TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
LETTER OP TRANSMITTAL
PART I.
THE FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO.
THE FORESTS OP NORTH AMERICA — GENERAL REMARKS 3-16
TUB ATLANTIC REGION 3-6
THE PACIFIC REGION 6-10
DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA 10-12
DISTRIBUTION OP SPECIES 1-2-16
A CATALOGUE OF THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO, WITH REMARKS UPON THEIR SYHONOMY,
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC VALUES, AND USES 17-219
INDEX TO CATALOGUE 220-243
PART II.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS '- 247
SPECIFIC OKA ITY AND ASH 248-251
Fl'KL VALUE 251,252
THE STRENGTH OF WOOD
COMPARATIVE VALUES
TABLE OP RELATIVE VALUES 253-255
TABLE OP AVERAGES 256-259
TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN THE WOOD OF CERTAIN
SPECIES 259-264
GENERAL REMARKS 264,265
TANNIN VALUES 265
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT OP DRY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 266-349
TABLE II.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OP SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES 350-353
TABLE III. — BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN 354-415
TABLE IV,— BEHAVIOR OF SOME OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT
CENTIMETERS SQUARE 414-117
TABLE V. — BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION 416-481
PART III.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
GENERAL REMARKS
THE LUMBER INDUSTRY f 485-489
FUEL 489
WOOD USED AS FUEL FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES 489
ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION OF WOOD FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES
CONSUMPTION OP CHARCOAL
FOREST PIRES 491-493
TABLE OF FOREST PIRES OCCURRING DURING THE CENSUS YEAR '. 491,492
NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION 494-510
MAINE 494-496
NEW HAMPSHIRE 496-498
VERMONT '... 498-500
MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT 500,501
NEW YORK 501 506
NEW JERSEY
PENNSYLVANIA 506-510
v
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION .................................................................................................. 511-523
LA WARE .............................................................................................................. 511
KYLAND .............................................................................................................. 511
DISTRICT or COLOMBIA .................................................................................................. 511
VIRGINIA ................................................................................................................ 511,512
:ST VIRGINIA ......................................................................................................... 512-515
NORTH CAROLINA ........................................................................................................ 515-518
Naval stores ........................................................................................................ 516,517
SOUTH CAROLINA ........................................................................................................ 518,519
I Burning oft' dead herbage ............................................................................................ 518
BORGIA: ............................................................................................................... SIP.BSO
FLORIDA ............... ................................................................................................. 520-523
Pencil cedar ......................................................................................................... 522
Cypress .............................................................................................................
SOUTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION ............................................................................................... 524-546
ALABAMA ..... ... ........................................................................................................ 524-580
The Maritime pine region ................................................................... •• ........................ 525-527
Cypress swamps of the Tensas river .............................................................................. 525-527
The forests of the Chattahoochee in eastern Alabama, mixed forest growth, etc ....... .................................. 527, 598
Forests of the Tennessee valley ...................................................................................... 528,529
General remarks ..................................................................................................... 529
The pine belt of central Alabama ..................................................................................... 529
The pine region of the Coosa ......................................................................................... 529
Kaval stores ......................................................................................................... 529,530
MISSISSIPPI .............................................................................................................. 530-536
The pine forests of southern Mississippi .............................................................................. 531,532
The northeastern counties ............................................................................................ 532-534
Central pine hills .................................................................................................... 534
Western Mississippi ....................... - ........................... -- ............................................. 534, 535
The Yazoo delta .................................. ................................................................... 535,536
LOUISIANA .............................................................................................................. 536-540
Moss ginning ........................................................................................................ 536,537
TEXAS....: .............................................................................................................. 540-543
INDIAN TERRITORY .................................................................................................. ---- 543
ARKANSAS ........................................................................ ........... ............................. 543,544
TENNESSEE .............................................................................................................. 544,545
Eflect of fires upon the forest .. ...................................................................................... 545
KENTUCKY .............................................................................................................. 545,546
Pasturage of woodlands .............................................................................................. 546
NORTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION ............................................................................................... 547-563
OHIO .................................................................................................................... 547
JNDIANA ..................................................................................................... ........... 547
ILLINOIS ................................................................................................................. 547-550
MICHIGAN ............................................................................................................... 550-554
Forest fires ................................ , ......................................................................... 550,551
Statistics of growing timber .......................................................................................... 551
WISCONSIN .............................................................................................................. 554-558
MINNESOTA .............................................................................................................. 558-560
Forests on Indian reservations ......................... : .............................. . ............................... 559, £60
IOWA .................................................................................................................... 560
MISSOURI ............ .................................................................................................... 560,561
DAKOTA ................................................................................................................. 561,562
NEBRASKA ............................................................................................................... 5C2
KANSAS ............ i. .......................................... ........................................................... 562,563
n:ux DIVISION .......................................................................................................... 564-580
MONTANA ............................................................................................................... ; 564-566
WYOMING ............................................................................................................... 560,567
COLORADO ............................................................................................................... 567,568
NEW MEXICO ............................................................................................................ 508
ARIZONA ................................................................................................................. 568,569
UTAU .................................................................................................................... 569-571
Lake range, west of Utah lake ....................................................................................... 570
San pete Valley rauge .......................................................... 570
Sevier River mountains .................................................... 570
NEVADA ....................... . ................................ r~
571-573
WASHINGTON ........................................................................................................... 573-576
OREGON ................................................................................................................. 576-578
CALIFORNIA ............................................................................................................. 578-560
Pasturage of mountain forests ................................................ _ 579 5^j
ALASKA ............................................................ r
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
CENSUS OFFICE.
A.. WA-LKKK, Superintendent,
Appointed April 1, 1879; resigned November 3, 1881.
CH.A.S. "W. SKATON, Superintendent,
Appointed November 4, 1881.
REPORT
ON THE
FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA
(EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO),
•BY
CHARLES S. SARGENT,
*«
ARNOLD PROFESSOR OF ARBORICULTURE IN HARVARD COLLEGE,
SPECIAL A.&ENT TENTH CENSUS.
WA$«¥ffffirjJ/}Sr:
GOVERNM ENT"~T R mtri N G OFFICE.
1884.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
CENSUS OFFICE,
Washington, D. C., September 1, 1884.
Hon. H. M. TELLER,
Secretary of the Interior.
SIB : I Lave the honor to transmit herewith the Report on the Forests of North America (exclusive of Mexico),
•by Charles S. Sargent, Arnold Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College.
This report constitutes the ninth volume of the series forming the final report on the Tenth Census.
I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient servant,
CHAS. W. SEATON,
Superintendent of Census.
til
TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE CHARACTER OK THE FUEL USED IN THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE SETTLED
PORTION OF THE COUNTRY 489
MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE PROPORTION OF WOODLAND WITHIN THE SETTLED AREA BURNED OVER DURING THE
CENSUS YEAR 491
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN MAINE, NEW HAMPSHIRE, VERMONT, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT,
NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, AND PENNSYLVANIA 495
MAP OF MAINE, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PINE AND SPRUCE FORESTS 496
MAP OF NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE AND SPRUCE FORESTS 497
MAP OF PENNSYLVANIA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE AND HEMLOCK FORESTS 506
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN DELAWARE, MARYLAND, WEST VIRGINIA, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, OHIO, KENTUCKY,
TENNESSEE, INDIANA, AND ILLINOIS 511
MAP OF WEST VIRGINIA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARDWOOD, SPRUCE, AND PINE FORESTS 512
MAP OF NORTH CAROLINA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 515
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, FLORIDA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND LOUISIANA 518
MAP OF SOUTH CAROLINA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 519
MAP OF GEORGIA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 520
MAP OF FLORIDA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 522
MAP OF ALABAMA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 524
MAP OF MISSISSIPPI, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PlNE FORESTS 530
MAP OF LOUISIANA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 536
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN TEXAS 540
MAP OF TEXAS, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 541
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN MISSOURI, ARKANSAS, KANSAS, AND INDIAN TERRITORY 543
MAP OF ARKANSAS, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE AND HARDWOOD FORESTS 544
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN MICHIGAN, WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, AND IOWA 550
MAP OF THE LOWER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARDWOOD AND PINK FORESTS 551
MAP OF THE UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARDWOOD AND PINE FORESTS 551
MAP OF WISCONSIN, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARDWOOD AND PINE FORESTS 554
MAP OF MINNESOTA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARDWOOD AND PINE FORESTS 558
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN DAKOTA 561
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN NEBRASKA 562
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN MONTANA 564
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN WYOMING 566
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN COLORADO 567
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN NEW MEXICO 568
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN ARIZONA 569
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IK UTAH 570
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN NEVADA 571
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN IDAHO 572
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN WASHINGTON 574
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN OREGON 576
MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN CALIFORNIA 578
MAP OF A PORTION OF CALIFORNIA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE REDWOOD FORESTS 580
MAPS CONTAINED IN PORTFOLIO ACCOMPANYING THIS VOLUME.
No. 1. — MAP SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE FOREST, PRAIRIE, AND TREELESS REGIONS OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO.
No. 2. — MAP SHOWING THE NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO.
No. 3. — MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS FRAX1NUS (THE ASHES) IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO.
No. 4.— MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA CARYA AND UMBELLULARIA (THE HICKORIES AND
CALIFORNIA LAUREL).
No. 5.— MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS JUGLANS (THE WALNUTS).
No. 6. — MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS QUERCUS (THE OAKS) IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO.
No. 7. — MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA CASTANEA AND CASTANOPSIS (THE CHESTNUTS
AND CHINQUAPINS).
No. 8. — MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS PlNUS (THE PlNES) IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO.
No. 9. — MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA ABIES AND PlCEA (THE FlRS AND SPRUCES) IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLU-
SIVE OF MEXICO.
No. 10.— MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA AND PINUS LAMBERTIANA.
No. 11. — MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA, QUERCUS ALBA, AND QUERCUS DENSIFLORA.
No. 12.— MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRAXINUS AMERICANA AND PlNUS PONDEROSA IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OP
MEXICO.
No. 13.— MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA CHAM^ECYPARIS AND CUPRESSUS IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF
MEXICO.
No. 14. — MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA TlIUYA, TAXODIUM, AND SEQUOIA IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OP
MEXICO.
No. 15.— MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PlNUS STKOBUS, PlNUS PALUSTRIS, AND PSEUDOTSUGA DOUGLASII IN NORTH AMERICA,
EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO.
No. 16. — MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE RELATIVE AVERAGE DENSITY OF EXISTING FORESTS.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
BKOOKLINE, MASSACHUSETTS, July 1, 1883.
To THE SUPERINTENDENT OF CENSUS.
SIK: I have the honor to submit the following report upon the nature and condition of the forests of the
United States, to which are added statistics of the lumber and other industries directly dependent upon the forest
for their support.
Mr. Andrew Robeson, of Brookline, Massachusetts, has prepared the maps which accompany this report; he
has supervised the entire statistical work of this division and has conducted its correspondence.
Mr. Stephen P. Sharpies, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has conducted the various experiments undertaken
with the view of determining the value of the different woods produced in the forests of the United States.
Mr. C. G. Pringle, of East Charlotte, Vermont, has examined the forests of northern New England and New
York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia ; and subsequently, as an agent for the American Museum of Natural
History, has greatly increased our knowledge of the trees of Arizona and southern California.
Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville, Florida, has studied the forests of Georgia and Florida, and subsequently,
as an agent of the American Museum of Natural History, has added to our knowledge of the semi-tropical forests
of southern Florida.
Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama, has explored the forests of the Gulf states.
Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, has gathered the forest statistics of Pennsylvania, Michigan,
Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
Mr. George W. Letternian, of Allenton, Missouri, has examined the forests extending west of the Lower
Mississippi River, and Professor F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville, Arkansas, has gathered the forest statistics of that
state.
Mr. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has studied, during a long and arduous journey, the forests
of the northern Eocky Mountain region, and Mr. Robert Douglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, those of the Black hills
of Dakota.
I take this opportunity to call your attention to the faithful and admirable manner in which my associates
have performed the difficult duties to which they were assigned; their zeal and intelligence have made possible
the preparation of this report.
It is my pleasant duty also to call your attention to the fact that this investigation has been greatly aided
from the first by the experience and knowledge of Messrs. G. M. Dawson, John Macoun, and Robert Bell, members
of the Geological Survey of Canada; the information in regard to the distribution northward of the trees of the
eastern United States is entirely derived from the latter's paper upon the Canadian, forests, published in the
Report of the Geological Survey of Canada for the years 1879-'SO.
I am under special obligatiou to Dr. George Engelmann, of Saint Louis, Missouri, my companion in a long
journey through the forests of the Pacific region, for valuable assistance and advice; his unrivaled knowledge of
our oaks, pines, firs, and other trees has been lavishly placed at my disposal.
Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Rockford, Illinois, the highest American authority upon the willow, has given me the
benefit of his critical advice in the study of this difficult genus. I desire to express to him and to Dr. Laurence
Johnson, of New York, who has furnished me with a full series of notes upon the medical properties of the trees
of the United States, the deep sense of my obligation. My thanks are also due to Mr. Henry Gannett, Geographer
of the Tenth Census, for cordial co-operation in the work of this division; to Colonel T. T. S. Laidley, of the
United States army, in command of the arsenal at Watertown, Massachusetts, and to Mr. James E. Howard, in
charge of the testing machine there, for advice and assistance afforded Mr. Sharpies while conducting the
experiments upon the strength of woods, as well as to a large number of correspondents in all parts of the United
States who have favored me with their cordial co-operation.
I am, sir, your obedient servant,
CHARLES S. SARGENT,
Special Agent.
ix
THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA,
EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO.
THE FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA.
GENERAL BEMAKKS.
The North American continent, or that part of it situated north of Mexico, which will alone be considered here,
may be conveniently divided, with reference to its forest geography, into the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by a
line following the eastern base of the Rocky mountains and its outlying eastern ranges from the Arctic circle to
the Eio Grande. The forests which cover these two divisions of the continent differ as widely, in natural features,
composition, and distribution, as the climate and topography of eastern America differ from the climate and
topography of the Pacific slope. The causes which have produced the dissimilar composition of these two forests
must be sought in the climatic conditions of a geological era earlier than our own and in the actual topographical
formation of the continent; they need not be discussed here.
The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, dissimilar in composition in the-central part of the continent,
are united at the north by a broad belt of subarctic forests extending across the continent north of the fiftieth
degree of latitude. One-half of the species of which this northern forest is composed extends from the Atlantic to the
Pacific ; and its general features, although differing east and west of the continental divide, in conformity with the
climatic conditions peculiar to the Atlantic and the Pacific sides of the continent, still possess considerable
uniformity. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions arc also united at the south by a narrow strip of the
flora peculiar to the plateau of northern Mexico, here extending northward into the United States. Certain
characteristic species of this flora extend from the gulf of Mexico to the shores of the Pacific, and while the peculiar
features of the eastern and the western slopes of the interior mountain system of the continent are still maintained
here, the Atlantic and the Pacific regions of the Mexican forest belt possess many general features in common. Typical
North American species, moreover, peculiar to the forests of the Atlantic or of the Pacific, mingle upon the Black
hills of Dakota, and upon the Guadalupe and other mountains of western Texas, the extreme eastern ridges of the
Eocky Mountain range, and the outposts between the Atlantic and the Pacific regions.
THE ATLANTIC REGION.
The forests of the Atlantic region may be considered under six natural divisions: the Northern Forest, the
Northern Pine Belt, the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, the Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the
Atlantic Plain, the Semi-tropical Forest of Florida, and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texas (Map No. 2,
portfolio).
These natural divisions, although composed in part of species found in other divisions and possessing many
general features in common, are still for the most part well characterized by predominant species or groups of
species, making such a separation natural and convenient.
The Northern Forest stretches along the northern shores of Labrador nearly to the sixtieth degree of north
latitude, sweeps to the south of Hudson bay., and then northwestward to within the Arctic circle. This Northern
Forest extends southward to the filtieth degree of north latitude on the Atlantic coast, and nearly to the fifty-fourth
degree at the 100th meridian. It occupies 10 degrees of latitude upon the Atlantic sea- board and nearly 20 degrees in
its greatest extension north and south along the eastern base of the Eocky mountains. The region occupied by this
Northern Forest, except toward its southwestern limits, enjoys a copious rainfall; it is divided by innumerable
streams and lakes, and abounds in swampy areas often of great extent. The nature of the surface and the low
annual mean temperature check the spread of forest growth and reduce the number of arborescent species, of
which this forest is composed, to eight ; of these, four cross to the Pacific coast, while the remainder, with a single
exception, are replaced west of the continental divide by closely allied forms of the Pacific forest. The white and the
black spruces are characteristic trees of this region ; they form an open, stunted forest upon the low divides of the
3
4 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
water sheds, and reach a higher latitude than any other arborescent species of the continent; the valleys and
wide bottoms are clothed with broad sheets of poplars, dwarf birches, and willows. The forest of this entire
region is scattered, open, stunted, and of no great economic value. It embraces, south of the sixtieth degree of
north latitude, the northern extension of the great midcontinental plateau, which will be considered hereafter.
South of the Northern Forest the Northern Pine Belt extends from the Atlantic coast to the ninety-sixth meridian
of longitude ; east of the Apalachiau Mountain system it extends south over nearly 6 degrees of latitude, with a
long, narrow spur following the higher Alleghany ridges for nearly 3 degrees farther south ; west of the Alleghany
mountains, in the region of the great lakes, the pine forest is replaced south of the forty- third degree of latitude by
the deciduous growth of the Mississippi basin. This second division of the Atlantic forest may be characterized
by the white pine (Pinus Strobus}, its most important, if not its most generally-distributed, species. East of the
Apalachian system this tree often forms extensive forests upon the gravelly drift plain of the Saint Lawrence
basin, or farther south and west appears in isolated groves, often of considerable extent, scattered through the
deciduous forest. Forests of black spruce are still an important feature of this region, especially at the north,
and within its boundaries the hemlock, the yellow cedar, the basswood, the black and the white ash, the sugar
maple, and several species of birch and elm find their northern limits and the center of their most important
distribution. The hickories and the oaks, characteristic features of the deciduous forests of all the central
portion of the Atlantic region, reach here the northern limits of their distribution, as do the chestnut, the
sassafras, the tulip tree, the magnolia, here represented by a single species, the red cedar, the tupelo, the sycamore,
the beech, and other important genera.
The Southern Maritime Pine Belt extends from the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude along the coast in a
narrow belt, varying from one hundred to two hundred miles in width, as far south as cape Malabar and Tampa bay ;
it stretches across the Florida peninsula and along the coast of the gulf of Mexico until the alluvial deposits of the
Mississippi are encountered; it reappears west of that river in Louisiana, north and south of the Bed river, and
here gradually mingles with the deciduous forests of the Mississippi basin in Arkansas and eastern Texas. This
belt is well characterized by the almost continuous growth, outside of the broad river bottoms and the immediate
neighborhood of the coast, by the open forest of the long-leaved pine (P. palu'stris). The live oak, the palmetto,
and various species of pine characterize the coast forest of this region; through the river bottoms and along the
borders of the shallow ponds, scattered through the pine forest, different gums, water oaks, hickories, and
ashes attain noble dimensions. The southern cypress (Taxodium), although extending far beyond the limits of
this natural division, here attains its greatest development and value, and, next to the long-leaved pine, may be
considered the characteristic species of the maritime pin* belt.
The Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain occupies, with two unimportant exceptions
to be considered hereafter, the remainder of the Atlantic region. Through this deciduous forest, where peculiar
geological features have favored the growth of Coniferce, belts of pine, growing gregariously or mixed with oaks
and other broad-leaved trees, occur, especially upon some portions of the Atlantic plain and toward the limits of
the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, west of the Mississippi river. The characteristic features of the forest of this
whole region are found, however, in the broad-leaved species of which it is largely composed. Oaks, hickories,
walnuts, magnolias, and ashes give variety and value to this forest, and here, with the exception of a few species
peculiar to a more northern latitude, the deciduous trees of the Atlantic region attain their greatest development
and value. Upon the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in the valley of the lower lied river, regions
of copious rainfall and rich soil, the deciduous forest of the continent attains unsurpassed variety and richness.
Upon the Alleghany mountains northern and southern species are mingled, or are only separated by the altitude
of these mountains ; rhododendrons, laurels, and magnolias, here attaining their maximum development, enliven the
forests of northern pines and hemlocks which clothe the flanks of these mountains or are scattered through forests
of other broad leaved species. The cherry, the tulip tree, and the chestnut here reach a size unknown in other
parts of the country. The forest of the Bed River valley is hardly less varied. The northern species which the
elevation of the Alleghauy mountains has carried south are wanting, but other species peculiar to the southern
Atlantic and Gulf coasts are here mingled with plants of the southern deciduous forest. The seven species of
Carya (the hickories) are nowhere else closely associated. A great variety of the most important oaks grow here
side by side ; here is the center of distribution of the North American hawthorns, which do not elsewhere attain
such size and beauty. The osage orange is peculiar to this region; the red cedar, the most widely distributed of
American Coniferas, the southern and the yellow pine (Pinus palustris and mitis) here reach their best development.
Just outside of this region, upon the " bluff1' formation of the lower Mississippi valley and of western Louisiana, the
stately southern magnolia, perhaps the most beautiful of the North American trees, and the beech assume their
greatest beauty, and give a peculiar charm to this southern forest.
The western third of the Atlantic region is subjected to very different climatic conditions from those prevailing
in the eastern portion of the continent ; it consists of an elevated plateau which falls away from the eastern base of
the Rocky mountains, forming what is known as the Great Plains. This great interior region, on account of its
remoteness from natural reservoirs of moisture, receives a meager and uncertain rainfall, sufficient to insure a
growth of herbage, but not sufficient to support, outside the narrow bottoms of the infrequent streams, the scantiest
GENERAL REMARKS. 5
forests. This treeless plateau extends north to the fifty-second degree of north latitude ; it follows southward the
trend of the Eocky mountains far into Mexico, extending eastward at the point of its greatest width, in about latitude
40° 2f ., nearly to the ninety-seventh meridian. This whole region is generally destitute of forest. The narrow bottoms
of the large streams are lined, however, with willows, poplars, elms, and hackherries, trees adapted to nourish
under such unfavorable conditions. These diminish in size and number with the rainfall, and often disappear
entirely from the banks of even the largest .streams toward the western limits of the plateau, south of the forty-fifth
degree of latitude. North and east of these central treeless plains a belt of prairie extends from the sixtieth degree
of north latitude to southern Texas. The average width east and west of this prairie region, through much of its
extent, is not far from 150 miles. Its eastern extension, between the fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of latitude, is
much greater, however, here reaching the western shores of lake Michigan, and forming a great recess in the western
line of the heavy forest of the Atlantic region with a depth of nearly 000 miles. The transition from the heavy
forest of the eastern and central portions of the Atlantic region to the treeless plateau is gradual. The change
occurs within the prairie region. Here is the strip of debatable ground where a continuous struggle between the
forest and the plain takes place. There is here sufficient precipitation of moisture to cause, under normal conditions,
a growth of open forest, but so nicely balanced is the struggle that any interference quickly turns the scale. Trees
planted within this prairie belt thrive if protected from lire and the encroachment of the tough prairie sod, and so
extend the forest line westward ; if the forest which fringes the eastern edge of the prairie is destroyed it does not
soon regain possession of the soil, and the prairie is gradually pushed eastward.
The eastern line of the plain where arborescent vegetation is confined to the river bottoms, and which divides
it from the prairie where trees grow naturally, to some extent, outside of the bottoms, and where they may be made
to grow under favorable conditions everywhere, is determined by the rainfall enjoyed by this part of the continent.
The extreme eastern point reached by this line is found, upon the fortieth degree of north latitude, near the northern
boundary of the state of Kansas. Xorth of the fortieth degree it gradually trends to the west, reaching the eastern
base of the Eocky mountains in about latitude 52°. This northwestern trend of the eastern plain line may be
ascribed to the comparatively small evaporation which takes place during the shorter summer of the north and to
a slight local increase of spring and summer rainfall. South of the fortieth degree the plain line gradually trends
to the southwest under the influence of the gulf of Mexico, reaching its extreme western point in Texas upon the
one hundredth meridian.
Other causes, however, than insufficient rainfall and a nicely balanced struggle between the forest and the
plain have prevented the general growth of trees in the prairie region east of the ninety-fifth meridian. The rainfall
of this region is sufficient to insure the growth of a heavy forest. The rain falling upon the prairies of Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri equals in amount that enjoyed by the Michigan peninsula and the whole
region south of lakes Ontario and Erie, while prairies exist within the region of the heaviest forest growth. It is
not want of sufficient heat, or of sufficient or equally distributed moisture, which has checked the general spread of
forest over these prairies. The soil of which the prairies are composed, as is shown by the fact thai trees planted upon
them grow with vigor and rapidity, is not unsuited to tree growth. It is not perhaps improbable that the forests
of the Atlantic region once extended continuously as far west at least as the ninety-fifth meridian, although,
circumstantial evidence of such a theory does not exist ; and the causes which first led to the destruction of the forests
in this region, supposing that they ever existed, cannot with the present knowledge of the subject be even guessed at.
It is, however, fair to assume that forests once existed iu a region adapted, by climate, rainfall, and soil, to produce
forests, and that their absence under such conditions must be traced to accidental causes. It is not difficult to
understand that the forest once destroyed over such a vast area could not easily regain possession of the soil
protected by an impenetrable covering of sod and subjected to the annual burnings which have occurred down to
the present time; while the force of the wind, unchecked by any forest barrier, over such an area would, even without
the aid of fires, have made the spread of forest growth slow and difficult. The assumption that these eastern
prairies may have once been covered with forests is strengthened by the fact that since they have been devoted
to agriculture, and the annual burning has been stopped, trees which were formerly confined to the river bottoms
have gradually spread to the uplands. Small prairies situated just within the western, edge of the forest have
entirely disappeared within the memory of persons still living ; the oak openings — open forests of large oaks through
which the annual fires played without greatly injuring the full-grown trees — once the characteristic feature of these
prairies, have disappeared. They are replaced by dense forests of oak, which only require protection from fire to
spring into existence. In western Texas, the mesquit, forced by annual burning to grow almost entirely below
the surface of the ground, is, now that prairie fires are less common and destructive, spreading over what a few
years ago was treeless prairie. The prairies, then, or the eastern portions of them situated iu the region of abundant
rainfall, are fast losing their treeless character, and the forest protected from fire is gradually gaining in every
direction ; regions which fifty years ago were treeless outside the river bottoms now contain forests covering 10 or
even 20 per cent, of their area. These eastern, well-watered prairies must not, however, be confounded with
their dry western rim adjoining the plains — the debatable ground between forest and plain — or with the plains
themselves. There is now no gradual, constant spread of forest growth upon the plains. They are treeless, on account
of insufficient moisture to develop forest growth; and while trees may, perhaps, if planted, survive during a few years
6 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
beyond the western limits of the prairie as here laid down, the permanent establishment of forests there does not
seem practicable, and, sooner or later, a period of unusual drought must put an end to all attempts at forest
cultivation in a region of such insufficient and uncertain rainfall (Map No. 1, portfolio).
It remains to consider the Semi-tropical Forest of Florida and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texas.
A group of arborescent species of West Indian origin occupies the narrow strip of coast and islands of
southern Florida. This belt of semi-tropical vegetation is confined to the immediate neighborhood of the coast
and to occasional hummocks or islands of high ground situated in the savannas which cover a great portion of
southern Florida, checking, by the nature of the soil and want of drainage, the spread of forest growth across the
peninsula. This semi-tropical forest belt reaches cape Malabar on the east and the shores of Tampa bay on the
west coast, while some of its representatives extend fully 2 degrees farther north. It is rich in composition ;
nearly a quarter of all the arborescent species of the Atlantic forest are found within this insignificant region.
The semi-tropical forest, in spite of its variety, is of little economic importance. The species of which it is composed
here reach the extreme northern limit of their distribution; they are generally small, stunted, and of comparatively
little value. Certain speeies, however, attain respectable proportions; the mahogany, the mastic, the royal palm,
the mangrove, the sea-grape, the Jamaica dogwood, the manchineel, and other species here become considerable
and important trees.
In western and southern Texas the trees of the Mississippi basin, checked by insufficient moisture from farther
extension soutli ward outside the river bottoms, are replaced by species of the plateau of northern Mexico. The
streams flowing into the gulf of Mexico are still lined, however, east of the one-hundredth meridian, with the species
of the Atlantic basin, which thus reach southward to beyond the Rio Grande. The Mexican forest belt of Texas
extends from the valley of the Colorado river, near the ninety-eighth meridian, to the Rio Grande. It touches the
coast not far from the Nueces river and extends to the eastern base of the mountain ranges west of the Pecos;
here the species of which it is composed mingle with those peculiar to the Pacific-Mexican'forest. The forest of
this region, like that of all countries of insufficient moisture, is open, stunted, and comparatively of little value.
It is characterized by enormous areas covered with chaparral (dense and often impenetrable thickets of thorny
shrubs and small trees), by a stunted and occasional arborescent growth upon the hills and plains, and by fringes
of heavier timber along the river bottoms. The most valuable and perhaps the most characteristic species of this ,
whole region, the mesquit, extends to the Pacific coast. With this exception, none of the arborescent species
peculiar to this region attain any considerable size or importance, although the forest of small junipers which
covers the low limestone hills of the Colorado valley are locally valuable in a country so generally destitute of
trees. The region immediately adjoining the Rio Grande abounds in different speciesof Acacia, Leucccna, and other
Mexican LegwminotfBj and farther west, upon the dry plains of the Presidio, the Spanish bayonet (Yucca baccata)
covers wide areas with a low, open, and characteristic forest growth.
THE PACIFIC REGION.
The Pacific forest region is coextensive with the great Cordilleran Mountain system of the continent. Thecauses
which have influenced the present position and density of these forests must be sought in the peculiar distribution
of the rainfall of the region. The precipitation of moisture upou the northwest coast is unequaled by that of any
other part of the continent. It gradually decreases with the latitude until, in southern California, the temperature
of the land so far exceeds that of the ocean that precipitation is impossible through a large part of the year. The
interior of all this great region, shut otf by the high mountain ranges which face the ocean along its entire extent,
is very imperfectly supplied with moisture. It is a region of light, uncertain, and unequally distributed rainfall,
heavier at the north, as upou the coast, and decreasing gradually with the latitude in nearly the same proportion.
This entire region is composed of a mass of mountain ranges with a general north and south trend, separating long
and generally narrow valleys. The precipitation of moisture within the interior region is largely regulated by the
position of the mountain chains. Warm currents ascending their sides become cold and are forced to deposit the
moisture they contain. It follows that, while the interior valleys are rainless or nearly so, the mountain ranges,
and especially the high ones, receive during the year a considerable precipitatioii of both rain and snow. If the
distribution of the forests of any region is. dependent upon the distribution and amount of moisture it receives,
forests exceeding in density those of any other part of the continent would be found upon the northwest coast;
they would gradually diminish toward the south, and entirely disappear near the southern boundary of the United
States, while the forests of all the interi >r region, from the summit of the principal Coast Ranges to the eastern base
of the Rocky mountains, woul'-. be confined to the flanks and summits of the mountains. These forests would be
heavy upon the high ranges, especially toward the north ; they would disappear entirely from the valleys and
low mountain ranges. An examination of the forests of the Pacific region will show that in general distribution
and density they actually follow the distribution of the rainfall of the region. These forests well illustrate the
influence of moisture upon forest growth. Within the Pacific region the heaviest and the lightest forests of the
continent coexist with its heaviest and lightest rainfall.
The forests of the Pacific region may be considered under four divisions : the Northern Forest, the Coast
Forest, the Interior Forest, and the Mexican Forest (Map No. 2, portfolio).
GENERAL REMARKS. 7
The Northern Forest of the Pacific region extends from nearly the seventieth to about the fifty eighth degree of.
north latitude, or, immediately upon the coast, is replaced by the Coast Forest nearly 2 degrees farther north; it
extends from the continental divide, here mingled with the Northern Forest of the Atlantic region, to the shores of
the Pacific. The southern limit of this open, scanty Northern Forest, composed of species which extend across the
continent, or of species closely allied to those of the Northern Forest of the Atlantic region, is still imperfectly
known, especially in the interior. The determination of the southern range in Alaska and British Columbia of
several species, as well as the northern range here of a few others, must still be left to further exploration. The
white spruce, the most important and the most northern species of the forest of the North Atlantic region, is here
also the most important species. It attains a considerable size as far north as the sixty-fifth degree, forming, in
the valley of the Yukon, forests of no little local importance. The canoe-birch, the balsam poplar, and the aspen,
familiar trees of the North Atlantic region, also occur here. The gray pine and the balsam fir of the Atlantic
region are replaced by allied forms of the same genera. The larch alone, of the denizens of the extreme Northern
Forest of the Atlantic coast, finds no congener here in the northern Pacific forest.
The Pacific Coast Forest, the heaviest, although far from the most varied, forest of the continent, extends south
along the coast in a narrow strip from the sixtieth to the fiftieth parallel; here it widens, embracing the shores of
Puget sound and extending eastward over the high mountain ranges north and south of the boundary of the
United States. This interior development of the Coast Forest, following the abundant rainfall of the region, is
carried northward over the Gold, Selkirk, and other interior ranges of British Columbia in a narrow spur extending
north nearly to the fifty-fourth parallel. It reaches southward along the Coaur d'Alene, Bitter-Koot, and the
western ranges of the Rocky Mountain system to about latitude 47° 30', covering northern Washington territory,
Idaho, and portions of western Montana.
The Coast Forest south of the fiftieth degree of latitude occupies the region between the ocean and the eastern
slopes of the Cascade Range; in California the summits of the principal southern prolongation of these mountains,
the Sierra Nevada, marks the eastern limits of the Coast Forest, which gradually disappears south of the thirty-fifth
parallel, although still carried by the high ridges of the southern Coast Range nearly to the southern boundary of the
United States. The Coast Forest, like the forests of the whole Pacific region, is largely composed of a few coniferous
species, generally of wide distribution. The absence of broad-leaved trees in the Pacific region is striking; they
nowhere form great forests as in the Atlantic region; when they occur they are confined to the valleys of the coast
and to the banks of mountain streams, and, economically, are of comparatively little value or importance. The
characteristic and most valuable species of the northern Coast Forest are the Alaska cedar (Chamatcyparis), the
tide-land spruce, and the hemlock. These form the principal forest growth which covers the ranges and islands of
the coast between the sixty-first and the fiftieth parallels. Other species of the Coast Forest reach here the northern
limits of their distribution, although the center of their greatest development is found farther south.
The red fir (Pseudotsuga), the most important and widely-distributed timber tree of the Pacific region, reaches
the coast archipelago in latitude 51° ; farther inland it extends fully 4 degrees farther north, and in the region of
Puget sound and through the Coast Forest of Washington territory and Oregon it is the prevailing forest tree.
The characteristic forest of the northwest coast, although represented by several species extending south as far aa
cape Mendiciuo, near the fortieth parallel, is replaced south of the Rogue River valley by a forest in which forms
peculiar to the south rather than to the north gradually predominate. The forest of the northwest coast reaches
its greatest density and variety in the narrow region between the summits of the Cascade Range and the ocean.
North of the fifty-first parallel it gradually decreases in density, and south of the forty-third parallel it changes
in composition and character. This belt of Coast Forest is only surpassed in density by that of some portions of
the redwood forest of the California coast. The red fir, the great tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the red cedar
(Thuya) reach here enormous dimensions. The wide river bottoms are lined with a heavy growth of maple,
cottouwood, ash, and alder, the narrow interior valley with an open growth of oak. In this great coniferous forest
the trunks of trees two or three hundred feet in height are often only separated by the space of a few feet. The
ground, shaded throughout the year by the impenetrable canopy of the forest, never becomes dry ; it is densely
covered by a thick carpet of mosses and ferns, often of enormous size. The more open portions of this forest are
choked by an impenetrable growth of various Vacdnece of almost arborescent proportions, of hazel, the vine-maple,
and other shrubs. The soil which has produced the maximum growth of forest in this region is, outside the river
bottoms, a thin, porous gravel of glacial origin, rarely more than a few inches in depth ; the luxuriance of vegetable
growth, therefore, illustrates the influence of a heavy rainfall and temperate climate upon the forest.
The general character of this forest in the interior, although composed largely of the species peculiar to the
coast, differs somewhat from the Coast Forest proper in composition and largely in natural features. The dense,
impenetrable forest of the coast is replaced, east of the summit of the Cascade Range, by a more open growth,
generally largely destitute of undergrowth. The red fir, the hemlock, and the red cedar (Thuya) are still important
elements of the forest. Less valuable species of the Coast Forest — the white fir (AMcs grandis), the yew, the alders,
the mountain hemlock (Tsuga Pattoniana), the hawthorn, the buckthorn, and the white pine (Pinus monticola) —
are still represented. The latter, a local species upon the coast, only reaches its greatest development toward
the eastern limit of this region, here forming considerable and important forests. Other species peculiar to the Coast
Forest, the maples, the ash, the oak, the arbutus, and the Alaska cedar, do not extend east of the Cascades. The tide-
8 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
land spruce is replaced by an allied species of the interior region. The widely-distributed yellow pine (Pinus
ponderosa ), barely represented in the northern portions of the immediate Coast Forest, becomes east of the mountains
one of the most important and characteristic elements of the forest. The Coast Forest south of the forty-third degree
of latitude changes in composition. The tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the Thuya are gradually replaced by
more southern species. The sugar pine (P. Lambertiana) here first appears. The California laurel (Umbellularia)
covers with magnificent growth the broad river bottoms. The Libocedrus, several oaks, and the chinquapin here reach
the northern limits of their distribution. The change from the northern to the southern forest is marked by the
appearance of the Port Orford cedar (Chamcccyparis Laicsoniana), adding variety and value to the forests of the
southern Oregon coast. Farther south, near the northern boundary of California, the redwood forests (Sequoia) appear.
The Coast Forest of California will be most conveniently discussed under three subdivisions : the forest of the
Coast Eauge, the forest of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, which, toward the northern boundary of the
etate, extends to the coast, covering the mass of mountains which here unite the Sierra Nevada and the Coast
Bange ; and, third, the open forest of the long, narrow valleys lying -between the Coast Eange and the Sierra
Nevada, south of this northern connection. The important feature of the Coast Eange, as far south as the thirty-
seventh degree of latitude, is the belt of redwood occupying an irregular, interrupted strip of territory facing the
ocean, and hardly exceeding thirty miles in width at the points of its greatest development. The heaviest growth
of the redwood forest occurs north of the bay of San Francisco, and here, along the slopes and bottom of the narrow
carious of the western slope of the Coast Eange, the maximum productive capacity of the forest is reached. No
other forest of similar extent equals in the amount of material which they contain the groups of redwood scattered
along the coast of northern California. The red fir reaches, in the California Coast Eange, a size and value only
surpassed in the more northern forests of the coast; the yellow pine is an important tree in the northern
portions of this region, and here flourish other species of the genus endemic to this region. The forest of the Coast
Eange is marked by the presence within its limits of several species of singularly restricted distribution. Gupressus
macrocarpa and Pinus insignis are confined to a few isolated groves upon the shores of the bay of Monterey ; Abies
bracteata occupies three or four canons high up in the Santa Lucia mountains; it is found nowhere else ; and Pinus
Torreyana, the most local arborescent species of North America, has been detected only in one or two small groups
upon the sand-dunes just north of the bay of San Diego. The characteristic forest of the Coast Eange is checked
from farther southern development, a little below the thirty-fifth parallel, by insufficient moisture ; the scanty
forests which clothe the high declivities of the Coast Eange farther south belong in composition to the Sierra
forests.
The heavy forest which covers the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, a forest only surpassed in density by
the redwood belt of the coast and the fir forest of Puget sound, occupies, in its greatest development, a belt
situated between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation. This forest belt extends from about the base of mount Shasta at
the north to the thirty-fifth parallel ; farther south it diminishes in density and disappears upon the southern
ridges of the Coast Eange just north of the southern boundary of California. Its greatest width occurs in northern
California, where to the south of mount Shasta the Sierra system is broken down into a broad mass of low ridges
and peaks. The characteristic species of this forest is the great sugar pine (P. Lambertiana), which here reaches
its greatest development and value, and gives unsurpassed beauty to this mountain forest. With the sugar pine
are associated the red fir, the yellow pine, two noble Abies, the Libocedrus; and, toward the central part of the
state, the great Sequoia, appearing first in small isolated groups, and then, farther south, near the headwaters of
Kern river, in a narrow belt extending more or less continuously for several miles. This heavy forest of the
Sierras, unlike the forest which farther north covers the western flanks of the Cascade Eauge, is almost destitute
of undergrowth and young trees. It shows the influence of a warm climate and unevenly distributed rainfall
upon forest growth. The trees, often remote from one another, have attained an enormous size, but they have
grown slowly. Above this belt the Sierra forest stretches upward to the limits of tree growth. It is here
subalpine and alpine in character aud of little economic value. Different pines and firs, the mountain hemlock,
and the western juniper are scattered in open stretches of forest upon the high ridges of the Sierras. The
forest below the belt of heavy growth gradually becomes more open. Individual trees are smaller, while the
number of species increases. The small pines of the upper foot-hills are mingled with oaks in considerable
variety. These gradually increase in number. Pines are less frequent and finally disappear.
The forest of the valleys is composed of oaks, the individuals often widely scattered and of great size, but
nowhere forming a continuous, compact growth. The Coast Forest of the Pacific region, unsurpassed in density,
is composed of a comparatively small number of species, often attaining enormous size. It presents the same
general features throughout its entire extent, except as modified by the climatic conditions of the regions which it
covers. The species which compose this forest range through nearly 26 degrees of latitude, or northern species,
are replaced in the south by closely allied forms ; and, as in the Atlantic region, the southern species far exceed
in number those peculiar to the north.
The Interior Forest extends from the southern limits of the northern subarctic forest to the plateau of
northern Mexico ; it occupies the entire region between the eastern limits of the Pacific Coast Forest and the extreme
western limits of the Atlantic region. The forests of this entire region, as compared with the forests east and
west of it, are stunted and remarkable in their poverty of composition. They are confined to the high slopes
GENERAL REMARKS. $
arid canons of the numerous mountain ranges composing the interior region, while the valleys are treeless, or,
outside of the narrow river bottoms, nearly treeless. The interior forest attains its greatest development and
considerable importance upon the western slope of the California Sierras and upon the flanks of the high peaks
of the southern Eocky Mountain system, from Colorado, where the timber line reaches an extreme elevation of
13,500 feet, to southern New Mexico and western Arizona. The minimum in North American forest development,
outside the absolutely treeless regions, both in the number of species and in the proportion of forest to entire
area, is found south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, in the arid region between the "\Yalisatch mountains and
the Sierra Nevada, known as the Great Basin. Here the open, stunted forest is confined to the highest ridges and
slopes of the infrequent canons of the low mountain ranges which occupy, with a general north and south trend,
this entire region. The individuals which compose this forest are small, although oftcu of immense age, and
everywhere show the marks of a severe struggle for existence. Seven arborescent species only have been detected
in the forests of the northern and central portions of this region. The mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus), the only
broad-leaved species of the region, with the exception of the aspen, which throughout the entire interior region
borders, above an elevation of 8,000 feet, all mountain streams, reaches here its greatest development. This
tree, with the nut pine (Pinus monophylla), characterizes this region. Stunted junipers are scattered over the
lowest slopes of the mountains, or farther south often cross the high valleys, and cover with open growth the mesas,
as the lower foot-hills are locally known. An open forest of arborescent yuccas (Yucca brevifolia] upon the high
Mojave plateau is a characteristic and peculiar feature of the flora of this interior region.- The red fir and the
yellow pine, widely distributed throughout the Pacific region, do not occur upon the mountain ranges of the Great
Basin.
The heavy forests of the interior region, found along the western slopes of the California Sierras and upon the
Kocky Mountain system, are, for the most part, situated south of the forty second degree of latitude. The forests
of the whole northern interior portion of the continent, outside the region occupied in the northern Eocky mountains
by the eastern development of the Coast Forest, feel the influence of insufficient moisture; the number of species of
which they are composed is not large; the individuals are often small and stunted, while the forests are open, scattered,
without undergrowth, and confined to the canons and high slopes of the mountains. The most generally distributed
species of this northern region, a scrub pine (Pinus Murrayana), occupies vast areas, almost to the exclusion of other
species, and is gradually taking possession of grotind cleared by fire of more valuable trees. South of the fifty-
second parallel the red fir (Pseudotsuga) and the yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) appear; with them is associated, in
the Blue mountains and in some of the ranges of the northern. Kocky mountains, the western larch (Larix occidentaUs),
the largest and mosfe valuable tree of the Columbian basin.
The forest covering the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada consists almost exclusively of various species of
pine, often of great size and value. The characteristic species of this region are the yellow pine and the closely-
allied Pinus Jeffreyi, here reaching its greatest development. The red fir is absent from this forest, while the oaks,
multiplied in many forms on the western slopes of these mountains, have here no representative.
The forests of the southern Eocky Mountain region, less heavy and less generally distributed than those of the
western slope of the Sierras, are, as compared with those of the Great Basin, heavy, dense, and valuable. They owe
their existence to the comparatively large precipitation of moisture distributed over this elevated region. The
characteristic species of the Colorado mountains is a spruce (Picea Engelmanni) ; it forms, at between 8,000 and 10,000
feet elevation, extensive and valuable forests of considerable density and great beauty; with it are associated a
balsam fir of wide northern distribution, and various alpine and subalpiue species of pine; at lower elevations
forests of yellow pine and red fir cover the mountain slopes, while the bottoms of the streams are lined with
cottonwood, alder, and maple, or with an open growth of the white fir (Abies concolor), a species of the Coast Forest,
here reaching the eastern limits of its distribution ; the foot-hills above the treeless plain are covered with scant
groves of the nut-pine (Pinus cdidis}, stunted junipers, and a small oak, which in many forms extends through a large
area of the southern interior region. A forest similar in general features to that of Colorado, and largely composed
of the same species, extends ever the high mountains of New Mexico to those of western Texas and western and
northwestern Arizona, where a heavier forest of pine covers the elevated region lying along the thirty-filth parallel,
culminating in the high forest-clad San Francisco mountains of northern Arizona.
The species of the interior Pacific region mingle along its southern borders with the species peculiar to the
plateau of northern Mexico. The Pacific-Mexican Forest, although differing widely in natural features from the
Atlantic-Mexican Forest, possesses several species peculiar to the two. The forests of this region are confined to
the high mountains and their foot-hills, and to the banks of the rare water-courses. They disappear entirely
from the Colorado desert and from the valleys and low mountain ranges of southwestern Arizona. The most
important and generally distributed species peculiar to the valleys of this region is the uiesquit, the characteristic
species of the Atlantic-Mexican region. The suwarrow, however, the great tree cactus, is perhaps the most
remarkable species of the region, giving an unusual and striking appearance to the dry mesas of central and
southern Arizona. The high mountain ranges, extending across the boundary of the United States, between the one
hundred and fifth and the one hundred and eleventh meridians, enjoy a larger and more regularly-distributed rainfall
than the regions east, and especially west, of these meridians. The forests which cover these southern mountain
ranges are often dense and varied. Upon their summits and almost inaccessible upper slopes the firs and pines of
10
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
the Pacific region are mingled with pines, a juniper, an arbutus, and various other species peculiar to the Mexican
plateau. Extensive forests of a cypress of Mexican origin also characterize this mountain vegetation. The
bottoms of the canons are lined with a dense growth of cotton wood, hackberry, a noble sycamore, an ash, a
cherry, and other deciduous trees. The high foot-hills and wcsas are covered with open groves of various oaks
peculiar to the Mexican-Pacific region, here reaching, within the United States at least, their greatest development.
Such are some of the prominent forest features of North America; a dense forest, largely composed, except
at the north, of a great variety of broad-leaved species, and extending from the Atlantic sea-board in one nearly
unbroken -sheet until checked by insufficient moisture from further western development — the forest of the Atlantic
region ; a forest of conifers, occupying the ranges of the great Cordilleran mountain system, unsurpassed in
density in the humid climate of the coast, open and stunted in the arid interior — the forest of the Pacific region.
A more detailed examination of the distribution of North American arborescent genera and species will serve
to illustrate the wealth of the forests of the Atlantic and the comparative poverty of those of the Pacific region.
It will show, too, more clearly how widely the forests of these two great regions differ in composition.
DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA.
The forests of North America contain arborescent representatives of 158 genera; 142 genera occur in the
Atlantic and 59 genera in the Pacific region. Of the Atlantic genera, 48 are not represented in the United States
•outside the semi-tropical region of Florida.
The following table illustrates the distribution of these genera; the genera of semi-tropical Florida are
designated by a *.
Genera
represented
by arbo-
rescent
species in
the Atlantic
region.
Genera
represented
by arbo-
rescent
species in
the Pacific
region.
Genera
represented
by arbo-
rescent
species in
the Atlantic
region.
Genera
represented
by arbo-
rescent
species in
: the Pacific
region.
Magnolia . -.
T/
Ey senh ardt i a
,/
Liriodendron .'......
V
Dalea
V
V
V
Robinia
,/
v
* Anona
v
Olneya . ......
V
V
v
j*Piscidia . .....
, /
V
"Caiiella ,. .... . . ...
\/
1 Cladrastis
,/
"Clusia
v/
i Sop bora
V
-/
Gordouia
V
Gymnocladus
V
_/
Fremontia
I/
Gleditschia
V
,/
Tilia
T/
V
(/
,/
"Byrsenima
v
Cercis
•s
"Guaiacum
•/
Prosopis
I/
,/
Porliera
I/
•>/
^
•>/
•I/
Ptelia
v
I/
T^ysilornft
v/
^
r/
"Simaruba
•v/
*Chrysobalanus
y
"Bnrscra
T/
Prunus
-,/
,/
* Amyris
!/
-I/
"Swietenia
v
Cercocarpus
•/
*Ximenia . _ . . i
v/
,/
,/
Ilex
V/
+/
,/
Cyrilla
•/
r/
Cliftonia
•/
v/
Euonyinus
y
,/
'Myginda
i/
,/
•Sclucfferia
•v/
,/
'Reynosia
•i/
./
Condalia
•/
•/
r/
Rhamnus
-i/
,/
,/
Ccanoth us
,/
v/
•Colubrina
-/
./
-lEsculus
-i/
v/
,/
T/
Ungnadia
i/
I/
./
Sapindus
-,/
v/
,/
./
"Hypelate
i/
./
Acer
i/
I/
,/
Negundo
i/
,/
,/
Rhus
•i/
V
,/
V
V
V
GENERAL REMARKS.
11
Gfnora
reprenf-ntt'it
by arbo-
reecc-nt
spec-it's in
tho Atlantic
region.
Gem'ia
I'epreHeutcd
l>y ;1T lin-
rescent
sj,cci.-s In
til.: Pacific
region.
Genora
represented
by nrl»o-
H'KCCIlt
apecicM in
tin- Atlantic
region.
Genera
ri'prrttrllU'd
ny arbo-
IfSC, Ht
HJH-CICH 1U
the I'acitie
region.
V
Planera
-/
-,/
Celtis ..-.
^/
+/
,/
,/
T/
I/
I/
v/
I/
T/
-/
T/
,/
^/
-I/
,/
I/
^
y
Myrica ..
-I/
v/
I/
*/
,/
I/
v/
I/
I/
•/
^/
,/
T/
I/
•^
,/
•/
Bctula
,/
V/
T/
,/
v/
y
v/
Sails
T/
T/
T/
,/
,/
I/
,/
.,/
Thuya *
-,/
,/
,/
,/
,/
,/
v/
"Ehretia ...
^/
,/
T/
Taxodium
,/
!/
,/
Sequoia ...
v/
^/
Taxus * --..
•L/
T/
*Ci than1 whim
T/
Torreya -
T/
,/
,/
•./
,/
!/
v/
,/
•,/
Tsuga . ...
,/
,/
•/
Pseudotsuga
v/
*Nectandra
•/
Abies
•/
,/
,/
I/
-/
,/
Sabal ..
,/
I/
AVasbingtonia
v/
,/
*Thrinax
,/
i/
**0reodoxa
x/
Ill in us ..
V
Yucca , .
I/
I/
Arborescent species of 43 genera occur within the limits of the two regions. They are :
Ptelia.
Condalia.
Rhammis.
.iBsciilus.
Ungnadia.
Sapiudus.
Acer.
Negundo.
Eysenhardtia.
Robinia.
Parkinsonia.
Prosopis.
Acacia.
Prunus.
Pyrus.
Crata3gns.
Corn us.
Sumbucus.
Arbutus.
Bumelia.
Fraxinns.
Chilopsis.
Celtis.
Morus.
Platanus.
Juglans.
Myrica.
Quercus.
Betula.
Alnus.
Salix. ."
Populua.
Thuya.
Chamjecyparis.
Juniperus.
Taxus.
Torreya.
Pinus.
Picea.
Tsuga.
Abies.
Larix.
Yucca.
The following genera, 44 in number, of the Atlantic region, exclusive of those of semi-tropical Florida, are not
represented in the Pacific forest :
Magnolia.
Liriodendrou.
Asimina.
Gordonia.
Tilia.
Porlicra.
Xanthoxylum.
Ilex.
Cyrilla.
Cliftonia.
Pistacia.
Cladrastis.
Sophora.
Gymnocladus.
Gleditschia.
Lencsena.
Hamamelis.
Liquidambar.
Rbizophora.
Nyssa.
Viburnum.
Piuckueya.
Andromeda.
Oxydendruin.
Diospyros.
Symplocos.
Halesia.
Forestiera.
Chionautlius.
Osniantbus.
Cordiu.
Catalpa.
Persea.
Sassafras.
Uloius.
Plauera.
Maclura.
Carya.
Castanea.
Fagus.
Ostrya.
Carpiuus.
Taxodium.
Sabal.
12 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
The following genera of the Atlantic region, 9 in number, are represented in the Pacific flora by one or more
frutescent, but by no arborescent, species :
Euonymus. Ainelanchier. Vaccinum. Rhododendron.
Rhus. Viburnum. Kalmia. Forestiera.
Cercis.
Ptelia, Condalia, Sapindus, Eobinia, Bumelia, Celtis, Morns, and Jitglans, genera reaching their greatest
development in North America in the Atlantic region, extend with a single arborescent representative into the
Pacific region. Rhamnus, jEsculus, Acer, Nee/undo, Primus, Pyrus, Cratcegus, Gornus, Sambuous, Fraxinus, Platamts
Myrica, Qucrcus, Betula, Alnus, Salix, Populus, Thuya, Cltamwcyparis, Juniperus, Taxus, Torrcya, Pinus, Picea, Tsuga,
Abies, and Larix, characteristic North American genera, are widely represented. in the two regions.
Ungnadia, Eyscnhardtia, ParMnsonia, Prosopis, Acacia, Chilopsis, and Yucca, genera of the Mexican flora, are
common to the two regions.
Arbutus, a genus of the Pacific region, jiist reaches, with a doubtful species, the Atlantic region through western
Texas.
The following genera of the Pacific region, 13 in number, have no representatives in the Atlantic region:
Fremontia. Cercocarpus. Castanopsis. Sequoia.
Canotia. Heterorueles. Libocedrus. Pseudotsnga.
Olneya. UnYbellularia. Cupressus. Wasliingtonia.
Vauquelinia.
The following genera of the Pacific, 3 in number, are represented in the Atlantic region by frutescent species :
Ceanothus. Dalea. Cereus.
The Atlantic forest, exclusive of semi-tropical Florida, contains 45 genera entirely unrepresented in the Pacific
region and 7 genera without Pacific arborescent representatives. The Pacific forest contains 13 genera unrepresented
in the Atlantic region and 3 genera without Atlantic arborescent representatives.
The following genera of the Mexican region, 14 in number, are not elsewhere represented in North America.
Genera with arborescent representatives in both the Atlantic- and Pacific-Mexican regions are designated by a
star (*) :
Porliera. Pistacia. Olneya. Acacia. "Chilopsis.
Canotia. "Eysenliardtia. *Parkiusonia. Vauquelinia. Wasliingtonia.
*Ungna3ia. Dalea. Leucama. Cereus.
Porliera and Leuccena belong to the Atlantic; Canotia, Dalea, Olneya, Vauquelinia, Cereus, and Wasliingtonia
to the Pacific region.
DISTEIBUTION OF SPECIES.
In the forests of North America 412 arborescent species have been detected; of these, 292 species belong to
the Atlantic region, and 153 occur within the limits of the Pacific region. Species common to the two regions are
rare; they are principally confined to the subarctic Northern Forest and to the narrow belt along the southern
boundary of the United States.
The following species, 10 in number, cross the continent:
Prosopisjuliflora. Sarnbucus Mexicana. Salix longifolia. Populus balsamifera. Picea alba.
Pyrus saiubucifolia. Betula papyrifera. Popnlus tremuloides. Juniperns Virginiaua. Yucca baocata.
Prosopis juliflora, Sambucus Mexicana, and Yucca baccata belong to the Mexi-jan flora of the south; Salix
lonyifolia also belongs here, although extending northward into the Atlantic and through the Pacific Coast region
of the United States. Populus balsamifera, Betula papyrifera, and Picea alba belong to the Northern Forest.
Pyrus sambncifolia, Populus tremuloides and Juniperus Virginiana are widely distributed through the central
portions of the Atlantic and Pacific regions; they are the only really continental arborescent species.
The following species of the Atlantic region, 15 in number, extend from the Atlantic into the Pacific region :
Ptelia trifoliata. Negundo aceroidcs. Crataegus tomentosa. Quercns Etnoryi.
Coudalia obovata. Parkinsonia aculeata. Fruxinus viridis. Alnus incana.
Sapindus marginatus. Prunus Americana. Celtis occidentalis. Salix nigra.
Ungnadia speciosa. Prunus Penusylvanica. Morus microphylla.
Ptelia trifoliata, a widely distributed species of the Atlantic region, extends through western Texas into the-
extreme southeastern portion of the Pacific region. Condalia obovata, Ungnadia speciosa, Parldnsonia aculeata,
Morus microphylla, and Qucrcus Emoryi, of the Atlantic-Mexican forest, extend into the Pacific-Mexican region.
Sapindus marginatus, of the southern Atlantic region, extends through western Texas to the Pacific-Mexican
region. Prunus Americana, Prunus Pennsylvania, and Alnus incana, widely distributed through the northern
portions of the Atlantic region, just reach the eastern limits of the central Pacific region.
Negundo aceroides, Cratatgus tomentosa, Fraxinus viridis, and Celtis occidentalis are widely distributed through
the interior Pacific region, although nowhere reaching the coast.
GENERAL REMARKS. 13
The following species of the Pacific region, 8 in number, extend through the Mexican into the Atlantic region :
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa. Acacia Greggii. Chilopsis saligua. Juniperus occideutalis.
Prosopis pubescens. Fraxinus pistacisefolia. Juglans rnpestris. Juniperus pachyphloea.
•Juglans rnpestris and Juniperus occidentalis reach their greatest development in the Pacific Coast region, and
extend through the Pacific- Mexican region into western Texas ; no other species are common to the Pacific Coast
forest and the Atlantic-Mexican region. The 6 remaining Pacific-Atlantic species belong to the Pacific-Mexican
region, just reaching western Texas.
The following species of the Southern Pacific region extends into the Atlantic region :
Salix amygdaloides.
The following species of the Pacific forest, 12 in number, endemic to the interior arid region, do not extend
beyond its limits :
Acer grandidentatum. Cratiegus rivularis. Populus angustifolia. . Pinus monophylla.
Robinia Neo-Mexieana. Fraxiuus auoinala. Pinus flexilis. Picea pungens.
Cercocarpus ledifolius. Quercus undulata. Pinus edulis. Yucca brevifolia.
A detailed examination of the distribution of the arborescent species composing the North American forests
shows that —
Maynolia is represented by seven Atlantic species, with the center of its distribution in the southern Alleghany
region.
Liriodendron is represented by a single species, widely-distributed through the eastern and central portions of
the Atlantic region.
Asimina is represented by a single widely-distributed arborescent species and by three frutescent species of
the Atlantic region.
Anona, Capparis, Canella, and Clusia are represented each by a single. semi-tropical species.
Gordonia is represented by two species of the southern Atlantic region, one of wide distribution, the other
rare and local.
Fremontia, a genus endemic to the Pacific region, is represented by a single species of the southern Pacific
Coast region.
Tilia is represented by two Atlantic species, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghany region.
JByrsonima is represented by a single semi-tropical species.
Guaiacum is represented by a single semi-tropical species.
Porliera is represented by a single species of the Atlantic-Mexican region.
Xanlhoxyhtm is represented by two species of the Atlantic region, by a semi-tropical species, and by a second
seini- tropical species which reaches the Atlantic-Mexican region.
Ptelia is represented by a single arborescent species of wide distribution in the Atlantic, reaching also the
Pacific region, where a frutescent species occurs, and by a second frutescent species of the south Atlantic region.
Canotia, a -genus endemic to the Pacific-Mexican region, is represented by a single species.
Simaruba, Amyris, Swietenia, Ximenia, are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.
Bursera is represented by a single semi-tropical species and by a second frntescent species of the Pacific-
Mexican region.
Ilex, an Atlantic genus, is represented by four arborescent and several frutesceut species, with its center of
distribution in the southern Atlantic region.
Cyrilla and Cliftonia are each represented by a single species of the southern Atlantic region.
Euonymus is represented by a widely-distributed arborescent species in the Atlantic, and by a frutescent species
in both the Atlantic and the Pacific regions.
Myginda, Schcefferia, and Reynosla are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.
Condalia is represented by one semi-tropical and by one species of the Atlantic-Mexican reaching the Pacific-
Mexican region.
Rhamnus is represented by one arborescent and by one frutesceut species in the Atlantic, by two arborescent
and one frutesceut species in the Pacific region, and by one frutescent species common to the two regions.
Ceanothus is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region and by several frutescent
species widely distributed through the Atlantic and the Pacific regions.
Golubrina is represented by a single semi-tropical species.
jfflsculus is represented by two arborescent and by three frutesceut species in the Atlantic, and by an arborescent
species in the Pacific region.
Ungnadia, an endemic genus of the Atlantic-Mexican region, and just reaching the Pacific-Mexican region, is
represented by a single species.
Sapindus is represented by one species widely distributed through the southern Atlantic, and reaching the
Pacific region, and by one semi-tropical species.
Acer is represented by five Atlantic and four Pacific species.
Negundo is represented by one species widely distributed through the Atlantic and the Pacific regions and by
a second species in the Pacific region.
14 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Rhus is represented by five arborescent species in the Atlantic and by several frutescent species in both the
Atlantic and the Pacific regions.
Pistacia is represented by a single species in the Atlantic-Mexican region.
Eysenhardtia is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific- Mexican, extending into the Atlantic-
Mexican region, where a second frutescent species occurs.
Dalea is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific-Mexican and by numerous frutesceut and
herbaceous species in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions.
Robinia, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghany region, is represented by two arborescent
and one frutesceut species in the Atlantic and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region.
Olneya, an endemic genus of the Pacific-Mexican region, is there represented by a single species.
Piscidia is represented by a single semi-tropical species.
Ciadragtis is represented by a single local species in the southern Atlantic region.
Sophora is represented by a species in the southern Atlantic and by a second species in the Atlantic-Mexican,
region, and by four frutescent or sufl'rutescent species.
Gymnocladus is represented by a single species in the central Atlantic region.
Gleditschia is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region.
Parkinsonia is represented by an arborescent species common to the Atlantic- and the Pacific-Mexican regionsr
by two arborescent and one frutescent species in the Pacific-Mexican, and by a frutescent species in the Atlantic-
Mexican region.
Cercis is represented by a widely-distributed species in the Atlantic, by a second species in the Atlantic-
Mexican, and a frutescent species of the California Coast region.
Prosopis is represented by two arborescent species common to the Atlantic- and the Pacific-Mexican regions^
and by two frutescent species.
Leuccena is represented by two species in the Atlantic-Mexican region.
Acacia is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic-Mexican, by one arborescent species of the
Pacific-Mexican extending into the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by several frutescent species widely distributed
through the two regions.
Lysiloma is represented by a single semi-tropical species.
PithecoloMum is represented by a single polymorphous arborescent species of semi-tropical Florida, and by a
shrubby species of the Mexican Boundary region.
Chrysobalanus is represented by one arborescent and one frutescent semi-tropical species.
Prunus is represented by seven arborescent species in the Atlantic region ; of these, one is semi-tropical and
two extend into the Pacific region. This genus is represented in the Pacific region by four species, ef which one
belongs to the Mexican region, and by several frutescent species.
Vauquelinia, an endemic genus of the Pacific-Mexican region, is there represented by a single species.
Cercocarpus is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Pacific region.
Pyrus is represented by one species common to both Atlantic and Pacific, by three arborescent and one
frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region.
Cratcegus is represented by twelve arborescent and frutescent species in the Atlantic, of which one extends,
into the Pacific region, and by two species in the Pacific region.
Heteromeles is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region.
Amelanchier is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic and by one frutesc-int species in the
Pacific region.
Hamamelis and Liquidambar are each represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region.
Rhizophora is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region.
Conocarpus, Laguncularia, and Calyptranthes are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.
Eugenia is represented by five semi-tropical species.
Cereus is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific and by several frutesceut species in the
Atlantic and Pacific regions.
C&rnus is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic, by a single arborescent species in the Pacific
region, and by several frutescent and herbaceous species in the two regions.
Nyissa is represented by three species in the Atlantic region.
Sambucus is represented by one arborescent species of wide distribution in the Pacific, by one species in the
Pacific-Mexican extending into the Atlantic-Mexican, by a frutescent species in the Atlantic, by a second frutesceut
species in the Pacific, and by a frutescent species common to the Atlantic and Pacific regions.
Viburnum is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic and by several frutesceut species in the
Atlantic and the Pacific regions.
Exostemma is represented by a single semi-tropical species.
Pinckneya, an endemic genus of the southern Atlantic region, is there represented by a single species.
Oenipa is represented by a single semi-tropical species.
GENERAL REMARKS. 15
Guettarda is represented by one arborescent and by one frnte.scent semi- tropical species.
Vacdnium is represented by one arborescent species in tlie Atlantic and by several frntescent species in the
Atlantic and the Pacific regions.
Andromeda is represented by an arborescent and several frutescent species in the Atlantic region.
ArbutiiH is represented by one species in the Pacitlo Coast, by a second species in the Pacific Mexican, and by
one species in the Atlantic-Mexican region.
Oxydeiidiniii, an endemic genus of the Atlantic region, is there represented by a single, species.
Kalmia is represented by one arborescent species and by three fruteseent species in the Atlantic region, of
which one extends to the Pacific region.
Rhododendron is represented by one arborescent and by several frutescent species in the Atlantic and by
several frutescent species in the Pacific region.
Myrsine, Ardiai-a, Jacquinia, Ohrysophyllum, iSidcro.rylon, and Dipholix are each represented by a single semi-
tropical species.
Bumelia is represented by four species in the Atlantic and by one species in the Pacific-Mexican region.
Mimmopti is represented by one semi-tropical species.
Diospyrofs is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by one in the Atlantic-Mexican region.
Synqjlocos is represented by one species in the southern Atlantic region.
Halersia is represented by two arborescent and by one frutescent species in the southern Atlantic region.
Frcaimis, with its center of distribution in the southern Atlantic region, is represented by seven species in
the Atlantic, of which one extends into the Pacific region, and one belongs to tbe Mexican region, and by three
arborescent and one frutescent species in the Pacific, of which one belongs to the Mexican region.
ForcKticra is represented by one arborescent and seven frutescent species in the Atlantic region, of which one
reaches the Mexican-Pacific region.
Chionanthus and Osmantlim are each represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region.
Cordia is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent semi-tropical species and by one arborescent
and one frutescent species in the Atlantic Mexican region.
Boitrrcria and Ehrciia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.
Catalpa is represented by two species in the southern Atlantic region.
Chilopsift is represented by a single species in the Pacific-Mexican region, extending into the Atlantic-Mexican
region.
Orescentia, Citharcxylum, and Ariccnnia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.
Pisonia is represented by one arborescent and by two frutescent semi-tropical species.
Ooccoloba is represented by two semi-tropical species.
Persca is represented by one species in the southern Atlantic region.
Nectandra is represented by one semi-tropical species.
Sassafras is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region.
Umbcllularia is represented by a single species in tlie Pacific Coast region.
Drypetes, Sebastiania, and Hippomane are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.
Ulmuit, with its center of distribution in the Mississippi basin, is represented in the Atlantic region by five
species.
Planera is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region.
Celtis is represented by a single polymorphous species of wide distribution in the Atlantic region, extending
into the Pacific region, and by a frutescent species common to tbe Atlantic- Mexican and the Pacific-Mexican regions.
F ivus is represented by three semi-tropical gpecies.
MOTUK is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region, and by one species in the Atlantic-
Mexican, extending into the Pacific-Mexican region.
Maclura is represented by a single local species in the southern Atlantic region.
Platnnm is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region, by a species in the Pacific
coast, and by a species in the Pacific-Mexican region.
Juglans is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region and by a species in the Pacific
coast, extending through Ihe Pacific-Mexican into the Atlantic-Mexican region.
Garya, an endemic genus of the Atlantic region, with its center of distribution west of the Mississippi river, is
represented by seven species.
Myrii-a is represented by one arborescent and two frutescent species in the Atlantic region and by one
arborescent species in the Pacilic Coast region.
Qtierciui, with its center of most important distribution in the basin of the lower Ohio river, is represented in
the Atlantic region by twenty-four arborescent species, of which one, belonging to the Mexican region, extends into
the Pacific-Mexican region ; and in the Pacific region by twelve arborescent species, of which one belongs to the
interior and four to the Mexican region, and by two frutescent species.
Caslanopsis is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region.
16 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Castanea is represented by two species in the Atlantic region.
Fagus, Ostrya, and Carpinus are each represented by a single widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region.
Betula, with its center of distribution in the northern Atlantic region, is represented by one arborescent and
by one frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by four arborescent and one frutescent
species in the Atlantic region, and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region.
Alnus is represented by three arborescent species in the Atlantic, of which one extends to the Pacific region,
by three arborescent species in the Pacific region, and by two frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the
Pacific regions.
Salix is represented in the Atlantic region by five arborescent species, of which three are found in the Pacific
region, and by many frutescent species. This genus is represented in the Pacific region by ten arborescent and
by many frntescent species.
Populus is represented by two species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by three species in the
Atlantic region, and by three species in the Pacific region.
Libocedrus is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region.
Thuya is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by one species in the Pacific region.
Chamcecyparis is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific Coast region.
Cupressm is represented by four species in the Pacific region, of which three occur in the coast and one in the
Mexican region.
Juniperus is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic region, by three arborescent species in the
Pacific, of which one belongs to the Pacific-Mexican and one extends to the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by two
frutescent species common to both regions.
Taxodium is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region.
Sequoia, an endemic genus of the Pacific Coast region, is there represented by two species.
Taxus is represented by an exceedingly local arborescent species in the southern Atlantic region, by a frutesceut
species in the northern Atlantic region, and by an arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region.
Torreya is represented by a single exceedingly local arborescent species in the southern Atlantic region and by
a single species in the Pacific Coast region.
Pinus, with its center of distribution in the southern Pacific Coast region, is represented by thirteen species
in the Atlantic and by twenty-two species in the Pacific region, of which three belong to the interior and four to
the Mexican region.
Picea is represented by one species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by one species in the
Atlantic, and by three species in the Pacific region, of which one belongs to the interior region.
Tsuga is represented by two species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific region.
Pxeudoisuga, an endemic genus of the Pacific region, is there represented by a single widely-distributed species.
Abies is represented by one widely-distributed and by one exceedingly local species in the Atlantic region and
by seven species in the Pacific region, of which one is exceedingly local.
Larix is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific region.
Sabal is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region.
Was/tingtonia is represented by a single species in the Pacific Mexican region.
Thrinax is represented by two semi-tropical species, and Oreodoxa by one.
Yucca is represented by one arborescent and one frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific
regions, by one arborescent and by two frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by two arborescent and by one
frutesceut species in the Pacific region.
A CATALOGUE
OF THE
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO,
WITH
REMARKS UPON THEIR SYNONYMY, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY,
DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC VALUE, AND USES.
2 FOR
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Species which grow from the ground with a single stein, either wholly or over a large portion of the area of
their distribution, are admitted as trees into the following catalogue, without reference to the height or size they
may attain.
The line which divides trees from shrubs is entirely arbitrary, and is often unsatisfactory in application. A
separation of this nature, however, based upon habit rather than upon size, is perhaps less objectionable, all things
considered, than any other, and serves at least to keep this catalogue within reasonable limits.
The word "compact", used in the description of. various woods mentioned in the catalogue, indicates that they
show no tendency to check or open in drying, and does not refer to their structure.
18
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
MAGNOLIACEJS.
1. — Magnolia grandiflora, Linnaeus,
fipec. 2 ed. 755. — Marshall, Arbustuui, 84. — Am. Gowiit-li. t. 1-5, 186. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 158. — Gsertuer, Fruct. i, 343, t. 70. — B. S.
Barton, Coll. i, 13; ii,20. — Aiton, Hort. Kow. ii, 251 ; 2 ed. iii,:!29. — Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 82. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 672; 111. iii,35, t
490. — Moancb, Meth. 274. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1255; Enum. i, 579. — Hicliaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 219, t.
65. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 265. — Andrews, Bot. Rep. viii, t. 518. — T itt'ord, Hort. Bot. Am. 76. — Michaux
f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 71, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 8, t. 51.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18 ; Sylva, i, 81 ;
2 ed. i, 96.— De Candollo, Syst. i,450 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 30.— Luddigcs, Bot. Cab. t. 814.— Sprengel,
Syst. ii,642. — Audubou, Birds, t. 5,32. — Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii,32. — Don, Miller's Diet. i,82. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — Groom
in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 314. — London, Arboretum, i, 261 &t. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 18S. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312. — Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 42.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. vii, 470.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 308.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 225.— Darby, Bot.
S. States, 210.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 6(>.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 38.— Baillon, Hist. PI. i, 133, f. 165-169.— Koch,
Dendrologie, i, 367.— Young, Bot. Texas, 148.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.
M. Virginiana, var. ft. /OBtida, Liumeu.s, Spec. 1 ed. 536, in part.
M. grandiflora, var. elliptica and obovata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380.
M. grandifora, var. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380.— Bot. Mag. t. 1952.— Eaton, Mauual, 6 ed. 218.
BTG LAUREL. BULL BAY.
Cape Fear river, North Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet, and Tampa bay, Florida ; basin of
the Mississippi river south of latitude 32° 30', extending westward to southwestern Arkansas, and along the Texas
coast to the vai'ej of the Brazos river.
One of tby ciost magnificent trees of the Atlantic forest, evergreen, 18 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk
0.60 to 1.20 juoter in diameter ; reaching its greatest development on the "bluff" formations along the eastern bank
of the Mississippi river from Vicksburg to Natchez, and of western Louisiana.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny ; medullary rays very numerous,
thin ; color, creamy white or often light brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6360; ash, 0.53 ;
little used except as fuel ; suitable for interior finish, fine cabinet work, etc.
2. — Magnolia glauca, Linnajus,
Spec. 2 ed. 755.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 204.— Schcepf, Mat. Med. Am. 91.— Marshall, Arbustum, 83.— Wangenheirn, Amer. 60, 1. 19,
f. 46.— Walter, FJ. Caroliniana, 158. — B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13; ii, 20.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 674.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 251 ; 2 ed. iii,
329.— Mcench, Meth. 274.— Willdenovr, Spec, ii, 1256; Enum. i, 579.— Schkuhr, Handb. ii, 1441, t. 148.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,
327.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 223, t. 66.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5.— Titlbrd, Hort. Bot. Am. 76.— Bonpland, PI. Malm. 103, t.
42.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 77, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 12, t. 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
218.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 67, t. 27 ; Fl. Boston. 3 cd. 244.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 59; Med. Bot. i,
77,t.7; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 17.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 215.— De Caudolle, Syst. i, 452; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.
116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 37.— Bot. Mag. t. 2164.— Sprengel, Syst. 642.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221; Fl. N. York, i, 17, t.5.—
Audubon, Birds, t. 118.— Raflnesque, Med. Bot. ii, 34.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 82.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i,
188.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Sertum Botauicum, v & t.— Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. v, 37, t. 342.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 23.— Eaton & Wright, Bot,
312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 42.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 473.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 96, f. 56.—
Loudou, Arboretum, i, 267 & t. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 527 ; 2 ed. ii, 603 & t. — Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 226. — Gray, Genera,
i,61,t.33; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Schnizleiu, Icon. t. 176.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 8.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211. —
Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 66. —
Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 36.— Koch,
Dendrologie, i, 369.— Young, Bot. Texas, 148.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.
19
20 FOKEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
M. Virginiana, var. a. glauca, Linnaeus, Spec, l ed. 535.
Jf. fragrans, Salisbury, Prodr. 379.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 91 ; Med. Bot. ii, 32.
M. longifolia, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 11.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.
M. glauca, var. latifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 350. — Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.
If. glauca, var. longifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2ed. iii, 330. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 361. — Eafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana,
91.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 218.
SWEET BAY. WHITE BAY. BEAVER TREE. WHITE LAUREL. SWAMP LAUREL.
Cape Ann, Massachusetts; New Jersey southward, generally near the coast, to bay Biscayne and Tainpa bay,
Florida ; basin of the Mississippi river south of latitude 35°, extending west to southwestern Arkansas and the
valley of the Trinity river, Texas.
A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits
reduced to a low shrub ; swamps or low wet woods, reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of
the interior of the Florida peninsula and along the low sandy banks of pine-barren streams of the Gulf states.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, light brown
tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5035 ; ash, 0.47 ; in the Gulf states sometimes used in
the manufacture of broom handles and small woodenware.
The dried bark, especially of the root, of this species and of M, acuminata and M. Umbrella is included in the
American Materia Medica, furnishing an aromatic tonic and stimulant used in intermittent and remittent fevers ;
a tincture made by macerating the fresh fruit or bark in brandy is a popular remedy for rheumatism (U. 8.
Dispensatory, 14 ed. 567. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891).
3. — Magnolia acuminata, Linnaeus,
Spec. 2. ed. 75G.— Marshall, Arbustum, 83.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 159.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 251; 2 ed.
iii, 331. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 674. — Willtlenow, Spec, ii, 1257 ; Ennm. i, 579. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ara. i, 329. — Nouveau Duliamel, ii,
222. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 82, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 15, t. 53. — Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 381.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 453 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 418.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18. — Bot. Mag. t. 2427.—
Hayne, Deiid. Fl. 117. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 37. — Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32. — Guiinpol, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 18, t. 17. —
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221 ; Fl. N. York, i, 28.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 34.— Beck, Bot. 15.—
Sertum Botanicum, v. & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, &3. — Reicheubacli, Fl. Exot. t. 251. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — London,
Arboretum, i, 273 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 308.— Griffith, Med.
Bot. 98.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3. ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 14.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porcher, Resources
S. Forests, 38.— Baillou, Hist. PI. i, 140.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5. ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Young, Bot. Texas,
149._Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 58.
M. Virginiana, var. e. Linnseus, Spec, l ed. 536.
M. DeCandollii, Savi, Bibl. Ital. i, 224 & t.
Tulipastrum Americanum, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 483.
CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA.
Western ¥ew York to southern Illinois, southward along the Alleghany mountains, and scattered through
eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama (Stockton,
Mohr) and northeastern Mississippi; Arkansas, Crowley's ridge, and in the southern and southwestern part of the
state (Texarkana, Harvey, and in Polk, Howard, Cross, and Pike counties).
A large tree, 20 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its
greatest development on the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains.
Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color,
yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4690; ash, 0.29; used for pump-logs, water-
troughs, flooring, cabinet-making, etc.
4. — Magnolia cordata, Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 328. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 331.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 547. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 87, t. 4; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 18, t. 54.— Purah, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. iv, t. 325.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— De Candolle, Syst.
i, 455; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 118. — Elliott, SK. ii, 38.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 474.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Raimesque,.
Med. Bot. ii, 32. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — Sertum IJotanicum, v & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83. — Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. t.
250.— London, Arboretum, i, 275 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Dietrich, Syn. iii,
308.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14.— Curtis in Hep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 68.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.
Tvlipastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 483.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 21
CUCUMBER TREE.
Southern Alleghany Mountain region, near Augusta, Georgia (Michaux, Elliott), head of Sipsey creek, "valley
of Davidson creek", Winston county, Alabama (Mohr).
A tree 22 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods ; very rare
and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, light brown
streaked with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.4139; ash, 0.32.
5. — Magnolia macrophylla, Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327. — Nouvcau Dubamel, ii, 221.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,5.— Aiton, Hort. KOTV. 2 ed. iii, 331. — Poiret, Suppl. iii,
573.— Michaux f. Hist. Avb. Am. iii, 99, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, ii, 26, t. 57.— Bonpland, PI. Malm. 84, t. 33.— Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 381.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 18 ; Sylva, i, 83 ; 2 ed. i, 99.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 454 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Bot. Mag. t. 2189.— Hayne,
Dend. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 40.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Rafinesque, Mod. Bot. ii, 31, t. 62.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.—
Sertuin Botanicum, v & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Groom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxv, 76. — Reicheubach, Fl. Exot. ii, 44, t.
139.— London, Arboretum, i, 271 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,43.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii,
479.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Mod. Bot. 98, f. 57.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.—
Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 230.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67.— Wood, Cl.
Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.
LARGE-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREE.
North Carolina, eastern base of the Alleghany mountains (Iredell and Lincoln counties); southeastern Kentucky
southward to middle and western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl river,
Louisiana; central Arkansas (Garland, Montgomery, Hot Springs, and Sebastian counties).
A tree 6 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its greatest
development in the limestone valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown,
the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.5309; ash, 0.35.
6. — Magnolia Umbrella, Lamarck,
Diet, iii, 673. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 221. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 80. — Loiseleur, Herb. Amat. iii, t. 198. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642. —
Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 475.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Seringe, Fl.
Jard. iii, 227. — Gray, Genera, i, 62, t. 24; Proc. Linnsean Soc. ii, 106, f. 1-18; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49. — Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.--Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214;
Bot. & Fl. 25.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 38.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.
M. Virginiana, var. tripetala, Linnams, Spec, l ed. 536.
M. tripetala, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 756.— Marshall, Arbustuin, 84.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 159.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 14.—
Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 252; 2 ed. iii, 331.— WUldenow, Spec, ii, 1258; Enum. i, 579.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 452.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 90, t. 5 ; N. American Sylva,
3 ed. ii, 20, t. 5.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84; 2 ed. i, 100.— Guimpel, Otto &
Hayne, Abb. Holz. 20, t. 18.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 38.— Torrqy, Compend. Fl. N. States, 321.—
Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Griffith, Mod. Bot. 98.—
London, Arboretum, i, 269, t. 5.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 37«.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891.
UMBRELLA TREE. ELK WOOD.
Southeastern Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama (Prattville, Mohr)
and northeastern Mississippi, westward through Kentucky and Tennessee; in central (Hot Springs) and
southwestern Arkansas (Fulton, valley of the Ked river, Harvey}.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.40 meter in diameter; rich, shady
hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the southern Alleghany
mountains.
Wood" light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, brown, the
heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4487; ash, 0.20.
22 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
7. — Magnolia Fraseri, Walter,
Fl. Caroliniana, i, 59 & t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43. — Walpers, Eep. i, 70.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Chapman, PI. S.
States, 14.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 68.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N_
States, 5 ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologio, i, 372.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.
M. auriculata, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 673.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 337.— Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 1258; Enum. i, 579.— Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 328. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 22'Z — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 94, t. 6 ;
N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 23, t. 56.— Andrews, Bot. Rep. ix, t. 573.— Bot. Mag. t. 1206.— Cubieres, Mem. Mag. & t.—
Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 332.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84 ; 2 ed. i, 98.— De
Candolle, Syst. i, 454; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 39.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Audubon,
Birds, t. 38.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 188.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii,
477.— London, Arboretum, i, 276 & t.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 229.
M . pyramidata, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 338.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 454 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayrie,
Dend. Fl. 117.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. v,t. 407.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1092.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii,32.— Don, Miller's
Diet, i, 83.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 221.— London, Arboretum, i, 277 & t.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 230.— Darby, Bot.
S. States, 211.
M. auricularis, Salisbury, Parad. Lond. i, t. 43.— Kerner, Hort. t. 360.
LONG-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREE.
Alleghany mountains, from Virginia southward to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and southern
Alabama (Clark county, Mohr), extending west to the valley of Pearl river, Mississippi.
A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; rich woods.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, brown, the
sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5003; ash, 0.28.
8. — Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linnjeus,
Spec. 1 ed. i, 535.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 202.— Marshall, Arbustum, 78. — Wangenheim, Amer. 32, t. 13, f. 32.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 158.— Schmidt, Arb. i, 48.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 14, 45.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 250; 2 ed. iii, 329.— Gajrtner, Fruct.
ii, t. 178.— Bot. Mag. t .275.— Meeuch, Meth. 222.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 102.— Schkuhr, Handb. ii, 93, t. 147.— Trew, Icon.
1. 10. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1254; Enum. i, 579. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 326. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 62, 1. 18. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. ii, 15.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 137; 111. iii, 36, t. 491.— St. Hilaire, PI. France, iii, t. 377.— Titford, Hort. Bot.
Am. 76.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 2U2, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 35, t. 61,— Eaton, Manual, 63; 6 ed. 208.— Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84; 2 ed. i, 100.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 59; Med. Bot. i, 91, t. 8; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii,
18.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 462; Prodr. i, 82.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 107, t. 31.— Hayue, Deiid. Fl. 115.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 40.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 221 ; Fl. N. York, i, 28.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 239.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 34, t. 29.—
Cobbett, Woodlands, No. 516.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Audubon, Birds, t. 12. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 86.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Liudley,
Fl. Med. 23.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vi, 488.— London, Arboretum, i, 284 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 302.— Ponn. Cycl. xxv, 341.— Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 44.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 309.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98, f. 58.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 529; 2 ed.
ii, 605 & t. — Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 240. — Gray, Genera, i, 64, t. 25; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 50. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 9. —
Darby, Bot. S. States, 212.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 11, f. 2.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 14.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 77. — Lemaire, 111. Hort. 15, t. 571. — Wood, Cl. Book, 215; Bot.
& Fl. 25. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 39. — Engelmanu in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 183. — Baillon, Hist. PI. i, 143, f.
175-178. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 380. — Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 746. — Ridgway in Am. Nat. vi, 663 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1882, 59.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Eichler, Sit. Bot. Brand, xxii, 83, f. 1-3.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879- '80, 53C.
Tulipifera Liriodendron, Miller, Diet. No. l.
L. procera, Salisbury, Prodr. 379.
TULIP TREE. YELLOW POPLAE. WHITE WOOD.
Southwestern Vermont, through western New England, southward to northern Florida (latitude 30°) ; west
through New York, Ontario, and Michigan to lake Michigan, south of latitude 43° 30', thence south to latitude
31° in the Gulf states east of the Mississippi river ; through southern Illinois and southeastern Missouri to Crowley'e
ridge, northeastern Arkansas.
One of the largest and most valuable trees of the Atlantic forests, 30 to 60 meters in height, with a trunk 2 to
4 meters in diameter (Ridgicay) ; rich woods and intervale lands, reaching its greatest development in the valley
of the lower Wabash river and along the western slopes of the Alleghany mountains in Tennessee and North
Carolina.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays
numerous, not prominent ; color, light yellow or brown, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4230 ;
ash, 0.23 ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, interior finish, shingles, in boat-building,
and especially in the manufacture of wooden pumps, woodenware, etc. ; varieties varying slightly in color and
density are recognized by lumbermen.
Liriodendrin, a stimulant tonic, with diaphoretic properties, is obtained by macerating the inner bark,
especially of the root ( Jour. Philadelphia Col. Phar. iii.5. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 556. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 871).
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 23
ANONAOEJil.
9. — Asimina triloba, Dunal,
Mon. Auon. 83.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 479; Prodr. i, 87.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 42.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 66, t. 53.— Hayuo,
Dend. Fl. 118.— Spivngel, Syst. ii, 639.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 222; Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 165 —Beck, Bot. 16.— Don|
Miller's Diet, i, 91.— Nuttall in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. vii, 11.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 304.— London, Arboretum, i, 293, f. 39.— Gray,
Genera, i, 69, t. 26,27; Manual N. State*, 5 ed. 50.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 609.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 212.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 15.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 94.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 347.— Maont & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 199 & figs.— Bot. Mag. t.
5854.— Wood, Cl. Book, 215; Bot. & Fl. 26.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 41.— Engehnann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser.
xii, 183.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 383.— Young, Bot. Texas, 149.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,
1882, 60.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.
Anona triloba, Linnanis, Spec. led. 537.— Marshall, Arbustum, 10.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 125.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158.—
B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 29.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii,254 ; 2 ed. iii, 335.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1267 ; Enum. i, 580.— Nouvean
Duhamel, ii, 83, t. 25.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 21.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 161, t. 9; N. American Sylva,
3 ed. ii, 33, t. 60.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 59.— Schkuhr, Handb. ii, 95, t. 149.
Anona pendula, Salisbury, Prodr. 380.
Orchidocarpum arietinum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 329.
Porcelid triloba, Persoon, Syn. ii, 95.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 383.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 92.— Barton, Compond.
Fl. Philadelph. ii, 18.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 19.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 529.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278.— Andubon, Birds, t.
2, 162.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371.
Uvaria trilol)Cl, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 45.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 30.— Caruel in Ann. Mus. Firenze, 1864, 9, t.
1, f. 1-7.— Baillon, Adansonia, viii, 333; Hist. PI. i, 193, f. 220-228.
A. campaniflora, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 529.
PAPAW. CUSTARD APPLE.
Western New York (Lockport and in Monroe county); Ontario (Queen stown heights); eastern and central
Pennsylvania, west to southern Michigan, southern Iowa, and eastern Kansas (Manhattan), south to middle
Florida and the valley of the Sabine river, Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often
reduced to a slender shrub ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest development in the lower Wabash valley
and in the valley of the White river, Arkansas.
Wood very light, very soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy; layers of annual growth clearly marked by
several rows of large open ducts ; color, light yellow shaded with green, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity,
0.3969; ash, 0.21.
10. — Anona laurifolia, Dunal,
Mon. Anon. 65.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 468; Prodr. i, 84.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 641.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xvi, t. 1328.— Schnizlein, Icon.
1. 174, f. 9.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 4.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. I860, 439.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 603.
A. glabra, Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 2 [not Linnaeus].
A. Species, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.
POND APPLE.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Malabar to bay Biscayne, on the west coast, Pease creek to the Caloosa river,
and through the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limit and
on the west coast often reduced to a stout, wide-spreading shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development
within the United States on the low islands and shores of the Everglades in the neighborhood of bay Biscayue.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, containing many scattered open ducts ; color, light
brown streaked with yellow, sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5053 ; ash, 4.86.
The large fruit (0.14 to 0.28 meter long) scarcely edible.
24 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
CAPPARIDACE^E.
11. — Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacquin,
Stirp. Am. 160, t. 101.— Alton, Hurt. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 285.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 252.— DescourtUz, Fl. Med. Antilles, v. t. 273.—
Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, -39.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 18.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 32.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
75.— Eichler in Martius, Fl.Brasil. xiii, 270, t. 04, f. 11.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.
C. Breynia, Liuujeus, Spec. 2 ed. 721, in part.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 285.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 252, in part.—
Swartz, Obs. 210 [not Jacquin].— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 39.
C. cynophyllopkora, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 504 [not subsequent ed. fide Eichler, I. c.].— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 285.—
Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 39.
G. Siliquosa, Linnasus, Spec. 2 ed. 721.
C. torulosa, Swartz, Prodr. 81.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 252.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 18.
0. wndnata, Loddiges, Cat. [not Wallich].
C. emarginata, Richard, Fl. Cuba, 78, t. 9.— Walpers, Rep. i, 201.
Seini- tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and southward to Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low shrub;
common and reaching its greatest development within the United States OH Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed large open ducts;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6971 ;
ash, 4.76.
CANELLACE.E.
12. — Canella alba, Murray;
Linnaeus, Syst. 14 ed. iv, 443.— Swartz, Obs. 190 ; Trans. Linnaean Soc. i, 96, t. 8.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 851 ; Enum. i, 4%.— Aiton, Hort.
Kew.Sed. iii, 144.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. Suppl. 3, t. 10, f. 4.— De Candolle, Prodr. i. 563.— Hayne, Arzn. 9, t. 5.— Stevenson
& Churchill, Med. Bot. ii, t. 66.— Woodville, Med. Bot. 3 ed. iv, 694, t. 237.— Liudley, Med. Bot. 116.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 24, t.
16.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 181, f. 98.— Miers in Ann. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. i, 348 ; Contrib. i, 116.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies,
109.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 93.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 621, f. 767.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Bentley &
Trimen, Med. PI. i, 26, t. 26.
C. Winterana, Gsertner, Fruct. i, 377, t. 77.
Wintera Canella, Linnasus, Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 799, t. 399.
G. laurifolia, Loddiges, Cat.— Sweet, Hort. Brit. 65.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 680.
WHITE WOOD. CINNAMON BARK. WILD CINNAMON.
Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Elliott's Key, Key Largo to Jew Fish Key); through the West
Indies.
A small tree, often 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.22 meter in diameter ; not rare.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color,
dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.9893; ash, 1.75.
The pale inner bark appears in the Pharmacopcea under the name of Cortex canellce albce, furnishing an
aromatic stimulant and tonic, occasionally employed in cases of debility of the digestive organs, or as an adjunct
to more active remedies (Miers, 1. c. — Fluckiger & Hanbury, PJiarmacographia, 68. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed.
210.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 337).
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 25
GUTTIFER^l.
13. — Clusia flava. Linnams,
Spec. 2 ed. 1495.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 977; Enuin. ii, 1043.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 444.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 105.— De
Candolle, Prodr. i, 559.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 134.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 111, t. 77; 2 ed. ii, 58, t. 77.— Grisebach, Fl. British
West Indies, 407.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 20-1.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 43.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4
ser. xiii, 352.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 340.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.
C. rosea, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 168.
Jamaica and other West Indian islands; Key West (Blodgett) prior to 1840. Not detected by later explorers
(Palmer, Garber, Chapman, Curtiss) of the botany of semi-tropical Florida, and probably not now growing
spontaneously within the limits of the United States.
Wood not examined.
TERNSTRCEMIACE^.
14. — Gordonia Lasianthus, Linnaeus,
Mant. i, 570.— Ellis, Phil. Trans. 60, 518, 1. 11; Letters, t. 2.— L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156.— Cavanilles, Diss.ii, 307, 1. 161.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 177.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 231 ; 2ed.iv, 234.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770; 111. iii, 140, t.594, f. 1.— Swartz, Obs. 271.—
Willdenow, Spec, iii, 840.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43.— Bot. Mag. t. 668.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 236, t. 68.— Desfoutaines, Hist.
Arb. i, 484. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 259. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 131, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 29, t. 58. — Pursh, Fl. Am. ,
Sept. i, 451.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 84.— De Caudolle, Prodr. i, 528.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 171.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet.
i, 573, f. 99.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 168.— Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. t. 151.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 79.— London, Arboretum, i, 379, f. 93.—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 223. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 161. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 258.— Browne, Trees of America, 52. —
Dietrich, Syn. iv, 862.— Gray, Genera, ii, 103, t. 140, 141; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 104. — Choisy, Mem. Ternst. <fe Camel. 51.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 250. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 60.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.
N. Carolina 1860, iii, 80.— Maout & Decaisne, English ed. 274 & figs.— Wood, Cl. Book, 274 ; Bot. & Fl. 65.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iv,
230, f. 254, 255.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.
Hypericum Lasianthus, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 783.— Hill, Veg. Syst. xv, t. 1, f. 3.
O. pyramidalis, Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. 386.
LOBLOLLY BAT. TAN BAY.
Southern Virginia, south near the coast to cape Malabar, and cape Romano, Florida, west along the Gulf
coast to the valley of the Mississippi river.
A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter ; low, sandy swamps.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable; medullary rays numerous, thin; color,
light red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4728; ash, 0.76; somewhat employed in cabinet-making.
The bark, rich in tannin, was once occasionally used, locally, in tanning leather (Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 160).
15. — Gordonia pubescens, L'Heritier,
Stirp. Nov. 156.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770.— Cavanilles, Diss. ii, 308, t. 162.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 231; 2 ed. iv, 234.— Willdenow,
Spec, iii, 841. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43. — Ventenat, Jard. Malm. t. 1 (Schrader, Nenes Jour. Bot. 1806, 121). — Nonveau
Duhamel, ii, 237. — Kcenig & Sims, Ann. Bot. i, 171. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 484. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 259. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb.
Am. iii, 135, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 31, t. 59. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 451. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 84. — Loiseleur, Herb.
Amat. iv, t. 236.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 171.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 528.— Spreugel , Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 573.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 161. — Audubon, Birds, t. 185. — Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 80. — London, Arboretum, i, 380, f. 94. — Torrey & Gray, Fl.
N. America, i, 223. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 258. — Browne, Trees of America, 54. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 862. — Gray, Genera, ii,
102, t. 141, f. 11-14, t. 142.— Choisy, Mem. Ternst. & Camel. 51.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 257.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 60.— Wood, Cl. Book, 274; Bot. & Fl. 65.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Goodale & Sprague, Wild
Flowers, 193, t. 47.
Franklinia Altamaha, Marshall, Arbustum, 49.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 16, 465.— Rafineeque, Atlant. Jour. 79 & f.
G. Frariklini, L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 841.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 237.— Desfontaines, Hist
Arb. i, 484.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 259.— Poiret, Snppl. ii, 816.
Hichauxia SCSSilis, Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. 386.
Lacathea florida, Salisbury, Farad. Lond. t. 56.— Colla, Hort. Ripul. Appx. i, 134.
26 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
FRANKLINIA.
Near Fort Barrington, on the Altamaha river, Georgia (J. & W. Bartram, Dr. Moses Marshall).
Careful explorations of Bartram's original locality by later botanists, especially by Mr. H. W. Eavenel, have
failed to rediscover this species, which is, however, still preserved in cultivation through the original plants
introduced by the Bartrams. "Florida" given as a locality by Torrey & Gray, I. c., on the authority of Herb.
Schweinitz, and followed by Chapman, I. c., is probably an error (Eavenel in Am. Naturalist, xvi, 235).
STERCULIACE^l.
16. — Fremontia Californica, Torrey,
Smithsonian Contrib. vi, 5, t. 2, f. 2; Proc. Am. Assoc. iv, 191 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 15, 71.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 68. —
Walpers, Ann. iv, 319.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 146.— Bentharn & Hooker, Genera, i, 212, 982.— Bot. Mag. t. 5591. —
Lemaire, 111. Hort. xiii, t. 496.— Beige Hort. xvii. 236, t. 13.— Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1867, 91 & t.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 483.—
Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1869, 610. — Seeiuanu, Jour. Bot. vii, 297. — London Garden, 1873, 54 & t. — Planchon in Fl. des
Serres, xxii, 175. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 88 ; ii, 437. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 41, 357.
Gheiranthodendron Californicum, Baillon, Hist. Pi. iv, 70.
SLIPPERY ELM.
California, valley of Pitt river, southward along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Santa
Lucia mountains southward through the Coast ranges to the San Jacinto mountains ; rare at the north, most
common and reaching its greatest development on the southern sierras and the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
ranges.
A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, the short trunk often 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall,
much branched shrub; dry, gravelly soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many groups of small ducts parallel to the
thin, conspicuous medullary rays, layers of annual growth obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thick
sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7142 ; ash, 1.69.
The mucilaginous inner bark used locally in poultices.
17.— Tilia Americana, Linuseus,
Spec. 1 ed. 514.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 153.— Wangenheim, Amer. 55.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 229; 2 ed. iii, 299. — Willdenow, Spec, ii,
1162; Enura. i, 665. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 37. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 66. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 311, t. 1; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 81, t. 131.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 58; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 6.— Eaton, Manual, 59.— James in
Long's Exped. i, 69.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 134, t. 134.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 214; Fl. N. York, i, 116.— London,
Arboretum i, 373 & t. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 239. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 227. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts,
511; 2 ed. ii, 584 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 47.— Gray, Genera, ii, 96, t. 136; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103; Hall's PI. Texas,
5. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed.38. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep» 1858,5550.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
59. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 79. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 352. — Wood, Cl. Book,
272; Bot. & Fl. 64. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 103. — Engelmaim in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 186. — Walpers, Ann.
vii, 449. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 480. — Young, Bot. Texas, 188. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-'76, 191.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 174.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-^80, 5K— Rideway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mns. 1882, 61.
T. nigra, Borkhauseu, Haudb. d. Forstbot. ii, 1219.
T. glabra, Ventenat in Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 9, t. 2. — Nouveau Dnhamel, i, 228.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 681.— Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 362.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 3.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 112.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 2.—
Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 55, t. 45.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 108. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 312.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Dietrich, Syn.
iii, 237. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422.
T. latifolia, Salisbury, Prodr. 367.
T. Canadensix, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. 306.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683.
T. neglecta, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 340, t. 15 ; Hist. Veg. iv, 27, 29.— Walpers, Rep. i, 359.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 27
LIME TREE. BASS WOOD. AMERICAN LINDEN. LIN. BEE TREE.
Northern New Brunswick, westward in British America to about the one hundred and second meridian,
southward to Virginia and along the Alleghany mountains to Georgia and southern Alabama; extending west in
the United States to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and southwest to
the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.
A large tree, 20 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, 30 to 45
meters in height, with a trunk 0.92 to 1.84 meter in diameter (valley of the lower Wabash river, Ridgway); common
in all northern forests, and always an indication of rich soil; toward its western and southwestern limits only
along river bottoms.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, rather
obscure ; color, light brown, or often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity,
0.4525 ; ash, 0.55 ; largely used in the manufacture of woodenware and cheap furniture, for the panels and bodies
of carriages, the inner soles of shoes, in turnery, and the manufacture of paper-pulp (the quickly-discolored sap
renders it unfit for making white paper).
The inner bark, macerated, is sometimes manufactured into coarse cordage and matting; the flowers, rich iu
honey, highly prized by apiarists.
Aqtia tilice, an infusion of the flowers, buds, and leaves of the different species of Tilia, is used in Europe as
a domestic remedy in cases of indigestion, nervousness, etc. (Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1428).
Var. pubescens, London,
Arboretum, i, 374 & t. — Browne, Trees of America, 48. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.
T. Caroliniana, Miller, Diet. No. 4.— Wangenheim, Amer. 56.— Marshall, Arbustum, 154.
T. Americana, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 153 [not Linnjeus].
T. pubescens, Aitou, Hort, Kew. ii, 229; 2 ed. iii, 299.— Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 1162; Enum. i, 566.— Ventenat iu Mem. Acad.
Sci. iv, 10, t. 3.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 228, t. 51.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 37.— Michaux f.
Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 317, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 85, t. 133.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 363.— De Candolle, Prodr.
i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 112.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 3.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 135.— Torrey, Comp. Fl. N. States, 215.—
Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Penn. Cycl. xxiv,
447.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 59.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.
N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 449.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 479.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.
T. laxiflora, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 306.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Willdenow, Enum.
Suppl. 38.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 113. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 215.— Don, Miller's
Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 343, t. 15; Hist. Veg. iv, 32.—
Browne, Trees of America, 48. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.
T. grata, Salisbury, Prodr. 367.
T. pubescens, var. leptophylta, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept, ii, 63.
f T. stenopetala, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 92.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 484.
T. truncata, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 342; Hist. Veg. iv, 30.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.
T. Americana, var. Waltcri, Wood, Cl. Book, 272: Bot. & Fl. 64.
North Carolina to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, usually near the coast ; Houston, Texas (E
Hall}.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter; swamps or low ground ;
rare, or often confounded with the typical T. Americana.
Wood lighter, but not otherwise distinguishable from that of T. Americana; specific gravity 0.4074; ash, 0.65.
18. — Tilia heterophylla, Ventenat,
Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 16, t. 5.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 229.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 363.— Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 3 ; Sylva, i, 90, t. 23 ; 2 ed. i, 107, t. 23.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.—
Spach in Ann. Sei. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 345 ; Hist. Veg. iv, 34.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 239.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.—
Penu. Cycl. xxiv, 447.— Walpers, Rep. i, 359.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
60.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Wood, Cl. Book, 272 ; Bot. & Fl. 64.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.
103.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1429.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61.
T. alba, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 315, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 84, 1. 132 [not Waldstein & Kitaibel].— Eaton <fe
Wright, Bot. 452.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.
T. laxiflora, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 363 [not Michaux].— Elliott, Sk. ii, 2.
T.Americana, var. heterophylla, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 375 & t.
T. heterophylla, var. alba, Wood, Cl. Book, 272 ; Bot. & Fl. 64.
28 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
WHITE BASS WOOD. WAHOO.
Mountains of Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and Florida
(valley of the Apalachicola river, opposite Chattahoochee, Mohr), west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern
Indiana, and southern and central Illinois (valley of the Illinois river).
A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods and river bottoms,
often on limestone; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern
Alleghany mountains and in middle Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4253 ; ash, 0.62 ; generally confounded with
that of Tilia Americana, and used for similar purposes.
MALPIGHIACE^].
19. — Byrsonima lucida, HBK.
Nov. Gen. & Spec, v, 147.— De Candolle, Proclr. i, 580.— Jussieu, MOD. Malpig. ii, 40.— Walpers, Rep. T, 168.— Richard, Fl. Cuba,
115, t. 28". — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 115.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 82.
MalpigMa lucida, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 852.
TALLOWBERRY. GLAMBERRY.
Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Boca Chica, No-Name Key, etc.) ; through the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often branching
from the ground, and frutescent in habit.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood
a little lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5888 ; ash, 2.46.
Fruit edible.
ZYGOPHYLLACE^;.
20. — Guaiacum sanctum, Linnseus,
Spec. 1 ed. 382.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 707.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 16, t. 86 ; 2 ed. ii, 86, t. 86.— Gray, Genera, ii, 123, t. 148.— Sclmizlein,
Icon. t. SJ53, f. 21.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 134.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 64.—
Wood, Bot. & Fl. 67.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.
G. verticals, Richard, Fl. Cuba, 321.
LIGNUM-VIT^.
Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe and Lignum- Vitas Keys, common; Lower Metacombe and Umbrella
Keys, rare ; in the Bahamas, St. Domingo, Cuba, Porto Eico, etc.
A low, gnarled tree, not exceeding, within the limits of the United States, 8 meters in height, with a trunk
sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter.
Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, splitting irregularly,
containing many evenly-distributed resinous ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, rich yellow-brown,
varying in older specimens to almost black, the sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 1.1432 ; ash, 0.82 ; used in
turnery and for the sheaves of ships' blocks, for which it is preferred to other woods.
Lignum GuaiacL Guaiacum wood, the heart of this and the allied G. officinale, Linnaeus, formerly largely used in
the treatment of syphilis, is now only retained in the Materia Medica as an ingredient in the compound deeoctioii of
sarsaparilla.
Guaiac, the resinous gum obtained from these species, is a stimulating diaphoretic and alterative, or in large doses
cathartic, and is still employed in cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, etc. (Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia,
92. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 456.^JVat Dispensatory, 2 ed. 696.— Guibotirt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 551. — Berg,
Pharm. Anat. All. 53, t. 27).
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 29
21. — Porliera angustifolia, Gray,
Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 28. — Torrey, Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 42.
Guaiacum angmtifolium, Engeluiann, Wializ«nu»" Rep. 29.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 158; Genera, ii, 123,
t. 149. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 840. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 334.
Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river to the Eio Grande (Austin, Matagorda bay, New Braunfels., San
Antonio, Brownsville, FortMcIntosh), extending west to the Bio Pecos (Havard); in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern, northern,
and western limits reduced to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the United States on the calcareous
hillsides bordering the valley of the Guadalupe river.
Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, close-grained, compact, the open ducts smaller and less regularly
distributed than in Guaiacum ; medullary rays very thin, numerous ; color, rich dark brown, turning green with
exposure, the sap-wood bright yellow ; specific gravity, 1.1101 ; ash, 0.51 ; probably possessing medicinal properties
similar to those of lignum-vitae.
RUTAOE^l.
22. — Xanthoxylum Americanum, Miller,
Diet. No. 2.— Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 57.— Wangenheim, Arner. 116.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 214.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 147.—
Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 509 ; 2 ed. ii, 581.— Gray, Genera, ii, 148, t. 156; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 41 ; Manual N. States, 5
ed. 110. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 253. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 250.— Wood, 01. Book, 282; Bot. & PI. 70.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Koch, Dendrologie, i,
563.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.
X. Clava-Herculis, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 38; 111. t. 811, f. 3 [not Linnaeus].— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 399.— Mcench, Meth. 340.
X. fraxinifolium, Marshall, Arbustum, 167.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 52; ii, 38.
X. fraxineum, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 757; Enum. 1013; Berl. Baumz. 413.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 615.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.
ii, 343.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 383.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 210. -Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Nouveau Dnhamel, vii,
3, t. 2.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 197.— Bigolow, Med. Bot. iii, 156, t. 59; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 405.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 726.—
Sprengel, Syst. i, 945.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 373.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 113, f. 96.— Don, Miller's Diet,
i, 802.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 399.— Beck, Bot. 70.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 364.— Linclley, Fl. Med. 216.— Loudon,
Arboretum, i, 488, f. 158 & t.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1000.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 118.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 482.— Nees,
PI. Wied. 5.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 195, f. 103.— Browne, Trees of America, 150.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PL 1. 19, f. 9.—
Schnizlein, Icou. t. 250, f. 1-14.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 324 & figs.— Baillon, Hist. PL iv, 398r f. 433-438.
X. mite, Willdenow, Enum. 1013.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 622.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 727.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 802.— Loudon,
Arboretum, i, 489.
X. ramrflorum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 235.
X. tricarpum, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 118 [not Michaux].
Thylax fraxineum, Rafinesque, Med. Bot,ii, 114.
PRICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE TREE.
Eastern Massachusetts, west to northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the
mountains of Virginia and northern Missouri.
A small tree, not often 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; or, reduced to a shrub,
1.50 to 1.80 meter in height; common and reaching its greatest development in the region of the great lakes;
rocky hillsides, or more often along streams and rich river bottoms.
Wood light, soft, coarse-grained; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.5054; ash, 0.57.
The bark of Xanthoxylum, an active stimulant, is used in decoction to produce diaphoresis in cases of
rheumatism, syphilis, etc., and as a popular remedy for toothache (U. S. Dispenxatvry, 14 ed. 940. — Bentley in
Tendon Pharm. Jour. 2 ser. v, 399. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 1 ed. iii, 562. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1535).
30 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
23. — Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, Linnasns,
Spec. 1 ed. 270, in part. — B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 25, 52; ii, 38. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 754, in part. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 388. —
Elliott, Sk. ii, 690.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 Her. xiv, 312.
X. fraxinifolium, Walter, Fl. Carolinians, 243 [not Marshall].
Fagara fraxinifolia, Lamarck, 111. i, 334.
X. Carolinianum, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 39; 111. 403, t. 811, f. 1.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 214.— Engelmann & Gray
in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 213.— Gray, Genera, ii, 148, t. 156, f. 13, 14; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 110; Hall's PI
Texas, 5.— Scheele in Kramer, Texas, 432.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 8, t. 83; 2 ed. ii, 78, t. S?.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 253. —
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 66.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860,
iii, 103.— Wood, Cl. Book, 282; Bot. & Fl. 70.— Young, Bot. Texas, 194.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.
X. aromaticum, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 755 (excl. syn.).— Jacquin f. Eclogse, i, 103, t. 70.
X. tricarpum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ara. ii, 235.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 294.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 383.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept
i, 210.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 726.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 690.— A. de Jussieu in Mem. Mus. xii, t.25, f. 38.— Sprengel, Syst,
i, 945.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 803.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 365.— London, Arboretum, i, 488.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 399.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot- 482.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1000.
Kampmania fraxinifolia, Rafiuesque, Med. Rep. v, 354.
Pseudopetalon glandulosum, Ratinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 108; Med. Bot. ii, 114.
Pseudopetdlon tricarpum, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciaua, 108; Med. Bot. ii, 114.
X. Catesbianum, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 114.
TOOTHACHE TREE. PRICKLY ASH. SEA ASH. PEPPER WOOD. WILD ORANGE.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to bay Biscayne and Tampa bay, Florida, westward through the
Gulf states to northwestern Louisiana, southern Arkansas (south of the Arkansas river), and the valley of the
Brazos river, Texas.
A small tree, rarely 12 to 14 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, of very rapid growth;
usually along streams and low, rich river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas,
Louisiana, and eastern Texas.
A form with trifoliate leaves is —
X. macrophyllum, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 10 ; 2 ed. ii, 80.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 353.
X. Clava-Herculis, var. Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 335.
Wood light, hard, not strong, soft, coarse-grained, not durable, containing many scattered open ducts;
medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5056; ash, 0.82.
JT. Clava-Herculis probably possesses similar medicinal properties to those of the last species (Nat. Dispensatory
2 ed. 1535).
Vat. fruticosum, Gray,
Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 30. — Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 161. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 43. — Chapman, Fl.
S. States, 66 ? —Wood, Bot. & Fl. 71.
X. Mrsutum, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 450; 1870, 136 (see Gray in same, 1862, 162).— Young, Bot. Texas.
195.
Western Texas, Corpus Christi (Buckley), mouth of the Colorado river (Mohr), near Austin, and west to Devil's
river and Eagle pass; Florida (?) (Chapman I. c.).
A low shrub, or on the Texas coast a small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in
diameter.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood
yellow ; specific gravity, 0.59C7 ; ash, 0.76.
24. — Xanthoxylum Caribeeum, Lamarck,
Diet, ii, 40.— Gartner, Fruct. i, 333, t. 68, f. 8.— Descourtil/, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 58.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5ser. xiv,
315. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 562.
X. Clava-Herculis, LiuvuTuis, Spec. 1 ed. 270, in part.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 727.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 194.— Grisebach,
Fl. British West Indies, 138.
X. lanceolatum, Poiret, Suppl. ii,293.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 727.
X. Floridanum, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 14, t. 85; 2 ed. ii, 85, t. 85.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 66.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 70.— Young,
Bot. Texas, 194.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 31
SATIN WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, south Babia Honda and Boca Chica Keys; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, fine-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautifnl
polish; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, light orange, the sap-wooa lighter; specific gravity,
0.9002; ash, 2.02.
25. — Xanthoxylum Pterota, HBK.
Nov. Geu. & Spec, vi, 3. — Kunth, Syn. iii, 325. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 725. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 680. — Macfadyen, Fl.
Jamaica, 190.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 11, t. 84 ; 2 ed. ii, 81, t. 84.— Seemaun, Hot. Herald, 275.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
43. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 66. — Young, Bot. Texas, 195. — Plauchon & Triana ill Ann.
Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xiv, 311. — Engler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xii2, 154. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i,
169. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 335.
Fagara Pterota, Linnaeus, Aiuoen, v, 393, in part.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 444 ; 111. i, 335, t. 84.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 666.—
Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 263.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 40.— Turpin, Diet. Sci. Nat. xvi, 107, t. 127.
Fagara lentiscifolia, Willdenow, Enum. i, 166.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 137.
WILD LIME.
Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, on the west coast from about latitude 29° to cape
Sable; southwestern Texas, and southward through Mexico to Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or often
reduced to a slender shrub ; in Florida common, and reaching its greatest development on the keys of the west
coast ; in Texas not common, but widely distributed as a small shrub, or on the shores of Matagorda bay, west
of the Nueces river, and in the valley of the Eio Grande a low tree.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, numerous; color, brown tinged with red, the
sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7444; ash, 0.78.
26. — Ptelia trifoliata, Linnieus,
Spec. 1 ed. 118.— Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 215.— Marshall, Arbnstuni, 115.— Walter, Fl. Camliniana, 88.— Aiton. Hort. Kew. i, 162; 2 ed.
i, 264.— Lamarck, 111. i, 336, t. 84.— Moench, Meth. 55.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 670; Enum.i, 116.— Nouveau Duhaiuel, i, 252, t.57.—
Michaux, Fl.Bor. Am. i, 99. — Schkuhr, Hamlb. 83, t. 83. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 706. — Persoou, Syu. i, 145. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. ii, 343.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 509.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 107.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 104.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb.
Holz. 94, t. 74.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 8.— Elliott, Sk. i, 201.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 291.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 189 ; Compend. Fl. N.
States, 86.— Fl.N. York, i, 133; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 73; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 43.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 82.— Sprengel,
Syst. i, 441.— Turpin, Diet. Sci. Nat. xliv, 2, t. 128.— A. do Jussieu in Mem. Mns. xii, t. 26, f. 42.— Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. x, 264 ;
Bot. 71.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 806.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 369.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 215.— London,
Arboretum, i, 489 & t.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 288.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 215.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 379.— Dietrich,
Syn. i, 497. — Browne, Trees of America, 153. — Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 432. — Gray, Genera, ii, 150, 1. 157; Manual N. States, 5 ed.
110.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Agardh, Theor. &. Syst. PI. t. 19, f. 7,8.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 250.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 254.— Chapman. Fl. S. States, 66.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii,
107.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 353.— Wood, Cl. Book, 283 ; Bot. & Fl. 71.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 250, f. 15-26.—
Young, Bot. Texas, 195.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iv, 395, f. 445, 446.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 566.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.—
Hetnsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 171. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.
Amyris elemifera, Linnsens, Spec. 2 ed. 295.— St. Hilaire, Fam. Nat. i, 253.
P. mticifolia, Salisbury, Prodr. 68.
HOP TREE. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. WAFER ASH.
Ontario and New York (banks of the Niagara river), Pennsylvania southward to northern Florida, west to
Minnesota and the headwaters of the Canadian river ; through western Texas to the valley of the Mimbres river,
New Mexico (Bigelotc), and southward into northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 4 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often
reduced to a slender shrub ; shady, rocky hillsides.
A variety with more or less pubescent leaves, not rare on the south Atlantic coast, and the common form of
western Texas, is —
var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 680. — Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 213. — Torrey
in Marcey's Rep. 282.— Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 31; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 71.— Watson in
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 335.
P. mollis, Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. vii, 406; Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 107.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 259.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 67.— Young, Bot. Texas, 196.
32 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, the annual growths clearly marked by two or three rows of
open ducts; medullary rays few, thin; color, yellow-brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity,
0.8319; ash, 0.30.
The bark of the root possesses tonic properties and is employed by herbalists in the form of tinctures and fluid
extracts in cases of dyspepsia, debility, etc. (Am. Jour. Pharm. 1862, 198; 1867, 337. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed.
1740. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1179) ; the bitter fruit is occasionally used domestically as a substitute for hops.
*
27. — Canotia holocantha, Ton-ey,
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv,68. — Gray in Ives' Rep. 15; Proc. Am. Acad. xii, 159. — Baillon, Adausonia, x, 18; Hist. Veg. vi, 7, 42. — Brewer &
Watson, Bot. California, i, 190. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. 24, 81, t. 1. — Maximowicz in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg v, 256. —
Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.
Arizona, White Mountain region, valley of the Gila river (Rothrock), valley of Bill Williams Pork (Bigeloic).
A small tree, C to 8 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a large shrub;
dry, rocky mesas. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, not prominent ; color
light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6885; ash, 5.33.
SIMARUBE^.
28. — Simaruba glauca, De Candoile,
Diss. in Ann. Mus. xvii, 323 ; Prodr. i, 733. — Humboldt, Bonplaud & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec, vi, 10. — Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles,
i, 66, t. 14.— Planchon in London Jour. Bot. v, 567.— Gray, Genera, ii, 152.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 20, t. 87 ; 2 ed. ii, 88, t. 87.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Grisebach, PI. British West Indies, 139.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 67.— Wood, Bot. & Fl.
72.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xv, 357.— Engler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xii2, 223.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.—
Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 173.
Quassia Simaruba, Linnanis, Suppl. 234.— Wright, Trans. Edinburgh Soc. ii, 73, t. 1, 2 ; Bot. & Med. Account of Q.
Simaruba.— Gsertner, Fruct. i, 340, t. 70.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 478, t. 343, f. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 568.— Alton, Hort.
Kew. 2 ed. iii, 42. -Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 23, t. 5.
Quasnia dioica, Bergi us, Mat. Med. 355.
8. amara, Aublet, Guian. t. 331.— Hayno, Arzn. iv, t. 15.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 249, f. 1-6.
S. medidnalis, Endlicher, Medz. Pf. 525.— Berg, Handb. i, 373.— Berg & Schmidt, Off. Gew. ii, t. 13.
PARADISE TREE.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a, trunk O.GO meter in diameter; within the United States not
common, and reaching its greatest development on the shores of bay Biscayne.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, containing many large scattered open ducts; medullary rays
few, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood a little darker; specific gravity, 0.4136; ash, 0.93.
The bark of this species has been occasionally used as a substitute for that of S. officinalis, DC. as an aromatic,
bitter tonic (U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 838. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1294).
BTJRSERACE^.
29. — Bursera gummifera, Jacqnin,
Am. Pict. t. 65.— Linnseus, Spec. 2 ed. 741.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 392, t. 256.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1119.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 481.—
Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 107.— De Candoile, Prodr. ii, 78.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, t. 97.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 239.—
Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 229.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 117, t. 79 ; 2 ed. ii, C4, t. 79.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 390.— Browne, Trees of America,
189. —Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 173.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264 ; 1860, 440.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 68.— Wood,
Bot. & Fl. 72.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xv, 302.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 177.—
Engler in De Candoile, Suites, iv, 39.
B. OCUminata, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1120.— De Candoile, Prodr. ii, 78.
Elaplirium integerrimum, Tulasne in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. vi, 369. (Fide Engler, I.e.)
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 33
GUM ELEMI. GUMBO LIMBO. WEST-INDIAN BIRCH.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast Caloosa river and Caximbas bay;
through the West Indies.
A tree often 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.70 meter in diameter ; one of the largest and most
common trees of southern Florida, of very rapid growth and decay.
Wood very light, exceedingly soft and weak, spongy, containing many scattered open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or gray, quickly discoloring with decay ; specific gravity, 0.3003 ; ash,
2.04; used in making live-fences, pieces of the trunk when planted in the coral rock of the keys throwing out roots
and growing rapidly.
The aromatic resin obtained from this species was formerly somewhat used in various forms, under the name of
Caranna, as a remedy for gout ( Watts. Chem. Diet, i, 14Q.—-ttuibourt, Hist. Drogues, 1 ed. iii, 525, f. 749) ; and in the
West Indies is manufactured into a valuable varnish. An infusion of the leaves is occasionally used as a domestic
.substitute for tea.
30. — Amyris sylvatica, Jacquin,
Am. Pict. t. 108.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 333.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 351.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 81.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1271.—
Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 231.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 393.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 174.— Planchou & Triana in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xv, 321.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.
Toxicodendron arborescens, Miller, Diet. No. 9.
A. dyatripa, Sprengel, Neue Entdeck. iii, 48.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 81.
Rhus arborescens, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 73.
A. Plumieri, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 81.
A. Floridana, Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. v, 294; Sylva ii, 114, t. 78; 2 ed. ii, 61, t. 78.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 81.-Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 221.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 16.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 123.— London, Arboretum, ii, 561.—
Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 68.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 72.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.
A. cymosa, Reichenbach in Sieb. PI. Trin. No. 29 f .
A. maritima, Richard, Fl. Cuba,392 [not Jacquin].
TORCH WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A small tree sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; common.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, resinous, exceedingly durable, susceptible
of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays obscure; color, light orange, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 1.0459;
ash, 0.59.
MELIACEJE
31. — Swietenia Mahogoni, Linnaus,
Spec. 2 ed. 548.— Jacquin, Stirp. Am. t. 127.— Cavanilles, Diss. ii, 365, t. 209.— Gssrtner, Fruct. ii, 89, t. 96.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 678.—
Willdenow, Spec, ii, 557.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 338.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 64.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 125, t.,
99.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 625.— Turpin in Diet. Sci. Nat. Atlas, t. 170.— Tussae, Fl. Antilles, iv, t. 23.— Hayne, Arzn. i, t. 19.—
Hooker, Bot. Misc. i, 21, t. 16, 17. — A. de Jussieu in Mem. Mus. xix, 248, t. 11. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 687, f. 116. — Woodville, Med.
Bot. 3 ed. iii, 620, t. 220.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 164, t. 21.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 155.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 175.— Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 242.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 360.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 447.— Walpers, Rep. i, 436.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 98, t. 75 ;
2 ed. ii, 46, t. 75.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 304.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 226, f. 1.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 263.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 62.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 131.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 66.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v,
478, f. 472-476.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 596.— Tippel & Bollevar, Ausland. Cult. Pfl., Atlas, i, t. 2, f. 1.— C. De Candolle,
Suites, i, 723.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 183.
8. Kenegalensis, Desrousaeaux in Lamarck, Diet, iii, 678.
Cedrus Mahogoni, Miller, Diet. No. 2.
3 FOR
34 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
MAHOGANY. MADEIRA.
Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's Key); through the West Indies, and in
Central America.
A large tree, on the Florida keys rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 meter in
diameter.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard', very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable, susceptible of
a high polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, rich reddish-brown, turning darker with age, the thin sap-
wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7282 ; ash, 1.09 ; varying greatly in quality in different regions ; largely used and
preferred to all other woods for cabinet-making of all sorts, interior finish, etc.; formerly somewhat employed in
ship-building.
OLAOIN-EJB.
32. — Ximenia Americana, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. Appx. 1193.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 112.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 435, t. 297.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 338.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2
ed. ii, 352.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 533.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 124, t. 36; 2 ed. i, 138, t. 36.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 223, f. 1-9, 30, 31.—
Cambessedes in St. Hilaire, Fl. Brasil. i, 341.— Wight & Walker-Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Penins. Or. i, 89.— Walpers, Eep. i, 377; Ann.
vi, 565.— Kichard, Fl. Cuba, 304.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 310.— Baillon,
Adansouia, ii, t. 9, f. 5, 6. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 61. — Engler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xii, 9, t. 2, f. 1. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
8.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 185.
Heymassoli spinosa, Anblet, Guian. i, 324, t. 125.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 435.
X. mitltijtora, Jacqnin, Stirp. Am. 106, t. 177, f. 31.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 435, t. 297, f. 1, 2.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xiii, 264.
X. montana, Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, i, 121.
WILD LIME. TALLOW NTJT. HOG PLUM. MOUNTAIN PLUM.
Florida, east coast from the Saint John's river to the southern keys, west coast Caloosa river to Caximbas
bay; through the West Indies to Brazil, and on the coast of the Indian peninsula (introduced?, A. De Candolle,
Geog. Bot. ii, 1027).
A small, low, wide -spreading tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter,
or in pine-barren soil and toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub; common and reaching its greatest
development in Florida on the west coast.
Wood very heavy, tough, hard, close-grained, compact, containing numerous regularly-distributed open ducts;
medullary rays few, thin ; color, brown, tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.9196 ; ash, 0.73.
Hydrocyanic acid has been obtained from the edible plum-shaped fruit (Fliiclciger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia,
222).
ILICOEJE.
33. — Ilex opaca, Aiton,
Hort. Kew. i, 169; 2 ed.i, 277.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 708; Enum. 172; Berl. Baumz. 190.— Nouveau Dnhamel, i, 8.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-
Am. ii, 228.— Persoon, Syn. i, 151.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, Go. —Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 191, 1. 11 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 122, t.
84.— Barton. Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 95; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 94.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Raiinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 111;
Med. Bot. ii, 7, t. 53.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Rosmer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 487.— Link, Enum. 147.— James, Cat. 176; Long's Expod.
ii, 294.— Hayne, Dend.Fl. 10.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173; Fl. U.S. 194; Compend. Fl. N. States, 87; Fl. N. York,ii,2.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 679.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 3.— Beck, Bot. 230.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 186.— London, Arboretum, ii, 516 & t. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 121 ; Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Bige'low,
Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 64.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 427.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 432.— Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 341; 2 ed. ii, 385 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 167.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 426.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 17.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1860, iii, 58.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, Cl. Book, 490 ; Bot. & Fl. 207. — Gray, Manual N.
States, 5ed. 306.— Young, Bot. Texas, 372.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 29.--
Mellichamp in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, viii, 113.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 35
I. aquifoHvm, Marshall, Arbustum, 63 [not Linnaeus].— Walter, Fl. Ciiroliniana, 241.
I. Canadensis, Marshall, Arbustum, 64.
I. laxiflora, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 147; 111. i, 355.— Pursh. Fl.Am. Sept. i, 117.— Ru;mer& Schultes, Syst. iii,494; Mant. 334.—
De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 14. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 495. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 17. — Spaeh, Hist. Veg. ii, 427. — Dietrich, Syn. i,
:,;->:>.— London, Arboretum, ii, 517.— Eaton, Manual, 6cd. 18<>.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.
I. quercifolia, Mecrburgh, Icon, ii, t. 5.
Ageria opaca, Rnfinesquo, Sylva Telluriana. 47.
AMERICAN HOLLY.
Quincy, Massachusetts, southward, near the coast, to Mosquito inlet and Charlotte harbor, Florida, valley of
the Mississippi river, southern Indiana southward to the gulf of Mexico, and southwest through Missouri, Arkansas,
and eastern Texas to the valley of the Colorado river.
An evergreen tree, sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its
northern limits reduced to a shrub; generally in low, rather moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest
development in the rich bottoms of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather hard, close-grained, very compact, easily worked ; medullary rays
numerous, inconspicuous ; color, nearly white, turning to light brown with exposure, the sap-wood still lighter ;
specific gravity, 0.5818; ash, 0.76; used and admirably adapted for cabinet work, interior finish, and turnery of the
highest class.
A bitter principle (Ilicln), common to other species of the genus, has been obtained from the fruit of this tree
(Am. Jour. Pharm. xxviii, 314. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1670. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 7-'>4).
34.— Ilex Dahoon, Walter,
Fl. Caroliuiaua, 241.— Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 228.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Kuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Roeiner & Schultes, Syst.
iii, 489 ; Mant. 332.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 680.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 114.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.—
Audubon, Birds, t. 48.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 19.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i. 202.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 186.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 282.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— London, Arboretum, ii, 519.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 433.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 426.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 58.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 207.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 30(>. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Maxiinowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 29. —
Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 75,").
I. Cassinc, Linnaeus, Spec. 125, in part. — Marshall, Arbustum, 64. — Aitou, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part ; 2 ed. i, 279. — Lamarck,
Diet, iii, 147 ; 111. i, 355.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 709 ; Enurn. i, 172 ; Hort. Berol. i, t. 31.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 9.—
Persoon, Syn. 151. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 362. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117. — Kramer &
Schultes, Svst. iii, 490.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 10.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Don, Miller's Diet,
ii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 544— London, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 184.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
282. — Gceppert in Del. Sein. Vratisl. 1885 (Linnwa, xxvi, 746).
I. Cassine, var. latifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 278.
I. CttSSinoides, Link, Enurn. i, 148.— Rueiner & Schultes, Syst. iii; Mant. 332.
I. laurifolia, Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. v, 289.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 186.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.
Ageria palustris, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriaua, 47.
Ageria obovata, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 47.
Ageria heterophylla, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 48.
DAHOON. DAHOON HOLLY.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Mosquito inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, west along the Gulf
coast to the prairie region of western Louisiana.
A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk from 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter ; low, wet soil ;
not common, and running into numerous forms, of which the best marked are —
var. angustifolia, Torrey & Gray, FL N. America, ined.
I. Cassine, var. angustifolia, Willdenow, Spec, i, 709.— Alton, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. i, 278.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 9, t. 3.
I. angustifolia, Willdenow, Enum. i, 172.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 118.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Roomer & Schultes, Syst.
iii, 489.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 4.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 17.—
Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— London, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 185.
36 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
I. ligmtrina, Elliott, Sk. ii, 708 [not Jaequin].— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 429.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot, 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 123. '
f I. WatSOniana, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 429.
'VAT. ttiyrtifolia (only in low cypress swamps and ponds), Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 755.
I. myrtifolia, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 214.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 10, t. 4.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 229.— Poiret, Suppl.
iii, 65. — Willdenow, Euum. Suppl. 8. — Rffimer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 489. — Link, Enum. 148. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,
* 429.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 426.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 306. — Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 2(i.
I. rosmarifolia, Lamarck, 111. i. 356.— Persoon, Syn. i, 151.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, <i.">.
I. ligustrifolia, Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 19.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Wood, Cl. Book, 497; Bot. & Fl. 207.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the
Bap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4806; asb, 0.91; that of var. myrtifolia heavier, nearly white; specific
gravity, 0.5873 ; ash, 0.90.
35. — Ilex Cassine, Walter,
Fl. Caroliniana, 241. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part. — James, Cat. 176; Long's Exped. ii, 294. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202. — Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 186.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269.— Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 59.— Lesqnereux in
Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 208.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 306.— Young, Bot. Texas, 373.— Maximowicz
in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 22.
I. Cassine, [3. Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 125.
Cassine Peragua, Linnaeus, Mant. ii, 220.— Marshall, Arbustum, 26.— Plenck, Icon. t. 239.
Cassine Caroliniana, Lamarck, Diet, i, 652
I. VOmitoria, Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 170; 2 ed. i, 278.— Salisbury, Prodr. 70.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 709.— Enum. Suppl. 8. —
B. S. Barton, <Joll. i, 36, 56.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 10.— Persoou, Syn. i, 151.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 362.—
Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 41.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 118.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 491 ;
Mant. 333.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173.— Don, Miller's
Diet, ii, 17.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Spach, Hist, Veg. ii, 430.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 393.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 555.—
Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 518, f. 186.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 282.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 433.—
Browne, Trees of America, 169. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 544.
I. ligustrina, Jaequin, Coll. iv, 105; Icon. Rar. ii, 9, t. 310 [not'Elliott].— Lamarck, 111. i, 356.
I. Floridana, Lamarck, 111. i, 356.
I. Cassena, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 229.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65.— Rremer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 490.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 681.—
Darby, Bot. S. States 426.— Wood, Cl. Book, 497.
I. religiosa, Barton, Fl. Virginica, 66.
Cassine ramulosa, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 363.
Klerophyllus Cassine, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 8.
Hmetila ramulosa, Rafiuesque, Sylva Telluriana, 45.
Ageriff, Cassena, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 47.
Ageria geminata, Rafinesque, Sylva Tellnriana, 48.
CASSENA. YATJPON. YOPON.
Southern Virginia, southward, near the coast, to the Saint John's river and Cedar Keys, Florida, west along
the Gulf coast to southern Arkansas, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a shrub, sending
up many slender stems and forming dense thickets ; sandy, moist soil, along ponds and streams, reaching its
greatest development in the river bottoms of eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color,
nearly white, becoming yellow with exposure, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7270 ; ash, 0.87.
The leaves possess powerful emetic properties, and were employed by the southern Indians, together perhaps
•with those of J. Dahoon, in the preparation of their "black drink" (Am, Jour. Pharm. xliv, 217. — U. S. Dispensatory,
14 ed. 1670.— Nat. JMspensatory, 2 ed. 754).
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 37
36.— Ilex decidua, Walter,
Fl. Caroliniaua, 241. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Curtis in Hep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 59. —
Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, Cl. Book, 497 ; Bot . & Fl. 208.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 306.— Young,
Bot. Texas, 373. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Miixiinowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. '3, 30. — Watsou in Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii, 335.
I. pritwidcs, Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 1(>9; 'i ed. i, 'J7H. — Lamarck, 111. i, 355. — Willdrnow, Spec, i, 70U. — Kouveau Dubaiuel, i,
11. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am., ii, 229. — Persoon, Syn. i, 151. — DesCc.iitaincs. llii-t. Arli. ii. 362.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,
118.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Rccmer & Scliultes, Syst. iii, 488; Mant. 332.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 15. - Sprengel,
Syst. i, 495.— Audul>on, Birds, t. *;».— Eaton, Manual, U ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 426.
/. ceativalis, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 147 ; 111. i, 350.
Prinos deciduus, Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 16.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 20.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— London, Arboretum,
ii, 520.
/. ambiguuti, Elliott, Sk. ii, 705.
Southern Virginia, southward, through the middle districts, to western Florida, valley of the Mississippi
river, southern Illinois southward to the Gulf of Mexico, and through southeastern Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern
Texas to the valley of the Colorado river.
A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states a
tall, straggling shrub ; low, wet woods along streams, reaching its greatest development in the Iron Mountain
region of Missouri and in southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, creamy-white, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.7420; ash, 0.70.
CYRILLACEJ;.
37. — Cyrilla racemiflora, Liuuseus,
Mant.i, 50; Syst. 14 ed. 241.— Jacquin, Icon. Rar. t. 47; Coll. i, 162.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 103.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 245; 111. ii,
144, t. 147, f. 2.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 215, t. 46.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 255.— Elliott, Sk. i, 294.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 119.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot, 218.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 256.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 96, t. 74 ; 2 ed. ii, 43, t. 74.— Planchon in
Hooker's Jour. Bot. v, 254.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 240, f. 1-4, 6, 17, 19, 21.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 417.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 272.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 105.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
130.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 540 & f.— Baillon, Adansonia, i, 203, t. 4.— Wood, Cl. Book, 493 ; Bot. & Fl. 205.— Vasey,
Cat, Forest Trees, 18.
Andromeda plumata, Bartram, Cat.— Marshall, Arhustnm, 9.
C. Caroliniana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 158.— Gartner, f. Fruet. Suppl. 147, t. 209, f. 8.— Persoon, Syn. i, 175.— Pursh, FL
Am. Sept, i, 170.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 145.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 436.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 408.— Bot. Mag. t. 2456. —
Walpers, Rep. vi, 421.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 805.
Itea Gyrilla, L'Heritier, Stirp. i, 137, t, 66.— Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 506 ; Ohs. 94, t. 4.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1146.—
Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 37.
C. racemosa, London, Arboretnm, iv, 2577, f. 2503.
C.polystachia, G. parvifolia, C.fwcata, Rannesque, Aulikon Botanikon, 8.
IRON WOOD.
North Carolina southward, near the coast, to middle Florida (latitude 30°), westward, along the Gulf coast,
to the valley of the Pearl river, Mississippi.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a tall
shrub, sending up many stems from the root; open swamps and low thickets; a variety (Chapman, Curti/ss) with
narrower, persistent leaves, and thicker spongy bark, in pond holes and wet depressions of the pine barrens of the
Apalachicola region of western Florida, forms dense, impenetrable thickets.
Wood heavy, weak, hard, close-graiifed, compact; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous; color, brown tinged!
with red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6784 ; ash, 0.42.
38 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
38. — Cliftonia ligustrina, Banks,
Ex. Gsertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 246, t. 225.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 31.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 256.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii,
92, t. 73 : 2 ed. ii, 39, t. 73.— Planchon in Hooker's Jour. Bot. v, 255.— Walpers, Rep. vi, 422.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1412.— Schnizlein,
Icon. t. 240**, f. 5, 7-10, 20.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 273.— Porcher, Resources S.
Forests, 130.— Baillon in Adansouia, i, 202, t. 4, f. 3-6.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.
Mylocaryum ligustrinum, Willdenow, Enum. i, 454.— Bot. Mag. t. 1625.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 616, t. 952, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl.
Am. Sept. i, 302, t. 14.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 41.— Elliott, Sk. i, 508.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 231.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
323.— Darby, Fl. S. States, 417.— Wood, Cl. Book, 493; Bot. & Fl. 205.
TITI. IKON WOOD. BUCKWHEAT TEEE.
Valley of the Savannah river, Georgia, southward to the Chattahoochee region of west Florida, westward along
the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana.
A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter, or toward its southern
limits in Florida reduced/to a shrub; margins of pine-barren ponds and streams.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6249; ash, 0.42; largely used as fuel, burning with a clear flame.
CELASTRACE.E.
39. — Euonymus atropurpureus, jacquin,
Hort. Vind. ii, 155, t. 120.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 573 ; 111. ii, 98.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. i, 274 ; 2 ed. ii, 29.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1132 ; Enum. i,
256. — Michaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 155. — Persoon, Syn. i,243. — Nouveau Dnhamel, iii, 26. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 356. — Pursh, Fl.
Am. Sept. i. 168. — Tnrpiu, Diet. Sci. Nat. xvii, 532, t. 272.— Eaton, Manual, 28 ; 6 ed. 140.— Nuttall, Genera, 155.— Rffirner & Schultes,
Syst. v, 466.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 24.— Elliott, Sk. i, 293.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 4.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173 ; Fl. U. S.
261; Compend. Fl. N. States, 120; Fl. N. York, i, 141; Nicollet's Rep. 147.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 788.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 5.—
Beck, Bot. 72.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 405.— Rafinesque, New Fl. 60.— London, Arboretum, ii, 499, f. 167.—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 257.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 819.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 240.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 219, f. 112.— Gray,
Genera, ii, 188; Manual N. States, 5 e<i. 110. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Darby, Bot. S. States,
268.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 48.— Baillou in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, v, 314.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 76.— Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 102.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, Cl. Book, 289; Bot. & Fl. 76.—
Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 129. — Engelmaun in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 629. — Young,
Bot. Texas, 205.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.
E. Caroline.nsifl, Marshall, Arbustum, 43.
E. latifolius, Marshall, Arbnstnm, 44 [not Aiton].— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 22, f. 4.
BURNING BUSH. WAHOO. SPINDLE TREE. AREOW WOOD.
Western New York, west to the valley of the upper Missouri river (Fort Union), Montana, southward to northern
Florida, southern Arkansas, and eastern Kansas.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a shrub 2 to 3
meters in height; low, rich woods, reaching its greatest development west of the Mississippi river.
Wood heavy, very close-grained, liable to check badly in seasoning; medullary rays hardly discernible; color,
white tinged with orange ; specific gravity, O.C592 ; ash, 0.58.
Walioo bark, a mild but rather uncertain purgative, is used by herbalists in the form of decoctions, tinctures,
fluid extracts, etc. (Am. Jour. Pharmacy, xx, 80. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 402. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 559).
40. — Myginda pallens, Smith,
Rees' Cycl. xxv, No. 4. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 13.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 146.— Chapman in
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 3 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612.
Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe Key ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary
rays hardly distinguishable; color, dark brown or nearly black, the thick sap-wood lighter brown tinged with red;
specific gravity, 0.9048 ; ash, 3.42. «
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 39
41. — Schaefferia frutescens, Jacquin,
Stirp. Am. 259.— Gaertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 249, t. 225, f. 7.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 402, t. 809.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 727.— Da
Candolle, Prodr. ii, 41.— Karsten, PI. Columbia;, i, t. 91.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 76.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 146.—
Walpers, Ann. vii, 581.
S. COmpleta, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 327, t. 7, f. A.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 741.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 371.— Macfadyen,
Fl. Jamaica, 207.
S. buxifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 42, t. 56; 2 ed. i, 190, t. 56.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 264.
YELLOW WOOD. BOX WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from Metacoinbe Key eastward, Caloosa river and sparingly on the
Eeef Keys; in the West Indies.
A small tree, occasionally 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, generally hollow
and defective.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure;
•color, light bright yellow, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.7745 ; ash, 2.54.
EHAMNACE.E.
42. — Reynosia latifolia, Grisebach,
Cat. PI. Cuba, 34.— Eggers, Videnskab, Medd. fra. Nat. For. 173 & t. ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiii, 40.— Gray in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iv,
208.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612.
IwvigatUS, Vahl, Symbols, iii, 41.
Ceanothus IwoigatUS, Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 30.
Scutia ferrea, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 72 [not Brongniart].
? Rhamindium revolutum, Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612.
RED IRON WOOD. DARLING PLTJM.
Semi-tropical Florida, Miami (Garber), bay Biscayne, and on the southern keys (Curtiss); in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich
•dark brown, the sap-wood light brown; specific gravity, 1.0715; ash, 3.20.
The edible fruit, ripening in April and May, of agreeable flavor.
43. — Condalia ferrea, Grisebach,
Fl. British West Indies, 100.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 588.— Gray in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iv, 208.— Chapman, Fl.S. States, Suppl. 612.
Rhamnus ferrea, Vahl, Symbols, iii, 41, t. 58.
Zizyphus emarginatus, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. iii, 1954.
Ceanothus ferreus, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 30.
Scutia ferrea, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. x, 363 [not Chapman, Fl. S. States, 72].— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.
BLACK IRON WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Biscayne, on the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 11 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 meter in diameter, generally hollow and
defective; common.
Wood exceedingly heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, difficult to work; remarkable for
the large percentage of ash; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, rich orange-brown, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 1.3020; ash, 8.31.
40 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
44. — Condalia obovata, Hooker,
Icon. t. 287.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. i, 685.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 169; Genera, ii, 172, 1. 164 ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii,.
32; v, 27 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 336.
BLUE WOOD. LOGWOOD. PURPLE HAW.
Eastern and southwestern Texas, westward through southern New Mexico to southern Arizona; probably
extending into northern Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub ; reaching
its greatest development along the streams of eastern Texas; one of the common "chaparral" plants of western
Texas, here forming dense, impenetrable thickets.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in seasoning, containing many groups of largfr
irregularly-arranged open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the sap-wood light yellow;
specific gravity, 1.1999; ash, 7.0:5.
45. — Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walter,
Fl. Caroliniana, 101. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 88; Diet, iv, 476. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 153. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 47. — Persoon. Syn..
i, 239.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 153.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 285.— Elliott, Sk. i, 289.— De Candolle,
Prodr. ii, 26. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 768. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 174. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i,
202. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 262. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 807. — London, Arboretum, ii, 537. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 300. — Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 390.— Scheele in Rosiner, Texas, 432.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 50, t. 59 ; 2 ed. i, 198, t. 59.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 269.—
Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, Cl. Book, 219 ; Bot. & Fl. 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 610. — Gray, Hall'ft
PI. Texas, 5.
? Frangula fragillix, Rafinesquc, Fl. Ludoviciana, 320; Sylva Telluriana, 27.
Sarcomphalll8 Curolinianm, Rafinesquc, Sylva Telluriana, 29.
Frangula Caroliniana, Gray, Genera, ii, 178, t. lor ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 115.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
46. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251..— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 92. — Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.
INDIAN OHEKRY.
Long Island, New York, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Illinois, Missouri south of the
Meramec river, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to northern Florida (latitude 30°), and through
the Gulf states to western Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states-
generally a tall shrub; rich woods along streams r.nd river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in southern
Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown^
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5462; ash, 0.64.
The edible fruit sweet and agreeable.
46. — Rhamnus Californica, Eschscholtz,
Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, x, 281 (Lintuea Litt.-Ber. 1828, 149.— Presl, Rep. Bot. i, 197).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 3fl.— Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 263.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 806.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— Hemsley,
Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 197.
R, oleifolius, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 123, t. 44.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 136, 328.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
America, i, 260.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 10 ; PI. Hartweg. 302.— Durand in Jour.
Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 85.— Carriere in Rev. Hort. xlvi, 354, f. 47-49.
Undotropis oleifolia, Rafiuesque, Sylva Telluriana, 31.
jR. laurifolius, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. X. America, i, 260.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 390.
Frangula Californica, Gray, Genera, ii, 178 ; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 146.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 157 f
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 46 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 261.— Newberry in Pacific R. R.
Rep. vi, 69. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 78.
California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper Sacramento river southward to Santa
Barbara and fort Tejon.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 41
A small tree, rarely 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 meter in diameter (Pringle), or commonly
a shrub, along the sea-coast and at high elevations often prostrate; common and reaching its greatest development
in the valleys of the Santa Cruz mountains. A low shrubby form, densely white-tomentose, especially on the
under side of the leaves, of southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico, is —
var. tomentella, Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.
R. tomentellus, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 303.— Seemaun, Bot. Herald, 275.— Walpcrs, Ann. ii, '267.
Frangula Californica, var. tomentella, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. vi, 2R--Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 74; vii, 9.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of
open ducts ; medullary rays narrow, obscure; color, brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity,
0.6000; ash, 0.58.
47. — Rhamnus Purshiana, Be Camlolle,
Prodr. ii, 25.— London, Arboretum, ii, 538, f. all.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 123, t. 43 ; London Jour. Bot. vi, 78.— Don, Miller's Diet,
ii, 32.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 262.— Dietrich, Syn. i, B07.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 52; 2 ed. i, 200.— Richardson, Arctic
Exped. 423.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69.— Kocb, Dendrologic, i, 610.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 379.— Brewer &.
Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86.
R, alnifollUS, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166 [not L'Heriticr].
Cardiolepis obtusa, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 28.
Frangula Purshiana, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xiis, 29, 57.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
9.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 262.
BEARBERUY. BEAR WOOD. SHITTIM WOOD.
Puget sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Washington territory to the Bitter Root mountain,
Idaho (Mullau pass, Watson), and the shores of Flathead lake, Montana (Canby & Sargent), southward through
western Washington territory, Oregon, and California, west of the Sierra Nevada, to about latitude 40°.
A small tree, often 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; depressions and along
the sides and bottoms of caiious in the coniferous forests, reaching its greatest development along the western slope
of the Coast Eange of southern Oregon.
Wood light, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light
brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.5072; ash, 0.67.
The bark, like that of other species of the genus, possesses powerful cathartic properties, and, under the name
of Cascara sagrada, lias recently been introduced by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, tinctures, etc.,
immense quantities being gathered for this purpose in the Oregon forests (Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 659).
48. — Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschscholtz,
Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, x, 285.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 37.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 136,
328. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 266. — Dietrich, Syu. i, 813.— Loudou, Arbon-tnm, ii, 540. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 185. —
Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxx, t. 38.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 44, t. 57 ; •> ed. i, 193, t. 57.— Bentbam, Bot. Sulphur, 10; PI. Hartweg. 302.— Ann.
Gand. 1847, 1. 107.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 14; Bot. MPX. Boundary Survey, 45; Bot. Wilkes Kxpcd. 263.— Newberry in
Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii», 57.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 78.— Koch, Dendrologie, i,
Gill.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. x, 334.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 102.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.
BLUE MYRTLE.
California Coast ranges, from Mendiciuo county south to the valley of the San Louis Eey river (Pala, Parish
Brothers).
A small tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or toward the southern
limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in the Sequoia forests near Santa
Cruz.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood
darker; specific gravity, 0.5750; ash, 0.69.
The bark of the root may be expected to possess similar astringent properties to that of the shrubby C.
Americana, used with advantage in cases of diarrhea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in throat troubles
( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1609. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 373).
49. — Colubrina reclinata, Brongniart,
Ann. Sci. Nat. t ser. x, 369.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 359.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 101.— Eggers in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 40.
Rhamnus ellipticus, Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 265 ; 2 ed. ii, 17.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1098.— Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 497.
Zizyphus Dominigensis, Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 56.
