency.
Here the character of the range changes (as stated under Beaver Head county, Montana), becoming higher and
more rugged, an<l the Piniin 21urrayana is probably more abundant, at least at the higher altitudes. The yellow
piue also ai)i)ears, but at what point is uncertain; it is eertainly found at Gibbonsville, ou the Xorth Fork of the
Salmon river, and it probably extends still farther southward. The Salmon Kiver mountains, lying between the
Lemhi river and Itock creek, are reported to be well timbered. The southwestern portion of the county I presume
to be much more open.

"The total timbered area is estimated at from 1,5(10 to 2,000 square miles.

"Idaho county (10,100 square miles). — The high and crowded spurs of the Bitter Koot mou?itains till the
entire northeastern portion of this county, extending to the line of the South Fork of the Clearwater, mostly densely
woo<led from base to summit. The foot-hills and plateaus between the streams are more or less covered with
scattered yellow i)iue and red fir. The valley of the Salmon river is probably comparatively treeless, and the low
mountain range between that river and the Snake is scantily timbered.

"Estimated timber area, 4,000 square miles.

"Wa.shingtox CO fXTY (3,000 square miles). — I have Lut little information in regard to this county. The
southern portion has been surveyed, and is probably nearly treeless. The rest appears to be more mountainous,
and may be scantily timbered.

" Wowled area (say) 300 square miles.

"Nkz I'EllCli COU.NTY (3,400 square miles). — Mainly high ]ilateau, at about 3,000 feet altitude, in the
southeast more or less covered with scattered yellow jiine and red fir of good size, on the western side nearly
without tindicr or with occasional yellow pine. Toward the head of I'otluck creek some yellow i)ino and red
fir are found in the valleys, and in the northeast the .sjmrs from the Koeky mountains enter the county, <;overeil
in addilion with the larch and Thuya giganlai. ICast of the Indian reservation the county extends up into the
mountains in the form of a narrow gore, ami is heavily timbered. The portion lying south of the reservation in
the angle between tin; Snake and Salmon rivers is occupied by low mountains, mostly bare.

"Total timbered area estimated at 750 square miles.

"Sho.shoxe county (5,1>.>0 square milei*). — Wholly mountainous and covered with forests, with the exception
of some prairies and oi)en country near the Clearwater and lower jjortion of the Lolo Fork.

"Immediately after crossing the divide by the Lolo trail from Montana, at an altitude of 0,000 feet, the forest,
consisted of AhicJi subalpina and Pken Enyelmanni, with young Allien (jrandin and Tnuga Mertcnniana, and occasional
larch and red fir, and upon the creeks some small Thuya and TaxuH. The trail soon ascended the ridges and
followed them for about 100 miles at an altitude of from 5,000 to over 7,000 feet, doubtless to avoid the fallen
timiier which made the canons impassable, though enough of it was found on the route followed. The timber ou
these ridges was often small ami scattered — AhicH Huhdlpina and Picca J-Jtigclmtinni, with Pintis Murrayana and P.
albicaulU — or on the damper northern slopes with larch and red fir, balsam, hemlock, and sometimes the mouutaia

^:

IDAHO

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 573

luMiilock ( 7"s!/r/« Pattoniana), the trees larger (occasionally 2 feet through, the Abies grandis beiun the largest;. The
white ])iiie {PinuH monticola) also frequently occnrred. During the last day ui)on this ridge the trail was through
heavy timber, chiefly of hemlock sometimes '3 feet in diameter, with some Abies and rarely rinux Murroyana and
P. monticola, the ridge even at 7,000 feet being covered with the same dense growth. Descending quite abruptly from
the ilrier extremity of the spur, which was covered, with Abies, Tstiga, and Pinus {Murrayana, aWicaulis, and
?HOH^/co'rt), we i)assed through a forest of heavy hd\na.nil{ Abies grandis), with a few larch and some red fir, and at about
4,000 feet came upon ctHhxr (Thuya gigantcu) to the exclusion of everything else — the trees from 2 to 4 feet in diameter.
On the stream banks at the base were found the Thuya, Pinus monticola, Abies subalpina and -4. grandis, Picea
Engelmanni , and Tsuga Mcrtcnsiana, all growing together, with an undergrowth of inaj)le, mountain ash, Vac-
cininm, Ceanothus, Crafccgus, Pachystima, Prunus, etc. With timber of this character upon the high ridges it is
evident that there must be much very heavy timber in tlie canons.

"Aft<;r crossing a low ridge covered with cedar, larch, and red fir, and following a narrow meadow frequently
interrupted by clumps of timber, the trail at length came out upon an opeu camnss prairie 25 miles northeast of
Kamai. From this point the timber covering the plateau is an opeu growth of yellow pine and red fir, often quite
large, with young trees intermixed, and some Picea Engelmanni and the two Abies in the wetter places.
Considerable timber is cut upon the Lolo Fork and Clearwater and floated down to the mills at Lcwiston. It is
uncertain how far south along the main range the above large variety of trees continues. It is probable, in my
oi)inion, that the Thuya, Abies gratidis, Tsuga, Pinus monticola, and Taxus do not pass beyond the headwaters of
the Clearwater, or, at the farthest, that some of them may leach the North Fork of the Salmon river, while the
larch may ])ossibly be fouud in the Salmon lliver mountains.

"At the northern extremity of the connty, along the j\Iullan road, which from the Cceur d'Altne niission
follows nj) the cafion of the Cicur d'Alene river, instead of following the spurs, a distance of 37 miles, the swampy
bottoms were found heavily timbered with Thuya, red fir, Abies grandis, and Tsuga Mertensiana, with some larch
and Pinus monticola. Some of the drier bottoms had been burned over, and were mostly covered with Pinus
Murrayana. Some Populus balsamifcra occurs, 3 feet through, or more (as also on the Montana side). The sides of
the ridge were also nearly bare. The Thuya, which exclusively occupies some of the swamjis, attaining a large
size, ceases at the base of the dividing ridge, whei'e also the Pice^ Engelmanni and Abies subalpina come in. The
rauge above Coeur d'Alf^ne canon, and bounding the county on the north, is not heavily timbered, much of its upper
slopes being bare.

"Total timbered area estimated at ."i.OOO square miles.

"KoOTKNAi COUNTY (5,550 Square miles). — The portion south of the Cceur d'Alene and Spokane rivers
belongs mostly to the Coeur d'Alene ludiau reservation, and is timbered, with the exception of open meadows upon
the Cceur d'Alene and Saint Joseph rivers and upon Hangman creek. The timber is princiiially yellow ]u'ne and
red fir, with some Pinus Murrayana, and fine bodies of cedar ( Thuya gigantea) near the western borders of the lake.
North of the Canir d'Alene river the road from the mission to the fort passes through a cedar ( Thuya) swamp, with
niauj' large trees, from 3 to 5 feet through, traversing canons filled with a mixed growth of .4/»iV« subalpina and
A. grandis, larch, hemlock, Picea Engelmanni, and red fir. Tliis latter growth continues for some miles below the fort,
where the valley opens out into the broad Spokane plain, which extends northeastward toward Fend d'Oreille lake
without trees. The mountains south of the lake are low and not heavily timbered. The i>ortion of the county
north of Clarke's Fork and of Pend d'Oreille lake has, so far as I know, never been explored, but is jirobably
mountainous and for the most part well timbered.

" Estimated timber area of the county, 4,500 square miles."

AVASIUNGTON.

Washington territory west of the summit of the Cascade range is covered with the heaviest continuous belt
of forest growth in the United States. This forest extends over the slojies of the Cascade and Coast ranges, and
occupies the entire drift i»lain surrouiuling the waters of Paget sound. The highest nunmtain peaks and the s;uui-
dunes of the coast are treeless. The narrow valleys of the Cowlitz and Chehalis rivers are dotted with small oaks
aiul other deciduous trees, and oaks and stunted yellow pines oeeujiy with an ojien growth the barren Steilaetwm
plain south of Puget sound; with these exceptions western Washington territory is covered with a magnificent
coniferous I'orest. The most valuable aiuI generally distribut(-d tiud)er tree of this region is the red or yellow fir
(l\icudotsuga J)ouglasii), forming about .seven-eighths of the forest growth. The valuable red cedar ( Thuya gigantco)
and the heinlock [Tsuga Mertensiana). oi'tew covering extensive tracts, especially iu>ar the base of tlu> Cascade
mountains, are comnuin ; the noble title-land spruce adds value and imiuutance to the forests bonloring the coast.
The forests which cover the upper ridges of the Cascade mountains are ]uincii)ally ctunposed of firs (Abies amabilis
and A. nobilis), spTav(^» (Pieea Engelmanni), \i\iUms small pines, hendoeks. etc. These elevated foirsts. olten of
great beauty, are of little economic imi)ortanee.

East of the Cascade mountains the forests are less dense, and are confined to the mountain ranges. The groat
plains watered by the Columbia and Snake rivers are entirely destitute of tree covering.

574 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Stevens county, which is broken and mountainous, with the exception of the narrow valleys anil occasional
HOiall prairies, is covered with a heavy, open forest jrrowtli. The most valuable trees of the forests of this county
are the reil lir, the yellow pine (iV;i«.v pomlvrosa), the white pine (I'iiius moniicola), the larch (Lari.r occi(h>itali.i),
and the red cedar.

The forests of Spokane county are confined to the spurs and ridges of the extreme eastern part of the county,
aad consist of the yellow pine, red tir, an<l larch of small size and inferior (juality.

The forests of Yakima county cover about one half of its area, being confined to the eastern slope of the
Cascade ranj,'e. The forests covering the eastern slopes of these nu)untains are only surpassed in deusity and
value by those extending over their western Hanks. The yellow pine occujues the lowest slopes with an open
growth of large trees. Above the pine the red fir Is the prevailing tree. This at a greater elevation is succeeded
by hemlock and larch, with which are mingled fine bodies of spruce (Picca Engelmanni) and hemlock, while the
forest growth below the timber-line consists of firs, pines, and mountain hemlock.

The western portion of Rlikitat county is covereil with heavy forest growth, similar in composition and density
to that of Yakima.

Walla Walla county is destitute of timber except in the extreme southeastern corner, where the spurs of the
mountains are thinly covered with a sparse growth of yellow pine and larch.

Columbia county is without forest except along the ridges and summit of the Blue mountains, which are
covered with yellow pine, larch, and, above 5,000 feet elevation, with a continuous growth of lodge pole pine
{PiiiuK Mttrrayana).

Whitman county is destitute of forest except in the extreme southeastern corner, where there is a scattered
growth of small yellow pine.

Au estimate of the actual amount of timber standing in the territory is not possible with the existing knowledge
of the country, and none has been attempted. The quantity of merchantable timber, however, standing in western
Washington territory is enormous ; a yield of 200,000 feet of lumber to the acre is not at all exceptional, while over
fully 20,000 square miles a yield of 2."),000 feet to the acre might be expected ; such estimates certainly would not
exaggerate the priMluctive capacity of these noble forests.

The forests of Washington territory, especially in the more thickly settled portions west of the Cascade
mountains, have long suflered from destructive fires. The if).jury intiicted by such fires is proportionately less,
however, in the humid coast region than east of the niountaijis. where the dryness of the climate prevents the
reproduction of the forest once destroyed. West of the mountains young trees of the sjjccies of the original forest,
and especially the red fir, soon densely cover the burned surface and grow with astonisiiing rapidity and vigor. It
.seems reasonably certain, therefore, that, whatever may be the fate of the forests which now cover western
Washington territory and Oregon, they will be succeeded by forests of similar composition, and that this whole
region, ill adapteil in soil and topography to agriculture, will retain a permanent tbrest covering long after tho
other great forests of the continent have disappeared.

During the census year 37, 010 acres of woodland were destroyed by lire, with an estimated loss of 8713,200.
These fires were set by Indians, by whites in clearing land, l)y hunters, prospectors, etc.

The forests bordering the shores of I'uget sound, the strait of Juan de Fnca, and the lower Columbia river
have been culled of their best trees for a distance inland of 1 or 2 miles to supply the important lumber-
manufacturing interests of this part of the territory. The product of western Washington territory during tho
census year w:i.s 1 .j3.98r,,000 feet of lumljer, C,r.r>0,000 laths, !U(),0()0 shingles, and 23,000,000 staves— by far tho
largest part being manufactured in the mills located on the waters of I'uget sound.

The first saw-mill built upon Puget sound was erected in 1851. It was a small water-power mill, with a daily
capacity of about 1,0(M) feet. Two years later a similar mill was erected at Seattle, with a daily capacity of from
8,000 to l(i,(X>0 feet.

The centers of manufactures n(»w are I'ort Gamble, Port Madison, Port IJIakely, Port Discoverj-, Seabeck,
Ut.saladdy. Tacoma, and Seattle. At the last-named place there is a large establishment manufacturing sugar-barrel
staves from cottonwooil for the San Franciscci market.

The lumber manufactured upon Puget sound is largely shii)])ed to San Francisco aiul directly to China,
Australia, New Zealand, and Mexican and South American Pacific ports.

The population of the soufheastern part of the territory is princi]Killy supplied with lumber, largely coarse
yellow jiinc of inferior qindity, cut on the IJlne mountains in snuill portable mills, and delisereil at Dayton, in
Walla Walla county, by a Hume several miles in length. No statistics, however, have been received of the anioinit
of lumber manufactured in this county.

The metho<ls adopted by the lumbermen of western Washington territory are wasteful in the extreme. Loggers
cut only timber growing within a mile or a mile anil a half of shores accessible to good booming or shipping points,
or which will yield not less tlian ."{O.OWt feel of lumber to the acre. Only trees are cut which will produci; at least
three logs 2-1 feet long, with a minimum dianu-ter of .30 inches. Trees are cut not less than 12 and often 20
feet from the ground, in order that the labor of cutting through the thick bark and enlarged base may be avoided,
while 40 or .W feet of the top of tiie tree are entirely wasted.

30

AF'MENT CF THE l.\:?M^H

WASHINGTOl

TKNTH CENSUS nj- THE uri! ; k: 3:a""->:

DKXsrrv OF forks rs

c.s.s.\rc;knt. sPKCiAi. .v-nvr

iH,".;v

RITORY

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 575

The foliowiiif^ notes upon tbe forests of eastern Washington territory are extracteil from Mr. Wateon'.s n-port:

" WAiLA Walla county (1,2(50 .sqnaie miles). — This eonnty is wholly without timber, which is suiiplied from
the Blue mountains of Oregon.

"Columbia COUNTY (2,1G0 square miles). — A spur of the Blue mountains traverses the southern portion of
this county, occupying about a fourth of its area, which is partially timbered, eliieliy witli red tlv (Pseudotsuga), piue
(Pinus ponilcrosa), and some Ficea Engcbnanni, none of it large. Elsew here the county is nearly de.'»titiite of tree."?,
though some of the streams, especially the Touchet, were at the first settling of the county bordered by ."icattered
pines. j

"Whitman county (5,000 square miles)] — This county is destitute of timber. Some of the townships along
the Idaho lino were originally sparlnglj' wooded with scattered pines upon the ridges, but tliese have nearly or
wholly disappeared, and the supplies for fencing and fuel are brought from the iieighboiing mountains of Idaho.
There is a saw-mill on the Palouse river, at I'alouse, the logs for which are lioated down from about 9 miles alx)ve.

"Spokane county (8,500 square miles). — The portion of this county to the west of the mouth of the Spokane
river is wholly destitute of trees, with the exception of the high point or plateau opposite to the mouth of the
Okinakane river. Here there is a small area thinly wooded, i)robably with yellow pine and red fir. On the eastern
side of the county spurs from the mountains bordering Coeur d'Alene lake enter between Bock creek and Spokane
river, and are covered more or less densely with a growth of yellow pine, often small, with .some Dctuglas spruce and
tamarack iu the ravines. There is a sawmill at Bock creek supplied from its immediate neighborhood. Crossing
Hangman's creek a scattered growth of piue appears upon the ridges between Deej) creek and the Spokane river,
and as far west as the head of Crab creek. Trees also border the Spokane river below the falls and to within a few
miles of its mouth. The region between the Spokane and Little Spokane rivers is mostly a broad, open valley, the
hills bordering it upon the north being very thinly wooded. There are two sawmills at Spokane Falls, but the logs
for them are floated down from near Cceur d'Aleue lake.

"The total ai'ea more or less covered with trees may be estimated at from 400 to 500 square miles.

"Stevens county (14,700 square miles). — This county is broken and mountainous throughout, but with no
high ranges east of the Cascade mountains. The portion lying east of the upper Columbia and north of the Spokane
river has several small prairies upon Chamokaue creek and Colville river, and there is a narrow, open valley along
the Columbia for 20 miles below the mouth of tbe Colville. The mountains are all low, the ridges most frequently
thinly wooded or nearly bare, with the timber becoming denser in the ravines, especially northward. The most
common tree is the yellow pine, but iu the ravines red fir is frequent, with tamarack and lodge-pole pine. Near the
Colville river were seen Picta Uiigelmanni, Abies grandis, small Thuyas, and fine specimens of Pinux monticola, as well
as Populus balsamifera, Betiila papyrac.ea, and Ahius of considerable size. The hills bordering the Columbia al>ove
Old Fort Colville are treeless. The drift-wood brought down by the river is said to be ehietiy cedar ( Thuya ijigantea).

"The Colville Indian reservation, lying between the Okinakane and the Columbia eastwaril, is comparatively
little known, being crossed by but two trails, one leading directly westward from Old Fort Colville, the other following
the Kettle river, and for much of the way not far distant from the British boundary. As seen from the Columbia
and from the heights bordering the Okinakane, this portion appears to be more open and grassy thau that east of
the Columbia, and, especially toward the south, more like the bare plateau of Spokane county. Okinakane valley
itself is narrow, with mainly a desert vegetation of sage-brush, Purshia, and other like representatives of the Great
Basin flora, which seems to find here its only passageway northward to the British boundary. The hills eastward
have thinly-scattered pines, which occasionally descend into the valley. The northern trail from Old Fort Colville
shows the lower valley of Kettle river to be well wooded, but above, opening out into grassy i)rairies and borderetl
by grass-covered hills or with scattered yellow pine, red flr, and larch. Upon the more densely wooiled ritlges and
ravines were also found Picca Engdmanni, Abies subalpiua, Pinus Murraiiana, and Thuya.

" The main ridge separating Kettle river from the Okinakane (about 5,000 feet high and 12 miles from the latter
stream) was well grassed upon botli sides with large Picca, Pscuilotsuga, Pinus pondciosn. and f.arij- along the cix'eks
upon the eastern side, and on the west the Pinus pondcrosa only. The ridges above the (.Mcinakaiie to the north apj>eare*i
treeless, while the northern slopes of the nearer hills to the south were i)retty well covered with underbrush. West
of the Okinakane, between that river and the Metliow, the country is nuich like that to the east — high and broken,
with scattered patches of timber, whicli'becomes more general toward the northern boundary. Upoir the Metliow
and Similkameen creeks there are open, grassy valleys of considerable extent, but for 12 miles fixini the mouth of
the Methow the hills close in ujion it and are considerably wooded. The rest of the county, from the Met how to
the Wenatcliee, is occupied by spurs from the Cascade mountains, which reach the banks of the Columbia ; these
are exceedingly rugged and almost impassable, being seldom traversed, even by Indians. A fiKit-ti-ail leads from
the headw!»ters of the Jlethow over to the Skagit, and a trail which has been passable for horses crosses the ridges
between the upper Chelan lake and the Wenatcliee, but it is described by the Indians as dangerous and long disusetl
by them. The whole region is jirobably for the most part well timbered except along the Columbia river, when' the
mountains for from 10 to 15 miles back are but scantily wooded, the pine (Pinus pomlciosa) and rod lii ;>ceasionally
reaching to the river. Iloavy timber is reported about the head of Chelan lake, eommeueing at about 15 miles from

57(1 Till-: FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the foot, mostly yellow iiiiio, but also reil fir, some Lnrix, and small Thinjn. The outlet to tins lake is throu<;h a
deep fanoii, ami is obstrueted by falls and rapids. Tlie WenatcUee flows through a more open valley, and, at least
iu hipli water, eonld be used for floating timber to the Columbia. For 7 miles from its mouth the ridges on each
side are only seautily wooded, but from that point the trees (yellow piuo and red flr, mostly young) oeeni>v the
valley, and at L'O miles the thick timber begins — pine, tir, red fir, larch, white pine (Piiius moDticola), and cedar, the
white piue .sometimes 4 feet through, the cedar not large.

"Yakima cointy (8,900 square miles).— Immediately south of the Weuatchee the highest of the eastern spurs
of the Cascade mountains extends in a southeasterly direction to the Columbia, forcing that river to make a bend
eastwartl. This spur has an altitude of about 5,000 feet, and its higher northern slopes, overlooking the mouth of
the Wenatchee and eastward, are somewhat densely covered with i>ine, red flr, and larch. The southern slojje, as
seen from Kllensburg, appeared nearly bare. I crossed the ridge about 17 miles above the month of the Wenatchee
and a few miles east of the high, exceedingly rocky, and suow-covered peaks called by I^IcClellan ' Mount Stuart'.
It was found mostly well wooded, but the trees not exceeding 1 or 2 feet iu diameter, and usually small red flr and
yellow i)iue, with at length some Abies grandis and riniis moitiicola, rarely a small Thuya, ou the higher rocky
ridges small larches, and at the summit some Piiius Miirrayana. The same trees were found on the southern
descent, excepting the P/hi(s monticola. Large cotton woods (/^o^jh^h.s //-iW/ocnryw) occurred on the creeks. South
of this range the spurs recede, leaving a comparatively level sage-brush region, wholly treeless, from 50 to 70 miles
broad, between the Columbia and Yakima, and crossing the lower jiovtion of the latter river.

" Below the mouth of the Sch wank, which is at the head of what is known as ' Killitas valley', on the Y''akima,
the foot-hills of the Cascade mountains extend to the Y'akima river, a distance of about 50 miles from the summit
of the range; but the lower portions of these spurs are bare, or with only scattered pines on their northern slopes,
and the chief reliance of the settlers for fencing and fuel is upon the aspens and cottonwoods bordering the streams.
Followiug up the Y;ikima from the mouth of the Schwank, the valley for 10 or 12 miles is thinly timbered with pine
and red fir. For 17 miles more there is some larch on the ridges, and in the bottoms some Abies grandis, and
rarely a small Thuya. Timber and ties had been extensively cut here for the railroad and floated down the river.
At this i)oiut the yellow pine and tamarack ceased, and a dense, heavy growth began and continued for most of the
way to the summit (20 or 25 miles), consisting of red tir, hendock, Ahies grandis and A. amabiUs (all these from 3 to
5 feet through and 200 feet high or more), Pinus montieola (IS inches through), and Thuya (2 feet in diameter).
One spruce, not over 2i feet through, had a height of 225 feet.

'• III like manner, upon the ^^achess river, the open sage-brush country extended about 10 or 12 miles from its
mouth, with only cotton wood along the stream. Scattered ])ines then commence, with at length red fir, but it is
some 25 or .'50 miles more before heavy timber is reached. A small ff[Q\c oi o^V. {Quercus Garry ana) \» found at
the mouth of the Schwank, the only point upon the Yakima where it occurs. It is also frequent along the Nachess
for 3 or 4 miles, commencing at about 12 miles from its mouth, but small and rarely over G inches in diameter or 15
feet in height. In Satas valley it is abundant. Along the southern border of the county there is again a long
spur extending east from mount Adams to within about 40 miles of the mouth of the Yakima. This spur has au
altitude of about 1,.500 feet, and is mostly covered with a scattered growth of yellow pine, red fir, and Abies grandis.

"The entire wooded area of the county may be estimated at about 4, .500 square miles.

'•Ki.iKlTAT COUNTY (2,."i00 square miles). — The spur eastward from mount Adams, just s])oken of, covers
much of the northern portion of this county and affords a good siipjily of excellent timber. The area may be
estimated at 750 square miles. The high ridge overlooking the Columbia from The Dalles eastward is perfectly
bare of trees."

OREGON.

The heavy forest of western AVashington territory extends through western Oregon. The most valuable timber
tree of the region is the red or yellow fir (I'scudotsuga Douglasii). which forms fully seven-eighths of the forest. The
tide-land sjtruce (Picta Sitclicnsis) aljounds along the coast, and the red cedar (Thuya giganica) and the hemlock
(Tnutja Mrrtcusiana) arc common ami of large size. South of Coos bay an important forest of I'ort Orford cedar
(Chamncyparis Lairsoniana), mixed with the red flr and tht; tide-land spruce, occurs.

The valleys of the 'Willamette, Uuipqua, and Uogiie rivers contain an open, scattered growth ol' white oak
(QufTcus Oarryana), now gradually increasing by the recent growth of young trees i)rotected from the flies which
formerly swept every se;»soii through these i)rairie-like valleys. Sonth of the Hogue Kiver valley the sugar jiine
(Pinus lAimhertiana), the chestnut oak {(Jucrcus densiflora), and other tiees of the California forest occur in
BuffifMent nund)erH to add ecoinjmic value to the forests of the state.

The bottom liintls of western Oregon are lined with a continuous growth of cottonwoods of inimeiise size,
willows, maples, ashes, and gig.intic alders ; those in the southwest, near the coast, contain great bodies of splendid
^jard maple (Acer macrophyUum) and laurel (I'mhellnlaria C'aHfornica).

East of the Ca.saide mountains the forests arc confined to the mountain ranges; they are open, scattered, and
generally composed of eonii»aratively small tree.".

37

)i:.\srn' or forks is

o>uu-uj3> vsi»M nn: iinutmiw ■ <r

( .SLSARfiKNT. SPEl I.\l. .U-frs-I

188.i.

TIIK FORESTS OP^ TITE UNITED STATES. 577

Tlio forests of Wasco foutity, on the westoni slopo of tho Caseado range, when above 3,000 feet elevation
are important. The most valuable trees are the rvA fir, the yellow pine, and the larch. The eastern part of the
county is (Mivered with a lifiht growth of pine, i)rin(;ipally yellow pine.

The slopes of the Blue mountains in (Imatilla and Union counties are covered with an open, stunted forent,
consislinj^ of red tir, yellow i)ine, larch, and, al)ove 4,000 feet elevation, a lieavier contimions growth of lodge-pole
pine {I'inun Mvrr(n/ana).

Lake county is destitute of timber except on the eastern slope of the Cascade inouutains and the Routbern
pait of the county, which contain a light forest growth confined to the high ridges of the nionntain.<<, and
principally comjiosed of yellow pine.

(irant and liaker counties are treeless except in the northern i>art, where the Blue mountains are covered with
a lif^ht, open growth composed chiefly of yellow pine, with some larch and scrub jiine.

The forests of Oregon have sntlered serious losses from forest fires. Along ihe Coast Kange, from the
Columbia river to Port Oiford and through the entire length of the Cascade mountains, fires have raged nearly
everj- summer since the first settlement of the state, destroying thousands of acres of noble fir, spruce, and cedar.
Forests similar in composition to those destroyed soon spiiug up again and cover the burned surface, l)Ut the loss
in material which the state has sull'ered in this way is incalculable.

Forest (ires are increasing in frequency, especially west of the summit of the Cascade mountains. During the
census year, however, only 132,-320 acres of woodland were rt])orted <lestroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$593,830. These fii-es were set by hunters, Indians, and by farmers clearing land.

The abundant spruce, cedar, cottonwood, ash, maple, and alder of western Oregon have developed flourishing
industries. At Portland large quantities of ash, maple, and alder are manufactured into furniture, and cottonwood,
spruce, and cedar sui)ply numerous establishments engaged in the production of cooperage stock and all kinds of
woodenwure. The sui)ply of this material is large and of excellent quality.

The princijial centers of the lumber-manufacturing interests arc at Portland, where fir, spruce, cottonwood, and
hard woods are sawed for the local market, and at Empire City and Marshtield upon Coos bay. Port Orlord cedar
and red-fir lumber are manufactured here, and shipjjcd by schooner to Portland, San Francisco, and Mexiciin and
South American Pacific ports. The first mill was established ujion Coos bay, at North Bend, -l miles above Empire
City, in 1S.")3; other mills were soon built, and in 1854 the first shipment of Port Orford cedar was uuule to San
Francisco. Great quantities of this timber have been cut, while fires have destroyed even more than the ax. The tire
which raged through (ho forests of Coos bay for three months in the summer of 1807 destroyed cedar estimated to
amount to between 200,000,000 and 300,000,000 feet of lumber. This tree, however, reproduces itself very rapidly,
and after the forest has been burned over it is the first arborescent species to reappear, si)ringing up generally in
the third yeiir.

The heaviest continuous body of Port Orford cedar now standing is on cape Gregory, extending south to and
beyond the mouth of the Coquille river. It is about 20 miles long by an average width of 12 miles, an<l lies along
the western sloi)e of the foot-hills of the Coast Range, extending to within 3 miles of the coast. In this forest two-
thirds of the trees are Port Orford cedar, the others tide-land si)rHce and a lew red firs. There is great danger,
however, that the Port Orford cedar, one of the most valuable trees of the American forest, will soon be extenuinate<l
as a source of lumber supply, so far as this generation is concerned.

The following notes upon the forests of Wasco, Umatilla, Union, Grant, and Baker counties, the only portion
of the state visited by Mr. Watson, are extracted from his rept)rt:

"Wasco COUNTY (17,700 square miles). — The timber of this county is confined almost wholly to the steep
eastern slopes of the Cascade range; the low spurs of the Blue mountains, which enter the county on the east,
bordering John Day's river and southward, being only partially supplied with pines, etc. 1 know nothing alH>ut
Walker's range and the Paulina mountains in the southwest, but they are probably low, with little or no woo<l.
The trees of the Cascades are doubtless nearly the same as those to the north of the Columbia, the lan'h ivaching
to the headwaters of the Deschutes river, the most southern locality for it that 1 have seen iuentione<l.

"The ti)tal more or less wooiled area may be estimated at from 2,50(t to 3,000 square miles.

"Umatilla coUjnty (0,100 square miles). — The lilue mountains occupy the southern and eastern l>orilers of
this county, and arc the only sourci; of timber. They are for the most part well wooded, esjiecially in the nivines,
the trees growing lo a fair size, and consisting of yellow and scrub pine, siuuce and balsam (Abitv subalpina and
A. graitditi).

"The woodecl area is about 1,500 scjuare miles.

"Union county (4,300 square miles). — This county has the main range of the Blue mountains on tho west
and north and the Ce<lar mountains on the east, separated by the valleys of the Grande Konde and Wallowa
rivers. A large portion of these mountains is well timbered, the amount decreasing toward the east.

" The wooded area may be estimated at about 2,000 stpiare miles.

"GUANT COUNTY NORTH OF LATITI'DK 41° (5,S00 square miles). — This luirtion of the county i^ traversed by
the valley of John Day's river, to the north and east of which lie the main ranges of the Blue mountains, which
are to a considerable extent well wooded. The mountains to the south are low and probably scantily timbenMl.
37 FOB

578 THK FORESTS OF rilK UXITED STATES.

•'Fit'teiMi liuiulri'il square milo:s is probably a liberal ostiinate tor the wooded area.

••Baker coi ntv .Nonru oi- LATnrnE 44° (3,Sl»i) .square miles). — This .seetlon is bordered on the west by a
high r.iuge of the iJlue inouutaius, which i.s well limbered. The remainder is almnst wholly without tiiuber.
"The e.stim.itetl wooded area of this eouuty is !1(M) square miles.''

CALIFOKNIA.

Tiie heavy tbrests of California an.* confined to the Coast Itanpe, the eastern and western slojies of the Sierra
Nevada, aud the jrroui> of mouiitain.s joining these ranges in the northern i)art of the state. They e.xtend from
the Oregon boundary .south to latitude M^ 30' north. The most important trees of the Coast Range forest are the
redwood ami the red lir. The tide land spruce aud the hemlock of the Isortheru Coast Forest extend as far south
as cape Mendocino, although less generally multiplied and less valuable than in Oregon and Washington territory.
The chestnut oak ((^iucrcus (hnsiflora), of which the bark is largely used in tanning, is still common in the coast
forests of the northern part ol' the state. The most valuable forest of the western .slope of the Siena Nevada is
contined to a belt between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, consisting of the sugar pine {Pinu.s Lambvrtlana), the yellow
pine, and the red fir. Small scattered groves of the big trees {Scquout g'ujaniea) stretch along the southern portion
of this belt. The western sloi)es of these mountains below 4,000 feet elevation are more or less densely covered
with various si>ecies of pine of little economic importance, and the broad valleys of the Sacramento and the San
Joaquin, lying between the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada, are covered, exce])t at the south, with an oi)en
growth of oaks, often of immense size, although of little value except as fuel. The eastern slopes of the Sierra
Nevaiia are covered with a heavy forest, in which yellow i)ines {Pinuft pondcrosa and P. Jcffrcyi) are the i)revailing
and uiost imi)ortant trees.

South of latitude 30^ oO' the forests, both of the Sierra Nevada and of the Coast Kauge, become gradually Ic^s
heavy aud less valuable than those <"overing the mountains farther north. Two degrees still farther south they are
open and .scattered, and have little economic value. The i)ine and fir forests, however, which cover the upper
slo|»es of the Sau Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges are important on account of their isolated position iu a region
destitute of tree covering, aud supply a considerable local market with lumber.

The northeastern aud nearly all the southern and southeastern portions of the .state are almost entirely destitute
of forest covering. Oaks and occasional pines and Junipers are, liowe%er, dotted over the low mountains of
southwestern California, and willows aud cottouwoods line the banks of streams. Forests of pine crown the highest
ridges of the Inyo aud other mountain ranges, rising from the desert east of the Sierra Nevada, and arborescent
yuccas {Yucca breci/oUa) form upou the high Mohave plateau an open forest, more remarkable in the strangenes.s
of its growth than in economic value.

The narrow belt of redwood which extends along the western slopes of the Coast Range from the bay of
Monterey to the northern boundary of the state is the most important forest of similar extent now standing. Few
trecH equal the redwood iu economic value. No other forest can compare with this in jjioductive cajiaeity, and no
other great body of timber in North America is so generally accessible or so easily worked. Single trees capable
of ])roducing T.JjOOO feet of lumber are not uncommon, while a yield of from 1,0(K),000 to L',000,000 leet of lumber
jM-r acn- is by no means rare. The redwood has already been practically destroyed in the neighborhood of San
Francisco bay, both north and south, and through the entire extent of this forest the trees most accessible t(>
Mtr<;uinH and railroads have been culled. Heavy Ijodies of redwood are still standing, hpwever, in the Santa Cruz
region, and in Humboldt county in tJie valleys of Eel and Mud river.s and Redwood creek. The largest uuudx^r
of mills engaged in the manufacture of redwood lumber are located upon IIumb(jldt bay. principally at I']ureka and
An*ata. The logs which .sn|)ply these mills are generally cut within a disfan<;e of 1 or2 milcsfrom the shores of the
bay, to which they are hauled by team.s, made into rafts, and towed to thi^ mills. Attempts made to raft logs down
the mountain Ktreams watering the reilwoo<l forests have not been successful. The rivers liowiiig west from the
Culiforiiia ''oiist Range are short and I'apiil. I'loods following the winti-r rains are sudden and severe, breaking up
rafts and driving the logs out to sea, or lodging them far from the banks. At i)eriods of low water nuiiK^rous bars
close these rivers to the navigation of the enormous redwood logs. The general destruction of these lorests must
therefore be ;iccompli.shed by means of short logging railroads specially constructed to bring logs to the mills.
Such a road ha« been buift along Mad river, and there are others either built or jirojected near Trinidad and at
other pointH along the coast.

Besides the mills ii|)on Humboldt bay, ther4' are others devoted entirely to the manufacture of redwood lumber
at Crescent City, in Del Norte county; Trinidad, Rohnerville, and Bridgcville, in Humboldt county; \V(!sti)ort,
Kibesillah, Albion, Little River. Caspar, Mendoeino, Cufley's Cove, Punta Arena, an<l (iualala, iu ;\Ii iKloeino
«'ouiity; IJnncan's mill.s, in Sonoma county; and at Santa Cruz.

Redwood lumber is ]irineiiially shipped by schooner to San Francisco, the great jioint of lumber distribution
upon the Pacific coast, and also direct by water to Wilmington, San Diego, and other ports of southern California,
aii<l to Mexico nnd South Ameri<-a.

3S

/

-<'

•sc^^Y

^>

1 -^ "'■■■^'

•

: /
/

/

.'f T-

:-f.W-^- -:■-.■*- iJ^

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED S'I'ATE.S.

r>79

The following cistiuiaU'.s of tlie aiiiouiit of accessible redwood standing May 31, 18.S0, were pn-pared l>y Mr.
E. L. Alleu, se(aetary of the IJedwood Manufacturers' Asso(;iation of San Francisco. Tbey euiliraee only such
portions of the lorest as can he reached by water, or may in the future be i)enetrateil by railroads, and do not
include the siiiall, isolated bodies of timber I'rowinj'' in inaccessible canons:

REDWOOD (Sequoia tempervirena).

Regions.

From the Oregou boundary to tho nioiirh of Itedwmxl ritek 8<>»,uO:t,00-j

From the moutU of Redwood creek to the moulh of Mad river 9, OOO, 000, 000

l'"rom the mouth of Had river to the moutli of Eel river -J, 145, 000, 000

From tho mouth of Eel river to tlie mouth of Malfoli river 4,*iO, 000, 000

From the moulli of Mnttoli river to tlie moutli of Cotonavia creek. 200. 000, 000

Fr<mi tho moutli of Cot<iuavia ereek to tlie moutli orRabHiuii river. 7,680,000,000

In tho Santa Cra/, region 1, 550, OOO, 000

Total I 25,823,000,000

Estimated cut for tho cousus yeur ending May 31, 1880: i "

Sawed lumber 125,390,000

Shinglen and shakes 25,380,000

Split railroad tics 23,265,000

rosts, etc ' 12,600,000

Total 1*6,035,000

No estimate of the amount of pine and fir lumber standinji' in the state is now possible, aud none Las been
attempted. An enormous amount of i)iue of excellent quality, both white and yellow, is contained in the sieri-a
forests. These forests have been invaded by the lumberman at oidy a few points; their inaccessibility and tlie
cost of getting to market the lumber manufactured in these mountains have thus far i)reserved them, and the.se
sierra forests, if protected from fire, will serve as a reservoir from which the whole Pacific coast can draw its lumber
supply long after its more accessible forests have disaiJjieared.

The forests of California suffer seriously by fire; during the census year 3.56,81.5 acres of woodland were
reported tbns destroyed, w ith an estimated loss of $440,750. These lires were set by careless hunters, prospectors,
aud by tanners in clearing land. Great injury, every year becoming greater, is inflicted on the mountain forests by
stockmen starting fires to improve t he herbage of the alpine pastures. These tires destroy undergrowth and young
trees, and often consume great (piautities of valuable timber, which does not grow again upon these exposed mountain
sloi)es.

PASTUKAfJK OF ^MOUNTAIN FORKSTS.

The permanence of the mouutain forests of California is severely endangered, moreover, by the immeii.se
herds of sheep, cattle, and horses driven into the mountains every year, at the commencement of the <lry season, to
graze. From the foot-hills to the highest alpine meadows every blade of herbage and every seedling shrub aud ti^e
is devoured. Young trees are barked and ruined, and only the most rigid and thorny chaparral shrubs are abb-
to resist the attacks of these ravenous herds. The sharp hoofs of sheep winding around the steep acclivities treail
out the roots of grasses and other perennial i)laiits and loosen the surface of the stony soil, which, deprived of the
protection of its vegetable covering, is gradually washed into the valleys, choking the bottoms of streams aud
preparing tho way' for the disastrous torrents which must follow the destruction of the sierra forests: and the
destruction of these forests is certain, if the practice of using them indiscriminately as sheeji jiastures is continued.
The life of any forest in which all young trees are destroyed as stion as they api)ear above the surface of the soil is
limited to the life of tlie fully grown individuals which compose it. A period of unusual climatic conditions, the
demand of an increased population for lumber, or the now unforeseen attacks of some insect enemy may at any
time sweep away the old trees of the sierra forests. There are no young trees growing to replace tlum, and it is
doubtful if the lorest could ever regain its foothold iiitoii the steep and exjwsed slopes of these mountains once
entirely stripped of the protection of their present covering of trees.

The sheep which threaten the^destructiou of the sierra forests tiireaten also the agricultural prosperity oi tin-
state; the streams heading in the sierras aud watering the great interior valleys of California aiv protected in
their fiow by the forests growing abt)ut their upper .sources. If these forests are destroyed, and the i>rotectii<n to
the surface of the ground which they alford removed, the imineuse accumulation of the winters snows must melt
.suddenly in the spring; brooks will become torrents, sweeping with irresistible fon-e gravel and stones from the
mountain sides down iirto the valleys below, aiul burying rich bottom lamls in ruin. And this is not the »>nly
danger which must follow the destruction of these forests. If the snow which supjdies the mountain stivams melts
slowly, a steady How of water will be maintained late iido the season ;^ if, on the other liaiul, the snow melts suthienly
and rapidly during the first warm days of spring, the unnatural flow of water in the stream must be followed by

580 TIIK FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATICS.

it« equally siijileii (lisaitpi'uranci', and the torrent will suddenly diiniiiisli to a slcndtr brook or I'litirciy disapijear.
Irri{;ation, without whiih agriculture iu a larye i)art of the I'aeilic rejjioii is inipossihle, is doi)endent uikui the
constant aud steady llow of streams formed by meltinjj snow, anil as the forests which cover the mountain sides
are essential to prevent the sudden meltin;? of snow, their preservation is necessary for successful irrigation on any
large or comprehensive scale.

The forests of California sutler from wasteful methods of cuttiu};. Only the best and most accessible yoini^
trees are cut; often a noble jiiiie capable of producinj; L'5,000 or 30,000 feet of lunil)cr is felled, a few split shingles
made from the butt-cut. and the rest of the tree left to rot u[>on the ground. The preference of the railroad
companies of the state for split rather than sawed redwood tics causes an immense and needless waste of this
raluable timber. A <rreat amount of material under the most favorable conditions is wasted in splitting out the
ties, aud when trees after being cut are found to sjilit badly from any defect in the grain they are abandoned and
left to waste.

The forests of California, unlike those of the Atlantic states, contain no great store of hard woods. Tlie oaks
of the Pacific forests, of little value for general mecliauical i>urposes, are unfit for cooperage stock. No hickory,
gum, elm, or ash of large size is found in these forests. California produces no tree IVom which a good wine cask
or wagou wheel can l)e made. The cooperage business of the state, rapidly increasing with the development of grape
culture, is entirely dependent upon the forests of the Atlantic region for its supi)ly of <Tak. Woodenware and
small cooperage stock are manufactured in large quantities, however, from cottonwood, spruce, alder, atul red and
white fir. Wine-butts and water-tanks are universally made from redwood, which is probably nnsuri)assed for such
purposes.

The large tanning industry of the state consumes, in preference to all other materia!, lart;e quantities of the
bark of the chestnut oak (Querciiti dcnsijfora), once a common tree in the forests of the northern Coast ranges, but
now becoming scarce and in danger of speedy extermination.

The principal centers of lumber manufacture outside of the redwood belt are situated along the line of the
Central Pacific railroad, u])on both thinks of the Sierra Nevada mountains, iu Butte, Tehama, and Mono counties,
and in the San Bernardino mountains. Lumber manufactured upon the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas is
largely shipped eastward by rail to supply Nevada aud Utah. The product of the mills situated west of the
mountains is largely .sent to San Francisco for distribution, or direct by rail to the mining centers of southern
Arizona aud New Mexico.

ALASKA.

Little is known to me of the present condition or productive capacity of the forests of Alaska. Their distribution,
OH shown on the forest maj) of North America, is based upon notes made by Mr. Ivan Petroff, a special agent of the
Census Office, who has traced the timber limits of the territory, aided by Mr. C. W. Nelson, of the Smitiisonian
Instittition, by whom the northern limits of the spru(;e forest aie laid down.

TIr^ forests of the territory of any commercial value are confined to the islands and Coast ranges east aud
south of Prince William sound. The most valuable tree of this region is the Sitka cedar (Cliamwcyparis Nniliaensis).
The hemlock, the tide land sjjruce, and the red cedar (Thuya (jujantea) attain here also a considerable size. The
importance, however, of these forests, both iu extent and in the value of the timber they contain, has generally been
greatly exaggerated. The Coast Forest north of the fiftieth degree of latitiule ra]>idly diminishes in density ami
quality, an<l there is nothing in the climate or soil of Alaska to produce a forest growth more valuable than that
c/»vering the Coast ranges of British Columbia.

A few saw-milLs of small capacity are located at diUcnnl jxiiiits in southeastern Alaska to snpi)l.\ t lie local
demand for coarse lundjer. Alaska is, however, largely supplied with lumber from Paget sound. The treeless
Shumagin and Aleutian islands and the southern settlements of the peninsula are supplied with firewood brought
from other jtortions of the territory.

DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR

12»' 123*

Mo itttcfiS^ifmind I >v/)iK

Abai.'t of .

M>ai/i or.\f,„j K.-.vv

Mom, Wfip^ «## ■

MAP
01 A PORTION OK

( ALIFOl^NIA

SlIDWlXdTlll-: IllSTlUlllTKlN III' Till-;

Ki'iimooi) i'()!ii:s'i'S

wrrii si'iiciAi. iii:i'i:nr.\ci': to Tin;
I.IMKKK I.NDISTHV.

(<oM]-n.i:i> rMiKltnif: ihhki'IHin \n
C.S.SAIidKXr, SI'KCI.M. AdK.N r

\:

I Shmilinv- Iti-ilMiHid l'S«nui'i.r(UMniH'ivin'ns )

I SlHiulin:; lii-dwioa uwmt^uu;; L»00.0(Xl!Wnii.tIifaKif '

itaimit^ Krntlt»rinft IhmIh
I'Mnlf couimerriftl vaUi

• L$tw t/iift/itttifS tt/'AVidtnn/ ttmit'rAiur Avw m/
**iwi Mrt<r iOYttj frrnem//r ahmo ffi^ .ttrrtiws antt

-T^

GENERAL INDEX.

209

206

.210, 251. 255, 259, 346. 412. 478
, 212

Abies DoutjUt-
Abies Dongla
Abies Engclm
Abies Engelmanni
Abies falcata —
Abies Frasori ....
Abies (iordoniana

Allies graudis 7. 212, 251, 255, 259, 346, 412. 478. 565, 566, 572, 573. 575-577

A hies tjrandi^ f Al)io8 amiiMlls) 213

Abies grandis (Ablos coiicolor) 212

Abies gramiis (Abies Rubalpinn) 2U

Ahics (jrandiSy var. densiftora 213

Abies grandis, var. Lowiana 212

A buvs heterophylla 207

Abies ITookcriaiia 208

A bieK Ifudsonica 211

Ab%es lasioearpa (Abies oouoolor) 212

Aoti^ lasioearpa (Abies subalpiun) 211

Abies laxa 204

A bies Lotoiana 212

Abie^ inacrocarpa 210

Abies magniaca 214,250.255.250,346,412,478

[Note. — In tbis index the uamea of fiiniiliea are indicated by "Small C.\

Page.

Abies 11,12,16,573

Abiegalba (Piceaalba) 204

Abies alba (PicoaEngeliuanni) 205

Abi^s alba (Picoa nigra) 208

A bies alba, var. arctica 204

Abies alba, var. ccerulea 204

Abies Albertiana 208

Abitsaniabilis 213,250,253,259,346,412,478,573,576

Abies aviabilia (Abies coucolor) 212

Abies amabilis (Abies grandis) 212

Abies amabilis (Abies mngoifiea) 214

Abies Americana „ 203

A.bie8 arctica fPiceaalba) 204

A bies arctica ( Picea nigra) 203

Abies aromniica 212

Abies balsanica 210.251.255,259,346,412,478

Abies bals'amea (Abies concolor) 212

Abies haLfaviea, vai". Fraseri 210

Ahiex bahamifera 211

Abies bifolia 211

A bies bracteata 8, 213, 249, 346

Abies Bridgesii 207

Abies campylocarp(f 214

Abie^ Canadensis {l^ic^a. alha) 204

Abies Canadensis (Tsuga Canadensis) 206

Abies Canadensis (Tauga Meitousiana) 207

Abien CaroHniana 207

A bies ccerulea 204

Abies concolor 9,212.251,255,259,264,346,412.478,570

Abies dentictdata 203

Abies Doitglasii 209

tii, var. inaeroearpa 210

m, var. taxifoUa

anni

anniglauca

of species bv *'R<tinan" type, and of synonyniB by " Ilalies".)

Abies magnijica (Abies nobilis) 314

Abies Mariana Vfl

Abies Marytandica 203

Abies ^enziciii (Picea pungena) 3>5

Abies Jlenziesii (Picoa Sitcbcnsis) 208

Abies Mcnzie^ii I'arryana 205

Abies Mertensiana 207

.1 hies microcarpa 215

A bies mucronata 300

Abies mucronata pahtstris 300

Abies nigra (Picea Eugelmamu) 305

Abies nigra (Picea nigra) 303

Abies nigra, var. rubra 208

Alnosnobilis 214. 250. 255. 2». 846^412. 47^. 573

Abies nobilis (Abies magnifica) 214

Abies nobilis robtista 214

Abies Parsonsii 212

Abies Pattoni 306

Abies Pattoniana 208

Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Mertensiana) 206

Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Pattoniana) 306

A bie^ pendula 315

Abies religicsa IfiS

A bies rubra W6

Abies rubra , v ar. arctica 308

A bies rubra, var. cceruUa 304

A bies Sitchensis 306

A&i>jt species (Tsuga Caroliniana) 30?

Abies siibalpina 211. 251. 255. 259. 264, 346. 412, 478. 564-467. S72, 573, 675, 577

Abies subalpina, vtiT./aUas JU

Abies tajci/olia (Pseudot^ugaBougUsii) 306

Abies tuJri/oUa (Tauga Mert«oaiana) 306

Abies trigona 306

Abies rentuta MS

Abies Williamtonii 3***

Acjicia 6.10-12.14

Acacia Bahamensit - •*

Acaciu Berlaudieri • 6^ ^W

Aeacia biceps •*

Acacia csculenta ®

Acacia /rondosa *

A cacia glauea •*

Acacia, GrtH'nbark 60,380,361436

Acacia Groggii 13. 63. 340. 383, 863. 436

Acfl Wii latiinli>fita **

Acacia leucocephala ••

Aean'a putventicnta . : **

Aeacia tephroloba . .' • "

Acaclu, Thnw tbomed 50, 3a>» 360, 426

Acacia Wrightil .6S.34^3«

lO-W

Acer

Acer 6ar6aturi» (Ac«rgUbrain)

Acerbarbatum (Acer saccharinam).
Acer Califomicum

48

582

OKXERAT. TXDEX

Vtgf

AtarOmadmim *•

At»r Omtinunm "

Acwcirriiuunin 47. 2«. 253, 256, W4. 3W, i:!2

Setr coeeiiiTum ^

AwTdMTMTpiun 4», 250, 253. 25*. 276. 858,424

AciT DovffUuii **

Attr Dnmwimidii **

Aftr trioarpum **

A«r«labrum 47.2.10.274

Acer glauntm ■ ■ ■ 50

Awr enuidMrnlatom 13. 48. 249. 276

.\crr DurrophyUam 47,250,253,256,259,274,358.422,570

Ac^ mantanum *6

Aerr Xerjndo — 51

Aerrnifrvm <9

Acer palmotvm *'*

Acer parrijlorum 46

Acer IVniuiylvanicam 46.250,274

Acer Pnruylraninm (Acprspicmtmn) 46

AMTrabram 60,250.253,236.259,276,358,424

Acer mbnim. rar. Dnimmondii 50,2.'i0.276

Acer rubrum. vmr. paltidum 40

Ac«rii<r<barinnni 48.249,253,256,259,276,358,422

^err «n«rA<in'num (Acer da^ycarpam) 49

Acer aareharinum (Acer aaocbariDnm, rar. nipum) 40

Ac«r ucrharinom, rar. nigrnm 49,249,253,256,259,276,350,358,424

A cer taeeharum 48

A err janTuinram 50

AnrnpUMtuin '■ 46,250,274

Acer itriatum 46

Acer trifxxrtitum 48

Acer riryntum 47

Achrru cvneifciiA 103

AcAroM inammoM 103 '

Acltrtu pallida 101

Arhrat ntiri/iAia 101

A ckrtu etrrala 69

Achra* XapotiUa, TXkT.parriJfora 103

Arloal fuPl Talnr of Mine of the more important woods of the Unite<l

Sutra 350-3.13

Adelia acuminata 112 i

Jbcolaa 10-13 ll

.««niln« C.ll/omlca 48,250,253,256,274.4211 11

^aeuiuj cantea 42 I

£aevl%a diaeolor 43 J

Xtculus tehinala 42 '|

X^-ulM flara 43,250,274 '^

^.M-iiItu fljva. rar. parparaacena 43

.Ci«ila> eliibra 42,250,253,256,274,422

J^acuiMB Iiij'poea*Utnum. var. glabra 42

jK»ruliuJIifipocas1anum,TmT.0hioenau 42 i;

JEieuliu flippoeastanum, rmi. pallida 42 '

JE«ruiu4 hybrida 43

jEteulue tuica 43 I

Jltexdu* ncffUeta 43 M

^aeutuM oftandra -, 43

JBkuIxu Ohi'iemii 42 I

JSteubii paltida 42

Xtexthu I'nria, Tar. dUeotor 43

£»evluM Wnt»finiarka , 42 il

AgasUaniM t«rurkdi/tora ..••.,. 57 l

Ayrria Ca*»rna 80 I

Ai/eria ffeminata .- 36

Ageria hnrrophyUa 36 !

Aiferia olxTata 86

Ageria opaea 35 ,

Agrria pat\utTit 36 \

Alabama. <»Tilr»I. pine bolt of 529 I

Alabama. rypn^« nwanipa of Iho Tr-naa* river In 62S-S27 ;

Alabama, e«Atem, fortnitii of the Chattahoochee, mixed foreat Krowth, etc.,

in 627,528

Alabama. fi>rma of the TennemepTalley In 528. .129

Alabama, lombrr indii*lry and maniifactnrrK from wood to 488,487,524,525

Alabama. Moliile the principal renter of wood roannfactnre In 529 '

Alabama, pirn- forratit of Baldwin county in 527

P«K6.

Alabama, pine n-gion of the Coosa in 529

Alabama, production of naval stores in 517.527,529.5.10

Alabama, rank of. accordiuR to value of lumber products 487

.Mabnma. remarks by Dr. Charles Mohron the forests and the turpentine

Industry of 525-530

Alabama, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.. In. . .4»l, 524-130
AlabauKi. lalmlar statement of the .imount of Lou;;- and Sbort-leave<<

Pine slaniling in the forest* of. May 31, 1880 524

Alnbam.1. the forests of Tike county in .128

Alabama, the Maritime Pine Itegion in 525

Alnska. atatisllcs of forests, forest flrcs, staniUng timber, etc.. in .''HO

Alaskii. the Northern Coast Forest in .ICO

Albany. New York, rank of. as « Inmbermarkot .103

Alder (Alnusoblongifolift) 163, 328. 394. 4(50

Alder (Alnus rhombifoliii) 103.326.394.41)0

Alder lAlnUB rubra) 163.326.392,416.4.18

Alder. lila.k (Alnus incana) 165.320.394.400

Alder. Black (Alnns serrulata) 161.320

Alder. Hoary 105.326.394.460

Alder. Seaside 162,320,458

Alder, Smooth 164, .126

Alder. Speckled 16.1,326,394,400

Algnroba 62,265, 280, 30.', 4.6

Ahja rolna r/landutota , ■ ■ • 61

Almis 11.12, 16. .-.7,-.

Alniit .trncn'cana (Alnus incana) 164

Alnut Americana (Alnus sermlnta) 104

AInu« arpufa 162

Alnut Canadmns 104

Almu gciiuina 164

Alnttg iilauca 164

.llniu glvlinom (Alnus mbra) 163

Alnus glutinoga, var. rugoaa 164

Atmit filutinn$a, vtiT. temUata (Alnns rhombifolia) 103

Alnus filutinoKa. var. serrulata (Alnns scrmlata) 101

AlnufhiiMda 164

Alnus incana 12,164,250,326,394,400

J/nujr tncano (Regcl) 164

Alnus incana, var. glaueh (Alnns incana) 164

AlniMincomi. var. ptoiica (Alnns Incana. ror. viresceos) 105

Alnus incana, var. rwfrra 1*>3

Alnus incana. rnr. viroscens 165

AtniM.faponicd 162

Alnus marilima 162.250.326,458

Alnus tnarilima lypiea 102

AIn»ir cblnngata ( A Inns maritima) 1 02

A(tit/« oblonijala (Alnus serrulata) 104

Alnus oblougifolia 103, 250, 255, 258, 826, 304, 460

Atmis oliluti/olia 164

il Iniur Oregana 1 03

Alnus rhombifolia 163,250,255,268,326,304,460

Alnns rubra 163,260,255,268,202,326,392,416,458

Alnus rubra (Alnus serrulata) 164

Alnus tugosa 164

Alnus serralau 104, 2.10, 3a6

Alnut Mi-rrulata (Kegel) ;6I

Ainut serrulata genuina 164

Alnus serrulata, var. tafvfolui 164

AInuj serrulata, var. fnacropA{/Ua 104

Alnus serrulata. vrir. oblongata 164

Alnus nerrulata, v:ir. ol/U/ngi/olia 163

Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus Incana, «ar. vlreacens) 105

AlnuM aemitatn, var. rugnsa (Alnus rhombifolia) 163

Alnus serrulata. viir. nigosa (Alnus serrulata) 104

Alnus serrulata, var. vulgaris i 104

Ainu* undulala 164

Amelanch ler 10, ) 2, 1 4

Aniulanchler ainlfolla 85

Amelanehier Itartramiana 84

Amelanehier Uotryapium 84

AmebinrliierCinailensis 84,249,253,296,364,436

Amelanehier Canadensis, var. oblongi/olia 84

Amelanehier Canadensis, var. oltgocarpa 84

Amelanehier Canadensis, var. rotundi/oUa 84

A ntelartehirr intermedia BS

GENKILVJ. [XDEX.

583

84
3C4, 428
T:, 284
414,440
356, 420
356,418

480

350, 420
300, 424

372. 438
11,15

Pace.

Am^ilancftier oblongifoiia 85

AiJuilanchkr ovalis (Ameliinchicr CanaclensiH) 84

Avtclanchicr ovalin (AinoIanchifrCaDOdeDSiB, var. oblongifoiia) 85

Amtlanchicr epicata 85

Aine-lanf.hier Wangcrikeimiana

AuiericuD Crab 72,284,

American Crab Applo

American Kim 123,304,350,374.

American Ilnlly 315, 270,

American Linden '. 27, 268, 350,

Amount and valne of charcoal uoed for domeHtiu and maDufacturiii);

purpoflea during tlie cenauH year

Amount and valuo of wood Uf*,'d i\n fuel in manufacturen, etc., during

tlio censuH year

Amount and value of wood UHcd for domOHtio purpo.HCH during the

census year ,. ..

Amyria

Arnyrig cymoga ...

Amyrut ilyatrijya

Amyris ctemi/era

Amyria Floridana

Amyriti maritima

Amyris Pliimi^ri

Amyria sylvatica 33,249,253,256.270,

AnacauuiacK;*; 52-54, 253, 250, 270,

Anamoinut punctata

Anaqua 114, 300,

Andromeda

Andro7}ieda arborta 08

Andromeda arl/oratceni 08

Andromeda feri-UH'nea 96, 249, 254, 257, 292, 368, 432

Andromeda /erruginf a, var. arboreseetu 96

Androm-fda femiginea, vaT./nUicosa 96

Andromeda plumata 37

Andromeda rkoinboidaiU 06

Andromeda rigida 96

Anona 10,13

Anona glabra 23

Anuna laurifolia 23,850,253,256,266,354,418

Anona pendula 'J3

.Anuna apeoiea (Anona laurifolia) 23

Anona tril'iba 23

AxoNArici; 23,253,256,260,354.418

Anonynios aquatica 124

AntJutnieleg amtivalU 82

AntliomeleH Douglami 75

Anthoinetej< Jlava R2

Anthomeles gtanduiosa , 82

Anthometen rotundi/olia 77

Anthoin-elen turbinata 82

Aula Wood 103,294,368,434

Apple, American Crab 72,284

Apple, Custard 23,266,354,418

Applo Haw 82,286,364.430

Apple, Orepon Crab 73.284

Apple, I'ond 23, 260, 354, 418

Apple, Seven-year O.'-. 290

Applo, Southern Crab 72,284

Arbol do Hlcrro 66,278,300,420

Arbor-vitio 176, 330, 350, 396, 462

ArbutuH 11, 12, l.**

Arbutiu lauri/oUa 97

Arbutus macrophylta 9"

Arlmtua Monziesil 97.249.254.257,292,368,432

Arbulus Mnuiesii (Arbatns Texana) 07

Arbutus Mfmusii (Arbutus Xalaponsls) 97

Arbutus proeera 97

Arbutua Texaua 97, 249, 202

Arbutus lariens '. 97

Arbutua Xalapenals 97, 249, 254, 257, 292, .168, 434

Arbutus Xalapensis (Arbutus Toxaua) 97

Ardisia 11, 15

Ardisiariclicriugla 100. 249,202

Areas b\irned over and value of properly dMlroyed by foivat ftn^i during
the cenaua year (see. <ii.«i. under atnte headincs) 401, 49':;

Arizona, lumber Indnatry and minofacture* from wood in 48(,4£7,i4i

Arizona, rank of, accordinj! 10 valoe of laml-er pioduct* i;fj

Aiizona. al^Jtisticn of forests, forest Arcs, standing tiiabcr. etc.. in . . .491, SC8, SOt

Aikanwi". lumber indnslry ami raannfacturrs from wood in 4M.4g7, !44

Arkansas, tank of, accoidini to value of lomlwr prodncla 487

Arkansas, stal isl ics of fon'sts. forest flres, sUnd in;; timber, etc. . in 491. M3. M4
ArtiansaH, t;tbular statement of the amonnt of Sbort-leareal Pine stjuuling

intboloiesiaof. May 31. 1880 i«4

Aroniaarborea ,, 04

..Ironi'a arbut\/olui to

Aronia Ilotryapium m

-Ironia eordata g4

vlronia ora/i> w

Arrow wood ^ M^JTl

Asagrcea spinosa ,. S6

Asb ll)7,i»«,J».»70,434

Aab and specific gravity of wooda CiJi-^jl

Asb. lilack 111.29(1.171,418

Asb. Bine 111.298.370.436

Asb. Green 109, ;»>. 279. «3«

Asb, Ground .. 111.2S*. 175.438

Ash, Hoop 111,2»8,S7I.4W

Aab, ^fountain (Pyms Americana) 73. 2S4. 428

Ash. Mountain (Pyms sambncifolia) .71, 284. 364. 428

Asb.Oreilon Ill, 288. 37S. «.>

Aab, Prickly (Xanihoxylum Americanum) 29. M8

Aab, Prickly (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30. 270. 3r«. 4 .D

Asb.Ked lOO, S6. 370. 438

Asb, Sea 30. 270. as& 4:n

Asb, specific gravity, and weight per oobic foot of dry specinieiis of the

woods of the United States 2C8-349

Ash, Wafer »l.r?0

A8h,Wat.-r 110.2»S7«.««

Ash, White 107, 2Si 3iO, 370, «3«

Aah, Yellow S7.2TS.3fA4»

Aableaved Maple SI. 276. 388. 4-.-«

Asiniina 10.11.13

Asimina eampanifiora IS

Asimina triloba 23, 2S0, 2SS, 258. 268.

Asp, (Juakins 171,328,350.

Aapocta, economic, of the forest* of the United States

\ spe:

3M.4IS
3»4.4«0

4S»-&80

17l.328.3S«.3M.4a>

Atlantic Plain. Decidnons Forest of the Misaissippi 6«aln and tbe

Atlantic region, the

Atlantic region, western third of the. remarks on

Average number of hands employed in the lambering industry of the

r«itod States

Average size and product of saw-milla in each state and territory

Avicennia

Avicennia nitida 117,

.■iriVcn»t<i oblongifoiia

Avicennia tommtosa -

Bald r.vprcaa 184. 334. S.VI.

Balm of Gilea<l 173.328.

lUlmof Gilead Fir 211.346.

Balaam (Allies Frascri) 210,348.

Balaam (Abies subalplna) 211,348.412.

Balsam ( Populns balsamifera) 173,318.

Balsam Cottonwood 174.330,

Balsam Fir (Abies luUsamea) 211. 34^

Balsam Fir (Abies concolor) 212,348,

Biilsani.She 216.348.

Banana, Mexican

Bartrnm'sOsk 15S,S».

Basket Oak 141.S16.?S4.

Basswood * 27.268.

Basswvml, White 28.268,

Ba8lar.U-id,« 176, rw,

IlaalardPine 269, M2, 3K. 408,

JUUodvndron arborfum

Bayonet. Spanish (Yncca baccata)

lln.\ oiiet, Spanish (Yucca canalieulata)

liayonet, Spaniah (Yucca elala)

Bo.v. Bull ».i88.SM.

3-6

11.15
24A.S02

:«8.4(«

.<t»4.4«0
411478
411478

«7SkS77
3M.4aO
3M.482

4114^1
411478
4Ii47»
219.348
SS»(I.4."«
416.450
.<t6«k4l8

r-yi. 4»
n«.4c;

41&474
96
3ia,34.<>
218.348
:i9,348
414. 41.<S

584

GENERAL INDEX.

J'up-.

Baj.LobkiUj 2&285,2«8,'354. 41S

B«y,R«l 118,302.372,438

Bay, Bom ■• W, -.IK;, 3fi8, «*

Bay. Sm^ •.'0,2«6,aj4,4U,41«i

B«y. Tan 25, 2ft\r;6Si, 854,418

B«y Trw. C»lifonii« 120.302,374.410

B»y. White 20,206,3*4,414,418

B»yb»rTy 136, =12. ?W, 440

Bmo, lodiu 115,300,372,438

KnsiTrt* ll.-i, 300, 372,431!

BMrbeny 41,272,358,422

BMnrood 41, 272, 358. 422

BcaTM-Tmi 20,200,354,414,418

Bcwh 158. 322, 350, 390, 4 -.6

IVwh, Bine ....I.'i9,322.:t92,450

Bcffh. Water (Oarpinna Caroliniaiu) 159,322,392,456

B«r«li. Water (PUtaoD!! ociidenUH?! 129, 306, 350, .17(1, 442

Borfvood 117,302,372,43>t

BreTno 27, 208, 330, 4 IS

Behavior of aelrcted wooda of the United Statea nndnr transrerae strain :

•pecimena eight centimeterB sqiiaro 414-417

Behavior of th>' priDcipkl wiiods of the Unitt'il States undt-r compreasiou. 418-481
B< harior of the princiiuU woodn uf the United States nndrr transverse

•train 354-415

lUntAamiJta Jlorida 90

Betula 11,12, 15

BtttJa aeuminata 159

Brf^li a!?t «TilM<peciefl commutata 100

■ '■ ■*p<^ic9 oceidtfitalU typiea 160

' '^jtc^irB papyry/era 160

..■fpecies papyri/era, var. communit 100

Brtuia aiba. aubapecies papyn/era. Tar. eord\fclia 160

Itftula alba, anbvpecles popui^/olia 150

Btfula tilha. vmr. papyri/fra 160

BctnU alba, ur. popnUfulia 159,250,255,258,324,350,458

JUtuUialba, var. ^lOpuJiyoJia (Betnlapapyrifen) ICO

Brlyla an^ilala 161

Bft'ila CatuttUnsit 160

Bttula carpintfoUa 102

Sftuta eordi/olia 160

BttularzaUa (Betola lenU) 1C2

lUtuta txttlia (Betola lotea) 101

Jtflula pandit ICO

Btiula ineana IM

Siflula Uinulota IGl

r.-'aUleaU 162,249, 255, 258, 324, 302, 4.'«

Betula UiUa (Betola alba, tar. pcpollfoUa) 159

ArtuXalnita (Betola lotea) 101

B.-tnU lutea 181,250,265,258,262,324,302,458

l^toUnlKra 161,250,255,258,262,324,392,458

/Mills niym (Brtnla leoU) 162

ihtuta nigrn (Betola papyrifera) 160

lletula ocrUlentalla 160,250,255,258,324,302.458

l;4tula cetidnUalit (Betola papyrifera) 160

Bftula papyratta 160,575

4UInU papyrifera 12, 1 W, 2U, 25S, 2U, 282, 324, 350, St2, 458

Bftula popultfolia ." 159

iitiuXa rubra tllrtala niitrai 101

Jututa rubra I lietuU papyrifera) 160

Itftula ruffota - 164

Briida irrrulala 164

BftulO'Atniu fflawM , , 161

JUtida-AtnuM inariUma ...,.,,,. 102

Br>\ila-Mn<u ruhra 164

Jt'tuta-Alnua.yu, fi.inoana 1(M

ItKTLI-k.EA li»-186, 255, 2.58. 324, 302. 458

BiZ'ba<l Illckaiy 134,3IO,3.'iO,380,444

BigCultonwood 175,330,350,300,402

Blij Cjprea* region of Florida 522

BIj? Laurel 19,266,354,414.418

BisSb-ll hark 133,310.378.444

Bis Trr.. ■. 184, 334. 3»H, 406

Blj*loTui tiauninata 112

Bignonix Catalpa 115

Bignonia linearis , IIC

Page.