Ceanothus reclinatus, L'Heritier, Sert. 6.— Reamer & Schultcs, Syst. v, 288.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 31.— Macfadycn, Fl.
Jamaica, 211.
42 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
NAKED WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, Umbrella Key, on the north end of Key Largo, and sparingly on the small islands south
of Elliott's Key ; through the West Indies.
One of the largest trees of the region, deciduous, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.25 meter in
diameter; reaching its greatest development within the United States on Umbrella Key, here forming a dense
forest.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish, containing
many small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood light
yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8208 ; ash, 1.75.
"The trunk attains a size of over 1 meter and is most extraordinary. When 0.152 meter thick it becomes
furrowed, and the furrows and ridges multiply and extend in all directions; trunks 0.75 to 1 meter in diameter
appear like a mass of braided serpents. On small trunks the bark breaks up into flakes which curl up and drop
off. Between the ridges where the bark persists the edges of dozens of papery layers may be seen " (Gurtiss in let).
SAPINDACEJL
50. — ./Esculus glabra, Willdenow,
Enum. 405.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255. — Nnttall, Genera, i, 241.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 384 ; Compend. Fl.
N. States, 164.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 28, t. 24.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 44.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet,
i, 652.— Beck, Bot. 65.— London, Arboretum, i, 467, f. 133. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 115.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Gray, Genera, ii, 207, 1. 176, 177; Manuel N. States, 5 ed. 118.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.— Wood, 01. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 85.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser.
xii, 187.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 508.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61.
M. pallida, Willdenow, Euum. 406.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb.
Holz. 29, t. 25.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Eaton, Manual, Oed. 6.— Liudley, Bot. Reg. xxiv,
t. 51. — London, Arboretum, i, 463, f. 134.
JR. ecjlinata, Muhlenberg, Cat. 38.
JH. Ohioensis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 242; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 156, t. 92. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 593. — De
Caudolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 6.— Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 34.— Lindley,
Bot. Reg. xxiv, 51, t. 51.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 71 ; 2 ed. ii, 17.
ME. earned, Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 25, t. 22.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 43.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xiii,t. 1056.— Watson,
Dend. Brit, ii, t. 121.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253.— Walpers, Rep. i, 425.
Pama glabra, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.
Pavia pallida, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.
f Pavia carnea, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54; Hist. Veg. iii, 23. — Don in Sweet's Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. t. 301.
f Pavia Watsoniana, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253.
f 2E. Watsoniana,- Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Walpers, Rep. i, 425.
JE. Hippocastanum, var. Ohioensis, London, Arboretum, i, 467.— Browne, Trees of America, 110.
JE. HippOCOStanum, var. glabra, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 467. — Browne, Trees of America, 111.
JE. Hippocastanum, var. pallida, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 468.— Browne, Trees of America, 111.
OHIO BUCKEYE. FETID BUCKEYE.
Western slopes of the Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to northern Alabama, westward through southern
Michigan (rare) to southern Iowa, eastern Kansas to about longitude 97° west, and the Indian territory.
A small tree, 8 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter; rich soil along streams and
river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in the high valleys of the southern Alleghany mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to split, often blemished by dark lines of decay;
medullary rays obscure; color, white, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.4542; ash, 0.80; largely used in
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 43
common with that of the other species of the genus in the manufacture of woodenware, artificial limbs (for which
the wood of JEsculus is preferred to that of all other American trees), paper-pulp, wooden hats, less commonly for
the bearings of shafting and machinery, and occasionally manufactured into lumber.
The bark of the allied old world species M. Hippocaatanvm occasionally has been found efficacious as a substitute
for cinchona bark in the treatment of intermittent fevers ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1565. — Sat. T>ixpcmatory, 2 ed.
712), and similar properties may be looked for in the bark of JE. ylalra.
51. — ./Esculus flava, Alton,
Hort. Kew.i,494; 2 ed. ii, 335.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13; Bot. Appx. 26, t. 15, f.2.— Willdeuow, Spec. ii,286; Enurn. i, 405; Berl. Bauraz.
IS.^Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 385. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 242. — Jamos in Long's Exped. i, 22. — Guimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 27, t. 23.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 44.— Elliott, 8k. i, 430.— Watson, Demi. Brit, ii, 1. 103.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab.
t. 1280.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 252.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 7.— Eaton & Wriglit, Bot. 116.—
Walpers, Rep. i, 424. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 266. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 74. — Browne, Trees of America, 118. — Schnizlein,
Icon. t. 230XX, f. 3. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 48.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, Cl. Book, 288 ; Bot. & Fl. 75.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 118.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.
t
^2?. OCtandra, Marshall, Arbustum, 4.— Miller's Diet. No. 1.
Pavia Jlava, Mcench, Meth. 66.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii,
55; Hist. Veg. iii, 25. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 471 & t.
j3H. lutea, Wangenheim in Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, viii, 133, t. 6. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 219. — Persoon, Syn.
i, 403.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 509.
Pavia lutea, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 94. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 15r>, t. 38. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 237, 1. 11;
N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 153, t. 91.
JE. neglecta, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xii, t. 1009.
Pavia neglecta, Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 55; Hist. Veg. iii, 24.— London, Arboretum, i. 472.
SWEET BUCKEYE.
Allegheny county, Pennsylvania (T. G. Porter), southward along the Alleghauy mountains to northern Georgia
(Augusta) and Alabama, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern lown, the Indian territory, and the
valley of the Brazos river, eastern Texas.
A tree 18 to 28 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits
reduced to a shrub ; rich woods and along streams, reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the Alleghany
mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
A variety with purple or flesh-colored flowers, the leaflets pubescent beneath, is —
var. purpurascens, Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 118.
M. hybrida, De Candolle, Hort. Monsp. 1813, 75.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 334.
J13. discolor, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— Bot. Reg. iv, t. 310.— Elliott, Sk. i, 4:36.— Sprengel,
Syst. ii, 167.— Sertum Botanicum, iv & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 381.
Pavia discolor, Poiret, Suppl. v, 769.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 7.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser.
ii, 57; Hist. Veg. iii, 28. — London, Arboretum, i, 472.
Pavia hybrida, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 6.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat.
2 ser. ii, 56; Hist. Veg. iii, 27.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 472. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 512.
JE. Pavia, var. discolor, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 252.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist, vi, 167.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, difficult to split ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, creamy-
white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4274 ; ash, 1.00.
52. — ^Esculus Californica, Nuttall;
Torrey & .Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251 ; Sylva, ii, 69, t. 64 ; 2 ed. ii, 16, t. 64.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beeckey, 327.— Dietrich, Syn. ii,
1225. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116. — Walpers, Rep. i, 424. — Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 9; P). Hartweg. 301. — Durand in Jour.
Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 85.— Rev. Hort. iv, 150, f. 10, 11.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 74 ; Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 48;
Bot. Wilkes Exped. 260.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 20, 69, f. 1.— Bot, Mag. t, 5077.— Fl. des Serres, xiii, 39, t. 1312.—
London Gard. Chronicle, 1858, 844. — Beige, Hort. ix, 121 & t. — Gray in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 146. — Belander in Proc.
California Acad. iii, 78. — Walpers, Ann. 624. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 513. — Brewer & Watson, Bot, California, i, 106. — Vasey,
€at. Forest Trees, 9.
Calothyrsus Californica, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 62; Hist. Veg. iii , 35.
Pavia Californica, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 123.— Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1862, 369 & f.
44 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
CALIFORNIA BUCKEYE.
California, valley of the upper Sacramento river and Mendocino county, southward along the Coast ranges to
San Luis Obispo, and along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains.
A low, widely-branching tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a short trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter, often
greatly expanded at the base, or more often a much-branched shrub 3 to 5 meters in height; borders of streams,
reaching its greatest development in the canons of the Coast Range, north of San Francisco bay.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, white
slightly tinged with yellow, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4980 ; ash, 0.70.
53. — Ungnadia speciosa, Endlicher,
AtactaBot. t. 36; Nov. Stirp. Desc. ix, 75.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,684; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii,162.— Walpers, Rep. i, 423; v,
371; Ann. vii, 625.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 167; Genera, ii, 211, t. 178, 179; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 38; v, 30 j
Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. v, 299 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Fl. des Serres, x, 217, t. 1059.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 48.—
Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230, f. 2, 8.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 265.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 515.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 423. —
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 337.
U. heterophylla, Scheele in Linneea, xxi, 589 ; Reamer, Texas, 589.
U. heptaphylla, Scheele in Linnaea, xxii, 352 ; Reamer. Texas, 432.
SPANISH BUCKEYE.
Valley of the -Trinity river (Dallas, Keverchon) through western Texas to the canons of the Organ mountains.
New Mexico (Bigelow) ; southward into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its
eastern and western limits reduced to a low shrub ; common west of the Colorado river ; bottoms and rich
hillsides, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Guadalupe river, between New Braunfels and
the coast.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous evenly-distributed open
ducts; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous; color, red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.6332 ; ash, 1.17.
Fruit reputed poisonous.
54. — Sapindus marginatus, Willdcnow,
/
Enum. i, 432.— Muhlenberg, Cat. 41.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 607.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 250.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 665.— Spach, Hist.
Veg. iii, 54.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 255, (585 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 162.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 323.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 411. — Nuttall, Svlva, ii, 72, t. 65; 2 ed. ii, 19, t. 65.— Leavenworth in AID. Jour. Sci. i, 49, 130.— Eugelmaun & Gray
in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 241. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ri, 169; Genera, ii, 214, t. 180; Smithsonian
Contrib. iii, 38; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. — Engelmann in Wislizeuus' Rep. 12. — Torrey in Emory's Rep. 138; Marcy's Rep. 282;
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 2, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47.— Scheele in Kcciner, Texas, 433.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230, f. 22.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, Cl. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 75.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 85.— Young, Bot. Texas, 208. —Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 214.— Watson in Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii, 337.
•
8. saponaria, Lamarck, 111. ii, 441, t. 307 [not Linnreus].— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Arn. i, 242.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi,
663, in part.— Persoon, Syn. i, 444.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 274.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 257.— Elliott, Sk. i, 460.— Torrey
in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 267.
f S. inCEqualis, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 608.
S. fdlcatUS, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 261.
8. acuminata, Rafinesque, New Fl. 22.
S. Drummondi, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 281 (excl. var.).— Walpers, Rep. i, 417.
WILD CHINA. SOAPBERRY.
Atlantic coast, Savannah river to the Saint John's river, Florida, and on Cedar Keys ; southern Arkansas,
valley of the Washita river (Prescott, Letterman) through western Louisiana and Texas to the mountain valleys of
southern New Mexico and Arizona; southward into Mexico, and in the West Indies (? 8. incequalis).
A tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; west of the Colorado
river much smaller, rarely 9 meters in height; along streams or toward the western limits of its distribution only
in mountain valleys, reaching its greatest development along the river bottoms of eastern Texas.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 45
Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, compact, easily split into thin strips ; layers of annual growth clearly
marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with yellow,
the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8126 ; ash, 1.50; largely used in Texas in the manufacture of cotton-baskets,
and in ^N"ew Mexico for the frames of pack-saddles.
Saponin, common in several species of the genus, and affording a substitute for soap, may be looked for in the
fruit and roots of this tree.
55. — Sapindus Saponaria, Linua?us,
Spec. 1 ed. 367; Swartz, Obs. 152.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 441, t. 307.— Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 468.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 424.— Titford,
Hort. Bot. Am. 61.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 663.— Descourtilz, Fl. Mcd. Antilles, iv, 121, t. 261.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 607.—
Spach. Hist. Veg. iii, 53. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 323. — Macfadyeu, Fl. Jamaica, 159. — Raiinesque, New Fl. 22. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii,
72 ; 2 ed. 20.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 280.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 126.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 349, f. 353.— Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 10.— Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 3; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 613.
SOAPBERRY.
Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne, cape Sable, Caximbas bay, Thousand Islands, Key Largo, Elliott's Key;
in the West Indies.
A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.38 meter in diameter; common on cape Sable,
and reaching its greatest development within the United States on the Thousand Islands and along the shores of
Caximbas bay.
Wood heavy, rather hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged
with yellow, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.8367 ; ash, 4.34.
The fruit and roots rich in saponin and used in the West Indies as a substitute for soap ( Guibourt, Hist. Drogues,
1 ed. iii, 598. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1 751) ; the round, black seeds for beads, buttons, and small ornaments.
56. — Hypelate paniculata, Cambessedes,
Mem. Mus. xviii, 32.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 671.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 295.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 127.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 79.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.
MelicOCCtt paniculata, Jussieu in Mem. Mas. iii, 187, t. 5.— De Candolle, Prodr. j, 615.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 74, t. 66; 2 ed.
ii, 21, t. 66.
Exotliea oblongifolia, Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 232.
H. oblongifolia, Hooker in London Jour. Bot. iii, 226, t. 7.
INK WOOD. IRON WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, east coast, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A tree often 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 meter in diameter.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, susceptible of a good polish, checking in drying;
medullary rays obscure ; color, bright reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.9533 ; ash, 1.25 ;
used in ship-building, for the handles of tools, and piles; resisting the attacks of the teredo.
57. — Hypelate trifoliata, Swartz,
Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 655, t. 14.— Delessert, Icon, iii, t. 39.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 614.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 78.— Grisebach, Fl.
British West Indies, 127; Cat. PI. Cuba, 46.
WHITE IKON WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys; in the West Indies.
A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, close grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, durable in contact with the soil;
medullary rays thin, obscure; color, rich light brown, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.9102; ash, 1.38;
used in ship-building, for the handles of tools, posts, etc.
46 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
58. — Acer Pennsylvanicum, Linn»us,
Spec. 1 ed. 1055.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii,435.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 252.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,989; Enum. i, 1045.— Desfontaines,.
Hist. Arb. i, 391.— Nonvcan Duhamel, iv, 32.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, 1. 11.— Hayne, Deiid. Fl. 210.— Elliott, Sk. i, 451.— Torrey, Fl. U,
S. 397; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170; Fl. N. York, i, 135.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 224.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.N.
America, i, 246.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 111.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 496; 2 ed. ii, 566 & t.— Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174,
f. 1-3; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,.
251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 52.— Bucheuau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t.
2, f. 24.— Wood, Cl.Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Koch, DendroloKie, i, 521.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 373, f. 418-420.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 10.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53C.
A. Canadense, Marshall, Arbnstum, 4.
A. Striatum, Du Roi, Diss. 58; Harbk. i, 8, 1. 1.— Wangenheim, Amer. 29, 1. 12, f. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 381. — Ehrhart, Beitr
iv, 25.— Moanch, Meth. 56.— Persoon, Syn. i 417.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 242, 1. 17; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.
ii, 175, t. 47.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258.— De Camlolle, Prodr. i, 593.— Watson, Dend. Brit,
i, t. 70. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 648. — Beck, Bot. 64. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 407 & t. — Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 85; Ann.
Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 162.— Dietrich, Syn. 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Browne,
Trees of America, 76.
STRIPED MAPLE. MOOSE WOOD. STRIPED DOGWOOD. GOOSE-FOOT MAPLE. WHISTLE WOOD.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence river (Ha-Ha bay), northern shores of lake Ontario, islands of lake Huron,
south through the northern Atlantic states, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, west through
the lake region to northeastern Minnesota.
A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; cool ravines and mountain
sides.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-
wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5299 ; ash, 0.36.
59. — Acer Spicatum, Lamarck,
Diet, ii, 381. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 485. — Persoou, Syn. i, 417. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 593. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 648-i-Audiibon,
Birds, t. 134.— Penn. Cycl. i, 77.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Beck, Bot. 64.— Spach, Hist. Veg. 87; Aun. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 163.—
Loudon, Arboretum, i, 406, t. 26.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 246.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.—
Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 185. — Browne, Trees of America, 74. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 497; 2 ed. ii, 567 & t. — Parry in
Owen's Rep. 610.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860,
iii, 52. — Wood, Cl. Book, 287 ; Bot. & Fl. 74. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 522. — Macoun in Geological
Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 192.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54C.— Nicholson in
London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172.
A. Pennsylvanicum, Du Roi, Diss. 61 ; Harbk. i, 22, t. 1 [not LinntBus]. — Waugcnheiui, Amer. 82, t. 12, f. 30.— Marshall,
Arbustuni, 2.
A. parvifiorum, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 25; vi, 40.— Moench, Meth. 56.
A. montanum, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 435; 2 cd. v, 447 (excl. syu. striatiim).— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 253.— Willdenow,
Spec, iv, 988; Ennm. i, 1045.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 391.— Nouveau Duhanu'l, iv, 33.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t.
13.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 59, t. 48.^Hayne,
Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 452.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 398; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 224.-
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 111.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.
MOUNTAIN MAPLE.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west along the northern shores of the great lakes to northern Minnesota
and the Saskatchewan region, south through the northern states, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern
Georgia.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a tall
shrub ; cool woods and mountain ravines, reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany
mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays inconspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5330; ash, 0.43.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 47
60. — Acer macrophyllum, Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Poirct, Suppl. v, 669.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 253; Sylva, ii, 77, t. (17: 2 ed. ii, 24, t. (!'.— DC faiidolle, Prodr. i,
594.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Pcnn. Cycl. i, 78.— Eaton, Manual, 6 e<l. a.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ain. i, 112, t. IX.— Don, Miller's Diet.
i, 618.— Spach in Ann. .Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 1(15.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 246.— Hooker & Arnott, liot. Becchcy, :;27.—
Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— London, Arboretum, i, 408, t. 28, f. 117, 118.— Eaton iV Wright, Hot. lh>.— Bentham. PI. Mart \vcjr. 301.—
Browne, Trees of America, 78. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Dnranil in Jonr. Pliiladel]>hi:i Acad. 1855, 84. — Torrey in Pacific
R. R. Rep. iv, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 25,-J.- -Newberry in Pacific, K. R. ]{ep. vi, 21. 07.— Cooper
in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, '28, 57; Smithsonian Rep. 1858, a">8. — Lyall in Jonr. Linmcan Sue. vii, 1:54, 144. — Bolauder in Proc.
California Acad. iii, 78. — Wood, Cl. Book, 287; Bot. & Fl. 74. — Rothrock in Smithsonian ]{cp. 1867, 3I!4. — Koch, Demlrologic. i,
528. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 379. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Macoun in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 192. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 330. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle,
1881, 10.
A. palmatum, Rafiuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48 [not Thuuberg].
BROAD-LEAVED MAPLE.
Coast of Alaska, from latitude 55° south along the islands and coast of British Columbia, through western
Washington territory and Oregon, and along the California Coast ranges and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada
to the San Bernardino mountains and Hot Spring valley, San Diego county (Parish Brothers), not ascending above
4,000 feet altitude.
A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter; along streams and river bottoms,
reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom lauds of the Coquille and other rivers of southern Oregon,
where, with the California laurel, it forms dense, heavy forests.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, rich light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific
gravity, 0.4909 ; ash, 0.54; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture, for ax and broom handles,
frames of snow-shoes, etc. ; specimens with the grain beautifully curled and contorted are common and valued in
cabinet-making.
61. — Acer circinatum, Pnrsh,
Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Poiret, Snppl. v, 669. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 25;!; Jour. Philadelphia Acad. vii, 16 (excl. syn.); Sylva, ii, 80, t.
67 ; 2 cd. ii, 27, t. 67.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Don,
Miller's Diet, i, 651.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 166; Hist. Veg. iii, 97.— London, Arboretum, i, 422, f. 112, 127.— Torrey &
Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 112, t. :59.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Browne,
Trees of America, 91. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Lindley in Paxton's Fl. Gard. ii, 156, f. 210 (London Gard. Chronicle,
1851, 791, f. 211).— Newberry in Pacific R. R.Rep.vi, 21, 69.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 28, 57 ; Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258.—
Lyall in Jour. Liumean Soc. vii, 134. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 379. — Wood, Cl. Book, 287, Bot. & Fl. 74. — Koch,
Dendrologie, i, 523.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 258.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.—
Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii. 85. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 192. — G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat. new ser.
ix. 330.— Nicholson in London Gaid. Chronicle, 1881, 10.
A. virgatum, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.
VINE MAPLE.
British Columbia, valley of the Fraser river (Yale) and probably farther north, southward through Washington
territory and Oregon, west of the Cascade mountains to the Mount Shasta region of northern California, rarely
ascending to 4,000 feet altitude.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 12 meters in height, with a truuk 0.20 to 0.30 metertin diameter; along streams;
the stems often prostrate and forming dense, impenetrable thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or
often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6060 ; ash, 0.39 ; used as fuel ; by lumbermen for ax
and shovel handles, and by the coast Indians for the bows of fishing nets.
62. — Acer glabrum, Torrey,
Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 259.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
America, i, 247, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Rep. i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 86; 2. ed.,ii,33.— Newbcrry in Pacific
R. R. Rep. vi. 69. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 51, 57; Am. Nat. iii, 406. — Eugelmaun in Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187. — Gray in Am. Jonr. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 259 ; Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 59. — Porter in Hayden's
Rep. 1870, 474; 1871,480.— Watson in King's- Rep. v, 52.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 19.—
Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 763. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 192. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107. —
Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 83. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 750.
48 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
A. barbatum, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113.— London, Arboretum, i, 420, f. 125 (excl. syn.).
A. Douglasii, Hooker in London Jour. Bot. vi, 77, t. 6.
A. tripartitum, Nnttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247.— Dietrich, Syn.ii, 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.—
Walpers, Rep. i, 409.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 85, t. 71; 2 ed. ii, 33, t. 71.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. iv1, 28; Pacific
R. R. Rep. iv, 73.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69.
DWAKF MAPLE.
British Columbia, valley of the Fraser river and probably farther north, south through Washington territory,
Oregon, and along the Sierra Nevada of California to the Yosemite valley; east along the mountain ranges of Idaho
and Montana to the eastern base of the Kocky mountains, south through Colorado and Utah, in the east Humboldt
Range, Nevada, and in the mountain ranges of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona.
A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often reduced
to a low shrub 1 to 2 meters in height; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the mountain
canons of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, or often nearly
white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6028; ash, 0.30.
63. — Acer grandidentatum, Nuttall;
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247.— Dietrich, Syn.ii, 1283.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Rep. i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii,
82, t. 69; 2ed. ii, 29, t. 69.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 52; PI. Wheeler, 7.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 480.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 10.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 208.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 83.— Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.—
Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 338.— Nicholson in London Card. Chronicle, 1881, 172.
Western Montana, headwaters of the Columbia river (Nuttall), canons of the Wahsatcli mountains, Utah, and
south through eastern Arizona to southwestern New Mexico (Mogollon mountains, E. L. Greene], and reported in
the ranges east of the Eio Grande; southward into Coahuila (Palmer}.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; along streams;
not common.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin, distinct; color, light brown, or
often nearly white; specific gravity, O.G902; ash, 0.64.
64. — Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim,
Amer. 36, 1. 11, f. 26.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 379.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 251.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 434 ; 2 ed. v, 447.— Ehrhart, Beitr.
iv, 24. — Persoou, Syu. i, 417. — Nouveau Duhauiel, iv, 29, t. 8. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985 ; Euum. ii, 1044. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.
i, 392.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 3.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 218, 1. 15; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 153, t.42.— Titford, Hort.
Bot. Am. 105.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 2G6.— Eaton, Manual, 44; 6 ed. 2.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 214.— Elliott,
Sk. i, 450.— Richardson, Franklin Jour. 26; Arctic Exped. 422.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N.
States, 170; Fl. N. York, i, 135.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113.— Don, Miller's Diet, i,
650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 406.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 170 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 99.— London, Arboretum, i,
411, t. 31, f. 122.-Torrey & Gray, Fl. N-. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. —Walpers, Rep. i, 410.—
Nees, PI. Med. 5. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 88 ; 2 ed. ii, 35. — Browne, Trees of America, 83. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 480 ; 2 ed.
ii, 258 & t.— Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
265.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, Cl. Book,
286 ; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 80.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Young, Bot. Texas,
206.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 606.— Ward in Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 73.— Sears in Bull.
Essex Inst. xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62.
A. saccharum, Marshall, Arbustum, 4.
A. barbatum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 253.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 989.— Potret, Suppl. ii, 575.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.—
Nnttall, Genera, i, 255.— Elliott, Sk.i, 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl.U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States,
169.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 224.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 649.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach, Hist. Veg.
iii, 178; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 118.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 249, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 112.— Curtis
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 51.
SUGAR MAPLE. SUGAR TKEE. HAKD MAPLE. ROCK MAPLE.
Southern Newfoundland, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguenay rivers, shores of lake Saint John,
west along the northern shores of the great lakes to Lake of the Woods ; south through the northern states and
along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and the Chattahoochee region of west Florida (var.
Floridanum, Chapman, I. c.) ; west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas (rare), and eastern Texas.
A tree of great economic value, 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or
toward its southwestern limits greatly reduced in size; rich woods, often forming extensive forests, and reaching
its greatest development in region of the great lakes.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 49
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6912; ash, 0.54;
largely used in the manufacture of furniture, shoe lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, in turnery, for interior finish, and
flooring; in ship-building for keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., and furnishing valuable fuel; "curled" maple and
"bird's-eye" maple, accidental forms in which the grain is beautifully curled and contorted, are common and
highly prized in cabinet-making.
Maple sugar is principally made from this species; the ashes of the wood, rich in alkali, yield large quantities
of potash.
Var. nigrum, Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 136.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 411.— Browne, Trees of America, 84.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 119.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54C.
A. saccharinum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 252 [not Wangenheim].
A. nigrum, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 238, t. 16; N. American Sylva, 3 od. i, 163, t. 43.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,266.—
Poiret, Suppl. v, 669.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Elliott, Sk. i, 450.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 397 ;
Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Eaton, Manual, 6
ed. 2.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 104 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 170.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.—
Koch, Dendrologie, i, 532.— Gray in Am. Nat. vi, 767; vii, 422.— Wood, Cl. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74.
BLACK SUGAR MAPLE.
West«m Vermont, shores of lake Champlain, westward to southern Missouri, south through Tennessee to
northern Alabama, the valley of the Chickasaw river, Mississippi (Mohr), and southwestern Arkansas (Fulton,
Letterman).
, A large tree along streams and river bottoms, in lower ground than the species with which it is connected by
numerous intermediate forms.
Wood heavier than that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.6915 ; ash, 0.71.
65. — Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart,
Beitr. iv, 24.— Mcouch, Moth. 56.— Persoon, Syii. i, 417.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985; Enum. ii, 1044.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 446.—
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 252; Sylva, ii, 87; 2 ed. ii, 35.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 449.—
Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 109; Fl. N. York, i, 136, t. 18; Nicollet's Rep. 147.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.—
Tausch, Regensb. Fl. xii2, 553. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 423, fig. 129 & t. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113;
Jour. Bot. i, 200.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 487; 2 ed. ii, 556 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46.— Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 423.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 51.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, Cl. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl.
74.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii. 187.— Buchcnau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 119.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 88.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 541.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst.
xiii, 3.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'«0, 53=.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 136, f. 24.— Ridgway in Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62.
A. saccliarinum, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1055. •
A. rubrum, var. pallidum, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 434.
A. eriocarpum, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,253.— Dosfontaines in Ann. Mus. vii, 412, t. 25, f. 1 ; Hist. Arb. i, 392.— Poiret, Suppl.
it, 573.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 8.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 205, t. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 146, t. 40.—
Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 30.— Do Candollo, Prodr. i, 595.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Beck, Bot. 63.—
Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 116; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 177. — Darlington, Fl. Costrica, 2 ed. 245. — Dietrich, Syn. ii,
1282. — Browne, Trees of America, 95. — Moohan in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1868, 140.
SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. SILVER MAPLE.
Valley of the Saint John's river, New Brunswick, to Ontario, south of latitude 45°, south to western Florida;
west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the valley of the Blue river, Kansas, and the Indian territory.
A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; along
streams and intervales, in rich soil ; most common west of the Alleghany mountains, and reaching its greatest
development in the basin of the lower Ohio river.
Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
specific gravity, 0.5269 ; ash, 0.33 ; somewhat used in the manufacture of cheap furniture, for flooring, etc. ; maple
sugar is occasionally made from this species.
4 FOR
50 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
66. — Acer rubrum, Linnrens,
Spec. 1 ed. 1055.— Du Roi, Diss. 59.— Marshall, Arbusturn, 3.— Lamarck, Diet. ii,300; 111. iii,438, t. 844, f. 3.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iv,23.—
Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 93. — Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii, 434 (excl. var. ) ; '2 ed. v, 446. — Mceuch, Meth. 56. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii,253. — Persoon, Syu. i, 417. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 471. — Nonvcau Duhamel, iv, 31. — WQldOBOW, Spec. iv,984; Eiunn. ii, 1044. — •
Desfontaines in Ann. Mus.vii,413, t. 25, f.2; Hist. Arb. i, 391.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 574.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 9.— Micliaux f.
Hist.Arb. Am. ii,810,t. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i 149, t.41.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 265.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 377.— Nnttall,
Genera, i, 252.— Eaton, Manual, 44 ; 6 ed. 2.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 213. — Elliott, Sk. i, 449.— Torrey, Fl.U. S. 395 ; Compend. Fl. N. States,
169; Fl. N. York, i, 137.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 169.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Audubon, Birds, t. 54, 67.— Tanscb, Regensb. Fl. xii»,
552.— Penn.Cycl. i, 79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 114 ; Jour. Bot. i, 199.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach,Hist. Veg. iii,
113 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 176.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 424, f. 130 & t. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 249, 684.— Dietrich, Syn.
ii, 1282.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 405.— Walpers, Rep. i, 409.— Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844,
276.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 483; 2 ed. ii, 551 & t. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Nuttall,
Sylva, ii, 87; 2 ed. ii, 34. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46. — :Darby, Bot. S. States, 265. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50. — Losquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
354. — Wood, Cl. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74. — Engelmann in Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,187. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
79. — Bnchenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 542.— Young, Bot. Texas,
206.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 192.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176.— Bell in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54C.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172, f. 30, 31.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1882, 62.
f A. glauciim, Marshall, Arbustum, 2.
f A. Caroliniana, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 251.
A. COCcineum, Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 203 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 142.
A. sanguineum, Spach, Hist. Veg. Hi, 115 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 176.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.
/
RED MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WATER MAPLE.
New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario, south of latitude 49°, north and west to the Lake of the Woods, south
to Indian and Caloosa rivers, Florida, west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian territory, and the
valley of the Trinity river, Texas.
A large tree, 20 to 30 or, exceptionally, 32 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter ;
borders of streams and low, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Wabash
and Yazoo rivers.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color, brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6178 ; ash, 0.37 ; largely used in cabinet-
making, turnery, and for woodenware, gun stocks, etc. ; an accidental variety with undulating grain is highly
valued.
Ink is occasionally made, domestically, by boiling the bark of this species in soft water and combining the
tannin with sulphate of iron ; formerly somewhat used in dyeing.
Var. Drummondii.
A. Drummondii, Hooker & Arnott in Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 199.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 83, t. 70 ; 2 ed. ii, 30, t. 70.
Southern Arkansas, eastern Texas, western Louisiana, and sparingly through the Gulf states to southern
Georgia.
Well characterized by its obovate or truncate leaves, the base entire or slightly creuulate-toothed, densely
covered, as well as the petioles and young shoots, with a thick white tomentum ; fruit convergent, the wings bright
red, even when fully ripe.
A large tree, in deep, wet swamps, connected with the species by numerous intermediate forms of Georgia,
Florida, and Alabama.
Wood lighter than that of the species; specific gravity, 0.5459; ash, 0.34.
67. — Negundo aceroides, Mcench,
Meth. 334.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 250.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 327.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep, 147; Fremont's Rep. 88;
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 73.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 92; 2 ed. ii, 38,— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 166 ; Mem. Am. Acad.
new ser. iv, 29; v, 309; Genera, ii, 202, t. 175; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 41; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 120.— Richardson, Arctic
Exped. 423.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251 ; Am. Nat.
iii, 306.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 53.— Wood, Cl. Book, 287 ; Bot. &
Fl. 74.— Engelmaun in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 188.— Porter in Haydeu's Rep. Ib70, 474.— Watson in King's Rep.
v, 52 ; PI. Wheeler, 7.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 19.— Macoun & Gibson in Trans. Bot
Soc. Edinburgh, xii, 319.— Young, Bot. Texas, 207.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-76, 192.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 108.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 84.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 214.—
Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 48C.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881,
815.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mna. 1882, 63.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 338.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES 51
Acer NegutldO) Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1056. — Wangenheim, Amer. 30, t. 12, f. 29. — Marshall, Arbii8tum,2. — Lamarck, Diet, ii,
380.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 250.— Aiton, Hurt. Kew. iii, 436; 2ed. v, 448.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 253.— Persoon,
Syn. i, 418. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,391. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 992; Euum. ii, 1046. — Nouveau Duhamol, iv, 27, t.
7.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 40.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 247, 1. 18; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 172, t. 46.— Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. i, 268.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 216.— Elliott, Sk. i, 452.— James in Long's Exped. ii, C9.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8.
298 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170 ; Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172 ; Emory's Rep. 407.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Guimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 119, t. 95. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1283. — London, Arboretum, i,
460, t. 46, 47.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. xiv, 285, t. 11 & figs.— Koch, Dendrologie, i,
544.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 374, f. 426.
Negundium fraxinifoKum, Rafinesque, Med. Rep. v, 354.— Desvaux, Jonr. Bot. v, 170.
Negundo frajcinifolium, Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— De Candollc, Prodr. i, 596.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 114 ; Jlour. Bot. i,
200.— Don, Minor's Diet, i, 651.— Beck, Bot. 64.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 119.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.— Browne,
.Trees of America, 106. — Scheele in Reamer, Texas, 433. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 227, f. 2, 18.
f N. Mexicanum, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 596.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 214.
N. trifoliatum, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.
N. lobatum, Rafinesqne, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.
N. Califprnicum, Scheele in Roomer, Texas, 433 [not Torrey & Gray].
•
BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE.
Shores of the Winooski river and lake Champlain, Vermont, near Ithaca, New York, eastern Pennsylvania,
and south to Hernando county, Florida (not detected in northeastern Florida) ; northwest through the lake region of
the United States and Manitoba to the Dog's Head, lake Winnipeg, and along the southern branch of the Saskatchewan
to the eastern base of the Bocky mountains ; west in the United States to the eastern slopes of the Eocky
mountains of Montana, through Colorado to the Wahsatch mountains, Utah; southwest through the basin of the
Mississippi river, western Texas, and New Mexico to the Mogollon mountains, eastern Arizona ; southward into
Mexico.
A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 or, exceptionally, 1.20 meter in diameter ; moist
soil, borders of streams, etc.; in the Eocky Mountain region in high valleys, between 5,000 and 6,000 feet elevation;
one of the most widely distributed trees of the American forest, reaching its greatest development in the valleys
of the Wabash and Cumberland rivers.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, creamy-white,
the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4328 ; ash, 1.07; occasionally used in the interior finish of
houses, for woodenware, cooperage, and paper-pulp.
Small quantities of maple sugar are sometimes obtained from this species.
68. — Negundo Californicum, Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 250, 684.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey,S27, t. 77.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 327.— Walpers, Rep. i, 410.— Bentham,
PI. Hartweg. 301.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 90, t. 72 ; 2 ed. ii, 37, t. 72.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258, in part.— Koch, Dendrologie,
i, 545. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 108. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle,1881,815.
Acer Californicum, Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1283.
N. aceroides, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv,74; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 250 [not Mfflnch].—
Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 78.
BOX ELDEE.
California, valley of the lower Sacramento river (Sacramento, and in Marin and Contra Costa counties),
southward in the interior valleys of the Coast ranges to about latitude 35°, canons of the western slopes of the San
Bernardino mountains (Pariah Brothers).
A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly white, or
slightly tinged with yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4821 ; ash, 0.54 ; occasionally used in the manufacture of cheap
furniture.
52 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
A N A C A R D I A C E
69. — Rhus cotinoides, Nuttall,
MBS. in Herb. Philadelphia Acad. ; Travels, 177.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 70.— Wood, Cl.
Book, 285 ; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 125.— Mohr in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 217.
B. COtinUK? Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 21C. — Wood, Cl. Book, 285.
Cotinus Americanus, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 1, t. 81 ; 2 ed. ii, 71, t. 81.
Gotinus coggygria, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 351, in part.
Indian territory, " on the light, broken, calcareous, rocky banks of the Grand river, a large tributary of the
Arkansas, at a place then known as the Eagle's Nest," (Nuttall, 1. c.) ; Alabama, north of the Tennessee river on
southern slopes of the Cumberland mountains (on a hill near Bailie's farm, twelve miles from Huntsville, on the
Madison road, Buckley, Mohr), and doubtfully reported north of the Alabama line, in Tennessee.
CHITTAM WOOD.
In Alabama, a small wide-branching tree, 9 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter;
on limestone benches from 700 to 900 feet elevation, in dense forests of oak, ash, maple, etc.; local and very rare;
not rediscovered in Arkansas or the Indian territory ; in Alabama nearly exterminated.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil; layers
of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays, numerous, very obscure ; color,
bright, clear, rich orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6425; ash, 0.50; largely used locally
for fencing, and yielding a clear orange dye.
70. — Rhus typhina, Linnaius,
Amcen. iv, 311.— Medicns, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 228.— Wangenheim, Amer. 95.— Marshall, Arbustum, 129.— Walter, Fl. Carolinians,
255.— Aiton, Hort. Ke-w.i, 365; 2ed.ii, 162.— Ehrhart, Beitr.vi, 89.— Mcench, Meth. 72.— Willdenow, Spec.i, 1478; Enum. i, 323.—
B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 51. — Schkuhr, Handb. 237.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 182.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 164, t. 47.— Persoon, Syn. i,
324.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 325.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 503.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 39; Compend. Fl.
Philadelph. i,153.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 204.— Eaton, Manual, 35 ; 6 ed. 302.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 203.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi,
643.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 33.— Elliott, Sk. i, 360.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. 322 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 140; Fl. N. York, i, 128.— De Candolle,
Prodr. ii, 67.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 936.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 17, 18.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 126.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 70.—
Beck, Bot. 76.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 212.— Bennett, PI. Jav. Rar. 80.— London, Arboretum, ii, 550, f. 224.— Torrey & Gray, FL
N. America, i, 217, 680.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1002.— Emerson, Trees
Massachusetts, 501; 2 ed. ii, 571 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 184.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 186.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.—
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 43.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 254.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 98.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 353.— Wood, Cl. Book, 384; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 208.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 111.—
Koch, Dendrologie, i, 576.— Young, Bot. Texas, 197.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 488.— Nat.
Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1230.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 63.— Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 377.
Datisca Mrta, Liunicus, Spec. 1 ed. 1037.— Dou, Miller's Diet, i, 290.
E. hypselodendron, Moench, Meth. 73.
B. Canadense, Miller, Diet. No. 5.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 163.
R. viridiflora, Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 163.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 504.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67.— Nuttall, Genera,
i, 203.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 70.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1002.— London, Arboretum, ii, 551.— Browne, Trees of America,
184.
R. typhina, var. viridiflora, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 378.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 53
STAGHOBN SUMACH.
New Brunswick, west through the valley of the Saiut Lawrence river to southern Ontario and Minnesota,
south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and
Mississippi.
A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a shrub; dry
hillsides or often along streams in sandy, moist soil. A variety with laciniate leaves occurs near Hanover, New
Hampshire, var. laciniata, Wood, Cl. Book, 284.— Bot. & Fl. 73).
Wood light, brittle, soft, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; layers of annual growth
clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow streaked
with green, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4357; ash, 0.50; occasionally used for inlaying cabinet
work; the young shoots for "sap quills" in drawing the sap of the sugar maple.
Bark and leaves astringent, rich in tannin, and somewhat used locally as a dye and in dressing skins (Special
Rep. No. 26, U. 8. Ay. Dep. 22, t. 3) ; an infusion of the berries used domestically as a gargle in cases of catarrhal
sore throat.
71. — Rhus copallina, Liunseus,
Spec. 1 cd. 266.— Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 224.— Marshall, Arbustum, 128.— Wangenheim, Amer. 96. —Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 255.—
Gsortner, Fruct. i, 205, t. 44.— Aiton, Hort. Kc\v. i, 366; 2 ed. ii, 163.— Plenck, Icon. t. 233.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 346, t. 207, f. 3.—
Jacquin, Hort. SchiJnb. iii, 50, t. 341.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1480; Enum. i, 324.— Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 182.— Schkuhr, Handb.
237.— Nouveau Dnbanicl, ii, 160.— Persoon, Syii. i, 324.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 325.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 506.—
Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 39.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 205.— Eaton, Manual, 34; 6ed. 302.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 203.— Rcemer &
Schultes, Syst. vi, 647.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 34.— Elliott, Sk. i, 362.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 323 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 140 ; Fl. N. York,
129.— De Candollo, Prodr. ii, 68.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 936.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 72.— Beck, Bot. 75.— Hooker in Jour. Bot. i, 202.—
Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 214.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 217.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.—
Dietrich, Syii. ii, 1003.— London, Arboretum, ii, 554.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 503 ; 2 ed. ii, 574. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 186.—
Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. vi, 28; Manual N. States, 5 ed. Ill ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Scheele In Roemer, Texas, 431.—
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 43.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1860, iii, 92.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 352.— Wood, Cl. Book, 284 ; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Engelmann in
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 207.— Koch, Deudrologie, 575.— Young, Bot. Texas, 197.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1236.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 73.— Ridgway in Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63.— Engler in De Caudolle, Suites, iv, 384.
f R. copallina, vars. latifolia, latialata, angustifolia, and serrata, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 384.
DWARF SUMACH.
Northern New England, south to Manatee and Caximbas bay, Florida, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the
valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or at the north a low shrub
1 to 2 meters in height; dry hills and ridges, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and
eastern Texas ; running into various forms. The best marked is —
var. leucantha, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 68.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 158.
K. leucantha, Jacquin, Hort. Schonb. iii, 50, t. 342.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 215.
B. copallina, var. angustialata, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 384.
Shrubby, leaflets lanceolate, flowers- white.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, not prominent; color, light
brown streaked with green, or often tinged with red ; the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5273 ; ash, 0.60.
Leaves and bark astringent, rich in tannin ; the leaves largely collected, principally in Maryland, Virginia,
West Virginia, and Tennessee, and ground for tanning and dyeing (Special Rep. No. 26, V. S. Ag. Dep. 26, t. 5);
the fruit, acid and astringent, used, as well as that of the shrubby Rhus glabra, by herbalists in the form of
decoctions, fluid extracts, etc., as a gargle in the treatment of sore throat.
Var. lanceolata, Gray,
Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 158.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 44.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 33d.
R. copallina, var. integrifolia, Eugler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 384.
Western Texas, Dallas (Reverchon) to the Eio Grande.
A small tree, with lanceolate, elongated leaflets, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in
diameter; calcareous soil; common; specific gravity, 0.5184; ash, 0.85.
54 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
72. — Rhus venenata, De Candolle,
Prodr. ii, 68.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 126.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 71.— Beck, Bot. 76.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,215.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 284.-
London, Arboretum, ii, 552, f. 226.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 218, 681.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Dietrich, Syn. ii,
1003.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 130.— Browne, Trees of America, 186.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 185.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts,
504; 2 ed. ii, 575 &. t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 44.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 93.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 353.— Wood, Cl. Book, 284; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 111.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.—
Bailey in Am. Nat. vii, 5, f. 3.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 73.— Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 397.
B. vernix, Linnanis, Spec. 1 ed. 265, in part.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. 177.— Medicus, Bot. Beobaeht. 1782, 223.— Marshall,
Arbustnm, 130.— Wangenheim, Amer. 92.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 366 ; 2 ed. ii, 163.— Plenck, Icon. t. 234.— Lamarck, 111.
ii, 346, t. 207, f. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1479; Enum. i, 323.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 23, 50.— Schkuhr, Handb. 236.—
Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 183. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 165. — Persoon, Syn. i, 324. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 325. —
Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 505.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 203.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 39 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph.
154.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,205.— Eaton, Manual, 34; 6 ed. 302.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. i, 96, 1. 10; Fl. Boston. 3 ed.
126.— Rremer & Schultes, Syst.vi, 646.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 34.— Elliott, Sk.i, 362.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 323; Compend.
Fl. N. States, 203.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 936.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i,202.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 255.— Porcber, Resources
S. Forests, 206.
POISON SUMACH. POISON ELDEE.
Northern New England, south to northern Georgia, Alabama, and western Louisiana, west to northern
Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas.
A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a
tall shrub; low, wet swamps or, more rarely, on higher ground.
Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, moderately compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by three or four
rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color, light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood
lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4382 ; ash, 0.64.
The whole plant, as well as the allied R. Toxicodendron, to most persons exceedingly poisonous to the touch,
owing to the presence of a volatile principle, Toxicodendric acid ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 908. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed.
1464); the white milky sap turning black in drying and yielding a valuable lacquer (Bigelow, Med. Bot. I. c.)
73. — Rhus Metopium, Linnaeus,
Amcen. v, 395.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 51.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 49, t. 79.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67.— Macfadyen, Fl.
Jamaica, 225.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 121, t. 80 ; 2 ed. ii, 68, t. 80.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 381.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.—
Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 175.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.
Metopium Linncei, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 367.
POISON WOOD. CORAL SUMACH. MOUNTAIN MANCHINEEL. BUM WOOD. HOG PLUM. DOCTOR GUM.
Semir tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the West Indies.
A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, reaching in the United
States its greatest development on the shores of bay Biscayne, near Miami; one of the most common trees of the
region, the large specimens generally decayed.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed
open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red. the sap-wood light brown
or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7917; ash, 2.39; little esteemed.
A resinous gum, emetic, purgative, and diuretic, is obtained from incisions made in the bark of this species
(Pharm. Jour, vii, 270. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 489).
74. — Pistacia Mexicana, HBK.
Nov. Gen. & Spec, vii, 22, t. 608.— De Candolle, Prodr, ii, 64.— Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. v, 27.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
44.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 109.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Hemsley,
Bot. Ain.-Cent. i, 221.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 338.
Texas, valley of the Eio Grande (near the mouth of the Pecos river, Bigelow)', southward into Mexico (Saltillo,
Palmer, etc.).
Wood not collected.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 55
LEGUMINOSJE.
75. — Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 339.
E. amorpholdes, var. orthocarpa, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. Hi, 46; v,237.
E, amorphoides, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 51, in part.
Western Texas, valleys of the upper Guadalupe and Eio Grande, west to the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina
mountains, Arizona (Pringle) ; southward into northern Mexico.
A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.09 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub;
dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest development near the summit of the Santa Catalina mountains, at 3,000
feet altitude.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, very compact ; layers of annual growth clearly denned by numerous rows of
open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light reddish-brown, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity
0.8740; ash, 1.28.
76. — Dalea spinosa, Gray,
Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. v, 315; Ives' Rep. 10.— Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 78; vii, 9, t. 3.— Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 53.—
Walpors, Ann. iv, 485.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 132.— Brewer & Watson, Bot.
California, i, 143.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. 249.
Asagrcea spinosa, Baillon in Adansonia, ix, 232 ; Hist. PI. ii, 288.
Colorado desert, southern California (Agua Calieute, Toras, etc.), and eastward to the valley of the lower Gila
river, Arizona.
A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a short, stout trunk 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter (Parry,
Parish Brothers], or often a low shrub ; dry, gravelly, rocky soil.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, walnut-brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5536; ash, 4.04.
77. — Robinia Pseudacacia, Linnreus,
Spec. 1 ed. 722. — Marshall, Arbustum, 133. — Wangenheim, Amer. 16, t. 7. — L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 158. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 186. —
Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 53 ; 2 ed. iv, 323.— Giertner, Fruct. ii, 307, 1. 145.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1131 ; Enum. i, 769.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-
Am. ii, 65.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 60, t. 16. — Poiret in Lamarck Diet, vi, 222; 111. iii, 163, t. 606. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 311. —
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 302. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 245, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 92, t. 76. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
ii, 487.— Eaton, Manual, 82; 6 ed. 306.— Thomas in Am. Month. Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii, 90.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 118.— Hayne,
Dend. Fl. 140.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 242.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 261.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 247.— Torrey m Ann. Lye. N. York, ii,
178; Compend. Fl. N. States, 271; Fl. N. York, i, 165; Emory's Rep. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 140.— Audnbon, Birds, t.
104.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 237.— Beck, Bot. 82.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 258.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 294.— London,
Arboretum, ii, 609, f. 305 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 397.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 295.— Browne, Trees of America, 197.—
Emerson, Trees, Massachusetts, 460 ; 2 ed. ii,522 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 238, f. 123.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 1053.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 65.— Darby Bot. S. States, 280.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 94.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 48.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 356.— Wood, Cl. Book, 319 ; Bot. & Fl.
95. — Lemaire, 111. Hort. xii, t. 427. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 188. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 131. — Koch, Dendrologie,
i, 55.— Verlot in Rev. Hort. 1873, 152 & f.— Young, Bot. Texas, 226.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mns. 1882, 65\
Pseudacacia odorata, Mosnch, Meth. 145.
R.fragilis, Salisbury, Prodr. 336.
LOCUST. BLACK LOCUST. YELLOW LOCUST.
Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania f Locust ridge, Monroe county, Porter) to northern Georgia; widely and
generally naturalized throughout the United States east of the Eocky mountains, and possibly indigenous in
northeastern (Crowley's ridge) and western Arkansas and the prairies of eastern Indian territory.
A tree 22 to 25 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; west of the Mississippi river
much smaller or often a low shrub 1.80 to 3 meters in height, reaching its greatest development on the western
slopes of the mountains of West Virginia.
56 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground ;
layers of annual growth clearly marked by two or three rows of large open ducts; color, brown or, more rarely, light
green, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7333 ; ash, 0.51 (Trecul in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xix, 182, t. 2, f. 1;
t. 6, 7, f. 10.); largely used in ship-building, for posts, of all sorts, construction, and in turnery; preferred to
other American woods for treenails, and in this form largely exported.
The bark of the root tonic, or in large doses purgative and emetic (U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1746. — Nat.
Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1233) ; formerly widely planted as a timber tree (Cobbett, Woodlands, par. 323) ; its cultivation in
the United States now generally abandoned on account of the destructive attacks of the locust borer (Oyllene picta,
Packard in Bull. U. S. Entomological Com. No. 7, 95).
78. — Robinia viscosa, Ventenat,
Hort. Cels. 4, t. 4.— Bot. Mag. t. 5<iO.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1131 ; Einim. ii, 769.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 65.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 64,
1. 17.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 222.— B. S. Barton, Bot. Appx. 29, t. 21.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 311.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 302.—
Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2ed. iv, 323.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 262, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, ii, 104, t. 77. — Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. ii, 488. —
Nuttall, Genera, ii, 118.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 140.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 242.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 262.— Gnimpel.Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz.
81, t. 65.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 247.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 236.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 306.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 260.— Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 295.— London, Arboretum, ii, 620, t. 87, f. 306.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 397.— Browne, Trees of America, 209.—
Dietrich, Syu. iv, 1053.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 280.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 94.— Curtis in
Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 49.— Wood, Cl. Book, 319; Bot. & Fl. 95.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 193.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 131.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.
E. glutinosa, Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 560.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 59.
CLAMMY LOCUST.
" High Alleghauy mountains south of latitude 35° " (Michaux). "Open woods, slopes of Buzzard ridge, altitude
4,500 feet, near Highland, Macon county, North Carolina" (J. Donnell Smith).
A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk not exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; very rare, and not
rediscovered until 1882 by the numerous botanists who have visited, during the last thirty years, the localities where
the Michauxs, father and son, discovered this species ; widely cultivated and now occasionally naturalized in the
Atlantic states.
Wood (of a cultivated specimen) heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked
by many rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific
gravity, 0.8094 ; ash, 0.20.
79. — Robinia Neo-Mexicana, Gray,
Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. v, 314. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 79 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 53. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 491. —
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 419. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub.
No. 4, 23.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.
LOCUST.
Colorado, valley of the Purgatory river (near Trinidad), headwaters of the Canadian river, through western and
Suuch western New Mexico to the Santa Catalina and Santa Rita mountains (Lemmon, Pringle), Arizona (4,500 to 7,000
feet altitude), southern Utah, Mount Zion canon, west fork of the Eio Virgin, and near Kanah.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or toward its
upper limits of growth reduced to a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Purgatory
river, Colorado.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed
open ducts ; medullary rays, thin, conspicuous ; color, yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood light yellow ;
specific gravity, 0.8034 ; ash, 0.60.
80.— Olneya Tesota, Gray,
Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. v, 328; Ives' Rep. 11. — Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 11, 82; vii, 10, t. 5; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
58.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 479, 587.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 157.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i,260.
IEON WOOD. ARBOL DE HIEERO.
California, valley of the Colorado river south of the Mohave mountains, valley of the lower Gila river,
southwestern Arizona ; southward in Sonora.
A small tree in the United States, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 meter in diameter;
dry arroyos and canons ; in Sonora more common and of larger size.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 57
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the grain generally contorted, difficult to
cut and work, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown streaked with
red, the sap-wood clear bright yellow; specific gravity, 1.0C02; ash, 2.29 (the heart-wood, 1.1486; ash, 2.59; sap-
wood, 0.8958 ; ash, 1.85) ; occasionally manufactured into canes.
81. — Piscidia Erythrina, Linmi-us,
Spec. 2 ed. 993.— Jacqnin, Amer. 206.— Swartz, Obs. 277.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 443'; 111. iii, 163, t. 605.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 84.—
Lunan, Hort. Jam. i, 269. — Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Geu. & Spec. vi,382. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 267. — Descourtilz,
Fl. Med. Antilles, iii, 203, t. 196.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, i, 258.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 31, t. 52; 2 ed. i, 180.— Bentham in Jour.
Linnaian Soc. iv, Suppl. 116; Bot. Sulphur, 81.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 110.— Grisebach,
Fl. British West Indies, 200.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 175.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i,319.
Erythrina piscipula, Linnscus, Spec. 1 ed. 107.
P. Carthagenensis, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 267.
JAMAICA DOGWOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne, west coast, Pease creek to cape Sable, and on the southern keys ; in the
West Indies and southern Mexico.
A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.75 meter in diameter.
Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few large
scattered open ducts; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous ; color, yellowish-brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific
gravity, 0.8734; ash, 3.38 ; one of the favorite woods of the region for boat-building, fire- wood, and charcoal.
The bark, especially of the root, narcotic, occasionally administered in the form of tinctures, or used, as well
as the young branches and leaves, to poison or stupefy fish.
82. — Cladrastis tinctoria, Kafinesque,
Fl. Kent.-1824; Neog. 1825; Med. Bot. ii, 210; New Sylva, iii, 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 390.— Walpers, Rep. i, 807.—
Browne, Trees of America, 192.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 294.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
113.— Porcher Resources S. Forests, 175.— Wood, Cl. Book, 301 ; Bot. & Fl. 84.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 143.— Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 11.
Virgilia lilted, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 266, t. 3 ; Travels, 289 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 106, t. 78.— Parsh, Fl. Am.
Sept. i, 309.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 284.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 53.— Loiseleur, Herb. Amat. t. 297.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,
98.— Spreugel, Syst. iv2, 1, 171.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 112.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 397.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 163.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 480.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1501.— London, Arboretum, ii, 565, t. 78.
C. lutea, Koch,Dendrologie, i,6.
YELLOW WOOD. YELLOW ASH. GOPHER WOOD.
Central Kentucky, cliffs of the Kentucky and Dick's rivers; middle Tennessee, mountains of east Tennessee to
Cherokee county, Uorth Carolina.
A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 or, exceptionally, 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich
hillsides; in Kentucky on the Trenton limestones, and reaching its best development in middle Tennessee; rare
and very local, the large trees generally hollow or defective.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth
clearly marked by several rows of open ducts, and containing many evenly-distributed similar ducts ; color, bright,
clear yellow, changing with exposure to light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6278; ash, 0.28;
used for fuel, occasionally for guustocks, and yielding a clear yellow dye.
83. — Sophora secundiflora, Lagasca;
•
De Candolle, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 148; Prodr. ii, 96. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 110. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 54. — Rev. Hort. 4
ser. iii, £01, t. 11. — Bcntham & Hooker, Genera, i, 555. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 321.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 347.
Broussonetia secundiflora, Ortega, Dee. v, 61, t. 7.
Virgilia secundiflora, Cavanilles, Icon. t. 401.
Agastianis secundijlora, Rafinesque, New Sylva, iii, 86.
Dermatophyllum speciosum, Scheele in Linnaja, xxi, 458.
S. spetiosa, Bentham in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 178. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. iv1, 38; Smithsonian Contrib.
iii, 54; Hall's PI. Texas, 7. — Walpers, Ann. ii, 439. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 58. — Young, Bot. Texas,
242.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.
58 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
FEIGOLITO.
Matagorda bay, Texas, west to the mountains of New Mexico (Havard).
A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often, especially
west of the San Antonio river, a tall shrub, rarely exceeding 2 meters in height, forming dense thickets ; borders
of streams, generally in a low, rather moist soil.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish; medullary rays numerous, thin;
color, orange streaked with red, the heavier sap-wood brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.9842 ; ash, 1.59 ;
furnishing valuable fuel.
The seeds contain an exceedingly poisonous alkaloid, Sophoria (R. C. Wood in Philadelphia Med. Times, August
4, 1877. — Rothrock in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 133. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1333).
84. — Sophora affinis, Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 390. — Leaveuworth iu Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. ix, 130. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 178; Hall's PI.
Texas, 7. — Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 428. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.
Styphnolobium affine, Walpers, Rep. i, 807.
Arkansas, valley of the Arkansas river (Letterman) to the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.
A small tree, 5 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; borders of streams
and prairies.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several
rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color, light red, the sap-wood bright, clear yellow;
specific gravity, 0.8509 ; ash, 0.73.
Ink is occasionally made domestically from the resinous exudations of the pod.
85. — Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck,
Diet, i, 733 ; 111. Hi, 412, t. 823.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 241, t. 51.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460; Enum. ii, 1019; Berl. Baumz. 169.—
Persoon, Syn.ii,626.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,250.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2ed.v, 400.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 272, t. 23 ; N.
American Sylva.3 ed. i, 182, t. 50.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 304.— Nuttall, Genera,ii,243.— Hayne, Dend. F1.203. — James in Long's
Exped. i, 138. — Reichenbach, Mag. Bot. t. 40. — Do Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 480. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 327. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N.York,
ii, 193 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 376 ; Fl. N. York, i, 196 ; Emory's Rep. 407.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 166.— Don, Miller's Dict.429.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 162.— Beck, Bot. 93.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 89.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 256 & t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
America, i, 398. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 258. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Walpers, Rep. i, 809. — Browne, Trees of America,
218.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358.— Wood, Cl. Book, 300 ; Bot. & Fl. 83.—
Engelmauu in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145. — Briot in Rev. Hort. 1870,436. — Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— BeU in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63.— Chapman, Fl.
S. States, Suppl. 618.
Guilandina dioica, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 381.— Marshall, Arbustum, 56.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 56. — James in Long's Exped.
i, 138.
Hyperanthera dioica, Vahl, Symbol®, i, 31.
G. dioica, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 5.— Baillon, Hist. PI. ii, 87, f. 52, 53.
KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE. COFFEE NTTT.
Conococheague creek, Franklin county, Pennsylvania (Porter) ; western New York, shores of Cayuga and
Seneca lakes, west through southern Ontario and southern Michigan to the valley of the Minnesota river,
Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian territory, to about
longitude 96° west, south to middle Tennessee. •
A tree 25 to 33 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woods and bottoms; not
common.
Wood heavy, not hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check iu drying,
easily worked, susceptible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of
open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich light brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.6934; ash, 0.67; occasionally used in cabinet-making, for posts, rails, &c.
The fresh leaves, macerated and sweetened, are used in Tennessee as a poison for house-flies; the seeds
formerly as a domestic substitute for cofi'ee.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 59
86. — Gleditschia triacanthos, Linnieus,
Enum. 1058 ; Berl. Bauinz. 1G3.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 100, t. 25.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 164, 1. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed!
108, t. 79.— Pureh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 221.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— James in Long's Exped. i, 138.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 218.— Elliott, Sk.
ii, 709. -Guimpel, Otto <fe Hayno, Abb. Holz. 157, t. 132.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 479.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 918. -Torrey, Compend. FL
N. States, 375; Fl. N. York, i, 192.— Audubon, Birds, t. 42, 146, 150.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii, 78.— Don, Miller's Diet ii 428 —
Beck, Bot. 93.-Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.-Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 92.-Torrey & Gray.Fl. N. America,!, 398.-Loudon, Arboretum,
ii, 650, t. 90, 91.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 254.— Browne, Trees of America, 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 539.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 295.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii*, 42; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 115.—
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 49.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358.— Wood, Cl. Book, 300 ; Bot.
& Fl. 83.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 195.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 8.— Hunt
in Am. Nat. i, 433.— Yonng, Bot. Texas, 246.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.-Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 64.— Burgess in
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.
G. spinosa, Marshall, Arbustum, 54.
G. Melilobd, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254.
G. macrantha, Willdenow, Berl. Banmz. 164.
G. elegans, Salisbury, Prodr. 323.
Melilobus heterophylla, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 121.
HONEY LOCUST. BLACK LOCUST. THREE-THORNED ACACIA. SWEET LOCUST. HONEY SHUCKS.
Pennsylvania, western slopes of the Alleghany mountains, west through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska,
eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory to about longitude 96° west; south to Tampa bay, Florida (not detected
in eastern Florida), northern Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.
A tree, 25 or 30 meters, or exceptionally 40 meters, in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; low,
rich bottom lands, or more rarely on dry, sterile hills; the characteristic tree of the "barrens" of middle Kentucky
and Tennessee, reaching its greatest development in the bottoms of the lower Ohio River basin; widely cultivated
for shade and as a hedge plant, and now somewhat naturalized in the Atlantic states east of the Alleghany
mountains.
A not uncommon form, nearly destitute of thorns, is —
var. inermis, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 221.— De Candolle, Mem. Leg. t.22,f. 109; Prodr. ii, 479.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398.— London Arboretum, ii, 650, t. 92, 93.— Browne, Trees of America, 213.
G. inermis, Linniens, Spec. 1509, in part.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 100.— Bent ham in Trans. Linniean Soc. xxx3, 557.
A form with spines and fruit shorter than those of the type is —
var. brachycarpos, Michaux, F). Bor.-Am. ii, 257.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398.— Browne, Trees of America, 213.
G. brachycarpa, Piirsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 221.— De Candolle, Prodr, ii, 479.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 919.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 428.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 254.— London, Arboretum, ii, 653.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 539.
s
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, moderately compact, very durable in contact with the soil,
susceptible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, conspicuous; color, bright brown or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6740; ash, 0.80;
used for fence posts and rails, wagon hubs, construction, etc.; its value hardly appreciated.
Beer is sometimes made domestically by fermenting the sweet, unripe fruit (Porcher I. c.).
87. — Gleditschia monosperma, Walter,
Fl. Caroliniana, 254.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 257. — Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 555.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 623.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,
24.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1097; Enum. 1058; Berl. Banmz. 165.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 101.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v, 474.—
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 169, t. 11 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 111, t. 80.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 221.— Poiret, Suppl. ii,
641.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 218.— Elliott, Sk. ii,709.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 479.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 919.—
Don, Miller's Diet. 428.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 98.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 254.— London, Arboretum, ii, 653, f. 364.— Browne, Trees of America, 215.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 539.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 295.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 115.— Wood, Cl. Book, 300; Bot. & Fl. 83.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
12— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 64.
G. triacanthos, var. monosperma, Linnieus, Spec. 1 ed. 1057.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 444.
G. aquatica, Marshall, Arbustum, 54.
G. Carolinensis, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 465 ; 111. iii, 447, t. 857, f. 2.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. vu, 74.
G. triacantha, Gasrtner, Fruct. ii, 311, 1. 146, f. 3 [not Linnasns].
G. inermit, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 9 [not Linnaeus].
60 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA.
WATER LOCUST.
South Carolina to Matanzas inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Brazo*
river, Texas, 'and through Arkansas to middle Kentucky and Tennessee, southern Indiana and Illinois.
A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 or, exceptionally, 0.90 meter in diameter; deep
swamps ; rare in the south Atlantic and Gulf states ; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom
lands of southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas, here often covering extensive areas.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color, rich bright
brown tinged with red, the thick heavier sap-wood clear light yellow; specific gravity, 0.7342; ash, 0.73.
88. — Parkinsonia Torfeyana, Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 135.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 162.
Cerddium floridum, Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 11, 82; v, 360, t. 3; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 59.— Gray in Ire**
Rep. 11. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. — James in Am. Nat. xv, 982. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 327.
•
GREEN-BARK ACACIA. PALO VERDE.
Colorado desert, southern California (Inio, Toras, etc., Parish Brothers), east to the valley of the lower Gila
river, Arizona.
A low, much-branched tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter;
low carious and depressions in the sandhills of the desert; common and reaching its greatest development in the
valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila rivers.
Wood heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible- of a beautiful polish, containing many
small evenly-distributed open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood clear
light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6531 ; ash, 1.12.
89. — Parkinsonia microphylla, Torrey,
Pacific R. E. Eep. iv, 82; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 59. — Walpers, Ann. vii, 812. — Gray in Ives' Eep. 11. — Bentham in Martius, Fl.
Brasil. xv2, 78.— Watson, PI. Wheeler, 8; Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 136.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 162. — ifemsley, Bot. Am.-
Cent. i, 327.
Valley of the lower Colorado and Bill Williams rivers, eastward through southern Arizona.
A small, much-branched tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter (Wickenburg,
Pringle), or often a low shrub 1 to 3 meters in height.
Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large, scattered, open ducts; medullary
rays numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow;
specific gravity, 0.7449; ash, 3.64.
90. — Parkinsonia aculeata, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 375.— Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 121, t. 80.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 475, t. 336.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 513.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii,
24.— De Candolle, Mem. Leg. ii, t. 21; Prodr. ii, 486.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 54, t. 12. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica,
334.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 87; Martius, Fl. Brasil. xv2, 78, t. 26.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 265.— Torrey, Bot. Mex.
Boundary Survey, 59.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 204 ; PI. Loreutz. 81. — Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 8.— Brewer & Watson,
Bot. California, i, 162.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 327. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 348.
Corpus Christi, Texas, west along the Mexican boundary to the valley of the Colorado river, Arizona (Yunia);
and southward into Mexico; probably of American origin, but now widely naturalized throughout the tropical
and warmer regions of the globe (4- De Candolle, Geog. Bot. ii, 719, 770, 793).
A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, containing many evenly-distributed small
open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown, the very thick sap-wood lighter,
often tinged with yellow; specific gravity. 0.6116; ash, 2.32.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 61
91. — Cercis Canadensis, Linn»>uH,
Spec. 1 ed. 374.— Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 10.— Marshall, Arbustum. 32.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 586.— Wangenbeim, Amer. 84.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 135.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 47; 2 ed. iii, 2-2.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 508; Euum. 439; Berl. Baumz. 84.— Nouveau
Duhamel, i, 19. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 265. — Scbkubr, Handb. 354. — Persoon, Syn. i, 454. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 254. —
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— Eaton, Manual, 46 ; 6 ed. 89.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 283.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 53.— Elliott, Sk. i, 470.— Torrey
in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 194 ; Fl. U. S. 441 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 188; Fl. N. York, i, 188; Nicollet's Rep. 149 ; Emory's Rep. 408.—
De Candollo, Prodr. ii, 518.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 346.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 116, t. 92.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 167;
Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 468.— Beck, Bot. 94.— Spach, Hist. Yog. i, 129. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,
392.— London, Arboretum, ii, 659 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 155.— Browne, Trees of America, 221.— Gray
in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. iv1, 38; Manual N. States, 5 cd. 144. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. —
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 67.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 294.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 114.—
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 357. — Wood, Cl. Book, 301; Bot.
& Fl. 84. — Engelmanu in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 197. — Koch, Dendrologie i, 14. —
Baillon, Hist. PI. ii, 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.
Siliquastrum cordatum, Ma-nch, Meth. 54.
C. Canadensis, var. pubescens, Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 659.
REDBUD. JUDAS TREE.
Western Pennsylvania, southward to Tampa bay, Florida, northern Alabama and Mississippi, westward through
southern Michigan and, Minnesota to eastern Nebraska; southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to the eastern
portions of the Indian territory, Louisiana, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.
A small tree, 12 to 16 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; rich woods, borders
of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas, the Indian
territory, and eastern Texas, here, when in bloom, a conspicuous feature of the forest.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts; medullary rays exceedingly numerous, thin ; color, rich
dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6363; ash, 0.72.
92. — Cercis reniformis, Engelmann;
Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 428. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 348.
C. occidentalis, var. Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 177.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 440.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 58. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 161.
C. occidentalis, Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 7 [not Torrey].— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 340, in part.
C. occidentalis, var. Texensis, Watson, Index, i, 209.
REDBTJD.
Middle and western Texas west of the Colorado river ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub forming dense
thickets ; limestone hills ; formerly often confounded with the shrubby C. occidentalis of the California coast
region.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color, brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter ;
specific gravity, 0.7513 ; ash, 0.77.
93. — Prosopis juliflora, De Candolle,
Prodr. ii, 447.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, viii, 107, t. 550.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 270.— Walpers, Rep. i, 861.— Bentham, Rev. Mim.
in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx, 377. — Schnizleiu, Icon. t. 277, f. 13. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 163. — Kothrock in
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 42, 107.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 344.
P. glandulosa, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 192, t. 2; Emory's Rep. 139; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 82.— Don, Miller's Diet.
ii, 400.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1424. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 376. — Walpers, Rep. i, 861. — Bentham in Hooker's Jour.
Bot. iv, 348; London Jour. Bot. v, 81.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 217.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 420; PI.
Wheeler, 8.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 7.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.
Algarobia glandulosa, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 399 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Engelmann & Gray in Jour.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 242.— Engelmann in Wislizenns' Rep. 10.— Scheele in Rojmer, Texas, 427.— Gray in Jour.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 181 ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 60; v, 51 ; Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. v, 304 ; Ives' Rep. 11.—
Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 158 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 20, 82 ; vii, 10 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 60. — Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259; Scientific Press, San Francisco, Nov. 1871, & f.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.
P. odordta, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 313, t. 1 (excl. fruit).
62 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
MESQUIT. ALGAROBA. HONEY LOCUST. HONEY POD.
Texas, valley of the Trinity river (Dallas, etc.) to the northern and western limits of the state ; west through
New Mexico aud Arizona to the mesas west of the San Bernardino mountains, California, reaching southern
Colorado, southern Utah (Saint George), and southern Nevada; southward through southern Mexico ; in Jamaica.
A tree of the first economic value, sometimes 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 meter in diameter,
or much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; on dry prairies and high rocky plains, or west of the Eocky mountains,
along desert streams, here often forming open forests, and reaching its greatest development within the United
States in the valley of the Santa Cruz and other streams of southern Arizona ; in western Texas (Fort Stockton,
etc.), on account of the annual burning of the prairies, rarely 1 meter in height, the roots then enormously
developed, often weighing several hundred pounds, forming, as they are here locally known, " underground forests"
and furnishing the best and cheapest fuel of the region.
Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, almost indestructible in contact
with the soil, containing many evenly-distributed, rather large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, distinct ;
color, rich dark brown or often red, the sap-wood clear yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7652 ; ash, 2.18 ; of the root,
specific gravity, 0.8493 ; ash, 3.02 ; exclusively used for the beams and underpinnings of the adobe houses of New
Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico; for posts and fencing, and occasionally in the manufacture of furniture, the
fellies of heavy wheels, etc. ; the best and often the only fuel of the region, burning slowly with a clear flame, and
producing valuable charcoal, but unsuited for the generation of steam on account of its destructive action upon
boilers.
A gum resembling gum arable is yielded by this species ; the unripe and pulpy pods rich in grape sugar, edible,
and furnishing valuable and important fodder.
94. — Prosopis pubescens, Bentham,
London Jour. Bot. v, 82 ; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, 380. — Walpers, Ann. i. 259. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 420 ; PI.
Wheeler, 8.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 163.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 42, 107.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent.
i, 344.
P. odorata, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 313, 1. 1 (for fruit).
P. Emoryi, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 139.
Strombocarpa pubescens, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 60 ; v, 51 ; Ives' Rep. 9.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii,
163.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 11, 20, 82; v, 360, t. 4; vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 60.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Scientific Press, San Francisco, Nov. 1871 & f.- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.
Strombocarpa odorata, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 158.
SCREW BEAN. SCREW-POD MESQUIT. TORNILLA.
Valley of the Eio Grande (Presidio), western Texas, westward through New Mexico and Arizona (valley of the
Gila and Colorado rivers) to southern California (White Water, Parish Brothers, Vallecito, Thurber), and southward
into Mexico; southern Utah (Saint George), and southern Nevada (Ash Meadows).
A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a tall,
much-branched shrub; sandy or gravelly bottom lands, reaching its greatest development within the United
States in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila rivers.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; specific gravity,
0.7609 ; ash, 0.95 ; used for fuel and fencing.
The pods used as fodder, and sometimes made into flour by the Indians.
95. — Leucaena glauca, Bentham,
Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iv, 417 ; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, 443.— Walpers, Rep. i, 884.— Griaebach, Fl. British Weet
Indies, 220.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 351.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 350.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 619.
Mimosa glauca, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 1504.
Acacia glauca, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1075.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 467.
Acacia frondosa, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1076.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 468.
Acacia biceps, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1075.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 467.
Mimosa leucocephala, Lamarck, Diet, i, 12.
Acacia leucocephala, Link, Enum. Hort. Berl. ii, 444.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 467.
Mimosa biceps, Poiret, Suppl. i, 75.
Mimosa frondosa, Klein in Poiret, Suppl. i, 76.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 63
Western Texas, San Saba to Devil's river (Buckley) ; southward into Mexico ; semi-tropical Florida (introduced,
Curtiss), and through the West Indies.
A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a tall or, in Florida,
low shrub, sending up many stems from the ground.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly-distributed open ducts; layers of
annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, rich brown streaked with red, the sap-wood clear
yellow ; specific gravity, 0.9235 ; ash, 3.29.
96. — Leucsena pulverulenta, Bentham,
Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iv, 417 ; Rev. Mini, in Trans. Linuican Soc. xxx, 443.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 351.
Acacia pulverulenta, Schlechtendal in Linnasa, xii, 571.
Acacia esculenta, Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Acad. Brux. x2, 312.
Southern Texas, valley of the lower Bio Grande ; southward into Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, often forming dense
thickets; rich, sandy loam.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing-many small, regularly- distributed open ducts;
medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow ; specific
gravity, 0.6732 ; ash, 1.01.
97. — Acacia Wrightii, Bentham,
Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 64 ; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx, 521.— Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. v, 53.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 626.—
Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 161.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 61.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 351.
CAT'S CLAW.
Western Texas, valley of the Guadalupe river (New Braunfels), westward and Southward to the valley of the
Eio Grande; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a
low, much-branched shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of
small open ducts, and containing many scattered smaller ducts ; medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color,
bright, clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.9392; ash, 0.63.
98.— Acacia Greggii, Gray,
Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 65; v, 53; Ives' Rep. 11. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' 'Rep. 158; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 61. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 625. — Bentham, Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx, 521. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442. —
Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i. 164.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 108.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 353.— James in Am.
Nat. xv, 981.
CAT'S CLAW.
Western Texas, valley of the Eio Grande, westward through southern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego,
California; southward into northern Mexico.
A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter, or often
a shrub ; dry mesas and in low canons ; common ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by
numerous rows of rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich brown or red, the sap-wood
light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8550 ; ash, 0.91 ; used for fuel.
A resinous gum resembling gum arabic is produced by this species (Am. Jour. Pharm. Iii, 419).
99. — Acacia Berlandieri, Beutham,
London Jour. Bot. i, 522 ; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx, 529. — Walpers, Rep. i, 919. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 500.
A. tephroloba, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 65; v, 54.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 625.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
61. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i,352. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 351.
Southern Texas, valley of the Nueces (La Salle county) to Devil's river ; southward into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a
tall shrub, sending up many stems from the ground; the large specimens usually hollow and defective.
Wood not examined.
64 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
100. — Lysiloma latisiliqua, Bentham,
Kev. Mim. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx, 534. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, SuppL 619.
Mimosa latisiliqua, Linnsens, Spec. 2 ed. 1504.
Acacia latisiliqua, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1067.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 255.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 467.— Maofadyen, Fl. Jamaica,
318.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 34, t. 53 ; 2 ed. i, 183, t. 53.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.
L. Bahamensis, Bentham in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii,82.
Acacia Bahamensis, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 221.
WILD TAMARIND.
Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's, Plantation, and Boca Chica Keys) ; through the
West Indies.
A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; bark of the young,
vigorous trees smooth; the older trees generally decayed and defective, with rough, dark bark (Curtiss).
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, containing many
•cattered, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous; color, rich dark brown tinged with red, the
sap-wood white; specific gravity, 0.6418; ash, 2.12; somewhat used locally in boat- and ship-building, and considered
equal to mahogany for this purpose.
101. — Pithecolobium Unguis-cati, Bentham,
Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii, 200; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, 572, 648. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 276. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 116.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.
Mimosa Unguis-cati, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 1497.— Jacquin, Hort. Schcenb. iii, 74, t. 392.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles,
i,t. 11.
Inga Unguis-cati, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1006.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 436.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 37, t. 54; 2 ed. i, 86, t. 54.
Mimosa rosea, Vahl, Eclogse, iii, 33, t. 25.
Inga rosea, Stendel in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 437.
Ingaforfex, Kunth.Mim. 12, t. 16.
P. forfex, Bentham in Hooker's London Jonr. Bot. iii, 199.
Inga Guadalupensis, Desvanx, Jour, i, 70.
Mimosa Guadalupensis, Persoon.syn. ii,26a.
Inga microphylla, Humboldt & Bonpland in Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1004.
P. microphyllum, Bentham in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii, 200.
P. Guadalupensis, Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 116.
OAT'S CLAW.
Semi-tropical Florida, Caximbas bay, and on the southern keys ; through the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or often
throwing out many spreading, vine-like stems from the ground.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous;
color, rich red varying to purple, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.9049; ash, 2.46.
ROSACES.
102. — Chrysobalanus Icaco, Linnseus,
Spec. 1 ed. 513.— Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 154, t. 94.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 224 ; 111. ii, 542, t. 428.— Poiret, Snppl. iii, 135.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.
2 ed. iii, 200.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 525.— Lindloy in Trans. Hort. Soc. London, v, 98.— Turpin, Diet. Sci. Nat. 236.— Tussac,
Fl. Antilles, iv, 91, t. 31.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 369, t. 5, f. 4.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 406.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 1 ; Ann. iv, 642.—
Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 91 ; Fl. Nigritiana, 336.— Spreugel, Icon. t. 274, f. 1-13.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 439.— Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 119.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, :£*).— Baillou in Adansonia, vii, 221 ; Hist. PI. i, 427, f. 486, 487.— Hooker
f. in Martins, Fl. Brasil. ii, 7. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 287. — Henisley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 365.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 65
COCOA PLUM.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Biscayne, west coast Caxiinbas bay, and oil the southern keys ;
through the West Indies and tropical America to Brazil.
A small tree, 7 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or along sandy beaches a
low, prostrate shrub 1.08 to 2.16 meters in height ; reaching its greatest development within the United States on
the borders and islands of the Everglades, near bay Biscayne.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing few irregularly-distributed, not large, open
ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown often tinged with red, the sap wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.7709 ; ash, 0.87.
Varieties are distinguished by A. II. Curtiss with the skin of the edible fruit white or black, the latter more
ovate with narrower, softer stones (? var. pellocarpa, Hooker f. 1. c. — G. pellocarpa, Miquel,Prim. Esseq. 193. —
Orisebach, I. c.).
103. — Prunus Americana, Marshall,
Arbustum.iii. — Darlington in Ann. Lye. N. York, iii, 87, 1. 1 ; Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 72. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 285. — Beck, Bot. 95. — Torroy
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 104.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 377.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 19, t. 48 ; 2 ed. i, 169, t. 48.—
Torrey.Fl. N. York, i, 194; Emory's Rep. 408 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 82.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 449; 2 ed.ii, 511. —Hooker
in London Jour. Bot. vi, 217. — Reamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 59. — Gray in Mein. Am. Acad. new ser. iv1, 40 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148. —
Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 430.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 611.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119.— Curtis
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 56. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358. — Wood, Cl. Book, 32? ; Bot. & Fl.
102. — Engelrnann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xiii, 190.— Koch, Drendrologie, i, 101. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's
Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76,194. — Broadhead in Coulter's
Bot. Gazette, iii, 52.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54".— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.
P. Mississippi, Marshall, Arbustum, 112.
P. spinosa, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146 [not Linnaeus].
P. nigra, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 165 ; 2 ed. iii, 198.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 993 ; Berl. Baumz, 311.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet. v,
674.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Bot. Mag. 1. 1117.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 331.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 469; Compend. Fl. N. States,
199. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 59.
Gerasus nigra, Loiselenr in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 32.— Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 167;
Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 513.— Beck, Bot. 96. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 399.— Loudon, Arboretum,
ii,704,f.411, 412.
P. Memalis, Elliott, Sk. i, 542 [not Michaux].
P. COCCinea, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 135.
WILD PLUM. CANADA PLUM. HORSE PLUM.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence (Quebec) to the valley of Bainy and Assinaboine rivers and southern shores of
lake Manitoba; northern Vermont, western New England, and southward through" the Atlantic states to the
Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to the valley of the upper Missouri river, Dakota, and Cheyenne
canon, Pike's Peak region, Colorado, southwest through Arkansas, the Indian territory, to about longitude 102°,
and the valley of the lower Concho river, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; rich woods,
or along streams and borders of ponds and swamps, reaching its greatest development on the bottom lands of
eastern Texas.
A form with the young leaves and pedicles pubescent is —
var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407.
P. Memalis, Michaux, FL Bor.-Am. i, 284.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 679.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.
ii,206.— Nonvean Duhamel, v, 184.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 398.— Rasmer,
Syn. Mon. iii, 59.
P. mollis, Torrey, Fl. U. S. 470 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 199.— Beck, Bot. 95.
Gerasus Memalis, Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 168.— Beck, Bot. 96.— London, Arboretnm,
ii, 704. —Don, Miller's Diet. ii,504.
Cerasus Americana, Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, rich bright brown or often red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7215; ash, 0.18 j
nsed for the handles of tools, etc.
Often cultivated for theyellow, red, or rarely nearly black, acid or rarely sweet fruit, and furnishing an excellent
stock on which to graft the varieties of the domestic plum.
5 FOE
66 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
104. — Prunus angustifolia, Marshall,
Artrastmn, iii. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 103.
P. Chicasa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 284.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 680. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302. —
Nouveau Duhamel, v, 183.— Elliott, Sk. i, 542.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 194 ; Pacific R. E. Rep. iv, 82. —
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 476. — Audubon, Birds, t. 53.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 285. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 397. — Torrey & Gray, Fl.
N. America, i, 407 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 377.— Roomer, Syn. Mon. iii, 58.— Darlingtou, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 73.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299. — Browne, Trees of America, 250.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina 1860, iii, 56.— Lesquereux in
Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 858.— Wood, Cl. Book, 328 ; Bot. & Fl. 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148 ; Hall's
PI. Texas, 9.— Young, Bot. Texas, 1251.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.
P. insititid, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 60.
CerOSUS Chicasa, Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 5:58.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 168; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24. — Don,
Miller's Diet, ii, 514. — London, Arboretum, ii, 705.
CHICKASAW PLUM. HOG PLUM.
Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky mountains, where it is found at an altitude of
7,000 feet, and of the high plateau east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation
throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania, and west of the Alleghany mountains extending as far
north as southern Michigan.
A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk, 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub;
generally along streams or borders of prairies, in rich soil.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or
red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6884; ash, 0.28; often cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit.
105. — Prunus Pennsylvanica, Linnaeus f.
Snppl. 252. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 992 ; Euum. 518 ; Berl. Baumz. 310. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 45. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 673. —
Persoon, Syn. ii, 35. — Nouveau Duhamel, v, 9. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 198. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 331. — Nuttall, Genera, i,
302.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 468; Compend. Fl. N. States, 198.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed., 285.—
Beck in Am. Journal Sci. 1 ser. xiv, 112. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 130. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1860, iii, 57.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 102.— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 61 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148.— Koch,
Dendrologie, i, 117. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 ed. ii,
513.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 194.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80,
54C. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176.
fP. lanceolata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 240, t. 3,f. 3.
Cerasus borealis, Michaux. Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 286.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 32.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 159, t. 8; N.
American Sylva, 3ed.il, 152, t. 90.— Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 558.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 513.— Beck, Bot.
97. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 703, f. 410. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 78.
P. borealis, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 674.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 538.— Eaton, Manual, 54.— Barton, Compend. Fl.
Philadelph. i, 223.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1598.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 205.
?P. persicifolia, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 205.
? Cerasus persicifolia, Loiseleur in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 9.— Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 537.— Don, Miller's Diet,
ii, 512. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 411. — Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 81.
Qerasus Pennsylvanica, Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 168.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 514.—
Beck, Bot. 97.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 409.— London, Arboretum, ii, 705.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 189.—
Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 196.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 15; 2 ed. i, 165.— Browne, Trees of America, 265.— Emerson, Trees
Massachusetts, 1 ed. 451.— Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 57. —Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. —
Richardson, Arctic Exped. 425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Wood, Cl. Book, 327.
WILD BED CHERRY. PIN CHERRY. PIGEON CHERRY.
Labrador, shores of Hudson's bay, and west through the Saskatchewan region to the valley of the upper Fraser
river (Soda creek, Macoun); south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois,
central Iowa, and along the high Alleghany mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and the Eocky mountains
of Colorado.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 67
A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, with a truuk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, or in the
Eocky Mountain region reduced to a low shrub ; common in all the northern forests, in northern New England
taking possession of ground cleared by fire of the coniferous forests.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, sap-wood clear
yellow; specific gravity, 0.5023; ash, 0.40.
The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the preparation of cough mixtures, etc.
*
106. — Prunus umbellata, Elliott,
6k. i, 541.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 286.— Dietrich, Syn. hi, 44.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119.— Wood, Cl. Book, 328; Bot. & Fl. 102.—
Young, Bot. Texas, 251. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.
P.pumila, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146 [not Linnaeus],
CeraSUS umbellata, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 409.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 78.
SLOE. BLACK .SLOE.
South Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, and through central Alabama
to eastern Mississippi (Holly Springs and Enterprise, Mohr).
A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 meter in diameter ; dry, sandy soil.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark reddish-brown, the
sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8202 ; ash, 0.12.
The black or red pleasantly acid fruit used as a preserve.
107. — Prunus emarginata, Walpers,
Rep. ii, 9. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42. — London, Arboretum, ii, 714. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 79. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.—
Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167.
GerasUS emarginata, Douglas in Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am. i, 169.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America,
i, 410.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 79.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83.— Bolander in
Proc. California Acad. iii, 79.
CeraSUS erecta, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 194.— Walpers, Ann, iii, 854.
Cerasus glandulosa, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i, 59.
Vancouver's island and the valley of the lower Fraser river, south through western Washington territory and
Oregon, cast to the western slopes of the Bitter Boot mountain, Idaho (Lolo trail, Watson), and the valley of the
Jocko river, Montana (Canby & Sargent). California along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas and on the
Coast ranges, from San Francisco bay to the Santa Lucia mountains ( G. E. Vasey), reaching an elevation of from
3,000 to 4,000 feet.
A tree often 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; at high
elevations and throughout central California reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 meters in height, or in the Santa Lucia
mountains 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter (Vasey) ; generally along streams
or in low, rich woods.
The wood of the type not collected.
Var. mollis, Brewer,
Bot. California, i, 167.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86.
Cera&US mollis, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169.— Hooker, London Jour. Bot. vi, 217.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515. —
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 410. — London, Arboretum, ii, 417. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii,
14, t. 46; 2 ed. i, 164, t. 46. — Rffimer, Syn. Mou. iii, 79. — Richardson, Arctic Exped, 425. — Newberry in Pacific R. R.
Rep. vi, 73. — Cooper in Pacific K. R. Rep. xii, 29, 59; Am. Nat. iii, 406. — Lyall in Jour. Linn:ean Soc. vii, 131. — Gray
in Proc. Am. Acad. viii,. 381.
P. mollis, Walpers, Rep. ii, 9.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.—
Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 194.
The common northern and Idaho form, more or less wooly pubescent, especially on the under side of the leaves.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown
streaked with green ; specific gravity, 0.4502 ; ash, 0.21.
68 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
108. — Prunus serotina, Ehrbart,
Beitr. iii,20.— WilldenoW, Spec, ii, 988; Enum. 517; Berl. Baumz. 301.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 34.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 204.— Alton,
Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 196.— Eaton, Manual, 54 ; 6 ed. 284.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 54.— Guimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 45, t. 37. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 70. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 478. — Nees, PI. Neuwied, 9. — Hooker f. in Trans.
Linuiciin Soc. xxii2, 327. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 56. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas,
358.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 102.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 190.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 120.— Gray, Manual
N. States, 5 ed. 149 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 122.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts,
2 ed. ii, 515 & t.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. ii, 97, t.
97.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1«79-'80, 54C.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.
P. Virginiana. Miller, Diet. No. 3 [not Linnseus].— Du Eoi, Obs. Bot. 12; Harbk. ii, 191.— Wangenheim, Amer.34, t. 14.—
Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 345. — Marshall, Arbustum, 112. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii,
163.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 664.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 329.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 467;
Compend. Fl. N. States, 189.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 204.
CeraSUS Virginiana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 285.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 151, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 147,
t. 88.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169 (excl. syn.).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Beck, Bot. 97.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2
ed. 289. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 710, f. 418. — Browne, Trees of America, 268.
CeraSUS Serotina, Loiseleur in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 3.— Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 540.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 416. —
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 410.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 712, f. 419 &t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Torrey,
Fl. N. York, i, 196; Pacific R. E. Eep. vii, 11.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 41, t. 35.— Griffith, Med. Bot.
288. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 453. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115 ; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi,
186.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 75.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 252.— Porcher,
Eesources S. Forests, 169.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 425.— Wood, Cl. Book, 326.— Bolander in Proc. California
Acad. iii, 79.
P. cartilaginea, Lehmann, Ind. Seui. Hamburg, 1833.
Padus serotina, Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 14, f. 8.
Padus Virginiana, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 86.
Padus cartilaginea, Reamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 86.
WILD BLACK CHERRY. RUM CHERRY.
Southern Ontario, southward through the Atlantic forests to Matanzas inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, west to
the valley of the Missouri river, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the upper San
Antonio River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 or, exceptionally, 1.50 meter in diameter; rich,
generally elevated woodlands; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the
Alleghany mountains from West Virginia southward ; not common and of small size in the Gulf region and
Texas
Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color, light brown or red, growing darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.5822; ash,
0.15; largely used and esteemed in cabinet work, interior finish, etc., and now becoming scarce.
The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water generates a small percentage of
hydrocyanic acid ; employed as a tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consumption in the form of cold
infusions, sirups, and fluid extracts (Proc. Am, Phar. Assoc. xxiii, 209. — Globley in Jour. Pharm. et Ohimie, xv, 40. —
Ouibourt, Hist. Drogues, 1 ed. iii, 317. — Pharm. Jour. 3 ser. iv, 44. — Fluckiger & Hanbury, Pharmocographia, 224. —
U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 749. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2ed. 1177) ; the bitter fruit used domestically in the preparation
of cherry brandy.
NOTE. — The closely-allied P. Virginiana of the north Atlantic region, a tall ahrub, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, does not
assume arborescent habit.
109. — Prunus Capuli, Cavanilles,
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Schlechtendal in Limisca, xiii, 69, 404.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 123.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 367.—
Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 352.
CeraSUS Capollin, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 539.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 713, f. 420.— Bentham,
PI. Hartweg. 10.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 232.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 412.— Gray in
Smithsonian Contrib. v, 54.
CeraSUS Capuli, Seringe in De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 541.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 422.
P. Capollin, Zuccarini in Abhandl. Acad. Munich, ii, 345, t. 8.— Rosmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 87.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 62.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 53.
P. Canadensis, Mocino & Sesse", PI. Mex. Icon. ined.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 69
WILD CHEERY.
Apache and Guadalnpc mountains, Texas, west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the southern
slopes of the San Francisco mountains; southward through northern New Mexico, and in Peru.
A small tree, in the United States, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.30 meter in diameter ;
bottoms of canons and mountain valleys, generally between 5,000 aud 7,000 feet elevation.
Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, brown, or
often bright, clear red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7879 ; ash, 0.20.
110. — Prunus demissa, Walpors,
Kep. ii, 10.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 43.— Benthaui, PI. Hartweg. 307.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 80 ;
PI. Wheeler, 8.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 481.— Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 764.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 37.— Braudegee in
Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167.— Vasey, Cat, Forest Trees, 13.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette,
ii, 86.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada. 1875-76, 194.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 368.
Cerasus serotina, Hooker, Fl. Bur. -Am. i, 169, iii parr.
Cerasus demissa, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. iv1, 40.— Durand in
Jour. Philadelphia Acad. iar>5, 87.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 73.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 59.
Padus demissa, Rremer, Syn. Mon. iii, 87.
P. Virginiana, var. demissa, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 381.
WILD CHERRY.
Vancouver's island east to the western slopes of the Rocky mountains of Montana, south through the Pacific
region; in Sonora. .
A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a
low shrub ; reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern California, near
the coast; in southern California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges, a low shrub confined to high,
mountain valleys.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6951 ; ash, 0.50.
111. — Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton,
Hort. Kew. ii, 163; 2 ed. iii, 196.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 987.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 667.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 34.— Desfontaines, Hist.
Arb. ii, 203.— Nuttall, Genera,!, 302.— Sprengel, Neue Entdeck. i, 304; Syst. ii, 478.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 71.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.—
Audubon, Birds, t. 159, 190.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 286.— Schlechtendal in Linn&a, xiii, 89.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43.— Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 120.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 57.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 103.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 124.—
Yonng, Bot. Texas, 252.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.
P. Carolina, Miller, Diet.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 198.
P. serratifolia, Marshall, Arbnstum, 114. .
P. Lusitanica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146.
Cerasus Caroliniana, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 285.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 5.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 156, t. 7;
N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 150, t. 89.— Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 540.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. i, 420.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 720, f. 423.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411. —
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Browne, Trees of America, 272.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 291.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 171.— Wood, Cl. Book, 326.
P. sempervirens, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 33.
fBumelia serrata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 155.— Rcemer & Schnltes, Syst. iv, 498.
fAchras serrata, Poiret, Suppl. v, 36.
Leptocarpa Caroliniana, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 18; 2ed. i, 167.
Ghimanthus amygdalinus, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 159.
Laurocera&m Garoliniana, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 90.
70 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
WILD ORANGE. MOCK ORANGE. WILD PEACH.
North Carolina, south, near the coast, to bay Biscayne, Florida, and southern Alabama, west, along the Gulf
coast, to the valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas.
A small tree, evergreen, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ;
common and reaching its greatest development in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottoms of eastern Texas, here
often covering extensive tracts known as "peach brakes"; not common in the eastern Gulf states.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking badly in seasoning, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color, light reddish-brown, or, more rarely, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific
gravity, 0.8C88 ; ash, 0.41.
Generally planted in the southern states as an ornamental and hedge plant; foliage, bark, and fruit contain
prnssic acid, the leaves, especially when partly withered, often proving fatal to animals browsing upon them.
112. — Prunus sphserocarpa, Swartz,
Prodr. 81; Fl. lud. Occ. ii,927 [not Michaux]. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 937. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet. v,G66. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 34. — Don,
Miller's Diet, ii, 516. — Schlechtendal in Liniuua, xiii, 87. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 10. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 231. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl.620.
, CerasUS sphcerocarpa, Loiseleur in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 4. — Seriuge in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 540. — London, Arboretum ii,
721.— Bot. Mag. t. 3141.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 421.
Semi-tropical Florida, western shores of bay Biscayne (Curtiss); in the West Indies.
A small tree, in Florida not exceeding C meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; high
rocky woods or, more rarely, along the borders of streams and ponds ; rare.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many very small open ducts; layers
of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color; light, clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow; specific gravity,
0.8998; ash, 0.87.
113. — Prunus ilicifolia, Walpere,
Eep. ii, 10.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 285. — Brewer & Watson, Bot.
California, i, 168; ii, 443. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.
CerasUS ilicifolia, Nuttall in Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 340, t. 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Nuttall,
Sylva, ii, 16, t. 47 ; 2 ed. i, 165, t. 47.— Torrey in Emory's Rep. 139 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83.— Paxton, Brit Fl. Garden,
iii, 44, f. 254. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 654. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. ii,
•22.— Bolauder in Proc. California Acad. iii, 79; iv, 22.— London Garden, 1873, 131 & fig.
LaurOCCraSUS ilicifolia, Rceiner, Syn. Mon. iii, 92.
ISLAY.
California, Coast ranges from San Francisco bay south to the southern boundary of the state, extending to
the western slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains.
A small tree, evergreen, often 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or when
distant from the coast often reduced to a low shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish,
containing many regularly -distributed rather small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright
reddish-brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.9803; ash, 0.78; furnishing valuable fuel.
114. — Vauquelinia Torreyi, Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 147.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 169.— Maximowicz in Act! Hort. St. Petersburg, v1, 237.— Hemsley, Bot.
Am.-Cent. i, 370.
Spiraea Californica, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 140.
V. COrymbosa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 64 [not Correa].
Arizona, high mountains near the Gila (Emory), summits of the Santa Catalina mountains (Pringle, Lemmon) ;
in Sonora.
A small tree in the Santa Catalina mountains, 4 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in
diameter; dry slopes and rocky bluffs at 2,700 to 4,000 feet elevation, granitic soil; generally hollow and decayed.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 1.1374; ash, 1.45.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 71
115. — Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall;
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427.— Hooker, Icon. t. 324.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 28,t.51; 2 ed. i, 178, t. 51.— Walpers, Rep. ii,46.—
Dietrich, Syu. iii, 119.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 83, 420; PI. Wheeler, 8.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 481.— Coulter in
Hayden% Rep. 1872,765. — Parry iu Am. Nat. ix,201, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad. i, 146. — Engelmann in Simpson's Rep. 435. —
Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 174. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. — Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 421. — Rothrock in
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 43, 111, 360.
MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.
Coeur d'Alene mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana and
Wyoming ; eastern extremities of the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, Wahsatch mountains,
Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of
•California, extending southward into Arizona and New Mexico.
A small, low tree, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or north
of Utah and Nevada reduced to a low shrub ; dry, rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation,
reaching its greatest development on the high ranges of central Nevada.
A shrubby variety of the Wahsatch mountain and other ranges of Utah, characterized by its rigid, intricately
branched growth, short, revolute leaves and smaller flowers and fruit, is —
var. intricatus, M. E. Jones in herb.
C. intricatus, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. x, 346.— Parry in Am. Nat. fx, 270 ; Proc. Davenport Acad. i, 147.
C. brevifolius, Watson in King's Rep. v,83 [not Gray].
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ;
medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, bright, clear red, or often rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow ;
specific gravity, 1.0731 ; ash, 1.04 ; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largely manufactured into
•charcoal.
116. — Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nuttall;
Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 337.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Hooker, Icon. t. 323.— Walpers,
Rep. ii, 45.— Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 89 ; Emory's Rep. 139; Sitgreaves' Rep. 158 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv,83; Bot. Hex. Boundary
Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 287. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 119. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. iv1, 41; Smithsonian Contrib. iii,
68; v, 54; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vii,146; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 411; Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863,61.— Engelmann
in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.iiew ser. xii, 190. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 79. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1870, 475; 1871,
481.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 82.— Porter .& Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 34.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler,
37; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 111, 359.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 174; ii, 444.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— M. E. Jones,
Excur. Bot. 12, 15, 20, 21. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 374. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 353.
MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.
California, valley of the Klamath river, southward through the Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and San
Jacinto mountains, and in Lower California ; Eocky mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, mountains
of southern Arizona, and southward into Sonora.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a
shrub ; dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest development on the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona,
..at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet.
A glabrous variety of southern California, with dark green leaves, is —
var. glaber, Watson, Bot. California, i,175.
C, betulcefolillS, Nuttall in Hooker, Icon. t. 322.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 46.
C. betutoides, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427.— Hooker in London Jour. Bot. vi,218.
A form with small entire or sparingly toothed leaves, of northern Mexico, is —
var. paucidentatUS, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 353.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color, bright reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity, 0.9365 ; ash, 0.46 j
furnishing valuable fuel.
72 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
117. — Pyrus coronaria, Linnseus,
Spec. 1 ed. 480.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 166.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 229.— Marshall, Arbustum, 118.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 176; 2
ed. iii, 209. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1019; Enum. 527; Berl. Baumz. 330.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 40.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 340.— Eaton,
Manual, 56; 6 ed. 291.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 307.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 228.— Hayne, Dend. F1.86. — Torrey, Fl. U.
S. i, 180; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203; Fl. N. York, i, 223.— Bot. Mag. t. 2009.— Elliott, Sk. i, 559.— Bot. Reg. viii, 651.— Spreugel,
Syst. ii, 510. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 635. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 617. — Beck, Bot. 113. — Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. —
Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. t. 240. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 223. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154. — London, Arboretum, ii, 908 &t. —
Browne, Trees of America, 297. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 428. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 612. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 69. —
Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, Cl. Book, 532; Bot. & Fl. 112. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 149. — Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 161. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 214. — Weuzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 40 (excl. var. ). — Macoun & Gibson in Trans.
Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, xii, 325.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— London Garden, xix, 400, t. 280.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
22,78.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.
Malus coronaria, Miller, Diet. No. 2.— Moanch, Meth. (182.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 292.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 562.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 140. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi, 139, t. 44, f. 1.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 65, t. 10; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 58, t. 65. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 55.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 136, t. 8. — Reamer, Syn. Hon.
iii, 191. — Decaisue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 154. — Carriore in Rev. Hort. 1877, 410 & t.
Cratcegus coronaria, Salisbury, Prodr. 357.
Mains microcarpa coronaria, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1884, 104, f. 24.
AMERICAN CRAB. SWEET-SCENTED CRAB.
Ontario, valley of the Humber river, shores of lake Erie, southward through western New York and
Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and along the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama and northern
Mississippi ; west to southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and northern Louisiana.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.30 meter in diameter; rich, rather low woods,
reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Ohio region.
Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure ; color, Jbrown varying to light red, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7048 ; ash, 0.52 ; used for
levers, handles of tools, and in turnery.
Often planted for ornament on account of its fragrant blossoms ; the small, yellow-green austere fruit used for
preserves, and occasionally made into cider.
118. — Pyrus angustifolia, Alton,
Hort. Kew. ii, 176; 2 ed. iii, 209. — Willdenow, Spec. ii,1020. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet.- v, 455. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 40. — Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept.
i,341.— Elliott, Sk.i, 559.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 480 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 509.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 635.—
Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 132.— Bot. Reg. xiv, 1207.— Don, Miller's Diet. 647.— Beck, Bot. 113.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25.—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 471.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 909 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 382.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154.— Nuttall,
Sylva, ii, 24; 2 ed. i, 174. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128. —
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 69. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, Cl. Book, 333;
Bot. & Fl. 112. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 161. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 213.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Ridgway in Proc,
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,66.
P. coronaria, Wangeuheim, Anier. 61, t. 21, f. 47 [not Linnasus].— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.
Malus angustifolia, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 292.— Decaisne in Nonv. Arch. Mns. x, 155.
Malus sempervirens, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 141. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi, 638, t. 43, f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 524.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. ii, 135, t. 8, 6gs.— Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 191.
P. coronaria, var. angustifolia, Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 41.
Chloromeles sempervirens, Decaisne in Fl. des Serres, xxiii, 126.
AMERICAN CRAB APPLE. SOUTHERN CBAB APPLE.
Pennsylvania ?, southern Delaware, and the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois, south to the Chattahoochee
region of western Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods; most common
and reaching its greatest development along the river bottoms of the south Atlantic states ; less common west of
the Alleghany mountains.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure : color, light
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6895 ; ash, 0.33; used for levers, handles of tools, etc.
The austere fruit used for preserves and made into cider.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 73
119. — Pyrus rivularis, Douglas ;
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 203, t. 68.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 647.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 471.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383.—
Walpers, Eep. ii, 53.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154.— Lcdebour, Fl. Rossica, ii, 99.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 22, t.49; 2ed. i, 172, t. 49.— Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 428. —Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 85; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 292.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 73.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, '259 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 29, 60.— Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 435, 446.— Koch, Dendrologie,
i, 212. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 382. — Wenzig iu Linnsea, xxxviii, 38. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 188. — Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — Macouii in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 195. — Dawson in
• Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 330.
P. diversifoUa, Bougard in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 133.
P.fuSCtt, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii,254.
P. subcordata, Ledebonr, Fl. Rossica, ii, 95.
Mdlus rivularis, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215.— Decaisno in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155.
Malus diversifoUa, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215.— Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155.
Mai us Subcordata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 192.
OREGON CRAB APPLE.
Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast and islands of British Columbia, through Washington territory
and Oregon, west of the Cascade mountains, to Sonoma county, California.
A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; rich, low woods,
generally along streams, often forming dense thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, liable to check badly in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish;
medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.8316; ash, 0.41; used for mallets, mauls, bearings of machinery, etc.
The small, black, pleasantly acid fruit occasionally used as a preserve, and prized by the Indians as food.
120.— Pyrus Americana, De Candolle,
Prodr. ii, 637.— Watson, Dend. Brit. i. t. 54.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 511.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 204.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648.— Beck,
Bot. 113.— Audubou, Birds, t. 363.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 472.— London, Arboretum, iii, 920 & t.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 383.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 224.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 155.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 25, t. 50; 2 ed. i, 175, t. 50.— Browne, Trees of
America, 326. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 439 ; 2 ed. ii, 499. — Parry iu Owen's Rep. 612. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 428. —
Lange, PI. Greenl. 134. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 129. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.
N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 70.— Wood, Cl. Book, 333; Bot. & Fl. 112.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 168.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 161.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 190.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Macoun in.
Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176.— Bell iii Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54°.
Sorbus Americana, Marshall, Arbustum, 145.— Willdenow, Euum. 520.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Suppl. v,
164.— Eaton, Manual, 55 ; 6 ed. 351.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Hayrie, Dend. Fl. 75.— Torrey, Fl .17. S. 477 ; Compend.
Fl. N. States, 202.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii , 95.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 207.— Rosmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 138.— Maximo wicz
• in Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, xix, 174. — Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 71. — Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 158.
SorbltS aucuparia, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 234, in part.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 1. ed. 119.— Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus.
. x, 158, in part.
Sorbus aucuparia, var. Americana, Persoon, Syn. ii, 38 & addend.
P. aucuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part. — Sehlechtendal in Linnaea, x, 99. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnxan Soo. xxii',.
290, 327, in part.
Sorbus humifusa, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 265.
MOUNTAIN ASH.
Greenland?, Labrador, Newfoundland, Anticosti island, and westward along the southern shore of James' bay
to the valley of the Nelson river (White Mud falls), southward through all mountainous regions of the northeastern
states, and along the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina; in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Minnesota.
A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; borders of swamps and in
moist, rocky woods, reaching its greatest development on the northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior.
74 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
A form with smaller fruit, peculiar to the high southern Alleghany mountains, is —
var. microcarpa, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 472.
Sorbus aucuparia, var. a. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 280.
Sorbus microcarpa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 164.— Elliott, Sk. i, 555.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 477.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 351.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 95. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 138.
P. microcarpa, Sprongel, Syst. ii, 511.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 636.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648.— Beck, Bot. 113.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 383.— London, Arboretum, ii, 921.
Sorbus Americana, var. microcarpa, Wenzig in Liunaea, xxxviii, 71.
Sorbus riparia, Rafinesque, New Sylva, 15.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood
lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5451 ; ash, 0.83.
Often planted for ornament.
121. — Pyrus sambucifolia,
Chamisso &Schlechtendal inLinnsea, ii, 36.— Bongard iiiMem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 133.— Don, Miller'sDict. ii, 648.— Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 472.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 53.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 155.— Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, ii, 99.— Trautverter & Meyer,
Fl. Ochot. 37.— Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amurensis, 103.— Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 446.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.
161 ; Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 3c«2.— Porter in llaycleirs Rep. 1870, 475.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 92.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ;
Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 38. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. —
Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 10.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176.
Sorbus aucuparia, var. /9. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 290.
Sorbus aucuparia, Schrank, PI. Labrador, 25, in part [not Linnaeus].
P. Americana, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 73 [not De Candolle].— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 60.— Torrey, Bot.
Wilkes Exped. 292.
P. aucuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part.— Schlechtendal in Linncea, x, 99, in part.— Hooker in Trans. Liniuuau Soc.
xxii2,290, 327. in part.
Sorbus sambucifolia, Reamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139.— Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, xix, 174.— Wenzig in
Linntea, xxxviii, 73. — Decaisue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 159.
Sorbus Sitchensis, Reemer, Syu. Mon. iii, 139.
MOUNTAIN ASH.
Labrador to northern New England and the shores of lake Superior ; high mountain ranges of the Pacific
region from Alaska to southern New Mexico ; in Kamtchatka.
A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Pacific forests
generally reduced to a low shrub; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest development. in
northern New England and Minnesota.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5928 ; ash, 0.35.
The bark and unripe fruit of tbe American mountain ashes, like those of the nearly-allied P. aucuparia of
Europe, are extremely astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions, etc., in the treatment
of diarrhea (Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1333).
122. — Crataegus rivularis, Nnttall;
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 161.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 58.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii,9; 2 ed. i, 160.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258; Am. Nat. iii, 407.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 107.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 92.— Porter
in Haydeu's Rep. 1871, 482.— Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 765.— Brandegee in Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 14.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195.— Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128.
C. sanguinea, var. Douglasii, Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 765 [not Torrey & Gray].
British Columbia, south through eastern Oregon and Washington territory, east and southeast along the
mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado, to the Pinos Altos mountains, New Mexico (Greene).
A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a tall,
much-branched shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets along borders of streams and swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright reddish -brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.7703 ; ash, 0.35.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 75
123. — Cratsegus Douglasii, Lindley,
Bot. Reg. xxi, 1. 1810. — London, Arboretum, ii, 823, f. 584 & t. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 147. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow,
xlviii, 26. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 195. — Engelmanu in Coulter's
Bot. Gazette, vii, 128.
f O. glandulosa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337, in part.
C. punctata, var. brevispina, Douglas iu Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201.
C. sanguined, var. Douglasii, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 58.— Dietrich , Syn. iii, 160.—
Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 292.— Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 116.
C. SCtnguinea, Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 6, t. 44; 2 ed. i, 157, t.44 [not Pallas].— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 259; Am. Nat.
iii, 407.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.
Anthomeles Douglasii, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 140.
C. rivularis, Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189 [not Nuttall].
British Columbia, valley of the Parsnip river, in about latitude 55° N., south through Washington territory
and Oregon to the valley of the Pitt river, California, extending east through Idaho and Montana to the western
base of the Rocky mountains (valley of the Flathead river, Canby & Sargent).
A small tree, sometimes 12 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub
throwing up many stems from the ground and forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sandy soil along
streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of the Cascade mountains; toward its eastern
limits a low shrub.
Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color, nearly white tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6950 ; ash, 0.33;
used for wedges, mauls, etc.
The small, sweet, black fruit, ripening in August, is largely collected by the Indians.
124. — CratfiCgUS brachyacantha, Sargent & Englemann;
Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128.
HOGS' HAW.
New Orleans?, (Drummond in herb. GVa^pMinden, Louisiana (Mohr) ; Concord, Texas (Sargent); Longview,
'Texas (in fruit, Lettermari).
A tree 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams in low»
very rich soil ; the largest North American representative of the genus.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure; color, light brown tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6793 ; ash, 0.42.
The large blue-black fruit greedily eaten by hogs and other animals.
125. — Crataegus arborescens, Elliott,
8k. i, 550.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i , 466.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.—
Walpers, Rep. ii, f>8.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 10, t. 45 ; 2 ed. i, 160, t. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306. —Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,
252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Wood, Cl. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Young, Fl. Texas, 259.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.—
Engelmanu in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 4.
Phcenopyrum arborescens, Eosmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 153.
C. CrUS-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109, in part.
Valley of the Savannah river, South Carolina (Aiken, Ravenel), south to the Ghattahoochee region of western
Florida; valley of the Mississippi river, near Saint Louis (Engelmann), south and southwest to western Louisiana,
and the valley of the lower Colorado river, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams
and in rather low, wet swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very
numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6491 ; ash, 0.57.
The small globular fruit bright red or, more rarely, orange.
76 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
126. — Crataegus Crus-galli, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 476.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 115.— Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. ii, 344.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 147.— Alton, Hort. Kew.
ii,170; 2 ed. iii, 202.— WUldenow, Spec, ii, 1004.— Micaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,288.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursh, Fl.Am. Sept: i, 338.—
Eaton, Manual, 55 ; 6 ed. 111.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Barton, Compcud. Fl. Philadelph. i, 225 ; Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 54.— Elliott,
Sk. i, 548.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 476 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 202 ; Fl. N. York, i, 221.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 56.— De Candolle, Prodr.
ii, 626.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. i, 200 ; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Beck, Bot. 111.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N.
America, i, 463.— London, Arboretum, ii, 820, f. 574, 575 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 206.— Dietrich,
Syn. iii, 158.— Browne, Trees of America, 278. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 433 ; 2 ed. ii, 492 & t. — Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117. —
Parry in Owen's Rep. 612. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 83. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 30o. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 83. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
359.— Wood, Cl. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Poreher, Resources S. Forests, 148.— Gray, Manual X. States, 5 od. 100; Hall's PL
Texas, 9. — Young, Bot. Texas, 258.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 108.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow,
xlviii, 19.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.
C. ludda, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 13.— Wangenheim, Amer. 53, 1. 17, f. 42.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,506.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,629.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.
Mespilus Crus-galli, Marshall, Arbustum, 88.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 441.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 157.— Nouveau Duhamel,
iv, 149.— Willdenow, Enum. 522; Berl. Baumz. 244.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 80.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 142.
f Mespilus cuneiformis, Marshall, Arbnstum, 88.
•
Mespilus lucida, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 17.— Moench, Meth. 685.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 57.
Mespilus cuneifolia, Mcench, Meft. 684.
C. Crus-galli, var. splendens, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 202.
Mespilus Watsoniana, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 57.
C. Watsoniana, Rojmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.
COCKSPUR THORN. NEWCASTLE THORN.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west through southern Ontario to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic
forests to the valley of the Chipola river, western Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.
A small tree, 4 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, running into various
forms. The best marked are —
var. pyracanthifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 170 ; 2 ed. iii, 202.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 626.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America,
i, 404.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 820, 1. 128, f. 580.— Browne, Trees of America, 278.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg,
i, 109, in part.
C. salicifolia, Medicns, Bot. Beobacht. ii, 345. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.
C. Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, Alton, I. c. ; 2 ed. I. c.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 244.— De Candolle, I. o.— London, I. c. f.
551-553, 578 & t.— Browne, 1. c.— Regel, I. c. 110.
Mespilus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 80.
Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Hayne, I. c.
Mespilus salicifolia, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 144.
C. Coursetiana, Roamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.
var. ovalifolia, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. I860.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— London,
Arboretum, ii, 821, f. 579 & t.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109.
Mespilus ovalifolia, Hornemann, Hort. Hafn. Snppl. 52.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 143.
Mespilus prunellifolia, Poiret, Suppl. iv, 72.
C. ovalifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Rojmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.
C. prunellifolia, De Candolle, 1. c.— Don, I. c.— Rosmer, 7. c.
Mespilus elliptica, Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 170. t. 144 [not Lamarck].— Spach. Hist. Veg. ii,68.
var. linearis, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 626.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— London,
Arboretum, ii, 821, f. 577.— Browne, Trees of America, 278.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 110.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 77
Mespilus lucida, var. angustifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, la
C. linearis, Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Rcomer, Syn. Mon. iii, 118.
Mespilus linearis, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 156.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 70.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. ii, 57.
var. prunifolia, Torrey & Gray, PI. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— London, Arboretum, ii, 821, f. 576 & t.—
Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 110.
Mespilus prunifolia, T Marshall, Arbustuui, 90.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 443.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 150, t. 40.— Sprengel,
Syst. ii, 506.
Mespilus rotundifolia, Ehrhart, Boitr. iii, 20.
C. prunifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Bosc in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Lindley, Bot. Eeg.
xxii, t. 1868.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.
Mespilus Bosciana, Spacb, Hist. Veg. ii, 58.
G. Bosciana, Rremer, Syn. Mon. iii, 118.
Wood heavy, bard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish ; medullary rays
numerous, very obscure ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood rather lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7194 ; ash,
0.56.
The long, strong spines are occasionally collected and used to fasten sacks and for similar purposes. '
127. — Crataegus coccinea, Linnseus,
Spec. 1 ed. 476.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 167 ; 2 ed. iii, 200.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1000 (excl. syn.).— Michaux,
PI. Bor.-Am. i, 288.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337.— Eaton, Manual, 55; 6ed. 111.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.—
Schrank, Pfl.Labrad'or, 26. -Barton, Compend, Fl. Philadelph. i, 226.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 77.— Elliott, Sk. i, 553.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 474 ;
Compend. Bot. N. States, 201; Fl. N. York, i, 221 ; Emory's Rep. 408.— De Candolle, -Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201 ; Bot.
Mag. t, 3432.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Meyer, PL Labrador, 8i.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Lindley, Bot. Keg. 23, 1. 1957.— Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 465.— Bigelo w, Fl. Beston. 3 ed. 206.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietricb, Syn. iii, 160.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 58.—
London, Arboretum, ii, 816, f. 564-566, t. 121.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 270, f. 18-20, 22.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 434 ; 2 ed. ii,
493 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 83. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 305. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 252.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 43 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 82.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 309.— Wood, Cl. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Kaleniczonko
in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 9. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 177. — Bell in Geological
Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.
Mespilus COCCinea, Marshall, Arbustum, 87.— Mcench, Meth. 684.— Lamarck, Diet. iv,442.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 156.—
Willdenow, Enum. 523; Berl. Baumz. 238.— Wendland in.Regensb. Fl. 1823, 699.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. ii, 64.
Mespilus rotundifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 20.— Wendland in Regensb.Fl. 1823, 700 — Watsoh, Dend. Brit, i, t. 58.— Koch,
Dendrologie, i, 148.
Pyrus glandulosa, Moench, Meth. 680.
G. glandulosa, Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1002 (excl.syn.).— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,337, in part.— Torrey, FLU. 8.475; Compend.
Fl. N. States, 201.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 10 12.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201.— Don, Miller's
Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— London, Arboretum, ii, 817,
f. 550, 567, 568 & t.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 84.—
Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 120.
Mespilus glandulosa, Willdenow, Enum. 523.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 62.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 145.
Mespilus pubescens, Wendland in Regensb.Fl. 1823,700.
C. Crus-galli, Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 2 ed. 194 [not Linnaeus].
/ Mespilus Wendlandii, Opiz in Regensb.Fl. 1834,590.
C. macracantha, Loddiges in London, Arboretum, ii, 819, f. 572, 573 & t.
0. glandulosa, var. macracantha, Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxii, 1. 1912.
Mespilus flabellata, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 63. —Koch, Dendrologie, 1,148.
Halmia flabellata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 136.
Anthomeles rotundifolia, Kramer, Syn. Mon. iii, 140.
Phcenopyrum C0CCJ»ewm,Ro3tner, Syn. Mou. iii, 156.
Phcenopyrum Wendlandii, Roemor, Syn. Mon. iii, 156.
78 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
SCAELET HAW. EED HAW. WHITE THORN.
West coast of Newfoundland, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river and the northern shores of the
great lakes to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter; open upland woods or along
streams and borders of prairies ; very common at the north, rare at the south ; running into many forms, varying
in the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc. The best marked are —
var. viridis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 149.
C. viridis, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 476.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1001.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Elliott, Sk. i, 551.— De Caudolle, Prodr.
ii, 630.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 601.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica,2 ed. 293.— Eaton & Wright^
Bot. 212.— Beck, Bot. 305.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 305.— Wood, Cl. Book, 332; Bot. & Fl. 111.
f Phcenopyrum Viride, Kramer, Syn. Mon. iii, 156.
Mespilus viridis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 149.
C. glandulosa, var. rotundifolia, Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 120.
var. populifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465.
C. populifolia, Elliott, Sk. i, 553 [not Walter].— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112— Beck, Bot. 305.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 212.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 305.
Mespilus populifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447.
Phcenopyrum populifolium, Eoeraer, Syn. Mon. iii, 156.
0. COCdinea, var. typica, Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 121.
var. oligandra, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, brown tinged with red,,
the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8618; ash, 0.38. k
128. — Crataegus subvillosa, Schrader,
Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. — Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 35.— Ridgway in Proc. TI. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.
C. coccinea, var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 186.— Parry ift
Owen's Eep. 612.— Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 121.
*
Pheenopyrum subvillosum, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 154.
C. mollis, Scheele in Linnaea, xxi, 569; Eoemer, Texas, Appx. 473. — Walpers, Ann. ii,523.
G. sanguinea, var. mllosa, Euprecht & Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amurensis, 101.
C. Texana, Buckley in Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 454 (see Gray in same, 1862, 163).— Yonng, Fl. Texas, 258.
*
C. tomentosa, var. mollis, Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160.— Wood, Cl. Book, 330 ; Bot. & Fl. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 14.
Mespilus tilicefolia, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 151.
SCAELET HAW.
Eastern Massachusetts (possibly introduced) ; central Michigan to eastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee,
and southwest through Missouri, Arkansas, the Indian territory, and Texas to the valley of the San Antonio river.
A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter; rich woods and along borders
of streams and prairies.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light
brown or light red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7953 ; ash, 0.69.
The large red fruit often downy, edible, and of agreeable flavor.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 79
129. — Crataegus tomentosa, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 476 (excl. syn. Gronovius). — Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 151. — Du Roi, Harbk. i, 183. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,
466.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 160.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 222.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 435; 2 ed. ii, 494 & t.— Parry in
Owen's Rep. 612. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rop. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
359. — Wood, Cl. Book, 330. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 191. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160. — Young,
Bot. Texas, 258. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mns. 1882, 66.
C. leucophlceos, Meench, Hort. Weiss. 31, t. 2.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 106.
Mespilus Calpodendron, Ehrhart, Beitr. ii, 67.
C. pyrifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 168 ; 2 ed. iii, 200.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1001.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv,
131.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 292.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Elliott, Sk. i, 550.— Torrey, Fl. U. S.
475; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. i, 201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii,
599.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Lind]"y, Bot. Reg. xxii, 1. 1877.— Louden, Arboretum, ii, 819, f. 571 & t.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 211.
Mespilus latifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 444.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 156.— Nouvean Duhamel, iv, 150.— Spach, Hist. Veg.
ii,60.
0. latifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Roomer,
Syn. Mou. 119.
Mespilus pyrifolia, Willdenow, Enum.523; Berl. Baumz. 240.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 15.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 78.
Mespilus lobata, Poiret, Suppl. iv, 71.
Mespilus odorata, Wondland in Regensb. Fl. 1823, 700.
Mespilus pruinosa, Wendlaud in Regensb. Fl. 1823, 700.
C. lobata, Bosc in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 628.
C. flava, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 202 (excl. syn.).
Halmia tomentosa, Reamer, Syn. Mon. 135.
Halmia lobata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. 135.
Phcenopyrum pruinosum, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. 155.
•
t C. coccinea, var. viridis, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 86 [not Torrey <fc Gray].
C. tomentosa, var. pyrifolia, Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 111.
C. cocctwea,Brandegee in Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236 [not Linnsens].
C. leUCOCephalus, Lavallee, Arboretum Segrez. 78, t. 22 [not Momch].
C. COCCinea, var. COrdata, Lavalle~e, Arboretum Segrez. 81, t. 22.
BLACK THORN. PEAR HAW.
New Brunswick, westward along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river and the northern shores of the great
lakes to the Saskatchewan region, southward through the Atlantic forests to the Chattahoochee region of western
Florida, and eastern Texas west to the mountains of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, southwestern
Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico.
A small tree, C to 9 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter, or often, especially west of
the Rocky mountains, reduced to a low shrub, here forming dense thickets along mountain streams ; the most widely-
distributed of the North American Cratwgi, varying greatly in the size, shape, and color of the fruit, form of the
leaves, amount of pubescence, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright reddish-
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7633; ash, 0.50.
SO FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Var. punctata, Gray,
Manual N. States, 2 ed. 124.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871,
481.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.
C. punctata, Jacquin, Hort. Viiidob. i, 10, t. 28.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 169; 2 ed. iii, 202.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1004.—
Michaux, FJ. Bor.-Am. i, 289.— Persoon, Syn. i, 37.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 338.— Elliott, Sk. i, 548.— Torrey, Fl. U.
S. 476 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 202 ; Fl. N. York, i, 222.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201 (excl.
var.); Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 589.— Eatou, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Beck, Bot. 111.— Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 466.— London, Arboretum, ii, 818, f. 569, 570 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich,
Syn. iii, 159.— Browne, Trees of America, 277.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 435 ; 2 ed. ii, 495.— Gray, Manual
N. States, 1 ed. 128. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 84. — Darby, Bot. S. States,
306.— Lfsquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, Cl. Book, 330 ; Bot. & Fl. 111. — Engelmann in Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 191. — Kaleniczeuko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 14.
Mespilus cornifolia, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v, 145.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 444.— Koeh, Dendrologie, i, 134.— Spach, Hist. Veg.
ii, 60, t. 10, f. c.
C. Crus-galli, Wangenheim, Amer. 52.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 195 [not Linnanis].
i
Mespilus cuneifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 21.~Sprengel, Syst. ii, 506.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 61.
Mespilus punctata, Loiseleur in Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 152.— Willdenow, Enuin. 524 ; Berl. Baumz. 243.— Poiret, Suppl.
iv, 70.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 79.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 57.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 61.— Wenzig in Linnzea, xxxviii, 128.
Mespilus pyrifolia, Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 155.
C. punctata, var. rubra and aurea, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 202.
C. latifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.
f C. flexuosa, Schweiuitz in Long's 2d Exped. ii, Appx. 112.
C.flava, Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 292 [not Alton].
C. cuneifolia, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 118.
C. obovatifolia, Rcemer, Syn. Mou. iii, 120.
Hdlmia punctata, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 134.
Halmia cornifolia, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 134.
C. tomentosa, \ar.plicata, Wood, Cl. Book, 330; Bot. & Fl. 111.
C. punctata, var. xanthocarpa, Lavalle~e, Arboretum Segrez. i, 53, t. 16.
Fruit larger than that of the species, dull red or yellow.
130. — Crataegus cordata, Aiton,
Hort. Kew. ii,168; 2 ed. iii, 200.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1000.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 36. —Eaton, Manual, 55; 6 ed. 111.— Elliott, Sk. i,554.—
Torrey, Fl. U.S. 474; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 628.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 63.— Lindley, Bot, Reg.
xiv.t. 1151.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Torrey & Gray.Fl. N. America, i, 467.—
London, Arboretum, ii, 825 <fc t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Browne, Trees of America, 280.— Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 427.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 82.— Wood, Cl. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. 111.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 159.— Young, Bot. Texas, 257.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 114.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc.
Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii,31. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.
Mespilus Phcenopyrum, Ehrhart in Liuureus f. Suppl. 254 ; Beitr. i, 181 ; ii, 67.— Moench, Meth. 685.— Lamarck, Diet,
iv, 446.
C. populifolia, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147 [not Elliott].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337.
Mespilus acerifolia, Burgsdorf in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 442.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 151.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 65.
Mespilus cordata, Miller, Icon. t. 179.— Willdenow, Ennm. 523; Berl. Baumz. 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 77.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,
507.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 138.
Phcenopyrum cordatum, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 157.
Phcenopyrum acerifolium, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 157.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 81
WASHINGTON THORN.
Valley of the upper Potomac river, Virginia, southward along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia
and Alabama, extending west through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee to the valley of the lower
Wabash river, Illinois.
A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter ; generally along banks of
•treams.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7293 ; ash, 0.46.
Formerly widely planted as a hedge plant.
131. — Crataegus apiifolia, Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 287.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 38.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 336.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 305.— Elliott, Sk. i, 552.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,
627.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Audubon, Birds, t. 192.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i,25.— Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 467.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 824, f. 588, 589 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 121.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1658, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Wood,
Cl. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 159 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Young, Bot. Texas, 257.— Kaleniczenko in
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 29.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.
C. oxyacantha, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147 [not Linnaeus].
Mespilus apiifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 89.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 68.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 508.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 67.
Mespilus monogyna, var. apiifolia, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 160.
C. OXyacantha, var. apiifolia, Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, 119.
PARSLEY HAW.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to about latitude 28", extending west through the Gulf states to
•outhern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a slender stem rarely exceeding 0.08 to 0.10 meter in diameter,
or more often a low shrub, throwing up many stems from the ground ; low, rich soil, reaching its greatest
development in the pine-barren hummocks of central Florida.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays thin, very
obscure ; color, bright brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7453 ; ash,_
0.97.
132. — Crataegus spathulata, Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 228.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 226.— Elliott, Sk.i, 552.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1261.—
Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599. — Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. — Gray in Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiii under 1. 1957; Manual N. States,
5 ed. 159.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Torrey &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 467.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 825, f. 591 & t.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 126.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 359. —Wood, Cl. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Young, Bot. Texas, 257.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow,
' xlviii, 31.— Ridgway in Am. Nat. vi, 728.
Mespilus Azarolus, Marshall, Arbustum, 89 [not Linnajus].
Mespilus spathulata, Poiret, Suppl. iv, 68. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 157. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,
66.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 137.
C. microcarpa, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxii.t. 1846.
Phcenopyrum spathulatum, Rosmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 355.
SMALL-FRUITED HAW.
Virginia, southward to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west through the Gulf states to the valley
of the Washita river, Arkansas (Hot Springs, Letterman), and the Colorado river, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often reduced to a low
shrub; margins of streams and prairies; common and reaching its greatest development along the bottom lands of
western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color, light
brown or red. the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7159; ash, 0.66.
6 FOR
82 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
133. — Cratsegus berberifolia, Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 4(59.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 59.— Rcemer, Syn. Mon. Hi, 115.— Wood, Cl. Book, 332.— Eegel in Act.
Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 123. — Eugelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128.
Mespilus berberifolia, Wenzig In Linmca, xxxviii, 125.
Phanopyrum ellipticum, Rcemer, Syn. Mou. iii, 155.
Phceiiopyrum Virginicum, Ro3mer, Syn. Mon. iii, 155.
New Orleans! (Drummond, No. 1051); Opelousas, Louisiana (Carpenter, Sargent).
A small tree, G to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; borders of prairies, in low
ground ; the fruit and wood not yet collected.
134.— Crataegus aestivalis, Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 468.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 58.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 162.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 12 ; 2 ed. i, 162.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, Cl. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Regel in Act.
Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 124.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.
Mespilus CBStivalis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447.
C.-elliptica, Elliott, Sk.i, 548 [notAiton].
C. luoida, Elliott, Sk. i, 549 [not Ehrhart].
C. opaca, Hooker & Arnott in Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. — London, Arboretum, iv, 2563.
Anthomeles aistivalis, Rcsmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 141.
MAY HAW. APPLE HAW.
South Carolina, south to northern Florida, west through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley
of the Sabine river, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter ; generally in sandy soil along
the margins of streams and ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of western
Louisiana and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown
or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6564; ash, 0.57.
The large, globular, fragrant, red fruit, of agreeable subacid flavor, used as a preserve, in jellies, etc. ; ripening
in May.
135. — Crataegus flava, Aiton,
Hort. Kew. ii, 169 ; 2 ed. iii, 201.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1002.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept, i, 338.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.—
DeCandolle.Prodr. ii, 628.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 59.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 600.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiii, t. 1939.— Torrey <fc
Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 468. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— London, Arboretum, ii, 823, f.585 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.—
Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 28.— Curtis
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 83.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, Cl. Book, 332 ; Bot.
& Fl. 111.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 122.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscow, xlviii, 27. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.
Mespilus flexispina, Meench, Verz. Baum. 62, t. 4.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 139.
C. glandulosa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 168 ; 2 ed. iii, 201 [not Michaux].— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Poiret, Stippl. iv, 69, in part.
Mespilus Caroliniana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 442.— Desfontaines, Hist, Arb. ii, 156.— Sprongel, Syst. ii, 507.
C. Caroliniana, Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Elliott, Sk. i, 554.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.
Mespilus flava, Willdenow, Enum. 523.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 70.— Watson, Deud. Brit, i, t. 59.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 59.
C. turbinata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. Addend. 735.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 543.— Elliott, Sk. i, 549.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.—
Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.
Mespilus turbinata, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 506.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 66.
C. flava, Var. lobata, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiii, t. 1932.
C. lobata, Bosc in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 628.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 824, f. 554, 586.
Phcenopyrum Carolinianum, Reamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 152.
Anthomeles flava, glandulosa, and turbinata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 141.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 83
SUMMER HAW. YELLOW HAW.
Virginia, southward, generally near the coast, to Tampa bay, Florida, west through the Gulf states to
eastern Texas and southern Arkansas.
A small tree, rarely 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or reduced to a much-branched
shrub 2 to 3 meters in height ; borders of streams, in low, sandy soil subject to overflow.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; medullary
rays very numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.7809 ; ash, 0.79.
Fruit small, red or yellow, acid.
Var. pubescens, Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. ICO.
Memalis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447.
C. viriclis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147 [not Linnams]. — Elliott, Sk. i, 551.
C. elliptica, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 168; a ed. iii, 201.— Walldenow, Spec, ii, 1002.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. i, 337.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 475; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,
627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Beck, Bot. 33.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Torrey &
Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 469.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 109.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.—
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 84. — Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 122.
Mespilus elliptica, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447.— Weuzig in Liuntea, xxxviii, 125.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 140.
C. glandulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 288 [not Aiton].— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 14.
C. Michauxii, Persoon, Syn. ii,38.
C. spathulata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 336 [not Michaux].— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. 1890;
xxiii, under 1. 1957.
Mespilus Michauxii, Hornemaun, Hort. Hafh. 455.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 69.
C. flava, Elliott, Sk. i, 551 [not Aiton J.
C. Virginica, Loddiges in London, Arboretum, ii, 842, f. 560,615.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 58.
SUMMER-HAW. BED HAW.
Virginia, southward to Tampa bay, Florida, and sparingly through the Gulf states to western Louisiana.
A low tree growing with the species, from which it is distinguished by the pubescence of the calyx and
young branches, the smaller flowers, and larger, bright red or yellow, globular or pear-shaped fruit.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, bright
red or rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7683; ash, 0.91.
The large, edible fruit used in the south Atlantic states in preserves, jellies, etc.
NOTE. — Crata-gus panifolia, Aitou, of the south Atlantic region, a low shrul), is not included in this catalogue.
136. — Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roemer,
Syn. Mon. iii, 105.— Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 144, t. 9.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 188 ; ii, 444.
Cratcegus arbutifolia, Poiret in Nonveau Duhamel, iv, 131 ; Diet. Suppl. i, 292.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 202.— Loddiges,
Bot. Cab. t. 201.
Aronia arbutifolm, Nuttall, Genera, i, 306.
Photinia arbutifolia, Liudley in Trans. Liunsean Soc. xiii, 103; Bot. Reg. vi, 491 & under 1. 1956.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 508.—
De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 631. — Chaiuisso & Schlechtendal in Linmea, ii. 542. — Don, Miller's Diet. ii. 602. — Spach, Hist.
Veg. ii, 80.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 139, 340.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 473.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 162.—
Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 868, f. 619. — Bcntham, Bot. Sulphur, 14; PI. Hartweg. 307. — Torrey in Emory's Rep. 140;
Sitgresives' Rep. 119; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 85; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 64 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 291. —Wood, Cl.
Book, 329. — Bolamler in Proc. California Acad. iii, 80. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 599. _
Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, xix, IfiO. — Wenzigin Linnaea, xxxviii, 96.
Mespilus arbutifolia, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol.ii, 36.
Photinia salicifolia, l'resl,Epimel. Bot. 204.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 858.
H. Fremontiana, Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 144.
84 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TOYON. TOLLON. CALIFORNIA HOLLY.
California Coast ranges, Mendocino to San Diego county, extending east to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada
and San Bernardino mountains.
A small, low-branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 meters in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to
0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a low, much-branched shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, close grained, inclined to check in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ;
medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9326;
ash, 0.54.
137. — Amelanchier Canadensis, Torroy & Gray,
PI. N. America, i, 473.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 55.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 158.— Torrey, PI. N. York, i. 225.— Browne, Trees of America, 282.—
Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, i, 443; 2 ed. ii, 503 & t.— Parry iu Owen's Rep. 612.— Darlington, PI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 86.—
Richardson, Arctic Exped. 428.— Seemann, Bot. Herald, 52.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxii2, 290, 327.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, PI. 8. States, 129. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 68. — Lesquereux
in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, Cl. Book, 329; Bot. & Fl. 110.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 191.—
Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 168.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 162.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 180.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trues, 14.—
Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, xix, 175.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.
Mespilus Canadensis, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 478 (excl. syn. Gronovius).— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Alton, Hort. Kew.
ii, 173.
Cratcegus tomentosa, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 476 (excl. syn. Gronovius).
Pyrus Botryapium, Linnaeus f. Suppl. 255.— Wangenheim, Amer. 90, t. 28, f. 65.— Ehrhart, Beitr. i, 183 (; ii, 68.— Willdenow,
Spec, ii, 1013; Enum. 525; Berl. Baumz. 322.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 207.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 339.— Hayne,
Dend. Fl. 83.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, 100, t. 79.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 509.— Audubon, Birds, t. 60.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston.
3 ed. 308.
Cratwgus racemosa, Lamarck, Diet, i, 84.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 148.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 133.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 292.
Mespilus nivea, Marshall, Arbustum, 90.
Mespilus Canadensis, var. cordata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,29l.
Aronia Botryapium, Persoon, Syn. ii, 39.— Nuttall, Genera,!, 557.— Elliott, Sk. i, 557.— Torrey, Fl. U. S.479; Compend.Fl.
N. States, 203.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 29.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 135.
Mespilus arborea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 68, t. 11 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 60, t. 66.— Barton, Prodr. Fl.
Philadelph. 55.
A. Botryapium, Lindley in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xiii, 100.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 632.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 202.—
Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 604.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 84.— London, Arboretum, ii, 874, f. 627-629 & t.—
Reamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 145. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxiii, 110. — Decaiane in Nouv.'Aroh.
Mus. x, 135.
Aronia arborea, Barton, Compend. Philadelph. i, 228.
Aronia cordata, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 196.
A. OVttlis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 202, in part.
Pyrus Bartramiana, Tausch, Fl. xxi, 715.
Pyrus Wangenheimiana, Tausch, Fl. xxi, 7J5.
A. Bartramiana, Reemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 145.
A. Wangenheimiana, Reamer, Syn. Mou. 146.
JUNE BERRY. SHAD BUSH. SERVICE TREE. MAY CHERRY.
Newfoundland and Labrador, west along the southern shores of Hudson bay to the Saskatchewan region,
south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian territory.
A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or in some forms reduced to
a low shrub (var. rotundifolia, Torrey & Gray ; var. oligucarpa, Torroy & Gray); common at the north, rare at the south,
and reaching its greatest development on the high slopes of the southern Alleghauy mountains ; varying greatly
in the shape of the leaves, size of the flowers, amount of pubescence on the leaves and young shoots, etc.
The best marked arborescent variety is —
var. oblongifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 473.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 55.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 158.— Torrey, Fl. N.
York, i, 225; Nicollet's Rep. 149.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, i, 444; 2 ed. ii, 504 & t.— Wood.Cl. Book, 330; Bot.
& Fl. 110.— Gray, Manuel N. States, 5 ed. 162.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 195.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 85
Cratccgus spicata, Lamarck, Diet, i, 84.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 148.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 132.— Poiret, SuppL i, 292.
Mespilus CanadensM, var. obovalis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 291.
Pyrus OVttlis, Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1014 ; Berl. Baumz. 323.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 340.— Schrank, PI. Labrador, 26.— Bigelow,
Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 207.
Aronia ovallS, Torrcy, Fl. U. S. 479 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 29.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 135.
A. ovalis, De Candolle, Prodr. ii,632.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,202, in part.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii,
604.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 85.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 876, f. 632.
A. intermedia, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 85.— Wenzig in Linnaea, xxxiii, 118.
A. oblongifolia, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 147.
A. spicata, Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 135, t. 9, f. 5.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking somewhat in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of
a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown often tinged with red. the sap-wood
much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7838 ; ash, 0.55 ; the small fruit sweet and edible.
NOTE. — The closely allied Amelanchicr alnifolia, Nuttall, a low shrub, is widely distributed over the mountain ranges of the interior
Pacific region.
HAMAMELACE^l.
138. — Hamamelis Virginica, Linnaeus,
Spec. 2ed. 124.— Marshall, Arbustum, 58.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 423.— Wangenheim, Amer.89, t.29, f. 62.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 68; 111. i,
350, t. 88.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 167 ; 2 ed. i, 275.— Schkuhr, Handb. i, 88, t. 27.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 701 ; Ennm. 171 ; Berl. Banmz.
172.— Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 100.— Persoon, Syn. i, 150.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 29.— Pnrsh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 116.— Nuttall,
Genera, i, 107.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 207, t. 60.— Elliott, Sk. i, 219.— Reamer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 483.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 598.—
Barton, Fl. N. America, iii, 21, t. 78.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 192; Compend. Fl. N. States, 86; Fl. N. York, i, 260.— Guimpel, Otto <fc
Hayne, Abb. Holz. 95, t. 75. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 491. — Kafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 227, f. 45.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 268. — Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. i, 275; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 48.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 396, f. 69.— Beck, Bot. 152.— Eaton, Manual 6 ed. 164.— Spach,
Hist, Veg. viii, 79.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 550.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 597.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1007, f. 756, 757.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 260.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 63.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 416; 2 ed. ii, 473 & t.— Darby, Bot. 8.
States, 328.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 98.—Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 13, f. 7.— Schnizlein, Icon. 1. 167, f. 18-25, 27-29.—
Gray in Am. Jour. Sci.2 ser. xxiv, 438; 3 ser. v, 144; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 173.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 157. — Curtis in Eep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 105. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 362. — Wood, Cl. Book, 375 ; Bot. & Fl. 120. —
Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 193. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 58. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 458. — BaiUon in
Adansonia, x, 123; Hist. PI. iii, 389, f. 462-4G4.— Young, Bot. Texas, 291.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 408 & f.
H. dioica, Walter, Fl. Cavoliniana, 255.— Gnieliu, Syst. Veg. i, 281.
H. androgyna, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 255.— Gmelin, Syst. Veg. i, 282.
H. corylifolia, Moench, Meth. 273.
H. matrophylla, Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 116.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 698.— Elliott, Sk. i, 220.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 483.—
Rafinesque, Med. Bot, i, 230.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 396.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 261.
Trilopus Virginiana, nigra, rotundifolia, and dentata, Rafinesque, New Sylva, 15-17.
H. Virginiana, var. parvifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 107.— Torrey, F1.U. S. 193; Compend. Fl. N. States, 87.— Don, Miller1*
Diet, iii, 396.— Beck, Bot. 152.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 597.
H. parvifolia, Raliuesquc, Med. Bot. i, 230.
Trilopus parvifolia, Rafinesqne, New Sylva, 17.
WITCH HAZEL.
Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south through the Atlantic region to northern
Florida and eastern Texas.
A small tree, exceptionally 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 meter in diameter, or more often
a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground ; common ; rich, rather damp woodlands, reaching its
greatest development in the region of the southern Alleghany mountains.
86 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable; medullary
rays numerous, thin, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity,
0.6856 ; ash, 0.37.
The bark and leaves rich in tannin, and largely used by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, decoctions,
etc., in external applications, and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections (New York Jour. Med. x, 208.
Trans. Am. Med. Assoc. i, 350. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1661. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 704).
139. — Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linnteus,
Spec. led. 999.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 77.— Wangenheim, Amer. 49, 1. 16, f. 40.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 237.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 533; 111.
iii, 367, t. 783.— Aiton, Hort. Kc\v. iii, 365 ; 2 ed. v, 30R.— Grcrtner, Fruct. ii, 57, t. 90.— Mo-nch, Meth. 340.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i,
48.— B.S. Barton, Coll. i, 1(5.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,475; Ennm. 985; Berl. Baums!. 214.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 202.— rersoon,
Syn. ii,573. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 541. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 97. — Schkuhr, Haiulb. iii, 275, t. 307. — Nouvean Duhamel, ii,
42, 1. 10; vii, 207, t. 60.— Michaux f. Hint. Arb. Am. iii, 194, t. 4; N.American Sylva,3 ed. ii, 42, t. 64.— Barton, Prodr. Fl.Philadelph.
92; Compend. Fl.Philadflpl). ii, 177.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 635.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 208.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana,
116.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219; Trans. Am. Pbil. Soc. 2 ser. v, lf>8.— Nees, Fl. Offic. t. 95.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 621.— Sprengel, Sy.st. iii, 864.—
Humboldt, Bonpland & Kuutb, Nou v. Gen. & Spec, vii, 273. — Andubon, Birds, t. 44. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N.
York, ii, 217.— Beck, Bot. 326.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 64. —Eat on & Wright, Bot. 302.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 84.— London,
Arbore turn, iv, 2049, f. 1961 & t.— Lindley.Fl. Med. 322.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 581, f. 254.— Broomfield in London Jour. Bot. vii, 144.—
Scbnizleiu, Icon. t. 98, f. 5-21. — Seemann, Bot. Herald, 34(5.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 157.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 77.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
362.— Wood, Cl. Book, 375 ; Bot. & Fl. 120.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 344.— Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 157.— Oliver in Hooker
f. Icon, xi, 13. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 174. — Koch, Dendrologie,ii, 464. — Young, Bot. Texas, 291. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
15.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 412 & figs.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iii, 397, f. 471-474.— Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 300, f.
445.— Ridgway in Am. Nat. vi, 664; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53.— Hemsley, Bot.
Am. -Cent, i, 400.
L. Styraciflva, var. Mexicana, Orsted, Am.-Cent. xvi, t. 11.
L. macrophylla, Orsted, Am.-Cent. xvi, t. 10.
SWEET GUM. STAR-LEAVED GUM. LIQUIDAMBER. RED GUM. BILSTED.
Fairfleld county, Connecticut, to the valleys of the lower Ohio, White, and Wabash rivers, south to cape
Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, southwest through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian territory to
the valley of the Trinity river, Texas; in central and southern Mexico.
A large tree, often 30 to 36 or, exceptionally, 48 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in
diameter ; in low, wet soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the
Mississippi basin, here, with the cotton gum, forming a large proportion of the heavy forest growth.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather tough, close-grained, compact, inclined to shrink and warp badly in
seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, bright browii tinged
with red, the sap- wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5910; ash, 0.61; manufactured into lumber and used
in the construction of buildings for plates, boarding, and clapboards, in cabinet work as a substitute for black
walnut, and for veneering and street pavements; its great economic value hardly appreciated on account of
the difficulty experienced in properly seasoning it.
The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the south collected by herbalists and sometimes used in
the form of a sirup as a substitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal affections, or externally as an ointment in
dressing frost-bite, abscess, etc., and in the manufacture of chewing gums (Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia,
246.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 834).
RHIZOPHORACE^E.
14O. — Rhizophora Mangle, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 443.— Jacquin, Amer. 141, t. 89.— Gartner, Fruct. i, 212, t. 45, f. L— Lamarck, III. ii, 517, t. 396; Diet, vi, 160.— Willdenow,
Spec, ii, 844.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 2.— Decourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 45, 1. 10.— Vellozo, Fl. Fluin. 1. 1.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 32.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 301.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 332, t. 34.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 484.— Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser.
v, 295.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 290.— Arnott in Ann. Nat. Hist. i,361.— Walpere, Rep. ii, 70.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur,
14.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 312.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 55. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 274.— Schnizlein, loon. t.
263, f. 1-7.— Maout & Deeaisne, Bot. English ed. 419.— Eichler in Martius, Fl. Brasil. xii-, 420, t. 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
15.— Baillon, Hist^Pl. vi, 284,/. 253-259.
R. racemosa, Meyer, Prim. Fl.-Esseq. 185.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, :i2.
R. Americana, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 95, t. 24; 2 ed. i, 112, t. 24.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 87
MANGROVE.
Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet and Cedar Keys to the southern keys ; delta of the Mississippi river
and coast of Texas ; southward through the West Indies and tropical America ; now widely naturalized throughout
the tropics of the old world (A. De Candolle, Geog. Bot. ii, 772).
A tree 12 to 18, or, exceptionally, 27 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or more
commonly not exceeding 4 to 7 meters in height ; low saline shores, reaching in the United States its greatest
development on bay Biscayue and cape Sable ; south of latitude 29°, bordering with almost impenetrable thickets
the coast of the Florida peninsula, ascending the rivers for many miles, especially those flowing from the Everglades,
and entirely covering many of the southern keys.
Wood exceedingly heavy, hard and strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish, containing many evenly-distributed rather small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark
reddish brown streaked with lighter brown, sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 1.1617; ash, 1.82; furnishing
valuable fuel ; not greatly affected by the teredo, and used for piles.
COMBRETACEJ;.
l4l. — Conocarpus erecta, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 176.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 96; 111. i, 126, f. 1.— Jacquin, Amer. t. 78.— Gsertner, Fruct. ii, 470, t. 177, f. 3.— Swartz, Obs'. 79.—
Willdenow, Sp. i, 994.— Alton, Hort. Ke-sv. 2 ed. i, 381.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 47.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 16.— Decourtilz, Fl.
Med. Antilles, vi, 68, t. 399.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 304.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. K. America, i, 485.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 113, t. 33 ; 2 ed.
i, 128, t. 33.— Kichard, Fl. Cuba, 526.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136.— Grisebach, Fl. British
West Indies, 277.— Eichler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xiv2, 101, t. 35, f. 2.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.
BUTTON WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Tampa bay to cape Sable ; through the
West Indies to Brazil.
A low tree, often 8 or, exceptionally, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in
diameter ; common and reaching its greatest development in the United States on Lost Man's river, north of cape
Sable; or reduced to a low under shrub (var. procumbens, De Candolle, l. c.— Eichler, l. c.; C. procumbens, Linnaeus, Spec.
1 ed. 177.— Jacquin 1. c. 79, t. 52, f. 2. — G?ertner, 1. c. iii, 205, f. 4— Grisebach, I. c. ; C. acutifolia, Willdenow in Kramer & Schultes,
Syst. v, 574).
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark yellow brown, the sap -wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9900; ash, 0.32; burning
•lowly like charcoal, and highly valued for fuel.
142. — Laguncularia racemosa, Gaertner f.
Fruct. Suppl. 209, t. 217.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 305.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 117, t. 34 ; 2 ed. i, 132, t. 34.— Bentham,
Bot. Sulphur, 14, 92.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 527.— Eichler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xiv2, 102, t. 35, f. 3.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 276.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.— Baillon, Hist. PI.
vi, 278.
Conocarpus racemosa, Linnajus, Spec. 2 ed. 251 ; Syst. 181.— Jacquin, Amer. 80, t. 53.— Swartz, Obs. 79.— Willdenow, Spec.
i,995.
COmmutata, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 332.
Bucida Buceras, Vellozo, Fl. Flum. iv, t. 87 [not Linnaeus].
L. glabrifolia, Presl, Reil. Hamk, ii, 22.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 63.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136.
WHITE BUTTON WOOD. WHITE MANGKOVE.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Cedar Keys to cape Sable; through
the West Indies and tropical America ; coast of tropical Africa.
A small tree, sometimes 6 or, exceptionally, 22 meters in height (Shark river, Florida, Curtiss), with a trunk
0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; very common ; saline shores
of lagoons and bays.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact ; susceptible of a beautiful polish : medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7137; -ash, 1.62.
88 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
MYRTACE^.
143. — Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Swartz,
Prodr. 79 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 921.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 975.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 192.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 237.— Nuttall,
Sylva, i, 101, t. 26 ; 2 ed. i, 117, t. 2(5.— Berg in Linnsea, xxvii, 26. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. 8. State*,
131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 232.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 408.
MyrtUS Chytraculia, Linnaeus, Amren. v, 398.— Swartz, Obs. 202.
Eugenia pollens, poiret, Suppl. iii, 122.
Semi-tropical Florida, shores of bay Biscayne, Key Largo; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed rather large open ducts;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8902;
ash, 3.32.
144. — Eugenia buxifolia, Willdenow,
Spec. ii,960.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 28.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 275. -Nuttall, Sylva, i, 108, t. 29; 2 ed. i, 123, t. 29.— Cooper in Smithsoniam
Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 236.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.
Myrtus buxifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 78 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 899.
Myrtus axillaris, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 412.
E. myrtoides, Poiret, Suppl. iii, 125.
MyrtUS Poireti, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 483.
U. triplinervia, Berg in Linnaea, xxvii, 190, in part.
GTJRaEON STOPPER. SPANISH STOPPER.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa river to cape Eomano ; i»
the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, reaching iim
greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Everglades.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, very compact; medullary rays numerous, thin;
color, dark brown shaded with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.9360; ash, 1.50 ; somewhat used
for fuel.
145. — Eugenia dichotoma, De Candolle,
Prodr. iii, 278.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 103, t. 27; 2 ed. i, 120, t. 27.— Berg in Linnsea, xxvii, 261.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.
E. divaricata, Lamarck, Diet, i, 202.
? MyrtUS dichotoma, Vahl in Poiret, Suppl. iv, 53.
AnamomiS punctata, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 240.
NAKED WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to cape Canaveral, common ; west coast, Caloosa river to cape Eomano;
in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 meter in diameter.
A form with the leaves, buds, and calyx more or less pubescent (E. dichotoma, var. fragrans, Nuttall, l, c.; E.
pungens, Willdenow, Spec, ii, 964 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1242 ; E. montana, Aublet, Guian. i, 495, t. 195), not rare in West Indies,
and, according to Nuttall, collected by Mr. Baldwin in the vicinity of New Smyrna, Florida, has not been
rediscovered within the limits of the United States.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or red,
sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8983 ; ash, 0.74.
The small, edible fruit of agreeable aromatic flavor, and greatly improved by cultivation in rich soil.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 89
146. — Eugenia monticola, De Candolle,
Prodr. iii, 275.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach , Fl. British West Indies, 236.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.
Myrtus monticola, Swartz, Fl.Ind. Occ.ii, 898.
E, triplinervia, Berg in Liniuea, xxvii, 19J, in part.
E. amllaris, Berg in Linnoja, xxvii, 201, in part.
STOPPER. WHITE STOPPER.
Florida, Saint John's river to Umbrella Key ; rare; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or in northern Florida reduced
to a low shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown,
often tinged with red, the sap-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.9156 ; ash, 1.89.
147. — Eugenia longipes, Berg,
Linnoea, xxvii, 150.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 620.
STOPPEE.
Semi-tropical Florida, No-Name Key ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 4 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter ; rare.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown tinged
with red ; specific gravity, 1.1235 ; ash, 3.48.
The small red fruit with the flavor of cranberries.
»
148. — Eugenia procera, Poiret,
Suppl. ii, 129.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 268.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 106, t. 28; 2 ed. i, 122, t. 28.— Berg in Linntea, xxvii, 207.— Cooper ui
Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 238.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.
Myrtus procera, Swartz, Prodr. 77; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 887.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 968.
E. Baruemis, Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cub. [not Jacquin], 87.
EED STOPPER.
Semi-tropical Florida, shores of bay Biscay ne, Key Largo, Elliott's Key; in the West Indies.
A tree, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; often forming extensive groves,
and reaching its greatest development in the United States in the neighborhood of Miami, bay Biscayne.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous,
hardly distinguishable ; color, light yellow-brown, the sap-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.9453 ; ash, 2.62 ;
probably valuable in cabinet-making and as a substitute for box-wood for coarse wood-engraving.
NOTE.— Ptridium Gitaiai-a, Raddi, the Guava, widely cultivated in the tropics for its fruit, is now sparingly naturalized in semi-tropical
Florida.
CACTACE^.
149. — Cereus giganteus, Engelmann;
Emory's Eep. 158 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv, 335 ; xvii, 231 ; Proc. Am. Acad. iii, 287 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, Cactacese, 42, t. 61,
62 & front.; Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 247.— Thurber in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. v, 302, 305.— Fl. des Serres, x, 24,
& t. ; xv, 187, t. 1600.— Bigelow in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 12.— Engelmann & Bigelow iii Pacific R. E. Eep. iv, 36.— Walpers,
Ann. v, 46. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1*58, 259. — Lemaire, 111. Hort. ix, Misc. 95. — Marcou in Jour. Hort. Soc. France, 2 ser. iii,
676.— Lindley, Treasury Bot. 256, t. 17. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. — Eotbrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, front. — Hemsley, Bot.
Am. -Cent, i, :i4;i. — James in Am. Nat. xv, 982, f. 3.
PiloCi'TCUK Engdmanni, Lemaire, 111. Hort. ix, Misc. 95.
90 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
SUWARROW. SAGUARO. GIANT CACTUS.
Valley of Bill Williams river, Arizona, south and east through central Arizona to the valley of the San Pedro
river ; southward in Sonora.
A tall, columnar tree, 8 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; dry, stony
mesas or low hills rising from the desert.
Wood of the large, strong ribs, very light, soft, rather coarse-grained, solid, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish,
almost indestructible in contact with the ground ; medullary rays very numerous, broad ; color, light brown
tinged with yellow; specific gravity, 0.3188 ; ash, 3.45; used in the region almost exclusively for the rafters of
adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances, bows, etc.
The edible fruit largely collected and dried by the Indians.
150. — Cornus alternifolia, Linnaeus f.
Suppl. 125.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 116; 111. i, 303.— L'Heritier, Cornns, 10, t. 6.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 19.— Alton, Hort.Kew. i, 159; 2 ed.
i, 262.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 664; Enum. 165; fieri. Bauinz. 104.— Micliaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 93.— Porsoon, Syn. i, 144.— Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb.i, 351.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 157, t. 45.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 109.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 99.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst.
iii, 323; Mant. 251.— Elliott, Sk. i, 210.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abl). Holz. 53, t. 43.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 180 ;
Compend. Fl. N. States, 83; Fl. N. York, i, 288.— Sprengel, Syst, i, 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 271.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 275.—
Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 398.— Beck, Bot. 154.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 109.— Tausch in Regensb. Fl. xxi,732.— Spach, Hist. Veg.viii, 92.—
Dietrich, Syn. i, 503.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 649.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1010, f. 760.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 210.—
Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 60.— C. A. Meyer in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, v, 6, 13.— Walpers, Rep. v, 932.— Emerson, Trees
Massachusetts, 409; 2 ed. ii, 463 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 613.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 110.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 167.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 167.— Wood, Cl. Book, 391 ; Bot.
& Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 690.— Young, Bot. Texas, 303.
C. alterna, Marshall, Arbustum, 35.
DOGWOOD.
New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the northern shores of lake Superior,
eouth through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama.
A small tree, 4 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; low, rich woods and borders
of streams and swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown
tinged with red, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.6696; ash, 0.41.
151. — Cornus florida, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 117.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 35.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 114; 111. i, 302.— Wangenheim, Amer. 51, t. 17, f. 41.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliuiana, 88. — L'Heritier, Cornus, 4.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 157; 2 ed. i, 261. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 661; Enum. 164; Berl.
Baumz. 100.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 73.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 12, 45; ii, 17, 19.— Bot. Mag. t. 526.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am.
i, 91.— Persoon, Syn. i, 143.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 350.— Schkuhr, Handb. 82.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 41, 1. 16, f. 7.— Nouveau
Dnhamel, ii, 153.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 138, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 176, t. 48.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 108.—
Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 69, t.73; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 59.— Eaton, Manual, 19; 6 ed. 108.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 98.— Barton, Med. Bot. i,
43, t. 3.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 319.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 6.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 21, t. 19.— Elliott, Sk. i, 207.—
Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 208; Fl. U. S. 178; Compend. Fl. N. States, 82; Fl. N. York, i, 290; Nicollet's Rep. 151; Emory's
Rep. 408.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 451.— Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. x, 264 ; Bot. 153. — Andubon, Birds, t. 8, 73, 122.— Rafinesqtie, Med.
Bot. i, 131, f. 28 — De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 273.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part ; Companion Bot, Mag. i, 48.— Don, Miller's Diet,
iii, 400.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 81.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 504.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 652.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1017, f.
769.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 209.— Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276.— Browne, Trees of America, 350.— Emerson, Trees
Massachusetts, 413; 2 ed. ii, 467 & t. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 347, f. 164.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 50, t. 42.— Richardson, Arctic Exped.
429.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 111.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 339.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 60.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364.— Wood, Cl.
Book, 391; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Blakio in Canadian Nat. vi, 1.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 194.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 59.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 200 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 11. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 694.— Young, Bot. Texas,
303.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Baillon, Hist. PI. vii, 68, f. 46.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53.— Bentley &
Trimen, Med. PI. ii, 136, t. 136.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67.
Benthamidia fiorida, Spach, Hist, Veg. viii, 107.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 91
FLOWERING DOGWOOD. BOX WOOD.
Southern New England, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, and through the Atlantic forests to latitude 28°
50' in Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.
A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its northern
limits reduced to a low shrub; rich woods ; very common, especially at the south.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, brown, changing in different specimens to shades of green
and red, the sap-wood lighter; specific; gravity, 0.8153; ash, 0.67; used in turnery, for wood engravings and the
bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel hoops, etc.
The bark, especially of the root, in common with that of the other species of the genus, possesses bitter tonic
properties, and is used in decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers (Am. Jour.
Pharm. vii, 109.— Maisch in Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 315.— U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 352.— Nat. Dispensatory. 2 ed.
4G7).
152. — Cornus Nuttallii, Audnbon,
Birds, t. 467.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 652.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 435.— Bentham, PI. Hartwcg. 312.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 51, t.
97; 2 ed. ii, 117, t. 97.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 89.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 94; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 71; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 326.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 24, 75.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259;
Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 29, 63.— Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 134.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 387.— Brewer & Watson,
Bot. California, i, 274; ii, 452.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, !<>.— Hall in Co.ilter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 88.— Macoun in Geological Rep.
Canada, 1P75-76, 198. — G. M. Dawsoii in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331.
C. florida, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part.
FLOWERING DOGWOOD.
Vancouver's island and along the coast of southern British Columbia, through western Washington territory
and Oregon, and southward through the Coast ranges of California and along the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains.
A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter ; ascending
the Cascade mountains to 3,000 feet, and the San Bernardino mountains to from 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation;
common; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; medullary
rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with 'red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7481; ash,
0.50 ; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc.
153. — Nyssa capitata, Walter,
Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 257, t. 20 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 37, t. 113.—
Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 480.— Poiret, Snppl. v, 740.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 685.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 62.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364.— Wood, Cl. Book, 392 ; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 456. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.
N. Ogeche, Marshall, Arbustum, 97.
N. COCCinea, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 17.
N. tomentosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.
N. candicans, Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persoon, Syn. ii,614.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Willdenow, Spec, iv,
1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Poiret, Suppl.iv, 116.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, 167.—
Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 557.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1318, f. 1199.—
Browne, Trees of America, 426.
N. montana, Gicrtner, Fruct. iii, 201, t. 216.
OGEECHEE LIME. SOUR TUPELO. GOPHER PLUM.
Georgia, from the valley of the Ogeechee to the Saint Mary's river, west Florida (near Vernon, Mohr), and
in southern Arkansas.
A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter; deep swamps and river
bottoms ; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many regularly-
distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific
gravity, 0.4G13 ; ash, 0.34.
A conserve, under the name of " Ogeechee limes", is made from the large, acid fruit.
92 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
»
154. — Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall,
Arbustum, 97.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 260, t. 21 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 29, 1. 110.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 116.— Barton, Prodr. FL
Philadelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 193.
2f. aquatica, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 1058, in part.— St. Hilaire, Fam. Nat. ii, 152.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 614.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb.
Am. ii, 165, t. 22; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 31, t. 111.— Rffimer& Schultes, Syst. v, 576.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph.
97; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 192.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 133.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 684.— Dietrich,
Syn. i, 878.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
492.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii. 168.— Porcher, Resources S.
Forests, 347.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.
N. multiflora, Wangenheim, Amer. 46, 1. 16, f. 39.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 684.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 463.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 161, t. 95.— Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 312, t. 17 ; 2 ed. ii, 353 & t.— Schnizlein, Icon. 1. 108, f. 1, 2.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 254.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 492.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 62. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364. — Wood, Cl. Book, 392; Bot.
& Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 554.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 16. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53. — Bessey in Am. Nat. xv, 134.— Bell in Geological Rep.
Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.
N. Caroliniana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507 ; Lamarck, 111. iii, 442, t. 851, f. 1.
N. biflora, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 259.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1113 ;
Enum. 1061 ; Berl. Baumz. 256.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Gsrtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 203, t. 216.— Alton, Hort.
Kew. 2 ed. v,479.— Pursh.Fl.Am. Sept. i, 177.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.v, 167.— Poiret, Suppl.
iv, 115.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 200 ; Compend. Bot. N. States, 372.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 229.— Eaton, Manual,
116.— Beck, Bot. 307.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1317, f. 1195, 1196.— Browne, Trees of America, 423.— Baillon, Hist. PI.
v, 266, f. 241-244.
JV. integrifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446.— Peraoon, Syn. ii, 614.
N. Canadensis, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507.
N. villosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii,258.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1112.— Desfontaines Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed-
v, 479.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 380.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 276.— Roemer & Schnltes, Syst.
v, 575.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Torrey, Compend. Bot. N. States, 372.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 878.— London, Arboretum, iii,
1317, f. 1197, 1198.
N". multiflora, var. sylvatica, Watson, Index, 442.
TUPELO. SOUR GUM. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK GUM.
Valley of the Kennebec river, Maine (Kent's Hill, Prof. Stone), West Milton, Vermont, west to central Michigan,
south to Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.
A tree 15 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 meter in diameter, or at the north much smaller;
borders of swamps, or on rather high, rich hillsides and pine uplands ; at the south often in pine-barren ponds
and deep swamps, the base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and swollen (N. aquatica).
Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, difficult to work, inclined. to check unless carefully
seasoned, not durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous regularly-distributed small open ducts;
medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light yellow or often nearly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable;
specific gravity, 0.6353; ash, 0.52; now largely used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass factories, ox yokes,
and on the gulf coast for wharf piles.
NOTE.— Various forms of Nyssa, which at different times have beeu considered by botanists as entitled to specific rank, are
connected by so many intermediate forms, and offer so few distinctive characters, that they are hero united into one polymorphous
species, which thus enlarged may properly bear Marshall's earlier name of Nyssa, sylvatica, rather than the more familiar Nyssa multiflora
of Wangenheim.
155. — Nyssa uniflora, Wangenheim,
Amer. 83, t. 27, f. 57.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 686.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 62.— Wood,
Cl. Book, 392; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees. 16.
N. aquatica, Linnaeus, Spec. 1058, in part.— Marshal], Arbustum, 96.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507. —Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 36.
N. denticulata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446; 2 ed. v, 480.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 015.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1114.— Gajrtner f.
Fruct. Suppl. 203, t. 216.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 178.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 115.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Hayne, Dend.
Fl. 229.— Roomer & Schultes, Syst, T, 577.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 93
N. angulosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507; 111. iii, 442, t. 851, f. 2.— Roemer & Sehultes, Syst. v, 578.
N. palustris, Salisbury, Prodr. 175-
N. tomentosa, Micliaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 615.— Willdeuow, Spec.iv, 1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.i,
177.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Rcemer & Sehultes, Syst. v, 577.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 685.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Audnbon,
Birds, t. 13.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.
N. angulisans, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 259.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 465.
N. grandidcntata, Michaux f. Hist. Arl>. Am. ii, 252, t. 19; N. Ame
1319, f. 1200, 1201.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
N. capitata var. grandidentata, Browne, Trees of America, 426.
N. grandidcntata, Michaux f. Hist. Arl>. Am. ii, 252, t. 19 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 34, t. 112.— London, Arboretum, iii,
1319, f. 1200, 1201.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364.
LARGE TUPELO. COTTON GUM. TUPELO GUM.
Southern Virginia, south near the coast to the valley of the Saint Mary's river, Georgia, through the Gulf
states to the valley of the Neches river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and southeastern Missouri to
the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois.
A large tree, 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; deep swamps and river
bottoms subject to frequent overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom lauds of the lower
Mississippi river basin, and reaching its greatest development in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and
eastern Texas, near the coast.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light
brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5194; ash, 0.70; used in turnery, largely for woodenware, broom
handles, and wooden shoes ; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork.
CAPRIFOLIAOE^E.
156. — Sambucus glauca, Nuttall;
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 13.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 453.— Torrey in Pacific R.R.Rep.vi, 12; Ives' Rep. 15; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 71. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib.v,66; Proc. Am. Acad. vii,387; Syn. Fl. N.America, i*, 9. — Watson in King's Rep. v,
134.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 278.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, 88.— Rothrock in
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135, 363.
IS. Caiifbrnica, Hort.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 72.
? 8. Mexicana, Ne wherry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 75 [not Presl].
ELDER.
Valley of the Fraser river and Vancouver's island, British Columbia, southward through California to the
Mexican boundary, extending west to the Blue mountains of Oregon and the Wahsatch range, Utah.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its
northern limits reduced to a large shrub ; confined to valleys, in dry, gravelly soil.
Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, rather conspicuous ;
color, yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5087 ; ash, 1.57.
The large blue-black fruit edible and sometimes cooked.
157. — Sambucus Mexicana, Presl,
Hort. Hasnk. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 322. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 437. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1030. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib.
v, 66; Syn. Fl. N. America, i3, 9.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 95; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 71.— Brewer & Watson, Bot.
California, i, 278.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 1.
S. glauca, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 313 [not Nuttall].
S. vellttina, Dnrand «fe Hilgard in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. new ser. iii, 39.
94 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
ELDER.
Valley of the Nueces river (San Patricio), south and west along the southern boundary of the United States
to Posa creek, Kern county, California, and southward into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; bottom lands, in
moist, gravelly loam.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4014; ash, 2.00.
158. — Viburnum Lentago, Linnasus,
Spec. 1 ed. 268.— Marshall, Arbustum, 160.— Wangenheim, Amer. 100. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 116.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 372; 2 ed.
ii, 168.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1491; Enum. 327; Berl. Baumz. 531.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 129.— Schkuhr, Handb. 234.— Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Atn. i, 178. — Persoon, Syn. i, 327. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 344. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 658. — Pursh, Fl.Am.
Sept. i, 201.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 40.— Eaton, Manual, 34 ; 6 ed. 387.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Hayne, Dencl. Fl. 37.—
Rcemer& Schultes, Syst. vi, 637. —Elliott, Sk. i, 365.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 318; Compend. Fl. N. States, 138; Fl. N. York, i, 305.—
Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 21.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 934.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 102.— De Caudolle, Prodr. iv, 325.—
Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. i, 279. —Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 311. —London, Arboretum, ii, 1033,
f. 780.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1011.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 473.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 15.— Bigelovr, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 123.—
Penn. Cycl. xxvii, 294. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 364 ; 2 ed. ii, 412. — Darlington, Fl. Cestvica, 3 ed. 115. — Darby, Bot. 8. States,
342.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171.— Wood, Cl. Book, 398; Bot. & Fl. 147.— Eugclmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,194;
Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 269.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 206 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, i2, 12.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 62. —
Young, Bot. Texas, 309.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Macoun in Rep. Geological Snrv. Canada, 1875-76, 198.— Bidgway in
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1882, 68.
SHEEPBERRY. NANNYBERRY.
Southern shores of Hudson bay west in British America to about longitude 102°, south through the northern
states to southern Indiana and Saint Louis county, Missouri, and along the Alleghauy mountains to northern
Georgia.
A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; rocky ridges
and along borders of streams and swamps, in rich, moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development
far north.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable odor; medullary rays thin, barely
distinguishable; color, dark orange-brown, the sap-wood nearly white;' specific gravity, 0.7303; ash, 0.29.
159. — Viburnum prunifolium, Linnaras,
Spec. led. 268.— Marshall, Arbustum, 160.— Wangenheim, Amer. 98.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 116.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 371; 2 ed. ii,
167.— Willdeuow, Spec, i, 1487; Enum. 326; Berl. Bauinz. 530.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 53.— Nonveau Duhamel, ii, 128, t. 38.—
Schkuhr, Handb. 233. — Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. i, 178. — Persoon, Syu. i, 32G. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 344. — Poiret in Lamarck,
Diet, viii, 653.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 201.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadeph. 39 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 151.— Nuttall, Genera,
i, 202. — Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 631.- Hayne, Dend. Fl. 37. — Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 318 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 138.— Elliott, Sk.
i, 365.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 933.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 101.— Watson, Deud. Brit, i, t. 23.— Audubon, Birds, t. 23.—
De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 325. — Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 312.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1034,
1. 193.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 27 9. —Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 14.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 451.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.
115.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 342.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171.— Wood, Cl. Book. 398; Bot, & Fl. 147.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.
206; Syn. Fl. N. America, i2, 12.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 269.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 62.— Young, Bot. Texas, 309.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 96.
V. pyrifolium, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 658.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 201.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Barton, Compend.
Fl. Philadelph. i, 152.— Reemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 631.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 37.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 22.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 345; Cat. Hort. Paris, 3 ed. 404.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 325.— Beck, Bot. 156.— Loudon,
Arboretum, ii, 1034, f. 781, 782.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston, 3 ed. 123.
V. prunifolium, var. ferrugineum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 15.
BLACK HAW. STAG BUSH.
Fairfield county, Connecticut, valley of the lower Hudson river (Fishkill landing), south to Hernando county,
Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian territory.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9. meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or at
the north generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; usually on rocky hillsides, in rich soil.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8332; ash, 0.52.
The edible fruit sweet and insipid ; the tonic and astringent bark somewhat used in the treatment of uterine
disorders in the form of decoctions or fluid extracts (Bunion Mcd. and Sury. Jour. October 10, 1867. — U. S. Dispensatory,
14 ed. 1783.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1821).
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 95
RUBIACEJ].
160. — Exostemma Caribaeum, Rcemer & Schnltes,
Syst. v, 18.— Sprengcl, Syst. i,705.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 359.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 481.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 722.— Spach, Hist. Veg.
viii, 395.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 36.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 180.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 324.—
Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii. 187, f. 628.— Gray, Syu. Fl. N. America, i3, 23.
Cinchona Caribwa, Jacquin, Stirp. Amer. t. 176, f. 65.— Gaertner, Fruct. i, 109, t. 33.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 228; 2 ed. i,
372. — Lambert, Cinchoua, 38, 1. 12 (excl. syu. ). — Andrews, Dot. Rep. vii, t. 481.
Cinchona Jamaicencis, Wright in Trans. Royal Soc. Ixvii, 504, 1. 10.
Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys ; through the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light brown, beautifully streaked with different shades of
yellow and brown, the sap-wood clear, rich yellow; specific gravity, 0.9310; ash, 0.23.
»
161. — Pinckneya pubens, Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 103, t. 13.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 30.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 372.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Ain.ii,276,t.24; N.
American Sylva, i, 180, t. 49.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 158.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 37.— Barton, Fl. N. America, i, 25, t. 7.— Sprengel, Syst.
i, 705.— Elliott, Sk. i, 269.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 57, t. 72.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 366.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 165.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 263.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 486.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 433.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 400.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 357.— Torrey &
Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 37.— Browne, Trees of America, 354.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 365, f. 174.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 347.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 179.— Wood, Cl. Book, 401; Bot. & Fl. 150.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
404.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i3, 23.
Cinchona Caroliniana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 40.
P. pubescens, Persoon, Syn. i, 197.— Gasrtner f. Fruct'. Suppl. 81, t. 194, f. 3.
GEORGIA BAEK.
South Carolina, near the coast; basin of the upper Apalachicola river in Georgia and Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, in low,
sandy swamps ; rare.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth clearly marked by
four to six rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.5350 ; ash, 0.41.
Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of intermittent fever, as a substitute for cinchona
(U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed.1734).
162. — Genipa clusiaefolia, Grisebach,
Fl. British West Indies, 317.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i2, 29.
Gardenia clusiaifolia, Jacquin, Coll. Appx. 37, t. 4, f. 3.— Persoon, Syn. i, 199.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 381 ; Dietrich,
Syn. i, 796.
Randia clusiwfolia, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 179.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.
SEVEN-YEAR APPLE.
Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A small, much-branched, knotty tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter
in diameter, or in Florida more often a shrub ; saline shores.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous,
thin; color, rich dark brown shaded with orange, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 1.0310; ash, 1.06.
The large insipid fruit popularly but incorrectly supposed to require seven years in which to ripen.
96 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
163. — Guettarda elliptica, Swartz,
Prodr. 59 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 634.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 218.— Persoon, Syn. i, 200.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 859.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 4*12.— De
Candolle,Prodr. iv, 457.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 787.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 551.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, ii, 35.— Grisebach, PI.
British West Indies, 332.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i2, 30.
G. Blodgettii, Shuttleworth in herb.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 178.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.
Semi-tropical Florida, ou the southern keys ; through the West Indies.
A small tree, 4 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing
numerous scattered small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red;
•peciflc gravity, 0.8337 ; ash, 1.05.
ERICACEJ5.
164. — Vaccinium arboreum, Marshall,
Arbnetum, 157.— Michonx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 230.— Persoou, Syn. i, 479.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 270.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 285.—
Nuttall, Genera, i, 263.— Elliott, Sk. i, 495.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 853.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1159.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii,
567.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1264.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 414.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1885.— Walpera, Ann. ii, 1096.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 259.— Wood, Cl. Book, 482; Bot. & Fl. 198.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 373.— Young, Bot. Texas, 369.—
Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii',20.— Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 71.
V. mucronatum, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 139 [not Linnaeus].
V. diffusum, Aitou.Hort. Kew. ii, 356.— Bot. Mag. t. 1607.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 96.
Batodendron arboreum, Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2ser. viii,261; Sylva, iii, 43; 2 ed. ii.lll.
FARKI.EBEEET.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states, and from southern
Illinois and southern Missouri south through Arkansas and eastern Texas to the shores of Matagorda bay.
A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 meter in diameter, or toward its northern
limits often reduced to a low shrub; very common throughout the pine belt of the Gulf states along the larger
ponds and streams, in moist, sandy soil, and reaching its greatest development in eastern Texas, near the coast.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish ; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly
distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.7610; ash, 0.39; somewhat used in turnery in the manufacture of small
handles, etc.
165. — Andromeda ferruginea, Walter,
Fl. Caroliniana, 138.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 67 ; 2 ed. iii, 52.— Willdenow, Sp. ii, 609.— Mlchaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 252.— Nouveau Duhamel,
i, 190.— Ventenat, Hort. Malmaison, 80, t. 80.— Persoon, Syn. i, 480.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 257.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 292.—
Elliott, Sk.i, 489. —Darby, Bot. S. States, 420. -Chapman, Fl. S. States, 263.— Wood, Cl. Book, 488; Bot. & FL 202.— Gray, Syn. Fl.
N. American1, 33.
A. rhomboid alis, Nouveau Duhamel, i, 192.
A.ferruglnca, var. arborcsctns, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,252.
A. ferruginea, var. frulicosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. i,252.
A. rigida, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 292.— Loddiges, Bot, Cab. t. 430.
Lyonin ferruginea, Nuttall, Genera, i, 266.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 830.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1109.— Dietrich, Syn. ii,
1399.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, fi()0.— Koch. Dendrologie, ii, 122.
Lyonia rigida, Nnttall, Genera, i,26C.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 830.— De Candolle, Prodr, vii, 600.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 97
South Carolina to iiorthern Florida, near the coast.
A small tree, in rich hummocks, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, often
crooked or semi-prostrate; or in sandy pine-barren soil reduced to a low shrub, 0.60 to 0.90 meter in height; the
leaves varying greatly in shape, venation, etc.
Wood lu'uvy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter;
specific gravity, 0.7f>00 ; ash, 0.40.
166. — Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh,
Fl.Am. Sept. i,282.— Sprengcl, Syst. ii, 286.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 834.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1122.— De Camlolle, Prodr. vii, 582.—
Dietrich, Syu. ii, Ki37.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 36.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 143.— Kuttall, Sylva, iii, 42, t. 95 ; 2 ed. ii, 109,
t.95.— Torroy in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 116; Bot. \Vilkes Exped. 378.— Xewbcrry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 23, 79, f. 22.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, •-!', 6i>. — Lyall in Jonr. Linnacan Soc. vii, 131. — Grayiu Proc. Am. Acad. vii,393;
B t. California, i, •)">-', in pait ; Syn. Fl. N. Anu'rica, ii1, 27, in part. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii,
86. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7(i, 'J(i:i. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,331. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent.
ii, 276.
A. 2>rocera, Douglas in Liudley's Bot. Reg. xxi, t. 1753.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1121.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 582.—
Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1387.— Paxton, Mag. Bot. ii, 147 & t.— Walpers, Rep. vi, 416.
A. laurifolia, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxx, t. 67.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 36.
MADRONA.
Islands of British Columbia, from Seymour narrows southward through Washington territory and Oregon,
near the coast, and through the Coast ranges of California to the Santa Lucia mountains.
A small tree, sometimes 15 to 25 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally,
much larger (the great specimen near San Rafael, Marin county, California, 6.85 meters in circumference 2 meters
from the ground); south of San Francisco bay much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; hillsides, in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color,
light brown shaded with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7052; ash, 0.40; largely used in the
manufacture of gunpowder, the bark in tanning.
167.— Arbutus Xalapensis, HBK.
Nov. Gen. & Spec, iii, 281.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 286.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 834.— Hooker, Icon, i, t. 27.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 66.—
De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 583.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1388.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 1105.— Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 192 & t.
?A. variens, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 77.— Paxton, Brit. FJ. Card, ii, 118.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 277.
fA. macrophylla, Martens & Galcotti in Bull. Acad. Brux.ix, 9.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 725.
A. Menziesii, Gray in Bot. California, i, 452, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 27, in part.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep.
vi, 25, 183 [not Pursh].
Southern Arizona, Santa Kita mountains, between 4,500 and 7,000 feet elevation ; southward through northern
Mexico.
A small tree, with white, scaly bark, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ;
dry, gravelly slopes; large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7099;
ash, 0.25.
168. — Arbutus Texana, Buckley,
Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861,460.— Gray in Proe. Philadelphia Acad. 18C2, 165.— Young, Bot. Texas, 370.
A. Menziesii, Gray in Bot. California, i, 452, in part; Syn. Fl.N. America, ii',27, in part.
?A. Xalapensis, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 111.
Western Texas, Hays and Travis counties (Buckley), west tb the Guadalupe and Eagle mountains (Havard),
.and southward, probably into northern Mexico.
A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; dry limestone hills and
ridges; rare.
7 FOR
98 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood
lighter, tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.7500; ash, 0.51; used in turnery, the manufacture of mathematical
instruments, etc.
NOTE. — The synononiy and specific position of the Mexican species of Arbutus which reach the southern boundary of the United
States are still obscure, and cannot be well elucidated with the existing knowledge of the Mexican flora.
169. — Oxydendrum arboreum, De Candolle,
Prodr. vli, 601.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1389.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 263.--Lesquereux in Owen's
2d Rep. Arkansas, 372.- Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Wood, Cl. Book, 489 : Bot. & Fl. 203.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 296; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 33.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 128.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.— Nat.
Dispensatory, 2 ed. 798.
Andromeda arborea, Linnams, Spec. 1 ed. 394.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 158.— Marshall, Arbustuin, 7.— Wangenheim, Amer. 105. —
Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 138. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 69 ; 2 ed. iii, 53. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 612; Ennm. 452 ; Berl. Baumz.
31.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 255.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 178.— Bot. Mag. t. 905.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 257.—
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 222, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3ed.ii, 126, t. 85.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 295.— Nuttall,
Genera, i, 265.— Elliott, Sk. i, 491.— Barton, Fl. N. America, i, 105, t. 30.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 59.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i,
420; Compend. Fl. N. States, 182.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 291.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 266.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 419. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 379.
6
Andromeda arborescens, Persoon, Syn.i, 480.— Willdeuow, Enum. 453.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1210.
Lyonia arborea, Don in Edinburgh Phil. Jour, xvii, 159. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 831. — London, Arboretum, ii, 1111. — Spach,
Hist. Veg. ix, 486.— Browne, Trees of America, 356.
SORREL TREE. SOUR WOOD.
Western Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to western Florida and the eastern shores
of Mobile bay, west to middle Tennessee and through the upper regions of the Gulf states to western Louisiana.
A small tree, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.35 meter in diameter; usually in rather dry,
gravelly soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7458 j- ash, 0.37 ; used for
the handles of tools, bearings of machinery, etc.
*
170. — Kalmia latifolia, Linnams,
Spec. 1 ed. 301.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 335.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 72.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 345; 111. ii,487,t. 363, f. 1.— Gsertner,
Fruct. i, 305, t. 63, f. 7.— Wangenheim, Amer. 64, t. 24, f. 50.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 138.— Alton, Hort, Kew. ii, 64; 2 ed. iii, 47. —
Lamarck, 111. 487, t. 363, f. 1.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i,t. 87.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 600; Enum. 450; Berl. Bauniz. 202.— Schkuhr,
Handb. 359, 1. 116.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 258.— Persoon, Syn. i, 477.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 220.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 419.—
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 144, t. 4; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 62, t. 67.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 296.— Barton, Prodr. Fl.
Philadelph. 49.— Eaton, Manual, 47; 6 ed. 195.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. i, 113, 1. 13 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 179.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 267.—
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 54.— Elliott, Sk. i, 481.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 422 ; Compend. Fl.N. States, 182.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,293.— Andubon,
Birds, t. 55.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 16, t. 57.— Sertnm Botauicum.iv & t.— Beck, Bot. 219.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 850.— Lindley,
Fl. Med. 380.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1151, f. 959.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 729.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 498, 1. 139.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-
Am. ii, 41. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1407. — Browne, Trees of America, 363. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 392 ; 2 ed. ii. 443 & t. —
Griffith, Med. Bot. 428, f. 192.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 420.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 264. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 99. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 373.— Wood, Cl. Book, 484; Bot. & Fl. 200.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 381.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 298;
Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 38. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 152. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. — London Garden, xxii, 6, t. 343.
LAUREL. CALICO BUSH. SPOON WOOD. IVY.
New Brunswick and the northern shores of lake Erie, south to western Florida, and through the Gulf states
to western Louisiana and the valley of the Bed river, Arkansas (Hot Springs, Letterman).
A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter, or more often
a low shrub; rich woodlands; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany
mountains, here often forming dense, impenetrable thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; principal medullary rays broad, dark brown,
conspicuous, intermediate rays numerous, thin, inconspicuous; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.7KJO ; ash, 0.41 ; used for tool handles, in turnery, and for fuel.
The leaves, buds, and fruit, reputed poisonous to cattle, are occasionally used medicinally ( U. 8. Dispensatory,
14 ed. 1682.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 798).
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 99
171. — Rhododendron maximum, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 391.— Marshall, Arlmstum, 127.— Gtertuer, Fruct. i, 304, t. 63, f. 6.— Wangenheim, Amer. 63, t. 22, f. 49.— Alton, Hort. Kew.
ii, 67; 2 ed. iii, 50.— Moenrh, Meth. 45.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 365; 111. ii, 44H, t. 364, f. 1.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 18.— Willdenow,
Spec, ii, 606; Enum. '451; Berl. Bauin/. 357. — Xouveau Duliamel, ii, 141. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 259. — Schkiihr, Handb. 362. —
Persoon, Syn. i, 478. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. i, 221. — Bot. Mag. t. 951. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 144, t. 4; N.American
Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 64, t. 68.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Eaton, Manual, 47 ; 6 ed. 301.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 268.— Bigelow, Med. Bot.
iii, 101, t. 51 ; Fl. Boston. 3 rd. 17b.— Elliott, Sk. i, 483.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 57.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 426 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 184.—
Spreugel, Syst. ii, 292.— Audubon, Birds, t. 103.— Beck, Bot. 220.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1134, f.
932.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 722.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 503.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1404.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 391. —Browne, Trees of America, 359.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 384 ; 2 ed. ii, 435 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 428.—
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 171. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 421. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States,
265. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 97. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373. — Wood, Cl. Book,
491 ; Bot. & Fl. 204.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 380.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 300 ; Syn. Fl. N. America ii1, 42.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 169. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.
B.prOCerum, Salisbury, Prodr. 287.
R. maximum, var. roseum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk.i,484.
B. maximum, var. album, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk. i, 484.
B. maximum, var. purpureum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk. i, 484.
B. purpureum, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1134.— Dietrich, Syn, ii, 1404.
B. Purshii, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1135. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1404 (var. album, Pursh, I. c.).
GREAT LATJEEL. ROSE BAY.
Nova Scotia and the northern shores of lake Erie, south through Kew England, New York, and along the
Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia.
A small tree, sometimes 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or
often a tall, straggling shrub; at the north in cold swamps; rare; very common and reaching its greatest
development in the southern Alleghany mountains, steep, rocky banks of streams, etc.; never on limestone.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light clear
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6303; ash, 0.36; occasionally used in turnery for the handles
of tools, etc., and a possible substitute for box-wood in engraving. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used
domestically in the treatment of rheumatism, sciatica, etc.
MYRSINACE^.
172. — Myrsine Rapanea, Roemer & Schultes,
Syet. iv, 509.— Don, Miller's Diet, iy, 10.— Dietrich, Syu. i, 618.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 97.— Miquel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. ix,
307, t. 50-52.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii1, 65.
Bapanea Cfuyanensis, Aublet, Gnian.i, 121, t. 46.— Swartz, Obs. 51; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 262.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 48, t. 122, f. 1.
Samara pentandra, Swartz, Obs. 51 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 262 [not Aitou].
Samara floribunda, Willdenow, Spec, i, 6ti5.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 46, t. 122, f. 1.
Caballeria coriacea, Meyer, Prim.Fl. Esseq. 118.
M. Floridana, A. De Caudolle in Trans. Linnrean Soc. xvii, 107; Prodr. viii, 98.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 98.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 277.
M. Jioribunda, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 393.
Semi-tropical Florida, Indian river southward to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or
often a shrub ; borders of ponds and fresh-water creeks ; in the West Indies much larger.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very conspicuous; color, brown
tinged with red and beautifully striped with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable;
specific gravity, 0.8341 ; ash, 0.81.
100 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
173- — Ardisia Pickeringia, Nuttall,
Sylva, iii, 69, t. 102; 2 ed. ii, 133, t. 102.— A. De Canclolle, Prodr. viii, 124.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 277.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Gray, Syu. Fl. N. America, ii1, 65.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 294.
Cyrilla- paniculata, Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. v,290.
Picker ingia patniculala, Nuttall iu Jour. Philadelphia Acad. vii, 1.
MABLBEEEY. CHEEEY.
Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa river to cape Romano; in the
West Indies and southern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 8 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a shrub;
reaching its greatest development in Florida on the shores of bay Biscayne.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays very
numerous, conspicuous; color, rich brown, beautifully marked with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood a
little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8602; ash, 1.85.
174. — Jacquinia armillaris, Jacquiu,
*
Amer. 53, t. 39.— Liunieus, Spec. 2 ed. 272.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 257 ; 2 ed. ii, 5. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 46, t. 39.— Vahl, Eclog. i, 26.— Swartz^
Obs. 85.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1064 ; Euum. 246.— Persoon, Syn. i, 234.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 490.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 668.—
Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 24.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 638.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 123.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 149.— Miquel in
Martius, Fl. Brasil. ix, 282, t. 27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 276.— Grisebach, Fl. British
West Indies, 397. — Seemanu, Jour. Bot. iii, 279. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii!, 66. — Hemsley,
Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 294.
Chrysophylhtm Barbasco, Lcefling, Iter. 204, 277.
JOE WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys ; rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A low, rigid tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 meter in
diameter ; in the Bahamas and other West Indian islands probably much larger.
Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, checking and shrinking badly in drying, containing many scattered
large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous; color, light clear brown tinged with yellow;
specific gravity, 0.6948; ash, 3.45.
The saponaceous leaves sometimes used as a substitute for soap.
SAPOTAOEJB.
175. — Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Lamarck,
Diet, i, 552; 111. ii, 42.— Desconrtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 71.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 158.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies,
398.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 67.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 634.
0. Ganeto, ft. Linnams, Sp. 3 ed. 278 (excl. syn. Lcefling).
C. monopyrenum, Swartz, Prodr. 49; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 480.— Persoon, Syn. i, 236.— Rojnier & Schultes, Syst. iv 703.—
Sprengel, Syst. i, 666.— Bot. Mag.'t. 3303.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 638. —Miquel in Martius, Fl. Brasil. vii, 94.
C.ferrugineum, Gartner f. Fruct. Suppl. 120, t. 202, f. 1.
C. microphylhim, Chapman in Coulters Bot. Gazette, iii, 9.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18 [not A. De Candolle].
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys (Elliott's Key, No-Name Key, Key Largo), west
coast, Caloosa river to cape Sable; rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous;
color, light brown shaded with red, the thin sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.9360; ash, 1.24.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 101
176. — Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, Jacquin,
Coll. ii, 1. 17, f. 5.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 41, 1. 120, f. 2.— Gacrtner f. Fruct. Snppl. 125.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 666.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 622.— A. De
Candolle, Prodr. viii, 181.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 399.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 67.
Bumelia pallida, Swartz, Prodr.40; Fl.Iud.Occ.4K).
Acliras pallida, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 533.
Bumelia Mastichodendron, itemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 493.
S. pallidum, Sprengcl, .SyKt. i. 666.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 180. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 274.— Vasey, €at. Forest
Trees, 18.
Bumelia fatidissima, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 39, t.94 ; 2 ed. ii, 108, t. 94.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 265.
MASTIC.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, cape Romano to cape Sable ; in the
West Indies.
A tree often 18 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; the largest and most valuable
tree of semi-tropical Florida ; common.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, containing few" scattered small
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color, bright orange, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity,
1.0109 ; ash, 5.14 ; not affected by the teredo; largely used in ship- and boat-building.
The dry fruit, of a pleasant subacid flavor, eagerly eaten by animals.
177- — Dipholis salicifolia, A. De Candolle,
Prodr. viii, 188 (Delessert, Icon. Mex. ined. t. 40). — Richard, Fl. Cuba, t. 542. — Miquel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. vii, 45, 1. 18. — Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 274.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 401.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii1, 67.
Achras salicifolia, Linnajus, Spec. 2 ed. 470.
Bumelia salicifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 491.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 42.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1086.— Aiton, Hort.
Kew. 2 ed. ii, 12.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 494.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.
Sideroxylon saHcifolium, Gartner f. Fruct. Snppl. 124, t. 202. — Lamarck, HI. ii, 42.
BUSTIC. CASSADA.
Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; the large trees hollow and
defective; rare.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, compact, checking in drying, susceptible of a
beautiful polish, containing many scattered large open ducts; color, dark brown or red, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.931G ; ash, 0.32.
178. — Bumelia tenax, Willdenow,
Spec, i, 1088; Ennm. 248; Berl. Baumz. 67. -Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 12.— Rrerner &, Schultes, Syst. iv, 496.— Elliott, Sk. i, 288.—
Persoon,Syn. i,237.- Hayne.Dend. Fl. 18.— Sprcugel, Syst. i,664.— Eaton, Manual, 6*ed. 60.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— London,
Arboretum, ii, 1193, f. 1017.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 388.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 35, t.
92; 2ed. ii, 104, t. 92.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 196.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 428.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Wood, Cl. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 68.
Sideroxylon tenax, Liumeus, Mant. 48.— Jacquin, Coll. ii, 252.— Lamarck, Diet. i, 245; 111. ii, 42. —Aiton, Hort. Kew, i, 262.—
Stvartz, Obs. 91.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 204.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 461.
Sideroxylon Carolinensc, Jacquin, Obs. iii, 3, t.54.
Sideroxylon sericeum, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 100.
Sideroxylon chrysophylloidefi, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Ara. i, 123.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 53.
B. chrysophylloides, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 1">5.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 135.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 10.
fB. reclinatd, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275 [not Ventenat].
102 .FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 meter in diameter; sandy soil.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; well characterized,
as in all the North American species, by large open ducts, defining, with several rows, the rings of annual growth,
and connected by conspicuous branching groups of similar ducts, giving to a cross-section a beautifully reticulated
appearance ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown streaked with white, the sap-wood lighter ; specific
gravity, 0.7293 ; ash, 0.78.
179. — Bumelia lanuginosa, Persoon,
Syn. i, 237.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 135.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 497.— Elliott, Sk. i, 288.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 60.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 428. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253. — Chapmaa, Fl. 8. States, 275. — Lesqaereux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 374.— Wood, Cl. Book, 501 ; Bot. & F1.210.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 308; Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn.Fl.N. America,
ii1, 68.— Young, Bot. Texas, 377.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.
fSideroxylon tenax, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 100.
Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Michaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. i,l22.
?B. oblongifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 135 ; Sylva,iii,33; 2 ed. ii, 102.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 664.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60.— Eaton
& Wrfght, Bot. 162.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. viii, 190. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.
B. ferruginea, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 34 ; 2 ed. ii, 103.
B. tomentOStt, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190.
B. arborea, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 461.
GUM ELASTIC. SHITTIM WOOD.
Georgia and northern Florida to Mobile bay, Alabama ; southern Illinois and southern Missouri, through
Arkansas to the valley of the Bio Grande, Texas (Eagle pass, Havard) (B. oblongifolia).
An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states
much smaller, rarely exceeding 6 meters in height ; common and reaching its greatest development in the rich
bottom lands of eastern Texas.
A low, depressed form of the sand-hills of the Altamaha river, Georgia, still to be rediscovered, with small
leaves and "edible fruit as large as a small date", is var. macrocarpa, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 68 (B. macrocarpa,
Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 37; 2 ed. ii, 106).
Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts conspicuous; medullary rays numerous,
thin; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6544; ash, 1.23; somewhat used in
cabinet-making, for which it is well suited.
A clear, very viscid gum exuded from the freshly-cut wood is sometimes used domestically.
180. — Bumelia spinosa, A. De Candolle,
Prodr. viii, 191 (Delessert, Icon. Mex. ined. t. 75).— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 299.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 112.
Santa Catalina mountains, Arizona, at an elevation of 2,700 feet (Pringle) ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico (Palmer,
No. 787).
A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil, near
water-courses.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, the open ducts conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ;
color, light rich brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity. 0.6603 ; ash, 1.24.
181. — Bumelia lycioides, Gaertner f.
Fruct. Suppl. 127, 1. 120.— Persoon, Syn. i, 237.— Willdenow, Enum. 249 ; Berl. Baumz. 68.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 237.— Nuttall, Genera.
i,135; Sylva, iii, 31, t. 91; 2ed.ii,101,t.91.— Rremer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 495.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 19.— Elliott, Sk.i, 287. —Sprengel,
Syst. i, 664.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1193, f. 1016.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.—
Spach, Hist. Veg.ix, 388. —Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 189.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 441.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 427.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.—
Wood, Cl. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 308 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 68.— Young, Bot. Texas, 376.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. ii,298.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 103
Sideroxylon lycioides, Liuuams, Hort. Clift'. 488 (rxol. hub.).— Lamarck. Diet, i, 246; 111. ii, 42.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i,262; 2
ed. ii, 13.— Willdeuow, Spec, i, 1090.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 122.— Pnrsh, PI. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Jaume St. Hilaire,
Fl. & Pom. Am. Franc, t. 81.
Sideroxylon decandrum, Liuim-iis, Mant. Id.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1091.
Syderoxylon Ifeve, Walter, Fl. Carolinian:i. ion.
IKON WOOD. SOX'THERN BUCKTHORN.
Coast of Virginia and southern Illinois, south to Mosquito inlet and Caloosa river, Florida, and through
southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Eio Concho, Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter; low,
rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic and Gulf states, a low, semi-prostrate shrub, described as —
var. reclinatum, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68.
Sideroxylon reclinatum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, iitii.
B. redinata, Ventenat, Cboix, t. 22.— Persoou, Syn. i,237.— Pnrsb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Reamer & Schultes, Syst. iv,496.—
Elliott, Sk.i, 287.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.fiO.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621. —Don, Miner's Diet, iv, 30.— London, Arboretum, ii,
1193.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr. viii, 190.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 428.— Wood, Cl. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thjn; color, light brown or
yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7467 ; ash, 0.81 .
182. — Bumelia cuneata, Swartz,
Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 496.— Persoon, Syn. i, 237.— Reamer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 498.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 665.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— Dietrich,
Syn. i, 621.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 401. —Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 68.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. u.297.
Achras CUneifolia, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 534.
B. angustifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 38, t. 93 ; 2 ed. ii, 106, t. 93.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 265.
Sideroxylon cuneatum, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 181.
B. parvifolia, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.
B. myrsinifolia , A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 192.
B. reclinata, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 109 [not Ventenat].
ANTS' WOOD. DOWNWARD PLUM. SAFFRON PLUM.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter.
Semi-tropical Florida, Merritt's island, Indian river, and southward to the southern keys, not rare; west coast,
Cedar Keys to cape Eomano, rare ; rocky shores and in the interior of low, barren keys ; Texas, valley of the
lower Rio Grande, Boss to Laredo, and southward into northern Mexico ; in the West Indies.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or orange, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7959; ash, 1.90.
183. — Mimusops Sieberi, A. De Candolle,
Prodr. viii, 204.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 69.
Achras Zapotilla, var. parviflora, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 28, t. 90; 2 ed. ii,97, t. 90.
M. dissecta, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 400, in part.
Aehras mammosa, Sieber, PI. Triu. No. 33 [not Liunseus nor Bonpland].
WILD DILLY.
Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys, common ; in the West Indies.
A small, low, gnarled tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter ; generally
hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ;
medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, rich, very dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 1.0838 ;
ash, 2.G1.
104 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
EBENACE^l.
184. — Diospyros Virginiana, Linnajus,
Spec. 1 ed. 1057.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 127, 345.— Marshall, Arbustuiu, 40.— Wangenheim, Amer. 84, t. 28, f. 58.— Walter. PI.
Caroliniana, 253.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446; 2 ed. v, 478.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 61, 74.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 11,45; ii,
52.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 258.— Gaertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 138, t. 207.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1107; Enurn. 1061; fieri. Banmz.
127.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 528.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 1806.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 208.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 106.--
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.ii, 195, t. 12; N. American Sylva, :i ed. ii, 157, t. 93.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 265.— Nouveau Duhamel,
vi, 84.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Plnladelph. ii, 198.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 ed. 126.— Nuttall, Gi-m-ra.
ii, 240.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 228.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 712.— Collin, Forslag af nagra Nord-Americas Trad. 23.— Ton-ey, Compend. Fl. N.
States, 375.— Audubon, Birds, t. 87.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 202.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 146.— Rarinesque, Med. Bot. i, 153, t. 32.—
Beck, Bot. 229.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 39.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1195, t. 200, 201.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 225.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. iv, 228.— Browne, Trees of America, 368.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 435, f. 196.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 437.— Belg. Hort. iv, 118 & t.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 425.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 176.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
« 273. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 70. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374. — "Ettingsh. Blatt-
Skel. Dikot. 89, t. 38, f. 12."— Wood, Cl. Book, 500 ; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 385.— Engelmann in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 200.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 308 ; Hall's PL Texas, 15; Syn. PL N. America, ii1, 69.— Koch, Dendrologie,
ii, 204.— Hieru in Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. xii1, 224.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii,
59.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.
D. concolor, Mtsnch, Meth. 471.
D. Guaiacana, Robin, Voyages, iii, 417.
D.pubescens, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 265 [not Persoon].— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 139.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 38.—
London, Arboretum, ii, 1196.
D. Virginiana, var. pubescem, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 240.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 713.
D. Virginiana, var. microcarpa, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 115.
D. Virginiana, var. concolor, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 155.
D. Virginiana, var. macrocarpa, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 155.
D. Persimon, Wikstrom, Jahr. Schwed. 1830, 92.
D. dliata, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 25 [not A. De Candolle].
D. calytina, Audibert, Cat. Hort. Tonn. (ex. Spach).— London, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394.
D. angustifolia. Audibert, Cat. Hort. Tonn. (ex. Spach).— London, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394.
D. ludfla, Hort.— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394.
D. intermedia, Hort.— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841,394.
PERSIMMON.
Light-house point, New Haven, Connecticut, Long Island, New York, and southward to bay Biscayne and the
Caloosa river, Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi; southern Ohio to southeastern Iowa, southern Missouri,
Arkansas, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.
A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 meters in height (Ridgway), with a trunk sometimes O.GO meter in
diameter ; very common and often entirely occupying abandoned fields throughout the middle and lower regions
of the southern Atlantic and Gulf states, reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the lower
Ohio basin.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few scattered,
open ducts, the rings of annual growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous ; color, dark brown, or often nearly black, the thick sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous
darker spots; specific gravity of the sap-wood, 0.7908; ash, 0.96; used in turnery for shoe-lasts, plane-stocks,
etc., and preferred for shuttles; the dark heart- wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen.
The yellow edible fruit exceedingly austere until after frost, then becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf
states ripening in August without austerity ; sometimes used domestically, fermented with hops, corn-meal, or
wheat bran, as a beverage under the name of " simrnon beer".
A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark occasionally used in the treatment of
diarrhoea, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc. (B. R. Smith in Am. Jour. Pharm. October, 1846, 215. — J. E. Bryan in same,
May, 1860, 215.— U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 380.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 514).
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. .105
185. — Diospyros Texana, Scheele,
Linntea, xxii, 145 ; Roomer, Texas, 441 ; Appx. 763.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 14.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 109.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Young, Bot. Texas, 376.— Hieru in Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. xii1, 238.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 15;
Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 70.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 300.
BLACK PERSIMMON. MEXICAN PERSIMMON. CHAPOTE.
Western Texas, Matagorda bay to the valley of the Concho river ; southward into northern Mexico.
A small tree, 4 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low
shrub; not rare, and reaching its greatest development in Texas along the rich bottoms of the Guadalupe river ;
borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of larger size.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beautiful polish, containing few minute,
scattered, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick
sap-wood clear bright yellow; specific gravity, 0.8460; ash, 3.33; used iu turnery for the handles of tools, etc.,
suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among American woods for box-wood.
The small black fruit sweet and insipid.
STYRACACE^.
186. — Symplocos tinctoria, L'Heritier,
Trans. Linnaean Soc. i, 176. — Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1436. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iv, 419. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 339. — Don, Miller's Diet, iv,
2.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 254.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 272.— Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 65.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, Cl. Book, 499; Bot. & F1.209.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 310; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii>, 71.— Young, Bot. Texas, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.
Hopea tinctoria, Liuna;us, Mant. 105.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 189.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 42.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 72.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 217.— Gicrtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 146, t. 209, f. 2.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 419.— Michaux f. Hist.
Arb. Am. iii, 61, t. 9; N.American Sylva, 3 ed.iii, 45, 1. 117.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 451.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 83.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 173.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 176.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 420.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 272.— Darby, Bot.
S. States, 425.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 388.
HORSE SUGAR. SWEET LEAF.
Southern Delaware, south to about latitude 30° in Florida, and west, through the Gulf states to western
Louisiana and southern Arkansas (Malveru, Texarkana, Letterman).
A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub;
borders of cypress swamps or in deep, damp, shaded woods.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light
red, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5325; ash, 0.68.
Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yielding, as does also the bark, a yellow dye.
187. — Halesia diptera, Linnsens,
Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Marshall, Arbustum, 57.— Lamarck, Diet. ii,66.— Willdenow, Spec. ii,849; Enum.496; Berl. Baumz. 171.— Cavanilles,
Diss. vi, 333, t. 187.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 40.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 4.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 143.— Nouveau Duhamel, v,
144._pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 450.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 83.— Elliott, Sk. i, 508.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 66.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t.
1172.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 84.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 7.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1191, f. 1014.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. ix, 426.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 260.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 270.— Miers, Contrib. i, 193.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 271.— Wood, Cl. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 201.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 71.
H. retlCUlatd, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 444.
SNOW-DROP TREE. SILVER-BELL TREE.
South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through the lower region of the Gulf states to
eastern Texas and Garland county, Arkansas (Harvey).
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub
sending up many clustered stems from the root; borders of swamps, in low, wet woods.
Wood light, soft, strong, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the
sap-wood lighter; specific gravity. 0.5705; ash, 0.42.
106 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
188. — Halesia tetraptera, Linnaeus,
Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Marshall, Arbustum, 57.— Gtertner, Fruct. i, 160, t. 32, f. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 66 ; 111. ii, 521, t. 404, f. 1.— Alton, Hort.
Kew. ii, 125; 2 ed. iii, 143.— Mcench, Meth. 507.— Abbot, Insects Georgia i, t. 46.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 849; Enum. 496; Berl.
Baumz. 170.— Cavanilles, Diss. vi, 338, 1. 186. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 40.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 4.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 216.—
Nouveau Duharnel, v, 143, t. 45.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 449.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 82.— Bot. Mag. t. 910.— Elliott, Sk. i, 507.—
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 66.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1173.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 84.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 43, t. 35.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 6.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1190, f. 1012, t. 196, 197.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 426.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 260.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 270.— Browne, Trees of America, 366.— Miers, Contrib. i, 191, t. 93.— Darby,
Bot. S. States, 425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Agardh, .Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 22, f. 16, 17.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
• 271.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 80. — Wood, Cl. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.— O'rsted in Saerskitt. Affcryk.
af Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 18(56, 89, f. 2.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 310; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 71.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 199.— Young, Bot. Texas, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.
RATTLEBOX. SNOW-DROP TREE. SILVER-BELL TREE. CALICO WOOD.
Mountains of West Virginia to southern Illinois, south to middle Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi,
and through Arkansas to western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
A tree 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; generally
along streams, in rich soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany
mountains; common in cultivation.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.5628; ash, 0.40.
NOTE. — Halesia parviAora, Michaux, of southern Georgia, and Florida, does not attain the size or habit of a tree.
OLEACE.E.
189. — Fraxinus Greggii, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 64 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 74.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 305.
F. ScMedeana, var. parvifolia, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166.
Western Texas, valley of the Bio Grande, from the San Pedro to the Pecos river; southward into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter (Lampasas
mountains, Mexico, Buckley], or often a graceful shrub; limestone soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color,
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7904; ash, 0.93.
190. — Fraxinus anomala, Torrey;
Watson in King's Rep. v, 283.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 203.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 74.
Southwestern Colorado, McElmo river (Brandegce), southern Utah, Kanawa, Leeds, Silver Leaf, Labyrinth
canon of the Colorado river, valley of the Eio Virgen, near Saint George.
A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, with the habit of a
dwarf pear tree; common on elevated sandstone mesas and plateaus.
Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.6597; ash, 0.85.
191. — Fraxinus pistacisefolia, Torrey,
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 128 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ;
Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 74.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii,
305. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 113.
F. velutina, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 149.
F. COriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii, 302, in part.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 186, t. 22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. .
F. pistacicefolia, var. COriacea, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 74.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 107
ASH.
Mountains of western Texas, through southern New Mexico, southern and eastern Arizona, to southern
Nevada (Ash Meadows, Rotlirock) ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diamrtcr; generally along borders
of streams, in elevated canons, less commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceous or, more rarely,
velvety toinentose (var. coriacea, Gray, I. c.) ; the large specimens generally hollow and detective.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin: cole;-, light brown,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6810; ash, 0.02; occasionally used in wagon-building, for ax handles, etc.
192. — Fraxinus Americana, LinmcuN,
Spec. 2ed. 1510.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254.— Alton, Hort. Ke\v. iii, 445; 2 ed. v, 476.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1102; Enum. 1060;
fieri. Baumz. 145.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Xat. Fr. Berliu, iii, 393.— Vabl Enum. i, 49.— Persoon, Syn.
ii, 604. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,102. — Nouveau Dnhamel, iv, 63. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 106, t. H; N. American Sylva,
3 ed. iii, 49, t. 118 (excl. fruit).— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii. 192.— Eaton, Manual, 114. —
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.— Cobbett, Woodlands, 131.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Beck, Bot. 232.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1232, f. 1055
& t.— Penn. Cycl. x, 455.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 125, t. 89.— A. De
Candolle, Prodr. viii, 177. — Browne, Trees of America, 394. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 238. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 369.— Curtis in Geological Eep. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54.— Wood, Cl. Book, 597; Bot. & Fl.
277. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 206. — Porcher, Resources
S. Forests, 494.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 74.— Koch, Dendrologie, U,
252. — Young, Bot. Texas, 452. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 207. — Sears in Bull.
Essex Inst. xiii, 177.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.
F. Caroliniensis, Wangenheim, Amer. 81.
F. alba, Marshall, Arbustum, 51.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 223.
F. aeuminata, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 205.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Nuttall, Genera, H.231;
Sylva, iii, 64 ; 2 ed. ii, 129.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 220.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N.
States, l!71 ; Nicollot's Rep. 154. — Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 277. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 8. — Eaton, Manual, 6
ed. 148.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 56.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 333;
2 ed. ii, 376 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494. '
? F. jicglandifolia, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 208.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Hayne, Dend.
Fl. 221.— Beck, Hots 232.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.
F. CanadensiS; Gartner, Fruct.i, 222, t. 49.
F. epiptera, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 256.— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1102; fieri. Baumz. 147.— Persoon, Syn.
ii, 603 — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 96.— Rcerner & Schultes, Syst. 278.— Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet.
iv,55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1237.— Penn. Cycl. x, 455.— Eaton & Wright, Bqt.247.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 50.—
A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 277.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 399.
F. lancea, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209 (fide London, Arboretum, ii, 1237).
F. discolor, Mnhlenberg, Cat. 111.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 37.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 297.
F. Americana, var. latifolia, London, Arboretum, ii, 123-2.— Browne, Trees of America, 396.
f F. juglandifolia, var. serrata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.
t F. juglandifolid,vsir. xubserrata, Hayne, Dend. Fl.221.
WHITE ASH.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida, central
Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the
Trinity river, Texas.
A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk
1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; low, rich, rather moist soil, reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands
of the lower Ohio Eiver basin; toward its western and southwestern limits smaller, of less economic value, and
generally replaced by the green ash (Fraxinvx riridis).
\ form of the southern states with remarkably small fruit has been described as —
108 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
var. microcarpa, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii>, 75.
F. albicans, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1H62, 4, in part.
F. Curtissii, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, '20.
Wood heavy, hurd, strong, ultimately brittle, coarse-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked
by several rows of large open ducts, occupying in slowly-grown specimens nearly the entire width of the annual
rings; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white; specific
gravity, 0.6543; ash, 0.42; specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.7180; largely used in the manufacture of
agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior and cabinet work.
Var. Texensis,
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, iil, 75.
F. albicans, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 4, in part.
F. COriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii, 302, in part.
F. pistadcefolia, Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 19 [not Torrey].
Western Texas, Dallas (Eeverchon), to the valley of the Devil's river.
A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; dry, rocky hills and
ridges.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or more
rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap- wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.7636; ash, 0.70 ; used for the same purposes as that of the species.
193. — Fraxinus pubescens, Lamarck,
Diet, ii, 548. —Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1103; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in
Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 393. — Vahl, Enum. i, 51. — Persoou, Syn. ii, 604. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 102. — Nouveau
Duhamel, iv, 62.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 476.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Rcerner & Schultes, Syst. 279.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,
231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— Sprengel, Syst. i , 95.— Torrey , Compend. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 126.—
Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don. Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1233, f. 1056.— Penn. Cycl. x, 455.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 337 ; 2 ed.
ii, 380.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 239.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. 8.
States, 370.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54.— Wood, 01. Book, 597; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 402; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 75.— Young, Bot. Texas, 452.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii,
177.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69.
F. Pennsylvanica, Marshall, Arbustum, 51.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 253.
F. nigra, Du Roi, Harbk.2 ed. i,398 [not Marshall].
F. pubescens, var. longifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Loddiges, Cat.
ed. 1836.— -London, Arboretum, ii, 1233. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.
F. pubescens, var. lalifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.
223.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1233.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.
F. pubescent*, var. SubpubescellS, Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— London,
Arboretum, ii, 1234. — A. De Caudolle, Prodr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 395.
F. longifolia, Bosc in Meni. Inst. 1808, 209.
F. subvillosa, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209.
F. totnentosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 112, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 53, t. 119.— Barton, Compend. FL
Philadclph. ii, 192.
F. Americano, vaT.pubescens, Browne, Trees of America, 395.
F. oblongocarpa, Buckley iu Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1864, 4.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 109
RED ASH.
New Brunswick to southern Ontario and northern Minnesota, .south to northern Florida and central Alabama.
A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams
and swamps, in low ground ; common and reaching its greatest development in the north Atlantic states ; rare
west of the Alleghany mountains, probably not extending west of the Mississippi river.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich brown,
the sap-wood light brown streaked with yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6251 ; ash, 0.26 ; specific gravity of the lighter
sap-wood, 0.5609; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white ash, with which it is often confounded.
194. — Fraxinus viridis, Michaux f.
Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 115, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 oil. iii, 54, t. 120 (excl. fruit).— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 222.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Eep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, :i70.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii*, 46 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402 ; Hall's PI. Texas,
19; Syn.Fl. N.America, ii1, 75. — Curtis iii Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
382.— Wood, Cl. Book, 598; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 284.— Yonng, Bot. Texas, 453.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
20.— Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 207.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii,
305. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.
F. juglandifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 140 [not Lamarck].— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Pcrsoon,
Syn. ii, 604.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 63, t. 16.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 476.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Roemer
&Schultes, Syst. i, 278; iii, Suppl. 255.— Eaton, Manual, 114.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States,
371.— Beck, Bot. 233.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1236, f. 1061, 1062 & t.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 247.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 373.
?F. Caroliniana, Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 1103; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Vahl, Enum. i, 51.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed.
ij 400.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 62.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.—
Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
' 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 147.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.
F. juglandifolia, var. subintegerrima, Vahl, Enum. i, 50.
F. expanm, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 150.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. i, 279.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London,
Arboretum, ii, 1238.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.— Browne, Trees of America, 399.
F. Americana, var. juglandifolia, Browne, Trees of America, 398.
F. Novai- Anglim, Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 251 [not Miller nor Wangenheim]
GREEN ASH.
Shores of lake Champlain, Tiverton, Rhode Island, and southward to northern Florida, west to the valley of the
Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the Rocky mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch mountains of Utah, and the
ranges of eastern and northern Arizona.
A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams or in
low, rather moist soil ; at the west confined to the bottom lands of the large streams and to high mountain canons.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous scattered, small,
open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7117 ; ash, 0.65; inferior iu quality, although often
used as a substitute for white ash.
Var. Berlandieriana, Torrey,
Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 75.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 305.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad.
xviii, 113.
F. Berlandieriana, De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.
F. trialata, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5.
Texas, west of the Colorado river; southward into northern Mexico.
A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams,
in low, rich soil.
Wood light, soft, rather close-grained, compact, containing few small, scattered, open ducts, the layers of
annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5780; ash, 0.54.
110 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
195. — Fraxinus platycarpa, Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 256.— Vahl, Enurn. i, 49. — Persoon, S.yn. ii, 605. — Desfontaines, Hist. Amb. i, 103. — Nouvean Duhamel, iv, 64. — Michaux f.
Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 128, 1. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 63, t. 124.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Reamer &
Schnlteg, Syst. i,278.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2-25.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— Sprengel, Syst.i, 96. —Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 149.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 247.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr. viii, 277.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 53. —
Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382.— Wood, Cl. Book, 598; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402 ; Syn. Fl.
N. America, ii1, 75. — Young, Bot. Texas, 453. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.
?F. Caroliniana, Miller, Diet. No. 6.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 518.— Reamer & Schultes, Syst. i, 278.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.—
London, Arboretum, ii, 1237. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 258.
F. excelsior, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254 [not Linnaeus].
F. Americana, Marshall, Arbustum,50 [not LiBnseus].
F. pallidtt, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209.
F. pubescens, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808,210 [not Lamarck].
F. triptera, Nuttall, Genera, ii,232 ; Sylva, iii, 62, 1. 100; 2 ed. 127, 1. 100.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 674.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 56.—
London, Arboretum, ii,1240. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 274. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.
F. curvidens, Hoffrnannsegg, Vcrz. d. Pflanzenkult. 29.
F. pauciftora, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 61, 1. 100 ; 2 ed. ii, 126, t. 100.
F. Americana, var. Caroliniana, Browne, Trees of America, 398
F. Americana, var. triptera, Browne, Trees of America, 399.
F. Nuttallii, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 444.
F. nigrescens, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5.
WATER ASH.
Southeastern Virginia, south near the coast to cape Canaveral and the Caloosa river, Florida, west through
the Gulf states to the valley of the Sabine river, Texas, and the Washita river, southwestern Arkansas ; in the
West Indies.
A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; deep river
swamps.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the open ducts not conspicuous ; medullary
rays few, obscure; color, nearly white, or sometimes tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.3541 ; ash, 0.73.
196. — Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 255. — Willdenpw, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Bosc inMem. Inst. 1808, 211.— Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 64.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 118, t. 11 ; 2 ed. iii, 61, t. 123.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.—
Pursh, Fl. Am; Sept. i, 8.— Rcetner & Schultes, Syst. i, 278.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Spreugel, Syst. i,
96.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 149.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1235, f. 1059, 1060.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viiir
296.— Penn. Cyel. x, 455.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382.— Wood, Cl. Book, 598 ; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 75.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 259.— Young, Bot. Texas, 453.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 20. — Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 63. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, vii, 95.
F. tetragona, Cels in Nouv. Cours, Agr. vii, 73.
F. quadrangular is, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.
F. nervosa, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.
F. quadrangulata, var. nervosa, Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1235.
F. Americana, var. quadrangulata, Browne, Trees of America, 397.
F. Americana, var. quadrangulata nervosa, Browne, Trees of America, 397.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. Ill
BLUE ASH.
Southern Michigan to central Minnesota, south to northern- Alabama, and through Iowa and Missouri to
northeastern Arkansas (Duvall's bluff, Letterman).
A tree 18 to 25 or, exceptionally, 37 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ;
generally on limestone hills, rarely extending into the bottom lands, and reaching its greatest development in the
basin of the lower Wabash river.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth clearly
marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light yellow streaked with
brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7184 ; ash, 0.78 ; largely used for flooring, in carriage-building, etc.
The inner bark, macerated, dyes blue.
197. — Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall.
Sylva, iii, 59, t. 99 ; 2 ed. ii, 124, t. 99.— Torrey in Pacific K. R. Rep. iv, 128.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 25, 87.— Cooper ia
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 28, 68; Am. Nat. iii, 407.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 260.— Gray in Bot. California,
i, 472 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 76.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.
F. pubescens, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51.
F. grandifolia, Bent-ham, Bot. Sulphur, 33.
OREGON ASH.
Shores of Puget sound, south through Washington territory and Oregon west of the eastern valleys of the
Cascade mountains, along the California Coast ranges to San Francisco bay and the western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada to the San Bernardino and Hot Spring mountains, California.
A tree sometimes 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; moist soil,
generally along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of southwestern Oregon.
Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact, containing many large, open, scattered ducts,
the layers of annual growth strongly marked with several rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5731 ; ash, 0.34; specific gravity of the lighter sap-wood,
0.5030 ; used in the manufacture of furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, for fuel, etc.
198. — Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lamarck,
Diet, ii, 549.— Muhlcnberg & Willdenowin Neue Schrii'ten Gesell. Nat.Fr. Berlin, iii, 393.— Willderiow, Spec, iv, 1099 ; Enum. 1059 ; Berl.
Baumz. 150. — Vahl, Eiitim. i, 51. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 605. — Desibntaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — Bosc in Mem. lust. 1808, 211. — Nouveau
Diihamcl, iv, 60. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. v, 475. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 122, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 159, t. 122. —
Pnrsh.Fl. Am. Sept. i,8.— Rconier & Schnltes, Syst. i, 279.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 2!!1.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii,192.—
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 224.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 12G.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don,
Miller's Diet, iv, 54.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1234, f. 1057, 1058.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 299.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 50.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 147.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.— EmeL-son, Trees Massachusetts, 338; 2 ed. ii,381 & t.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 239.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, Cl. Book, 598;
Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 76.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Ridgway in Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 69.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46<=.
F. nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 51.
F. NoVW-Anglice, Wangenheim, Amer. 51.
F. crispa, Hort.
F. sambltcifolia, var. crispa, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1234.
F. Americana, var. sambucifolia, Bro wne, Trees of America, 393-
BLACK ASH. HOOP ASH. GROUND ASH.
Southern Newfoundland, along the northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence, southwesterly to the eastern
shores of lake Winnipeg, south through the northern states to New Castle county, Delaware, the mountains of
Virginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas.
A tree 25 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; swamps and low river batiks;
the most northern representative of the genus in America.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable, separating easily into thin
layers; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous,
112 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
thin; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6318; ash, 0.72;
specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.7465; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel hoops, in cabinet-
making, and the manufacture of baskets.
NOTE. — Fraxinus dipetala, Hooker & Arnott, of the California Coast ranges and the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevadas,
and F, euspidata, Torrey, of the valley of the Rio Grande, do not attain arborescent habit or dimensions.
The following, characterized by Bosc in Mem. lust. 1808, niaiuly from the foliage of garden specimens of supposed North American
origin, cannot be safely referred to our species : F. alba, cinerea, elliptica, fusca, mixta, nigra, orata, pannosa, pulveruUnta, Eichardi, rubicttnda,
and rufa.
<
199. — Forestiera acuminata, Poiret,
Snpplj ii, 664. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 194. — Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 176. — Toriey in Nicollet's Rep. 154. — Engelmann
& Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. —
Wood, Cl. Book, 600; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402; Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 363 (excl. var.).; Syn. Fl. N.
America, ii1, 76. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 224. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.
Adelia acuminata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 225, t. 48.
Borya acuminata, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 711.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 675.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 57.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 159.
Borya ligustrina, Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 711, in part.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366, in part.— Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed."
358, iu part.
Borya nitida, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 66.
Bigelovia acuminata, Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxxix, No. 4.
PRIVET.
Western Georgia, western Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and
northward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and Cahokia creek, Illinois (opposite Saint Louis).
A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 meter in diameter; borders of swatnps and
streams, in low, wet soil ; common in the Gulf region, near the coast, and reaching its greatest development in
southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous;
/color, light yellow streaked with brown; the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6345; ash, 0.72.
200. — Chionanthus Virginica, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 8.— Marshall, Arbustum, 33. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 60. — Wangenheim, Amer. 92. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 14; 2 ed. i,23. —
Lamarck, 111. i,30, t. 9, f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 46; Enum. 14; fieri. Baumz. 87.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 98.— Michaux, Fl.
Bor.-Am. i, 3. — Vahl, Enum. i, 44. — Persoon, Syn. i, 9. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 111. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 7. — Roemer &
Schultes, Syst.i, 72.— Nuttall, Genera, i,5; Sylva, iii, 56, t. 88; 2ed.il, 122, t. 88.— Elliott, Sk.i, 6.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 2.— Torrey,
Fl. U. S. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 34.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1264.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz.
93, t. 73.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1206, f. 1029, 1030.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. viii, 259. —Dietrich, Syn. i, 37. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 193. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 295. — Browne, Trees of America,
371. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 238. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253. — Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 3i9. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 95.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, Cl.
Book, 599 ; Bot. & Fl. 276.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N.
America, ii1, 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 262. — Young, Bot. Texas, 452. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.
C. trifida, Moench, Meth. 437.
C. Virginica, var. latifolia, Vahl, Enum. i, 44.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 23.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.
2.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.
C. Virginica, var. angusti/olia, Vah'l, Enum. i,44.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 23.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2. —Watson, Dead.
Brit, i, 1. 1.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.
C. Virginica, var. montana, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. II. S. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 295.
C. Virginica, var. maritima, Pursh,Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 7; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 295.—
Regel, Gartenflora, xvi, t. 564.
C. maritima, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.
<C. heterophylla, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 86.
C. longifolia, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bofc. i,87.
C. montana, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 88.
C. O.ngmtifolia, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 88.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 113
FRINGE TREE. OLD MAN'S BEARD.
Lancaster county and the banks of the Brandy wine, Chester county, Pennsylvania, south to Tampa bay, Florida,
and through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a truuk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; generally along streams in
low, rich soil ; very common in cultivation
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open
ducts, connected as in that of Bitmelia by branching groups of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure;
color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O.G372; ash, 0.51.
A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root sometimes employed in the treatment of intermittent
fevers (Am. Jour. Pharm. xliv, 398. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1012).
201. — Osmanthus Americanus, Bontham & Hooker,
Genera, ii, 667. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', i,78.
Olea Americana, Linnaeus, Mant. 24.— Marshall, Arbustum, 98.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 543; 111. i, 28.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 1,
14; 2 ed. i,22. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 45 ; Enum. Hi. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,222. — Vahl, Enum.i, 41. — Persoon,Syn.i,
9. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i. 112. — Nouveau Dnliamel, v, 67. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 50, t. 6; N. American
Sylva, ii, 3 ed. 128, t. 86. — Pursh. Fl. Aui. Sept. i, 7. — Rromer & Schultes, Syst. i, 70. — Kafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 38. —
Nuttall, Genera, i, 5. — Elliott, Sk. i, f>. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 34. — Groom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 315. — Dietrich, Syn.
1,37.— Don, Miller's Diet. iv,48.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 267.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 239.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 37.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 333.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr. viii, 286.— Browne, Trees of America, 381.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 369. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860,
iii, 57. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood,Cl. Book, 599; Bot. & Fl. 276. — Porcher, Resoxirces S.
Forests, 493.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401.— Young, Bot. Texas, 451.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.
DEVIL WOOD.
Southern Virginia, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and through the Gulf states to eastern
Louisiana, near the coast.
A small tree, 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams
and pine-barren swamps, in moist, rich soil.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, unwedgeable, difficult to work, containing many radiating
groups of open cells parallel to the thin, obscure, medullary rays ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light
brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8111 ; ash, 0.46.
BORRAGINACE^E.
202. — Cordia Sebestena,
Spec. 1 ed. 190.— Jacqnin, Amer. t. 42.— Lamarck, 111. i, 421, t. 96, f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1073; Enum. 248.— Andrews, Bot. Rep. iii,
157, 1. 157. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 45. — Persoon, Syn. i, 166. — Trattinick, Archiv. t. 354. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 452. —
Sprengel, Syst. i, 649.— Bot. Mag. t. 794.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 8.— Descourtilz, Fl. Antilles, iv, 205, t. 277.— Chamisso in Linnsea,
vi, 755.— Audubou, Birds, 1. 177.— Don, Miller s Diet, iv, 375.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 611.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 81, 1. 106; 2 ed. ii, 145, 1. 106.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 478.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 180.
? G. juglandifolia, Jacquin, Amer. t. 43.
C. spetiosa, Willdenow in Reemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 799.— A. De Camlolle, Prodr. ix, 476.
Sebestena scabra, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 38.
GEIGER TREE.
Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys; rare; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.08 meter in diameter; rich hummock
soil; ornamental and becoming a large tree in cultivation.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing few scattered, small, open ducts ; medullary
rays very numerous, thiu, conspicuous ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow ; specific
gravity, 0.7108; ash, 4.22.
8 FOR
114 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
203.— Cordia Boissieri, A. Do Candolle,
Prodr. ix, 478. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 135. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1860,442. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 180.
Texas, valley of the Bio Grande, westward to New Mexico and southward into Mexico.
A small tree, rarely 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often reduced to a
low shrub.
Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, compact, containing many small scattered open ducts; medullary
rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity, 0.6790 ;
ash, 3.53.
204.— Bourreria Havanensis, Miers,
Bot. Contrib. ii, 238.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 181.
Ehretia Havanensis, Willdenow in Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 805.— Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. & Spec,
vii, 206.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 508.
Ehretia tomentosa, Lamarck, 111. i, 425.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 1.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 648. —Dietrich, Syn. i, 630.
B. tomentosa, Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 390.
B. recurva, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238.
B. OVata, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238.
Ehretia Bourreria, Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 329 [not Linnaeus].— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.
B. tomentosa, var. Havanensis, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 482.
STKONG BAKE.
Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's Key, etc.) ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 10 or, exceptionally, 15 meters (Key Largo, Gurtiss) in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in
diameter; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
A form (generally shrubby in Florida) with scabrous or hispidulous leaves is —
var. radula, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 181.
Ehretia radula, Poiret, Suppl. ii, 2. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 630.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr. ix, 506.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 329.
B. radula, Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 390.— Chamisso in Linnsea, viii, 120.— Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238.
Cordia Floridana, Nuttall, Sylva, Hi, 83, t. 107; 2 ed. ii, 147, t. 107.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.8073;
ash, 2.79.
205. — Ehretia elliptica, De Candolle,
Prodr. ix, 503.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 138.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 228, t. 85.—
• Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 181.
KNACKAWAY. ANAQUA.
Texas, Corpus Christi to New Braunfels (Mohr), and southward to the valley of the lower Rio Grande.
A tree 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.50 meter in diameter ; generally along borders of
streams, in rich loam, and reaching its greatest development between the Guadalupe and Nueces rivers, 50 to 75
miles from the Gulf coast.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many small open ducts
arranged in numerous concentric rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows of larger
ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.6440;
ash, 1.31.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 115
BIGNONIACE^l.
206. — Catalpa bignonioides, Walter,
Fl. Caroliniana, 64.— De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 226.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 182.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 285.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50.— Wood, Cl. Book, 513; Bot. & Fl. 218.— Bureau, Mon.
Bignoniaceae, t. 25.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 321, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 319, in part.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 302.—
Young, Bot. Texas, 385.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19, in part.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 548.
Bignonid Catalpa, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 cd. 622 (excl. syn.).— Lamarck, Diet, i, 417.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 21.— Wangenheira,
Amer. 58, t. 20, f. 45.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 289 ; Enum. (>49.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 25.— Desibntaines, Hist. Arb.
i, 189.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 217, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 55, t. 64.— Bartou, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph.
66. — Rafinesque, FL Ludoviciana, 159. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 460. — Mauut & Decaiaue, Bot. English ed. 602
&f.
C. COrdifolia, Jaume St. Hilaire in Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 13, in part (excl. t. 5).— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 9.—
Nuttall, Genera, i, 10.— Elliott, Sk. i, 24.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 16; Compend. Fl. N. States, 20.— Beck, Bot. 245.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 85.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 363.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 1*2.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 184.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 439.
G. syringaifolia, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1094.— Schkuhr, Handb. t. 175.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 24.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept.
i, 10.— Eaton, Manual, 8; 6 ed. 85.— Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 3.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1285.—
Sprengel, Syst. i, 70.— Sertum Botanicum, i, t.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 499; Penn. Cycl. vi,363.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 230.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1261 & t.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 82.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 77 ; 2 ed. ii, 140.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 25.—
Browne, Trees of America, 406.
C. COmmunis, Du Mont, Bot. Cult. 2 ed. iii, 242.
CATALPA. CATAWBA. BEAN TEEE. CIGAR TREE. INDIAN BEAN.
Southwestern Georgia, valleys of the Little and Apalachicola rivers, western Florida, and through central
Alabama and Mississippi.
A low, much-branched tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 meter in diameter ; borders of
streams and swamps, in rich loam ; rare and local ; long cultivated for ornament, and now extensively naturalized
throughout the middle and southern Atlantic states.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable ; layers of annual growth clearly marked
by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the thin (one or two
years') sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4474; ash, 0.38; used and highly valued for fence
posts, rails, etc.; a reputed emetic.
A decoction of the seeds and dried bark occasionally used in cases of asthma and bronchitis (Am. Jour. Pharm.
xlii, 204.— C7. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1608.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 367).
207. — Catalpa speciosa, Warder;
Engelmaun in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 1.— Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle 1879, 784.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1862, 70.—
Barnes in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ix, 74.
C. COrdifolia, Jaume St. Hilaire in Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 13, in part, t. 5.— Nuttall in Trails. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 183.
*
C. bignonioides, Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 375 [not Walter.]— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 321, in part ;
Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 319, in part.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19, in part.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 59.
WESTERN CATALPA.
Valley of the Vermilion river, Illinois, through southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee,
southeastern Missouri and western Arkansas.
A tree 20 to 35 or, exceptionally, 45 meters in height (Eidgicay), with a trunk 1 to 2 meters in diameter; borders
of streams and swamps, in rich bottom lands; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the
lower Wabash river; cultivated and now widely naturalized through southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and
eastern Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the
thin sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4165 ; ash, 0.39 ; largely used for railway ties, fence posts, rails, etc., and
adapted for cabinet work and interior finish.
116 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
208. — Chilopsis saligna, D. Don,
Edinburgh Phil. Jour, ix, 261.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 22-!.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 566.— Gray in Bot. California, i, 587 ; Syu. Fl. N. America,
iil, 320.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 217.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 494.— Rusby in Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.
i
Bignonia Uncarts, Cavnnilles, Icon, iii, 35, t. 269.
0. UneariSj De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 227. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.
C. glutinosa, Engelmann in Wislizenus' Rep. 10.
DESERT WILLOW.
Valley of the Eio Grande, Texas (Laredo, Letterman), west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the
San Gorgonio pass and the San Felipe caiion, San Diego county, California; southward into northern Mexico.
. A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter ; mesas and banks of
depressions and water-courses in the desert; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many scattered, small, open ducts,
the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.5902; ash, 0.37.
209. — Crescentia cucurbitina, Linnseus,
Mant. 2 ed. 250.— Swartz, Obs. 234.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 311.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 168.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iv, 37.— Gajrtner f.
Fruct. Suppl. 230, t. 223. —Dietrich, Syn. iii, 567.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 232.— De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 246.— Seeinann in Jour.
Bot. & Kew Gard. Misc. vi, 274 ; ix, 142. — Walpers, Ann. v, 524.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 445.— Hemsley, Fl. Am. Cent.
ii,489.
G. ovata, Burmann, Fl. Ind. 132.
C. latifolia, Lamarck, Diet, i, 558 ; 111. iii, 96, t. 547.— Deseourtik, Fl. Antilles, iii, 143, 1. 182.
G. lethifera, Tussac, Fl. Antilles, iv, 50, 1. 17.
G. toxicaria, Tussac, Fl. Antilles, iv, 50, 1. 17.
G. obovata, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 130, t. 46.
BLACK CALABASH TREE.
f
Semi-tropical Florida, near Miami, and on Little river (Garber, Gurtiss) ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.12 meter in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly -distributed, open ducts ;
medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown tinged with orange, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.6319 ; ash, 1.35.
VERBENACEJE.
210. — Citharexylum villosum, Jacquin,
Coll. i, 72 ; Icon. Rar. t. 118.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 142.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iv, 36.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 614.— Schauer in De Candollo,
Prodr. xi, 610.— Walpers, Rep. iv, 76.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 309.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1,
340.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 537.
FIDDLE WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys (Pumpkin Key, Curtiss); and through the West
Indies to Mexico.
A small tree, rarely exceeding iu Florida 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or
north of bay Biscayne reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; common and reaching within the United States
its greatest develop iieut on the shores of bay Biscayne, Lost Man's river, etc.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, containing numerous
small, regularly -distributed, open ducts; color, clear bright red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.8710 ;
ash, 0.52.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 117
211. — Avicennia nitida, Jacqnin,
Amer. 177, t. 112, f. 1.— Pei-soon, Syn. ii, 143.— Chamisso in Linni«a, vii, 370.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 768.— Martius, Mat. Med. Brasil. 49;
Bot. Brasil. ix, 303.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 619.— Schauor in De Caudolle, Prodr. xi, 699.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 502.—
Gray, Syn. FI. N. America, ii', 341.
A. tomentosa, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 221 [not Jacquin].— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 79, t. 103; 2 ed. ii, 143, t. 105.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 310.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.
A. oblongifolia, Nuttall?; Chapman, Fl. S. States, 310.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tr.-es, 19.
BLACK MANGROVE. BLACK TREE. BLACK WOOD.
Florida coast, Saint Augustine to the southern keys, and from Cedar Keys to cape Sable; deltas of the
Mississippi river ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A tree 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 meters in
height, with a trunk O.CO meter in diameter; north of Mosquito inlet reduced to a low shrub; common along
saline shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless, corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove (Rhizoplibra),
impenetrable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered and round-headed ; reaching its greatest development in the United
States on the west coast of Florida, north of cape Sable.
Wood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact, the eccentric layers of annual growth marked by
several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap-
wood brown; specific gravity, 0.9138; ash, 2.51.
212. — Pisonia obtusata, Swartz,
Fl. Ind. Occ. I960.— Jacquin, Hort. Schojnb. iii, 36, t. 314.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 449, t. 861.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1226. — Choisy in D«
Candolle, Prodr. xiii2, 443.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 374.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 71.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.
PIGEON WOOD. BEEF WOOD. CORK WOOD. PORK WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys; through the West Indies.
A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.45 meter in diameter; saline shores and beaches,
reaching its greatest development in Florida on Elliott's and Old Ehodes Keys.
Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts; layers of
annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood darker;
specific gravity, 0.6529; ash, 7.62; probably of little value.
NOTE. — The semi-prostrate and vine-like trunks of P. acultata, Linnaeus, of the same region, although attaining a considerable size,
cannot be properly considered arborescent.
POLYGONACE.E.
213. — Coccoloba Floridana, Meisner;
De Candolle, Prodr. xiv, 165.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 392.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 376.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.
C. parvifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 25, t.89; 2 ed.ii,95, t.89 [not Poiret].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.
PIGEON PLUM.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and from cape Eomano to cape Sable.
A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; one of the largest and most
common trees of the region.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, containing
few small, scattered, open ducts; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure; color, rich dark
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9S35; ash, 5.03; valuable and somewhat used for
cabinet- making.
The edible and abundant grape-like fruit, ripening in February and March, is eagerly devoured by raccoons
and other animals.
118 , FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
214. — Coccoloba uvifera, Jacquin,
Amer. 112, t. 73.— Gsortner, Fruct. i, 214, t. 45, f. 3.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 34 ; 2 ed. ii, 421.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 445, t. 316, f. 2.— Willdenow,
Spec, ii, 457; Enum. 431. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 61. — Persoou,Syn. i, 442. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 61. — Aiton, Hort. Kew.
2 ed. ii, 421.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 252.— Descourtilz, Fl. Antilles, ii, 41, t. 77.— Bot. Mag. t. 3130.— Rafinesque, Fl. Telluriana, ii,
34.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 542.— Dietrich, Syn. Fl. ii, 1326.— Nattall, Sylva, iii, 23, t. 88; 2 ed. ii, 93, t. 88.— Carson, Mod. Bot. ii,
21, t. 67. — Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xiv, 152; Bot, Brasil. v1, 42. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858. 265. — Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 391. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 376. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 161.
Polygonum nvifera, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 305.
SEA GRAPE.
Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Tarapa bay to cape Sable; through the
West Indies to Brazil.
A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 meters in height, with a gnarled and contorted trunk often 0.90 to
1.20 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low, generally prostrate shrub; saline shores and beaches; common.
West Indian forms, differing in the shape of the leaves, etc., are —
var. ovalifolia, Meisner, I. c.
var. Lceganensis, Meisner, I. c.
C. Leeganensis, j.icqnin, AUXT. 113, t. ITS, f. 33.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish,
containing few scattered, rather small, open ducts; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly
distinguishable; color, rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9635; ash, 1.37; valuable
for cabinet-making*
The edible fruit of agreeable subacid flavor.
LAURACE^E.
215. — Persea Carolinensis, Nees,
t
Syst. Laurinarum, 150.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 492.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1339.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 63.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 63.— Wood, Cl. Book, 620; Bot. & Fl. 290.— Meisner in De
Candolle, Prodr. xv1, 50.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 eel. 422 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 473.— Young, Bot. Texas, 473.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 21.
Laurus Borbonia, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 370, in part,— Marshall, Arbustum, 73.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 133.— Aiton,
Hort. Kew. ii, 39; 2 ed. ii, 429.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 450.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 481.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. i, 65.—
Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 163.
Laurus Carolinensis, Catesby, Carol, i, 63, t. 63.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 245.— Persoon, Syn. i, 449.— Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. i, 65.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 321.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 22.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, ItiO, t. 2 ;
N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 116, t. 82.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.— Elliott, Sk. i, 401.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 665.—
Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 174.— Beck. Bot. 305.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 199.— Loudon, Aboretum, iii, 1299, f. 1168,
1169.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 414.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 491.— Schnizlein, Icon. t.
106, f. 5-12.
Laurus Carolinensis, var. glabra, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.
• Laurus Carolinensis, var. obtusa, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.
Laurus Caroliniana, Poiret, Suppl. iii, 323.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258.
P. Borbonia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 268.
P. (7aro/iwe?m'.?,var. (jlabriuscula, Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xv1, 51.
RED BAY.
Southern Delaware?, south to bay Biscayne and cape Romano, Florida, and through the Gulf states to
southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, near the coast.
A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps,
in low, rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish,
containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright red, the sap-wood
much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6429 ; ash, 0.76 ; formerly somewhat used in ship-build ing, interior finish, and for
cabinet work.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 119
Var. palustris, Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 393.
Laurus Carolinensis, var. pubescens, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.
P. Carolinensis, var. pubescens, Meisner in De Candollo, Prodr. xv', 51.
North Carolina to Alabama, generally near the coast.
A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; low, sandy banks
of pine-barren streams and swamps ; well distinguished from the species by the longer peduncles densely clothed,
as are the young shoots and under sides of the leaves, with short, brown toinentum, and by the somewhat coarser-
grained orange-colored wood.
Wood heavy, soft, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous rather large open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color, orange streaked with brown ; the sap-wood light brown or gray ; specific gravity,
0.6396 ; ash, 0.37.
216. — Nectandra Willdenoviana, Nees,
Syst. Laurinarum, 290, 321.— Meisner in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi3, 165.
Laurus sanguinea, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 707.
Laurus Catesbyana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 244.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 321.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 275.— Elliott, Sk. i,
462.— Sprengel, Syat. ii, 265.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 199.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 294.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 491.
Laurus Catcsbcei, Persoon, Syn. i, 499.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258.
Gymnobalanus Catesbyana, Nees, Syst. Laurinarum, 483.
S. Bredemeieriana, Nees in Linnsea, xxi, 505.
Persea Catesbyana, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 393.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.
LANCE WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral and cape Romano to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to
Central America.
A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter ; common and
reaching its greatest development in Florida on the shores of bay Biscayne and in the neighborhood of cape
Romano.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many small, regularly-distributed, open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow ; specific gravity,
0.7693 ; ash, 0.60.
217. — Sassafras officinale, Nees,
Handb. der Med. Pharm. Bot. ii, 418; Syst. Laurinarum, 488.— Hayne, Arzn. i, 12, 1. 19.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 338.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1357.—
Spach, Hist Veg. x, 503.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 158.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 359 ; 2 ed. ii, 359 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot.
551. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 251. — Spruce in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. vii, 278. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 394. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 63. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 384.— Wood, Cl. Book, 620; Bot. & Fl. 290.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 350.— Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xv1,
171.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 423; Hall's PI. Texas, 19.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 364.— Young, Bot. Texas, 473.— Vasoy, Cat.
Forest Trees, 21.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 59.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iii, 220, t. 220.— Ridgway iu Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,70.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55".
Laurus Sassafras, Limucus, Spec. 1 ed. 371.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 356.— Kalni, Travel*, English ed. i, 146, 341.— Marshall,
Arbnstmn,74.— Waugenheim, Amer. 82, t. 27, f. 56.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 134. - Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii,40; 2 ed. ii,
429. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 454. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i. t. 11. — B. S. Barton, Coll. 11, 19; ii, 27. — Willdenow, Spec, ii,
485; Enum. 435; Bed. Baumz. 208. —Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 243.— Schkuhr, Handb. 349.— Persoon, Syn. i, 450.—
Robin, Voyages, iii, 361. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 66. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 130. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii,
173, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 113, t. 81. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 277. — Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciaua, 25. —
Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 142, t. 35 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 170.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 259 ; Sylva, i, 88 ; 2 ed. i, 104.— Elliott, Sk. i,
464.— Nees, PI. Offic. t. 131.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 408 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 174.— Desconrtilz, Fl. Antilles, vii, 51, t.
464.— Audubon, Birds, t. 144.— Stephenson & Churchill, Med. Bot. iii, t. 126.— Beck, Bot. 305.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
199.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 254.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 416.— Darby, Bot.
S. States, 49-.>.
Persea Sassafras, Sprengel, Syst, ii, 270.— Schnizlein, Icon, t, 106, f. 15-23.
120 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
SASSAFRAS.
Eastern Massachusetts, southwestern Vermont, and west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to
southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory; south to Hernando county, Florida, and the valley
of the Brazos river, Texas.
A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter, exceptionally 24 to 27 meters
in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.25 meters in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a small tree or
shrub; rich, sandy loam, reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory;
at the south often taking possession, witli the persimmon, of abandoned fields in the middle districts.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, slightly aromatic,
checking in drying; layers of annual growth clearly marked with three or four rows of large open ducts; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color, dull orange-brown, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.5042 ; ash, 0.10;
used for light skiffs, ox yokes, etc., and largely for fence posts and rails, and in cooperage.
The root, aud especially its bark, outers into commerce, affording a powerful aromatic stimulant; the oil of
sassafras, distilled from the root, is largely used in imparting a pleasant flavor to many articles of domestic use;
the pith of the young branches infused with water furnishes a mucilage used as a demulcent in febrile and
inflammatory affections (Sharpe in Am. Jour. Pharm. 1863, 53. — Proctor in Proa. Am. Pharm. Aftsoc. 1866, 217. —
U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 814. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1274; Fluckiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 483).
" Gumbo filet," a powder prepared by the Choctaw Indians of Louisiana from the mucilaginous leaves, is used
at the south in the preparation of "gumbo" soup.
218. — Umbellularia Californica, Nuttall,
Sylva, i, 87; 2 ed. i, 102.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 61.
Laurus regia, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 137.
Oreodaphne Californica, Nees, Syst. Laurinarum, 463.— Benthani, PI. Hartweg. 334; Bot. Sulphur, 49.— Dietrich, Syn. ii,
1356.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 389.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 133 ; v, 364 ; Mex. Boundary Survey, 184.—
Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 24, 88, f. 3.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Bot. Mag. t. 5320.
Tetrantliera Californica, Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 159.— Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xv', 192.— Torrey in Bot.
Wilkes Exped. 451.
Drimophyllwm pauciftorum, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 85, t.22; 2ed.i,102, t.22.
t
MOUNTAIN LAUREL. CALIFORNIA LAUREL. SPICE TREE. CAGIPUT. CALIFORNIA OLIVE. CALIFORNIA BAY TREE.
Rogue River valley, Oregon, south through the California coast ranges to San Diego county, and along the
western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains.
An evergreen tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its southern
limits and at high elevations a small tree or shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the
rich valleys of southwestern Oregon.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small,
regularly-distributed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich light brown, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.6517 ; ash, 0.39 ; used on the Oregon coast in ship-building, for jaws, bitts, cleats, cross-trees, etc.;
the most valuable material produced by the Pacific forests for interior and cabinet work.
The leaves yield a volatile oil, Oreodaphne (Am. Jour. Pharm. xlvii, 105).
ETJPHOKBIACE^.
219. — Drypetes crocea, Poiteau,
Mem. Mus. i, 159, t. 8.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 66, t. 63 ; 2 ed. ii, 12, t. 63.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
410.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 32 ; Cat. PI. Cuba, 15.— Miiller in De Candolle, Prodr. xv3, 455.
Schcefferia lateriflora, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 329.
D. sessiliflora, Baillon, Etucl. Gen. Euphorbiace®, Atlas, 45, t. 24, f. 34-40.
D. glauca, Grisebach in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. viii, 157 [not Vahl].
D. crocea, var. Ivngipes, Miiller in Do Candolle, Prodr. xva, 456.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 121
GUIANA PLUM. WHITE WOOD.
•
Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscay ne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color,
rich dark brown, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.9209; ash, 6.14.
Var. latifolia, MUII.T,
De Candolle, Prodr. xv2, 456.
D. glauca, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 66: 2 ed. ii, 14.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 410.
D. alba, var. latifolia, Grisebach iu Nachrich. d. Konigl. Gesell. Wiss. Univ. Gutting. 1865, 165, in part.
Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscay ne to the southern keys; in the West Indies.
A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.35 meter in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color, brown streaked with bright yellow, the sap-wood dull brown ; specific gravity, 0.9346; ash, 8.29.
Perhaps a distinct species, the fruit and flowers not recently collected.
220. — Sebastiania lucida, Mailer;
De Candolle, Prodr. xv2, 1181.
Gymnanthes lucida, Swartz, Prodr. 96.
Exctecaria lucida, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 1122.— WiMenow, Spec, iv, 865.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 155.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 634.—
Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 60, t. 61 ; 2 ed. ii, 6, t. 61.— A. de Jussieu, Tent. Euphorh. 1. 16, f. 55.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 199.—
Dietrich, Syn. v, 256.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1S58, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 405.— Grisebach, Fl. British
West Indies, 50.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.
CEAB WOOD. POISON WOOD.
Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayue to the southern keys; common ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; the large specimens
generally hollow and decayed.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color, rich dark brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow ; specific gravity,
1.0905 ; ash, 2.78 ; now largely manufactured into canes, and furnishing valuable fuel.
221. — Hippomane Mancinella, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 cd. 1191.— Jacquin, Amer. 250. t. 159.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 694.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 378; 2 ed. v, 333.— Swartz, Obs. 369.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 571.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 589.— Titford, Hort. Hot. Am. Suppl. 9, t. 12, f. 5.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 374, t. 793, f. 1.—
Sprengel, Syst. iii, 805.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 524.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 54, t. 60; 2 ed. i, 202, t. 60.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 163.—
Richard, Fl. Cuba, 200.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 224.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Baillon, Etud. Gen. Eaphorbiacese, t. 6,
f. 12-20.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 404.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 120.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 50.— Regel,
Gartenflora, xv, 163, t. 510.— Milller in Do Candolle, Prodr. xv2, 1201.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 243, f. 3.— Maont & Decaisne, Bot.
English ed. 693 & f.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.
Mancinella venenata, Tussac, Fl. Antilles, iii, 21, t. 5.
MANCHINEEL.
Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys ; common ; through the West Indies and Central America to the
Pacific.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter;
abounding in white, milky, exceedingly caustic poisonous sap. " Rain washing the leaves becomes poisonous, and
the smoke of the burning wood injures or destroys the eyes." — (A. H. Curtiss}.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing numerous evenly-distributed, small, open ducts; medullary
rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity (sap-wood),
0.5772; ash, 5.16.
122 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
URTICAOE^E.
222. — Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall,
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 169. — Plauchon in Aim. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 279 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvu, 162. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 426. —
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386.— Wood, Cl. Book, 633.— Gray, Hall's, PI.
Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.
U. opaca, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 35, t. 11 ; 2 ed. i, 51, t. 11.— Browne, Trees of America, 503.
CEDAR ELM.
Arkansas, south of the valley of the Arkansas river to the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, extending west to
Eagle Pass.
A tree 18 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its southern or
southwestern limits much smaller ; borders of streams, in rich soil ; one of the most common and valuable timber
trees of Texas west of the Trinity river, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Guadalupe
and Trinity rivers.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary
rays obscure; marked, in common with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregularly-
arranged groups of small open ducts ; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood lighter ; specific
gravity, 0.7245 ; ash, 1.20 ; used in the manufacture of wagon hubs, saddle-trees, chairs, etc., and very largely for
fencing.
223. — Ulmus fulva, Michaux,
PI. Bor.-Am. i, 172.— Persoon, Syn. i, 291.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 14.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxxix, No.
10.— Eaton, Manual, 31; 6 ed. 376.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 201.— Roeraer & Sehultes, Syst. vi, 301.— Elliott, Sk. i, 333.— Hayne,
Dend. Fl. 32.— Torrey, Fl. U. S.i,299; Compend. Fl. N. States, 132; Fl. N. York, ii,166; Fremont's Rep. 97.— Sprengel, Syst. i,
931.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 271.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 142.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 114.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 464.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1407, f. 1247.— Dietrich, Syn. ii,992.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, 363; Hist. Veg. xi,
107.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 297; 2 ed. ii, 334 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 501.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 551.—
Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 276. — De Candolle, IJrodr. xvii, 161. — Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 446. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 426. —
Richardson, Arctic Exped. 436. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 255. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 502. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 416. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 55. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 386.— Wood, Cl. Book, 633; Bot. & Fl. 299.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 310.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new
ser. xii, 208. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 422. — Young, Bot. Texas, 496. — Hayden in Warren's Rep.
Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 233, t. 233.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 1882, 72.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.
U. pubescens, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 111.
U. Americana, var. rubra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 319 ; 2 ed. ii, 107.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1325.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 31.
f U. crispa, Willdenow, Enum. 295 ; Berl. Banmz. 520.
U. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 278, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 73, t, 128.
•
RED ELM. SLIPPERY ELM. MOOSE ELM.
Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to Ontario and northern Dakota, south to the Chattahoochee region
of northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.
A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams and hillsides,
in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the ground, splitting readily
when green; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, dark brown or red, the, thin sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6956; ash, 0.83; largely
used for wheel stock, fence posts, rails, railway ties, sills, etc.
The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, and extensively used in various medicinal preparations (Am. Jour.
Pharm. xxiv, 180.— Philadelphia Med. Times, 1874, 303.— U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 913.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1480.—
Flilckiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 501).
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 123
224. — Ulmus Americana, Lindens.
Spec. led. 226.— Kalm, Travels, English eil. ii, 298.— Marshall, Arbustimi, 150. -Wangcuheim, Amer. 4f>.— Gtertner, Fruct. i, 225, t. 49,
f. 5.— Walter, Fl. Carol iniana, 111.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 319; 2 c<l. ii. 107.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1325; Euum. 295 ; Suppl. 14 ; Berl.
I la 11 in/. 519. — NouveauDuhamel, ii, 147. — ScUkuhr, Handb. 179. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 173. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 191. — Desfontaiues,
Hist. Arb. ii, 442.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 209, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 67, t. 126.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 199.—
Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxxix, No. 7.— Eaton, Manual, HI : (i ed. 370. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 150. — Nuttall, Genera, i,
201.— Rcemer & Schnltes, Syst. vi, 300.— Elliott, 8k. i, 833.— Hayne, Demi. Fl. 31.— Torrey.Fl. U. S. 1,298; Compend. Fl. N. States,
I'M; Fl. N. York, ii, 165 ; Nicollet's Rep. 160: Emory's Rep. 412.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 930.— Beck, Bot. 333.— London, Arboretnm,
iii, 1406, f. 1246.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 142.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 114.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 992.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
404. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. x! ser. xv, :!64 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 108. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 286; 2 ed. ii, 322 & t. — Browne,
Trees of America, 499. — 1'hinelion in Ann. Sci. Xat. 3 ser. x,268; Do Candolle., Prodr. xvii, 155. — Scheele in Ra'mer, Texas, 446. —
Walpors, Aim. iii, 424. — Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 398. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 436. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica,3
ed. 255. — Darby. Bot. S. States, 502. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 410. — Curtis in Rep.
Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 55. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 380. — Wood, Cl. Book, 633 ; Bot. & Fl. 298. —
Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 311. — Eugelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 208. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442. — Hall's
PI. Texas, 21.— Kocb, Dendrologir, ii, 421.— Young, Bot. Texas, 496.— Winchell in Lmllow's Rep. Black Hills, 68.— Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 22. — Haydon in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2ed. 121. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76,209. —
Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 177.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 71.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 48°.
U. mollifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 156.
U. Americana, var. pendula, Alton, Hort. Kew. i,320; 2 ed. ii, 107.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1326.— Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. i,
200.— Eaton, Manual, 31.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 364; Hist. Veg. xi, 109.
U. Americana, var. alba, Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 320; 2ed. ii, 107.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 32.
U. pendula, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 519.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 33.
U. alba, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 115 ; New Fl. & Bot. i, 38.
U. Americana, var. scabra, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 364; Hist. Veg. ix, 109.— Walpers.Ann. iii, 424.
U. Americana, var. Bartramii, Walpers, Ann. iii, 424.
U. Americana, var. ? aspera, Chapman, Fl. S. states, 416.
U. Floridana, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 416.
WHITE ELM. AMERICAN ELM. WATER ELM.
Southern Newfoundland to the northern shores of lake Superior and the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains,
in about latitude 52° N. ; south to cape Canaveral and Pease creek, Florida, extending west in the United States
to the Black hills of Dakota, central Nebraska, the Indian territory, in about longitude 100° W., and the valley
of the Rio Concho, Texas.
A large tree, 30 to 35 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.70 meters in diameter; rich, moist soil, borders
of streams, etc.; toward its western and southwestern limits only in river bottoms.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, difficult to split; layers of annual growth
clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-
wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.6506; ash, 0.80; largely used for wheel stock, saddle-trees, flooring, in
eooperage, and now largely exported to Great Britain and used in boat- and ship-building.
225. — Ulmus racemosa, Thomas,
Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xix, 170 & t.— Beck, Bot, 334.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 370.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 464.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 37,
t. 12; 2 ed. i, 53, t. 12.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 166, t. 96.— Browne, Trees of America, 500.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
254.— Wood, Cl. Book, 633 ; Bot. &. Fl. 299.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Sargent in Rep.
Massachusetts Board Ag. 1873, 271.— Boll iii Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 649.
U. Americana, Planchon in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 155, in part.
ROCK ELM. CORK ELM. HICKORY ELM. WHITE ELM. CLIFF ELM.
Southwestern Vermont (Robbing), west through western New York, Ontario, and southern Michigan to
northeastern Iowa(Waverly, Beascy), and south through Ohio to central Kentucky.
A large tree of great economic value, 20 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 meter in diameter;
low, wet cliiy, rich uplands, rocky declivities, or river cliffs ; common and reaching its greatest development in
southern Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan.
124 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers
of annual growth marked with one to two rows of small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, .obscure ; color,
light clear brown often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7263 ; ash, 0.60;
largely used in the manufacture of heavy agricultural implements, wheel stock, and for railway ties, bridge timbers,
sills, etc.
226. — Ulmus alata, Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 17I5.— Persoon, Syn. i, 291.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 275, t. 5; N. American Sylva. 3 ed. iii, 71, t. 127.— Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Nuttall, Geuera, i, 201.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 209.— Elliott, Sk. i, 333.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 931.—
Audubon, Birds, t. 18.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 376.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1408, f. 1248.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 992.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 464.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 493.— Browne, Trees of America, 502.— Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 270 ; De Candolle, Prodr.
xvii, 155. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 425.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 503.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
417. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 55. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. — Wood, Cl. Book,
633; Bot. & Fl. 299.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot.
Texas, 496.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 70.
U. pumila, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 111 [not, Linnteus].
U. Americana, var. alata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. XT, 364 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 109.
WAHOO. WINGED ELM.
Southern Virginia, south through the middle districts to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida ; southern
Indiana and Illinois, south to the Gulf coast, and southwest through southern Missouri, Arkansas, the eastern
portions of the Indian territory to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.
A small tree, 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter ; generally in dry, gravelly
soil, or, rarely, along the borders of swamps and river bottoms ; most common and reaching its greatest development
in southern Missouri and Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedgeable; medullary rays distant, not
conspicuous ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7491 ; ash, 0.99 ; largely used for hubs,
blocks, etc.
227. — Planera aquatica, Gmelin,
Syst. ii, 150.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 967 ; Enum. Snppl. 14 ; Berl. Baumz. 281.— Persoou, Syn. i, 291.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Hayne,
Dend. Fl. 202.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 266.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 360.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 355 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 116.—
Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 261 ; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvii, 167.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 428.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417.— Wood, Cl. Book, 633-^Bot. & Fl. 299.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443.— Koch, Dendrologie,
ii, 424.— Young, Bot. Texas, 497.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.
Anonymos aquatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 230.
P. Gmelini, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 248.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 446.— Rffimer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 305.— Elliott, Sk.
i, 334.— Sprengel, Syst. i,493.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 551.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 503.
P. ulmifoliat Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 283, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 80, t. 130.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 429.—
Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 05, t. 21. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1413, f. 1251. — Browne, Trees of America, 515.— Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 81.
? Ulmus nemoralis, Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 319; 2 ed. ii, 108.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1326; Berl. Baumz. 520.— Desfontaines, Hist.
Arb. ii, 442.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxxix, No. 8.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 201.— Beck, Bot. 334.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 376.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 464.
Ulmus aquatica, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 165.
P. Bicliardi, Sprengel, Syst. i, 493, in part.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 175 [not Michaux].
Valley of the Cape Fear river, North Carolina, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and
through central Alabama and Mississippi to western Louisiana and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, extending
north through Arkansas and southern Missouri to the valley of the lower Wabash river and central Kentucky.
A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; cold, deep, inundated
river swamps; rare in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf states; very common and reaching its greatest development
in the Red River valley and southern Arkansas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, containing few scattered open ducts; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5294; ash, 0.45.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 125
228. — Celtis occidentalis, Linmmis,
Spec. 2 ed. 1478.— Du Koi, Harbk. i, 141.— Marshall, Arbnstum, 29.— Waugenheim, Araer. 48.— Ga»rtuor, Fruct. i, 374, t. 77, f. 3.— Walter,
Fl. Carolinians, 250.— Aiton, Ilort. Kew. iii. i;!7 ; •> <•<!. v, 449.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 137 ; 111. iii, 437, t. 844, f. 1.— Abbot, Insects Georgia,
i, t. 36.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 944; Etium. 1046 ; Berl. Baumz. 82.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii,36, t.9.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,249.—
Persoon, Syn. i, 292.— Dostbntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 448.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 2A">, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3ed. iii, 38, 1. 114.—
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 31 ; (i od. 30.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Keeuier & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Hayne, Dend.
Fl. 216.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 584.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i,300; Coinpcnd. Fl. N. States, 132; Fl.N. York, ii, 107 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 456.—
Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 119, t.9(i.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 932.— Watson, Demi. Brit, ii, 147.— Beck, Bot. 334.— Kufinesquo, New
Fl. & Bot. i, 32.— London, Arboretum, iii, M17 & t,— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 142.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. Mi.— Spach in Ann. Sci.
Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 40 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 133.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Browne, Trees of America, 517.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 306,
1. 16; 2 ed. ii, 344 & t.— Plancbon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 288 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 174.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.— Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 436.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 256.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 503.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417.— Ourtisin Rop. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 61.— LesquereuxmOwen's2dRep. Arkansas, 386.—
Wood, Cl. Book, 634 ; Bot. & Fl. 299. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 208. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 312. —
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 432.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota,
2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Burbank iu Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xviii, 215.— Putzbys in Fl. des Serres, xxii, 206.—
Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 209.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 72.
G. crassifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 138.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 37.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 228, t. 9 ; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 40, t. 115.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi,307.—
Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 300; Compend. Fl. N. States, 132; Fremont's Rep. 97 ; Emory's Rep. 412.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 932.—
Beck, Bot. 334. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83. — Rafiuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 34. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1418, f. 1254. —
Eaton & Wright, Bot 186.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 39 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 130.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Browne,
Trees of America, 519. — Emerson, Trees of Massachusetts, 309 ; 2 ed. ii, 347 & t.
C. obliqua, Moench, Meth. 344.
G. occidentalis, var. scabrimcula, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 995 ; Berl. Baumz. 2 cd. 82.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 217.— London,
Arboretum, iii, 1417.
G. occidentalis, var. tenuifolia, Persoon, Syn. i, 292.
C. cordata, Persoon, Syu. i, 292.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,448.— Du Mont, Cour. Bot. Cult. vi,389.
C.Jaimgata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 81; Ennm. Suppl. 68.— Ro3mer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Sprengel, Syst. i,
932. — Ralinesque, New. Fl. & Bot. i,34. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1420. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 432.
G. pwmila, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i,300 ; Compend. Fl. N. States,
132. — Beck, Bot. 334. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 86.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 3i. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1420.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 186.
G. alba, Raflnesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 25 ; New Fl. & Bot. i, 32.— Planchon in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 177.
C. canina and G. maritima, Rafinesque in Am. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii, 43, 44.
G. occidentalis, var. cordata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 82.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 217.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1417.
t
C. tenuifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 202; Sylva, i, 135; 2 ed. i, 149.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 36.
C. occidentalis, var. integrifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417.— Wood, Cl. Book, 634; Bot. &
Fl. 299.
C. Mississippieiisis, Bosc, Diet. Ag. new ed. x, 41.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 088.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 42; Hist.
Veg. xi, 136. — Plauchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 287 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 176.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 397.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443 ;
Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S.Nat. Mns. 1882, 72.
C. integrifolia, Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 169.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.
G. longifolia, Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 169 ; Sylva, i, 134, t. 40; 2 ed. i, 148, t. 40.— Rafinesque, New Fl. &
Bot. i, 33. — Planchon in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 177.
G. heterophylla, G. patula, C. • Floridiana, G. fmcata, C. salicifolia, C. morifolia, C. maritima, Rafinesque,
NewFl.& Bot. i. 31-37.
C. occidentalis, var. grandidentata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 40 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 133.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.
C. occidentalis, var. serrtllata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 4t ; Hist. Veg. xi, 134.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.
C. crassifolia, var. tilicefolia, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 39; Hist. Veg. xi, 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.
C. crassifolia, var. morifolia, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 39; Hist. Veg. xi, 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.
G. crassifolia, var. eucalyptifolia, Spacb in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 40; Hist. Veg. xi, 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.
126 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
C. Audibertiana, Spach in Ann Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hist. PI. xi, 135.— Planchou in De Candolle, Prodr. rvii, 174.
C. Audibertiana, var. OVata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41; Hist. Veg. si, 135.
C. Audibertiana, var. oblongata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 135.
C. Lindheimeri, Engelmaim in herb. A. Braim. (Koeh, Drendrologie, ii, 434).
C. Berlandieri, Klotsch in Linusea, xviii, 541.— Planchon in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 178.
C. Tcxana, Scbeelein Liniiica, xx, 146; Roomer, Texas, 446; Appx. 146.
C. Occidentalism var. crassifolia, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 395 ; 5 ed. 443.— Wood, Cl. Book, 634 ; Bot. & PI. 299.
C. OCeidentalis,VH,T.pumila, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 397; 5 ed. 443.— Chapman, Fl. S. States. 417.— Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 62. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 321.
SUGAR BERRY. HACKBERRY.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence river west to eastern Dakota, south through the Atlantic region to bay Biscayne
and cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Devil's river, Texas.
A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 to 39 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 meter in
diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Mississippi River basin; rich bottoms or
dry hillsides; sometimes reduced to a low shrub (C. pumila), and varying greatly in the size, shape, and texture
of the leaves (C. Mississippiensis Iccvigata, integrifolia, crassifolia, etc.) : the extremes connected by innumerable
intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one polymorphous species of wide geographical range.
Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of
annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller ducts
arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, clear light yellow, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.7287 ; ash, 1.09; largely used for fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap
furniture.
Var. reticulata.
C. reticulata, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 247.— Eaton, Manual. 6 ed. 86.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 35.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 186.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 133, t. 39; 2 ed. i, 146, t. 39.— Browne, Trees of America, 518.— Planchon in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 293; De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 178.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R.R. Rep.
ii, 175.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260 ; Am. Nat. iii, 407.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 401.— Watson in
PI. Wheeler, 16.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep.
vi, 238.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.
C. Douglaffii, Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 293 ; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvii, 178.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.
fC. OCcidentalis, var. pumila, Watson in King's Rep. v, 321 [not Gray].
C. Itrevipes, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. 3 ser. xiv, 297.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 238.
, . HACKBERRY. PALO BLANCO.
Western Texas (Dallas, Ravenel) to the mountains of southern Arizona, and through the Rocky mountains to
eastern Oregon ; in the Tehachipi pass, California (Pringle).
A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely d.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, generally
in high mountain canons, or in the more arid regions reduced to a low shrub ; well characterized by its small, thick,
coriaceous leaves, slightly pubescent on the underside along the prominent reticulated veins, and by the light-colored,
deeply-furrowed bark, but connected with the typical C. occidentalis by intermediate forms not rare in western Texas.
Wood not distinguishable in structure or color from that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.7275; ash, 1.22.
229- — Ficus aurea, Nuttall,
Sylva, ii, 4, t. 43 ; 2 ed. i, 154, t. 43.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.
F. aurea, var. latifoiia, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 4 ; 2 ed. i, 154.
Semi-tropical Florida, Indian river to the southern keys.
A large parasitic tree, germinating on the trunks and branches of other trees, and sending down to the ground
long aerial roots, which gradually grow together, kill the inclosed tree, and form a trunk sometimes 0.90 to 1.20
meter in diameter.
Wood exceedingly light, soft, very weak, coarse-grained, compact, not durable; medullary rays thin, hardly
distinguishable; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.2616; ash, 5.03.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 127
230. — Ficus brevifolia, Nuttall,
Sylva, ii, 3, t. 42 ; 2 eel. i, 153, t. 42.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 415.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.
Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayiie to the southern keys (Key Largo, Pumpkin Key, Curtiss).
A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing few large, open, scattered ducts and many groups of
much smaller ducts arranged in concentric circles ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, light brown
or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6398 ; ash, 4.36.
231. — Ficus pedunculata, Aiton,
Hort. Kew. iii, 450; 2 ed. v, 486.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 151.
F. complicata, Humboldt, Bouplaml & Kunth, Nov. Gen. & Spec, ii, 48.
Urostigma pedunculatum, Miqnel in Hooker, London Jour. Bot. vi, 450.— Walpers, Ann. i, 677.
WILD FIG. INDIA-RUBBER TREE.
Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys (Key Largo, Umbrella and Boca Chica Keys, etc.
Curtiss); in the West Indies.
A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.50 meter in diameter, or often shrubby
and much branched from the ground; rare.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, with many groups
of small ducts arranged in concentric circles; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light orange-brown, the
sap-wood undistinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4739 ; ash, 4.92.
232. — Morus rubra, Linnieus,
Spec. 1 ed. 986.— Marshall, Arbustum, 93.— Waugenheim, Anier. 37, t. 15, f. 35.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 241.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii,
343; 2ed. v, 266.— Mcench.Meth. 343.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 377.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 70.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 179.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 369; Ennui. 967; Berl. Banmz. 252. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 91, t. 23. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 558. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. ii, 416.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 232, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 42, 1. 116.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.—
Eaton, Manual, 105; 6 ed. 230.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 89.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 209.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155.— Elliott, Sk.
ii, 574.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 492.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 352 ; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl. N. York, ii, 220 ; Emory's Rep. 412.—
Raflnesque, Mod. Bot. ii, 243; New Fl. & Bot. i,43; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 13.— Beck, Bot. 316.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 551.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1359 & t.— Seringe, Descr. & Cult, du Mur. 223, t. 20.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 323.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 48.—
Browne, Trees of America, 457. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 280 ; 2ed. i, 314. — Darlington, Fl. Ceetrica, 2 ed. 285. — Darby, Bot.
S. States, 503.— Cooper in Smithsoman Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 47 ; Manual
N. States, 5 ed. 444. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 71. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. —
Wood, Cl. Book, 635 ; Bot. & Fl. 300.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 305.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 208.—
Koch Deudrologie. ii, 447. — Young, Bot. Texas, 494. — Bureau in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 245. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska
& Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Riley in Special Rep. U. S. Dept. Ag. No. 11, 34.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mas. 1882, 73.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.
M. Canadensis, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 380.— Seringe, Descr. & Cult, du Mur. 224.
M. scabra, Willdenow, Enum. 967 ; Berl. Baumz. 152. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 209. — Rafinesque, Am. Manual Mulberry Trees,
29.— Hayne, Dcnd. Fl. 154.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 492. — Loddiges, Cat. 1836.
M. tomentosa, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 113; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 30.
M. reticulata, M. Canadensis, M. parvifolia, and M . riparia, Ran uesque, Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 29-31.
M. rubra, Var. Canadensis, London, Arboretum, iii, 1300.
M. Missouriensis, Audibert, Cat. Jard. Tonnelle.
M . rubra, var. tomentosa, Bureau in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 246.
M, rubra, var. incisa, Bureau in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 247.
128 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
BED MULBERRY.
Western New England and Long Island, New York, west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to
the Black hills of Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south to bay Biscayne and cape Romano, Florida, and
the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.
A large tree, 18 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter or, exceptionally, 2.15 meters in
diameter (P. J. Bercfanans, Augusta, Georgia); generally in rich bottom lands; most common and reaching its
greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the Mississippi rivers.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil,
satiny, susceptible of a good polish; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts;
medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light orange-yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5898; ash, 0.71;
largely used in fencing, cooperage, for snaths, and at the south in ship- and boat-building.
The large dark purple fruit sweet and edible.
233. — Morus microphylla, Buckley,
Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 8.— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 167.— Young, Bot. Texas, 494.
M. parvifolia, Engelmann in herb.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Riley in Special Rep. U. 8.
Dept.Ag.No.il, 34.
MEXICAN MULBERRY.
Valley of the Colorado river, through western Texas to the valley of the Gila river, New Mexico; and
southward into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or often reduced to a
low shrub; most common and reaching its greatest development in the mountain canons of southern New Mexico;
in Texas generally on limestone formations.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked with several rows of small open
ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, orange or, rarely, dark brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific
gravity, 0.7715; ash, 0.68.
The small acid fruit hardly edible.
234. — Maclura aurantiaca, Nuttall,
^
Genera, ii, 234; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser.v, 169; Sylva, i, 126, t. 37, 38; 2 ed.i, 140, t.37, 38.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 158.—
Delile in Bull. Soc. Ag. Her. 1835 & t.— Eatou, Manual, 6 ed. 217.— Seringe in Mem. Soc. Ag. Lyon, 1835,125 & t; Descr. &
Cult, du Mur. 232, t. 273.— Lambert, Pinus, 2 ed. ii, Appx. 4, t. 3.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1342, 1362, f. 1226-1228; Gard. Mag. xi, 312,
f. 45-47.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 311.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 53.— Browne, Trees of America, 465.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 504.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Miquel in Martins, PI. Brasil. iv, 158.— Wood, Cl. Book, 635; Bot. & Fl. 299.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 101.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 437.— Bureau in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 227. — Dumen in Proc. California Acad.
v, 398. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 325.— Riley in Special Rep. U. S. Dept. Ag. No. 11, 35.
Toxylon Maclura, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 43 ; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 13.
loxylon pomiferum, Rafinesque in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev. ii, 118.
Broussonetia tinctoria, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 246 [not Kunth].
OSAGE ORANGE. BOIS D'ARC.
Southwestern Arkansas, south of the valley of the Arkansas river, southeastern portions of the Indian
territory, and southward in northern Texas to about latitude 32° 50' N. (Dallas, Reverchon, etc.).
A tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; rich bottom
lauds; most common and probably reaching its greatest development along the valley of the Red river in the Indian
territory.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, close-grained, compact, very durable iu contact with the
ground, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small open ducts, layers of annual growth
clearly marked by broad bands of larger ducts; medullary rays thin, numerous, conspicuous; color, bright orange,
turning brown with exposure, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.7736; ash, 0.68; largely used for fence
posts, paving blocks, railway ties, wheel stock; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the western states.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 129
PLATANACE^l.
235. — Platanus occidentalis, Limueus,
:8pec. 1 ed. 999.— DuRoi, Harbk. ii, 134.— Marshall, Arbustum, lor,.— Wangenlieim, Amer. 31, t. 13, f. 31.— Walter, PI. Caroliniana,236.—
Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 365; 2 ed. v, 305.— Mconch, Meth. 358.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 55.— Michaux, PI. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.—
Lamarck, Diet, v, 438. — Nouveau Duharnel, ii, 6, t. 2. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 474 ; Enum. 984 ; Berl. Baumz. 284. — Persoon, Syn. ii,
575. — Desfoutaincs Hist. Arb. ii, 545. — Schkuhr, Haudb. iii, 274, t. 306. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 524. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 184,
t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 4-8, t. 63.— Pursh, PI. Am. Sept. ii, 6:!5.— Barton, Prodr. PI. Philadolph. 91 ; Coinpend. Fl. Philadolph.
176.— Eaton, Manual, 110 ; 6 ed. 267.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 171.— James in Long's Exped. i, 23.— Elliott, Sk. ii,
620.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 665.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 100.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 35G ; Fl. N. York, ii, 218 ; Bot. Mex.
Boundary Survey, 205.— Audubon, Birds, t. 206.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2043, f. 1959 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 361.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii, 158. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 384. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 227 ; 2 ed. i, 261 & t. — Scheele in Rcemer, Texas,
446.— Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 399.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.— Agardh, Theor. &
Syst. PI. t. xiii, f. 1,2.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Hartig, Forst. 446, t. 54.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418.— Curtis
in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 76.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386.— Wood, Cl. Book, 640; Bot. & Fl. 303.—
Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 159.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447 ; Hall's PL
Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 468. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 97, f. 1-24. — Young, Bot. Texas, 498. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska
& Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 73.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada,
1879-'80, 55".
P. lobata, Meench.Meth. 358.
P. hybriddS, Brotero, Fl. Lus. ii, 487.
P. vulgaris, var. angulosa, Spach in Ann. Soi.Nat. 2 ser. xv, 293; Hist. Veg.xi,79.
SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD. BUTTON-BALL TREE. WATEE BEECH.
Southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire to northern Vermont and the northern shores of lakes
Ontario and Erie, west to eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi,
and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas, extending southwest to the valley of the Devil's river.
The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 meters in
diameter; generally along streams and river bottoms, in rich, moist soil; very common and reaching its greatest
development in the bottom lands of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; the large specimens generally hollow.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split and work; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by broad bands of small ducts; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that
of all the North American species; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5678;
ash, 0.46; largely used for tobacco boxes (its principal use), ox-yokes, butchers' blocks, and, rarely, in the
manufacture of cheap furniture.
236. — Platanus racemosa, Nuttall;
Audubon, Birds, t. 362; Sylva, i, 47, t. 15; 2 ed. i, 63, t. 15.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 33,
89, t. 11, f. 10.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204; Ives' Rep. 27; Bot. Wilkes
Exped. 457.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 160.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 469.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Watson, Bot.
California, ii, 66.
P. occidentalis, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 160, 380 [not Linnaeus].
P. Californica, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 54.
P. Mexicana, Moricand, PI. Rar. Amer. 1. 13 f— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii,20.
SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD.
California, valley of the Sacramento river, south through the interior valleys and coast ranges to the southern
boundary of the state.
A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich
soil.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly
marked by narrow bands of small ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with
red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4880; ash, 1.11.
9 FOR
130 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
237. — Platanus Wrightii, Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad. x, 349.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Eusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.
P. Mexicana, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 151 [not Moricand].
P. racemosa, Watson, PI. Wheeler, 16 [not Nuttall].— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239.
SYCAMOKE.
Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to the valley of the San Pedro river, Arizona ; southward into
Mexico.
A tree sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; banks of streams and
high mountain canons.
Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows
of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.4736; ash, 1.35.
JUGLANDACE^.
238.— Juglans cinerea,
Spec. 2 ed. 1415.— Jacquin, Icon. Ear. i, t. 193.— Wangenheim, Amer. 21, t. 9, f. 21.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.
iii, 361 ; 2 ed. v, 296.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 503 ; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 7.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 22, 31 ; ii, 43.— Muhlenberg &
Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388. — Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am. ii, 191. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 456; Ennm.
978; Bert. Banmz. 193.— Persoon, Syn.ii, 556.— Desfontaines, Hist.Arb. ii, 347.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Barton, Prodr. Fl.
Philadelph. 92.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 115, t. 32 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 378.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 220;
Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 37.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 622.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 865.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ;
Fl. N. York, ii, 180.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 234.— Audubon, Birds, t. 142.— Beck, Bot. 335.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 170.— Lindley,
Fl. Med. 307.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1439, f. 1262.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 143.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 287.— Emerson, Trees
Massachusetts, 182 ; 2 ed. i, 207 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 589.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii, 42, t. 86.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington,
Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 262.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 5t8.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 45. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2<1 Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, Cl. Book, 640 ; Bot. & Fl.
304. — C. Do Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 16, t. 4, f. 45; Prodr. xvi2, 137. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 317. — Engelmann
in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 589. — Hayden in Warren's Rep.
Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Bentley & Trimen,
Med. PI. iv, 247, t. 247. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 36, f. 6. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 178. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada,
1878-'80, 53".— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882, 76.
J. oblonga, Miller, Diet. No. 3.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 332— Mcench, Meth. 696.— Retzins, Obs. i, 10.
J. oblonga alba, Marshall, Arbustum, 67.
J. cathartica, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 165, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 109, t. 31.
Carya cathartica, Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 178.
Wallia cinerea, Alefeld in Bonplandia, 1861, 334.
BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT.
Southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence river, Ontario and southern Michigan to northern
Minnesota (lake Pokegoma, Garrison) and central Iowa, south to Delaware and along the Alleghany mountains to
northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and southeastern Kansas.
A tree 18 to 24 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter;
rich woodlands; rare at the south; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Ohio Eiver basin.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish, containing numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts; medullary raj^s distant, thin, obscure; color,
bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4086; ash, 0.51; largely
used for interior finish, cabinet work, etc.
The inner bark, especially that of the root, is employed medicinally as a mild cathartic (Am. Jour. Pharm.
1874, 169. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 526. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 794), and furnishes a yellow dye.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 131
239. — Juglans nigra, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 997.— Jacqiiin, Icou. Ear. i, 1. 191.— Wangenheim, Amer. 20, t. 8, f. 20.— Walter, PI. Caroliniana, 235.— Aiton, Hort. Kew, iii,
360; 2 ed. v, 296.— Meeuch, Met-h. 696.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 502; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 6.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 88. —
Muhlenberg & Willdeuow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 191. — Willdenow, Spec, iv,
456; Enum. 978; Borl. Biuimz. 193.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xx, No. 3.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347.—
Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 17<>, t. 48. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 158, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 140, t. 30. — Pnrsh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 636.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 177.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 220 ; Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 57.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 622.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 865.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States,
357 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 179.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 158.— Audubon, Birds, t. 84, 156.— Rafinesque, Med. But. ii, 233.— Beck, Bot. 335.—
Spaeh, Hist. Veg.ii, 168.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1435, f. 1260 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 287.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, •
185; 2 ed. i, 211 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 589.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 262.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419. — Curtis in Rop. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 45.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 640 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. Do Candolle in Ann. Sci.
Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 34, t. l,f. 1, 8-10; Prodr. xvi2, 137. — Eugelmanu in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. newser. xii, 209. — Porcher, Resources S.
Forests, 318. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 587. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 244, f. 1, 8, 12, 13. — Young, Bot.
Texas, 500.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7
ed. ii, 302.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 36, f. 5.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 178.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53".—
Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 76.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1882, 780.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 155.
J. nigra oblonga, Marshall, Arbustum, 67.
Wallia nigra, Alefcld in Bonplandia, 1861, 334.
BLACK WALNUT.
Western Massachusetts, west along the southern shores of lake Erie through southern Michigan to southern
Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, central
Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.
A large tree, often 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 3 meters in diameter; rich bottom lands
and hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany
mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory; less common east of the
Alleghany mountains, and now everywhere scarce.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not carefully seasoned, easily worked,
susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous large, regularly-distributed,
open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the thin sap-wood much
lighter; specific gravity, 0.6115 ; ash, 0.79; more generally used in cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun
stocks than that of any other North American tree,
240. — Juglans rupestris, Engelmann;
Sitgreaves' Rep. 171, t. 15.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205 ; Ives' Rep.27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— C. De
Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 28, t. 2, f. 11; Prodr. xvi2, 138.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Watson, Bot. California, ii,
93 ; Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 155.— Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.
J. rupestris, var. major, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 171, t. 16; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii,
20.— C. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 138.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 164.
J. Californica, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. x, 349 ; Bot. California, ii, 93.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Rothrock in
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 249.
WALNUT.
Valley of the Colorado river (near Austin), west through western Texas, southern New Mexico, and Arizona
from 5,000 to 7,000 feet elevation, and in the California Coast ranges from the San Bernardino mountains to the
neighborhood of San Francisco bay and the valley of the Sacramento river.
A tree rarely 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, reaching its greatest
development in the neighborhood of San Francisco bay ; in Texas generally reduced to a low, much-branched
shrub : borders of streams and mountain canons, in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, checking in drying, susceptible of a good polish, containing
numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color, rich dark brown,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6554; ash, 1.01.
The small nuts sweet and edible.
132 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
241. — Carya olivaeformis, Nuttail,
Genera, ii, 221.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 849.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach. Hist. Veg. ii, 173.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 331.— Loudon,
Arboretum, iii, 1441, f. 1263.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 183.— Scheele iu Rcemer, Texas, 447.— Belg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 45, f. 2.— Torrey,
Bot. Hex. Boundary Survey 205. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Lesquereux in Owen's
2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 1, f. 3, t. 5,
f. 59; Prodr. xvi'2, 144. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 333. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448. — Young, Bot. Texas, 499. — Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77.— Hemsley, Bot.
Am. -Cent, iii, 163. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 155.
Juglans Pecan, Marshall, Arbustum, 69.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 236.— Muhleuberg & Willdenow in Neue Schrifteu
Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 392.
Juglans lllinoinensis, Wangenheim, Amer. 54, t. 18, f. 43.
Juglans angustifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361 ; 2 ed. v, 296.
Juglans rubra, Gaertner, Fruct. ii, 51, t, 89, f. 1.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 4.
Juglans cylindrica, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 505 ; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 5.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 179.
Juglans olivceformis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 457; Enurn. 979; fieri. Baumz. 194.— Persoon,
Syn. ii, 566. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 348. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 175, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 114,
t. 32.— Muhlenberg, Cat. 88.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 296.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.-
Regel, Gartenflora, xviii, 89.
C. angustifolia, Nuttail, Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 57.
t C. telraptera, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. 1850, 80.
Hickorea species, LeConte in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. vi, 402.
C. Illinoensis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 593.
PECAN. ILLINOIS NUT.
I
Near Davenport, Iowa (C. C. Parry), southern Illinois, and Indiana, northwestern Kentucky, south and
southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and through western Louisiana
and Texas to the valley of the Concho river.
A tree 30 to 52 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter iu diameter ; borders of streams in low, r'ch
soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of Arkansas and the Indian territory;
the largest species of the genus and the largest and most important tree of western Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or
two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red ; the sap-wood
lighter brown ; specific gravity, 0.7180 ; ash, 1.13 ; less valuable than the wood of the other species and hardly
used except for fuel.
The sweet, edible nuts are collected in great quantities, affording an important article of commerce.
242. — Carya alba, Nuttail,
Genera, ii, 221.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 624.— Watson, Dend. Brit. ii,t. 148.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357; Fl.N.
York, 181.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1446,
f. 1269 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 143.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 191; 2 ed. i, 217 & t. —
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 263.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Belg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 48, f. 8.— Cooper in Smithsonian R«p. 1858, 255.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43. — Lesquereux in Owen's 3d Rep. Arkansas,
387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 2, f. 13, 14, 18, t. 3, f. 24, t. 4, f. 44, 46 ;
Prodr. xvi2, 142.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448. — Young, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Aldrich in Am. Nat.
xv, 227.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 179.— Ridg way in Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 72.— Bell in Geological Rep.Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.
Juglans ovata, Miller, Diet.
Juglans alba OVata, Marshall, Arbustum, 69.
Juglans OUalis, Wangenheim, Amer. 24, t. 10, f. 23.
Juglans compressa, Giertner, Fruct. ii, 50, t. 89, f. 1.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin,
iii, 300. — Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 458; Enum. 979; Berl. Baumz. 195. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 566. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.
ii, 347.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 297.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 164.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 3.
f Juglans exaltata, Burtram, Travels, 2 ed. 38.
Juglans squamosa, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504.— Desfontaines. Hist. Arb. ii, 348.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 190, t. 7; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 123, t. 36.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Bigelow, Fl.
Boston. 3 ed. 380.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 133
Juglans alba, Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii 193 [not Linmeus].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 637.— Eaton, Manual, 108.
C. microcarpa, Nuttall, Con.-ra, ii. §21; Sylva.i, 38,t.l3; 2 ed. i,55, t. 13.— gprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Penn. Cycl.vi, 332.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1451.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 264.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 44.— Wood, Gl. Book, 642; Bot. & F1.304.—
C. De CandolU-, Prodr. xvi2, 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 596.— Young, Bot. Texas,
499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882, 77.
SHELL-BARK HICKORY. SHAG-BAKK HICKORY.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, along tbe northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie to southern Michigan
and southeastern. Minnesota, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, central Alabama and
Mississippi, and west to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas.
A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 45 meters in height (Ridgway), with
a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich hillsides and sandy ridges; common and reaching its greatest
development west of the Alleghany mountains; varying greatly in the size and shape of the fruit. A form with
small, thin-shelled nuts (C. microcarpa, Nuttall I. c.) is not rare from Delaware southward, and in Michigan.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, compact, flexible; layers of annual growth clearly
marked with one to three rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the thin and
more valuable sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8372; ash, 0.73; largely used in the manufacture of
agricultural implements, carriages, ax handles, baskets, etc.
The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce.
243. — Carya sulcata, Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 221.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 624.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 83. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174. — Penn. Cycl. vi, 332. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1448, f. 1271. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183. —
Darby, Bot. S. States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.
N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle
in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 5, f. 51, 52; Prodr. xvi-, 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78.
Juglans sulcata, Willdeuow, Berl. Baumz. I ed. 154, t. 7 ; Spec, iv, 457.— Muhleiiberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell.
Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391. — Persoou, Syn. ii, 566. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 348. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 637.
Juglans mucronata, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192.
Juglans laciniosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 199, t. 8 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 128, t. 37.— Barton, Prodr. Fl.
Philadelph. 92.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112.— Audubon, Birds, t. 101.
G. COrdiformis, Koch, Dendrologie, i. 597.
BIG SHELL-BABK. BOTTOM SHELL-BARK.
Chester county, Pennsylvania, west to southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory.
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 37 (Ridgway) meters in height, wi th a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter;
bottom lands, in low, rich soil; rare and local; most common and reaching its greatest development along the
streams of southern Arkansas and the Indian territory.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong and tough, very close-grained, compact, flexible; layers of annual growth
marked by one or two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown, the sap-
wood nearry white ; specific gravity, 0.8108 ; ash, 0.90 ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory.
The large nuts sweet and edible.
244. — Carya tomentosa, Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 221.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 625.— Spreugel, Syst. ii,849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States,
357; Fl. N. York, ii, 182.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 176.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— London,
Arboretum, iii, 1444, f. 1267.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 194, 1. 13; 2 ed. i,222 & t.— Darlington,
Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 263.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Coopor in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Sim-. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43.— Lesqnerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641; Bot.& Fl.
304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36 ; Prodr. xvi2, 143. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449. — Young, Bot. Texas,
499._Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78.
Jliglans alba, Linn;<>us, Spec. 1 ed. 997.— Du Roi, Harbk. i,333.— Kalin in Act. Holm. 1769, 117.— Wangenheim, Amcr. 23, t.
10, f. 2.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 360; 2 ed.v, 296.— Gicrtner, Fruct. ii,50, t. 89, f. 1.—
Moench, Meth. 696.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 29.— Lamarck, Diet. iv,503; 111. iii, 364, t. 781, f. 2.— Muhlenberg &
Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 389.— Smith in Roes' Cycl. xx, No. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, iv,
457; Berl. Bauniz. 154.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 379.
134 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Juglans tomentosa, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 184, t. 6; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 120, t. 35.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 637.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92.
•
C. tomentosa, var. maxima, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 221; Sylva, 1,40; 2ed.i,56.— Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 1830.— Beck, Bot. 336.—
London, Arboretum, iii,1445. — C. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 143.
C. alba, Koch, Dendrologie.i, 596 [not NnttallJ.
MOCKER NUT. BLACK HICKORY. BULL NUT. BIG-BUD HICKORY. WHITE-HEART HICKORY. KING NUT.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie to eastern Nebraska, eastern
Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos
river, Texas.
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 33 (Ridgway} meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter;
generally on rich upland hillsides — less commonly in low river bottom lands; very common in the Gulf states, and
throughout the south the most widely-distributed species of the genus.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, checking in drying, flexible, containing few large,
regularly-distributed, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color, rich dark brown, the thick sap-
wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.8216 ; ash, 1.06 ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory.
245. — Carya porcina, Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 222.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 180.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 627.— Watsou, Deud. Brit. ii,t. 167.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.—
Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 178.— Penu. Cycl. vi, 332.—
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 546.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1449, f. 1272-1274.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,
178.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 197, 1. 14 ; 2 ed, i, 224 & t.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii,
36, t. 1, f. 5, t. 5, f. 54; Prodr. xvi2, 143.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 332.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449 ; Hall's PI. Texas,
21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78.
Juglans glabra, Miller, Diet. No. 5.— Wangenheim, Amer. 25, t. 10, f. 24.— Muhlenberg & Willdenovr in Neue Schriften
Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458; Berl. Baninz. 196.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566.— Aiton, Hort.
Kew. 2 ed. v, 297.— Eaton, Manual, 108.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 164.
Juglans alba acuminata, Marshall, Arbustum, 68.
Juglans obcordata, Lamarck Diet, iv, 504.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Sehriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458. — Persoon, Syu. 566.
Juglans porcina, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. 4m. i, 206, t. 9; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 132, t. 38.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.ii,
638.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92.— Audubon, Birds, t. 91.
Juglans pyriformis, Muhleuberg, Cat. 92.
Juglans porcina, var. obcordata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 180.— Watson, Dend.
Brit, ii, 167.
Juglans porcina, var. pisiformis, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 180.
C. glabra, Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 182, 1. 101.— Gray, Manual N. States,! ed. 412.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 264.— Coopei
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.N. Carolina, I860, iii,
44. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas. 387.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 594.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.
C. amara, var. porcina, Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.
PIG NUT. BROWN HICKORY. BLACK HICKORY. SWITCH BUD HICKORY.
Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas^
and the Indian territory, south to cape Canaveral and Pease creek, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces river,
Texas.
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 40 (Bidgicay) meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter;
dry hills and uplands; common.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many large
open ducts; color, dark or light bvown, the thick sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8217;
ash, 0.99 ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 135
246. — Carya amara, Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 222.— Barton, Couipend. Fl. Phila(lelph. ii, 180.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 626.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Coinpend. Fl. N. States,
358; Fl.N. York, ii, 183.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 177.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1443, f. 1264.—
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 144.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 199, 1. 15; 2 ed. i,226 & t. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.264. —
Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1860, iii, 44.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De CandoUe in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, 1. 1, f. 2, t. 5, f. 53-55 ; Prodr. xvi2, 144.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch,
Dendrologie, i, 592.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Sears in Bull. Essex last, xiii, 178.— Bell in Geological
Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77.
Juglans alba minima, Marshall, Arbustum, 68.
Juglans COrdiformis, Wangenheim, Amer. 25, t. 10, f. 25.
Juglans angustifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504 [not Alton].
Juglans amara, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 177, t. 4 ; 3 ed. i, 116, t. 38.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638.
Hickorius amara, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 109.
BITTER NUT. SWAMP HICKORY.
Southern Maine to the valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west through Ontario, central Michigan and
Minnesota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and tbe Indian territory, south to the Chattahoochee region of
western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.
A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps,
in low ground, or often on dry, rich uplands.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, checking in drying; layers of annual growth marked by
several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light
brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7552; ash, 1.03; largely used for hoops, ox-yokes, etc.
247. — Carya myristicaeformis, Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 222.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 626.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 179.— Penn. Cycl. v, 332.—
Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451, f. 1275.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 1833.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci.
Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 6, f. 58; Prodr. xvi2, 145.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 595.— Yonng, Bot. Texas, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
24.— Ravenel in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vi, 81.
Juglans myrlsticceformls, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 211, t. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 135, t. 39.— Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 638.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 161.
C. amara, var. myristicceformis, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.
NUTMEG HICKORY.
South Carolina, "Goose creek" (Michaux), "Berkeley district" (Ravenel); Arkansas, valley of the Arkansas
river (Pine Bluff, Letter man}, south to the Red Eiver valley.
A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; sandy ridges along the borders of
streams and swamps; rare and very local in South Carolina ; more common and reaching its greatest development
in southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, compact, containing numerous small open ducts,
layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not
conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8016; ash, 1.06.
248. — Carya aquatica, Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 222.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 627.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 849.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 179.— Penn. Cycl. vi,
332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1444, f. 1265, 1266.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 447.— Darby, Bot. 8.
States, 514.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 44.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d
Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641; Bot. & F1.304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat..4 ser. xviii, 36, t. l,f.4, t.5,f. 56, 57;
Prodr. xvi2, 144.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 593.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.
Juglans aquatica, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 182, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 119, t. 34.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,
<j38.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112.
Hicorius integrifolia, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 109.
0. integrifolia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451.
136 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
WATER HICKORY. SWAMP HICKORY. BITTER PECAN.
North Carolina, in the lower districts, south to cape Malabar and the Caloosa river, Florida (in Florida not
detected within 8 or 10 miles of the coast), through the Gulf states to western Louisiana, northeastern Arkansas,
and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.
A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or generally much smaller; low
river swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the lower Mississippi
and Yazoo rivers.
Wood heavy, soft, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, containing few scattered, open ducts ;
layers of annual growth less clearly marked than in the other species of the genus ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light, often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.7407 ; ash, 1.27 ; used for
fencing, fuel, etc.
MYRICAOEJB.