BlOKO.tlACEJt.. 115,116.254,257,300,372,488

BUsIed 86,286,3.10.364,414,430

Birch. Black (BtUula lenta) 162,324,302,458

Bitcli, Black (Betula occidcntalis) 100,324,392,458

Birch. Canoo 160, 324, 3.10, 392. 458

Birch. Cherry 162,324, 302. 458

BircU. Gray (Betula alba, nar. popoUfolla) 159, 324, 8.10, 392, 458

Bircli, rJray (Brtnla latea) 161, 324. 392, 458

Birch, Mahogauy 162, 324, 392, 458

Birch. Old-fleld 159,324,3.';0, r,D.',458

Birch, Paper 160. 324, 350, 3P2. 4.'8

Birch, Red 161,824,892,458

BircU. Kiver 161,324,392,458

Birch. Swei't 162, 3'M, 302. 458

Birch. Woft-IniUau 33, 270, 350, 350, 428

Birch, Wbite (Betula alba, car. popuUfolia) 169,324,350,393,458

Bircli. White (ISctiiln iiapyrifera) 160, 324. :;.VJ, M.', 458

Biivb, Ti-llow 161,324,,192,4.'18

BJHlinpH I'ine 200, 34P, 404, 472

Bitter Nnt 135,310,350.380,446

BillorlVcan 136,310,360,380,414,448

KliicU Aider ( Alnus ineana) 105, 326, 394, 480

Bluck Aldi-r (Aluus scrmlata) 164,328

Black anil White Sproces the oharacterietio treesof the Kortbom Forest 3

Black Ash Ill, 2('8, 372,438

Black Birch (Betola lenta) 162,324,302,458

Black Birch ( Betola occidentalis) 160, 324, 392, 468

Black Calabash Tree , 116, 800

Block Cherry, Wild 68. 282, 3C:, 428

Black Cottonwood (Popnliis anpustifolia) 174, 330. 3M, 462

Black Cottuiiwood (Popolus trichocarpa) 174, 330, 394. 402. 876

Bluck Cyprcsa 184,334,350,308,466

Black ("■ mil 92, 2»0, 3UC. 432

Black Haw 94, 200, .300. 4.32

Black Hickory (Carya porclna) 134, 310, 3.10, 380, 446

Black Hickory (Cnrya toraentosa) 134, 310, 350, 380, 444

Black Hills region of Dakota, remarks by Mr. Bobert Douglas on tlio

forests ofthe 561. 562

Clack Ironwood 39,272,358,422

Blackjack (Quorcus Catesbici) 151,320,388,454

Black Jack (Qoercus nigra) 160,265,320,3,10,388,454

Black Jack, Forkedlcaf 151, .320, 388,454

Black Larch 216, 340,3.12. 41'.', 478

Bluck IxicuHt (Gleditscbia triacanthos) 59, 280. 300, 426

Black Locust (liobiDiaPseodacacia) 55,278,350,300,414,424

Black Mangrove 117,302

Black 0.ik iQucrcus Emoryi) 146,265,318,380,452

Black Oak (Qiiercus KelloggU) 149,266,320,388,416,464

Uluck Ouk (Qucrcus rubra) 148,265,318,360,386,462

Bluck Ouk (Qiicrciis tinctoria) 149, 265, 318, 3.'>0, 388, 454, 528

Black Porsininion 105, 294

Black I'iiie (Pinus,Je(rreyi) 193,338,402,470

Black Pine (Pinus Miirravana) 195,338,3.10,404,470

Black Sloe 67,282,428

Black Spruce 203,285,342,362,408,474,498

nUck Sugar Maple 49,276,3,10.358.424

Black Tliom 79,286,304,430

Black Tree 117,302

BUckWalnnt 131,808,350,370.414,444

Black Willow (Salix OaTeaoena, var. Seoulerlona) 170, 328, 394, 400

Black Willow (Sallx nigra) 166.326,394,460

.Blackwood 117,302

BluoAab 111,298.370,430

Blue Beech 169,322,302,466

Blue Jack 153,820,390,468

Blue Myrtle 41.272

Blue Oak 14:1,316,380,450

Bloo Spruce 20.1,344,408,474

Bliien-iiod 40,272

Boiad'Arc 128,300.876,442,542

BoiiliAoi.XAC«« 113,114,254,2.17,300,372,438

Borya aeuminnta 112

Borjfa liifvetrina 112

Borya nilida 112

Bntlnm Shellbark 133,310.378,444

GKXEKAL INDEX.

585

in
360. 424
360, 424
3C6, 430
39, 272
217

218, 348
218, 348

UoniTcria 11, l-i

Bmirreria HavanensU 114,249,254,257,300,372,438

IJourrcria IlavaucDsifl, var. radula 114

Bourreria uvata l'-*

Buiirreria radula 1^4

Bourrcria rccurva 114

Bourrcria tomentosa 114

Bourrcria tomcntosa, var. Havaneneis

Box Eld.^r (N('j;iiuiloaccroi(leB) 51,276,

I!ox Elder (Nigundo Californicnm) 51,276,

Koxwood (Coruus tiorida) 91, 288,

Uoxwi>od (Stliieffena finteacens)

Brahea dulcis

Brahcri filamentoaa

Hi iikloy Thatch

liiittli! Tlmtch

liroaUleavid Maple 47,274,358,422

Brounfrnctia nccundijlora 57

Broussimetia tinetoria 128

Brown HioUory 134, ,110, 350, 380, 446

Bucida Buceras 87

BiKdicye, California 44,274,338,422

Biickeyo, Fetid 42,274,338,422

Buckeye, Ohio 42,274,358,422

Bnckoyc, SimnisU 44,274,422

Bndieyc, Sweet 43,274

Bocltthoni, Southern 103,294,368,434

BncUwlicntTree 38,272,350,420

Ball Bay 19,266,354,414,418

Bull:Nut ., 134,310,350,350,444

Bull Pino (Pinna Jc'ffreyi) 193,338,402,470

Bull Pino (Pinus raitis) 200,340,350,406,472

Bull Piue (Pinus ponderosa) 193,338,350,402,468

Bull Pine (Piuus Sabiniana) 195,338,350.401.470

Bunielia 11,15

Bumclia antjustifolia '. 103

Bumclia arbi. rea 1 02

BiimeUa chrysophyllndes 101

Bunielia cuiieata 103,249,254,294,308,434

Bumelia /trruf/inca 102

BuwcUa fa'tidissivia 101

Bnuielin lanujinosa 102,250,254,257,294,368,434

Bumelia lanuginosa, var. 7nacrocarpa 102

Bumcliiil.veioides 102,249,254,257,294,308,434

Bunielia lycioides, var. reclinatum 103

Bumelia macrocarpa 102

Bumelia Masliehodendron 101

Bitmelia iiiyrtinifolia >. 103

Bumelia oblongi/ulia 102

Bumelia pallida 101

Bumelia parvifolia 103

Bumelia reelinnia (Bnmelia ouneata) 103

Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia lycioides) 103

Bumclia reclinata (Bumelia tenax) 101

Bumelia mlieifolia 101

Bumelia serrata 69

Bumelia spinosa 102,249,294

Bumelia teuax 101,249,254,257,294,368,434

Bumclia tomentosa 102

Bum wood 54,278,360,424

BurliuKton. Yeimout, as a luiubor market, ImportAnce of 490

Bnrninii Bush

BuirOiik 140,265.314,

Bui

Bursera atniminata

Bu^-sera gnuimifora 32, 251, 253, 256, 270. 350,

Buii8KUACK,u 32,33,253,256,270,

Bnatie. ...101,294,

Butternut 130,300,

Bnt toil ball Tree 129, 306. 350,

Buttonwood (Conocarpns crectii) 87,288,

But touwood (Platanna ocoidentalis) 129, 306, 330,

Buttniiwooil (rintauus racemoaa) 129, SOU

Button wood. White 87,2

Byraouima

Byrsonima luoida 28,250,253,266,1

38, 272
384,448
10,13
32
356, 420
356, 420
308, 434
376, 442
376, 442
364, 430
376, 442
376, 442
364. 430
10,13
3!-*, 420

c.

Cabbage Palmetto 217, Me, 252

Cabbage Tree 2I7,3«8,SS2

CahaUeria Coriacea 09

C.VCTACE* m.Vt.^f»

Cactan, Giant 90.388

Cagiput iai),30S,S74.440

Calabash Tree, Black Il(l,3«

Calico Bush M2»2.3«l,43«

Calicowood 106. 2M

CaliloiTiia Bay Tree 120,302.374.440

California Buckeye 44.274,3511.422

California, ccouoniic value of the Bedwood of 579

California Uolly «. M,!*

California, in.jiiry by grazin;; cattle to the monntaio forest* of ^'i

California Laurel 120,302.374.440

California, lumber induatry and manufactures from wood in 480, 4b7. 57&, 5eO

California Nntmos 188,334,400,400

California Olive 120,302,374,440

California, pasturage of roonntain forests in 579,580

California, rank of, according to value of lumber prodncts 497

(;a!itornia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . .491, 578-580
(.'aliforuia. tabular statement of the amount of Redwood standing in the

loiestsoi; May31.1880 ;7»

Ca lothyrfua Cali/ornica 43

Calypiranthes 10, 14

Cal.vptranlhes Cbyti-aculia 88,249,288

CiiimdaPl.im 65, 282, 3C2, 426

Canclla

10,13

Canclla albs 24, 249, 253, 256, 3*8, 354, 418

Canella laurifolia 24

Canella Winterana 21

Cankllacex 24,253,256,268,354,418

Canoe Birch 160.324,350,392.4-*

Caiioo Cedar 177,330.396.481

10.12.13

Canolia

Cauotia hulocantha .

CAI'PAUIIIACR*

Cajiparis

S2.

249. rro

M,26S
10.13

Capparis Bretfnia

Capparis cynopbyUophora

Ctxpparis emarginata

Cappaiis Jamaicensis 34.

Capparis siliquota 34

Capparis iorulosa 3t

Capparis uncinata 34

CaI'KIK0L1ace.e 98,94,353,257,290,886,432

Cardiolepis ohiuta

Carolina Poplar 175.330,850,

Carpiuus

Carpinut Americana 158

Car])inue Belxilus Tirginiana 158

Carpiuus Caroliniana 158, 84», 255, 358, S2i S9S. 4S6

Cor])inut Ostrya 1S8

C<ji7)i"inj,« Ostrya, var. Anuritana 156

Carpimut tri flora 158

Carfdnus Virginiana

34

249.268

396.462
11.16

Carya
Car.va
Carya
Carya
Oarya
Carya
Can fa
Carya
Carya
Carya
Carya
Carya
Carya
Carya
Carya
Carya
Carya
Carya
Carya

alba

alba (Carya tomcntosa)

nmara

ainarn, var. »iyru(<0(<(f<>rmt«.

amara, var. jjoroina

afufuftifolia

aqufttica

eathartica

eorti\fvrmia

glabra ,

. 132, 349, 354, 3S7, 361, 808. 350.
135,348,354,357,310,350,

4,11,15
3781,444

133

. 136, 349, 354, 357, 361, 810, 350, 380. 414, 446

Illi

integrifolia - .-■ ..........

micrttcarpa

myristicirformia 185, 349. 354. 257, 310. 3S«.

oliva-formia 133,249.254,257.808,350.

porciua 134, 349, 254. S."!- 261. 310, 350.

sulcata 133,349. 254. 2i>:. 261. 310.

tetraptera

ISS
I8S

3iV. 446
ST8.444
380.446
378. 444
133

i86

GENERAL INDEX.

Carya lomealou ISS, 849, »!. 857, 810, SSO. 880, 444

Clarya fc>»»*nf<x»a. Tar. wuuima "*

Otr^anj ilyritticc ^^

CsrvoCoxiu (u\^>Jul '^

C^-^d, 101,294.888,434

I .,^^.03 38,272

ratnnt CVmh'iiMiM "

Cauint Ptrmfu* ^'

Cattinr ramulata "

C».uii«i !'•"

Cattamta alinfolia ">*

Catia DM A m^nVana 15^

C«>(aiuvi f A niKpl>yUa '56

Castanfa chryiophyUa . rmr. minor 158

Catlanra nana 158

C*»t*iiri pumlU 158,250,255,258,822,890,456

Casiawun ttmperrirtnM 156

Co^aiuu r«>ea (Caslanea pamili) 156

Cattanfa rttra (Cantanpa vnl^riK, rar. Americana) 157

Castaata reaca, rar. Amtrieana 157

Castaora vnlpina ror. Americaoa 157, 250, 255, 258, 262. 265. 322. 390. 450

r»-tannp»U n.12,15

C'Mtanop.i. clirysaphylla 158, 250, 255, 258, 322, 390, 456

CoMtannjyMXS ehriitophyUa^ \mx. minor 156

Ctt$tanojuis ehn/tophyUa, TKt.pumiia 1^

Caulosneof Forcat TroM 17-219

Catalo|:iw of Forrat Trem, lodrx to 220-243

Caulpa 11,15.115,300,372,438

Catalpa bicnonioidm 115,250,254,257.300,372,438

Catalpa biynoniaida (Catalpa specioaa) 115

Caialpa comrnunu 115

Vatalpa eordyfolia (Catalpa bigDonioidea) 115

Catalpa rcrdifolia (Catalpa apecinsa) 115

culpa .pwrloaa 115,250,254,257,300,350,372.414,438

Catalpa timnga^oUa 115

Catalpa, Weatcm 115,300,350,372,414,438

Catawba 115.300.372,438

Cata CUw (AcaeU Gi«ggil) '. 63,282.362.426

CataCUw (Acacia WrighUil 63,282

Cat's Claw (ritbeeolobiuD Ungniawatl) 64,2t<2

CMDolhoa 10,12,13,573

C#oiv>rAuj frrrtxu - 39

C^noIAaa /<rrtpa(ilj 39

CMnorAiu rttlinaXyu 41

CranotfaitK tbyralfloma 41,250,272

Crdar. Alaaka, Tide-land 8pmc«, and Hemlock the charactarisUo and

moat Taloable trtca of the Nortbem Coaat Foreat 7

Crdar an linimrtaol tree In Tezaa 540

Crdir, Baatard 176,330,396,462

Crdar. Canoe 177.330,396.462

CodarElm 122,304.374.440

Cedar, Iorcn«« 176.330,396,462

Cedar, Oregon 179, 332. 850, 398, 404

Cedar, Pencil, of FtorUs 522

Cedar Pin.- 201.340,400,472

Cedar, PoH Orfoi* 179,»2,3J0.308.464. .^76

C<dar.Po»t 176.330. 396. 4W

C«lar, lte.1 (.ranlpema Vlntlnlana) 183. 3J2, .190, 464, .'44

Ce.Iar. P^l i Thnya KiKantca) 177, 380. 896, 462. .'.73. 57.'. .'.70, .-.«)

Cedar, Htinklni: (Toireya Caliraraloal 186.3.14.400,406

Cedar. Hlinkloc (Torreya taxlfolla) 188,334.400.4(16,521

Cedar. \Vbli<- iChama-cyparia Lawaoolana) 179,332.340,398.464

Cedar. Whli.-<(;h«ini«}panaapb«rold«a) 178,330,396,410.464

C«Ur Whli^(I,itK>c«lni«decarreo«» 176,330.390.462

Codar, White (Tlinya ocrldenUlU) 176,330,350.396,402

Otinu HahogtnA 33

ClLA^TRA' JtJ! 38.39.'J72

CelUa 11.1^15.261

CtUitaOa 125

Otitis Audibertiana 128

Otitis Audibrr1iana.r%r. obhngala 128

CtUit Audibfrtiana^ var. or«4a 126

Ctltit It^landirri 126

Ctltit hrtvipt* 126

Ctititcanina 125

Page.

CtUi*eordata 12S

OtUis craui folia 125

Ctltit eratt\folia, var. eucalyptifolia 125

CtUit cratri folia, var. mori/olia 126

Celtit eratt\folia, Vikr. tili<^olia 125

Ctltit VougUuii 1-6

CtUit Flaridiana 125

Ctltit /vtcata 125

Otitis hiterophylla 125

Ctltit integT\/olia 126

Ctltit knigata 125

CtUit Lindhtimiri 126

Ctltit long!/olia 125

Ctllit maritima (in Am. Monthly Mag. and CritRev.) 128

Ctltit tnarilinM (in Now IH. and Bot.) 125

Otitis Miieittippientis 125

CtUit mori/olia 125

Ctltit oliliqua 125

Celtisooci.lentalia 12.125,249,254,257.260,306,370,414,442

Ctltit oecidentalis, var. eordata 125

Celtis oecidentalis, var. rrasg\folia 120

Celtit oecidentalis, vnr. prandidentata 125

Celtis oecidentalis, var. intetjri/olia 125

Celtis oecidentalis, vnr. pumita (Coltis oecidentalis) 126

Celtis oecidentalis, vnr. pumila (Celtis oecidentalis, rar retieuiata) 126

Celtis oecidentalis, ror. reticulata 126, 249, 254, 257, .106, 370, 442

Otitis oeeidentalin, var. teabrixueula 125

Ori(i» o«n'dCTitoli«, var. jerruJato 125

CeUi< oceidentalii, var. tenui/olia 1 25

CtUispatula 125

Otitis pumila 125

CtUit retieuiata 128

Celtit laliei/olia ) 25

Celtit tenui/olia '25

Celtit Texann 128

Central pine bills of Miaaisaippl, forests of the 5-14

Ceratus Americana fi.'i

Cerasita borealis '^*'

Ceratus CapoUin 68

Ceratus Capult 68

Cerasun Caroliniana 89

Ceratus Chieasa 66

Cerants deinissa 69

Cerasun emarginata 67

Cerasux erecta 67

Ctrnms gl nidulota OT

Ceratus hiemalis 65

Ceratus Uie\folia 70

Cerasus mollis 87

Cerasiit nigra 65

Cerasus rennsylraniea 66

Cerasus persiei/olia 66

Cerasus serotina (Prunus domissa) 89

Ceratus Kcrotina ( Prunus serotina) 68

Ceratut tphfrrncarpa T9

Ceratus umbellata "7

Cerasus Virginiana 08

Cernddim/tortdum 60

Cercls 10.12,14

Oerrls Canwlensis 61,250,253,266,280,362 428

Otreia Canadensit, var. pubssetru 81

Ctreis oecidentalis 61

Cercis oecidentalis, var 01

Otreia oeeidenialis, var. TtMntit •"

Cerri« renifnrmis 61.240,280

Ccrcociinma 0. 10, 12, 14, 569, .',71

Cereoearpus betulo'/olius *^^

Otreoearput beluloides 71

Ctreoearput ttrtri/oUut ^1

Ctreoearptts intrieatus 71

Cire<Kan>u«ledlfoliu« 13,71,240,284,350,428

II Crrcu< arjiun Irdlfulins, ear. iDtiicatna 71

[l C«rro.flri.ii. parvlf„li«« 71,249.281

l| CereorarjMi" piirrlfollus, rar, glaber 71

I Ccrcocar]">a parvi fuliua, ear. paucldentatoa 71

aKNKRAL IXDKX.

58"

Cereus 10, 12, U

Cercus t'lganteus 8«,251.2»h

Chapote ; 105,204

ChamiDcyparis 11, 12, 16

ChanuxcypaTia BovrsUrii (ChamsBcyparis Lawaoniana) 178

Chamwnjpari« Uourgierii (jDuiperasocoidentaliB) 181

€hain€eci/jiarvt exceUa 178

Cham:uc>piirif« Lawsoniana 8, 178, 250, 255, 258, 350, 3«8, 461, 576

Cliamiicypari8 Niilka«nsi8 178, 250, 255, 258, 263, 332, 398, 464, 580

ChamceaipuTis Xutkaeturis, var.glauea 178

Cliaituxcyparis yutkanut 178

Cliama'CMiaria, one of the characteristic and niost valuable tries of thi'

Coast Forest 7

Cliama'cyparis spbioroidea 177, 251, 255, 258, 282, 330, 396, 416, 464

ChamttTopg Palmetto 217

Charcoal used for doiDestic and msnafactariog pnrposes daring the cen-
sus year, amount and value of 480

Cheiranthodendron Cali/omicum 26

Cherry 100,292

Cherry Birch 162,324,392,458

Cherry, Indian 40,272,358.422

Cherry, May 84,286,364,430

Cherry, Pigeon 66,282,428

Cherry. Pin 66,282.428

Cherry, Ram 68.282.362.428

Cherry, Wild (Prnnus Capuli) 69.282,428

Cherry. Wild (Prnnns dcmissa) 69.284,362,428

Cherry, Wild Black 68,282,362,428

Cherry, Wild Red 66,262,428

Cheatuut 157,265,322,350,390,456

Chestnut Oak (Quercna densiflora) 155, 265, 322, 390, 456, 576, ."8, 5f 0

Chcstn ut Oak (Qnercns prinoideB) 143. 265. 316, 384. 4.'>0

Chestnut Oak (Quercna Prinua) 142. 26.% 316. 350. .384,416.450

Chestnut Oak, Rock 142,265,318,350,384,416,450

Chicago, amount of lumber and ahinglea received at, during the year 1880. 548, 549
Chicago, commercial importance of, with reference to the lumUcrindustry. 548

Chicago, early 1 amber trade of . 549,550

Chicago, the principal source of supply of liunber for Colorado, Utah, and

New Mesico 568,560

Chicka.^aw Plum : 66,282,362,486

Chilopsis 11,12.15

OhU»p»is gtutinoaa 116

Ohilopsig liTiearis 116

Chilopsis aaligna 13,116,250,254,257,300,372,438

ChimanOiut amygdalinm 69

China, Wild 44, 274, 358, 414, 422

Chinquapin (Caatanea pumila) '. 156,322.390,456

Chinquapin (Caatanopaia chryaophylla) 156.322,390,456

Chinquapin Oak 143,265.316,384.450

Chiouanthus 11.15

Chwnanthus ang^igtifolia 112

CfiioiMnthu-8 hettrophylia 112

Chionanthus tongi/nlia 112

Chimiaiithut mariHma 112

OhumantJiuti niontana 112

Chiotuinthui! tnndti 112

Chionanthua Virginiia 112,250,298

Chionanlhus ^'irginifa, var. anffHst\/olia 112

Chionanthuji Virtiinifn, var. lat\/olia 112

Cftionatithus Virginicit. vat. maritiinn 112

Chionanthun Yirginica. var. montawi 112

Chittamwood 52,276

ChloroinfU'j gftnpervirens 72

Chrysobalauus 10,14

Chrysobalanus Icaoo 64, 249, 282, 362, 426

Chryeohaln nun Icaeo. var. petlocarpa 05

Ohnistfbalami;! pellocarpa 65

Chryaopbyllnm 11,15

ChnisophiiHum liarbatco 100

Chrysophyltum Catuto. fi 100

Chnisoplitiltu m /«mii7in«u»i 100

Chi-ytnphtitlv m miVriipAvUxm 100

Chryei^hyllum moncptfrenum 100

Chryaophyllum olivifnrme lOO, 249, 264. 2,17. 292. 368. 434

Cigar Ti-eo 115.300.372.438

Pae'

Cinchona Caribtra..^ . , n

Cinchona Carotiniana ... fti

Cinchona Jamaienuit 9S

Cinn-lmon Bark 34.2ag.K4.4U

Cinnamon. Wild 24, an, 3U. 418

Citbarexylnm II, IS

Citharexylnm rillomun lit, Z4», 2S«, 2S7. MO. r2. 438

Cladraatis ..10.11.14

Ctadrtutis lutea 57

Cladraatia tioctoria 57, 2S0, 2SS, 290, 278. 3C0, 42«

Clammy Locnat 541.278

CllffEIm 12a. 304. 374. 440

Cliftonia liguatrioa •. 38, 250, 251. 25*. 272. 350. 420

Cluaia .^ 10.13

Clnaia flava 25

Clutiarotta IS

Cuaat Koreat in the Pacific region 7

Coast Forest. Northern, in Alaska 560

Coast Live Oak 147.318,380.459

Coast Pine Belt in South Carolioa 518

Coccoloha

Coccoloba Floridana U7, 240, 2S(, 2S7, 302,

Coecoloba Loprjnnmsil

Coeeoloba parvi/oUa

Coccoloba uvifera U8, 240, 302,

Coccoloha uvifera, rar. Ixegaxiensia

Coccoloba uvifera. rar. ovalifoUa

Cockspur Thorn 76,286.

Cocoa Plum 85,282,

Coffee Nut S8,2tO.

Coffee Tree. Kentucky 58. 2».

Colorado, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487,

Colorado, rank of. according to value of lumber prodocta

Colorado, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.. in. . 491,
Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico, Chicago the principal aonrce of supply

of lumber for

Colubrina

Colubrina reclinata 41,249,

COMBBETACEJE 87.253,257.288,

Comparative value of woods ...

Compression, beba^nor of the principal woods of the United States noder

11.13
372.438

304.430

262.420
360. 420

S«7,S8g

568, 500
10.11
374.358
364,430
JS2-ISS
418-481
10-13
358,433
249.272
416.525
5> 0.501

Condalia

Condalia ferrea 39, 349, 253, iSS, 37*

Condalia ohuvata 12, 46^

CoxiFER.*: 4. 176-216, 2». 258, 330. 363, 396,

Connecticut, lumber indnstr>* and manafacturea from wi>od in . . 486, 487.

Connecticut, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Connecticut, alatiatics of forestM, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in — SCO, SOI

Connecticut, the Northern Pine belt in SOO

Conocarpus 10. 14

Conocarput aetU(/olia 87

Conocarpus ereeta 87, 248. JSS, SS7. 288. 304. 430

Coiiocnr;>M* ertcta, var. procumbent '■7

Conocarpus procuniticns — ... — 87

Oonocarpti* raccmona 1*7

Consumption of wood for domestic pnrposM doring the renaas yt«r. e«U

mated.

4IS

Coral Sumach 54.278,300.424

Cordia 11.15

Conlia Boiaaien 114,248,300

Cordia Floridana 114

Oordia juglandi/oiiit 113

Cordia Sebesteua 113,34*300

Cordia rpcciosa 113

Cork Elm 123.304.374.440

Corkwood 117. 302. 37J, 438

C0RX.vrK.K **«,2S».257.388,366.4.-»

10-15:. 14

Conius

w

Comnt altcmn

Cornns alieniifoUa 90.2«!l.rsS

Conms llorida 00, »4«, 2SS, 257, 200. 388. .166. 4.-a

Com iM ./(on'da (Comua XnttalUi) *•

Comua XuttiUlil 01, 548, 2Sa. 2S7. 288, 30t 4S1

Corjrpha Falmftlo . . S17

Cotinuf Amrrieanut *•

C88

GENERAL INDEX.

Pace

Ootimtu foggyjria 52

Cotton Gam 93, 290, 350, 36S, «:t2

Cvttonwootl (ropaluaFnmoDIlii 175,300,396.482

CuUoDwood iPopalas Fremontii, ror. WUlUenl) 175, 300, MO, 402

ColtoDwood iPopaIiuiiK>nUir«n) 175. 330, 330, 31H!, 462

Coltonwwxl lUlsani 174, 330. M4. 462

CottoDwootl. Die 175. 330, 350, :t!)(l, 4C2

CotloDwood, Black (Popalas ugiuUfolu) 174,330,304.462

CotloDwood, niack (Popnlns tricbocarpa) 174, 330, 304, 402, .'.7B

• •ott.-.lnrno<I. RlT*r 172,328,394,460

Coltoonoo.), Swamp 172,328,394,400

Cottonwood. WTjit* 175,330,396,462

Cow Oak '. 141, 316,3m, 416, 4,W. 533

Citib, Amrhcaa 72,2*4,364,428

Cnb, S<r„ t-M-rated 72,284,364,428

Crab Apple. American 72,284

CrBb Apple, OwRon 73,284

Crab Apple, Soathern 72,284

Cnbwood 121,304

CnU»gn» 10-12,539.573

Crat»gus xstintis 82,250,253,256,280,364.430

Ci»t!ecn» apUfolia 81.249.286

Crata^pu arlxirr-Mens -. 75,250,253,256,284,304,428

Crat(rf^iu arbuf\folia 83

Cnita'.'n«b.-:brrifolU 82,248

Oratirgvs Bo$fiana ^7

Crataxua br,u:bTacantha 75,249,281,539

OrattrffUi CanAiniana 82

CniiF^niAcocciDea. 77,249,286

Cratir^iit eortinn 'Cratapia tomcotoaa) "9

Cra>' : cordata "9

Cral'i moBu 78

Cral-*-, :^. oli^andra 78

Crataua* ^otiiuca, car. popnlifoUa 78

Crattryiis ectcinea, var. Uipva 78

Crata-siift coceini-a, rar. viridia 78

CrtUee*pt* cocfinea, var. rmdu (Cratsgna tomentoaa) 79

Cr»t*K"»i"rdila 80,249,286

Orata^jiiM c-.ronaria 72

CratiryMt C-'urtftinna 76

Cralagin (•ni^jalll 76,249,253,256,286,364,430

OratOffus Cnu-gaUi (Cntiefnia coccinca) 77

OratoTiu Cnu-tiaUi (Craucena lomenlosa, rar. punctata) 80

CratJ , " ir.lincaria 76

CfBti. r.ovaUrolia 76

Grata J 'rr pniDirolla 77

Cntxx^ii Ciu- -Ji. rar. pyracantbifalla 76

Cralirguj Crxu^atli. var. pi/raainlhi/'Aia (Cratsgns arborcaccna) 75

CraLzyu4 Cruj-yaUi, var. tatiei/olia 70

Orattxiffut Cnu-gaUi, Tar. fptendens 70

OraUryvt ^.•n^Mia 80

Crat... - 75,249,284

Crai'i .ij-iTiaaatlTalU) 82

Craf/r - .iTa;giui flava, car. pab«BC«lui) 83

Cralaiju.lU.j 82, 249.286

CraUrrpu fara iCratXKua daTa, car. pab«ac«na) 83

CraUifpu fiara (Crat«eaa tomcntOMi W

CraOrjyu jiata (Cratsena tomentoaa, nir. ponctala) 80

CraUrffuj /Oira, rar Ubala 82

Crala-snn lUva. ear. piitieacena 83, 249, 253, 2S<, 28«, a«4, 430

OraUrgwi Jtfxunta 80

OraiiT^ut ytandulnta (Craticena cooelOMl 77

Orata^u* glanduUtta /Craljccna Doafclaali) 76

CVat4r^u4 17fdnduio<a (Crata'giu Aara) 77

Cratagus fflandulota 'Cnttiegn^ flara, ear. pnbeaaena) 83

OraUryuM yVtndulota, var. maeratanthn 77

Cratir^tt t^nnrlMlntn vnr. rotMndi/olia - 78

Oraiir • : a'gn.a lomrntoaa) 79

Crai" '.Tgna tomentoaa, Mr. pnnctata) 80

CVo/T, ... 79

OrxUaywi Uuorphlauit 79

CraUtguj lintarU 77

Oratagut l/ilata (Crattcgiii fiara) 82

^a<<vv7(M I^^'a (CratassDA tomentoaa) 79

OraUeffUS lucida (Cratjegna leatiraUa) 82

Page.

Crattrgiit lucida (Cratiegns Cmsgalli) 76

CraUrytu macraeantha 77

Craltrgiit iliehauxii 83

Cratit-yui microcarpa 81

Crattripu jnvllit 78

Crattrtjtis oborat\folia 80

CratirtptK opaca - 82

CraUrgvt ornlifoUa 76

CraUrgus oryacantha 81

Crattrgut ojcjiacantha, var, api^folia 81

Crat.-i'giis parvifolia &i

CratiT'jus pnpuli/oUft (Cratffgns coccinoa) 78

Cratagut iiopuVi/oUa (Cnittcgus cordata) 80

Cratcrgug pntndli/olia 70

Cratagus pntui/olia 77

Cralagut punctata 80

CratCFgtig punctata, var. brrettUpina 75

Crattrgua punc'ata, var. rubra and attrea 80

Crattrgu* puuctata, vnr. xanthoearpa 80 "

Crato'gug pyrifolia 79

Crattrguv racetnosa 84

CratR';j;u8 rivulnria 13,74, 249,284

CratO'gng rindaris (Crata'gus Dougln«U) 75

Cralugiissallei/ulia 76

Crato'gug gangultif a 76

Crattrgu* ganguinca.vav. Douglagii (Crata;gus Dmiglftaii) 75

Crattvgug gtinguinca, var. Douglagii (Crnticgiis rivalaris) 74

Cratagug ganguinea.var. viUosa 78

Crata'gns spathulnta ' 81,249,253,258,260,364.430

Cralccgug gpathulata (Cratiegas flara, t>ar. pubeacensj 83

Cratirgug gpieata 85

Grata' gns aiibvillosa 78,240,253,258,286,804.430

Crattrgut Texana 78

Cratagus tomcutnaa 12.79,249,253,256,280,064,430

Cralargug tomtfntoga (Amelanchicr Canadensis) 84

Crat/vgug tomentoga, var. moUig 78

Oratcegug tomctttoga, xar. plicata 80

Cratflsgiis toniontosa, ror. pnnctata 80

Crata;gug tomcntoga, var. pyri/olia 79

Cratcrgug turhi7iata 82

Crattrgug Yirgiaica 83

Cratagug riridig (Cratajgns coccinea) 78

Cralagug ciridig (Crata:gtiB flara, car. pubescons) 83

Crattrgut Walgtmiana 76

Crt'Scenlia 11,15

Creacentia ciicurbitina 110, 250, 300

Cracenlia tati/olia 116

Cregeentia Iclh \fera 116

Crcgcentia obfvata 116

Cregeentia orata 116

Or««c«i>/ia toxicarta H 6

Crop, fori'Bl, of lb" United Stales for tbo censna year 485

Cuciiuilicr Tree (Magnolia acnmlnata) 20,200,354,418

Ciieunilicr TiTc (Magnolia cordata) 21,260.354,418

Cucumber Tree, I,arge.|cave<l 21,266,354,418

Cucumber Tree, LungUavod 22,266,354,418

Oupregpinnata digticha 183

CapresauB II, IJ, 10

Ouprcggvg Americana I "8

Oupreggug Arliormta 170

Ouprrggug Arizonica 180

Oupreggug attenuata I "8

Cuprcggug Cati/omica 170

Oupreggug Cali/amica graeUig (Cnpresaus Govcniana) 1 79

Oupreggug Cali/omiea graeilig (Cupreasna Macnabiana) 180

Oupreggug ctrrnuta I'O

Oupreggiut digticha 1 83

Cupreggug digticha, var. imOriearia 183

Oupreggug digticha, var. nutanj 183

Oupreggug digticha, var. ptUens 183

Oupreggug /ragrang 178

Oupreggug glanduloga 186

GupreMii.niivinlana 179, 250, 255, 258, .332, 308, 464

Cnpreomiii Ouarlalupeniria 180, 250, 332, 568, 669

Oupreggug Ua rtwegii 179

gp:neral index.

589

Page.