249. — Myrica cerifera, Linnseus,
Spec. 1 ed. 1024.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 92.— Marshall, Arbustum, 94.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 592; 111. iii, 402, t. 809, f. 1.—
Gasrtner, Fruct. i, 190, t. 39, f. 7.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 242.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 396; 2 ed. v, 379.— Mcench, Meth. 362. —
B. S. Barton, Coll. ii, 4.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 190.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 465, t. 322.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 745; Emim. 1011 ; Berl. Baumz.254.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 614.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 472.— Titford, Hort.
Bot. Am. 100.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 620.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 235 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 167.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii,
32, t. 43; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 394.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 197.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 678.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 493.— Torrey, Compcnd. Fl. N.
States, 372; Fl. N. York, ii, 197.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 244.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 231.— Beck, Bot. 324.— London, Arboretum,
iv, 2057, f. 1968.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 305.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 551.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 324.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 263.— Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 224 ; 2 ed. i,256 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Chapman, Fl. S States, 426.— Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 106.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, Cl. Book, 650 ; Bot. & Fl. 309.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 312.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 21, t. 3, f. 32; Prodr. xvi2, 148.— Lawson in Trans. Bot.
Soc. Edinburgh, viii, 108. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 457. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 663. — Young, Bot. Texas, 511. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 28.
M. Pennsylvanica, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 592.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 472.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 190, t. 55.— Pursh, Fl.
Am. Sept. ii, 620.— Sprengel, Syst. i,493.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 232.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 325.— Spach, Hist. Veg.
xi, 262.
M. Carolinensis, Miller, Diet. No. 3.— Wangenheim, Amer. 102.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 746; Enum. 1011.— Alton, Hort. Kew.
2 ed. v, 379.— Pursh, Fl. Ain. Sept. ii, 620.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 235.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 678.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 232 —
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 324.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.
M. cerifera humilis, Marshall, Arbustum, 95.
M . cerifera, var. latifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 396.
M. cerifera, var. media, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 427.
M. cerifera, var. arborescens, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.
M. cerifera, var. pumila, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 620.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 427.
M . cerifera, var. angustifolia, C. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 148.
M. cerifera sempervirens, Hort.
BAYBERRY. WAX MYRTLE.
Shores of lake Erie ; Maine, and south near the coast to the Florida keys and southern Alabama.
A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or, except in the southern
states, a low, much-branched shrub ; usually on sandy beaches and dry hillsides, reaching its greatest development
in the bottoms and rich hummocks of the Georgia and Florida coasts.
Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark
brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5637 ; ash, 0.51.
The leaves and stimulant and astringent bark of the roots sometimes employed by herbalists (Am. Jour.
Pharm. 1863, 193.— U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 257, 1706.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 944). The wax which covers the
small globular fruit, formerly largely collected and made into candles, and now, under the name of myrtle-wax,
a popular remedy in the treatment of dysentery.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 137
250. — Myrica Californica, Chamisso,
Linnaja, vi, 535.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336 ; Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Hooker, PI. Bor.-Am. ii, 160.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey,
390.— Lindley in Jour. London Hort. Soc. vii, 282.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 465.— Newberry
in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 68.— C. De Candolle, Prodr: xvi2, 153.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii,
401.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 81. '
f M. Xalapensis, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 160.
Cape Foulweather, Oregon, south near the coast to the bay of Monterey, California.
A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or
toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; sandy beaches and gravelly hillsides.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin,
conspicuous ; color, light rose, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6703 ; ash, 0.33.
CUPULIFER^.
251. — Quercus alba, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 270, t. 5, f. 5.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Marshall, Arbustum, 119.— Wangenheim, Amer. 12, t. 3, f.
6.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 358 ; 2 ed. v, 293.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 80, 87.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-
Am. ii, 195.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Nene Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 448; Enum. 977;
Berl. Baumz. 346.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 570.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 508.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 13, t. 1; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. i, 22, 1. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 633.— Bai ton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 9t ; Compend. Fl. Philadclph. ii, 17.— Eaton,
Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,215 ; Sylva, i, 14: 2 ed. i, 24.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 175.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 158.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 607.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 864.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; FJ. N. York, ii, 192.— Audubon, Birds, t. 107,
147.— Beck, Bot. 330.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1864, f. 1723-1726 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.—
Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 375.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 155.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 127, t. 1; 2 ed. i, 145 & t.— Griffith,
Med. Bot. 585.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 437.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 266.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
511.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 613, t. 1.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423.— Curtis
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 31.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 645 ; Bot. &
Fl. 306.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 257.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi4, 22.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden.
Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 66.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. xxxiii, 29, 30, 58, 59.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 450; Hall's PI.
Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 50.— Young, Bot. Texas, 505.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, iii, 60.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 179.— Britton in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, viii, 126.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada,
1879-'80, 52C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 78.
?Q. sinuata, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.
Q. alba, \SLT.pinnatifida, Michaux, Hist. Ch6nes Am. No. 4,t. 5,f. 1 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,195.— Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1864.
Q. alba, var. repanda, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No.4,t. 5,f.2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 633.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 159.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1864.
Q. alba, var. pinnatifido-sinuata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 158.
Q. alba, var. sinuata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 159.
Q. alba, var. microcarpa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi",22.
WHITE OAK.
Northern Maine, valley of the Saint Lawrence river, Ontario, lower peninsula of Michigan to southeastern
Minnesota, south to the Saint John's river and Tampa bay, Florida, west to the valley of Nodaway river, Missouri,
western Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.
A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 meters in diameter;
all soils; very common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the Alleghany
mountains and in the valley of the Ohio river and its tributaries, here often forming more than half the forest
growth.
Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, liable to check unless carefully seasoned, durable in
contact with the soil; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary
rays broad, prominent ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter brown ; specific gravity, 0.7470; ash, 0.41; largely used
in ship-building, construction of all sorts, cooperage, in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implements, and
baskets, and for railway ties, fencing, interior finish, cabinet-making, fuel, etc.
A decoction of the astringent inner bark is employed medicinally in cases of hemorrhage, dysentery, etc. ( U.
8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 755.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1196).
138 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
252. — Quercus lobata, Ne'e,
Ann. Cieiic. Nat. iii, 278. — Smith ill Bees' Cycl. xxx, No. 77. — Persoon, Syu. ii,571. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 180. — Poiret, Suppl. ii,
224.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Liebrnann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854,14; Chtoes Am. Trop. 23, t. 42, f. 1-3.—
Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 461, t. 15.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 24.— Koch, Dendrologie,
ii*, 53. — Vasey,*Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmanii in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 388 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 374 ; Bot. California, ii, 95.
Q. Hindsii, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv. 24.— Walpers, Ann. i, 635.— Torrey in Pacific R. R.
Eep. iv, 138 ; v, 365.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 29, 89, 1. 1, f. 7.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.—
Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 230.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. 1866, Nos. 1-6,
66.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. 42, f. 4.— R. Brown Campst. Horoe Sylvanae, 52, f. 1-3.
Q. longiglanda, Torrey in Fremont's Geographical Mem. California, 15, 17.
Q. Ransomi, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i,25.
WHITE OAK. WEEPING OAK.
California, west of the Sierra Nevadas from the valley of the upper Sacramento river south through the foot-
hills and interior valleys to the San Bernardino mountains.
The largest of the Pacific oaks, often 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 2.40 meters in diameter; very
common through the central part of the state.
Wood moderately hard, fine-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by few large open ducts and
•containing few smaller ducts arranged in lines parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays ; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7409; ash, 0.30; of little economic value, and only used for fuel.
253. — Quercus Garryana, Douglas;
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 159.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 391.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 1, 1. 1 ; 2 ed. i, 14, 1. 1.— Torrey in Pacific R. R.
Rep. iv, 138 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 462.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260 ; Pacific R.
R. Rep. xii2, 28, 68 ; Am. Nat. iii, 407.— Lyall in Jour. Linnaean Soc. vii, 131, 144.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 24.— Bolander in
Proc. Califoraia Acad. iii, 229.— Orstedin Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. 1866, Nos. 1-6, 66.— Rothrock in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 435. — Lieb«ann, Cheues Am. Trop. t. 40, f. 3. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii,
389 ; Bot. Califoraia, ii, 95. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 330.
Q. Necei, Liebmann iii Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173; Chenes Am. Trop. 23, t. xli.f. 1, 2.
Q. Douglasii, var. fNecei, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 24.
Q. (Erstediana, R. Brown Campst. iii Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. April, 1871, 2.
Q. JacoM, R. Brown Campst, in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871, 7.
WHITE OAK.
Vancouver's island, shores of Puget sound, south through western Washington territory, Oregon, and California
to San Francisco bay ; in Washington territory and Oregon extending to the eastern slopes of the Cascade mountains.
A tree 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a
low shrub ; dry, gravelly soil ; common.
Wood strong, hard, that of the young trees tough, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by
one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays, varying greatly in width, often conspicuous ; color, light brown
or yellow, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7453; ash, 0.39; somewhat used for carriage
and cooperage stock, in cabinet-making, ship-building, and very largely for fuel ; the best substitute for eastern
white oak produced in the Pacific forests.
254. — Quercus obtusiloba, Michaux,
Hist. Chenes Am. No. 1, t, 1; FL Bor.-Am. ii, 194.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 78.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 36, t. 4; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 36, t. 5. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, G32. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii,
171.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 606.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 190.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
293.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1870, f. 1732 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Scheele in Rojmer,
Texas, 446. —Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 265. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Brendel in
Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 615, t. 11. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 32. —
Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, Cl. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new Her.
xii, 209.— O'rsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Meddelt. 1866, Nos. 1-6, 66.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. H, t. 33, f.
60.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451 ; Hall's, PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 505.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 139
Q. alba minor, Marshall, Arbustum, 120.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395.
Q. Stellata, Wangenheim, Amer. 78, t. 6, f. 15.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 77.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 452; Enum,977; Berl.
Baumz. 349.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 570.— Alton, Hort. Kew.2ed. v, 294.— Nouvcau Duliaiiifl, vii. 180.— Haynn, Demi. Fl.
161.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 13; 2 ed. i, 23.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 150.— Emerson, Trees .Massachusetts, 133, t. 3; 2 ed. i, 151 &,
t.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvis, 22.— Koeh, Dendrologie, iii, 52.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmaun in Trans. St.
Louis Acad. iii, 389. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 84.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156.
t Q. Villosa, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.
Q. lobulata, Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 47.
f Q. Drummondii, Liebmanu in Dansk. Videusk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 170.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 24.
Q. obtusiloba, var. parvifolia, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423.
Q. stellata, var. Floridana, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvia, 22.
POST OAK. IEON OAK.
Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, south to northern Florida, west through southern Ontario and Michigan to
•eastern Nebraska, Kansas, the Indiau territory, and extending to the one hundredth meridian in central Texas.
A tree rarely exceeding 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter, or on the Florida
coast reduced to a low shrub (var. parvifolia, etc.) ; dry, gravelly uplands, clay barrens, or in the southwest on
Cretaceous formations; the most common and widely-distributed oak of the Gulf states west of the Mississippi
river, forming the principal growth of the Texas "cross-timbers."
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil;
layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of not large open ducts; medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous; color, dark or light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.8367; ash, 0.79; largely used,
especially in the southwest, for fencing, railway ties, and fuel, and somewhat for carriage stock, cooperage,
construction, etc.
255. — Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, Engelmaun,
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 249.
Q. Gambelii, Nuttall*n Jour. Philadelphia Acad. new ser. i, 179.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172, 1. 18 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 205. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260. — Liebtnann, Chenes Am. Trop. 22, t. 40, f. 1. — Hemsley, Bot.
Am. -Cent, iii, 171.
Q. alba, var. fGunnisonii, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 130.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 321.— Porter in Hayden's Rep.
1871, 493.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 127.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-76, 209.
Q. Douglasii, var. Gambelii, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 23.
Q. stellata, var. Utahensis, A. Do Caudolle, Prodr. xvi*, 22.
f Q. Emoryi, Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 127 [not Torrey].
r
SCRUB OAK.
Near the mouth of the Pecos river (Havard), through the mountains of western Texas, and New Mexico to the
Sauta Catalina (Lemmon, Pringle) and San Francisco mountains, Arizona, eastern slopes of the Eocky mountains
of Colorado north to the valley of the Platte river, and through the Wahsatch mountains of Utah.
A small tree, rarely 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.00 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub
spreading from underground shoots and forming dense thickets, reaching its greatest development on the high
mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, that of young trees quite tough, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of
annual growth marked by few not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, rich dark
brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8407 ; ash, 0.99 ; largely used for fuel, and in Utah the bark in
tanning.
140 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
256. — Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux,
Hist. Chenes Am. No. 2, t. 2, 3; Fl.Bor.-Ain. ii, 194.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 453; Enum. 977; Berl. Baumz. 350.— Smith in Rees' Cycl.
xxx, No. 80.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 570.— Poiret, Suppl. 11,224.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 34, t. 3 ; N.AmericaB Sylva,3ed.i,35, t.4.—
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 632.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 182.— Hayne, Dend. PI. 161.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863.—
Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl. N.York, ii, 191, t, 108.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.—
London, Arboretum, iii; 18G9, f. 1731 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 159. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts,
132, t. 2;' 2 ed. i, 149 & t.— Scheele in Kramer, Texas, 446.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 437.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
255.— Brendel in Traus. Illinois Ag. Soc. 131. t. 5,f. 21.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 389.—
A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 20.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 67.— Liebmanu, Cheues Am.
Trop.t. G, t. 33, f. 27, 28.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 51.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.— Winchell in
Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills, 68.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Broadhead
in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— J. F. James in Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 1 & t.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,
81.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49C.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 156.
Q. Olivceformis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am, ii, 32, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 33, t. 3.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 91.—
Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 632.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215; Sylva, i, 14; 2 ed. i,24.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 181.— Sprengel,
Syst. iii, 864.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.— Fl. N. York, ii, 191.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed-
293.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1869, f. 1730.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 159.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 1 ed. 414.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 20.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. l-6r
1866, 67.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 391.
Q. obtusiloba, var. dapressa, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.
Q. macrocarpa, var. olivceformis, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 404 ; 5 ed. 451.
Q. macrocarpa, var. abbreviata, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvia, 20.
Q. macrocarpa, var. minor, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 20.
Q. Stellata, var. depressa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 23.
BURR OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK. OVER-CUP OAK.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern shores of lake Huron to lake Winnipeg, south to the valley of the
Penobscot river, Maine (C. E. Hamlin), and along the shores of lake Champlain and the valley of the Ware river,
Massachusetts, to Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, west to the eastern foot-hills of the Eocky mountains of Montana,
central Nebraska and Kansas, southwest to the Indian territory and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas.
A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 50 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20
to 2.10 meters in diameter; rich bottoms and prairies; in the prairie region the principal growth of the "oak
openings ", and extending farther west and northwest than any oak of the Atlantic forests.
Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, more durable in contact with the soil than that of
other American oaks ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays
often broad and conspicuous ; color, dark or rich light brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7453;
ash, 0.71; generally confounded with the less valuable white oak (Q. alba), and employed for the same purposes.
257. — Quercus lyrata, Walter,
Fl. Caroliuiana, 235. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 83. — Michaux, Hist. Cheues Ain. No. 3, t.4; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 195. — Willdenow, Spec.
iv, 453.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 79.— Persoon, Syn.ii. 570.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 224.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 42, t. 5; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 39, t. 6.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 295. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 632.— Nouvean Dnhamel, vii, 181.— Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 215.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 607. — Sprengel, Syst. xi, 156. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1871,11733,
1734.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 386.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 156.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 33. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
387.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 19.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos.
1-6, 1886, 66.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii3, 53.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.—
Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 389.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns, 1882, 80.
OVER- CUP OAK. SWAMP POST OAK. WATER WHITE OAK.
North Carolina, south near the coast to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, west through Alabama,
Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern
Missouri (Allenton, Lettermari) to middle Tennessee, southern Indiana and Illinois.
A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; deep, often submerged, river
swamps ; rare in the Atlantic states ; more common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lied
river and the adjacent portions of Arkansas and Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, very durable in contact with the ground, close-grained, inclined to check in
drying ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous,
conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8313; ash, 0.65; used for the
same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba).
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 141
258. — Quercus bicolor, Wiildenow,
Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 396 ; Spec, iv, 440.--Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 50.— Persoon, Syn. ii, f>69.— Poiret, Suppl.
ii, 219.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 63:!.— Eaton, Manual, 107; 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Coinpeml. Fl. Philmlelph. ii, 172.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 215; Sylva, i. 13; 2 ed. i,23.— Nouveau Dnhamel, vii,166.— Spreugel, 8yst.lii,860.— Torrey, romprnd. Fl. N. States, 3f.9; Fl.N.
York, ii, 192. — Beck, Bot. 331. — Bigeluw, Fl. Huston. I! (><1. 375.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 135, t. 4 ;
2 ed. i, 153 & t. — Buckley in Ain.Jonr. Sci.2 scr. xiii, 397. — Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 ed. 206. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas. ::-7.— Wood, Cl. Book, 646; Bot.it F1.306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', '20.— Orsted in Sacrskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For.
Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 67.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 47.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.—
Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 389. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 179. —
Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-VU, 5.V. — Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1682, 79.
? Q. Prlnm platanoides, Lamarck, Diet, i, 21.
Q. alba palustris, Marshall, Arbustum, 120.— Muhleiiberg & Willdeuow iu Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395.
Q. Prinus tomentoita, Miclumx, llist.Chenes Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 2 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1876, f. 1739.
Q. PrinilS, var. discolor, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.ii,46,t. 6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 41, t. 7.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 255.— Breudel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 617, t. 3.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 424.— Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34.
Q. bicolor, var. mollis, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.
Q. Prinus, var. bicolor, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 158.
f Q. bicolor, var. platanoides, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvia, 21.
SWAMP WHITE OAK.
Southern Maine, valley of tbe upper Saint Lawrence river, Ontario, southern peninsula of Michigan to
southeastern Iowa and western Missouri, south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern
Georgia, northern Kentucky, and northern Arkansas.
A large tree, 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 or, exceptionally, over 3 meters (" Wadsworth
Oak", Geneseo, New York) in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in deep alluvial soil ; common and reaching
its greatest development iu the region south of the great lakes.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, inclined to check in seasoning ; layers of annual growth marked
by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad and conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood
hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.7662; ash, 0.58; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak
(Q. alba).
259. — Quercus Michauxii, Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 215 (excl. syn.).— Elliott, Sk. ii, 609.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 860.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 386.— Darby,
Bot. S. States, 511.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 382.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. No.
22, 113.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 81.
Q. Prinus palustris, Michaux, Hist. Chines Am. No. 5, t. 6; Fl. Bor-Am. ii, 196.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 51, t. 7; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 44, t. 8.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1872, f. 1735 & t.
Q. Prinus, var. Michauxii, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.
Q. Prinus, Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 33, in part.
Q. bicolor, var. Michauxii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 390.
BASKET OAK. COW OAK.
New Gastle county, Delaware, south through the lower and middle districts to northern Florida, through the
Gulf states to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southwestern Missouri to central
Tennessee and Kentucky, and the valley of the lower Wabash river.
A tree 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter ; borders of streams and deep,
often submerged, swamps ; the common and most valuable white oak of the Gulf states, reaching its greatest
development in the rich bottom lauds of southeastern Arkansas and Louisiana.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily
split ; layers of annual growth marked by few rather large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color,
light brown, the sap-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.8039 ; ash, 0.45 ; largely used in the manufacture of agricultural
implements, wheel stocks, baskets, for which it is unsurpassed, for cooperage, fencing, construction, and fuel.
The large, sweet, edible acorns eagerly devoured by cattle and other animals.
142 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
260. — Quercus Prinus, Liuna-us,
Spec. 1 ed. 995.— Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 276, t. 6, f. 3.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Marshal), Arbustum, 125.— Wangenhcim, Amer. 15, t. 4, f..
8.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 356; 2 ed. v, 290.— Mcrncb, Meth. 348.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 82.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow
in Neue Schrifteu Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 397.— Jlidiaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 1<15.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 439; Enum. 975; Berl.
Baumz. 339.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 47.— Persoon, Syu. ii. 508.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb, ii, 509.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,
633. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 171.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 164.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155. —
Elliott, Sk. ii, 608.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 85'J.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 359.— Audubon, Birds, t. 50, 131.— Beck, Bot. 331.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1872. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 157. — Penu. Cycl. xix,
216. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.2u'~. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,255. — Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 423. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3r-7.— Wood, Cl. Book, 645; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
264.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 21.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Ai'tryk. nf. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt, Nos. 1-fi, 67.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 451. — Young, Bot. Texas, 5015. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 48. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelmann in Trans. St.
Louis Acad. iii, 390.
Q. Prinus, var. monticola, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 5, t. 7; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Michaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 55,
t. 8 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 46, t. 9.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1873, f. 1736. —
Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 158.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis iu Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34.— Wood, Cl. Book, 646.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 21.— Gray, Manual 1C.
States, 5 ed. 451.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Bailey in Am. Nat. xiv, 892, f. 1-4.
Q. montana, Willdenovr, Spec, iv, 440; Enum. 975; Berl. Baumz. 340.— Persoon, Syn.ii, 569.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx,.
No. 49.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 634.— Eaton, Manual, 107, 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 172.—
Nuttall, Genera, ii, 216. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 165, t. 47, f. 2. — Hayne, Deud. Fl. 156. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 009. — Sprcngol,
Syst. iii, 860.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 354; Fl. N. York, ii, 192.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Bigclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed.
377.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 138, t. 6; 2 ed. i, 156 & t.— Gray, Manual N. States,
1 ed. 414. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 266. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
387. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 263. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.
Q. Prinus, var. lata, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290.
Q. CdStanea, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 137, t. 5 ; 2 ed. i, 155 & t. [not Muhlenberg & Willdenow].
CHESTNUT OAK. ROCK CHESTNUT OAK.
Blue hills, eastern Massachusetts, west to the shores of lake Champlain, shores of Quinte" bay, Ontario
(Macoun), and the valley of the Genesee river, Kew York, south to Delaware, and through the Alleghany Mountain
region to northern Alabama, extending west to central Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter iu diameter; rocky banks and hillsides; very
common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany region, here often forming a large-
portion of the forest growth.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, durable in contact with
the soil, containing few open ducts; medullary rays very broad, conspicuous; color, dark brown, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.7499 ; ash, 0.77 ; largely used in fencing, for railway ties, etc.
The bark, rich in tannin, is largely used in preference to that of other North American white oaks iu tanning
leather.
261. — Quercus prinoides, Willdenow,
None Schrifteu Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 397; Spec, iv, 440.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 219.— Nouveau Dnhamel,
vii, 166.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 193, 1. 109.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 415.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 267.— Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 35.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.—
Wood, Cl. Book, 646.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 49.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.— Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 391.
Q. Prinus humilis, Marshall, Arbustum, 125.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452.
Q. CdStanea, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in None Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 396 [not Ne'e].— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 441 ;
Enum. 976; Berl. Baumz. 341.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 634.— Smith in Rees1 Cycl. xxx, No. 51.—
Poiret, Suppl. ii, 219.— Eaton, Manual, 107; 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 172.— Nnttall, Genera, ii,.
216.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 156.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 610.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 860.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States, 354; Fl.N..
York, ii, 193.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 385.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 415.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica,
3 ed. 267.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 619, t. 4.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.—
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl.
Book, 646.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 68.— Liebinann, Chenes Am. Trop,
t. H, K. & 33, f. 31, 32.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.
Q. Prinus, var. acuminata, Michaux, Hist. Cbfines Am. No. 5, t. 8 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 61, t.
9; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 49, 1. 10.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 167.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1875, f. 1637.— Cooper in,
Smithsonian Rep.'l858, 255.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.
Q. Prinus pumila, Michaux, Hist, Cheues Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 1 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1875, f. 1738.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 143
Q. Prinus Chinquapin, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, Co, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. i, 50, t. 11.— A. Do Candollc,
Prodr. xvi', 21.
Q. Chinquapin, I'ursli, Fl. Am. .Sept. ii, 634.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx, No. 48.— Nuttull, Genera, ii, 216.— Klliott, .Sk. ii, Gil.—
Torrey, Couipeud. Fl. N. States, 354.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— Darlington, Fl. (Jrstrk-a, 2t-d. 536.—
Eaton & Wright, lint. >.">.— liij-i-Iow, Fl. Boston. :i cd. 377.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 14(1; 2 cd. i, 15ft & t.—
Darby, Bot. S. Stales, 511.
Q. Prinus, var. oblongata, Aiton, Hort. Kcw. v, 290.
Q. Prinus, var. prinoides, Wood, Bot. & Fl. 3UO.
Q. Muhlenbcrgii, Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 591.— G. D. Butler in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 77.— Eidgway
in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, tt>.
YELLOW OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. CHINQUAPIN OAK.
Eastern Massachusetts, shores of lake Ohamplain, west along the northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie,
through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory; south to Delaware and
through the Allegheny region to northern Alabama and Mississippi, southwest to the Guadalupe mountains,
western Texas (Havard),
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 meters (Ridgway] in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in
diameter (Q. Muklenbergii), or often, especially toward the eastern and western limits of its range, reduced to a
low, slender shrub (Q. prinoides) ; dry hillsides and low, rich bottoms ; rare, except as a shrub, east of the Alleghany
mountains ; very common in the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in southern
Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the
soil; layers of annual growth marked by rows of small open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color,,
dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8C05 ; ash, 1.14; used for cooperage, wheel stock,
fencing, railway ties, etc.
The small acorns sweet and edible.
NOTE. — Differences in the size and habit of individuals of this species, thus enlarged, seem to be dependent upon soil and climate,
numerous intermediate forms connecting the extremes of eastern Massachusetts and the Mississippi valley.
262. — Quercus Douglasii, Hooker & Arnott,
Bot. Beechey, 391.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 382, 383.— Benthain, PI. Hartweg. 337 ; Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 10, t! 4; 2 ed.
i, 20, t. 4.— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. v, 365 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 462.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 260— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi2, 23.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 230.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6,
66. — Liebmaun, Cheues Am. Trop. t. 41, f. 3, 4. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelmanii in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 392 ;
Bot. California, ii, 95. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.
Q. oblongifolia, var. brevilobala, Torrey in Bot. Wilkes Exped. 460.
MOUNTAIN WHITE OAK. BLUE OAK.
California, from about latitude 39°, south along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet
elevation, and through the Coast ranges to the San Gabriel mountains.
A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter ; common on the low foot-hills
of the sierras.
Wood very hard, heavy, strong, brittle, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several
rows of small open ducts and containing many scattered groups of smaller ducts ;" medullary rays numerous,
varying greatly in width; color, dark brown, becoming nearly black with exposure, the thick sap-wood light
brown; specific gravity, 0.8928 ; ash, 0.84.
263. — Quercus oblongifolia, Torrey,
Sitgreaves' Eep. 173 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— A. De Candolle, Prodr.
xvi-, 36.— Watson, PI. Wheeler, 17.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 393; Bot. California,
ii, 96.
Q. undlllata, var. oblongata, Engelmann in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 250.
144 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
WHITE OAK.
California, foot-bills of the San Gabriel mountains, and in San Diego county (here occupying a narrow belt, 30
miles iu width some 30 miles from the coast, Parish Brothers) ; foot-hills of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona
and New Mexico ; southward into Mexico.
A small evergreen tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; the large
specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth
hardly distinguishable, containing few small open ducts arranged in many groups parallel to the bread and very
conspicuous medullary rays ; color, very dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood brown ; specific gravity,
0.9441 ; ash, 2.G1 ; of little economic value except as fuel.
264. — Quercus grisea, Liebmann,
Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forbandl. 1854, 13 ; Chenes Am. Trop. t. 46, f. 1, 2.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 35.— Srsted in Saerskitt.
Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.— Ensby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 78.— Watson in Proc. Am. Aoad.
xviii, 156.
Q. pungens, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forbandl. 1854,13; Chenes Am. Trop. 22, t. 45, f. 1-3.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi2, 36.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6,69. — Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club ix, 78.
Q. Undulata, var. grisea, Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 382 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250.
Q. Undulata, var. pungens, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 392 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250 ; Bot. California, ii, 96.—
Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596.
Q. Undulata, var. Wrightii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 382, 392.
WHITE OAK.
Mountains of southern Colorado and western Texas (Havard), southern New Mexico and Arizona from 5,000 to
10,000 feet elevation, west to the Colorado desert of California; southward into northern Mexico.
A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.GO meter in diameter, or reduced to a low,
much-branched shrub ; a polymorphous species, varying greatly in habit and in the shape and texture of the leaves,
but apparently well characterized by its connate cotyledons ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by
one or two rows of small open ducts, these connected by rows of similar ducts parallel to the numerous conspicuous
medullary rays; color, very dark brown, the thick sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 1.0092; ash, 1.82.
265. — Quercus reticulata, Humboldt & Bonpland,
PI. ^Equin. ii, 40, t. 86.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 609.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 860.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1944, f. 1865.— Michaux f. N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 90.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 33.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6,
67.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t, H, t. 34, f. 10-16, t. 35, f. 15-22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann in Trans. St.
Louis Acad. iii, 383; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii. 176. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 156.1
Q. spicata, Humbolt & Bonpland, PI. ^Equin. ii, 46, t. 89.— Beutham, PI. Hartweg. No. 429.
Q. decipiens, Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Brux. v, 10.
f Q. reticulata, Var. Qreggil, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 34.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 176.
Southeastern Arizona, San Francisco and Santa Eita mountains from 7,000 to 10,000 feet elevation ; southward
into northern Mexico.
A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many small, scattered, open
ducts; medullary rays numerous, very broad ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9479 ;
ash, 0.52.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 145
266. — Quercus Durandii, Buckley,
Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860,445; 1881, 121.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 507.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.—
Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 156.
Q. obtvsifolia, var. f breviloba, Torrey, Bot. Hex. Boundary Survey, 206.
Q. annulata, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 18CO, 445.
Q. San-Sabeana, Buckley in Young, Bot. Texas, 507.
Q. imdulata, Eugelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 392, in part [not Torrey].
Alabama, Wilcox county (Buckley), valley of the Little Cahaba river, Bibb county (Mohr); Shreveport,
Louisiana?, (Buckley); Texas, Dallas (Rei;erchon), valley of the Colorado river (Buckley, Mohr, Sargent), west and
south.
A tree 21 to 24 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich bottom lands or dry mesas
and limestone hills, then reduced to a low shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets of great extent (Q. San-
Sabeana); rare and local in Alabama; the common and most valuable white oak of western Texas.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, inclined to check in drying; layers of annual growth
marked by few large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.9507 ; ash, 1.78; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba).
267. — Quercus virens, Aiton,
Hort. Kew. iii, 356 ; 2 ed. v, 287.— Bartram.Travels, 2 ed. 82.— Miehaux, Hist.Chenes Am. No. 6, 1. 10, 11 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Willdenow,
Spec, iv, 425; Euum. 974.— Rohin, Voyages, iii, 264.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 5.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 567.— Desfont.iines, Hist.
Arh. ii,507.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 213.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 67, t. 11; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 52, 1. 12.— Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 626.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 16; 2 ed, i, 28.— Nouveau Dnhamel, vii, 151.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 595.— Sprengel, Syst. iii,
858.— Cobbett, Woodlands, 446.— Eaton, Manual. 6 ed.294.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1918, f. 1802, 1803 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
385.— Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 177.— Engelmaun & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234.— Scheele in Rremer, Texas, 446 $ Appx.
147.— Penu. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
255.— Chapman, Fl, S. States, 421.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 35.— Wood, Cl. Book, 643 ; Bot. & Fl. 305.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests. 263.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 37.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 69.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. 33, f. 50-57.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503. —
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 383 ; iv, 191.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 178.— Watson in
Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 155.
Q. Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 17.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 57.
Q. Phellos, var. sempervirens, Marshall, Arbustum, 124.
Q. sempermrem, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.
Q. oleoides, Chamisso & Schlechtendal in Linnsea, v, 79.— Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Brux. x, No. 3.— Orsted in Saerskitt.
Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.
Q. retusa, Liebmann iu Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 187.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt.
Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.
LIVE OAK.
Mob Jack bay, Virginia, south along the coast to bay Biscayne and cape Romano, Florida, along the Gulf
coast to Mexico, extending through western Texas to the valley of the Red river, the Apache and Gaudalupe
mountains and the mountains of northern Mexico south of the Rio Grande at 0,000 to 8,000 feet elevation (Havard);
in Costa Rica (Q. retusa).
An evergreen tree of great economic value, 15 to IS meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 meters in
diameter, or in the interior of Texas much smaller, often shrubby ; on the coast, rich hummocks and ridges, a few
feet above water-level; common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic states.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful
polish; layers of annual growth obscure, often hardly distinguishable, containing many small open ducts arranged
in short broken rows parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood
nearly white; specific gravity, 0.9501; ash, 1.14 ; formerly very largely and now occasionally used in ship-building.
10 FOB
146 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
268. — Quercus chrysolepis, Lielimann,
Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173 ; Cheues Am. Trop. 23, t. 47.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206; Bot. Wilkes Exped.
458. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 260. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. ii, 45. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 37. — Bolander
in Proc. California Acad. iii, 231.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 25. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 383, 393; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 374; Bot. California, ii. 97. — Watson in Proc. Am.
Acad. xi, 119.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596.
Q. fulvescena, Kellogg in Proc. California Ac-ail, i, (i7, 71.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 27, 89.
Q. craSS'ipOCUla, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137 ; v, 3(i.r>, t. St.
f Q. oblongifolia, R. Brown Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871, 4 [not Torrey].
LIVE OAK. MAUL OAK. VALPARAISO OAK.
Cow Creek valley, Oregon, south through the California Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains between 3,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and south into Lower
California; southeastern Arizona, San Francisco (Greene) and Santa Catalina mountains (Pringle).
An evergreen tree of great economic value, 18 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 meter in
diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, narrow-leaved shrub (var. vaccinifolia, Engelmann in Trans. St.
Louis Acad. iii, 393; Sot. California, ii, 97. — Q. vaccinifolia, Kellogg in Trans. California Acad. ii, 96).
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, containing many rather
small open ducts arranged in wide bands parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown,
the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.8493; ash, O.CO; somewhat used in the manufacture of agricultural
implements, wagons, etc. ; the most valuable oak of the Pacific forests.
269. — Quercus Emoryi, Torrey,
Emory's Rep. 151, t. 9; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138; Ives' Rep. 28.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 382, 387, 394; Wheeler's Rep. vi. 250. — Palmer in Am.
Nat. xii, 596.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 170.
Q. hastata, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 13; Chenes Am. Trop. 22.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2,
36.— Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.
BLACK OAK.
i
Bexar and Coinal counties, Texas, through the mountain ranges of western Texas, of southern New Mexico, and
of eastern and southern Arizona.
A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in
Texas reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in southwestern New Mexico and
southern Arizona between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation near streams in open canons; dry, gravelly soil, the large
specimens hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, not hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several
rows of small open ducts, these connected by narrow groups of similar ducts parallel to the broad, conspicuous
medullary rays; color, dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood bright brown tinged with red; specific
gravity, 0.9263; ash, 2.36.
270. — Quercus agrifolia, Ne'e,
Ann. Cienc. Nat. iii, 271. — Fischer, Misc. Hisp. i, 108.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 431.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 568.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx,
No. 29.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylva. i, 5, t. 2: 2 ed. i, 16, t. 2.— Nonveau Dnhamel, vii, 156.—
Sprengel, Syst. iii, 859. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1894.— Bentham, PL Hartweg. 337; Bot. Sulphur,
55. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 377.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 391.— Jour. Hort. Soc. London, vi,
157 & t.— Carriore in Fl. des Serres, vii, 137 & f.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138; v, 305; vii, 20; Bot.
Mex. Boundary Survey, 206; Ives' Rep. 28; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 460.— Paxton's Brit. Flower Gard. ii, 44.— Newberry in Pacific
R. R. Rep. vi, 32, f. 9.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 229.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 37.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk.
af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.— Liebmann, Cheues Am. Trop. t. 44.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmann
in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 383; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 374; Bot. California, ii, 98. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 167.
Q. oxyadenia, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172, 1. 17.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.
Q. acutiglandis, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i,25.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 147
BNCENO. COAST LIVE OAK.
California, Mendocino county, south through the Coast Range valleys to Lower California.
A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or, rarely, reduced
to a low shrub (var. frutescens, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 98); rare at the north; common south of San
Francisco bay, and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme southwestern part of the state;
dry slopes and ridges.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable,
containing many large open ducts arranged in several rows parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays ;
color, light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown; specific gravity, 0.8253;' ash, 1.28; of little value except
as fuel.
271. — Quercus Wislizeni, A. DeCandolle,
Prodr. xvi'2, 67.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.—
Engelmann in Trans. St. Louie Acad. iii, 385, 396; Bot. California, ii, 98.
Q. Morehus, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. ii, :if>.
LIVE OAK.
California, mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, and
in the Coast ranges south to the Santa Lucia mountains.
An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 ineter iu diameter, or toward its
northeastern limits reduced to a shrub 0.90 to 3 meters in height (var. frutescens, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii,
99) ; not common.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts arranged in
irregular bauds parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-
wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7855; ash, 1.02.
272. — Quercus rubra, Limneus,
Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Dn Roi, Harbk. ii, 265.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357; 2 ed. v,
292.— Mcench, Meth. 348.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 103.— Michaux, Hist. Chenes No. 2, t. 35, 36 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 445: Enum. 976; Berl. Banmz. 342. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 60. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 126, t. 26; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 84, t. 28.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.—
Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 169. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii,
170.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 157.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 602.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 358; NicoUet's Rep.
1(50; Fl. N. York, 189, t. 106.— Bock. Bot. :!29.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1877, f. 1740-1744 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.—
BigHow. Fl. Boston. I! ed. 376.— Katon & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 48, t.
10; 2 ed. i, 16:! &. t.— Scheele in Ra-uier, Texas, 446.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 269.— Darby, Bot.
8. States, 510. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 369, t. 9. — Chapman, Fl. S. States,
422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, Cl.
Book, 644; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Porchcr, Resources S. Forests, 2G2. — Eiigi'Imanu iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 209; Trans. St.
Louis Acad. iii,li94.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 60.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866,
72. — Gray, Manual X. Siatrs, 5 ed. 454; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. A, B. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii'2, 70. —
Young, Bot. Texas, 504.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— llacoun in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 209.— Sears iu Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 83.— Bell in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 5K
Q. rubra maxima, Marshall, Arbustuui, 122.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow iu Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395.
Q. ruhru, var. latifolia, Lamarck, Diet, i, 720. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 292. — Loudon. Arboretum, iii, 1877.
Q. rubra, var. montana, Aitou.Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 292.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1877.
(>. ambigua, Miehanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 120, t. 24 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 81, t. 26 [not HBK.].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,
630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1881, f. 1749 & t.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 384.
Q. coceinea, var. rubra, SpAoh, Hist. Veg. xi, 166.
Q. COCCinea, var. ambigua, Gray. Manual X. States, 5 ed. 454.
Q, rubra. var. runcinata, A. De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi4, 60. — Engelmanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 542.
148 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
KED OAK. BLACK OAK.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick to eastern Minnesota, western Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian
territory, south to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river,
Texas.
A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 45 meters (Ridgu-ay) in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in
diameter; very common, especially at the north, in all soils and extending farther north than any Atlantic oak.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by
several rows of very large open ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood
somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.6540; ash, 0.26; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and somewhat
for interior finish, in the manufacture of chairs, etc. •
Var. Texana, Buckley,
Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 123. — Engehnanu in Coulter's Hot. Gazette, vii, 14.
Q. paluntris, Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 175 [not Du Roi].
Q. COCCinea, var. microcarpa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206.
Q. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 445.— Young, Bot. Texas, 507.
RED OAK.
Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river with the species and replacing it south and west, extending to
the valley of the Nueces river and the Limpia mountains (Havard).
A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter.
Wood heavier, harder, much closer-grained than the species, not checking in drying; layers of annual growth
marked with fewer and smaller open ducts ; specific gravity, 0.9080; ash, 0.85.
273. — Quercus coccinea, Wangouheim,
Amer. 44, t. 4. f. 9.— Muhlenberg & Wilklenow in NeueSchriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 398.— Michaux, Hist. Chines Am. No. 18, t. 31,
32; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199.—Willdenow, Spec. iv,445; Enum. 976; Berl. Bauraz. 343.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx,61.— Persoon, Syn.ii,
569.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Micbaux f. 1 list. Arb. Am. ii, 116, t. 23 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 79, t.
25.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed . v, 292.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Eatou, Manual, 108 ; 6 ed. 292.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton,
Compend Fl. Philadclph. ii, 169.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 171.— Ilaync, Dend. Fl. 157.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 602.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 863.—
Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 189.— Beck, Bot. 329.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1879, f. 1746-1748 & t.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 384. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 376.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 144, t. 9 ; 2 ed. i, 163
& t.— Scheele in Rocmer, Texas, 446.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 268.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 40. —
Lesqnereux iu Oweu's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, (il.— Orated
in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, I860, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453.— Liebmann, Chenes Am.
Trop. t. B.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii1, 69.— Young, Bot. Texas, 504.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis
Acad. iii, 385, 394.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 80.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 156.
•
Q. rubra, ft. Linnsens, Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357.
•
SCARLET OAK.
Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and
northeastern Missouri, south to Delaware and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to northern
Florida.
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 54 meters (Eidgway) in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.GO to 1.20
meter in diameter ; at the east iu dry, sandy soil or, less commonly, iu rich, deepsoil ; in the northwestern prairie region
with Q. macrocarpa forming the oak-opening growth; not common and reaching its greatest development in the
basin of the lower Ohio river.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large
open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ; specific
gravity, 0.7405 ; ash, 0.19 ; if used at all, confounded with that of Q. rubra.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 149
274. — Quercus tinctoria, Bartram,
Travels, 2 cd. 37.— Abbot, lusccts Georgia, ii, t.5G.— Michaux, Hist. Cl.eues Am. No. 13, t. 24, 25: Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 19".— Willdenow, Spee.
iv,414; Einini.'JTt;; Berl. Banmz. 344.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arl>. ii, ;>()'.).— Poiret, Suppl. ii,221.— Michaux f. Hist. Arl>. Am. ii.110,
t.22; X. American Sylva, 3 ed.i, 7(i, t. 24.— Aiton, Hort. Ke\v. -J od. v,291.— Pursli, Fl. AID. Sept. ii, 029.— Smith in Rees' Cycl.
xxx, No. 58.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadcliili. 91 ; Compcnd. Fl. Philadelpli. ii, 108.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6ed. 292.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii,214 : Sylva, i,2l ; 2 i>d. i', 32.— Nouveau Dnhaniel, vii, 16H.— Hayne, Demi. Fl. 156.— Elliott, Sk. ii^COL— Sprcugel, Syst. iii, 862.—
Torrey, Compend. Fl. X. .States. :;.".?; Fl. X. York.ii, 183. — Anduboii, Birds, t. 82. — Beck, Hot. I!'.!-'. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1884,
f. 1753, 1754.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Big'elow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 370.— Eaton &, Wright, Hot. 384.— Spacli, llisi. Veg. xi,
164.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 141, t. 7; 2 ed. i, Kid A. I.— Grillith, Med. Bot. 586.— Gray, Manual X. Slates, 1 ed. 416.—
Darlington. Fl. Cestrica, 3 eel. 20".— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. lA>,'-'55.— Brendel in Trans. Illinois
Ag. Soc. iii, 627, t. 8. — Chapman, Fl. S. States. 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. X. Carolina, 1SOU, iii, 39. — Lesquereux in
Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, Cl. Book, 045. — Engelmann in Proe. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad.
iii, 395.— Porehcr, Resources S. Forests, 238.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Ai'tryk. af. Nat. For. Vidcn. Meddelt. Nos. Mi, I860, 45, 72, f. 18.—
Liebmaun, Chenes Am. Trop. 9, f. G. — Young, Bot. Texas, 504. — 1 layden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Guibourt,
Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 288.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Bentley &, Trimen, Med. Fl. iv, 251, t.251.— Eidgway in Proc.U. 8.
Nat. Mus. 1882, 84.
f Q. velutina, Lamarck, Diet, i, 172.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 68.
Q. nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 120 [not Linmeus].— Wangenheim, Amer. 79, t. 6, f. 16.
Q. rubra, Wangenheim, Amer. 14, t. 3, f. 7 [not Linnajus]. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. FT.
Berlin, iii, 399.
Q. discolor, Aiton, Hort. Ke'.v iii, 358.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 111.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 444 ; Berl. Baumz. 345.—
Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Smith in Rces' Cycl. xxx, No. 59.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 601.— Sprengel,
Syst. iii, 8fi3.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, fi ed. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.
Q. tinctoria, var. angulosa, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1858.
Q. tinctoria, var. sinuosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1885, f. 1755-1757.— Liebmann, Chenes
Arn. Trop. t. C.
? Q. Shlimardii, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 445.
Q. COCcinea, var. tinctoria, Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454.— Wood, Cl. Book, 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 61.
BLACK OAK. YELLOW-BARK OAK. QUERCITRON OAK. YELLOW OAK.
Southern Maine to northern Vermont, Ontario, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and
the Indian territory, south to the Ohattahoochee region of western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and
eastern Texas.
A large tree, 24 to 36 or, exceptionally, 48 meters (Eidgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in
diameter; generally on dry or gravelly uplands; very common.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarse-grained, liable to check in drying; layers of annual growth
ma'-k';-'l i-y -cvcral rows of very large open ducts; color, bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much
lighter: specific gravity, 0.7045; ash, 0.28; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc.
The bark largely used in tanning; the intensely bitter inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye, and is
occasionally used medicinally in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage (U. S. Dispensatory,
14 ed. 750. — JVai1. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1196).
275. — Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry, '
Pacific R. R. Rep.vi,89, 286, f. 6.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 406.— R. Brown Campst. Horse Sylvana), 58, f. 4-6.— Engelmann in
Bot. California, ii,99.
Q. rubra, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337 [not Linnaeus].
Q. tinctoria, var. Californica, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205 ; Ives' Rep. 28.
Q. Cdlifornica, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.
Q. Sonomensis, Bentham in De Candolle Prodr. xvi-, <>2. — Bolauder in Proc. California Acad. iii, 230. — Orsted in Saerskitt.
Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep.
vi, 374.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596.
BLACK OAK.
Valley of the Mackenzie river, Oregon, south through the Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains to the southern borders of California.
150 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at high elevations
reduced to a shrub ; the most common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the California
Sierras.
• Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several
rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, broad, conspicuous; color, light red, the thin sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.6435 ; ash, 0.26 ; of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning.
*
276. — Quercus nigra, LinnaW,
Spec. 1 ed. 995. — Lamarck, Diet, i, 721. — Wangenheim, Ainer. 77, t. 5, f. 13. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,234. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357; 2
ed. v, 291. —Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 50; ii, 58.— Jlichaux, Hist. Cheues Am. No. 17, t. 32,23; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— Muhlenberg &
Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 442. — Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx, No. 53. — Persoon,
Syn. ii,569.— Desfpntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 509.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 629. —Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 292.— Barton, Compend. Fl.
Philadelph. ii, 168.— Nouvean Duhamel, vii, 168.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 600,— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ;
Fl. N. York, ii, 188; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 116.— Beck, Bot. 328.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1890, f.
1764, 17G5.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 162.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 267.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, C25, t. 7. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 38. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 644; Bot. & Fl.
305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 63.— Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 453 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. A. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 61. — Young, Bot. Texas, 503. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 26. — Ridgway in Proc. Nat. Mus. 1882, 82. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 156.
Q. nigra, var. latifolia, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721.
-
Q. nigra integrifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 121.
f Q. aquatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.
Q. Marylandica, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399.
BLACK JACK. JACK OAK.
• Long island, New York, west through northern Ohio and Indiana to about latitude 55° N. in Wisconsin,
southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about 99° west longitude, south to
Matanzas inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 12 or even 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter,
or more often much smaller; dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through the southern
states, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas, Indian territory, and eastern Texas,
forming, with the post-oak (Q. obtusiloba), the growth of the Texas cross-timbers.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of
large open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous^ color, rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood much lighter;
specific gravity, 0.7324; ash, 1.16; of little value except as fuel.
277. — Quercus falcata, Michaux,
Hist. Chenes Am. No. 16, t. 28; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 104, t. 21 ;
N.American Sylva, 3 ed.i, 73, t. 23.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. PI. Philadelph. ii,
170.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 169.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 604.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
293.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1882, f. 1750, 1751.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.
269.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422.— Curtis in Rep. Geological
Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 39. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 256.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 59.— Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866,
72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. A, t. 22, f. 3.— Young, Bot. Texas,
505.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 80.
Q. rubra Montana, Marshall, Arbustum, 123.
Q. nigra digitata, Marshall,-Arbustum, 121.
Q. cuneata, Wangenheim, Amer. 78, t. 5, f. 14.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 64.
Q. elongata, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 400.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 444.— Smith in
Rees' Cycl. xxx, 57.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291.
Q. triloba, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 14, t. 26.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 443; Berl. Baumz. 342.— Smith in Rces' Cycl. xxx,
No. 54.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Poiret, Suppl. ii,220. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,628.—
Hayne, Deud. Fl. 156.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 662.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck. Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Wood, Cl. Book, 644 ; Bot. & PI. 30C..
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 151
Q.fttlcata, var. triloba, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 004.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr.
xvi2, 59.
Q.falcata, var. pagodafolia, Elliott, Sk. ii.liia.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.Carolina,
1860, iii,39.
Q. discolor, var. triloba, Sparh. Hist. Vrg.xi, 163.
Q.falcata, var. Ludoviciana, A. DeCamloli.-. i-mdr. xvi-, 59.
SPANISH OAK. RED OAK.
t
Long island, New York, south to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the
Brazos river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern
Illinois and Indiana.
A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly uplands
find barrens; in the north Atlantic states only near the coast; rare; most common and reaching its greatest
development in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, where, in the middle districts, it is the most common forest tree.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, not durable, coarse-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual
growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, conspicuous; color, light red,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6928; ash, 0.25; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc., and very
largely for fuel.
The bark rich in tannin.
278. — Quercus Catesbaei,. Michaux,
Hist. Chenes Am. No. 17, t. 29, 30 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199,— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 27, 1. 14.— Willdenow', Spec, iv, 446.— Smith in Re«s
Cycl. xxx, No. 62. — Persoon, Syn. 569.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 101, t.
20 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 71, t. 22.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 172.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 603.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 866.— Torrey, C'ompend. Fl. N. States, 358.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.—
Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1889, f. 1762, 1763.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3H4.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 162.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. —
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. —
Wood, Cl. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi3' 59.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt.
Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Koch, Dendrologie, iis, 67.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.
? Q. IcBvis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.
TURKEY OAK. SCRUB OAK. FORKED-LEAF BLACK JACK. BLACK JACK.
North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar and Pease creek, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama
and Mississippi.
A small tree, 7 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; very common in the south
Atlantic and east Gulf states upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine belt; rare in Mississippi.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large
•open ducts and containing many much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad, conspicuous
medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.7294; ash,
O.S7 ; largely used for fuel.
279. — Quercus palustris, DU Roi,
Harbk. ii, 268, t. 5, f. 4.— Wangenheim, Amer. 76, t. 5, f. 10.— Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 19, t. 33, 34 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.—
Wilklemnv, Spec, iv, 446 ; Enum. 976 ; Berl. Baumz. 343. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. — Poiret, Suppl. ii,
222.- Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 123, t. 25 ; N. American Sylva, i, 83, t. 27.— Aitou, Hort. Ken-. 2 ed. v, 292.— Smith in Rees' Cycl.
xxx, No. 6.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 631.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 170.— Eaton, Manual. 108;
6ed. 293. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 172.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 158. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863. — Torrey, Compend.
Fl. N. States, 358; Fl. N. York, ii, 190, t. 107.— Beck, Bot, 329.— Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1887, f. 1758-1761 & t,— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 384. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 166.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 269. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans.
Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 631.— Leaqtiereux in Owen's 2<1 Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 644; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Caudolle,
Prodr. xvi-, 60.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. J-6, 1866, 23, 72, f. 4.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.
454. — Liebmann, Chines Am. Trop. t. A. — Koch, Demlrologie, ii", 71. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 ed. i, 167 & t. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 27.— W. E. Stone in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 57.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 83.— Burgess in Coulter's
Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 641).
Q. rubra, var. dixsecta, Lamarck, Diet, i, 12°-
Q. rubra ramosissima, Marshall, Arbustum, 122.— Muhlenberg& Willdeuow in NeueSchriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 398.
15U FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
PIN OAK. SWAMP SPANISH OAK. WATER OAK.
Valley of the Connecticut river, Massachusetts (Amherst, Stone), to central New York, south to Delaware and
the District of Columbia ; southern Wisconsin to eastern Kansas, southern Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee.
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter;
low, rich soil, generally along the borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest
development west of the Alleghany mountains.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check badly in drying: layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color, light brown,
the sap-wood rather darker; specific gravity, 0.0938; ash, 0.81; somewhat used for shingles, clapboards, construction,
and in cooperage.
280. — Quercus aquatica, Walter,
Fl. Caroliniana, '234. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357 ; 2 ed. v, '390. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 59, 79. — Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No.
11, t. 19, 20, 21; Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 198.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schrifteu Gesoll. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399.— Persoou, Syn.
ii, 569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 509. — Poiret, Snppl. ii, 220. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 89, 1. 17 ; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. i, 65,
1. 19. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 52. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628. — Barton, Coinpencl. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 168. — Nouveau Duharnel,
vii, 167.— Elliott, Sk, ii, 599.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Andubou, Birds, t. 24.— Beck, Bot.
328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1892. f. 1767.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 161.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1856, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N.
Carolina, 37.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2,
67.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Not). 1-6, 1866, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452 ; Hall's PI. Texas,
21.— Liebinann, ChSnes Am. Trop.t. D.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.
Q. nigra aquatica, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721.
Q. nigra triftda, Marshall, Arbustvim, 121.
f Q. uliginosa, Wangenheim, Amer. 80, t. 6, f. 18.
Q. hemisphcerica, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 443.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 628.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx,
No. 56, 628.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Michaux f. N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. 187.
Q. nana, Willdenow, Spec. 448.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 599.
Q. aquatica, vars. cuneata, elongata, indivisa, attenuata, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290.
Q. hemisphcerica, var. nana, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.
Q. aquatica, var. hybrida, Chapman, Fl. s. States, 421.
Q. nigra, Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 61, in part.
WATER OAK. DUCK OAK. POSSUM OAK. PUNK OAK.
Sussex county, Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida,
through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and through Arkansas to the valley of the Black
river, southeastern Missouri (Poplar Bluffs, Letterman), middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 meter in diameter; generally along streams and
bottoms in heavy, undrained soil, or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest development
along the large streams in the maritime piue belt of the eastern Gulf states.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large
open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous: color, rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.7244 ; ash, 0.51 ; probably not used except as fuel.
,-
281. — Quercus laurifolia, Michaux,
Hist. Chenes Am. No. 10, 1. 17 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spec, i v, 427.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 567.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 14.—
Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 288.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Nonveau Duhamel, vii, 153.— Elliott, Sk. ii,
597.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1897, f. 1775,1776.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3S5.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18(50, iii, 36.— Liebmaun, Chfines Am. Trop. t. D.— Wood, Cl.
Book, 643. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelroann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 385, 395.
Q. laurifolia hybrida, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 10, 1. 18.
Q. laurifolia, var. obtusa, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 428.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 288.— Wood, Cl. Book, 343.
Q. laurifolia, var, OCWta, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 428.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 288.
Q. obtusa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.
Q. Phellos, var. laurifolia, Chapman, Fl.S. States, 420.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 305.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.
Q. aquatica. var. laurifolia, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 68.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 153
LAUREL OAK.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet and cape Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to
the shores of Mobile bay.
A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; most common and reaching
its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Florida coast.
Wood heavy, very stroug and hard, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked
by several rows of rather small opeu ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, dark brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7673 ; ash O.S2.
282. — Quercus heterophylla, Mk-haux t.
Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 87, t. 16; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i,64, t. 18.— PurslyFl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii,
167.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylva, i,15; 2 ed. i,24.— Green in Universal Herbal, ii,442.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.—
Sweet, Cat. 2 ed. 466.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1894.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383.—
Gale in Prop. Nat. lust. leT>.'>, 70, f. 1.— Wood, Cl. Book, 645.— Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Aead. 1862, 361 ; 1862, 100.— Gray, Hall's
PI. Texas, 21.— Liebinann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. B.— Meehan in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1875, 437, 465 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii,
10. — Leidy in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1875, 415. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 385, 391. — Martindale, Notes on.
the Bartram Oak, 3; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 303.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114.
Q. aquatica, var. heterophylla,, Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 68.
Q. nigra, var. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.
Q. Phellos X tinctoria, Gray, Manual N. States, 4 ed. 406.
Q. Phellos, var. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453.
Q. Phellos XCOCCinea, Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 541.
BARTRAM'S OAK.
New Jersey, Salem and Cumberland counties, "restricted to a line or belt bordering extreme tidal points of
streams entering the Delaware river where the alluvial terminates and the upland commences," (Commons);
Delaware, near Townsend station and Wilmington ; North Carolina (M. A. Curtis in herb. Canby) ; eastern Texas
(E. Hall) ; this perhaps Q. Durandii.
A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; rare and very local.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of
small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
somewhat darker ; specific gravity, 0.6834 ; ash, 0.17.
283. — Quercus cinerea, Miehaux,
Hist. Cheues Am. No. 8, 1. 14 ; Fl. Bor.-Arn. ii, 197. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 425. — Persoon, Syir. ii,567.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 212. — Miehaux
f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,82,t. 14; \. American Sylva, 3 ed. i,61,t. 16.— Aiton, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. v, 288.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,626.—
Smith in Rees' Cycl.xxx, No. fi. — Nuttall. Genera, ii, 214. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 151. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 594. — Sprengel, Syst. iii,
857. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 6 ed. 294. — Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262. —
Scheele iu Rosiner, Texas, 446. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 37.— Wood, Cl. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 73.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat.
For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1806, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Koch.
Dendrologie, ii-, 58. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 385,395.
Q. Primus, ft. Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 995.
Q. hltmilis, Walter, Fl. Caroliiiiana, 234. •
Q. Phellos, var. cinerea, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 354.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1895, f. 1773.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,161.
UPLAND AVILLOW OAK. BLUE JACK. SAND JACK.
North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar and Pease creek, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to
the valley of the Brazos river, Texas, extending north through eastern Texas to about latitude 33°.
A tree 9 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter; sandy barrens and
dry upland ridges.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of not
large open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
darker ; specific gravity, 0.6420 ; ash, 1.21.
154 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
284. — Quercus hypoleuca, Eugelmaun,
Trans. St. Louie Acad. iii, 384 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 251.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 78.
Q. COnfertifolia, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 207 [uot HBK.].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,261.
Limpia mountains, Texas (Havard), valleys of the high mountain ranges of southwestern New Mexico, Santa
Eita mountains, Arizona, above 6,000 feet elevation; southward into Sonora.
A small evergreen tree of great beauty, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.75 meter in diameter;
dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large specimens hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by few small
open ducts; me'dullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity,
0.8009; ash, 1.34. \
285. — Quercus imbricaria, Michaux,
Hist. Chines Am. No. 9, t. 15, 16 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 428 ; Enum. Suppl. 64 ; Berl. Baumz. 338.— Persoon,
Syn. ii, 567.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 214.— Michaux f. Hist. Art>. Am. ii, 78, 1. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 60, t. 15.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.
2 ed. v, 288.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 15. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 627. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Barton, Compend. Fl.
Philadelph. ii, 167.— Nouveau Duhauiel, vii, 153.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155.— Elliott', Sk. ii, 598. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual," 6 ed. 292.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1898, f. 1777.— Eaton &
AVright, Bot. 383.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 130.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
255.— Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 623, t. 6. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 420. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 36.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi",
63.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1860, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452.— Young, Bot.
Texas, 502.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. D, t. xxii, f. 5.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 60.— Vaeey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.—
Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 80.
Q. Phellos, var. imbricaria, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 160.
SHINGLE OAK. LAUREL OAK.
Allentowu, Lehigh county, Pennsylvania (Porter), west through southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and
southeastern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska and northeastern Kansas, south to northern Georgia and Alabama,
middle Tennessee, and northern Arkansas.
A tree 24 to 30 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rich woodlands.
Wood heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many
rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7529 ; ash, 0.43 ; occasionally used for clapboards, shingles, etc.
286. — Quercus Phellos, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 994. — Lamarck, Diet, i, 722. — Wangenheim, Amer. 76, t. 5, f. 11. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 354;
2 ed. v, 287. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 52, 91. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 423 ; Enum. 974; Berl.
Baumz. 337. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 7. — Persoon, Syn. ii,567. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 507. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.
ii,75, t. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 58, t. 14.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 625.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl.
Philadelph. ii, 167. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 15 ; 2 ed. i, 17. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 150. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155. — Elliott,
Sk. ii, 593. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357; Fl. N. York, ii, 187.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6
ed. 383.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1894, f. 1774 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 160.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 509. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 420. — Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 36.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 63.— Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5
ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 59.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Gartenflora,
. xxix, 221 & f.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 83.
Q. Phellos angwstifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 124.
Q. Phellos latifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 124.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1895 & t.
Q. Phellos, var. viridis, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 354.
Q. Phellos, var. humilis, Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 625.
WILLOW OAK. PEACH OAK.
Totteuville, Stateu island, New York, south near the coast to northeastern Florida, through the Gulf states to
the valley of the Sabine river, Texas, and through Arkansas to southeastern Missouri. Tennessee, and southern
Kentucky.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 155
A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 meter in diameter ; bottom lands or rich sandy
uplands.
AYood heavy, strong, not hard, rather close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several
rows of small open ducts; medullary rays few, distant; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap wood lighter
red; specific gravity 0.7472; ash, U..~>0; some what used for fellies of wheels, clapboards, in construction, etc.
287. — Quercus densiflora, Hooker & Arn< >tt,
Bot. Beechey, 391.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 380.— Bentlmiu, I'l. HarUveg. 337.— Nuttall, Sylv.-i, i, 11, t. 5; •-' ed. i, 21, t. 5.— Torrey in
Pacific E. R. Eep. iv, 138.— Bot. \Vilkcs Expi-d. 4:V.— X.-Nvlierry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 31, 89, f. 8.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr.
xvi-, 82.— Bolauder in Proc. California Ac ad. iii, '>:U.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii,
380; Bot. California, ii, 99.
Q. echinacea, Torroy in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137, t. 14.
Pasanitt densiflora, Orstcd in Saer&kitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viik-u. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.
Q. echinoiden, R. Brown Campst.in Ann. & Mag. Kat. Hist. April, 1871, '2.
TANBARK OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. PEACH OAH.
Valley of the Umpqua river, Oregon, south through the Coast ranges to the Santa Lucia mountains, California.
A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rich, valleys and banks of streams;
most common and reaching its greatest development in the redwood forests of the California coast.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, containing broad bands of small open ducts parallel
to the thin, dark, conspicuous medullary rays ; color, bright reddish-brown, the thick sap-wood darker brown ;
specific gravity, O.GS27 ; ash, 1.49; largely used as fuel.
The bark, rich in tannin, very largely used and preferred to that of any other tree of the Pacific forests for
tanning.
•
NOTE .—The following shrubby species of Quercus do not properly find a place in this catalogue :
Quercus undulata. Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248, t. 4.
Interior Pacific region from Colorado southward.
Quercus Breweri, Engehnann in'liot. California, ii, 96.
Q. labata, var. fntticosa, En(;elmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 388.
Western slopes of the high Sierra Nevadas, California.
Quercus Georgiana, SI. A. Curtis iu Chapman's Fl. S. States.
Stone Mountain, Georgia.
Quercus myrtifolia, Willdenow, Sp. iv, 434.
Q. Phellos, var. arenaria, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 420.
Q. aquatica, var. myrtifolia, A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi, 68.
South Atlantic and Gulf coast.
Quercus ilicifolia, Wangcnheim, Amer. 79, 1 8, f. 17.
Q. Banisteri, Michaux, Hist. Chcnea Am. t.27.
North Atlantic region.
Quercus pumila, Walter, Fl. Caroliana, 234.
Q. Phtllos pumila, Michaux, Ilist. Chenes Am. 1. 15, f. 1.
Q. cinerea, var. pumila, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. 16, 74.
Q. cinerea, var. sericea, Engolmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 384.
Q. sericea, Willdenow, Spec. 424.
Q, Phellos, var. sericea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 354.
Pine barrens, South Carolina.
Quercus dumosa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 7.
Q. berberidifolia, Lk-bmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Sclsk. Forbandl. 1854, 172, in part.
Q. dumosa, var. bitllala, Engelmann in Bot. California, 296.
Q. acuiidens, Torrey. Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 207, t. 51.
Coast ranges of southern California.
Numerous hybrid or supposed hybrid oaks, variously described by American botanists, are not properly considered here.
156 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
288. — Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. De Candolle;
Seemann'sJour. Bot. i, 182; Prodr. xvi2, 109. — Watsou in King's Rep. v,:522; Bot. California, ii, 100. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 401. —
Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Expod. 463.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. -27.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.
Castanea chrytophylla, Douglas iu Hooker's London Jour. BoL ii, 490, t. !<;.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii, 159.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, al ; 2 ed. i, 37.— Bot. Mag. t. 4953.— Torrey in. Pacific E. E. Rep. iv, 137 ; Bot.
Mex. Boundary Survey, 205. — Morreu iu Belg. Hort. vii. ~1~, t. 240. — New berry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 26, 89,
f. 4.— Fl.des Serres, xii, 3, t. 1184.— Cooper iu Smitlisouian Rep. 1858, 261.— Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. ii, 280.—
BolanderinProc. California Acad. iii, 231. — Eugelmann iu Wheeler's Rep. vi, 375. — Shingles in London Gard. Chronicle,
18H2, 716.
Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337-
Castanea sempervirens, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i, 71.
C. chrysophylla, var. minor, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'-, 110.
C. chrysophylla, var. pumila, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.
CHINQUAPIN.
%
Cascade mountains, Oregon, below 4,000 feet elevation, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadasr
and through the California Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jaciuto mountains.
A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at high elevations and toward
its southern limits reduced to a low shrub; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Coast
Eange valleys of northern California; at its southern limits rarely below 10,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, nor strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a single row of rather
large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter:
specific gravity, 0.5574; ash, 0.35; in southern Oregon occasionally used in the manufacture of plows and other
agricultural implements.
•
289. — Castanea pumila, Miller,
Diet. No. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,193. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 461; Enum. 980; Berl. Banm/,. 78.— Smith
in Rees' Cycl. xiv, No. 2.— Nouveau Duhamel,iii, 79.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 572.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 500.— Michaux f. Hist.
Arb. Am. ii, 166, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 16, t. 105.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 cd. v, 298.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624 —
Ratinesque, Fl. Ludoviciaua, 159; New FL & Bot. i, 83. —Nuttall, Genera, ii,217 ; Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 168.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.
165.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 287.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 615.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 355 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 196.— Audubon,
Birds, t. 85.— Beck, But. 332.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 84.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 350.— London, Arboretum, iii, 2002, f. 1927, 1928.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 184.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 192.— Darlington, PI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 270.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 512.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47.— Lesqiiereux
in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 646 ; Bot. & Fl. 307.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 237.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi2, 115. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455.— Young, Bot. Texas, 508.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 24.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees. 27. — Butler in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 17.
Fagus pumila, Linnieus, Spec. 1 ed. 998.— DQ Roi, Harbk. i, 175.— Wangenheim, Amer. 57. t. 19, f. 44.— Walter, Fl-
Caroliniana, 233. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 57.
Fagus Castanea pumila, Marshall, Arbustum, 47.
Fagus pumila, var. prcecox, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 233.
C. nana, Muhlenberg, Cat. 86.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 615.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 83. —Darby, Bot. S. States, 512.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.
C. alnifolia, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 217 ; Sylva, i, 19, t. 6 ; 2 eel. i, 36, t. 6.
C, vesca, Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkausas, 388 [not Gicrtner].
CHINQUAPIN.
Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and the valley of the lower Wabash river, Indiana, south and southwest to
northern Florida and the valley of the Neches river, Texas.
A. tree sometimes 15 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.05 meter in diameter, or often, especially in the
Atlantic states, reduced to a low shrub; rich hillsides and borders of swamps; most common and reaching its
greatest development in southern Arkansas.
Wood light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying; layers
of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark
brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.5887; ash, 0.12; used for posts, rails, railway
ties, etc.
The small nuts sweet and edible.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 157
290. — Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, A. DeCandolle,
Prodr. xvi2, 114.— Schneck in Coulter's Hot. Gazette, vi, 159.— Bell iu Geological Rep. C'auada, 1879-'80, 53C.— Ridgway in Proo. U.S.
Nat, Mus. 1882, 84.
Fagus Castanea dentata, Marshall, Arbnstum, 46.
Fagus Castanea, Wangenheim.Amer. 47 [not Linnu'iis].— Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, y33.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361, in part.—
Lamarck, 111. iii, 36<i, t. 782, in part.
C. vesca, var. Americana, Michaux, Fl. Hor.-An-. ii. 193.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 572.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 90.—
Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.— Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 84.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 217.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 614.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 355 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 195, t. 111.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1984.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
184. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, KM, 2 ed. i, 187 & t. — Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 238. - Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 27.— Rudkiu in Hull. Torrey Bot. Club, vii,81.
€. Americana, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 82.— Willdenow, Enum. Stippl. 64.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 24 ; 2 ed. i, 38.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. xi, 191. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 25(>. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 23. — Martindale in Proc.
Philadelphia Aead. 1880, 2.
C. vesca, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460, iu part.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 500, iu part.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 151, t.
6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 11, I. 104 [not Gsertner]. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 165, in part. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856, in
part.— Beck, Bot. 332.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 350.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 224.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 270.— Darby,
Bot. S. States. 511.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 46.— Wood,
Cl. Book, 646; Bot, & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455.
CHESTNUT.
Southern Maine to the valley of the Winooski river, Vermont, southern Ontario and southern Michigan, south
through the northern states to Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern
Alabama, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters iu diameter; rich woods and hillsides;
very common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and warp in drying, easily split, very durable in
contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4504; ash, 0.18; largely used in cabinet-making,
for railway ties, posts, fencing, etc.
The fruit, although smaller, superior in sweetness and flavor to that of the European chestnut.
An infusion or fluid extract of the dried leaves is successfully employed in the treatment of whooping-cough
And other pectoral affections (U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 245. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed.,364).
291. — Fagus ferruginea, Aiton,
Hort. K-w. iii, 362; 2ed. v, 298.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 75.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 400; Enum. 980; Berl. Baumz. 140.— Persoon,
Syn.ii, 571.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 496.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 174, t.9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 21, 1. 106.— Smith
in Rees' Cyol. xiv, No. 4.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 90 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph^ii, 174.— Eaton,
Manual, 108; 6 ed. 145.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 354; Fl. N. York, ii, 194, t. 110.— Beck. Bot.
333.— Eaton, Manual, (i ed. 145.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 19cO, f. 1U17.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 244.—
Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 374.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 271. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
425.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47.— Wood, Bot. & F1.307.— A. Db Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 118.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455.— Koch, Dcudrologie, ii2, 19.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.—
Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 179.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52^.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85.
F. sylvatica atropunicea, Marshall, Arbustum, 46.
F. Americana latifolia, Wangenheim, Amer. 80, t. 29, f. 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1916.
F. sylvatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 233 [not Liuna-us].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 2 ed. 538.— Darby, Bot, S. States, 512.
F. sylvestria, Michanx, Fl. Bor. Am. ii, 194.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 170, t. 8 ; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 18, 1. 107.—
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.
F. alba, Raflnesqne.Vl. Ludoviciana, 131.
.F. sylvatica, var. Americana, Nuttall, Genera, ii.aili. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 174. — Elliott, Sk.ii, 613. — Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 145. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1953.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 244. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 153 ; 2
ed. i, 1M) &- t. — Wood, Cl. Book, 647. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 235.
F. Americana, Sweet, Hort. Brit.— Spach, Hist. Veg. *i, 201.
F. ferrvginea, var. Caroliniana, London, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1915.
158 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
BEECH.
Nova Scotia and the valley of the Restegouche river to the northern shores of lake Huron and northern
Wisconsin, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west
to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, and Madison county, Arkansas (Letterman).
A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 34 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in
diameter ; rich woods, or at the south sometimes in bottom lands or the dryer portions of swamps, reaching its
greatest development upon the "bluff" formations of the lower Mississippi basin; very common.
Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in
drying, difficult to season, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; color,
varying greatly with soil and situation, dark red, or often lighter, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity,
0.6883 ; ash, 0.51 ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel.
292. — Ostrya Virginica, Willdenow,
Spec, iv, 469 ; Euum. 9b2 : Berl. Baumz. 2(50.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 573.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 302.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. li, 623.— Eaton,
Manual, 109; 6 ed. 244.— Nuttall, Genera, i;, 219.— Hayne, Demi. Fl. 1G9.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 618.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Nicollet's Eep. 160; Fl. N. York, ii, 185, 1. 102.— Audubon, Birds, t. 40.— London, Arboretnm, iii,
2015, f. 1940.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 160.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 336.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat.
2ser. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 177 ; 2 ed. i, 201 & t.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 618.— Darlington,
Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 274.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.- Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 256. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 426.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Sui-v. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :!bU— Wood, Cl. Book, 647; Bot. & Fl.
307.— Porch er, Resources S. Forests, 233.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'-, 125.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 456.— Young, Bot. Texas,
510.— Vasry. Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Sargent in Am. Nat, xi, 683.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 85.
Carpinus Ostrya, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 998, in part.— Dn Roi, Harbk. i, 130.— Wangenheim, Amer. 48. —Marshall, Arbustum,
25.— Mrench, Meth. 694.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 76.— Nouveau Duhamel,ii,200.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii,
53, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii. 27, 1. 109.
Carpinus Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 4.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708 ; Wangenheim, Amer. 49.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii,
201.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 493.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. vii, No. 5.
Carpinus triflora, Mrench, Meth. 394.
Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana, Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 202.
0. Virginica, var. glandulosa, Spach in Ann, Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218.
0. Virginica, var. eglandulosa, Spach. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218.
0. Virginiana, Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 6.
HOP HORNBEAM. IRON WOOD. LEVER WOOD.
Bay of Chaleur. through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and the lower Ottawa rivers, along the northern
shore of lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany
mountains to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and
Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas.
A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly
hillsides and knolls, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas; common.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very
durable in contact with the soil ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, or, like
the sap-wood, often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.8284 ; ash, 0.50 ; used for posts, levers, handles of tools, etc.
293. — Carpinus Caroliniana, Walter,
Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— A. De Candoile, Prodr. xvi2, 126.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 4.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xviii, 180.— Ridgway in
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85.
C. Americana, Lamarck, Diet. iv,708; Suppl. ii, 202.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 201.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 468; Enum.
Suppl. 64; Berl. Biinrnz. 75. — Persoon. Syn. ii, 573. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 57, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.
iii, 26, t. 108.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 301.— Eaton, Manual, 109 ; 6 ed. 82.— Bartou,
Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 176.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 218.— Hayne.Dend. Fl. 168.— Elliott,
Sk. ii, 618.— Watson, Deud. Brit, ii, t. 157.— Sprengel, Syst, iii, 854.— Guiuipel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 107, t. 84.—
Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl.N. York, ii, 185, t. 103.— Penn. Cycl. iv, 315.— London, Arboretum, iii, 2013,
f. 1936.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 160.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 182.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383.— Spach in Ann. Sci.
Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 252 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 224. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 174 ; 2 ed. i, 198 & t. — Parry in Owen's Rep. '
618. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 273. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256. — Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 425. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina., 1860, iii, 75. — Lesqiieroux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 307.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5ed. 457; Hall's PI. Texas, 21— Young, Bot. Texas,
509.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Broadlirud in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada.
C. Betulus Virginiana, Marshall, Arbustum,
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 159
HORNBEAM. BLUE BEECH. WATER BEECH. IRON WOOD.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian bay, southern peninsula of Michigan to
northern Minnesota (lake Tokegaina, Garrison), south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay. Florida, and the valley of
the Trinity river, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the Poteau river, Indian territory.
A small tree, 9 to lu meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at the north
much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub : borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and
reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in southern
Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying; medullary rays numerous,
broad ; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.728G ; ash. <».'3 ; sometimes used for
levers, handles of tools, etc.
BETTJLACEJE.
294. — Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach,
Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 167 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 233. — Eiullicher, Genera, Snppl. iv, 19.— Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 76, t. 4, f.
19-28; Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459. — Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.
B. lenta, Du Roi, Ilarbk. i, 92 [not LinnteueJ.— Wangenhelm, Amcr. 4">, t. 29. f. :'•-.
B. populifolia, Marshall, Arbustnm, 19.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 336; 2 ed. v, 299.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 cd. 37, t. 2,
f. 5; Spec, iv, 403. — Pcra>on,Syn.ii, 572. — Desfonl nines. Hist. Arb. ii. 476.— NouveauDuhamel, iii, 204. — Poiret, Suppl.
i, 687.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 139, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 78, t. 71.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,620.—
Smith iu Bees' Cycl. iv, No. 8. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92 ; Compeud. Fl. Philadeiph. ii, 175. — Eaton, Manual,
109; 6 ed.53.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218; Sylva, i, 25; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayne, Demi. Fl. 166.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 854.—
Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 151.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl.N. States,355; Fl. N. York, ii, 199, t. 112.— London, Arboretum, iii,
1707, f. 1560.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Emerson, Trees
Massachusetts, 213 ; 2 ed.i, 243 & t.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 421.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.—
Wood, C'l. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 646.
B. acuminata, Ehrhart, Bt-itr. vi, 9^.— Mo'iich, Moth. 69:!.
B. alba, subspecies populifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 399; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi8, 164.
WHITE BIRCH. OLD-FIELD BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH.
New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of lake Ontario, south,
generally near the coast, to New Castle county, Delaware.
A small, short-lived tiee of rapid growth, 0 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter;
dry, gravelly, barren soil or borders of swamps, now generally springing up upon abandoned or burned land in
eastern New England.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color, light brown, the sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5760 ; ash, 0.29 ; largely used in the
manufacture of spools, shoe-pegs, wood pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel.
The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papyrifera and B. lenta, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for
various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and for rheumatic and gouty complaints; the empyreuinatic oil
of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the same purposes (U. 8.
Dispensatory, U ed. 1592.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 287); the bark occasionally used domestically in the manufacture
of ink.
295. — Betula papyrifera, Marshall,
Arbnfitnm, 19.— Michaiix, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 180.
B. papyracea, Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Euum. 981; Berl. Banmz. 58,t.2,f.l.—
Nouveau Dnlmmcl, iii, 205.— 1'ersoon, Syn. ii, 572.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 688.— Michaux
['. 1 1 i.st. Arb. Am. ii, 133, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 70, t. 69.— Smith in Roes' Cycl. iv, No. 9.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
ii,621.— B. S. [iarlon, I'.ot. Appx. 34,t.27,f. 1.— Eaton, Manual, 109; Ii ed. 53.— Barton, Compond.Fl. Philadeiph. ii,
175.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 218 ; .Sylva, i, 25 : 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 167.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 152.— Sprengel,
Syst. iii, 854.— Torrey, Compeml. Fl. N. .States. 355; Fl.N. York, ii, 199.— Auduliou, Birds, t. 88. —London, Arboretum,
iii, 1708, f. 1561 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.—
Peini. Cycl. ii, 349.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 210; 2 ed.i, 239 & t.— Parry iu Owen's Rep. 618.— Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 437.— Coorer in Smithsonian K.'|>. l"5-<, 256.— Hooker f. in Trans. Liumcan Soc. xxiii-, 300, 3?.9.— Wood,
Cl. Book, 649 ; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States. 5 cd. 459.— Koch, Demlrologie, ii, 645.— Vascy, Cat. Fore-si
Trees, 28.— Maromi in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 180.— Bell in Geological
Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45s.
T160 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
B. nic/ra, Loiseleur in Nouveau Duhamel, ii, t. 51 [not Linnaeus].
jB. grandis, Schrader in Ind. Hort. Goett. 1833, 2.
B. rubra, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.
B. Canadensis, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.
B. alba, var. papyri/era, Spach. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 188 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 234.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv2, 19. — Regel
in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 81, t. 5, f. 5-16.
B. cordifolia, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 86, 1. 12, f. 29-36.
B. alba, subspecies papyri/era, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 401 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 166.
B. alba, subspecies papyri/era, var. cordifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4,' 401; De Caudolle, Prodr.
xvi*, 166.
B. alba, Subspecies papyri/era, var. COmmunis, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 401 ; De Candolle, Prodr.
. xvi'2, 166.
B. alba, subspecies comnmtata, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 401 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 166.
B. OCCidentalis, Lyall in Jour. Liuujcan Soc. vii, 134 [not Hooker].
B. alba, var. populifolia, Winchell in Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills, 67 [not Spach].
CANOE BIRCH. WHITE BIKCH. PAPEE BIRCH.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay and northwest to the Great
Bear lake and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska, south, in the Atlantic region to Wading river, Long island,
the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, Clear lake, Montcalm county, Michigan, northeastern Illinois and Saint
Cloud, Minnesota ; in the Pacific region south to the Black hills of Dakota (R. Douglas), the Mullen trail of the Bitter
Root mountains and Flathead lake, Montana, the neighborhood of Fort Colville. Washington territory ( Watson),
and the valley of the lower Fraser river, British Columbia (Engelmann & Sargent).
A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woodlands and banks of
streams ; very common in the northern Atlantic region and reaching a higher latitude than any deciduous tree of
the American forest.
Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5955; ash, 0.25; largely used in the
manufacture of spools, shoe-lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc.
The very tough, durable bark easily separated into thin layers, impervious to water, is largely used in the
manufacture of canoes, tents, etc.
296. — Betula occidentalis, Hooker,
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 197.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 22, t. 7 ; 2 ed. i, 40, t. 7.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv*,
20. — Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 466. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 261 ; Am. Nat. iii, 408.— Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 131, t. 15, f. 35.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 493.— Watson in
King's Rep. v, 323, t. 35 ; PI. Wheeler, 17; Bot. California, ii, 79.— Porter & Hayden, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4,
127.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler. 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-76, 210.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331.
B. alba, subspecies OCCidentalis typica, Regel in Bull. Sue. Nat, Moscow, xxxviii", 400; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi=, 165.
BLACK BIRCH.
British Columbia, south to the Mount Shasta region (Strawberry vale) and the eastern canons of the Sierra
Nevadas above Owen's valley (Lemmon), California, and through the interior ranges and the Bocky mountains to
Utah and northern New Mexico.
A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; mountain caiions
and along streams, in moist soil, often throwing up several stems from the ground and forming dense thickets.
Wood soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the
sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O.G030; ash, 0.30; somewhat used for fencing, fuel, etc.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 161
•
297.— Betula lutea, Michanx f.
Hist. Arb. Am. ii,152,t.5; N. American Sylva, 3 cd.ii,82,t. 73.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 191 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 243.— Endlicher,
Genera, Suppl. iv-, 20.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 640 .— Vascy, Cat. Forest
Trees, 28. — Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, ISO.
B. excelm, Pursh,FI. Am. Sept. ii.Gil [not AitonJ.— Nut.ta.n,GeiH-.ra,ii, 218.— Sprengol, Syst. iii,854.— Tonvy, Coropend. Fl.
N. States, 355; Fl. N. York, ii, 210. —Katun, Manual, C ed. 53.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1711, f. 15<>4, 1505 & t.— Hooker,
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 150.— Kuton A Wright. Hut. loO.-Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 <•<!. 3S2.— Lindley in l'.-nn. Cycl. ii, 3!9.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 1 ed. 422.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 200; 2 ed. i, 235 & t.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 438. —
('impel- 'in Smithsonian KVp. ItW, •,>,-!>.— Chapman, Fl. S. .States, 428.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1830, iii, 74.— Wood, Cl. Book, 048.— Bell in Geologieal l.Yp. Canada, 1879-'80, 50*.
B. lenta, Kegcl in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 125, iu part. ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 417, in part; De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi-, 179, in part.
YELLOW IUKCH. GRAY BIRCH.
Newfoundland, northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence to Abittibi lake and the western shores of lake
Superior and lluiny lake, south through the northern states to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along the
Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina and Tennessee.
One of the largest and most valuable deciduous trees of the northern New England and Canadian forests,
often 21 to 29 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; common.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly whi'e; specific
gravity, 0.6553; ash, 0.31; largely used for fuel, iu the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel molds, pill and
match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels.
298. — Betula nigra, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 982. — Marshall, Arbustum, 18. — Walter, Fl. C'aroliniana, 231. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 33G; 2 ed. v, 299. — Gsertner, Fruct. ii, 54,
t. 90, f. 1.— Willdeuow, Spec. iv,464; Enum. 981; Berl. Baumz. 56.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 203, t. 51.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 572.—
Destbntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv, No. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218. — Hayne, Dend.
Fl. 166.— Lamarck, III. iii, 350, t. 760, f. 2.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 616.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 153.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 854.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N.York, ii, 201.— Beck, Bot. 325.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1710, f. 1562, 1563 & t.— Peiin. Cycl. ii,
149. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts 208; 2 ed. i, 237. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1S58, 256. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73. — Regel in Mem.
Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 118, 1. 12, f. 1-12 ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviir1, 412 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvia, 175. — Lesquereux in Owen's
2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, Cl. Book, 649 ; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 266.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459 ;
Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 044. — Young, Bot. Texas, 512. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Burbank in Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist, xviii, 214.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 00.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85.
B. lanulona, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 181.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 206.
B. r libra, Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 142, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 80S t. 72.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1248.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 53.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 185; Hist. Veg. xi, 230. —Endlicher,
Genera, Suppl. iv-, 19.
B. anfjlllata, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.
BED BIECH. RIVER BIRCH.
Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket rivers, Middlesex and Essex counties, Massachusetts, Wading river, Long
island, south through the coast and middle districts to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to
western Iowa, northwestern Missouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.
A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 meter in diameter; banks of streams and
ponds ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic states and in the basin of the
lower Mississippi river.
Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the
sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.5762 ; ash, 0.35; used in the manufacture of furniture, wooden ware,
wooden shoes, ox-yokes, etc.
11 FOR
162 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
•
299. — Betula lenta, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 983.— Lamarck, Diet. i,453.— Marshall, Arbustiim, 19.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464;
Enum. 981 ; Berl. Baumz. 59. — Persoou, Syu. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 205. — Michauxf. Hist.
Arb. Am. ii. 147, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, 3ed. ii, 85, t. 74. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv, No. 3. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621. — Eaton, Manual,
109; 6 ed. 63.— Bartoa, Compend. Fl. Philadelpli. ii, 175.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 167.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 617.—
Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 144.— Spreugel, Syst. ii,854.— Torrey, Compciid. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl. N. York.ii, 200.— Guimpel, Otto &
Hayne, Abb. Holz. 105, t. 83.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1713, f. 15GU.— Hooker, Fl. Bor -Am. ii, 156.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.—
Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. ii, 349. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 190 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 241. — Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 203; 2 ed. i, 232 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 438. — Endlicher, Genera. Suppl. iv2, 20. — Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256. — Cflapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 74. — Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 125, in part; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow,
xxxviii, 417, in part; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 179, in pait.— Wood, Cl. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests,
265.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 458.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 639.— Vasey, Cat. Forest, Trees, 28.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii,
180.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.— Ridgwny in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882,85.
B. nigra, Du Roi,Harbk. i,93.— Wangenheim, Amer. 35, t. 15, f. 34.
B. excelsa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337 ; 2 ed. v, 209 [not Pursh].— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464. — Berl. Baumz. 41, t. 2, f. 2.— Nouveau
Dubamel, iii, 203, t. 52.— Persoon, Syn. ii,572.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 687.— Smith in Rees'
Cycl. iv, No. 10.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. i, 7.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2ser. xv, 188; Hist. Veg. xi, 243.— Endlicher, Genera,
iv2, 20.
B. carpinifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. vi,99.— Willdenow, Euum. 981; Berl. Baumz. 49.
CHERRY BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH. MAHOGANY BIRCH.
Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay river, west through Ontario to the Manitou islands of lake
Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghauy mountains to the Chattahoochee
region of northern Florida, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; very common
in all northern forests.
Wood heavy, very strong aiid hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary
rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity,
0.7617 ; ash, 0.26 ; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel ; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
largely in ship-building.
" Birch beer" is obtained by fermenting the saccharine sap of this and perhaps some other species of the genus.
300. — Alnus maritima, Muhlenberg,
»
Mas.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 34, t. 10"; 2 ed. i, 50, 1. 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Canby in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, vi, 1881.
Betula-Alnus maritima, Marshall, Arbustum, 20.
A. oblongata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 172, t. vi, f. 3-9 [not Willdenow].
A. maritima typica, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 427 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 186.
SEASIDE ALDER.
Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast; valley of the Red river, Indian territory, in about
longitude 96° 30' W. (E, Hall); Manchuria and Japan (A. maritima, Japonica and arguta, Regel in De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi2, 186).
A small tree, 6 to 7 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; borders of streams and
swamps.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light
bright brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable, somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.4996; ash, 0.39.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 163
301. — Alnus rubra, Bongard,
Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 162. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Auj. ii, 15ci. — Spach iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 205. — Endlicher, Genera,
Suppl. iv2, 21. — Lyall in Jour. Linuaean Soc. vii, 134. — Rcgel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviir1, 429; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi",
lg<5. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 467. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, riO. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331.
fA. glutinosa, Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii,622 [not Willdenow].
A. Oregana, Nuttall, Sylva, i,28,t. 9; 2 ed. i,44,t. 9.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 25, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1856, 261 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 28, 68.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.
A. incana, var. rubra, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 157, t. 17, f. 3-4.
ALDER.
Sitka, south through the islands aud Coast ranges of British Columbia, Washington territory, Oregon, and
California to Santa Barbara, extending east through the Blue mountains to northern Montana.
A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or in British Columbia
and the Blue mountains often reduced to a low shrub; river bottom lauds and borders of streams; most common
and reaching its greatest development along the large streams of western Washington territory and Oregon.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a
beautiful polish; medullary rays distant, broad; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.4813 ; ash, 0.42 ; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture.
302. — Alnus rhombifolia, Nuttall,
Sylva, i, 33; 3 ed. i, 49.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 467.— Vasey, Cat,. Forest Trees, 28.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 80.
A. glutinosa, var. serrulata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 164, in part.
A. serrttklta, var. rugosa, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 432, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvis, 188, in part.
ALDER.
Valley of the lower Eraser river, British Columbia, south through the Coast ranges to southern California,
extending east aloug the ranges of Washington territory to Clear creek, Idaho ( Watson), and the valley of the
Flathead river, Montana (Cnnby <& Sargent}.
A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its
northern and eastern limits reduced to a shrub; borders of streams; the common alder of the California valleys.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4127; ash, 0.31.
303. — Alnus oblongifolia, Torrey,
Bot. Mex. Boundary .Survey, 204.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rop. 1858, 206.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17; Bot. California, ii, 80.—
Roturoqfe in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.
A. serrulata, var. oblongifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 443; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 188.
ALDER.
San Bernardino and Cayumaca mountains, California, through the ranges of southern Arizona and southern
New Mexico to the valley of the Rio Grande; southward into Mexico.
A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; borders of streams in deep
mountain canons.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color,
light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3981; ash, 0.42.
164 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
304. — Alnus serrulata, wiiidenow,
Spec, iv, 33ti; Enuui. 965 ; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 21.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 216.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 550. — Desfoiitaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 488.—
Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 259.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 320, t. 4, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 87, t. 75, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 623.— Bartou, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 89; Compend. Fl. PMladelph. ii, 158.— Eaton, Mauual, 105; 6 ed. 12.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 206.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 122.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 567.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 350; Fl.N. York, ii, 202, 1. 115.— Beck, Bot.
326.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 276.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1688, f. 1544.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 120.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston.
3 ed. 220.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 251.— Emersou, Trees Massachusetts, 218 ; 2 ed. i, 248 & t.— Endlicher,
Genera, Suppl. iv=, 21.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 508.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 429.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 102.— Lesqueroux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, Cl. Book, 650; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Poreher, Resources S. Forests,
266.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461. — Young, Bot. Texas, 513.— Broadhcad iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.
Betula rugosa, Du Roi, Harbk. i, 176.— Wangenheim, Amer. 86, t. 29, f. 60.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 21.
?Betula- Alnus glauca, Marshall, Arbustum, 20.
Betula serrulata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 338.— Willdeuow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 45.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 183, t. 92.—
Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 181.
A. serrulata, var. vulgaris, Spach iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv,206.
A. serrulata, var. macrophylla, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206.
A. serrulata, var. oblongata, Spach,Hist. Veg. xi, 251.
A. serrulata, var. latifolia, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 251.
A. rubra, Tuckerman in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xlv, 32.
A. hybrida, Rcicheubach, Icon.Fl. Germ, xii.t. 630, f. 1292.
A. glutinosa, Var. serrulata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 164, 1. 11, f. 6, 8, in part.
A. glutinosa, var. rugosa, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 165, 1. 11, f. 9, 10.
A. Serrulata genuina and obtusifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 432; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 188.
A. Serrulata, var. rugosa, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 432, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 188, in part.
A. rugosa, Koch, Dendrologie.ii, 635.
A. oblongata, undulata, rugosa, Canadensis, and Americana, Hort.
•
BLACK ALDEE. SMOOTH ALDER.
Essex county, Massachusetts, west to southern Missouri, south to northern Florida and the valley of the
Trinity river, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching
shrub forming dense thickets; borders of streams and swamps, probably reaching its greatest development in
southern Arkansas.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown, the sap-
wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4666; ash, 0.38.
A decoction of the bark and leaves, as well as those of A. incana, is a popular remedy against impurity of the
blood and in the treatment of diarrhoea and ha3inaturia, etc. ( Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 135).
305. — Alnus incana, Willdeuow,
Spec.iv,335; Enum.965; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 20.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 550.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 259.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 152.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 12.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1687, f. 1543.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 157.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 120.— Spach in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 2n6; Hist. Veg. xi, 252.— Nnttall, Sylva, i, 30; 2 ed. i,46.— Tutkerman in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xlv, 32. —Torrey,
F1.N. York, ii, 202.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 220; 2 ed. i, 251 & t.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv2, 21.— Parry iu Owen's
Rep. 618.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, .256.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linntean Soj. xxiii*, 301.— Wood, Cl. Book. 649; Bot. &
Fl. 308. —Regel iu Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviiH, 433; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 188.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 636.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Bell in Geological Rep.
Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.
Betula- Alnus, var. /?. incana, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 983.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 109.
Betula incana, Linmeus, Snppl. 417.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 339.— Wiiidenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 45.— Smith in Rees' Cycl.
iv,No. 7.
? Betula- Alnus rubra, Marshall. Arbustum, 20.
A. glauca, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 322, t. 4, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 89, t. 75, f. 2.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 367.
A. incana, var. glauca, Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed.423; 3 ed. 461.
A. incana, Americana, and genuina, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 155.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 165
SPECKLED ALDER. HOARY ALDER. BLACK ALDEE.
Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains, south to northern New England, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, and eastern Nebraska ; in Europe.
A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching
shrub; borders of streams and swamps.
A form with leaves green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent, extending through the mountain
ranges of the Pacific region from the Saskatchewan and British Columbia to New Mexico and the southern Sierra
Nevadas of California, is —
var. virescens, Watson, Bot. California, ii, 81.
A. incana, var. glaitca, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 154, in part ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviir1 433, in part;
De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 189, in part.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 326 [not Aiton] ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Rothrock, PI.
Wheeler, 5.0 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.
A. serrulata, var. rugosa, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii«, 432, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 188, in part.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color, light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4607 ; ash, 0.42 ; preferred and largely used in northern New England
in the final baking of bricks, and occasionally, as well as that of A. serrulata, in the manufacture of gunpowder.
8ALIOAOEJB,
306. — Salix nigra, Marshall,
Arbustum, 139.— Muhlenberg in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 237, t. 4, f. 5 (Ann. Bot. ii, 65, t. 5, f. 5).— Willdenow, Spec, iv,
657 ; Enum. 1003 ; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 426. — Pereoon, Syn. ii, 599.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 324, t. 5, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva,
3 ed. iii, 64, 1. 125, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 61.— Eaton, Manual, 118, 6ed. 320.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,231;
Sylva, i, 79 ; 2 ed. i, 94.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 180.— Elliott, Sk, ii, 670.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 100.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 370 ; Fl.
N. York, ii, 209.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 280.— W. Koch, Comment. 17.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Trautvetter in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, iii,
614.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1529, 1604, f. 8.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 148.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 19.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
408.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 419.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. ii, 35.— Emerson Trees Massachusetts, 271 ; 2 ed. i, 307 & t.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 279.— Audersson in Ofr. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv,53) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 19,
f. 15; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 200.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 508.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Walpere, Ann. v, 744.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 430.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
389. — Wood, Cl. Book, 654 ; Bot.& Fl. 310. — Porcher, Resources S.Forests, 334. — Engelmann iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. newser. xii, 209.
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 460 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 513. —Young, Bot. Texas, 514.— Macoun in Geological
Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 83.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 181.—
Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 86.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-£ent. iii, 180
S. pentanctra, Walter, Fl. C'aroliniaua, 243.
S. Caroliniana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 226.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 662.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 62.
8. Houstoniana, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 68.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 107.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 670.— Trantvetter
in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, iii, 615.— Forbes,' Sal. Wobnrn. 21, t. 21.— Eaton & Wright, Bet. 409.
8. falcata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614 [not HBK.].— Poiret, Suppl. v, 70.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 107.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn.
279.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 21.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 420.
? $. ambigua, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 617.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 282.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 321.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 409.
S. ligustrina, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 326, t. 5, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 65, t. 125, f. 2.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 61.
8. Plirshiana, Spreugel, Syst. iii, 603. —Beck, Bot. 320.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 560.
S. flavo-virens, Hornemann in Cat. Hort. Hafn. Suypl. ii, 11.
f S. COrdata, var. falcata, Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 370.
8. nigra, var. falcata, Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 209.— Carey jn Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 429.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3
ed. 280.
166 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
BLACK WILLOW.
Southern New Brunswick and the northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior southward through the
Atlantic region to bay Biscayue and the Caloosa river, Florida, and the valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas ;
Pacific region, valleys of the Sacramento river, California, and the Colorado river, Arizona.
A small tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter, or in southern
Florida reduced to a low shrub; usually along the banks of streams; most common in the basin of the Mississippi
river and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the Colorado and other rivers of eastern
Texas; varying greatly in the size and shape of the leaves (vars. angustifolia, longifolia, latifolia, etc., Anderssonin
Kongl. Sven. Akad. Hancll. vi, 20), length and habit of the aments, etc.
The best marked forms are —
var. marginata, Anderssou in Kougl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 22; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi8, 201.
S. marginata, Wimmer in Schedul. Herb. Vindab.
var. longipes, Audersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 22; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 201.
8. longipes, Sbuttleworth in herb. Hooker.— Audersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 53).—
Walpers, Ann. v, 744.
Forms of var. longipes more or less pubescent have been characterized by Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad.
Handl. vi, 22 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 201, as subvars. venulosa and gongylocarpa [Shuttleicorth], (8. longipes, var.
pubescens, Andersson in Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 53; 8. subvillosa, Elliott in herb. Schweinitz ex. Nuttall, Sylva, i, 79;
2 ed. i, 94, vide Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 53, note).
var. Wrightii, Audersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl.vi, 22 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 201.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 180.
8. Wrightii, Anderssou in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 55- —Walpers, Ann. v, 745.— Torrey in
Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204.
var. Wardii, Bebb in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays obscure; color, brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.445(> ; ash, 0.70.
The tonic and astringent bark used domestically as a popular febrifuge, and containing, in common with that of
all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, a powerful anti-pyritic now successfully used in the treatment of acute
cases of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc. (Am. Jour. Pharm. 1875, 303.— U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 796, 1748. —
Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1248).
NOTE. — The closely allied Salix occidentalis, Bosc, of the West Indies is not perhaps specifically distinct from S. nigra, with which
some of the forms of var. longipes from southern Florida seem to connect it.
307.— Salix amygdaloides, Andersson,
Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 53).— Walpers, Ann. v, 744.— Bebb in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 240.
f 8. melanopsis, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 78, t. 21 ; 2 ed. i, 93, t. 21.
8. nigra, var. amygdaloides, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 21 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 201.— Eothrock,
PI. Wheeler, 50.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.
WILLOW.
Shores of the great lakes (Wayne county, New York, Hankenson ; Painesville, Ohio, Beardslee), westward to
the valley of the Saskatchewan, and southward through the Eocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico ;
banks of the lower Columbia river, Oregon (Howells).
A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter; along streams.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; the heart- wood light brown, sap-wood nearly
white; specific gravity, 0.4509; ash, 0.92.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 167
308.— Salix leevigata, Bebb,
Am. Nat. viii, 202 ; Bot. California, ii, 83.
WILLOW.
California, Sierra county (Lemmon) and the valley of the Sacramento river to the southern boundary of the
state.
A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams and
bottom lauds.
A form with narrower falcate leaves (Yreka, E. L. Greene) is—
var. angUStifolia, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84.— Rotbrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 374.
A form with short, densely-flowered ameiits is —
Vlir. COngCSta, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; niedullary rays numerous, very thin ; color, light
brown tinged with red ; specific gravity, 0.4872 ; ash, 0.58.
309. — Salix lasiandra, Bentham,
PI. Hartweg. 336.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84.
8. Hoffmanniana, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 159.
8. spedosa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 58, t. 17 ; 2 ed. i, 74, 1. 17 [not Hooker & Arnott].— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.—
Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 29.
S. hicida, var. angustifolia, forma lasiandra, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad.
iv,54).
8. arguta, var. lasiandra, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 33; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi8, 206.
WILLOW.
British Columbia, shores of lake Kamloop (Macoun), southward to the valley of the Sacramento river,
California; Eocky mountains, Utah, and through Colorado to New Mexico (var. Fendleriana).
A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; banks of streams; very
common ; varying in the shape of the leaves and character of the aments.
The best marked forms are —
var. lancifolia, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84.
8. lancifolia, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 34, f. 23.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402.— Hall in Coulter's
Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.
8. hlrida, var. macrophylla, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 205.
The common form of British Columbia and western Washington territory and Oregon,
var. Fendleriana, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84.
8. pentandra, var. caudata, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 61, t. 18; 2 ed. i, 77, 1. 18.
8. Fendleriana, Anderssou in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 54).— Walpers, Ann. v, 745.
8. arguta, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 32; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 205, in part.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color,
light brown, the sap-wood lighter or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4756; ash, 0.60. Var. lancifolia,
specific gravity, 0.4547 ; ash, 0.79. Var. Fendleriana, the heart-wood brown, sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity,
0.4598 ; ash, 0.56.
168 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA
310. — Salix longifolia, Muhlenberg,
Neue Sckriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv,238,t. 6, f. 6 (Ann. Bot. ii, 66, t. 5, f. 6).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 670.— Persoon, Syn.ii, 600.—
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248; Fl. N. York, ii, 209; Nicollet's Rep.
160; Fremont's Rep. 97; Emory's Rep. 412; Sitgreaves' Rep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No.
23.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Eaton, Mannal, 6 cd. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Dietrich, Syn. v,
420. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 618. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 439, 440. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Andersson in Ofv.
af. Vet. Akacl. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Ain. Acad. iv, 5G) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 54, f. 35; Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi3, 214.—
Walpers, Ann. v, 745. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 369. — Wood, Cl. Book, 653 ; Bot. & Fl. 310. — Engelinann in Proc.
Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 465.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 324 ; Wheeler's Rep. 1872, 493.—
Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Hall in
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Bebb in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 240 ; Bot. California, ii, 84.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 116.
S. fluviatalis, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 73; 2 ed. i,89.
f S. rubra, Richardson, Arctic Exped. Appx. 37.
S. longifolia, var. pedicellata, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55, f. 35 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvis, 214.—
Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.
SAND-BAB WILLOW.
Valley of the Connecticut river (Sunderland, Massachusetts, N. G. Jesup) and of the Potomac river at
Washington ( Ward) ; west and northwest through the region of the great lakes to the valley of the Mackenzie
river, in latitude 66° N. (Richardson), through the Mississippi basin, Texas, the Eocky Mountain region, and the
Pacific Coast states.
A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams
and river sand-bars, in low, wet sandy soil, often forming low, dense clumps ; rare east of the Alleghauy mountains;
very common throughout the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of
Oregon and northern California.
Well-marked forms, varying from the type in the form of the leaves, aments, and nature of pubescens, etc., are —
var. exigua, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85.
S. exigtta, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 75 ; 2 ed. i,90.
8. longifolia, var. angustissima, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 56).
Western Texas to California and Oregon.
var. argyrophylla, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55; De Candolle, Prodr. xvia, 214.— Watson in King's Rep. v,
324.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 493.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 50.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's
Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85.
8. argophylla, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 71, t, 20; 2ed.i, 87, t.20.
t 8. brachycarpa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 69 ; 2 ed. i, 85.
S. longifolia, var. opaca, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55.
8. longifolia, var. argyrophylla angttstissima, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55; De Candolle, Prodr.
xvi*. 214.
S. longifolia, var. argyrophylla opaca, Auderssoa in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 214.
Western Texas to Oregon.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.4930 ; ash, 0.48. Var. exigua, heavier, the heart- and sap-wood
darker colored ; specific gravity, 0.5342 ; ash, 1.06.
311. — Salix sessilifolia, Nuttall,
Sylva, i, 68; 2 ed. i, 84.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 56) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55,
f. 36; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 214.— Walpers, Ann. v, 746.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85.
8. sessilifolia, var. Villosa, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 215.
Puget sound southward to northern California, near the coast.
A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; borders
of streams, in low, wet ground.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 169
A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento valley and the California Coast ranges, is —
var. Hindsiana, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 56).— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85.
S. Hindsiana, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 335.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138.—
Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Hand!, vi, 56, f. 37 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 215.— Walpers, Ann. v, 746.
S. Hindsiana, var. tenitifolia, Auderssou iu Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 56; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 215.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin; color, light red, the sap-wood nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.4397 ; ash, 0.50.
312. — Salix discolor, Muhlcnberg,
Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 234, t. 5, f. 1 (Ann. Bot. ii, 62, t. 5, f. 1).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 665.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 599.—
Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii,613.— Poiret, Suppl. v, i>6.— Nuttall. Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 669.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States,
369; Fl. N. York, ii,206.— Sprcugel, Syst. i, 104.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 279. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. No.
25.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 257.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 1630, f. 147.— Bigelow, Fl.
Boston. 3 ed. 392. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 147.--Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 3. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 258 ; 2 ed. i, 296 & t. —
Dietrich, Syu. v, 419.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 312.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 506.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh.
1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 63) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 83, f. 49 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvis, 225.— Walpers, Ann. v, 750.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 430.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 462.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 570.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,.
1874-75, 210.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 86.
8. Sensitiva, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 8.
GLAUCOUS WILLOW.
Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca rivers, southward through the Atlantic region to
Delaware and southern Missouri.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 6 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often
a tall, straggling shrub 3 to 6 meters in height; along streams and borders of swamps in low, wet soil; varying
greatly in the form of leaves, aments, and nature of pubescence.
The best marked forms are —
var. eriocephala, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 85; De CaDdolle, Prodr, xvi2, 225. — Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 463.
S. eriocephala, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 225.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 661.— Bigelo-w, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 391.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 321.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 409.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 259 ; 2 ed. i, 196 & t.— Carey in Gray's
Manual N. States, 1 ed. 426.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 57).— Walpers,
Ann. v, 746.
8. crassa, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 7.
var. prinoides, Anderssou in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 86 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 225.— Emerson,Tree8 Massachu-
setts, 2ed. i,297.
8. prinoides, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Ntittall, Genera, ii, 231.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 102.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 67.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 36(i.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. No. 26.— Forbes, Sal.Wobum. 79, t. 40.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.—
Beck, Bot. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 407.— W. Koch, Comment. 46.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 1612, f.
40.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 150.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1, ed. 259.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 419.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed, small, open ducts ; medullary
rays and layers of annual growth not obscure ; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown ;
specific gravity. 0.4261 ; ash, 0.43.
313.— Salix flavescens, Nuttall,
Sylva, i, 65; 2 ed. i, 81.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86, in part.
Rocky mountains of Idaho and Montana southward to the Mogollou range, New Mexico (U. L. Greene) ; on the
Cascade mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada, California.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams,
reaching its greatest development in the southern Rocky Mountain region.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4969 ; ash, 0.61.
170 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Var. Scouleriana, Bcbb;
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 120.
8. brachystachys, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336.— Andersson iu Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 121 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 61) ;
Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 82, f. 48 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 224.
8. Scouleriana, Barratt iu Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aiu. ii, 145, in part.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 29.
8. Irachystachys, var. Scouleriana, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 224.
S. flavescens, Bebb in Bot. California, ii. 86, in part.
BLACK WILLOW.
Kadiak island, Alaska (Kellogg), southward through British Columbia, western Washington territory, and
Oregon to Santa Barbara, California.
A small tree, 8 to 9 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; uplands, near springs or
streams, or often in quite dry soil; common and reaching its greatest development near the shores of Puget sound.
Wood light, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light
red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.5412 ; ash, 0.39.
314. — Salix Hookeriana, Barratt;
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 145, t. ISO.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 64; 2 ed. i, 80.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 119 (Proc. Am.
Acad. iv, 59); De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 274. — Walpers, Ann. v, 747. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.
Grand rapids of the Saskatchewan (Douglas) ; coast of Washington territory and Oregon.
A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low, straggling
shrub with many prostrate stems; on the coast generally along the edge of sea-beaches, or in low, rather moist,
sandy soil.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open ducts ; medullary rays thin, very
obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5350 ; ash, 0.32.
315. — Salix cordata, var. vestita, Andersson,
Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 159 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvis, 252.
DIAMOND WILLOW.
Valley of the Missouri river and its tributaries, Fort Osage, Missouri (Prince Neuwied), Iowa, Nebraska, and
westward to about the one hundred and tenth degree of longitude.
A small tree, rarely 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a straggling
shrub not exceeding 1.80 to 3 meters in height; low bottom lands, in wet, sandy soil.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, the annual layers of growth clearly defined ; medullary rays very
obscure; color, brown or often tinged red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6069; ash, 0.59; heavier
than that of other species examined, and largely used for fence posts, being said to equal, when thoroughly seasoned,
red cedar in durability iu contact with the soil.
NOTE. — The typical Salix cordata, Muhlenberg, of wide distributiou through the Atlantic region, rarely, if ever, attains arborescent
size or habit.
316. — Salix lasiolepis, Bentham,
PI. Hartweg. 335.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 261.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 118 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 58) ; De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 264.— Walpers, Ann. v, 747.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86.
8. lasiolepis, var. Bigelovii, Bebb in Bot. California, ii,86 (a vernal state, teste Bebb in lit.).
8. Bigelovii, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 139.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 113 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 58) ;
Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163, f. 94 ; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 255.— Walpers, Ann. v, 747.
8. Bigelovii, var./wm'or, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163: De Candolle, Prodr. xvi!, 255.
8. — , ? Watson iu King's Rep. v, 325.
\
S. losiolepis, var. /a/to, Bebb in Bot. California.il. 86.
CATALOGUE OF FORKST TREES. 171
WILLOW.
California, valley of the Klamatb river, southward through the western portions of the state, reaching in the
Sierra Nevadas an elevation of 3,500 to 4,000 feet above the sea.
A small tree, sometimes 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter, or northward
and at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. uitguntifolia
and latifolia, Andersson in De Candolle Prodr. xvi2, 255), or toward its southern limit often persistent until spring
(8. Hartweyi, Sent ham in PI. Harticeg, 52; S. humilis, var. JItirtiregi, Andersson, I. c. 2.'56).
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5587 ; ash, 0.98 : somewhat used as fuel, especially in the southern part
•of the state.
317. — Salix Sitchensis, s
Bougurd in Mem. Acail. St. Petersburg, C ser. ii, 162. — Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 609.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 43l>. — Andersson in
Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forli. 1858, 126 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 6(5) : Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 106, f. 59 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 233.—
Walpers, Ann. v,752. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402. — Hall in Coulter's Dot. Gazette, ii, 93. — Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 87;
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 25.
8. cuneata, Kuttall, Sylva, i,66; 2 ed. i,82.
SILKY WILLOW.
Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California.
A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter,
or more often a straggling shrub ; low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds.
A form with narrow oblanceolate leaves is —
var. angUStifolia, Bebb in Hot. California, ii, 87.
/S. chlorophylla, var. pellita, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. 139, f. 72; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 244.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood
nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5072 ; ash, 0.59.
318. — Populus tremuloides, Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 243.— Nouveau Duhamcl, ii, 184, t. 53.— Persoou, Syu. ii, 623.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 465.— Micbaux f. Hist.
Arb.-Am. iii, 285, t. 8, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 175, t. 99, f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Willdenow, Enum. Snppl. 67.—
Torrey.Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Compend. Fl. N. States, 375; Fremont's Rep. 97; Fl. N.York, ii, 214; Sitgreaves' Rep. 172;
Ives' Rep. 27; Bot. Wilkes Exped, 468.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 ed. 277?—
Lindley, Fl. Med. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397.— Spach in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 30 ; Hist. Veg. x, 384.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 55 ; 2 ed. i, 70.— Seringe, Fl. des Jard. ii, 56.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.—
Newberry in Pacilic R. R. Rep. vi,25, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 29, 68 ; Am. Nat. iii,
409.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiil9, 301.— Wood, Cl. Book, 655 ; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
new ser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 46(5.— Wesmrcl in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 325.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1871,
683.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 327; PI. Wheeler, 17: Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135; Bot. California, ii, 91.— Porter in Hayden's
Rep. 1871,494.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska &
Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological :Rep. Canada,
1875-76, 210.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 51.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 32, f. 1.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 284, f.
6. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 183. — G. M. Dawsou in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 231. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87.
P. trepida, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 803.— Alton, Hort. Kew.2ed. 395.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, CIS.— Eaton, Manual, 117.—
Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1649, f. 1510.
P. tremuliformis, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 243; 2 ed. i.279 & t.
P. Atheniensis, Hort.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 486 (excl. syn.).
ASPEN. QUAKING ASP.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear
lake, the mouth of the Mackenzie river, and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south in the Atlantic region to
the mountains of Pennsylvania, the valley of the lower Wabash river, and northern Kentucky ; in the Pacific
region south to the valley of the Sacramento river, California, and along the Eocky mountains and interior ranges
to southern New Mexico, Arizona, and central Nevada.
A small tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.tiO meter iu diameter; very common
through British America and spreading over enormous areas bared by fire of the coniferous forest : in the Pacific
region very common upon moist mountain slopes and bottoms at an elevation of 6,000 to 10,000 feet ; the most
widelv-distributed. North American tree.
172 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable, containing, as does that of the whole genus,
numerous minute, scattered, open ducts; medullary rays very thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown,
the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4032 ; ash, 0.55 ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp, a
substitute for rags in the manufacture of paper; in the Pacific region sometimes used for fuel, flooring, in
turnery, etc.
A bitter principle in the bark causes its occasional use as a tonic in the treatment of intermittent fevers and
cases of debility ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1763).
319. — Populus grandidentata, Michaux,
Fl.Bor.-AlD.il, 243. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 624. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 460. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 287, t. 8, f. 2; N.American
Syl va, 3 ed. ii, 176, t. 99, f. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 619.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 197.— Nuttall,
Geuera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 200.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 07.- Elliott, Sk. ii, 710.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey,
Compeud. Fl. N. States, 375; Fl. N.York, ii, ?14.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, (i ed. 277.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 154.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 370.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1650, f. 1511.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397.— Spacb in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, 2 ser.
33; Hist. Veg. x, 384. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 242; 2ed.i,278&t. — Seriuge in Fl. <les Jard. ii,56. — Parry in Owen's Rep.
618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 281.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
431.— Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73.— Wood, Cl. Book, 656 ; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5
ed. 466. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 487. — Wesmsel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 327. — Vasey, Cat. ForesP Trees, 29. — Watson in Am.
Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 2. — Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 182. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi,
285.— BeJl in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56°.
P. grandidentata, var. pendula, Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.
POPLAK.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and west through Ontario to northern Minnesota, south through the northern
states and along the Alleghany mountains to North Carolina, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 meter in diameter; rich woods and borders of
streams and swamps.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4632; ash, 0.45; largely manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally
used in turnery, for woodenware, etc.
320. — Populus heterophylla, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 1034. — Marshall, Arbnstum, 107. — Wangenheim, Amer. 85. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 248. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 407 ; 2 ed. v,
397.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 181, t. 51.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 244.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806; Enum. 1017; Berl. Baumz. 293.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466— Pursh, Fi. Am. Sept. ii, 619. —Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 203.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 712.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375; Fl. N.York, ii, 215.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278.—
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1672, f. 1534. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser.
xv, 30; Hist. Veg. x, 386.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 61.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 431.— Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73.— Wood, Cl. Book, 656; Bot. & Fl. 311.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 488. — Wesmail in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 326. — Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 29. — Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1881,86.
P. COrdifolia, Burgsdorf, Anleit. Erz. Holzart. 3 ed. 152.
P. argentea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 390, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 170, t. 97.
P. heterophylla, var. argentea, Wesmael in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 376.
RIVER COTTONWOOD. SWAMP COTTONWOOD.
Guilford, Connecticut (W. R. Dudley), Northport, Long island, south, generally near the coast, to southern
Georgia, through the Gulf states to western Louisiana, and through Arkansas to central Tennessee and Kentucky,
southern Illinois and Indiana.
A tree 24 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter; borders of river swamps; most
common and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio river; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, dull brown, the
thick sap-wood lighter brown; specific gravity, 0.4089; ash, 0.81.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 173'
321. — Populus balsamifera, Linusus,
Spec. 1 ed. 1034.— Du Roi, Harbk. 82.— Marshall, Arbnstuni, 107.— Wangenheim, Amer. 85, t. 28, f. 59.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 406 ; 2 ed.
v, 397.— Meencb, Meth. 338.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 16.— Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 179, t. 50.— Michaux, FI. Bor.-Arn. ii, 244.— Willdenow,
Spec, iv, 805; Enura. 1017; Berl. Baumz. 290. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 624. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.
iii, 306, t. 13, f . 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 eel. ii, 172, t. 98, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept, ii, 618.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 ed. 278.— Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 239; Sylva, i, 55; 2 ed. i, 70.— Hayue, Deud. Fl. 202.— Spivn^-l. Syst. ii, 244.— Beck, Bot. 322.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 320.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1637, f. 1535, 1536 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 153.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot.
Beechey, 159. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 3:5 ; Hist. Vi-g. x, :{j:i. — Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxix, Misc. 20. — Seringe in Fl. des
Jard. ii, 65.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 216; Bot. Wilkes Expod. 460.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257; Am. Nat. iii, 408.—
Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc, xxiii-, 301.— Wood, Cl. Book, fir.6 ; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 495. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Watson iu Am. Jour. Sci.
xv, 135. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 4. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 181. — Bell in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45C.
P. Tacamahaca, Miller, Diet.
P. viminea, Bon Jard. 1845, 565.
P. balsamifera, var. genilina, Wesuisel in De Caudolle, Proflr. xvi'2, 329.
BALSAM. TACAMAHAC. BALM OF GILEAD.
Straits of Belle Isle to Richmond gulf and cape Churchill, Hudson bay, northwest to the shores of the Great
Bear lake and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska, south to northern New England, .central Michigan and
Minnesota, the Rocky mountains and interior ranges of Montana and Idaho, Washington territory, and British
Columbia.
A large tree,18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 meters in diameter; very common on all islands
and shores of the northern rivers ; iii British Columbia generally confounded with the allied P. trichocarpa, the range
of the two species here still uncertain.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color,
brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3635 ; ash, O.G6.
The buds, as well as those of several other species, covered with a resinous exudation, and occasionally used
medicinally as a substitute for turpentine and other balms.
Var. candicans, Gray,
Manual N. States, 2 ed. 419 ; 5 ed. 467.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc.
Pub. No. 4, 129.— Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135.— Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vii, 57.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette,
vi, 285.
P. balsamifera lanceolata, Marshall, Arbustum, 108.
P. candicans, Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 406; 2 ed. v. 397.—Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 179.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806; Enum. 1017;
Berl. Baumz. 291.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 624.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 308, t. 13, f. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii,
173, t. 98, f. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept, ii, 618.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 96.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Nnttall, Genera,
ii, 239.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 202.— Sprougel, Syst, ii, 244.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 375 ; Fl. N. York, ii,217.—
Audubon, Birds, t. 59.— Beck, Bot, 332.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1676, f. 1537.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Bigelow. Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 398.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 33;
Hist, Veg. x, 392.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxix, Misc. 22.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 245; 2 ed. i, 281.— Seringe in
Fl. des Jard. ii, 63.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 431.— Wood, Cl. Book, 656; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Wesmsel in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 330.
P. Canadensis, Ma-nch, Weiss. 81 [not Michaux f.].
P. latifolia, Mccnch, Meth. 338.
P. Ontarietisis, Hort.— Loddiges, Cat. 1836.
P. macrophylla, Lindley in London, Encyc. PI. 840.
P. acladesca and P. heterophylla, Hort. (ex. Koch, Wachen. 1865, 238).
A large tree, rare or unknown in a wild state ; very common in cultivation.
The wood heavier than that of the species; specific gravity, 0.4161 ; ash, 0.46.
174 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
»
322. — Populus angust.ifolia, James,
Long's Exped. i, 497. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. 249; Fremont's Rep. 97; Sitgreaves' Rep. 172; Ives' Rep. 27; Bot. Wilkea
Exped. 469.— Nuttal), Sylva, i, 52, t. 16: 2 ed. i, 68, t. 16.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261; Am. Nat. iii,408. — Hayden in
Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Watson in Am. Jonr. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136; Bot.
California, ii, 91.
P. Canadoisis, var. angitstijolia, Wesnuel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-,329.
P. balsamiferd, var. '(niyimtifolia, Watson in King's Rep. v, 327 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Porter in Haydeu's Rep. 1871, 494.—
Porter A- Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Haydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76,
211.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.
% BLACK COTTONWOOD.
Black hills of Dakota (R. Dour/las), Swimming Horse creek, and the Snowy Mountain region, Montana, Eed
Rock creek, southwestern Montana (Watson), east Humboldt and Shoshone mountains, Nevada, Eocky mountains
of Colorado, and the ranges of southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona.
A small tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams,.
between 6,000 and 10,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood
nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3912 ; ash, 0.79»
323. — Populus trichocarpa, Torrey & Gray;
Hooker, Icon.v, 878. — Walpers, Ann. v, 707. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 206. — Wesmsel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 330. —
Watson in King's Rep. v, 328; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136; Bot. California, ii, 91. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469. — Macoun
in Geological Rep. Canada, 187.r>-'76, 211. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285,. f. 5. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new
ser. ix, 331.
P. bahamifera, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.
P. angustifolia, Nowberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89 [not James].— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 29, 68.
P. balsamifera, Lyall in Jour. Linmean Soc. vii, 134 [not Linnaeus].— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.
P. trichocarpa, var. cupulata, Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. California, ii, 91.
P. balsamifera, var. I Californica, Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136.
BLACK COTTONWOOD. BALSAM COTTONWOOD.
Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia, and probably much farther north, east to the eastern base of the
Bitter Boot mountains, Montana ( Watsan), south through Washington territory, western Oregon and California to
the southern borders of the state.
A large tree, 24 to 60 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter ; banks of streams and
bottom lauds below 6,000 feet elevation ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the
lower Columbia river and the streams flowing into Puget sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable;
color, light dull brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3814 ; ash, 1.27 ; in Oregon and
Washington territory largely manufactured into staves of sugar barrels, woodenware, etc.
324. — Populus monilifera, Alton,
Hort. Ke\v. iii, 406 ; 2 ed. v, 390.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 71. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 186.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 805 ; Euum. 1017 ;
Berl. Baumz. 292.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 623.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 465.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 295, 1. 10, f. 2 ; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 168, t. 96, f. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 618.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 167.— Hayne, Dend.
F1.202.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Watson, Dend. Brit. ii,t. 102.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278.— London, Arboretum,
iii, 1657, f. 1517 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 32 ; Hist. Veg. x, 389.— Torrey in Fremont's Rep.
97 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 215 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. v, 365.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 249 ; 2 ed. i, 287.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 63.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 47; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467. — Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 18(iO, iii, 72. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, Cl. Book, 655. — Engelmann in Trans. Am.
Phil. See. xii, 209.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 327; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota,-' IM|.
121.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, l-7:>-'70, 211.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 3, 4.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat .
Mns.No.22, llli.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 3.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils.
1882, 87.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 049.
f P. deltoidf, Marshall, Ai-bustum, 100.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 175
P. angulata, Aitou, Hort. Kew. Hi, 400; -I ed. v, 396.— Nouveau Diihauiel, ii, 186.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 466.—
Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 805; Eiium. 1017 ; Bcrl. Baumz.294.— Michuux t'. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 302, t. 12 ; N. American Sylva,
:: ed. ii, 161, t. 94.— Pnnsh. Fl. Ann. Sept. ii, (ill).— Eaton, Manual, 117; (> ed. 27T.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— James iu
Long's Expert, ii, Ki4.— Torroy in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, '.M9.— Elliott, .Sk. ii, 711.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— London,
Arboretum, iii, 1670, 1533 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 321; Hist. Veg. x, 391.—
Seringe in Fl. ilcsJard. ii,64. — Scheele in lin-mer, Texas, 446. — Darby, Bot. S. States, ,")(I7. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1S58, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 431. — Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d I?ep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, Cl. Book, 655; Bot. &
Fl. 311. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. -107. — Wisuuel in De Candolle, 1'rodr. xvi-, 328. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 494. —
Young, Bot. Texas, 514.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Tub. No. 4, 129.— Vascy, Cat. Forest
Trees, 29., — Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 182.
P. kevigata, Aiton.Hort. Kew. iii, 406; 2 ed. v,395.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,603.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,619.— Poiret, Suppl.
iv, 378.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,239; Sylva, i, 54; 2 ed. i,70.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 244.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6
t,,l -J7H.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 246 ; 2 ed. i, 283.
P. glandulosa, Mcrnch, Meth. 339.
P. an(/1l1osa. Miebaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,243.
P. CunadenxiXj Miebaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 302, 1. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 164, t. 95. — Spach in Ann. Soi. Nat. 2 ser.
xv, 32 ; Hist. Veg. x, 390.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 65.— Fescali, Forst. Pfl. 122, t. 8, f. 10-14.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 311.—
Wcsnuel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-', 329. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 491.
P. Virginiana, Du Mont, Cours. Bot. Cult, vi, 400.
•
P. Marylandica, Bosu in Nouv. Diet, xi, 409.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.
P. macrophylla, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.
P. Lindleyana, P. neglccta. and P. Icevigata, Hort.
COTTONWOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR. CAROLINA POPLAR. BIG COTTONWOOD.
Shores of lake Chaniplain, Vermont, south through western New England to the Chattahoochee region of
wesrtern Florida, west along the northern shores of lake Ontario to the eastern base of the ranges of the Eocky
mountains of Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico.
A large tree, 24 to 51 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 meters in diameter ; low, moist soil ; the common
cottouwood of Texas and the western plains, bordering all streams flowing east from the Eocky mountains.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3889; ash, 0.96;
largely used in the manufacture of paper-pulp, for light packing-cases, fence boards, and fuel.
325. — Populus Fremontii, Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad, x, 350 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. California, ii, 92.
P. monilifera, Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 327 [not Aiton].— Watson in King's Rep. v, 327 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Torrey,
Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469.
COTTONWOOD.
California, valley of the upper Sacramento river, south to San Bernardino county (Colton, Parry), and eastward
in Nevada and Utah.
A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; borders of streams; the
common cottonwood of the valleys of central California.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary
rays thin, .very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4914; ash, 0.77.
Var. Wislizeni, Watson,
Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 137 ; Bot. California, ii, 92 ; Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 157. — Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.
P. monilifera, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204 ; Ives' Rep. 27 [not Alton].— Bigelow in
Pacific R.R. Rep. iv,21.
COTTONWOOD. WHITE COTTONWOOD.
San Diego county, California, through Arizona and New Mexico to western Texas and southern Colorado.
A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to l.SO meter in diameter; borders of streams; the
prevalent cottonwood of the arid southwestern region, there largely planted as a shade tree and for fuel.
Wood light, soft, not strong, compact; specific gravity, 0.4621; ash, 1.13; furnishing the ordinary domestic
fuel of the region.
176 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERS.
326. — Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey,
Smithsonian Contrib., vi, 7, t. 3; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 211 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped.t. 16. — Bentham, PI.
Hartweg. 338. — Lindley in London Gard. Chronicle, 185:!, 695. — -Newberry iu Pacific E. R. Eep. vi, 63. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 262. — Walpers, Ann. v, 795. — Bolander iu Proc. California Acad. iii, 226. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 456. — R.
Brown Campst. in Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc. ix, 373. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 309, f. 40. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 335; Bot.
California, ii, 116. — A. Murray in London Garden, ii, 542. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 402. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 267.
Thuya Craigana, Murray in Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 5.
Thuya gigantea, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1854, 224, f. 12-14, in part; Fl.des Serres, ix, 199, f.3-5, in part; Trait. Conif. 106,
in part; 2 ed. 112, in part. — Gordon, Pinetum, 321, in part; Suppl. 102, iu part. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz.
280, in part.
Heyderia decurrens, Koch, Dendroiogie, ii2, 179.
WHITE CEDAR. BASTARD CEDAR. POST CEDAR. INCENSE CEDAR.
North fork of the Santian river, Oregon, south along the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada
mountains between 3,000 and 8,500 feet elevation, and through the California Coast ranges to the San Bernardino
and Cayumaca mountains.
A large tree, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter; slopes and valleys; common.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of
small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; the thin sap-wood nearly
white ; specific gravity, 0.4017 ; ash, 0.08 ; largely used for fencing and in the construction of water-flumes, and for
interior finish, furniture, laths, shingles, etc.; often injured by a species of dry rot (Dcedalia vorax, Harkness in
Pacific Rural Press, Jan. 25, 1879, f. 1, 2), rendering it unfit for lumber.
327. — Thuya occidentalis, Linnaeus,
Spec. 1 ed. 1002.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. iii, 170.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 152.— Wangenheim, Amer.7, t. 2, f. 3.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 238.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. iii, 371 ; 2 cd. v, 321.— Gsertner, Fruct. ii, 62, t. 91, f. 2.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 209.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 508 ; Ennm.990; Berl. Baumz. 504.— Nouvean Duhamel, iii, 12, t. 4.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 369; 111.
iii, 369.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 287, t. 309.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 580.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 575.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 98.—
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 29, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 177, t. 156.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Barton, Prodr. Fl.
Philadelph. 93.— Eaton, Manual, 111; 6 ed. 364.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 641.— Watson,
Dend. Brit, ii, 150.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 888.— Richard, Conif. 43, t. 71, f. 1.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 361; Fl. N. York, ii,
234.— Rafiuesque, Mcd. Bot. ii, 268.— Bock, Bot. 338.— Loudou, Arboretum, iv, 2454, f. 2312-2314 & t. — Forbes, Piuetum Woburn.
193.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 451.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 388.— Spach, Hist. Vcg. xi, 339.— Penu.
Cycl. xxiv, 409. — Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 96; 2 ed. i, 112. — Eudlicher, Syn.
Conif. 51. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Parry iu Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.
294.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 16.— Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1854, 224, f. 15; Trait, Conif. 103; 2 ed. 109.— Darby, Bot. S. States, r>10.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Gordon, Pinetum, 323; 2 ed. 403.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 436.— Wood, Cl. Book, 662;
Bot. & Fl. 315.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 507.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 278.— Nelson, Pinaceaj, 68.— R. Brown
Carapst. in Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc. ix, 363.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 472.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 317.— Parlatore in De
Caudolle, Prodr. xvi", 458.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 76, f. 2.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 173. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Macoun
in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 183.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 261.— Bell in Geological Rep.
Canada, 1879-'80, 47C.
T. odorata, Marshall, Arbustum, 152.
T. obtusa, M<Buch,Meth.691.
Cupressus Arbor-vita, Targione-Tozzetti, Obs. Bot. ii,51.
T. Wareana and T. Sibirica, Hort.
WHITE CEDAR. ARBOR-VIT^E.
New Brunswick to Auticosti island, through the valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of
James' bay and southeast to the eastern extremity of lake Winnipeg, south through the northern states to central
New York, northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Minnesota, and along the Alleghany
mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina.
A tree 12 to IS meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter; cold, wet swamps
and along the rocky banks of streams ; very common at the north, spreading over great areas of swamp ; extensively
•cultivated as a hedge and ornamental plant, and producing innumerable seminal varieties of more or less
horticultural value.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 177
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the
soil; the bands of small summer cells very thin, dark colored; medullary rays numerous, indistinct; color, light
brown, turning darker with exposure, the thiu sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3164; ash, 0.37; largely
used for posts, fencing, railway ties, and shingles.
The distilled oil and a tincture of the leaves ot Thuya have been found useful in the treatment of pulmonary
and uterine complaints ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1775. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1428).
328. — Thuya gigantea, Nuttall,
Jour. Philadelphia Acad. vii, 52; Sylva, iii, 102, t. iii; 2 ed. ii, 102, t. 111. — Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. — London, Arboretum, Iv, 2458. —
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Spach, Hist. Veg.1 xi, 342.— Endlicher, Syn. Couif. 52.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc.
London, v, 206. — Newberry in Paeific R. R. Rep. vi, 50, f. 22. — Carricre, Trait. Conif. 102 ; 2ed. 112, in part. — Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858,262; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Cordon, Piuetum. 321, in part; Suppl. 102; 2 ed. 181.— Torrey, Dot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
211. — Lyall in Jour. Linmean Soc. vii, 1:53, 144. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 280, in part. — Nelson, Pinacete, 67.— Rothrock
in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 434. — Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2,457. — R. Brown Campst. in Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc. ix,
367. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 315. — London Card. Chronicle, 1871, 683. — Gray in Proc. Am. Aead. vii, 402. — Fowler in London Gard.
Chronicle, 1872, 1527.— Koch, Dcmlrologie, ii-, 176. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — E. Hall in Coulters Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. —
Watson, Bot. California, ii, 115. — G. M. Dawsou in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 324.— T. Howell in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi,
267.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 256.
T. plicala, Don, Hort. Cantab. 6 ed. 249.— Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. ii,19; 2 ed. 114, in part.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 103; 2 ed. ii,
164. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 31'.'.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 51 (excl. syn. TTareana & odorata). — Lindley & Gordon in
Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 205. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 16. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 102 (excl. syn. Wareana & odorata);
2 ed. 100 (excl. syn. Wareana).— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262; Pacific E. R. Rep. xiis, 27.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 277 (excl. syn. odorata). — Nelson, Pinacea;, 68. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 406. — A. De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi2, 457, in part. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 263.
T. Menziexii, Douglas, Mss.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 106; 2 ed. 107.— Gordon, Pinetum, 323.— Nelson, Piuaoeee, 67.—
Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 281.
T. Lobbii, Hort.
T. oceidentalis, var. plicata, Hort.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 321.
RED CEDAR. CANOE CEDAR.
Alaska, south along the Coast ranges and islands of British Columbia, through western Washington territory
and Oregon and the Coast ranges of northern California to Mendocino county, extending east along the mountains
of Washington territory to the Cceur d'Alene, Bitter Root, and Salmon liiver mountains of Idaho and the western
slopes of the Rocky mountains of northern Montana (Canby & Sargent).
A large tree, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 3.60 meters in diameter; low, rich woods and
swamps, less commonly on dry ridges and slopes below 5,200 feet elevation ; common and reaching its greatest
development in western Washington territory and Oregon ; the large specimens generally hollow.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in
contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, distinct; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color, dull brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3796; ash, 0.17;
largely used for interior finish, fencing, shingles, in cabinet-making and cooperage, and exclusively by the Indians
of the northwest coast in the manufacture of their canoes.
329. — Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach,
Hist. Veg. xi, 331.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 61.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 20. —
Carriere, Trait. Conif. 133 ; 2 ed. 122.— Gordon, Pinetum, 49 ; 2 ed. 71.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 248.— Nelson, Pinacese,
69.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 464.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87.
CupreSSUS thyoides, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 174.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 198.— Marshall,
Arbustum, 39.— Wangenheim, Ainer. 8, t. 2, f. 4.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, 323.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed.
409.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 208.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 512; Enuin. 991; Berl. Baumz. 111.— Nouveau Duhamel,
iii, 6.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 580.— Destbntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 567.— Schkuhr, Haudb. iii, 286, t. 310.— Michaux f. Hist.
Arb. Am. iii, 20, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 162, t. 152.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 646.— Eaton, Manual, 111; 6
ed. 115.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 178.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 644.— Watson, Bond. Brit, ii, 156.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 361 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 233.— Beck, Bot. 338.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2475, f. 2327.— Forbes,
Pinetum Woburn. 183, t. 61.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 215.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed.
387.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 98; 2 ed. i, 114.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 442.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 516.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 28.— Wood, Cl. Book, 663; Bot. & Fl. 315.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 509.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 473. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 346. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 162. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Veitch, Manual
Couif. 238.
Thuya SphcEroidea, Sprengel, Syst. iii, 889.
Tliuya sphceroidalis, Richard, Conif. 45, t. 8, f. 2.
12 FOB
178 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
WHITE CEDAR.
Southern Maine, souVh near the coast to northern Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl
river, Mississippi.
A tree 24 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.20 meter in diameter ; in deep, cold swamps ; rare in
the Gulf states, west of the bay of Mobile.
Wood very light and soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the
soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
light brown tinged with red, growing darker with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3322; ash,
0.33; largely used in boat-building, for woodenware, cooperage, shingles, interior finish, telegraph and fence posts,
railway ties, etc.
Along the Atlantic coast from JSTew Jersey southward lumber is manufactured from buried trunks of this
species dug from peat swamps.
330. — Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis, Spach,
Hist. Veg. xi, 333.— Nnttall, Sylva, Hi, 105; 2 ed. ii, Ifi5.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 62.— Ledebour, Fl. Eosaica, iii, 680.— Lindley &
Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Carrifcre, Trait. Conif. 134 ; 2 ed. 127. — Walpers, Ann. v, 796. — Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadelholz, 250. — Parlatore iii Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 465. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian
Nat. 2 ser. ix, 329.
CupreSSUS Nootlcatensis, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. ii, 18 ; 2 ed. ii, No. 60.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2480.
CupreSSUS Nutkaensis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 63, f. 28.— Gordon, Pinetum, 66;
2 ed. 94. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263.— Nelson, Pinacea?, 74.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 345. — Lawson, Pinetnm
Brit, ii, 199, t. 34, f. 1-12.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 165.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Maconn in Geological Eep.
Canada, 1876-77, 211.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 235.
Thuya excelsa, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 164.
CupreSSUS Americana, Trautvetter, Imag. PI. Fl. Eossica, 12, t. 7.
G. Nufkaensis, var. glauca, Walpers, Ann. v, 769-
^
Thuyopsis borealis, Hort.— Carriere, Trait. Couif. 1 ed. 113.
Thuyopsis cupressoides, Carriere, Man. des PI. iv, 324.
G. excelsa, Fischer in herb. Sitka.
Thuyopsis TchugatsTcoy and T. Tchugatskoyce, Hort.
YELLOW CYPRESS. SITKA CYPRESS.
Sitka, south along the islands and. Coast ranges of British Columbia and the Cascade mountains of Washington
territory and Oregon to the valley of the Santiau river, Oregon (" Lucky Camp mountain", Cuswk).
A large tree of great economic value, 30 to 33 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter,
or toward its southern limits and at high elevations much smaller ; common along the coast at the sea-level to
about latitude 49° 30' X., then less common and only at higher elevations; south of British Columbia hardly below
5,000 feet elevation and very rare and local ; the most valuable timber tree of Alaska.
Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily
worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, possessing an agreeable, resinous odor ; bands of small summer
cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color, bright, light clear
yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4782 ; ash, 0.34 ; somewhat used in boat- and ship-
building, for furniture, interior finish, etc., probably unsurpassed in beauty as a cabinet wood by that of any North
American tree.
331. — Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, Parlatore,
Stnd. Organ. Conif. 23, 29, t. 3, f. 22-25; De Candolie, Prodr. xvi2, 464.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 85.— Watson, Bot. California, ii,
155. — Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 8.
Cupressus Lawsoniana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 292, t. 9.— Bot. Mag. t. 5581.— Nelson, Pinaceie,
72.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263.— Lawson, Pinetnm Brit, ii, 191, t. 31, f. 1-13.— Hoopes, Evergreens
342, f. 53.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadolholz. 240.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285. — London Garden, vii
508 &t.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 231.— Eichler in Monatsb. Acad. Berl. 1881, f. 29,30.
CupreSSUS fro f/rans, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i, 103.
f Cupressus attenuata, Gordon, Pinetum, 1 ed. 57 ; 2 ed. 79.
C. Boursierii, Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 125 [not Decaisne].
C. NutJcamiS, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 1. 16.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 179
PORT ORFORD CEDARS OREGON CEDAR. WHITE CEDAR. LAWSON'S CYPRESS. GINGER PINE.
Oregon, Coos bay, south to the valley of the Rogue river, not extending more than thirty miles from the coast;
California, valley of the upper Sacramento river (shores of Castle and Soda lakes, Shasta county).
A large tree of the first economic value, 45 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter;
rich woods, in low, moist soil, interspersed with the yellow lir and hemlock; most common and reaching its
greatest development along the Oregon coast; local; in California very rare and local.
Wood light, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the ground,
abounding in odoriferous resin, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of small summer cells thin, not
conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light yellow or almost white, the thin sap-wood hardly
distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4621; ash, 0.10; largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish,
flooring, railway ties, fence posts, matches, and in ship- and boat-building; the resin strongly diuretic and a
powerful insecticide.
332. — Cupressijs macrocarpa, Hartwejr,
Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 187. — Beutham, PL Hartweg. 337. — Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 296 & t. ; Pinetniu, 65 ; 2 ed.
91. — Liudley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 20fi. — Knight, Syn. Conii'. 20.— Torrey, Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 211. —
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263 ; Proc. California Acad. iii, 290. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 124, in part. — Bolander in Proc.
California Acad. iii, 228. — Henkel & Hocbstetter, Nadelholz. 239. — Nelson, Pinacea-, 73.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 353. — Parlatore in
De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 473. — Fowler in London Card. Chronicle, 1&72, 285. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii1, 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 36.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113.— Veiteh, Manual Conif. 234.— Lawson Pinetum Brit, ii, 195, t. 32.
C. Lambertiana, Carru-re in Rev. Hort. 1855, 232 ; Trait. Conif. 124 ; 2 ed. 166.
C. Hartwegii, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1855, 232 ; Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 168.
tC. macrocarpa, var. fastigiata, Knight, Conif. 20.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 473.— Veitch, Manual
Conif. 234.
fC. Hartwegii, var. fastigia ta, Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 169.
MONTEREY CYPRESS.
California, Monterey (Cypress point, Pescadero ranch, and Carmelo point).
A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; on granite rocks immediately
upon the sea-coast ; very local.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact
with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, odorous ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored,
conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable; color, clear bright brown streaked with red and
yellow, the thin sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6261 ; ash, 0.57 ; very beautiful and of undoubted value
as a cabinet wood.
333. — Cupressus Goveniana, Gordon,
Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 296 <fe f. ; Pinetum, 60 ; 2 ed. 83.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Lindley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc.
London, v, 206. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 125 ; 2 ed. 170. — Torrey, Mex. Boundary Survey, 211. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
266. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 240. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 252. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr, xvi2, 472. — Fowler in
London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 114. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 230.
f C. Californica, Carriere, Trait. Conif. 127; 2 ed. 164.
C. Californica gracilis, Nelson, Pinacea, 70, in part
f C. COrnitta, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1866,251 & f.
f Juniperus aromatica, Hort.
Humboldt county, California, south along the coast and through the Coast ranges into Lower California.
A small tree, sometimes 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; borders of
streams and mountain slopes, in rather rich soil, or often a low shrub, fruiting when 0.30 to 1 meter in height, and
occupying extensive tracts of sandy barrens 1 to 5 miles inland from the coast, or thin, rocky soil (Pringle) ;
widely but not generally distributed.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, dark colored,
conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity,
0.4689; ash, 0.45.
180 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
334. — Cupressus Macnabiana, Murray,
Edinburgh, New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 293. t. 10.' — Gordon, Pinetum, 04 ; 2 ed. 90. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 165. — Hoopes, Evergreens,
353. — Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 473. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 150.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Watson, Bot,
California, ii, 114.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 233.
G. glandulosa, Hooker, (ex. Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 241).
G. CaliforniC't gracilis, Nelson, Pinacese, 70, in part.
California, mountains south of Clear lake, Lake county ( Torrey, Bolander, Pringle, Miller).
A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall
8hrub branching from the ground; very rare and local; not rediscovered in the original station reported by
Jeffrey, the Mount Shasta region.
Wood not collected.
335. — Cupressus Guadalupensis, Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad. xiv, 300 ; Bot. California, ii, 114.
G. macrocarpa, ? Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 119 [not Hartweg].
C. Arizonica, E. L. Greene in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 64. — Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79. — Watson in Proc. Am.
Acad. xviii, 157.
San Francisco mountains of New Mexico and eastern Arizona (Greene, Busby), Santa Catalina and Santa Rita
mountains, Arizona (Pringle, Lemmon) ; on the Sierra Madre, near Saltillo, and Gaudalupe island, Mexico (Palmer).
A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rocky canons and ridges ; on the
New Mexico and Arizona mountains, forming extensive forests between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, generally
on northern slopes; local.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish ; bands of small
summer cells, broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, gray, often faintly streaked with
yellow, the thick sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4843 ; ash, 0.44.
336. — Juniperus Californica, Carriere,
Kev. Hort, iii, 353 & f . ; Trait. Conif. 58 ; 2 ed. 41.— Gordon, Pinetum, 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Engelmann in Trans. St.
Louia Acad. lii, 588 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 375.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 593. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113.
J. tetragona, var. osteosperma, Torrey in Pacific R. K. Rep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210 ; Ives' Rep. 28.
J. tetragona, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263 [not Schlechtendal].
J. Cerrosianus, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. ii, 37.
J. OCCidentalis, Gordon, Pinetnm, Suppl. 38; Pinetum, 2 ed. 162, in part.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 245, in part.—
Hoopes, Evergreens, 299, in part. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 489, in part.
J. Californica, var. osteosperma, Eugelmanu ; Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 119 .
JUNIPER.
»
California, San Francisco bay, south through the Coast ranges to Lower California.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter, or more often a tall
shrub, sending up many stems from the ground ; sandy barrens and dry, rocky soil.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer
cells thin, dark colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown slightly
tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.0282 ; ash, 0.75 ; in southern California largely used
for fencing and fuel. ,
Var. Utahensis, Eugelmaun,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 588; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 264.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 418.—
Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113.
J. OCCidentalis, Watson in King's Rep. v, 336, in part; PI. Wheeler, 18 [not Hooker].
J. occidentalis, var. Utahensis, Veitch, Manual Conif. 289.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 181
JUNIPER.
Western base of the Wahsatch mountains, Utah, to eastern California, south through the Great Basin to
southeastern California (I'rimjlc) and the San Francisco mountains, eastern Arizona (Greene).
A small, contorted tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often a
tali, much-branched shrub ; very common through the elevated valleys and along the lower slopes of all the ranges
of central and southern Utah and Nevada, and the most generally distributed arborescent species of the region.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; color, light brown, the thick
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5522 ; ash, 0.49; the common fuel and fencing material of the region.
337. — Juniperus pachyphloea, Torrey,
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142; J5ot. ilex, Boundary .Survey, 210 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Henkel A
Huclistetter, Nadelholz. 247.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 56.— Parlatore iu De Candollo, Prodr. xvi2, 490.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed.
164.— Engeimaun in Trans. St. Louis Ac-ad, iii, 589: Wheeler's Rep. vi,264. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii,593. — Veitch, Manual Conif.
289.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey But. Club,ix,?9.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 184.
J. plochydermrt, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 17:1, t. 1C..
J. Sabinu pachyphlcea, Autoiue, Kupress. lit).
JTJNIPEK.
Eagle and Limpia mountains (Havnrd), west along the ranges of western Texas, southern New Mexico and
Arizona south of latitude 34°; southward into Mexico.
A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, stony slopes and ridges,
generally between 2,000 and 3,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing and largest juniper of the mountains of western
Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish ; bands of small
summer cells very thin, dark colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, clear light red,
often streaked with yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5829; ash, 0.11.
338. — Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker,
Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 166.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 26.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202.— Carriere, Conif. 42, in part; 2
ed. 40, in part.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Gordon, Piuetum, 117 (excl. syn.); Suppl.
38 (excl. syn. ) ; 2 cd. 162 (excl. syn.).— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 345, in part.— Nelson, Pinaceae, 142.— Hoopes, Evergreens,
299 (oxcl. syu. Californica). — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 489, in part. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — Macoun in Geological
Rep. Canada, 1875-'?6, 211. —Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 289.
J. excelsa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245.
J. -Andina, Nuttall.Sylvn, iii, 95. 1. 110; 2 ed. ii, 157, 1. 110.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 55.
Chamcecyparis Boursierii, Dei-aixue iu Bull. Soc. Bot. France,!, 70.
J. Hermanni, Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 141 [not Sprengel].
J. occidentalis, var. plewnperma, Engelmanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 590.
J. pyriformis, Hort.
JUNIPER.
Blue mountains and high prairies of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, Cascade mountains of Oregon,
valley of the Klamath river, California, and south along the high ridges of the Sierra Nevada, between 7,000 and
10,000 feet elevation, to the San Bernardino mountains (Pariah Bros.}.
A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or often a low, much-branched
shrub; dry, rocky ridges and prairies, reaching its greatest development in the California sierras.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable, in contact with the soil; bands of small summer
cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light red or brown, the sap-wood nearly
white; specific gravity, 0.5765; ash, 0.12; largely used for fencing and fuel.
Var. monosperma, Engelmanu,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 590 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 263.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 289.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.
182 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
JUNIPER.
Eastern base of Pike's peak, Colorado, to the mountains of western Texas, and through New Mexico and
southern Arizona to southern California.
A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, or often branching
from the ground with many stout, contorted stems; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet elevation.
Wood heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often eccentric; specific gravity, 0.7119;
ash, 0.78; largely used for fuel and fencing.
Viir. conjugens, Kngelmanu,
Trans. St. Louis Ao;i«l. iii. 590. — V<;itch, .Manual Conif. -•"'9. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 158.
JUNIPER.
Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river (Austin), west and north.