Oupretnu Hartwegii, var. fa'tigUita 179

Ovpresma Lambertiana 179

Ouprensiu Lawsoniana 178

CupreHSQs ilacnaliiaim IftO, 248

Cupreasns umciocarpa 8, 179, 250, 832. 398, 464

OvprcHsiu macrocarpa (CuprcssnH Guailalnpensis) 180

Oupressus macrocarpa, var. /oitigiata 179

Oupreaitus Xootkatensis 178

OiipreSKUs Kutkaensis 178

Cupresma thyoidet 177

CfPULlFERJ- 137-159, 254, 257, 258, 312, 380, 414, 446

Curtiss, A. H., roniarks on the foiesU of Floridii by 521, 522

Custard Apple 23,a06,3.-.4,418

Cypress, Bald 184,334,350,398,400

Cypress, Black 184,334,350,308.466

Cypress, Deciduoas 184,334,350,398,466

Cypress, Lawson's 179,332,350,398,464

Cypress, Monterey 179, 332, 398, 404

Cypress, Ited 184, 334, 350, 398, 460

Cypress, Sitka 178,332,398,464

Cypi-oss, Sonthom, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree

of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4

C> press swamps of the Tensas river in Alabama 525-527

Cypress, White 184,334,350,398,406

Cypress. Yellow 178, 332, .198, I'M

CviiII,L.VCF..E 37,38,253,256,272,356,420

Cyrilla 10,11,13

CyriUa Caroliniana 37

Cyrilla fuscata 37

Cyrilla paniculata 100

Cyrilla ]}arvi/olia 37

Cyrilla polyttacMa 37

Cyrilla raoemiflora 37,249,272,356

Cyrilla rafemosa 37

D.

Dahoon 35,270,356,420

Dahnon Holly 35,270,356,420

Dakota, lumber industry and mannfacturers from wood in 486, 487, 561

I>akot.i, rank of, according to valae of lumber pioducts 487

Dakota, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of the eastern

portion of 501

DakoUt. remarks by Mr. Bobert Douglas on the forests of the Black

Uills region of 561, 562

DakuUi, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 561, 562

Dal.a 10.12,14

Diilca spiuosa 55,

Divrling Plum 39,272,

Datinca hirta

Deiidnous Cypress 184. 334, 350,

Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain

Delaware, lumber industry and manufacturoa fVom wwid in 486,

Di'lnware. rank nf, according to value of lumber products

Delaware, stflti.stii-s of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in

Dermatophyllum speciostim

Desert Willow 116,300,

Devilwood 113, 30«,

Diamond "Willow

Digger Pine 195,338,350,

DiUy. Wild 103,294,

Diospyros

DionpyroH angusti/olia

Diotpyroa calyoina

I)io9pyro8 eiiiata

Dio*pyro8 concolor

Diospyrog (hiaiacana

Dio«pyros iulenntdia

Dioitpyrog luciua

Diospyrot Pertimon

Diogpyroi pubeaofitut

Diospyros Texana 105,

Diospyros Virginlona 104, 249, 254, 257, 260, 294, .WO,

DiotpyroK Virginiana, viir. roneoltr

IHospyrua Virgltilana, var. macrocarpa '

Dioipyrjo riryiniana, var, interooarpa

i, 250, 278
358,422

491, 511

57

372, 438

372, 438

no, 328

404, 470

368,434

11,15

104

104

349.294
3CS. 434

Dioipyroi Virginiana, vn. pubetetru

Dipholis

Dipholis aallcifolla 101. 24S, 254, 2S7, 2M,

Distribution of genera

Distribution of specicA

District orColnrabhi, lumbar iudostry and muufurtorea from wood In..
District of Columbia, origiiml forest of. replaced by Oak, Scrub Ptoe,

etc

District of Columbia, rank of, according to value of lumber prodncu
District of Columbia, statistics of forestji. forest fir«-». standioi; timber.

Page.

11.15
M.tt4

etc., in.

Sll

Division of the Korth American continent with reference to ita fonat

geography j

DoctorOuro ^ M. ^8. 3«0. 424

Dogwood 90.219)

i Dogwood, Flowering (Comns Sorida) >I,2MlM),430

Dogwood. Flowering (Comns Kottallii) SI. 2MI. aac, 433

Dogwood, .lam.iica 57, 278, an. 43«

Dogwood, Striped 46,;i4

I Douglas Fir 209, 2*5,344. 352,410. 476

i Doughw, Kobert, remarks on the foreeta of the Blaok BiQs legion of

Dakota by 5(1, 9C:;

Downward Plum 103. 2W. M?. 43*

Drimopliiillum paueiflOTum jjo

Drypetes j] 15

! Drypetes alba, var. latifoUa jji

' Drypetes crocea 120,349,254.257.302,374.440

Drypetes crocea, tar. latifolia 121, 249; 254, 257, 30S, 374. 440

Drj/p«r« croMo. var. longipa ysa

j Orypclet glauca (Drypetes crocea) lao

! Dri/pffMjf-iuca (Drypetes crocea, ror. latifolia) ... 121

t DrypeUa aasiliflora jjo

Dry wood of trees of the United Statea, weight of 34»-SSt

1 Duck Oak 1S2, 330, 3S0. J88. 416, 454

, Dwarf Maple 48, 274

1 Dwarf Sumach 53,278,360.424

I ^■

EBEKAC&B 101, 105, 254. 257. 2*4, 388. 454

Economic aspects of the forests of the United States 483-580

Ehretia 11,15

Ehretia Bourreria 114

Ehretia elliptica 114, 250, 2Si, 357, 300, 873. 438

Ehretia IIavat>emi» m

Ehretia radtUa 114

Ehretia tomentoea , 114

Elaphrium integerrimum s;

Elder (Sambucus glauca) t3,!M,M(k4Sl

Elder (Sambucua Mexican*) H, IN

Elder, Box (Xegundo aceroides) SI,IT«,aMLei

Elder, Box (Xegnndo Califomionm) 51, !76. MI>. 424

Elder. Poison .^1. 27;;

Elemi, Gum 13. 270, S:». 3.'«. 420

Elkwood 21, 2«6. »4. 418

Elm, American 13S, 301,350.374. 414. 440

Elm, Cedar 122,304.374.440

Elm. Cliff 133, »>«. 374. 440

Elm, Cork 123,304,374.444

Elm, Hickory 133. 304. rr4. 440

Elm, Moose 132.301.374.440

Elm. Ked 133,304,374,440

Elm. Rock 133, 304. 374. 440

Elm, Slippery (Fremontia Califomlca) S«. 3S<

Elm, Slippery (ITImns fulva) 122.S04,iI74.4«0

Elm. Water 133, 304, S.V<. 374. 414.4*0

Elm, While (Ulmus American.t) 133,304. 350. 374. 41* 4*0

Elm, While (TJImusmcemo8.t) 123,304.37*. **.i

Elm. Wing6<l 134. 304. 374. 440

EmetiUi ramuUfta 30

Enceuo 14T,M8l3W.4a

Endotropi* oteifoUa 40

Ericack.k 96-«, 354. 3ST, tat 368,433

Fiythrina piacipMla , 57

Eugeuia W, 14

Eugenia axillariti M

Eugenia Barvrnnig W

5:)0

GENERAL INDEX.

Tngr.

Engrnia bmifolU 88, 249, 253, 257. m 306. 430

EugruU dicbotoma - 88,241>,288

Kuftn.a ilicAatowuk, Tmr./ngranM 66

£m^nia ditQricata 88

Eu;:eiiU loneipM 89,240,288

Engmia NtonfdJid 88

EasroU mooUroU 89, 249, 253, 257, 268. 306, 430

Kuyenia mi/rtoides 68

Eu;fmui paUnu 88

Ku;caU proceni 89,249,253,257,288,360,430

KMfffnia puikfftns 68

Kypmia iriplincrria (EDgenU baxifoUa) 88

Eut^nia triplinrma (EQgt'nU moDticola) 69

EuoD.vniiu 10,12,13

Eaaoy mux atrnpurpiireiu) 36, 249. 272

Svomymus Gmtin*nM 38

fvonymiu tati/uiiut 38

EiriloBBlACEX 120,121,254,257,302,374.440

Exurtaria lueida 121

£xotft«nituA 10, 14

Exostrmma Caribiram 95,249,353,257,265,290,366,432

Exothta of>long\folia 45

EipirinicaU by Mr. .S. P. Sharplea 247,251,264,265

EyMDhanltia . ..' 10,12.14

Byunkardtia ankorphoides - - 55

Eysenkardtia amorphtridu, var. orthoearpa 55

Eyx-Dhanltia orthorarpa 13,55,249,278

Fatjara fraxin^folia .
Fagara UntucifoUa
Fagara I*Urota

30

I'agiu 11,16

Fagutatba . 157

Fagus Americana 157

Far/uM Americana lati/olia 157

Fagtu Cattanea 157

FaguM Casianta dentata 157

Fagui Casianta pumila 156

Fa^.nu r<-mie<Dca 157, 249, 255, 258, 262, 322, SIM), 390, 456

Fagui /erruginta, var. CaroUjoana 157

Fagut pumiia i56

FaguM pumita, var. prtxcoz 156

Fatf\u tytraiiea 157

A^' ti/tratiea atropunieea 157

FaguM ryltaliea, vtu. Americana

FaguM tyUntris

Fas Ii-af Palin 217,348,

Farklcberry 96,

Felld Backaye 42,274,

Fleoa

157

157

414, 480

292,432

358,422

11,15

376,442

126

250,306

Fleoa anrea 126,2.51,264,257,306,

FieuM aufta^yax.iaHfoUa

Ficnn )>n>Tiri>Ua 127,

Pitiu complicata 127

FIcua prdaacnlaU 127,230,254,257,306.376,442

Fiddlcwowl 110, 306, 37L'. 438

Fie. Willi 127,306,376,442

Fir. BalmorOileail 211,346,412.478

Fir. BaluiD (AlileabaUomsa) 211.346.412,478

Fir.UaUam <Abie« coDcoIor) 213,340,412,478

Fir. Ikirisla. 209, 26.-.. 344. 352, 4111. 476

Fir. I>.l (Abb-. maKDiara) 214.346.412.478

Fir. I!»<I lAblMDnbilia) 214.346,412,478,673

Fir, Ked il'Mndolaaxa DouKlaaU) 209.205, 344, 352,410. 476, 56.'!, 575

Fir. Kt.<l ihn must Importaot Unbar In* oC the PaeUo region 7

Fir. Wiil.. lAl.i.MroMoIor) 213,340,412,478

Fii. U'liit. >AbU-«i.iandl«) 212,346,412,478

Fir, yHl..w 209,265,344,392,410.470.570

Firca. rflVr.i of. iipoa tbc fon»\* of TeoneaaM 546

Firra. fij|(-.tt. darlDS ibo reoatja year, canaeaof. arvafi iMiritiil over. :iii(l
Imam rnlallrd by tie*, also, under alalc beadlDg>>)

Flma, fori-At. tn !k!icbi::aD. dr^tnietircni-aaor

Fina, fnrait, foreiila. utandiDi timbor, etc., axtonlof, in iii><—

Xonh AUanticditliiion 4M-A10

Nortbem Central dirlAtoD &47-OC3

Paso.
Firca, fureHt. run-Ht.\ Htnndinf; timber, etc., extent of. in tbe— contiuncd.

Sonib Albiuiic diviaiou 5Il-.''>23

S^iutliorii (N-ntrHl diviaiou .'i24-'>46

Wentern division 564-580

Fires, lorvat. foresta, standing timber, etc., statisUcB of, in —

Alabama 401, 524-.''.10

Abixka 680

Arir.oua 491, 568, Ma

Arkansas 491,54^1,544

California 491,578-580

Colorado 491, !>67. 568

Connecticut .lOii. ."iol

Hakotn 491,501,562

Deluwiiro 491 , 511

DiHtrict of Colombia .Ml

Fbirida 491, .120-.'.i3

Gi>or:;ia 491, 51!i, .WO

Idabo 491,571-573

Illinois 491,547-560

Indiana 481, 547

Indian ti'i ritory 491 , .'i4S

lovrii 491,560

Eansaa 491, .'i02. 6(13

Kentucky 491,545.546

Louisiana 4!ll,.'">.'l6-."40

Maine 491,494^96

Marvland : 491, .111

ilasaacUusetU 491,500,501

Micbif;.in 491, .'■..■•0--.'i4

Minnesota 491,558-500

Mississippi 49l,530-rtn6

Missouri 491, 660, .161

Montana 491, 50l-.1fi6

Nubi-aska 562

Kcvada 491,571

New Hampebiie 491,496-498

New Jersey 491.506

New Mexico 401.568

Now York 491.501-506

North Carolina 491, ,11.1-518

Ohio 401, .147

Oregon .491. .176-578

Pennsylvania 491,506-510

Rbodo Island 491,. 100. .101

South Carolina 491.518.519

Tennessee 492. 544. .145

Texas 49a. 540-643

Utah 492.569-571

Vermont 402,498-.100

VirKinin 492.511.512

Washington 402.573-576

Wi"8t Vu-Rinia 49'.>..112-M1

Wisconsin 492. 554-558

WyoilliDE 402. .160. .107

Fires, forest, remarks respecting prevalence of and losses occasioned by 491-493

Florida, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487. .121-.123

Florida. Pencil Cedar of 522

Floi'id:!, production of naval stores in 517

Florida, nink of. iiccording to value of lumber prodncts 487

Florida, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 522, .123

Florida, remarks by Mr. A. U. Curtiss on the forests of 521,522

l<'larida, Siniitiopical Forest ot 6

Florida, Sonlhern Plue Belt in .120

Florida, statistics of foresta, forost fires, standing limber, etc., in 491,520-528

Florida, tabular statement of the amount of long.leaTod pine staHtUng

in the fonslsof. May 31,1880 321

Florida, the liig Cypiuss reglun of S22

Flowerinu Do^wcHid (Coruus flurid.l) 91,288,300,430

Flownrini: I>oswo<id (Camus Nnttallii) 01,288,866,482

Fattaiaxut montana 186

Firtatarwi MiirUtiea 186

Foiestiera 11,12,15

Forest lent acuminata 112,250,264,257.298.372, 4:)«

Forest crop of the United States for the census year, value of the 186

Forest, Dci'bluous, of thu Mississippi Basin and Iho Atlantic Plain 4

Forest fires during tbt; census year, causes of. areas burned over, and

lasses entailed by (ire, alio, under state headings) 401. 4U2

Forest fires, remarks respecting prevalence of and losses occasioned by- 401-493

' Forest. Interior. In tbe Pacific region, extent of the **-10

FoTvst, Mexican, of southern Texas, extent of the 0

Folest nf Floilda. Seniltropical 6

Fote»t Trees, Catalogue of 17-219

Forest Trew. Index In Calaloguoof 220-243

Forest*, fort'St fires, standing limber, etc., extent of, in tbe—

Norlli Allanllr division 494-510

Nniili.iiir,.„t,n|dlvislon 647-.103

Soiilli All.iTilir illvinlau .1I1-.123

Soiilh- ni (.'iiilnil ilivislon .124-140

W«»t-rn dlMBluu 604-580

i nrests. fiirest fires, standing timber, etc., atatlsUca of, in~

Ahibamn 491,.124-.wn

Ala.ka .1nO

Arironi, 491, .'0», .109

ArkiinssB 491,543,544

Caliroini.i 491,678-680

GENERAL INDEX.

5'Jl

Tor«8tH, forcfit fires, st.iDdinK timber, etc., nUtiatica of, in— c-ODtiDoed.

ColoiTulu ••91.

Connecticut

Dakota 491,

U,Iii

im.xs

SOU, 501
501,562
401.511

GcoiL'ia 491,519.520

Idalio 491,.i71-573

lllinoiB 491,547-550

Imliauft 491.rv(7

Indian territory 491, 5»:i

Inwa 4BI,-.M

Knniins

KcntucKv 491,

[.ouii«iana 491.

Maino 491,

Mil r V land

Mn.-?.,Tcl.u9etts 491

ilichisan 491

iliun.sota 491,

491,

iippi .

illssomi 491,

Montana 491,

Nebraska

Xcvada

Now Hampshire 491,

?few Jersey

New Mexico

New York 491,

Xortb Carolina 491.

f.J.^ 546
53lJ-.'>40
49i-)96

491,511 ;

.500,301 '
5.T0-554 '
55S-5I10
53'>-530
500. .n«l ,
584-506

Obi(

Oreson 491,

Ponnavlvania 491,

KUodo Island 491,

SaiitU Carolina 491,

Tennessee 492,

Toxa

502 1
491,571 I
10G-49a
491,506
401, 508
501-f.06 jl
515-518
491.. 547 l\
.5TC-5T8 1 1
500-510 I'
500.501 1;
518,519 '
544,545 |;

Fraxinut conacea (Fraxiniu Americaos, rar. Tazrasi*)

Fraxinua cnriacea t Fraxinoji piBtadsfolia)

Fraxinut critpa

Fraxinut Curtittii

Fraxinut eu rrident

Fraxino.t cnnpitlnta

Fraxinus dipetala

Fraxinut diteoUtr

FraxinuH c-lliptica

Fraxinut tpipfera

Fraxinut exceltior

Fraxinut expa nta

Fr.Txiuns fusca

Fraxinut grandifolia .}..

Fraxinus Gre:;cii

Fraxinut juglandi/olia (Fraxinns Americmna)

Fraxinut ju'jUt ndifolia (Fnixinus viridiii/

Fraxinut jugta ndi/olia, var. ttrrata ,

Fraxinut juylandifolia, var. tubinUgfrrima ,

FraxinuK jttgland</oiia,snT. tubterrata

Fraxiniit lancea .

Fraxinut longi/olia

Fraxinus mixta ,

Fraxiuu
Fraxinus nijr

.iea,24»,n,?as

jie

113

Utah 492,509-571

VciTOunt 492, 498-.501I

Virginia 492,511,512

Wa,sbiu^tou 493,573-576

West Virginia 492. .512-515

Wisconsin 492,551,558

Wyoming 492,506,567

Forests, mountain, of California, in)ary by grazing cattle to the -579

Forests of Xortb America, general remarks on the 3-lU

Forests of 1 he cin tr.il pine liills of Mississippi 534

Forests of the Chaluahoochoe, mixed forest growth, etc., in eastern Ala-
bama 527,528

Forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of Maine. 491

Forests of the Tennessee valley in Alabama 528,529

Forests of the Dniteil States in their economic aspects 483-580

Forests of the Tazoo delta in Mississippi 535,536

Forests of western Mississippi 534,535

Forests on Indian reservations in Minnesota 559,560

Forkeilhaf r.lack Jack 151,320,388,454

Foxtail Pine 191,336,402,463

Frangula Califomica 40

Frangtda Cal\fcrnica, var. tomenteUa 41

Franguia CaroUniana 40

Frangula fragilis 40

Frangula Pitrthiana 41

Franklinia 26

Franklinia Alatamaha 25

Fiaxiuus 11,12,15

Fraxinut acuminata 107

Fr.ixinus alba 113

Frax\nutaU>tt (Fraxinns Americana) 107

Fraxinus atbieant (Fraxinus Americana, rar. microcarpa) 108

J^roxiuw* albican* (Fr.ixinus .Americana, rar. Texonsis) 108

Fraxinus Americina 107, 250, 251, 254, 257, 260, 286, 350, 370, 436

Fraxintit .1 nimcana (Fraxinus platycarpa) 110

Fraxinus Americana, var. CaroUniana 110

Fraxinus A nuricana, var. iuglandi/olia 109

Fraxinut Americana, vnr, lati/olia 107

Fiaxinos Aiiierieaua, rar. microcarpa 108

J>nxin»«.lii>#r<<;onn, var.iiitl)«c«iui 108

Fraxinxis A mtricana, v.ir. ftia<lrani;u/a(a 110

Fraxin us A wiei-icnmi, var. (luadrangulala fwreota 110

Fraxinus Americana, var. ««hi6«c(/'«Iio Ill

Fraxinns Anuricana, car. Tcxensis 108, 249, 254, 257, 296, 370, 414, 4,16

Frn.ri'iiiu .i uipncnna, var. triptera v HO

Fraxinus anomiila 13, 106, 249, 296

Fraxinus Jierlandifiriana 109

Fraxinus Canadensis 107

Fraxinus Ctirotiniana (Fmxinus platycarpa) 110

Fraxinus Carolinianp (Fraxinus viridis) 109

Fraxinus Curotinensis 107

Fnixinus cincroa 112

. lU, 2S0, 2M, 3S7. 2*8, rz 4n

Fraxinut nigra (Fraxinus pubeeoens)

Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus sambacifolia)

Fraxinus nigrescent

Fraxinus Xora'-Angli<e (Fraxinns sambncifoUa)

I'raxinxu .Vor0P-.,lni;lup (Fraxinns viridis)

Fraxinut XuUaUii

Fraxinus cblongocarpa

Fraxinns Oregan.i

Fraxinus ovata U2

Fraxinus pallida UO

Fi-axiims panoosa Ill

IVazi nil* j>auc(/(ora H*

Fraxinus Penntylranica IW

Fraxinns pistaciiefolia: li, I0«, 349, 254.357, J«S7«.«4

Fraxinus pislacia/olia (Fraxinus Americana, rar. Tezeiwisl US

Fraxinus pittacicr/olia, var. eoriaeea 10*

Fraxinns platycarpa I10,SSI.2il,:S7.SS*.»7n,4J«

Fi-axinns pnbcscens 108, 250, 254, 257, S»«i »7«, 4J«

Fraxinus pubese^it HO

Fraxinus pubescent, var Ill

Fraxinus pubescent, var. lat^olia IW

Fraxinut pubesffns, var. long\/olia 108

Fraxinus puheteeiu. var. sttbpubtteetu 108

Fraxinus pulvoriilenta 113

i^rajiriui i/iiadran^ularw !!•

Fraxinus quadrangulala ...110,24».2S4.2Si.5«H3»a,S70.4J«

Fraxinus quadrangutata, var. nerroia !!•

Fraxinus Kichardi -- 113

Fraxinns nibiennda 112

Fraxinus rufa 112

Fraxinus samlmcifolia 111. 350. iSI, 5ST. 3«^ STi «»8

i'raxii.i«i'nnil)i/<VoIia, var. entpa Ill

Fraxinus Schiedtana, vnr. partifolia 10*

Fraxinus subvillosa —- 1*

Fnixinus Utragona H*

Frrtj-iriiwt fom^iifojtd *. 1^

Fraxinxis trialata -. — 1^

Fraxinus triplrra H*

i'raj'ifiu* retutiiM 1^

Fraxinus viridis IS, 10«l JM^ »1. SS4. !S7. SSO. 3*8, S?», 4*

Fnxxinus viridis, w»r. Berlandieriana 1«!MS0,188

Frcni

.10.13.1::

Fr<>montia Californtoa S^SftSB

Frigolilo SMJ8

Fringe Trt-o 113,:»e

Fuel in mnnnfacturvs during the rrusns year, aoionnt and »-»lMr of »o«l

used as ***

Fuel value, actual, of some of the more important vnwds of th« CBilcd

Stiktes Si«3

Fuel value of woods, method of dettnnininj the JIT, SSI. sa

592

GENERAL INDEX.

rage.

emt4»mi* ttmna/Ma K>

U«te»rTn« 113,300

G«iKta, iU.*tribntioD of 11

Gesrral rrmarkson the roreaU of North Amerio 3-)0

C«alp« "."

Genip. cIu.i«>foU» 95,249,290

G«»r„-i«U»rk 93,290.300.432

Gvxir^u, tumbcr indottrj and maDQfactaivs from vood in 486, 487, 510, .V.'O

r^ruii-Pinc 202,312,352,40(1,416.472

Georcia. proilDi.-lian of oaral storm iu 517

Uwirsla, rank of. accurding to value of lumber prodnots 487

G.-ur,rfA .utiatiM of forrata. forest flres. standing timber, etc., in . . .491, 510, 520
Georgia, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pino standing

in thi' foresta of. May 31, 1880 S20

GeorgL.. th.- Uiritlme Pine Belt in 519

Gum CactUA .. 90,288

GigantahidM tnsifolia 185

Qiyantain^t Vi'tUingtania J84

Gini.rPine 179,332,350,398,464

Glambetry 28,208,356,420

UUo.oua Willow 169,328

GleJit«:hU 10,11.14

GUdiUdiia tujuatifa 59

GUdittdiia brachiiearpa 59

Olidvtckui CaroHnen*it 59

GUditarkia tlcgant 59

tl'.^-.fr-h!" •'T7.-rrrtit (Olcditachik monosperma) 59

l.'ditachla tiiacaDthoe, car. inermis) 59

59

59

Gi~ilKuuiiu..mmpvnna 59,249,253,256,280,362,426

GUdiUeh lo tpinota 59

Gltdii' ' • • •■! 59

Ole.1:- ■ 59,249,253,256,280,360,420

Gloli' •-. ror. brachycarpoB 59

Gltilii'-tii:.* r;;-ii aiiUion, raf. inermis 59

GUditsrhin triaeanthoi. var. monotperma .59

Goo<ie.fout Mnpl>' 46,274

Gopbrr Plmn 91,290,366,432

Gopbenrood 67,278,360,426

Cor<IoDia 10,11,13

Gordonia FranUini 25

GordonU Ijuianthiia 26, 2S0, 253, 25«, 265, 268, 351, 418

Gordonia pulieitceDa 25,248

Gordonia pyramulolU 25

Crape. Sea. 118,302,438

Gravity, apecific. aab, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the

womla of the UnlU-d SUtea 266-.'M9

Gray Birrh ( DetnU alba. mr. popnlifoUa) ISO, 324, a.'W, 392, 4.'>8

Gray Birch (BetuU Intra) 101.324, 302. rj

Gray Pino 201, 342, 35.', 406, 472

Great Laurel • 99,202,308,434

Great Plaina, the 4-6

Gr»-en A»h 109,298,370,436

lireenluirk Acacia 60,280,802,426

Grtmnd .V.h 111,208,372,438

Guaiacarn 10, 13

Gvaiaeum angusHJoUum 29

Gnaiacnm aanctom 28,249,253,256,268,356,420

Ouatacvm rertieaU 28

OneltanU 10,15

GnelUnlarlliptica 96,249,290

GutUarda BtadgtOii 96

GoUn.i Plnm 121,302,374,440

O^iilandina dioUa -.,-. - 58

Gum. Black 92, 290, 366, 43J

Gum C'otfim 93, 290. S-tO, 306, 432

Gnm. Doctor 51,278,300,424

Gum Elaatlo 102,294,368.431

Gum Elrml 33,270.350,356.420

Gam. R<m1 8>)28«,350. :ici, 4l4,4:io

Gum. Sour W. 200, 3«i, 4:e

Gum. Star-leaved 8e,286.3.V),3ftl.414,4no

Gnm. Sweet 86, 206,3.10, 304. 414. 430

P.igR

Gum. Ttipelo 93,290.350.300,432

Gumbo Limbo 33,270, 3.'>6, 420

QnrgeoD Stopper 88,288,300,430

GUTTIFEU.B 2j

Gymnanthe^ lucida 121

Oymnubalanug Catabyana 119

Gymnocladus 10, 11, 14

GyiuuoclndUH Canadensis 58,210,253,256,280,360,426

G'jmuocladiu dioica 58

B.

Uackbori-y (Ccltis occidentftlls) 126,300,370,414,142

Hackbrrry (Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata) *. 120, 306, 370, 1 12

Backnintaok 215,340,352,412,478

nalcsia 11,15

Ualesia diptera 105, 250, 254, 257, 291, bCfi, 434

HiUesi.i parviflora 106

Baletia reticutala . 105

Hft!e»iii t' tmptora 106,250,296

Halmia eomi/olia '. 80

nalmia flabellata 77

Ilalmia lobata 79

Halmia punctata RO

Ilabn in tmntnttma 7f>

Ham.\mkl.icr.c 85, 86, 253, 256, 286, 364, 414, 4.10

Hanianielis 10,11,14

Hainaweli* androgijna 85

Sawanulis eoryl\/olia 85

Hamameliit dioica 85

UamameUti 7nacrophyUa 85

UamamtUs parvyfolia 85

Ilamavielit Yirginiana, var. pani/olia 85

Uamaniulis Virginica 85, 249. 288

Hani Maple 48,276,358,422,576

Bard Pino 202,342,352,406.410,472

Haw, Apple 82. 2f!6, 364, 430

How, Bbck 94,290,366.4:12

Haw, Hogs' 75,284

Hnw, May 62,280,364,430

Haw, Parsley 81,280

Haw, Pear 79,286,364,430

Haw. Purple 1 40,272

Haw, Ucd (Crata!gns coccinea) 78,288

Haw. Re:l (Crnta'guH flava, var. pubcscens) 83,286,364,430

Haw. Scjirlet (Cnitiopis coccluea) 78,280

Haw, Scnrlcl (Cratffigus Bubvillosa) 78,286,304,430

Hnw, Sniall-frniUd 81,280,304,480

Haw, Summer (Crataegus flava) 83,286

Haw, Summer (CratOigns flava, cor. pubcscens) 83,280,304,430

Haw, Wllow -- 83,280

Haul. Witch 85,280

Ilernlnck and White Pine standing in the forests of Pennsylvania May 31,

1R80, tubular statement of the amount of 6o6

Bi'mlock (Pweuilotsuga Duuglasli, cor. roacrocarpa) 210.340,412,478

Bemlork (T«naa C'annd.'nsis) 207, 265, 314, 352, 408. 474, .ion

Hemlock (Tnuga Carollniana) 2O7,2O.'i,344,410,478

Bemlork (Tsuga Mortenaiana) 208, 285, 344, 410, 470, 57.3, 576

Beten.ni. 1. s 10,12,14

Hctcroiiiile«nrhnlifolia 83,249,286

HetrroineUt Frrmtrntiana 83

IStydcria dtcitrratg I'O

Heymaatoli tpinota ^

. Sirkorea. Mprt^iea 133

nieloriiii amara '36

Hickory. Big-bud 134, 310, .350, 380, 444

Hickory. Black (Car> a porclna) 134,310,350, 3Rn, 446

Hickory, Blnrk (Carya tomantoaa) 184, 310, 350. 380. 414

Uickory. Brown 131,310, 3.M, 380, llli

Hickory Elm 123. 301, .17 1. 440

Hickory. Nutmeg 135, 310, 350, :t80, 446

Hickory Pine (Pinna Balfouriana, car. arisUtal 191, 3.10, 40'.', 408

Biikorv Pine (PInus pungcus) 199,340,350,404,472

Hickory, Sbagbark 133,308,350,378,444

Uickory. .Shell-bark 133,308,330,378,444

Hickory. Swnmp (Carya amara) 135,310,350,380,446

Hickory. Swamp (Carya aqnatica) 130,310,350,380,414,410

GENERAL INDEX.

593

Page.

Hickory, Switch-bud 134,310,350,380,446

Hickory, Water 136,310,350,380,414,446

Hickory, Wbitchenrt 134,310,350,380,444

Jlicaritis intetjri/oUa 135

nierophylluK Catsine 36

Hippomane 11,15

Hippomano MancincUa 121,250,304,460

Hoary Alder 165,326,394,460

Uosl'liim (Pruuusangustifolia) 66,283,302,426

Ho^'TMum (Kims Motopium) 54,278,300,424

Ho;; Plum (Ximcnia Americana) 34.270

UoKsHaw "5,2S4

Ilolly, American 35,270,356,420

Holly, California 84,286

Holly, Ualioon 35,270,356,420

Houey Loiiiat (Gleditschia triacanthos) 59. 280, 360, 426

Honey Locust (Proeopisjoliflora) 62,205,280,350,302,426

Honey Pod 62,265,280,350,302,420

Honey Shucks 59,280,300,428

Hoop Ash 111,298,372,438

llopea tinctoria 105

Hop Hornbeam 158,322,300,456

Hop Tree 31,270

Hornbeum 159,322,392,450

Hornbeam. Hop 158,322,390,456

Horse Plum 03,282,302,426

Horse Sugar 105,294,308,434

Hypelato 10

BypeUxte oblong\folia 45

Hypelato paniculata 45,249,273,358,422

Hypelato trifoliata 45,249,272,422

Hyperanthera dioica 58

Hypericum Xa«iontA«» 25

Incense Cedar ITfl^

Index to CataloKue of FonatTiCM

Indiana, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in

Indiana, rank of, according to value of lumber prt>duct«

Indiana, statistics of forests, forest fires, staDding timber, etc, ia

Indian Bean ^ IIS, 300,

Indian Cherry 40.272,

Indian territory, statistics of forests, forest Ores, stsnding timber, etc, in

India-rubber Trco 127,304c

Industry', lumber, commercial importance of Cbicsgo with rcfcrrocc to

Idaho, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 480,487,572

Idaho, rank of, according t« value of lumber products 487

Idaho, reuiai ks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of 572, 573

Idaho, statiatica ol forests, forest fires, standing timber, et«., in 491,571-573

Hex 10,11,13

Ilexattivalit 37

Ilex aniH(juua 37

Jlex angiisti/oUa 35

Ilex aqtiifolium 35

Jlex Canadeimt 35

Ilex Casaena 30

lloxCassino 36.249,272

Ilex Ca««t7K! (Hex Dahoon) 35

Jlex Camne, fi 36

Hex Catsine, var. angusti/olia 35

Ilex Cassine, var. lali/oKa 35

IlexcaiiKinoidet 35

HexDahoon 35,250,253,256,270,356,420

Ilex Uahoou, var. augustlfolia 35

Hex Dahoou, ror. myrtifolia 36,250,270

Hexdeoiduft 37,249,272

Hex Floridana 36

Hex lauri/olia 35.

Ilex laxijlora 35

Ilex lijustri/olia 36

ilex Iiirusfrinn (Ilex Cassinei 30

IlfX liyuslrina (Ilex Saboon, iiar. nngustifoUa) 36

Ilex myrti/oUa 36

Hexopaoa 34, 2B0, 2BS, 256, 270, 856, 420

JIkt prinoidea 37

Ilex iitterci/olia 35

Jlex reliffiosa 36

Ilex rosmari/olia 36

Jlex vomitoria 36

Jlex WaUonia7ia 36

Il.ICINB.K 34,253,256,270,356.430

IlUuois, lumber tndnetry and manufactures from wood in 486, 467, 548-550

Illinois Nut 1,12, 308. S.W, 37*. 444

Illinois, rank of, according to value of lumber product.-* 487.548

JUiuois. stAtistiCH of foreata, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, M7-450

38 FOB

Page.

4«7.m;

487,547
4SI.547
172. «3«
»S«,422
4»I.Ma
170,44:

S48

the

Industry, lumbering, of the United States, average nnmber of bands em-
ployed in the 4M

Industry-, lumbering, of tbe United States, general remarks on 485-490

luduslry, lumbering, of the United States, statistics of. for year ending

May 31, 1880 4Mi, 487

Inga /or/ex M

Inga GuadalupensU 64

Inga mierophylia 64

Inga rosea 64

Inga Vnguit-eati 64

Inkwood 4^ 274. 158, 422

Interior Forest in the Pacific region, extent of the 5-10

Iowa, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,560

Iowa, rank of, according to valne of lumber products 487. S6D

Iowa, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491.560

loxylon pomi/erum 128

Iron oak 139.312.382.448

Ironwood (Bumelia lycioides) 103,204.368.414

Iron wood (Carpinus Carolinians) .156.322.392.456

Ironwood (Cliftonia ligustrina) $8,272,356,420

Ironwood (Cyrilla racemifiora) 37, 272. 356

Ironwood (H^-pelate paniculata) 45.274,358.422

Ironwood (Olneya Tesota) 56,278,360.426

Ironwood (Ostrya Virginiea) 158.322.3D0, 456

Ironwood, Black 39,272,358,422

Ironwood, Red 39, 272, 35*. 422

Ironwood, White 4^174.422

Islay 70, 284. 364, 428

Ilea CyriUa 37

Ivy 96,202.368,434

J.

Jack, Black (Qnercus Catesbiei) * 151. 320.388.454

Jack. Black (Quercus nigra) 150, 265. 320. 350, 388, 4*4

Jack, Blue 153, 320. 3». 456

Jack, Forked-Ieovod Black 151.320,388,454

Jack Oak 150,265,330,350,388,454

Jack, Sand JSS, SSO, SW. 456

Jacquinia 11.15

Jncquinin annularis I00,S4*,1W

Jamaica Dogwood 57.278,360,426

Jersey Pino 109, 340, 350, 404. 470, Sa

Joewood 10<k2>2

Joshua, Thft 21»,»4«

Joshua Tree 219.348

Judas Tree ..6I.280,S6i426

JUGUISDACK,B 130-136, 254. 257, 306, S7«k 414. 442

Juglmis II. I2.1\2Sl

Jugtam aU>a (Carya allw) l**

Juglantalba (Carya tomentosa) 1"

Jtiglan* alba acuminata ***

Jxtglani alba minima * ^**

Juglant alba ocata '5-

J^iifllaruain<iia '"

Juijlanf angiittifi'lia (Carya amara) '**

Juglant angutt\Mia (Carya oliva>fermis) WS

Jtiglant aijuatiat ***

Juglant Co/(fi>rHicd "I

Jio>lan* ealAurfiVd '*•

Juglans einerea ISO, 2S0, 254, 257, 260. W; 376. 442

Juglant compretta '**

Juglant cordiformit "*

Juglant cylindrica ...^.^ ......... Ill

Juglant fxallata "*

Juglant glabra **•

594

GENERAL INDEX.

Jackacaisn m. ISIt SI. 2S4, IS7. 3«^ IMk >S«k Sni ««. M4

in

lai

Jm/lnt ftrriam. Tmr.«iMrriala 134

JafUms ffriu: Tar.yw^/Wmif U4

Jaflmmt ffrj/trmis ._.. 134

J^lamtrmbn 13S

Jodu* raptatri* U, Ul. tSd ISl, ISt, »7. MM, 378, 444

JufUmt I ii/ti JM, T«r. tmMftr 131

133

Jufltni **ltml»

133

134

jBBcbccTT 84. 28)^ 3C4, 430

JsBipcr (Jsaipcrvs CaliforBicM 1§0,33:

Joaipcr ( JoBiper** CaUforaie^ Mr. tTubcoiia) 181.332

Joaiper iJoaipcnu ooeidcBUlU) 1£!,332,4M

Josipcr (JoBipcma occUistaU*, par. oo^lngea*) UX 381, 3M, 464

Jnipcr (Jaaipmu oocidcsUlu, ror. nooospcnaa) 182, 333,310

JvBipcr (Jonipcnu p*chfphlaa) 181.333,398

Jntptnt ll.lil*

181

183

Jmmifuiumnmatira 1<V

Jantptnu Btriimintu 182

Juiprra* aOiroiaka _ UO, ISO, 332

Jmiftrmi CWI^anue*. nr. *»le»»ptrwta 180

Jaaiptmu CaUbnuo, Mr. UuhaMia 180,230.332

181

180

181

Jumtf 1 1 m/trtUM. rmr. Tir^mmmm 182

JnwiptrMj Herwimmtu iJaAip«ra« Afrfilffitalt«> 181

Jmmiptnu Hrrmamni iJaalpeTBi TtrgisUaW 182

JaatpoM •rddeataUi U, Ul, 250, 332, 4«4

Jmiifnu meidtmUlu i Jsaipenu CAllfonueal ISO

Jum(fir«§ tirUtmlatit iJmupem»C»llfc>niie«.Mr. Cuhtwrit) IM

JotpOTW occUcaUlU. r<ir. coojoxnu 183, 14*.asS, 258,332, 386, 4 64

Jii«i|mm« »Brt4r«t«lu. rar moocwpenu 181, 248, 312. 3J0

Jwilfrm* urUmltUi. tmi. fUUttfrma \f\

J*niftr»tta4ii»iiih: rtt. ViakttuU ISO

JnlpMM pKk;vU<M U^ 181. BO, 331, 3(«

JtMrnptrmt flti\$4\tm* 181

J ■■<> r rmi nrtfn im — 181

Jmmi^mt SaU»m yc*>p>lw 181

Jmm^wms H^but^ rmr. Tit§imiMmm 182

Jmmi^trms utrmfmma iJsBipcraa CaiiibtalOM 180

180

JaalpOTw TiTxteiMu IX 182. 290. X«^ 2S8, 283. 332. 3S8, 4C4. M4

Jwmi^ermt TuyiiuaiM. rar. CI«ritilllMi« 182

Jaaipmu rirfimimma. xmr. Utrmtammi 182

Jmmtftr^M Tityimimmm rmlfimrU 183

UttlS

. («, 248. 2M, 2S;. »2, 388. 434

■ wood la 4».ig7,'ja

. nak a<: aecafdiaf ta Tmla* of loaber pradaeu 4«7

•utiatiaaT farMU, forat BrM. •taadiax Uaber. etc. lB....481.i82,S<3

EratarkT CaBtm Trw M^ 280^ 380, 43S

Crstcikv loabrr laiattrj sad nasaCKtara tnm »Mi>» 4aiL4S<, S4<

K^atorLv pm*ton*«- of woodlaad* la S44

Kiaiack J. nak af. areordias to ralar of IobVt pradocts 4«C

Kcatackj. »««ttwlc« of fareoU. fanal flna. (Uadiag Uabcr, <«c.. ia.4»I.MS, Mfi
Klas^fat U4,3I0,3S«,380,444

ragt

Kaackaway 114,300,37^438

Caob-cone Plaa IM, 3A, 404, 470

Laeatitea Jtarida 2S

La^neidana gUbrlfoliA E7

LapiDeaUria nccmoaa 87,248,253,357,28^364.430

Lascrvood 110,302

Larch 213,346.352,412.476

Lurb. Blark 215. 346, 342,4 IZ 478

Larch, We*tcni. the Urs«t and moat TalnaUe dm of the Colimibian

Bads is the Interior Fonat] »

Lari;e-UaTrd Carnmber TrM 31.280,354.418

LarseTapflo «, 200. 350. 308, 433

Larix II, 13, 16, 375, 576

Latix AmericaDa 21 5, 250, 255, 2S«, 264. 348, 352, 4 12. 478

Z/arii Amtritana rubra 215

Ijarix Amtrieana, var. hrrrifolia 216

Larix A mericana, rar. ptndula 315

Larix Amrritana, x^r.pro^/era 215

Larix dtcidua. rar. Anrricana 215

Larix inUrmudia . 21S

Larix LjalUi 316.248

Larix mienoarpa 215

Lanx occideatali* 218, 248, 256, 258, 264. 348, 414, 480. 563, S74

Larix pendula 215

Larix tnvi/ciia 215

Lai-kacsx 118-120, 2S4, 157. 302, 772. 43S

Laurel M,2>2.3«8, 4M

Laarel. BlR 10,28)^304.414.418

LaorcL CaUfomia 120^303,374.440

Lantcl. Great 88, 282, 36i:, 434

Laarel. Moantaln 130,302,374,440

Laarel Oak (Qaerciu imbrlcarU) 154,332.380,450

Laarel Oak (Qarreoa lanilfoUa) 153,320,380,454

Laarel. Siramp 20,286,354.414.418

LaareL White 20, 286, 3M, 414, 418

X,auro«rraru« OnroUnioaa 08

XonroccruiM iUei/ciia 70

Laurux Borbonia 118

Lamryu Carolimiana 118

L^urut Cartiinntia 118

Laurus Can/liiunti»,xta.glakn 118

Launu Carxtlinenxi*, rar. o6<iua 118

Lawnu Oirolin*n*it, vtr.pmbneant 118

Launu CaUtba^ 118

Launu CaUabyatia 118

Lmna rt^fia 120

La<iryu tam^viKta 1 10

Launu Sama/nu 110

Lawwn'aCTpma 178. 332. 350. 308. 4«4

Leaf. Sweet 105.2»4.3«*i.4a«

LtomCKja.! 5S-84. 253, 256, 278; 380, 414, 424

Lecamiaoac (Mexican) 6

LepiMOrpa CaroUniana 88

Letter of traaimittal ix

Leoeraa 8. 10. 12. 14

Leacna idaaea 82.248, 2K>'

Lear* aa pnjTemksIa 63,249.280

Lrrrrwood 158, 322, 380. 4 5«

Libocednu 8,11,12.16

Lllncnlma deeonaw 176^ 290, 256, 258, 330, 308. 4(2

Ugmm vlt* 28,288.356,420

LiuaCLK 2I8kZie.34l»

UBie,Ot*«elM« 81,280.386*432

LbaeTrea 27, 2881 358, 418

Liaie, Wild (XaatboiyliuB PteroU) 31.370

Liaie. Wild (Xlaiesla Americana) 34,270

Ua r7.2«8,»M,«l«

Linden. American 27,288,350.356*418

Llquidamhar 10,11,14

Li^idainbar laeroyAyBa 8C

LiqaidambarStTTBcilaa 881 258,258, 256.280. 286, 358,364, 4 1 4, 430

Lifvidamhar Stfrarijlma, Tar. JfariM— 86

LiqoidambeT 8^288,358.364,414,430

Uriodeadioa 10,11.12

I,tn«d/adrMi jtrseera 22

OKNKKAL INDEX.

595

Page.

IJriad«odn>a Talipi/srm 2Z,2SO,2S3,2Sa,2S0.2M,3a),3M,41g

Live Oak (Quercaa cbo'K>I«pl«) U«, 3I«. SJsC. 4U

Live Onk ((Jacrciu virena) Ui, 26i, 310, 388. 452

Live Oak (Querciu WlaUzeol) 147, 318, 388, 4Sr2

Lire Oak. <;<jaat 147,3I8,38«,4SZ

Loblolly Kay Z5,2CS,2a8,3S4,4l8

Loblolly, Look- aod Sbort-lvaveU I'ioe Htaodlog In tbe foreata of Tex3«

May 31. 1880, UbuUr •lateiDPDt of tbe amoant of Ml

Loblolly I'ioc ig?,340,3S0,4O4.4l«,470,5l«,MI

Locuat (Robioia Xeo Mexicana) M, 578, 3«0, 426

L«coat (lEobiuU Pacudacacbi) U, 278, 3M, 340,414, 424

Locuat, Illack (Ulctlitacbia trlacantboa; SO, 280, 3<0, 424

Locaal, liUck (Bobiobk I'aeudacacia) 56,278,3S0,3W,4I4,424

Locuat, Clammy 58,278

Irocnat. Uoney (Uleditacbia triacantboa) 90,280,360,428

locuat. Uom-y irroaoplaJaliUora) 82,286,280,360,382,426

Lociut, Swiret 60,280,^0,426

I.«cual, Wat«-r 60,280,362,428

Locuat, Yellow 66,278,360,360,414.424

Lodge-pole PiDe 105,338,350,404,470,564,574,577

Lo(;a rafUul out of tbe SuaqaehaDoa boom at WlUiamainrt, Peooayl-

vaola, from 1862 lo 1880. number of 608

Ix>(praod 40,272

LoDf;- and Sbort- leaved PIdo ataudlog In the foreata of Ajabama May 31,

1880. tabular atatement of the amount of 524

Long' and Short. Iiand Pine atandloi; in the foreata of Loniaiilna May 31,

1880, tabular atatement of the amount of 637

Long' and Short leaved Pine atandiog in the foreata of Mlaabwippi May

31, 1880. tabular atatement of the amount of 631

LongU-aved Cucumber Tree 22, 288, 364, 418

Long-leaved. Loblolly, and Short-leaved Plue alanding In the foreata of

Teia«May3t. 1880. tabular atatement of the amount of 641

Long-leaved Pine 202, 342, 352, 408, 416, 472, 518, 510-621, 624, 631, 537, 541

LoDg-h-aved Pine atandlng in tbe foreata of Florida May 31, 1880, tabular

atatement of th^niount of 521

Lone leaved Pine atunilinK in the foreata of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabular

atatement of the amount of 620

Long-leavrd Pine aUnding In the foreaU of North Carolina May 31, 1880,

tabular atalemiut of llie amount of 518

Long-lcavrd Pine alanding in the foreata of South Carolina May 31. 1880,

tabular atatement of tbe amount of 510

Long-Ieavctl Pino, the charncleriatic tree of the Sootbem Maritime Pine

Uelt 4

I>>olaiana, lumlier induatry and manufactarea fhnn wood in 486,487,534,637

Louiaiona, moa'k-ginning induatry in 537,638

I.«uiaiana. {iroduction of naval atorea in 617,538,537

Louiaiano, rank of. uceordlng to value of lumber prodncta 487

Lo'ilaiana' remarka by Dr. Charlea Mohr on the foreata of 638-540

Louiaiana, alatiatica of foreata. foreat flrea. alanding timber, etc., in .401, 636, 540
Louiahina, tabular aUtemeut of the amount of I^ing- and Sbort-leuvMl

Pine alanding in the foreata of. May 31. 1880 537

Lamberand ahio^lea recclve<l at Chicago during Ibe year 18M), amount of. 648,640
Lumber for Colorado, Ulab. and New Mexico, Chicago the principal

aonu-cofanfiply of 688,600

LumlM-r induatry and manulkctorea from wood in — ,

AUbama 488, 4»7, 524. 525

Acizoiu 488. 4*7. VW

Arkonass 48B. 4H7. 644

California 488, 487. 57h. .'jW)

i;olarado 488,487,

Connectlcnt 486,487,

Dakota 4M,

Delaware , 408

DlairictofColnmbla

'■■'"rida 488,487,

li.-ori;ui 48*487,

Idal 488,

llllnohi 488,487,

Indiana 4(4C,

Iowa 4(18.

Kanaaa 4M,

Kentucky 4M.

I,ouialana 488,487.

Maine 488,487,

Monland 4l«l,

Maaaocbnaotla -. 488,487,

Michigan 488, 487,

Minneaota 488,

Mloaourl 488,487.

Montana 4fM(.

Nebraaka 488.

Nevada 4M,

New Ilampahlre 486,487.

New.Jemey 4M,

667,568
600, .-Ml
487.581
487. .'.I I
486,487
521, 523
510, 620
487, 572
54N-.U0
4H7. !H7
487, MO
487. 6ia
487.548
fi38. 637
404-108
487. SI I
600.601
6.il. .Vi2
487. .'kVt
487. 631
600. ,VI1
4t-7. 5U4
487. .Vm
487,671
407. 408
487.5118

LumlMrr Induatry and mannfafftnrea f^om wood tik — 00Dtiaa«d-

New Meiirjo

New York

North Carolina 4-»

Ohio

Oregon ,,..., .,...,,.

P«fnnyalvanlA - , ..,<■

Rhwle laland «-

H<iulh CaroliD* , i-»

Tenneaaee

Texaa *■

Utah

Vermont , t-

Vlrginia

Waahiogton

Weal Virginia <-

Wiaconain <

Wyoming

Lumber induatry. commercial ioporUDoeofCbiocowithrrfaiBc' -

Lumber luduatry of tba .Saginaw valley in Miibigaa

Lumber induatry- of theTTolted Htatea. general remarka on

Lumber market. Impiirlaiice of Burlington. VennoDt, aa».

Lumber market, rank of Albany. New Tork, aaa

Lumber trade of Chicago, early

Lumbeiine Induatry of the United Stotea, avermfe nnaibcr ef haada

employed in

Lumliering indnatry of tbe United SlAlea, atatiatioa of, for year aadlac

May 31. 1880

LnmlMfrmeo of Waahington territory, waatefnl metluida of.

Ljfonia arbvrea

Ly&nuM /trruginea

Liionia rigida

L3'ailoma

Lywiloma JiahameruU

Lyalloma UtUlilqaa M,SM.m.

Page.

I. *K. Ml

18.14

M

MSI 438

Maclnra 11.14

Maclnra aoraotiaca US. S4a, 258. Iff. IMk 17* 4a Ml

Madeira M.m.m^mOt

Madrofia ff.fllMkta

MagnolU I*. II, U

Magnolia ainminau M, »«, IS*. 2S4, St. Ml, 164. 4U

Magnolia auricuiarU S

Ifagnoiia auricu/ols Jj

MagnolU eordau M, 2S* IB. SS«, MIJK 418

Uaanulia Dt CandoOU ao

Magnolia flagrant M

Magnolia Fniaeri S, B* B* ]C* M* IS4, 4U

Magnolia gbiuca », »«, S*. 26* M* »«, 411. 4U

Jlagnatia gUiiien. var. lati/oUa !•

JfofTnod'a <7taui:a. var. loiH^oUa St

Magnolia i;niodillon> It, 2S0, lU, XM, M* SM. U4. 4U. 6*4

itagnoiia grandi/U/ru, var. tUiptua aod ohorctm It

Jfoynolid grnndtflora. var. Ianfao<aCa » I)

ilagnolia Umgi/nlia St

Magnolia mnrrophylbi SI. »•, 16* SS* 3M, IM, «U

Magnolia. Mountain \ S*Si*SS14lt

HagntUia p)framidata S

Jfaj;nolia tripriaia ... 21

Magnolia IrahrrUa U, XS* ■* SI* Si* SU, 41t

ilagni-lin rirrriniana, var. a.;(mies St

il : >Ma. var. ff./iad'da It

M i.o. vnr. . SO

.U ma var. (ri|w(aJa Jl

Mji-auuacBjt 1».S*S*IS*:W,SS4.4I4.4U

Mahogany K TTe, tJo. >A* 49

Mahogany Birch ltS,»4.M&4»

Mahogany. Mountain, and the Nat Pine Iho naaC lapaataBl timaaf tlw

luie

V«f

Mab<i^'an\ ^lountain IC. I nil 71. S4. 230. 43* S8* SH

Muhncaiiv. ilounlalh (Cc : liuaJ 71.SM. 3«>. S:i

Maine, foreata til the North u<* extended omlbe alale of 4*4

Maine, lumber lndoatr\* and manuiaciarr« from wood In - 4^ 4f7. 4t4-4t4

Maine, rank of, oeconliog to value of lnml>er prodncla 447

Maine, atallatieaof foreata. fofvai tin*. atUMlloi: tlmbar. e4e.. In .. 4tl.4M.ltt
Maine, t.-iliiilar «ta*eraenl of the amount of Pine and Spraoe ataatllng la

I!..- f..r. .1. .r Mai 11 IS-0 4M

Mv .-IM».3S*1**SS*«9*

Untus eorvnana

596

GENERAL INDEX.

P»gc.

ilaiut ditrrtifoUa "3

ilalmt mitnearpa cortmmria "i^

ilmtut rirularit "^

Malms tmprrrimu '-

HaUt tuUordatm 73

UuKhiofrl 121,304

lUochuwI. MouDUia M. 278. 3U0, 424

llamniuUa niwiuU 121

UusroTc 87,265,288,364,430

MusTOTr. BUck 117,302

Mancr.iv>'. White 87,2*8,364,430

iUplc. A»h>»T«l 51,276,380, t24

M»pW. BUck Sugar 49,276,350,358,424

Slaplr, BnttU leaved 47,274,358,422

Maplf. Dwarf «,274

Maplr. GooM'-foot 46,274

UaplF Hani 48,276.358,422,576

Maplr. Mauotain 46,274

Maplr. R«l 50,276,358,424

M^plcKock 48,276,358,433

Maple. Silver 49,276,358,424

Mapln, Soft (Arrrdatvearpaml 49,276,358,424

Maple. Sort (Acrrrubrum) 50,278,358,424

Maple, Striped *^^*

Maple. Sonar 48,276,358,422

Maple iracar and molaasea prodaced in the United Statea in 1879, amount

of <85

Maple. Swamp 50,276,358,424

Maple, Vine 47,274,358,422

Maple, Water 50,276,358,424

Maple. White 49,276,358,424

MArilimc Pioe Bell in Georgia 519

Maritime Pine Belt io Miuisaippi ■'■>32

Maritime- Pine Belt in North Carolina 515

Maritime Pine Begioo in AUbama 525

Mariberrr 100,292

Maryland, lamber indoatrr and manofactores from wood in 486,487,511

Uan'Untl. rank of, according to valac of lamber products 487

MarrUcd. atatiaiica of forvata. forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,511

MaaaacUojiettA. lumber indostrrand manufactures from woo<l in. .486,487,500,501

\ff— rb"""* rank of. according to value of lamber products 487

Maasachoactta, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.,

in 491,500,501

MaMaeboaetU, the Northern Pine Belt in 500

Mastic 101,292,368,434

MaalCMk 146,316,386,452

May Cherry 84,286,364,430

May Haw 82, 286, .104, 430

Mewlow Pine 202,342,352,406,416,474

McUACE.r. 33.34,253,256,270,356,420

lieli£oeea pani£uiata 45

UMUobut IkeUrophylla 69

Urtjnlul arrri/Uia 80

iirspiluM *TMti ralis • 82

it<xpilus ajtiif^lia 81

MfJpiUu arhnrta 84

UupUut arliuU/otia 83

Mfjpiiv* .\zarolvM 8i

Mt^UuM brriifri/olia 82

ilcMpilua Jlosf^na 77

Hfjpilus ditjt*j*ttJidr<m 79

ilrtjiilxu fanndmtit 84

MupUtu ^'an^idrntij. var. cordafa 84

MtspUus f'anaiUnMU. vat. oboralU 85

Mupiliu CarrAiniana 82

JUefpUu^ cixrifMo , 77

MrspUuM Cf/rdaia ........ 60

Ur^pUiu eornifUia 80

J/ejjiiJus Cnugalli 70

Mi^Uui ('ru» riallx, var. pyracanthi/olvi 70

Mespihu frvM-pnlti. var. MOliei/fAia 70

ittrpUiu runrijolia (Cratipgas Crus-galll) 70

MfsjriUu eurv^/ulia f CratAPgns tffmentosa, var. ponctnta) H)

JfftpUtu euneiformu 70

llfpUfu eUiptica (Crata-gns Cnis gallii 70

Page.

ilnpilut rlliptica (Crata>gas fiava, var. pubesoena) 83

llapilu. ftabtUata 77

J/ej7)i(iwr./tarn 82

Hespiluf fiezirpina S2

ilfsp'lin (itandulota 77

3[ejipilu$ hiemalU Ki

Hupitut latifolia 70

ileapilua linearis 77

Jf<fpi7u< loixMa 7a

itespilut lueida 76

ilespiluilufida. \&T. anguttifolia 77

ilapilus iliehauxii 83

Mftpiliit moncffyna, var. apiifolia 81

Jtfspilus nirea 84

Mfspilut odorata 79

iTesplliu oralifolia 76

ifespilut Ph<mopyrum 80

Metpilus populifolia 78

iletpiliu pruinota 79

iff/rpilu* pnineUi/otia — 70

Mupilus pruni/olia 77

I HetpHus pubesans 77

Mespitut punctata 80

j 3fe*pi7u# ;»yn/oIia (Crata-gns tomentosa) 79

r 3fe*puu»;yt/r\^oIia (Craliegus tomt-utosa, rur. punctata) SO

Jfop''"* ro'undVoKa (Cratagus coccinea) 77

' Uetpiltu rotundifolia (Crafffgus Crusgalli, rar. pmnifolia) 77

' Mfspilu* saUcifolia 70

I Hespilu* spathvlata 81

iltitpHut tilio'JoUa 78

iletpilxu tuTbinata 82

ilftpHuB viridis 78

ilfgpilut WaUoniana 76

'j MapHuM Wendlandii 77

|| Uesqnit 62,265,280,350,362,426

I Mesqnit, Screwpod 62,280,362,426

I Ues^it the most important specioe In the valleys of the Atlantic. Moxi.

can region 0

j Method of determining the fuel value of woods 247,251,252

J Method of determining the strength of woods 252

I iletopium tinna-i 54

] Mexican Banana 219,348

I Mexican Forest of southern Texas, extent of.. 6

Mexican Mulberry 128,306

Mexican Persimmon 105,294

itiehauxia testilis 25

Michigan, destmctivcncssof forest fires in 550

Michigan, lumber industry and niannfacturos from wood in 486,487,651,652

Michigan. Inuibcr industry uf the Saginaw valley in 552

Michigan, maple-sugar protluct of 551

Michigan, rank of acconliug to value of lumber products 487, 552

Michigsu, remarks by Mr. U. C. I'ninam on the for<»tsof .SSS, 554

Michigan, statistics of forests, forest fires, sUnding timber, etc., in.. 491, 550-554
Michigan, tabular sUtement of the amount of White Pino standing in

the forests of. May 31, 1880 651

Hitnota bicrpii ^

Uimota /rondota «2

Mimosa ttlauea 62

i/imo«a tiuadalupeixsis 04

Mimosa latisitit/ua 04

Mimosa Irucoerphala 02

Mimosa rosea 04

Mimosa rnyuis^eali *•

Mimusops 11.15

Mimxisops dissecta ^03

Mlmu«)p. Sicberi 103,249,254,257,294.368,434

Minnesota, forests on Indian reservations in 559,560

Minni-Mita, lumber induBtr>' and manufactures from wood in 488,487,558

Miunisola, rank of, according to value of lumber producta 487, 559

Minnesota, remarks by Mr. II. C. I'ulnam on the forests of 559,600

Minnewita, slallstics of f<ir.-sts. forest fin's. standing timber, etc., in. .401, 5.'i8-500
MinucM^lo. tabular statement of the amount of White Pine sUnding in

the forests of. May 31, IKKO 558

Minnesota, the Norlliom Pino Belt In 558

Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain, Deciduous Forest of the 4

GENERAL INDEX.

397

I'age.

MissiBsippi, forests of the central pino liillsof 534

Slissiasippi, foreatH of tho Yazoo delta iu 535,030

Hisaissippi, lumber induHtry and mnnufacturog from wood Id 480,487,531

Miasissippi, piuo forests of tbo nortbeastcru counties of 532-334

Mississippi, production of naval stores in 517,531,532,530

Mississippi, rank of, accorUing to value of lumber products 487

Mississippi, remarks by Dr. Cliarles Molir on the forests of 531-530

Mississippi, southern, pine forests of ,')31, 532

Mississippi, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . .401, 530-536
Mississippi, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved

Piuo standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 531

Mississippi, tho Maritime Piuo Belt in 532

Mississippi, western, forests of , 534,535

Missouri, lumber industry aud manufactures from wood in 488,487,600,561

Missouri, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487,501

Missouri, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in.. 491, 560, 501

Mobile tbo principal center of wood manufacture in Alabama 525

Mocker Nut 134,310,350,380,444

Mock 0r.xng6 70,284,302,428

Mubr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests and the turpentine indnsti? of

Alabama by 525-530

Molir, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Florida by 522, 523

Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Louisiana by 538-540

Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on theforestsof Mississippi by 531-536

Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on tho forests of Texas by 542, 543

Mola8.ses and sugar, maple, produced in tho United States in 1879,

amount of 485

Montana, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 480, 487, 504

Montana, rank of, according to v.aluo of lumber products 487

Montana, remarks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of 5C.'>, 500

Montana, statistics of forests, forest tiros, st.mding timber, etc., in . . . 491, 504-506

Monterey Cypress 179,332,398,404

Monterey Pino 190,340,404,470

Moose Elm 122,304,374,440

Moosewood 46, 274

Morus Canadeimt (Lamarek and Enfinesque) , 127

Morns miorophylla 12,128,249,306

Monts Missourieimn 127

Morus parvi/olia (Moras microphylla) 128

Moms parvifolia (Morus rubra) 127

Monig reticulata 127

Moruti n'paria 127

Morns rubra 127,250,254,257,260,306,376,442

Morun rnb)-a, var. CanadetigU 12T

Moms rubra, var. incita 127

Morus rubra, var. toinctitosa 127

MoriiHscabra 127

Mortis tomentosa 127

Moss-ginning industry in Louisiana 537, 538

Mossy cup Oak 140, 205, 314, 3S*, 448

Mountain Ash ( Pyrns Amcricina) 73, 284, 428

Mnuntaiu Ash (Pynis sambucifuUii) 74. 284, 364, 4Jtt

Mountain forests iu Ciiliforni:», pastur.igo of 579,580

Monutaiu Laurel 120, 302, 374, 440

Mountain Magnolia 20, 266, 3H, 418

Monutaiu ilahogany and tho Nut Pino tho most important trees of tho

Interior Forest 9

Mountain Mahogany (Ceroocarpns ledifolius) 71, 284, 3.10, 428, 509, 571

Mountain Mahogany (Corcocitrpns parvifolius) 71, 284, 509, 671

Mountain Manchinoel 54, 278, ;i(iO, 424

Mouul.iiu Mapio 40, 274

Mountain Plum 34, '^70

Mountain White Oak 14,1,318,380,450

Mulbi'rry, Mexican 138, 300

Mulberry, Eeil 128,306,370,442

Myginda 10,13

Mygimln pallens 38, 249, 272

2ri/'o<'<i''i/«m iigustrinum ,18

Myrlca : 11,12,15

Myrlca Califoruica 137, 249, 254, 2.'>7, 312, 380,446

Miirica Carolinentit 1,16

Myriea cerifora 130,250,254,257,312,380,446

llyriea ceri/era humilis 136

Mi/rica cer\f<Ta tempfnirent 136

MyrUa cerifera, var. atir/iutifolia 130

Pace

100. 2R
IMS

36^430

41. rs

3S0.«4e

w

Myrica ur\fera, var. arboruceiui

Myrica eeri/era, var. lati/otia

Myrica etri/era, \aT. media

Myrica ceri/era, vht. pumila

Myrica Fenntyhanica

Myrica Xolapnuit

MVKICACKJE 136,137,2M.K7,«2.

MrUBI.\ACE,E jj

Myrsine

Myrtine fioribunda

Myrsine Floridana

ifyrsine Kapanea m

MYI1TACE.E 88, 8», 233, 257. 288.

Myrtle, Blue

Myrtle, Wax 118. Jll,

Myrtut axillaris

Myrtus btixi/olia

Myrtus Chylraculia

Myrtus dichotoma

Myrtus mtmticola

Myrtus Poireti '. ,.

Myrtus proeera

Xaked Wood (Colubriua reclinata) 42.574.358

Naked Wood (Eugenia dichotoma) Sg.lSS

Nannyberry »4,2SD,43I

Naval stores, production of, in Alabama -517, 327, 529. 530

Naval stores, production of, in Florid.i 517

Naval stores, production of, in Georgia 517

Naval stores, prodmiion of, in Louisiana 517.S3«,5J7

Naval stores, production of, in Mississippi 517, 531. 5K,5a$

Nav.il stores, production of, in North Carolina SlC-518

Naval stores, prodnrtiouiif, in South Carolina 517

Nebraska, lumber industry and manafaettirrs from wood in 4W487, SC2

Nebraska, rank of, according to value of lumber proilocts 487

Nebraska, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, Mc. in SC

Necklace Poplar 175^ 330. 350. 308^ 4es

Nectandra n 15

Xeclandra Brcdemeicriana ng

Nectandra Wtlldenoviana ".

Xcgundium /raxin{folium

Ncgundo i0.,j

Negnndo aceroides 12.5O,J50,25a,3S«.::7«,3».4S4

Xegundo aceruidcs ( Negnndo Califomicom) si

Negnndo Californienm 51, 250, 253, 256, 270; 300, 424

Xegundo Califomieum (Negnndo aceroides) si

Xegundo /raxiuifolium ji

Xegundo lobatum 51

Xegundo Mexicanum jj

Xegundo tr\Miiilum si

Nevada, Inniber industry aud manufacturvs (Tom wood In 4(at4ST.$7l

Nuvada,rauk of, according to lumWr pmlucts *i7

Nevada, statistics of foM'sIs, forest lire.s, standing limber, etc.. In 401, S71

Newcastle Thorn 7f^ 2S6, 364, 430

New llampsliiiv. lumber industry and niauufaclnres ft»m wood in «;M,487.

407.408

New Hampshire, rank of, according to value of lunibrr product* 4«7

New Hampshire, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringleon tho forrata of 4*7

New llanipshin\ sUalistics of forests, forest llr<A standing limber, rtc.

i" 4»I,4!>«-4»S

New Uainpshire, tabular slatrment of the amount of Spruce standiii( in

the forests of. May 31, 18^0 406

Now Jersey, lumber industry and mannfaclnrrs from wootlln 480^487. 5i)C

New ,Jcrscy, rank of, aceonling to value of lnttib<>r prwiucis 4S7

New Jersey, slatislica of forests, fon-st tiir«, standing limber, etc. in. . . 491, 5«

New Mexico, luntber industry and manufactures i>t>m wooil in 481^487. VSS

New Mexico.'iiuik of, aceonling to ViUne of lumb«r products 487

New Mexico, slatislica of foresls, forest fires, standing timber, etc. In. . 401. S08
New Mexico, I'tah, aud Colorado, Chicago tho principal source of supply

of lumborfor 3e8. SO

New York, luiuber indnstrt'.ind nmnnfaclures (kwawoodin.... 48(1 487, 802-506

New Yoik, uiiij.lc sugar protlucl of SOI

New York. r.iuk of, acctinling to value of lumber products 4S7

New York, i-ank of Albany, as n Iniuber market -"i^^

-llt^24a.303

598

GENKKAL INDEX.

Eage.

Xr» Tork. n>iiurk»by Mr. C. G. Pringle on (he forcits of SOI-500

New York. !<tatialic« of forMta. forrat fiivs, standing timber, ptc, in.<BI,SOI-SOO

Xrw York, the Xorthprn Pine Boll in 501

North American continent, division of the. with reference to its forest

geoeraphr 3

Xortb Amerlran foresla. general remarks on the 3-16

Xorth Atlantic division, extent of forosts, standing timber, forest (ires,

etc.. in the 494-510

North Carolina, crade« of tar and rosin produced in 517

Xorthl'.irolina. Inmb-r indiistnr and mannfaetnres from wood in 486,487,515

Xortl' Carolina, pnxluction of naval stores in 510-518

Xorili Carolina, rank of. according to valne of lumber prodncts 487

y»rtb Carolina, •IMiaUca of forests, forest flrvs, standing timber, etc.,

IB 496,515-518

North Carolina, tabniar statement of the amount of Long-leaved Tine

"landing in the fore,its of. May 31, 1S80 516

North (•arolina, the Maritime Tine Belt in 515

Northern Central division, eitent of forests, forest flres, standing timber,

.tc, in the 547-563

Northeni Forest in the Allantic region 3,4

Northern Foreat lo flie Pacific region, extent of the 7

Northern Pine Belt, fore«ts of the, once extended overthe State of Maine 494

Nortln-m Pine Belt in Connecticut 500

Norihcni Pine Bell in Massachusetts 500

Nortliem Pine Belt in Minnesota 558

Nonhiru Pine Belt in New Tork 501

North, m PineHelt in Rhode IsLiud 500

Noriiicm Pine Bell in the Atlantic region 4

Norway Pine 192,336,350,402,468

Nut, Bitter 135,310,350,380,446

Not, Bull 134,310,330,380,444

Nnt, Coffee 58,280,300,420

Nnt, Illinois 132, 308, 350. 37«, 444

Nut, King 134,310,350,380,444

Not, Mocker 134,310,3,->0,380,444

Not, Pig 134,310,350,380,446

Nnt Pine and the Mountain Mahogany the moat important trees of tha

Interior Fore«t 9

Nut Pine (Pinuscembroidea) 190,330

NotPin-(Pin»««duli«/ 190,336,402,468

Nnt Pine (Pinus roonophylla) 190,33^,350,402,468

Nut Pine iPiniu Parryana) 189,330,402,468

Nnl Ts'iow 34,270

N -i.ia .186,331,400,406

\ 13i, 310, .150, 380, 440

117,254,237,302,372,438

N>»»» 10,11,14

93

Syna anffulUariM

V -•^■T'iUm

■ aiiea (Nysaa sylvatlca) .
• ->i(i'«i (Nyaaaiiniflora) ..