A tree 11 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, covering with extensive
forests the limestone hills of western Texas; its range not yet satisfactorily determined.
Wood light, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of
small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown, often
streaked with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.0907; ash, 0.46; largely used for fencing,
fuel, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc.
339. — Juniperus Virginiana, Li
Spec. 1 od. 1039.— Ka!m, Travels, English ed. ii, 180.— Marshall, Arbustum, 70.— Waugenheim, Amor. 9, t. 2, f. 5.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 243. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 414; 2 ed. v,414. — Lamarck, Diet, iv, 627. — Willdenow, Spec. iv,853; Enum. 1025; Berl.
Baumz. 198. — Persoon, Sy:;. ii,(>32. — Destbntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 539. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 42, t. 5; N. American Sylva,
3ed. 173, t. 155.— Pnrsh.Fl. Am. Sept (547.— Nonveau Duhamel, vi, 49, t. 16.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 96; Coinpend. Fl.
Philadelph. ii, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 118; 2 ed. 194.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii, 97;2ed. ii, 159.— Bigelow, Mcd. Bot. iii, 49,
t. 45; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 398.— Hayue, Demi. Fl. 205.— Elliott,, Sk. ii, 717.— Torrey in Nieollat's Kep. 167; Compend. Fl. N. States, 377;
Fl. N. York, ii, 235 ; Marcy's Rep. 284 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142 ; <Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 211 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Sprengel, Syst.
iii, 908.— Richard, Conif. 37, t. 6, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 43.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 13.— Beck, Bot. 337.— Lindley, Fl. Med.
r>5t;.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2495, f. 2357.— Forbes, Piiietuiu Woburn. 199.— Penn. Cycl. xiii, 147.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 288. —
Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 102; 2 ed. i, 118. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 27, iii part. — Scheele in Rosnier, Texas, Appx. 447. —
Lindloy & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202. — P.irry in Owen's Rep. 618. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295. — Knight,
Syn. Conif. 12.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 515.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1S55, 101.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep.
ii, 130, 175. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 43 ; 2 ed. 44. — Bigelow in Pacific B. R. Rep. 20. — Gordon, Pinetum, 112 ; 2 ed. 154. — Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257 ; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 48; Manual N. States,
5 ed. 474; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Hooker f. in Trans. Liunaean Soc. xxiii-, 302.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860,
iii, 71.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, Cl. Book, 663 ; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 510.—
Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 591; Wheeler's Rep. vi,263. — Lyall in Jour.
Lijinasan Soc. vii, 144. — Henkel &, Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 335. — Nelson, Pinaceae, 153. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 291. — Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 488.— Young, Bot. Texas, 517.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii', 138.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 335.— Rothrock iu PI.
Wheeler, 28, 50 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 10.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132.— Haydoii in
Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122. — Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 242. — Broadhead
in Coulter's Bot. Ga/cttc, iii, 60.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 183. — VeitcL,
Manual Conif. 282.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52r.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 87.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-
Cent. iii, 184.
J. Caroliniana, Marshal!, Arbustum, 71.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. 497.
J. arborcscens, Mceuch, Metli. 699.
J. Barbadensix, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 246 [not Liunteus].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva,
iii, 96 ; 2 cd. ii,158.
J. Virginiana, var. Caroliniana, Willdenow, Berl. Bauniz. 198.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 205. —London, Arboretum, iv, 2495.
J. Virginiana, var. Hermanni, Persoou, Syn. ii, 632.
J. Hermann!, Sprengel, Syst. iii, 908.
J. fatida, var. Virginiana, Spach in Aun. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 298 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 318.
J. Virffiniana vulgaris, Endlicher, Syu. Couif. 28.
J. Salina, var. Virginiana, Antoine, Knpress. t. 83, 84.
o
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 18
BED CEDAR. SAVIN.
Southern New Brunswick to the northern shores of Georgian bay, northern Michigan, Wisconsin and
Minnesota, south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, west to
eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about the one hundredth parallel of west longitude; in
the Pacific region, Rocky mountains of Colorado to Vancouver's island, British Columbia; not extending to
western Texas, California, or Oregon ; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona rare and local.
The most widely distributed of N,orth American Conifenc, a tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60
to 1.35 meter in diameter, or toward its northern and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a. low shrub;
dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf states, especially near the coast, in deep swamps ; in
northern Montana, borders of streams and lakes; common; and reaching its greatest development in the valley of
the Red river, Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in
contact with the soil ; odorous ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure; color, dull red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4926 ; ash, 0.13 ; largely used for
posts, sills, railway ties, interior finish, cabinet-making, and almost exclusively for lead-pencils.
A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for saviue cerete, and an infusion of the berries
as a diuretic ( U. S. JMspensatory, 14 ed. 529. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 795).
340. — Taxodium distichum, Richard,
Ann. Mns. xvi, 298; Conif. 52, t. 10. — Nouvean Dnhamel, iii, 8. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 525. — Lambert, Pinus, 2 ed. 25 & t. — Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 361; Bot. Mex. Boundary Surrey, 210.— Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— London, Arboretum,
iv, 2481, f. 2335-233!).— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 177, t. 60.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68, iu part.— Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234.— Scheele in Roemer, Texas, Appx. 447.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. —Knight, Syn.
Conif. 20.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 143; 2ed. 180; Rev. Hort. viii, 62 & f.— Morren in Belg. Hort. vi,
74 & t.— Gordon, Pinetum, 305 ; 2 ed. 382.— London Card. Chronicle, 1857, 549.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl.
S. States, 435.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 29.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, Cl.
Book, 663 ; Bot. & Fl. 315.— Henkol & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 258.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 473.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 364, f.
58.— Parlatorc in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 440.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit. ii. 305, f. 1-9.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle,
1872, 1526.— Young, Bot. Texas, 518.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2,195.— Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 127.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 36.— Bruadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 214.— Ridgway in Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 87.— Watson
in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 158.
Gupressus disticha, Liunsens, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.— Du Roi,Harbk.i,201.— Marshall, Arbu'stum, 39.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 244.—
Wangeuheim, Amer. 43.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, 323.— Bartram, Travels, 2
ed. 88.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,208.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 567.— Willdenow, Spec, it, 512; Enum. 991; Berl.
Baumz. 111.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 288.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 4, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 154, t.
151.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 151.— Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne.Dend. Fl. 178.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 317, 318.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 642.— Beck, Bot. 238.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 116.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 215.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 349.— Dickson & Brown
in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. v, 15. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 508.
Cupressus disticha, var. patens and var. nutans, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 323.
CupreSSUS distwha, var. imbricaria, Nnttall, Genera, ii, 224 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 163.— Croom in Am. Jour. Sci.
1 ser. xxviii, 166.
Schubertia disticha, Mirbel in Mem. Mus. xiii, 75.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 890. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 349.
T. microphyllum, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour.
Hort. Soc. London, v, 207.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 148.
T. adscendens, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 69.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort.
Soc. London, v, 207— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 148.
T. distichum, var. patens and var. nutans, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2481.
T. distichum fastigiatum, Knight, Syn. Conif. 21.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 145; 2 ed. 181.— Gordon, Piuetum, 307; 2 ed.
383.— Houkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 260.— Hoopes^ Evergreens, 367.
T. distichum, var. microphyllum, Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 261.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 441 (T.
Sineiise pendulum, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 180. — Glyptoslrobus pcnduliw, Endlicher, Conif. 71. — Bot. Mag. t. 5603. —
Carriere, trait. Couif. 152.— T. Sinense, Gordon, Pinetum, 309.— Cvpresstis Sinenae, Hort.).
Cuprespinnata disticha, Nelson, Pinaceie, 61.
184 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
BALD CYPRESS. BLACK CYPRESS. RED CYPRESS. WHITE CYPRESS. DECIDUOUS CYPRESS.
Sussex county, Delaware, south near the coast to Mosquito iulet and cape Eomano, Florida, west through the
Gulf states near the coast*to the valley of the Nueces river, Texas, and through Arkansas to western Tennessee,
western and northern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southern Illinois and Indiana.
A large tree of great economic value, 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter;
deep, submerged swamps, river-bottom lands, and pine-barren ponds; common and forming extensive forests in
the south Atlantic and Gulf states.
Wood light, soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with
the soil; bauds of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color,
light or dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4543; ash, 0.42; largely manufactured into
lumber and used for construction, cooperage, railway ties, posts, fencing, etc., often injured, especially west of the
Mississippi river, by a species of Dadalia, not yet determined, rendering it unfit for lumber.
Two varieties of cypress, black and white, are recognized by lumbermen, the wood of the former heavier than
water when green, rather harder and considered more durable than the other; the unseasoned wood of the latter
lighter than water and rather lighter colored than black cypress.
341. — Sequoia gigantea, Decaisne,
Bull. Bot. Soc. France, i, 70 ;( Rev. Hort. 1855, 9, 1. 10, f. l.i — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. iii, 94; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xvii. 440; xviii, 150,
286.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Eep. iv, 140.— Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i, 42.— Blake in Pacific R. R. Rep. v, 257, t. 13. —
[Carriere, Trait. Conif. 166.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 90.-^Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263,— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 315.—
'Bloomer in Proc. California Acad. iii, 397.-(;Hoopes, Evergreens, 239, f. 29. — Parlatoro in De Candolle Prodr. xvia, 437.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii2, 194.— ^Bertram! in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 114.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Muir in Proc. Am. Assoc. XXT,
242.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 117.
/
Wettingtonia gigantea, Liudley iii London Card. Chronicle, 1853, 819, 823; Bot. Mag. t. 4777, 4778. VC. Lemaire in 111. Hort.
1854, 14 & t.— Xaudin in Rev. Hort. 1854, 116.— Fl. des Serres, ix, 93 & t. 903 & t.— Flor. Cabinet, 1854, 121 & t.—
Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 22.— Gordon, Pinetuni, 330 ; Suppl. 106 ; 2 ed. 415.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil.
Jour, new ser, xi, 205, t. 3-9 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 330, t. 6, f. 8, 9).— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz.
22-2.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 217.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 4 15.
t
Wellingtonia Californica, Winslow in California Farmer, September, 1854.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. & Kew Misc. vii, 26.
Taxodlum Washingtonianum, Winslow in California Farmer, September, 1854.
iX
Taxodium giganteum, Kellogg & Behr in Proc. California Acad. i, 51.
S. Wellingtonia, Seemann in Bonplandia, ii,238; iii, 27; vi,343; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 1859, 161.— Laweon,
Pinetum Brit, iii, 299, t. 37, 51, 53, f. 1-37.
(jigantalies Wellingtonia, Nelson, Pinaecas, 79.
BIG TREE.
California, western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas from Placer county (Calaveras Grove) south to Deer creek on
the southern borders of Tulare county.
The largest tree of the American forest, 76 to 119 meters in height, with a trunk 6 to 11 meters in diameter;
valleys and moist swales or hollows between 4,000 and 6,000 feet elevation, growing in small, isolated groves,
except toward its southern limits, here mixed with the sugar pine and red and white firs, covering large tracts,
often several hundred acres in extent.
Wood very light, soft, weak, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, remarkably durable in contact with the
soil ; bauds of small Slimmer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright
clear red, turning much darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood white ; specific gravity, 0.2882 ; ash, 0.50 ; in
Fresuo county formerly somewhat manufactured into lumber and locally used for fencing, shingles, coustruction, etc.
342. — Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher,
\ f
Syn. Conif. 198.— Decaisne in Rev. Hort. 1855, 9, 1. 11, f. 2.HCarriere, Trait. Conif. 164 ; 2 ed. 210.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 23.—
Newberry in Pacific R, R, Rep. vi, 57, 90, f. 23.— Tclrrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140 ; feot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210 ; Ives'
Rep. 28.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 303; Suppl. 97; 2 ed. 379.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,X263.-^Murray in Edinburgh New Phil.
Jour. ne\v ser. xi. 221 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 34G).-^Seemann in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 1859, 165.-- Wood, Bot..
& F1.315.''— Bohinder in Proc. California Acad. iii, 231.-VHoopea, Evergreens, 244.—Purlatore in De Caudolle Prodr. xvi-, 436.—
( Koch, Dendrologie, ii=, 19:i.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Stearns in Am. Nat. x, 110.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 116.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 212. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, iii, t. 52 & iigs.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. J85
Taxodium SempervirenS, Lambert, Pinus, 114; 2 ed. ii, 107, t. 52. —London, Arboretum, iv, 2487, f. 2340,2341.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii, 164 ; Icon, iv, t. 379.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 1841.— Fremont, Geographical Mem. California, 36,
37.— Henkel &. Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 262.
Taxodli Species, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150.
Sequoia ffigantea, Endlicher, Syn.Conif. 190, in part.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 338.
Abies religiosa, Hooker & Arnott. Bot. Beechey, ICO.
Schvbertia sempervirens, Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 353.
S. religiosa, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 357.— Walperg, Ann. iii, 448.
Oigantabicfi tn.nfoUn, NHsnn. Pinaocii'.'a
REDWOOD.
California, from the northern boundary of the state, south tlirough the Coast ranges to "Veers creek" near the
southern border of Monterey county.
A large tree of great economic value, 01 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 7 meters in diameter, sending
up from the stump when cut many vigorous shoots; sides of canons and gulches in low, wet situations, borders of
streams, etc., not appearing on dry hillsides ; generally confined to the western slopes of the Coast ranges,
and nowhere extending far from the coast ; most generally multiplied and reaching its greatest average density
north of cape Meudociuo.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish, easily
split and worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored,
conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, clear light red, the thin sap-wood nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.4208; ash, 0.14; largely sawed into lumber; the prevailing and most valuable building material
of the Pacific coast, and in California almost exclusively used for shingles,* fence posts, telegraph poles, railway
ties, wine-butts, tanning- and water-tanks, coffins, etc. ; forms with curled or contorted grain are highly ornamental.
343.— Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall,
Sylva, iii,86, 1. 108 ; 2 ed. ii, 149, 1. 108 (T. occidentals* on plate).— Torrey in Pacific R. R.Rep. iv,140.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep.
vi, 60, 90, f. 26.— Cooper in Smithsonian R«.-|i. 1858, 203; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 26, 69; Am. Nat. iii, 414.— Wood, Bot. & Fl.
316. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 229. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 742. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 383. — Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi4, 501. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 95. — Gordon, Pinetnm, 2 ed. 392. — Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Watson. Bot.
California, ii, 110. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329. — Veitch, Manual Couif. 305.
T. baccata, var. Canadensis, Bentham, Pi. Hartweg. 338.
T. baccata, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 167, in part.
T. Boursierii, Carrifero in Rev. Hort. 1854, 228 & t. ; Trait. Conif. 523 ; 2 od. 739.
T. Lindleyana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 294; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, I860.— Lawson, Cat.
1855, 15.— Gordon, Pinetum, 316 ; Suppl. 99.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 360.— Nelson, Pinacese, 174.
T. Canadensia, Higelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 25 [not Willdenow].
YEW
Queen Charlotte island" and the valley of the Skeena river, south through the Coast ranges of British Columbia,
through western and the mountain ranges of eastern Washington territory and Oregon to the western slopes of
the Eocky mountains of northern Montana (Canby & Sargent), through the California Coast ranges to the bay of
Monterey and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to about latitude 37° N.
A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in
Idaho and Montana much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; rare; low, rich woods and borders of streams,
reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washington territory, and British Columbia.
Wood heavy, liard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable
in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin,
numerous, very obscure; color, light bright red, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.6391 ; ash,
0.22 ; used for fence posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast for paddles, spear handles, bows, fish-hooks,
etc.
186 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
344. — Taxus Floridana, Nuttall,
Sylva, iii, 92; 2 ed. ii, 155. — Groom in Am. Jonr. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 334. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 436. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 741. —
Hoopes, Evergreens, 384. — Vasey. Cat. Forest Trees, 36.
T. montatia, Nuttall, Sylva, iri, 92; 2 ed. ii, l.V>.
YEW.
Western Florida, banks of the Apalachicola river from Bristol to Aspalaga, Gadsden county, ami Watson's
Landing? (Curlisn).
A small tree, 3 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; rare and very local.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells very thin, dark colored, not
conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly
white; specific gravity, 0.6340 ; ash, 0.21.
345. — Torreya taxifolia, Arnott,
Ann. Nat. Hist, i, 134 ; Hooker, Icon, iii, t. 232, 233.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 454.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 91, t. 109 ; 2 ed. ii, 153, t.
109. — Spach, Hist.Veg. xi, 298. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 241. — Lindley& Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 226. — Darby, Bot.
S. States, 516. — Carrierp, Trait. Couif. 514 ; 2 ed. 726. — Gordon, Piuetum, 329; 2 ed. 412. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 43<>.— Wood, Cl. Book, 664; Bot. & PI. 316.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 387, f. 62.— Parlatore in De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi2, 505.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 100.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 311.
Caryotaxus taxifolia, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 367.
Faetataxus montana, Nelson, Piuacea>, 167.
STINKING CEDAR. SAVIN.
Western Florida, eastern bank of the Apalachicola river from Chattahoochee to the neighborhood of Bristol,
Gadsden county; doubtfully reported from the shores of a small lake west of Ocheesee and at Wakulla Springs,
Wakulla county (Curliss).
A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up when cut many
vigorous shoots from the stem and roots; borders of swamps on calcareous soil; very rare and local.
Wood light, rather hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very
durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells very thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color, clear bright yellow, the thin sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5145; ash, 0.73;
largely used locally for fence posts, etc.
346. — Torreya Californica, Torrey,
N. York Jour. Pharm. iii, 49; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 24.— Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. 1,
35.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 61, 90, f. 27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Bolander in Proc. California
Acad. iii, 229. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 385. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 506. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii3, 101. — Gordon,
Pinetum, 2 ed. 410. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 110.
T. Myristica, Hooker f. in Bot. Mag. t. 4780.— Van Houtte in Fl. des Serres, ix, 175 & t.— Carriere, Conif. 315; 2 ed. 727.—
Gordon. Pinetnm, 1 ed. 327. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. x, 7, t. 3. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 311.
Caryotaxus Myristica, Heukel & Hoehstetter, Nadelholz. 368.
Fcetataxus Myristica, Nelson, Pinacese, 168.
CALIFORNIA NUTMEG. STINKING CEDAR.
California, Mendocino county, and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, between
3,000 and 5,000 feet elevation.
A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up from the stump when
cut mauy vigorous shoots; borders of streams, in moist soil; rare.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact
with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
clear light yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4760; ash, 1.34.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 187
347. — Pinus Strobus, Linnn-us,
Spec. led. 1001; Du Roi, Harbk. 11, 57.— Wangenheim, Amer. i, t. l,f. 1.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 1569; 2 ed. v, 318.— Swartz, Obs. 363.—
Moench, M«tli. 304.— Micbanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. U, 205.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 341 ; 111. iii, 369, t. 786, f. 2.— Lambert, J'inns, 1 ed. t.
28;2ed.i,27,t. 35;3ed.i,51,t.32.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 501; Knuni.9-".»; Berl liaumz. 213.— Persoou,Syn.ii,579.— Dcsfontaines, Hist.
Arb. ii, 012.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 104, 1. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 126, 1. 145. — Nouveau Dnhamel, v, 249, t. 76. — Smith
in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 17.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, (114.— Baton, Manual, 110 ; 6 ed. 265.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 22:! ; Sylva, iii, 118 ;
2 ed. ii, 17li (exc.l. syn. var. mouticola). — Ilayne, I lend. Fl. 175. — Elliott. Sk. ii,(i3S. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887. — Torrey, Compend. Fl.
N. States, 360; Fl. N.York, ii, 229.— Richard, Conif. 60, 1. 12, f. 2.— Audnbon, Birds, t. :!!).— Beck, Bot. 339. —London, Arboretum, iv,
2280, f. 2193-2196.— Forbes, Pinetom Wobnrn. 83.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, j.01.— Katon &. Wright. Bot.359.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston.
:: ed.385, Ant. .in.'. Conif. 43,t.20, f. 3.— Lindlcy in IVnn. Cycl. xvii, 173.— Link in Lininua, xv, 514.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,394.—
Do Cliambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 202, t. 4, 5, f. 8.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 60; 2 ed. i, 73 & t.— Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 147.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 35, t. 5.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 34.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215.— Carriere,
Trait. Conif. 302; 2 ed. 398.— Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 398.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 290.— Darby, Hot. S. States.
515.— Gordon, Pinetum, 239; 2 ed. 323.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Fescali, Forst. Pfl.56, 1. 11, f. 7-13.— Chapman, Fl.
S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 25.— Wood, Cl. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 312.— Porcher, Resources
S. Forests, 505. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 92. — Nelson, Pinaceie, 130. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 136, f. 19. — Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 405. — Schuizlein, Icon. t. 77, f. 10. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 319. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 32.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 187.— Veitch, Manual Conif.
183.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80. 49C.
P. Strobus, var. alba, var. brevifolia, var. compressa, London, Arboretum, iv, 2280.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour.
Hort. Soc. London, v, 215.
P. Strobm, var. nivea, Hort.
WHITE PINE. WEYMOTJTH PINE.
Newfoundland, northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence to lake Nipigon and the valley of the Winnipeg
river, south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of lake Michigan, " Starving rock,"
near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa (Parry), and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia.
A large tree of the. first economic value, 24 to .">2 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3.50 meters in diameter ;
sandy loam upon drift formations, forming extensive forests, or in the region of the great lakes often in small
bodies scattered through the hardwood forests, here reaching its greatest development; north of latitude 47°
N. and south of Pennsylvania, central Michigan, and Minnesota much smaller, less common and valuable.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful
polish ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages small, not numerous nor conspicuous ;
medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, often slightly tinged with fed, the sap-wood nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.3854 ; ash, 0.19 ; more largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any
other North American tree ; the common and most valuable building material of the northern states ; largely used in
cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the manufacture of matches, woodenware, and for many domestic purposes.
Conifcrin, a glucoside principle, has been discovered in the cambium layer of this and several other species of
Conifenc (Jour, fur Prakt. Chem. xcvii, 243. — Am. Jour. Pharm. 1867, 261. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 901).
348. — Pinus monticola, Douglas;
Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. iii, 27, t. 35.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2291, f. 2208, 2209.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 81, t. 31.— Antoine, Conif. 40, t.
18, f. 3.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Endlieher, Syn. Conif. 148.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v,215.—
Carriere, Trait. Conif. 305; 2 cd. 401.— Gordon, Pinetum, 233; 2 ed. 314.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262; Pacific R. R. Rep.
xii', 27; Am. Nat. iii, 410.— Lyall in Jour. Linmean Soc. vii, 141.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 94.— Nelson, Pinacese, 120.—
Hoopes, Evergreens, 135.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 318.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 405.— Gray in Proc.
Am. Acad. vii, 402.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 322.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. —
Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 123.— G.
M. Dawsou in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 328.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 181, f. 41.— Lavrsou, Pinetum Brit, i, 69, f. 1-6.
P. StrobuHj var. monticola, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 118; 2ed.ii,176.
P. Grozelieri, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1869, 126.
P. porphl/rocarpa, Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 83, f. 1-8.
WHITE PINE.
Vancuover's island, Coast and Gold ranges of southern British Columbia, through the Ccsur d'Aleue and Bitter
Boot mountains of Idaho to the valley of the Flathead river, northern Montana (Canby & Sargent), south along
the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon and the California sierras to Calaveras county.
A large tree, 30 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; most common and reaching
its greatest development in the Pend d'Oreille and Clark's Fork regions of Idaho, here a valuable and important
timber tree; in British Columbia generally below 3,000 feet, and in California between 7,000 and 10,000 feet
elevation; not common.
188 . FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous,
not conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3908; ash, 0.23; inferior in quality, although
resembling that of the eastern white pine (P. Strobus); in Idaho and Montana somewhat manufactured into lumber.
349. — Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas,
Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 92, IOC, 107, 130, 152 ; Trans. Linnsean Soc. xv, 500. — Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 157, t. 68, 69. — London, Arboretum,
iv, 2288, f. 2003.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 77, t. 30.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.— Autoiue, Conif. 41, 1. 19.— Liudley in Penn. Cycl.
xvii, 173.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 397.— Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 122, 1. 114; 2 ed. ii, 180, t. 114.— De
Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 346. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 150. — Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215.— Carrie.ro,
Trait. Conif. 307 ; 2 ed. 403.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 21.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
210; Ives' Rep.28.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 42, 90, f. 14.— Gordon, Pinetum, 228; 2 ed. 307.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858,262. — Murray in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 369. — Law-son, Pinetnm Brit, i, 47, t. 7, f. 1-7. — Bulandcr in Proc. California
Acad. iii, 226, 317. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 95. — Nelson, Pinacea;, 115. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 134. — Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodi-, xvi2, 402. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii2, 323. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
32.— Veitoh, Manual Couif. 179.
SUGAR PINE.
Oregon, Cascade and Coast ranges, from the head of the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Rogue river
south along the western flank of the California sierras, through the Coast ranges to the Santa Lucia mountains,
and in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca mountains.
A large tree, 46 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 3 to 7 meters in diameter; most common and reaching its
greatest development upon the sierras of central and northern California between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation;
in the Oregon Coast ranges descending to 1,000 feet above the sea-level.
Wood very light, soft, coarse, straight-grained, compact, satiny, easily worked ; bands of small summer cells
thin, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, very large and conspicuous; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color,light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3G84; ash, 0.22; now largely manufactured
into lumber and used for interior finish, door-blinds, sashes, etc., and for cooperage and wooden ware; less valuable
and less easily worked than that of the eastern white pine (Pinus Strolms); its quality injured by the larger and
more numerous resin passages.
A saccharine exudation from the stumps of cut or partially-burned trees sometimes used as a substitute for
sugar.
350. — Pinus flexilis, James,
Long's Ejfped. ii, 27, 34.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 359.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 107, t, 112; 2 ed. ii, 167, 1. 107.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 220.—
Carriers in Fl.des Serres, ix, 200; Rev. Hort. 1854, 228; Trait. Conif. 310; 2 ed. 392.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 6, 20.—
Gordon, Pinetum, 224; 2 ed. 302.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 121.— Engclniaun in
Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxi v, 331 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 208; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 257 ; Bot. California, ii, 124.— Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadelholz. 126. — Nelson, Pinaceie, 112. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 318. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 131, f. 18. — Parlatore in
De Candoile, Prodr. x vi-, 403.— Porter in Haydeu's Rep. 1871, 494.— Watson in King's Rep. v, xxviii, 332 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Rothrock,
PI. Wheeler, 27, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Haydeu, Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.— Murray in
London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 106.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 420— Lawson, Pinetum
Brit, i, 35, f. 1.
P. Lambertiana, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.
P. Lambertiana, var. brevifolia, Eudlicher, Syu. Conif. 150.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215. —
Carrierc, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 404.
P. flexilis, var. serrulata, Eugelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 258.
P. flexilis, var. macrocarpa, Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 258.
WHITE PINE.
Eastern slopes of the Eocky mountains, Montana, and probably much farther north, south to New Mexico, on
the Guadalupe and Limpia mountains, western Texas (Havard), on the high mountain ranges of Utah, Nevada,
and northern Arizona, Inyo mountains and mount Silliman, California.
A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges
between 4,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; common along the eastern slopes of the Eocky mountains of northern
Montana, forming open, scattered forests, here- low, round-topped, and the prevailing forest tree; in central Nevada
the most valuable lumber tree of the region.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous, resin
passages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light clear yellow, turning red with
exposure, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4358; ash, 0.28; in northern Montana, Nevada, and Utah
sometimes sawed into inferior lumber and used in construction and for various domestic purposes.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 189
351. — Pinus albicaulis, Kugelmann,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 200; Coulter's Dot. Gazette, vii, 4. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Hall
in Coulter's Hot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 1, f. 1-4.
P.Jlexttis, Murray, Rep. Ori-gun Kxpud. i, t. 2, f. 1 [not Jauies]. — Lyall in Jour. Liumi-au Soc. vii, 142. — Parlatore in De
Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 403, in part.
P. Cembroides, New-berry in Pacific K. I?. Rep. vi,44, 90, f. 15 [not Zuccarini].
P. Shasta, Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 390.
P. flexilis, var. albicaulis, Knuelmann iu Hot. California, ii, 124.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new. ser. ix, 328.
Coast ranges of British Columbia, from the valley of the Lltasyouco river (G. M. Dawson) south along the
Cascade and Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, extending east along the high ranges of
northern Washington territory to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains of northern Montana (Old Marias
pass, Canby & Sargent) ; California, Scott's mountains, mount Shasta, and on the high peaks of the Sierra Nevadas
to mount San Bernardino.
A small alpine tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter, or at its highest
elevation reduced to a low, prostrate shrub; dry, gravelly ridges at the extreme limit of tree growth, reaching in
the San Bernardino mountains an elevation of 10,000 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bauds of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous,
resin passages numerous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly
white; specific gravity, 0.4165; ash, 0.27.
352. — Pinus reflexa, Engehnann,
Coulter's Hot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 80.
P.flexilis, var. reflexa, Engelmann in Wheeler's Kep. vi, 258.
WHITE PINE.
High mountains of southwestern New Mexico (Greene, Rusby) to the Santa Rita mountains (Bothrock, Engelmann
& Sargent) and Santa Catalina mountains (Lemmon, Prlngle), Arizona.
A tree lit to 30 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; rocky ridges and
slopes of almost inaccessible canons between 6,000 to 8,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not
conspicuous, resin passages large, not numerous; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the sap-
wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4877; ash, 0.26.
353. — Pinus Parryana, Engeluiaun,
Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxi v, 332, note ; Bot. California, ii, 124.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 402.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.
P. Llaveana, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 208, t. 55 [not Schiede & Deppe].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
262.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii,' 318.
PINON. NUT PINE.
California, Larkin's station, 20 miles southeast of Campo, San Diego county ( Vasey), and southward into Lower
California.
A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; very rare within the limits
of the United States; south of the boundary forming extensive open forests upon the high mesas and slopes of
Lower California (Pringle).
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages
very numerous, large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood
much lighter, nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5675 ; ash, 0.54.
The large seeds edible.
190 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
354. — Pinus cembroides, Z
Flora, ii, 93. — Kndlicher, Syn. Conif. 182. — Fl. ties Serves, iv, 3446, t. 97. — Nelson, Pinacero, 107. — Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodi.
xvi5, 397.— Engehnann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 176. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 158.
P. Llareana, Sctiede & Deppe in Linna-a, xii, 488.— Forbes, Pinetnm Woburn. 49, t. 17.— Antoine, Conif. 3S, t. 16, f. 1.—
Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 401. — Liudley &• Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 405; 2 ed.
461. — Gordon, Pinetiini, 199 : 2 ed. 274 (excl. syn. edulis). — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 64 (oxcl. syn. edulis). —
Hoopes, Evergreens, 143.
P. osteospermtt) F,ngeluiauii in Wislizeuns' Rep. No. 3. — Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216. — Carriere in
Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 ; Rev. Hort. 1854, 227.
NUT PINE.
Santa Catalina mountains, Arizona (Pr ingle) ; through northern Mexico.
A small tree, in Arizona 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk hardly exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; dry
ridges and slopes at 3,500 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin
passages few, small; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light clear yellow, the sap-wood nearly white;
specific gravity, O.G512 ; ash, 0.90.
The seeds edible.
355. — Pinus edulis, Engelniann,
Wislizeuns' Rep. No. 4 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 260. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v. 216. — Carriere, Fl. des Serres, ix,
201; Rev. Hort. 1854, 227; Trait. Conif. 408.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173, t. 20; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140; Ives' Rep. 28.—
Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 3, 19. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 142. — Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 398.— Watson in PL Wheeler, 17.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep.vi, 9.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.— Veitch, Manual
Conif. 172.
P. cembroides, Gcrdon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 236 & f.; Pinetnm, 192; 2 ed. 265 [not Zuccarini].— Fl. des
Serres, iv, 324b, 325b, t. 331, f. 97.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v, 216.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 404;
2 ed. 460.
P.futilis, Roezl in herb, fide Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 76; 2 ed. 265.
PINON. »TTT PINE.
Eastern base of Pike's peak, Colorado, south through New Mexico to the mountains of western Texas.
A small tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry mesas and slopes, generally
on lime or sandstone, reaching in Colorado an elevation of 9,000 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small
summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages few, small; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light
brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6388 ; ash, 0.62 ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, fencing, etc.,
and in western Texas occasionally manufactured into inferior lumber.
The large edible nuts supply the Indians with a valuable article of food.
356. — Pinus monophylla, Torrey & Fremont,
Fremont's Rep. 319, t. 4. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 318. — Hoopes, Evergreens,
142. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 378. — Law son, Pinetum Brit, i, 65, t. 9, f. 1-12 (P. Fremontiana on plate). — Watson
in King's Rep. v, 330 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 271.— Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 81, t. 5, f. 81.—
Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. — Engelniann in Wheeler's Rep, vi,
259, 374 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 178 ; Bot. California, ii, 124. — Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 419. — Masters in London
Gard. Chronicle, 1883, p. 48, f. 8.
P. Fremontiana, Endlicher, Syu. Couif. 1831, in part.— Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 293 &f. ; Pinetum, 194; 2ed.
235.— Knight, Syu. Conif. 28.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 194 ; 2
ed. 462.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadolholz. 62.
PINON. NUT PINE.
Near Utah lake, Utah, to the eastern foot-hills of the California sierras, south along the mountain ranges of the
Great Basin to the San Francisco mountains of eastern Arizona.
A small, bushy tree, 4 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes
and mesa* between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 191
Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, close-jammed, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous,
resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow or light brown, the sap-wood nearly
white ; specific gravity, 0.5G5S ; ash, O.G8 ; largely used for fuel and charcoal.
The large edible seeds furnish the principal food of the Indians of the Great Basin.
357. — Pinus Balfouriana, Muini\.
IJt-p. Oregon Exped. i, t. :!, f. 1. — Cordon, Pim-tuiii, 217; 2 rd. 293. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 109. — Bolander in Proc. California
Acad. iii, ill*. — Carrii-re, Ti-nit. Couif. 2 ed. 425. — XVlsou, Pri:\o-;r, ID4.— Hoopcs, Evergreens, 149. — Fowler in London Gard.
Chronicle, 187i, ;>/:'>. — Vasey, Cat.. Forest Trees, 32. — Eugelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 179; Bot. California, ii, 125. —
Veitch, Manual Couif. 175. — Lawson, Pirn-turn lirit. i, 11, f. 1-5.
California, Scott's mountain, Siskiyou county (Jeffrey, Lemmon), mount Whitney, and about the headwaters of
King and Kern rivers.
A small tree, 15 to 19 meters in height, with a truuk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and
ridges, forming upon Scott's mountain a broad belt of open forest growth between 5.000 and 8,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; bands of
small summer cells very narrow, dark colored, resiii passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous
obscure ; specific gravity, 0.5434 ; ash, 0.41.
Var. aristata, Engelmauu,
Wheeler's Eep. vi, :!75. — Bot. California, ii, 125. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 175.
P. aristata, Engelmanu in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 331 ; Trans. St. Louis Aead. ii, 205, t. 5, 6 ; iv, 179 ; Bot. California,
ii, 125.— Parry in Traus. St. Louis Acad. ii, 123.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Regel, Gartenflora, 1863, iii, 91.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 417.— Nelson, Pinacese, 103.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 424.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr.
xvi2, 400.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Haydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle,
1875, 106.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 291.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, 32.—
Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 5, f. 1.
P. Balfouriana, Watson iu King's Rep. v, 331 ; PI. Wheeler, 17 [not Murray].— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50.— Sargent
in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 419.
FOXTAIL PINE. HICKORY PINE.
Mountains of southeastern California, Nevada, northern Arizona, and southern Utah to Colorado, above 7,500
feet, or in Colorado reaching 12,000 feet elevation.
A tree 15 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 2.40 meters in diameter; dry, gravelly ridges; not
common.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, not
conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, red, the thin sap-wood
nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5572 ; ash, 0.30 ; in central Nevada largely used for the timbering of mines, and
now nearly exterminated.
358. — Pinus resinosa, Alton,
Hort. Ke\v. iii, 367; 2 ed. v, 316.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. t. 14; 2 ed. i, 20, t. 14 ; 3 ed. i, 17, t. 13.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 496; Ennm.
988 ; Berl. Baumz. 267.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 339.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 578.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 612.— Smith in Rees'
Cycl. xxviii, No. 3.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 642.— Eaton, Manual, 110 ; 6 ed. 264.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.
173. — Spreugel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 227.— Beck, Bot. 339.— London, Arboretum, iv,
2210, f. 2094-2097.— Forbes, Piuetum Woburn. 19, t. 6.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow,
Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 384. — Liadley in Peun. Cycl. xvii, 170. — Autoiue, Conif. 7, t. 4, f. 1. — Link in Liuuaja, xv, 501. — Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 178.— Knight, Syn. Conif, 27.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 219.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Carriere,
Trait. Conif. 401. — Gordon, Pinetum, 183 (excl. syn. Loiseleurlana) ; 2 ed. 256. — Richardson Arctic Exped. 441. — Cooper iu Smithsonian
Rep. 1*)6, 257.— Wood, Cl. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 45 (excl. syn. Loiseleuriana).— Hoopes,
Evergreens, 102. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 388. — Koch, Deudrologio, ii2, 286. —
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Macouu iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Engelmauu in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 179. —
Sears iu Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 185.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 50C. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 159.
P. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 46, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 91, t. 134 [not Lambert].— Dt; Chambray,
Trait. Arb. Res. 344.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 27.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 496.
P. Laricio, var. resinosa, Spach, Hist. Veg. 385.
192 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
RED PINE. NORWAY PINE.
Newfoundland, northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence and lake Nipigon to the valley of the Winnipeg
river, south through the northern states to Chestnut Hill, Middlesex county, Massachusetts, the mountains of
northern Pennsylvania, Isabella county, Michigan, and central Minnesota.
A large tree, 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.37 meter in diameter ; light sandy loam or dry,
rocky ridges, forming scattered groves rarely exceeding a few hundred acres in extent; common and reaching its
greatest development through northern Wisconsin and Minnesota; rare in the eastern States, except in the extreme
northern portions of New England.
Wood light, not strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bauds of small summer cells broad, dark
colored, very resinous, resin passages few, small, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light
red, the sap-wood yellow or often almost white; specific gravity, 0.4854; ash, 0.27; largely manufactured into
lumber and used for all purposes of construction, flooring, piles, etc.
359. — Pinus Torreyana, Parry,
Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210, t. 58, 59 ; Proc. San Diego Nat. Hist. Soc. Nov. 1883.— Carriere. Trait. Conif. 326 ; 2 ed. 423.—
Gordon, Pinetum, 241.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 117.— Bolander in Proc.
California Acad. iii, 318.— Hoopcs, Evergreens, 150.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Eugelmann in
Trans. St. Lonis Acad. iv, 181 ; Bot. California, ii, 125.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 173.
P. lopkosperma, Lindley in London Gard. Chronicle, 1860, 46.— Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 69; 2 ed. 310.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 112.— Nelson, Pinacese, 117.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 391.
California, mouth of the Soledad river, San Diego county ; doubtfully reported from one of the islands off
Santa Barbara and from Lower California.
A low, short lived, gnarled, crooked tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.23 to 0.33 meter in diameter ;
crests of sandy bluffs immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local and fast disappearing.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather close-grained, compact; bauds of small summer cells broad,
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages small, few ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the sap-wood
yellow or nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4879 ; ash, 0.35 ; locally used for fuel.
360. — Pinus Arizonica, Engelmann,
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 260 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 181 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.
YELLOW PINE.
Santa Rita mountains (Rothrock, Engelmann & Sargent), Santa Catalina mountains (Lemmon, Pringle), and
probably upon other ranges of southern Arizona.
A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; high rocky ridges between 6,000
and 8,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing forest tree over large areas near the summits of the Santa Catalina
mountains (Lemmon).
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, close grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, very
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, large ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light red or often
yellow, the sap-wood lighter yellow or white ; specific gravity, 0.5038 ; ash, 0.20 ; sometimes sawed into inferior
lumber.
361. — Pinus ponderosa, Douglas,
Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 111.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2243, f. 2132-2136.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 44, 1. 15.— Antoine, Conif. 28, t. 8,
f. 1.— Liudley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Link iu Linmea, xv, 306.— Nuttall, Sylva.'iii, 114 ; 2 ed. ii, 17:?.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 389. —
Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 163.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.— Carriere, Trait. Conif.
340; 2ed. 445.— Gordon, Pinetum, 205; Suppl. 67; 2 t-d.281.— Nowberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 36, 90, t. 4, f. 12.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, 27, 68 ; Am. Nat. iii, 409.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209; Ives' Rep.
28. — Eugelmaim in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 332; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. xii, 209 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 261 ; Trans. St. Louis
Acad. iv, 181; Bot. California, ii, 125. — Lyall iu Jour. Linnajan Soc. vii, 142. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 22(5, 317. —
Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 71. — Nelson, Pinaceae, 125. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 117. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 395
(excl. 8} n. Sinclmrii). — Watson in King's Rep. v, 1331 ; PI. Wheeler, 17. — Gray in Proc. Arn. Acad. vii, 402. — Fowler in London Gard.
Chronicle, 1872, 132(i.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii", 310.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Hep. vi, 9.— Porter & Coulter, Fl.
Colorado; Haydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, Id9. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 30. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Braudegee in Coulter's Bot.
Gaxett", iii, 32.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 326. — -Rushy in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 193
P. Bentliamiana, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 189; iii, 223.— Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 212 & t.;
(Fl. des Serres, vi, 85 & f. ) ; Pinetum, 188 ; 2 ed. 261 (excl. syn. Sinclairii).— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon
in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v,21fi. — Carrifre, Trait. Conif, 350; 2 ed. 452. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new
ser. i, 287, t. 8. — Hcnki-1 & llorhstetter, Nadelholz. 64. — Nelson, Pinaceai, 104. — Fowler in London Card. Chronicle,
1872,973.
P. resinosa, Torrey in Ann. L^c. N. York, ii, 249 [not Alton].— Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 126.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii, 161, in part. — Winchcll in Ludlnw's Krp. IJIack Hills, i',-.
P. brachyptera, Engelmaun in Wislizenns' Kep. No. 4.— Liudloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carriers
in Fl. des Serres, ix, 'J01 ; Key. Hort. 1854, 227; Trait. Couif. 356; 2 ed. 454.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv 18.—
Gordon, Pinetum, 190; 2 ed. 263.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 85. — Nelson, Pinaceie, 454.
P. Beardsleyi, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 286, t. 6. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 359.
P. Craigana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 288, t. 7.
P. macrophylla, ? Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173 [uot Engelmann].
P. Engelmanni, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141 [not Carriere].
P. Parryana, Gordon, Pinetum, 202; 2ed.277 [not Engelmann].— Henkel & Hocbstetter, Nadelholz. 88.— Carriere, Trait.
Conif. 2 ed. 446.
P. ponderosa, var. Benthamiana, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.
P. ponderosa, var. SCOpulorum, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 126.
YELLOW PINE. BULL PINE.
Interior of British Columbia, south of latitude 51°, south and east along the mountain ranges of the Pacific
region to Mexico, the Black hills of Dakota, Colorado, and western Texas; hot detected in central or southern Nevada.
A large tree, 61 to 91 meters in height, with a trunk 3.60 to 4.57 meters in diameter, or throughout the Eocky
Mountain region much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meters in height (var. scopuloritm) ; dry-, rocky ridges and
prairies, or in northern California rarely in cold, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development along the western
slope of the sierras of northern and central California; in western Washington territory and Oregon rare and
local ; after Ptseudotsuga Douglasii the most generally distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific forests,
furnishing the principal lumber of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, western Montana, Idaho, the Black
hills of Dakota, western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Wood, varying greatly in quality and value, heavy, hard, strong, brittle, not coarse-grained nor durable,
compact ; bands of small summer cells broad or narrow, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, small ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the very thick sap-wood almost white ; specific gravity, 0.4715 ;
ash, 0.35 ; largely manufactured into lumber, and used for railway ties, fuel, etc.
NOTE. — A form with purple cones and long glaucous foliage, approaching P. Jeffreyi in habit, is the prevailing tree of the valley of
Flathead lake, Montana (Canby $ Sargent).
362. — Pinus Jeffreyi, Murray,
Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, 1. 1 ; Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi, 224, t. 8, 9 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 350 & t.) ; Carriere, Trait.
Conif. 388 ; 2 ed. 439.— Gordon, Pinetum, 198 ; 2 ed. 272.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 87.— Nelson, Pinacese, 115.— Hoopes,
Evergreens, 115. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. x»i2, 393. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 45, t. 6, f. 1-4. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii*,
314. — Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii,4. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 165.
P. deflexa, Torrey in Bot. Mex. Boundary Surrey, 209, t. 56, in part.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz, 416. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 455. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 318. — Parlatore
in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2,431. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1070. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle,
1875, 106.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 2 ed. 289.
P. ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Engelmann in Trans. St. LouisAcad. iv,181 ; Bot. California, ii, 126.
BULL PINE. BLACK PINE.
California, Scott's mountain, Siskiyou county, south along the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and San
Jacinto mountains.
A large tree, 30 to 31 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 4 meters in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes between
6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the eastern slope of the Sierra
Nevadas, here generally replacing the allied P. ponderosa, from which it may be distinguished by its more deeply-
cleft bark, glaucous branchlets and leaves, much larger cones, and by the strong, pungent odor of oil of orange
of the freshly-cut branchlets.
13 FOE
194 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
»
Wood light, strong, hard,- rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells not broad, very resinous,
conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light red, the sap-wood pale
yellow or nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5206 ; ash, 0.26 ; largely manufactured into coarse lumber.
Abietine, a volatile carbo-hydrogen possessing powerful anaesthetic properties, is probably obtained by distilling
the resinous exudation of this species, and not of P. Sabiniana ( Waifs Diet. Chemistry, 2d Suppl. 1. — Am. Jour. Pharm.
1872, 97.— U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 eel. 900).
363. — Pinus Chihuahuana, Engelmann,
Wislizeuus' Rep. No. 26; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 262; Traus. St. Louis Acad. iv, 181 ; Coulter's Bot.' Gazette, vii, 4. — Liudley & Gordon
in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 220.— Carri&re in Fl. dcs Serres, ix,200; Rev. Hort. 1854,227; Trait. Conif. 357 ; 2 ed. 455.— Gordon,
Pinetura, 193; 2 ed. 266. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.1800, 442. — Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadelholz. 86.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 143.— Par] at ore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 397. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.
Santa Rita mountains, Arizona (Rothrock, Engelmann & Sargent), San Francisco mountains of southwestern
New Mexico and Arizona (Greene); in Chihuahua.
A small tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges and
slopes between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation; not common.
Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous,
conspicuous, resin passages few, rather large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, clear light
orange, the thick sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5457; ash, 0.39.
364. — Pinus contorta, Douglas;
London, Arboretum, iv, 2292, f. 2210, 2211.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 117 ; 2 ed. ii, 176.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 168.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 164;
2 ed. 474.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141.— Gordon, Pinetum, 165; 2 ed. 232.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Lyall in
Jour. Linnaean Soc. vii, 133, 141, in part. — Heukel & Hochatetter, Nadelholz. 24. — Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 433. — Hoopes,
Evergreens, 81, in part. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr, xvi2, 381, in part. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 330. — Fowler in London
Gard. -Chronicle, 1872, 1070. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 301. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. —
Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv,
182; Bot. California, ii, 126; London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 351. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. 2 ser. ix, 327, in part. — Veitch,
Manual Couif. 145.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 45, f. 5.
P. inops, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 163 [not Aiton]. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161, in part. — Ledebour,
Fl. Rossica, iii, 676 [not Alton].
P. Boursieri, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1854, 233 & f. ; Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 & f. ; Trait. Conif. 398; 2 ed. 475.
P. Banksiana, Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 218, in part.
P. muricata, Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 227, 317 [not Don].
P. Bolanderi, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 379.
.
SCRUB PINE.
Alaska, south along the coast to Mendocino county, California, extending inland to the western slopes of the
Coast ranges.
A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0 50 meter in diameter; sandy dunes and
exposed rocky points.
Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells very broad, resinous, conspicuous,
resin passages numerous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the
thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5815 ; ash, 0.19.
365. — Pinus Murrayana, Balfour,
Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 3, f. 2. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi, 226 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 351).
P. inops, Benthara, PI. Hartweg. 337 [not Aiton].
P. COntorta, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 34, 90, t. 5, f. 11 [not Douglas]. — Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2. ser. xxiv,
332. — Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 141, in part. — Cooper in Am. Nat. iii, 409. — Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr.
xvi3, 381, in part.— Porter in Haydeu's Rep. 1871, 494.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 27,
50. — Parry in Am. Nat. vii, 179.
P. contorta, var. latifolia, Eugelrnanu in King's Rep. v, 331; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub.
No. 4, 129 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 262. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new
ser. ix, 328.
P. contorta, var. Bolanderi, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 195
TA3IAKACK. BLACK PINE. LODGE-POLE PINE. SPKUCE PINE.
Valley of tbe Yukon river, Alaska (Fort Selkirk, Dull), south through the interior of British Columbia, along
the mouutuiu ranges of "Washington territory and Oregon and the Sierra Neva-das of California to mount San
Jacinto; on the high plateau east of the Kooky mountains in about latitude 5(>°, and south through the mountains of
Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah to New Mexico and northern Arizona.
A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1 .20 meter iu diameter; reaching its greatest development in
the California Sierras; in the interior regions in dry, gravelly soil, here the prevailing tree, covering immense areas,
and generally replacing other speciis destroyed by Die; western Washington territory and southward only along
the borders of moist alpine meadowy between (>,000 and 9,000 feet elevation ; generally confounded with the closely-
allied P. contorta of the coast, from which it may be distinguished by its longer, broader leaves, very thin, scaly
bark, thin sap-wood, and less resinous and liner-grained wood, resembling that of the white pines; the distribution
of fhe two species in northern British Columbia and Alaska still undetermined.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, easily worked, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer
eel « narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light yellow
or nearly white, the thin sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4096; ash, 0.32; occasionally manufactured into
lu iber, and used for fuel, railway ties, etc.
366. — Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas,
Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150. — Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 137, r,. 58. — Loudou, Arboretum, iv, 2246, f. 2138-2143. — Forbes, Pinetnm
Woburu. 63, t. 23, 24. —Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162. — Liudley iu Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172. — Antoine, Conif. 30, t. 11. — Hooker &
Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Link in Linniea, xv, 509.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 110, t. 113; 2 ed. ii, 169, t. 113.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,
390.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. 347.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 159.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour.
Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Fl. desSerres, ix, 275, t. 964.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 334; 2 ed. 435.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R.
Rep. ii, 130.— Bigelow iu Pacific R. R. Rep, iv, 25.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210 ; t. 57;
Ives' Rep. 28.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 39, 90, f. 13.— Gordon, Pinetum, 208; 2 ed. 284.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 261.— Walpers, Ann. v, 799.— Bolauder in Proc. California Acad. iii, 226, 318.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 75.— Lawson,
Piuetum Brit, i, 85, t. 11, t. 1-3. — Nelson, Piuacea;, 129. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 121. — Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*,
391. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1323.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 312. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmann in
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 375 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 182 ; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 169.
DIGGEK PINE. BULL PINE.
California, Portuguese Flat, Shasta county, south along the foot-hills of the Coast ranges and the western slope
of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation.
A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; very common through all
the foot-hills region.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, compact, not durable; bands of small summer cells
broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color,
light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4840 ; ash, 0.40 ; largely used
for fuel.
The large edible nuts furnish the Indians an important article of food.
367. — Pinus Coulteri, D. Don,
Trans. Liunasau Soc. xvii, 440. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2250, f. 2144-2146.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 67, t. 25, 26. — Antoine,
Conif. 31, t. 12, 13.— Peun. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Link iu Linnsea, xv, 510.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii,
112; 2 ed. ii, 171.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 160.— Carriere in Fl. des Serres, ix, 275 & t. ; Trait. Conif. 334; 2 ed. 435.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2G1. — Torroy in Ives' Rep. 28. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelh51z. 76. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad.
iii, 318.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi, 392. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 266. — Eugelmann in
Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i,23, f. 1-5.
P. macrocarpa, Liudley in Bot. Reg. xxvi, Misc. 61.— Knight, Syn. Couif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc.
Loudon, v, 216. — Gordon, Pinetum, 201. — Nelson, Pinacea>, 117. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 115. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 166.
P. Sabiniana Coulteri, London, Encycl. PI. 985, f. 1839-1841.
P. Sabiniana macrocarpa, Hort.
California, Monte Diablo, south through the Coast ranges to the Cuyamaca mountains, and probably iu Lower
California.
A tree 24 to 46 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes between
3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the San Jacinto mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous,
conspicuous, resin passages few, large; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light red, the thick sap-wood
nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4133; ash, 0.37.
196 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
368. — Pinus insignis, Douglas;
Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2243, f. 2132-2137.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 51, 1. 18.— Liudley in Perm. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Antoine, Conif. 27, t.
8, f. 1. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beeobey, 393. — Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 389. — Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 115; 2 ed. ii, 174. — Bentham, Bot.
Sulphur, 55.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 103.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.—
Carriere, Trait. Conif. 339; 2 ed. 440.— Bigelow in Pacific K. R. Rep. iv, 25.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex.
Boundary Survey, 209, t. 55; Ives' Rep. 28.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,90.— Gordon, Pinetum, 197; 2 ed. 270. — Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 201.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jonr. new ser. xi, 222 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 347).—
Henkcl & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. CO.— Bolanderin Proc.Califoruia Acacl. iii, 262, t. 317.— Nelson, Pinacese, 114.— Hoopes, Evergreens,
143. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 395.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 37 t. 1, 5, f. 1-14.— Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle,
1872, 1070.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Engelmanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 128. — Veitch, Manual
Conif. 163, f. 39.
?P. Californica, Loiseleur in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 243.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2268.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 162.—
Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 117; 2 ed. ii, 175.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 253.
P. adunca, Bosc in Poiret, Suppl. iv,418.
P. Sinclairii, Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 392, 393, t. 93, in part.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 141; 2 ed. ii, 198. -Carriere,
Trait. Conif. 2 ed. ii, 198.
P. radiata, D.Don in Trans. Linnrean Soc. xyii,442; Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 133, t. 86.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2270, f.
2182.— Antoine, Conif. 33, t. 14, f. 3.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 392, 393, in part. —Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 116; 2 ed.
ii, 175. — Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 161. — Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 226. — Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London,
iv, 214 & f. (Fl. des Serres, vi, 434 & t.) ; Pinetum, 200 ; 2 ed. 282.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 37.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour.
Hort. Soc. London, v, 216. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 337.- Nelson, Pinaceie, 127. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 118. — Koch,
Dendrologie, ii2, 307. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.
P. tuberculatCt) D. Don in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xvii, 441 [not Gordon]. — Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 131, t. 85. — Loudon,
Arboretum, iv, 2270, f. 2181.— Antoine, Conif. 33, t. 14, f. 2.— Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Eudlicher, syn.
Conif. 162. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 338 ; 2 ed. 441, in part. — Nelson, Pinacea>, 137. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 123 (excl. syn.
Californica). — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 394, in part.
P. rigida,? Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 160 [not Miller].
P. insignis macrocarpa, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 226.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 440.
MONTEREY PINE.
California, Pescadero to Monterey and San Simeon bay.
A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; sandy soil, in immediate
proximity to the sea-coast; rare and local; now widely cultivated on the Pacific coast for shelter and ornament. A
form of Guadalupe island, off the coast of Lower California, with leaves in pairs, is var. binata (Engelmann in Proc.
Am. Acad, xi, 119; Bot. California, ii, 128).
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close- grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous,
conspicuous; color, light brown, the very thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4574; ash, 0.30; locally
somewhat used for fuel.
369. — Pinus tuberculata, Gordon,
Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 218 & f. (Fl. des Serres, v, 517C & f.) ; Pinetnm, 211 ; 2 ed. 288 [not Don].— Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 2, f. 2.—
Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 78, in part. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 262,317.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i,93, t.
13, f. 1-9.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 441, in part.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 394 (excl. bib.).— Koch, Den-
drologie, ii2, 309. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 183; Bot. California, ii, 128.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 170.
P. Californica, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 189 [not Loiseleur].
KNOB-CONE PINE.
Valley of the Mackenzie river, Oregon, south along the western slope of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada
mountains, and in the California Coast ranges from the Santa Cruz to the San Jacinto mountains.
A tree 18 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub,
fruiting when not more than 1 meter in height; dry, gravelly ridges and slopes from 2,500 (San Bernardino
mountains) to 5,500 (mount Shasta) feet elevation; not common.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells very broad, not
conspicuous, resin passages numerous, large, prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the
thick sap-wood nearly white or slightly tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.3499; ash, 0.33.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 197
370. — Pinus Taeda, Linnams,
Spec. 1 ed. 1000, iu part.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 63.— Wangenheim, Amer. 41.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368 ; 2 e<l. v, 317.— Moench, Meth. 365. —
Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 205.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i,23, 1. 16, 17; 2ed.i, '26, t. 17, 18; 3ed.i,30, 1. 15.— Willdcmow, Spec. iv,498;
Berl. Bantu/. 269. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 578. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 612. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 98, t. 9 ; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 123, 1. 143.— Nouveau Duhamel.v, 245, t. 75, f. 2.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 13.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 644. —
Nuttall, Geii era, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 175.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 036.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Lawson,
Ag. Manual, 351; Pinetuin Brit, i, 89, t. 12.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2237, f. 2118-2122.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn.43, t. 14. —
Antoine, Couif. 25, t. 7, f.l.— Eaton & Wright, Hot. 359.— Link in Linntea, xv, 503.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. xi,391.— Griffith, Med. Bot.
609.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin, 32.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 164.— Scheelo in Roemer, Texas, Appx. 447.— Knight, Syn. C'onif. 30.—
Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carriere, Trait. Couif. 344 ; 2 ed. 448. — Darby, Bot. 8. States, 515. —
Gordon, Pinetum, 210 ; 2 ed. 286. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433. — Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 22. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, Cl. Book, 660; Bot. & Fl. 313. — Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 506. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 65. — Nelson, Pinacese, 136. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469; Hall's
PI. Texas, 21. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 122. — Parlatore in De Candollo, Prodr. xvi2, 393. — Young, Bot. Texas, 516. — Koch, Dendrologie,
ii2, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 259, t. 259.— Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 183.—
Veitch, Manual Conif. 172.
i
P. Tceda, var. tenuifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368.
LOBLOLLY PINE. OLD-FIELD PINE. ROSEMARY PINE.
Southern Delaware, south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, generally near the coast, through the
Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and north through southern Arkansas to the valley of the
Arkansas river.
A tree 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter ; low, wet clay or dry sandy
soil ; springing up on all abandoned lands from Virginia southward, and now often replacing in the southern pine
belt the original forests of Pinus palustris; iu eastern North Carolina rarely on low, rich swamp ridges, here
known as rosemary pine and attaining its greatest development and value.
Wood light, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown,
the very thick sap-wood orange, or often nearly white; wood of the rosemary pine close-grained, less resinous,
lighter, with much thinner sap; specific gravity, 0.5441; ash, 0.26; largely used for fuel and manufactured into
lumber of inferior quality.
Turpentine is occasionally manufactured from this species ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 901. — Fliickiger & Hanbury,
Pharmacograpltia, 545).
371. — Pinus rigida, Miller,
Diet. 7 ed. No. 10. — Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 60. — Marshall, Arbustum, 101. — Wangenheim, Amer. 41. — Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. i, 25, 1. 18, 19 ; 2ed.
i, 28; t. 18, 19; 3 ed. i, 32, t. 16, 17.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 498; Enum. 988; Berl. Baumz. 268.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 578. —
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 612. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 89, t. 8 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 118, t. 144. — Nouveau
Dnbamel, v, 244, t. 74. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 317. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 14. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643. —
Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 265.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 185.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223. —
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 175.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 635.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. State's, 360 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 227.—
Beck, Bot. 339.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2239, f. 2123-2126.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 41, t. 13. — Eaton & Wright, Bot, 358. —
Antoine, Conif. 26, t. 7, f. 2. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 385. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172. — Link in Linnsea, xv, 503. —
Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 388.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 604.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin, 31.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 164.— Knight, Syn. Conif.
30. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 342; 2 ed. 447. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3
ed. 290.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.— Gordon, Pinetum, 207; 2 ed. 283.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl.
S. States, 433.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 21.— Wood, Cl. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz, 67.— Nelson, Pinaceaj, 128. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 119. — Parlatore iu
De C'andolle, Prodr. xvi2, 394. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 307. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Erigelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad.
iv, 183.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 186.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 169.
P. Taida, var. rigida, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 366.
P. Twda, var. a. Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 340.
P. Fraseri, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836, 50 [not Pureh].
P. Loddigesii, London, Arboretum, iv, 2269.
198 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
PITCH PINE.
Valley of the Saiiit John's river, New Brunswick, to the northern shores of lake Ontario, south through the
Atlantic states to northern Georgia, extending to the western slope of the Alleghany mountains in West Virginia
and Kentucky (Pineville, Bell county, De Friesc).
A tree 12 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; dry, sandy, barren soil, or less
co.mmonly in deep, cold swamps ; very common.
"Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, very
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown
or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5151 ; ash, 0.23 ; largely used for fuel,
charcoal, and occasionally m anufactured into coarse lumber.
NOTE. — Upon the island of Nantucket, Massachusetts, this species is now greatly injured by the attacks of the destructive
caterpillar of the pine moth (lietina fruslrana, Scudder in Pub. Massachusetts Ag. Soc. 1883 & t).
372. — Pinus serotina, Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 205.— AVilldonow, Spec, iv, 493.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 578.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 86, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3
ed. iii, 117, t. 142.— Nouveau Duhaniel. v,24(:>, t. 75, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 223.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 35, t. lg.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 634.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.—
Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2i>5.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2242, f. 2127-2131.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 47, t. 16.—
Eaton i- Wright, Bot. 359.— Autoino, Couif. 27, t. 8, f. 2. — Lindley in Peun. , Cycl. xvii, 172. — Link in Linnsea, xv, 504. — Spach,
Hist. Veg. xi, 389.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 32.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 163.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30. — Lindley &Gordon in Jour. Hort.
Soc. London, v, 217.— Carriere, Trait. Couif. 341 ; 2 ed. 449.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.— Gordon, Pinetum, 209 ; 2 ed. 285.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 21.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadclholz. 70.—
Nelson, Piuacese, 129. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 394. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 305. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.
P. Tceda, var. alopecuroidea, Aiton, Hort.Kew.2 ed. v, 317.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2237.
P. rigida, var. serotina, London, Encycl. PI. 979, f. 1824-1827.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,257.— Hoopes, Evergreens,
120. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad. iv, 183.
POND PINE.
North Carolina, south near the coast to the head of the Saint John's river, Florida.
A tree 12 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.fiO to 0.90 meter in diameter; inundated borders of streams
and ponds in low, peaty soil ; not common.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, forming
fully one-half the annual growth, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, large ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark orange, the thick sap-wood pale yellow ; specific gravity 0.7942 ; ash, 0.17.
373. — Pinus inops, Aiton,
Hort. Kew. iii, 3G7 ; 2 ed. v, 316.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 18, t, 13 ; 2 ed. i, 21, t, 14 ; 3 ed. i, 25, t. 12.—
Willdeno w, Spec, iv, 496 ; Enuru. 988 ; Berl. Baumz. 266. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 578. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 58, t. 4 ; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 103, t. 139.— Nouveau Duliamel, v, 238, t. 69, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 641.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No.
10.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93.— Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 183.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 173.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 633.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 359.— Audubon, Birds, t. 97.— Beck, Bot. 338.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Bon Jard. 1837, 976.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2192, f. 2068-2071.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 15, t. 4.— Hooker,
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoine, Conif. 17, t. 5, f. 3.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Link in
Linnsea, xv, 500. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 386. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 167.— Kuight, Syn. Conif. 26. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort.
Soc. London, v, 217.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2ed. 471.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 290.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.— Gordon,
Pinetum, 167 ; 2 ed. 238.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2r>7. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N.
Carolina, 1860, iii, 20.— Wood, Cl. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 22.— Nelson, Pinaceae, 113.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 84. — Parlatore in. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 380 (excl. syu. rariabilis). — Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 158.
P. VirginiaiM; Miller, Gard. Diet. 7 ed. No. 9.— Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 43; Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 35.— Marshall, Arbustum, 102.—
Wangenheirn, Arner. 74. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii3, 299.
P. Ttedd, var. Virginiana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 340.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 199
JERSEY PINE. SCRUB PINE.
Middle Island, Long island, Tottenville, and Clifton, Staten island, New York, south, generally near the
coast, to the valley of the Savannah river (Aiken, South Carolina), and through eastern and middle Kentucky to
"the knobs" of southeastern Indiana.
A tree 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk (1.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states generally
much smaller; sandy, generally barren soil, reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad,
very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange,
the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5309 ; ash, 0.30 ; largely used for fuel, and in Kentucky and
Indiana preferred for and largely manufactured into water-pipes and pump-logs.
•
374. — Pinus clausa, Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 30.
P. inops, var. clausa, Engolinann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 183.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 650.
SAND PINE. SCRUB PINE. SPRUCE PINE.
Florida, shores of Pensacola bay, south, generally within 30 miles of the coast, to Pease creek, and occupying
a narrow ridge along the east coast south of Saint Augustine.
A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter, or on the west coast rarely 6 to 9
meters in height; barren, sandy dunes and ridges ; most common and reaching its greatest development about the
head of Halifax bay.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle ; bauds of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin
passages numerous, prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange or yellow, the thick sap-wood
nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5576 ; ash, 0.31; occasionally used for the masts of small vessels.
375. — Pinus pungens, Michauxf.
Hist. Arb. Am. i, 61, t. 5 ; N. American Sylv»i, 3 ed. iii, 105, 1. 140.— Nouveau Duhamel, v. 236, t. 67, f. 4.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v,
314.— Puish, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 635.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Eatoii, Manual, 6 ed.
265.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 34, 1. 17.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2197, f. 2077-2080.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 17, t. 5.— Eaton &
Wright, Hot. 359.— Antoine, Conif. 18, t. 5, f.4.— Liudley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Nut-tall, Sylva. iii, 125; 2 ed. ii, 184.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. xi, 287.— Endlicher, Syu. Conif. 166.— Knight, Syu. Conif. 27.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. —
Carriore, Trait. Conif. 359; 2 ed. 470.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Gordon, Pinetum, 181 ; 2 ed. 254.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 432.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 20.— Wood, Cl. Book, 660 ;
Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, NadelhOlz, 21.— Nelson, Pinacese, 127.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469.— Hoopee,
Evergreens, 98.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 379.— Koch, Dendrologie ii2, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Meehan in
Rep. Penn. Frnit Growers' Soc. 1877 & t.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis. Acad. iv, 183.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 158.
TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE. HICKORY PINE.
Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to Tennessee.
A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 meter in diameter; most common and reaching its
greatest develop meut upon the high mountains of Bast Tennessee, here often the prevailing species and forming
extensive forests.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous,
conspicuous, resin passages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light brown, the thick
sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4935; ash, 0.27; iu Pennsylvania largely manufactured into charcoal.
376. — Pinus muricata, D. Don,
Trans. Liuutean Soc. xvii, 441.— Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. iii, t. 84.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2269, f. 2180.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey,
393.— Antoine, Conif. 3-2, 1. 14, f. 1.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 113; 2 ed. ii, 172.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 161.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.—
Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 216 & f. (Fl. des Serres, v, 517b & f.); Pinetum, 173 ; 2 ed. 246 (excl. syn. Murrayana). —
Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 359 ; 2 ed. 470. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
209, t. 54 (P. Edgarinna on plate).— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelkolz. 60.— Nelson, Pinucese,
121.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 92.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 379.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1164.— Koch,
Deudrologie, ii-, 302.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 183; Bot. California, ii, 128.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 151.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1884, 49, f. 7-9.
P. inops, var. Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337.
P. Edgariana, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 217, 226.
P. Contorta, Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 227, 317 [not Douglas].
200 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
OBISPO PINE. BISHOP'S PINE.
California, Mendocino county south through the Coast ranges to San Luis Obispo county.
A tree 24 to 36 meters in height, with atruuk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often not exceeding 15
meters in height; cold peat bogs or barren, sandy gravel; always exposed to the winds and fogs of the ocean, and
not found above 2,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development iu Mendocino county; rare and local.
Wood light, very strong and hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bauds of small summer cells broad,
resinous, resin passages few, not prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood
nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4942; ash, 0.20.
377. — Pinus mitis, Michaux,
•
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 52, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 96, t. 137.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph.
93. — Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417. — London, Arboretum, iv, 2195, f. 2072-2070'. — Antoiue, Conif. 16, t. 5, f. 1. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii,
171.— Spach, Hist, Veg. xi, 386.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 229.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 167.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.— Liudley &.
Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2 ed. 472. — Gordon, Pinetum, 170 ; 2 ed. 243 (excl. syn.
RoyJei). — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 275. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 19.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, Cl. Book, 660; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Heukel & Hochstetter,
Nadelholz. 23.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 88. — Parlatore inDe Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 380. — Young,
Bot. Texas, 516. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii", 300. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. —
Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 184. — Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 88.
P. echinata, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 12.— Marshall, Arbustum, 180?— Wangenheim, Amer. 74.
P. Virglniana, var. echinata, Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 38.
P. Tceda, var. variabilis, Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 368.
P. variabilis, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 22, 1. 15 ; 2 ed. i, 25, 1. 1<> ; 3 ed. i, 29, 1. 14.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 498.— Persoon, Syn. ii,.
578.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 235, t, 69, f. 2.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 316.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Smith in
Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 12.— Barton, Coinpend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 183.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Elliott, Sk. ii,633. —
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compond. Fl. N. States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Forbes,
Pinetum Woburn. 35, t. 11.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 1558.— Antoine, Conif. 15, t. 5, f. 2.— Link in Linnsea, xv, 502.—
Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 168 (excl. syn.).— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.
P. rigida, Porcher, Resources S. States, 504 [not Miller].
YELLOW PINE. SHORT-LEAVED PINE. SPRUCE PINE. BULL PINE.
Staten island, New York, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, through the Gulf states to
Tennessee and eastern Texas, and through Arkansas to the Indian territory, southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri,
and in Union county, Illinois.
A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 meter in diameter; light sandy soil or, less commonly,
along the low borders of swamps; forming west of the Mississippi river, mixed with oaks and other deciduous
trees, extensive forests; the only species of northern Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri, reaching its greatest
development in western Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and eastern Texas.
Wood, varying greatly in quality and amount of sap, heavy, hard, strong, generally coarse-grained, compact;
bands of small summer cells broad, often occupying half the width of the annual growth; yery resinous, resiu
passages numerous, large ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, orange, the sap-wood nearly white ;
specific gravity, 0.6104; ash, 0.29; largely manufactured into lumber, especially in the states west of the-
Mississippi river, and among yellow pines only inferior in value to that of P. palustris.
378.— Pinus glabra, Walter,
Fl. Caroliniana, 237.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 342.— Ravenel in Proc. Elliott Soc. i, 52.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433.— Porcher^
Resources S. Forests, 506. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 82. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 184.
tP. mitis, var. paupera, Wood, Cl. Book, 660.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 201
CEDAR PINE. SPRUCE PINK,. WHITE PINE.
South Carolina, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, generally near the coast, and through
the Gulf states south of latitude 32° 30' to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana.
A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich bottom lauds and hummocks
in dense forests of hard- wood trees, reaching its greatest development in Alabama and Mississippi ; not common
and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad,
not resinous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood
nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3931 ; ash, .0.45.
379. — Pinus Banksiana, Lambert,
Pinus, 1 ed. i, 7, t. 3 ; 2 ed. i, 7, t, 3 ; 3 ed. i, 9, t. 3.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 578.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, Gil.— Nouveau Duharuel, v, 234,
t. 67, f. 3. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 315. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 642.— Smith i'u Recs' Cycl. xxviii, No. 4. — Nnttall, Genera, ii,
223; Sylva, iii, 124; 2 ed. ii, 182.— Sprengel, Syst, ii, 886.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. X. States, tWO.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6
ed. 265.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2190, f. 2004-2067. —Forbes, Pinotum Wobnni. 13, t. I!.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoine, Conif. 8, t. 4, f. 2.— Liudley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Link iu Liumeu, xv, 491.— Spach, Hist. Veg.
xi, 379. — Endlicher, Syu. Conif. 177. — Knight, Syu. Conif. 26. — Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Sue. London, v, 218 (excl. syn.
contorta). — Parry in Owen's Rop. 618. — Carriere, Trait. Couif. 381 ; 2 ed. 485. — Gordou, Pinetum, 163 ; 2 ed. 2:10.— Richardson, Arctic
Exped. 441. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linmeau Soc. xxiii-, 301. — Wood, Cl. Book, 661. — Henkel
& Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 44. — Nelson, Piuaceie, 104. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 7H. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 29. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Engelmann in Traus. St. Louis Aead. iv, 184. — Sears in
Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 186.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46<\— Ve'iteh, Manual Couif. 158.
P. sylvestris, var. divaricata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 366.
P. Hudsonica, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 339.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 380.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Koch,
Dendrologio, ii'2, 298.
P. rupestris, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i,49, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.iii, 95, t. 136.
GRAY PINE. SCRUB PINE. PRINCE'S PINE.
Bay of Chaleur, New Brunswick, to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake,
the valley of the Mackenzie river, and the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains between the fifty-second and sixty-
fifth degrees of north latitude; south to northern Maine, Ferrisburg, Vermont (JR. E. Robinson), the southern shore
of lake Michigan, jud central Minnesota.
A small tree, 9 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 meter in diameter; barren, sandy
soil or, less commonly, in rich loam ; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its
greatest development in the region north of lake Superior, here often forming considerable forests ; toward its
extreme western limits associated and often confounded with the closely allied P. contorta and P. Murrayana of the
Pacific region.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, very
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear light
brown or, rarely, orange, the thick sap-wood almost white ; specific gravity, 0.4761 ; ash, 0.23; largely used for fuel,
railway ties, etc.
380.— Pinus palustris, Miller,
Diet. 7 ed. No. 14.— Marshall, Arbustum, 100.— Wangenheim, Amer. 73.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 237.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368;
•2 ed. v, 317.^Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 42.— Du Roi, llarbk. 2 ed. ii, 06.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ara. ii, 204.— Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed.
i, 27, t. 20; 2 ed. i, 30, t. 21 ; 3 ed. i, 41, t. 24, 25.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 499.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 341.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 578.—
Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii,612.— Pnrsh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 644.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 15.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223;. Sylva,
iii, 126; 2 ed. ii, 185.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 174.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 637.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 266.— Forbes,
Pinetum Woburn. 59, t. 22.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Antoine, Conif. 23, t. 6, f. 2.— Link in Linnsea, xv, 206.— Griffith, Med. Bot.
604.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Wood, Cl. Book, 660.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
495. — Michaux f. N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 106, 1. 141 (the plate as P. australie).
P. australis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 64, t. 6.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 246, t. 75, f. 3.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2255, f. 2156-
2160.— Lindley iu Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 392.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 165.— Carson, Med. Bot, ii, 43,
t. 87. — Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 33. — Knight, Syn. Couif. 30. — Liudley & Gordou in Jour. Hort. Soc. Londou, v, 217. — Carriere,
Trait. Conif. 345; 2 ed. 450.— Gordon, Pinetum, 187; Suppl. 63; 2 ed. 260.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 24.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 65.—
Nelson, Pinacese, 103. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 109.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 392. — Young, Bot. Texas,
517.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Bentley & Trimcn, Med. PI. iv, 258, t. 258.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad.
iv, 185.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 172.
202 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
LONG-LEAVED PINE. SOUTHERN PINE. GEORGIA PINE. YELLOW PINE. HAKD PINE.
Southeastern Virginia, south to cape Canaveral and Taiupa bay, Florida, and through the Gulf states to the
valley of the Red river, Louisiana, and the Trinity river, Texas, rarely extending beyond 150 miles from the coast.
A tree of the first economic value, 18 to 29 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry,
sandy loam of the maritime plain, generally of Tertiary formation, and forming, outside of the river bottoms,
extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or toward its extreme interior range, especially in the
Gulf states, occupying rolling hills, here mixed with oaks and various deciduous trees; rarely along the borders
of swamps in low, wet soil.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable; bauds of small summer
cells broad, occupying fully half the width of the annual growth, very resiuous, dark colored, resin passages few,
not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light red or orange, the thin sap-wood nearly
white; specific gravity, 0.6999; ash, 0.25; largely manufactured into lumber and used in construction of all sorts,
for ship-building, fencing, railway ties, etc.
The turpentine, tar, pitch, rosin, and spirits of turpentine manufactured in the United States are almost
«xcltisively produced by this species ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 709, 899. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. — Flilckiger &
Hanbury, Pharmacographia , 545).
381. — Pinus Cubensis, Grisebaeh,
Mem. Am. Acad. viii,530; Cat. PI. Cuba, 217.— Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2,396.
P. Tceda, var. hctero2)liylla, Elliott, Sk. ii,.636.
P. Elliottii, Engclinaun; Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 186, t. 1, 2, 3.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
Suppl. 650.
P. Cubensis, var. terthrocarpa, Wright.— Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cuba, 217.
SLASH PINE. SWAMP PINE. BASTARD PINE. MEADOW PINE.
South Carolina (Bluffton, Mellichamp), south near the coast to the southern keys of Florida, west along the
Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana, not extending beyond 50 or 60 miles inland; in the West
Indies.
A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; light sandy soil along the dunes
and marshes of the coast, or wet clay borders of ponds, abandoned fields, etc., and now rapidly taking possession
of ground from which the forests of P. palustris have been removed ; the only species of Florida south of cape
Canaveral and bay Biscayne.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable; bands of small summer
cells very broad, occupying fully half the width of the annual growth, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages
few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent ; color, rich dark orange, the sap-wood lighter, often
nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7504; ash, 0.26; hardly inferior in value to that of P. palustris, although rarely
manufactured into lumber.
Turpentine is occasionally manufactured in southern Florida from this species.
NOTE. — Specimens collected upon the southern keys of Florida by A. H. Curtiss connect the forms of South Carolina, Georgia, and
northern Florida with the West Indian tree.
382. — Picea nigra, Link,
Linnsea, xv, 520.— Carriere, Trait. Couif. 241 ; 2 ed. 323.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linuaean Soc. xxiii3, 301.— Brunet, Hist. Picea, 10 & t. f.
B. — Peck in Trans. Albany Inst. viii, 283. — Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334. — Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 185.
Abies Mariana, Miller, Diet.— Wangenheim, Amer. 75.
Pinus Mariana, DuEoi.Obs. Bot. 38; Harbk. ii, 107.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 24.
Pinus Abies Canadensis, Marshall, Arbustum, 103.
Pinus Americana rubra, Wangenheim, Amer. 75.
Pinus nigra, Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2ed.v, 319.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i,41, t. 27 ; 2 ed. i, 45, t. 27; 3 ed.i,64, t.37.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 506 ; Enum. 990; Berl. Baumz. 278.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640. —Smith
inEees'Cycl.xxviii,No.20.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 182.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.
177.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 640.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N.York, ii, 230.— Beck,
Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.264.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston.
*3ed. 386.— Antoine, Conif. 88, t. 34, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syu.Conif. 115.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Porcher, Resources
S. Forests, 505.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 413.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 203
Finns Americana, G»rtner,Fruct.ii,60,t.91,f. 1.
Finns rubra, Lambort,Pinus, 1 ed. i, 46, t. 28 ; 2ed.i, 47, t. 30; 3ed. i,66,t.38 [not Michaux f.].— Persoon,Syn.ii, 579. —Alton,
Hort. Kew.2 ed. v, 319.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii.No. -23.— Xuttall, Genera, ii, 223.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 8?5. — Torrey. Compeml. Fl. X. States, 359. — Beck, Bot. 340. — Eatou, Manual, 6 ed.2G4.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton &, Wright, But. 358.— Antoiue, Conii'. 87, t. 34, f. 2.— Endlicher, Syu. Couif. 113.— Gihoul,
Arb. Resin. 44. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 413.
Abies denticulata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 206.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.
Abies nigra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arl>. ii,:)80. — Michaux f. Hint. Arb. Am. i,124,t. 11; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 139, t. 147. — Nouveau Duhamel, v,2!>2, t. hi, f. 1. — Liudley in Penn. Cycl. i,3S. — London,
Arboretum, iv, 2:U2, f. 2^5-2227.— Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 410, in p;i.rt.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 81 ; 2 ed. ii,96.—
Griflith, Med. Bot. OOo. — Knight, >Syu. Conii'. 30. — Li:><llfy it : Junlcni in Jour. Ilorf. Soc. London, v, 211. — Parry in Owen's
Rep. G18. — Gordon, Piuotum, 11; 2 ed. 17. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 442.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. X.Carolina, 1860, iii, 27.— Wood, Cl. Book, 662; Bot. &
Fl. 313. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 507. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhulz. 191.— Nelson, Pinacese, 50.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 169. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7ed.
ii, 247.— Macouii in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. —Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 44C.— Yeitch,
Manual Conif. 74.
Abies rubra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580. — London, Arboretum, iv, 2316, f. 2228. —
Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 101, t. 35. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211. —
Gordon, Pinetum, 11; 2 ed. 17. — Heiikel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 189. — Nelson, Piuaceae, 51.
P. rubra, Link in Linniea, xv, 521.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 240; 2 ed. 322.
Abies nigra, var. rubra, Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 123; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 141. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 411. —
Hoopes, Evergreens, 170.
t Abies rubra, var. arctica, Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211.
Abies alba, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435 [not Poiret].
Abies Americana, Koch, Dendiologie, ii2, 241.
P. nigra, var. rubra, Engelmanu in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334.
Abies arciica, Hort.
Abies Marylandica, Hort.
BLACK SPRUCE.
Newfoundland, northern Labrador to Ungava bay, Nastapokee sound, cape Churchill, Hudson bay, and
northwest to the moiith of the Mackenzie river and the eastern slope of the Kocky mountains; south through the
northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains
to the high peaks of North Carolina.
A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; light, dry, rocky soil, forming,
especially north of the fiftieth degree of latitude, extensive forests on the water-sheds of the principal streams or in
cold, wet swamps; then small, stunted, and of little value (P. rubru).
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin,
resinous, resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color, light red or often nearly white, the
sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4584 ; ash, 0.27; largely manufactured into lumber, used in construction,. for
ship-building, piles, posts, railway ties, etc.
Essence of spruce, prepared by boiling the young branches of this species, is used in the manufacture of spruce
beer, a popular beverage ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 901).
204 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
383.— Picea alba, Link,
Linnsea, xv, 519.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 238 ; 2 ed. 319.— PI. (lea Serres, xxi, 157, t. 2251.— Brunei, Hist. Picea, 4 & t. f. A.
Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334.— Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 184.
Abies Canadensis, Miller, Diet. No. i.
Pinus Canadensis, Da. Roi, Obs. Bot. 38 ; Harbk. ii, 124 [not Linnaeus].— Waugenheim, Anicr. 5, t. 1, f. 2.
P. laxa, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 24.
P. glauca, Mamch, Weiss. 73.
Pinus alba, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 371 ; '2 ed. v, -318.— Lambert, Finns, led. i, 39 t. 26; 2 ed. i, 43, t. 28; 3 ed. i,61, t. 35.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 507; Enuin. 990 ; Berl. Baumz. 280.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh, PI. Am. Sept. ii, 641.— Smith
in Bees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 21.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott,
Sk.ii, 640.— Spreugel, Syst.ii,885.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 231.— Meyer, PI. Labrador,'
30.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 386.
Antoine, Conif. 86, t. 34, f. 1.— Endlicher, fiyn. Conif. 112.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Tuinbouw Flora, 1855, 1,
t. 14, 15.— Walpers, Ann. v, 799.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 414.
Pinus tetragona, Moench, Meth. 364.
Abies alba, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 521.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580.— Michaux f.
Hist. Arb. Am. i, 133, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 144, t. 148.— Nouvean Duhamel, v,291, t. 81, f. 2.— London,
Arboretum, iv, 2310, f. 2224.— Forbes,' Pinetum Woburn. 95, t. 33.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 129; 2 ed. ii, 189.— Spach, Hist.
Veg. xi, 412. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 84 ; 2 ed. i, 99. — Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 43. — Knight, Syn. Couif. 36. — Liudley
6 Gordon in Jonr. Hort.Soc. London, v, 211.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 618.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2; 2 ed. 3.— Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 442.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii2, 301.— Engelmann
in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 330.— Wood, Cl. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 507.—
Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 188.— Nelson, Pinacese, 47.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Murray inSeemann,
Jour. Bot. v, 253, t. 69, f. 2-7. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 157, f. 20.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues,
7 ed. ii, 247. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 44C.
Abies rubra, var. ccerulea, London, Arboretum, iv, 2316. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211.
Abies ccerulea, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 99.
P. ccerulea, Link in Linnsea, xv, 522.
Pinus rubra, var. violacea, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 114.
P. nigra, var. glauca, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 242.
Abies arctica, Murray in Seemann, Jour. Bot. v, 253, t. 69, f. 1, 8-13.
Abies laxa, Koch. Dendrologie, ii2,243.
Abies alba, var. ccerulea, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 320.
Abies alba, var. arctica, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 414.
WHITE SPRUCE.
Newfoundland, northern shore of Labrador to Ungava bay, cape Churchill, and northwestward to the mouth of
the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south to the coast of Maine, northeastern Vermont
(West Burke and Elinwood, Pringle), northern Michigan, Minnesota to Moose lake and the White Earth Indian
reservation, the Black hills of Dakota (E. Douglas), aloug the Kocky mountains of northern Montana to the valley of
the Blackfoot river (Canby & Sargent), Sitka, and British Columbia.
A tree 15 to 50 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of
ponds and swamps ; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest
development along the streams and lakes of the Flathead region of northern Montana at an elevation of 2,500
to 3,500 feet; the most important timber tree of the American subarctic forests north of the sixtieth degree of
latitude, here more generally multiplied and of larger size than the allied P. nigra, with which it is associated;
its distribution southward in British Columbia not yet satisfactorily determined.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin, not
conspicuous, resin passages few, minute; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light yellow, the sap-wood
hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4051; ash, 0.32; largely manufactured into lumber, although not
distinguished in commerce from that of the black spruce (P. nigra).
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 205
384. — Picea Engelmanni, Engelmann,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 212; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 256; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334; 1882, 145.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed.
348.— G. M. Dawsou in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 325.— Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 80.
Abies alba, f Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97.
Abies nigra, Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 330 [not Poiret].
Abies Engelmanni, Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 122; London Gard. Chronicle, 1863, 1035; Am. Nat. viii, 179; Proc.
Davenport Acad. i, 149.— Regel, Gartenflora, 1864, 244.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 418.— Hoopes, Evergreens,
177, f. 22.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 332; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Porter in Hayden'sRep. 1871, 494.— Porter & Coulter, Fl.
Colorado ; Huyden's Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.— Vaaey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 242.— Hall in
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle, 1877, 631.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-76, 211.— Braudegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56C.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. (if.
PinitS Engelmanni, Eugelmann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209.
Pinus commutata, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 417.— Gordon, Piuetum, 2 ed. 5.
WHITE SPRUCE.
Peace River plateau, iii latitude 55° 46' N. (G. M. Daics'on), through the interior of British Columbia and along
the Cascade mountains of Washington territory aud Oregon to the valley of the Mackenzie river ; along the
principal ranges of the Kocky and Wahsatch mountains to the San Francisco mountains, Sierra Blanco, and mount
Graham, Arizona.
A large tree, 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at its extreme elevation
reduced to a low, prostrate shrub ; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 11,500 feet elevation ; the
most valuable timber tree of the central Rocky Mountain region, here forming extensive forests, generally above
8,500 feet elevation ; rare and of small size in the mountains of Washington territory, Oregon, and Montana.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells
narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, pale yellow
tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.3449 ; ash, 0.32 ; in Colorado manufactured
into lumber aud largely used for fuel, charcoal, etc.
The bark rich in tannin, and in Utah sometimes used in tanning leather.
NOTE.— Forms of northern Montana too closely connect this species with the allied P. alba. The two species occur here, however,
only at different elevations, in different soils, and never mingle.
385. — Picea pungens, Engelmann,
London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334 ; 18S2, 145.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 725, f. 130.
P. Menziesii, Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 214 [not Carriere].
Abies Menziesii, Engelmann in Am. Jonr. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 330 [not Lindley].— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863,
76. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 333, in part. — Parry in Am. Nat. viii, 179 [not Lindley]. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871,
494. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 166, in parl. — Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 10 [not Lindley]. — Porter &
Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Lindley].— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33, in part.—
Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.
Abies Menziesii Parryana, AndrS in 111. Hort. xxiii, 198 ; xxiv, 53, 119.— Roezl in 111. Hort. xxiv, 86.
Abies Engelmanni glauca, Veitch, Manual Conif. 69.
WHITE SPRUCE. BLUE SPRUCE.
•
Valley of the Wind river, south through the mountain ranges of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah.
A tree 30 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, in damp or
wet soil, generally between 6,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, never forming forests or reaching as high elevations as
the allied P. Engelmanni; rare and local.
Wood very light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous,
resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color, very light brown or often nearly white, the
sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.3740; ash, 0.38.
206 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
386. — Picea Sitchensis, Carriere,
Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 200; Engelmanu iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 344; Bot. California, ii, 122.
Pinus Sitcliensis, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 104.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Endlicher, Syn.
Couif. 123. .
Abies Menziesii, Lindley in Penn. Cycl. 1, 32.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2321, f. 2232.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobuin. 93, t. 32.—
Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 131, t. 116; 2 ed. ii,189, t. 116. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc.
London, v, 211. — Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 56, 90, t. 9, f. 21. — Gordon, Pinetum, 6; 2 ed. 12. — Cooper in
Smithsonian Eep. 1858,262; Pacific R. E. Rep. xii2, 25, 69, in part.— Wood, Bot. &F1. 314.— Lyallin Jour. LinmeanSoc.
vii, 131, 133, 144.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 187.— Nelson, Pinacese, 148.— Rotlirock in Smithsonian Rep.
1867, 433.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 166, in part.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 333, in part.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 73.
PinilS Menziesii, Douglas in Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 161, t. 71.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162.— Antoine, Conif. 85, t. 33, f. 1,
2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 112.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 418.
? Abies trigona, Rafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 124.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 264.
f Abies falcata, Rafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 124.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London^
v, 213.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 268 ; 2 ed. 314.
Pinus Menziesii, var. crispa, Antoine,. Conif. S5,t. 35, f. 2.
Abies Sitchensis, Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 212.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 247.
P. Menziesii, Carriere, Man. des PI. iv, 339 ; Trait. Conif. 237 ; 2 ed. 318.
f Sequoia Bafinesquei, Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 213.
TIDE-LAND SPKTJCE.
Alaska, south to Mendociuo county, California, no.t extending more than 50 miles inland from the coast.
A large tree of great economic value, 46 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 5.19 meters in diameter;
gravelly ridges and swamps, reaching its greatest development in Washington territory and Oregon near the
mouth of the Columbia river, here forming a belt of nearly continuous forest growth 50 or, farther north and south,
rarely more thau. 10 or 15 miles in width.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not
conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent ; color, light brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4287 ; ash, 0.17 ; largely manufactured into lumber and
used for construction, interior finish, fencing, boat-building, the dunnage of vessels, cooperage, woodenware, etc.
387. — Tsuga Canadensis, Carriere,
Trait. Conif. 189; 2 ed. 248. — Sears in Bull. Esses lust, xiii, 184. — Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 224.
Pinus Canadensis, Linnseus, Spec. 2 ed. 1421.— Wangenheim, Amer. 39, t. 15, f. 36.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 23.— Aiton, Hort.
Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 320.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 206.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. 50, t. 32; 2 ed. i, 56, t. 35; 3 ed. ii, 79,
t. 45.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 505; Enum. 989; Berl. Baumz. 277.— Poiret in Lamarck, Dict.vi, 521.— Persoon, Syn.
ii, 579.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 29.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph.
ii, 182.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 176.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 639.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. New York, ii, 230.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 264.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 2 ed. 548.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164, in part. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 386. —
Antoine, Conif. 80, t. 32, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 88.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 46.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.—
Parlatore in De Caudollo, Prodr. xvi2, 428.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 3.— Beutley
& Triinen, Med. PI. iv, 264, t. 264.
Pinus Americana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 6.— Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 41 ; Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 151.
Pinus Abies Americana, Marshall, Arbustum, 103.
Abies Canadensis, Destbutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 138, t. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii,
146, t. 140.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 293, t. 83; f. 1.— Eaton, Manual, 111.— Richard, Conif. 77, t. 17, f. 2.— Audubon,
Birds, t. 197.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2322 & t.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 129.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 133; 2 ed. ii,
190.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 424.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 77 ; 2 ed. i, 92 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 606.— Knight,
Syn. Conif. 37.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 291.— Gordon, Pinetum, 14 ; 2 ed. 22.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 27.— Wood, Cl. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 506.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 153 (excl. syn. aromatica).— Nelson, Pinacea?, 30.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 184, f. 23.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 249.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
23.— Fl. des Serres, xxii, 206.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, ii, 247.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51*.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 114, f. 29.
Picea Canadensis, Link in Linnsea, xv, 524.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 207
.
HEMLOCK.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the shores of lake Temiscaniing,
and southwest to the western borders of northern Wisconsin ; south through the northern states to New Castle,
county, Delaware, southeastern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and along the Alleghany mountains to Clear Creek
falls, Winston county, Alabama (Mohr).
A tree 21 to 33 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.15 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges, generally
facing the north and often forming extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or, less commonly,
borders of swamps in deep, rich soil; most common at the north, although reaching its greatest individual
development in the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake and
splinter, not durable; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color, light brown tinged with jed or often nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.4239;
ash, 0.46; largely manufactured into coarse lumber and used in construction for outside finish, railway ties, etc.;
two varieties, red and white, produced apparently under precisely similar conditions of growth, are recognized by
lumbermen.
The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used in the northern states in tanning leather, and yields
a fluid extract sometimes used medicinally as a powerful astringent.
Canada or hemlock pitch, prepared from the resinous secretion of this species, is used in the preparation of
stimulating plasters, etc. (U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 709. 903. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1109. — Fluckiger & Hanbury,
Pharmacoaraphia, 552).
388. — Tsuga Caroliniana, Engelmann,
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 223.
Abies species, Gibbs in Proc. Elliott Soc. i, 286.
Abies Caroliniana, Chapman, Fl. S. States, Snppl. 650.
HEMLOCK.
Southern Alleghany region, Bluff mountain, North Carolina (A. Gray), "Saluda mountain," South Carolina (L.
8. Gibbs), Pinnacle mountain, North Carolina (Curtiss). New river, North Carolina, and Caesar's head, South Carolina
(Canby), Whitesides mountain and Devil's Court-House peak, Jackson county, North Carolina (J. Donnell Smith).
A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges between
4,000 and 5,000 feet elevation; rare and local; long confounded with the closely allied T. Canadensis, from which
it may be distinguished by its larger, glossier, blunter leaves, and larger cones with wide-spreading scales.
WTood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bauds of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity,
0.4275 ; ash, 0.40.
389. — Tsuga Mertensiana, Carriere,
Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 250. — Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 121 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 224. — G. M. Dawsou iu Canadian Nat. new
ser. ix, 324.
? Abies heterophylla, Rafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 124.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 265.
Pinus Mertensiana, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. iii, 163.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eudlicher, Syn.
Conif. 111. — Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 668. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 428. — McNab in Proc. Royal Irish
Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 4.
PillUS Canadensis, Bougard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. iii, 163 [not Linnaeus]. — Douglas in Companion Bot.
Mag. ii, 127.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164, in part.— -Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 668.
Abies Mertensiana, Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 232.— Gordon,
Pinetum, 18 ; Suppl. 12 ; 2 ed. 29. — Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 133, 144. — Henkel & Hocbstetter, Nadelholz. 152. —
Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 433. — Cooper in Am. Nat. iii, 412. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402. — Hoopes,
Evergreens, 192. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii3, 250. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-76, 211.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.
Abies Canadensis, ? Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262 ;. Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 69 [not Desfontaines].
AMes Bridgesii, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. ii, 37.
208 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
AMeS Albertiana, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 149 & f.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit.ii, 111, 1. 16, f. 1-18.— Nelson,
Pinace®, 31. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872,75.
Abies taxifolia, Hartweg, ined. (fide Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 148).
Pinus Pattoniana, McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 2 [not Parlatore] (fide Engelmann in London
Gard. Chronicle, 1882, 145).
Abies Pattonii, McNab in Jour. Linnoeau Soc. xix,308.
HEMLOCK.
Alaska, south along the islands and coast of British Columbia, and through the Selkirk, Gold, and other
interior ranges to the Bitter Eoot mountains of Idaho, and the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana
(valley of the Flathead river, Canby & Sargent), extending south along the Cascade mountains to southern Oregon
and in the Coast ranges to Marin county, California, between 1,000 and 4,000 feet elevation.
A large tree. 30 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 meters in diameter; low, moist bottoms or rocky
ridges ; very common and reaching its greatest development iu western Oregon and Washington territory, often
forming extensive forests, especially along the western base of the Cascade mountains.
Wood light, hard, not strong, rather close-grained; bauds of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous;
medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific
gravity, 0.5182; ash, 0.42 ; occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.
The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used on the northwest coast in tanning leather.
390. — Tsuga Pattoniana, Engelmann,
Bot. California, ii, 121 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 145.
Abies Pattoniana, Jeffrey in Rep. Oregon Exped.i,t.4, f. 2.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser.i, 291, t. 9,
f. 1-7. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 157, t. 22. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad-. vii,402. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 252. — Hoopes,
Evergreens, 172.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 30.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Veitch, Manual Conif.
116, f. 31, 32.
fPioea Californica, Carriere, Trait. Conif. 261 ; 2ed.346.
Abies Hookeriana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 289, t. 9, f. 11-17.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 153, t.
21,22, f. 1-22.— Nelson, Pinacea;, 31.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Aead. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 1.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 115, t. 32.
Abies Williamsonii, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 53, 90, t. 7, f. 19.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Cooper in Am. Nat.
iii, 412.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33.
Pinus Pattoniana, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvis, 429.
Abies Pattonii, Gordon, Pinetum, 1 ed. 10 (excl. syn. trigona).
Abies Pattoni, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 12.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 151 (excl. syn. trigona).
Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia, and probably much farther north, south along the Cascade
mountains and the California Sierras to the headwaters of the San Joaquin river, extending east along the high
mountains of northern Washington territory to the western slopes and summits of the Coeur d'Al£ne and Bitter
Eoot mountains of Idaho (Lolo trail, Watson), and the divide between Thompson and Little Bitter Eoot creeks,
northern Montana (H. B. Ayres).
An alpine tree, rarely 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 meters in diameter ; dry slopes and ridges
near the limits of tree growth, ranging from an elevation of 2,700 feet in British Columbia to 10,000 feet in the Sierras
of central California.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, satiuy, susceptible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells
thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white ;
specific gravity, 0.4454 ; ash, 0.44.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 209
391. — Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Carriere,
Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 256. — Engelraauu in Wheeler's Rep. vi,257; But. California, ii, 120. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,323. —
Eichler in Mouat.sb. Acud. B.-rl. 1-f-l, I'. Ir'-Pi.— Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Hot. Club, ix, 79.
PinilS taxifolia, Lambert, Finns, led. i,fil, t.3:!: '-'ed. \,;,ff, 1.36: 3ed. ii,82, t.47.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,f>40.— Smith in Roes'
Cycl. xxviii.No. •->*.— Sprenyel, Syst. ii. ~-7>.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 204. —Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 35H.
Abies tax if ol ill, iVirrt in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 523.— Noiiveau Duhauicl, v, 293.— Torrey <k Gray in Pacific It. R. Rep. ii, 130. —
Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. l.s">s, •>(;>; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-,69.
A&ies J)oitgl(ixii, Lindlryin Pean. Cycl, i, 32.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 23:10.— Forbes, Piuetum Woburn. 127, t. 45.—
Bentham.Pi. Hart\vog.r.7.— Nuttall, Sylvn, iii, 1;*), t, 115; -2 ed. ii, 187, 1. 115.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 423. —Knight, Syn.
Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon in. I our. H»rl. Sue. l;ondon, v,20'.'. — London Gard. Chronicle, 1854, 163. — Bigelow in Pacific
R. R. Rep. iv, 17. — Torrey m 1'aeilie ],'. !>'. !Jep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Kep. 2^. — Newbe-rry in
Pacific R. R. Kep. vi,54. 90, t. 8, f. 20.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 15 ;Snppl. 10; 2 ed.2l.— Coo])er in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262;
PacilicR. R. Rep. xii-,24, U'J; Am. Nat. iii, 111.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Eiigelmann in Am. Jour. Sci.2 ser. xxxiv, 330;
Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,2<ll>. — Lval! in Jonr. Linmeau Soc. vii, 131, 133, 143. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz.
155. — Nelson, Pinaeeir, 32. — K'othrock in Smithsonian Kep. iyt>7, 433; PI. Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9. —
Hoopes, Evtrgrei us, l.-'J.— Lsiwson, Piuetum Brit, ii, 115, 1. 17, 16, f. 1-23. — Porter in Haydcn's Rep. 1871, 494. — Watson
in King's Rep. v,:>34 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Fowler in London Ganl. Chronicle, 1872,75. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402. —
Koch, Dentlrologie, ii-, 255. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131. — Murray in London
Gard. Chronicle. ]S72, 10G. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33 — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122. —
Macoim in Geological Rep. Canada, lt-75-'7(>, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, iii, 32.— Veiteli, Manual Conif. 119, f. 35.
Abies mucronata, Raiiuesque, Jour. Atlaut. 119. — Endlicher, Syn. C oiiif. 126. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London,
v, -.'13.— Carriere, Trait. Couif. 268 ; 2 ed. 312.
f Abies mucronata pallistris, Ranuesque, Jour. Atlaut. 129.— Carriere, Trait. Couif. 268 ; 2 ed. 313.
Pinus Douglasii, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 163, t. 21.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 162, 1. 183.— Antoiue, Conif. 84, t. 33, f. 3.—
Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey,394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 87. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173. — Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 430.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 703, t. 49, f. 32, 32", 32b.
Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia, London, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 2231.— Gordon, Pinetum, 16; 2 ed. 25.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 156.
Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata, Antoine, Conif. 84, t. 33, f. 4.
Picea Douglasii, Link in Liuna?a, xv, 524.
Tsuga Douglasii, Carriere, Trait. Conif. 192.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 232.
Tsuga Lindleyana, Roezl, Cat. Grain Mex. 8.
RED FIR. YELLOW "FIR. OREGON PINE. DOUGLAS FIR.
Coast ranges and interior plateau of British Columbia south of latitude 55° N. (not reaching the coast archipelago
north of Vancouver's island), east to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains in latitude 51° N". (Bow Eiver pass,
Macoun) ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington territory, Oregon, the California Coast ranges, and the
western slope of the Sierra Nevadas, through the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the
Gmulalupe mountains of Texas ; iti the Wahsatch and Uintah mountains, the ranges of northern and eastern
Arizona, and southward into Mexico; not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the
Wahsutch mountains, south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, and north of Arizona.
A large tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.8.3 to 3.66 meters iit diameter, or in the Itocky mountains
much smaller, here rarely 30 meters in height ; the most generally-distributed and valuable timber tree of the
Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to au elevation in Colorado of nearly 10,000 feet ; often forming extensive
forests, almost to the exclusion of other species, and reaching in western Oregon and Washington territory its
greatest development and value.
Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and conditions of growth in density, quality, and amount of sap;
difficult to work, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully naif the width of the annual growth,
dark colored, conspicuous, soon becoming flinty and difficult to cut ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, varying
from light red to yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5157 ; ash, 0.08 ; largely manufactured into
lumber and used for all kinds of construction, railway ties, piles, fuel, etc.; two varieties, red and yellow fir, are
distinguished by lumbermen, dependent probably upon the age of the tree ; the former coarse-grained, darker
colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir.
The bark is found valuable in tannins leather.
14 FOR
210 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Var. macrocarpa, Engelmann,
Bot. California, ii, 120.
Abies Douglasii, var. macrocarpa, Torrey in Ives' Rep. 28.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33.
Abies macrocarpa, Vasey in Gard. Monthly, Jan. 1876.
HEMLOCK.
California Coast ranges; San Bernardino mountains to the Cuyamaca mountains.
A tree 30 to 54 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and canons between
2,500 and 4,000 feet elevation.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, cross-grained, very durable, difficult to work ; color, rattier darker red than that of
the species ; specific gravity, 0.4563 ; ash, 0.08 ; somewhat manufactured into coarse lumber and largely used for fuel.
392. — Abies Fraseri, Lindley,
Perm. Cycl. i, 30.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobtiru. iii, t. 38.— Link in Liuna>a, xv, 531.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 139, t. 119; 2 ed. ii, 196, t. 119.—
Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 200; 2 ed. 270. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 26.— Wood, Cl. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 314. —
Henkel & Hochstetter, Naclelhijlz. 169. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 472, in part. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 202. — Bertraud in Bull.
Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 216. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii,
596; London Gard. Chronicle, 1877, 147.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 96.
Pinus Fraseri, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 27.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 35.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,
884.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 74, t. 42.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.—
Antoine, Conif. 76, t. 29, f. 1.— Endlicher, Syu. Conif. 91.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 419.— McNab in Proc.
Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 684, t. 47, f. 10.
A. balsamea, var. Fraseri, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,422.
Pinus balsamea, var. Fraseri, Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.
Picea Fraseri, London, Arboretum, iv, 8340, f. 2243, 2244.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 148; 2 ed. 205.
BALSAM. SHE BALSAM.
High mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; moist slopes between 5,000
and 6,500 feet elevation, often forming considerable forests.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells rather broad, light
colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white;,
specific gravity, 0.3565; ash, 0.54.
393. — Abies balsamea, Miller,
*
Diet. No. 5.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 579.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 295, t. 83, f. 2.— Richard, Conif. 74, 1. 16.— Lindley, Penn. Cycl. i, 30;:
Fl. Med. 554— Forbes, Pinetum Wobnrn. 109, t. 37.— Link in Linnasa, xv,530.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 421.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 605,
f. 268.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 217; 2 ed. 292.— Richardson, Arctic Exped.
441.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 291.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Wood, Cl. Book, 661; Bot. & Fl. 314.—
Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 506. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 176.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Hoopes,
Evergreens, 197.— Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 214.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.—
Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii,246. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 597. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76,
211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 184.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46C.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 88.
PimtS balsamea, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1002.— Wangenheim,Amer. 40.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 319.— Meench,
Meth. 364.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. 144.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 48, t. 31 ; 2 ed. i, 52, t. 33 ; 3 ed. i, 72, t. 41.— Willdenow,
Spec, iv, 504; Enum. 989; Berl. Baumz. 276.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Eaton, Manual,
111; 6 ed. 264.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hay ne,Dend. Fl. 176.— Elliott, Sk. ii,639.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 884.— Torrey,
Compeud. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 229.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, iv,59,t. 246.— Woodville, Med. Bot.
3 ed. v, 1, t. 1.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Arn. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed.
385.— Antoine, Conif. 66, t. 26, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 103.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.—
Parlatore iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 423.— McNab iu Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 684, t. 47, f. 11.— Bentley &
Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 263, t. 263.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 211
Ptn«* Abies Balsamea, Marshall, Arbustum, 102.
A. balsamifera, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207, in part.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 145, t. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.
iii, 150, t. 150, in part.
Picea balsamea, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,2339, f. "2240, 2241.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 143; 2 ed. 200.—
Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 176. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 85 ; 2 ed. i, 101. — Nelson, Pinacese, 37.
Picea balsamea, Var. longifolia, Hort.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2839.
Picea Fraseri, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 88; 2 ed. i, 104 [not London].
BALSAM FIE. BALM OF GILEAD FIR.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear
lake and the eastern base of the Rocky mountains; south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central
Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of Virginia.
A tree 21 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter, or at high elevations
reduced to a low, prostrate shrub (A. Hudsonica, Hort.); damp woods and mountain swamps.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells not
broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, often streaked with yellow,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3819; ash, 0.45.
Canadian balsam or balm of fir, an aromatic liquid oleo-resin obtained from this and other species of Abies by
puncturing the vesicles formed under the bark of the stem and branches, is used medicinally, chiefly in the treatment
of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 898, 900. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. —
Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 552).
394. — Abies subalpina, Engelmann,
Am. Nat. x, 554 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 597 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 255. — Vasey , Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette,
ii,91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 326. — Masters in London Gard.
Chronicle, 1881, 236, f. 43,44,45.
fPinus lasiocarpa, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 163 [not Hort.].— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 105.— McNab in Proo. Royal Irish
Acad. 2 ser. ii, 682, t. 46, f. 7, 7»; t. 47, 48, 49 (oxcl. syn.).
?A. lasiocarpa, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 138 ; 2 ed. ii, 195.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carriere, Trait.
Conif. 1 ed. 221.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 313, f. 27-31.— Henkel
& Hochstetter. Nadelholz. 161 (excl. syn.).
fPillUS species, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97.
Picea amabilis, Gordon. Pinetum. 154, in part; 2 ed.213, in part.
A. bifolia, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 320, f. 51-56; London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 465, f. 96, 97.— Regel,
Gartenflora, xiii, 119.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 420.
A. grandis, Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci.2 ser. xxxiv, '.HO [not Lindley]. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 296, in part. — Watson
in King's Rep. v, 334, in part. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402 [not Lindley]. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado;
Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Lindley].
PillUS amabilis, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvij, 426, in part.
Picea bifolia, Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105.
A. subalpina, var. fallax, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 597.
BALSAM.
Valley of the Stakhin river, Alaska, in latitude 60° N. (Muir), south through British Columbia and along
the Cascade mountains to northern Oregon (Collier), through the Blue mountains of Oregon and the ranges of
Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado.
A tree 24 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; mountain slopes and
canons between 4,000 (British Columbia) and 12,000 (Colorado) feet elevation; generally scattered and rarely
forming the prevailing forest growth.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells very narrow,
not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.3476; ash, 0.44.
212 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
395. — Abies grandis, Lindley,
Penn. Cycl.i,:!0.— Forbes, Piuetum Woburn. 123, t. 43.— Spach, Hist. Vfg. xi, 422.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 134; 2 ed. ii, 192.— Lindlcy &
Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210. — Carriere, Trait. Conif, 220; 2 ed. 296 (excl. syn.). — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
262; Pacilic K. R. Rep. xii-, 25, <'.!»: -Via. Nat. iii, 410. — Wood. Bot. & Fl. 314.— Lyall in Jour. Linnseau Soc. vii, 143.— Bolauder
in Proc. California Acad. iii, 2:52. — Heiikel & Hoclistetter, Nadelholz. lt>0. — Nelson, Piuaceie, 38. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 211. —
Bertram! in Bull. Soe. Bot. France, xviii, 378. — Va.sey, Cat. Forest Trees, 3-1. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1C7.V7;;, 211.— Engeliiiann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 593; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684; 1880,
660, f. 119; Bot. California, ii, US.— (i. M. Dawsim in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 320.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881,
179, f. 33-3<>.— Veiteb, Manual Coiiif. 97, f.23, 24.
Pinna grandis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 147.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Antoine, Conif. 63, t. 25, f. 1.— Hooker
& Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 105. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 427 (excl. syn.).—
McKab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 678, t. 46, f. 4, 4a.
?A. aromatica, Ratino.sqnc;, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 125.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc.
London, v, 213.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 26(5; 2 ed. 310.
Picea grandis, London, Arboretum, iv, 2341, f. 2245,2246, in part.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 155; Snppl.
5 (excl. syn. I'arsoimii); 2 ed. 216. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 46, 90, f. 16, t. 6, in part. — Murray in London
Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 135, f. 28.
A. Gordoniatia, Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 298 (excl. syn. Parsonsii}.— Bertram! in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379.
A. amabiliit, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 310, f. 22-24 [not Forbes].
WHITE FIR.
Vancouver's island, south to Mendocino county, California, near the coast; interior valleys of western
Washington territory and Oregon south' to the Unipqua river, Cascade mountains below 4,000 feet elevation,
through the Blue mountains of Oregon (Cusick) to the eastern slope of the Coeur d'Alene mountains (Cooper-), the
Bitter Hoot mountains, Idaho ( Watson), and the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana
(Flathead region, Canby & Sargent).
A large tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; most common and reaching
its greatest development in the bottom lauds of western Washington territory and Oregon in rich, moist soil ; or
moist mountain slopes, then much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meters in height.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bauds of small summer cells broader than in other
American species, dark colored, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown,
the sap-wood rather lighter; specific gravity, 0.3545; ash, 0.49; in western Oregon manufactured into lumber and
used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc.
396. — Abies COncolor, Lindlcy & Gordon,
Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 204.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii,
600; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 255; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684, f. 114, 115; Bot. California, ii, 118.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, iii, 32.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684, f. 114, 115.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 93.
Pinus COncolor, Engelmann in herb. ; Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi5, 426.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser.
ii,681, t.46, f.6.
Picea COncolor, Gordon, Pinetum, 155; 2 ed. 216.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 135, f. 26.
Pinus lasiocarpa, Balfour in Rep. Oregon Exped. i, t. 4, f. 1 [not Hooker].— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 314, f.
25.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 429.
?A. balmmea, Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 18 [not Miller].— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141.
Picea grandis, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 46, in part.
Abies grandis, Can-iere, Trait. Conif.; 2 ed. 296, in part.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17 [not Lindley].
Picea Lowiana, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 53; 2 ed. 218.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 419.
A. Lowiana, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 317, f. 38-41.
A. amabilis, Watson in King's Rep. v,333 [not Forbes].
A. grandis, var. Lowiana, Hoopes, Evergreens, 212.
Pinus grandis, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 427, in part.
Picea COncolor^ var. violacea, Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 464, f. 94,95.
Pinus Lowiana, McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 680, t. 46, f. 5.
A. lasiocarpa, Hort, [not Nuttall].
A. Parsonsii, Hort,
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 213
WHITE FIR. BALSAM FIR.
Northern slopes of the Siskiyou mountains, Oregon, and perhaps farther north in the Cascade mountains,
south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to the San Bernardino and San Jaciuto mountains, California;
along the high mountains of northern Arizona to the Mogollon mountains, New Mexico, northward to the Pike's
Peak region of Colorado, and in the Wahsatch mountains of Utah.
A large tree, 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter; uioist slopes and caiions
between 3,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in the California sierras, varying greatly
in the color and length of leaves, habit, etc., and perhaps merely a southern form of the too nearly allied A. grandis,
from which it cannot be always readily distinguished.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells narrow, resinous, not
conspicuous; medullary rays, numerous, obscure; color, very light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat
darker; specific gravity, 0.3038 ; ash, 0.85 ; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used for packing-cases,
butter-tubs, and other domestic purposes.
397. — Abies bracteata, Nuttall,
Sylva, iii, 137, t. 118; 2 ed. ii, t. 118.— Hartwi-g in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 225.— Lindloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London,
v,209.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 19G; 2 od. 265.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1853, 435; 1854, 459; 1859, 928.— Bot. Mag. t. 4740.—
Lemaire in 111. Hort. i, 14, t. 5.— Fl. des Scrres, ix, 109 & t.— Naudiu in Rev. Hort. 1854, 31.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
262.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. x, 1, t. 1, 2 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 211, t. 1, 2).— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 1G7.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 199.— Bertram! in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
35.— Engclmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 601 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684 ; Bot. California, ii, 118.— Veitch, Manual
Conif. 89, f. 14, 15.
Pinus venusta, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, l.V>.
Pinus bracteata, D. Don in Trans. Linmean Soc. xvii, 443.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 169, t. 91.— Antoine, Conif. 77, t.
30.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Hooker, Icon. t. 379.— Eudlicber,Syn. Conif. 89.— Walpers, Ann. v,798.—
Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 419. — MeNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 674, t. 46, f. 1.
Picea bracteata, London, Arboretum, iv. 2348, f. 2256.— Gordon, Pinetum, 145; 2 ed. 202.— Lawson, Pinetnm Brit, ii, 171,
t. 25, 26, f. 1-7.— Nelson, Pinaceffi, 37.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 286.
A. venusta, Koch, Dendrologie, ii",210.
Santa Lucia mountains, California, from the northern boundary of San Luis Obispo county about 40 miles
northward.
A tree 46 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; moist, cold soil, occupying
4 or 5 caiions between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation, generally west of the summit of the range (O. R. Vasey).
Wood heavy, not hard, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood not seen ; specific gravity,
0.6783; ash, 2.04; probably more valuable than the wood of the other North American Abies.
398 — Abies amabilis, Forbes,
Pinetum Woburn. 125, t. 44.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 219 ; 2 ed. 296.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— Lyall iii Jour. Hort. Soc. London, vii, 143.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 159.— Nelson,
Pinacese, 36.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 209 (excl. syn. lasiocarpa).— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— Koch, Dendrologie,
ii3, 211 (excl. syn. latiocarpa').— Muvoiiu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1880,
720, f. 136-141 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 86.
Pinus amabilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 93.— Autoine, Conif. 63, t. 25, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey,
394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 104. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 426, in part.
Pinus grandis, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, t. 26 [not Douglas].
Picea amabilis, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2247, 2248.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pmetntn, 154 ; 2 ed. 213 (excl.
syn.).— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,51, 90, f. 18.
A. grandis, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 308, f. 18-21 [not Lindley].
A. grandis, var. demiflora, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv,599.
Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia (Engelmann & Sargent), and probably farther north, south along
the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon.
A tree 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 meter in diameter, forming extensive forests on the
mountains of British Columbia, between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, and upon the mountains south of the Columbia river
between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, here reaching its »reatest development; its northern range not yet determined.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark
colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific
gravity, 0.4228 ; ash, 0.23.
214 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
399. — Abies nobilis, Liudley,
Penn. Cycl. i, 30.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 115, t. 40.— Link in Linnsea, xv,532.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,419.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 136, t.
117 ; 2 ed. ii, 193, 1. 117.— Lindley & Gordon ill Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v, 209.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 198 ; 2 ed. 268.— Jour. Bot. &
Kew Gard. Misc. is, 85. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 168. — Hoopes, Evergteens,
203. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 209. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 601, in part; London
Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 885 ; Bot. California, ii, 119, in part; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4. —Veitch, Manual Conif. 101.
PinUS nobilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 147. — Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. iii, 167, t. 74. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,
162.— Antoine, Conif. 77, t. 29, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechcy, 394.— Endlicher, Syu. Couif. 90.
Picea nobilis, London, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2249, 2250.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc.
London, v, 209.— Gordon, Pinetum, 149; Suppl. 48; 2 ed. 207— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 49, 90, f. 17.—
Lawson, Pinetum, Brit, ii, 181, t. 28, 29, f.1-18.— Nelson, Pinacese, 39.
Pseudotsuga nobilis, Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 86.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 699, t. 49, f.
29, 29".
A. maf/nifica, Eugelmann iii Bot. California, ii, 119, in part.
RED FIR.
Oregon, Cascade mountains from the Columbia river south to the valley of the upper Eogue river, and along the
summits of the Coast Range from the Columbia to the Nestucca river (Collier).
A large tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming, with A. amabilis,
extensive forests along the slopes of the Cascade Range, between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation ; less multiplied in
the coast ranges, here reaching its greatest individual development.
Wood light, hard, strong, rather close grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark
colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown streaked with red. the sap-
wood a little darker; specific gravity, 0.45G1 ; ash, 0.34.
400. — Abies magnifica, Murray,
Pr6"c. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 318, f. 42-50; London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 134. — Regel, Gartenflora, xiii, 119. — Henkel & Hoclistetter,
Nadelholz. 419.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 213.— Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 601; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 885, f.
116 ; Bot. California, ii, 119 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 99.
A. campylocarpa, Murray in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 370.
A. nobilis robusta, Hort.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 269.
Picea magnifica, Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 219. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105.
Pinus amabilis, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 426, in part.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 677, t. 46,
f.3, 3»? '
A. amabilis, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34 [not Forbes].
Pseudotsuga magnifica, McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 700, t. 49, f. 30, 30».
A. nobilis, Engelmann, Bot. California, ii, 119, in part.
BED FIR.
California, mount Shasta, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to Kern county.
A large tree, 61 to 76 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming about the base of
mount Shasta extensive forests between 4,900 and 8,000 feet elevation; farther south less common and reaching
an extreme elevation of 10,000 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, satiny, durable in contact with the soil, liable to
twist and warp in seasoning; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.4701 ; ash, 0.30; largely
used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 215
401. — Larix Americana, Michanx,
Fl. Bor.-Atu. ii, 203.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, :S7, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, :! ed. iii, 167, 1. 153.— Andnbon, Birds, t. 4.— Loudon,
Arboretum, iv, 2399. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 89; 2 ed. i, 105 & t. — Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 51. — Parry in Owen's Rep.
618. — Richardson, Arctic. Expcd. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 185d, 257. — Hooker f. in Trans. Liumuan Soc. xxiii, 302. —
Wood, Cl. Book. ti.'W: Dot. & Fl. 314.— NYlson, Piuacejp, 86.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 247.—
Regel, Gartenflora, xx, 105, t.C84, f. 7,8 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 105, t, 10, f. 2, 3).— Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 90.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 3.">. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 185.
Pinus laricina, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 49; Harbk. ii,83.— Wangcnheim, Amer. 42, 1. 16, f. 37.— Mccnch, Meth. 364.
Pinus Larix rubra, alba and n-igra, Marshall, Arbustum, 103, 104.
Pinus intermedia, Waugenheini, Amer. 42, 1. 16, f. 37.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 114.
Pinus pendula, Aiton, Hort. Kew, iii, 369 ; 2 ed. v, 320.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 55, t. 36; 2 ed. ii, 63, t. 39; 3 ed. ii, 86, t. 49.—
Willdeuow, Spec, iv, r.02.— Persoon, Syn. ii,579.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,645.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 32.—
Eaton, Manual, 110; G ed. 305.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Audubon, Birds, t.90, 180.— Beck,
Bot, 339.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 359.— Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 232.— Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 409.
PinUS microcarpa, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 56, t. 37 ; 2 ed. ii, 65, t. 40 ; 3 ed. ii, 88, t. 50.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 502; Enum. 989 ;
Berl. Baumz. 273.— Persoou, Syu. ii, 579.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 321.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645.— Smith in
Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 33.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 365.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend.Fl. 175.— Sprengel,
Syst. ii, 887.— Torroy, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 30.— Bock, Bot. 340.— Hookor, Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 387.— Antoine, Conif. 54, t. 21, f. 1.— Endlicher, Syn.
Con if. 132.
Abies pendula, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514. — Nouveau Duhamel, v, 288. — Lindloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London,
v,213.
Abies microcarpa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 289, t. 79, f. 2.— Liudley in Peun. Cycl. i, 33.—
Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, 213.
L. tenuifolia, Salisbury in Trans. Linuajau Soc. viii, 313.
L. pendula, Salisbury in Trans. Limifean Soc. viii, 313. — Forbes, Pinetum Wobnrn. 137, t. 46.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed.
272.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2ed. 177.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxiii, 302.
L. microcarpa, Desfootaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 597.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 139, t. 47.— Spach. Hist. Veg. xi, 436.— Link in
Liiinaja, xv, 536.— Carriere, Trait, Conif. 275; 2 ed. 355.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2 ed. 175.— Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadelholz. 137.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii, 302, 341.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 180.
L. intermedia. Loddiges, Cat, ed. 1836, 50.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 141.— Link in Linnsea, xv, 535.
L. Americana rubra, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 40.
L. Americana, var. pendula, Loudou, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Carriere, Tra^t. Conif. 2 ed. 356.
L. Americana, var. prolifera, London, Arboretum, iv, 2401.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 356.
L. deddua, var. Americana, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 133.
LARCH. BLACK LARCH. TAMARACK. HACKMATACK.
Northern ^Newfoundland and Labrador to the eastern shores of Hudson bay, cape Churchill and northwest to
the northern shores of the Great Bear lake and the valley of the Mackenzie river within the Arctic circle; south
through the northern states to northern Pennsylvania, northern Indiana and Illinois, and central Minnesota.
A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; moist uplands and intervale
lands, or south of the boundary of the United States in cold, wet swamps, often covering extensive areas, here
niucli smaller and less valuable.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil; bands of
small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure; medullary rays
numerous, hardly distinguishable, color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6236 ; ash, 0.33;
preferred and largely used for the upper knees of vessels, for ship timbers, fence posts, telegraph poles, railway
ties, etc.
The inner bark of the closely-allied European larch is recommended in the treatment of chronic catarrhal
affections of the pulmonary and urinary passages ; probably that of the American species would be equally
efficacious.
216 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
402. — Larix occidentalis, Nuttall,
Sylva, iii. 143, 1. 120; 2 ed. ii,199,t. 120.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 59, f. 24, 25.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262;
Am. Nat. iii, 412. — Lyall iu Jour. Liunieau Soc. vii, 143. — Nelson, Piuacese, 91. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 253. — Regel, Garteuflora,
xx, 103, t. 685, f. 8-10 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 101, t. 8, f. 3-5).— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Gordon, Pinetum,2 ed. 176.— Macoun in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329. — Veitcb, Manual Conif. 130.
Pinus La/rix, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 109 [not Liunaius].
L. Americana, var. brevifolia, Carriore, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 357.
Pinus NuttaUii, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 412.
TAMABACK.
British Columbia, Selkirk and Gold ranges, south of latitude 53° N., extending west to the head of
Okanagan lake (0. M. Dawson), south along the eastern slopes of the Cascade mountains to the Columbia river,
through the mountain ranges of northern Washington territory to the western slopes of the Rocky mountains ot
Montana, and in the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon.
A noble tree of great economic value, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter ;
moist mountain slopes and benches between 2,500 and 5, 000 feet elevation; scattered among other trees and never
exclusively forming forests; the thick bark long resisting the action of forest fires; very common, and perhaps
reaching its greatest development in the region north of the Big Blackfoot river and in the valley of the Flathead
river, Montana, here the largest and most valuable timber tree.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish,
very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of annual
growth, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, thin j
color, light bright red, the thin sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7407; ash, 0.09; occasionally
manufactured into lumber, but principally used for fuel, posts, railway ties, etc.
403. — Larix Lyallii, Parlatore,
Enum. Sein. Hort. Reg. Mus. Flor. 1863; London Gard. Chronicle, 1863,916 (Regel, Gartenflora, xiii, 244).— Lyall in Jour. Linnsean
Soc. vii, 143.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 417.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 361.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 256.— Regel,
Gartenflora, xx, 103, t. 685, f. 11-13 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 102, t. 9, f. 1-3).— Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 35.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7I'>, 211.— Veitch, Manual Conif, 130.
Pinus Lyallii, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 412.
"Cascade mountains, 6,500 to 7,000 feet, forming an open belt of trees mingled with P.flexllis (P. alblcaulus);
on the Galton range at 6,000 feet and in the Rocky mountains at 7,000 feet, growing with P. flexilis" (Lyall);
mount Stewart, Washington territory (Brandegee & Tweedy, August, 1883) ; Grave Creek pass, northern Montana
(H.B. Ayres, September, 1883).
A low, much-branched, straggling, alpine tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes
1.50 meter in diameter; dry, rocky soil, generally upon northern exposures, and associated with Pinus albicaulis
and Tsuga Pattoniana along the upper limits of tree-growth between 5,500 and 7,000 feet elevation (Brandegee).
The wood not collected.
NOTE.— A well-marked species, distinguished from L. occidentalis by its alpine habit, the larger green or purple deciduous cones with
ciliated scales, and by the dense t omen turn covering the young shoots and leaf buds.
'CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 217
P A L M A 0 E M .
404.— Sabal Palmetto, Loddiges;
Rremer & Schultes, Syst. vii, 1487. — C'room in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 SIT. xxvi, 315. — Martins, Hist. Palm, iii, 247. — Kunth, Ennm. iii, 247. —
Spach, Hist. Vcg. xii, 107.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4'M.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 64.— Wood, Cl. Book,
666; Bot. & Fl. 317.— Vasey,C'at. Forest Trees, 38.
Corypha Palmetto, Walter, Fl.Caroliniana, 119.
Cliamcerops Palmetto, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,206.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb.-Am. ii, 186, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.
iii, 5, t. 101.— Alton, Hort. Ke.w. 2 ed. v, 490.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 231.— Elliott, Sk. i,431.— Sprengel, Syst> ii, 137. —
Eaton, M;iimal, 6 ed. 89. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 191.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 546.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 258.—
Porchor, Resources, S. Forests, 526.
CABBAGE TREE. CABBAGE PALMETTO.
Smith island, off the mouth of Cape Fear river, North Carolina, south along the coast to Key Largo, Florida,
and along the Gulf coast to the Apalachicola river.
A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; sandy maritime shores; very
common and reaching- its greatest development upon the west coast of the Florida peninsula south of Cedar
Keys.
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to work, dark colored ; color, light brown ; specific
gravity, 0.4404 ; ash, 7.66; impervious to the attacks of the teredo, and very durable under water; largely used
for piles, wharves, etc.
405. — Washmgtonia filifera, Wendland,
Bot. Zeit. xxxvii, 68. — Wat«on, Bot. California, ii, 211, 485.
Brahea dvlcis,? Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442 [not Martius].
Pfitchardia filamentosa, Wendlaud in Bot. Zeit. xxxiy, 807.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Fenzi in Bull Soc. Tosc,
Ort. i, 116 & f.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 598.
Brahea filamentosa, Hort.— Williams in London Gard. Chronicle, 1876, 80.
FAN-LEAP PALM.
San Bernardino county, California, from the eastern base of the San Bernardino mountains to the valley of
the Colorado river.
A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 meter in diameter, forming groves of 250 to 500
plants in the depressions of the desert, in moist alkaline soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of small
ravines formed by water-courses ; often stunted and greatly injured by fire.
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to cut, dark colored, conspicuous ; specific gravity
0.5173 ; ash, 1.89.
406. — Thrinax parviflora, Swartz,
Prodr. 57 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 614.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 614 ; 2 ed. ii, 307.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 202.— Persoon, Syn. i, 383.— Poiret in
Lamarck, Diet, vii, 633.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 112. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 20.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii, 1300.— Martius, Hist>
Palm, iii, 255, t. 103.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 253.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpers, Ann. v, 818.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies,.
515.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States^ Suppl. 651.
T. GarDeri, Chapman in Coulter's Bofc. Gazette, iii, 12; Fl. S. States, Suppl.651.
SILK-TOP PALMETTO.
Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from Bahia Honda to Long's Key ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 9 meters in height with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter in diameter, or in pine-barren soil
often low and stemless (T. Garberi).
Wood light, soft; fibro-vasoi\lar bundles small, hard, not conspicuous; color, light brown; specific gravity,
0.5991; ash, 3.99; the trunk used in making sponge- and turtle-crawls.
218 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
407. — Thrinax argentea, Loddiges;
Desfontaines, Cat. 3 ed. 31.— Reenier & Schultes, Syst. vii, 1300.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 256, 1. 103, f. 3, t. 163.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 253.—
Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpers, Ann. v, 818.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indite, 515.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651.
Palma argentea, Jacqnin, Fragni. :W, No. 125, t. 43, f.l. — Miirter iu Bom. Physik. Arbeiten. ii, 76.
SILVER-TOP PALMETTO. BR1CKLEY THATCH. BRITTLE THATCH.
Semi-tropical Florida, on a nameless key 10 miles west of Key West, Elliott's Key, Key Largo, Piney Key,
Boca Chica Key, Key West, Gordon Key, and on the small keys south and west of Bahia Honda Key (Curtiss); in
the West Indies.
A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter.
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles small, very numerous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter
than the exterior ; specific gravity, 0.7172 ; ash, 3.01 ; used for piles, the foliage in the manufacture of ropes, for
thatch, etc.
408. — Oreodoxa regia, HBK.
Nov. Genera & Spec, i, 305.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 168, t. 156, f. 3-5.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 348.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 182.— Spaoh,
Hist. Veg. xii, 68.— 111. Hort. ii, 28 & t.— Walpers, Ann. v, 807.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 327.— London Gard. Chronicle,
1875, 302, f. 66.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651.
CEnomrpus regia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 140.
0. Oleracea, ? Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. I860, 440.
ROYAL PALM.
Semi-tropical Florida, " Little and Big Palm hummocks," 15 and 25 miles east of cape Romano (Curtiss), near
the mouth of Little river, and on Elliott's Key ; in the West Indies.
A tree 18 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 meter in diameter ; rich hummocks, often forming extensive
groves ; in Florida rare and local.
Wood heavy, hard ; fibro-vascular bundles large, very dark, conspicuous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much
lighter than the exterior ; color, brown ; specific gravity, exterior of the trunk, 0.7982, interior, 0.2128 ; ash, 2.54.
LILIACE^.
409. — Yucca canaliculata, Hooker,
Bot. Mag. t. 5201. — Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 1217. — Eugelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 43.
Y. Treculiana, Carriere in Rev. Hort. vii, 280.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 828.— Engelmann in Trans. St.
Louis Acad. iii, 41.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38. — London Garden, xii, 328, t. 94.
SPANISH BAYONET.
Southern Texas, Matagorda bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe rivers south into Mexico.
A small tree, 5 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.75 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly, arid soil.
Wood, like that of the whole genus, showing distinct marks of concentric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy,
difficult to cut and work; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.6677 ; ash, 6.27.
The bitter, sweetish fruit cooked and eaten by the Mexicans; the root stock, as in the whole genus, saponaceous
and largely used by the Mexicans as a substitute for soap.
410. — Yucca brevifolia, Engelmann,
King's Rep. v, 496 ; Trans.St. Louis Acad. iii, 47.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 141, 351. —Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Watson, Bot. California,
ii, 164.
F. Draconis, f var. arborescens, Tonvy in Paciiic R. R. Eop. iv, 147.
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 219
THK JOSHUA. .TO.S1IUA TREE.
Southwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona to southern Nevada, and the valley of the Mohave river, California.
A tree G to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to O.!)0 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly soil, forming
upon the Mohave desert at 2,500 feet elevation an open, straggling forest.
Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work; color, very light brown or nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3737;
ash, 4.00; occasionally manufactured into paper-pulp.
411. — Yucca elata, Eugeluiaim,
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 17.
Y. angustifolia, var. radiosa, Engelmanu in King's Rep. v,49t>.
Y. anguslifolia, var. elata, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii,50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 270.
SPANISH BAYONET.
Western Texas to southern Arizona and Utah; southward into Mexico.
A small tree, 3 to 5 meters in height, Vith a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 ineter in diameter; dry, gravelly mesas.
Wood light, soft, spongy; color, light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4470; ash, 9.28.
412. — Yucca baccata, Torrey,
Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 221 ; Ives' Rep. 29. — Cooper in Sinit hsouiau Rep. 1858, 266.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 923. —
Andre' in 111. Hort. 3 ser. xx,23, 1. 115.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 23.— Eiigelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 44; King's Rep. v, 49G ;
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 270.— Loew in Wheelers Rep. Hi, 609.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi,.r>2.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 104.
Y. filameiltosa, ? Wood in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1*68, 167 [not Torrey].
SPANISH BAYONET. MEXICAN BANANA.
Western Texas, south of latitude 32° N., west through New Mexico to southern Colorado and San Diego
county, California; southward into northern Mexico.
A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO meter in diameter, or often much smaller, and toward the
northern limits of its range steiuless; forming upon the plains of Presidio county, Texas, extensive open forests
(Havard).
Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.4470 ; ash, 9.28.
The large juicy fruit edible and an important article of food to Mexicans and Indians; a strong coarse fiber,
prepared by macerating the leaves in water, is manufactured into rope by the Mexicans.
INDEX TO CATALOGUE.
[NOTE.— In this index the names of families are indicated by " SMALL CAPS ", of species by "Roman " type, and of synonyms by " ItaKct ".)
Abies alba (Picea alba)
Abies alba? (Picea Engelmanni)
Abies alba (Picea nigra)
Abies alba, var. arctica
Abies alba, var. ccerulea
Abies Albertiana
Abies amabilis
Abies amabilis (Abies concolor)
Abies amabilis (Abies grandis)
Abies amabilii (Abies magnifica)
Abies Americana
Abies arctica (Picea alba)
Abies arctica (Picea nigra)
/ Abies aromatica
Abies balsamea '.
? Abifs balsamea (Abies concolor)
Abies balsamea. var. Fraseri
Abies balsam\fera
Abies bifolia
Abios bracteata
Abies Bridgesii
Abies campylocarpa
Abies Canadensis (Picea alba)
Abies Canadensis (Tsnga Canadensis)
Abies Canadensis f (Tsnga Merteusiana)
Abies Caroliniana
Abies ccerulea
Abies concolor
Abies denticulata :
Abies Douglasii
Abies Douglasii, var. macrocarpa
Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia,
Abies Engelmanni
Abies Engelmanni glauca . ....t
f Abies falcata
A hies Fraseri
Abies Gordoniana
Abies grandis .-
Abies grandis (Abies amabilis) ,
Abies grandis (Abies concolor)
Abies grandis (Abies snbalpina)
Abies grandis, var. densijlora
Abies grandis, var. Loiviana
Abies? heterophyUa
Abies Hookeriana '.
Abies Hudsonica
AKe* lasiocarpa (Abies concolor)
Abies I lasiocarpa (Abies snbalpina)
Abies laxa
Abies Lowiana
Abies inacrocarpa
Abies magnifica
Abies magnijica (Abies nobilis)
Abies Mariana
220
Page.
204
205
203
204
204
208
213
212
212
214
203
204
203
212
210
212
210
211
211
213
207
214
204
206
207
207
204
212
203
209
J10
209
205
205
206
210
212
212
213
212
211
213
212
207
208
211
212
211
204
212
210
214
214
202
Abies Marylandica
Abies Memieiii (Picea pungens)
Abies Menziesii (Picea Sitchensis)
Abies Menziesii Parryana
Abies Mertensiana
Abies microcarpa
Abies mucronala
? Abies mitcronata palustris
Abies nifira (Picea Engelmanni)
Al/ics nigra (Picea nigra)
Abies nigra, var. rubra
Abies rml.il is
Abies nobilis (Abies magnifica)
Abies nobilis robusta
Abies Parsonsii
A bies Pattoni
Abies Pattoniana
Abies Paltonii (Tsnga Mertensiana)
Abies Pattanii (Tsaga Pattoniana)
A bies pcndula
A bies religiosa
Abies rubra
f Abies rubra, var. arctica
Abies rubra, var. ccerulea
Abies Sitchensis
Abies species (Tsuga Caroliniana)
Abies subalpina
Abies subalpina, v&r.fallax
Abies taxifolia (Pseudotsuga Donglasii).
Abies taxifolia (Tsnga Mertensiana)
? Abies trigona
Abies venwita
Abies Williamsonii
Acacia Sahamensis
Acacia Berlandieri
Acaciabiceps
Acacia esculenta
Acacia frondosa
Acacia glauca
Acacia, Green-bark
Acacia Greggii
Acacia latisiliqua
Acacia levcocephala
Acacia pulverulenta
Acacia tephroloba ,
Acacia, Tbree-thorned
Acacia Wri gh tii
Acer barbatum (Acer glabrnm)
Acer barbatum (Acer saccharinnm)
Acer Californicum
Acer Canadense
? Acer Caroliniana
Acer circinatnra
Acer coccineum '.
Acer dasycarpum ...
Page.
203
205
206
205
207
215
209
209
205
203
203
214
214
214
212
208
208
208
208
215
185
203
203
204
206
207
211
211
209
208
206
213
208
64
63
62
63
62
62
60
63
64
62
63
63
59
63
48
48
51
46
50
47
50
49
INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST. TREES.
221
Page.
48
50
49
47
50
48
47
40
51
49
47
46
46
46
50
50
49
48
49
49
49
48
50
46
46
48
47
103
103
101
101
69
103
112
43
42
43
, 42
43
43
42
42
42.
42
- 43
43
43
43
42
+Esculus pallida 40
JEscul us Favia, var. discolor 43
? .Esculus Watsoniana 42
Agastianis secundi/lora 57
Ageria. Cassena 3g
Ageria geminata gg
Ageria heterophylla 35
A geria obovata 35
Ageria opaca _ 35
Ageria palustris 35
Alder ( Alnus oblongifolia) 163
Alder (Alnus rbombifolia) 163
Alder (Alnus rubra) 163
Alder, Black (Alnns incana) 165
Alder, Black (Alans serrnlata) 164
Alder, Hoary _ 163
Alder, Seaside 152
Alder, Smooth .* 164
Alder, Speckled
Acer Douglasii
Acer Drummondii
,1 err rriocarpum
A rrr .u'labrum
? Acer gtaucum
Acer uianiliilentatum
Acer iiiacrophyllum
Acer i/wntanum
\'<'rfundo
A cer nigrum
A cer palmatum
Acer parviflorum
Acer I'enusylvanicum
Acer Pt'imsylranicum (Acer spicatnm)
Acer rubrnm
Art T rubruni, var. Druuimondii
Acer rubrum, var. pallidum
Acer saccharinum
Acer saccharinum (Acer dasycarpum)
Acer saccharinum (Acer saccbarinum, var. nigrurn) .
A i -T .saccbarinum, r,ar. nigrum
Acer saccharum
Acer sanriuineuni
Acer spicatum
Acer striatuin
Acer tripartitum
Acer rlrgatum /.
Achrav cinieijoUa
Achras mammosa
Achras pallida :
Achras salicifolia
/ Achras serrate
Achras Zapotilla, var. parviflora
Adelia acumiiiata
-iEaeulus Californica
7 ^Esculus carnea
JEsculus discolor
*Esculu8 echinata
^Esculus flava
^Eaculus flava, var. purpnraacena
^"Esculus glabra
JEsculus Hippocastanum, var. glabra
jEsculus Hippocastanum, var. Okioensis
JEsculus Hippocastanum, var. pallida
^sculus hybrida
^Esculus lutca
JEsculus neglecta
JEsculus octandra
^•Esculus Okioensis
Aliiaroba
Algarobia glanduloga
Alnuft Americana (Alnua incana) ...
Alnug Americana (Alnus serrulata).
Abuts arguta —
.lf/i»»- Canadensis
.•1 Inns genuina
165
62
61
164
164
162
164
164
Alnua glauca
I Alnus glntinosa (\\Tma rubra)
Alnus glutinosa, var. rugosa
Almts glutinosa, var. serrulata (Alnns rhombifolia)
Altntu fj/Uttinosa, var. serrulata (Alnus serrulata)
Alnus hybrida
Aluus iucana
Alnus incana (Regel)
Alnus incatta, var. glauca (Alnus incana)
Alnviineana, var. glavca (Alnns incana, tor. viresoens)
Ainu* lin-ti an. \:u\ rubra ........................... .
Alnus ineaua, i-ar. virescens
Alnirx Japonica
Alnus maritima
Alnus maritima typica ........................... .f
Alnus oblongata (Aluus maritima)
A In a a oblongata (Alnus serrulata) ........ .
Alnus obtvsifolia .................................................
Alnus Oregana ...................................... . ............
Alnus rbombifolia .............................. . ................
Alnus rubra .............. . ............................ . ........ .
Alnus rubra (Aluus serrulata) ...................................
Alnnx rugosa .......................................... . .........
A Inus serrulata ............................... .. .......... b ......
.' Mnus gerrulata (Reg?}) .........................................
Alnus sermlala genuina .........................................
Alnus serrulata, var. latifolia ....................................
Alnus serrulata, var. macrophyUa ____ ............................
Alnus serrulata, var. oblongata ...................................
Alnus serrulata, var. oblongifolia ......................... . .......
Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus incana, var, virescens) ..... .
Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (AJnus rhombifolia) .................
Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus serrnlata) ...................
Alnus sermlata, var. vulgaris ....................................
Alnus undulata ................................................. .
Amelancliier alnifolia ............................................
Amelanchier Bartramiana ......................... . .............
Amelanchier Botryapium ................................... _____
Ainelanchier Canadensis .........................................
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia ........................
Amelanchier Canadensis, VAT. oligocarpa ________ .................
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. rotundifolia ........ . ............ ..
A melanchier intermedia ..........................................
Amelanchier oblongifolia ...................................... ...
Amelanchier ovalis (Amelanchier Canadensis) ............. . .....
Amelanchier ovalis (Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia) .
Amelanchier ipicata ..............................................
Amelanchier Wangenheimiana ......................... . .........
American Crab ................................... ___ ...........
American Crab Apple
AmericanElm
American Holly
American Linden
Amyris cymosa
Amyris dyatripa
Amyris clemifera
Amyris Floridana
Amyris maritima
Ainyris Plumieri
Amyris sylvatica .'
ANACAUDI ACK^E
Anamomis punctata
Aiinqna
Andromeda arborea
Andromeda arborescens
Andromeda femiffinea
Andromeda fcmtginea, var. arborescens .
Andromeda ferruginea, var.fruticoga ...
Andromeda, pluniata
Andromeda rltoiiiboidalis
Andromeda riyida
Anona glabra
Ancua lanrifolia
Anona petidula
Page.
164
163
164
163
164
164
164
164
164
165
163
165
162
162
162
162
164
163
164
163
163
163
164
164
164
164
164
164
164
164
163
165
163
164
164
164
85
84
84
84
84
84
84
85
85
84
85
85
84
72
72
123
35
27
33
33
31
52-54
88
114
98
98
96
96
%
37
96
96
23
23
23
222
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Anona species (Anona lauriiolia)
Anona triloba —
AXOXACE.E
Anonymos aquatica
Anthomeles (estivali-s
A nthomeles Douglasii
A nthomeles jlava -
Anthoineles glandulosa ,
.•1 nthomelef rotundifolia
Anltiomeles turbinata
Ants' Wood
Apple, American Crab
Apple, Custard
Apple Haw
Apple, Oregon Crab t
Apple. Pond
Apple, Seven-year
Apple, Southern Crab
Arbol de Hierro
Arbor-vita;
Arbutus laurifolia
/ Arbutus macrophylla
Arbutus Menziesii
Arbutus llenziesii (Arbutus Tesana)
Arbutus Menziesii (Arbutus Xalapensis)
Arbutus procera
A i but us Texana
? Arbutus uariens
Arbutus Xalapensis
? Arbutus Xalapensis (Arbutus Texana)
ArdisiaPickeringia ,
Aronia arborea
Aronia arbutifolia
Aronia Botryapium
Aronia cordata
Aronia ovalis
Arrowwood
Asagroea spihosa
Ash
Ash, Black
Ash, Blue
Ash, Green
Ash, Ground
Ash, Hoop
Ash, Mountain (Pyrns Americana)
A sh, Mountain (Pyrus sambucifolia)
Ash, Oregon
Ash, Prickly (Xanthoxylum Americanum) . . .
Ash, Prickly (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlis)
Ash, Bed
Ash, Sea
Ash, Wafer
Ash, Water
Ash, White
Ash, 'fellow
Ash-leaved Maple
Asimina campaniflora
Asimina triloba T.
Aspen '
Asp, Quaking
A vicennia nitida
Avicennia oblongifolia
A vicennia tommtota
Bald Cypress
Balm of Gilead
Balm of Gilead Fir
Balsam ( Abies Fraseri)
Balsam (Abies aubalpina)
Balsam (Populns balsamifera) .
Balsam Cottonwood
Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) . .
Balsam Fir (Abies concolor)...
Balsam, She
Banana. Mexican
II.
Page.
23
23
23
124
82
75
82
82
77
82
103
72
23
82
73
23
95
72
56
176
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
100
84
83
84
84
85
38
55
107
111
111
109
111
111
73
74
111
29
30
109
30
31
110
107
57
51
23
23
171
171
117
117
117
184
173
211
210
211
173
174
211
213
210
219
Bartram's Oak
Basket Oak
Basswood
Basswood, White
Bastard Cedar
Bastard Pine .
Jlatodendron arboreutn
Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca baccata)
Bayonet, Spanish (Tucca canaliculate)
Bayonet, Spanish (Tucca elata)
Bay, Bull
Bay, Loblolly
Bay, Red
Bay, Rose
Bay, Sweet
Bay, Tan
Page.
153
, 141
27
28
176
202
96
219
218
219
19
25
118
99
20
26
20
136
120
115
41
41
20
158
159
159
129
117
27
90
159
160
160
160
160
ICO
159
160
159
160
161
160
162
160
182
161
160
164
161
162
159
161
161
161
162
160
160
160
158
159-
159
161
160
164
164
164
162-
164
, 164
BETULACE.E 159-165
Big-bud Hickory 134
Big Cottonwood I75
Big Laurel
Big Shell-bark 133
Big Tree '. • 184
Bay, White
Bay berry
Bay Tree, California
Bean Tree
Bearberry
Bearwodd
Beaver Tree
Beech
Beecb, Blue
Beech, Water (Carpinus Caroliniana)
Beech, Water (Platanus occidentalis)
Beef wood
Bee Tree
Benthamidia florida
Betula acuminata
Betula alba, subspecies commutata
Betula alba, subspecies occidentalis typica
Betv.la alba, subspecies papyrifera
Betula alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. communis.
Betula alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. cordifolia..
lietula alba, subspecies populifolia
Betula alba, var. papyrifera
Betula alba, var. populifolia
Betula alba, var. populifolia (Betula papyrifera) . . .
Betula angulata
Betula Canadengis
Betula carpinifolia -
Betula cordifolia
Betula ezM&a.JBetnla lenta)
Betula excelsa (Betula lutea)
Betula grandis
Betula incana
Betula lanulosa
Betula lenta
Betula lenta (Betula alba, var. populifolia)
Betula lenta (Betula lutea)
Betnlalntea
Betula nigra
Betulanigra (Betula lenta)
Betulanigra (Betnla papyrifera)
Betula occideutalis
Betula occidentalis (Betula papyrifera)
Betula papyracea
Betnla papyrifera
Betu la populifolia -
fielularubra (Betula nigra)
Betula rubra (Betula papyrifera)
Betula rugosa -
Betula serrulata .
1 Betula-Alnus glauca
Betula-Alnus maritima
? Betvla-Alnus rubra ..- -
Betula-Alnus, var. 0 incana.
INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
223
Bigelovia acuminata .
Bignonia Catalpa
Biynonia Unearis
BlGNOXIACE*
Page.
112
115
116
115,116
86
162
160
160
162
159
161
162
159
160
161
161
162
33
159
160
161
200
135
136
165
164
Ill
162
160
116
68
174
174
184
92
94
134
134
39
151
150
151
,. 215
59
65
117
146
149
148
149
, 105
193
195
97
203
49
79
'117
131
170
166
"7
Ill
159
153
41
, 143
205
40
128
BOIiKARIXACKJi 113, 114
Horya acuminata, 112
fiorya litjustrina .. 112
Jlorya nitida 112
Bottom Shell-bark 133
Hilsted
Birch, Black (Betula lenta)
Birch, Black (Betula occidentalis)
r.iirh, Canoe
Uireh, Cherry
Birch, Gray (Betula alba, var. populifolia) . .