03

'■ndentia

(iiearu

.itaU Bl, 250, 263. 257, 290, 1

'itatn,vMr,ffrandidUntAiA

.^ iina inuUijiora ,

.v</Ma muilijfnra^ rar. »yhaUea .

■ • 1i/.rAe

t'uttrit

Syssa nniflora) .

. 92, 2S0, 253, 2S7, 200, 290, 300, 432

.92. 1'.V). 25'!. ar." 20fi. 200. XHS. 360, 432

Oak. Bartram's 153, ffiO, 390, 4.00

Oal;. a-i.sket 141,316,3*4,410, i-.0

Page.

0.ik. UW'k (Quercus Emoryi) 14«, 265, 318, 386, 452

Oak, Black (Qnercua Kelloggtl) 149,265,320,388,416,454

Oak, Black (Quercus mbra) 148,205,318,350,380,4.12

Oak, Black (Quercus tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454.528

Oak, Bine 14.1,316,366,450

Oak, Burr 140,26.1,314,284,448

Oak, Chestnut (Quercus densifiora) 155, 265, 322, 390, 450, 570, .'.78, 580

Oak, Chestnut (Ijuercus prinoides) 143,20.1,316,384,450

Oak. Cliestnut (Quercus Prinus) 142, 265, 310, 350, 384. 416, 450

Uak,Cbiuquapin 143,265,310,384,4.10

Oak, Coast I.ivo 147,318,380.452

Oak, Cow 141. 310, 384, 410, 4.10, 6.13

Oak.Dnck 152. 320, 350,388, 4 10, 4.14

Oak, Iron 139.312,382,448

Oak. Jack 150,265,320,3.10,388,454

Oak, Laurel (Qucrcns irobricaria) 154, 322, 300, 456

Oak, Laurel (Quercus lanrifolia) 153,320,350,454

Oak, Live (Quercus chrysolepis) ...146, 318, 3f 6. 452

Oak, Live (Quercus vircns) 145, 265, 316, 380, 452

Oak, Live (Qucrcns 'Wislizcni) 147,318,380,452

Oak, Maul 146, 3lS, 386. 452

Oak, Mossy -cup 140,205,311,384,448

Oak. Mountain White 143,310,380,450

Oak, Ovorcup (Quercus lyrata) 140,314,350,384,450.533

Oak, Over-cup (Quercus macrocarpa) 140, 265, 314, 384, 448

Oak, Pe.ich (Quercus deusiflora) 155,265.322,390,4.16

Oak. Peach (Quercus Phcllos) , 1.14,322,390,436

Oak, Pin 152.320,388,4.14

Oak, Possum 152,320,350,388,416,454

Oak, Post 139,312,383,448,528

Oak, Punk 152.320,350,388,416,454

Oak, Quercitron 149.203,318,350,388,454

Oak, Red (Quercus falcata) 151, 265, 320, 330, 388, 45i

Oak, Red (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,360,4.12

Oak, Red (Quercus rubra, ror. Texana) 148, 318, 388, 4.12

Oak, Rock Chestnut 142, 265, 316. 350. .384, 410, 410

Oak, Scarlet 148,318,368,4:2

Oak, Scrub (Quercus Catcsbici) 151, 320, 38i), 451

Oak, Scrub (Quercus undulata. rar. Gambclii) 139.314.384,448

Oak. Shingle 154,322,390,450

Oak, Spanish 151,20,1,320,350,388,454,528

Oak, Swamp Post 140,314.3.10,381,430

Oak, Swamp Spanish 1.12.320,388,454

Oiik, Swamp ■White 141,314,384,450

Osk, Taubark 15.1.20.1,322,390,4,16

Oak, Turkey 151,320,388,454

Oak, Upland Willow 15,"!, 320,390, 4,10

Oak, Valparaiso 146, 818, 3S0, 452

Oak, Water (Qucrcns aquatici) 152,320,350.388,410,464

Oak, Wafer (Quercus pulustris) 1.12, 820, 3P8, 4.14

Oak, Water White 140,314,350,384.450

Oak, Weeping 138,312,382,448

Oak, White (Quercus alba) 137, 265, 312, 350, 380, 414, 446

Oak, White (Quercus Giirryiina) 138.312,350,382,448,576

Oak, While (Quercus griHoa) 144,310,380,452

Oak, While (Quercus lobata) 138,312.382,448

Oak, While (Quercus obloneifolla) 144,310,380,452

Oak, Willow 154, 32.', SOO, 4.K1

Oak, Telloiv (Quercus prinoidos) 143,265,310,384,4.10

Oak, Yellow (Qnercns tinctorin) 149, 265, 318, ,350, 388, 454

Oak, Y.llow-bark 140,205,318,350,388,454

Oblapo Pine 200.340,404,472

(Enoearput regta 218

OgeeehecLlme 91,290,300,432

Ohio Buckeye 42,274,3.18,422

Ohio, lumber Industry and manufactiues from wood In 486. 487, .147

Ohio, rank of, according lo value of lumber products 487, .167

Ohio, Btatlstics of foreats, forest flres, standing timber, etc., ia 401,547

Ol-ACIM!* ' 34,270

Old-fleld Birch 159,324,350,392,458

Old-field Pino 197.310,350.404.416,470

Old Man's Beard 113,298

OUa Americana 113

Ol.K.Al:y.JF. 106-113.254,257,290,370,434

Olive, Cnllfomla 120,302,374,440

GENERAL INDEX.

599

Page.

Olntya 10,12,14

OJneyaTesotA 56, 249, 253, 2S8, 278, 300, 42S

Orange, Mock 70,284,362,428

Orange, Oaagc 1'.'8, 308, 370, 442

Orange, Wilil (Prnnus Caroliniana) 70,284,302,428

Orange, WiW (Xanthoxylum Clava-Horcnlie) 30, 270, 300, 420

Orchidocarpum arietinum 23

Oregon Ash 111,298,372,438

Oregon Cedar 179,332,350,398,404

Oregon Crab Apple 73,284

Oregon, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,577

Oregon Pino 209, 265, 344, 352, 410, 476

Oregon, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Oregon, remarks by Mr. Soreno Watson on the forests of certain

counties of 577, 578

Oregon, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in ... 491,576-578

Oreodaphne Cali/omica 120

Orcodosa 11,16

Oreodoxa oUracen 218

Oreodosa regia 218,260,348,352

Original forest of the Bistrict of ColamMa replaced by Oak, Scmb Pine,

Otl! 511

Osage Orange 128,300,376,442

Osmanthns 11,13

Osmanthus Americanos 113,249,254,257,300,372,438

Ostrya 11,16

OHrya Virginiana 158

Ostrya Virginica .._. 158,249,255,258,322,390,456

Ostrya Virghiica, var. eglanduloia 158

Ostrya Virginica, var. glanduloga 158

Over.cup Oak (Quercus lyrata) 140, 314, 330, 384, 450, 533

Over-cup Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) 140, 265, 314, 384, 448

Oxydeudrura 11, 15

Oxydeudrnm .arboreum 08,^9,254,257,292,368,434

P.

P.icific Coast Forest, tho 7

P.'icific region, the 6-10

Padv« cartiltjginea 68

Padus demissa 69

Padus serotina C8

Padus Tirginiana 68

Palm, Fan-leaf 217,348,414,460

Palm, Koyal 218,348,332

Palma argentea 218

PALMACE.E 217,218,255,259,348,414,480

Palmetto, Cabbage 217,34)', 352

Palmetto Siibal 217,250,348,332

Palmetto, Silk-lop 217,348

Palmetto, Silver-top 218,348

Palo Blanco 126,308

PaloTordc 60,280,362,420

Papaw 23,266,354,418

Paper Birch 100,324,350,302,458

Paradise Tree 32,270,356,420

Parkinsouia 10-12, 14

Parkinsonia aculeata 12,00,250,280

Parkinsouia micropbylla 60,249,280

Parkin.sonia Torreyana 60,250,253,256,280,362,426

Parsley Haw 81,286

Pasania dcngijtora 155

Pania Cali/omica 43

Pavia carnea 42

Pavia discolor 43

Pavia Jiava 43

Pavia glabra 42

Pavia bybrida 43

Pavia lutca 43

Pavia ncghcta 43

Pavia paltida 42

Paina Watvoniana 42

Peach Oak (tjucrcus denaiflora) 155, 205, 322, 390. 450

Peach Oak (Quercus PhcUos) l.M, 322, 390, 450

Peach, Wild 70,284,362,428

Pear Haw 79,280,364,430

Pecan 132. 306. IM, 378, 444

Pecan, Bitter 136.310. 250, 380, 414, 446

Pecan-nut, the, an important product we«t of the Cotondo river ija

Texas Ml

Pencil Cedar of Honda SH

Pennsylvania, lumber indastry and manaf?ctarefl from wood is. -466,487, 906-610

Pennsylvania, rank of. according to value of lumber products 487

Pennsylvania, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on tbefor««t4of 507-510

Pennsylvania, statuitlcs of forests, forest Area, staDdtDK timber, etc,

in 4«1,S06-510

Pennsylvania, tabular statement of the amonnt of White Pine and Hem-
lock stinding in the forests of. May 31, 18*0 506

Pepperidge 02,290,366,43:

Peppenvood 30, STO, 156, 4M

Percent, of toonin in the bark of certain species 265

Persea II. li

Pertea Borbonia lU

Persea Carolinensis 1I8,2S0,»4,257, J02,37S.4W

Pergea Citrolinentig, var. gledfrixueula 118

Persea Carolinensis, rar. palostris 119, 250, 2H, 257, 302, 371, 438

Pergea Carolirtentig, var. piijMeeiw 119

Pergea Catcgbyana 119

Pergea Sagga/rag 119

Persimmon 104, 294,350,

Persimmon, Black

Persimmon, Mexican

PhiKnopyrum aeeri/olium

Phien oi>yru m a rboregeent

Phanopyrxnn Carolinianum

Phimopyrum eoeeineum

Phtenopyrum eordatum

Ph(Fnopyrtnn ellipticum

Phcmopyrum popul\folium

Phcenopi/rum pruinotum

Pha-nopyrum spathulatum

gttbvillot^tm

T'ir(7inicum

368.434

105. 2»4
IC>S,2»«

Phemopyntn
Ph<enopyntn

PhtFUopyni m rin'da

Ph(enopyrum Wendtandii.

Photinia arbuti/olia

Photinia galieifoUa

3K

2U
112
30*
sn-S7S
211
210

Picea U, 12,16^575

Piccaalba 12, 204. 250, 255, 258, 263. 342. 40*. 474, 562, 564

Picea amabilig (Abies nmabilis) 213

Picen amabilig (Abies snbalpina) 211

IHeea baUamea 211

JHcea baUamea, var. loiigifoUa 211

Picea bi/otia 211

Picea braeteata 213

Picea Cali/omica 20S

Picea Canademi* 206

Picea cirrvlea

i"i«o concoJor

Picea concotor, var. violoeea

Picea Douglagii

Picea Engelmanni 9, 205, 251, 255, 258,265, 342, 4«e, 474, S64-S67,

Picra Frageri (Abies lutlsamea)

Picea Frageri (Abies Fraoori)

Picea glauca

Picea grandig (Ablea concolor)

Picea grandi* (Abice grandie)

IScea la^a

Picea Lcuciana -••

Picea magnifica

i*iVrti ileruiesii (Picea pnogens)

Picea Ventiegii (Picea Sitrhensis)

Picea nigra 202, 350, 2SM58, 263 26S, 342. 352, 40S, 4T4. 4*4.

Picea nigra, x%T.glauca

Picea nigra, vnr. rubra

Picea nobilig

Picea pungcns IS, »», 251. 2&.S SS.S 344.

Picea rubra

Picea Sitchensis 206. 2M. 2SS, 2SSi 263, 344. 408,

Pieteringia panieuiala

Pigeon Cherry

sn

214
406, n4

303

474, !«

100

262. 42«

600

GEXERAL INDEX.

Piscooplam 117,302.'372,43S

Pigronwood 117. 302. 372, •ICS

PieXul 134,310,350,380,446

Pik» coanly. AUbama, tbaforesUof 528

THIoermiJ JL'ii^maiiiii SO

Pin Cherry 60,282,428

Pin Oak 153, 320, 388, 4.'>4

riocknrn 10,11,14

rtnrkm-ya pabcns 95,250,253,257,290,306,432

rinckntyt puieMnu 95

PiBc asd Sprnrp MandiDE in the foreata of Uaine Mar 31, 1880, tabalar

Alatemrnt of the amoant of 494

I*ine. BastAid 202,342,352,406,410,474

Pine brlt of rrnttal Alabama 529

Pine. UiMiop'K 200,340,404,472

Pine, Blark (Pinu« Jeffrevi) 193,338,402,470

Pinr. Illack il'inii!) Murrayana) 195,338,350,404,470

Pine. BuJl (Pioiia JrOH-yi) 105,338,402,470

Pine. Uttll (Pinuamitia) 200.340,350,406,472

Pine, Bull ( I'Intu ponderoaa) 193, 338, 350, 402, 468

Pine. Bull (PiniuSabiniatta) 195.338,350,404,470

Pine. Cedar 201,340,400,472

Pine. Diseer 195. 338, 3J0. 404. 470

Pine foreata of Baldwin mnnty, Alabama 627

Pine fureata of aoutbem Miaaiaaippi 531,532

Pine foreata of the nartbeaatem coontiea of Misaiaaippi 532-534

Pine. Foxtail 191, 336, 402, 468

Pine. Georgia 202,342,352,406,416,472

Pine, Gineer T 179,3.12.350.398,464

Pine, Gray 201,a42.3,'.2,406,472

Pine. Hard 202,342,352,406,416,472

Pine. Hirkory (Pinna Balfouriana, rar. ariatata) 191,. 136, 402,468

Pinu. Hickory (Pinoa pDngena) 199,340,350,404,472

Mnc, .Icrat-y 199,340,350,404,470,548

Pine, Knob-cono 196, .140, 404. 470

Pine. I>oblolly 197,340, 350,404,410, 470, 516, .141

PIni-, Lodgepolc 195, 338, 350, 404, 470, .',04, 574, 577

Pine. I^ongl.-arfd 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516. 519-521, 521, .531, 537, 541

Pine. Lone- and Sbort-leared, atandinf; in tbo foreata of Alabama May 31,

1880. tabular alatement of the amoant of 524

Pine. Lone- anil Short U-avcd, atanding in the foreata of Loulaiaua May

31, 18W, tabular atatement of the amount of 537

Pine. Ivniileavcd. L«ibloHy, and Short-leaved, etanding in the foreata of

Tciaa May 31, IheO. tabular atatement of the amount of 541

Pine, Lanz-luved. atanding in the foreata of Florida May 31. 1880. tabu-
lar atatement of the amount of 521

Pine, Lons leaved, atanding in the foreata of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabu-
lar atatement of the amoant of 620

Pine, Ixtnslraved.atandinc in the foreata of Kofth Carolina May 31 1880,

tabalar atatemf-nt of the aiuotint of 510

Pine, I>pn;;lejTc<l. aUindiu;! in I lie foreata of . South Carolina May 31, 1880,

tabntar atatement of the amoant of 510

Pioe, Lonic-lcaTod. tbo ebatacteriatic tree of the S^nthem Maritime Pino

Bell 4

Pine. Meadow 202,342,352,406,416,474

Pine. Mont'rey 1116,340,404, 470

Pine. Norw.iy 192,330,360,402,468

Pine. Vul (I'inua remhroldea) 100,336

Pine Not <riiin«e<luli«) 100,330,402,468

Pine, Nut irinua monopbylla) 100,336,350,402,468

Pine, Nat iPlnua I'arryana) 180,336,402,408

Pine, Xnt. and the MoanUIn Mahogany tbo moat Important trcea of tbo

tnterl'ir Foreat g

Pine, Obl.fOT 200,340,404,472

Pine, <JM.a.-ld 107,340,350,404,410,470

Pine, Oreeon 209, 26.',, 344, 352, 410, 470

Pine. Pilch 108. 340, 3!i0. 401. 470, 520, .-,22, 525. 531

Pine, Pond IM, 340,350. 404, 4 1 0.470, .527

Pino, Prinee'a 201,342,352,400,472

Pine, Red 102, 336, 350, 402, «68

Plnenslan oftheCooaain Alabama Ko

Pine. Puiat-mar; 197, 340, 3.'0, 404, 416, 470

Pine. Sand IDS, 340, 404, 472

Pine. Semb iPinua Bankaiana) 201,342, 3.'2, 406, 472

Pine. Semb (Pinna clanaa) 199,340,404,472

Pino, Scrub ( Pinua contorta) 194, 338,

Pine, Senib (Pinus inopa) 199,340,3.10,404,

Pino, Short-leaved 200, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 527, 630, 531, 536, 537. 541,

Pine, Short.lcavcd. alanding In the foreata of Arkausoa, May 31, 1880.

tabular atatement of the amount of

Pine, Slash 202, 342. 302, 400, 416,

Pine, Southern 202,342,352,406,

Pine, Spnicc (Pinna chiuaa) 100.340.

Pine, Spnicc (I*inu,s glabra) 201, 340, 4€6.

Pino, Spruce (PinuamitiK) joo, 340, 330,

Piue, Spruce (Pinna Murrayana) 19.'>, 338, 350,

Pine, Sugar 188,338,360,400,460,

Pine, Sugar, an important tree in tbo Coaat Foreat

Pine. Swamp 202,342,352,406,

Pine, Tnblemonutain 199, :i40, 350,

Pine. Weymouth 187,334,350,

Pine, White, and Hemlock, atanding in tho foreata of Pcnnaylvnnin,

May 31, 1880, tubniar statement of the amonnt of

Pine, White ( Pinua flosilis) 188, 330, 400, 468, 569,

Pine, White (Pinua glabra) 201,340,

Piue, White (Pinua monlicola) 187,336,400,486.564,

Pine, White (I'iuua relloia) 189,3:

Pine, Whiti- ( Pinua Slrobua) 187, 334, 350, 400, 466, 506, 551 ,

Pine, White, alanding in tho foreata of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular

statemeut of tho amount of

Pine, White, atanding in tho foreata of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabular

statement of I he amount of

Pino, White, atnudiug in the foreata of Wiaconain May 31, IfcM, tabular

atatement of the amount of

Pino, White, the cliaracieriatic tree of the Nortbeni Pine Belt

Pine, Yellow, an important, characteriatic tree of the Coast Forest

Pine, Yellow (Pimis Arizonica) 192,338,

Piue, Yellow (Pinus mitis) 200, 340, 3.')0, 40C,

Pine, Yellow (I'inus paluatria) 202,342,3.52.400,

Pine, Yellow (I'inus jjonderosa) 193, 338, 350, 402, 468, 502, 505,

PiDon (I'inus edlllis) 190,336,

Pifion (Pinus monopbylla) 190, 336, 350,

PIDon (Pinus Parryana) 189,336,

Page.

404. 470

544
474, 616
416,472
404, 472
472. .'.27
406, 472
404, 470
576, 578
8
416, 474
404, 472
400, 466

506
570, 571
406, 472
574, 576
402, 468
,',54, 558

402, 468
472, 529
416, 472
574, 578
402, 468
402, 468
402, 468

Finns 11,12,16

Piium
PinuM
Pimtt
Pinuji
Pinut
Pinna
Pinta
Pinut
Pinut
Pinut
Pinut
Pinitt
Pinut
Pinua
Pinut
Pinua
Pinut
Pinaa
Pimu
Pinut
Pinua
Pinut
■Pinut
Pinut
Pinut
Pimu
Pinut
Pinut
Pinut
Pinut
Pinut
Pinut
I*inut
Pinua
Pinut
Pinut

Atjifg Americana .
Ahiet Baliamea . .
Abi^ Canadentit.
adunca

206

.189, 250, 255, 258, 336, 400, 468, 565, j>72, .573

alba

albicaulia

amai/ilit (Abiea amabilla)

amaiiilit (Ahioa magnllica)

amabilit (A biea auhalpina)

Americana ' Picea nigra)

A mericana (Tangtt Canadenais)

A m erica na i ubra

arittata

Arixonica 192,250,255,268,838,

auttralit ,

Balfouriana 191,259,255,258,336,

Balfouriana (Pinna Balfonriana, rar. arlstata)

Balfouriana, lor. arialata 191, 250, 255,258, 336,

baltamea

battamea, var. Frateri '.

Baukaiana 201, 250, 25.5, 258, 263, 342, 352,

Jlanktiana (Pinna contorta)

Beardtleyi

Ucnthamiana ■

Bolandcri

BoUTtieri

braehyptera

bracUaia

Calijomiea (Pinua Inalgnla)

Cati/omi<M (Pinua luberculata)

Cnnadrntit ( I'lci-a nlba)

Canadentit (Tauga Canadenaia)

Canttdentdt (Tauga Mcrtenalaim)

402, 468
210

nlde

ermbriiidet (I'inua albicaulia) .
eembrnidet (Pinua edalla) ....

GENERAL INDEX.

601

PiuuB Chihiiahuana 194, 250, 255, 1'58, 338.

Tinas clanBa 190,250.255,258.340,

Pinus commutata

Pintis concolor

Pinuflcontorta IJM, 250, 255, 258, 338,

Pinus contorta (Finns miiricata)

Pinug contorta ( Pinus Miirrayana)

PinuA contorta, var. Bolanden

Pinug contorta, var, lati/oha

Pinus CouUcri 195.250,255,258.340.

Pinus Craigana

Pinus Ciibenaia 202. 249, 255, 258, 263. 342, 352. 406, 410, 474, 516. 5^0,

Pinus Caboufis, var. terthrocarpa

Pinus drjlexa

Pinus Douglasii

Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata

Pinus echinata

Pinus Edgariana

Pinus edulis 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,

Pinus JEUiottii

Piniig Engelmanni (Picea Engelmanni)

Pinus Engelmanni (Pinus pondcrosa)

Pinus flexilia 13,188,250,255,258,336,400.468,

Pinus Jierilis (Pinus albicaulis)

Pinus jtexilin. var. albicaulis

Pinus Jlexilis, var. macrocarpa

Pinus Jlexilis, var. reflexa

Pinus Jtcxilis, var. serrulata

Pinus Fraseri ( Abies Frascri)

Pinug Fraseri (Pinus rigida)

Pinus Fretnontiana

Pinus ful His

Pinus glabra 200,250,255,258.263.340,406.

Pinus graridis (Abies amabiUa)

Pinus gramtis (Abies concolor)

Pinus grand is (Abies grandis)

Pinus GrozHieri ■.

Pinus Uudsonxca

Pinus inops 198,250,255.258,263,340,350,404,470.

Pinus inops (Pinus contorta)

Pinus inops (Pinus Murrayana)

Pinus inops, var. (Pinus moricata)

Pinus inops, var. clausa

Pinus insignis 8,196,250,255,258,340,

Pinus insign in m acrocarpa

Pintts insitpiis, var. binata

Pinus intermedia

Pinus .Joffroyi 9.193,250,255,258,338,402,

Pinus Lambertiana 8. 188, 251, 255, 258, £36, 350, 400, 466,

Pinus Lan^ertiana, var. (Pinus flexili.s)

Pinus Lambertiana, var. brevi/vlia

Pimis laricina

Pinus Laricio, var. resinosa

2'inusLarix

l^nus Larixalba

Pinus La rix nigra

Pinus Larix rubra ,

Pint(# tasiocarpa (Abies concolor)

Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies subalpina)

Pinus Llavcana (Pinus eonibroidos)

Pinus Haveana (Pinus Parryann)

Pinus Loddigesii

Pintis lophosperma

Pinus Lowiana

Pinus Lt/alli

Pinus macrocarpa

IHnus macrophylla

Pinus Mariana

Pinus Menzicsii

Pinus Menzicsii, var. crispa

Pinus Mertensiana

Pinus microearpa

Pinus niitis 4, 200, 250, 255, 258, 340. S5t>. 406. 472. 524. 527.

533.5:16,537.541,
Piwis mitis, var. paupera

Page.

404. 470
404. 472

P«C*.

PinuH moDophylla 9. 13, 190. 20O. 2SS, SS«, SM^ S80. 411. Mi

Pinus uionticola 7, 187. 250. 256, 258. 336. 400. 460. SM. Sflfig S7S^57<

Pinus ninricaU 199. 250. 255. 256. MO. 404. 472

Pinus murieata (Pious contAHa) IM

Pinus MurrayoQft 9, 194, 250, 255. 25B. 338, 3S0. 404, 470. fi04-SC7. 572-977

PinuM nigra 202

Pinus notniis.

214
216

Pimis XuttaUii

Pinus osteotpemta 190

Pinus paluHtris 4, 201, 240. 255. 258, 263, 342. 352, 400, 416, 472. 510, 519-231.

534. 531. 537. Ml
Pinus palnstris tiie characttristic tree of the Southern MAritim« Pine

Belt.

. 189. 250. 2&^ 256. 336. 402. 468

402, 468
202
205

470, 578
576, 578

521^^11,
544. 5G0

Pinus Parryana *.

Pinus Varryana (Pinus ponderoea) 193

Pintis Pattt/niana (Txuga Mcrtensiana) 308

Pinus Pattoniana iT»uga Pattoniana) 308

Pinus penduia 215

Pinus ponderosa 8, 9. 192. 250. 255, 258, 263, 338. 350, 402. 468, 562. 565. S67.

574, 575. 578
Pinns ponderosa an important characteristic tree of the Coast Forest. .. 8

Pinus ponderotta, var. Bmthamiana 1S9

Pinus ponderosa. var. Jeffreyi 193

Pinus ponderosa, var. seoptUorum 193

Pinus pnrphyroearpa 1F7

Pinus pongcns 190.250,255,258.340,350,404,472

Pinus radiata 196

Pinus reHcxa 189,250,255.258,336.402,468.568^560

Pinus n^sinosi 191,250,255,258.263,336^350.402,468

Pinus resinosa (Pinus ponderosa) 193

Pinus rigida 197.250.255.258.340,350.404,470

Pinus rigida (Pinus insignis) 196

Pinus rigida (Pinus mitis) 200

J*i««« rigida. var. serotina 196

Pinus rubra (Picea nigra) 203

Pinus rubra (Pinus resinosa) 191

Pinua rubra, var. riolacea. 2W

Pinus rupestn's 201

Pinus Sabiniana 195, 250. 255. 258, 338. 40*. 470

Pinus Sabininna CouUeri 19ft

Pinus Sabiniana macrocarpa H6

Pinus sorotiua .198, 349. 255. 258. 340, 350. 404. 416. 470. ST?

Pinus Shasta 1»

Pin us Simla irii 196

Pinus SHchmsis »6

Pf'niu species (Abies subalpina) ^U

Pinns Strobns 4, 187, 251, 255, 258. 263. 334, 350, 400. 466, 494. 506. 551. 5M, SSS

Pinus Strobua the characteristic tree of the Kortheni Pine Belt 4

Pinus Strobus, var. a*ba * l*^

Pintts Strobus, var. brer\folia 187

Pinus atrobus, var. eomprtssa 187

Pinus Strobus, var. monticota 1*^

Pinus Strobus. var. nivea 187

Pinus sy Iff stris, var. divaricata 301

Pinus TiiHla 197, 250. 255^ 258. 263. 340, 350, 404, 416. 470. 512. 516^ Ml

Pinus Ttrda, var. n 197

Pinus T(rda, var. alopeeuroidea 19*

Pinus Ttrda, var. heterophyUa 302

Pinus TrtHifl. var. rigida 197

Pinus Tirda. var. tenui/olia 197

Pfnus Tirdfl, vtiT. rariabilis 500

PiMMA- Tivda, var. nn^intann lOt*

Pinus taxifotin . 2r9

Pinus tetragona 264

Piwns Torn>ynna 8. 193, JSO, »MS«, 338, 40t 46S

Pinus lubcn-ulatA 19^»1, 253^358. 346. 40*. 470

Pinus tubfrcuUUa (Pinns insignis) *'6

Pinus rariabilis S»

Pinus wnusta 21S

ISnus rirrjimoiMT - ^*

Pinus Virginiana, vur.fchinata 200

Pisoidia." l«.U

ISscidia Carthagenensis — "

Piscidia Erythrina 57, 24«. .::a -:A :ri\ 3«. 4»

Pisouia 11.15

«i02

GENERAL INDEX.

i :«.nu K-olnta 1"

PiaooUobUuaU 117. 2S0. SM, 257, 802. S72. 43S

10-12,14

PUttcia .

17S, 250, K5. 258, 330. 39C 462

. 175, 250, 255. 258. 262. 330, 396, 462

U

risUru Mrxieutt

PitfhPim" U8, 340, SSOi 404, 470, 520. 522, 52.% Ml

ruktrnMium/ff* **

niktioloHiim GtM4*biftimt 64

ntUtoitUam mimpit^m 64

Pithccidobinin rttj:ai*-«aU 64,249,282

Flmarn IMS

riMl«««<loati« 134,250.254,257.306.376.442

Piamtn Omelimi 124

namen Liekardi 124

PU»m ulmi/oHa 12<

PLATJLtJkCE.B 120.130.254,257,306,376,442

PUtmniu U. 12. 15, 251

Ftalmmut CW/trnica 12*

rMammt ktAnjM 128

riMMmtlcbata 129

ItMlaniu Hrrieana i PUtanna ncemosa) 129

PiaUKUM UtTicana iPUtanoa Wrightii) 130

PUlMos occiJeoUlU 129.250,254,357,306,330.376.442

PIotaaM ooodmtalu (PU<aniu ncemon) 129

PUsini- r»rm«wa 129, 2S0. 254. 257, 306, 37«i 442

/■I.;- ' I PUUnns Wriehtii) 130

!■:■.• ■■ :iT. anfulota 129

PI. 130,250.254.257.306.376.442

Plum. (:.ruwU 65,282.362,4:6

Plam, Chick»«»w 06, 282, 362, 426

Plam,Coco» 63,282,332,426

Plum. Darling 39, 272. .158, 422

Pl«m. Downward 103, 291, 368, 4.%»

Plum. Goptwr 9I,290,36«,4.".2

Ploni. OaUoa 131, .102, 374, 440

Plom. Hoj (PraouaBgiutifaUa) 66, 282, 362, ■lie

Plam. Iloe (Bbaa Mdopiam) 54, 278, 380, 4^4

Plnm. Hog (XimcBia Americana) 34.270

PInm, Honr 65,282,062,426

Plnm. UoontaiD 34.270

Plnm. Pieran 117.302.372,438

Ham. SiOroa 103. 234. 3C8. 434

Plum. WUa 8:., 282. 302. 426

PoiaooEMcT 64.278

PolaooSamach 54.278

Potaoowood (Rfaoa Ifetopinm) 54.278,360,424

PolMowood iSchaallaaialnclda) 121,304

Poi.I.*\»il.l. 117. 118. 254. 257, 302, 372, 438

PolyTvnum urtffra 118

PuDd Apple 23.2C6,.'t54,418

Pond Pine 198.340.350.404,410.470.527

Poplar 1-.' 1 - • ■! Ai-.^

Poplar. Caroliaa 175, .v

Poplar, XcckUe« 175, i

Poplar. Ttllow 22. '.Oi-, :r-i. ;:»

Pttce-

Populiu dfiloidt 174

Populos Frrmootii

Popnlus Frvmontii. rar. XVisliccnt

Poputut fftandutofa 175

Populus t:Tandidpct«U 172.250.255,258,328,394,460

Popututgrandidfntala.vu.pmdula 172

Populns ln'torophjUa 172,250.255.258,328,394,460

Popului hftrrophylla (Populna balsaniifora, mr. candioans) 173

Populut hftfrophyUa,v&T.ar^ntta 172

Populut Itrrigata {Populus monilifei-a. AUon, tU.) 175

Populut Urri^ta (Popnlua mouilifera. Jlort.) 175

Populut latifolia 173

Populu4 I.indtfpana 175

Poptdui mneropht/Ua (Popnlus balsamifcra, rar. candicans) 173

Populut macrophylla (Popnlus mouilifera) 175

Popiilut Harylandica 175

Popnlus moDilifcra 174,251.255.258.262,330,350,396,482

Poptitut mcnil\ffra (Populus Fremont ii) 175

PopuUu monilyfrra (Populus Fremont ii, rar. WisUieni) 175

Pop^^lut nf^lecia 175

Populus Ontarientit 173

Populuf Titcamahaca 173

PopxilvM trrmui^formis 171

Popnlus tremnloidea 12,171,250,255.258.328,350.394,460

Popuhu trepida 171

Populus trichocarpa 174.251,255.258.330,394.462,576

Populus trichocarpa, Tax. eupulata 174

Populus viminta 173

Populus Virjriniana 175

Porceiio frilofca 23

Porkwood 117.302.372.438

Porliera 10-13

Porliera sufnistifolia 29.249.26S

Port Orford Cedar 179, 332, 350. 398, 4G4, ,-.76

PossnaiOak 152, 320, 350, 3«8. 110.454

Post Cedar 176,330,396.462

Post Oak 139,312,382,448,528

Post Oak. Swamp 140.314.350.384.4-10

Prickly Ash (Xantlioxyhim Amerieannm) ID, 268

Prickly Afh (Xantboi^Ium Clava-Hercnlis) 30, 270, S.W, 420

Prinecs Pine 201.342,352.406.472

Princi]>fll woods of the Cniti'd States under comprosaion, behavior of the . 418-481
Principal woods of the United Stalea under transverse strain, behavior

Popalu .. 11,12,16

PtpuUu nWtKtateo 173

Pofmlms an^uiata 175

PvyuiuM aa^vioM 175

PapalaaanputiroUa U, 174. ISO, 2SS, SS8, 3B4. 402, 569

Pofmlus anyustifti%a (Popolna Irlcboewpa) 174

Papitius aryentta

Fopyius Atkmismais

Popalo* balsam ifera U, 173, 251, 2SS. 2S8l 328, 394. 460. 1

P-jjmlus baUami/rra (Popnloa tricbocsrpa)

Populus baUami/tra laneeolMtm

Populus balsami/rra. var .«

Populus taisami/rra. rmt. ungfiMt^ftUm

Papisltis haltamifrra, rar. CatifoniSea

Popu!..-4Uir,if. r.i -ir riodtoua 173, 250, 255, 296,330.1

/". - "nutiM

/' •-* Vnltam^ftra. ygr rtndlfaB^f

P, ; , laimoniUferB)

Papuius Ca»ad*mis,T»t.anfusHfUia

Popislms eanduofu

Populiu eordi/olia

of the 354-414

Pringle. Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of Xow Hampshire by 497

Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of New Turk by 501-,10«

I'linple. Mr. C. G., remarks on the fore.^ts of Pennsylvania by .''107-510

Prinslc, Mr. C. G.. remarks on the forests of Vermont by 498-500

Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of West Virginia by 512-51.1

PriiiOM deeiduus 37

Pritfhardia Jilamentota 217

I'rivet 112.298,372,438

Protluct and averafio size of saw.milla in each state and territory 488

PrmloctioD of naval stores in Alabama 517. 527, 529. .130

Proiluction of naval stores in Florida 517

Production of naval stores in Georgia 517

Pro<laction of navnl storc« in I.,ouisiana 517

Production of oaval stores in Misalaafppi 517

Production of naval stores in North Carolina 517

Pniduction of navnl ntoroa in South Carolina 517

I Prosopi. 10-12.14

62

Pr/nopis Kmorvi
Prosopis tjlandulosa
Prosopis Juliflora

Prosopis odorata (Prosopis .iuHflora)

Prosopis odorata ( Prosopis pubeacens)

Prosopis pnbescena 13. 62. 249. 2.13. 256, 280,

Pmnna lO-i:

Prunus Americana 12. 65, 240. 2X1, 256, 282,

Pninns Americana, rar. roollia

Pninus aniustifulU 66,240,25,3,256,282,

/*runu/ borralis

Prvnus Canadensis

Prunus OapoUin

Pninns CapuU 68.249.