Birch, Gray (Betula lutea)
Birch, Mahogany
.Birch, Old-field
Birch, Paper
Birch, Red
Birch. River
Birch , Sweet
Birch, West Imliau
Birch, White (Betula alba, var. populifolia).
Birch, White (Betula papyrifera)
Birch, Yellow
Bishop's Pine
Hitter Nut
Bitter Pecan
Black Alder (Alnus incana) •
Black Alder (Alnus scrrulata)
Black Ash
Black Birch (Betnla lenta)
Black Birch (Betnla occidentalis)
Black Calabash Tree
Black Cherry, Wild
Black Cottonwood (Popnlus angustifolia) —
Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) . . .
Black Cypress
Black Guru
Black Haw
Black Hickory (Carya porcina)
Black Hickory (Carya tomentosa)
Black Ironwood
Black Jack (Quercus Catesbasi)
Black Jack (Quercus nigra)
Black Jack, Forked-leaf
Black Larch
Black Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos)
Black Locust (Robinia Pseudacacia)
Black Mangrove
Black Oak (Quprcus Emoryi)
Black Oak (Quercns Kelloggii)
Black Oak (Quercus rubra)
Black Oak (Quercus tinctoria)
Black Persimmon
Black Pine (Finns Jeffreyi)
Black Pine (Pinus Murrayana)
Black Sloe
Blade Spruce
Black Su
• Maple .
Black Thorn -.
Black Tree
i:!ack Walnut •.
Black Willow (Salix flavescens, var. Sceuleriana) .
Black Willow (Salix nigra)
Blackwood
Bine Ash
Blue Beech
Blue Jack
Blue Myrtle
Blue Oak
Blue Spruce
Blue wood
Bois d'Arc...
Bourreria Havaneusis
Bourreria Havanensis, var. radula
Bourreria ovata
Bourreria radula
Bourreria recurva
Bourreria tomentosa
Bourreria tomentosa, var. Havanensis .
Box Elder (Negundo aceroides)
Box Elder (Negundo Californicum)
Boxwood (Cornus florida)
Boxwood (Scha:fferia frutescens)
Brahea dulcis ?
Brahea filamentosa
Brickley Thatch
Brittle! Thatch
Broad-leaved Maple
Broussonetia secundijlora
Broussonetia tinctoria
Brown Hickory
Bucida Buceras
Buckeye, California
Buckeye, Fetid
Buckeye, Ohio
Buckeye, Spanish
Buckeye, Sweet
Buckthorn, Southern
Buckwheat Tree
Bull
ullBay.
Page.
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
51
51
91
'. 39
217
217
218
218
47
57
128
134
87
44
42
42
44
43
103
38
19
134
193
200
193
195
103
102
101
103
102
101
102
102
102
103
102
101
103
102
101
103
103
103
101
, 101
69
102
101
102
54
38
140
32
32
BURSEEACE.E 32,33
101
BnllNnt
Bull Pine (Pinus Jeffrey!)
Bull Pine (Pinus mitis)
Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa)
Bnll Pine (Pinus Sabiniana)
Bum elia ancjitstifolia
Bumelia arborea
Bumelia chrysophylloidei
Bumelia cuneata
Bumelia ferruginea
Bumelia foetidissima
Bnmelia lanuginosa
Bumelia lanuginosa, var. macroearpa..
Bumelia lycioides
Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinatum
Bumelia macroearpa
Bumelia Mastichodendron
Bltmelia myrsinifolia
/ Bumelia oblongifolia
Bumelia pallida
Bumelia parvifolia
Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia cuneata) . .
Bumelia reclinata (Bnmelia lycioides) .
? Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia tenax) ...
Bnmelia salicifolia
? Bumelia serrata
Bumelia spinosa
Bumelia tenax
Bumelia tomentosa
Bumwood
Burning Bush
Burr Oak :...
Bursera acuminata
Bursera gummifera .
Bustic .
Butternut
Button-hall Tree
Buttonwood (Conocarpus erecta)
Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis)
Buttonwood (Platanus racemosa)
Buttonwood, White •
Byrsonima lucida
C.
Caballeria coriacea
Cabbage Palmetto
Cabbage Tree 217
130
129
87
129
129
87
28
224
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Page.
CACTACRSS ............................................................... 89,90
Cactus, Giant ............................................................ 90
Cagiput ................................................................. 120
Calabash Tree, Black ................................................... 116
Calico Bush ............................................................. 98
Calicowood ............................................ . ................. 106
California Bay Tree ..................................................... 120
California Buckeye ........ . .......................... - .................. 44
California Holly ......................................................... 84
California Laurel ........................................................ 120
California Nutmeg ...... '. ................................................ 186
California Olive ......................................................... 120
Calothyrsus Califomica ............................... — ................ 43
Calyptranthes Chytraculia ............................ . ................. 88
Canada Plum ............................................................ 65
•Canella alba ............................................................. 24
Canella laurifolia ........................................................ 24
Canella Winterana ...................................................... 24
CANELLACE.E ............................................................ 24
Canoe Birch ............................................................. 160
Canoe Cedar ............................................................. 177
Canotia holocanthtt ...................................................... 32
•CAPPAIUDACE.S .......................................................... 24
Capparis Sreynia ......................................................... 24
Capparis cynophyUophora ...................................... • — ..... .. 24
Capparis emarginata ..................... . .............. - ............... 24
Capparis Jamaicensis .................................................... 24
Capparis siliquosa ......................... . . ....... . ....... ---- ••- ...... 24
Capparis torulosa ......................... .... ------- ------ ..... ......... 24
Capparis uncinata ................. .. ------- .......... •- .............. — 24
CAPRIFOLIACE.E ......................................................... 93,94
•Cardiolepis obtusa ....................................................... 41
Carolina Poplar ......................................................... 175
Carpinus Americana ............. .. ........ -. ---------------- ........... 158
Carpinus Setulns Virginiana ............................................ 158
CarpiuusCaroliniana ................... ---- ......... ----- ............... 158
Carpinus Ostrya ......................................................... 158
Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana ........................................ 158
Carpinug trijlora .................... . - ....... ------ ...................... 158
Carpinus Virginiana .................................................... 158
Caryaalba ............................................................... 132
Carya alba (Carya tomentosa) ........................................... 134
Carya amara ... .......................................................... 135
Carya amara, var. myristic&formit ................... ----- . ............. 135
Carya amara, var. poreina .............................................. 134
Carya angustifolia ................ - .................... . ............... -• 132
Carya aquatica .......... ------- ............. . ........................... 135
Carya cathartica .......... . ...... ----- ............ . ................ - ..... 130
Carya cordiformis ....................................................... 133
Carya glabra ............................................................ 134
Carya Illinoentif .................................. • ..................... 132
Carya integrtfolia ................... . ......... - ..... ------ ............... 135
•Carya microcarpa ........................ .- ...... . ................... — 133
Carya myristicseformls .................................................. 135
Carya olivarformis ....................................................... 132
Carya poreina ........... ------ ............. ------------- .............. -- 134
•Carya sulcata ........................................................... 133
.'Carya tetraptera ........................................................ 132
Carya tomentosa ........................................................ 133
Carya tomentosa, var. maxima .......................................... 134
Caryotaxus Myristica .................................................... 186
Caryotaxus taxifolia ............... ______ ............. — ..... . ....... — 186
Cassada .................................................................. 101
Cassena
Casting Caroliniana
•Cassine Peragua
Cassine ramulosa ........ . ...... .
•Castanea alnifolia
Castanea Americana
Castanea chrysophylla
Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor
Castanea nana
Castanea pumila
Casta~iea sempervirens
SJastanea vesca (Castanea pumila)
36
36
36
36
*156
157
156
156
156
156
156
156
Castanea vesca (Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana).
Castanea vesca, var. Americana
Cast:mc» vulgaris, var. Americana
Castanopsis chrysophylla
Castanopsis chrysophylla, var. minor
Castanopsis chrysophylla, var. pumila
Catalpn . . .
Cutaljm biguonioides
Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa speeiosa)
Catalpa communig
Catalpa cordifolia (Catalpa bignonioides) . . .
Catalpa cordifolia (Catalpa speeiosa)
Catalpa speeiosa
Catalpa syringcefolia
Catalpa, Western
Catawba
Cat's Claw (Acacia Greggii)
Cat's Claw ( Acacia \Vrightii)
Cat's Claw (Pithecolobium Unguis-oati)
Ceanothus ferreus
Ceanothus losvigatus
Ceanothus reclinatus
Ceanot hus thyrsiflorus
Cedar, Bastard
Cedar, Canoe -•- .
Cedar Elm
Cedar, Incense
Cedar, Oregon
CedarPine
Cedar, Port Orford
Cedar, Post
Cedar, Red ( Juniperus Virginiana)
Cedar, Red (Thuya gigantea)
Cedar, Stinking (Torreya Califomica)
Cedar, Stinking (Torreya taxifolia)
Cedar, White (Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana) .
Cedar, White (Chamsecyparis sphseroidea) . .
Cedar, White fLibocedrus decnrrens)
Cedar, White (Thuya occidentalis)
Cedrus Makogoni
CKLASTRACExE
Celtis alba
Cellis Audibertiana
Celtis Audibertiana, var. oblongata-
Celtis Audibertiana, var. ovata
Celtis Serlandieri ,
Celtis brevipes
Celtis canina
Celtis eordata
Oeltis crassifolia
Celtis crassifolia, var. eucalypti/olia
Cellis crassifolia, var. morifolia
Celtis crassifolia, var. tttice/olia
Celtis Douglasii
Celtis Floridiana
Celtis fuscata
Celtis heterophytta
Celtis integrifolia
Celtis Icevigata
Celtis lAndheimeri .
Page.
157
157
157
156
156
156
115
115
115
115
115
115
115.
115
115
115
n
63
64
39
39
41
41
170
177
122
176
179
201
179
176
182
177
186
186
179
178
176
176
125
126
126
126
126
126
125
125
125
125
125
..* 125
126
125
125
125
125
125
126
Celtis longi folia 125
Celtis maritima (in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev.) 125
Celtis maritima (in New Fl. and Bot.) 125
Celtis Mississippiemis 125
Celtis morifolia I25
Celti* obliqua 125
Celtis occidentalis I25
Celtis occidentalis, var. eordata 125
Celtis occiden talis, var. crassifolia 126
Celtis occidentalis, var. grandidentata I25
Celtis occidentalis, var. integrifolia 125
Cellis occidentalis, var. pumila (Celtis occidentalis) 126
? Celtis occidental!*, var. pumila (Celtis occidentalis var. reticulata) 126
Celtis occiden talis, var. rt-ticulata I28
Celtis occidental! x, var. gcabriuscida 125
INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
225
Page.
, 125
125
125
125
126
125
125
126
65
66
68
68
69
66
69
«7
67
67
65
70
67
65
66
66
69
68
70
67
68
60
61
61
61
61
61
61
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
89
105
Chamcecyparis Boursierii (Chamfecyparis Lawsoniana) 178
Chamcecyparis Boursierii (Juniperus occidentalis) 181
Chamtfcyparif excelsa 178
Chama>cyparis Lawsoniana 178
Chaimecyparis Nutkaensis 178
Chamcecyparis Nutkaensis, var. glauca 178
Chaw "'niparis NvAkanus. . 178
Chaimecyparis spha;roidea 177
Chama'rops Palmetto 217
Cheiranthodendron Cali/ornicum 26
Chorrv
Cfltit occidentalis, var. serrulata - .
Celtis occidentalis, var. tenuifolia
Celtis patula
Celtis putnila
Celtis r&teulata
Ocltis salicifolia
Celtis tenuifolia
Celtis Texana
Cerasus Americana
Ceraftus borealis
Cerasus Capollin
Cerasus Capuli
C<'ra^'-is Caroliniana
Ccrasus Chicasa
Cerasus demissa
Cerasus emarginata
Oerasus erecta
Cerasus glandulosa
Cerasus hiemalis
Cerasus ilicifolia
Cerasus mollis
Cerasus nigra
Cerasus Pennsylvanica
t Cerasus persicifolia
Cerasus serotina (Prnmis demissa)
Cerasus serotina (Pruuus serotina)
Cerasus tpheerocarpa
Cerasus umbellata
Cerams Virijiniana
Gercidium floridum
Cercis Canadensis
Oercis Canadensis, var. pubescent
Cercis occidentalis
Oercis occidentalis, var
Cercis occidentalis, var. Textnsis
Ct-reu roniformis
Cercocarpus betukefolius
Cercocarpus bctuloidex
Cercoearpus brevijoliut
Cercocarpus intricatus
Cercocarpus ledifolius
CercooazpnB ledifulius, var. intricatus
Ceroooarpna parvifolius
Curcocarpua parvifolius, var. glaber
Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. pancidentatus.
Cerous gigauteus
Chapote
Cherry Birch . .
Cherry, Indian .
Cherry, May. . .
Cherry, Pigeon
Cherry, Pin
Cherry, Rum
Cherry, Wild (Prunus Capuli)
Cherry, Wild (Pranus demissa)
Cherry, Wild Black
Cherry, Wild Red
Chestnut '.
Chestnut Oak (Quercns densiflora)
Chestnut Oak (Qnercus prinoides) .
Chestnut Oak (Quercus Prinus) : . .
Chestnut Oak, Rock ;.
Chickasavr Plum
Cfi (7«r'S/.v fthttinosa
1-") FOR
100
162
40
84
CO
68
66
157
155
143
142
142
66
116
Page.
116
116
60
44
156
156
143
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
52
72
64
65
65
100
100
100
100
100
100
115
95
95
95
24
24
116
57
57
56
123
38
25
25
147
117
118
117
118
118
118
76
65
58
58
41
87
39
46
COXIFERJI 176-216
Conocarpus acutifolia 87
Conocarpns erecta 87
Conocarpus erecta, var. procumbent 87
Conocarpus procumbent '. 87
Conocarpus racemosa 87
Coral Sumach 54
Cordia Boissieri 114
Cordia Floridana 114
? Cordia juglandif olid 113
Cordi.i Sebestena us
Cordia speciosft H3
Cork Elm 123
Corkwood 117
CORXACE^E 90-93
Cornus alterna go
Cornus alternifolia 00
Chilopsis linearis
Chilopsis saligna
Chimanthus amygdalinus
China, Wild...
Chinquapin (Castanea pumila)
Chinquapin (Caatanopsis chrysophylla) . .
,Chiuquapiu Oak
Chionanthus angustifolia
Cltionanthus heterophylla
Gliionanth us lonyijolia,
Chionanthun viarilima
Chionantltux inontana
C'hiona,ithi/s Irijida
Chlonantbna Vir^inir,;!
Chionantlntx ) ir:;inica, var. angustifolia .
ChionanUiutt Virginica, var. latifolia
ChionanthuH Yiryntica,var. maritima
Chionanthvx Yirginica, var. montana
(.' I lilt :i in wood
Chloromelca gcwperrirens
ChryHobalanus leaeo
Chrysobalanus Icaco, var. pelloearpa
Chrysobalanu.i pelloearpa
ChryRopftyllum Jlarbasco
Chrysophyllum Caneto, p
ChriiKophyllum ferrugineum
Chrysophyllvni micropltyllum
GhrtiSf'phyUum tiionopyrenum
Chrysophyllum oliviforme
Cigar Tree
Cinchona Caribcea
Cinchona Caroliniana
Cinchona Jamaicensis
Cinnamon Bark
Cinnamon, Wild
Citharexylum villosum
Cladraetis lutea
Cladrastis tinctoria
Clammy Locust
Cliff Elm...
Cliftonia ligustrina
Clusia flava
Clusia rosea
Coast Live Oak
Coccoloba Floridana
Coccoloba Loeganewit
Coccoloba parvtfolia
Coccoloba uvifera
Coccoloba uvifera, var. Lceganensis.
Coccoloba nvifera, var. ovalifolia
Cockspur Thorn
Cocoa Plum
Coffee Nut
Coffee Tree, Kentucky
Colubrina recliuata
COMBRETACEJE ,
Condalia ierrea
Condalia obovata
22(5
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Page.
90
01
01
217
52
52
93
175
Conins florida
Cornus florida (Cornus Nuttallii)
Cornus Nuttallii
Corypha Palmetto
Cotinu* Americanus —
Cotinus coggygria , -
Cotton Gum
Cottonwood (Populus Fremontii)
Cottonwood ( Populns Fremontii, var. Wislizeni) 175
Cottonwood (Populua monilifera) 175
Cottonwood, Balsam 174
Cottonwood, liig • - 175
Cottonwood, Black (Populus angustifolia) 174
Cottouwood, Black (Populus trichocarpa) •- 174
Cottonwood, River 172
Cottonwood, Swamp 172
Cottonwood, White 175
Cow Oak 141
Crab, American - - - 7 2
Crab Apple, American
Crab Apple, Oregon - •
Crab Apple, Southern
Crab, Sweet-scented
Crabwood -
Crategus sestivalis
Crategns apiifolia -
Crategus arborescens
Oratcegus arbutifolia •--
Crategns berberifolia
Cratcegus Sosciana
Crategus brachyacantha
Cratcegus Caroliniana —
Crategus cocciuea
Cratfegus coccinea (Crategus tomentosa)
Oratcegus coccinea, var. cordata -.
Cratfetjas coccinea, var. mollis -
Crategus cocciuea var. oligaudra
Crategns coccinea, var. popnlifolia -
Cratferjus coccinea, var. typica
Crategns coecinea, var. viridis
1 Oratcegus coccinea, var. viridis (Crategus tomentosa)
Crategus cordata
Cratcegus coronaria —
Oratcegus Coursetiana
Crategus Crus-galli
Cratcegus Crus-galli (Cratsegns coccinea)
Oratcegus Crus-galli (Crategus tomentosa, var. pnnctata)
Crategus Crus-galli, var. linearis
Crategus Crus-galli, var. ovalifolia
Crategus Crus-galli, var. prunifolia
Crategus Crns-galli, var. pyracanthifolia -
Crataegus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia (Crategns arborescens)
Oratcegus Cruj-galK.vaT.saKcifolia
Cratcegus Crus-galli, var. splendent
Cratcegus cuneifolia -
Cratgegus Douglasii
Cratfegus elliptica (Crategus restivalis)
Cratcegus elliptica (Crategns flava, var. pnbescens)
Crategns flava
Cratcegus flava (Crategus flava, var. pnbescens)
Cratcegus flava (Crategus tomentosa) >-
Cratfegus flava (Crategus tomentosa, var. pnnctata)
Cratcegus flava, var. lobata
Crategus flava, var. pubescens
? Oratcegus flexuosa
Cratcegus glandulosa (Crategus coccinea)
1 Oratcegus glandulosa (Crategus Douglasii)
Cratctgut glandulosa, (Crategns flava)
Cralcegus glandulosa (Crategns flava, var. pnbescens)
Cratfegus glandulosa, var. macracantha
Oratcegus glandulosa, var. rotundifolia
Cratfegus latifolia (Craticgus tomentosa)
Cratfegus latifolia (Crategxis tomentosa, var. pnnctata)
Cratcegus leucocephalua
Cratcegus leucophlceos ....
Cratcegus linearis
Crattiyut lobata (Crataegus flava)
Cratffijus Inlata (Ci'attegns tomentosa)
Gratcrgus lucir/a (Cratagus sestivaljs) . .
Cratcrgtis lucida (Crataegus Crus-galli).
Cratfftjug inacracantha
Cratcegus MicJtauxii
Cratifflus microcarpa ,
Cratcegus mollis
Cratirgus obocatij'olia.
Cratd-ifus opaca
Crufn 'ivs <-i-<ilifolia
72
73
72
72
121
82
81
75
83
82
77
75
82
77
79
79
78
78
78
78
78
79
80
72
76
76
77
80
76
76
77
76
75
76
76
80
75
82
83
79
SO
82
83
80
77
75
77
79
SO
79
70
uyyacantha
Cn'tii'iius ".ii/acantha,\aT.apiifolla
Craticgus jmrvifolia
Cratfegus pop ulifolia (Crata»gus coccinea)
Cratcegua pupulifolia (Craticgns cordata)
Cratcegus prunellifolia
OrataffUt prunffoKa
Oratcegus punctata
Crata-gus punctata, var. bretispina
Cratcegus punctata, var. rubra and aurea
Crakegus punctata, var. xanthocarpa
j; Cratcegus pyrifolia
Cratcegus racemosa
Crata^gns rivularis
Cratcegus rivulftrls (Crati'-gus Douglasii)
Cratcegus saliclfolia
Cratcegus sangitinea
Cratcegus sanguinea, var. Douglasii (Cratflegus Douglasii).
Cratcegus sanguinea, var. Douglasii (Cratsegns rivnlaris) . .
Cratfegus sanguinea, var. vittosa
Cralii'mis sp:tthulata
Cratcegus spat?tulata (Crata'gus flava, var. pubeecens)
Cratcegus spicata
Crat;rguft subvilloaa
Cratcegus Tezana •
Crata'gus tomentosa
Crataegus tomentosa (Amclancbier Cauadensis)
Cratcegus tomentosa, var. mollis
Cratcegus tomentosa, var. plicata
Cratsegus tomentosa, var. punctata
Crataigus tomentosa, var. pyrifolia
Cratfegus turbinata
Cratfegus Virginica
Cra.tcegus viridis (Cratiegns coccinea)
Cratcegus viridis (Cratoegns flava, var. pnbescens)
Cratcegus Wateoniana
Crescentia cucurbitina
Crescentia latifolia
Crescentia letTiifeva
i ; Crescentia obovata
Crescentia ovata
Crescentia toxicaria
Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuniinata)
Cucumber Tree (Magnolia cordata)
Cucumber Trre, Large-leaved
Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved
Cuprespinnata difttitha
CupresHus A inericana
Cupressus Arbor-vitce
Cupressus A rizonica
? Cuprcsttus attenuata -
? Cupressus Californica
Cupressus Calif ornica gracilis (Cupressus Goveniana)
Cupressus Calif ornica gracilis (Cupressns Macnabiana)...
f GupreRRux cvrnuta
Cupressus disticha
Cupressus disticlia, var. imbricaria
Cupressus disticha, var. nutans
Cupressus disticlia, var. patens
Cupressus fragrans
Citpressus glandulosa
Cupressus Goveniana
Cnpressus Guadalupensis -••-
Page.
77
82
79
82
76
77
83
81
78
8ft
82
76
81
81
83
78
80
76
77
80
75
80
80
79
84
74
75
76
75
75
74
78
81
K»
85
78
78
79
84
78
80
80
79
82
83
•78
83
76
116
US
116
116
116
116
20
21
21
22
183
178
176
180
178
179
179
180
179
183
183
183
183
178
1X0
179
180
INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
227
Cupreous Hartwegii
? Ouprtssus Hartwegii, var. fastigiata
Cupresttus Lambertiana
OupresKus Lawsoniana
( 'njii I'SHIIS MaclKibiana
( ';iplvs*UM marruriirpa
t'uj'i v.v.s^.v inai-fwarpa? (Cupressus Guadalnpensis) .
/!ttii-/-t:i-iirpff, \m\fastigiata
Page.
179
179
179
178
180
179
180
179
178
( V;;;vx* i'-s' .\ utkilt'ttxix 178
Cliprwxi'H tltyoides 177
Cuf liLIFKK A 137-159
Custard Apple 23
Cypivss, liald , 184
Cypress, Black 184
(\vjnv>s. I'oriduous 184
Cypress, Lawson'a 179
Cypress, Monterey 179
Cypress, lied 184
Cypresa, Sitka 178
Cypress, White : 184
Cypress, Yellow 178
CYUII.LACE.E 37,38
Cyrilla Caroliniana 37
Cyrilla fuscata 37
Cyrilla paniculata 100
( ';/ 1- ilia pa rvifolia ; 37
Cyrilla polystacKia 37
Cyrilla racemiflora 37
Cyrilla racemosa 37
Drypetes iesgiliflora .
Duck Oak
Dwarf Maple
I) war!' Sumach
Page.
120
152
48
53
E.
EBENACK.K .............................................................. 104,105
Dalioon
Dahoon Holly
Dalea apinosa
Darling Plum
Datinca hirta
Deciduous C\ press
Dermatophyllutn speciosum
Desert Willow
Devilwood
Diamond Willow
Digger Pino
Dilly, Wild
DiospyroK angustifolia
Diospyros calycina
Di imp if rod ciliata
Dio~pyr<ts concolor .......
Diospyros Guaiacana
Diospyros intermedia
Diospyros lucida
JHospyros Pers-imon
Diospyrot pubescens ,
Diospyros Texaiia, ,
Diospyros Virginiana ,
Diospyrot Virginiana, var. concolor
Diospyros Virginiana, var. macrocarpa
Diospyros Virginiana, var. microcarpa
Dionpyros Virginiana, var. pubescens
Dipholis salicifolia
Doctor Gum
Dogwood
Dogwood, Floweiing (Cornus florida)
Dogwood, Flowering (Cornus Nuttallii)
Dogwood, Jamaica
Dogwood, Striped
Douglas Fir
Downward Plum
Uinn pauciftorum
.v idla. var. latifolia
Drypetes crocea
Drypetes crocen, var. latifolia
Drypetes crocea, var. longipeg
Itri/jH-tt't; ylauca (Drypetes crocea)
Drypetet ylaitm (Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia).
35
35
55
39
52
184
57
116
113
170
195
103
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
104
104
104
104
104
101
54
90
91
91
57
48
209
103
120
121
120
121
120
120
121
Ehrctia Jlourreria
Elnvtiu elliptica
Ehretia Ilai'diienvis
Ehrrt'ut radu.la ..... .......
Khrrtia timirntom
Elaphr'niin intfgerrimum
Elder (Santlmcu.s ^lauca)
Elder (Sambucus Mexicana)
i ! Elder, Box (Xvgimdo aceroides)
Elder, Box (Negundo Californicum)
Elder. Poison
Elemi, Gum
Elkwood
Elm, American
Elm, Cedar
j| Elm, Cliff
:] Elm, Cork
Elm, Hickory
Elm, Moose ........................ .
Elm, Red
Elm, Eock
Elm, Slippery (Fremontia California)
Elm, Slippery (Ulmas fulva)
Elm, Water
Elm, White (Ulmus Americana)
Elm, White (Ulmus racemosa)
Elm, Winged
Emetila rawulofta ............ .'
Enceno
Endotropis oleifoUa
EKICACE^E .............................................................. 99.99
Erythrina piscipula ..................................................... 57
Eugenia axillaris ............... .- ____ .............................. 39
Eugenia Baruensis ................ .. ......... . ........... . _____ 39
Eugenia bnxifolia ....................................................... gg
Eugenia dichotoma ...................................................... g8
Eugenia dichotoma, var. fragrant ....................................... 88
Eugenia divaricata ...................................................... gg
Eugenia longipes ................... _____ ........................... ^__ gg.
Eugenia montana .................... _____ ............... gg
Engenia monticola .................... ________ ..... . . gg,
Eugenia myrtoides ................................ . ........ ________ ><t gg
Eugenia pollens ................................................... gg
Eugenia procera .............. . ......... ___ ................. gg
Eugenia pungeng .............................. .. ........ . gg
Eugenia triplinerma (Eugenia bnxifolia)
Eugenia triplinervia (Eugenia monticola)
Euonymna atropurpureus
Euonymus Carolinmris
Euonymus latifolius
1H
114
114
114
114
32
93
94
51
51
54
33
21
123
122
123
123
123
122
122
123
26
122
123
123
123
124
36
147
40
88
Excaeca ria lucida
Exostemma Caribseum
Exothea oblongifolia
Eysenhardtia amorphoides ,..
Eysenhardtia amorphoidts, var. orthocarpa .
Eyaenhardtia orthocarpa
F.
Fagara fraxinifolia
Fagara lentiscifolia
Fagara Pterota
Fagusalba
Fagus Americana
Fagui Americana latifolia
Fagus Castanea
Fagus Castanea dentata
Fagus Castanea pmnila ,
Fagus ferrnginea
120, 121
121
95
45
55
55
55
30
31
31
157
157
157
157
157
156
157
228
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Vagus frrruginea, var. Caroliniana .
Fagua pumila
Faga* pumila, var. prcecox
Fagit* tylvatica
Faguit sylvatica atropunicea
Fagui sylvatica, var. Americana
Page.
157
156
156
157
157
157
Pagan syli-cstris 157
Fan-leaf Palm 217
Farklcberry 96
Fetid Uuckeye 42
Ficus aurea 126
F-icus aurea,~va.T. latifolia 126
Ficus brevifolia 127
Ffctm complicata 127
Ficus peduncnlata 127
Fiddlt-wood 116
Fig, Wild 127
Fir. Balm of Gilead 211
Fir, Balsam (Abies balsamea) 211
Fir, Balsam (Abies concolor) 213
Fir, Douglas 209
Fir, Red (Abies magniflca) 214
Fir.Eed (Abies nobilis) 214
Fir.Red (PseudotsugaDouglasii) 209
Fir, White (Abies concolor) 213
Fir, White (Abies grandis) 212
Fir, Yellow 209
Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) 91
Floweiiug Dogwood (Cornus Xuttallii) 91
Fcetataxus montana 180
Fostataxuit Myristica 186
Foi c-stiera acuminata 112
Forked leaf Black Jack 161
Foxtail Pine 191
Frangula Californica 40
Frangula Californica, \&i. tomenteUa 41
Frangula Caroliniana 40
t Frangula fragttis 40
Frangula Purshiana 41
Frauklinia 26
Franklinia Alatamaha 25
Fraxiuus acuminata 107
Fmxinus alba 112
fraxinus alba (Fraxinus Americana) 107
•fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, var. microcarpa) 108
fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis) 108
Fraxinus Americana 107
fraxinus Arnericana (Fraxinns platycarpa) 110
Fraxinus Americana, var. Caroliniana 110
fraxinus Americana, var. juglandifolia 109
Fraxinus Americana, var. latifolia 107
Fraxinus Americana, var. microcarpa 108
Fraximts Americana, var. pubescens 108
Frazinvs Americana, var. rjuadrangulata 110
f rn.fi n us Americana, var. quadrangulata nenosa 110
Fraxinus Americana, var. sambucifolia Ill
Fraxmus Americana, var. Texensis 108
fraxinus Americana, var. triptera 110
i'lMxinus auomala 106
fraxinus lierlandieriana 109
i'ra.rinvK Crinadensis 107
I Fraximts Caroliniana (Fraxmus platycarpa) 110
> Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinns viridis) 109
Frajiniii Carolinennis 107
Fraxinus riurrea 112
Fraxinus coriacea (Fraxmus Americana, var. Texensis) 108
fraxinus coriacea (Fraxinus pistaciffifolia) 106
Fi-'ij iintx crispa Ill
Fraxinus Curtixsii 108
Fraxinus curvidcns 110
Fraxiiiiis « uspHhita. • ng
Fraxinus dijjetala 112
Framnutt discolor _ 107
l:'ruxiuus elliptica , 112
Fraxinus epiptera 107
Fraxinus excelsior
Fraxinus expansa
Fraximis fusca
Fraxinus grandifolia
Fraxinus Greggii
? Fraxinus juglandifolia (Fraxinus Americana).
Fraxinus juglandifolia (Fraxinus viridis)
1 Fraxmus juglandifolia, var. serrata
Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. subintegerrima
/ Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. subserrata
Fraxinun lancea
Fraxinus longifolia
Fraxinua mixta
Fraxinus ncrvosa
Fraxinus iii^ru
Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus pubescens)
Fraximis nigra (Fraxinus sambucifolia)
Fraxinus nigrescent
Fraxinus Nora?.Anglia> (Fraxinus sambucifolia)
Fraxinus Nova-Anglice (Fraxinus viriois)
Fraxinus Nuttallii
Fraxinus oblongocarpa
Fraxinus Oregana '.
Fraxinus ovata
Fraxinus pattida
Fraxinus pannosa
Fraxinus pauci flora
Fraxinus J'ennsylranica
Fraxiuus pistacisefolia
Fraxinus pistaciffifolia (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis).
Fraxinus pistacicefolia, var. coriacea
Fraxinus platycarpa
Fraxiuus juibescens
Fraximis pubescens
Fraxinus pubescens, var
Fraxinus pubescens, var. latifolia
Fraxinus pubescens, var. longifolia
Fraxinus pubescens, var. subpubescens
Fraxinus imlveralenta
Fraxinus quadrangularis
Fraximm quadrangnlata
Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. nervosa
Fraxinus P.ichardi
Fraxinus rubicunda
Fraxinus rufa
Fraxinus sambucifolia
Fraxinus sambucifolia, var. cnspa
Fraxinus Schiedeana, var. panifolia
Fraxinus subvillosa
Fraxinus tetragona ,
Fraxinus tomentosa
Fraxinus trialata
Fraxinus triptera
Fraxinus velutina
Fraxiuus viridis »,
Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana
Fremontia Californica
Frigolito
Fringe Tree
O.
Gardenia clusicefolia
GeigerTreo
Genipa clusisefoHa
Georgia Dark
Georgia Pine
Giant Cactus
Gigantabics taxifolia
'nbiat Wellingtonia.
Ginger Pine
Glamberry
Glaucous Willow
Gleditschia aquatica
Gleditschia bracJiycarpa . .
Gleditschia Carolinensis . .
Gleditschia elegant
Page.
110
108
112
HI
106
107
109
107
109
107
107
108
112
110
112
108
111
110
111
109
110
108
111
112
110
112
110
108
106
108
106
110
108
110
111
108
108
108
112
110
110
110
112
112
112
111
111
106
108
110
108
109
110
106
109
109
26
58
113
95
113
95
95
202
90
185
:s4
179
28
169
59
59
59
59
INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
229
Glfditgchift inermis (Gleditschia monosperma)
t:lrilii*c>iiit inn-win (Gleditschiu triacanthos, var. inonnis)
• ''•/ in acrantha ......................
Glcdltuclna lleliloba,
Qleditachia monoopenna
iiosa
fili-intacliiii tfificanlha ........................... .. ........
( ;'.r<litschi:i triacanthos ...-
Gli ditsi-liia trtaeanthos, var. brachycarpos
hia triacautlios, var. iuermis
,' in triacanthos, var. monosperma
{ ;-.I>M> I'not Maple
( Hij.lii r i'lum ................................... .
Page.
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
40
91
rv.-c.ud 57
Gordon ia l-'ra ntlini 25
l Hirclimia Lasiauthus 25
Gordon ia pubescens T 25
.niiiiiilalit 25
Grape, Sea 118
cli.ty Birch (Betula alba, var. populifolia) 159
Gray Birch (Botula lutea) 101
Gr.i\ nine 201
Gnat Lailivl 99
( 1 1 , en A sh 109
(,i ;'cii-baik Acacia 60
Ground Ash Ill
(.''. amcc-iw angnstifolium 29
<;:i:. iaeuin sanctum 28
<iu<iincum rcrticale 28
Gnettarda elliptica 96
Hui-tlarda lllodgettii 96
Guiana Plum 121
(iuilandiua dioica 58
Gum, Black 92
Gum. Cotton 93
Gum, Doctor 54
Gum Elastic 102
Gum Elemi 33
Gum, Bed 86
Gum, Sour 92
Gum. Star-leaved 86
Gum, Sweet .' 86
Guru, Tupelo 93
Gumbo Limbo 33
Guriioou Stopper 88
G UTTIFE K m 25
Gymnanthen litcida rrr. . . . 121
Gymnobalanus Catetbyana 1 19
Gymuocladus Canadensis 58
Gymnocladiis dioica 58
H.
Hackbevry (Celtis occidentalis)
Hackberrv (Celtis occidcntalis, var. reticnlata)
Hackmatack
Halesia diptera
Hali siaparviflora ..............................
Haletia reticulata
Hali'sia totraptera
f faint ia cornifolia
Halmiajlabfllata
JJalmia lobata .............................. .
Halmia punctata
Halmia tumentosa
126
126
215
105
106
105
106
80
77
79
80
79
HAMAHKLACE.E 85,86
Hclina-.»eliit androgyna 85
Sama-tneli* corylifolia 85
Hamameliy dioica 85
H&jtiamclis macrophylla 85
Hamamelis pan-ifolia , 85
Hamamelis Virginiana, var. parv\folia 85
Hamamelis Virginica 85
Hard Maple 43
Hard Pine 202
Haw, Apple 82
Haw, Black
Haw, Ho<rs'
Uaw, May
Haw, Parsley
Haw, Pear ,..
Haw, Purple
Haw. Red (Crata-guH cocciuea)
Haw. lierl (Crata gim flava, var. pubescens)
H:i\v. Scarlet (Crata'gits coccinea)
ila\v. Srarlrt nbvillosa)
Haw. Small-fruited
Haw. Su lamer 'Cratiegus flava)
Haw, Summer (Cfata>sus flava, far. pubescens)
Haw, Ycllmv
Haz.-l, Witch
Hemlock (Pseudotsu<ra Douplafiii, var. macrocarpa) .
Page.
94
75
S2
81
79
40
78
S3
78
78
81
83
80
83
85
210
Hemlock (Tsuga Canadcnsis) 207
UiMiilcick (TKujia Caroliniana) 207
Hemlock (Tsuga Mcrtcnsiana) 208
HeteromeU s arbutifolia K
Heteromelcft Freinontiana 83
Heyderia detntrrens 176
Heymasxoli itpiuftsa 34
Hickorea. species 132
Hickorixs amara 135
Hickory, Big-bud 134
Hickory, Black (Carya porcina) 134
Hickory, Black (Carya tomentosa) -• 134
Hickory, Brown 134
Hickory Elm 123
Hickory, Nutmeg 135
Hickory Pine (Finns Balfonriana, var. aristata) 191
Hickory Pine (Pinus pnngeiis) 199
Hickory, Shag-bark 133
Hickory, Shell-bark '. 133
•Hickory, Swamp (Carya amara) 135
Hickory, Swamp (Carya aquatica) 136
Hickory, Switch-bud 134
Hickory, Water 136
Hickory, White-heart 134
Hicorius integrifolia 135
Hierophylliu Casrine 36
Hippomane Manciuella 121
Hoary Alder .1*5
Hog Plum (Prunus angustifolia) - 66
HogPlnm (Khus iletopinm) 54
Hog Plum (Ximenia Americana) 34
Hogs' Haw 75
Holly. American 35
Holly, California 84
Holly, Dahoon 35
Honey Locnst (Gleditschia triacanthos) 59
Honey Locnst (Prosopis juliflora) 62
Honey Pod 82
Honey Shucks 59
Hoop Aeh -,-- HI
Hopea tinctona 105
Hop Hornbeam -- - - 158
Hop Tree 31
Hornbeam 139
Hornbeam, Hop - 158
Horse Plum 65
Horse Sugar 105
Hypelate oblongifolia 45
Hypelate paniculata *5
Hypelate trifoliata *5
Hyperanthera dioica 58
Hypericum Lasianthus - - 2o
I.
Ilex testivalis
Ilex timbigtius ...
Ilex angustifolia .
Ilex aquifolium . .
Ilex Canadeiisis . .
37
37
K
SB
35
230
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Page.
36
Page.
132
135
131
130
130
132
135
132
132
134
132
133
133
135
131
131
134
130
130
132
132
132
132
134
134
134
134
132
131
131
132
133
134
84
180
181
182
182
182
181
181
182
179
182
180
180
ISO
182
180
181
182
181
182
181
180
180
182
181
181
180
181
181
181
181
182
180
180
182
182
182
182
98
30
68
36
35
36
35
35
35
35
35
36
37
30
35
Ha
' i( ' ^
36
34
Juglans oblonga alba.
37
35
Jt> fflfi.ns oualis
36
J i"tlans ovata
30
:;<; Julians vorcina - ..
36
Juglans porcina, var. obcordata
34
Jifflans porcina, var. pis-iformis
132
Juglans pyrifonnis
176
115
Juglans rupestria '.
40
127
64
I S G d
64
64
Juneberry
64
Juniper (Juniperus Californica)
64
Juniper {Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis)
45
Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)
128
Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugens)
139
Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis, var. monosperma)
103
Juniper (Juniperus pachyphloea)
Ironwood (Car inna Caroliniana)
159
Iro wood Clifto ia li tri
38
Ironwood CvrilH raceminora)
Ironwood (H • elite mictdata)
56
158
39
39
45
Islay
70
Itca CyriUa
37
Juniperus fcetida, var. Virginiana
Iw
98
Juniperus Hermanni (Juniperus occidentalis)
.1.
151
Juniperus occidentalis (Juniperus Californica)
150
Juniperus occidentalis (Juniperus Californica, var, TJtahensis)
153
151
Juniperus occidentalis, var. monosperma
Jark Oak
153
Juniperus occidentalis, var. Vtahentis
57
Juniperu-9 plochj/derm a
Juniperus pyriformis
Juniperus Sabina pachyphlcea
Juniperus &abina, var. Virginiana
Juniperus tetragona (Juniperus Californica)
Juniperus tetragona, var. osteosperma
Jnninerus Vir"iniana ..
133 " Juniperus Virginiana, var. Caroliniana
mJuninerus Virainiana. var. Hermanni
Juniperus Virginiana vulgaris
Juliana alba minima
135
K.
Juglans alba ovata
132
Juglans amara
Juglans angustifolia (Carya amara) ...
135
135
Kampvnania fraxinifolia
Kentucky Coflfeo Tree . . .
INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
231
King Nut
Kuuckaw.iv
Knob -cone I'iuo.
I..
Lftcttllit'a florida . .
Laguncularia glabrifolia
Lituuucularia racemosa
I,;ino-\voo.l
Larch
Larch , Black
Largo-leaved Cucumber Tree
Larix Americana .........
Larix Americana rubra
Larix A Hii-riraiiit, var. brevifolia
Larix Autericaiui, vnr.. pendula
Larix A tnericana, var. prol\fera
Larix decidua, var. Americana
Larix intermedia
Liirix Lyallil
i.iicrocarpa
I a rix oecideutalis
Larix pendula
/."/ /.r tenui/olia
Laurel ................................
Laiirc 1, r.ig .................. .........
Laurel, California .....................
Laurel, Great .........................
Laurel, Mountain ................... ..
Laurel Oal; (Quercus imbricaria) .....
Laurel Oak (Quereus laurifolia) .......
Laurel, Swamp ................... ----
Laurel, White ........................
Laurocerasim Caroliniana ............
Lauroccrasus ilicifolia ................
Laurus llorbonia .....................
Laurus Caroliniana ............. _____
Launt* f'arolinensis ................. .
Laurus Cnrolineti9is,vaTrglabra .....
Laurus Carolinensis, var. obtusa ......
Latirns Carolinensis, vsa:. pubescent . -
Lftunifi Catesb&i .....................
Laurus Catestyana ..................
Laurus reyia ........................
Laurus sanguinea ...................
Laitrns Sassafras ....................
La wson's Cypress ....................
Leaf, Sweet. .........................
LlCGUMIXO&E .........................
Lcptocarpa Caroliniana ............ ..
Lencama glauca .................. ____
Leucrena pulverulenta ...............
Leverwood ......................... .
Libocedrus decurrens ................
Lignum-vitro ................... _____
LILIACE.E ...........................
Lime, Ogeechee ......................
Lime Tree ...........................
Lime, Wild (Xanthoxylum Pterota) .
Lime, Wild (Ximeiiia Americana) . . .
Lin...
Page.
134
114
1%
25
87
87
119
215
215
21
93
215
215
216
215
215
215
215
216
215
216
215
215
118-120
98
19
120
99
120
154
153
20
20
69
70
118
118
118
118
118
119
119
119
120
119
119
179
105
55-64
Linden, American ,
Liquidainbar macrophylla
Liquulambar Styraciflua
Liquidambar Styraciflua, var. Mexicana.
Liquidaiuber
Liriodendron procera
Liiiodendron Tulipifera
Live. Oak (Quercna chrysolepis)
Live Oak (Quercus virenB)
Live Oak (Quercus Wislizeni)
Live Oak, Coast
Loblolly Bay
62
63
158
176
28
218, 219
91
27
31
34
27
27
86
86
22
22
146
145
147
147
25
Loblolly Pino
Locnst (Robinia Neo-Mexicana)
Locust (Robinia Pseudacacia)
Locust, Black (Gleditscbia triacanthos) .
Locnst, Black (Robicia Pseudacacia) —
Locust, Clammy
Locust, Honey (Gleditschia triacanthos).
Locust. Hunry (Prosopisjuliflora)
Locn-t, Sweet
l,oi ii ~t, Water
Loci!- 1, Yellow
Li«l jje-pole Pine
Logwood
Lon ".-.leaved Cucumber Tree
Lea ved Pino
Lyoni a a rborea
Lyonia ferrittjinca,
Lyonia rigida
Lyiriloma. Jlahamensis
Lysiloma latisiliqua
M.
Maclura aurantiaca
Madeira '
Madroua
Magnolia acurainata
Magnolia avricularie
Magnolia auriculata
Majmolia cordata
Magnolia De Candollii
Magnolia fragrans
Magnolia Fraseri
Magnolia glauca
Magnolia glauca, var. latifolia
Magnolia glauca, var. longtyolia
Magnolia grandiflora
Magnolia grandiflora, var. elliptica and obovata.
Magnolia grandifiora, var. lanceolata
Magnolia longifolia
Miigniilia macrophylla
Magnolia, Mountain
Magnolia pyramidata
Magnolia tripetala
Magnolia Umbrella
Magnolia Virginiana, var. a.glauca
Magnolia Virginiana, var. p,fcetida
Magnolia Virginiana, var. «
Magnolia Virffiniana, var. tripetala
Ptge.
197
56
55
59
55
56
59
62
59
60
f,fi
195
40
2L>
202
64
84
128
34
97
20
22
22
20
20
20
22
19
20
20
19
i 19
19
20
21
20
22
21
21
20
19
20
21
MAGSOLIACKJE 19-22
34
16S
71
, 71
28
28
72
72
73
72
73
72
73
121
54
121
87
117
87
.11
49
47
48
48
48
46
Mahogany
Mahogany Birch
Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpns ledifolins) . .
Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpns parvifolins) .
MALPIGHIACEJE
Malpighia lucida
Malus angustifolia
Malus coronaria-
Malus diversTfolia
Ualui microcarpa coronaria
Malui rimlarii
Malus sempervirens
Malus sutcordata
Manchineel
Manchineel, Mountain
Mancinella renenata
Mangrove
Mangrove, Black
Mangrove, White
Maple, Ash-leaved
Maple, Black Sugar
Maple, Broad-leaved
Maple, Dwarf
Maple, Groose-foot
Maple, Hard
Maple, Mountain '.
232
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Maple, Red
Maple, Rock
Maple, Silver
Maple, Soft (Acer dasycarpum)
Mnplu, Soft (Acer rnbrum)
Maple, Striped
Maple, Sugar
ilnplo, Swamp
M:iplo, Vine
Maple, Water
Maple, White
Marlberry
Mastic
Maul Oak
May Cherry
May Haw
Meadow Pine
Page.
50
48
49
49
50
46
48
50
47
50
49
100
101
140
84
82
202
MELIACE.* 33,34
llelicvcca paniculala 45
Itelilolnis lieterophylla 59
Mespilvs acerifolia 80
Mespiluf cestivalis 1 . 82
Mespilus apiifolia 81
ifctpihis arborea 84
Mespilus arbutifolia 83
Mespilus A zarolui 81
Mespilus berberifolia 82
Hespilii* ]>ogc\ana 77
Mespiluf! Calpodendron 79
Mespilus Canadensis 84
Mespilus Canadcnsis, var. cordata 84
Menpilus Canadcnsis, var. obovalis 85
Mespilus Caroliniana 82
Mcspilug eoccinea 77
Mespilus cordata 80
Mespilus cornifolia 80
Mespilus Crus-galli 70
llcspilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia 76
MespiluB Crus-galli, var. salicifolia 76
Mespilus cuneifolia (Crat&gus Crus-galli) 76
Mespilus cuneifolia (Cratsegus tomentosa, var. punctata) £0
.' 3fe spans cuneiformis 76
Jfespilux elliptica (Crataegtis Cms galli) 76
Mespilus elliptica (Cratajgus flava, var. pubescens) 83
Mespihut flabellata 77
Mespilus fiava 82
Mespttu* jlexispina 82
Mespilus glandulosa 77
Mcspilus hiemalis 83
Mcspil'M lalifolia 79
Mespilus linearis 77
Mesp-ilug lobata 79
Mexpilus lucida ^ 76
llfjpihus lucida, var. anguttifolia 77
Mctpilus Michauxit 83
s monogyna, var. apitfolia 81
ui nma 84
Metrpilut odorata 79
Ifcspilus ovalifolia 76
Mespilns Phcenopyrum ^0
itespilus populifolia 78
J/f spihcs pruinosa 79
Metepilux prunellifolw 76
Jf espilus prtmifolia ? 77
3If.spilus pubescens 77
Hespilua punctata 80
Mexpilus pyrtfulia (Cratsegus tomentosa) 79
Mapilvs pyrifolia (Cratffigus tomentosa, var. ponctata) 80
J/'.'.s7>(7cy rotundifolia (Cratasgus eoccinea) 77
Mespilus rotundi/olia (CrataBgue Crns-galli, var. prunifolia) 77
Metrpilitx salicifolia 76
llcipttus spalhulata 81
31 e;.pihtti tilifefolia 78
UcftpiluH turbinata 82
Mespilus viridis 78
Mespilus Watsoniana
? Mespilus Wendlandii
Mesquit
Mesquit, Screw-pod
Jfetopfam Linncei
Mexican lianana
Mexican Mulberry
Mexican Persimmon
Michauxia ses&ilig
Mimosa biceps
Minm.i/tfrondosa
MiinoKCt glauca
Mimosa Ouadalvpensis ,
Mimosa latisiliqua ,
Mimosa leitcocephala ,
Mimosa rosea ,
Mimc-aa T'nguis-cati
Minnt-sops dissecta ,
Mimusops Sieberi
Mocker Nut
Mock Orange
Monterey Cypress
Monterey Pine
Moose Elm
Moosewoocl
Morns Canadensis (Lamarck and Rafinesqne) ..
Morus micropli ylla
Jforws Xfissouriensis
Mr.ru* parvifolia (Morus microphylla)
Morns parvi folia (Moms rubra)
Morns reticulata
Morus riparia.
Morns vnbra
Morn a rubra, Tar. Canadensis
Morns nibra, var. incua
Morusrubra, var. tomentosa
Morns scabra
Morvs tomentosa
Mossy-cup Oak
Mountain Ash (Pyrns Americana)
Mountain Ash (Pyrus sambucifolia)
Mount ain Laurel
Mountain Magnolia
Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) . .
Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus parvifolius)
Mountain Manchineel
Mountain Maple
Mountain Plum
Mountain "White Oak
Mulberry, Mexican
Mulberry, Red
Mypmlapallens
Nylocaryumligvstrinum
Myrica Californica
jltyrica Carolinensis
Myrira cerifera
Myrica cerifera humtiis
Myrica cerifera sempervirens "
Myrica cerifera, var. angustifolia
Myrica cerifera, var. arborescens
Myrica cerifera, var. latifolia
Myrica cerifera, var. media
Myrica cerifera, v&T.pumita
Myrica Pennsylvanica
Xftlaptmsis
Pafie.
76
77
62
82
54
21»
128
105
25
62
62
62
64
64
62
64
«t
103
101
134
70
122
4«
1^7
128
127
128
127
127
127
127
12T
127
127
127
127
»«
7*
78
120
2*
71
71
54
46
34
US
128
128
38
38
137
136
isa
.: ISG
136
13«
13«
136
136
136
137
136,137
MYKSIXACEJE 00,100
Myrsine ftoribunda
Myrsine Floridana
M yr.siiif-, Eapanea
MYRTACE^-; 88,89
Myrtle, Blue
M yrtl<\ Wax
Myrius axillaris
Nyrttu buxifolia,
136
INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
233
Page.
88
Oak, Chestnut (Quercus Prinus)
Pago.
142
88
143
89
147
88
141
89
Oak, Duck
152
N.
42
130
150
154
88
153
94
146
175
145
119
()jik. Live (Quercus Wislizeni)
147
1 win
119
Oak, Maul
146
;
51
140
X ° \ '' Md s
50
Oak. Mountain Whife
143
• " ' \T C- I'f i i
51
140
.cgi.n.oae ( „
51
140
^ ; crifo-nicain (\e<nmdo iceroides)
51
155
.^jutuu *^or™ ^
51
154
• '
Oak. Pin
152
'
51
153
•'
51
Oak, Post -
139
76
Oak Punk
.. 152
192
149
135
151
134
148
58
148
Oak Rook Chestnut
142
Xut Kin*
134
Oak Scarlet
148
134
151
134
.'. 139
190
Oak Shingle
151
190
151
190
140
NutP' (Pi usP n -mi)
... 189
152
34
Oak Swamp White .
HI
186
155
135
151
117
Oiik Upland Willow
153
92
146
A'i' a' laltca r/'ssa uniflora)
. . 92
152
yf««n an ulisins '
93
152
Y> *m anr iloia
93
Oak Water White
140
92
138
92
137
91
138
... 91
144
93
138
92
144
\Jgsa cocrinca
91
154
92
143
93
149
92
149
91
200
/'na mull i rlora
92
218
92
91
91
42
93
34
92 ' Old-field Birch
... 159
. ... 91 |l m*i.fioi/i T>IT>«
197
93
113
92
113
\> x •« rillosa
92
106-113
O.
153
120
56
70
141
128
O.ik, lilack (Quercus Emoryi)
146
149
70
30
148
. .. 23
149 i Owarnii A sh
Ill
Oak Blue
143
179
();ik Burr
140
73
155
209
Oak. Chestnut .'OucTcus nriuoides) ..
143 Orcodavkne Ccdifornica...
120
234
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Oreodoxa oleracea !
Oreodoxa regia
O^n^r Or;m ire
( >Mnamlm-< A mericanus
Oxtrira Vii-giniana
( t.stiya Virginica
O*tr;ia Virfflnicd, var. eglandulosa ...
f).<ti->ia Virginica, var. glandulosa
Over-<*;ip Oak (Quercus lyrata)
Over-cup Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) .
Ox\ dendrnm urboreum
Page.
218
218
128
113
159
158
158
158
140
140
P.
Padua cartilaginea 68
Padus demissa 69
J'fuhts scrotina 68
Padus Virginiana 68
Palm, Fan-leaf 217
Palm, Royal 218
Palma argentea 218
I'AT.MACKJE 217,218
Palmetto, Cabbage 217
Palmetto, Silk-top 217
Palmetto, Silver-top 218
Palo Blanco 126
Palo Verde... 60
Papaw
Paper Birch
Paradise Tree
Varldnsonia aculeata
Tarkinsonia microphyUa
Parkinsonia Torreyana
Parsley Haw
1'dsartia dfnsiflora
Pavia Califnmica
.' Pavia carnea
Pavia discolor
Pavia flava
Pavia glabra
Pafia hybrida
Paula lutea
Pavia neglecta
Pavia pallida
/ JVu't'a Wateoniana
Peach Oak (Qnercus densiflora)
Peach Oak (Quercus Phellos)
Peach, Wild
Pear Haw
Pecan
Pecan , Bitter
Pupperidge
Pepperwood
Pertea Sorbonia
Persea Carolinensis
Persea Ctirolinentiis, var. glabriu-scula.
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris
Perxea Carolinensis, var. pubescens —
Pergea Catesbyana
Persea Sassafras
Persimmon i
PiTsimmon, Black
Persimmon, Mexican
Phcenopyrum acerifolium ,
Phcenopyrum arborescens
Phcenopyrum Carolinianum
Pliwnopyruin coccineum
Phcenopyrum cordatum
Phcenopyrum ellipticum
Phcenopyrum populifolium.
Ptuznopyrum pruinosum
Phanidpyrum spathulatum
Phrenopjirum siibvillosum
Phcenopyrum Virginicum
? Phtenopyrum viride
PJtcenopyrum Wendlandii
23
160
32
60
81
155
43
42
43
43
42
43
43
43
42
42
155
154
70
79
132
136
92
30
118
118
118
119
119
119
119
104
105
105
80
75
82
77
80
82
78
79
81
Photinia arbutifolia
P/tottnia nalicifolia
1 'ii-ra alba
Piceaamabilit (Abies amabilis)
Picea a maljilie (Abies subalpina)
Picea balsamea
Picea balsamea, var. longifolia
Pifea bifolia
Picea bractedtd
.' I'icea ( 'alifnntu-a
Picea Canadeneis
J'icca caTulea
I'tcra concolor
Picea concolor, var. violacea
Picea Dotlglasii
Picea Engehuanni
Pitea Fraseri (Abies balsamea)
I'icea I'raneri (Abies Fraaeri)
Picea glauca
Picea grandis (Abies concolor)
I'icea grandis (Abies grandis)
Picea laxa
Picea Lou'iana
Picea 'inagntfica
Picea Mcnzienii (Picea pungens)
Picea Menzifsii (Picea Sitchensis)
Picea nigra
Picea nigra, var. glauca
Picea nigra, var. rubra
Picea nobilis
Picea pungens
Picea rubra ,
Picea Sitchensia
Pickeringia paniculata
Pigeon Cherry
Pigeon Plum
Pigeonwood ,
Pig Nut
Pilocereus Engelmanni
PiuCherry
Pin Oak
Pinckney a pnbena
Pinckneya pubescens
Pine, Bastard
Pine, Bishop's
Pine, Black (Pinus Jeffrey!)
Pine, Black (Finns Murrayana)
Pine, Bull (.Finns Jeffrey!)
Pine, Bull (Pinns mitis)
Pino, Bull (Pinus ponderosa)
Pine, Bull (Pinus Sabiniana)
Pine, Cedar
Pine, Digger
Pine. Foxtail
Pine, Georgia
Pine, Ginger
Pine, Gray
Pine, Hard —
Pine, Hickory (Pinns Balfonriana, var. aristata)
Pino, Hickory (Pinus pnngens)
Pine, Jersey
Pine, Knob-cone
Pine, Loblolly
Pine, Lodge-pole
-Pine, Loug-leaved
Pine, Meadow
Pine, Monterey
Pine, Norway
Pine, Nut (Pinus cembroides) . —
Pine, Xnt (Pinus ednlis)
Pine, Nut (Pinus monophylla)
Pine, Nut (Pinus Parryana)
, Obispo.
78
77
Pine, Old-field .
Pine, Oregon . .
Page.
83
83
204
213
211
211
211
211
213
208
200
204
212
212
209
203
211
2W
284
212
212
204
212
214
205
206
202
204
203
214
205
203
206
100
68
117
117
134
89
66
152
95
95
202
200
193
195
193
200
193
195
201
195
191
202
179
201
202
191
1119
199
196
197
195
202
202
196
192
190
190
190
189
200
197
200
INDEX TO CATALOCJU-: OK FORKST TREES.
235
Pine. I'itc-h
I'nii . Pond
Pine. lied .......
Pine. Kosi niai-y.
Pine, Sand...
108
ins
201
199
Pint1. Si' rub (Pimis Ranksiana) -<'!
Pin*1, Somh (PiniiH clausa) 1!'!*
I 'ire. Sn iih (Pinns contorta) 194
I'ine, Scrub (Pinns inops) - - - 199
I ' i no, Short-leaved 200
Pino, Slash 202
Pine, Southern 202
1'inc. S pm. •>• (Pinna clausa) 199
i'iiM-, Spiui-r (Pin us -labra) 201
Pine, Spruce (Pinus mitis) 200
i 'in". Spmro (Pinna Hurrayana) in">
Pine. Sn #i r 188
. Swamp 202
I'ine, Table-mountain !"!>
Pinr, \\Y\i,imilh 187
i'ine. White (Pinus flexilis) 188
Pine, White (Pinus glabra) 201
Pino, White (Pinus raonticola) 187
1'iiie. White (Pinus reflexa) 1*9
Pine, White (Pinns Strobus) 1S7
Pine. Yd tow (Pin us Ari/.onica) 102
I'iiT. Y<-!'ow '('inns mitis) 200
I'ino. Yellnw (Pimis pnlustrm) 202
Pino, Yellow (Pin us pouderosa) ... 19;;
I'iijon (Pinus edulis) 190
0 i (Pinns mouophylla) ..'. 190
i'iiiim (riuus Par ;y ana) 189
I 'in nit Abifs Americana 206
/'./r'.v A Hi-it Balftamea 211
1'inuv Alien Canadensis 202
Pin'tx advnc'i '.. 190
/ 'in mt alba 204
I'inns aLbU'.iulis " 189
."J/.H* itituthiUx (Abies amabilis) 213
Pinns amabilis (Abies magnifica) ^14
J'inuf (ttnabitis (Abies subalpina) 211
flu i' ft Awricano. 'Pi'-«>a nii,rra) 203
Pint's Americana (TsnpaCanadonsis) 206
J'imts Americana t libra 202
Pintts arisUita 191
T'inns Ariziinica 192
Pinus aitstralift 201
Pinus Baltmiriana 177 191
1'inux r.alfottriana (Pinti.f Balfouriana, var. aristata) 191
Pinus Balfonri.inn, rar. aristata 191
Pi turn l/alsam fa 210
PmftA- balsamea. var. Fraseri 210
Piuiifl I!;inksiana 201
I'imts Jianksiana (Pinns contorta) 194
J^ititx BcardbUyi 193
I 'inn?. Jic-nthamiana 193
J'inus Jfolanderi 194
I 'in KM Tioursieri + 194
Pimm brachyptera 193
I'inns bracteata >. 213
? Pin UK Calif omica (Pinns insignia) 196
/ 'in us California (Pinus tnberculata) 190
Plnns Canadenais (Picea alba) 204
/'*<!'•-> Canadensis (Tsuga Canadensis) 20G
J'imts Canadentds (Tsuga Mertensiana) 207
Pinus n-uibroides 190
Pinus cembroides (Pinus albicaulis) 189
Pinus cembroideg (Pinns edulis) 190
Pinus Chiliualiuana 194
Pimm clansa 199
I'initH cotnmutata 205
-I 'in us concolor 212
Pinus contorta 194
Pimts contorta ( Pinus m nrinata) 199
"ntorta (Finns Mnrrayana).
Piwa oontorta, var. Bolanderi
ni'irln. var. lati/oha
.'iilteri
••iiirjana
Pinns Cnbensis
/'i'///'\ ('"^(^.s/x, var. terthrocarpa
7'inii* Duvi/liifii. var. bretiibractettta. ,
1'iiuia echinata .................... ._
iyariana ....................
Finns i-dnlis
' '"int/ii
i.ngelmanni (Picea Kn^elmanni).
Pinug EnylinKitni il'imts ponderoaa) ..
IMnns (lexilis
i:* (Finns albicaulis)
llix. var. albicaulis
PimuJfaeQit, var. macrocarpa
rim'* rlexilitt, var. rejlexa-
'• xilin, var. scrrulata
/'/ ///.v FVowH (Abies Fraseri)
/'//M/,V /'/•('->;/•/•/ (Finns rigida)
Pinus f iililix
];iln;i
Pinus grandits (Abies amabilis) ...v
:,-(t)u?!x (Abies concolor)
'irandig (Abies grandis)
Pimm Grozelieri
Pinux Hudxonica-
Ptmiri inops
Pinus inops (Pinus contorta)
Ptnuaiiwpg (I'inns Murray ana)
Pinus ino2?8, var. (Pinus moricata)
Pinus inops, var. clausa
Pinns insignis
/'//"'.v insignis macrocarpa
J'itiits inttignis, var. binata
Pinus intermedia v
Pinus Jeffreyi
Pinns Lambertiana
Pinus Lambertiana, var. (Pinna flexilis) -
Pinus Lambertiana, var. brevifolia
Pinus laricina
Pinus Laricio, vav. resinosa
Pinus Larix
/'litttx Larixalba
Pin us Larix nigra
Pinus Larix rubra
j'tintx iasiocarpa (Abies concolor)
? 1 'in us lasincarpa (Abies subalpina) ,
Pinus Llaceana (Pinus cembroides) ,
Pinun Llaveana (l*inus Parryana)
Pinus Loddigesii
Pinus lophospernia
Pinua Lowiana
Pinus Lyalli
Pinus Mariana
Pinus macrocarpa
Pinutt macrophyUa ?
Pinus Menzictrii
Ptnu* M'enzicsii, var. crispa...
Pinus Mertensiana
Pinua microcarpa
Pin n s mitis
Pinus mitis, var. panpera
Pinus monophylla
Pinus monticola
Pintis mnricata
Pimts muricata (Pinus coutorta)
Piuns Murrayana
Pinus nigra
Pinus nobilis.
194
194
194
195
193
202
209
200
199
190
202
20.-,
19S
168
189
189
188
189
188
210
197
190
190
200
.213
212
212
187
201
198
194
194
199
199
196
196
196
215
193
188
188
188.
215
191
216
215
215
215
212
211
190
189
197
192
212
216
202
195
193
206
206
207
215
200
200
190
187
199
194
194
202
214
136
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Page.
Pinus Nuttallii
216
Firms osteosperma
190
Pinus palustris
201
Pinus Parryana
189
1'ituis Parryana (Pinus ponderosa)
193
Pinu$ Pattoniana (Tsuga Mertensiana)
208
Pinus Pattoniana (Tsuga Pattoniana)
208
Pinus pendula
215
Pinus ponderosa
192
Films ponderosa, var. Benthamiana
193
Finns ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi
193
Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum
193
Pinus porphyrocirpa
187
Piuus pnngens
199
Pinus radia ta
190
Pinus reflexa
189
Pinus resinosa
191
Pinus resinosa ( Pinus ponderosa)
193 1
Pinus rigida
197
Pinus rigida ? (Pinus insignis)
ICO
Pinus rigida (Pinus mitis)
200
Pinus rigida, var. serot.ina
ing
Pinus rubra (Picea nigra)
203
Pinus nibra {Pinus resinosa}
191
Finns rubra. var. violacea
204
Pinus rupcstris
201
Pinus Sabiniana
195
Pinus Sabiniana Coulteri
195 !
Pinus Sabiniana macrocarpa
195 j
Pinus serotina
198
Pinus Shasta
1S9
Pinus Sinclairii
196
Pint/H Sitchcnsis
200
IPinii* species (Abies subalpina)
211
Pinus Strobus
187
Pinus Strobus, var. alba
187 1
Pinus Strobus, var. brevifolia :
187.
Pinus Strobus, var. compressa
187
Pinus Strobus, var. monticola
187
Pinus Strobus, v:ir. nivea
187
Pinus sylccstris, var. divaricata :...
201
PiDusTicda
197
Finns Tada, var. a ...
197
Pinus Tceda, var. alopecuroidea ,
A. 198
Pinus Tceda, var. heterophyUa
202
Pinus Tcrda, var. rigida
197
Pinus Tceda, var. tmuifolia
197
Pinus Tttda, var. variabilw
200
Pinus T&da, var. Ft rginiana
198
Finn* taxifolia
209
Pinus tetragona
204
Piuus Torreyana
192
Pinus tuberculata
196
Pinus tuberculata (Pinus insignis)
196
Pinus variabilis
200
Pinus vcnusta
213
Pinus Yirginiana
198
Pinus Yirginiana, var. echinata
200
Piscidia Carthagenmsis
57
Piscidia Erythrina
57
Pisonia aculeata
117
Pisonia obtusata
117
Pistacia Mexicana
54
Pitch Pino
198
Pithec.olobium forfex
64 I
Pithecolobium Ouadalupensis
64
Pithecolobium microphyUum
64
Pithecolobium Unguis-cati
64
PJanera aquatica
124
Planera Omelini
124
Planera Kickardi
124
Planera ulmifolia
124
PLATANACE*
129,130
Platanus Calif arnica
129
Platanus hybridas
129 |
Page.
Platanus lobata ........................... . ................. . ............ 12*
Platanus Mexicana (Platanus racemosa) ................................. 129
Platanus Mexicana (Platanus Wrightii) ................................. 130
Platanus occidcntalis ........................ _____ ....................... 120
Platanus occidentalis (Platanus racemosa) ................................ 129
PlataimH racemosa ..... . ........ . ...... . ............ ___ ................. 129
Platanus racemosa (Platanus Wrightii) .................................. 130
Platanus vulgaris, var. angulosa ......................................... 129
Platanus AVrightii ....................................................... 130
Plum, Canada .............................................. . ............. 65
Plum, Chickasaw ........................................................ 6G
Plum, Cocoa ............................................................. 65
Plum, Darling ............... . ........................................... 39
Plum, Downward ........................................................ 103
Plum, Gopher ........................................................... 91
Plum, Guiana ............................................................ 121
Phnu, Ho^ (Primus angustifolia) ........................................ GC
Plum, Hog (Rhua Metopinm) ............................................ 54
Plum, Hog (Ximenia Americana) ........................................ 34
Plum, Horse ........................................................... .. 65
Plum, Mountain ......................................................... 34
I'liini. Pigeon ............................................................ 117
Plum, Saffron ..................................................... ....... 103
Plum. Wild .............................................................. 65
Poison Elder .............. . .............................................. 54
Poisun Sumach ......................................................... 54
Poisonwood (Rhus Metopium) .......................................... 54
Poisonwood (Sebastiania lucida) ......................................... 121
1?OI.YGONACE.£ ........................................................... 117,118
Polygon am uvifera ................................... . ..... . ............ 118
Pond Apple ................................. - ............................
Pond Pine ............................................................... 198
172
Poplar
175
173
175
175
174
174
172
Poplar, Carolina
Poplar, Necklace
Poplar, Yellow
Pojinlus acladesca
Populug angulata
Populus angulosa —
Populus augustifolia
Populus angustifolia (Populus trichocarpa)
Populus argentea —
Populus Atheniensis 1"
Populus balsamifera
Populus balsamifera (Popnlus trichocarpa) 174
Populus balsam if era lanceolata 173
Populus balsamifera, var 174
Populus balsamifera, var. angustifolia 174
Populus balsamifera, var. i California 174
Populu s balsamifera. var. candicans
Populus balsamifera, var. genuina 173
Populus Canadensis (Populus balsamifera, var. candicans) 173
Populus Canadensis (Popnlus monilifera)
Populus Canadensis, var. anguMfolia —
Populvs candicans
Populus cordifolia
? Populus dcltoide
Populus Fremontii
Populns Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
Populus glandulosa
Populus grandideutata
Populus grandidentata, var. pendula
Poptilus beterophylla
Populus heterophylla (Populns balsamifera, rar. candicans)
175
174
173
172
174
175
175
175
172
172
172
173
Populus heterophytta, var. argentea
Populus Icecigata (Populns monilifera, Aiton, etc.).
Populus Icevigata (Populus monilifera, Sort. )
Populus latifolia ;
Populus Lindlei/ana •
Populus macrophylla (Popnlns balsamifera, var. candicans) .
Populus macrophylla (Populus monilifera)
Populus Harylandica
Populua monilifera. -
Populus monilifera, (Populus Fremontii)
Populus monilifera (Populns Fremontii, var. Wislizeni)
175
175
173
175
173
175
175
174
175
176
INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
237
)'as:c.
175
173
173
171
171
171
174
174
173
175
23
117
29
179
152
:.... 176
1TO
ISO
29
30
201
. 37
217
Privet.. 112
Populus nefflecta
Populus Ontariensis
Populus Tacamahaca
Populus Iremulifonmis
Popnlus iremnloides
Populus trepida - .
I'ojmliiK trichncarpa
,v trickocarpa, var. cupulata.
Populvf ritninea
Populus Virginiana . ,
Porcelia triloba
Porkwood
Porlieraanffiistifolia
Tort Orford Cedar
Possum Oak
Post Cedar
PostOak
Post Oak, Swamp
Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Americanum)
Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Clava-IIercnIis)
Prince's Pine
rrin os deciduus
Pritchnrdia ftlamentosa
i Emoryi 62
/ YI xi>}ii* jilandulosa 61
Pro ;.,pis. juliflora 1 61
r,v-svjn?« odorata (Prosopis .juliflora) 61
Prosopis ndorata (P, rosopis pubescens) 62
Prosopis pubeseens 62
Primus Americana 65
Prr.nns Anieiicana. rar. mollis 65
Prnnus an^uptifolin - 66
I'm tins borealis 66
Prunus Canadensis '. 68
J'rnnut CapMin • 68
Primus Capuli 68
Pru mm Carolina 69
Primus Caroliniana 69
1'r 11 ni's cartilaginea 68
Primus Ckicasa 66
!'r />,,,{* cwinea 65
Prnnus dcmissa 69
Primus eniar^iiiat a 67
Primus enjar^in;;!a, rar. inollis. .: 67
Pnt n ii x h if mail's (Primus Americana) 65
Primus liirmalix (Prunns Americana, var. mollis) 65
Primus ilicifolia 70
Prun us insititia 66
/ /Vi/ 11 !-.-.• la nceolata 66
7'r</*?".f Lusitanica 69
Prunus Mississippi 65
Prunus mnllis (Primus Americana, var. inollis) 65
Prunus mollis (Prunus emarginata, var. mollis) 67
Primus nigra 65
Prunns Pennsylvania! 66
? Prunus persicifolia 33
Prunus pumila 67
Prunus sempervirens 69
Pninus serotina 68
Prunus serratifolia 69
Prunus sphffirocarpa 70
Pru nus apinosa 65
Primus umbellata 67
Pranus Yirginiaua 68
Pninus Virginiana (Prunus serotina) 68
Prunus Virginiana, var. demissa 69
Pseudacacia odorata 55
Pscudopetalfn glandulosum 30
Pseudopetalon tricarpum 30
Pseudotsuga Donglasii 209
Pseudotsuua Douglasii, var. macrocarpa 210
Pseudntniga mnrjnifica, 214
Pseudotsuga nobilis 214
PsidiuniGnniva... oo
Ptelia mollis
Pteliu trit'oliata-
Ptelia trifoliate, var. mollis
Pttlia Mici/olia
Punk Oak
Purple Haw
Pynis Americana
J'urut! Americana (Pyrus sambueifolia) .
Pyrus Americana, rar. microcarpa
l*yrns anfrnstifolia
J'l/rim uui-uparia (Pyrns Americana) ...
Purus aucuparia (I'yrus sambueifolia) . .
J'l/riis flartramiana
Pyrus coronaria
Pl/rus coronaria (Pyrus augustifolia) .
Pyrrs coronaria , \-Ar.angustifolia
Pyrus fu*ca
Piirus glandulosa
Pyrus microcarpa
Pynis ovnlls -
Pyrns rivnlaris
Pyrus sambuc.ifulia
Pyrus subcordata
J'ynnf IVanfjtnlteimiana.,
Quaking Asp
Quassia dioica
Quassia Simaruba .
Quercitron Oak
Qnercus acutidens
Quemis acutiglandis
Quercus agrifolia
Quercus atgrifolia, vaT.frutescens
Quercus alba
Quercus alba minor
Quercus alba palustrit
Queraa alba, var. f Gunniionii
Q\tercuy alba, var. microcarpa
Quercus alba, var. pinnatifida
Quercus alba, var.pinnatifido-sinuata . .
Quercus alba, var. repanda
Quercus alba, var. s inuata
Quercus ambigua
Quercus annulata
Qnercus aquatica
! Quercus aquatica (Quercus nigra)
Quercus aquatica, var. attenuate
Quercus aquatica, var. cantata
Quercus aquatica. var. elongata
Quercus aquatica, var. heterophylla
Quercus aquatica, var. hubrida
Quercus aquatica, var. indit'im
Quercus aquatica, var. laurifolia
Quercus aquatiea, var. myrtifolia
Quercus Banisteri
Quercus berberidifolia
Quercus bicolor
Quercus bicolor, var. Michauxii
Quercus bicolor, var. mollig
f Quercus bicolor, var. platanoidcK
Quercus Breweri
Quercus Californica
Quercus Casfanea (Quercus prinoides) .
Quercus Castanea (Qnercns Prinna)
Quercus Catesbsei
Quercus Chinquapin
Quercns chry solepis
Quercus chrysolepis, var. vaccinifolia. . .
Qnercus cinerea
Quercus cinerea, var. pumila
Quprcus cineroa, var. sericea
Quercus coccinea
Quereus coccinea, var. ambigua
Page.
31
31
31
31
152
40
73
74
74
72
73
74
84
84
72
72
72
73
73
77
74
85
73
74
73
84
171
32
32
149
:ss
146
146
147
137
139
141
139
137
137
137
137
137
147
145
152
150
152
152
152
153
152
152
152
155
155
155
141
141
141
141
155
149
142
142
151
143
146
146
153
155
155
148
147
238
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Quercim foi'^-inea. var. microcarpa
. coccinect, var. rubra
Quercu-s cocdnea, var. tlnctoria
<.h» rt-iift f(,n/t'i-t!ftiUa
Quercug crastfipocula
Quercus citneata
Quercus decipiens
Quercus densiflora
Quercus discolor
Quercus discolor, var. triloba
Qiiercns Doupiasii
Quercits Dmigla»ii, var. Gambclii
Quercus Douylasii, var. ? Necei
? Quercus Dnnnmondii
Quercus duinosa
Qaercus dumosa. var. bnllata
Qnercuf-i Durandii
Quercus cchinacea ,
Quercwt echinoides
Quercus -elongata
<Jtifi-c?its Emory i
f Quercus Emoryi (Quercua undulata, var. Gambolii)
Qucrcna talcata .,
Q uercus falcata, var. Ludoviciana
Quercus falcata, var. pagodcefolia, ,
Quercus falcata, var. triloba
Quercus fulvesceng
Quercus Gambelii
Qiiercas Garryana
Quercus Georgiana
QuiTons griaea
Quercus hastata. ,
Quercus hemispkcerica
Quercus hemigph cerica, var. nana
Quercus heterophylla
Quereus Hindsii
Qutrcus kumilis
Quorcns hypoleuca
Quercus ilicifolia
Quercua imbricaria
Quercus Jacobi
Quercna Kelloggii
? Quercus Icevis ,
Quercua laurifolia ,
(Quercus laurifolia hybrida
Quercus laurifolia, var. acuta
Quercus la uri folia, var. obtusa,
Quercua lobata
Quercus lobata, var. fruticosa
Quercus lobulata
Quercus longiglanda
Quercus lyrata ,
Quercus niacrocarpa
Quercus macrocarfja, var. abbreviata
Quercus macrocarpa, var. minor
Quercug macrocarpa, var. olivceformis
Quercus Maryla-ndica
Quercus Michauxii
Quercus riiontana ,
Quercus Morehus
Quercug Muhlenbergii
Quercus uiyrtifolia
Quercua nana
Quercus Xeai
Quorcus nigra
Quercus nigra (Quercua aquatica)
Quercus nigra (Quercua tinctoria)
Quercus nigra aquatica
Qucre.ua nigra digitata
Quercus nigra integrifolia
Quercus nigra trifida
Quercus nigra, var. (Quercua heterophylla) ,
Quercus nigra, var. lattfolia
Quercus obi on gi folia
.rcus oblongifolia
ge.
148
147
149
154
146
159
144
15*
149
151
14:1
139
138
139
155
IBS
145
155
155
150
MI;
KM
If.O
151
151
151
146
139
138
155
144
146
152
152
153
138
153
154
155
154
138
149
151
152
152
152
152
138
155
139
138
140
140
140
140
140
150
141
142
147
143
155
152
138
150
152
149
152
150
150
152
153
150
143
Ufi
Quercus oblongifolia, var. brei-ilobata
Page.
... 143
Quercu* obtusa
152
Quercus obtusifolia, TUT. ? breviloba
145
Quercus obtusiloba
138
Quercus obtvsiloba, var. depreasa
140
i Quercus obtusiiloba, var. parvifolia
139
Quercus (Erxtedicnut
138
Quercus oleoides .,_
145
1 (Juercujt olivfformte
140
Quercus oxyadcnict
146
Querrus palustris
151
Quereus paluftrit (Quercua rubra, var. Texana)
148
( tiu-rcus parvifolia
139
Quoreus Phellos
154
154
153
154
155
153
153
Quercus Phellos, var. arenaria
'. . 155
Quercus f'helloa, var. cinerea
153
154
154
152
145
155
154
142
142
153
141
143
142
141
... 341
142
141
142
141
141
142
... 141
... 142
143
143
.. . . 155
144
138
144
144
145
... . 147
148
149
149
147
150
'. 151
151
147
117
147
148
145
145
155
149
137
149
144
O ^t'llata
139
140
139
Ouercus stellata. var. Utahensis ...
139
INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
239
Quercus Tezana .......................
Quercus tinctoiia .....................
Quercitx tinct</r!a, var. attoulosa .......
Quercus tinctoria, var. Calif ornica ----
Ul tult'toria. \;ir. xiiiuusit ........
(Juercux triloba ........................
? Quercus uliginosa ...................
Quercus undulata ....................
tta iindidata (Qucri-us Durandii}.
us midiilatii, ear, <;:iiiiln.'lii .....
1U tituhduta, var. grisea .........
<lhter?ux nndt/lata, var. oblongata ......
f.v (/itdulnfa var. pungens .......
(,)</t>rctix I'lidt'lattt. var. Wrightii .......
<,•"• ma ''lutina
'•us i:lllosa
QIUMTUS virens
Qufrcns Yiryiniana
1,'ui-ivn.s VYislizeui
'•!uKia>folia
fiajrtanea Gvyanensis
[.-..tllr l.OX.
Rod Ash
itc'.l JJay '..
Red Birch
Red Cedar (Juliiperus Virginiana) .
Red Cedar (Thuya gigantea)
Red Cherry, Wild
lied Cypress
i:< d Elm...
Red Fir (Abies magnifica)
lied Kir (Abies nobilis)
Red Fir (Pseudotsnga Donglasii) .
Red Gum..
78
83
39
50
1'iS
151
148
14S
11)1'
89
61
61
185
Ked Haw ( Cratiegus eoccinea)
Red flaw (Crategus flaya, jiar.pubesc.ens)
Ked Iron wood
Red Maple
Red Mulberry
Red Oak (Quercus faleata)
Ked Oak (Quercus rubra)
Red Oak (Quercus rubra, var. Texana)
Red Pine
Red Stopper
Red bud (Cercis Canadensis)
Red bud (Cercis renifonnis)
Redwood
Reyiiosia lalifolia 39
Mtliamindium revolution 39
RHAMSACEJE 39-42
Ifhamnus alnifolius 41
Rliaiunus Calitbrnica 40
Khainims Californica, var. tomeutella 41
Rhamuus Caroliuiana 40
Khamnus ellipticus 41
Jlhamnus ferrea 39
i Ithamnus Icecigatus 39
llhamnus laurifolms 40
Jthattmus oleifoliits 40
RhanmuB Purshiana 41
liiidninus torncntellus ... 41
Kltizophora A mericana 86
Rhizophora Mangle 86
Rhizophora racemosa 86
RllIZOPHORACEjE 86,87
Rhododeiidrou maximum 99
Rhododendron maximum, var. alburn 99
Jlhododendron maximum, var. purpureum 99
Rhododendron maximum, var. roseum 99
Rhododendron procerum 99
Rhododendron purpureum 99
Rhododendron Purshii ., _ 99
Rhus arborescens 33
Page.
148
149
149
149
149
150
isa
155
145
139
144 :
143
144
144
146
149
139
145
145
147
95
99
106
109
118
1C1
183
177
06
184
122
214
214
209
86
Page.
52
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
52
52
53
52
53
54
54
52
52
52
54
54
52
161
172
55
56
56
55
56
142
123
48
ROSACES 64-85
RoseBay... 99
Rosemary Pine
Royal Palm
RUBIACE.fi
Rum Cherrv
Khus Canadense
Rhus copallina
llhus copallina, var. angiitttialata . .
iKhui copallina, var. angustifolia.
Rhus copallina, var. integrifolia . . .
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata
tRhus copallina, var. latialala . . .
/ Rhus copallina, var. latifolia
Rhus copallina, var. leucantha ...
? Ithits copallina, var. terrata
Rhus futinoides
Rhus cotinitK?
Rhus glabra
Rhus hypsdodendron
If hits leucantha
Rhus Metopium
Jihus Toxicodendrotl .
Rhux typhina
Jihux ti/phina, var. laciniata
Rhus tijphina, var. viridiflora
Rhus venenata
JRhus remix
Rhus viridijtora
River Birch
River Cottonwood
If olinia fragili^
Jiobinia glutinoaa
Robinia Neo-Mexicana
Robiuia Pseudacacia
Robinia viscosa
Ruck Chestnut Oak
Rock Elm
Rock Maple
197
218
95,96
68
29-32
Sabal Palmetto 217
Saffron Plum 103
Saguaro 90
SALICACE.E 165-175
Salix i 170
? Salix ambigua 165
Salix amygdaloides 166
Salix argophylla _ 168
Salix arguta 167
Salix arguta, var. lasiandra 167
Salix. Bigelovii .
Salix Bigelovii, var./usei'or
iSalix brachycarpa
Salix brachystachys
Salix brachystachys, var. Hcouleriana
Salix Caroliniana
Salix chlorophylla, var. pellita
Salix cordata
Salix cordata, var. faleata
Salix cordata, far. vestita
Salix crassa
Salix mneata,
Salix discolor
Salix discolor, var. eriocephala
Salix discolor, var. prinoides ".
Salix erwcephala
Salix exigua
Salix faleata
Salix Fendleriana
Salix flavesceiia
Salix flavescens (Salix flavesccns, var. Scouleriana) .
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana
Salix ftaro-virens
Salix fluviatalis
170
170
168
170
170
165
171
170
165
170
169
171
169
169
168
165
167
169
170
170
165
168
240
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Salix Hartwegi
Salix Hindsiana
Salix Jlindsiana, var. tenu(folia. .
Salix Ilojfmanniana
Silix Hookeriana
Salix Hmtstoniana. . .
Salix It u-milis, var. Hartwegi
Salix la'viiiatn
Salix la-Virata, var. angustifolia. .
Salix IIP Virata, var. congests
Salix lancifolia
Salix lartiandra
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana .
Salix lasiandra, tar. laiicifolia —
Salix lasiolepis
Salix lasiolepia, var. angustifolia..
Salix lasiolepis, var. lligclovii
Salix lasiolepis, vzr.fallax
Salix lasiolepis, var. latifolia
Page.
171
1C9
ICO
167
170
165
171
107
107
107
167
167
107
167
170
17!
170
170
171
Salix ligustrina 165
Salix longifolia 168
Salix longifolia, var. anguatissima 168
Salix lougifolia, var. argyropliylla 168
Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla angustiisima 168
Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla opaca 168
Salix longifolia, var. cxigaa 168
Salix longifolia, var. opaca 1 C8
Salix longifolia, var. pedicellata 168
Salix longipes : • 166
Salix Itmgipa, ^ar. pubescent 168
Salix lucida, var. angustifolia, forma lasiandra 167
Salix lucida, var. macrophylla 167
Salix m (irginata 166
/ 'Salix melanopsis — 166
Salix nigra 165
Salix n igra, var. amygdaloides 166
Salix nigra, var. angustifolia 166
Salixnigra, vn.t.falcata 165
Salix nigra, var. latifolia — 166
Salix nigra, var. longifolia 166
Salix nigra, var. longipes 166
Salix nigra, var. longipes. subvar. gongylocttrpa 166
Salix nigra, var. longipes, subvar. venulosa , 166
Salix nigra, var. marginata 166
Salix nigra, r.ar. Wardii 166
Salix nigra, var. "Wrightii 166
Salix occidentals 166
Salix pentandra — 165
Salix pentandra, var. caudata 167
Salix prinoides 169
Salix Purshiana 165
? Salix rubra 168
Salix Scotderiana 170
Salix eensitiva 169
Salix sexitilitblia 168
Salix si'sailifolia, tar. Hindsiana 169
Salix sessilifolia, var. rillom 168
S.ilix SitclionMS 171
Salix Sitchuusis, oar. angustifolia 171
Sa'ix ttpeciosa 167
Kalir mbvilloia 166
Hula Wrightii 166
Samt> ra floribuntla 09
Sa"- am pentandra 09
Sa-iiibucui California. 03
Si mbucns glaui'a 93
Sdinbueus glauca (Saiubuc»3_Mexicana) 93
i .us itexicana 93
?Sambueu« Ifexieana (Saiuliucus glauca) 03
Sam bmiis velutina '.!'.',
Sand .T::ok : ]53
Sand 1'iuc 1 ! '!<
S:i!id-bar Willow 168
SAI-IXIIACE.E .• 42-51
Saji indus acuminata 4 J
Sapindus Drummondi
Sapindus falcalus
?Sapind-us incequalu
Sapindus niarginatus
Sapindus Saponaria
Sapinditg Saponaria (Sapindus marginatas) .
SAI'OTACE.«...
Sarcomphaha Carolinianus
Sassafras
Sassafras otliciuale
Satin wood
Savin (Juniperus Virginiana)
Savin (Torreya taxifolia)
Scarlet llaw (CrataBgus coccinea) . . .
Scarlet Jlaw (Cratiegus subvillosa) .
Scarlet Oak
Sclue/tria buxifolia
Scha?fferia completa
Scha.'fferia frutesccns
Kehceferia lateriflora
Schouubcea commutata
Schubc rtia dieticha
Schubertia ttcmpcrvirens
Screw Bean
Screw-pud Mcsquit
Scrub Oak (Quercus Catesbasi)
Scrub Oak (Quercua undulata, var. Gambelii) .
Scrub Pino (Pinus Bunksiana) '.
ScmbPine (Pinus clansa)
Scrub Pine (Pinus contorta)
Scrub Pino (Pinus inops)
Scutia ferrea (Condalia ferrea)
Scvliaferrea (Roynosia latifolia)
SeaAsu ..
Page.
44
44
44
44
4*
44
100-103
40
120
118
31
183
186
73
73
148
39
3»
38
128
87
18J
185
62
62
151
139
201
199
194
199
30
39
30
118
162
121
113
184
185
206
185
184
184
84
95
84
133
210
94
133
133
133
154
Shittimwood (Bumelia lanuginosa) 102
Shittim wood ( Rhamnus Pursbiana) 41
Sbort-lcaved Pine 20"
Shrubby Trefoil 3]
Sideroxylon Carolinense ^ul
Siderozylon chrysophyUoides 101
Sideroxylon cuneatum 1°3
Sideroxylon decandrum , I"3
SidtroxiilnH In mir/inotvm 102
Kidi'ro.rylon leave N®
SideroTi/Inn liicioides I"3
Siderox.ylou Mastichodondron
Sideroxylon pallidum - 101
Sideroxylon reclinatutn I"3
Sideroxylon mliofolium I"1
Sulertirnlon m-rireum 1°'
Sidena-tilm! tcnux (Bumelia lannginosa) ">2
Siderorylon tenax (Eumelia tenax) ""
KUipmstriimcordatum 61
Silk-top Palmetto
Silky Willow 171
Sea Grape
Seaside Alder
Sebastiania lucida
Sebestena scabra
Sequoia gigantea
Sequoia gigantea (Sequoia sempervirens) .
? Sequoia Rafinesquei ,
Sequoia religiosa
Sequoia sempervirens -
Sequoia Wellingtonia
Service Tree
Seven-year Apple
ShadBnsh
Shag-bark Hickory
She Balsam
Shecpberry
Shell bark, Big
Shell-bark, Bottom
Shell-bark Hickory
Shingle Oak
INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
241
Silver-hell Tree (Halesia dlptera)
Silver-bell Tree (Halesia tetraptera)
Silvi-r Maple
Silver-top Palmetto —
Simaruba amura
.Simaruba glauca
>'i ma ruba medicinalif
SlMAUUBKJE
Sitka Cypress
Slash Pine
Slipper}- Elm (Fremontia Californica)
Slippery Elm (Ulrnus fulva)
Sloe
Sloe, Black
Small-fruited Haw —
Smooth Alder
Snow-drop Tree (Halesia diptera)
Snow-drop Tree (Halesia tetraptera)
Soapberry (Sapindus marginatus)
Soapberry (Sapindus Saponaria) - -
Soft Maple (Acer dasycarpum) ,
Soft Maple (Acer rubrum)
Sophora amuis
Sophora secundifiora
Sophora speciosa
JSorbug Americana
Sorbus Americana, var. microcarpa ,
Sorbus aucuparia (Pyrus Americana)
Sorbus aucuparia (Pyrus sambucifolia)
Sorbus aucuparia, var. a. (Pyrus Americana, var. microcarpa) .
Sorbus aucuparia, var. p. (Pyrus sambucifolia)
Sorbus aucuparia, var. Americana
Sorbut humifuia
Sorbus microcarpa
Sorbu* riparia
Sorbus sambucifolia —
Sorbus Sitchensis
Sorrel Tree
Sour Gnm ,
Sour Tupelo
Sourwood ,
Southern Buckthorn
Southern Crab Apple
Southern Pine .,
Spanish Bayonet (Yucca baccata)
Spanish Bayonet (Yucca canalicolata)
Spanish Bayonet (Yucca elata)
Spanish Buckeye .-..
Spanish Oak
Spanish Oak, Swamp
Spanish Stopper
Speckled Alder
Spice Tree
Spindle Tree
Spircea, Calif arnica
Spoonwood .„.. .
Spruce, Black
Spruce, Blue
Spruce Pine (Pinua clansa)
Spruce Pine (Pinus glabra)
Spruce Pine (Pinus mitis) ' 200
Spruce Pine (Pinus Murrayana)
Spruce, Tide-land '.
Spruce, White (Picea alba)
Spruce, White (Picea Engelmanni)
Spruce, White (Picea pungens)
Stag Bush ;
Staghorn Sumach .
Star-leaved Gum
STERCULIACE.S
Stinking Cedar (Torreya Californica)
Stinking Cedar (Torreya taxifolia)
Stopper (Eugenia longipea) _. ..... ..........
Stopper (Eugenia monticola)
Stopper, Gurgeon
16 FOB
Page.
105
Stopper, Bed
Page.
89
106
Stopper, Spanish
88
49
Stopper, White
89
218
Striped Dogwood
46
32
Striped Maple
46
32
62
32
Strom bocarpa. pubescent
62
:a
Strong Bark
114
178
Styphnolubimn affine
58
202
STYR ACACIA
.. . . 105 106
26
Sugarberry
126
122
Sugar Maple
4g
67
Sugar Maple, Black
49
67
Sugar Pine
18g
81
Sugar Tree
48
164
Sumach, Coral
54
105
Sumach, Dwarf
53
106
Sumach, Poison
54
44
Sumach, Staghorn
53
45
Summer Haw (Cratsegua flava)
83
49
Summer Haw (Cratsrgus flava, var. pabescens)
83
50
Suwarrow
90
58
Swamp Cottonwood
172
57
Swamp Hickory (Carya amara)
135
57
Swamp Hickory (Carya aquatioa) ..
136
73
Swamp Laurel .
20
74
Swamp Maple ...
... 50
73
74
Swamp Post Oak
140
74
Swamp Spanish Oak .. .. .
152
74
Swamp White Oak
. . 141
73
Sweet Bay
20
73
Sweet Birch
162
74
Sweet Bnckeye
43
Sweet Gnm .
86
Sweet Leaf
105
Sweet Locust
59
98
Sweet-scented Crab
72
Swietenia Mahogoni . .. .
33
Switch-hnd Hickory
134
129
129
Sycamore (Platanus Wrightii)
130
Svmplocos tinctoria
105
218
219
T.
199
44
Tacamahac ..............
173
151
Tallowberry
28
152
Tallow Nut
34
88
„ 215
165
216
120
Tamarack (Pinns Murrayana) . .
195
38
Tamarind Wild . ......
64
70
155
98
Tan Bay , . ..
25
203
185
205
183
199
183
201
. . 183
' 200
183
195
183
206
183
204
184
205
183
205
185
94
184
53
185
86
185
26
185
186
185
186
185
89
186
89
185
88
186
242
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TEKNSTIKESIIACEjE 25,26
Tetranthera CaHfornica
Thatch. Brickley
Thatch, Brittle
The Joshua
Thorn, Black
Thoru, Cockspur
Thorn, Newcastle
Thorn, Washington
Thorn, White
Three- thorned Acacia
Thrinax argontea
Thrinax Garberi
Thrinax parvifloTa
Thuya Craigana
Thuya excelsa
Thuya gigantea
Thuya gigantea (Libocedms deoarreng)
Thuya Lobbii
Thuya Menziesii
Thuya obtusa ,
Thuya occirtputalis
Thuya occidentalis, var. plicata
Thuya vdorata
Thuya plicata
Thuya Sibirica
Thuya sphdfroidalii
Thuya sphceroidea
Thuya Wareana
Thuyopsis torealle
Thuyopsis cupressoidet
Thuyopsis Tchugatekoy
Thuyopgis Tchvgatskoyts
Thylax fraxineum I
Tide-land Sprnce
Tilia alba
Tilia Americana
Titia Americana (Tilia Americana, var. pubescens)
Tilia Americana, var. heterophyUa
Tilia Americana, oar. pubescena
Tilia Americana, var. Walteri
Tilia Canadensis
Tilia Caroliniana
Tilia glabra
Tilia grata
Tilia heterophyUa
Tilia heterophyUa, var. alba .,
Tilia latifolia
Tilia laxiflora (Tilia Americana, var. pubescens)
Tilia laxiflora (Tilia heterophylla)
Tilia neglecta
Tilia nigra
Tilia pubescens
Tilia pubescent, var. leptophylla
f Tilia, steilopetala
TUia truncata
Tn.IACE.ra 26-28
Titi
Tollon
Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylum Americannm)
Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis)
Torchwood
Tornilla...
Torreya Californica
Torreya Afyristica
Torreya taxifolia
Toxicodendron arborescent.
Toyylon Madura
Toyon
Trefoil, Shrubby
Trilopus dentabl
Trilopus nigra
Trilopus parrifolia . . .
Trilopus rotundifolia .
Trilopui Tirginiana .
Tsnga Canadensis . . .
ge-
5,26
Tsuga Caroliniana
Page.
207
120
Tsuga Douglasii
209
218
Tsitfja Lindleyana
209
218
Tsuga Mertensiaua
207
219
Tsuga Pattoniana
208
79
20
76
Tulipastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum
20
76
Tulipifera Liriodendron
22
81
Tulip Tree
22
78
Tupelo
92
59
Tnppln fjiim , ,
93
218
Tupelo, Large
93
217
Tupelo, Sour
91
217
Turkey Oak
151
176
178
IT.
124
177
123
176
123
177
123
177
124
176
123
176
123
177
123
176
123
177
122
176
123
177
.. 124
177
122
176
122
178
123
178
122
178
123
178
124
29
122
206
123
27
122
26
* 124
27
. 123
27
122
27
120
27
21
26
44
27
44
26
44
27
Upland Willow Oak
153
27
127
27
122-128
26
23
27
27
V.
96
96
96
146
70
70
27
116,117
6-28
M
38
94
84
94
29
94
30
47
33
57
62
57
186
186
186
w.
31
33
38
128
28
84
124
31
13»
131
131
131
139
217
206
Washington Thorn ...
81
INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
243
Page.
110
159
129
123
136
60
50
152
152
140
136
138
184
184
115
33
187
46
107
28
20
159
160
87
179
178
17
176
175
184
123
123
213
212
45
20
87
49
137
White Oak (Quercns Garryana) J38
WhiteOak (Quercns griaea) 144
White Oak (Quercus lobata) 138
White Oak (Quercas oblongifolia) 144
White Oak, Mountain 143
White Oak, Swamp 141
White Oak, Water 140
White Pine (Pinus flexilis) 188
White Pine (Finns glabra) 201
White Pine (Pinns monticola) 187
White Pine (Finns reflexa) 189
White Pine (Pinns Strobns) 187
White Sprnce (Picea alba) 204
White Sprnce (Picea Engelmanni) 205
White Sprnce (Picea pnngens) 205
White Stopper .. 89
White Thorn 78
White Walnnt 130
White-heart Hickory 134
Whitewood (Canella alba) 24
Wbitewood (Drypetes crocea) 121
Whitewood (Liriodendron Tnlipifcra) _ 22
Wild Black Cherry 68
Wild Cherry (Prunns Capuli) 69
Wild Cherry (Prunns demissa) 89
Wild China 44
AVild Cinnamon 24
WildDUly 103
Wild Fig 127
Wild Lime (Xanthoxylum Pterota) 31
Wild Lime (Xinienia Americana) 34
Wild Orange (Prnnus Caroliniana) 70
Wild Orange (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlls) 30
Wild Peach 70
Wild Plum 65
Wild Red Cherry 6g
Wild Tamarind 54
Water Ash
Water Beech (Carpinns Caroliniana)
Water Beech (Platanus occidontalia)
Water Elm
Water Hickory
Water Locnst
Water Maple
Water Oak {Quercus aqnatica)
Water Oak (Quercus palustris)
Water White Oak
Wax Myrtle
Weeping Oak .....
WeUingtonia Californica
WeUingtonia gigantea .
Western Catalpa
West-Indian Birch
Weymouth Pine ..
Whistlewood
White Ash
White Bnsswood
White Bay
White Birch (Betnla alba, var. popnlifolia) .
White Birch (Betnla papyrifera)
White Buttonwood
Whit* Cedar (Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana) .
White Cedar (Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea) . .
White Cedar (Libocedrus decurrens)
White Cedar (Thuya occidentals)
White Cottonwood
White Cypress
White Elm (Ulmus Americana)
White Elm (Ulmus racemosa)
White Fir (Abies concolor)
White Fir (Abies grandis)
White Ironwood
White Laurel
White Mangrove
White Maple
White Oak (Quercns alba)
Willow (Salix amygdaloides) —
Willow (Salix tevigata)
Willow (Salix lasiandra)
Willow (Salix lasiolepis)
Willow, Black (Salix flavescens, var. Scooleriana) .
Willow, Black (Salix nigr»)
Willow, Desert
Willow, Diamond
Willow, Glaucous ........... .
Willow Oak
Willow Oak, Upland
Willow, Sand-bar ,
Willow, Silky
Winged Elm
Wintera Canella
Witch Hazel...
Xanthoxylnm Americanum
Xanthoxlyum aromaticum ..
Xanthoxylnm Caribcenm —
Xanthoxylum Carolinianum
Xanthoxylum Catesbianum , . ..
Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlis -. ...
Xanthoxylum Clava-Eerculig (Xantboxylnm Americanum) ..
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis (Xanthoxylnm Caribsenm)
Xanthoxylum Clava-Hcrculis, var .
Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercniis, var. fruticosnm
Xanthoxylum Floridanum
Xanthoxylum fraxineum
Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium (Xanthoxylnm Americanum) . . .
Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlis) .
Xanthoxylum hirsutum
Xanthoxylum lanceolatum ..
Xanthoxylum macrophyltum ............
Xanthoxylum mite ....... ......
Xanthoxylnm Pterota
Xanthoxylum ramijlorum .. .
Xanthoxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylnm Americannm)
Xanthoxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlls)
Ximenia Americana
Ximtnia montana >
Ximenia multifara
Yaupon
Yellow Ash
Yellow-bark Oak
Yellow Birch
Yellow Cypress
Yellow Fir
Yellow Haw..
Yellow Locust
Yellow Oak (Qnercns prinoides)
Yellow Oak (Qnercns tinctoria)
Yellow Pine (Pinns Arizonioa)
Yellow Pine (Pinns mitis)
Yellow Pine (Pinns palnstris)
Yellow Pine (Pinns ponderosa)
Yellow Poplar
Yellowwood (Cladrastis tinctoria) . . .
Yellowwood (Schaefferia frntescens) .
Yew (Taxus brevifolia)
Yew (Taxus Floridana)
Yop
opon
Yucca angustifolia, var. data
Yucca angustifolia, var. radiota
Yucca baccata
Yncca brevifolia
Yncca canaliculate
Yucca Draconit, 1 var. arbortsctm .
Yncca data
Yucca fllamentosa f
Yucca Treculiana
Page.
168
167
167
171
170
168
116
170
169
154
153
168
171
124
24
85
29
29
30
30
29
29
30
30
30
30
29
31
29
31
34
34
38
57
149
1«1
178
209
83
55
143
149
192
200
202
193
22
57
39
185
186
36
219
219
219
218
218
218
219
219
218
Z.
Zizyphut Dominigengia 41
Zizyphua emarginatus 39
ZYGOPBYLLACEJS 28,29
PART II.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
245
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
A critical examination of the wood produced by the indigenous trees of North America, exclusive of Mexico,
Las been made in connection with the investigation of the forest wealth of the United States.
Mr. S. P. Sharpies, special agent in charge of this department of the investigation, has had general direction
of such experiments, and suggested the methods adopted for their execution.
The object of this examination has been to determine, first, the fuel value of the woods of the United States ;
second, the value as material for construction of the wood of the principal timber trees of the country. The
results thus obtained are highly suggestive; they must not, however, be considered conclusive, but rather valuable
as indicating what lines of research should be followed in a more thorough study of this subject.
The fuel value has been obtained by a determination of the specific gravity and the ash of the absolutely dry
wood, supplemented by a determination of the actual chemical composition of the wood of some of the most
important trees ; the value of our woods for construction, has been obtained by experiments made with the United
States testing-machine at the Watertown arsenal. Each specimen as received was at once numbered, and this
number, designated in the following tables as "Office number", was carefully repeated on every fragment cut from
the original tree, and always refers to the same specimen. In a few cases in the early part of the work a
sub-number was used to designate a specimen from another tree of the same species received from the same
collector. In most cases the specimens were taken from the butt-cut of the tree, and unless it is otherwise
mentioned in the remarks, were free from sap and knots; they may be regarded as representing the best wood
that could be obtained from the tree.
The specimens used in the different series of experiments are deposited in the 'National Museum at Washington
and in the museum of the Arboretum of Harvard College. It was found necessary, in order to secure proper
material upon which to carry out the various experiments, to obtain a much larger amount of wood of the different
species than was actually consumed in the experiments. This surplus material has been worked into 12,961
museum specimens, of convenient size, showing as far as possible the bark, sap-, and heart-wood of each species.
These have been made into sixty sets, more or less complete, and distributed to the following educational
institutions in the United States and Europe:
Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts.
United States Military Academy, West Point, New York.
Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland.
Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Connecticut.
School of Mines, Columbia College, New York, New York.
National School of Forestry, Nancy, France.
Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Agricultural Museum, Borne, Italy.
Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
Eensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.
Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa.
Administration of National Forests, Lisbon, Portugal.
National Forest Administration, Paris, France.
McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, New South Wales.
State Agricultural College, Lansing, Michigan.
' 247
248 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Massachusetts.
Arkansas Industrial University, Fayetteville. Arkansas.
Imperial Botanic Gardens, St. Petersburg, Enssia.
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York", New York.
Portland Society of Natural History, Portland, Maine.
New Jersey Agricultural College, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
State Agricultural College, Burlington, Vermont.
State Agricultural College, College Station, Maryland.
Union College Engineering School, Scheuectady, New York.
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Hampton Agricultural and Normal Institute, Hampton, Virginia.
Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania.
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Agricultural College of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
State Agricultural and Mechanical College, Auburn, Alabama.
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
North Carolina Agricultural College, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
State Agricultural College, Orono, Maine.
Georgia Agricultural College, Athens, Georgia.
Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Tennessee Agricultural College, Knoxville, Tennessee.
New Hampshire College of Agriculture, Hanover, New Hampsh ire.
Illinois Industrial University, Champaign, Illinois.
State Agricultural College, Corvallis. Oregon.
State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kansas.
Agricultural College of Mississippi, Starkville, Mississippi.
Kentucky Agricultural College, Lexington, Kentucky.
Claflin University, Orangeville, South Carolina.
Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.
Botanic Garden, Konigsberg, Germany.
Engineer's office, Water-works, Boston, Massachusetts.
Franklin Society, Providence, Rhode Island.
Madison University, Hamilton, New York.
Rochester University, Rochester, New York.
Colby Academy, New London, New Hampshire.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 'AND ASH.
The specific gravity and the ash of every tree of the United States have been determined (Table I) by Mr-
Sharpies, with the exception of the following : Clusia /lava, once detected upon the keys of southern Florida, but
not rediscovered; Gordonia pubescens, a rare and local species discovered in the last century upon the banks of the
Altamaha river of Georgia and never rediscovered; Pistacia Mexicana and Acacia Berlandieri, economically
unimportant species of the valley of the lower Rio Grande ; Cratccgus berberi/olla, a little known species of the
Red River valley; Cupressus Macnabiana, a rare and local species of California of little economic importance; and
Larlx Lyallii, a rare and local species of the northern Rocky mountains.
At least two determinations of specific gravity have been made for each species studied, and, in the case of
woods of commercial importance, specimens were taken from many trees growing in widely different parts of the
country, and under different conditions of soil and climate.
The specimens used for specific gravity determinations were made 100 millimeters long and about 35 millimeters
square, and were dried at 100° centigrade until they ceased to lose weight. The specific gravity was then obtained
by measurement with micrometer calipers and calculation from the weights of the blocks.
Two determinations of ash were made from each specimen studied by burning small, dried blocks in a muffle
furnace at a low temperature.
An average of the specific gravity and of the ash of all the specimens taken from the same tree was made, and
the average of these averages is given as the final result for the species ; equal weight is thus given to each tree itt
the calculations without regard to the number of specimens representing it.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
249
In the following table the trees of the United States are arranged in the order of the weight of the dry wood :
1
a
3
Species.
Relative specific
gravity.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Relative specific
gravity.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Relative specific
gravity.
43
a so^o
163
0 8337
402
0 7407
44
1 1909
159
0. 833'J
'>7.'i
0 7405
I 1617
26
0 8319
87
0 7342
"ii
1 143'*
119
0 8316
77
0 7333
114
1. 1374
257
0. 8313
276
0 7324
1 1235
299
0 8284
L58
21
1. 1101
270
0. 8253
278
0 7294
220
1 0905
244
0.8218
178
0 7°93
1 0838
f>4">
0 8^17
ll">
1 0731
49
0 8208
ong
CYIti<< occidentals
0 7287
42
1 0715
106
0. 8^02
293
0 7286
80
1 0602
131
0.8153
31
0 7282
1 0459
r>4
0 8126
''''8
16°
1 0316
''01
0 8111
35
0 7^70
176
1 0109
243
0. 8108
225
0 7263
1 0092
78
0 8094
141
C 9900
904
0 8073
280
(Jii.Tciisa uatica
0 7244,
12
0 ^893
"59
0. 8039
103
0 7215
83
0 984°
79
0. 8034
r'ft
0 7194,
0 9835
247
0 8016
196
0 7184
113
0 9803
284
0 8009
241
0 7180
214
0 9635
18°
0 7959
407
0 7172
56
0 9533
128
0. 7953
170
0 7160
266
0 9507
370
0 7942
IT*
0 7159
°G7
0 9501
73
0 7917
16
0 714°
265
0 9479
184
0 7908
142
0 7137
148
0 9453
189
0.7904
ins
0 7118
°63
0 9441
100
0 7879
194
0 7117
87
0 9^92
271
0 7855
•>()••
0 7108
116
0 9366
137
0. 7838
167
0 7099
144
0 9360
135
0. 7809
10'i
0 7052
175
0 9360
41
0 7745
117
0 7048
219
0 9346
234
0. 7736
274
0 7045
136
0 o;j°6
233
ft. 7715
380
0 6999
177
DiphoJis salicifolia
0 9316
102
0. 7709
11
0 6971
160
0. 9310
122
0. 7703
223
0.6956
"69
0 9°63
216
0. 7693
110
0 6951
9">
0 9°35
135
0. 7683
123
0 6950
219
0 9209
281
0. 7673
174
0 6948
32
0 9196
258
0 7G6"
879
0 G938
146
0 9156
93
0. 7652
85
0 6934
211
0 9138
192
0.7636
277
0 C928
57
0 9102
1°9
0. 7633
64
0. 6915
272
0 9080
299
0. 7617
64
0 6912
lul
0 9049
164
0.7630
338
0.6907
40
0 9048
04
0. 7609
63
0. 6902
°4
0 9002
246
0. 7552
118
0 6895
112
0 8998
0. 7529
27
0 6885
143
0 8992
92
0. 7513
104
0.6884
145
0 8983
381
0.7504
291
0.6883
262
0 8928
1G8
0. 7500
188
0 6856
0 8740
16")
0. 7500
°82
0 G834
81
Piscidia Kry thrina
0. 8734
260
0.7499
889
0.6827
210
0 8710
296
0. 7491
191
0 6810
111
0 8688
152
CornAs Nnttallii
0. 7481
1*>4
0 6793
127
0 8618
286
0. 7472
203
0.6790
261
0 8605
251
0. 7470
37
0.6784
173
0 8602
181
0. 7467
397
0 6783
98
0 8550
169
0.7458
86
0. 6740
84
0 8509
131
0. 7453
96
0. 6732
208
0.8493
253
0. 7449
250
0. 6703
185
0 8460
256
0. 7453
150
0 6696
255
0 8407
89
0. 7453
409
0.6677
•140
0 8372
25
0. 7444
61
0 CG60
55
0 8367
36
0. 7420
180
0 6C03
254
0. 8367
252
0. 7409
190
0.6597
172
M vrsiue Rapanea . . .
0.8341
248
Carva anuatica ..
0. 7407
39
Euonvmus atroDUTDureua . . .
0. 6592
250
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Relative specific
gravity.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Kelative specific
gravity.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Relative specific
graTity.
134
0 6564
187
0 5705
379
0 6554
"35
0 5678
346
•>()7
0. 6553
353
0 5675
309
179
0.6544
47
1 ; 1 1 an inns Purshiana
0. 5672
231
0 6543
1 356
0 5658
237
Platanus Wri^htii
•°72
0.6540
22
0 5654
14
88
0. 6531
249
0 5637
361
0. 6529
188
0 5698
400
0. 6517
316
0 5587
3
354
0. 6512
374
0 5576
333
"^224
0. 6506
288
0 5574
304
125
0. 6491
357
0 557*'
319
0 6440
76
3-) .-3
275
0.6435
336
0 55°°
331
215
0. 6429
45
0 5469
157
69
Q. 64 °5
66
0 5459
153
983
0 6420
363
0 5457
305
0 6418
120
0 5451
309
0 6398
370
Piuus Tieda
0 5441
382
°15
0 C:i9fi
357
0 5434
368
0 6391
313
0 541°
391
355
0 6388
161
0 5350
0 6372
314
0 5350
399
0 4561
0 6363
310
0 5342
309
0 63GO
59
0 5330
340
0 6356
186
0 53°5
50
0 6345
5
17
0 6340
373
0 633^
58
107
0 6319
227
0 5294
307
0 63 18
71
0 5273
Q
0 6303
65
"33G
0. 6°82
362
0 5206
411
0 4470
8°
0. 6278
155
0 5194
306
0 4456
33°
0. G'?61
7j
0 5184
390
0 4454
193
0. 6251
:isa
0 5182
404
Sabal Palmetto ..
0 4404
38
0 6'>49
405
"Washin^tonia filifera
0 5173
311
0 4397
0. 62.16
391
0 5157
72
0 438<)
66
0. G178
371
0 5151
350
0 4358
90
0.6116
345
0 5145
70
0 4357
0. C115
15G
0 5087
67
0 4328
377
0.6104
317
0 5072
386
0 4287
315
0. 6069
23
0 5056
388 '
0 4275
0. 6034
10
0 5053
61
0 4274
0. 6030
0 504°
312
0 4°61
62
0. 6028
360
0 5038
18
0 4253
0. GOOO
2
0 5035
387
0 4239
406
0. 5U91
105
0 5023
g
0. 4230
23
0 5967
7
0 5003
39a
0. 4928
300
0 4996
342
0. 4208
"in
0 5955
52
0 4980
207
0. 4165
191
0 5998
313
0 4969
351
0. 4165
139
0 5009
376
0 4949
321
0. 4161
208
0 590 •>
375
0 4935
4
0.4139
23 '
0 5898
310
0 4930
28
0. 4136
19
0 5888
339
0 4926
367
0 4133
289
0 5887
325
0 4914
302
0. 4127
34
0 5873
60
0 4909
365
0.4096
337
0 5899
236
0 4880
320
0. 4089
108
0 58^2
359
0 4879
238
0 4086
33
0 5818
352
0 4877
17
0. 4074
0 5815
308
0 4872
383
0. 4051
194
0. 5780
358
0 4854
318
0. 4032
291
0 577°
335
0 4843
326
0. 4017
338
0 5765
366
0 4840
303
0. 3981
°98
0 5762
68
0 4821
9
0.3969
294
0 5760
301
0 4813
378
0. 3931
48
0 5750
34
0 4806
322
0. 3912
197
Fraxinna Oreeana . .
0. 5731
330
Cbamsecvparis Nutkaensis . . .
0. 4782
348
Pinus monticola . . .
0.3008
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
251
1
i i ii'ji
1
|
4
i£
1
S3?
I
.|
•
Species.
e'S
«
Species.
el
n
Species.
ll
«
16
«
' 2
•5 fab
^
II
3
*3
I
1
o
»
3
o
«
3
H
0 3839
396
0.3638
820
Chamaicyparisapbairoidea
0. 3322
1
0 3854
1-)1
0 3635 I 119
0.3188
393
Abies irils'u
0 3819
ao'»
0.3565
3'27
Thuya occidentalis
0.3164
• 1 .
0 3814 'iTi
0 3545
30
0. 3003
0 3790 1T>
0 3541
0.2882
n yjAn -:i;<)
0. 3499
412
Tncca haccata ...
0.2724
410
Tucca brevifolia ' 0. r;7:;7 :::)4 A 'ties aubalninu
ci. :;)7i; J'-'ll Virus aurra 1 0.2616
349
U. 3634
384
0.344J
It will be noticed that all species in which the wood is heavier than water belong to the semi-tropical region
of Florida or to the arid Mexican and interior Pacific regions. There seeing to be a certain, but by no means constant
relation, as shown in this table, between aridity of climate and the weight of the wood produced by closely allieu
species or by individuals of the same species. The wood of the form of Qucrcits r libra peculiar to western Texas is
nearly 30 per cent, heavier than the average of all the specimens of the typical speci es grown in the northern
states. Among the white oaks the wood of species belonging to regions of little rainfall, Qucrcus grisea, ollongifolia,
Durandii, and Douglaxii, is heavier than that of allied species peculiar to regions more favorable for the growth of
trees. The average of two specimens of Quercus prinoides grown in •western Texas is 19 per cent, heavier than
the average of all the other specimens of this species grown ia other parts of the country. In Fraxinus, the wood
of F. Grcggii of the Eio Grande valley is heavier than that of any other species ; it only just surpasses in weight,
however, the wood of the western Texas form of F. Americana, which is 20 per cent, heavier than the average of
all specimens of the typical species grown north of Texas. On the other hand, th e wood of Texas forms of Fraxlnwt
mrid'ut is constantly lighter than that of northern specimens, and the wood of Celtis grown in Arizona is lighter
than that of the average of all the other specimens of this species. In Juglans, the heaviest wood is that of J. rupestris,
a species belonging to a region of little rainfall, and a specimen of J. nigra from western Texas is 33 per cent,
heavier than the average of all specimens grown in the Mississippi basin. In the case of Platanus, the heaviest
wood is that of the Atlantic species, but wood of the species peculiar to the comparatively moist climate of
southwestern Arizona is, however, considerably lighter than that of the drier climate of southern California.
, FUEL VALUE.
The relative fuel values are obtained by deducting the percentage of ash from the specific gravity, and are
based on the hypothesis that the real value of the combustible material in all woods is the same.
A number of analyses was also made of the wood of several of the principal trees of the United States (Table
II) and their absolute fuel value calculated. Mr. Sharpies describes the methods adopted by him to obtain these
results, as follows :
The carbon and hydrogen determinations were made by the ordinary processes of organic analysis, by burning the wood in a current
of oxygon. The moisture was determined by drying the wood at 100° centigrade until its weight became sensibly constant. The
calculations were then made on the dry wood. The results contain a slight constant error, arising from the fact that the nitrogen in the
wood was «ot determined. This error is, however, very slight, the nitrogen, which is included in the percentage of oxygen, rarely
amounting, in any wood, to one per cent. The column headed " Hydrogen combined with.oxygen ", is found by dividing the amount in
the column headed "Oxygen" by eight, and represents the hydrogen that may be considered as already combined with oxygen in the form
of water, and is therefore useless for fuel. The fuel value per kilogram is found by multiplying the percentage of carbon by 8,080, and
that of excess of hydrogen by34,4b'2 (these being the values obtained by Favre and Sil1>erman), adding these together and deducting from
the sum the product of the total hydrogen multiplied by 4,833, which represents the heat required to evaporate the water produced by
burning the hydrogen. The constants used above represent the number of kilograms of water raised one degree centigrade, by burning
one kilogram of carbon or hydrogen. The fuel value per cubic decimeter is found by multiplying the value per kilogram by the specific
gravity. It need hardly bo said that this fuel value is rarely attained in practice, and that it is never utilized. There are too many
sources of loss ; the calculation supposes that the combustion is perfect, that no smoke is given otf, and that the heat of the products of
combustion, with the exception of that neeessary to convert the water into vapor, is all utilized.
It appears from Mr. Sharpies' experiments that resinous woods give upward of 12 per cent, more heat from
equal weights burned than non-resinous woods; the heat produced by burning a kilogram of dry non-resinous
wood being about 4,000 units, while the heat produced by burning a kilogram of dry resinous wood is about 4,500
units, a unit being the quantity of heat required to raise 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade.
Count Eumford first propounded the theory that the value of equal weights of wood for fuel was the same
without reference to specific distinctions; that is, that a pound of wood, whatever the variety, would always
produce the same amount of heat (Count Bumford's Works, Boston, 1873, vol. ii). Marcus Bull, experimenting
in 182C upon the fuel value of different woods (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., new ser., iii, 1), found a variation of only 11
per cent, between the different species tested. Eumford's theory must be regarded as nearly correct, if woods are
2,~2 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
separated into resinous and uoii-resinous classes. The specific gravity gives a direct means of comparing heat
values of equal volumes of wood of different resinous and non-resinous species. In burning wood, however, various-
circumstances affect its value; few fire-places are constructed to fully utilize the fuel value of resinous wood, and
carbon escapes unconsumed in the form of smoke. Pine, therefore, which, although capable of yielding more heat
than oak or hickory, may in practice yield considerably less, the pine losing both carbon and hydrogen in the form
of smoke, while hickory or oak, burning with a smokeless flame, is practically entirely consumed. The ash in a
wood, being non-combustible, influences its fuel value in proportion to its amount. The state of dryness of wood
also has much influence upon its fuel value, though to a less degree than is generally supposed. The water in
green wood prevents its rapid combustion, evaporation reducing the temperature below the point of ignition.
Green wood may often contain as much as 50 per cent, of water, and this water must evaporate during combustion j.
but as half a kilogram of ordinary wood will give 2,000 units of heat, while half a kilogram of water requires only
268.5 units to evaporate it, 1731.5 units remain available for generating heat in wood containing even a maximum
amount of water. In cases where the pressure was perpendicular to the grain of the wood it was applied on the-
side of the specimen nearest to the heart of the tree.
A factor in the general value of wood as fuel is the ease with whieh- it-ea»^ be seasoned; beech, for example, a
very dense wood of high fuel value when dried, is generally considered of little value as fuel, on account of the-
rapidity with which it decays when cut and the consequent loss of carbon by decomposition.
THE STRENGTH OF WOOD.
The specimens tested for the purpose of determining the strength of the wood produced by the different trees
of the United States were cut, with few exceptions, before March, 1881, and were slowly and carefully seasoned.
Those used in determining the resistance to transverse strain were made 4 centimeters square and long enough
to give the necessary bearing upon the supports. TJiese were shod with flat iron plates, slightly rounded on the
edges and were set exactly 1 meter apart ; they remained perfectly rigid under the pressure applied. Each specimen
was weighed, measured, and its specific gravity calculated before it was tested. The result thus obtained represents
the specific gravity of the air-dried wood.
To eliminate the action of their weight the specimens were placed upright, and hydraulic pressure was applied
by means of an iron rod 12 millimeters in radius, acting midway between the supports, the deflections being read
at this point.
The direction of the grain of the wood is shown by diagrams in the table (Table III), the pressure acting upon
it horizontally from the left.
The pressure was applied slowly and uniformly, a reading of the deflections being taken for every 50 kilograms.
When a load of 200 kilograms had been applied it was removed and the set read. Pressure was again applied in
the same way, and the readings of deflections were resumed when 200 kilograms was again reached.
P I3
The formula used in calculating the coefficient of elasticity was E =5—7-77^ ; I, &, d, being taken in millimeters;
4 / \ i/ft *.
3P I £w«3*««
that of the modulus of rupture, R = 2 ; -,«• ^ &» ^ being in centimeters, P, in both formulas, in kilograms.
A few experiments were also made in the same manner, for purpose's of comparison, to determine the transverse
strength of specimens 1 meter long between the bearings and 8 centimeters square (Table IV).
The specimens tested by longitudinal compression were 4 centimeters square and 32 centimeters (8 diameters)
long. They were placed between'the platforms of the machine, and pressure was gradually applied until they
failed. The figures given represent the number of kilograms required to cause failure.
The specimens tested under pressure applied perpendicularly to the fibers were 4 centimeters square and 16
centimeters long. They were placed upon the platform of the machine and indented with an iron punch 4
centimeters square on its face, covering the entire width of the specimen and one-quarter of its length at the
center. In this series of experiments the direction of the annual rings was noted, horizontal pressure being also
applied from the left. Readings were taken of the pressure necessary to produce each successive indentation of
0.254 up to 2.54 millimeters, and in the case of specimens which did not fail with this pressure :i further test was
made of the weight required to produce indentations of 3.81 and 5.08. The remarks (Table V) upon the behavior
of the wood of the different species under compression were furnished by Mr. James E. Howard, in charge of the
testing machine.
COMPARATIVE VALUES.
In the following table the number standing opposite each species represents its relative value in the column in
which it appears.
This table is purely an arbitrary one, since the introduction of one or more species would of course change the
value of all species standing lower in value, or results based on an examination of a larger number of specimens
of any species may change the relative numbers in regard to it very considerably. In other words, any twenty or
thirty species bearing consecutive numbers may change places with each other. This arises partly from the want
of uniformity of the wood of any species, and partly from the fact that where so many determinations fall between,
comparatively narrow limits the mere order of sequence must be largely accidental.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
253
TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES.
1
1
id
U
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
V
10
12
14
17
17
18
19
20
23
24
28
29
•JO
31
33
34
38
42
43
45
47
50
52
54
60
61
64
64
65
66
67
08
Species.
Approximate fuel value.
Elasticity.
Ultimate transverse
strength.
Ultimate resistance to
longitudinal crushing.
Resistance to indenta- 1
lion to 1.27niillimeters.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Approximate fuel value.
Elasticity.
g
i
ir
n
o .
S3
*•* be
i
!«
j
i
205
208
3
81
153
151
88
121
144
77
49
259
165
273
91
103
276
194
115
186
76
138
273
284
228
210
162
177
268
176
167
24
214
10
72
264
38
15
14
85
60
194
112
210
295
69
55
291
FUiiuate. resistance to
longitudinal crushing, j
li
1!
*!
§a
Is
•s p
sa
216
109
71
52
2
24
141
27
163
156
53
90
142
26
28
104
190
266
114
76
32
39
74
225
140
107
63
80
99
94
31
48
192
8
19
174
20
12
9
40
77
169
127
161
184
35
7
230
MAGNOLIACE.S:.
14S
205
230
265
189
249
207
259
277
220
11
228
246
272
257
169
3
204
27
268
298
&
96
167
224
152
6
1
184
175
245
208
47
213
126
117
118
192
154
256
221
133
127
122
119
41
207
114
124
281
278
56
187
161
183
158
272
147
217
143
121
292
65
71
244
246
191
74
45
208
129
243
232
165
194
221
9
88
59
117
260
113
135
163
201
236
184
245
179
208
293
234
50
201
241
256
248
288
137
219
150
252
300
2
56
188
250
262
116
85
251
152
271
222
112
190
147
18
68
S3
121
263
132
115
173
189
191
104
234
182
229
298
277
6
214
240
195
202
206
10
148
15
171
300
9
20
180
252
231
3
5
154
28
273
246
122
223
136
30
57
113
133
270
155
IM
U4
2H
248
247
257
202
262
285
198
5
240
290
298
263
100
1
165
18
251
300
6
36
149
214
177
4
3
187
131
282
220
58
159
119
73
66
145
151
215
221
71
73
77
79
80
81
82
84
85
80
87
88
91
93
94
103
104
107
108
110
111
113
117
121
125
126
128
129
132
134
135
137
139
140
141
142
144
146
148
151
152
153
154
155
156
159
160
161
ANACABDIACE.S:.
193
59
87
51
7
35
150
34
114
124
88
134
146
09
67
97
119
248
164
112
29
10
109
165
135
100
52
65
102
128
61
57
162
2
9
108
18
24
19
44
74
235
141
195
206
38
15
187
210
74
19
43
143
154
95
10:
77
64
40
264
228
259
172
161
253
149
153
199
120
212
245
248
189
240
135
213
237
256
225
34
167
2
89
219
6
65
88
176
85
234
178
275
299
131
36
231
227
73
12
16
235
34
71
48
200
93
41
184
123
40
18
39
197
124
61
84
50
63
181
220
95
169
68
153
139
152
76
19
128
2
32
147
1
55
17
69
22
167
125
237
287
87
8
289
LEGUMINOS^l.
Robinia Pseudacacia
Ma° >olia Umbrella'
Robinia Noo-Mexicana
M ** r F
Olneya Teaota
L'r-od dr Till' T
Piscidia Erythrina
AXONACE.S:.
Anona laurifolia
Gleditschia triacauthos
CAXELLACE.S:.
Canella alba
TEENSTECEMIACE^:.
TILIACE.*:.
ROSACES.
Prunus Americana
Primus emarginat*
MALP1GHIACE-S1.
ZYGOPHYLLACE2E.
BUTACE.E.
Xanthox>lum Caribanm
Cratffigus Hubvillosa
SIMARUBE.S:.
Simamba glauca
BUESEEACE.S:.
HAMAMELACE.S:.
MELIACEJE.
RHIZOPHOBACE.E.
ILICINE.S:.
COMBEETACE^I.
CYRILLACE2E.
Cliftonia ligustrina
MYRTACE.S. .
RHAMNACE^.
Eugenia procera
COENACE^E.
SAFINDACE.S:.
CornoaXnttallii
.
Njssa capitata
Nyssa sylvatica
Nyasa uniflora
CAPRIFOLIACE.&.
Acer saccharinum
Acer saccharinnm, var. nigrum
EUBIACE3!.
Acer rubrum
Xegnndo Californicum. . .
Pinckneva imbens . . .
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES— Continued.
Catalogue number.
Species.
«
Approximate fuel value.
Elasticity.
Ultimate! transverse
strength.
Ultimate resistance to
longitudinal crushing.
Resistance to indenta-
tion to 1.27 millimeters.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Approximate fuel value.
Elasticity.
Ultimate transverse
strength.
Ultimate resistance to
longitudinal crushing.
Resistance to indenta-
tion to 1.27 millimeters.
165
166
167
169
170
171
175
176
177
178
179
181
182
183
184
186
187
191
102
192
193
104
193
196
197
198
199
201
204
205
206
207
208
210
212
213
215
215
217
218
219
219
222
•m
ERICACEAE.
n
107
104
78
101
148
17
12
16
90
133
81
56
4
55
190
172
122
130
66
151
105
291
73
171
149
147
45
53
142
250
563
161
28
157
14
138
140
202
131
30
25
99
111
179
164
251
137
258
242
54
61
16
204
280
193
252
95
192
250
229
254
91
69
182
133
283
196
156
142
227
28
97
296
233
175
267
26
284
49
162
162
273
70
79
168
226
110
194
81
230
164
219
205
107
67
18
200
294
254
265
79
98
230
107
226
106
27
iei
91
261
121
203
125
175
40
71
169
241
224
247
73
296
78
88
116
235
127
132
178
142
101
107
89
198
90
168
156
33
23
11
143
239
106
117
135
88
218
166
217
121
C5
162
114
296
94
80
175
199
51
45
215
238
194
278
13
274
7
47
232
221
49
24
79
142
66
92
110
75
95
65
133
15
25
49
146
162
97
47
16
29
139
123
108
153
121
113
98
185
111
157
130
154
64
43
87
273
254
181
37
218
13
128
132
188
120
23
13
68
172
224
225
226
227
228
228
229
231
232
234
235
230
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
136
93
xo
191
94
98
300
244
163
63
173
218
231
270
155
132
103
36
4C
43
42
71
49
86
177
125
76
85
79
37
32
82
39
60
48
75
31
26
20
. 8
21
13
33
22
41
58
129
23
84
106
137
89
113
91
115
95
62
205
62
273
266
229
143
300
292
173
114
146
249
286
181
63
218
239
IS
78
42
92
86
8
93
137
99
104
222
183
169
262
122
17
131
106
27
53
197
150
209
165
49
33
247
110
148
48
83
65
81
206
102
11
80
55
29
25
IK)
36
167
228
•135
127
298
299
141
25
222
254
285
238
109
236
240
11
33
20
31
30
1
96
119
46
85
103
99
100
194
65
50
81
28
48
6
57
175
73
57
54
4
180
75
118
63
52
38
44
145
43
12
42
32
40
13
146
38
158
203
178
160
299
284
179
4
144
269
267
205
46
159
164
27
52
30
43
78
25
110
151
74
82
172
97
108
186
103
100
102
112
67
44
53
1C5
11G
70
59
62
176
131
72
83
42
87
92
1-19
98
35
137
101
91
77
138
112
67
179
101
56
296
207
148
22
158
245
211
244
126
143
84
60
45
51
41
78
34
55
182
135
105
136
79
54
69
82
72
96
83
86
61
17
10
21
38
30
33
11
81
57
150
44
116
115
152
46
117
88
134
122
70
= fi
nsis
Rhododendron maximum
SAPOTACE^:.
Chrysophvllumoliviibrme
Sideroxvlon Mastichodendron —
Hacln aaun fici
PLATANACE.S:.
JUGLANDACE^;.
EBBNACE^!.
Diospyros Vireiniana
STTEACAC2E.
Caryaalba
OLEACE-ffi;.
Finx is \mericai
MYRICACE^:.
Myrica cerifera
Myrica Californica
CUPTTLrFER^E.
Qucrcus alba
BORRAGINACE2E.
Qucrcua undulate, var. Gambelii
BIGXONIACE^.
Catalpa bignonioidcs
Cntalpa speciosa
0 CT 'AIM,
Chilopsisflal'gna
O
VERBENACEJE.
Citharexylirnvillosum
NTCTAGIXACE^:.
POLTGONACE^:.
LAURACE.aS.
Peraea Carolincnsis
Persea Carolineusis, var. palnstris
Sassafras ofticinalo
Umbellularia Californica
EUPHORBIACE^:.
URTICACE.*:.
Ulmus fulva . . .
Qnercus laurifolia
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
255
TABLE OF KELATIVE VALUES -Continued.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Approximate fuel value.
Elasticity.
>
•
|
I1
B
•z
B
35
57
20
8
63
70
168
60
184
18
23
18
140
37
127
5
66
9
121
190
189
257
217
199
276
125
81
120
198
169
218
257
232
292
-204
145
183
186
190
267
154
281
130
'93
260
276
158
190
280
238
34
94
243
Ultimate resistance to
longitudinal crushing.
Resistance, to indenta-
tion to 1.27 millimeters.
Catalogue) number.
Species.
Approximate fuel value. '
>•
'Z
UH
112
187
270
127
297
291
289
255
223
51
270
174
140
125
216
4
198
257
46
101
290
52
261
39
269
268
186
35
13
288
118
7
5
60
90
185
265
100
135
224
13
195
20
74
104
177
201
109
130
24
21
241
23
1
263
Ultimate, transverse
Btrengtb.
T'ltimatr IrsiKtanrr to
longitudinal crushing.
Resistance to indenta-
tion to 1.27 inilliineli TH.
282
283
284
281
286
289
200
201
292
2B9
204
293
290
297
298
£99
301
302
303
307
308
309
309
313
313
316
318
319
320
321
321
322
323
324
325
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
333
338
339
340
341
(342
343
345
346
12:
144
:',!
68
77
123
180
160
247
120
40
92
168
159
158
127
170
64
222
267
276
251
216
243
236
209
186
181
275
234
271
288
264
280
285
281
214
238
274
297
284
296
223
233
232
116
212
242
299
261-
139
198
227
30
203
114
87
HIO
106
94
40
152
32
15
43
214
18
126
3
58
10
72
158
199
277
280
141
298
65
22
137
180
108
220
150
215
284
57
98
73
160
157
271
81
291
87
31
279
211
238
84
287
236
202
170
294
190
150
279
56
211
119
163
99
120
04
96
254
109
207
29
lf,7
31
188
244
285
291
272
257
281
192
126
216
266
243
283
271
286
298
209
249
225
230
130
275
145
294
138
129
242
75
177
174
213
187
HI
134
250
144
118
59
89
102
•93
206
209
227
128
85
103
196
195
171
160
193
91
210
2C8
279
208
249
261
241
199
183
265
250
276
291
274
293
258
252
239
297
284
287
236
259
147
50
176
286
271-
62
166
203
347
348
.-14(1
350
351
353
355
350
357
357
358
359
300
301
302
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
872
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
591
392
393
394
395
396
398
399
400
401
402
405
282
279
287
2:.:;
......
-oj
215
174
143
170
185
179
217
200
203
226
201
182
166
269
219
266
239
293
183
197
50
188
178
211
210
156
278
225
110
70
237
273
295
28«
254
258
255
194
252
240
290
283
294
292
289
260
241
229
153
83
199
22.-.
232
238
227
244
143
287
283
297
288
210
131
149
210
171
156
114
60
253
139
148
158
290
95
158
17
207
269
166
47
45
270
214
18
15
150
155
249
281
216
171
279
80
171
96
111
219
265
275
271
180
134
105
182
90
7
285
212
2«:t
202
281
JOB
IDS
258
253
288
260
268
140
272
204
226
185
259
54
264
261
233
183
293
170
245
86
241
228
247
85
118
280
201
26
21
193
256
292
295
248
219
196
60
224
81
132
255
236
276
208
210
127
141
161
58
14
297
278
288
270
224
200
129
106
155
178
189
256
180
217
222
212
170
175
253
186
246
229
255
223
191
42
108
194
213
204
197
228.
237
167
137
272
283
275
267
281
260
211
235
232
238
233
289
277
294
269
292
205
243
231
173
164
BETULACE.E.
Betnla alba, var. populifolia
Betnla pap\ riiVra
lictuhi oceidentalis
Pinns ririhirthnina
Brtula lutea
Betula nigra
P' M
Betnla lenta
Finns S-ibinhni
Aluua rubra
P- f
Alnus rhombifolia
Pinus insi nia
Alnua oblongifolia
SALICACE.S;.
Salix amygdaloides
Pinus Treda
Salix lajvigata
Finn
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia
P
Salix laaiandra, var. Fendleriana
Pinus
Salix iiaveaceus
Salix (lavescena, var. Sconleriana
Salix laaiolepia
Populus tremuloides
g
Populus gi andidentata
Populus heterophvlla
Populus balsaiuitera
Populus balsamifi-ra, var. candicaua
Picea ilba
Populua anguatifolia
.
Popuiua trichoearpa
Popnlus monilifera
Populua Fremoutii
enss_
Popnlus Fremontii, var. "\Vializeni
" c • r ••
CONIFERS.
Libocedrua tlecurrens
Thuya occidentalia
Peemlotsuga Douglaeii, var. macrocarpa —
Thuya gigantea
Chamajcvparis spha-roiilea
Chamiecvparis Xutkaensis
Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjngena
Juniperua Virginiana
Sequoia gigantea
Sequoia aempervirens
Taxua brevifolia
PALMACE2E.
Torreya taxifolia
Torreya California
256
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
The following table gives the figures from which the table of relative values was computed, and includes all
species upon which complete tests have been made.
The coefficient of elasticity is derived from the second deflection, the measurements being taken in millimeters
and the weight in kilograms.
The ultimate transverse strength is the force, applied at the middle of the stick, required to break a stick 4
centimeters square and 1 meter between the supports.
lu the compression tests the surface exposed to pressure was 4 centimeters square. To give the pressure
on a square centimeter these results must be divided by 16.
The indentation to 1.27 millimeters, or the fifth in the series, is the one selected for comparison.
TABLE OF AVERAGES.
Catalogue number.
Species.
sS
7 =
-3.0
Bi=S
Catalogue number.
Species.
Approximate relative
fuel value.
Coefficient of elastic-
ity, kilograms on
millimeters.
Ultimate transverse
strength, in kilo-
grams.
Ultimate resistance to
longitudinal crush-
ing, in kilograms.
Resistance to inden-
tation to 1.27 milli-
meters, in kilograms. '
Approximate relati
fuel value.
Coefficient of elast
ity. kilograms
m'illimeters.
Ultimate transver
strength, in ki
grams.
Ultimate resistance
longitudinal crufl
ing, in kilograms
Resistance to inde
tation to 1.27 mil
meters, in kilogran
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
17
17
18
19
20
23
24
28
29
30
31
33
34
38
42
43
45
47
MAGNOLIACE.S:.
63.26
50.11
46.76
41.26
52.90
44.78
49.89
42.20
39.61
48.11
97.20
46.92
45.00
40.47
42.27
57.43
113. 38
50.15
88.20
40.98
29.41
103.97
72.03
57.74
47.62
62.23
103.72
119. 38
54.27
56.34
903
914
929
941
1,169
744
944
926
482
501
1,117
794
840
811
846
525
863
726
868
932
417
1,085
1062
643
642
783
1,050
1,143
741
913
338
313
286
256
297
249
302
280
167
259
438
286
252
239
246
181
336
273
322
241
63
557
428
293
244
225
350
386
242
320
7,705
6,790
6,633
6,552
7,829
5, 861
6,691
5,955-
3,395
4,829
12, 519
6,195
5,768
6,487
6,307
6,260
11,789
7,189
10,955
6,816
2,473
11,975
10,660
6,709
5,582
5,938
13, 426
12, 848
7,112
9.984
3,156
,627
,709
,427
,427
,343
1,966
1,296
1,098
2,037
9,163
1,591
1,044
950
1,296
3,475
12,689
2,548
5,964
1,383
749
8,795
4,951
2,826
1,808
2,356
9,753
10,388
2,195
3.075
50
52
54
60
61
64
64
65
66
67
68
71
73
77
79
80
81
82
84
85
86
87
88
91
93
94
103
104
107
108
110
111
113
117
121
125
126
128
129
132
134
135
137
139
SAPINDACE.S;.
45.03
49.45
80.05
48.83
66.34
68.75
68.66
52.52
61.65
42.82
47. 95
52.42
77.28
72.96
79.86
103. 59
84.39
62.61
84.46
68.88
66.86
72.89
64.58
63.18
74.86
75.37
72.02
68.65
44.93
58.14
09.16
86.52
97.27
70.11
58.08
64.55
71.54
78.98
75.96
71.12
65.27
76.13
77.95
58.78
644
683
837
780
718
1,465
1,027
1,110
943
582
945
736
1,050
1,301
1,149
868
851
1,002
977
1,048
1,086
1,170
558
688
583
824
827
603
861
852
769
937
732
642
626
788
664
901
732
673
592
708
1,197
837
211
271
360
292
327
490
410
435
346
226
340
283
280
543
388
320
321
385
346
329
394
439
233
310
207
382
3C9
200
290
354
295
396
334
207
190
265
279
315
303
216
304
309
483
278
5,017
5,686
7,523
6,100
7,349
9,907
8,803
7,711
7,402
5,151
7,072
6,033
8,523
11, 272
10, 931
5,851
9,548
8,550
9,129
6,406
8,001
9,344
6,679
7,510
9,412
10, 732
9,419
6,441
7,507
8,746
8,165
8,989
8,709
6,706
6,123
7,969
6,884
8,612
7,117
7,280
7,122
8,437
10, 712
7,462
1,132
1,722
4,350
2,597
3,205
4,019
4,149
2,899
2,795
1,781
1,719
1,744
3,348
4,038
4,427
10,478
5,698
2,937
5,348
2,560
2,697
4,420
3,620
2,917
5,484
5,267
3,405
2,132
1,280
3,269
3,937
5,090
4,888
3,999
1,715
2,951
3,368
4,207
3,844
3,484
3,583
5,103
4,483
2,123
Acer saccharinnm, var. nigrum ...
Liriodendion Tulipifera
ANONACE.&.
ANACARDIACE^E.
Rhus copallina
CANELLACE.E.
TERNSTRO3MIACE.E.
LEGUMINOS.&.
TILIACE.E.
Tilia Americana
Tilia Americana, var. pubesceus . .
Tilia heteropbylla
Piscidia Erytbrina
MALPIGHIACE.ZE.
Gymnocladus Canadeneis
ZYGOPHYLLACE^:.
RUTACE^l.
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis
ROSACES.
Prunus Americana
BURSE RACE^:.
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis
Prunus serotina
Prunus demissa
MELIACE^;.
Swietenia Mabogoni
Prunus ilicifolia
ILICINEJE.
CYRILLACE^l.
Cratffigus spathulata
RHAMNACE^!.
Cratcegus flava, var. pubescens
HAMAMELACE.®.
Liauidambar Stvracitlua. . .
Rhamnns Pursbiana . . .
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
257
TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued.
Speciea.
i i
if.
e: ^
£~
*£
I
?
140 j
141
142
165
166
167
169
170
171
177
178
170
181
182
183
RHIZOPHORACE-E.
Khizophora Mangle- 114.00
COMBRETACE^:.
Cunocarpua nrecta 98. 08
Laguncularia rari-momv 70. 21
144
146
148
151
152
153
li»
l;"j
156
159
160 ' Exostemma Caribteum .
161 Pinckneya pubens
MTHTACB2EC.
Eu«euia buxifolia 92.20
Eli^i-nia inoQticola 89.83
Eugenia prol-fl a 92. 05
CORNACE.S:.
< 'ornua Horida : 80. 98
Cornna Nuttallii 74. 44
Nyasa capitata 45. 97
Xyssa aylvatica 63. 66
Nyaaa uni flora ' 51. 58
CAPRIFOLIACE.S:.
Sambucus glauca
Viburnum pruuifolium
ERICACE.&.
Andromeda ferruginea
Arbutus Menzieaii
Arbutua Xalapensis
Oxydendrum arboreum . . .
K aliuiii latifolia
Rhododendron maximum .
SAPOTACE^;.
50.07
82.89
92.89
53.28
74.66
70.24
70.81
74.30
71.31
62. 80
175 ' Cbryaophyllum oliviforme 92.44
176 Sideroxylon Maatichodendron
Dipbolia aalicifolia
Buraelia tcnax
Bumelia lanuginoaa
Bumelia lycioidea
Bumelia cuneata 78. 08
Mimusops Sieberi 105. 55
95.89
92.86
72.39
64.64
74.07
EBEXACE.S;.
184 Dioapyros Virgiuiana
180 Symplocoa tinctoria.
187 ! Haleaia diptera ....
191
192 '
192
193
194
195
1%
197
198
108
204
105
Fraxiuua pistacia' folia
Fraxinua Americana
Fraxinns Americana, ror.Texensia
Fraxinua pnbescens
Fraxinua viridia
Fruxinna platycarpa
Fraxinua quadraugnlata
Fraxinua Ofo^ana
Fraxiuus Hauibtu-ifolia
Fon-stieru acuminata
Osmaiithus Americanus
BORRAGIJJACEA
liourreria Havanenaia
Ehret ia i-llipl ica
17 FOK
78.32
52.88
56.81
67.68
65.16
75.83
62.35
70.71
35.16
74.50
57.12
62.72
63.00
80.74
78.48
63.56
Species.
1, (156
1,025
724
1,002
782
703
1,231
397
429
173
204
4,400
9,474
12, 020
4, 355 '
7,802
8,034
6,419
8,025
6,890
7,020
9,571
10, 410
11,680
7,235
5,799
7,825
7,643
7,360
6,146
6,940
266 6, 158
403 9, 197
308 6, 192
5,192
2,967
3,153
13, 767 7, 394
5, 9LC
2,386
14, 108 | 5, 851
8, 845 | 6, 532
10,710 7.099
210
212
213
Catalpa bignonionlea .......
Catalpa sptcioaa ............
Chilnpsis nali^na ...........
VEUIiENACEJE.
Citharexylum villosum .....
NYCTAGINACE^E.
Piaonia obtuaata ............
POLYGONACE.S;.
Coccoloba Floridana ........
LAURACE.S:.
Peraea Carolineuaia
Pei-sea Carolinensis, var. paluatria
Sassafras officinale
Umbellularia California
EUPBORBIACEa:.
Drypetea crocea
Urypetes crocea, var. latlfolia
UKTICACE.S.
TJlmus cragsifolia
Ulmus fnlva
Ulmus Americana
Ulmus raccmosa
Ulmus alata
Planera aquatica
Celtia occidentalis
Celtia occidentalis, var. reticulata .
Ficus aurea
Ficus podunculata
Morns rubra
Maclura aurantiaca
238
(247
248
4,702
3,663
PLATANACE.E.
Platanus occidental?!
I'latami.s racernosa
Platanns Wrightii
JUGLANDACE.SE.
Juglaus cinerea
• Mm huis nigra
Juglans nipcatria
Carya olivseformia
Carya alba
Carya sulcata
Carya tomentoaa
Carya porciua
Carya amara
Carya myristicseformis
Carya aquatica
MYRICACE.E.
Myrica cerifera
Myrica Cnlifornica
CUPULIFER.3:.
Quercua alba
Quercns lobata
Quercus Garryana
Qnercus obttisiloba
Qr.ercna ujjdulata, var. Gambelii..
Quercua mncrocarpa
Quercus lyrata
Qnercus bicolor
60.31
93.40
63.81
63.73
50.38
64.92
86.44
88.65
71.59
69.77
64.54
72.20
74.17
52.71
72.08
71.86
24.84
45.07
58.56
76.01
56.52 864
48.26 : 624
46.72 | 457
40.66 !
60.91 |
64.89
70.99
83. 11 |
80. 35 j
81.29
81.36
74.74
79.31
73.13
56.08
66.81
74.39
73.87
74.24
83.01
85.38
7406
82.59
76.18
1,257
465
1,136
849
519
1,068
1,039
836
704
953
747
1,066
523
552
685
868
257
407
824
944
812
1, 092 |
727
666 .
1,390
1,039
1,150 '.
1,014
1,030 ,
1,465
1,013
971
717
811
833
571
929
1,334
906
II
= z u
~ : =
•~
P
252
5,sei
If!
270
0,521
Ill
247
4,753
2,:
400
11,034
4,!
127
4,962
V
392
12, 337
6,:
385
9,173
3,1
350
5.874
3,(
257
6,110
2,1
344
9,095
3,1
340
10, 410
5,'
302
8,324
6,.
330
7,248
4,<
371
8,«28
2,:
364
7,191
2,1
455
9,474
3,1
309
7,001
4,1
265
6,305
2,:
337
6,739
3,<
344
6,985
4,:
102
2,597
i
98
4,491
U
331
6,721
2,i
483
12, 939
5,1
1
271 7, 207
240 ' 5, 190
183 ' 5, 228
-:,-, 6, 270
365 9,178
236 6,997
247 j 6,951
512 i 10,007
404 8, 939
482 ; 9,485
9,232
8,357
466
470
585
376
348
442
386
369
375
372
290
419
438
388
10,206
7,776
7,122
8,516
8,183
0,793
7, 957 j
7,7(10
7,843
7,864
7.850
2,645
1,486
1,867
1,488
3,140
2,909
3,714
4,344
4,609
4,429
4,822
3,878
5,042
4,397
2,304
3,017
3,014
3,846
4,415
4,072
3,730
4,033
3,534
258
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Approximate relative
fuel value.
Coefficient of elastic-
ity, kilograms on
millimeters.
Ultimate transverse
strength, in kilo-
grams.
Ultimate resistance to
longitudinal crush-
ing, in kilograms.
Eesistanco to inden-
tation to 1.27 milli-
meters, in kilograms.
Catalogue nuinlter.
Species.
Approximate rotative
fuel value.
Coefficient of elastic-
ity, kilograms on
millimeters.
Ultimate transverse'
strength, in kilo-
grams.
Ultimate resistance to
longitudinal crush-
ing, in kilograms; :
Resistance to inden-
tation to 1.27 milli-
meters, in kilograms.
259
260
261
262
263
264
2C6
267
268
209
270
271
272
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
301
302
303
307
308
309
309
313
313
316
318
319
320
321
321
322
323
80.03
74.42
86.09
88.53
97.60
99.10
91.00
93.93
84.43
90.44
81.47
77.75
65.28
90.03
73.81
70.10
64.18
72.39
69.11
72.31
68.82
72.07
76.10
68.22
63.47
78.41
74.97
74.35
67.25
55.55
58.80
44.95
68.48
82.42
72.26
57.43
59.40
60.12
65.34
57.42
75.97
47.93
41.14
39.65
44.68
48.44
45.73
45. 12
53.91
49.39
55.32
40.10
46.11
40.57
36.11
41. 42
38.81
37.66
964
1,255
1,125
771
857
740
837
1,136
1,198
638
953
£51
1,137
1,033
1,065
1,034
745
977
1,402
1,035
1,123
1,227
1,259
1,225
751
944
1,193
784
964
1,012
1,141
856
1,210
1,373
1,149
730
1,306
924
1,618
1, 113
1,432
1,060
846
769
501
488
305
879
1,262
1,085
888
814
963
723
857
730
458
1.117
477
440
628
424
307
400
424
434
541
300
399
349
422
437
450
444
328
445
509
447
465
449
504
458
424
475
520
422
404
316
423
297
490
484
490
332
454
344
533
415
519
346
291
293
235
275
200
288
388
345
347
289
308
274
235
2CO
171
284
7,715
8,615
9,204
8,913
6,941
7,066
8,550
8,748
8,721
0, 759
7,416
8,527
8,172
9,310
8,074
8,012
7,184
7,954
9,532
7,316
7,862
8,023
8,424
0,600
7,167
4,695
8,839
6,236
7,609
6,959
7,923
6,106
7,550
8,669
7,969
5,564
7,781
6,260
9,907
7,007
9,907
6,644
5,696
4,452
4,224
5,114
4,581
5,457
7,484
6,532
6,169
5,285
5,727
4,527
5, 126
4,418
4,332
6.243
3,725
3,686
4,224
5,988
7,031
5,829
4 922
5,185
5, 079
6,646
3,770
4,302
2,825
4,605
3,224
3,243
2,783
4,582
3,223
3,646
3,040
3,169
4,056
2,008
3,221
4,348
3,623
3,452
3,593
1,912
1,887
1,698
3,145
3,696
3,405
2, 073
2,083
2,459
2,581
2,117
3,615
1,870
1,257
1,189
1,294
1,894
1,311
1,400
2,019
1,581
2,241
1,281
994
1,384
1,202
1,030
1 225
1.018
324
325
325
326
3-J7
328
329
330
331
333
338
339
340
341
342
343
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
355
356
357
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
:;74
375
376
377
378
379
i 380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
38.53
48.77
45.69
40.14
31.53
37.90
33.12
47.66
46.16
46.68
68.75
49.11
45.24
28.67
42.02
63.78
51.08
46.96
38.47
38.99
36.76
43.42
41.54
48.65
56.44
63.49
56.20
54.17
55.56
48.41
50.62
50.28
46.99
50. 53
54.37
58.04
40.83
48.18
41.18
45.60
34.88
54.27
51.39
79.29
52.93
55.09
49.22
49.29
60.86
39.13
47.50
69.82
74.83
45.71
40.38
33.38
37.26
42.80
42.20
42.58
51.61
994
1,051
843
847
533
1,034
404
1,029
1,217
499
734
670
1,032
451
676
761
821
401
851
950
794
676
512
913
378
421
435
594
715
1,132
542
824
887
925
726
1,585
771
585
1,141
979
429
1,128
581
1,170
543
543
803
1,194
1,375
448
942
1,488
1,577
1,100
1,023
808
553
990
900
713
1.375
328
298
295
291
219
319
194
342
379
230
200
316
291
196
255
460
378
249
267
260
255
266
249
329
182
191
123
181
279
341
323
279
307
318
355
423
241
333
325
318
175
377
316
497
281
214
310
441
443
212
278
490
500
318
319
245
194
277
307
197
388
5,651
6,055
5, 950
7,446
4,903
7,197
4,149
7,281
7,454
5,742
8,505
6,750
6,771
6,210
6,656
7,734
7,364
5,625
0,219
5,349
5, 382
5,591
5,296
7,825
5,420
5,579
4,389
5,398
5,209
7,274
4,548
6,292
6,037
6,679
5,398
8,868
5,328
5,387
5,874
6,680
4,207
6,834
5,687
8,079
5,765
6,028
5,670
8,142
7,628
4,604
6,329
10, 074
10, 626
6,520
5,489
4,271
4,128
5,653
6,142
6,450
8.747
1,327
1,382
1,007
1,561
957
1,114
1,074
1.618
1,317
2,852
4,464
2, 376
1,166
1,091
1,242
4,223
2,523
1,963
1,194
1,071
1,244
1,727
1,716
2,002
3,126
3,388
2,713
2,350
2,140
1,353
2,309
1,740
1,719
1,850
2,470
2,382
1,379
2,202
1,475
1,687
1,872
1,719
2,123
4,740
2, 496
2,100
1,842
1,950
2,064
1,694
1,009
2, 508
2,985
1,540
1,117
1,217
1,207
1,100
1.314
1,996
1,622
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
CONIFERS.
Qnercus grisea
Quercus Durandii
Quercns virens
Q uercus chry solepis
Quercus Emory i
Quercus agrifolia
Qnercua "Wislizcni
.Junipcrus occidentalis, var. conju-
gens.
Quercus coccinea
Quercus tinctoria
Quercns Kelloggii
Qnercus nigra
Quercus falcata
Quercus Catesbsei
Quercus palustris
Quercus aquatica
Quercns laurifolia
Quercus hc-terophylla
Quercus cinerea
Quercus h ypoleuca
Qnercus imbricaria
Qnercus Pliellos
Quercns densiflora
Castanopsis chrysophylla
Castanea puinila
P J
Castanea vulgaris, car. Americana.
Fagus ferrugiuea
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata. . .
Ostrya Virginica
Carpinus Carolinana
BETULACE^!.
Pinus Chihuahuana
Pinus contorta
Pinus Murrayana
Pinus Sabiniana
Pinus Coulteri
Piuus iusignis
Pinus tuberculata
Pinus Tssda
Piuus rigida
SALICACE.3!.
Salix amvgdaloides
Salix Icevigata ..
Salix lasiandra, ear. lancifolia
Salix lasiandra, oar. Fundleriana..
Pinus mitis
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana .
Populus balsamifera, var. caudi-
cans.
Ponulus trichocarpa . .
Tsu^a Mertensiana . .
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
259
TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued.
Catalogue muni" j .
Species.
Approximate relative
fuel value.
Coefficient of elastic-
ity, kilograms on
millimeters.
Ultimate transverse
Htrcngth in kilo-
grams.
Ultimate resistance (n
longitudinal crush-
ing, in kilogram*.
Resistance to inden-
tation to 1.27 milli-
meters in kilograms.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Approximate relative
fuel valne.
Coefficient of elastic-
ity, kilograms on
m'i Hi meters.
Ultimate transverse
strength in kilo-
grams.
Ultimate resistance to
longitudinal crash-
ing in kilograms.
Resistance to inden-
tation to 1.27 milli-
meters in kilograms. ||
too
Tsuga Pattoniana
44. 35
775
307
6 074
1 664
398
42 18
301
Psendotsuga Douglaaii
51.53
1283
376
8,289
1 608
399
Abies nobilia
45 46
1277
391
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, rar. ma-
45.59
1050
361
7,405
1,642
400
46 8?
662
crocarpa.
401
62 16
1261
384
8 763
39°
Allies Fraseri
35.46
972
273
5 557
I 048
402
lot
38.02
819
220
5 851
1 202
394
34 61
762
•>02
4 829
1 015
35 08
958
211
6 255
810
PALMACE.E.
w>
36.07
909
300
6 237
1 248
405
The following table illustrates the relation between the specific gravity and the transverse strength of the
wood of species upon which a sufficient number of tests has been made to render such a comparison valuable. The
determinations of the specific gravity and transverse strength were, in every case, made upon the same specimen,
at the same time. The table is arranged according to the specific gravity of the specimens.
It will be noticed that the strength of the different specimens closely but not invariably follows their specific
gravity. An examination of Table III will show, however, that in nearly every case where any wide difference
occurs it is due to imperfections in the stick disproportionately affecting its strength. Moreover, in the case of
species where the specific gravity and strength of different specimens are nearly identical, their order of arrangement
becomes largely accidental. A slight difference in the time occupied in the strength tests, or slight variations in
the direction of the grain of the wood, may considerably affect the sequence in such a table :
TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN THE WOOD
OF CERTAIN SPECIES.
J
1
8
1
j
o g
a
s
Species.
1
I
!>,
ij=
||
ue num
Species.
1
§£ e4
If
I
f> S;
> •**
if
(-
t* fee ' * *^
1
1
1
1
|
V
3 1"
0
o
«
&
G
0
« M
3
Magnolia acuminata
534
1
i
66
Acer rnbrnm
20
534
2
2
878
2 3
24«
3
3
878
3 1
261
4
5
1048
4 2
246
5
*
1048
5 4
261
6
6
530
6 5
8
818
.
j
eon
Tm
818
2
5
OOV
743
O
8 9
1231
3
2
743
9 7
1236
4
6
77
1248
1 1
1236
5
4
405
2 2
1232
6
3
1248
3 5
1232
7
8
1247
4 3
395
8
7
1247
5 4
60
982
i
QIC
982
2
2
OJB
815
6 6
7 7
1023
3
4
108
15
1 1
1023
4
3
15
2 2
64
299
I
o
34
1233
2
1
1053
»
4 5
1235
3
7
1053
5 '6
1234
4
6
127
6 3
1235
5
r,
763
7 8
1234
6
4
763
8 7
1233
7
3
368
9 9
376
8
8
317
10 : 10
409
9
9
317
11 11
64
Acer saccharinum, var. Digram
274
1
1
1151
12 13
213
2
2
406
13 12
757
3
3
117
1088
1 •• 1
757
4
4
7108
2 ; 3
260
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued.
0
a
1
£
o
e
!
2
y
25
u
V
a
Species.
1
h
>
If
e num'
Species.
1
•
*•?
'>
Ij
gft
§:
p
e 2
_> 61
* £
£ »
5
1
!&
!l
•3
jL
1
o
I
1
1
O
I
o
I
1
117
PVTUS corouflfift continued •
1088
3
2
194
Kriixiiiuft viridis — continued
948
2
4
1087
4
4
957
3
1
139
Jjiquidmnl)ur Stvracifltia ...
1173
1
2
438
4
3
1182
2
9
57
5
7
1182
3
5
957
6
5
1183
4
8
308
7
6
1173
5
1
308
8
8
1095
.,
3
196
66
.
1181
7
11
66
2
SI
1181
8
10
286'
3
1
546
9
6
518
4
5
1095
10
4
286'
5
6
546
11
12
291
6
4
1183
12
7
125
7
8
151
1077
3
1
125
^
7
1077
4
3
217
814
1
1092
5
8
814
2
4
812
6
4
71
3
1
812
7
5
854
4
7
761
8
7
854
5
8
67
9
6
446
6
5
67
10
4
. 387
7
3
154
750
1
2
71
8
2
835
2
9
387
9
9
750
,.
•
223
104
833
4
6
Mat
134
,
2
2
833
g
4
224
TJInms Americana .................... ...
_
834
6
7
533
2
4
•
834
7
3
1049
3
2
813
8
5
19
4
1
813
9
8
19
5
3
155
128
1
2
1036
6
11
128
2
1
1036
7
10
604
3
6
958
8
7
604
4
4
281
9
8
550
5
5
281
10
9
550
6
3
958
11
5
184
Diospyros Vif^iniflnsi
425
_
•
225
116
.
1
1084
2
6
314
2
2
1162
3
4
314
3
5
811
4
3
116s
\
3
1084
5
2
428
5
7
811
6
5
116s
6
4
61
7
8
116
7
6
j-T
228
jyrq
192
Dl
1045
8
1
1
BYO
873
1
2
4
1045
2
4
1111
3
1
1143
3
3
306
4
«
937
4
19
306
5
7
227»
5
2
1111
6
2
130
6
7
75
7
3
431
7
6
75
8
8
232
Morus rnbrft . ....,,.«.,........,.....,-.........
•IDO
227'
8
9
5
10
JUE9
1255
1
2
4
392
10
8
132
3
2
212
11
11
1255
4
6
'
212
12
9
1244
5
3
747
13
21
1245
6
5
551
14
14
1246
7
7
238
_
.
t
Hv
267
15
16
13
12
76*
.
2
2
747
17
17
16
3
7
551
18
15
16
4
4
114s
19
16
76
5
5
114
20
18
76
6
3
114
21
20
123
7
6
194
949
1
2
393
8
8
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
261
RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Office uumber.
i
1
*£
tf
°$
> a
0]
i
Kelative transverse
strength.
1
a
"e*
0
Species.
Office number.
Relative specific
gravity.
Kelative transverse
strength.
239
951
i
4
251
49'
19
15
951
2
3
259>
20
21
766
3
1
493
21
17
766
4
6
49"
22
24
318
5
9
8
23
25
325
6
8
403
24
28
407
7
5
895
25
29
117
8
a
251
26
4
117
9
7
1132
27
31
242
IV
]
4
403
28
33
539
2
7
251
29
26
531
3
2
32»
30
20
m
113*
31
34
531
4
3
49
32
22
1056
5
12
443
33
35
1056
6
13
32»
34
22
3
7
6
113
35
31
1097
g
1
253
985
1
1
249
9
11
1027
2
6
118
10
14
985
3
S
249
11
10
988
4
2
118
12
16
1027
5
7
3
13
5
1029
6
4
816
14
9
988
7
5
539
15
8
1029
8
8
816
16
15
254
771
1
5
243
383
1
3
771
7
1082
2
5
256
3
3
391
3
1
151
4
1
1166
4
6
151
5
2
391
5
4
351
6
4
1082
6
7
351
7
4
1164
7
2
256
137
1
1
1170
8
8
310
2
8
1165
9
9
1071
3
5
245
88
1
1
310
4
10
88
2
2
143
5
13
1168
3
7
933
6
12
1168
4
4
1073
7
6
«
442
5
9
1072
8
7
538
6
3
933
9
11
6
7
5
79
10
3
6
8
6
432
11
9
121
9
8
831
12
4
248
740
1
1
79
13
2
740
2
5
257
545
1
1
362
3
3
762
2
2
362
4
4
762
3
3
129
5
2
545
4
4
917
6
6
258
O b' xilor
54
1
1
251
1257
1
18
<si
846
2
5
749
2
27
846
3
4
547
3
1
54*
4
2
547
4
11
54
5
3
1257
5
14
*259
755
1
3
8
6
19
755
2
1
1050
7
10
240
3
5
749
8
8
240
4
6
259
9
9
524
5
4
238
10
5
524
6
2
748
11
3
260
35
1
1
32
12
12
925
2
3
1050
13
2
.
31
3
5
49
14
13
925
4
4
250
15
7
31
5
2
895
16
29
434
6
6
238
17
6
261
Ouercus prinoides . .........................
273
1
2
250
18
16
287
2
4
262
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Office number.
Eelative specific
gravity.
Eelative transverse
strength.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Office number.
Eelative specific
gravity.
Eelative transverse
strength.
261
Ouercus prinoides— continued • ........
514
3
3
291
Fagus ferru*Tinea — continued .
765
,\
9
34*
4
1
765
8
7
514
5
6
443
9
10
34
6
5
44»
10
8
267
404
1
3
295
836
1
.
954
2
7
1065
2
2
954
3
6
1065
3
4
799
4
2
1067
4
3
919
5
4
722
5
5
799
6
1
990
6
9
919
7
5
1066
7
6
272
1043
1
1
1066
8
7
146
2
10
990
9
11
1043
3
4
1067
10
10
•217
4
6
722
11
8
215
5
7
297
843
1
2
218
6
3
843
2
8
7
7
2
1068
4
7
7
8
5
1069
5
6
140
9
8
1070
3
4
215
10
11
1068
6
5
92
11
13
1069
7
1
45»
12
9
1070
8
3
141
13
15"
298
842
1
5
920
14
6
841
2
4
920
15
7
841
3
2
451
16
12
842
4
6
45«
17
14
136
5
1
274
74
1
4
136
6
3
36>
2
9
301
991
1
4
362
3
2
991
2
3
86
4
6
1025
3
1
36
5
8
967
4
5
247
6
1
967
5
6
17
7
5
1025
6
2
247
8
3
324
309
1
3
437
9
10
754
2
2
17
10
7
754
3
1
244
11
11
309
1
3
444
12
12
304
5
5
277
548
1
3
304
6
6
265
2
1
325
912
1
5
548
3
2
646
2
2
131
4
6
646
3
4
131
5
7
909
4
1
265
6
4
912
5
6
245
7
6
909
6
3
245
g
g
327
1099
1
2
280
742
1
1
874
2
1
511
2
8
874
3
5
742
3
9
782
4
7
511
4
2
1099
5
3
849
5
4
788
6
8
349
6
3
783
7
10
264>
7
6
790
8
4
264»
8
5
790
9
6
264'
9
7
379
10
9
290
18
1
2
379
11
11
258
2
1
792
12
12
516
3
3
793
13
13
18
4
4
329
350
1
7
291
1
2
850
2
3
9
2
1
850
3
1
853
3
4
851
4
4
9
4
3
851
5
2
853
5
6
852
6
5
lift
6
5
350
7
6
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
263
RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Office number.
Relative specific
giavity.
Relative transverse
strength.
Catalogue number.
Species.
Office number.
Relative specific
gravity.
§5
2^a
*» a
g|
5
1
330
Chamfecyparis Nutkaensia . .
969
1
5
378
Piniis fflabra— ^outinTied ^
764
2
2
983
2
1
142
3
4
1000
3
8
142
4
3
983
4
3
544
5
6
•
1000
5
6
544
6
5
994
6
4
379
780
1
I
994
7
879
2
2
969
8
7
394
3
3
330
Juniperus Vir^iniana . .
1249
1
5
394
4
4
1250
2
7
879
5
6
734
3
1
780
6
5
800
4
4
380
81
j
j
800
5
3
358
2
7
327
6
2
559
3
2
327
7
6
358
4
8
^342
Sequoia sempervirens ......
711
1
5
357
5
I
710
2
1
81
6
10
711
3
3
359
7
11
713
4
6
360
8
4
713
5
2
361
9
8
712
6
4
361
10
5
712
7
7
360
11
13
.347
222
1
2
243
12
9
1044
2
7
243
13
6
797
3
1
385
14
18
1
4
4
390
15
15
788
5
3
357
16
12
788
6
5
85
17
19
797
7
6
384
18
18
1044
8
11
390
19
17
789
' 9
8
85
20
20
789
10
9
384
21
21
777
11
10
381
493
1
g
358
315
1
493
2
4
31S
2
2
356
3
2
1076
3
3
356
4
1
1078
4
5
84
5
3
785
. 5
4
84
6
5
1074
Q
6
382
231
1
1
1075
7
7
231
2
2
785
8
8
776
3
3
361
632
1
3
QQA
4
4
910
• 2
10
oou
776
5
9
907
3
11
373
6
7
689
4
1
880
7
8
619
5
4
794
8
5
630
6
9
794
9
6
731
7
g
383
Piceaalba
513
j
6
626
8
2
773
2
3
718
9
5
773
3
1
630
10
12
'
784
4
5
718
11
8
513
5
4
636
12
7
784
6
8
370
Finns Tseda .„
82
1
1
791
7
2
355
2
4
386
970
1
3
355
3
6
970
2
o
388
4
2
1015
3
1
389
5
3
977
4
4
388
6
7
1026
5
8
389
7
5
977
6
5
373
Pinusinops
1172
1
4
1026
7
9
1172
2
2
1019
8
6
1169
3
6
10J9
9
7
1169
4
1
387
798
1
6
622
5
5
793
2
2
621
6
3
772
3
1
378
Pinusglabra...
764
1
1
772
4
3
264
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued.
j
0
c
1
en
'§
1
Ii
"o
£
1
«
|
Species.
e mimlnT.
©
&f.
;1
,> «
tivo transv
strength.
logno mini'
Species.
e number.
1*
** 5
s
tivo trauav
strength.
S
u
»s
•
a
0
J
Eg
5
0
K
i
0
I
i
387
Tauga CanadeneiB— continued
1040
5
4
391
Psendotsnga Douglasii— continued
1022
25
26
1040
6
5
1008
26
28
775
7
13
271'
27
24
787
8
9
1020
28
31
787
9
8
1022
29
6
5
10
10
986
30
23
219
11
7
1020
31
4
775
12
15
702
32
34
1042
13
11
709
33
22
1042
14
12
709
34
27
5
15
17
394
Abies s ii 1 >a] i ii n ii ....... .
449
1
2
817
16
14
4492
2
6
219
17
16
449i
3
5
817
18
18
449'
4
1
778
19
20
820
5
3
778
20
19
820
6
4
391
708
1
1
396
Allies concolor
733
i
1
708
2
2
639
2
3
704
3
3
733
3
2
1018
4
8
639
4
4
1018
5
10
529
5
6
1016
6
33
529
6
5
989
7
7
401
Larix Americana
226s
1
1
1016
8
18
226
2
3
705
9
14
774
3
10
627
10
5
840
4
8
881
11
9
786
5
2
881
12
13
795
6
4
1008
13
19
774
7
5
706
14
11
795
8
7
720
15
15
840
9
9
1011
16
17
781
10
12
627
17
12
786
11
6
720
18
30
781
12
11
1011
19
32
402
Larix ocoidentalis . .
1006
1
3
974
20
16
1006
2
4
732
21
21
984
8
1
732
22
29
8
984
4
2
973
23
25
719
5
5
973
24
20
719
6
6
GENEBAL EEMARKS.
An examination of the results obtained from the various tests made upon the woods of North America indicate
at least the important fact that within the limits of any species the weight and strength of any specimen of wood
depends upon the actual proportion of the space occupied in the layers of annual growth with open ducts to the
space occupied with compact, woody tissue, and to the size of these ducts; or in the case of the wood of
Coniferae, the proportion of space occupied with cells formed early in the season to that occupied with the smaller
cells of the summer growth. The proportion between these two kinds of growth varies not only in every individual
tree, but in different parts of the same tree. The causes which thus affect the growth of wood are not very
apparent. It is not soil, nor age, nor general climatic conditions, it appears, which produce the different proportion
between the solid and the light portions of the annual growth in any species, because in the same individual this
proportion is found to vary from year to year. It varies very irregularly ; nor does the rapidity of growth, as has
been supposed, greatly affect the strength of wood, because the proportion of open to compact growth is little
affected by rapid or slow increase of the tree's diameter. How far annual climatic variations affect the nature of
the annual layers of growth has not been demonstrated, although it is not impossible that in years in which
conditions favorable to rapid growth are extended late into the season, the proportion of the annual layer occupied
by open, weak growth to the growth of the whole year would be greater than that formed in a year during which
the season favorable for rapid growth was less extended.
It follows that while such experiments as those conducted by Mr. Sharpies are necessary to establish
maximum and relative values for any species, these being established, actual values of any given specimen of
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
265
wood may be determined by microscopic examination of its structure ; that is, two specimens of the wood of any
species to which the census tests have been applied being given, their relative values can be determined by an
examination of their structure as well as or better than by any elaborate experiments.
TANNIN VALUES.
The amount of tannin contained in the bark of various trees of the United States has been determined.
These determinations give the proportion of tannin. They do not indicate the real value of the bark of the
species for tanning, which can only be obtained by actual experiments made on a large scale, other properties in
the bark, beside the percentage of tannin, affecting the value of the leather prepared with it.
These determinations must therefore be regarded as approximations, which will serve, in some cases, to
indicate species not now in general use for this purpose, which may be looked to as possible sources of tannin
supply.
The methods adopted by Mr. Sharpies in making these determinations are described by him as follows :
The tanuiu in each case was determined in the rossed bark; that is, bark deprived of the main part of the outside coating. The
method employed was that devised by Lowenthal, which may be thus briefly described : A standard decoction of the bark is titrated
with permanganate of potash, a quantity of indigo being first added to it. In a second portion the tannin is precipitated by means of
gelatine, and the gallic acid in the liquid again determined by permanganate and indigo. The difference between these two readings
gives the amount of tannin in the bark, the value of the permanganate having previously been determined by pure tannic acid, or by
oxalic acid and calculation.
The bark of the following species has been examined :
Catalogue number. '
Botanical name.
Common name.
Percent, of tannin.
Percent of ash.
Catalogue number.
Botanical name.
Common name.
Per cent, of tannin.
Per cent, of ash.
14
Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay
13.14
2.35
275
Quercus Kelloggii
Black Oak
6.76
8.04
93
4 04
8 71
276
Black Jack. Jack Oak ....
4.36
6.28
P J
277
Spanish Oak. Red Oak
8.59
4.32
Rhi? h Man le
31 04
6 70
287
Tanbark Oak Chestnut Oak
16 46
3 84
160
5 81
7 16
Peach Oak
251
White Oak
5 99
0.11
290
6.25
2.00
256
4.59
8.05
•
382
7.20
2.84
260
Chestnut Oak Rock Cheat-
6 25
3 83
3S4
White Spruce .. ..
20.56
2.75
384
do
17.01
2.32
261
Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak.
4.33
8.38
384
...do
12.60
0.76
387
13.11
1.31
261
do
10 33
6 23
389
do
14.42
1.44
267
Live Oak
10.4ft
8.89
389
do
15.87
1.49
269
Black Oak
9.76
15.09
390
15.72
2.48
272
Red Oak Black Oak
4 56
4 43
391
Red Fir Yellow Fir Ore-
13.79
1.56
274
Black Oak Yellow-bark Oak
5 90
5 73
Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak.
2G6
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Oflice nninlior.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
MAGNOLIACE^.
346
354
246
261'
261*
261'
534
1178
22
532
266>
266»
266»
2801
260»
280»
138
165
174
177
178
187
188
395
818
1231
1232
211
332
479
Cottage Hill
....do
Wytheville
Fancy Gap
do
C.Mohr
....do
H. Shriver
....do
do
0.372
0.268
116
91
Big Laurel. Bull Bay.
....do
Virginia
20
Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree.
White Laurel. Swamp Laurel.
Cucumber Tree. Mountain Magnolia.
....do
do
Rich, light
do ..
....do
....do
....do
....do
Selvers' mill
C.Mohr
C. Mohr
....do
0.198
26
14
uucumber Tree.
North Carolina...
Mississippi
Statesville
M. E Hyams
Rich
0.050
18
Large-leaved Cucumber Tree.
C.Mohr
Rich low
Virginia
Wytheville
do
H. Shriver
..do
0.072
15
8
Umbrella Tree. Elk Wood.
....do
do
do
do
....do
Fancy Gap
. do
....do
do
0.085
20
Long-leaved Oucumber Tree.
8. Liriodendron Tnlipifera
do
do
do
do
do ..
Michigan
Ohio
Dansville
D. E. MeSherry & Co.
Woodsnm Machine
Company.
Barney & Smith .
Manufacturing Co.
D.E.McSherry&Co.
J.W. Stoddard&Co.
Barney & Smith
Manufacturing Co.
W.J.Beal
E E Barney
Tulip Tree. Tettow Poplar. White Wood.
ANONACE2E.
9. Asimina triloba .
do
Ohio
do .. .
do
....do
....do
.. do
do
W .T Tloal
West Virginia ....
Pennsylvania
do
Grafton C. P1-. Prinffle
Chester county
do
P P Sharpies
do
Meramec river, Jef-
ferson county.
Cumberland river . .
G. W. Letterman . . .
A. Gattinger
A H Curtiss
Alluvial
....do
0.169
0.086
0.240
Papaw. Custard Apple.
10. Anona laorifolia .....
47
Pond Apple.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
267
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION'S.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
"Weight, per
rllltir t'o.it,
ill pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
9.6040
0. 5034
0. 5012
0. 4399
0.4562
0. 4215
0.5065
0. 4095
0.5375
0.5468
0. 3787
0. 5067
0. 4606
0. 5430
0.4976
0. 4602
0.3843
0. 3831
0. 3798
0. 4475
0.4512
0. 4362
0.4436
0. 3774
0. 4763
0.4444
9. 4199
0.3549
0.4259
0.4912
0. 6680
0. 5037
0.5413
0.6360
0.40
0.42
0.29
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.34
0.25
0.32
0.45
0.19
0.18
0.24
0.25
0.27
0.33
0.25
0.27
0.20
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.25
0.33
0.26
0.20
0.19
0.16
0.24
4.94
0.65
0.53
0.26
0.53
39.63
348
854
246
261'
261«
261i
534
1178
22
532
266'
206"
266»
260'
260»
260"
138
165
174
177
178
187
188
395
818
1231
1232
211
332
479
0.5035
0.47
31.38
0. 5213
0. 4399
0.4562
0. 4215
0.5061
0.27
0 25
0.30
0.30
0.5058
0.41S4
0.4859
0.5534
0.33
0.39
0.34
0. 4101
Third sp. gr. determination made on sap-weed ; fonrth sp. gr.
determination, 0.4175.
0.4690
0.29
29.23
0. 4139
0.32
25.79
0. 5117
0.5501
0.32
0.39
0.34
0.5309
0.35
33.09
0. 3787
0. 5067
0. 4606
0 19
0.18
0 °4
Growth rapid; all sap-wood .... .
0.4487
0.20
27.96
0.5430
0. 4976
0.4602
0.25
0.27
0.33
0. 5003
0.28
31.18
0.3843
0. 3807
0. 3792
0. 4418
0. 4477
0. 4256
0. 4493
0. 3774
0. 4793
0.4427
0. 4455
0.25
0.27
0.21
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.27
0.32
0.28
0.21
0.18
0. 3783
0. 3787
0. 4361
0.4442
0. 4150
0.4551
0.27
0.22
0.15
0.19
0.21
0.30
0.31
0.29
0.22
0.16
0.14
0.30
4.79
>
0. 4822
0.4409
0. 4712
0. 3810
•
0. 4230
0.23
26.36
0. 3679
0. 4259
0.15
0 °7
0. 5199
0.5048
0. 3969
0.21
24.74
0.5053
4.86
31. 49.
268
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number. 1
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap- Heart-
wood. ! wood.
CAPPARIDACE.S:.
477
lisa
499
1131
236
414
1230
2
124
252
316
1038
745
285"
285*
285«
320
510
1113
1117
1190
476
898
1133
947
80
392
Florida
Upper Metacombe
Key.
do
A H Curtiss
Coral
0.098
34
CANELLACE-S:.
...do
. do
...do
....do
...do
Sonth Carolina —
....do
Umbrella Key
Elliott's Key
....do
do
....do
do
0.620
0.120
17
5
White Wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild
Cinnamon.
TERNSTROEMIACEJE.
14
Bonneaa's Depot . . .
Aiken
H. W. Ravenel
do
Loblolly Say. Tan Bay.
STERCULIACEJS.
0.330
22
25
San Bernardino
mountains.
Arnold Arboretum . .
Big Rapids
Allenton
Hersey
Danvers
Baiubridge
Cliffs Kentucky river
C G Pringle
Slippery Elm.
TILIACE^I.
Massachusetts
Michigan
Missouri
C. S. Sargent
W. J.Beal
G. W. Letterman...
W. J.Beal :.
Drift
0.470
9
26
Lime Tree. Boss Wood. Americ&n Lin-
den. Lin. See Tree.
Alluvial
0.270
3
73
Massachusetts
Georgia
0.330
0.300
2
23
35
A. H. Cnrtiss
W M Linncv
Low
18 Tilia heterophylla
White Bass Wood. Wahoo.
MALPIGHIACE.S;.
do
do
....do
do
do
do
do
Cumberland river . .
Boca Chica Key
A. Gattinger
Alluvia]
Coral
9.080
21
Tallowberry. Olamberry.
ZYGOPHYLLACE^.
do
do
.. do
...do
....do
do
Boca Chica Key
....do
....do
do
0.074
19
12
Upper Metacombe
Key.
do
•
....do
0.178
18
55
Lignum-vitee.
do
Department of Ag-
riculture.
A. H. Curtias
C.Mohr
G. TV. Letterman ...
W. J. Beal
....do
Elliott's Key
San Antonio
Allenton
Lansing
Coral
Limestone
0.056
0.087
0.066
31
5
4
RUTACE.E.
Missouri
Alluvial
....do
9
23
»
Prickly Aeh. Toothache Tree.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
\\Viijlit, pel
cnl.ic. tout,
ill pound*
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0.6fi90
0. 7272
0. 9570
1. 0390
0. 3852
0. 5146
0. 8995
0. 4626
0. 3815
0.5035
0. 5166
0. 4272
C 0. 4103
i 0. 4087
0. 4927
0. 3791
0. 3674
0. 4695
0.5257
0. 5909
0.5681
0.6009
1.1845
1.2736
1.0997
1. 1230
0.6609
0. 7315
0. 9593
1. 0017
0.4659
0.5255
0.7288
0.4722
0. 6649
0. 7293
5.60
13.82
0.75
2.66
0.49
1.02
1.51
0.30
0.32
0.97
0.55
0.42
( 0.68
I 0.62
0.45
0.67
0.86
0.48
2.84
2.40
2.75
1.94
0.87
0.51
0.86
0.53
0.60
0.54
5.77
3.88
0.95
2.65
0.44
1.08
1.86
0.33
0.38
1.08
0.64
0.48
0.671
0.64)
5.68
3.85
477
1188
499
1131
238
414
1280
2
124
252
316
1039
745
285'
285<
285>
320
510
1113
1119
1190
476
898
1133
947
80
892
0.6971
4.70
43.44
0. 9582
1. 0203
0.85
2.66
0. 9893
1.75
61.65
0. 4255
0. 5201
0.47
1.05
0. 4728
0.76
29.47
0.7142
1.69
44.51
0.4674
0. 3815
0.4706
0.5166
0. 4266
0.31
0.35
1.02
0.60
0.45
0. 4378'
0. 4163
0.38851
0. 4220 J
0. 4302
0. 4525
0.55
28.20
0. 4074
0.65
25.39
0. 4927
0. 3791
0. 3674
0. 4620
0 45
0 67
0.86
0.50
0.4545
0.5360
0. 6783
0. 5791
0.5964
1.2180
1.1700
1.0998
1.0843
0.5969
0. 5290
0.53
2.85
1.94
2.56
2.40
0.92
0.81
0.94
0.49
0.58
0.55
0.4253
0.62
26.51
0.5308
0.6478
0. 5782
0. 5987
2.85
Vl7
2.65
2.17
0. 6743
0.5875
0.9563
0.5888
2.48
36.69
1.1196
1.2218
1.0882
0.90
0.66
0.90
1.0652
1.1230
1. 1432
0. 82 71. 24
1. 1101
0. 51 i 69. 18
0. 6122
0. 5235
0.6045
0. 5262
0.59
0.5*
0.56M
0.57
35.23
270
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Ollicc number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYEK8 OK
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
735
807
1086
938
1109
1140
481
950
1128
768
1228
487
462
90§
475
452
472
1134
280
902
484
802
Florida
Georgia
Chattahoochee
Cumberland island .
Palestine
Austin
Bahia Honda Key.. -
do
A. H. Curtiss
Toothache Tree. Prickly Ash. Sea Ash.
Pepper Wood. Wild Orange.
23. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. fru-
....do
Texas
C.Mohr
....do
A.H.Cnrtiss
do
Damp, sandy
Dry, calcareous . .
Coral
0.352
0.098
20
33
10
....do
Florida
24. Xanthoxvlum Caribaeum
Satin Wood.
25. Xanthoxylum ]?terota
....do
...do
0.136
4
54
do
Bay Biscayne
Matagorda bay
Bay Biseayne
Aspalaga .
Wiekenbnrg
Bay Biscayne
Upper Metacombe
Key.
A. H. Curtiss
C.Mohr
A. H. Curtiss
....do
C.G.Pringle -•...
A.H.Cnrtiss
.. do
Coral
Wild Lime.
26 Ptelia trifoliata
Texas
Florida
Coral
0.84
0.94
•
13
23
31
....do
Arizona
Florida
Hop Tree. Shrubby Trefoil. Wafer
Ash.
Coral
SIMARUBE^:.
Paradite Tree.
BURSERACE.S:.
....do
....do
... do
Quin Elemi. Gumbo Limbo. West In-
dian Birch.
9
Department of Ag-
riculture.
A H Curtiss
....do
....do
Upper Hetacombe
Key.
do v
Coral
0. 128
0.228
0.112
61
16
3
Torch Wood.
MELIACE.E.
31. Swietenia Mahogoni
do
do
81
43
Mahogany. Madeira.
OLACINE.S:.
. do
.. do
do
do
Wild Lime. Tallow Nut. Bog Plum.
Mountain Plum,
ILICIXE.E.
33. Hex opaca
....do
South Carolina —
. do
Umbrella Key
do
. do
Waverly Hills
W. St. J.Mazyck...
Department of Ag-
riculture.
A. H. Curtiss
do
0.144
35
American HoUy.
34. Hex Dahoon
Florida
Bay Biscayne
Low, damp
do ...
0.128
0.148
29
28
Dahoon. Dahoon Holly.
34. Ilei Dahoon, var. myrtifolia
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF TOE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
271
SPECIFIC (iliAVlTY DKTKHMIXATIOXS. A6H DETERMINATIONS.
Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second. Third. Average.
First. Second.
Average.
0. 5139
0. 4880
0.5392
0. 0139
0.8598
0. 9090
0. 7480
0.5807
0. 9COO
0. 8238
0.6484
0. 4100
0. 2677
0. 2823
1.0«9
0. 7335
0.8799
0.9838
0.6046
0. 5524
0. 4791
0.5886
0.5002
0. 4772
0.5153
0. 5733
0. 8965
0. 9275
0. 7666
0. 5775
0.8949
0.8400
0. 7305
0. 4172
0. 2488
0. 4022
1.0450
0.7464
0.8925
0.9305
0.6624
0.5078
0. 4820
0.5860
0. 5070
0. 4826
0.5272
0.92
O.C8
0.90
, 0.76
1.59
2.34
0.90
0.63
0.69
f
0.34
6.13
0.93
2.05
2.10
0.66
1.06
0.55
0.84
0.71
1.04
0.94
0.95
0.91
0.65
0.84
0.76
2.01
2.15
1.00
0.59
0.89
0.27
4.54
0.92
1.91
2.07
0.51
1.11
0.69
0.82
0.55
0.71
0.88
0.84
0.91
0.67
0.87
735
807
1086
938
1109
1140
481
950
1128
768
1228
487
462
903
475
452
473
1134
280
902
484
802
0. C030
0.5056
0.82
31.51
0.5967
0.76
37.19
0. 8782
0. 9222
1.80
2.25
0. 9302
0.9002
2.02
56.10
0. 7573
0. 5791
0.8968
0.95
0.61
0.79
0.8955
0. 7444
0.78
46.39
0.8319
0.30
51.84
.
0.6885
5.33
42.91
0. 4136
0.93
25.78
0. 2587
0.2584
0. 3423
1.98
2.09
0. 3003
2. 04 18. 71
1.0459
0.59
65.18
0.7047
0.7282
1.09
45.38
0.8862
0. 9531
0.62
0.83
0.9249
0.9196
0.73
57.31
0.6335
0. 5301
0.63
0.88
0.5818
0.76
36.26
0.480H
0.91
29.95
0.5873
0.90
36.60
272
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
I.AVKRS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
345
804
952
56
335
753
945
341
615
338
63
1078
1188
478
1201
454
460
941
43
521
803
1004
1256
993
1101
Cottage Hill C. Mohr
Saint John's river . . A. H. Curtiss
0.076
17
Oassena. Yaupon. Yopon .
• 36. Hex decidua
Florida
Kich, sandy
Light
Texas
G. W. Letterma,n
J. Keverchon
A. H. Curtiss
C.Mohr
Low, damp
Upland
Clay
Alluvial
0.086
33
CYRILLACE.®.
Texas
Dallas
Chattahoochee river
Florida
Texas
do
0.195
0.194
Iron Wood.
'• 38. Cliftonia liguatrina
Ogeechee river
Cottage Hill
A. H. Curtiss
%
C.Mohr...
G. W. Letterman ...
do
Low
Wet
Alluvial
47
Titi. Iron Wood. Buckwheat Tree,
CELASTKACE^.
Burning Bush. Wahoo. Spindle Tree.
Arrow Wood.
do
do
do
0.092
22
A H Curtisa
....do
do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
...do
do
Coral ....
0.1)0
71
Jellow Wvod. Box Wood.
RHAMNACE.ffi.
do
....do
do
do
do
do
0.112
0.186
0.100
7
22
5
52
56
36
Red Iron Wood. Darling Plum.
do
do
. do
do
Black Iron Wood.
Texas
New Brannfels
Allenton
Nashville
Saint John's river . .
C. Mohr
G. W. Letterman . . .
A. Gattinger
A. H. Curtiss
Dry, calcareous...
Blue Wood. Logwood, Purple Haw.
Missouri
Tennessee
Indian Cherry.
....do
Kich hummock . . .
0.108
0.059
19
14
10
Santa Cruz mount-
ains.
C G Piin»le
G. Enprelm.inn and
C. S. Sargent.
C. L. Anderson
Kich, alluvial
Bearberry. Bear Wood. Shittim
Wood.
California
Santa Cruz
0.090
11
Rl'if 3lyrllt.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DET SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
273
SPECIFIC QKAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ABH DETERMINATIONS.
Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
Third.
A verage.
First.
Second.
Average.
0. 7257
0. 6890
0. 7475
0. 7976
0. 7888
0. 5910
0. 7960
0. 7147
0.6818
0.6350
0.6240
0.0868
0.9057
0.7487
0. 7912
1.0605
1.3020
1. 2049
0.5954
0.5940
0. 4971
f 0. 4894
1 0. 4789
0.6000
0. 5665
( 0. 5805
{ 0.6965
0. 7185
• 0. 7191
0. 7619
0. 7221
0. 7041
0. 7547
0.74
1.04
C. 89
0.44
0.83
0.87
0.67
0.41
0.42
0.35
0.70
0.51
3.88
2.79
2.15
3.24
8.00
7.03
0.19
0.76
0.47
1.15
0.63
0.74
0.70
0.70
1.11
0.72
0.50
0.84
0.79
0. 67
0.43
0.40
0.48
0.58
0.53
2.95
2.91
2.28
3.15
8. Gl
7.02
0.18
0.98
0.52
0.81
0.53
0.59
0.68
0.72
1.08
0.81
345
804
953
50
335
753
945
341
615
338
63
1078
1188
478
1201
454
460
841
43
521
803
1094
1356
993
1101
0. 7270
0.87
45.31
0.7976
0. 7888
0.5885
0. 7931
0.47
0.84
0.83
0.67
0.5861
0. 7894
'
0. 6563
0. 6608
0. 0147
0. 7039
0. 7420
0.70
46.25
0. 6855
0. 6713
0.42
0.41
0.42
0.6784
42.28
0.6249
0.42
38.95
0. 6240
0.6943
0.64
0.53
0. 7018
0. 9039
0. 7728
0. 7850
1. 0825
1.3020
1.1949
0. 6592
0.58
41.08
0. 9048
3.42
56.39
0. 7608
0. 7881
2.85
2.22
0. 7745
2.54
48.27
1. 0715
3.20
66.78
1. 3020
8.31
81.14
1.1999
7.03
74.78
0. 5954
0. 5951
0. 5136
0. 4807
0.19
0.87
0.50
0.93
0.5962
0. 5301
0. 4720 >
0. 4825 )
0. 5 sap-wood
0.5462
0.64
34.04
0. 6000
0.58
37.39
0. 5678
0. 5604 1
0. 5625 $
0.5672
0.07
35.35
0.5750
0.69
35.83
IS FOE
274
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLK I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector. Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
1
LAVEK8 OF
GROWTH.
Sap.
•wood.
Heart-
wood.
502
1139
297
386
427
445
684
944
307
589
824
928
568
1122
463
464
99
372
98
371
982
1023
962
1013
1014
52«
Umbrella Key A 11 Cuitiss
Coral
0.126
0.100
6
13
45
24
Naked Wood.
SAPrNBACE^:.
do
do
Missouri
....do
Tennessee
....do
California . .
Alleiiton
....do
Nashville
....do
G. W. Lctterman . . .
....do
A. Gattinger
Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.
Alluvial
....do
G.R-Vasey
C.Mohr
Rich upland
....do
0.250
0.124
26
Sweet Buckeye.
California Buckeye.
Spanish Buckeye.
....do
do
Dallas
do
3. Revorcbon
do
Kich, damp
do
Wild China. Soapberry.
E. L. Greene
do
Texas
Austin
Cape Sable
C. Mobr
A. H. CurtiBS
Limestone
Rich, Bandy, damp .
Coral
0.222
0.134
24
41
36
Soapberry.
....do
....do
do
. do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
do
.. do
do
0.262
0.224
15
13
80
72
Ink Wood. Iron Wood.
do
do
White Iron Wood.
Vermont
do
Huntingdon
do
C. G. Pringle
do
Gravelly
do
Striped Maple. Moose Wood. Striped
Dogwood. Goose-foot Maple. Whistle
Wood.
do
do J
do
do
Mountain Maple.
do
do
do
do
Portland . . .
G. Englemann and C.
S. Sargent.
Rich, alluvial
0.229
30
40
Broad-leaved Maple.
...do
... do
Portland Furniture
Company.
Portland
do
....do
do
Moist, alluvial . . .
do
fine Maple.
Washington ter-
ritory.
do
do
Bnglemann's canon.
R. Douglas
Dry, gravelly
0.048
28
Dwarf Maple.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
275
I
SPECIFIC GRAVITY PETEIUIIKATIONX. ASH DKTEUM1NATIOXS.
Weight, per
&» Kerourks.
(average).
a
H
First. Si-ooml.
Third. AvtTn^e. First. Second.
Average.
0. 8100
0. MI4G
0. 4J70
0.4787
0.4606
0.4241
0.4921
a 6392
0. 7520
0.8324
0.7978
0.7550
0. 8595
0.7940
0.9000
0.9666
a 5111
0.5564
0. 5198
0.5490
0.5057
0.4323
0.6824
0.6587
0.6370
0.6032
0. 8516
0.8166
0.4358
0.4625
0. 8308
0. 8108
1.29
2.31
,0!
0.83
0.77
0.99
0.66
1.15
1.42
1.86
1.44
1.54
3.82
5.00
1.23
1.35
0.32
0.44
0.42
0.48
0.59
0.49
0.39
0.35
0.41
0.31
1.14
2.26
1.00
0.85
0.68
1.00
0.73
1.19
1.27
1.52
1.21
2.29
502
1139
207
388
427
445
684
944
307
589
824
928
568
1122
463
464
99
372
98
371
962
1023
962
1013
1014
526
0. 8112
0.8208
1.75
51.15
0. 4314
0. 4706
0. 4606
1.01
0.84
0.73
0. 4307
0.5038
0.8272
0. 7980
0.8616
0.8345
0.8522
0.8763
0. 8024
0.9465
0. 8548
0. 5119
0. 51CO
0. 5205
0.5528
0.5029
0. 5087
0. 6720
0. 8660
0.6800
0.6023
0.4542
0.86
28.31
0.4274
1.00
27. S4
0. 4980
0.70
31.04
0.6332
1.17
39.46
0.7750
0.8470
0.8162
0. 8123
1.35
1.69
1.44
0. 8296
1.52
3.30
5.25
1.27
1.41
0.35
0.80
0.37
0.41
0.57
0.49
0.39
0.37
0.44
0.29
1.53
0. 8126
1.50
50.64
0. 8679
0. 8058
3.56
5.13
0.8204
0.8367
4.34
52.14
0.9533
1.25
59.41
0.9102
1.38
56.72
0. 5115
0.5484
0.34
0.37
0.5789
0.5299
0.36
33.02
0. 5202
0.5457
0.40
0.45 j
0.5353
0.5254
0.5330
0.43
33.22
0. 5113
0. 4705
0.4909
0.58
0.49
0.54
30.59
0.6772
0.6624
0. 6585
0.39
0.36
0.43
-
0.6C60
0.39
41.51
0.6028
0.30
37.57
276
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Speciee.
\
8
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LATEIiS OP
OROWTII.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
886
105
203
298
299
376
409
1233
1234
1235
213
274'
274»
399
440
757
1167
103
367
448
1052
20
530
743
878
1048
1239
1240
290
311
645
1176
Utah
City Creek caiion . . .
M. E. Jones
C.G. Pringle
Moist, gravelly . . .
Gravelly
0.050
a
Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Hard Maple.
Rock Maple.
Ohio
\Voodsnm Machine
Company.
Allunton
do
Missouri
.. do
G. W. Lctterraan
.. do
Rich uplands
.. do .. .
Charlotte
C. G. Pringle
New England
Vermont
do
CliarU'stown Navy-
yard.
Charlotte
do
S H Pook
F H Horsford
do ...
do
do
do
...do
...do
C.G. Pringle
Clay
Black Sugar Mapl
G. TV. Lettennan
.. do
....do
...do
...do
....do
...do
Rich, alluvial
Low, alluvial .
Rich
Florida
Cbattahoochee
Allenton
Charlotte
do
A. H. Curtiss
G. W. Letterman
C.G.Pringle
...do
Clay
Rich alluvial
0.268
51
Missouri
Vermont
do
S^ft Maple,. White Maple. /Silver Maple.
do
G. W. Lettennan
Massachusetts —
do
Topsfield
Arnold Arboretnm. .
Kemper's mill
Bainbridge
Danvers
J. Kohinson
C. S. Sargent
Drift
0.285
0.222
0.252
0.168
0.204
18
41
22
30
60
36
Red Maple. Kwamp Maple. Soft Maple.
Water Maple.
Mississippi
C.Mohr
A.H.Cnrtiss
Rich, swampy
Low
..do
54
3
6
Massachusetts
....do
do
do
do
do
do
Missouri
A 11 r 111 01 1
Dallas
G. W. Letterman
Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.
do
California
Contra Costa county
G. K. Vasey
C Mohr
Rich, moist
0.240
14
Sox Elder.
ANACARDIACE^:.
Chittam Wood.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
277
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1IETEUMIXATIOXS.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Kemarks.
1
1
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0. 7012
0. 61 DO
0.6363
0. 7697
0. 7828
0. 6538
0. 6242
0. 7106
0.6893
0. 7239
0. 7319
0. 7249
0. 7214
0. 7117
0.6410
0. 6868
0. 6814
0. 4889
0. 4860
0. 4760
0.6247
0. 6761
0. 5770
0. 5288
0.6397
0.6374
0.5563
0.5355
0.4332
a 4217
0.4786
0. 6196
0. 0791
0. 6003
0.6300
0. 8098
0. 7689
0. 6783
0. 6902
0.66
0.44
0.51
0.54
0.60
0.93
0.36
0.91
0.33
0.48
1.48
0.56
0.52
0.70
1.31
0.55
0.42
0.31
0.30
0.40
0.29
0.24
0.43
0.49
0.32
0.38
0.31
0.36
0.76
1.01
0.51
0.48
0.61
0.40
0.45
0.59
0.57
1.10
0.44
0.33
0.29
0.35
1.01
0.64
43.01
886
105
203
298
299
376
409
1233
1234
1235
218
274"
274»
398
440
757
1167
103
367
448
1052
20
530
74S
878
1048
1239
1240
290
311
645
1176
0. 6071
0. 6332
0. 7898
0. 7759
0. 6661
0. 6242
0. 7106
0.6896
0. 7239
0.42
0.48
0.57
0.59
1.02
0.40
0.62
0.31
0.42
0. 6899
0. 6935
0. 6980
0.7002
0. 6799
0.6429
0. 7008
0.6840
0. 5254
0. 4828
0.5062
0.6163
0.6845
0.6064
0. 5510
0.64%
0. 6185
0.6639
0. 6912
0.54
43.08
0. 6964
0. 7115
0. 7108
0. 6958
0.6419
0. 7014
0.6827
1.25
0.56
0.52
0.56
1.02
0.33
0.36
0.32
0.31
0.42
0.27
0.25
0.42
0.49
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.36
1.22
1.30
0.57
0.51
0.63
1.17
0.44
0.39
0. 7165
•
0. 6915
0.71
43.09
0.5072
0.4844
0. 4911
0. 6251
0.32
0.31
0.41
0.28
0.6344
0. 5269
0.33
32.84
0.6803
0. 5917
0.5466
0.6433
0. 6273
0.25
0.43
0.49
0.33
0.35
0.5601
0.6406
0. 6260
0.6178
0.37
38.50
0.5563
0. 5355
0.31
0.36
0. 4288
0. 4474
0.4856
0. 6393
0.5459
0.34
34.02
0. 4310
0. 4346
0.99
1.16
0. 4328
1.07
26.97
0.4821
0.54
30.04
0.6686
0.6425
0.50
40.04
273
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
§
State.
Vermont
Massachusetts
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYEKS OF
GBOWTH.
Sap.
wood.
Hi-art-
wood.
153
1060
70
610
736
330
876
1037
1041
467
1147
1079
405
441
815
845
1061
1031
650
564
33
439
940
Hinesburgh
C G. Pringle
Staghorn Sumach.
do
0.120
2
34
G. W. Letterman . .
A. H. Curtiss
Dwarf Sumach.
71. Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata
Georgia
Lower Altamaha
river.
Chattahoochee river.
Dallas
Danvers
. do
1
Florida
do
do
0.175
5
19
Texas
J. Eeverchon
J". Robinson
do . ...
Dry, gravelly
Massachusetts
do
Wet, swampy
...do
0.070
0.085
0.067
0.222
1
4
4
39
20
16
27
39
Poiion Sumach. Poison Elder.
do
do
do
do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
A H Curtiss
Coral
Poison Wood. Coral Sumach. Mount-
ain Manchincel. Hum Wood. Hog
Plum. Doctor Gum.
LEGUMINOS.E.
0. G. Pringlo .
Charleatown Navy-
yard.
Nashville
Graf ton
Dan veue
do
S. H. Pook
Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust.
78. Robinia visco&a
Tennessee
West Virginia ..
Massachusetts
do
A. Gattinger
C. G. Pringle
J. Robinson
. .do
Gravelly
0.184
0.060
4
4
35
8
Clammy Locust.
Trinidad
Lower Colorado
valley.
Upper Metaoombe
Key.
Mercer county
Nashville
New Braunfelg
W. B. Strong
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
A H Curtiss
Low, moist
Locust.
80. Olueva Teaota .
California
Iron Wood. Arbol de Sierra.
Coral . ,.
Jamaica "Dogwood.
W. M. Linney
Limestone
YellowWood. YellowAsh. OopherWood.
Tennessee
C.Mohr
•
FriQolito.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
279
SPECIFIC GEAVITT DETERMINATIONS.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
Wi-istht, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Oflici' number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0.4476
C 0. 4079
{ 0. 3912
0. 4997
0.6478
0.5472
0. 5131
iO. 4383
0.4192
f 0. 4365
( 0. 4535
0. 4259
0.8106
0. 8691
f 0. 5714
t 0. 5285
0.7550
0.7908 .
0.6490
0. 7410
( 0. 8130
{ 0. 7942
0. 7988
50.8953
1.1542
0. 8779
0. 6072
0.6277
1.0310
0.4593
0. 4855 1
0. 3869 )
0. 5080
0. 5579
0. 4910
0. 5236
0. 4362 f
0.4368$
0.43221
0.4449$
0. 4511
0.7728
0.8884
0. 5904 1
0. 5241 J
0.7904
0. 4535
0. 4179
0.43
0.52
0.62
0.63
0.55
0.89
0.90
0.49
0.50
2.31
] 29
3.41
0.22
1.26
0.35
0.22
0.22
0.62
51.85
2.75
3.42
0.21
0.39
1.44
0.54
0.52
0.62
0.56
0.60
0.80
0.88
0.49
0.60
2.47
1.28
4.68
0.26
1.13
0.49
0.52
158
1060
70
610
736
330
876
1037
1041
467
1147
1079
405
441
815
845
1061
1031
650
564
33
439
940
0. 4357
0.50
27.15
0.5039
0. 5529
0. 5250
0.62
0.60
0.57
0. 5367
0.5273
0.60
32.86
0.5184
0.85
32.31
0. 4326
0.4418
0. 4403
0.89
0.49
0.55
0.4440
\
0.4382
0.64
27.31
0. 7917
2.39
49.34
0.8646
0.8740
1.28
54.47
34.50
ETirst, second, and third up. pr. determinations made on sap-
wood; fourth up. gr. determination made on 0.1 sap-wood.
0.5536
0.7727
0.7908
0.6439
0.7259
4.04
0.24
1.19
0.35
0. 6387
0. 7279
0. 8017 1
0.8287$
0.7855
0. 9600 1
1. 1542 5
0. S689
0.6485
0.7087
0.25
0.19
0.58
2.151
2.43)
3.34
0.17
0.36
1.74
0.24
Third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. Cultivated
0. 125 sap-wood. Cultivated
0.7333
0.51
45.70
0.8094
0.20
50.44
0.8258
1. 1374
0. 8034
0.60
50.07
1.0602
2.29
66.07
0.8734
3.38
54.43
0.6278
0. 6277
0.19
0.38
•
0.9890
0.9325
First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood
0.6278
0.28
39.12
0.9842
1.59
61.34
280
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYEU8 OF
GUOWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
329
932
296
402 .
519
53'
53*
444
760
678
1268
829
1208
59
436
1089
1090
1091
1142
561
590
680
927
600
658
998
1224
1222
Texas
Dallas
Austin
J. Reverchon
C. Mohr
G.W. Letterman ...
do
...do
....do
Low, rich
0.084
10
16
Kentucky Coffee Tree. Co/ee Nut.
do
do
Tennessee
Nashville
G.W. Letterman ...
do
Low, rich
do
Honey Locust. Jilack Locust. Three-
thorned Acacia. Sweet Locust.
Honey Shucks.
do
do
Nashville
Chattahoocliee river.
Lower Colorado
river.
Valley of the Gila
river.
A. Gattinger
A.H.Curtiss
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
C G Pringle. ..
Dry, sandy barren
Alluvial
0.294
21
26
Water Locust.
Green-bark Acacia. Palo Verde.
....do
Department of Ag-
riculture.
S. B.Buckley
G. W. Lettennan
Texas
Missouri
Tennessee
Missouri
do
Austin .....
Allenton
Nashville
Allenton
do
Low, rich
0.260
5
35
Sedbud. Judas Tree.
G W Lettennan
Rich . .
. do
. do
do
do
do
do
Redbud.
....do
Fort Stockton
B. L. Baldridge
Mesquit. A Igaroba. Honey Locust.
Honey Pod.
do
do
do .. ..
Texas
Austin
C.Mohr
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent,
do
Screw Sean. Screw-pod Mesquit. Tor-
nilla.
do
do
Sandy
do
do
do
0.064
8
Lampasas mountains
Brownsville
S B Buckley
Texas
....do
THE
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE
WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
WOODS OF TUE UNITED STATES— Coutiuued.
281
SPECIFIC GKAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
ABU I1ETERMIXA1
First. Second.
loss.
A. verage.
^Vciizht.per
cubic foot,
in poumiM
(avenge).
Remarks.
Office number.
First. Second.
Third.
Average.
i
0. 8019
0.8540
0. 6700 '
0. 6663
0. 7395
0. 7330
0.6418
0. 6528
0.7509
0.6330
0. 7176
0. 6325
0.5848
0. 6104
0. 7098
0.9254
0.6493
0.6009
0. 7392
0.8322
0. 7137
0. 7247
0. 7478
0. 7772
0. 7527
0. 7237
0.9265
0.6655
0. 8161
0. 9316
0.6786 i
(1. 8(190
0. 8928
0.42
1.04
0.70
0.46
0.98
0.55
0.69
1.29
0.66
1.25
4.20
2.32
2.17
0.59
0.67
0.80
0.82
0.67
0.76
3.35
1.67
1.45
2.09
1.02
0.91
0. 95
3.27
0.90
0.34
1.13
0.57
0.50
0.82
0.61
0.38
1.09
329
932
298
402
519
531
63«
444
760
678
1258
829
1208
56
436
1088
1090
1081
1142
V
Ml
590
680
927
600
658
998
1224
1222
0.8509
0.73
53.03
0. 6743
0. 6663
0.7395 1
0.64
0.48
0.90
0. 7359
0.6275-
0. 0934
0.67
43.21
0. 7345
0.6346
0. 6528
0.58
0 69
0.98
0.79
1.00
3.08
2.26
2.51
0.56
0.67
0.77
0.74
0.84
0.77
2.69
1.71
2.49
2.00
0.98
0.90
1. 14
0. 7245
0. 6732
0. 7722
0. 7272
0. 6740
0.80
42.00
0. 7342
0.73
45.76
Second ep. gr. determi nation made on sap-wood
0.6531
1.12
40.70
0.7449
3.64
49.75
0. 6325
0. 5908
2.29
2.34
0. 5968
0. 6070
0. 6157
0. 6116
2.32
sail
0. 6110
0.7098
0. 6107
0. 6289
0. 6213
0.58
0.67
0.79
0.78
0.76
0. 5959
0.6084
0. 6417
0.7645
0.8664
0.6997
0. 7726
0. 7620
0. 7910
0. 7930
0.7278
0. 9205
0. 680!)
0.7502
First and second ep. gr. determinations made on half sap-wood .
0.6363
0.72
39.65
0. 7513
0.77
46.82
0.8493
0. 7067
0. 74S7
0. 7562
3.02
1.69
1.97
2.05
0. 7587
0 05 sa wood
0. 7652
2.18
47.13
0. 7841
0. 7729
0. 7258
1.00
0.91
0 95
3.31
1.13
0.7609
0.95
47.42
0. 9235
3.29
57.55
0. 6732
1.01
41.95
'•
282
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEK CUBIC FOOT
Species.
1
i
$
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LATE
GRO'
Sap-
wood.
IB OF
VTH.
Heart-
wood.
87. Acacia Wrightii
1209
598
697
893
509
1112
465
iios
480
68
220
334
435
233
606
9C8
15
106
115
127
148
198
317
368
406
725
763
1053
294
418
Texas
Austin
S. B. Bucklev
Cat't Claw.
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Cafe Claw.
... do
....do
....do
Florida
Clifton
Boca Chica Key . . .
Key Largo
Upper Metacombe
Key.
A.H.Cnrtiss
....do
....do
Coral
0.202
14
29
Wild Tamarind.
do
....do
...do
....do
Missouri
Vermont
Texas
....do
....do
Cat's Claw.
ROSACES.
... do
Bay Biscayne
Allenton
Charlotte
Dallas
Nashville
A.H.Cnrtiss
G. W. Lettennan —
C.G.Prlngle
J. Eeverchon
A. Gattinger
Swampy
0.100
47
Cocoa Plum.
Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horse
Plum.
Gravelly
Rich
River bluff
Tennessee
Ohickasaw Plum. Hog Plwn.
C G Pringle
Wild Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon
Cherry.
Altamaha river
A.H.Curtiss
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
C. S. Sargent
C G. Pringle . -
Clay
0.216
21
24
Sloe. Black Sloe.
Washington ter-
ritory.
Massachusetts —
Vermont
Michigan
Missouri
Roxbury
Charlotte
Dansville
Allenton
Gravelly
do
0.205
9
31
Wild Black Cherry. Bum Cherry.
W.J.Beal
G. W. Lettennan . . .
H.Donglas
...do
Rich loam
Gravelly
........
Barney & Smith
Manufacturing Co.
Horsey
Charlotte
Charlestown Navy-
yard.
Willinmsport
Cbattahoochee river.
Topsfield . .
Michigan
Vermont
Virginia or Mid-
dle states.
Pennsylvania
W.J.Beal
Rich
S H Pook
C.G.Pringle
A.H.Cnrtiss
J.Robinson
E. L. Greene
do
Clay
Gravelly...
Alluvial
do
0.218
0.320
0.238
15
11
7
48
33
12
Massachusetts ....
N ew Mexico
do
Pinos Altos mount-
ains.
Wild Cherry.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
283
SPECIFIC GKAVITT DETEKMINATION6.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pouuda
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First. Second.
Average.
0. 9380
0. 8703
0. 8162
0. 8558
0. 6033
0. 6901
0. 8829
0. 8885
0. 7290
0. 6750
0. 7035
0. 7876
0.6675
0. 5014
0. 8162
0. 4310
0. 7047
0. 5525
0. 5809
0. 6736
0.6473
0. 5675
0. 5373
0. 5131
0. 4680
0. 5734
0. 5755
0. 6833
0. 7282
0.8459
0.9404
0. 9392
0.68
0.68
0.95
1.00
2.00
1.98
2.48
3.00
0.87
0.11
0.17
0.33
0.28
0.36
0.14
0.18
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.19
0.11
0.13
0.19
0.14
0.06
0.09
0.17
0.15
1
0.16
0.28
0.57
0.89
0.63
58. 53
1209
598
897
893
509
1112
465
1108
480
68
220
334
435
233
606
868
15
106
115
127
148
198
31T
368
406
725
703
1053
294
418
0.8703
0. 8389
0. 8558
0.79
0.95
1.00
0. 8616
0.05 sap-wood
0.5663
0. 7159
0. 8349
1. 0135
0. 8129
0. 6745
0. 6800
0. 8079
0. 7092
0. 5031
0. 8242
0. 4604
0. 7079
0. 5539
0. 4832
0. 6235
0. 6508
0. 5659
0. 5186
0. 5351
2.44
2.07
2.25
2.09
0.87
0.09
0.21
0.21
0.28
0.43
0.10
0.23
0.14
0.11
0.15
0.17
0.13
0.11
0.17
0.17
0.09
0.10
0.34
0.17
0.12
0.26
0.8550
0.91
53.28
0.5848
0. 6987
2.22
2.03
0. 6901
_
0. 6418
2.12
40.00
0. 8589
0. 9510
2.37
2.55
0. 9049
2.46
56.39
0. 7709
0.87
48.04
0. 6748
0. 6918
0. 7978
0.10
0.19
0.27
0. 7215
0.18
44.96
0.6884
0.28
42.90
0.5023
0.10
31.30
0. 8202
0.12
51.11
0. 4502
0.21
28.06
0. 7063
0.5532
0.5321
0.6486
0. 549 1
0. 5667
0. 5280
0.5241
0. 4680
0. 5756
0.5488
0. 6857
0. 5822
0.14
0.12
0.14
0.18
0.12
0.12
0.18
0.16
0.08
0.10
0.25
0.16
0. 5777
0. 5221
0.6857
0.6940
0.8837
0.6880
0.15
36.28
0.7111
0. 8648
0.14
0.27
0.7879
0.20
49.10
284
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office nambcr.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LATKKS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
637
549
806
916
1032
1062
1217
1158
1152
883
904
825
808
1087
1088
313
1002
214
365
410
885
999
926
363'
363'
607
California
Strawberry valley . .
Mobile
Gr. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
C.Mohr
A.H. Curtiss
Low, rich
WOd Cherry.
Sandy
...do
0.171
0.202
8
12
61
50
Wild Orange. Mock Orange. Wild
Peach.
112. Prunns sphaerocarpa
Florida
..do
do
Chattahoochee
C.Mohr
A H. Curtifis
Alluvial
Sandy
Texas
Victoria
Edge of Everglades.
Santa Cruz
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
City Creek canon. . .
C. Mohr
A H Curtiss
Kich, moist
0.180
26
34
113 Prunus ilicifolia
California
C. L. Anderson
0.206
80
Iilay.
114. Vauquelinia Torreyi
115. Cercocarpus ledifoliua
M. E. Jones
Department of Ag-
riculture.
G. Eugelmann and
C. S. Sargent
Mountain Mahogany.
California
Siskiyou county —
Clay
0.062
3
27
Mountain Mahogany.
American Crab. Sweet-icented Crab.
118. PJTUB angustifolia
Pennsylvania
do
Nazareth
do
J. Henry
. do
Moist
do
Sonth Carolina
Aiken
•
0.130
0.186
25
American Crab Apple. Southern Crab
Apple.
119. Pyrns rivularis
6. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent
C.G. Pringle
do
Rich hills
Oregon Crab Apple.
Charlotte
Gravelly
do
Mountain Ash.
... do
...do
Utah
do
do
0.106
0.064
0.200
17
14
29
Mountain Ash.
122. Cratecgus rivolaris
City Creek canon . . .
Cascades of the Co-
lumbia river.
"Webster pariah
Aiken
do
M.E.Jones
G. Eugelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
g.Mohr
H.W.Kavenel
do
....do
Eich
13
Clay
Kich
do
Hogs' Uana.
125. Cratxgus arborescena
South Carolina
A. H. Curtiss
|
Low
0.168
46
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
285
SPECIFIC GBAVITY UKTERMIKAT1OXB.
A8H UF.TKKU1XAT1OX8.
Weight, pur
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First,
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0. 7025
0. 9515
0.8874
0. 7766
0. 8060
0.9030
0.9062
0. 9885
1. 1340
1.0608
1.0950
0.9365
0. 6973
0.6640
0. 7402
0.6945
0. 8266
0.5345
0.5512
0. 5893
0. 7672
0.7025
0.6750
SO. 6366
0. 6093
0. 6263
0. 6934
0. 6937
0. 9855
0. 8227
0. 7797
0. 8721
0. 8610
0. 8934
0. 9720
1. 1408
1. 0332
1. 1080
0.6890
0. 6951
0.51
0.32
0.39
0.44
0.46
0.43
0.97
0.80
1.44
1.27
1.09
0.45
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.33
0.41
0.98
0.56
0.39
0.33
0.29
0.37
0.63
0.38
0.62
0.48
0.33
0.37
0.44
0.49
0.43
0.76
0.76
1.46
1.12
0.69
0.50
43.32
637
549
806
916
1032
1062
1J17
1158
1152
883
904
825
808
1087
1088
313
1002
214
365
410
885
999
926
363>
363*
607
0. 9685
0.8472
0. 7782
0. 8691
0.8810
0.33
0.38
0.44
0.48
0.43
0. 8314
0.8790
0.8688
0.41
54.14
0. 8998
0.87
56.07
0.9803
0.78
61.09
1. 1374
1.45
70.88
1.0400
1.0447
1. 1015
1.19
0.89
1.0731
1.04
66.87
0.9365
0.45
58.36
0 7228
0. 6762
0. 7260
0.6845
0.8366
0. 5429
0.5416
0.5963
0. 7734
0.6928
0.6835
0. 6230 1
0. 6225 }
0.6590
0.6699
0. 7320
0. 6788
0. 7057
0.48
0.38
0.75
0.33
0.41
1.23
0.56
0.31
0.37
0.36
0.46
0.70
0. 7174
0. 6730
0. 7240
0.50
0.44
0.62
0. 7048
0.52
43.92
0.6895
0.33
42.97
0.8316
0.41
51.82
0.5539
0.5438
0.5464
Lll
0.56
Sap-wood
0.5451
0.83
33.97
0. 5928
0.35
36.94
0. 7703
0.35
4K.oo
0.6898
0.6950
0.33
43.31
0.6793
0.42
42.33
0. 0228
0. 6127
0.6817
0.07
0.38
0.68
0.65
0.6491
0.57
40.45
286
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAV1TY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office nnmber.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GKOWTH.
Sap-
"wood.
Heart-
wood.
328
1093
100
949
1*81
154
426
447
Massachusetts
Brookline
J. Robinson
G. W. Letterman
0.180
Oockspur Thorn, Newcastle Thorn.
Monkton
C. G.Pringle
C. Mohr
Gravelly
Alluvial
0.180
0.106
61
28
Scarlet Haw. Red Haw. White Thorn.
Texas
Scarlet Haw,
Missouri
Saint Louis
Charlotte
Nashville
C. G.Pringle
Clay
Slack Thorn. Pear Haw.
do
do ... .
. ..do
Low
Washington Thorn.
759
300
614
238
301
569
767
1160
156
241
849
867
875
1259
546
1095
1173
1181
A. H Curtiss
Alluvial
0.080
27
Parsley Haw.
South Carolina
Georgia
South Carolina
....do
Aiken
Ogeechee rivor
Bonneau's Drpot
Aiken
H.'W.Eavcnel
A.H.Cnrtiss
H. W. Ravenel
...do
Small-fruited Haw.
Low
0.880
38
May Haw. Apple Haw.
Dry, fertile .
0.224
58
Summer Haw. Yellow Haw.
....do
Aspalaga
;...do
0.142
0.184
0.140
0.190
44
21
34
43
Summer Haw. Red Haw.
34
69
21
Toyon. Tollon. California Hotty.
Charlotte
Brnmueld Station. . .
Dan vers
Beverly
C.G.Pringle
W.M.Linney
J. Robinson
....do
do
Gravelly
"Waverly shale
Juneberry. Shad Bush. Service Tree.
May Cherry.
HAMAMELACE.®.
Massachusetts
....do
do
Rocky
Witch Said.
do
Tennessee
Alabama
Montvale
Kemper's mill
C.Mohr
-
Sweet Gum. Star-leaved Gum. Liquid:
amber. Red Gum. Bilsted.
S,P. Sharpies...-
R. Abbey...
Clay
Alluvial ...
0.208
30
17
MiMifwinni ... - Yazoo River bottom.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF TI1K WOODS OF TEE UNITED STATES— Continued.
237
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DF.TEKMIXATIOSB.
ASH DETERMINATION'S.
Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
. (average).
Remarks.
|
1
I
0
First
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
SeoODd.
Average.
0.6590
0. 7781
0.8654
0.7909
0. 8378
0.7649
0. 8059
0. 7105
0.7506
0.7524
0. 6716
0.6625
0. 7724
0. 8172
0. 7770
0.9610
0. 6074
0.7904
0.8600
f 0.7067
( 0. 7031
( 0. 6662
1 ( 0. 7028
0. 6099
0.6415
0. 5773
0.5841
0.5605
0.6705
0.7667
0. 8582
0.7144
0.8382
0. 7712
0. 7110
0. 7481
0.7400
0. 7698
0.6700
0.6503
0.7620
0. 7718
0. 7596
0.9042
0.7642
0.7944
0.9028
0.7393T
0. 7826 5
0. 7828 1
0. 6985 J
0.6632
0. 7791
0.6642
0. 7746
0.57
0.49
0.36
0.77
0.54
0.50
0.53
0.48
0.72
0.71
0.60
0.57
0.82
0.65
0.91
0.62
0.61
0.42
0.65
0.43
0.27
0.32
0.47
0.48
0.29
0.67
0.55
0.60
0.40
0.78
0.68
0.44
0.51
0.44
1.22
0.67
0.63
0.56
0.94
0.73
0.91
0.46
0.61
0.53
0.45
0.44
0.33
0.39
0.49
0.73
0.34
0.66
0.56
0.55
Cultivated
*328
1093
100
949
1081
154
426
447
759
300
614
239
301
569
767
1164
156
241
849
867
875
1259
546
1095
1173
1181
0.7194
0.56
44.83
0. 8618
0.38
53.71
•
0. 7527
0. 8379
0.78
0.61
0. 7953
0.69
49.56
0.7681
0.7585
0.47
0.52
0.7633
0.50
47.57
0.7293
0.46
45.45
0.7453
0.97
46.45
0. 7611 1
0.6708
0.69
0.62
0.7159
0.66
44.61
0.6564
0.57
40.91
0. 7672
0. 7945
0.88
o.69
0. 7809
0.79
48.67
0.7683
0.91
47.88
0. 9326
•0.54
58.18
First sp. gr. determination made on 0.75 sap-wood ; second sp.
gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood.
0.25 sap-wood
First and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.9 sap-wood ;
secsnd sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood.
0.6858
0.7924
0.8733
0.63
0.48
0.55
0.8570
0.7838
0.55
/
48.85
0.7342
0. 7126
0. 6099
0.44
0.30
0.36
0. 6176
0.5665
0. 5991
0.5549
0. 6856
0.37
42.72
0. 6^95
0. 5719
0. 5916
0. 5615
0.48
0.61
0.32
0.67
0.5692
288
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LATKE8 OP
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
139. Liqnidambar Styracifina — continued . . .
EHIZOPHORACEffi.
1182
1183
485
489
507
1205
456
1118
1120
1198
560
1200
1115
1135
1189
HOT
1127
693
860
S61
67
761
812
1077
1093
900
Mississippi
Yozoo River bottom
...do
R. Abbey
Alluvial
....do
....do
do
Florida . ..
A. H. Cartlss
0.250
0.161
31
15
50
34
Mangrove.
COMBKETACE^E.
do
....do
....do
...do
Button Wood.
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
do
do
do
White Button Wood. White Mangrme.
MYRTACE.S.
... do
Coral
Upper Motacombe
Key.
do
do
0.084
43
Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper.
...do
Elliott's Key
... do
Coral
Upper Metacombe
Key.
....do
do
do
0.084
5
53
Naked Wood.
do
Coral
Umbrella Key . ...
do
do
0.150
15
Stopper. White Stopper.
....do
do
do
do
do
... do
do
....do
....do
No-Name Key
do
... do
Stopper.
Miami !...
do
do ..
0.141
87
Red Stopper.
CACTACE^l.
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
J. Robinson
Suwarrow. Saguaro. Giant Cactus.
CORKAGES.
Massachusetts
do
Danvera
Dogwood.
do
do
do
G. W. Lotterman...
A. H. Curtiss
C. G. Pringle
G. W. Letterman . . .
....do
0.143
0.128
0.122
47
72
44
Flowering Dogwood. Box Wood.
Florida
Chattahoochee
Grafton
West Virginia
Dry
Gravelly
Flinty
7
....do
....do
Portland
Flowering Dogwood.
C. S. Sargent.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
289
SPECIFIC OUAV1TY DETERMINATIONS. ASH DETERMINATIONS.
1
Weight, pel
cubic loot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
OiBce number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0. 6125
0.5825
1. 1391
0. 9939
0. 7100
0.8030
0. 8753
1. 0625
0.8645
0. 8857
0. 8526
0.9542
0. 8910
0. 9180
0. 9140
1. 1450
0. 9425
0. 3259
0. 6572
0. C9S7
0. 8264
0. 7599
0. 7892
0. 8690
0. 8114
0. 7487
0. 5891
0. 5765
1. 1842
0. 9860
0. 7174
0. 9282
0. 6256
0. 5878
0. 6091
0.5823
0.72
0.85
1.80
0.32
1.69
3.04
1.11
1.19
2.23
1.66
0.85
0.58
2.05
1.60
1.83
3.36
2,44
3.89
0.43
0.39
0.51
0.75
0.73
0.66
0.62
0.48
0.77
0.77
1.83
0.32
1.54
3.59
1.26
1.05
2.15
1.38
0.91
0.60
1.95
1.95
1.99
3.60
2.79
3.01
0.41
0.43
0.60
0.84
0.83
0.58
0.60
0.52
0. 75
0.81
1182
1183
485
489
507
1205
456
1118
1120
1198
566
1200
1115
1135
1189
1197
1127
693
860
861
67
761
812
1077
1092
!>eo
0. 5910
0.01
36.83
1/1617
1.82
72.40
0. 8900
0.32
61.70
44.48
0. 7137
1.62
0. 8765
0. 8992
3.32
56.04
0. 8753
1.0513
0. 9128
0. 9045
1.19
1.12
2.19
1.52
1. 0400
0.8540
0. 9232
0. 8392
0. 9472
0. 9110
0. 9340
0. 9295
1. 1020
0. 9482
0.3116
0. 6748
0. 6932
0.8264
0.7710
0. 7663
0. 8916
0. 8215
0. 7474
1. 0200
.
0. 9360
1.50
58.33
0.8459
0. 9507
0.88
0.59
•
0. 8983
0.74
55.08
0. 9010
0. 9241
0. 9217
2.00
1.77
1.91
0. 9202
0. 9156
1.89
57.06
1. 1235
3.48
70.02
0.9453
2.62
58.91
.
0. 3188
3.45
19.87
0. 6048
0. 6893
0.6456
0. 6937
0.42
0.41
41.73
0. 6696
0.41
0.8264
0. 7655
0. 7878
0. 8803
0. 8165
0.56
0.80
0.78
0.62
O.C1
0. 8153
0.67
50.81
0. 7481
0.50
46.62
19 FOR
290
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GllAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Oflico number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYKKS OK
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
605
235
517
608
750
813
833
834
835
128
235
550
604
681
1220
108
370
42
110*
739
406
257
381
457
1132
1195
471
1129
1194
Georgia
South Carolina
Ogeechee river
Boimeau's Depot . . .
Cumberland liver. . .
Offeechee river
A. H. Curtiss
H. W. Kaveuel
Swampy
Muek
0.220
27
Ogeechec Lime. Sour Tupelo. Gopher
Plum.
Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Black
Gum.
A. H. Curtiss
do
0.220
0.214
0.256
49
49
66
Florida
Clay
West Virginia
Massachusetts
....do
Grafton
AVest Xowbury
....do
C. G. Pringle
J. Bobinson
....do
Eich
....do
32
....do
South Carolina . . .
do
Chebacco pond
Bonneau's Depot . . .
do
....do
H.W.Eavenel
do . .
Low, rich
Swampy
0.188
0.320
30
67
'Large Tupelo. Cotton Gum. Tupelo
Qum.
CAPEIFOLIACE^E.
Stockton
C. Mohr
A. H. Curtiss
Alluvial
19
Contra Costa county.
Santa Catalina
mountains.
Charlotte
G. R Vasey
0.320
6
28
Elder.
C G Pringle
Elder.
Vermont
....do
....do
do
i
Muck
Sheepberry. Nannyberry.
"W. M. lanney
Shale
Black Haw. Stag Bush.
EUSTACES.
do
do
do
Trenton limestone.
Clay
Georgia
Bainbridge
Upj>er Metacombe
Key.
Bluffton
do
A. H. Cnrtiss
....do
J. H. Mellichamp. . .
do
0.076
0.076
0.108
36
28
5
Coral
Sandy, swamp
..do
25
34
South Carolina
do
Georgia Bark.
Upper Metacombe
Key.
Elliott's Key
A H. Curtiss
Seven-year Apple.
....do
....do
....do
....do
do
do
Coral
Upper Metacombe
Key.
....do
do
do
....do
do
....do
.. do
0.095
34
do
do
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF TEE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
291
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
Weight, per
cubic foot,
hi pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second, i
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0. 41380
0. 5050
0. 5050
0. C079
0. 6436
0. 0198
0. 6849
0. 7467
0. 7429
0. 5589
0. 5656
0. 5002
0.4424
0. 5076
0. 4588
0. 7285
0. 7519
0. 8106
0. 9140
0. 7749
0. 9200
0. 5528
0. 5126
1. 0219
1.0425
1. 0705
0. 9375
0.8409
0. 7490
0. 4540
0.5049
0. 4613
0.35
0.66
0.89
0.49
0.49
0.52
0.41
0.38
0.32
0.72
0.66
0.58
0.76
1.60
1.83
0.27
0.29
0.46
0.47
0.60
0.24
0.28
0.49
0.71
1.00
1.48
0.88
0.94
1.33
0.33
O.S1
0.79
0.43
0.49
0.53
0.40
0.39
0.34
0.76
0.81
0.59
0.66
1.55
2.17
0.28
0.30
0.49
0.34
28.75
605
235
517
608
750
813
833
834
835
128
235
550
604
681
1220
108
370
42
11C<
739.
466
257
381
457
1132
1195
47]
1129
1191
0. 5652
0. 5650
0. 6092
0. 6559
0. 6031
0. 6839
. 0. 6974
0. 7026
0 74
0.84
0.46 ;
0.49
0.53
0.41
0.38
0.33
0. 0104
0. 6682
0. 5865
0. 0787
0. 6748
0. 6626
0. 5700
0. 5649
0. 5525
0.4002
0. 5098
0. 4668
0. 7075
0. 7332
0. 6881
0. 6708
0. 7022
•
0. 6353
0.52
39.59
0.5645
0. 5653
0.5264
0. 4213
0.74
0.74
0.59
0.71
•
0.5194
0.70
32.37
0.5087
1.57
31.70
0.4586
0. 4614
2.00
28.75
0. 7180
0. 7426
0.28
0.30
0.29
0. 7303
45.51
0. 8106
0. 9140
0. 7749
0.48
0.47
0.60
P
0.9419
0. 5613
0. 5131
0.22
0.27
0.58
0.60
1.02
1,55
0.79
1.03
1.32
0. 8332
0.52
51.92
0. 9310
0.23
58.02
0. 5571
0. 5129
0.28
0.54
0. 5350
0.41
33.41
1. 0219
0. 9957
1. 0772
0.66
1.01
1.52
1. 0270
1.0840
0. 8933
0. 8598
0. 7217
0. 9175
Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.2 sap-wood. .
1. 0316
1.06
64.29
0.9154
0. 8504
0.7353
0.84
0.99
1.32
0.8337
1.05
51.96
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diametei
of tree,
in
meters.
I.ATEliS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
•wood.
Heart-
wood.
ERICACE.E.
343
612
1033
1034
643
679
596
1085
353
515
2621
262'
262'
2631
263*
1123
494
1136
1192
498
1130
1199
492
461
Citron t-lle
Altamaba river
C.Mohr
A. H. Curtiss
do
0.127
65
Farkleberry.
i
165. Andromeda ferruginea
Florida
166. Arbutus Menziesii
....do
do
....do
0.216
5
29
California
Contra Costa county
G.E-Vasey
Madrofta.
do
do
do
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
Hays county
Cottage Hill
Nashville
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Rocky
Texas
0.086
0.130
0.082
22
28
74
28
C. Mohr
A. Gattinger
H.Shriver
do
Sorrel Tree. Sour Wood.
170. Kalmia latifolia
Sandy, rocky
Moist
. do
Virginia
Laurel. Calico Bush. Spoon Wood.
Ivy.
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
. do
do
0.078
62
Great LaureL Rose Bay.
MTESINACE2E.
do
do
do
do
Florida .
A. H. Curtiss
Coral
do
do
do
do
0.080
15
18
Marlberry. Cherry.
do
do
....do
... do
— do
... do
Palm creek
....do
do
....do
do
Joe Wood.
SAPOTACE^!.
do
An
....do
....do -
do
do
0.105
0.268
18
2S
Upper Metacombe
Key.
....do
....do
49
Maiti'c.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
293
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION'S.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
Weight, per
cabic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number. !
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0. 7814
0. 7740
0.7766
0. 7037
0. 6452
0.7482
C 0. 7202
( 0. 6842
0. 7535
0.7920
0. 7114
0.7536
0. 7214
0. 6730
0.6266
0.6341
0.8491
0.8154
0.8800
0.8770
0. 5693
0.6437
0. 8300
0. 8986
1. 0125
0. 7479
0. 7405
0. 8021
0.7174
0. 6939
0. 7332
0.69551
0. 7397 )
0. 7674
0. 7574
0.7647
0. 7573
0.42
0.35
0.45
0.56
0.42
0.42
I 0.21
o. 4:,
0.32
0.37
0.45
0.33
0.39
0.241
0.30 5
0.48
0.49
0.31
0 44
0.34
343
6)2
1033
1034
643
679
598
1085
353
515
262'
262*
262*
263'
263*
1123
494
1136
1192
498
1130
1199
492
461
0. 7610
0.39
47.42
0. 7894
0. 7106
0.41
0.51
0. 7500
0.46
46.74
0. 6696
0. 7407
0.38
0.41
0. 7052
0.40
43.95
0. 7099
0.25
0.7292
0. 7916
0. 5 sap-wood . .
0.54
0.42
0.27
0.61
0.31
0.32
0.43
0.29
0.74
1.81
1.74
1.75
4.09
3.47
2.85
1.36
4.90
0.7500
0.51
46.74
0.7803
0. 7114
0.46
0.29
0.7458
0.37
46.48
0. 7536
0. 7214
0. 6730
0.61
0.31
0. 7160
0.41
44.62
0. 6266
0.6341
0.43
0.29
0.8541
0.8412
0.8532
0.8942
0.6500
0.6475
0.7965
0.9433
1. 0149
0.7990
0.88
1.84
1.95
1.95
3.82
3.74
2.73
1.11
5.37
0.6303
0.36
39.28
0.8341
0.81
51.98
0.8283
0.8666
0.8856
1.83
1.85
1.85
0.6582
0.8602
1.85
3.96
3.61
2.79
53.61
0. 6258
0.6456
0. 8132
0.9660
1. 0052
0.6948
3.45
43.30
0.9360
1.24
58.33
1. 0109
5.14
63.00
294
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
1
a
§
a
o
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
488
500
1191
746
60
930
1083
1146
1151
333
503
1124
458
61
425
811
1084
1162
936
347
560
738
922
Bay Bisoayne
A.H. Curtiss
... do
Coral
do
0.170
0.150
36
7
14
25
Jiustie. Canada.
178. Bumelia trim-;
....do
... do
Georgia
Missouri
Texas
No-Name Key
....do
....do
Bainbridge
Alleliton
Austin
Alleuton
Santa Catalina
mountains.
....do
....do
G. "W. Lettennan
C.Mohr
G. W. Letterman
Low
0.128
0.286
0.237
29
57
65
179. Bumelia lanu^mosa
Qum Elastic. Shittim Wood.
180. Bumelia spinosa
....do
....do
Missouri
C. G. Pringle
Rocky
181. Bamelialycioides
....do
... do
... do
Tennessee
Nashville
A. Gattinger
Alluvial
Iron Wood. Southern Buckthorn.
182. Bumelia cnneata .
A H Curt iss
Coral
Ants' Wood. Downward Plum. Saf-
fron Plum.
183. Mimnsops Sieberi . .
....do
....do
Boca Chica Key
....do
....do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
do —
do
0.170
0.168
12
56
40
Wild Ditty.
EBENACEJE.
184. Diosnvros Virginiana
G. W. Lettennan
A. Gattinger. .. .
Rich upland
Persimmon. '
185. Diospyros Texana
Tennessee
Nashville
West "Virginia
Missouri
Grafton
C. G. Pringle
G. W. Letterman
do
do
do
. do
Austin
Cottage Hill ..
C.Mohr
. do
0.098
0.134
0.123
37
26
47
Black Persimmon. Mexican Persim-
mon. Chapote.
STYKACACE^I.
180. Syruplocos tinctoria
Alabama
Sandy
Horse Sugar. Sweet Leaf.
187. Halcsia diptera
G. W. Letterman —
A H Curtiss
....do
Georgia
Florida
i
Bainbridge
Snow-drop Tree. Silver-bell Tree.
C.Mohr
Alluvial
..........
........
........
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF TOE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
295
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.'
Weight, per
cubic loot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
1
a
P
a
f
4S8
500
1181
746
60
930
1083
1116
1151
333
503
1124
458
61
425
811
1084
1162
936
347
SCO
738
922
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0. 9813
0. 9737
0. 9312
0. 7106
0.7541
0.5947
0. 6221
0.6580
( 0. 6392
\ 0. 6565
0. 7467
0.7567
0.8420
1. 0525
0.7639
0. 8552
0.7962
0. 7790
0. 7710
0.8325
0. 5265
0.5079
0. 5481
0.5999
O.S887
0.9233
0. 8912
0. 7479
0.7299
0.5997
0. 6386
0.6991
0. 6063 1
0.6658$
0. 9350
0.9485
0. 9112
0.34
0.26
0.37
0.71
1.10
1.44
1.27
1.19
1.32
0.81
2.29
1.60
2.89
1.03
0.95
0.83
0.86
0.97
3.34
0.72
0.62
0.57
0.35
0.32
0.31
0.33
0.84
1.02
1.28
1.27
1.04
1.43
0.81
2.31
1.43
2.32
1.03
1.12
0.70
1.02
1.05
3.32
0.81
0.57
0.42
0.3*5
0.33
0.29
0.35
0. 9316
0.32
58.06
0. 7293
0.78
45.45
0. 7420
0.5907
0.0304
1.06
1.30
1.27
0. 5777
0.6544
1.23
40.78
0. 6786
0.6419
1.11
1.37
0. 6603
1.24
41.15
0. 7467
0.81
46.53
0.7465
0.8384
1.0989
0. 7465
0. 7516
0.8402
2.30
1.51
1.1000
0. 7959
1.90
49.60
1.0838
2.61
67.54
•
0. 7552
0.8552
0. 7913
0.7855
0.7667
1.03
1.04
0.77
0.94
1.01
0.7864
0. 7920
0. 7722
0.8391
0. 5593
0.5360
0. 5381
0. 5957
0. 7570
0.8664
0.7908
0.90
49.28
52.72
0.8460
3.33
0.5429
0. 5220
0.77
0.60
0.5325
ff.es
33.18
0. 5431
0. 5978
0.50
0.35
0. 5705
0.42
35.55
290
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OP
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
275
613
1221
1105
591
892
25
39'
39>
39s
114'
1143
114«
1145
130
144
170
173
175
190
191
212
227'
227»
267'
267a
267"
431
551
728
747
1045
364
937
139
2291
2292
Virginia
Georgia
Carter's ferry
Altamaba river
Lampasas mount-
ains.
H. Shrivor
Rocky
Itattlebox. Snow-drop Tree. Silver-
teU Free. Calico Wood.
OLEACEJE.
A.H.Curtiss
S. B. Buckley
Clay
0.088
17
Utah
A. L. Siler .
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
San Francisco mount-
ains.
G. Engclmann and
C. S. Sargent.
E. L. Greene
Eastern Arizona..
E. A. Dana
White Ash.
192. Fraxinus Americana, nor. Tezenaia
G. W. Letterman ...
....do
do
Siliceous hills
....do
do
....do
do
Alluvial
do
Michigan
....do
....do
....do
South Carolina ...
Illinois
Ohio
Dansville
W.J.Beal
....do
Clay
....do ....
Dansville
Bonneau's Depot - . .
Waukegan —
Pineo, Daniels & Co .
Farmers' Jt'riend
Manufacturing Co.
J.W. Stoddard&Co
Woodsum Machine
B. E. McSherry &
Co.
"Wytheville
....do
H. W. Kavenel
Clay
Wet
Clay
....do
....do
....do
....do
Virginia
do
•do
do
....do
rhavlnt.tft
C G Pringle
do
do
do
do
do
Tennessee
Nashville
Kemper's mill
C.Mohr...
Alluvial
0.268
79
Pennsylvania
A.H.Curtiss
River-bottom
0.260
0.215
0.384
95
64
69
Massachusetts
Dry, calcareons . . .
Rich, calcareous . .
Poor
Clay
...do...
....do
Austin
Lansing
Charlotte
.. do...
C.Mohr
W.J.Beal
C.G. Pringle
...do...
lied Ash.
Vermont
...do ...
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
207
BI'ECIFIC OIIAV1TY
DETE11M1XA
Third.
noxs.
ASH DKTKIIMINATIONS.
Wright, ]>rl
cubic foot,
in pounds
(avrruyi').
Remarks.
Offiee number. !
First.
Second.
Average.
First.
Srronil.
Average.
0. 5617
0. 5569
0. 7778
0. 0708
( 0. 6336
( 0. 7267
0. 6868
0. H911
0. 6253
0. 6223
0. 6771
0.5265
0. 7225
0.6506
0.6086
0.6744
0. 7631
0.7449
0. 7179
0.6470
0.6383
0. 6116
0. 6157
0.0253
0.6489
0. 6097
0.6329
0. 6763
0.6449
0. 6176
0.6423
0.5599
0. 9131
0.8252
0. 7095
0. 5006
0.6619
0. 6455
0.5460
0.5864
0. 8030
0.6485
0. 6243 }
0. 6656 )
0. 7120
0. 6682
0.6481
0.5539
0. 5717
0.38
0.48
0.97
0.81
C 0.84
I 0.44
0.51
0.29
0.33
0.51
0.36
0.38
0.89
0.88
0.881
0.695
0.54
0.32
0.34
0.37
0.43
275
613
1221
1105
591
892
25
39>
39»
39S
114'
114«
114*
114«
130
144
170
173
175
180
191
213
227'
227«
287»
267»
267«
431
551
728
747
1045
864
937
139
229"
229»
0.5628
0.40
35.07
0.7904
0.93
49.26
0.6597
0.85
41.11
0.6625
0. 6994
0.71
0.53
0. 6810
0.62
42.43
0. 6297
0. 6367
0. 6223
0 6771
0.31
0.34
0 51
0. 4711
0. 4988
0. 7225
0.6506
0. 6086
0. 6875
0. 7616
0. 7449
0. 7148
0.6472
0 6335
0.53
0.60
0.38
0.32
0.30
0.45
0.35
0.39
0 31
0.53
0.60
0.38
0 32
0. 7005
0. 7600
0.89
0.45
0.37
0.39
0.29
0.38
0.45
0.36
0.39
0.30
0. 7116
0.6473
0. 6387
0. 6110
0. 6185
0.6290
0. 6738
0.6097
0. 6329
0.6763
0.6449
0.6329
0.6184
0.5786
0.8429
0.24
0.45
0.30
0.20
0.43
0.35
0.44
0.74
0.55
0.37
0.08
0.47
0.56
0.86
0.26
0.21
0.22
0.24
0.42
0.24
0.44
0.30
0.26
0.43
0.35
0.44
0.72
0.52
0.33
0.70
0.43
0. 6213
0. 6326
0. 6987
0.5 sap-wood —
0.69
0.48
0.28
0.71
0.39
0.49
0.87
0.6481
0.5944
0.5972
0. 8141
0. 8530
0. 6667
0. 6529
0.8016
0.6543
0.42
40.77
0.8391
0. 6881
0.53
0.87
0. 6779
0.7636
0.70
47.59
0. 6125
0. 6619
0.6455
0.26
0.21
0.22
298
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
•
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GEOWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
2295
1059
57
308
438
948
957
1211
536
66
125
286'
286*
286>
291
428
518
964
1001
1024
1030
102
122
147
378
839
616
737
955
276
751
Vermont
Charlotte
C. G. Pringle
Clay
Massachusetts
Missouri
Texas
Topsfield
Allenton
Dallas
Nashville
Victoria
J. Robinson
G. W. Letterman
J. Eeverchon
A. Gattinger
C.Mohr
do
River-bottom
Green Ash.
194. Jb'raxinus viridis, nor. Berlandieriana. . .
Ash.
....do
0.512
45
42
Tennessee
Texas
....do
....do
Kich, wet
do
0.144,
0.184
31
34
Austin
Stockton
Allenton
Lansing
S. B. Buckley
do
C.Mohr
G. "W. Letterman ...
W.J.Beal
W. M. Linney
Rich, alluvial
0.090
0.138
27
35
Water Aeh.
Missouri
Slue Ash.
Kich loam
Kentucky
do
do
do
do
....do
. ..do
do
do
Missouri
G. "W. Letterman
....do
..do
Tennessee
....do
Nashville
Kich upland
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
...do
0.355
46
47
Oregon Ash.
198. Fraxinus sambucifolia
....do
....do
do '.
Weidler's saw-mill .
Portland Furniture
Company.
do
do
Vermont
Charlotte
Slack Ash. Hoop Aeh. Ground Aeh.
W J Beal
do
Illinois
Vermont
Massachusetts —
Waukegan
Charlotte
Danvere
Ogeechee river
Bainbridge
Matagorda bay
Carter's ferry
Cbattahoochee
Eobert Douglas
C.G.Pringle
J. Robinson
A H Curtiss
Low, wet
"Wet peaty ... ...
Rich, loamy
0.236
0.075
0.150
55
31
55
Privet.
....do
....do
C.Mohr
H. Shriver
Alluvial
Virginia
Florida
Kich, moist
Clay upland
0.141
47
Fringe Tree. Old Man's Beard.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
299
SPECIFIC GRAVITY UKTKKMINATIONB.
ASH UKTKKMINATIOXS.
Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0. 6459
l 0. 5957
[ 0. .-)i:.-.->
0. 0040
0.5947
0. 7350
0. 7728
0. 7198
0. 5774
0. 3507
0. 8246
0. 4929
0. 7789
0. 8131
0. 7469
0. 5967
0. 6897
0. 7060
0.0432
0. 5314
0. 4553
0. 6317
0. 6209
0. 5034
0. 6859
0.6485
0. 7020
0. 7067
0. 5829
0. 5988
0.64,76
0.7150
0.0459
0. 5598
0.20
0.42
0.47
0.54
0.82
0.63
0.82
0.51
0.69
0.63
0.96
0.74
0.81
0.82
0.88
0.78
0.60
0.11
0.73
0.12
0.21
0.62
0.89
0.84
0.77
0.46
0.75
0.65
0.88
0.53
0.39
0 90
229"
1059
57
308
438
948
957
1211
536
66
125
286'
286»
286»
291
423
518
964
1001
1024
1030
102
122
147
378
839
616
737
955
27«
751
1
0.52601
0.5489)
0. 6701
0.6277
0.41
0.62
0.57
0.80
0.56
0.76
0.56
0.76
0.67
0.42
0.6251
0.26
38.96
0. 6671
0. 6112
0. 7350
0.7949
0. 7503
0.55
0.56
0.81
0.60
0.79
0. 8217
0. 7807
0. 5786
0. 3515
0.8440
0.7902
Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood
0. 7117
0.65
44.35
0. 5780
0.54
36.02
0.3541
0.73
22.07
0.8343
0. 4929
0. 7789
0. 8131
0. 7469
0. 6027
0. 6822
0. 7960
0.65
0 96
0 74
0 81
0 82
0. 6086
0. 6746
0.90
0.74
0.61
0.43
0.69
0.76
0.61
•
0.5947
0. 6123
0. 4736
0.6425
0.6338
0.7184
0.78
46.78
0. 6189
0. 5719
0.4645
0.6371
0.27
0 73
0.15
0.24
0.57
0.14
0.23
Brash w
0. 5731
0.34
35.72
0.6274
0.5034
0.6836
0. 6207
0.7243
0.60
0 89
0. 6812
0. 5928
0. 7465
0.7500
0.5681
0.6002
0.4628
0.7165
0.88
0.83
0.48
0.72
0.72
0.60
0.86
0.80
0.47
0.6318
0.72
39.37
0.7284,
0. 5755
0.5995
0.74
0.69
0.74
0.6345
0.72
39.54
0.5552
0. 7191
0.53
0.48
0.7259
0.58
0. 6372
0. 51 i 39. 71
300
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
SoU.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYKIiS OF
GHOWIII.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
283
344
584
1202
1218
1223
455
1137
827
942
167
540
744
38
160
' 166
171
180
181
182
183
184
210
556
595
682
1216
483
C. Mohr
do
Eicb, alluvial
Devil Wood.
BOBEA GINACE.E.
202 Cordia Sebestena
Alabama
Cottage Hill
Florida
Saint John's river . .
Key West
do
A.H. Curtiss
....do
do
0.190
45
19
....do
....do
Coral
Geiger Tree.
203. Cordia Boiesieri
do
Texas
Brownsville
Upper Metacombe
S.B.Buckley
Florida
Coral
0.002
45
Strong Bark.
....do
do
. .do
Texas ....
Department of Ag-
riculture.
C.Mohr
S. H. Binkley and E.
E. Barney.
C.Mohr
A. H. Cnrtiss
C. S. Sargent
Knackaway. Anaqua.
BIGNONIACE.E.
....do
Ohio
New Brannfels
Alexandersville ....
Stockton
Bainbridge
Rich, alluvial
0.170
25
Catalpa. Catawba. Bean Tree. Cigar
Tree. Indian Bean.
Georgia
Clay
Wet clay
0.238
0.288
3
8
17
51
Western Catalpa.
Ohio
E E Barney
Clay
D Axtell
do
Low, alluvial bot-
tom,
do
Tennessee
Obion river
New Madrid
Ullin
E. P. Hynda and E.
E. Barney.
E.E.Barney
do
....do
do
Illinois
do ...
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Valley of the Upper
Gila liver.
Desert Willow.
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent
Moist, gravelly . . .
do
do
.do
Coral .
Black Calabash Tree.
VERBENACE.S;.
do
. do
Fiddle Wood.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
301
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1>F.TKKJ1INATIO-NH.
ASH UKTERMIKAT10K8.
Weight, ]HT
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average) .
Remarks.
Office cnmber.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
AVI r:ii;v.
0.8156
0.8606
0. 7100
0. 7740
0.6008
0. 6710
0. 8280
0. 7708
0. 6C36
0. 6274
0. 4293
0. 4694
0.4426
0. 4601
0. 4586
0. 3897
0.3850
0. 4156
0. 3900
0. 3968
0. 4493
0. 4536
0. 3911
0.6059
0.5631
0.6003
0.6270
0. 8775
0.8652
0.8404
0. 8606
0. TK2
0.68
0.26
0.43
0.65
0.29
0. 4G
4.09
4.28
3.39
3.20
2.27
1.27
1.41
0.41
0.34
0.37
0.41
0.39
0.34
0.30
0.50
0.42
0.43
0.37
0.34
0.39
0.37
0.41
0.32
1.23
0.54
0.67
0.28
0.43
283
344
584
1202
1218
1223
455
1137
827
942
167
540
744
88
160
166
171
180
181
182
183
184
210
556
595
682
1216
183
0.7544
First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second ep. gr. de-
termination made on 0.75 sap-wood.
0.8111
0.46
50.55
0 7740
4.09
4.35
0.6942
0.6870
0. S24«
0.7960
0.6548
0.6302
0. 4270
0. 4979
0.4177
0.4446
0. 4467
0. 3829
0. 3878
0. 3783
0.6475
4.43
3.67
3.38
2.28
1.23
1.33
0.40
0.26
0.47
0.30
0.34
0.36
0.32
0.45
0.38
0.47
0.48
0.40
0.38
0.37
0.43
0.32
1.47
0.49
0. 7108
4.22
44.30
0. 6790
3.53
42.31
0. 8264
•0. 7863
3.29
?.28
0. 7980
0.8073
2.79
50.31
0. 8592
0. 6288
1.25
1.37
•
Cultivated.
0.6440
1.31
40.13
0. 4282
0. 4837
0. 4302
0.41
0.30
0.42
•
0.4474
0.38
27.88
0. 4524
0.4527
0.3863
0.3864
0.4066
0.3900
0.3968
0. 4493
0.4535
0.3909
0.36
0.37
0:35
0.31
0.48
0.40
0.45
0.43
0.37
0.39
Cultivated
0. 4260
0.3907
0. 4165
0.39
25.96
0. 6059
0.5631
0. 6015
0.37
0.42
0.32
0. 6026
0.6368
0.8644
0.5902
0.37
36.78
0. 6319
1.35
39.38
0.8710
0.52
54.28
302
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYEKfl OF
GEOWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
490
826
828
474
473
453
585
340
476
1138
1196
71
387
446
814
854
1163
703
807
468
1185
1193
459
1187
Florida
A. H. Curtiss
Department of Ag-
riculture.
...do
Coral
0.158
39
18
Slack Mangrove. Slack Free. Slack
Wood.
NTCTAGINACB^E.
do
.do
....do
. .do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
.. do
A. H. Curtiss
Coral
Pigeon Wood. Beef Wood. Cork Wood.
Pork Wood.
POLYGONACE.E.
...do
do
0.156
0.214
0.188
0.372
48
17
12
119
27
29
45
Pigeon Plum.
....do
....do
....do
....do
..do
Sea Or ape.
LAttRACE.33.
Red Say.
Mobile county
Upper Metacombe
Key.
C.Mohr
A H Curtiss
Damp, sandy
Lance Wood.
217. Sassafras officinale
do
do
do
0.086
27
....do
.Missouri
do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
Allenton
do
do
do
G. W. Letterman...
do
Low, rich
Alluvial
Sassafras.
Nashville
Kich
West Virginia
Massachusetts
Dan vers
0.232
11
68
G. W. Letterman . . .
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Department of Ag-
riculture.
Low, alluvial
Mountain Laurel. California Laurel.
Spice Tree. Cagiput. California
Olive. California Bay Tree.
EUPHORBIACEJG.
Florida
Upper Metacombe
Key.
Coral
Guiana Plum. White Wood.
....do
....do
....do
do
do
do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
....do
do
do
. do
....do
do
....do
do
0.292
112
52
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OP DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
303
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DKTK11MIXAT1ON9.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(aveiage).
Remarks.
I
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
1.0919
0. 9060
0. 7074
0. 6475
0.9629
0. 9140
0. 6373
0.5977
0. 8206
f 0. 7980
( 0. 8148
0. 7222
0. 5030
0.4900
0.4542
0. 5266
0. 5765
0. 4558
0. 6326
0.6697
0.9195
0.8918
0.9690
1.0069
0.9048
1. 0485
1.U522
0. 6762
0. 6582
1.0040
0. 9998
0. 6485
0. 6815
0. 7650
0. 8482 1
0. 7980 )
0. 6787
0. 5210
0. 4828
1. 0702
0. 9794
0.6918
1.99
1.71
4.54
7.44
5.25
1.11
0.66
0.46
0.82
0.52
0.48
0.11
0.08
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.12
0.36
0.55
8.58
3.19
7.07
8.69
7.70
1.12
1.72
4.01
7.79
4.81
1.63
0.85
0.27
0.68
0.59
0.47
0.09
0.09
0.05
0.07
0.23
0.15
0.27
0.36
8.16
3.26
6.58
9.09
7.70
1.56
1.71
4.27
0. 5 sap-wood
First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second sp. gr.
determination made on 0.5 sap-wood.
490
826
828
474
473
453
585
340
470
1138
1196
71
387
446
814
854
1163
703
897
468
1185
1193
459
]187
0. 9138
2.51
56.95
0.6529
7.62
40.69
0. 9835
5.03
61.29
0. 9759
First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood ; third sp. gr.
determination made on 0.25 sap-wood.
0.9635
1.37
60.04
0.6429
0.76
40.07
0. 6396
0.37
39.86
0.9 sap-wood
0. 7928
0. 8147
0. 7005
0.75
0.56
0.48
0. 7693
0.60
47.94
0. 5120
0.4864
0.4542
0. 5315
0. 5769
0.4644
0.10
0.09
0.05
0.07
0.15
0.13
0.5363
0. 5773
0.5055
0.4319
0. 6202
0.6840
0.8448
0. 9119
0. 9882
0. 9390
0.8878
0.5042
0.10
31.42
0.6264
0. 0769
0.32
0.46
0. 6517
0.39
40.61
•
0. 8821
0. 9019
0. 9786
8.37
3.23
6.83
0. 9209
6.14
57.39
0. 9730
0. 8903
8.89
7.70
0.9346
8.29
58.24
304
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FO'OT
Speciea.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
469
1126
1206
1110
324
929
301
303
30*
101
120
134
366
369
429
869
19
202
2811
281s
958
1036
1049
1161
no2
116'
lie1
314
428
133
380
533
Florida
Upper Metacombe
Key.
....do
A.H. Curtiss
Coral
0.116
30
40
Crab Wood. Poison Wood.
....do
...do
... do
..-.do
....do
Texas
Key Largo
Key "West
....do
do
....do
do
0.129
0.484
35
52
Manchineel.
UKTICACE^.
Dallas
Austin
J. Reverchon
C. Mohr
W. M. Linney . .
76
Cedar Elm.
..do
....do
ItedElm. Slippery Elm. Moose Elm.
1
....do
do
do
do
Vermont
Michigan
Hinesburg
Dansville
W. J.Beal.l. Gravelly ..
G. W. Lettennan ' "Rich allnvi.il
Charlotte
C.G.Pringle
do
Gravelly
do
do
do
Nashville
Clay
Boxford
...do
Ohio
Arnold Arboretum .
S M Brown & Co
C.S.Sargent
Drift
0.561
19
38
WhiteElm. AmericanElm. WaterElm.
G. W. Letterman
do
Alluvial
do
do
do
Texas
Massachusetts
....do
Michigan
....do
. do
Colorado river
Danvers
North Reading .
C.Mohr
J. Robinson
....do
Gravelly
do
0. 230 .
0.160
0.215
...
17
7
21
5
17
10
Dansvillle
Big Rapids
do
W.J.Beal
... do
....do
Low. gravelly
.. do
Book Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm.
While Elm. Oli/Elm.
...do
do
Hudson
....do
do
Alluvial
Tennessee
South Carolina . . -
Nashville
Bonneau's Depot . . .
Davidson county . . .
Kemper's mill
A. Gattinger
....do
do
Wahoo. Winged Elm.
Mississippi
C.Mohr
Alluvial
0.244
82
38 .
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
305
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
A6U DKTEHMINATION8.
"Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Kemarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
1. 1195
1.0900
1.0832
0.5945
0.6286
0. 7867
0.8363
0. 7062
0.6499
0. 5699
0. 6769
0.6841
0.6540
0. 7330
0. 6706
C 0. 7613
\ 0. 7978
0.5462
0. 7459
0. 6221
0.6299
0.6495
0. 6382
0. 7173
0.8144
0.6846
0.6803
0. 7345
0.7290
0. 7414
0.8710
0.5979
0.7632
1. 0855
1.0705
1. 1010
0. 5600
0. 7185
0.7640
0. 8358
1. 1025
1.0768
1. 0921
4.96
1.82
1.65
5.20
1.05
1.41
1.30
0.79
0.60
0.86
0.82
0.68
1.24
0.12
1.22
1.07
0.86
0.40
0.93
0.86
1.04
0.75
0.75
0.42
4.48
1.96
1.82
5.11
1.03
1.30
1.00
4.72
1.89
1.74
469
1126
1206
1110
324
929
30'
30s
30*
101
120
134
366
369
429
869
19
202
281'
281«
958
1036
1049
116'
116"
116»
116*
31t
428
133
380
533
LOMO
1. 0905
2.78
67.96
0. 5772
5.16
35.97
Ashofakuot 185
0. 6736
0.7754
1.04
1.36
0. 7245
1.20
45.15
0.8361
0. 7062
0.6499
0.5619
0. 6769
0.6841
0. 7065
0.6817
0.6706
0. 7823
1.15
0.79
0.60
0.84
0.82
0.74
1.04
0.12
1.27
0.88
0. 5538
0.81
0.6841
0.7589
0.6303
0.79
0.84
0.11
1.31
0.70
0.82
0.56
0. 7522 )
0. 8180 )
0. 5309
0.7287
0.6054
0. 6956 '
0.83
43.35
0. 5386
0. 7373
0.6207
0.6299
0. 6413
0. 6742
0.7124
0.84
0.48
0.93
0.86
1.02
0.88
0.60
0.6346
0.6480
0. 7102
0.7085
0.6265
0.6742
0. 7116
0.99
1.01
0.45
First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood j second sp. gr.
determination made on 0.75 sap-wood ; third sp. gr. determina-
tion made on sap-wood.
First sp. gr. determination made on 0.25 sap-wood ; second and
third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood.
0.6506
0.80
40.54
0. 8144
0.6846
0.6400
0. 7345
0. 7430
0. 7414
0.42
0.5996
0.34
0.79
0.69
0.90
1.02
1.14
0.76
0.34
0.79
0. 7570
0.89
0.72
1.12
1.17
9.72
0.64
0.81
0.8544
0.6220
0.7860
0.7263
0.60
45.26
0.8627
0.6100
0. 7746
1.07
1.16
0.74
0.5 sap-wood
0. 7491
0.99
46.69
20 FOB
306
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYEBS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
758
918
69
75'
75*
306
375
864
873
1111
652
486
1204
508
132
433
450
1106
253
421
21
126
195
686
648
16
76'
76«
123
Florida
Chattahoochee
...do
A.H.Curtiss
C.Mohr
Eich, alluvial
....do
0.246
38
...do
G. W. Letterman
....do
. .do
0.108
50
Sugarberry. Hackberry.
...do
...do
...do
...do
Low, rich
Alluvial
Texas
Dallas
do . .
Tennessee
Massachusetts. . . .
....do
Davidson county . . .
J.Kohinson
do
Sandy
4
30
Salem
0.132
23
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Drv
Hackberry. Palo Blanco.
Florida
Coral
....do
....do
do
.. do
do
ao
Wild Fig. India-rubber Tree.
G."W. Letterman...
Red Mulberry.
Nashville
•do
New Mexico
Texas
do
Silver City
Austin
E. L. Greene
S. B. Bnckley
Moist clay
0.078
0.098
7
4
25
25
Mexican Mulberry.
Osage Orange. Bois d'Are.
PLATANACE.E.
235. Platanus occidentalia .
Pennsylvania
Massachusetts
"West Chester
Arnold A ^boretum . .
S. P. Sharpies
C. S. Sargent
G. W. Letterman . . -
0.710
0.680
3
35
44
63
Drift
Rich, alluvial
...do
Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball
Tree. Water Beech,
Ohio
G.RVasey
G. Ensrelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
C.S. Sargent
G. W. Letterman...
....do
W.J. Eeal ...
Clay
0.280
20
Sycamore. Button Wood.
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
Arnold Arboretum . .
Sycamore.
JUGLANDACE^I.
Massachusetts
Drift
Rich loam
Alluvial
Gravelly clay . . .
0.560
5
50
Sutternut. White Walnut.
....do
TWirhitran _.
...do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
307
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
W,'iKht,per
cnblc foot,
in pounds
(average).
Kemarks.
Office number, i.
First,
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
1
Average.
0. 5735
0. 4674
0. 7802
0.6858
1). 6r>!l2
0. 6910
0.8384
0. 7784
0.7999
0. 6570
0.7400
0.2537
0. 6321
0. 4680
0.6242
0.5679
0. 7169
0. 8270
0.7841
0. 8551
0. 6060
0. 6073
0. 4986
0. 5151
0. 4783
0. 4183
0. 4014
0.4633
0. 3638
0. 5631
0. 5137
0. 7419
0. 5683
0.4906
0.48
0.42
1.89
0.74
0.68
1.70
0.97
1.05
0.89
0.89
1.32
5.17
4.55
4.83
0.77
0.69
0.57
0.79
0.87
0.38
0.35
0.47
0.40
1.17
1.34
0.35
0.49
0.69
0.70
0.48
0.42
1.89
0.48
0.42
All gap-wood
758
918
69
75«
75»
306
375
861
873
1111
652
486
1204
508
132
433
450
1106
253
421
21
126
195
686
648
16
761
76»
123
C. pnmila. , , ..
0.5294
0.45
32.99
0. 7611
0.6858
0. 6592
0.7274
0. 8170
0. 7452
0. 7837
0.6504
1.89
0.74
0.68
1.65
0.94
0.90
0.98
0.92
0. 7637
0. 7956
0. 7186
0.7908
0.6547
0.7150
0. 2695
0.6475
0. 4798
0.5993
1.60
0.90
0.75
1.07
0.94
1.12
4.88
4.18
5.00
0.60
0.78
0.54
0.82
0.88
0.59
0.32
0.67
0.57
1.05
1.36
0.30
0.43
0. 7385
0. 7604
0. 6396
0. 7287
1.09
45.41
0.7275
1.22
45.34
0. 2616
5.03
16.30
0.6398
4.36
39.87
0. 4739
4.92
29.53
0. 6118
0. 5679
0.68
0.74
0. 7157
0. 8262
0. 7495
0.7054
0. 6111
0. 5748
0. 5091
0.4609
0. 4688
0. 4343
0. 4005
0.4355
0. 5898
0.71
36.76
0.7163
0.8266
0.56
0.81
0. 7715
0.68
48.08
0.7668
0. 7803
0.88
0.49
47.78
48.63
Cultivated. First sp. #r. determination made on limb-wood ;
second sp. gr. determination made on root-wood.
0. 7736
0.68
48.21
0. 6086
0. 5911
0.5038
0.33
0.57
0.48
0.5678
0.46
35.38
0. 4880
1.11
30.41
0. 4736
1.35
29.51
0. 4263
0. 4010
0. 4494
0.3638
0.33
0.46
0 69
0.79
308
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap.
wood.
Heart-
wood.
238. Juglans cinerea — continued
145
176
393
1057
112
117
149
209
318
325
407
430
766
934
951
415
672
1227
3221
3222
326
3
29'
29*
29"
48
118«
1182
118>
152
249
422
531
539
816
1056
1097
Illinois
Alluvial
Ohio
Barney & Smith
Manufacturing Co.
Lansing
Topsfield
E. E. Barney
Michigan
Massachusetts
"VV. J.Beal
J. Robinson
G. W. Letternian
•W.J.Benl
29
37
Drift
0.152
8
Alluvial
Gravelly
Slack Walnut.
Dansville
"Waukegan
Illinois
Ohio
Barney & Smith
Manufacturing Co.
E. E. Barney
W J Beal
Texas
Dallas
Charlestown Xavy-
yard.
Nashville
Aspalaga
Austin
J. Revorcbon
S.H.I>ook
Alluvial
0.272
24
84
Tennessee
Florida
Texas
....do
A. H. Corliss
C.Mohr
.. do
Clay
0.286
8
23
do
Pinos Altos mount-
ains.
Contra Costa county.
Santa Catalina
mountains.
Greenville
do
E. L. Greene
G R. Vasey
Alluvial
do
0.207
0.313
15
11
32
18
Walnut.
California
C. G. Prin»le ....
C. Mohr
do
Alluvial
0.260
33
48
Pecan. niinoi» JVuf.
242. Caryaalba
do
....do
Dallas
do
Massachusetts
Arnold Arboretum .
Danville
do
C. S. Sargent
W. M. Liraiey
do
Drift
Shale
0.305
25
37
Shell-bark Hickory. Shag-barkHickory.
do
do
do
do
do
do
G. W. Lettennan . . .
•W. J.Beal
do
Upland
Hudson
do
Clay
do
do
....do
do
do
G. W. Letterman . . .
H Shriver
Clay
Missouri
Allenton
Kemper's mill
....do
G. W. Lettennan . . .
C.Mohr
....do
Alluvial
....do
....do
do
0.288
0.360
28
31
81
102
...do
West Virginia
Massachusetts
Missouri
0.250
53
Allenton
G. \V. Letterman . . .
Alluvial
. ..
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
309
SI'ECIKIC GRAVITY DETEKHIHATIO.N8.
ASH DETEBMINATIOS6.
"Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Oflice number.
.First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0.4394
0.3941
0. 3379
0.4538
0.5778
0.5807
0. 5579
0.5025
0.6313
0.5608
0. 5750
0. 6376
( 0. 6415
( 0. 6435
0.7830
0.6609
0. 6789
0. 6266
0.7258
0.7390
0. 7020
0. 7314
0. 7618
0. 9680
0. 9205
0. 9859
0.8249
0. 8028
0. 7974
0.8019
0. 8064
0.8470
0. 7289
0.86%
0. 8729
0. 7470
0.8800
0.6835
0.4388
0.4023
0. 4391
0. 3982
0.3379
0.4530
0.51
0.44
0.43
0.41
0.63
0.48
0.12
0.63
0.62
1.92
0.60
0.93
C 0.78
( 0.51
1.22
0.71
0.57
0.85
1.15
0.96
0.93
1.33
0.61
0.73
0.86
0.65
0.37
0.28
0.66
1.14
0.87
0.63
0.92
0.79
0.78
0.76
0.54
0.90
0.51
14S
176
393
1057
112
117
149
20»
818
325
407
430
768
934
951
411
072
1227
322>
32Z»
826
8
29'
29»
29»
48
118'
118»
118«
152
249
422
531
639
816
1056
1097
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.47
0.4355
0.5881
0. 4698
0.53
0. 4086
0.51
25.46
0. 5830
0. 5807
0. 5569
0. 5145
0.6252
0. 5721
0. 5750
0. 6376
0.6403
0. 7916
0.6499
0 63
0.48
0. 5559
0. 5265
0. 6191
0.5833
0.12
0.49
0.12
0.56
0 62
1.99
0.69
1.05
0.651
0.77 5
1.64
0.57
1.09
0.07
1.42
1.18
1.96
0.65
0.99
0.68
1.43
0.64
0. 6363 -I
0. 6400 )
0. 8002
0. 6388
0.6469
0.5611
0. 6848
0.6925
0.6982
0. 7445
0. 7814
0. 6753
1
0. 6115
0.79
38.11
0. 6670
0. 5939
0. 7053
0.83
0.91
1.28
0.6554
1.01
40.85
0. 7158
0. 7001
0. 7380
1.07
0.93
1.40
Second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood
1.46
0.58
0.7180
1.13
44.75
0. 7716
0.9680
0.9205
0. 9970
0. 8255
0. 8028
0. 7974
0.8019
0. 787]
0. 7974
0. 7523
0. 9033
0. 8711
0.7523
0.9027
0. 7443
0.60
0.73
0 86
1. 0080
0.8260
0.43
0.40
1.14
0.77
0.78
0.91
0.79
0.83
0.71
0.62
0.90
0. 7677
0. 7477
0. 7756
0. 9370
0. 8692
0. 7505
0.9035
0. 8051
0.66
0.93
0.90
0.78
0.88
0.66
0.69
0.80
0.9245
0.8372
0.73
52.17
310
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Mameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap.
wood.
Heart-
wood.
27
91*
91»
336
383
391
1082
1164
1165
1166
1170
52
72
254
289
348
6
51
88
121
288
442
538
1051
1098
11«8
153
401
838
871
237
129
362
740
917
Kentucky
...do
do
Mercer county
....do
do
"W. M. Linney
....do
.. do
Limestone
Alluvial
....do
Big Shell-bark. Bottom Shell-bark.
244. Carya tomentosa
MofkerNut. Black Hickory. BuUNut.
Big-bud Hickory. White-heart Hick-
ory. King Nut.
1
Nashville
A. Gattinger
....do
Missouri
do
Allenton
..do
G "W Letterman
do
....do
....do
do
do
do
....do
do
...do ..
....do
...do ...
do do
do
do .
do
....do
do
do
do
....do
...do
Kentucky
....do
Perry ville
....do
Rich upland
•
G. W. Lettennan
Rich upland
do
do
do
Citronelle
Arnold Arboretum .
Allenton
...do
Dansville
C.Mohr
C. S. Sargent
0.200
0.317
42
29
31
55
Massachusetts
Missouri
....do
Drift
Pig Nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hick-
ory. Switch-bud Hickory.
G. W. Letterman
....do
W.J.Beal
G. W. Letterman
Flinty
Rich loam
0.159
41
6
Rich loam
0.100
47
13
Tennessee
Nashville
Kemper's mill
Xorth Reading
C.Mohr
J.Robinson
G. W. Letterman
do
Alluvial
Drift
Flinty
0.354
0.228
63
31
59
42
Massachusetts
do
do
do
....do
do
....do
do
....do
do
Rich upland
do
Bitter Nut. Swamp Hickory.
Massachusetts —
do
Danvers
do
J. Robinson
do
do
0.115
0.402
18
7
19
107
Boimeau's Depot . . .
....do
Ticksbnrg
H. W. Ravenel
....do
C.Mohr
A.H.Curtiss
C.Mohr
Rich, swampy
Nutmeg Hickory.
....do
Mississippi
Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bit-
ter Pecan.
Alluvial
....do
0.277
0.282
28
23
18
28
Florida
Cbattahoochee
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
311
SPECIFIC GBAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
ABH DETEKMLNATIOXS.
Woi^lit, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0. 8791
0. 7527
0.7345
0.7654
0.9020
0. 8512
0. 8911
0.8827
0.7054
0.8508
0. 8024
0.8524
0. 8610
0. 8334
0. 8316
0. 8157
0. 8827
0. 9189
0. 6803
0.8554
0. 7926
0.8530
0.8842
0. 8990
0. 7470
0. 7814
0. 5927
0.7530
0. 9208
I
0. 7919
0. 7639
0. 7719
0.8248
0.6422
0. 8767
0.6859
0. 8779
0.7193
0.7345
0.7634
0.72
1.09
1.04
0.70
0.71
1.09
1.04
27
91»
91»
336
383
391
1082
1164
1165
1166
1170
52
72
254
289
348
6
61
88
121
288
442
538
1051
1098
1168
153
Ml
838
871
237
129
362
740
917
0. 8610
0.8424
0.9061
0.8854
0.6898
0.8432
0.7275
0.8168
0.8709
0. 8500
0.7279
0.8462
0. 8139
0. 8815
0.8468
0.8934
0.8840
0.7122
0.8470
0.7563
0.99
0.91
0.83
0.81
0.73
0.90
0.84
0.97
1.02
0.72
1.29
0.99
0.60
1.25
0.85
1.58
0.83
0.68
0.82
0.74
1.27
1.15
1.00
0.97
0.94
1.42
1.07
1.31
1.05
1.32
0.91
0.92
1.24
0.90
0.84
0.72
0.95
0.71
0.84
1.06
1.05
1.65
1.03.
0.60
. 1.40
0.85
0.96
1.07
0.87
0.83
0.73
0.93
0.78
0.8831
0. 7414
0. 7389
0. 8108
0.90
50.53
0.8346
0.8660
0.8417
0. 7279
0.8389
0.91
1.04
0.89
1.47
1.01
0.5 sap-wood
Second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood; second growth
First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood ; second sp.
gr. determination made on sap-wood.
0. 8218
1.06
51.21
0. 8148
0. 8827
0. 9740
0.6803
0.8542
0. 7926
0.7841
0. 8620
0.8315
0. 7913
0.60
1.33
0.85
1.58
0.77
0.69
0.84
0.75
1.28
1.17
0.9290
Second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood; second growth
0. 8530
0.71
0.70
0.86
0.75
1.29
1.19
0.97
0.93
1.03
0.92
1.05
2.03
1.32
1.05
1.17
First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second sp. gr.
determination made on 0.9 sap-wood.
0. 7152
0.8481
0.7640
0. 7355
0.7830
0.5754
0. 7142
First sp. gr. determination made on 0.8 aap-wood ; second sp.
gr. determination made on sap-wood.
0. 8537
0. 8913
0. 8217
0.99
51.21
0. 7822
0. 5841
0. 7336
0. 9208
0.99
0.95
0.99
1.17
0. 8112
0. 7332
0. 7700
0.8244
0.6313
0. 7552
1.03
47.06
0.8016
1.06
49.96
0. 7486
0. 7710
0.8248
0. 6185
1.67
1.19
1.19
1.04
0.5 sap-wood ................... ..
0.5821
0. 7407
1.27
46.16
312
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
id
®
.=
a
g
1
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
MYRICACE.E.
586
665
8
26
32'
32'
323
49'
49'
49*
113'
113'
113»
150
160
196
2281
228'
228»
238
250
251
259'
259"
259»
403
443
547
748
749
895
1050
1257
670
985
988
1027
1029
37»
37»
Florida
Saint John's river . .
A H Curtiss
0.198
18
22
Barberry. Wax Myrtle.
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
C.S.Sargent
E A Dana
CTJPULIFER.S;.
Massachusetts
do
Arnold Arboretum .
Drift
0.560
12
88
White Oak.
...do
do
do
Slate
do
do
Shale
Missouri
.. do
Allenton
do
G. W. Letterman —
do
...do
do
do
do
. do
Big Rapids
•W.J.Beal
do
Gravelly
0.374
34
18
do
Sandy
...do
Illinois
Ohio
do
"Waukegan
Pineo, Daniels & Co.
Barney & Smith
Manufacturing Co.
Champlain valley. . .
Charlotte
Robert Douglas
...do
Vermont
...do
do
*do
Clay
do
Gravelly loam.
do
do
. do
South Carolina —
Bonneau's Depot . . .
Wythcville
do
H. VT. Ravenel
H.Shriver
do
Clay
0.225
56
do
...do
do
....do
do
... do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Charlestown Navy-
yard.
Nashville
Kemper's mill
Chattahoochee
do
S H Pook
Tennessee
Alabama
Florida
Rich bottom
C.Mohr
A. H. Curtiss
do
Alluvial
Clay
do
0.236
0.248
8
13
48
74
do
M C Beedle
...do
North Reading
Charlestown Navy-
yard.
Redding
TVeidler's saw .mill..
0.203
7
11
S H Pook . -
G.R.Vasey
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Gravelly loam ...
Rich loam
0.356
0.393
15
30
17
82
White Oak. Weeping Oak.
White Oak.
....do
....do
do
Portland Furniture
Company.
do
do
W. M. Linney
...do ...
Shale ....
Pott Oat. Iron Oak.
...do..,
...do..
...do...
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
313
SPECIFIC ORAVITY DBTEBMDIATION8.
ABB DETERMINATIONS.
Weight.per
cubic loot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
I 0.5639
( 0. 5723
0. 6793
0.7165
0. 7970
0.8480
0. 6328
0.0365
0.6865
0. 7826
0.6829
0.0006
0.6852
0. 7017
0. 7892
0. 7672
0. 6203
0. 8304
0. 8670
0. 8091
0. 7830
0. 7874
0.6848
0.7556
0. 7069
0. 8056
0.7390
0. 6549
0. 8566
0. 7732
0.8066
0. 7672
0.8065
0. 5592 1
0. 5519 )
0.6613
0.7093
0. 8012
0.8451
0. 5711
0. 5637
0.33
0.37
0.30
0.45
0.51
35.13
586
665
8
26
32J
32«
ae>
49<
49«
49»
1131
113'
150
169
196
228"
228»
228«
238
250
251
259'
259»
259»
403
443
547
748
749
895
1050
1257
670
985
088
1027
1029
37'
37*
0.33
0.31
0.25
0.47
0. 6703
0.33
41.77
0.7129
0.7991
0. 8299
0 6328
0.34
0.28
0.46
0.7965
0. 6305
0. 6526
0. 6746
0. 7826
0. 7107
0.6006
0. 6932
0. 7017
0. 8314
0. 7672
0.6254
0.8304
0.8670
0.8091
0. 7611
0.7647
0. 6916
0.7556
0. 7069
0.8056
0. 7414
0.6549
0. 8180
0.7647
0. 8147
0. 7703
0.7669
0.8439
0.37
0.45
0.30
0.87
0.41
0.24
0.47
0.21
0.57
0.39
0.33
0.37
0.43
0.35
0.21
0.43
0.40
0.45
0.30
0.37
0.7385
0. 7012
0.41
0 24
0. 8735
0.42
0.23
0.65
0.45
0.22
0.61
0.39
0. 6305
0.33
0.37
0.43
0.34
0.23
0. 7391
0. 7419
0.6984
0.42
0.33
0.25
0.30
0.37
0.49
1.37
0.45
0.47
0.34
0.33
0.26
0.30
0.37
0. 7437
0.44
1.64
0.29
0.50
0.31
0.37
0.22
0.47
1.51
0.37
0.49
0.33
0.35
0.24
0.7794
0. 7562
0.8228
0.7734
0.7584
Taken from beam in old court-house at Cambridge, built in 1757.
0.7358
0.7849
0. 7814
0.6549
0. 7478
0. 6698
0.8200
0.8765
0. 7672
0.8425
0.7600
0. 7574
0. 7369
0.8008
0.6706
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.37
6.62
0.62
0.74
0.34
0.25
0.33
0.41
0.49
0. 7470
0.41
0.30
46.35
0. 7409
46.17
0. 8120
0. 7075
0.7585
0. 7034
0.29
0.33
0.39
0.56
0.7704
Brash .
0. 7453
0.39
46.45
0. 8104
0. 8765
0.62
0.74
0.5 sap-wood...
314
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
3?s
151
256
351
771
295
417
525
1150
791
792
79"
79«
137
143
168
204
310
400
412
432
583
831
832
933
1071 •
1072
1073
424
545
762
953
12
54'
54s
54»
846
"W. M. Linney
Shale
South Carolina . . .
Bonneau's Depot
H. W. Ravenel
G W Lettennan
Clay
Citronelle
C.Mohr
A. H. Curtiss
....do
Gravelly barrens .
0.244
0.264
0.196
38
32
18
88
115
67
Florida
Pinos Altos mount-
ains,
do
Scrub Oak.
do
do
Engelmanu's canon .
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
Robert Douglas
C G Pringle
"W M Linney
Burr Oak. Mossy-cup Oak. Over-cup
Oak.
257. Quercus lyrata
do
do
. do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
...do
Missouri
Illinois
Allt'iiton
G. W. Letterman
Moist upland
Rich
Ohio
"Woodsum Machine
Company.
Barney & Smith
Manufacturing Co.
Dallas
Allenton
Charlotte
Nashville.....
Waukegan
Winnebago county .
do
....do
Texas
do
J. Reverchon '.
0.528
13
120
Missouri
Vermont
Tennessee
C G Pringle
Clay
Alluvial
do
M S Bebb
. do
...do
do
Texas
Austin
Charlotte
do
C.Mohr
C G Pringle
Alluvial
"Vermont
do
do
do
do
do
Tennessee
Nashville
Kemper's mill
A. Gattinger
C.Mohr
A H. Curtiss
Low
Alluvial
...do
0.339
0.266
19
20
73
70
Over-eup Oak. Swamp Poit Oak.
Water White Oak.
C Mohr
Massachusetts
Missouri
do
Arnold Arboretum..
Allenton
do
C. S. Sargent
Drift
0.305
8
60
Swamp White Oak.
do
. do
do
do
do
..do
Massachusetts
West Newbury
J.Robinson
Low, swampy
0.206
5
30
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
315
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
\\Yijiht, per
cubic foot,
ill pounds
(average).
Re marks.
Office number, j
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0.8459
0. 8920
0. 8522
0. 7888
0.8548
0. 8382
0.8680
0.7684
0. 9487
0. 7070
0. 7205
0.7275
0.6426
0.8469
0. 8280
0.6440
0.6458
0. 7722
0. 6183
0. 8630
0. 7271
0. 9229
0.6842
0. 6107
0.7605
0. 7740
0. 7845
0. 7598
0.8060
0. 7802
0.8050
0.9790
0. 7552
0. 8616
0.6833
0. 7114
0.8404
0.8459
0. 8991
0. 8359
0. 7702
0. 8187
1.56
0.79
0.46
0. 52
0.63
1.56
37»
151
256
351
771
295
417
525
1150
791
79»
79»
79«
137
143
168
204
310
400
412
432
583
831
832
933
1071
10T3
1073
434
MS
762
053
12
64'
54'
54'
846
0.8882
0.8196
0. 7516
0. 7942
0.8562
0. 7748
0.7894
0.9052
0. 9170
0.79
0.52
0.53
0.88
0.79
0.49
0.53
0.76
0. 8072
0. 8367
0.79
52.14
0.8472
0.8097
0. 7789
0.9270
0.7862
0.78
1.08
1.10
0.96
0.66
0.70
1.18
0.41
0.60
0.31
0.37
1.08
0.60
0.26
0.74
1.18
0.78
0.98
1.11
0.45
0.32
0.44
0.59
0.22
0.23
1.72
0.26
0.39
0.98
0.98
0.27
0.79
1.37
0.80
0.79
1.23
0.95
0.8407
0.99
52.39
0. 7070
0.7205
0.7275
0.6363
0.8469
0.8278
0.6416
0. 6318
0. 7944
0. 6297
0.8563
0. 7271
0. 9387
0. 6977
0. 6591
0. 8018
0. 7729
0. 7929
0. 7515
0.96
0.66
0. 7275
0.6300
0.70
1.18
0.37
0.92
0.32
0.43
1.03
0.60
0.27
0.75
1.46
0.70
0.93
1.18
0.46
0.45
0.35
0.56
0.23
0.18
1.44
0.28
0.39
fl.76
0.32
0.40
1.06
0.60
0.27
0.75
1.32
0.74
0.96
1.15
0.46
0.39
0.40
0. 8276
0.6383
0. 6177
0. 8166
0.6411
0.8496
0. 9543
0. 7112
0. 7075
0.8402
0.8087
0. 7924
0.7630
0. 7863
0. 7502
0.7649
0. 9390
Old fence-post
0. 8047
0.7360
0.8018
0. 7317
0.7453
0.71
46.45
0. 7962
0. 7652
0.7850
0.9790
0.58
0.23
0.21
1.58
0. 7315
0. 8628
0.8313
0.65
51.81
0. 7434
0. 8622
0.6833
0. 7114
0.8307
0.27
0.39
0.98
0.98
0.8186
0.8330
0.31
0.29
0.7662
0.58
47.75
316
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GBOWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
210
524
755
31"
3V
313
35
434
92*
28
34'
34»
34»
58
273
287
323
514
588
856
688
601
700
419
698
1145
1148
935
1103
404
79fl
South Carolina . . .
Bonneau's Depot
Kemper's mill
H. W. Ravenel
C.Mohr
A. H. Curtiss
Alluvial
....do
do
0.322
0.260
22
12
69
32
Satket Oak. Cow Oak.
Florida
Shale
Chutnut Oak. Sock Chestnut Oak.
....do
... do
do
....do
do
do
. do
....do
do
...do
do
Tennessee
Nashville
Cnllman
Harrodsburg
C.Mohr
W. M. Linney
do
Dry, rocky
0.436
34
84
Yellow Oak. Ohcttnut Oak. Chinqua-
pin Oak.
262. Quercns Douglasii
....do
....do
....do
Missouri
do
Boyleconnty
....do
do '
"Waverly shale
AUenton
do
G. W. Letterman . . .
do
Poor, hilly
do
do
do
Flinty
Dallas
0.226
24
35
Nashville
Dallas
A. Gattinger
Texas
... do
Massachusetts
California
Boxford
Contra Costa county
San Diego county. . .
San Gabriel
J. Kobinson
G. B. Vasey
....do
0.364
0.338
0.202
0.212
10
59
16
38
123
Clay
Dry, gravelly
do
Mountain Whiff Oak. Slue Oak.
....do
....do
5
40
White Oak.
Silver City
E. L.Greene
G. Engelmann and
. C. S. Sargent.
C. G. Pringle
do
Dry, rocky
do
While Oak.
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
....do
do
....do
do
....do
do
266. Quercns I) u rand ii . .
Texas
....do
Florida
...do ..
Austin
....do
Charlestown Navy-
yard.
C.Mohr
S. B. Buckley
S.H.Pook
A. H. Curtiss...
Damp, calcareous.
....do
Sandv...
0.164
0.238
24
89
39
15
Live Oak.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
317
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETEBM1NATIONS.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0. 7674
0. 8253
0. 8200
0. 7126
0.6549
0. 7726
0. 8308
0.6870
0. 8550
0.8401
0. 7951
0. 8712
0. 9643
0.6566
0. 9237
0.8248
1.0240
0. 8592
0.9183
0. 7652
0.9958
( 1. 0078
( 0.9495
0.8420
0. 9171
0.9897
1.1340
0.9430
C 0. 9762
( 0.8648
0. 9640
1.0350
0. 9005
0.8312
0.7704
0.8090
0. 7102
0.6659
0.7993
0. 7979
0. 8145
0.33
0.57
0.38
0.36
0.33
0.48
0.57
0.35
0.40
0.57
0.37
240
524
755
31>
31«
31«
35
434
925
28
34'
34'
34>
58
273
287
823
514
588
856
088
601
700
419
698
1145
1148
835
1103
404
789
0. 8039
0.45
50.10
0. 7114
0.6604
0. 7726
0. 8308
0. 6870
0.8368
0.36
0.33
0.70
1.94
0.40
1.50
1.49
0.39
1.62
1.39
1.16
0.64
1.25
1.43
1.38
0.43
0.80
( 4.62
( 2.28
0.99
1.22
2.57
1.32
0.51
I ^
( 1.80)
1.82
0.87
1.93
0.49
1.40
0.79
1.94
0.45
0. 8185
0.8419
0.7499
0.77
46.73
0.8410
0. 7951
0. 8712
0.9643
0.6546
0. 8893
0.8446
1.0484
0. 8671
0.9294
0.7605
1.45
1.49
0.49
0.44
1.62
0. 6525
0.8548
0.8644
1.0728
0.8750
0.9405
0. 7458
0.7898
1.0790
1.1500
0. 8374
0.9835
1.25
1.31
0.57
1.09
1.49
1.22
0.43
0.88
4.691
4. 68 5
1.31
1.26
3.33
1.19
0.53
1.32
1.24
0.61
1.17
1.48
1.30
0.43
0. 7706
0.8605
1.14
53.63
0.8928
0.84
55.64
1.01691
1.0882)
First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood
1.0486
0.8397
4.07
1.15
0.8703-
0.9441
2.61
58.84
0.9236
0.9897
1. 1143
1.24
2.95
1.26
1.0945
0. 9528
0.80001
0.8690)
1.0835
1.0092
1.82
62.89
0. 9479
0.52
59.07
0.8775
1. 0238
1.75
1.82
0.9507
1.78
59.25
1.0350
0.8949
0.8977
1.23
1.21
1.22
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYKR8 OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
919
954
574
649
653
594
663
677
7
45"
45*
89
92'
92*
140
141
146
197
215
216
217
218
553
866
920
1043
931
23
762
17
36'
36*
Mobile county
C. Mohr
do
Texas ...
Saw-mill, Ashland . .
San Bernardino
Marin county
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Live Oak. Maul Oak. Valparaiso Oak.
California
....do
G. R. Vasey
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Gravelly .
Black Oak.
California
0 247
Enceno Coatt Lite Oak.
271. Quorcns "Wislizenl
....do
Massachusetts
Live Oak.
Arnold Arboretum .
Mercer county
....do
C. S. Sargent
Drift
0.534
8
73
Red Oak. Slack Oak.
272. Guercus rnbra, var. Texana ...
W. M. Linney
do
Shale
do
do
G. W. Letterman . . .
W. M. Linney
do
0.149
5
40
Mercer county
do
Allnvial
do
Dansville
....do
W. J. Beal
do
do
do
Robert Douglas
E. E Barney
Gravelly
Ohio
Barney & Smith
MariufacturingCo.
Charlotte
C. G. Pringle
do
Gravelly
...do
do
....do
.. do
....do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Kemper's mill
Danvers
Enterprise
North Beading
Austin
Hingham
Aspalaga
Arnold Arboretum .
Danville Junction . .
...do..
C. Mohr
J. Robinson
C. Mohr
Allnvial
Drift
0.368
38
97
Massachusetts
Alluvial
Drift
0.230
0.118
6
13
27
20
Massachusetts
Texas
C. Mohr
T. T. Bouve
A. H. Curtiss
Bed Oak.
Massachusetts
Florida
Scarlet Oak,
Clay
Drift
0.230
0.630
15
8
Massachusetts
Kentucky
...do...
74
Slack Oak. \ clinic-lark Oak. Quer-
citron Oak. Tettov Oak.
W. M. Linney
...do..
...do..
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES-Continued.
319
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
A8II DETERMINATIONS.
Weight, per
culm- foot,
in pound!)
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
SecoDd.
Average
0.8225
1.0090
0. 7888
0.8830
0. 8787
( 0.9975
( 0. 9201
0. 8290
C 0. 7956
( 0. 8018
0.6381
0. 5186
0. 5169
0. 7480
0.5889
0. 7516
0.6410
0.5952
0. 7481
0. 6516
0.6423
0.6897
0. 6669
0. 6765
0.6389
0.6636
0.5244
0. 7130
0. 9142
0.7111
0.7667
0.7364
0. 6863
0. 7205
0. 9330
0. 9709
0. 7592
0. 8827
0. 9033
0. 9019 1
0. 8855 5
0. 8216
0. 7788 1
0. 7657 5
0.6440
0. 5910
0. 6251
0. 8778
0.9900
1.25
1.09
0.80
0.38
0.73
C 1.86
} 2.61
1.21
( 0.94
( 0.96
0.14
0.46
0.43
0.27
0.47
0.15
0.20
0.23
0.22
0.16
0.27
0.20
0.20
0.33
0.37
0.07
0.25
0.14
0.93
0.11
0.22
0.13
0.21
0.31
1.30
0.76
0.62
0.34
0.79
2.191
2.78)
1.34
0.981
1.18)
0.10
1.27
0.93
919
954
574
649
653
594
663
677
7
45'
45»
89-
92'
92«-
140-
141
m:
197
215-
216
217
218^
553
866
920
1043
931
23
7sa
IT
36"-
36»
0.9501
1.14
59.21
0. 7740
0. 8829
0. 8910
0.71
0.34
0.76
•
0. 8493
0.60
52.93
0.9263
2.36
57.73
0. 8253
1.28
51.43
0.7855
1.02
48.95
0.6411
0.5548
0. 5710
0. 7480
0.5899
0. 7515
0.6410
0. 5952
0. 7498
0.6566
0. 6710
0.6994
0. 6768
0. 6897
0.64*9
0.6487
0. 5424
0. 6952
0.12
0 46
0.43
0.27
0.47
0.15
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.17
0.25
0.22
0.23
0.33
0.36
0.11
0.23
0.17
0.47
0. 7512
0. 7516
0.21
0.24
0.31
0.17
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.32
0.34
0.14
0.21
0.19
0.76
0.16
0.28
0.08
0. 7514
0. 6615
0.6997
0.7090
0.6867
0. 7029
0. 6589
0.6252
0.5604
0.6806
0.9018
0. 7079
0.7762
0. 7305
0.6573
0.6920
0.6540
0.26
40.75
0.9080
0.85
56.59
0. 7095
0. 7715
0.14
0.25
0.7405
0.19
46.15
0. 7335
0.6863
0.7205
0.11
0 21
0.31
320
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
36'
41
74
86
244
247
437
921
628
9C3
268
339
131
245
2661
265«
265'
548
342
770
47
282
349
511
742
758
801
1171
352
Slate
Missouri
do
Allenton
do
G. "W. Letterman...
do
Hilly
0.165
6
16
do
do
...do
do
"Wytheville
H. Shriver
Clav
.do
..do
..do
... do
Tennessee
Alabama
Nashville
Cullman
Saw-mill, Ashland . .