. . . 12. 61, 249, 253, 256. 265, 280, 350. 362, 426

302, 420
', 14, .173
302,426

GENERAL INDEX.

603

Prunui Carolina

Pruniis Caroliniann 09,249,253,256,284,

Prunus cartUaginea

Prtinna Chlrasa

Pntnuii coccinea

Prunus (Icmissii 69,249,253,256,284,

Pniniis omarginata 67,

Prunus 6marj,'insl a. lo r. mollis 67, 253, 256, 282,

Pnttuishicvialig (Pnimia Americana)

Prunuji hicmatUi (Priinns AmoricnDa, rar. mollis)

Prunus ilicifolia 76,249,253,256,284,

PrvtiHS imititia

Pntnits tanceolata

Prunits Lusitanica

Pnmus Mississippi

Pritmts moi/i* (Pninus Americana, var. mollis)

Pni mis mollis (Prunus emarginata, var. mollis)

Prumts nigra

Prnnns Pennsyl vanica 12,66, 250,

Prunus persicifolia

Prunvs pumila

J 'ntnus sempervirens

Piuimsserotina 88,250,253,256,259,282,

Prunus serratifolia

Primus spba!rocarpa 70,

Pnmus spinosa

Prunus umbellata 67, 249,

Prunus Virginiana

Prunus Virginiana (Pmnus sorotina)

Prunus Virginiana, var. demissa

Pseudac(tcia odorata

Pseudopctdlon fflaniiulosum

Pseudopctalon tricarpum '.

Psomlotsuga 7,9,11,12

Pspudoteaga Douglasii . . .209, 230, 255, 259, 284, 265, 314, 352, 410, 476, 565, 569.

Psouclotsnga Donglasii, var. macrocarpa 210, 250, 255, 259, 346,

Psfudotsuga magnijica

Pt^eudoUiiga nobilis

Pst'udotauga the most important timber tree of the Pacific region

Ptelia...

362,428
250,282
362, 428

PUlia mollis 31

Ptelia trifoliala 12,31,249,270

Ptolia trifoliata, var. mollis 31

Ptelia vilici/olia 31

Punk Oak 152,320,350,338,416,454

Pui-plotlaw 40,272

Purshia 575

Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on the forests of ifiohigan by 553, 554

INituam, Mr. U. C, remarks on tbe fortjsta of Minnesota by 559, 560

Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on t he forests of the eastern portion of Dakota

by

84 II

Putnam, Mr. H.C., remarks on the forests of Wisconsin by 555-55S

P.vru8 10-12,14

PjTUS Anioiicana 73, 250, 284, 428

I'j/rus Antericana (Pyms sambneifoUn) 74

Pyrna Americana, rar. microcarpa 74

P.vrus augustifoliu 72,249,284

Pi/nis aucuparia (Pyras Americana) 73

Pi/rus aueuparia (Pyms sambuclfolia).'. 74

J'l/rus Partramiana 84

Pi/rtui Ilotryapium

Pyi-js coronaria 72,249,253,256,259,260,284,364,428

i'jjTHB coronaria (Py rus angnat ifolia) 72

}'!/rus coronaria, var. angutti/olia 72

Pyrus divers\folia. 78

Pyrus/tuica ^ 73

Pgms glnndulosa 77

Pj/nts miero'arpa "4

Pyrus ovalis 85

Pyms rivularis 73,243,284

Pyrus 8.nmbucifolia 12, 74, 250, 253, 256, 284, 361, 428

Pgrus stibcordata 73

Pgrus Wangenlmmiana 84

Q-

Quaking Asp 171, S28, 3:.0, 394. 460

Qiuissia dioica 32

P»Be- |! P»je.

69 I' Quattia Sinuiruba JJ

362,428 : Quercitron Oak 149i 2SS, lU, a». M8, «M

68 1| Qnercna 11. 1J.1*

66 I Qnercns acntidena uc

65 t| Qurreus aeutigUxTidis , I4f

Qucrcus agrifolia 146, 249, »«. 2S7, aiS, Ul^ 4S2

Qutrms agri/olia. var./rutetceru 147

Qnercusalba 137, 249, 254, 257, 261. SOSi 313. UO, MO. 414. 44«

Qutreus alba minor isf

Quercus alba paliutris 141

^KFCTM aU>a, var. Gunnisonii Ut

Quereus alba, var. microcarpa UT

Qucrcus alba, vai.pinnatifida 117

Qucrcus alba, var. pinnatiJUo-sinuata IJ7

Qucrcus alba, var. repanda 117

Qucrcus alba, var. sinuata 117

Qucrcus ambigua 147

Qucrcui tnnulata 145

Qucrcus aquaiiea 152, 249, 254,258, 262, 320, 350. 188, 416. 454

Qucrcfts aguatica (Qnercna nigra) 150

Qucrcus aquatica, var. att^nuala US

Qucrcus a>juatii-a, var. euneata U3

Qucrcus aguatica.vai.elongata UB

Qttcrcus aquatica, var. hctcrophyUa 15

Qucrcus aquatica, vai.hybrida 153

Qucrcus aquatica, vM. indirisa ISS

Quercus aquatica, var. lauryfoUa 15S

Quercus aquatica, car. myrtifoUa 155

Quercus Banistcri 155

Quercus berberidifoUa 155

Querins bicolor 141, 249. 254, 257, Ml. 314, 384, 450

Qucrcus bicolor, viir. ifiehauzii 141

Qucrcus bicolor. var. mollis 141

Qucrcus bicolor, vtkT.platanoidM 141

Quercus Breweri 155

Qucrcus Cali/omica 149

Qucrcus Castanea (Qnercns prinoidee) 143

(^u^rn/« Ca«Mn«a (Quercus Prinns) 142

Quercus Citesbaji 151. 240, 254, 258. S», 388, 454, 525

Quercus Cliinquapin .- 141

Quercus cbrysolepis 146. S48, 254. 358, »m JMk 451

Qucrcus chn/solcpis, var. vaeeinsfolia 146

Quercus cinetw 15S, rSO, 355^ 258, 3M, 300, 45* 5»

Quercus cinerca, rar. pumila "*

Qnercns cinerca, ror. sericett IS*

Quercus coccinea 148, 340, 254, 358, SI & SSSl 4a

Quercus coccinea, v»r. ambigua '47

^u«rcu* coccinea, var. microcarpa '48

Quercus coccinea, vslt. rubra 147

^u*rc«* cotvin^a, var. tiiwton'a l**

Qticrctis coiifert\/oUa 1^

Quercus crassipocula 1**

Quercus cuneata '^

Qucrcus decfpicns •• '•'

Queivns denaiBora 154. J««, 254. SH^ «Ss 133. Mft, 45* 5W. S«

Qucrcus discolor •• ..... l40

Vucrcii* di»n>ior, var. friJofto '*•

Quenu.* Doujlasii 14J, J4* 351, J54, SS8, M«. SB, 450

Quercus Douglasii, vnr. aambelii "•

Quercus Douglasii. var. Xeeri "*

Quercus Dnnnmondii IS*

Quercus dumoaa «--- ••" '"

Quercus dnmosia, ror. bolUta '**

Quenua Dunuidii 145. S4S, SSI. 354, 258, 11* S« 453

Quercus echinacea '■**

Quercus echinoides '^

^utfrct(« Won^ata '50

Qu.reusEnior,! 12. 14* 24* 354, 2S8. S6M1* », 45!

Quercus Emoryi (Quer«o» nodolat^ rar. Gamb<'lU) "•

Quimia falcat. 15* 249, 2."4, 258. 262. 265^ S2* IS* JS* 454. «5

(^u^rciM.Ciilcnfii. vnr. Zudorifiana '*•

Quercus /alcata,rKT.pagod<^olia '*>

Quercus. faleata,v!tT. triloba **•

<;>ii«rM«/*iJri'#e«n» '*•

Querciu Oambeiii "*

Qnetxii.* Oarrx-ana lS*S4*2S4.SS7.2«l.Sli ISO SS2. 448. .IT*

349,284

65

282,428

1, 16, 575
573, 576
412,478

10,13

561

604

GENERAL INDEX.

P«Be-

Qocrcos Gcorglaoa lU

lioerroii srinea 144, Wft. 251, 254, 258, 316i 388, 452

<,>..f-.,.r.n*-Tfr. 148

«,' ■ rica 152

V ' -im, Tmr. naiM 152

(^1 . . OUi 1S3, 249, 255, 258, 320, 390, -l.ie

i^mmt UimdMit 138

t^ufremt kMmiUa 153

i>. ■ ,.» 154,249,255,258,322,390,450

.154, 249, 255, iSS, 322, 390, 450

Vtj?

. 149, 250, 254, 258, 265, 320, 388, 4 16, 454

yucrran Kcllogcii

t^uercus Urns

QurTclu UurifolU 152,249,254,258,320,390,

t^urrcut taun/clia k^trida

iiitrrru4 <aur</i (I'a, v»r. acuta

i^trrf-HM Liuri/olia, Tar. obtusa

lJu.Tru» lob«U 138,249.254,257,312,362,

Qucrcua lobata, rar. frnticou

Qv^rruj U^nilata

i^rm'j tfvn^^laHda

yurrru. lyrata 140,249,254,257,201,314,350,384.450,

140, 249, 254, 257, 261, 265, 314, 384, 448

Quercu'i mocrDcarpa

Qurrctit macrofarpa, rar. ahbrmata

{^ufrtui maeroairpa, rar. minor

i^HcrcuM maeroairpa, var. olirtr/ormit

I^uernu Uari^tandiea

QuorrnK Michaaxii 141,249,254,258,261,318,384,410,450,

(^tiereuM montana

t^urrcuM JJorfhiu -.

<^irmjM UuhUnbtr^i

yuercu» nijTtifolia

i^reuB \etri

(Jurrcu* nigra 150,249,254,258,205,320,350,388,454,

</u^rcu» Hifrra i Q nercna aqiuUca)

',' ■ ii-rcuB tinctoria)

'.' '1 tiea

!.J(0.

i^^tr^uj .*ijrti LiiUgrifolia

t/Ufreuj nirfra trifida

(Jurmu nigra, var. ((jtuTcoa lieterophyUa) .
</utreiu niy rn, var. lat(/olia

Q„..r..„. ..Iilonilfolla

. 143, 249, 251, 254, 258, 316, 380, 45

1, rar. brerilobata.

<,.,!iu.j\,iia. rar. brerOoAa .

. ..l.lu.ili.l.a

( obtuMU'iita, rar. drprtna . .
\ tJituMiltttja, rar. parri/olia .

' fF^ff'-'hOTUt

.138, 249, 254, 257, 281, 312, 382, 448, G25, 528

V '

tiuui.i„|«J,.-iiU .♦ 151,240,254,258,320,388.

Viureiit palujirit ((jnercoa rubra, tar. Texana)

Q...rr,„,,..r.;f..lia

Qti.r. .,. l-l,.ll... Xfi«, 249, 255, 258, 322, 300, <

t^,„r-,, /■> ■■•■', nr.j,„1-f,,tia ,

QitercuM
QnfTCOn
t^i^rcu.
(^.,rrru.
l/,„rruM

Qiierciu
Qtierctm
Quereu*

Qnercun

ihtUomi

VheWM

PheUtM,

I*h«]|ofi,
PheU4>t.
priaolO<

^ ttnctona

T«r. (Qarrciu bctcrophjUa)

var. amiariji

%ar. cinerea ,,

var. humHis

var. imbrUaria

var. lauri/olia

TAr. Memperrireru ..,.

, rar. ftcrioea

Tar. riridiM

« M2, 24&, 251. 254, 258, 261. 2«2. 265, 3I», 3B4.

QuercuH »
QuercU'g i
Qucrcm ,

Quorcus Prinxis 142. 249, 254. 258, 2C1. 2C5, 310, 3:,0, 381,

Qutmts Prinu4 fi. {Qucrcus cinerca)

Querctts Prinus (Quercua MicbnuxU)

QutrcuM Priiius Chiiufuapin

Querctu Prinus humili*

Quercus Prinus patuttrit

Qtiercu* Printts platanoidct

Qtiercim Prinus pumita

Qurrcinf Prinus tomentosa

Querent Prinus, var. acuminata

Querctut Prinug, vnr. bicolor

Querent Prinun, var. discolor

Quercuit Prinus. var. lata

Qutrctks Prinus, var. 21ichauxii

Quercus Prinus^ var. monticola

Quercus Prinus, var. oblongata

Quercus Prinus, var. prinoides

Quercus pumila

Qucreus pungens

Quercus Itansom i

Qucrcns reticulata 144,

Quercus retictilata, var. Qreggii

Quercus retusa

Quercus i-ubra 147,250,251,254,258,262,265,318,350,

Quercus rubra p. (Quercus coccinca)

Quercus rubra (Quercus Kellogfi^i)

Quercus rubra (Quorcus tinctoria)

bra maxima

bra montana

bra ramosissima

Quercus rubra, var. dissecta

Quercus rubra var. lati/olia

Quercus rubra, var. montana

Quercus rubra, var. runcinata

QucrcuB rubra, var. Tcxaua 148,249,254,258.318.

Quercus SanSabeana

Querctts scmpermrens

Quercus scrteea

Quercus Shumardii

Quercus sinuata

Quercus Sonomensis

Qtureus spieata

Quercus striata

Quercus stellata, var. depressa

Quercus steUata, var. Floridana

Quercus stellata, var. VtaUensi*

Quercus Texana

Quercus tinctoria 141), 249. 254, 258, 2C2, 205, 318. 350. 388,

Querents tinctoria, var. augulosa

Quercus tinctoria, vai- Cali/ornica

Quercus tinctoria, var. itinuosa

Quercus triloba

I Quercus utiginosa

QnercuH umlulata

Quercus undulata (Quercus Dnrandii)

QuircuM uuilulata, var. Gambolii 130.240,254,257,814.

Quercus undubita, vur. grisea

Quercus undulata, var. oblongata

Quercus undulata. var. pungens

Queroua undulata, var. Wrightii

Quercus vaceinifolia

Qusrcus velutina

Quercus villosa

Quercus vlrcn« 145,240,264,268,202.205,310.

Quercus Yirginiana

Qoorcua Wlsllzcnl •..147,240,254,258,318,

B.

Jiandia elusio'/olia

Rapanea Ouyanentis

lUttlobox

Kwl Ash 101), 200.

ICeil Bay 118.302,

Rc<l Birch 161,324.

Red Cedar (JunipcruH Vir^nlana) 183. 332, 3D8.

lUA Cedar ( Thuya Kigant^'a) 177. 3.10, 390, 402. .173, .175,

Page.
410, 450

0,'V

100, 200
370, 430
372. 438
302, 458
401, 544
570, 580

GENEKAL INDEX.

605

Eod Cherry, Wild

Kcd Cypress 184,334,350,1

Page.
1, 282, 428
I, 398, 400

Bed Elm 122,304,374,440

1,412,478
1, 478, 573
i, 5«5, 575

lied Fir (Abies mngniflca) 214,346,

Ited Fir (Abies nobilis) 214,340,412,

Eod Fir (PHeudotsuga DouRlasii) 200, 205, 344, 352, 410, 470,

lied Fir the most important timber tree of the Pacific region 7

KedGum 86,286,350,3(34,414,430

3l(!d llii w ( CraticKiis coccinea) 78, 286

r.ed Haw (Crat;rgu8 flava, nor. pubescens) 83,280,304,430

Kedlronwood 39,272.358,422

KcdMaplo 50,270,358,424

Eed Mulberry 128,306,376,442

Bed Oak ((Jiimeus fttleata) 151,265,320,350,388,454

Red Oak iQuircim rubra) 148,265,318,350,380,452

KodOak ((Juercus rubra, »ar. Teiana) 148,318.388,452

Ked Pine 192,336,350,402,468

Kod Stopper 89,288,366,430

Eedbud (Cercis Canadensis) 61,280,362,420

Redbud (Cereis reniformis) 61,280

Eodwood 185,334,3.50,398,400,579

Eedwood Belt tbi^ most important feature in the Coast Range of the

Coast Forest 8

Redwood of Califoruia, economic value of the 578

Redwood standing in the forests of California May 31. 1880, t.ibular state-
ment of the amount of 570

Region, the Atlantic 3-0

Region, the Paciflo 6-10

Remarks, general, on the forests of North America 3-16

Reynosia 10, 13

Eeynosia latifolift 39,249,253,256,272,358,422

Hhamindium yevolutum 30

Bhamnacba • 39-42,253,256,272,358,422

Rhamnns 10-13

Hhamniis atnifolUt^ 41

Rhamnus Califnrnica 40,250,272

Rbamnus CsiUfornica, var. tomentella 41

Rhamnns Cnroliniana 40,250,253,250,272,338,422

liliamnvs rllipticut 41

Rhamnus fcrrea 39

lihammis ttfngatuA 39

lihamnus lauri/olius 40

Jthamnus olciiMitia 40

Rhamnns Purshiana 41,250,253,256,272,358,422

jfihammts tovientellus 41

Rhizophora 10, 11,14

Jihizophora Americana SO

Rhizophora Mangle 86,249,253,257,265,288,364,430

Khizophora racrmosa 86

EllIzolMloiiACE.K 86, 87, 253, 257, 288, 364, 430

Rliode Island, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .486, 487, 500, 501

Rhode Island, r.ink of, according to value of lumber products 487

Rbo-o Island, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, ot4)..

In 491,500,501

Bhodo Island, the Northern Pino Belt in 500

Rhododendron 11, 12, 15

Rhododendron maximum 99, 250, 254, 257, 292, 368, 434

lihododctulroti maximum, var. album 99

lihododenUron marimum, VM.purpureum 99

lihododendron maximum, var. roseum 99

Jihododeudron procerum 99

Hhododendron purpureum 99

lihododendron J'Hr»Ait 99

Rhus

llhiw
Hhut
Rhus
lihus
lihug
Khvs
Rhus

RhVK

Jthug
Rhus
Rhus

arborescetis

Canadftige

eoimllina 63,250,253,256,278,;

cvitalliiia, var. (iiii/iudViIara

eopaltina, var. angusti/olia :

copallina, var. intfffri/olia

copallina, var. lanceolata 53, 250, :

cupaliina, var. lalialata

copallina, var. lali/olia

cniialliua, rnr. l^ucantha

copallina, var. serrala

.10,12,14
33

Rhus cotinoides 52,250,276

Rhug rod'nuc S2

Rhu9 glabra 13

Rhus hyptdodendron K

Rhus Uucaniha SI

Rhus Metopium 54, 34«, 253, 250, 2T8, 380. 424

Rh UK Toxicodendron 54

Rhus typhina Si 250,278

Rhu» typhina, var. laciniata 58

Rhu9 typhina, vat. viridijlora 58

Rhus venenata 54,250,278

Rhus vernix S4

Rhus viridifiora 52

River Birch ICl, 324, 3*2, 458

River Cottonwood 172, 3», 3M. 4CD

Bobinia 10,13

Robiniu/ragilis 55

Robiniaglutinoga 50

Robinia NeoMexicana 13, 50, 249, 253, 256, 278. 3«0, 420

Robinia PseudacacLi 55,249,253,256.239.278,350,300.424

Bobinia viscosa 50.249,278

Rock Chestnut Oak 142,205,316,350,384.410.450

Rock Elm 123.304.374,440

Rock Maple 48,276,358,422

Rocky Mountain region, northero, report by Mr. Serene Wateon on the

forests of the 5C4.565

EOSACEJE 64-85, 253, 256, 282, 302. 428

EoBoBay 98.292.368,434

Rosemary Pine 197,340,350.404,416.470

Rosin and tar produced in North Carolina, grades of 517

EoyalPalm 218.348.352

RUBIACEX 95^ 96, 253, 257. 2M), 368. 432

Rum Cherry 68,282.362.428

EuTACEiE 29-32,253,250,268,350,430

8.

Sabal 11,16

Sabal Palmetto 217,250,348,352

Safi'ronPlum 103. 2»l, 388, 434

Sage-brush 575

Saginaw valky in Michigan, Inmber industry of 552

Sagunro 90.288

SalICACE.E. 165-175, 255, 258, 328. 3M. 400

Salix 11,12,16

Salix 170

Salix ambigua 185

Salix amygdaloides 13, 168, 250, 255, 256, 328, 3M, 4«0

Salix argophylla 188

Salix arjuta 167

Salix arguta, var. lasiandra 167

Salix Bigelovii 178

Salix Rigelovii, v&T./uscior 170

Salix brachycarpa 188

Salix brachystaehyt ITO

Salix brachystaehyt, vvar.Seouleriana 170

Salix Caroliniana 185

Salix cklorophylla, var. ptllila 171

Salix cordatn ^L. . ., I7D

Salix cordata, xar./aUata 165

Salix cordata, rar. vcstita 170, 250, S38

Salix crassa 169

Salix euneata 171

Salix discolor 168^250.338

Salix discolor, rar. oriocepbala 168

Salix discolor, rar. prinoides 169

Salix erioeephala 169

Salix exigua 168

Salix /aleala 165

Salix Fcndleriana 167

Sillix rtavcsiVns 169, 250, 2SS, 258, S2S. S94. 400

Salix fia resents (Salix fiavcscons, var. Scouleriana) 170

Salix flaveaccns, ror. Sconleriann 170, 250, 25.% 258, SJS, 394. 460

Salix ,ilarorirens 165

Salix Jlurialahs 168

Salix Ilarhcegi 171

Salix llindsiana 169

606

GENERAL INDEX.

Setij ifuulnaiM, Tar. Unui/oKa 109

attix Bo/maMMiMM 107

SiUx Bookeriau 170,250,328,460

Salii noutla»ia»a 165

SaiisKumitit, var. Uartvtffi 171

S«lix liTvigato 1«7, 250,345, 258, 3£6, 394,400

Sftlix Urrigata. rar. angoBtifoUa 167

Salix bvvi;^tft, rar. oooge«U 107

Saliz laiicifolui 167

Salii UsuDdra 167,250,328

Salii luUndra. rar. Fendlerlaiui 167, 250, 255, 2SS, 326, 394, 460

S»lixl»i.i«Lndni,rar.Uncifolin 167.250,255.258,326,394,400

Salix U»iolepiii 170,250,255,258,328,394,460

Salis taswirpij, rmt. anffust\foUa 171

Salix UuiotrpU. \'nr. Biytiorii 170

iioiiJ[ iasiUrpi*. \^r./aUax 170

SaiLr UMioUjna. Tar. latiftAia 171

.Soiir UguMlnna 165

SJii hjncifoli» 12,168,250,326

Halix loiufi/olia. Tar. anffuttistima 168

Salix lonc>''<*lia, rar. arjjyrophTlla 168

Salix Icnff^fUia. Tar. argyrophyUa anguatiatima 168

Salxxloiujifolia^ vmr. argyrophyUa opaea 168

S.ilix l..Dcifolia. ror. ciiftna 168,250,326

Saiij longi/tAia, Tar. opaca 168

SoJlt lungi/oiia, v*t. p*di£«Uata 168

Salix loiig\p*s 166

Aalix lungipfi, x%T.pubtKens 166

Salii lucida. Tar. angiuti/olia, forma Uuiemdra 167

Salix lucida. Tar. maerophyUa 167

Salix rnargiiiala .... 166

Salii mfianoptis 166

Salii niera 12,165,250,326,304,460

Saiix nigra. Tar. amygdaloidaa 166

Salix nigra. Tar. anguxt\/olia 166

.Saiix nigra, xur..faUata 165

Salix nigra. Tar. tati/olia 166

,Salix nigra. Tar. Umgi/olia 166

.*^allx iji;:r:i. rar. loD^ipea .. 166

.>:7.'i ' 7, igra. Tar. longip<4. subTar. gongyloearpa 166

.<ihj n'gra. Tar longipea, auhv&r. renulota 166

Salix ui^ra, ear. margiiiata 166

Saliiiii;:n. rar. Wardil 166

S,! . i,i.Ta,rar. Wrightll 166

- . •■ lilrDtalU 106

-''.■Aj- j.'-ritandra 105

.'va/i.r pfntandra, var. raudata 107

,*ialix yrinoidex 169

.Salix I'urahiaTUt 165

.Salix rubra 168

,s^ltx .sccvUriana 170

.^ ■ ritiUea 160

-.ilifolta 168,250,328

-•ilifolia. rar. UiodaUiu 169

.- , ■ ••iti/Uia, \»T, rillo$a 168

> : ^ -.r. heulii 171,250,328

.v.lii .Sitrhroaia, r<lr anglutlfoUa 171

.Salix tpecioaa Iff7

f>alix tuhrillata 166

Sitiz ffrigklii 166

Samara tl/tritivnda 90

Samara prntnndra 90

Samlinciu 10-12,14

Sainl.utiu Cati/omiea 93

SamlinciM elaora 93,280,253,257,290,366,432

.s,zm>iurua gin ua$ iSnmbociu Mexieaiu) 93

Siunlinra* Mi'iicana 12,93,250,290

.Saiit'r'jriit itrxirana ISamboeiu gUoca) 93

Sa in ffuritx Tflulina ,, , 93

SoadJark 153, 320, 390, 4.VI

SandPiDe 109, 340. 484, 472

Sand t>ar Wlllir.v 168,326

SAri!!i>*(-B^. 42-51, 253, 258, 274, 368, 414. 422

■Satdndas

Sajiindut acuminata. .
Saplnd'tt Drummondi

10-13
44

Pogo.

Sapindux .falcatut 44

' Sapindus in<rquali4 44

Sapimlus niarKioatus 12,44,249,253,274,358,414,422

SiipiudtiH SniK>naria ...45 249 274

Sapindti* Saponaria (SapiDdas marginatas) 44

S.IPOTACK.K 100-103,254,257,292,368,434

Sarcomphalus Carolinxanus 40

Sa«8afra.s 120, 302, ;174, 438

I Sassafras officinalp 110,250,254,257,200,302,374,488

j Satin wood 1 1, 15, 3 1 . 270, 356, 420

I S»Tin (Junipoma Virginiana) 183, 322, 398, 464

■j Savin (Torroya taxifolia) 186,334,400,460

I Saw-inilb iu each flat© and territory', avomgo size and prodact of 488

I Scarlet Haw (Cnitasgus ooecinea) 78, 286

Scarlet Haw (CratasguB subviUosa) 78, 280, 364, 430

Scarli't Uak 14ii, 318, 388, 452

Schji'lTeria 10, 13

Sch(pfrria buxi/olia 39

I Schceferia compUia ;jo

Scha'fferia frutcscens .to, 249, 272

Schaferia laterijlora 120

Sch<m*h(ta eommutata 87

Schubfrtia dixticha 133

Schubertia aempervirt-ns 186

j Screw Bean 62, 280, 362, 426

I Screw.pod SIi»(|uit 62,280,362,420

I Scmb Oak (Quercus Catcsbwi) 151,320,388,454

Scrub Oak (Qucrcus nndulata, ror. Gnmbelii) 139,314,384,448

Ij Scrub Pine (Pinns Biinkbiana) 201,342,352,400,472

j Scrub Pine (Pinus clausa) 109,340,404,472

I Scmb Pino (Pinns contorta) 194,338,404,470

I Scrub Pine (Pinus inops) 199,340,350,404,470,529

Seulia/errca (Coudalia ferrea) 39

I Stmtia ffrrea (liej-nosia latifoUa) 39

j Sea Aah 30,270,356,420

Sea Grape 118,302,438

' Seaside Alder 162, 326, 4.''i8

Subnstiania 11, 15

Sebostiauia Incida 121, 249, 304

Sebestena scaJbra 113

Selected woods of the United States under traosverso strain, bebavior of:

specimens oigbt centimeters sqnaro 414-417

Semi-tropical Forest of Florida 0

Sequoia 8,11, 12, 16

.Sequoia glgantea 184,261,255,258,334,398,406,578

Sequoia gigantta (Sequoia scmperTirons) 185

Sequoia lia/xneiquei 200

Sequoia Tcligiota 185

Sequoia semporvirens 184. 250, 255, 268, 268, 334, 350, 3!l8, 460, 579

Sequoia WeUingtonia 184

SerricoTrCd 84,280,304,430

ScTon- year Apple 0 j, 290

Shad Bush 84,280,364,430

Shag-bark Hickory 133,308,350,378,444

ShnrpleB, Mr. S-P-, experlmenUby 247,251.264,266

She B,'iliuim 210,340,412,478

Shecpberrj- 94,290.432

Shell-bark, Big 133, 310, 3;h. 444

Shell-bark. Bottom 183,310,378,444

ShoU-bnrk Oickory 133,308,350,378,444

SbiogleOak 154,322,390,450

Shio^ilcn and lumber received at Chicago daring the year 1880 ,''>48, 540

Sbittimwood (Bumella lanuginosa) 102,204,3()R,434

Sbltllmwood ( libnmnus Pursbiana) 41, 272, SIW, 422

Short- and Ix>n^-leaved Pino standing In the forests of Alabama May 31,

1880. tiibular statement of the amount of 534

Short- and I..uiig-lenvexl Pine standing iu the forests of Louisiana May

31. 1880. tabular statement of tli.' aniouul of '. 637

Short- and Long-leaved I'ine standing iu the forests of Mississippi May

31, 18m, tabular statement of the iiuiouol uf 531

Short-leaved, Loblolly, and Loog-leavo<l Pine standing in the forests uf

Texas May 31. 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 541

Short-leaved Pine 200, 340, 350, 406, 472, 521, 687, 630, J3l, 530, 637, 641, .1-14, KO

8hnrt-leave<l Pino standing iu the forests of Arkansas May 31, 1880, tabu.

lar stat4-ment of the amount of 54*1

Shrubby Tn-foll , 31.270

GENERAL INDEX.

607

Page.

Sidoroxylon 11,15

SideraxyUm OaroUnente 101

SidcroxyUm chrysophyUoides 101

Siderorylon cuncatum 103

Sideroxytuii dccandrum 103

Sidertyxylnn lanuginosum 102

Sideroxylon l(eve 103

Sideroxylon lycioides 103

Si<1erox,vlon Maatichodcndron 101,249,254,257,292,368,434

Sideroxylon pallidum 101

Sideroxylon rrcliiuitu}n 103

Sideroxylon salinfolium 101

Sideroxylon aericeum 101

Sideroxylon tenax < Bumelia lanaginosa) •- 102

Sideroxylon tcnax (Bumelia tenax) - 101

SUiquastru m cordatum 61

Silli-top Palmetto 217,348

Silky Willow 171,328

Silvcrbfll Trte (Halesia diptera) 105,294,368,434

SUver-bolI Tree (Halesia tetraptera) 106,296

Silver Maplo 49,276,358,424

Silveriop Palmetto 218,348

Simaniba 10,13

Simaruba amara 32

SImarubaglauca 32,250,253,256,270,356,420

Siinaruba medicinalis 32

SlMAKUUK^ ,..32,253,256,270,356,420

Sitka Cypress 178,332,398,464

Size, average, and product of saw-miUs in each state and territory 488

Slash Pine 202,342,352,400,416,474,516

Slippery Elm (Fremontia C.aliforuisa) 26,268

SUppery Elm (Ulmus fulva) 122,304,374,440

Sloe 67,282,428

Sloe, Black 67,282,428

Smallfmited Haw 81,280,364,430

Smooth Alder 16«,326

Snowdrop Tree (Halesia diptera) 105,294,368,434

Snowdrop Tree (Halesia tetraptera) 106,296

Soapberry (Sapindus marsinatus) 44, 274, 358, 414, 422

Soapberry (Sapindus Saironaria) 45, 274

Soft Maplo (Acer dasycarpora) 49, 276, 358, 424

Soft Maple (Acer rubrum) 50,276,358,424

Sophora 10,11,14

SophoraafliuU 58,249,253,256,280,360,426

Soiphora secunditloro 57, 249, 278

Sophora specioaa 57

Sorbin Americana 73

Sorbug Americana, rnr. microearpa 74

Sorbun aveuparia (Pynis Americana) 73

Sorbug aucuparia (Pynis s.^mbucifolia) 74

Sorbua aueuparia, var. a. (Pynis Americana^ oar. miorocarpa) 74

Sorbui aucujHiria, var. ^. (Pyrus sambacifolia) 74

Sorbim auevparia, var. Amerteana 73

Sorbug humifusa 73

Sorbug microcarpa .* 74

Sorbw riparia 74

Sorbug tajiibuci/ulia 74

Sorbug Sitchengig ." 74

Sorrel Tree 98,292,368,434

Soar Gum 92, 290, 366, 432

Sour Tupelo 01, 290, 366, 432

Sourwood 98, 292, 368, 434

SoHlh Atl.iutic uivision, extent of forests, forest fires, stondins timber,

etc., in the 511-523

South Caiolina, lumber indusli-j' and manufactures from wood in .486, 487, 518, 519

South Cai-olina, production of n.aval stores in 517

South Carolina, vauk of, accenting to value of lumber products 487

South Ciirolinn. statistics of fotvsts, forest tires, staudin); thuber, etc.,

i" 491,518,519

Soulli Cnrolinn, tabular statement of the amount of Long.lcavod Pino

st.indinit in the foirsts of, May 31, 1880 519

i^ouih Carolina, the Coast Pino Uelt in 518

.Southoni Buckthorn 103, 294, 368, 434

Sonihciu Central division, eitcnt of forests, forest fires, standing tim-
ber, etc., in the S24-646

Southern Crab Apple 72,281

Sontbem Cjiiress, next to the Long-leaved Pioe,t]ieebuaet«iutic tree of

the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4

Southern Maritime Pine Belt in the Atlantic region 4

Southern Pine 202, M2. U:. 40C 41«. 472

Southern Pine Belt in Florida XO

Spanish Bayonet (Tocca baccata) 219.346

Spanish Bayonet (Yucca canalicolAta) 218, MS

Spanish Ba3-onet (Yucca elata) 219, S4£

Spanish Buckeye 44,274,422

Spani.shfMk ISl. 2«S, 120, U«. US, 454. 328

Spanish Oak. Swamp... 152. 220, 188, 454

Spanish .Stopper 88, 288, 301,430

Species, distribution of 12

Specific gravity .ind ash of woods 248-2S1

Specific gravity, a.sb, and weight per cubic foot of dry ■peoimena of the

woods of the United States 208 IIP

Specific gravity and transverse stroagtbof cettain wood*, relation between 2SV-204

Specimens of woods, where deposited 247,248

Speckled Alder 1«5, 328. 301 400

Spice Tree 120,302,374.440

Spindle Tree 38,272

Spircea Califomiea 70

Spoonwood 98.292,368.434

Spruce, a species of, the characteristic tree of the Colorado moontaiiu. . 9

Spruce, Black 203, 205, 342. 352, 408, 474. 4»6

Spruce, Blue 205.344,408,474

Spruce Pine (Pinus clau.ia) 199,340,404,472

Spruce Pine (Pinus glabra) 201,340.406,472,527

Spruce Pino (Pinus mitis) 200,340.350.400.472

Spruce Pine (Pinus MurrayanaJ 195.338.330.404.470

Spruce standing in the forests of Xew Hampshire Hay 31, 1880, tabolar

statement of the amount of 408

Spruce stauding in the forests of Vermont May 31, 1880, tabnUr state-

ment uf the amount of 498

Spruce, Tide-land 206. 344. 408. 474. 5cO

Spruce, White, the most important tree in the Pacific resion 7

Spruce, White (Picea alba) 204,342,408.474.562.564

Spruce, White (Picea Engelmanui) 205, 2«.\ 342, 406. 474. 561. S73, 574

Spruce, White (Picea pungens) 205,344.408,474

Spruces. Block and White, the chnraoteristic trees of the Xorthem Forest 3

Stag Bush 94.290,308,432

Staghoru Sumach 53,278

Standing timber, forests, forv-st fires, etc, extent of, in the —

Korth Atlantic division 4»4-«0

Northern Central division 547-S4S

South Atlantic division SU-SM

Sonthem Central division 524-548

Western division 504 588

Standing timber, forests, forest firea, etc, statistaos of, in—

Alabama 491.SS4-aO

Alaska 580

Arizona 491. 508, SOB

Ark.insas 491, 543k 544

California 491.578-,V»

Colorado 491,5«7.5«8

Connecticut - 500,501

Dakota 4tl,Sn,5«S

Delaware — 4tl,Sll

District of Columbia Ml

Florida 49I,sa>-."i3

Georgia 491, 519. HO

Idaho 491,571-573

Illinois 491.547-550

Indiana — • ^^fj*

Indian territory *•'•!*

Iowa "'-S?

Kansas 4»l.»«S,SeS

K.ntuckv 49l.S4S,54«

Louisiana 4»1. 530,540

Maine 491, 404-400

Marvland ♦••"H!

Massachusetts 491.500,501

Michigan 491.S50-SS4

Minnosola 401,558 J»

Mississippi ♦"•2^2?

Missouri' «'-!!?i2

Montana ^ ^^^|S

Nev^a *::::.".'.;:::.".■,"■-"!; ■.".".■".■■.".■."."".".""i.~M"."." :;:-21lSJ

New H.impsbire — STS

New Jorsev 2rS

New Mexico iii Si'S

New York **J-!?I"f?!

North Carolina *"*iHlS

Ohio ;i. Si- tii

Orecon 491. .WO-STS

pSvhn.nu ...:.:::.::.. SJ-SS^?

Khodo Island 491,500.501

008

GENERAL INDEX.

Pace.
Suading timber, fomt*. fomt finceto., sututic* of. in— coDtinanl.

South Ci«roUi>a 491.S1K.519

Trnn,-»«« 4»2. M4. 545

TrtM 49-J, MO-543

rt«h -' 49->,S69-S71

V.nnont 492,498-500

VirrtnU 49i,51l,.'.l2

WublDctoD 492,573-576

Wnsi Viremia 492,512-515

WlKon.lb 492. 554-S.'i()

Wyoniittg 492.566,567

Slu-leavcdtiom 88.386,350,364.414.430

Siatulicx of the lumbrriDK indiutry of the United States for year oDding

M.T31. ISSO 4«8,487

STmci-UACS.fi 28. 268

Stinking Cedar (Toireva Califomica* 186,334,400,488

Stinking Cedar (Torreya taiifolia) 188,334,400,468,521

Stopper t£uj:enia longipea) t^, 288

Stopper I Kugt-Dta monticola) 69, 288, 366. 430

Stopper. Gurgeon 88,288.366.430

Stopper. Ked 89,288.366,430

Stopper. Spanish 88,268.388.430

Stopper. White 89,288,366.430

Strain, trannrerte. behavior of selected woods of the United States under :

■pecimen* eight centimeters square 414-417

Strain, trantirerae. behaviur of the principal woods of the United States

under 354-H4

Strength of woods, method of determining the 252

Strength, tranarerse, and specific gravity of certain woods, relation be-
tween 25»-264

Stripnl Dogwood 48,274

Striped Uaple 48,274

5(ron*6oeorp<i odorata 82

Strombccarpa pvbtteent 62

Strong Bark 114,300,372,438

StyphTtciobium ajliu 58

SttbacaceA 105.106.254,257,294,368,434

Sogar and molasses, maple, produced in the United States in 1879,

ainuontof 485

.SngarWrry 120,306,376,414.442

Sugar Maple 48.276,358,422

Sogar Mapl-. nlitk 49,276,350,358,424

Sugar, maple, priwinct of Michigan 551

Sogar. maple, product of New York 501

Sogar. maple, product of Vermont 498

Sugar Pine 188.336,350,400,466,576,578

Sugar Pine an Important tree in the Coast Forest 8

Sogar Tree 48,276,358,422

Samach. Coral 54,278.360.424

Sumach. Dwarf 53,278,360,424

Somach. Poisaa 54,278

Sumach. SUghom 53. 278

Summer Haw (Cratjfgna flava) 83,286

Sommer Ilaw iCratitgaa flava, ear. pnbescens) 83,286,364,430

SuA/)uehannaboomat WiUlamsport.Pennaylrania. number of logs mftcd

oot of. 1W2 to 1880 508

Snwarrow 90.288

Swamp Tottonwooil 172.328.394,460

Swamp Hickory (Carya amara) 135,310. 3.7). 380, 446

Swamp Hickory ICarya aqoatlca) 138,310,350,380,414,440

Swamp I^orel 20,286.354,414,418

Swamp Maple ^ 50.276,358,424

Swamp Pine 202.342.352.408.418.474

Swamp PoatOak 140. 3H. 350. 381. 4.'iO

Swamp Spanlah Oak l.W. 320. 388. 454

Swamp White Oak 141.314.384,460

Swamp«. Cj-prms. of the Tenaas river in Alabama 525-527

Sweet Bay 20,288,354,414,418

Sweet Birch 182,324,392,458

Sweet Bockeye 4.1.274

SwrrtOom 88.288,350,304,414.430

SwMt Leaf .*. 105.294.368.434

Sweet Locust 50,280,380,420

Swect-ncented Ciab 72,284,384,428

Swietenis 10, 13

Swietenia MafangnnI 33, 24S, 253, 2M, 270, 3S0, 358, 420

BvifU^a ItfnmaUnatt 33

Switch-bod Hickory 134.310.390.380,446

Page.

Sycamon' (PhitauuH occidcntalis) 129. 308, 3.')0. 378. 442

Sycamore (Platanus racomosii) 129,306,370, 442

Sycamore (Platanus Wrightii) 130, 306, 376. 442

Symplocos 11. 15

Symplocos tinctoria 105, 250, 254, 257, 294, 368, 434

T.

Table-mountain Pine 199,340,350,404,472

Tacamaliac 173, 328, 394, 460

Tallowberrj- 28, 26S. S.'KJ. 420

Tallow Xut 34.270

Tam.irack (Larix Americana) 215. 346. 3,12. 412. 478

Tamarack (Larix occidcntalis) 210.348.414.480

Tamarack (Pinus Uurrayana) 195, 338. 3j0, 404. 470

Tamarind. Wild •- 04.282.302.428

TanbnrkOak 155,265,322.390.456

Ton Bay 25.265.208,354.418

Tanuin in the bark of certain species, percent, of 265

Tannin values of the bark of various trees 265

Tar and rosin produced in North Carolina, grades of 517

T.%r. turpentine, and rosin industry of North Carolina .'il6-518

Taxodii species (Sequoia scmpcrvirens) 185

Taxodium 4,11,18

Taxodium adscenden$ 183

Taxodium distichum 183,250,255,258,334,350,308,466

Taxodium dUtichum /attigiahtm 183

Taxodium dittichum, var. microphytlum 183

Taxodium dittichum, var. nii(an< 183

Taxodium dittichum, var. patent 183

Taxodittm (jifjantenm 184

, Taxodium microphyUum 183

Taxodium. next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the

Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4

' Taxodium sempervircnt 185

Taxodium Wathingtonianum 184

Taxos 11,12,10,572,573

Tazutbaccata (Taxus brevifolta) 165.

Tarut baccata, var. Canademtis 185

Tazut Jloii rsierii 185

Taxus brevifolia 185,250,255,258,334,400.406

Taxut Canadcntit IS.'i

ii Taxus rioridana 180,250,334,521

Taxut Lindleyana 185

( Taxut montana 180

J Tennessee, eflfect of fires upon the forests of 546

j TonncsscL'. lumber industry and mnnuftictures from wood in 488,487, M5

Tennessee, rank of. according to value of lumber products 487

1 Tennessee, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492. 54t. 1145

! Tennessee valley in Alabama, fort^atsof the 528, 529

TKUSSTIKKMUrF.K 25, 20, 253, 266, 208, S.Vl, 418

Telranthera Calijorniea 120

Texas, Cedar an important tree In 5i0

Texas, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 480, 487, (HI, 542

jl Texas, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Texas, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 542. 543

'l Texas, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.. in 492,540-543

] Texas, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved, Loblolly, and

I Shoit-le.-ivcd Pine standing In the forests of. May 31, 1880 641

Texas, the jiecan-nut an important product west of the Colorado river in. 643

Thatch. Briclilev 218,848

Tliatcb, Brittle 218.348

1|je Joshua 210.348

Thorn. Black 79,288,304,430

Thum. Coekspur 76, 286, .164, 430

1 Thorn, Xewcastio 70. 280, 3 n4, 430

' Thorn, Washington •..- 81.280

Thorn. While 78.280

Three-thomed Acacia 59, 280, 300. 4M

, Thrinax 11,10

Tlirinax argentea 218,249,348

I Thrinax aarbtTi 217

I Thrinax parvlfiora 217,260.348

I Thuya 7, 11, 12, 16, 666, 672, 673, 675, .570

Thuya Craigana 178

Thuya tjctha 178

I Tlinya gig»nt«a 177, 251, 255, 258, 330, 398, 482, 665, 666, 572, 673, 675, 678, 680

GENERAL INDEX.

609

Paj:<-.

Thuya gijjantea (Libocedrun decuiTons) 176

Tliuya Lobbii 177

Thuya Memieeii 177

Thuya oMusa 176

Thiiya occiilentalis 176,251,255,208,262,330,350,398,462,552

Thuya occidentalis, vtir.plicata 177

Thuya ml'irata 176

Thuya pUcttta 177

TImya Sihirica 170

Thuya Kphanroidali» 177

Th uya sphceroidea 177

Thuya Wareana 176

Thuyopnis borealin 178

Thuyopsig cnpressoides 178

2'huyopsie Tchugatikoy 178

Thuyopsis Tchuyatskoyat 178

Thylaxfraxineum 29

Tidolnnd Spraco 206,344,408,474,580

TUia 10,11,13

TiUaalba 27

TUia Amevicana 26,250,253,256,208,356,418

Tilia Americana (Tilia Amei-icana, var. pubeecena) . . . .' 27

TUia Americana, v.ir. hetrrojihyUa 27

Tilia Americana, oar. pubcscena 27, 250, 253, 236, 266, 350. 420

TUia Americana, var. WalUri 27

TUia Canadfuais 26

Tilia Caroliniana 27

Tilia glabra 2C

Tilia grata 27

Tilia hetcrophylla 27,250,253,256,208,356,420

Tilia heterophylla, var. alba 27

TUia lati/olia 26

Tilia taxijlora (Tilia A mprieana, var. pubescens) 27

Tilia laiijlora (Tilia hetcropbylla) 27

Tilia neglecta 26

Tilia nigra 20

TUiapubescma 27

Tilia pubescens, var. leptophylla 27

Tilia aUnopetala 27

TUia truncata 27

TiLIACKJ! 26-28,25.3,250,268,356,418

Timber tree of tUe Pacific region, the Red Fir Oio moat important 7

Timber, standing, Ibreata. forest fires, etc., extent of, in the —

North Atlantic division 494-510

NiMthini Central division 547-563

Siiuth Allaiilic division 511-523

Si>iit III ru C'l iitral division !>i4-l>16

WisliTii division 504-580

Timber, standing, ioreata, forest tires, etc., statistics of, in —

Alabama 491,524-530

Alaska 580

Arizona 491,

ArkiinsaR 491

Ciililbrnia 491,

Colnriido.

Timber, standine, forests, foreat fire*, etc.. ■tatiatic* of; io— eootiBaeiL

Texas 4»2,

Utah «»!

Veniiont 4sc

Virginia 49J.

Washiui^ton 492,

Wist Virjpnia 4»2

WiscunsiD an.

Wyoming 4»2.

Titi »,J72,

ToIIon

508, 509
54.3. 544
,178-580
.-.07, 568
500. 501

491,511
511
520, 523
519, .5J0
571-573
.547-550
491, 547

Coimecticut 491.

Dakol a 491,

Dclmvare

District of Columbia

Florida 491,

OeorKia 491,

Idaho 491.

Illinois 491

Indiana

Indian territory 643

Iowa 491,560

Kansas 491, 602, 563

Kcntnoky 491.54,5.546

Louisiana 491, ,536-540

Maine 491,494-496

Maryland 491.611

Massachusetts .491, 500, 501

MiohiKan 491, iV.'iO-i.'H

Minnoaota 491, .''>,''i{i-,5K(i

Mississippi 491, 5:10-536

Missourf 491,560,561

Montana 491, .564-.5G0

Nebraska 491, ,162

Nevada 491. 571

New Hampshire 491 , 496-198

New Jersey 491, . 506

Now Mexico 491,508

Now York 491, .Wl-lOO

North Carolina .' 49I,51A-AI8

Ohio 401, .547

Oregon 491 , .570-578

Pounayh-ania 491, S06-.M0

Khode Islaiul 491, 500, 501

Sonth Carolina 401, 518, .519

Tennessee " 482, .544. .545

;J!) FOK

4S«-5<W
511. 51 J
573-57*
512-515
554-55e

sce.s«7

256. 42V
«.»•

Toothache Tr«e (Xanthoxylnm Americanom) S.3(i

Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylam CUva-HetviiUa) 10. 270, 35fi, 42S

Torchwood 33, 270, 256, 430

Tornilla 02.280,302

Torreya 11. 12. 16.521

Torreya Califomica Ut, 2S0, 255, 2S8, 334, 400, 400

Torreya Myristiea It4

Torreya taxifolia 186, 250, 255, 258, 334, 400, 4fiC. 521

Toxicodendron arboretceni 23

ToTylon Madura 128

Toyon .

84.1

Transmittal, letter of ix

Transverse strain, behavior ofaelected woods of the t7mt«<l States under:

specimens eight centimeters square 414-417

Transverse strain, behavior of the principal woods of the United States

under 354-114

Transverse strenj^th and specific gravity of certain wooda, teUtion

between 299-304

Trees of the United States, weight of the di; wood of 240-2S1

Trees, tauniu values of the bark of varioos 265

Trefoil, Shrnbby 31, 2»

Trilopus dentata 85

Trilopxis nigra 85

Trilopiig pani/olia 85

TrUopvs rotundifolia R5

Trilopus Virginiana 85

Tsnga 11.12,10,573

Tsuga Canadensis 206, 250, 255, 258, 203, 264, 265, 344, 352. 4oe. 474. S0«

Tsuga Caroliniana 107, 250, 255, 258, 344. 410. 47«

T*uga Douglasii ,.. 200

Tsuga Lindleyana 200

Tsuga Mertensiana 207, 250, 255, 258, 265, 344, 410, 476, 565, 572, 573, 570

Tsuga P.ittoniana 7, 208, 250, 255, 259, 265, 344. 410. 476. 565. STl

Tulipastruw Americanum 30

Tulipastrum Americanum, var. tubeordatum 20

Tulipi/cra Liriodendron IS

Tulip Tree 22. 208. 350. 3S4. 418

Tupelo 92,290.306,*3S

Tupelo Gum 83, 2S0. 350. 3««t 432

Tupelo. Large 98. 290, 350. 300, «J!

Tupelo, Soar SL 2»0. 3««k 432

Turkey Oak 151, «0. S88k 4S4

D.

Ulraus

Ulmuaalata 124, «9, 254. 2S7, SM,

UlmuK alba

Ulmus Americana 123. 250. 254, 257, SOO. 304. SSO. 374.

I'lmus Americaiui (Ulmus racemosa)

riinus Americana, var. atata

Vlmus Americana,
rimus Americana,

Itmii
rtmu

Amencana,
f'hnus Americana,
VlmttM Uijuatiea —
rimus crassifolia . .

nmuterit-pa

I'tmiis Floridana .

rimus fulva

nmusmiMiMia..,
llmus netnorali* .

rimtu oi>aea

Vlmiit penduta —
Vtmiis pubeieem . . .
r7rnHjtpiimi7a

.'ar. aiba

i"ar. aspera . . .
rar. Jiartram
■ar. pendula .

:ar. rubra

,-ar. teabra...

11.15
T4.440

Ul
121

. 133, S4S^ 154. SST. M4, 374. 440

. 111. 249. SS«. 357. »0. 304. 374, 440

GIU

GENERAL INDEX.

TJlmiu raoemoaa 123, 249, 2M, .:57.'.>(!0, 304, :;i4, 440

Clatiu rubra \'i2

rmbellaUri* «. 11. 12, 15

CmbrllaUrU CalUornica 130, 250, 2M, 257, 302, 374, 440, 378

rnbrrlUTrae 21,280,354,418

Ungnaau 10-31

Uttffmadia kiplapkytta 44

Uttfmadia htUnplt^Ua 44

CnsiudU spcdoM 12,44.250,274,422

UpUod Willow Ukk 153, 3."0, 390, 45«

Vrv^li^ma ptdunculatum 127

Urtk-acej 122-128, 2M, 257, 304, 374, 414, 440

Utah. Colonula. and New Mexico, Chicago the principal wnrce of aapply

oflnmbrrfor 568,560

Utah, lumU-r intlafltry and mannfuctares from wood ia .4^. 4S7. 569

Ui:ili. rank of. according to valne of Inmber producta 4S7

Utah, rt-nurks by Mr. E.C. Hall, on the foivaU of 569-571

Utah, (tattstica of forests, for««t fires, standing tiiul>cr, etc., in 492. 569-571

Uraria trilaba 23

V.

Vaccinwe 7

Vaccininm 11.12,15,573

Vircinium .orboreum 96. 249, 292. 432

VarrinMitn diJuMum 96

Taccinium mucrolultum 96

Valparaiao Oak 146,318,386,452

Valne and ftmoont of charcoal nsed for domeatic and manaloctnring pnr-

poa<:s durins the census year 489

Vriiue and anjonnt of wood used as fuel in mnnnfacturea, etc., during the

censns yrar 480

Value and amount of wood used for domestic purposes during the census

year.

489

Value, economic of the Rt-dwood of California 578

Value of property destroyed and areas burned over by fonMt flros during

thecen»us year (ut, aUo, understate headings) 491,492

Vilu.' if the forest crop of the United States for the censns year 485

v.-*!:!'-- 1 if woods, cotni>aratirn 252-255

Vnti'in. linia . 10,12,14

TtiuqueUnui eorymbosa , 70

Vaurinclinia Torrey i 70, 249, 284

VeRnUACEX 116,117,254,257,300,372,438

Vermont, lambcr industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 498-500

Vermont, maple-nugur product of 498

Vermont, rank of. according to value of lumber producta 487

Vi-niiout ntnarlis by Mr. C. G. Prinjle on the forests of 4D«-.V)0

%"erni«nt, nUIliitirs of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc. in ..492,408-500
Virmonl. tabular statement of the amount of Spruce standing in the

•late of. May 31, 1880 498

Vihumum 10-12, 14

V ibumnm Lenlago 04, 249, 290, 432

Viburnum prunifollnm 94, 249, 253, 257, 306, 432

Vif/vmum pruni/ntium, vmr. /erruffineutn 94

Vil,umum pyn/oltum 04

Vin.- Maple 47,274,358,422

Yirjilia luUa ,,,. ,.,.,, 57

Tirf/iUa ucundiJUfta 57

Vifjilriiii. lumber Industry and manufactures from wood in .. 486,487,512

Vlr,;ii.l.i. rank of a< cording to value of lumber producta 487

Viriiiilia •latlalica of forests, forest flres, standing tlmliur, etc., in ...492,5)1,512

W.

Wsfer Ash 31,270

Wahoo ( Eunnymus atropnrpureus) 38, 272

■\Vfthoo fTilia beterophylla) 28, 268. 356.420

Wahood.'IronsalaU; 124,304,374.440

Wnllia cin«rta L-j^)

WmUin nigra j3|

■*^' »'■""« 131.308.378,444

Walnut. Black 131,306,350,376,414,444

Walnut, White 130,306,376,442

Washingtonia U ]2 jq

Washingtonia fliifera 217,250,255,250,348.414.480

Washington territory, lumber industry and manufactures from wood

'° 486,487.574

Wuhington territory, rank of. according to value of lumber producU .. 487
Washington territory, remarks by Mr S.r.no Watson on the foreaU of. 575, 576

Wnshinglou territory, statistics of forests, foreM fires, standing timber,

etc.. in 492,

Washington territory, wasteful methods of the lumbermen of

W^isbington Thorn

Water Ash 1 10 , 298,

Water IV-och <Crtr))iuus Caroliniau.t) 1.59.322.

Water llceeli (Platauus occidentalis) 120, 306, 350,

Water Elm 123,304,350,374,

Water Hickory 130,310,350,380,

Water Locust 00,280,

Water Maple 50, 270,

Water Diik (Quercus aquatics) 152, 320, 350, 388,

Water Oak (Quercus palustris) 152, 320,

Water White Oak 140,314,350,

Watson, E. C, remarks on the forests of Utah by

Watson. Serono. remarks on tlu- forests of certain counties of Oregon by.

Watson, Soreno. remarks on the forests of Idaho by

Watson, Screno, remarks on the forests of Montana by

Watson, Soreno, remarks on llie forest** of W.ishington territory by

Watson. Sereno. report on the forests of the northern Rocky Moimtaiu

region by

WaxMyrtlo 130, 31»,

Weeping Oak 138,312,

Weight, ash, and specific gravity per cubic foot of dry specimens of the

woods of the United States

Weight of the dry wood of trees of tho United States

WeUingtonia Califomica

WeUit%gtonia gigantea

Western Catalpa 115, 300, 350, 372,

Western division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in

the

West- Indian Birch 33,270,31)0,

West Virginia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .486, 487,

West Virginia, rank of, according to v,ilue of lumber products

West Virginia, remarks by Mr. C. O. Pringle on tho forests of

Wcft Virginia, statistics of forests, forcstfires, standing timlier, etc., in. 492,

Weymouth Pino 187, 334, 350,

Wliistlowood

Wliite and BLick Spruces the characteristic trees of the Northern Forest.

White Ash 107,296,350,

Whito Bnsswood 28,268,

White Bay 20,200,3.54,

While Birch (Betula alba, car. populifolia) 159,324.350,

White Birch (Betula papyrifera) 100,324,350,

White ButtouwooU 87,288,

Wliite Cedar (Chama'cyparis Lawsoniana) 179, 332, 350,

Wliiio Cedar (Chumacyparis spluuroidea) 178, 3.10, 390,

While Cedar (I.,il>ocedrus decurrons) 17C, 330,

White Cedar (Tliiiya occidentalis) 170, 330, 3.00,

White Cottonwood 17.5. 330.

White Cypress 184,334,350,

White Ehn (Ulmus Americana) 123,304,3.50,374,

White Elm (Ulnius r.acemosa) 123,304.

Wliite Fir (Abies concolor) 213,340,

White Fir (Abies grandis) 212,340.

White Iron wood 4.'».

Wliile Laurel 20,260,354.

Wliite Mangrove 87,288,

White Maple 49,270,

White Oak (Quercus alhnl 137,266.312,350,380,

White Oak (Quercus Onrryaoa) 138,312,360,382,

White Oak (tjuerrus gris<'a| 144,310,

White (iak (QiiertuH lobata) 138,312,

WliiliiOnk (QiieriiiB oblonglfolla) 144,316,

Willie Oak, Mountain 14.3,310,

White Ottk, Swamp 141,314,

White Oak. Water 140,314,350.

Page.

674
81,286
370, 438
392, 456
376, 442
414,440
414, 446
362, 426
358, 424
410, 454
388,454
384, 450-
560-571
577, S78
572, 573
565,56fr
575, 576

564,565
380, 446
382, 448

200-349
249-251

White Pine (Pinus flex Ills) 188, 330, 400, 468, .'i69,

Wblte I'liie (Plniis glabra) • 201, MO.

While I'Ino (I'inuB montlcola) 187,330,400,400,004,

White Pino (I'Inus reneia) 189,330,

White Pine ( Pin us St robusi 187, 334, 350, 400, 400, 500, 551 ,

Whitu Pine standing In tho forcata of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular

statement of the amount of

White Pino sUudlng In the force (a of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabular

statement of the amount of

564-580
356,420
512-515
487
612-515
512-515
400, 460
40, 274
3
370, 43l>
350, 420
414,418
302, 4.>8
302, 458
30t, 430'
308,40*
416, 4(M
,10(1, 462
:i06, 402
300, 402
398, 400,
414, 440
374, 440
412,478
412,478
274, 422
414,418
304, 430
3.i8, 424
414,446
448, 576
380, 452
382, 448
380, 452
,'IKn, 450
384, 1,W
384, 450
070, 071
400, 472
074, 576
402, 408
,054, 508

051

GENERAL INDEX.

on

White Pino standiuf? in tho forcsU of WiocoDBln May 31, 1880, tabular

statement of tho amount of 5**

■White Pino tho characttTiHtic treo of the Northern Pine Bolt i

•White Spruce (I'icea alba) 204, 342, 40K, 474, 562, 664

White Spruoo (Picoa Engelmanni) 205, 265, 342, 408, 474, 584, 573, 574

White Spnioo(Piceapungen8» 205,344,408,474

White Spruce the most important tree in the Pacific region 7

White Stopper 89,288,306,430

White Thorn ''^'-^^

White Walnut 130,306,376,442

White-heart Hickory 134,310,350,380,444

Wliitewood (Canellaalba) 24,208,354.418

Wbitewood (Drypctos crocca) 121,302,374,440

Whitowood (Liriodendron Tulipifera) 22,266,350,354,418

Wild Black Chorry 68,282,362,428

Wild Chcny (Prunus Capuli) 69,282,428

Wild Cherry (Prunu8 dcmissa) 09,284,362,428

Wild China 44,274,358,414,422

Wild Cinnamon 24,268,354,418

WiiaDilly 103,294,368,434

Wild Fig 127,306,376,442

Wild Lime (Xanlhoxylum PterotJV) 31,270

Wild Lime (Ximenia Americana) 34,270

Wild Orange (Prunus Caroliniana) 70,284,362,428

Wild Orange (Xauthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30, 270, 356, 420

Wild Peach 70,284,362,428

Wild Plum 05,282,362,426

Wild Ked Cherry 66,282,428

Wild Tamarind 64,282,362,426

AVillow (Salix. amygdaloides) 166,326,394,460

Willow (Salix lievigata) 167,326,394,460

Willow (Salix lasiandra) 167,325

Willow (Salix lasiolcpis) 171,328,394,460

Willow, Black,(Salix flavesoens, var. Scouleriana) 170, 328, 394, 460

Willow, Black (Salix nigra) 106,326,394,460

Willow, Desert 116,300,372,438

Willow, Diamond 170,328

Willow, Glaucous 169,328

Willow Oak 154,322,390,456

Willow Oak, Upland 153,320,390,458

Willow, Sandbar 108,326

Willow, Silky 171,328

Winged Elm 124,304,374,440

WiiHera CancUa 24

Wisconsin, lumber industry and manufactures fi:om wood in 486, 487, 554, 556

Wisconsin, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 555

Wisconsin, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of 555-558

Wisconsin, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492, 554-558
Wisconsin, tabular statement of the amount of White Pino standing in

the forests of, May 31, 1880 554

Witch lla/,el 85,286

Woodlands in Kentucky, pasturage of 546

Wooil, nmnufaetures from, and tho lumber industry in —

Alabama 486,487,524,525

Ariaona 486, 487, 569

Al kausas 486, 487, 544

Califtunia 480, 487, .'•.78. 580

Colorado 486. 487, 567, 568

Connecticut 480,487, , 100, .501

Dakota 486,487,561

Delaware 486,487,511

Disliiet of Columbia 486,487

Florula 486, 487, 521, 5'>3

Georgia 486,487, 519, 5.>0

Idaho 486,487,572

Illinois ■. 486, 487. .548-.550

Indiana 486,487.547

Iowa 460. 487. I>60

Kansas 486,487.563

Iveliluekv 486,487,540

Louisiana 486, 487. 5;t6, . 5:17

Maine 486,487,494-196

Marvland 486,487,511

Miis.'.aehusotts 480,487.500.501

Mieliigau .• 486,487,551,552

MiniieHntn 486, 487. .'»8

Mis-Hissippi 486. 487, .531

Missouri 486, 487. 560. .Wl

Monliimt 486, 487. ,%4

Nebraska 486, 487. 562

Nevada 486. 4.>!7. 571

Now Uampshire 486, 487, 497, 498

New .lersoy 466. 487. 500

Now Mexico 486.467.568

Now York 486, 4S7. ,'iO.'-505

North Canilina 486. 487. 515

• Pac&

Wood, mannfactore* from, and the lumber iodiutry Is— coDtinoed.

Ohio 4M.4S7,M7

Oregon 486. 4*7.177

Pennsylvania 48«, 4»7, 508-510

Rhode Island 4«. 467, 500. 501

South Carolina 488, 4<f7. 518. Sl»

Tennessee *8«.4«7.5I5

Texas 4Mv4«7.54I.SI2

Utah 4«.487.S«B

Vcmionl «M. 487. 498-SOC

Virginia 408.487,512

W.ashington 488.4lf7.S74

West Virginia 488. 4«7. 512-515

Wisconsin 488. 487. SM. S5«

Wyoming 486, 487. 5tf7

Wood used as fuel in manufactures, etc., during the censns year, amount

and value of 4®

Wood used for domestic purposes during the censns year, amount and

value of .• *^

Woods, comparative values of s 25S-2S6

Woods, method of determining the fuel value of M7, 451, IK

Woods, method of determining the strength of 232

Woods of the United States, actual fuel value of some of the more im-
portant 3SO-3M

Woods of the United States under compression, bchaviorof the principal. 418-181
Woods of the United States under transverse strain, behavior of the prin-
cipal 354-414

Woods, relation between transverse strength and specific gravity of

certain - 250-284

Woods, specific gravity and ash of 248-251

Woods, where specimens of, were deposited 247,248

Wyoming, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 492, 587

Wyoming, rank of, according to value of lumber prttlucts 487

Wyoming, stati-stics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.. in . .4SI2. 566. 567
- X.

Xanthoxylum 10. 11, IJ

Xanthoxylum Amcriofmum 29,250,2C8

Xanthoxlyum aromaticum 30

Xanthoxylum Caribn;ara 30,249,253,256,270,358^420

Xanthozyluvi Caiolinianxtm 30

Xanlhoxylum Catesbiamim 30

Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis 30.250.253,256.270,35*430

Xanllwxyluin Clara- Brrculis (Xanthoxylum Americanum) - 29

XantJioxyluni Claiallerculit (Xanthoxylnm Cariba>nm) W

XantlMxylum Clava-ITercttlit, var 30

Xanthoxylum Clava-nerculia, rar. fruticosnm 30,250,270

Xanllioxytuin Floridanum 30

Xantlioxultim /raxineum 29

Xayithoxylum /raxim'/oUum (Xanthoxylum Americanum) »

XanOioxjilum /raxini/olium (Xanthoxylum CUva-HcrcuUs) 30

Xanthoxylum hirmtiim 30

Xanthoxylum lanceolatttm 30

Xanlhoxylum macrophyllum 3*

Xanlhoxylum mite 29

Xanthoxylum Pterota 31,248,270

Xanthoxylum ramijtorum. -9

Xanthoxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 29

Xa nthoxyltim tricarpum (Xanlhoxylum Clava-Hcrculis) 30

Ximenia 1«. >3

Ximenia Americana 34, 249, 270

Xinunia monlana 34

Ximenia multijtora 34

T.

Yaupon 36.272

Yazoo delta in Mississippi, forests of the 535.536

Yellow Ash ......'(7.278.360.4:6

Yellow-bark Oak 149, 265. 318, 350. 38*. 45*

Y'ellow Birth 161,324.392.458

Yellow Cypress 178, 3.Ti ,^ 464

Yellow Fir 209,265.344,342.410.476.576

Yellow Haw sa.286

Yellow Locust 5.\27S, 3,'iO..'160.4l4.424

Yellow Ouk (Quercus prinoides) 143,-.'6.V316.SS4.450

Yellow Oak (Quercus tinctorial 149. r6.\ 318. .^W. 388. 454

Yellow Pine (Pious Arironica) IK, S36. 402, 468

Y>llow Pine (Pinus mitis) 200. >40, S-W. 406. 472. .-SS

Y-ellowPine(Pimispalustri8) 202. 342, 3.W. 406. 416, 471

Yellow Pine ( Pinus i>ondert>»«) 19:1. 338. .'WO. 402, 468. .VC. .^6.^ 574. 578

Yellow Flue an important and characteristic tree of the Coast Koreet 8

612 GENKKAL INDEX.

I'aBi'.

P»ge.

YcUow Poplar r:"?*'?^-"! Turca cnnalkulala 218,349,8M

Tueca Draconit, Yar,arbore4C€7U 218

elalo 210.260,348

Tdlowwood (CUdrulU tiuctoria) .57. 278. S60, 4M

YeUowwood rScliji-flVrija fnit««c«iu) .

Tew (T«u» bn-vifolLi) 185. 334, 40O. 4CC j.„^ nla.nmlota.

Y« (T.XU* Horid«i« 18^334,521 y,^„ r„culiam

Yopoo 3(1,272

Yucca 11.12, 10

Tmcta amjntti/iiUa, \-ar. titta 218

YmcM amgutti/oUa, var. radiota 210 Ziiyphut Dominigmnt 41

Vucca iKucata 6.12.210,2.11.348 Ziziiphut etnarpinalut 3»

Yucca bniTlfuUa », 18. .'IS. 251. 348. 578 Zvcoi-iivllacba 28, 29, 253. 25«, 20S, :t.Ml. 420

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