Eugene City
A. Gattinger
do
C.Mohr
G. EriL'i-liimin and
C. S.'Sargent.
G.H. Collier
G. W. Letterman
Sandy
Slack Oak.
do ,
Clay . .
0.224
17
78
Slack Jack. Jack Oak.
Citronelle
Bonneau's Depot
Wytheville
C.Mohr
H. W. Eavenel
H. Shriver
do
0.128
13
46
South Carolina . ..
Virginia
Spanish Oak. Bed Oak.
Clay
do
....do
do
do
.. do
do
do
do
Kemper's mill
Cottage Hill
C.Mohr
do
Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf
Slack Jack. Black Jack.
Florida
A H Curtisa
do
0.301
62
Allenton
G. W. Letterman
do
Rich allnvial .
Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak.
Water Oak.
do
do
do
Cottage Hill
C.Mohr
0.350
8
1<
Water Oak. Duck Oak. Potium Oak.
Punk Oak.
do
Georgia
Bainbridge
A. H. Curtiss
do
Alluvial
0.310
13
23
Laurel Oak.
282 Qaercna heterophylla
do
do
do
do
0.240
0.329
33
6
26
19
New Jersey
Mount Holly .....
S.P.Sharples
C.Mohr
Clay
Pine-barren
ISartram's Oak.
Citronelle
Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack. Sand
Jack.
Til 1C WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
321
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS. A8II UKTKIIMIXATIONS.
i ]IIT
££ •— **
CLVl I .
Office numln'r.
First.
Second.
Third.
AVIM-HUV.
FilHt.
Second. Average.
0. 7749
0. 7590
0. 8014
0. 7192
0. 5070
0. 7164
0. 6765
0. 6622
0. 6565
0. 6273
0. 7304
0. 7309
0.6892
0. 5701
0. 6613
0. 7334
0. 6556
0. 6052
0.6679
0. 7906
0. 6917
0. 7480
0. 7167
0.7084
0. 7237
0. 7474
0. 8146
f 0. 6818
I 0. 6882
0.6502
0. 7749
U. 7174
0. 7192
o. r.iia
II. IS
0.17
0.22
0.28
0.44
0.14
0.35
0.59
0.18
0.33
0.86
1.41
0.27
0.27
0.15
0.22
0.25
0.29
0.85
0.90
0.65
0.92
0.45
0.82
0.35
0.48
0.93
0.19
1.27
0.18
36'
41
74
86
244
247
437
921
628
963
268
339
131
245
2651
265'
265'
548
342
770
47
282
349
511
742
756
801
1171
352
0. 7352
0.14
0.19
0.18
0.03
0.15
0.37
0.70
0.21
0.30
0.92
1.32
0.27
0.33
0. Ill
0.21
0.23
0.54
0.15
0.36
0. (15
0. 5175
0. 6586
0. 0875
0. 6765
0. 6972
0. 6582
0.6322
0. 7492
0. 7192
0. 7003
0. 6780
0. 7100
0. 7045
0.28
43.90
0. (i.-.T.'i
0. 6297
0.20
0.32
0.6435
0.26
40.10
0. 7398
0. 7251
0.94
1.37
0.7324
1.16
45.64
0.6948
0. 6241
0.6013
0. 7334
0. 6550
0. 7874
0.27
0.30
0.15
0.22
0.25
0.29
•
0. 7696
0. 6730
0.7854
0.6465
0.6890
0. 7149
0. 7-->02
0. 7624
0. 7075
0. 7995
0.68341
0. 6802 )
0. 6337
0.28
0.80
0.90
0.57
1.07
0.39
0.84
0.19
0.46
1.41
0.14
1.15
0. 6928
0.25
43.17
0. 6708
0. 7880
0.83
0.90
0.7294
0.87
45.45
0, 6691
0.7185
0.61
1.00
0. 6938
0.81
43.24
0. 7158
0. 7143
0. 7431
0.42
0.83
0.27
0.7244
0.51
45.14
0. 7275
0. 8071
0. 7673
0.47
1.17
0.82
47.82
0.6834
i
0.17
1.21
42.59
0.6420
40.00
21 FOE
322
FOREST TREES. OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAV1TY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OP
GKOWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
416
599
40-
40*
403
50
135
512
687
729
573
18
258'
258«
258»
516
727
868
9
44»
443
55'
119
765
853
11
87
870
877
3047
46
73'
73«
New Mexico
Finos Altos mount-
ains.
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
Harrodaburg
...do
E. L. Greene
G. Engelmflnn and
C. S. Sargent.
W. M. Linney
do
Dry, rocky
do
0.203
49
20
Kentucky
....do
Shingle Oat. Laurel Oak.
.. do ..
... do
.... do do
G. W. Lettennan
... do
do
do
Tullalioma
A. Gattinger
Moist, siliceous . . .
0.184
0.400
15
25
Willow Oak. Peach Oak.
California
85
Tanbark Oak. Chestnut Oak. Peach
Oak.
....do
Mendocino county . .
Hot Springs ...
Arnold Arboretum .
A. Kellogg .. .
Chinquapin.
G. "W. Lettennan
C. S. Sargent
0.615
Chinquapin.
Massachusetts —
Virginia
Drift
0.666
34
42
Chestnut.
H. Shriver ... .
Moist . ...
do
do
do
....do
do
do
do
do
Tennessee
Pennsylvania
Massachusetts
...do
Nashville
Williamsport
Danvers
Arnold Arboretum .
Mercer county
do
A. Gattinger
C.G.Pringle
Sandy
0.110
0.190
4
8
21
26
C.S. Sargent
Drift
Seech.
292. Ostrya Virginica
W.M. Linney
do
Hudson River
shale.
....do
do
do
do
do
.. do
do
do
do
<ln
Dansville
W.J.Beal Gravelly
A H Curtiss d«
0.272
0.285
0.085
82
2«
35
Massachusetts
....do
Hamilton
Arnold Arboretum . .
.J.Robinson
C.S.Sargent
G. W. Lettennan
....do
Drift
Rich loam
44
Sop Hornbeam, Iron Wood, Lever
Wood.
Massachusetts
....do
do
....do
....do
do
0.190
62
14
G. W. Lettennan
W.M.Linnoy
...do...
Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech.
Iron Wood.
Mercer county
...do ...
Trenton limestone
...do ..,
...do..
THE WOODS OF TPIE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
323
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETEKMINATIOKB. ASH DETEI1MIXATIOXS.
Welgnt.ppr
i-uliic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Kemarka.
Office number.
First. Second. Third. Avcnidf.
First.
Second. Average.
0. 7826
( 0. 7774
1 0. 8208
0. 7402
0. 7234
0.8332
0. 7517
0. 7200
0.7532
0.6650
0. 5520
0. 5698
0. 3829
0. 4720
0. 4716
0.4494
0. 4693
0. 4663
0.4613
0.6663
0. 6200
0.6343
0.7992
0.7150
0. 7619
0.6897
0. 7017
0. 7608
0. 8919
0. 8512
0.8491
0. 7818
0.7657
0.7264
0. 7526
0. 8304
0. 8065
0. 7952
1.27
C 1.S1
1 1.114
0.23
0.65
0.79
0.22
0.23
0.51
1.65
0.35
0.12
0.10
0.26
0.21
LSI
1.35}
1.42J
1.27
1.41
416
599
40'
40''
40»
50
135
512
687
729
573
18
258'
258»
258»
516
727
868
9
44»
44"
55«
55«
119
765
853
11
87
870
877
1047
46
73'
78*
0. 7735
0. 7394
0. 8089 )
0. 8009
1.34
49.91
0. 7398
0. 7234
0. 8332
0. 7439
ii. 7-4;;
0 23
0 65
0.79
0.28
0.21
0. 7360
0.7285
0. 7412
0.7004
0.5627
0.6076
0. 3827
0.34
0.18
0.48
1.41
0.7529
0.43
46.92
0. 7472
0.50
46.56
0. 6827
1.49
42.55
0.5574
0.35
34.74
0.11
0.12
0.5887
0.12
36.69
0. 3828
0. 4720
0. 4716
0 4494
0.11
0 26
0.21
0. 4693
0.4455
0. 4621
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.34
0.75
0.70
0.57
0.54
0.31
0.47
0.29
0.34
0.49
0.53
0.55
0.51
0.76
0.80
1.34
0.21
0.17
0.12
0.20
0.17
0.13
0.4247
0. 4594
0.6556
0.4656
0.4504
0.18
28.07
0.6610
0.6200
0.6343
0.7992
0. 7175
0. 7112
0. 6729
0.6904
0.33
0.34
0.75
•
0.70
0 57
Bed beech ,
"White beech
0.7200
0.6605
0. 6560
0.6825
0. 7636
0.51
0.35
0.47
0.34
Whitebeech
0.38
0.6870
0.38
0.37
0.67
0.66
0.51
0.39
0.80
0.79
First and second sp. cr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood ;
third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood.
0.6883
0.51
42.89
0. 7622
0.8919
0. 8595
0.8440
0.7842
0.36
0.58
0.60
0.53
0.45"
0. 8402
0. 8296
0.7940
0. 7711
0. 8870
0.8534
0. 7768
0.8284
0.50
51.62
0.7684
0.7264
0. 7515
0.78
0.80
1.34
0.7504
324
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
!
3
§
i
o
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYKKS OK
GROWTH.
Sail-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
77
872
1038
10
818
223
224
225
722
836
990
1065
1066
1067
528
629
155
2301
230'
843
1068
1069
1070
136
398
841
842
1184
4
221
844
G. W. Lettennan
J. Robinson
....do
C.S. Sargent
Rich, alluvial
Low, rich
Gravelly
Drift
0.052
0.170
0.196
22
10
16
BETULACB^:.
204. Betula alba, war. popnlifolia
Massachusetts
....do
....do
....do
Vermont
do
Danvers
....do
Arnold Arboretum . .
Dan vers
Charlotte
do
26
33
White Sink. Old-Jleld Birch, dray
Birch.
J. .Robinson
C. G Pringle
Gravelly
Canoe Bireh. White Birch. Paper
Birch.
do
do
do
do ....
do
...do
Wet
0.234
0.188
26
67
Alaska
Chilcoot inlet
Paul Schultze .
Vermont
....do
Charlotte
do
C.G. Pringle
do
do
do .
do
Engelmann's canon.
Strawberry valley . .
Charlotte
Eobert Douglas
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent
C. G. Pringle
Black Birch.
California
Yettow Birch. Gray Birch.
do
do
do
Clay
....do
Massachusetts
....do
Danvers
Charlotte
. do
...do
Gravelly
do
0.160
34
C.G.Pringle
... do
....do
do
. do
do
do
do
do
•
G. W. Letterman ...
do
Red Birch. River Birch.
•
299 Betula lenta .
do
do
Alluvial
Massachusetts
do
North Andover
do
J. Robinson
do
....do
do
0.192
0.214.
30
32
8
Missouri
Massachusetts. . .
Vermont
Massachusetts
Alleuton
Arnold Arboretum . .
Charlotte
Danvers
G. W. Letterman . . .
C.S.Sargent
C.G.Pringle
Drift
0.362
0.118
12
41
61
22
Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sweet
Bireh. Mahogany Birch.
Gravelly
do . .
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATE;'— Continued.
325
SPECIFIC GKAVITY
DETEimixvr
Third.
IONS.
ABH mCTKUSUXAIIOXS.
\\Yi^ht, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
A \'rr;l^i\
First.
Second.
Average
0. 7591
0. 7014
0. 7080
0. 5301
0. 0330
0.4594
0.6021
0.6086
0. 6240
0. 6290
0.6081
0. 6801
0. 6002
0.5804
0. 5880
0.6543
0. 5759
0. 7047
0.6416
0. 7032
0.6468
0.6380
0. 6557
0.5608
0.5554
0. 5910
0. 6049
0. 5556
0. 7555
0.7344
0. 8115
0. C907
0. 7085
0. 6804
0. 7249
0. 7079
0. 6927
0.60
0.88
0. 55
0.32
0.28
0.24
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.25
0.26
0.18
0.44
0.29
0.33
0.60
0.16
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.30
0.27
0.38
0.38
0.44
0.16
0.25
0.26
0.52
0.93
0.65
0.27
0.28
0.24
0.31
0.22
0.22
0.19
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.18
0.37
0.20
0.56
0.91
0.60
77
87Z
1038
10
848
223
224
225
722
836
990
1065
1066
10«7
528
629
165
230'
230»
843
1068
10«9
1070
138
198
841
842
1184
4
221
844
0. 7137
0. 6896
0. 7286
0.83
45.41
0 5301
O.JO
0.28
0.6088
0. 4757
0.5979
0. 6207
0. 6096
0. 6260
0. 6060
0. 6227
0.5665
0. 5908
0. 6183
0. 5777
0. 6237
0.6061
0. 6160
0. 5760
0.29
35.90
0. 4676
0.6000
11. irj'.i;
0. 6168
0.6315
0.6070
0.6380
0.5837
0.5849
0.24
0.31
0.24
0.24
0.20
0.26
0.27
0.25
0.24
First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood; second sp.
ST. determination made on 0.75 sap-wood.
0.6395
0. 6112
0.5843
0. 5745
0. 5955
0.25
37.11
0. 6032
0. 6028
0.18
0.41
0. 5763
0. 6030
0.30
37.58
0. 5998
0.7047
0.6416
0.7104
0.6445
0.6369
0.6494
0.25
0.33
0 60
0.875 sap-wood
0. 7200
0. 6293
0.6472
0.6543
0. 5721
0.5508
0. 5759
0. 5975
0. 5836
0. 7604
0.6945
0. 8160
0. 7080
0. 6573
0.6256
0.6382
0.25
0.25
0.22
0.27
0.31
0.31
0.38
0.38
0.40
0.20
0.32
0.33
0.20
0.27
0.25
0.27
0.6553
0.31
40.84
0.5665
0.5531
0.5827
0.5996
0. 5793
0.31
0.29
0.38
0.38
0.42
0. 5811
0. 5965
0. 5988
0. 5762
0.35
35.91
0. 7579
0. 7145
0.8128
0.18
0.29
0.30
0. 8109
0. 7617
0.26
47.47
326
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT
Species.
OfBoe number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GBOWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
809
810
967
991
1025
717
979
694
541
611
374
862
232
855
884
008
911
690
1219
640
981
889
1174
955
Delaware
... do
Adger'smill
Pepper's mill
W.M.Canby
....do
Moist, sandy loam.
do
0.108
25
Seaside Alder.
Sitka
Paul Schultze
Alder.
Washington ter-
ritory.
G-. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Portland Furniture
Company.
Wet
Alder.
San Bernardino
Stockton
Altamaha river
W G Wright
Alder.
C.Mohr
A.H.Curtias
C. G. Pringle
Wet
0.108
38
Black Alder. Smooth Alder.
Wet loam
Speckled Alder. Hoary Alder. Black
Alder.
SALICACE.5:.
306 Salix nigra
Massachusetts
Danvers
J. Robinson
C G Pringle
....do
Black Willow.
Massachusetts —
Utah
Topsflcld
Allnvial
0.202
12
50
Salt Lake City
Clav .
Willow.
308. Salii Uevigata
Canon City
E. Weston
do
.. .do
California
G-. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent
Moist, sandy
Willow.
do
do
-
Willow.
....do
Strawberry valley . .
Portland
City Creek canon . . .
Eockford
Matagorda bay
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
F. Skinner
M. E. Jones
M. S.Bebb
C.Mohr
Alluvial
Utah
Gravelly
0.120
4
11
310. Salix longifolia
Illinois
Sand-bar Willow.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DBY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
327
SPECIFIC GBAVITY DKTEUMIKATIONB.
ASH DKTKKMIXATIOXS.
Weight, per
rubic 1'imt,
ill pounds
(average).
Kemarks.
Office number.
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
Tint,
Second.
Average.
0. 4988
0.4923
0.4922
0.4855
0.4829
( 0.45581
( 0. 4427 )
0. 4172
0. 4138
0. 4714
0. 4573
0.4029
0.4960
0. 4327
0.4790
0.4530
0.4689
0. 4612
0. 4916
0. 4810
0.4502
0.5063
0. 4576
0.4901
0.5221
0. 5186
0.4889
0.4851
0.4847
0.4565
0. 3722
0. 4183
0.3823
0.4635
0. 4738
0.4842
0.4642
0. 4102
0. 4621
0.5087
0.4906
0.34
0.37
0.39
0.59
0.36
( 0.39
J
( 0.43
0.19
0.42
0.32
0.47
0.47
0.38
0.62
0.65
0.55
( 1.08
t 1.38
0.56
0.60
0.61
1.09
0.53
0.46
1.02
0.35
0.47
0.40
0.49
0.28
0.45)
0.30)
0.25
0.43
0.34
0.39
0.40
0.40
0.79
0.71
0.89
0.91)
1.08)
0.60
0.5D
0.73
0.72
0.58
0.49
1.09
0.35
0.42
809
810
967
991
1025
717
979
094
541
611
374
802
232
855
884
908
911
690
1219
640
981
889
1174
955
0.4996
0.39
31.13
0.4887
0.4856
0.4697
0.39
0.54
0.32
0.3604
First sp. ffr. determination made on sap. wood ; second sp. gr.
determination niado on 0.5 sap-wood.
0.4813
0.42
29.99
0.4077
0.4178
0.39
0.22
0. 4127
0.31
25.72
0. 3981
0.42
24.81
0. 4675
0.4656
0.33
0.43
0.4666
0.38
29.08
0. 4436
0. 4778
0.44
0.39
0. 4732
28.71
0.4607
0.42
0. 4215
0.4696
0.71
0.68
0. 4676
First and second sp. gr. determinations made on 0.66 sap- wood;
third sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood.
0.4456
0.70
27.77
0.4530
0.4488
0.72
1.11
0.4448)
0. 4201 )
0.4828
0. 4702
0. 4536
0.4573
0. 4619
0.4959
0.5324
0.4509
0.92
28.10
0. 4872
0.58
30.36
0.4756
0.60
29.64
0.4519
0. 4575
0.67
0.91
0. 4089
-
0.4547
0.79
28.34
0.4598
0.56
28.65
0. 4930
0.48
30.72
0.5482
0.5342
1.06
33.29
328
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT
Speciea.
1
a
S
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OP
snowrH.
Sap-
wooU.
Hoart-
wood.
311 Silix scssilifolia
1143
859
1225
641
721
888
072
966
1175
1180
669
1161
272'
272'
272 '
411
1035
157
847
522
554
159
961
Mouth of Willam-
ette river.
Alluvial
Massachusetts
New York
0.091
7
6
Glaucous Willow.
Ellcnburg
Pinos Altos mount-
ains.
Pattee's canon, Mis-
soula.
City Creek canon . . .
Seattle
J.H. Sears
...do
S.Watson
Rich, moist
Moist, gravelly . . .
0.060
0.160
13
22
4
10
Utah
Washington terri-
tory.
G. Eng^lmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Black Willow.
314 Salix Hookeriana
R. W. Furnas
W.G.Wright
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent
Alluvial
...do
0.148
0.117
0.128
5
8
10
11
14
Diamond Wittow.
«
316 Salix lasiolepis
Sioux City
WiUow.
Sanvie's Island
Alluvial
Silky WiUow.
T. S. Brandegee
do
Aspen, Quaking Asp.
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Moist
Massachusetts —
Danvers
J. Robinson
C G Pringle
0.137
17
7
Poplar.
Massachusetts —
J. Robinson
Gravelly
Alluvial
0.220
41
'
River Cottontaood. Swamp Oottonwood
Alabama
Stockton
C.Mohr
C.G. Pringle
PaulSchnltie
....do
jlaltam. Tacamahac. Balm of Gilead.
Alaska
Alluvial
........
,
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— (Joutiiiued.
329
M'KCIFIU OKAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
AMI HKTKIIMINATIOX8.
Weight, prr
nibir, foot,
in pounds
(im-rajti').
Remarks.
Office number, j
First.
Second.
Third.
Avi-niuc.
First.
Sivuml.
Avcrii.uc.
0. 4326
SO. 4930
0. 4434
0. 3974
0. 4912
0.5234
0. 4923
0.5320
0.5471
0. 5750
0. 6393
0. 5704
0.5011
0.3785
0. 3579
0.3569
0. 4880
1 0. 4184
( 0. 4227
0. 5119
0. 4205
0. 4023
0.4115
0. 3524
0.3843
0.4545
0. 4184 »
0. 4643 )
0. 4319
0. 4397
0.49
0.48
0.36
0.79
0.36
0.67
0.43
0.33
0.49
0.72
1.01
0.67
0.76
0.72
0.49
0.37
0.68
0.42
0.72
0.34
0.32
0.44
0.71
0.95
0.52
0.50
27.40
1143
859
1225
641
721
888
072
06«
1175
1180
669
1161
272'
272»
272 »
411
1035
157
847
622
554
159
061
0.4548
0.3974
0.49
0.37
0. 5081
0. 4953
0. 4707
0. 5504
0. 5229
0.5683
0.6450
0. 5323
0. 5133
0. 42C1
0.43
26.55
0. 4997
0.5094
0.4815
0.74
0.39
0.70
0.49C9
0.61
30.97
0. 5412
0.39
33.73
0.5350
0.32
33.34
0. 5716
0.6422
0.47
0.72
0. 5734
0.6069
0.59
37.82
0. 5587
0.98
34.82
0.5072
0.59
31.61
0.3785
0. 3579
0. 3569
0. 4951
0. 4278
0.76
0.72
0.5021
0. 4255 -I
0.4446$
0. 4872
0. 4416
0.4113
0.4105
0.3404
0 3768
0.31
0.43
0.31
0.39
0.43
0.47
0.70
0.90
0.72
0.40
0.31
0.41
1
0.4032
0.55
25.13
0.4996
0. 4268
0.43
0.46
0. 4182
0.45
0.74
0.90
1.12
0.39
0.4632
0.45
2a87
0. 4068
0.4110
0.72
0.90
0. 4089
0.81
25.48
0.3464
0.3806
0.92
0.40
0.3635
0.66
22.65
330
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
I
n
s
State.
Locality.
Collector.
'
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GBOWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
321. Populus balsamifera, tar. candicans . . .
1054
552
1012
1028
199
234
255
304
309
754
659
646
579
634
662
104
379
782
783
790
792
796
874
1099
1017
1021
350
850
851
852
Massachusetts...
Topsfleld
Munitou Springs —
Saint John's Barrel
Factory, Portland.
Portland Furniture
Company.
Barney and Smith
Manufacturing Co.
Charlotte
Allenton
. do
J. Kobiu.'On
Robert Douglas
F.Skinnor
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
E. E. Barney
Gravelly
0.203
0.098
11
10
19
11
Jtlack Cottonwood.
Oregon
....do
Black Cottonwood. Balsam Cottonwood.
324. Populus monilifera
Ohio
Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Caro-
lina Poplar. Big Cottonwood.
Vermont
Missouri
....do
C. G. Pringlo
Alluvial
G. W. Letterman
do
....do
do
Texas
Dallas
do
0.806
0.250
0.444
5
20
16
59
Florida
Chattahoochee
Sacramento valloy . .
San Bernardino
Saw-mill, Straw,
berry valley.
...do
A.H.Cnrtiss
G.E.Vasey
W. G. Wright
.-..do
....do
....do
California
19
Cottonwood.
325. Populns Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
... do
...do
....do
Oottonwood. White Cottonwood.
CONIFERS.
326. Libocedrus decurrens
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
..do
White Cedar. Bastard Cedar. Pott
Cedar. Incense Cedar.
327. Thuya occidentalis
....do
Vermont
Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino mountains.
W.G.Wright
C. G. Pringle
White Cedar. Arbor-vitas.
328. Thuyagigantea
....do
....do
....do
do
New Brunswick . .
Intercolonial rail-
way.
Ed. Sinclair
....do
Province of Quebec
....do
A. Grant
Grand Trunk rail-
way.
. do
...do
Mattawamkeag
0.172
19
71
H. C. Putnam
Drift
Weidler's saw-mill,
Portland.
Portland Furniture
Company.
Cottage Hill
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
... do
Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar.
329. ChamEBcyparis sphaeroidea . . .
....do
C.Mohr
0.298
7
20
White Oedar.
Massachusetts
do
do
do .
do
do
do
.. do
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
331
SPECIFIC GUAVITY DETEKlimATIOKS.
'
ASH DETKEMINATION8.
Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
1
4
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Sci'oiid.
Average.
0. 3959
0. 3942
0. 3511
0.4163
0. 3817
0. 3939
0. 3315
0. 3201
0.4706
0. 4355
0.5490
0. 4817
0. 3891
0.3428
0. 4586
0.3048
0.2847
0.3284
0.3163
0. 3016
0. 3452
0. 3108
0.3584
0. 3121
0.3996
0. 3460
0. 3337
0. 3105
0. 3038
0.2990
0. 4222
0. 3881
0. 3656
0. 3937
0. 3946
0. 3302
0.3444
0. 3231
0. 4778
0.4632
0. 4655
•
0. 4176
0. 3830
0. 3769
0. 4596
0. 3021
0. 2870
0. 3275
0. 3275
0.3007
0.2880
0. 3104
0.3529
0.3232
0. 4178
0. 3551
0. 3447
0.3644
0. 3036
0.3091
0.4301
0. 4161
0.48
0.82
1.47
1.56
1.34
0.68
1.18
0.83
1.09
0.69
0.77
1.17
0.03
0.13
0.08
0.29
0.29
0.49
0.39
0.29
0.36
0.43
0.39
0.37
0.12
0.24
0.94
0.17
0.13
0.11
0.43
0.75
0.87
1.18
1.43
0.94
0.92
0.79
0.96
0.60
0.46
25.93
Cultivated. First and second sp. gr. determinations made on
sap-wood.
1054
552
1012
1028
199
234
255
304
809
754
659
646
579
634
662
104
379
782
783
790
792
796
874
1099
1017
1021
350
850
851
852
0. 3912
0.79
24.38
0.3567
0.3578
0. 4050
1.17
1.37
0. 3814
1.27
23.77
0. 3882
0. 3621
0. 3380
0. 3216
8. 4742
0.4494
1.39
0.81
LOS
0.81
1.03
0.65
0.4597
0. 4860
•
0.3889
O.M
24.24
0. 4914
0.77
30.62
1.09
0.04
0.17
0.05
0.25
0.29
0.51
0.44
0.31
0.44
0.37
0.34
0.38
0.14
0.19
0.90
0.15
0.11
0.13
0. 4621
1.13
28.80
0. 3861
0. 3599
0. 4591
0.04
0.15
0.06
0. 4017
0.08
25.03
0. 3035
0. 2859
0.3280
0. 3237
0. 3012
0.3166
0.3106
0.3603
0. 3177
0.27
0.29
0.50
0.42
0.30
0.40
0.40
0.37
0.38
0.3272
0.3697
-
0.3164
0.37
19.72
0.4087
0. 3506
0.13
0.22
0.3796
0.17
23.66
0. 3392
0.3277
0. 3085
0.3536
0.92
0.16
0.12
0.12
0.3081
0.3182
0.4527
0.3322
0.33
20.70
332
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
i
a
1
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GKOWTU.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
969
983
991
1000
701
707
675
691
1100
798
1149
1229
887
555
592
692
624
420
527
939
1102
14
327
734
800
837
924
1055
Sitka
Ttllow 'Cypress. Sitka Cypress.
British Columbia .
Alaska
Saw-mill, Victoria ..
Peril strait
Or. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
...do
"WYidlcr's saw-mill,
Portland, Oregon.
Dean & Co.'s saw-
mill, Marshfleld.
G. Engelmanu and
C. S. Sargent.
.do
Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Cedar.
White Cedar. Lawson's Cyprest.
Ginger Pine.
. do
do
California
do
Monterey Cypress.
....do
do
Marin county
Calistoga
San Francisco mount-
ains.
Santa Catalina
mountains.
San Bernardino
county.
Lewiston
G.K.Vasey
W.F.Fisher
0.283
0.234
95
36
«
....do
Eastern Arizona . .
i
do
do
Juniper.
336. Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis . .
Juniper.
Utah
M. E. Jones
....do
Stony
0.072
55
12
Juniper.
Santa Rita mount-
ains,
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
do
do
..do
Juniper.
338. JiiDiperns occidentalis, var. monosperma
Juniper.
338. Joniperua occidentals, nor. conjngens..
Juniper.
New Mexico
Silver City
Manitou Springs. . . .
Anstin
do
Stony
0.175
0.134
22
23
64
28
Robert Douglas
C. Mohr
Gravelly
Limestone —
do
do
Massachusetts
Texas
Arnold Arboretum .
Dallas
Chattahoocb.ee
Saint John's river ..
Dauvers
Chattahoochee
C. S. Sargent
* Drift
0.230
0.484
19
16
49
66
Red Cedar. Savin.
J. Keverchon
A. H. Cnrtiss
....do
J. Robinson
C. Mohr
Calcareous
....do
Florida . ..
Massachusetts
Florida
Drift ,
Alluvial
Drift
0.203
15
37
Massachusetts
\
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
A -11 HETBRMINA'I II
UVi^ht. JMT
rllllii- I'.iOl.
in pounds
(uvrra^i ).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second. Third. Avi:r:w.
First.
Second.
0.34
0.32
0. 32
0.38
0.4011
0. 4987
0. 5356
0. 4555
0.4356
0. 4380
0. 6260
0. 4492
0. 4620
0. 4648
0. 4826
0.6309
0. 5504
0. 5744
0.5085
0. 5185
0. 5724
0. 7329
0. 6768
0.4484
0. 5010
0. 5166
0.4686
0. 4487
0. 5259
0. 6263
0.4733
0. 4910
0. 4643
0. 5272
0. 0255
ft ".I,!)
0. 6965
0. 5619 )
(<. r.:;-Ji $
0. 5807
0. 7440
0. 6935
0. 6967
0.6840
0.5045
0. 4493
0.5310
0. 4727 '
0. 4693
0.4705
0. 4937
(1. .IU4.S
0. 4999
0. 5261
0.4631
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.39
0.07
0.08
0.55
0.41
0.54
0.43
0.41
0.77
0.47
0.11
( 0.07
\ 0.08
0.12
0.68
0.89
0.45
0.39
0.15
0.12
0.16
0.13
0.16
0.16
0.09
0.37
0.84
0.34
0.36
0.12
0.09
0.59
0.35
0.47
0.38
0.51
0.73
0.51
0.16
0.07J
0.09$
0.12
0.68
0.86
0.47
0.53
0.14
0.14
0.17
0.08
0.14
0.12
0.09
969
983
994
1000
701
707
075
691
1100
798
1149
1229
887
555
592
692
624
420
527
939
1102
14
327
734
800
837
924
1055
•
0. 4782
0.34
29.80
0.4422
0.4819
0.10
0.09
.
0. 4liL'l
0.10
28.80
0. 6261
0.57
39.02
0. 4613
0. 4765
0.38
0.51
0. 4617
•
0.4689
0.45
29.22
0. 4638
0.5049
0.41
0.46
0.4843
0.44
30.18
0.6282
0.75
39.15
0. 5:,2L'
0.49
34.41
0. 6355
0.5302
0.14
0.08
0.5829
0.11
36.32
0.5765
0.12
35.93
0.7385
0. 6852
0.68
0.88
0. 7119
0.78
44.36
0.6967
0. 6846
0.46
0.46
0. 6750
0. 5112
0. 4585
0. 5455
0.4901
0.4804
0.4838
0.5290
0.6948
0.6907
0.46
43.04
0.5079
0.4539
0. 5433
0. 4814
0. 4743
0. 4761
0. 5111
0.14
0.13
0.18
0.11
0.15
0.14
O.iW
0. 5533
0.4733
0. 4740
0. 5107
0.4926
0.13
30.70
334
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
OfDce number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
OEOWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
535
542
543
581
582
741
894'
894'
92:(
1212
1213
1214,
657
666
073
710
711>
71 1»
712
713
714
715
978
305
62
277
651
1
164
208
222
723
777
Stockton
C Mohr
Alluvial
Said Cypress, Black Cypress. Red
Cypress. White Cypress. Decidu-
ous Cypress.
•
do
Otis & Co., saw-mill.
do
do
....do
do
do
do
Little Kock
G- "W. Letterman
. do .. .
do
..do .
do
....do
A H Curtiss
0.514
55
230
Department of Ag-
riculture.
do
Stockton
C.Molir
do
AlluTial
do
Bayou La Battery . .
...do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Alluvial
Big Tree.
9
do
do
....do
....do
....do
do
C S Sargent
Redwood.
Turner, Kennedy
& Shaw,
do
do . ..
do
do
... do
....do
do
Mendocino county..
do
J Kentfleld <fe Co
do
do
do
..do
do
do
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
A. H. Curtiss
0.279
8
45
Tew.
Flat Creek
yew.
....do
do
Alluvial
Stinking Cedar. Savin.
346. Torreya Californica
do .
A H Cnrtiss
Calcareous
0.284
0.361
0.510
12
20
19
78
73
51
i
G.K.Vasey
C.S. Sargent
Stony
Drift
California: Nutmeg. Stinking Cedar.
Massachusetts
Arnold Arboretum .
"Woodsum Machine
Company.
Barney & Smith
Manufacturing Co.
Charlotte
White Pine. Weymouth Pine.
....do
Vermont
Pennsylvania
.....In
C.G.Pringle
do
py
way.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF i)UY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
335
SPECIFIC GKAV1TY DETEKMIXATIOXS.
ASH IIKTEIIMIXATIONB.
Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
SecoDd. Third.
A vrr:tt:i'.
First.
Second. Averace.
0. 455D
0.5114
0. 5017
0. 4682
0. 4683
0. 4159
0.2444
0. 2362
f 0. 3442
1 0. 4282
10. 4599
0. 4112
0.3860
0. 4123
0. 4878
( 0. 3234
( 0. 3236
0. 2524
0. 3788
0. 4242
0.3963
0. 4912
0. 3015
0. 3610
0. 5226
0.4827
0.6390
0.6340
0.6034
0.4728
0. 4823
0.3946
0.3481
0.3400
0.4880
0. 3690
0. 3606
0. 4442
0. 4800
11. .7J-J4
(I. 4545
0. 5031
0. 4094
0. 2013
0. 2394
0. 3056
0. 3705
0. 5022
0. 4336
0.3750
. 0. 4957
0. 4904
0.32021
0. 3289 )
0. 2523
0.3965
0. 4281
0.4444
0.4562
0. 2982
0. 3612
0. 4714
0. 5181
0.6553
0. 4501
0. 5005
O.B121
0. 4614
0. 4857
0. 4020
0.44
0.35
0.06
0.38
0.34
0.27
0 56
0.40
0.31
0.52
0.45
0.29
0.36
0.42
0.33
0.59
0.42
0.32
0.32
535
542
543
581
582
741
804'
894'
923
1212
1213
1214
657
666
673
710
711'
711»
712
713
714
715
978
306
62
277
651
1
164
208
222
723
777
0. 3808
Butt of knee
1'. :,-,
( 0.33-t
\ 0.48)
0.50
0.51
0.36
C 0.54
\ 0.41
0.50
0.12
0.16
0.11
0.14
0.06
0.18
0.17
0.10
0.22
0.20
1.08
0.25
1.27
0.11
0.13
0.22
0.23
0.18
0.23
1
0. 4072
0. 3805
0.4540
0. 481)1
0.44
0.50
0.52
0.37
f From opposite aides of center of tree next to heart . .
One tree.
J
0.50
0.53
0.37
0.501
0.33)
0.64
0.23
0.19
0. 3492 j
I
0.4543
0.42
27.65
0.3240
0. 2524
0.44
0.57
0. 2882
0.50
18.20
0. 3877
0. 4262
0.4204
0. 4737
0.2999
0. 3611
0.4970
0. 5004
0.17
0.18
0.11
0.14
0.09
0.17
0.17
0.12
0.11
0.15
0.16
0.13
0.22
0.22
1.38
0.21
1.40
0.19
0.17
0.20
0.21
0.12
0.30
0.6230
0.4208
0.14
26.22
0.6391
0.22
39.83
0.6340
0.21
39.51
0.5369
0.4447
0.4696
0. 4106
0. 3459
0.3418
0.6461
0. 3850
0. 3140
0. 5702
0.4588
1.23
0.23
0. 5145
0.73
32.06
0.4760
1.34
29.66
0. 4026
0. 3470
0.3409
0.5670
0. 3770
0. 3373
0.15
0.15
0.21
0.22
Q. 15
0.26
336
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Speciea.
1
a
i
1
State.
Locality.
Collector. *
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
788
789
797
1044
975
987
638
668
730
819
913
992
597
602
66 1
656
1226
397
823
882
891
900
916
577
631
821
914
194
Now Brunswick ..
Province of Que-
bec.
....do
Massachusetts ....
British Columbia .
Brid<reton
Ed. Sinclair
A. Grant
Reading
Basting's saw-mill,
Burrard inlet.
Cascade mountains .
Saw-mill, Straw-
berry valley.
Grank Trunk rail-
way.
J. Robinson
G. Eupt.'lmann and
C. S. Sargent.
C. S. Sargent
G. Engelmaun and
C. S. Sargent.
G. E. Vasey
Drift
0.215
15
16
White Pint.
California
Sugar Pine.
do
....do
Lassen's peak
Forest City
Monitor range
Silver Mountain val-
ley, Eraser river.
Santa Kita mount-
ains.
Pinos Altos mount-
ains.
Santa Eita mount-
ains.
San Diego county. . .
Santa Catalina
mountains.
Canon City
Sierra Lumber Com-
pany, San Fran-
cisco.
T. S. Brandegee
A Triple
Gravelly
do
0.502
38
120
White Pine.
Nevada
British Columbia .
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
0.494
50
160
Rocky . .
White Pine.
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
G.R.Vasey!
C. G. Pringle
California
Pinon. Nut Pine.
Nut Pine.
E. Weston
Gravelly
0.284
30
79
Pinon. Nut Pine.
Eastern Arizona..
Utah
Eastern Arizona..
California
San Francisco mount-
ains.
Lewiston
San Francisco mount-
ains.
do
Pinon. Nut Pine.
M. E. Jones
Rocky
0.164
19
66
Department of Ag-
riculture.
A. Triple
G. Engclmanu and
C. S. Sargent.
Nevada
California
Danville
Scott mountains
Gravelly
Rocky
0.368
75
309
Forest City
Prospect moun ta i n
Barney &. Smith
Mannfavtui'io'iCo
T. S. Brandegee
A Triple
0.450
44
136
Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.
Michigan
E. 1 Baiuoy ..
........ ....
Red Pine. Norway Pine.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
337
22 FOR
BI'ECIFIC GRAVITY DETEUMIXA I
AM! IIETKIIMIXAIIONB.
fllltic tuot,
in pounds
(average),
Bemarka.
1
First.
Second.
Third.
A \ erage.
First.
Si-i-nnd. Average.
0. 3991
0. 3624
0. 3905
0.3303
0. 4291
I). 3684
0.4066
0. 3782
0. 3153
0.4965
0. 4209
0. 4233
0. 4729
0. 4986
0. 4869
U.5628
0.6695
0.5813
0. 6000
0.4499
0.6140
0. 5715
0.5585
0. 5434
0. 5580
0.4997
0. 6149
0. 4872
0. 3970
0. 3463
0. 3725
0. 3513
0. 4102
0. 3354
0. 4014
0.3889
0. 3201
0. 4031
0. 3080
0.3543
0. 3815
0.3485
0.20
0.19
0.21
0.10
0.26
0.15
0.17
0.29
0.22
0.20
0.35
0.30
C 0.24
\ 0.27
0.30
0.54
0.88
0.57
0.78
0.67
0.72
0.89
0.41
SO. 41
0.38
0.18
0.42
0.23
0 20
788
789
797
1044
975
987
638
608
730
819
913
(92
597
602
661
656
1226
397
823
882
891
900
915
577
631
821
914
194
0.19
9.13
o.ia
0.28
0.21
0.16
0.24
0.20
0.19
0.21
0.12
0.3438
0.3854
0.19
24.02
0. 4197
0.3619
0. 3908
0.27
0.18
Cut at 3 800 feet elevation
0.23
24.35
0.4040
0. 3835
0. 3177
0.17
0.27
0.23
0. 4526
Secondsp.gr. determination made on sap-wood. Cntat elevation
of 10,000 feet.
0.3684
0.22
22.96
0.4507
0.4209
0.20
0.35
0.4097
0.5253
0.4961
0.4696
0. 5721
0.6330
0.6963
0.5563
0.4644
0. 7617
0. 5230
0.23
0.241
0.20 5
0.27
0.4358
0.28
27.16
0.4165
0.27
25.96
0. 5052 1
0. 4847 )
0. 4971
0. 4783
0. 4877
0.24
0.28
0.26
30.39
0.5675
0.51
35.37
0.92
0.68
0.65
0.77
0.72
0.76
0. (J512
0.90
40.58
0.6388
0.62
39.81
0. 5781
0. 4572
0.6878
0.5473
0. 5585
0.71
0.72
0.72
0.83
0.41
0.5409
0.5476
0.5319
0. 5273 >
0.411
0.42)
0.18
0.68
One tree <
0.5658
35.26
0.5434
0.40
33.86
0.4671
0.4996
0. 6149
0.18
0.42
0.4838
0.18
0. 5572
0.30
34 72
0. 4855
0.20
333
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
315
413
779
785
1074
1075
1076
996
1144
1154
1155
1156
619
026
630
632
636
689
718
731
907
910
1007
578
633
667
593
664
997
293
563
625
571
644
\V j Beal
Clay
Intercolonial rail-
way.
Ed. Sinclair
C. G. Pringle
do
Vermont
do
Bridge toil
Charlotte
. do
do
1
California
Arizona
do
San Diego county. . .
Santa Rita mount-
ains,
do
G. Engelmann
C. G. Pringle
do
Sandy
Rocky
do
0.234
82
8
Yellow Pine.
do
. . do
do .
.. do
do
do
do
do
Dead wood
Saw-mill, Ashland..
Robert Douglas
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent,
do
Gravelly
TeUow Pine. Sidl Pine.
California
do
do
do
do.
Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.
W G Wright
Sierra Lumber Com-
pany.
E Weston
do
do
.do
California
Saw-mill, Sau Ber-
nardino.
Scott mountains ....
do
W. G. Wright
•
....do
...do
G. Eogelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
... do
Butt Pine. Black Pine.
do
California
Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.
Santa Rita mount-
ains,
do
W G Wright
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
.do
Dry, gravelly
....do
0.510
102
53
.<jo
British Columbia. .
Vancouver's island
Forest City
. .. do
Scott mountains ....
*
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
T. S. Brandegee
C. S. Sargent
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Scrub Pine.
Moist, sandy loam.
....do
do
0.269
43
23
Tamarack. Stack Pine. Lodge-pole
Pine. Spruce Pine.
....do
....do
....do
Digger Pine. Bull Pine.
Contra Costa county
....do
Gravelly
0.312
43
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
339
M'FCIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS.
ASH DETEKMINATIIAS.
\\YiL'ht.pi-l
cubic foot,
in poumls
(average).
Remarks.
1
8
a
1
o
First.
Second.
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
Average.
0.5450
0. 5121
0. 4555
0.4250
0. 4027
0. 4931
0. 4892
0.4659
0.5360
0.5066
0. 4567
0.4168
0. 4877
0. 4552
0. 4571
0. 5264
0. 4184
0.5144
0. 3972
0. 4284
0. 4676
0. 4370
0. 5521
0. 4561
0. 4985
0. 5982
0.5584
0.5226
0. 5709
0. 3550
0. 4291
0.4204
0.4528
0.4988
0.5416
0. 4537
0. 4911
0. 4631
0. 4752
0. 4922
0.4582
0. 5119
0. 5079
0.7844
0. 4204
0.3864
0.4813
0.4419
0. 4152
0.5350
0. 4240
0. 5265
0. 4479
0. 4437
0. 5305
0. 4459
0. 5J12
0. 4520
0.5075
0. 5274
0. 5780 1
0. 5239 )
0. 5985
0. 3551
0. 4267
0. 4711
0.4531
0. 5312
0.4733
0. 4441
0. 4869
0. 4899
0. 4777
0.20
il. -J4
0. •>
0.39
0.28
0. 20
I'. L'4
0.38
0.14
I'. 21
0.19
0.25
0.27
0.38
0.38
0.31
0.34
0.23
0.40
0.28
0.58
0.45
0.30
0.22
0.23
0.29
f 0.37
I 0.41
0.21
0.36
0.26
0.37
0.43
0.40
0.24
0.24
0.29
0.34
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.15
0.20
0.26
0.24
0.26
0.41
0.36
0.30
0.43
0.23
0.36
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.33
0.20
0.36
0.24
0.371
0.40)
0.16
0.29
0.25
0.37
0.41
0.35
0.22
0.24
0. '-'9
0.37
0.27
0.28
0.28
315
413
779
785
1074
1075
1076
996
1144
1154
1155
1156
619
626
630
632
636
689
718
731
907
910
1007
578
633
667
593
664
997
293
563
625
571
644
0.5227
0.4845
0. 4858
0.4860
First and third sp. pr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood;
sci i.nd sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood.
Second sp. gr. detenu ination made on 0.5 sap-wood; third sp.
ji'r. determination made on sap-wood.
0.4854
0.27
30.25
0. 4879
0.35
30.40
' 0. 6455
0. 4461
0. 4010
0.14
0.20
0.23
0.24
0.4611
DLiOM
0.20
31.40
0.4845
0.4485
0. 4362
0. 5307
0. 4212
0. 5204
0. 4225
0. 4360
0.4990
0. 4417
0. 5466
0.27
0.40
0.37
0.30
0.39
0.23
0.38
0.27
0.49
0.45
0.32
£ One tree. Fourth sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. <
0. 4715
0.35
29.45
0.4785
0.5628
0.25
0.27
0.5206
0.26
32.44
0.5457
0.39
34.01
0.5750
0.5815
0.19
36.24
0. 3551
0. 4279
0. 4457
0.33 |
0.26
0.37
0.4096
0.32
25.53
0.4530
0.5150
0.42
0.37
0.4840
0.40
30.16
3-iO
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Dia'meter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
3G7. Finns Coulteri
1157
670
896
576
82
355
388
389
13
1046
83
621
622
1169
1172
279
321
396
671
278
319
557
558
559
142
544
764
California
San Bernardino . . .. .
Monterey
W. G. Wright
G. E. Vasey
Department of Ae-
riculture.
G. Engelmann and
C. 8. Sargent.
A. H. Curtiss
....do
... do
Gravelly loam
0.544
35
Monterey Pine.
0.418 '
0.034
35
27
18
6
Knob-cone Pine.
370. Pinus Tseda
Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Rose-
mary Pine.
Cottage Hill
C Mohr
North Carolina . . .
....do
Edward Kidder
...do..
. . do
....do
Massachusetts
....do
Florida
Arnold Arboretum . .
North Reading
C. S. Sargent
J. Robinson
A. H Curtiss
Drift
....do
Moist, sandy loam.
0.267
0.230
0.312
0.206
0.164
21
26
33
8
28
15
8
19
42
34
Pitch fine.
Pond Pine.
South Carolina
do
Aiken
... do
H. W. Eavenel
..do
Jertey Pine. Scrub Pine.
New Jersey
Mount Holly
S. P. Sharpies
A. H. Curtiss
Dry, sandy barrens
Clay
Slate
Gravelly
Clay
0.238
0.264
0.010
0.243
0.015
6
20
14
29
33
36
35
Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine.
Wythevffle
Colerain Forge
Marin county
Chattahoochee
Amite
H. Shriver
J. E. Lowrie
G. R. Vasey
A. H. Curtiss
C. Mohr
F L Harvev
Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.
Pennsylvania
California
Obispo Pine. Bishop's Pine.
Ydlow Pine. Short-leaved Pine.
Spruce Pine. Bull Pine.
. . .do . .
do
do
do
. do
...do
....do
South Carolina ...
Bonneau's Depot . . .
Gainesville .
Cbattahoochee
H. W. Eavenel
C. Mohr
A. H. Curtiss
Eich upland
OedarPine. SprucePine. WhitePine.
Low, sandy
Low, wet
Florida
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
341
B VVITV DETKIU1INAT10NS.
ASH 1IKIK11MISATIONS.
\\Yidit, pi'i
clliiir t'uut,
in pounds
( ivc'rage).
Remarks,
Office number.
First.
Third.
Average.
Fits].
ii. (272
0. .Cl.l.!
0.4082 '
(I. 5010
(i. S18S
0.6468
0. 5045
0. 5597
f 0. 4005
< 0.4131
0. 7004
0.8671
0. 5149
0. 5778
0. 4696
0. 5235
0.4851
0.5054
0. 5739
0. 7098
0. 6086
0. 7262
0.4689
0. 4358
0. 3232
0. 4018
0. 3904
0. 52-14
0. 4018
0. 5609
0. 54C6
0. 5054
0. 4896
0. 5669
0.41541
0. 6323 )
0. 7931
0. 4830
0.56SO
0. 4C03
0.5841
0.6456
0.5050
0. 4602
0. 4831
0. 4550
0.7569
0.6129
0. 7232
0. 4689
0. 4235
0. 3741
0. 4002
0.34
0.25
0.34
0.30
0.26
0.25
0.28
0.27
0.19
f 0. 32 1
( 0.19$
0.15
0.24
0.32
0.32
0.29
0.30
0.30
0.24
0.26
0.35
0.22
0.23
0.33
0.32
0.40
0.53
0.35
0. 40
u. -A)
0.37
0.30
0.29
0.26
0.26
0.23
0.21
0.37
25. 76
1157
676
896
578
82
355
388
389
13
1046
83
021
622
1169
1172
279
321
396
en
278
319
557
558
559
142
544
764
0. 4050
0.36
0. 4574
0.30
28.50
0.33
21.81
0. 5009
0. 5627
0. 5556
0. 4971
0.27
0.26
ft 27
0.25
ine
0.54 -11
0.26
33.91
0. 5633
0.4668
0.20
0.26
S First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second and
third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood. Fourth
sp. gr. specimen very resinous.
0.7990
0.18
0.27
0.3f
0.23
0.34
0.31
0.30
0.22
0.25
0.35
0.22
0.17
0.31
0.41
0.61
0.44
0.35
0. 5151
0.23
32.10
0. 7942
0.17
49.49
0. 4867
0. 562C
0. 4876
0.5870
0.26
0.32
0.28
0.32
0. 5991
0.5309
0.30
33.09
0. 5576
0.31
34.75
0. 5143
0. 4727
0.30
0.23
0.4935-
0.27
30.75
0.4942
0.26
30.80
0. 5144
0. 7333
0. 6107
0. 7247
0. 4689
0.35
0.22
0.20
0.32
0.37
p
0. 6104
0.29
38.04
0. 4297
0. 3487
0. 4010
0.50
0.49
0.35
«
0. 3931
0.45
24.50
342
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GBAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap-
wood.
Heart-
wood.
394
780
879
81
85
172
243
302
357
358
359
360
361
384
385
390
562
1096
84
356
493
109
231
373
776
794
880
513
620
773
784
791
292
575
822
899
905
Baldwin
"W. J. Beal
Intercolonial rail-
way.
Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's Pine.
do
Florida
A. H. Curtiss
Sandy loam
0.353
0.355
25
46
119
51
Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.
Georgia Pine. Yettow Pine. Hard
Pine.
...do
....do
Barney & Smith
Manufacturing Co
Saw-mill, Saint
John's river.
Aikcn
Cottage Hill
....do
E E Barnev
Moist, sandy
Florida.
A H Curtiss
South Carolina ...
H. TV. Eavenel
C Mohr
do
do
do
....do
...do
...do
Chum-hula
.. do
... do
do
....do
...do
do
do
do
....do
Florida
Saw-mill, Cedar
Keys.
do
do
North Carolina . . .
Texas
E Kidder
Sabino county
Mobile
G. TV. Letterman
C Mohr
Florida
Duval county
Cottage Hill
Moist, sandy
....do
Coral ...
0.326
. 53
50
Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard
Pine. Meadow Pine.
382. Picea nigra
C.Mohr
Charlotte
C G Pringle
Black Spruce.
383. Picea alba
....do
...do
New Brunswick..
Province Quebec .
New Brunswick . .
New Hampshire . .
....do
....do
do
Cold, peaty
Bay of Fundy
Danville
Intercolonial rail-
way.
Grand Trunk rail-
way.
Ed. Sinclair
Stratford
C. G. Pringle
Robert Douglas
Intercolonial rail-
way.
Ed. Sinclair
Gravelly
0.186
16
22
White Spruce.
t
New Brunswick ..
....do
Province of Que-
bec.
Bridgeton
Forest City .
T. S. Brandegee
C. S. Sargent
T. S. Brandegee
Department of Agri-
culture,
do
Damp
0.320
8
76
White Spruce.
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
Peaty
....do
0.318
45
71
Utah
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
343
me '.];AVITV I>ETEKMIXATIOXS.
AS1[ IIETKKMIXATIOXS.
Wright, JM-1
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Oflice number.
First.
Sccum!. Third. Avrraci'.
First.
Second.
A'/«'r;i^rc.
0. 4022
0. 4778
(I. 7:.;.]
0. 7117
0. 0027
('. T.V'.I
0. 0139
n. mic
0.8052
0. 8509
0.6073
0. 7S90
0. 0103
0. 0549
0. 4602
(1. 7714
0.0415
0. 6533
0. 7881
0.8529
0. 4576
0. 5289
0. 4285
0. 4730
0. 4005
0.4830
0. 4074
0.3848
0. 4231
0. 3809
0. 3737
0.3550
0. 3305
0. 3507
0. 3717
0. 3195
0. 4%o
0.4588
0. 5065
0.7284
0.4794
0. 4588
0. 4900
0.28
0.20
0.19
0.26
0.16
0.26
0.28
0.39
0.27
0.28
0.15
0.21
0.23
0.32
0.28
0.29
0.17
0.19
0.31
0.16
0.30
0.23
0.25
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.38
0.26
0.42
0.34
0.32
0.24
0.36
0.35
0.29
0.32
0.43
0.33
0.19
0.18
0. 20
0.17
0.20
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.20
0.16
0.80
0.20
0.19
394
780
879
81
85
172
243
302
357
358
359
360
361
384
385
390
562
1096
84
356
493
109
231
373
776
794
880
513
620
773
784
791
298
575
822
899
905
0. 4857
0.4*761
0.2?
29.67
0. 7418
0. 7117
0. 6950
0.7190
0. 5605
0. 6609
0. 8989
0. 8479
0.7294
0.7663
0. 5938
0.6236
0. 5731
0. 7245
0.0453
0.26
0.17
0.26
0.25
0.31
0 °7
0. 6374
0. 0829
0. 5191
0. 6016
0. 9325
0.8450
0. 7914
0. 7736
0. 5714
0. 5924
0. 0186
0. 0745
0.6490
0.6506
0. 7340
0. 8389
0.4715
0. 5256
0.4486
0. 4593
0. 4290
0. 4098
0. 41D4
0.4034
0. 4375
0. 4188
0. 4020
0. 3551
0. 3217
0. 3528
0. 3725
0.3137
N
0.24
0.16
0 21
Bored for turpentine, 1852 ; chipped 10 years ; abandoned, 1801.
Boxed for turpentine, 1876; chipped 4 years; specimen taken
alougcMp.
Boxed for turpentine, 1876 ; chipped 4 years ; specimen taken
above chip.
0.23
0.32
0.28
0.34
0.18
0.26
0.31
0.15
0.31
0.17
0.27
0.29
0.27
0.25
0.28
0.21
0.38
0.38
0.31
0.29
0.29
0.35
0.24
0.33
0.26
0.23
0.32
0.28
0.32
0.18
0.22
0.6413
0.6999
0.25
43.62
0. 6520
0. 7611
0.8379
0.31
0.16
0.31
0.8220
0.7504
0.4646
0. 5272
0.4386
0.4B62
0. 4087
0. 4431
0.26
46.76
0.20
0.20
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.33
[P rubra]
0.3907
0.4425
^
0.4584
0.27
28.57
0.4134
0.3941
0. 4303
0.3999
0. 3879
0.24
0.40
0.36
0.32
0.27
1
'
0. 4051
0.32
25.25
0.3551
0. 3291
0. 3518
0.3721
0. 3166
0.33
0.35
0.27
0.33
0.34
0. 3449
0.32
21.49
344
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY. ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT
Species.
O!1i<-c inumber.
State.
Loc.-llitv.
Collector.
Soil.
IHamtter
nl' tree-,
in
meUTs.
LAYERS OK
OHOWTII.
Sap-
wood.
Hi-art-
wood.
385. Picea pnngens
White Spruce. Blue Spruce.
260
270
901
906
970
977
1015
1019
1020
5
219
726
772
775
778
787
793
817
1040
1042
623
971
995
980
271
627
702
704
705
706
708
709
720
732
881
973
974
986
989
Colorado
do
Alpine
do
T. S. ]'i:r .li
do
Damp
do . .
do
Department ft' Am-i-
cullute.
. dfi
Utah
Sitka
PaulSchult^e
Tide-land Spruce.
British Columbia .
Sa'.v-mill. Kurranl
inlet
Wi Ldler'smill, Port-
laud.
Sav.'-iml], Astoria.. -
Portland Furniture
Company.
Amold Arboretum- .
Charlotte
G. Entxclmann :md
0. 8. Sargent.
..-.do
....do
Massachusetts. . . .
Vermont
Pennsylvania
....do
do
C. S. Sargent
C. G. Pringle
do
Drift
Gravelly
0.382
37
r>7
Hemlock.
Intercolonial rail-
way,
do"
...do
do . .
do
....do
Province Quebec .
West Virginia . . .
Massachusetts
... do
North Carolina . . .
"Washington terri-
tory.
Alaska
British Columbia .
Colorado
Bridgeton
Danville *
Ed. Sinclair
way.
C. G. Pringle .
J. Robinson
do
0.230
0.260
0.228
26
16
51
92
32
14
"Yorth Heading
Hendersonville
Wilkeson
A. H. Cnrtiss
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Dry, rocky
Rich loam
Hemlock.
Hemlock.
Sitka
Silver peak, near
Eraser river.
Alpine
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
T. S. Brandegee
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Moist
0.276
40
155
Red Fir. Yellow Fir. Oregon Pine.
Douglas Fir.
California
Saw-mill, Stiawberry
vallev.
Saw-mill, Marshfield
do
do
...do
....do
do
E. B. Dean's saw-
mill, Marshfield.
do
....do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Saw-mill, Missonla. .
Sierra Lumber Com-
pany.
M. E. Jones
Utah
Salt Luke
Saw-mill, Burrard
inlet.
do
Rocky
British Columbia .
do
do
do
Saw-mill, Victoria . .
Saw-mill. Portland . .
G. Eugelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
...do ...
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
345
MT.CIFIC GRAVITY IIETF.IIMIXATIO.VS.
Aoil I.KIEKMINATIOXS.
Wriu'it.lirl
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second. Third.
Avc:
First.
Second.
i! ::|HI
0. 3480
0.3549
0. 4292
0.3641
0.22
0.32
0.49
0.69
0.23
0.16
0.16
0.22
0.13
0.24
0.73
0.43
0.45
0.34
0.54
0.44
0.46
0.45
0.51
0.52
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.34
0.16
0.10
0.08
0.02
0.03
0.10
0.02
0.04
0.09
0.12
0.18
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10
n • )•>
269
270
901
906
970
977
1015
1019
1026
5
219
726
772
775
778
787
793
817
1040
1042
623
971
995
9SC
271
627
702
704
705
706
708
709
720
732
881
973
974
986
989
0. 3540
0. 4309
0. 6029
0. 4280
(i. :;.-,2<>
0. 3061
0. 3880
0. 4033
0. 3817
0. 3903
0. 4839
0. 3418
0. 4538
0. 5033
0. :;7i:i
0. 4213
0.4112
0. 4289
0. 5071
0. 4981
0. 4462
0. 4461
0. 5570
0.4063
0.6332
0. 5215
0. 3193
0. 8189
0.4254
0. 5269
0.4896
0. 5251
0. 4809
0.5028
0. 4511
0. 5&90
0. 3558
0. 4274
0. 3517
0. 64 S5
0. 3974
0, 2!i
0.51
0.28
('. 24
0.17
0.13
0.13
0.12
".25
0.67
0.36
0.46
0.42
0.56
0.48
0.46
0.51
0.60
0.31
0.41
0.45
0.39
0.53
0.31
0.50
0.48
0. 3740
0. ::K
23.31
0. dj:-,7
0. 3816
V. '12811
0.3463
0. 3619
0.24
0.17
0.15
0.18
0.13
0. 3423
0. 3570
0. 3896
0. 4624
0. 3823
0. 4704
0. 4707
0. 3343
0. 4538
0. 5191
0. 3500
0. 4554
0. 4080
0. 4260
0. 4833
0.4975
0.4396
0. 4674
0. 5653
0.4364
0. 6769
0. 5250
0. 5937
0. 5785
0. 3859
0. 5215
0. 4941
0. 5855
0.4fl79
0.4848
0. 4504
0. 5922
0. 3446
0. 4287
0.17
26.72
0. 3888
0. 4629
0. 3820
0. 4333
0. 4773
0. 3381
0. 4538
0. 5112
0. 3610
0.4443
0. 4097
0.25
0.70
0.40
0.46
0.38
0.55
0.46
0.46
0.48
0.56
0.42
,
White hemlock
0. 4561
0. 4098
0.4239
0.46
26.42
0. 4275
0.40
26.64
0. 5252
0. 5122
0.43
0.41
0.5411
0.4503
0. 5182
0.42
32.29
0.4454
0.44
27.76
0.4568
0. 5612
0. 4214
0. 6551
0. 5233
0. 5715
0. 5967
0. 4057 \
0. 5242
0. 4918
0. 5553
0. 4744
0. 4938
0. 4508
0. 5936 ,
0.16
0.08
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.11
0.13
0.18
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.11
0.06
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.12
0.13
0.18
0.06
0.04
0.08
0.11
Coast fir
Bed fir . .
Yellow fir
346
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAYITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Ollico number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
LAYERS OF
GROWTH.
Sap.
•wood.
Heart-
wood.
391. Pseadotsuga Douglasii— continued
391. PseudotsngaDouglaaii, var. macrocarpa
Heniloclc.
392. Abies Fraseri
1008
1011
1016
1018
1020
1022
642
523
107
377
449'
449*
820
9591
1009 L
101 OJ
529
580
639
733
572
1004
985
047
226'
226*
226'
774
781
786
795
840
British Columbia
Oregou
do
Saw-mill, Burrard
inlet.
Oregon Railway and
Navigation Co.
"Weidler's saw-mill,
Portland.
G. Engelmaun and
C. S. Sargent.
do
... do
....do
...do
....do
....do
Portland Furniture
Company.
Portland Furniture
Company.
Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.
Roan mountain
Green mountains . . .
Monkton
do
W G-. "Wright
North Carolina . . .
Vermont
....do
"Walcott Gibbs
0.180
46
Balsam. She Bateani-
393. Abies balsaiuea
C. G. Pringle
....do
T. S. Brandegee
....do
Cold, gravelly loam
Peaty
Balsam Fir. Balm of Qilead Fir.
Moist, sandy loam.
....do
Balsam.
395. Abies grandis
do .
do
do
do
... do
do
0.344
0.735
0.196
17
56
29
155
43
Portland .
G. Engelmaun and
C. S. Sargent.
Robert Douglas
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
... do
Rich , alluvial
Rocky . ---
White Fir.
Engelmanu's caBon .
Strawberry valley ..
....do
White Fir. Balsam Fir.
do
....do
....do
....do
British Columbia .
Sierra Lumber Com*
pany.
Santa Lucia mount-
ains.
Silver peak, near
Fraser river.
Cascade mountains .
398. Abies amabilis
G. Engehnann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Rich, sandy loam .
Rich
0.584
50
120
399. Abies nobilis
Red Fir.
400. Abies raagnifica
do
Gravelly loam
1.324
71
267
Red Fir.
Charlotte
do
C.G. Pringle
do
Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack.
Hackmatack.
•
....do
do
New Brunswick ..
Bay of Fundy
Intercolonial rail-
way,
do
....do
....do
Massachusetts . . -
Bridgeton
Danville
Ed. Sinclair
Grand Trunk rail-
way.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DHY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
347
m-KCIFIC (111AVITV DETEliMIXATlOXS.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
Weight, per
*::';:;:,;;;:;'• ««-*••
(average).
OHic.' number.
First.
Si'coml.
Third.
Average.
Firat.
Second.
A\ i-r:ii:<-.
n. .-,1'Cli
0. 4902
o. MI
0. 5000
0. 4331
0. 4.-.G2
0. 4064
0. 3000
0. 3386
0. 42-IS
0. 3446
0.3442
0.3475
10.3416
0.3643
0. 3390
0. 3013
0. 3059
0. 3280
0.4242
0. 7082
0. 4297
0. 4625
0. 4752
0. 6973
0. 6945
0. 6835
0. 5975
0. 5925
0. 5389
0.5882
0.5266
0. 4885
0. ."l.'i
0.5692
0. 4377
1). 457.-,
0.03
0.03
0.11
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.08
0.47
0.63
0.33
0.66
0.33
0.34
f 0.38
| 0.63
( 0.56
0.87
1.12
0.56
0.70
2.09
0.25
0.27
0.30
0.26
0.27
0.32
0.30
0.47
0.35
0.38
0.27
0.04
0.03
0.'07
0.04
0.11
0.07
0.08
0.60
0.49
0.35
I). 114
0. lilt
0.09
0.-05
0.09
0.07
1008
1011
1016
1018
1020
1022
642
523
107
377
449>
449*
820
959
1009
1010
529
580
639
733
572
1004
965
647
226'
226»
226»
774
781
780
795
840
0. 4867
0. 5599
ii. 57'r>
0. 4422
0. 4588
0. 4463
0.3431
0. 3342
0. 4299
0. 3515
0.3641
0. 3397
0. 3371
0.3842
0. 3625
0. 3717
0. 2910
0. 3780
0.4500
0.6483
0. 4159
0.4497
0. 4614
0.7075
0. 7779
0.6069
0. 5765
0. 5740
0. 5570
0.5864
0. 5157
0.08
32.14
0.4563
0.08
28.44
0.3565
0.54
22.22
0.3364
0.4273
0.56
0.34
0. 3819
0.45
23.80
0.3481
0.3541
0. 3405
0.66
0.33
0. 3342
0.33
0.321
0. 57 !•
0. 47 J
0.89
1.12
0.48
J.04
1.99
0.21
0.41
0.30
0.34
0.3476
0.44
21.66
0.3545
0.49
21.97
0.3665
0.2985
0.3533
0.4371
0.88
1.12
0.52
0.87
(J.3638
0.85
22. 67
0.6783
2.04
42.27
0. 4228
0.23
0.34
26.35
0. 4561
28.42
0. 4738
0. 4701
0.30
29.30
0.7024
0. 7362
0. 6452
0. 5870
0.5833
0. 5479
0. 5873
0. 6000
0.26
0.27
0.32
0.28
0.48
0.33
0.34
0.38
0.27
0.49
0.30
0.32
0.48
0.6000
0. 6236
0.33
38.86
348
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT
Species.
Office number.
State.
illty.
Collector.
Soil.
Diameter
of tree,
in
meters.
l.AYEHS OF
OROWTIl.
.Sap- Ilcart-
•wood. wood.
719
984
1006
242
1159
504
1107
506
1116
565
1119
1063
695
696
699
1003
Montana
"Washington tcr-
rltory.
Missoula
Fulda .. .
S. "Wuison
Tamarack.
\ PALMACE^;.
404 Saltal I'abmtto
William N.Siksdorf,
do
do
A H Curti^s
Shell
Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto.
California
Agua Calicute
Long Key
"W.G. Wright
A 11 Curtips
Fan-leaf Palm.
Florida
....do
...do
....do
...do
....do
Coral
Kilk-top Palmetto.
do
do
Sugar-loaf Pound . . .
....do
do
....do
do
Silver-top Palmetto. Bricldey Thatch.
Brittle Thatch.
do
Royal Palm.
LILIACE2E.
do
...do
Matagorda
Mohave
do
C.Mohr
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Spanish Bayonet.
California
do
The Joshua. Joshua Tree.
do
do
do
Spanish Bayonet.
do
.»
Spanish Jiayonet. Mexican Banana.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
349
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DKTEHMINATIONS.
ASH DETERMINATIONS.
n eiebl i»-i
cubit- toot.
in pound.--
(average).
Remarks.
Office number.
First.
Second,
Third.
Average.
First.
Second.
AvrlMjir.
0.6603
0. 7717
0.8340
0. 3002
( 0. 5597
1 0. 4700
0. 7014
0.4539
0. 7357
0. 6775
0. 2370
0. 8178
0. 7451
0. 7162
0. 3473
0. 4002
0.2327
0.1990
0.5897
0.7839
0.7984
0. 4020
0.4942)
0. 5453 )
0.7258
0. 4957
0.7468
0.6907
0.1887
0. 8807
0. 7513
0.5875
0.3472
0.4002
0. 6511
a 3458
0. 6280
0. 7778
0. 8102
0.08
0.09
0.07
7.51
1.80
2.65
5.73
1.7t
3.90
2.96
1.31
2.79
7.03
5.53
2.66
8.50
8.94
0.09
0.09
0.12
7.80
1.98
2.79
4.81
2.19
4.25
2.52
1.14
2.53
5.52
4.75
3.08
10.06
0.09
0.09
0.09
719
984
1006
242
1158
604
1107
506
m«
565
1119
1063
695
696
609
1003
0. 4191
0. 7407
0.09
46.16
0.4404
7.66
27.44
•
0. 5173
1.89
32. 24
0. 7136
0.4845
2 72
0.5039
5.27
0.5991
3.99
37.34
0. 7412
0. 6933
1.95
4.07
0. 7118
Pith..)
0.7172
3.01
44.70
0. 2128
0.8492
0.7482
2.74
1.23
2.66
Rind..)
Rind
0.6994
0.6034
2.21
37.60
0.6677
6.27
41.61
0. 3472
0.4002
5.14
2.87
0. 4572
0. 3737
4.00
23.29
0. 4470
9.28
27.86
0.2724
8.94
16.97
350
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE II.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OF THE
(Idle c iiiliiilicr.
Catalogue number.
Botanical Dame.
Common name.
Kegion,
FUEL VALUE.
Per cubic
decimeter.
Per kilogram.
165
903
452
274
845
927
8S3
llffi
128
1064
227
180
533
126
209
322
29,
539 3
72
1051
838
237
382
1050
988
424
31
92
247
339
548
511
868
55
848
225
272
754
874
701
527
923
,711
1044
638
900
194
632
HE
571
389
1043
83
621
321
557
8
29
31
C4
77
03
115
139
155
184
192
207
224
235
239
241
242
244
245
246
247
248
251
253
257
260
272
274
276'
277
280
290
291
294
295
318
324
:;27
331
338
340
342
347
349
356 '
358
361
365
j
306
370 j
371 !
372
:;T:I
375
377
Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. White Wood
(ium Elrmi. Gumbo Limbo. Weal Indian Birch
Atlantic
1425. 57
'.i!)7. ;IL>
2769. 31
3091. 37
28-J2. 99
3201. 21
4234. 06
2255. 24
2332. 41
2970. 45
2652. 34
1582. 42
324 7. C 2
2406. 89
1984. 56
2768. 72
c 3851.17
( 3319.79
3380. 57
3392. 12
2863. 42
3108. 27
3140. 33
3197. 41
2594. 31
3268. 92
2843. 69
3062. 08
2595. 04
2692. 51
3193. 28
2655. 82
1808. 25
2795. 34
2509. 00
2582. 66
1624. 64
1906. 42
1411. 57
2327. 52
3143. 57
1935. 71
1985. 50
1489. 03
1785. 40
2248. 13
2051. 75
2141. 24
1791. 'SI
1804. 29
2031. 75
3472. 26
3980. 90
2008. 20
2054. 78
3091. 82
3744. 61
2913. 58
3802. 95
4345. 48
3890. 02
4352. 30
4052. 90
4016. 46
4131. 83
3781. Cl
4217. 42
3936. 38
4191.87
4071. 83
3857. 26
3954. 75
4078. 76
3811. 48
3904. 11
3922. 89
3903. 25
3877. 58
4073. 59
4167. 83
3067. 39
4105. 05
3997. 32
4075. 16
3774. 60
3713. 81
4055. 48
3718. 07
4042. 96
3895. 04
4073. 05
4101.41
4292. 31
4LM2. 15
3917. 77
5263. 50
4587. 81
4739. 73
JHI1.47
1272. 69
4419.31
4107. 68
4226. 05
4000. 04
4019. 12
3962. 97
4087. 20
5491.47
5012. 54
4120. 15
3995. 30
5062. 75
Semi-tropical Florida
do
do
Mcsquit. Algaroba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod.
Mountain Mahogany
Sweet Gum. Star-leaved Gum. Liquidamber.
Itcd Gum. Bilsted.
Large Tupelo. Cotton Gum. Tupelo Gum
Mexican boundary
Interior Pacific
Atlantic
Atlantic
White Ash
do
AVesttTn Catalpa
do
do
Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree.
\Vater Beech.
Black Walnut
do
do
Pecan. Illinois "Vnt
do
1
Shell-bark Hickorv Shae-bark Hickory
do
Gary a tomentosa
Mocker Xtit. Black Hickory. Bull Xut. Big-
bud Hickory. White-heart Hickory. King Nut
Pig Xut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory.
Switch-bud Hickory.
....do
do
do
Carya myristicajformis
Nutmeg Hickory
Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan
White Oak
do
Atlantic
. . do
Northern Pacific
Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White
Oak.
do
Red Oak Black Oak
Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak.
Yellow Oak.
Black Jack Jack Oak
do
do
Spanish Oak Ked Oak
WaterOak. DnckOak. FossumOak. PunkOak
do .
Castanea vnlgaris. rar. Americana
Atlantic
Beech
...do
White Birch. Old-field Birch. Gray Birch
do
Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Pop-
lar. Big Cottonwood.
Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Ce-
dar. Lawson's Cypress. Ginger Pine.
•A,
Junipcrns occidentalis, var. mono-
sperma.
Pacific
Bald Cypress. Black Cypress. Eed Cypress.
White Cypress. Deciduous Cypress.
Northern Atlantic
Finns Lambertiana
Finns monophylla
Sugar Fine
Pifion. Xut Pine
Pacific
Interior Pacific
Yellow Pine Bull Pine
Pacific
Tamarack. < Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine.
Spruce Pine.
do
Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Rosemary Pine .
Southern Atlantic
Pinus serotiua
Finns inops
Finns pungens
Pond Pine
Jersey Fine. Scrub Pino
Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine
Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pino.
Bull Fine.
Atlantic
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
MORE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
351
T.l.l.ATIVE Fl
By volume.
JEL VALUE. 1T.UCENTAGE IX DI1Y WOOD.
Specific
gravity.
Weight of
cubit; fout, in
pounds.
23.72
Office number.
I!> weight.
Asli.
Hydrogen.
Carbon. Oxygen.
Hydrogen
combined with
oxygen.
Excess
of
hydrogen.
117
1:0 0. 27
6. 43 47. 29 46. 01
:.. 75
0.08
0. 3807
165
60 70 2.09 0.02 40.80 51.09
0.39
0.36
0. 3423
21.33
903
:;-J ii2 1.09 6.69 40.76 45.40
5.C8
1.01
0. 7282
45.38
452
2:; 19 0.06 6.61 51.55 41.28
5.16
1.45
0.7114
44.32
274
29
''.2:i 6.17 49.19 44.41
5.55
0.62
0. 7257
45. 22
845
14
IS 2.05 6.61 51.08 40.26
5.03
1.58
0. 7562
47.12
927
;;
42
1.20 5.45 52.14 41.21
5.15
0.30
1. 0447
65. 10 883
45
40
0. 48
50. 99 42, 68
5.33
0.52
0. 5615
34. 99 1182
4:;
30
0. 74 0. 07
48.78 43. .'I
5.44
1.58
0.5645
35. 17 128
63
0. 77 0. 44
47. 37 45. 42
5.07
0.77
0. 7855
48. 95 1084
36
24
0. 3(1 6. 93
49. 73 43. 04
5.38
1.55
0. 6289
39.19
227
05
52
I). 47 6. 92
47.44 45.17
5. 65
1.27
0. 4020
25. 05
180
10
26
0. 74 K. 57
.'II. 35 42.34
5.29
1.28
0. 7746
48.27
533
42
40
0. 57 5. S3
51. 45 42. 15
5.27
0.56
0.5911
36.83
126-
53
00
0. 50 0. CO
49. 28 44. 16
5.52
0.48
0. 5145
32.06
209
33
50
(1.95
6.15
49. 51 43. 39
5.42
0.73
0. 7001
43.63
322
7
36
0.73
6.49
49.67 43.12
5.39
1.10
0. 9442
58.84
29
13
61
0.83
0.13
48. 45 44. 59
5.57
0.56
0. 8710
54.28
539
11
55
1.04
5.93
49. 69 43. 34
5.42
0.51
0. 8659
53.95
72
10
53
0.74
6.28
48. 98 44. 00
5.50
0.78
0.8647
53.88
1051
27
56
1.03
5. 91 49. 71
43.29
5.41
0.50
0. 7336
45.71
838
21
20
59
38
1.06
1.19
6.37
6.60
48.26
49.16
44.31
43.05
5.54
5.38
0.83
1.22
0.8016
0. 7709
49.95
48.04
237
362
17
28
0.24
6.59
50.44
42.73
5.34
1.25
0. 7635
46.58
1050
38
69
0.33
5.73
48.56
45.38
5.67
0.06
0. 7074
44.08
988
15
33
0.58
6.75
49.22
43.45
5.43
1.32
0. 7962
49.61
42 1
28
47
0.34
6.33
49.59
43.74
5.47
0.86
0. 7114
44.32
31
24
37
0.15
6.62
49.49
43.74
5.47
1.15
0. 7514
46.72
92
37
64
0.15
6.09
48.78
44.98
5.62
0.37
0. 6875
43.84
247
34
68
1.37
5.73
48.58
44.32
5.54
0.19
0. 7250
45.18
339
18
41
0.29
6. 14 50. 58
42.99
5.37
0.77
0. 7874
49.07
548
35
67
0.83
5.75
48.73
44.69
5.58
0.17
0. 7143
44.51
511
56
43
0.13
5.70
51.74
42.43
5.30
0.40
0. 4621
28.80
868
31
57
0.54
6.11
49.27
44. 08
5.51
0.60
0. 7175
44.71
55
40
39
0.29
6.49
49.77
43.45
5.43
1.06
0.6160
38.05
848
39
34
0.23
7.12
48.28
44.37
5.54
1.58
0. 6297
39.24
225
63
20
0.74
6.58
51.13
41. 55
5.19
1.39
0. 3785
23.59
272
55
22
0.05
6.26
51.64
41.45
5.18
1.08
0. 4494
28.00
754
68
54
0.37
6.37
48.80
44.46
5.56
0.81
0.3603
22.45
874
44
3
0.10
6.28
60.07
33.65
4.21
2.07
0.4422
27.56
701
19
11
0.88
6.03
54.97
38.12
4.76
1.27
0.6852
42.70
527
54
8
0.40
6.54
54.98
38.08
4.76
1.78
0.4084
24.45
923
52
27
0.13
6.01
52.10
41.70
5.22
0.79
0. 4737
29.52
711
N
21
0.12
6.08
52.55
41.25
5.15
0.93
0. 3485
21.72
1044
59
13
0.19
0.40
52.85
40.56
5.07
1. 33 0. 4040
25.18
638
46
32
0.83
6.39
50.48
43.30
5.41
0. 98 0. 5473
34.11
900
49
23
0.20
6.07
52.18
41.55
5.19
0.88
0. 4855
30.26
194
41
9
0.31
7.02
52.60
40.07
5.01
2.01
0. 5307
33.07
632
58
45
0.37
6.22
50.05
43.36
5. 42 0. 80
0.4457
27.78
625
57
49
0.42
6.04
50.22
43.32
5.41
0.63
0. 4530 28. 28
571
50
35
0.25
6.23
50. 60
42.92
5.'36
0.87
0. 4971 30. 98 389
9
1
1.12
7. 19 59. 00
32.68
4.08
3.11
0.6323 39.40 1046
6
6
0.17
. 6. 80 56. 55
36.48
4.56
2.24
0. 7942 49. 49 S3
51
31
0.26
6.30
50.74
42.70
5.34
0.90
0.4867 ' 30.33 52.'
48
48
0.30
5.78
51. 07
42.85
5.35
0.43
0. 5143 32. 05
;<2i
22
i
5
I
0.20
6.91
56.64
36. 25
4.53
2.38
0. 6107
38.06
557
352
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE II.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OF THE
Office number.
Catalogue number.
Botanical name.
Common name.
_
FUEL VALUE.
Per cubic
decimeter.
Per kilogram.
879
a 359
81
385
6358
358
356
794
1042
709
226
242
C565
•/ 5S.->
379
>380
381
382
387
391
401
404
'ins
Pinus Banksiana
Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's Pine
C Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia (
J Pine. Yellow Pine. Hard Pine. i
Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine.
Meadow Pine.
2132. 06
4346. 88
4064. 77
2810. 20
4129. 95
4319. 67
3363. 40
1614. 11
1724. 25
1766. 32
2937. 46
1653. 35
f 859. 07
I 3708.48
4393. 18
5126. 64
5480. 35
4506. 42
4594. 97
4806. 05
4418. 55
3949. 37
4208. 58
4354.84
4182. 04
3754. 21
4037. 01
4367. 03
Pinus Cubensis
do
Tsuga Canadensis
Hemlock
...do
Pseudotsuga Douglasii
Red Fir. Yellow Fir. Oregon Pine. Douglas Fir.
Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack.
Pacific
Sabal Palmetto
South Atlantic coast
Royal Palm
a Boxed for turpentine 1876; chipped 4 years; specimen taken along chip.
b Boxed for turpentine 1852; chipped 10 years; abandoned 1861.
c Pith.
d Kind.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
MOKE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES -Continued.
353
RELATIVE FUEL VALUE.
PEBCEXTAOE IX DllT \VOOI>.
Specific
gravity.
Weight of
cubic foot, in
pounds.
Office number.
I'y volume.
r,.\ weight.
Ash.
Hydrogen.
Carbon.
Oxygen.
Hydrogen
combined \\ it h
(IX\
Excess
of
hydrogen.
47
15 0. 19
6.29
03.98
40.59
5.07
1.22
0.4900
30.54
879
1 4 0. 13
7. 2G 56. 19
36.30
4.54
2.72
0.8479
52.84
359
5
2 0. 2G
7.41 58.61
33.72
4.21
3.20
0.7417 40.22
81
30 12 ".--
4 10 0.28
•J 7 0. 24
C. 70
G. (•:.
6. 8:j
52.70
52.99
.14. 78
40.32
39.88
38. 15
5.04
4.99
4.77
1.66 0.6236 38.86 385
LW 0.8988 55.96 358
2. OH U. SIS? 55.98 358
12
14 o. n;
8.22
53.33
40.29
5.03
1.19 0.7«12 47.44 336
64
51 0. 30
6.58
48.45
44. G7
5.58
1.00
0. 4087
25.47
794
61
25
0.48
5.91
52. 38
41.23
5.15
0.76
0.4097
25.53
1042
00
26
17
29
0.03
0.27
6.42
6.03
52.32
51.91
41.23
41.79
5.15.
5.22'
1.27
0.81
0. 4056
0.7024
25.28
43.77
709
226
62
65
7.GG
7.06
43.35
41.93
5.24
1.82
0.4404
27.45
242
70
44
2.74
6.82
47.73
42.71
5.34
1.48
0.2128
13.26
565
8
16
1.24
6.98
60.46
41.32
5.16
1.82
0.8492
52.92
565
23 FOE
354
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Sprcilir. gravity of
the air-dried speci-
men.
t
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
First dcllrc-
tion.
6
'I
Il-
l's
cc
MAGXOLIACE.E.
346
346
354
Cottage Hill
do
C.Mohr
do
Rich loam
do
0. 7051
0.7006
0. 5222
0. 5028
0. 5000
0. 4755
0. 4862
0.4564
0. 5682
0. 5852
0. 4318
0. 4625
0. 5807
0. 5580
0.4170
0.5031
0. 5688
0. 5103
0. 4174
0. 4930
0. 4809
0. 4704
0.4911
0.4619
0. 4381
0. 4511
0.4550
0. 4614
0. 4697
0. 4591
0. 4386
0.4463
0. 3634
0. 3575
0. 4323
0. 5705
0. 5794
1. 1286
1. 0857
0.4844
0. 4729
0.5470
0. 5605
I
1061
887
976
976
904
939
788
729
1061
1109
888
976
1191
1252
800
609
939
887
610
1085
1085
976
921
970
976
976
904
888
872
888
857
976
444
362
698
542
530
1085
1085
718
787
888
751
957
849
930
S96
1061
921
734
723
1050
1085
864
1017
1085
1252
814
• 673
976
912
610
1176
1050
976
1007
957
848
1028
921
834
888
849
849
976
407
315
723
514
488
1085
1148
723
763
921
769
820
761
717
703
665
574
525
717
839
564
637
516
876
553
612
811
602
473
756
675
743
820
755
457
722
661
694
645
584
584
635
312
288
574
628
586
905
1148
49!)
671
773
729
Big Laurel. Bull Bay.
do .. ..
. do
.do .
do
Sweet Bay. White Say. Beaver
Tree. White Laurel. Swamp
Laurel
354
?46
246
261'
2611
534
534
1178
1178
532
532
266'
266'
260
2601
395
818
818
1231
1231
1231
1232
1232
)232
1236
1236
1236
1237
1238
211
211
332
479
479
1131
1131
236
236
414
414
do
do
do
do
Virginia
AVytheville
....do
Fancy Gap
....do
Selvers' mill
. do
H. Shriver
....do
....do
....do
C.Mohr
. do
Clay limestone
....do
Rich, light
....do
....do
do
Cucumber Tree. Mountain Mag-
nolia.
....do
...do
....do
... do
do ... .
Cucumber Tree. *
do
do
do
Quitman
do
....do
do
Rich, low
....do
Large-leaved Cucumber Tree.
...do
Virginia
"Wytheville
H Shriver
Umbrella Tree. Elk Wood.
7. Magnolia Fraseri
Long-leaved Cummber Tree.
....do
do
do
....do
....do
Michigan
West Virginia....
...do
Fancy Gap
....do
Lansing
Grafton
do .
....do
....do
W.J.Beal
C. G. Pringle •.
...do
....do
Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. White
Wood.
ANONACE^:.
9. Asimina triloba ..
Pennsylvania
....do
Chester county
do
P. P. Sharpies
do
... do
do
do
....do
do
do
....do
... do ..
do
....do
do
. do
Saw-mill at Nash-
ville.
.. do
A E Baird
....do
do
...do
do
.do
do
do
do
..do
do
. do
Meramec river, Jef-
ferson county.
G. W. Letterman .
do
Alluvial
Papaw. Custard Apple.
do
....do
Cumberland river . .
A. Gattinger
A. H. Curtiss
do
....do
Pond Apple.
CANELLACE.E.
12. Canellanlba
White Wvod. Cinnamon Bark.
Wild Cinnamon.
TERNSTRCEMIACEJE.
do
do
do
....do
do
Elliott's Key
do
....do
do
Coral
..do
South Carolina
....do
....do
....do
Bonneau's Depot . . .
....do
H. W. Kavenel ...
....do
do
Wet pine-barren . .
....do
Loblolly Say. Tan Say.
...do
....do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN.
355
DEFLECTION, IX MII.MMKTKKS, f.Nl'KIt A 1'KKSSUUE, IS KILOGUAM6, OF—
Ultimate strength:
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Office number.
SO
100
ISO
16.0
16.7
16. 0
16.7
14.5
17.0
21.0
21.0
14.5
13.7
17.3
13.!
13.8
11.6
19.4
23.0
14.4
1C. 4
26.0
12.0
14.3
15.0
14.4
15.2
18.0
14.0
15.7
16.0
16.0
17.5
17.2
15.2
soo
0
(set.)
300
L!-. .'.
23.0
240
20.0
25.0
35.0
33.0
20.0
19. 'J
27.0
23.0
19.5
15.8
32.4
36.2
20.0
25.5
230
300
350
100
430
500
530
4.6
5.5
5.0
5.0
5.4
5.2
0.2
6.7
4.G
4.4
5.5
5.0
4.1
3.0
6.1
7.3
5.2
5.5
8.0
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.3
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.4
6.0
5.6
5.5
5.7
5.0
11.0
13.5
7.0
!l. (1
9.2
4.5
4.5
0.8
0.2
5.5
6.5
10.2
11.5
10.5
10.9
9.2
10. G
13.3
13.5
9.3
9.0
11.3
9.6
9.0
7.8
12.0
14.5
10.0
10.7
16.0
8.3
9.3
10.0
9.7
10.2
11. 5
9.5
10.6
11.7
11.0
11.5
11.5
10.0
24.0
31.0
13.5
19.0
20.0
9.0
8.5
13.5
12.8
10.6
12.7
22.8
23.4
21.7
24.0
20.0
24.0
34.3
31.8
20.0
19.2
20.1
22.0
19.2
15.8
30.8
34.8
19.6
?4. 7
l.fl
2.0
1.0
2.3
1.0
1.9
4.8
3.4
1.0
0.7
2.0
1.4
1.0
0.3
4.5
4.0
1.0
2.0
30.5
31 2
39. :.
40 5-
54.6
350
:;"'i
346
346
354
351
246
246
261'
261'
534
534
1178
1178
532
532
2661
266»
260
260>
395
818
818
1231
1231
1231
1232
1232
1232
1236
1238
1236
1237
1238
211
211
332
479
479
1131
1131
236
236
414
414
do
30.0
31.5
44.5
50.8
321
306
Crushed at center bearing; broke suddenly and squarely, splitting
to the end.
do
28.8
33.7
46.0
300
°84
do
°45
do
224
do
27.0
2G. 0
306
do . .
35.0
54.0
358
do
210
272
220
374
236
261
346
257
202
322
288
317
350
322
195
308
282
296
275
249
249
271
133
123
243
268
250
386
490
213
290
330
32.4
Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot
20.8
28.5
40.0
60.0
26.3
30. 8
do
37.2
16.8
20.0
20.6
20.0
20.6
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
16.9
20.2
20.7
20.5
20.6
24.5
28.8
28.0
25.8
27.0
34.0
37.7
34.2
37.7
50.0
do
19.2
21.5
22.0
23.0
26. G
27.0
22.2
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.4
2.0
2.5
1.5
19.4
22.0
22.4
23.5
27.0
28.0
22.4
25.4
30.0
31.5
33.0
36.0
31.6
do
do
21.6
31.0
32.5
13.7
12.5
21.5
20.0
16.3
19.5
31.0
50.5
51.5
18.5
17.5
32.0
29.2
23.5
27.0
2.9
10.0
10.0
1.0
0.8
3.0
2.5
1.2
2.0
33.3
55.4
54.3
19.5
17.8
32.5
30.0
23.7
28.2
94.0
83.0
25.0
22.0
•
31.0
28.0
38.0
34.0
42.0
50.0
40.0
31.0
37.0
44.0
58.0
do
311
356
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
\
5
1
O
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
the air-dried speci-
men.
Direction of grain.
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus ot'rniituro.
First deflec
tion.
Second de-
flection.
o
252
316
1039
1039
745
745
285 '
285*
2853
320
320
1113
476
1133
735
735
1086
1086
1140
1140
487
487
402
482
475
Massachusetts
Arnold Arboretum. .
C. S. Sargent
G. W. Letterman.
do
Drift
0. 4601
0.4668
0.5496
0. 4517
0. 4492
0. 4237
0. 4702
0. 4555
0. 4017
0. 3944
0. 3920
0. 4750
0. 4924
0. 6516
1. 1430
1. 1582
0. 5240
0.5353
0. 5898
0. 5545
0. 9833
0 9545
0.4560
0.4104
0.3060
0.3096
1. 1140
1.1273
0.8364
0.8221
0.6990
0. 7018
0. 5307
0. 5333
0. 6916
0.6062
0. 6762
:
' 814
970
1638
888
698
068
842
814
697
751
827
1085
976
542
800
856
651
669
857
659
814
814
888
1061
417
781
976
1027
888
729
638
834
788
634
723
814
1085
970
525
814
912
698
688
888
630
814
921
888
976
569
616
804
525
553
469
569
548
403
525
541
703
712
424
628
947
628
708
757
469
820
687
586
544
183
112
1244
1366
895
1111
703
670
586
558
314
574
478
Lime Tree. Bass Wood. Ameri-
can Linden. Lin. See Tree.
17. Tilia Americana, rar. pubeacens
18 Tilia heterophylla
do
Michigan
Massachusetts
....do
Georgia
..do
Hersey
W. J. Beal
do
Baiubridge
do
....do
A. H. Curtiss
do
... do
Low
do
Cliffs Kentucky river
Mercer county
....do
Cumberland river. . .
....do
W. M. Limioy
do
....do
A. Gattuiger
....do
A. H. Curtiss
...do
LimesUmo
....do
....do
Alluvial
....do
White Bass Wood. Wahoo.
MALPIGHIACE^.
....do
....do
....do
Tallowberry. Glamberry.
ZYGOPHTLLACE2E.
20. Guaiacum sanctum
Lignum-vitee.
RUTACEJJ.
23. Xanthoxvlum Clava-Herculis
Toothache Tree. Prickly Ath.
Sea Ash. Pepper Wood. Wild
Orange.
....do
....do
... do
. do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
Elliott's Kev
do
do
do
Chattahoocuee
... do
....do
do
Dry, sandy
. do .
Texas
Palestine
do
C. Mohr
do .. ..
Damp, sandy
do
....do
Florida
Bahia Honda Key...
... do
A. H. Curtiss
do
Satin Wood.
SIMARUBE.E.
28. Simaruba glauca
Paradise Tree.
BURSERACE^!.
29. Bursera gummifera
Gum Elemi. Gumbo Limbo. West
Indian Birch.
do
do
....do
....do
...do
do
Bay Biscayne
do
do
....do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
.do
....do
....do
do . ..
....do
....do
do
. do
...do
do
do
1038
976
976
1109
651
707
610
697
465
698
814
1085
1085
976
1148
622
664
610
673
488
751
814
Torch Wood.
475
452
do .. ..
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Mahogany. Madeira.
ILlCINE^i.
4S2
280
280
484
484
341
338
do
do
do
do
South Carolina . . .
.do
Waverly Mills
W. St. J. Mazyck .
do
American JJoUi^.
do
....do
A, H. Curtiss
do
Low, damp
..do :
Dahoon. Dahoon Holly.
CYRILLACE^.
do
do
Chunchula
Cottage Hill
ilo .
C.Mohr
....do
do
Damp, sandy
Wet
do
Iron Wood.
38. Cliftonia ligustrina
do
Titi. Iron Wood. Buckwheat Tree.
338
do
i
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANS VK US K STRAIN— Continued.
357
DEFLECTION, IX MILLIMETERS, UXDF.lt A I'RESSUIE, IX KILOGRAMS. OF—
Ultilnatu stvi'iiiilli:
tranavci-80 pressure.
Remark*
Office number.
50
100
1,50
200
O
(set.)
200
250
300
i.-.o
too
4.50
500
.530
6.0
5.0
4.7
5.5
7.0
7.3
5.8
6.0
7.0
6.5
5.9
4.5
5.0
9.0
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.::
:,.-,
7.4
6.0
6.0
5.5
4.0
11.7
1 1 r.
10.0
9.5
11.0
13.4
15.3
11.7
12. 4
15.4
13.5
12.0
9.0
10.0
18.6
12.0
10.7
14.0
14.2
11.0
15.5
12.0
10.0
11.0
10.0
•jo. :;
16.5
14.0
17.3
22.3
26.4
18.5
18.8
24.6
20.3
18.4
13.7
15.3
31.0
18.0
15.9
21.6
22.5
17.5
23.8
18.0
I.'., r,
18.0
15.5
32.0
24.2
19.4
27.6
34.3
50.5
28.6
IN. .I
4.0
2.2
1.0
3.5
4.0
18.0
3.5
3.0
34.0
25.5
19.8
29.5
30.0
30.6
30.1
243
263
2
252
252
316
1039
1039
745
745
.285'
285«
285*
320
320
1113
• 478
1133
735
735
108S
lose
1140
1140
487
487
462
462
475
475
452
452
280
280
484
484
341
338
338
37.0
25.9
do
33.5
343
do
224
236
£00
243
234
*
i
Broke, on reloading, with large .splinters
do
172
do
31.0
29.0
19.0
21.2
3.5
3.5
0.7
1.5
33.6
31.3
19.5
22.0
224
do . .
231
do
26.0
29.0
39.5
41.0
300
do
304
do .
181
268
25.0
21.2
31.0
31.5
25.5
35.5
240
21.2
26.5
21.7
1.2
1.0
3.0
2.5
'2.3
25.7
22.0
32.3
33.0
27.0
33.0
27.6
43.0
43.5
36.0
. do
34.0
41.2
49.0
404
268
302
323
70.5
58.0
•
do
200
350
293
250
232
78
48
1.3
1.0
4.0
2.0
24.5
21.7
28.0
23.5
31.0
28.0
39.0
Square break on tension side with large flake on compression
side ; broke aft knot.
do
4.7
5.0
5.0
4.4
7.5
6.9
8.0
7.0
10.5
7.0
6.0
9.0
9.0
10.0
8.5
15.7
14.7
16.0
14.5
20.0
13.0
12.0
13.3
13. G
14.6
13.2
25.0
24.0
26.0
23.5
18.0
18.0
20.4
18.4
40.0
37.7
39.2
34.3
0.3
0.3
1.0
0.9
5.0
5.3
5.5
5.0
18.2
18.2
22.0
18.6
42.0
39.0
41.0
36.3
22.7
23.0
27.0
24.1
58.0
57.1
28.0
27.7
32.0
30.0
845
33.2
32.0
39.0
35.5
38.3
38.0
41.4
46.3
44.0
50.5
53.0
51.0
531
583
382
474
61.0
do
300
280
250
238
134
245
204
Square break on tension side with large flake on compression side .
20.0
19.8
28.8
27.9
2.3
2.5
30.0
28.8
1
358
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
the air-dried speci-
men.
=
tjc
<»•
O
1
5
H
m
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
First deflec-
tion.
Second de-
flection.
RHAMNACE.&.
454
460
Florida
Upper Metacombe
Key.
do
A. H. Curtiss
.do
Coral
1. 2012
1.3546
1. 3430
0. 5369
0. 5066
0. 5943
0. 8721
0.4653
0. 4602
0. 4970
0. 5034
0. 5228
0. 7681
0.7784
0. 5243
0. 5310
1. 0405
1.0123
0.5445
0. 5341
0. 4907
0. 5053
0. 6928
0. 7001
0.8381
0. 6852
0. 6775
0.7447
0. 6986
0. 7063
0.7108
0. 7137
0. 7189
0.7241
0. 7355
0.6973
0. 6979
0. 6824
0. 0641
0. 7148
0.6136
976
1191
1191
814
718
775
921
751
687
610
697
678
888
857
842
688
1135
939
697
751
697
729
626
634
1526
888
763
1683
1878
1220
1395
1628
1436
1039
1085
888
857
610
976
827
871
1050
1109
1176
794
687
912
976
707
651
574
669
698
888
948
814
697
1206
1017
734
751
842
794
713
723
1457
976
930
1953
1808
1395
1480
1575
1575
1149
1221
1149
930
688
1109
864
1039
820
1127
680
518
616
750
1216
466
468
549
548
649
663
949
820
703
1261
1118
696
696
691
656
712
818
1219
816
675
1404
1289
1235
1284
1242
1104
1055
1055
1024
933
743
1019
738
820
ited Iron Wood. Darling Plum.
do
....do
Black Iron Wood.
460
803
do
do
do
....do
do
do
Rich hummock...
Rich, alluvial
Coral
Indian Chen ;/.
101)4
09:i
1139
W7
297
427
684
684
307
307
928
928
4G3
463
982
982
1023
1023
1013
Arkansas
Oregon
Florida
•Joneshoro'
Portland
T.B. Kitchens....
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
A. H. Curtiss
G. W. Letterman.
do
Bearberry. Hear Wood. Shitfi.-/'
Wood.
Naked Wood.
SAPINDACE.E.
T>
Missouri
do
Allentou
do
Rich, moist
Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.
do
Tennessee
California
do
Nashville
M:u in county
do
G R Vasey
Rich upland
California Buckeye..
do
....do
Texas
Dallas
do
J. Reverchon
do
Rich, damp
Wild China. Soapberry.
do
....do
....do
...do
Florida . .
Austin
....do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
C. Mohr
....do
A. H. Curtiss
•
do
....do
Coral
Ink Wood. Iron Wood.
do
....do
G. Engelniann and
C. S. Sargent.
Rich, alluvial
....do
Broad-leaved Maple.
do
do
....do
Portland Furniture
Company.
....do
do
do
Portland
do'
Moist, alluvial . . .
....do
Rich upland
Vine Staple.
1014
299
376
409
1233
1233
1234
1234
1235'
1235
213
Washington ter-
ritory.
Missouri
Wilkesou
do
Allenton
Charlotte
G. W. Letterman..
C G Pringle
Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Bard
Maple. Hock Maple.
64. Acer saccharinum, var. nignun
Gravelly
New England
Charlestown Navy-
vard.
F. H. Horsford
do
do
do
do
do
do
....do
do
....do
do
....do
do
do ...
do
do
.. do ..
do
C.G.Prinsle
G. W. Letterman . .
A.Gattinger
A. H. Curtiss
do
Clay
Low, alluvial
Rich
Clay
do
Slack Sugar Maple.
2741
440
757
757
1052
20
Missouri
Tennessee
Florida
Allenton
Nashville
Chattahoochee
do
. . do
Massachusetts
do
J. Robinson
C.S.Sargent
C.Mohr
Low meadow
Drift
Rich, swampy
Soft Maple. White Maple. Silver
Maple.
Arnold Arboretum . .
Kemper's mill
Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Soft
Maple. Water Maple.
530
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued.
359
DEFLECTION. IX HILIJMKTEltS, UXI'Kit A I'KKKSUIiE, IN KII.OCItAMS, OF—
Ultimate Btrencth :
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
=
50
5.0
4.1
4.1
C.O
0.8
8.3
5.3
6.5
7.1
ao
7.0
7.2
5.5
5.7
5.8
7.1
4.3
S.2
7.0
6.5
7.0
0.7
T.8
7.7
3.2
5.5
6.4
2.9
2.6
4.0
3.5
3.0
3.4
4.7
4.5
5.5
5.7
8.0
5.0
5.9
5.6
1OO
!.><•
->>».,
18.0
15.5
16.0
20. .">
33.0
22.0
19.6
O
(set.)
8OO
25O
::oo
350
-1OO
45O
5OO
550
9.3
8.8
8.3
12.3
14.2
10.7
10.0
13.8
15.0
17.0
14.6
14.0
11.0
10.3
12.0
14.0
8.1
9.6
13.3
13.0
11.6
12.3
13.7
13.5
6.7
10.0
10.5
5.0
5.4
7.0
6.6
G. 2
6.2
8.5
8.0
8.5
10.5
14.2
8.8
11.3
9.4
13.5
11.5
12.1
18.0
22.1
16.5
15.0
22.4
24.0
27.6
23.0
21.7
16.6
15.5
19.0
22.0
12.0
14.5
21.0
19.8
17.8
19.4
21.5
21.0
10.2
15.0
15.5
7.7
8.4
10.2
10.0
9.6
9.1
13.5
12.0
13.0
16.5
21.0
14.0
17.2
14.2
0.5
0.5
o. r,
2.4
i. r.
1.0
0.5
19.0
Hi. I)
17.0
^7. .">
34.0
23.0
19.5
.':!. o
20.0
21.2
30.0
24.5
350
481
'.'30
221
263
4J4
460
460
803
1094
993
1139
297
297
427
684
684
307
307
928
928
463
463
982
982
1023
1023
1013
1014
299
376
409
1233
1233
1234
1234
1235
1235
213
274'
440
757
757
1052
20
530
:io.o
33.7
40.0
Shattered .
'28.0
24.5
36.6
29.0
320
519
199
200
34.5
48.0
57.0
41.5
44.0
31.5
30.3
23.5
22.4
29.0
32/0
16.5
19.0
30.5
29.5
25.0
29.0
30.5
29.5
13.5
20.0
20.5
10.2
11.2
13.6
13.0
13.0
12.2
18.2
15.5
17.6
23.0
30.0
19.0
24.5
19.5
do
7.5
1.8
2.3
1.5
1.5
3.0
4.2
0.7
1.0
3.4
3.0
2.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
0.3
0.7
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.6
1.5
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.2
48.6
32.0
31.8
24.5
23.4
29.7
34.2
17.0
19.0
32.0
31.0
26.0
30.0
31.4
30.0
13.8
20.3
21.3
10.2
11.2
13.6
13.0
13.0
12.5
18.0
16.3
18.0
24.0
30.7
19.2
26.0
20.0
234
265
277
383
405
350
44.0
44.2
32.0
30.7
37.0
45.0
21.5
24.0
43.0
42.0
35.0
41.0
40.3
39.0
17.0
26.0
27.0
12.6
14.0
16.6
16.0
15.8
15.4
23.5
20.0
22.5
30.7
40.4
23.0
35.0
28.0
42.0
42.0
53.0
27.0
30.5
59.0
58.0
90.0
..do
33.2
36.5
39.5
44.5
48.5
56.0
62.0
300
538
477
Shattered
do
297
297
295
280
304
349
Slightly crushed at center bearing ; splintered
50.5
21.5
35.0
do
25.8
32.0
39.0
50.5
551
3&
288
599
550
527
548
15.2
Vr.o
20.2
19.5
19.7
19.0
30.6
26.0
29.5
41.5
54.0
32.0
46.5
39.5
18.2
20.2
24.6
23.4
24.7
22.6
38.0
32.0
37.0
53.0
21.7
25.3
30.0
27.7
30.0
27.6
48.5
43.5
52.0
25.4
30.0
36.0
33.0
36.8
34.5
65.0
31.4
39.0
47.0
42.0
50.0
38.3
50.0
do
do
530
do
471
450
450
437
398
317
435
315
350
41.0
55.0
'
58.0
360
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
«*- •
0 3
£|
li
S
;=•;: .
in
CO
Direction of grain.
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture. !
u
li
Second de-
dection.
530
743
743
878
878
1048
1048
290
290
311
311
645
645
730
736
4C7
467
405
Kemper's mill
C.Mohr
A. H. Curtiss
do .
Rich, swampy
Low
do
0. 5999
0. 5524
0. 5509
0. 6818
0. 7102
0. 6699
0. 6710
0. 4750
0. 4585
0. 4773
0. 4614
0.5227
0. 5227
0. 4888
0.5054
0.7967
0. S105
976
KSS
976
888
775
888
842
610
626
452
514
939
921
634
763
921
921
1395
857
1221
1039
814
1526
1627
976
1320
1061
976
659
740
842
888
957
842
1150
872
1061
1221
976
976
1164
888
1028
930
1085
888
835
904
913
618
697
478
536
986
904
638
835
1050
1050
1302
1302
1268
1050
976
1627
1627
. 1123
1436
1149
1039
697
814
888
976
1028
857
1097
849
1110
1149
1085
1149
1221
888
809
600
797
937
839
820
937
443
572
509
591
785
809
694
633
616
694
1481
1362
1514
.1041
851
1387
1355
1069
1397
909
942
558
820
675
989
813
820
799
703
813
769
802
968
907
893
do
... do
Massachusetts
... do
Danvers
... do
...do
... do
do
...do
... do
do
do
. do ... . .
do
do
Allcnton
....do
G. TV. Letterman . .
... do
Rich bottom
do
Sox Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.
....do
Texas
Dallas
do .
J. Bcverchon
do
...do
do
... do
California
....do
Contra Costa county
... do
<;. R.Vasey
do
Rich, moist
do
Sox Elder.
ANACARDIACE^;.
Florida
Chattahoochee
....do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
do
Chailrstown Navy-
yard.
do
A. H. Curtiss
....do
A. H. Curtiss
....do
S. H. Pook . .
Dwarf Sumach.
....do
....do
Coral
Poison Wood. Coral Sumach.
Mountain Manchineel. Sum
Wood. Hog Plum. Doctor Gum.
LEGUMINOS.ZE.
....do
....do
Locust. Slack Locust. fellow
Locuet.
79. Kobinia Xeo-Mexicana
405
405
815
815
1247
1247
1248
1248
1031
650
650
564
564
33
33
329
932
519
1241
1242
1243
53'
53'
444
do
0. 8205
0. 8148
0.6433
0.6433
0.7956
0. 7769
0. 8069
0.8456
0. 8019
0.9841
1. 1966
1. 0398
0.9466
0. 7852
0.6444"
0. 8697
0. 9594
0. 7143
0.6966
0.6875
0.6670
0.6250
0.6381
0. 6969
do
do
West Virginia...
....do
Graf ton
C G Pringle
....do
do
M C. Beedle . .
....do
... do
do
....do
<lo
. .do
. do
..do
do
Colorado
.California
....do
Trinidad
Lower* Colorado
valley.-
... do
W. B. Strong
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Locust.
80. Olneya Tesota
Iron Wood. Arbol de Sierra.
81. Piscidia Erythrina
I'O'i gravelly
do .. ..
Upper Metacombe
Key.
. do .
A. H. Cnrtiss
do
Jamaica Dogwood.
. do
do
KentucKy
do
Mercer county
do
W. M. Linney —
do
YcllmcWood. Yellow Aih. Gopher
Wood.
84. Sophora affinis
do
Texas
Dallas
J. Reverchon
C.Mohr
A. Gattinger
Dry, calcareous...
....do
Limestone
...do
Austin
Nashville
Kentucky Coffee Tree. Coffee Nut.
86. Gleditschia triacanthos
Honey Locust. Slack Locutt.
Three-thorned Acacia. Sweet
Locust. Honey Shucks.
Missouri
do
Allen ton
do
G. W. Letterman .
do
Alluvial
do
....do
....do
....do
Tennessee
....do
....do
....do
Nashville
....do
....do
....do
A. Gattinger
....do
....do
Dry , sandy barrens
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
361
DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETERS, UNDER A PKEBSUIiE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF—
Ultimate strength:
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Oflicc number.
SO
100
1.10;
200
O
(set.)
2OO
250
300
350
4OO
450
500
55O
5.0
5.5
5.0
5.5
0.9
5.5
5.8
8.0
7.8
10.8
9.5
5.2
5.3
7.7
6.4
5.3
5.3
3.5
5.7
4.0
4.7
6.0
3.2
3.0
5.0
3.7
4.6
5.0
7.4
6.6
5.8
5.5
5.1
5.8
4.4
5.6
4.6
4.0
5.0
5.0
4.2
5.5
9.5
10.5
9.0
11.0
11.7
10.8
10.7
15.8
14.0
20.6
18.2
8.9
10.8
15.3
11.7
9.3
9.3
8.0
7.5
7.7
9.3
10.0
6.0
6.0
8.7
6.8
8.5
9.4
140
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.5
11.4
8.9
11.5
8.8
8.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
11.0
14.5
16.5
14.5
17.0
18.3
16.0
15.5
26.3
22.0
31.0
30.0
14.2
15.8
23.2
18.0
14.5
14.5
11.0
12.0
11.5
13.8
14.5
9.0
'.). 0
12.5
10.0
12.4
14.2
21.0
19.5
17.3
15.8
14.5
17.0
13.0
18.5
13.0
14.0
13.7
12.6
12.9
16.4
19.0
23.5
20.0
24.0
28.0
22.0
21.5
0.5
2.0
0.7
1.2
3.0
1.1
1.0
19.2
24.5
20.5
25.0
28.4
23.0
21.8
25.0
32.0
27.0
33.0
'37.5
31.5
28.0
35.5
345
256
340
400
530
743
743
878
878
1048
1048
290
290
311
311
645
645-
738
736
467
467
405-
405
405
815
815
1247
1247
1248
1248
1031
650
650
564
564
33
33
329
932
519
1241
1243
1243
53'
53 »
444
30.0
42.0
52.5
42.0
37.0
Sap-wood; crushed at center bearing; broke with tine splinters. . . .
do
61.0
90.0
358
350
do
50.0
400
do
189
244
217
335
345
286
270
33.5
44.5
42.0
°1 2
21.0
32.3
27.0
21.3
21.3
14.5
15.5
15.6
19.1
19.0
12.0
11.6
16.6
13.2
16.2
19.5
29.9
26.0
24.0
21.6
20.2
23.0
18.2
29.9
18.4
19.2
20.0
16.8
17.6
22.5
3.8
5.0
3.5
1.0
0.5
2.6
3.1
1.6
1.5
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.5
, I-*
1.8
1.4,
1.1
1.0
1.5
1.2
3.0
0.9
1.5
1.4
0.6
1.0
1.0
35.0
47.0
44.0
21.2
22.0
33.5
28.0
23.0
23.0
14.7
15.8
15.3
19.0
19.5
12.0
11.8
16.8
13.5
16.7
20.0
31.0'
27.1
24.5
22.5
20.5
25.0
18.7
29.0
18.8
20.0
20.5
18.0
18.7
23.5
71.0
28.0
28.0
43.5
37.3
30.5
30.5
18. 0
10.0
19.0
23.7
24.0
15.0
14.5
20.8
16.4
20.6
26.5
37.5
36.5
.. . do
263
296
do
22.0
23.5
23.9
30.0
30.0
18.0
17.8
25. 5
20.1
25.0
33.7
25.8
28.7
28.0
38.0
42.0
21.0
21.2
31.0
24.3
31.0
42.0
30.2
35. 0
32.0
47.7
35. C
40.0
37.0
41.5
47.0
44.5
47.8
53.0
51.8
632
581
646
444
363
60.2 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; specimen cross-
Drained.
64.3 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; broke with fine
splinters.
24.9
25.4
36.5
28.0
29.3
31.2
45.6
33.5
34.7
38.0
42.5
46.5
592
578
456
596
388
402
238
354
288
39.0
46.4
do
54.3
33.5
30.5
29.0
28.0
33.0
24.0
37.3
26.0
28.7
28.3
24.0
25.0
31.7
43.0
51.0
do
37.0
47.0
68.0
422
347
350
341
300
347
328
342
42.0
31.0
52.0
37.5
46.5
44.0
31.0
33.0
39.5
.. ..do
41.0
47.0
55.5
57.0
413
387
381
362
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OP THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OP THE
Species
Office number.
State.
'
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
si1
<cd '5 •
aa1
a
I
O
1
5
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
First deflec-
tion.
Second de-
flection.
rma
760
760
67J
678
436
1089
1090
1091
680
680
927
658
658
697
509
480
68
63
334
435
968
968
15
15
115'
1152
127
127
148
317
317
368
406
763
763
1053
1053
637
1032
1062
1062
Florida
Cliattahoochee
do
A. H. Curtiss
do
Alluvial
0. 7628
0. 7748
0. 6705
0. 6727
0.7323
0. 6341
0. 6534
0. 6250
0. 7818
0. 7614
0.7750
0. 8068
0. 8568
0. 8714
0. 567Q
0. 7753
0. 6003
0. 5916
0. 8045
0. 6538
0. 4099
0. 4750
0. 7438
0. 7386
0. 5315
0. 5048
0. 6790
0. 6670
0.6471
0. 5315
0. 5493
0.5648
0. 5028
0. 6105
0.6244
0. 6751
0. 6716
0. 7636
0. 8785
0. 8698
0. 8481
1061
1221
514
568
814
588
452
651
542
596
509
814
787
1039
488
957
814
651
921
634
751
751
775
1017
651
814
976
1221
976
775
842
764
651
976
888
740
698
814
697
1191
976
1149
1191
514
602
904
610
514
723
618
630
501
835
814
1085
461
1110
769
734
976
603
849
872
849
883
673
849
970
1028
930
800
828
857
718
958
976
769
775
769
718
1097
996
1073
982
511
579
1003
734
649
516
469
574
412
902
886
792
553
961
649
703
1240
469
687
670
1171
1084
579
724
905
996
937
689
691
769
042
797
792
820
820
691
586
1266
930
Water Locust.
88. Parkinsonia Torreyana
Green-bark Acacia. Palo Verde.
do
Arizona
do
Lower Colorado
river.
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Sandy
do
Tennessee
Nashville
Alleuton
....do
A. Gattinger
G. "W. Letterman..
. . do . .
Limestone
Rich
....do
liedbud. Judas Tree.
....do
do
do
Mesquit, Algaroba. Honey Locust.
Honey Pod.
do
....do
do
Texas
C;Uifornia
Austin
C. Mohr
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent,
do
Rich, calcareous . .
Sandy
Sertav Jlean. &crew-pod Mesqttit.
Tomitta.
do
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
Boca Chica Key
....do
A. H. Curtiss
do
Dry, gravelly
Coral
Cat's Claw.
Florida
Wild Tamarind.
ROSACES.
102. Clirysobidanus Icaco
Cocoa Plum.
....do
Missouri
All en ton
G. W. Letterman..
....do
J. Reverchon
A. Gattinger
Wild Plum. Canada Plum.
Morse Plum.
..do
Tuxas
....do
Dallas
...do
Rich
River bluff
Tennessee
Washington ter-
ritory.
do
Nashville
"Wilkeson
Clnckaitaw Plum. H off Plum.
107. Pi imus emarginata, far. mqllis
108. Prunus serotina
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
,1,,
do
Massachusetts Roxbury
.. do ! do
C. S. Sargent
....do
"W. J. Seal
Gravelly
....do
do
Wild Black Cherry. Sum Cherry.
...do
Dansville
....do
G. W. Lett«rman .
do
....do
do
do . ..
do
R. Donglns :"
W. J. Beal ....
Rich
do
do
do
do
Charlotte
Charlestown Navy-
yard.
C. G. Pringle
S. H. Pook
Gravelly
Virginia or Mid-
dle States.
Florida
A. H. Curtiss
....do
Clay
....do
....do
Massachusetts
....do
California
Florida
Texas
....do
Topafield
....do
Strawberry valley . .
Jacksonville
Victoria
....do
....do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
A. H. Curtiss
C.Mohr
....(to
....do
Wild Cherry.
Sandy
Rich, moist
....do
Wild Orange. Mock Orange.
Wild Peach.
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
363
UEFLECTIOX, IX M1LLIUBTERS, UNDER A PRESSURE, IX KII.ORRAHR, OF —
1!
7 °-
fl
Is
pi
458
419
218
247
428
'U'i
Remarks.
OfBce number.
50
4.6
4.0
!). 5
8.6
0.0
8.3
10.8
7.5
9.0
8.2
9.6
6.0
0.2
4.7
10.0
5.1
6.0
7. .I
5.3
7.7
6.5
6.5
6.3
4.8
7.5
6.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
6.3
5.8
0.4
7.5
5.0
•5.5
6.0
7.0
6.0
7.0
4.1
• 5.0
100
130
too n
(set.)
300
£50
3OO
350
4OO
450
500
550
8.5
8.2
19.0
16.2
10.8
16.0
19.0
iis
15.8
15.5
19.5
11.7
12.0
9.0
21.2
8.8
12.7
13.3
10.0
16.2
11.5
11.2
11.5
11.0
14.5
11.5
10.0
9.5
10.5
12.2
11.8
11.4
13.6
10.2
10.0
12.7
12.6
12.7
13.6
8.9
9.8
13.3
12.8
28.4
25.4
15.8
24.5
29.7
20.0
23.0
22.5
31.5
17.7
17.3
14.0
32.7
13.0
19.3
21.0
14.9
26.0
17.7
17.0
17.3
10.9
21.7
17.6
15.2
15.0
16.0
19.0
16.7
16.7
21.5
15.2
15.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
22.0
13. "5
14.0
43.2
18.5
43.2
35.2
22.9
35.0
43.0
28.4
0.6
1.0
6.4
3.0
1.0
2.5
6.0
1.5
18.0
11). 5
46.0
:',-. 7
22.7
37.0
45.5
30.0
23.5
25.5
29.0
33.0
4" II
760
760
678
078
436
1089
1090
1091
680
680
927
658
658
697
509
480
68
68
334
435
968
968
15
15
115
115
127
127
148
317
317
368
406
763
763
1053
1053
637
1032
1062
1062
40.5
52.5
29.7
48.0
61.0
38.0
74.5
50.0
68.0
do
277
do
220
200
245
30.7
1.6
31.7
do
176
385
378
24.3
24.5
18.1
r,i.:i
17.8
27.4
28.9
20.7
38.5
25.2
24.7
23.0
22.0
32.0
24.6
21.5
21.0
21.5
26.8
23.0
22.6
30.7
21.0
20.8
27.0
26.5
28.4
32. 3
18.4
18.5
1.3
2.2
0.'6
8.0
0.9
1.7
1.6
0.5
4.5
1.5
1.7
1.0
0.6
1.6
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.1
0.6
1.0
1.7
0.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.6
4.0
0.2
0.6
25.0
25.5
18.6
55.3
18.0
28.0
29.0
20.0
32.0
33.5
24.0
41.0
42.0
29.0
53.0
do
338
236
410
277
300
529
200
293
286
500
23.0
37.0
36.5
27.0
31.5
40.0
60.6
34.0
41.0
50.0
61.5
84.0
Specimen cross-grained, defective ; square break on tension side . . .
26.0
26.0
24.2
22.0
32. 5
25.0
22.0
22.0
22.5
27.5
24.0
23.0
31.6
21.8
21.5
28.0
27.0
28.3
34.0
19.0
19.0
36.0
36.5
30.0
28.0
38.5
35.7
46.5
44.0
57.5
55.0
73.0
do
487
247
309
32.5
28.5
28.0
28.0
36.0
30.0
30.0
43.5
26.5
27.0
36.0
34.0
36.5
73.0
23.5
24.5
45.0
36.5
36.0
36.5
47.0
45.0
45.5
386
425
400
294
295
328
274
340
338
350
350
57.5
40.3
34.0
35.0
46.0
46.0
62.5
59.5
do
295
250
540
29.2
32.0
35.7
37.5
41.7
53.0
74.0
do
397
Specimen cross-grained; shattered .
364
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Offlct) number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
11
PTS
11
ss
^
z~— ~
_a
'«
c
to
o
a
o
I
3
m
m
COEFFIC
BLAST
e!>
V
73
ij
i
1EST OF
1CITT.
*|
~~
a u
o ®
g
5
g,
H
<M
O
•
3
•d
o
s
113. Prunus ilicifolia
1158
1158
1087
1087
1088
1088
410
607
607
328
328
1093
1093
949
1081
426
426
926
239
767
241
849
849
546
546
1095
1095
1173
1173
1181
1181
1182
1182
1183
1183
485
485
489
489
507
607
0. 9734
0. 9678
0. 7357
0. 7228
0. 7340
0. 7382
0. 5727
0. 6818
0. 7126
0. 6946
0. 7166
0. 7767
0.7946
0. 7565
0. 8670
0. 7166
0. 7527
0. 7102
0. 7230
0. 7973
0. 8312
0. 8472
0. 8410
0.5448
0. 5796
0. 6012
0. 5765
0.6080
0.6477
0.5864
0. 6001
0. 6250
0. 6375
0.5409
0. 6159
1.1480
1. 1335
1. 0240
1. 0292
0.7384
0. 7239
751
697
751
729
508
651
.-,7r.
814
788
543
508
751
751
921
842
740
651
718
595
740
1191
1085
1163
603
688
888
976
751
697
751
787
976
1163
814
1017
1627
1627
814
1002
698
775
751
712
751
723
405
630
626
814
763
575
514
775
794
913
888
740
723
674
592
708
1221
1149
1221
610
674.
930
996
769
496
781
849
1017
1061
888
976
1627
1684
913
1136
634
814
820
745
441
422
452
623
445
799
443
619
586
703
7«8
860
818
698
720
506
712
72»
1256
1085
1054
520
663
776
703
750
738
553
544
670
614
661
616
1308
1106
830
1055
272
764
Itlay.
...do
....do
do
Pennsylvania
....do
....do
....do
Xazarcth
....do
....do
....do
Mount Mansfield . . .
Ogeechee
do
J. Henry
....do
....do
....do
C. G. Pringle
A.H. Curtiss
do
Moist
'Ainerican Crab. Sweet-scented
Crab.
....do
....do
....do
Gravelly
Low
do
'Mountain Ash.
Georgia
....do
126. Crataegus Crus-galli
Massachusetts
....do
Missouri
....do
Texas
Brookline
....do
Allen ton
....do
Victoria
Saint Louis
,T. Robinson
....do
G. W. Letterman .
....do
C.Mohr
H.Eggert
Coctepur Thorn. NewcastleThorn.
128. Crafaegus subvillosa
....do
Low, wet
....do
Scarlet Haw.
120. Cratsegue tomentosa
Missouri
Slack Thorn. Pear Saw.
....do
do
do
do
Webster parish
Bonneau's Depot
Aspalaga
Brumfield Station...
Danvers
... do
C.Mohr
H. W. Kavenel
A.H. Curtiss
W. M. Linney
J. Robinson
.do .
Clay
Damp, rich
Dry clay
"Waverly shale
Small-fruited Haw.
South Carolina
Florida
May Haw. Apple Haw.
135. Crataegus flava, var. pnbescens
Summer Haw. Red Haw.
Juneberry. Shad Hush. Service
Tree. May Cherry.
HAMAMELACE.S:.
139. Liquidambar Styraciflna
Massachusetts
....do
do ..'.
Ketuper's mill
do
C.Mohr
do
Rich, alluvial
....do
Bout Gum. Ktar-leaved Own.
Liquidamber. Red Gum.
Bilsted.
EHIZOPHORACE.S;.
....do
Little Rock
do
G. AV. Letterman.
do
....do
New Jersey
do
S. P. Sharpies
do
Clay
do
do
Yazoo River bottom
do
E. Abbey
do
Alluvial
.. do
....do
do
do
do
do
....do
. do
do
do
....do
do
...do
do
....do
do
do
do
Florida
A.H. Curtiss
do
._.do
....do
....do
....do
Mangrove.
COMBEETACE.3:.
141. Conocarpua erecta
Button Wood.
142. Laguncularia racemose...
White Button Wood. White Man-
grove.
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
Sugar-Loaf Sound . .
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
365
DEFLECTION, IX MILLIMETERS, I'KDEU A ruKHUBE, IX KILOGRAMS, OF—
ritimnto strt-n^tli:
transverse pressure.
Kernarks.
|
a
1
50
100
1 -.0
£OO O
•iOO
450
300
:!-.<>
400
450
500
550
6.5
7.0
6.5
C.7
9.8
7.5
8.5
6.0
6.1
9.0
9.6
6.5
0.5
5.3
5.8
6.6
7.5
6.8
8.2
8.6
4.1
4.5
4.2
8.1
7.1
5.5
•5.0
6.5
7.0
0.5
6.2
b.O
4.2
6.0
4.8
3.0
3.0
6.0
4.6
7.0
6.3
13.0
13.7
13.0
13.5
21.0
15.5
15.6
18.0
12.8
17.0
10.0
12.6
12.3
10.7
11.0
13.2
13.5
14.5
10.5
13.8
8.0
8.5
8.0
16.0
14.5
10.5
9.8
12.7
12.0
12.5
11.5
9.6
9.2
11.0
10.0
6.0
5.8
10.7
8.6
15.4
12.0
20.11
•J-J. :;
21.5
21.3
33.5
24,6
28. g
18. :i
•jo. :.
28.0
28.5
20.0
18.1
16.0
16.6
20.2
21.0
22.5
28.0
23.5
11.5
12.6
12.4
24.5
'£i. r,
16.0
14.5
20.5
19.7
19.0
17.6
14.6
14.7
17.8
15. 5
8.4
8.5
16.0
12.7
:i2. :>
3.0
4.5
30.0
35.0
38.0
48.0
56.0
67.0
M.fl
350
318
188
180
193
M6
190
341
189
204
256
300
302
367
263
•
298
307
216
1158
1158
1087
1087
1088
1088
410
607
607
328
328
1093
1093
949
1081
426
426
926
•j:i»
767
241
849
849
548
546
1095
1095
1173
1178
1181
1181
1182
1182
1183
1183
485
485
489
489
507
507
B& :,
4.8
37.0
51.5
26.5
1.5
27.1
35.0
47.0
39.0
42.3
29.0
26.0
22.0
25.5
29.0
30.3
33.0
39.0
34.0
14.6
17.0
17.0
36.2
34.5
22.5
20.6
31.0
29.0
32.2
28.7
20.4
22.0
25.0
23.7
11.0
11.5
21.6
17.5
4.9
5.0
2.1
2.0
1.0
2.1
2.2
3.0
2.5
5.0
4.3
0.0
0.8
0.7
3.4
4.5
1.0
0.9
3.5
2.7
3.6
4.0
1.0
1.2
1.4
2.4
0.2
0.2
0.9
0.6
41.0
44.0
29.0
26.5
23.0
26.0
30.5
32.0
34.0
41.7
35.0
14.0
17.4
17.7
37.9
36.2
23.2
21.0
32.0
30.4
35.0
31.0
21.2
58.0
38.0
34.2
29.0
34.0
39.2
41.0
46.5
37.0
49.5
59.0
do
57.0
44.5
18.5
22.0
23.0
83.0
70.0
22.3
29.0
30.0
304
do
309
536
463
28.0
36.0
37.0
32.5
47.5
57.0
40.5
51.5
.. do
450
do
222
283
331
300
52.5
30.2
28.5
45.0
42.0
45.0
do
79. «
67.0
320
315
do
236
232
do
29 2
286
282
282
263
23.0
25.6
26.0
11.0
11.5
22.5
17.5
36.0
35.0
40.0
13.5
14.5
28.3
22.0
Broke with long, coarse splinters
do ..
17.0
18.0
35.5
28.5
20.0
21.6
47.5
35.0
24.0
25.7
28.0
29.6
32.2
38.3
558
472
*
do
354
450
116
320
45.0
Splintered
19.5
25.7
1.2
20.5
! 36.0
51.0
Shattered ....
3G8
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Speciea.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
the air-dried speci-
men. *
Direction of pruin.
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture. I
First deflec-
tion.
Second de-
flection.
MYRTACE^I.
144. Eugenia buxifolia
1118
1135
Florida
Lost Man's river
Umbrella Key
Miami
do .
A. H. Curtiss
....do
....do
do
Humus and coral .
Coral
....do
. do
1. 0635
0. 9405
0. 9966
1. 0023
0. 8937
0.8904
0. 7795
0. 7980
0.7947
0. 8647
0.8490
0. 8387
0. 7763
0. 7807
0. 5739
0. 6170
0.5966
0. 5735
0. 5979
0. 7885
0. 7936
0. 6222
0.6447
0.7364
0. 7534
0. 7233
0. 6800
0. 7914
0.6648
0. 6135
0. 5455
0. 5228
0. 5739
0. 5841
0. 5216
0. 8352
0. 9034
0. 8270
0.9554
0. 9524
0.5425
m
m
m
m
Ll
1627
1017
1191
1103
787
787
787
787
763
827
888
610
814
976
610
697
687
888
814
eoo
763
939
888
740
651
660
814
642
542
561
444
595
456
488
34ti
976
904
708
1136
1221
660
1575
1085
1206
1177
814
849
794
849
814
849
957
647
970
1085
638
723
761
849
814
849
781
888
1039
769
814
713
872
651
592
564
471
585
444
444
305
957
1028
734
1085
1302
683
1055
1172
1179
1172
872
1012
820
951
886
1015
966
710
930
1052
694
668
783
745
689
996
952
783
899
912
736
827
924
717
701
724
628
687
635
553
370
729
1228
898
956
1055
405
Gvrgcon Stopper. Spanish Stop-
per.
....do
Stopper. White Stopper.
148. Eugenia procera
lied, Stopper,
CORNACE^E.
1127
1127
67
67
761
812
812
1077
1077
1092
960
960
605
605
235
235
517
750
750
813
818
833
833
834
834
835
128
128
550
550
604
004
681
110'
no4
739
466
466
381
....do
Allen ton
....do
Chattahoochee
Grafton
G. \V. Letterman..
....do
A. H. Curtiss
C. G. Pringle
do
Upland
....do
Flowering Dogwood. Box Wood.
152. Cornns Nuttallii
..do
Florida
West Virginia
.. do
Dry
. do .
.. do
G. \V. Letterman . . 1 Gravelly
do
do
...do
do
do . Flintv
Portland ..
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Flowering Dogwood.
.. do
do
•
A. H. Curtiss
do
Swampy
do
Ogeechcc Lime. Sour Tupelo.
Gopher Plum.
154. Nyssa svlvatica
do
do
South Carolina
do
Bonnean's Depot . . .
do
H. \V. Bavenel
do
Muck
....do
Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge.
Mack Gum.
Cumberland river. . .
A. Gattinger
A. H. Curtiss
....do
C.G.Pringle
.. do
Clay
....do
....do
West Virginia ...
... do
....do
Grafton
....do
Massachusetts —
do
TVeat Newbury
do
J. Robinson
do
Rich
do .
do
do
. do
...do ...
....do
... do
South Carolina
. do
....do
....do
do
....do
Bonneau's Depot . . .
do
H. W. Eavenel ...
. do
Large Tupelo. Cotton Oum.
Tupelo (rum.
CAPEIFOLIACE.3;.
156. Sambiicus elauca...
....do
Stockton
....do
Ogeechee river
do ...
C.Mohr
....do
A. H. Curtiss
....do
Georgia
do
do
Swampy
do
California
Kentucky
....do
Contra Costa county .
Mercer county
....do
G. E.Vasey
W. M. Linney
....do
A. H. Curtiss
A. H. Curtiss
....do
J. H. Mellichamp .
Gravelly
Hudson River
shale.
Trenton limestone
Clay
Coral
....do
Sandy swamp
FMr.r.
Black Haw. Stag liuth.
•
KUBIACE.S;.
Florida
Upper Metacombe
Key.
....do
Bluffton
....do
South Carolina....
Georgia Hark.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued.
DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETERS, L'XllEU A I'liKSKVKK, IN KILOGUAMS, OF —
Ultimate stren<:tli :
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Office number.
50
1OO
!.-»<>
200
O
(set.)
200
250
300
350
4OO
!.»<>
500
550
3.0
4.8
4.1
4.2
6.2
6.2
C. 2
6.2
6.4
5.9
5.5
8.0
6.0
5.0
8.0
7.0
7.1
5.5
6.0
0.1
0.4
5.2
5.5
6.6
7.5
7.4
C.O
7.6
9.0
8.7
11.0
8.2
10.7
10.0
14.0
5.0
5.4
0.9
4.3
4.0
7.4
6.2
9.0
8.1
8.3
12.0
11.5
12.3
11.5
12.0
11.5
10.2
15.2
10.0
9.0
15.3
13.5
ias
11.5
12.0
11.5
12.5
11.0
0.4
12.7
12.0
13.7
11.2
15.0
16.5
17.3
20.7
16.7
22.0
22.0
32.0
10.2
9.5
13.3
9.0
7.5
14.3
9.5
13.5
12.5
12. 5
18.2
17.0
20.0
18.2
18. 7
16.7
10.3
24. G
14.5
18. J
25.0
20.3
19.6
18. It
19.5
17.7
19.0
16.2
13.5
19.7
10.0
21.6
17.0
26.0
29.0
28.7
33.0
26.7
36.5
36.5
55.0
14.7
14.6
20.7
11.5
11.4
22.2
12. r.
18.5
17.0
10.8
26. !l
24.5
29.0
26.7
27.0
23.0
24.0
;;5. 3
20.3
17.5
37.3
29.5
27.5
25.5
28.7
25. 7
20.5
22. 5
18.0
28.7
2!). 0
32.0
25.0
38.5
44.5
43.0
48.5
3D. 0
57.5
58.0
0.3
0.7
0.9
0.0
2.2
2.0
3.5
2.2
2. 5
1.5
1.0
3.6
0.9
0.4
3.3
2.2
1.6
1.5
2.4
2.0
2.0
0.4
0.4
'2.3
3.0
3.5
2.2
5.5
7.2
7.5
8.5
5.0
11.5
12.2
13.0
18.5
17.0
17.5
27. 0
25.5
31.2
28.5
28.6
24.5
24.6
37.0
20.3
18.0
38.0
30.5
28.2
28.3
29.5
26.0
27.5
23 0
18.2
29.7
30.0
33.5
25.2
40.6
46.0
45.5
53.0
40.8
62.5
60.5
10.5
23.5
23.0
22.4
30.0
32.7
40.5
30.5
39.0
32.0
32.0
48.5
25.5
23.0
52.0
41.0
37.5
34.7
38.0
34.0
37.0
29.0
22.0
38.0
42.0
45.0
32.5
58.0
60.0
00.2
82.0
59.5
108.0
21.0
30.3
28. 5
29.0
50.0
43.1
56.0
52.0
55.0
43.0
42.5
76.0
20.0
37.0
30.0
35.0
70.0
58.2
32.0
46.5
46.5
46.0
43.5
01.5
62.0
61.5
450
500
503
500
372
432
350
400
378
433
412
303
397
449
1118
113&
1127
1127
07
07
761
812
812
1077
1077
1092
960
900.
605
605
235
235
517
750
750-
813:
sis-
ess.
833
834
834
835.
128:
128
550.
530-
604
604:
681
110'
110*
739
468
466
3811
84.5
Maximum deflection, 120 millimeters ; broke with large splinters. . .
68.0
87.0
00.5
57.0
10 0
81.5
29.0
34.0
43.0
-
do
290
285
334
51.0
54.5
do
318
.do
294
425
400
334
388
40.0
48.5
38.0
27.5
53.0
57.5
00.0
44.0
100.0
63.0
74.0
93.0
120.0
35.0
84.0
95.0
116.0
64.0
do
389
377
do
353
do
394
306
299
309
208
293
Crumpled on compression side at knot ; square break with fine
splinters.
1
108.0
271
236
do
158
311
20.6
19.7
29.0
IS. 5
15.2
3.5
0.9
:;. i)
0.4
0.5
21.0
21.0
31.0
15.7
15.4
27.0
26.0
40.0
r
20.0
19.0
34.0
33.5
53.0
23.7
23.0
do .
41.0
71.0
28.0
28.5
51.0
68.5
92.0
524
383
408
450
173
33.5
33.0
38.0
1
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
1
State.
=
=
o
1
o
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
V. •
°'C
o
§'%
>*3
el
"•=
l| 8
£.53
of
A
I
3
1
5
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
First deflec-
tion.
i.
*a
*|
g o
SjS*
EKICACE^:.
1033
643
643
C79
679
683
083
353
353
262*
262^
263'
Florida
0. 7273
0. 7200
0. 7000
0.7454
0. 7546
0.7670
0. 7501
0. 7386
0. 7501
0. 7642
0. 6901
0. 6216
0. C403
0. 96C3 '
0. 9583
0. 9872
0. 9827
0.9602
0. 9173
0.8823
0. 7914
0.5847
0.5903
0. 7148
0. 8061
0.8630
1. 0786
1.0191
0. 7633
0. 7362
0. 8716
0. 8176
0. 8119
0. 8125
0. 8410
0. 8240
0. 5580
0. 6704
0.0577
I
814
740
610
970
842
651
531
787
939
051
465
651
610
1136
921
976
976
1356
1395
1191
751
488
478
488
697
600
996
939
814
751
1395
010
610
751
574
697
610
642
660
SU
704
026
1062
872
683
549
800
970
670
500
673
618
1252
996
1149
1050
1436
1395
1177
751
490
432
522
781
003
1028
976
794
751
1337
622
603
814
603
"34
022
073
697
680
893
827
1015
898
689
546
469
979
696
584
691
633
947
1237
919
1022
1263
1171
1008
673
567
265
330
562
516
952
874
483
818
1289
895
883
932
846
883
619
881
832
Contra Costa county
do
G. E. Vasey Gravelly
Madrono.
do
do ...
do <1«
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S Sargent.
do
do
Cottage Hill
A,,
C.Mohr
do
Light, rich
Sorrel Tree. Sour Wood.
do
Laurel. Calico Hush. Spoon
Wood. Ivij.
... do : do
do
... do
....do
Great Laurel. Hose Hay.
SAPOTACE^S.
263?
492
492
461
401
488
....do
Florida
do
....do
A.H.Curtiss
do
....do
Coral
176. Sideroxy lou Mastichodeudrou
Mastic.
do
...do
do
. .do
Upper Ifetacombe
Key.
. do
do
. . do
do
..do
do
,ln
do
JSustic. Casitada.
488
500
746
930
930
1083
333
1124
458
458
61
61
425
811
811
1084
1084
1162
347
738
738
....do
do
— do do
Umbrella Key ' do
....do
do
Texas .
Austin
.. do
C.Mohr
— do
G "W Letterman
Limestone
....do
do
Gum Elastic. Shitthn Wood.
181. Bumelia lycioiiles
....do..'.
Nashville
Boca Chica Key
Upper Metacombe
yey.
do
A. Gattinger
A. H. Curtiss
....do
-do ...
Alluvial
Coral
Iron Wood. Southern Buckthorn.
182. Biiinelia mneata
Ants' Wood. Doivnward Plum.
Saffron Plum.
183. Mimusops Sieberi
Wild Uilly.
EBENACE^:.
184. Diospyros Virginiana
Florida
....do
....do
....do
do
Missouri
....do
Allenton
...do
G. W. Letterman . .
...do ... .
Rich upland
...do ...
Persimmon.
STYRACACE^:.
186. Svmplocoa tinctoria
Tennessee
West Virginia....
Nashville
Graftou
do
Rich loam : .
C G Prin^le
do
G. W. Lettcinum..
do
do
do
do
Alabama
....do
Cottage Dill
....do
C. Mohr
A. H. Cnrtiss
do
Rich
"Home Sugar. Sweet Leaf.
187. Halosia diptcra
Low
....do ....'.
Snow-drop Tree. Silver-bell Tre*.
....do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
369
DEFLECTION, IK Sill i NDER A rKK66UKE, IX KII.OGIIAMS OF—
Ultimate utre'Dgtli :
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
1
a
§
M
1OO
ISO
ZOO
o
(M't.)
•ton
23O
3OO
35O
400
450
.»<><»
...>o
0.0
6.6
8.0
5.0
.5.8
7.5
9.1
6.2
5.2
7.5
10.5
7.5
8.0
4.3
5.3
5.0
5.0
3.0
:;. .-,
4.1
(i. r.
10.0
10.2
10.0
7.0
7.4
4.9
5.2
6.0
6.5
3.5
8.0
8.0
6.5
8.5
7.0
8.0
7.6
7.4
12.0
12.3
15.6
9.2
11.2
14.3
17.8
ia.s
10.0
14.6
19.5
14.5
15.8
7.8
!(. S
8.6
9.3
C. 8
7.0
8 3
13.0
19.7
22.6
18.7
12.5
16. 2
0. 5
10.0
12.3
13.0
7.3
15.7
16.2
12.0
16.2
13.3
15.7
14.5
14.0
24
is. :.
19. 5
24. 0
14.0
22.0
£9.0
19.0
15.0
22.4
31.0
22. .S
25.ll
12.0
1.-,. :,
12.8
13. li
10.0
10.8
12.8
20.0
31.5
27.0
19.0
22. :.
:\].:,
21.0
31.2
44.0
32.5
34.2
1C. 4
81.0
17.5
18.3
13.0
14.0
is. a
29. 5
46.0
2.0
1.8
2.8
0.0
1.0
-.. :,
27. r.
28.0
35.0
20.0
32.8
46.0
55.0
::.-.. (i
44.5
25. :.
30.0
4:1. o
290
381
433
383
294
233
200
422
297
249
205
270
404
328
1033
043
643
079
679
683
683
353
353
262'
262
263
263
492
492
461
461
488
488
500
746
930
930
1083
333
1124
458
458
61
61
425
811
811
1084
1084
1162
347
738
738
47.5
59.0
32.5
38.2
62.5
do
41.5
51.0
53.0
1.2
2.0
4.8
2. 3
2.8
0.9
1.6
0.6
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.4
2.8
7.0
21. 5
33.6
47.0
33.5
35.5
17.4
22.0
18.0
19.0
13.7
14.5
17.0
31.5
49.2
28.0
44.5
30.0
47.0
05. 0
44.0
46.0
21.8
38.5
24.0
23.5
17.0
18.0
21.5
41.6
28.2
37.2
30.0
30.0
20.0
22.0
27.0
35.0
46.0
do
41.0
38.0
25.0
27.0
33.5
392
436
539
500
49.0
30.0
31.5
40.0
37.0
37.5
45.0
49.0
«L do '.....
430
287
242
113
141
240
220
406
373
206
349
550
382
19.5
26.7
14.7
]5. 0
18.0
19.4
11.0
24.8
2.->. 7
19.3
26.0
21.0
25.6
23.0
22.5
FOE
28.5
40.6
19.7'
20. 2
20. 2
•_•!>. (1
15.0
33.0
28.5
38.0
30.4
40.0
32.0
32.0
2.4
7.5
1.0
0.8
2.0
3.2
0.2
4.0
2.5
B. a
3.0
5.5
2.5
2.6
29.7
43.5
20.0
21.0
28.0
29.7
15.0
37.9
39.0
30.0
40.2
31.8
42.0
33.0
33.0
25.2
26.5
36.0
39.0
19.0
50.0
52.5
38.0
55.0
40.5
63.0
44.0
43.0
32.0
33.'2
51.0
55.0
24.2
70.6
79.0
52.0
78.0
58.0
39.7
42.5
48.7
Specimen cross-grained ; short bronk on tension side, flake from
compression aide.
30.0
111.5
115.5
73.0
135.0
78.0
35.2
43.0
56.0
75.0
do .
;;77
398
361
Deflected 170 millimeters before breaking ; broke with fine splinters
do
377
do .-
264
376
355
59.0
60.0
8" 0
96.5
Broke with largo splinters
;70
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAYIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
the air-dried speci-
men.
Direction of grain.
COKFI'lrlKXT OF
ELASTICITY.
|
I
<M
©
«
D
"3
1
666
578
928
586
619
1041
927
743
973
951
855
907
813
860
1059
1289
820
968
803
764
415
693
611
1017
1101
1115
1134
1073
780
1040
581
816
544
820
961
944
986
937
1179
*7C
537
951
949
677
633
1. ^
2l T-i
.r §•§
^ 'S.
OLEACE.S:.
660
GGO
39*
114'
1U'
114s
114«
114s
130
130
212
212
227
227'
227*
227s
207*
431
551
551
747
747
937
1045
1045
364
364
139
229
229
1059
57
308
308
438
948
948
957
957
907
536
66
G6
125
125
Santa Kita mount-
ains.
....do
G. Engolmauu and
C. S. Sargent.
do
0. 6633
0. 6S)95
0. 6592
0. 49S3
0. 5469
0. 7535
0. 6622
0. 5920
0. 6914
0. 68C4
0. 6569
0. 6524
0. 6347
0. 6613
0. 7243
0. 7151
0. 6250
0. 6792
0. 6417
0. 60.18
0. 6512
0. 6250
0. 7293
0.7954
0. 8205
0.8194
0. 7762
0.6416
0. 7065
0. 6812
0. 6080
0. 7273
0. 5977
0. 6522
0.7683
0. 7813
0. 8125
0. 7022
0. 7084
0. 6893
0. 4759
d. .^4-4
0. 8620
0. 5189
0. 5206
m
514
698
1110
542
698
1001
1191
814
1191
1136
976
939
814
888
1221
1479
904
1191
97C
1085
660
549
697
814
1221
1085
11C3
976
720
976
407
610
610
888
976
888
904
775
1628
U'.J7
44:i
814
842
740
634
542
660
1220
531
679
1103
1284
872
1284
1221
10S5
1007
930
957
1302
1525
976
1221
1085
970
642
564
708
957
1191
1028
1135
1122
752
976
398
592
610
930
1085
819
970
781
157J
729
47«
7.-7
888
751
687
Aeh.
... do
....do
....do
Clay
....do
White Ash.
192. Fraxinus Americana, WJr.Texensis.
Michigan
...do
....do
....do
....do
South Carolina . . .
... do
Virginia
Dausville
....do
Hudson
VT. J. Beal
....do
. .do
Lansing
Dausville '
Bonneau's Depot
....do
Wytheville
....do
....do
...do
H. W. Bavenel. . . .
....do
H. Shriver
do
Clay
Wet
....do
....do
C. G. Pringle
do
do
.. do
do
....do
.. do
. do
....do
....do
Virginia
....do
Wytheville
...do
H Shriver
....do
Nashville
Kemper's mill
do
A. Gattinger
C. Mohr
do
Alluvial
... do
....do
Georgia
do
Bninbridge
do
A. H.Curtiss
do . .
Elver-bottom
....do
Texas
Austin
Heading
do
C.Mohr
Eich, calcareous . .
Massachusetts
do
do
Dallas
J. Eeverchon
do
Dry, calcareous...
....do
do .
do
Michigan
Vermont
Lansing
Charlotte
W.J.Beal
C.G. Pringle
do
Poor
Clay
....do
Jted Aeh.
do
do
Massachusetts
Topsfield
Eiver-bottom
Eich, wet
....do
...do ...
G. "W. Letteruian. .
J. Roverchon
ili>
Green Aeh.
195. Fraxinus platycarpa
Texas
.. do
Dallas
do
Eich upland
Eich, wet
do
Texas
do
Victoria C. Mohr
do
....do
do
...do
do
do
do
....do
Alabama
.Missouri
...do
Stockton
....do
G. W. Letterman..
....do
W.J.Beal
....do
Eich, alluvial
Dry uplaud
....do
Water Aeh.
Blue Aeh.
... do
Lansing
....do
...do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE [JNITED STATES.
371
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
!
DEFLF.
100
CTIOX,
150
IX Mil
•iOO
L1MKT
0
EK8, I'MiEK A rlM'^SUUK, IX KII.OORASJ6. or—
Ultimate strenjilh:
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Oflk-e number.
50
300
VS.50
.•(00
350
400
450
ooo
550
7.0
4.4
D.Q
7.0
4.6
4.1
6.0
4.1
4.3
5.0
5.2
6.0
5.5
4.0
3.3
5.4
4.1
5.0
4.5
7.4
8.9
7.0
C.O
4.0
4.5
4.2
5.0
C. 7
5.0
12.0
ao
8.0
5.5
5.0
5.5
5.4
.6.3
3.0
7.0
11.0
6.0
5.8
6.6
7.7
,18.0
14.8
8.0
18.4
14.4
, 8.4
7.6
11.2
7.6
8.0
9.0
9.7
10.5
10.2
7.5
6.4
10.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
15.2
17.3
13.8
10.2
8.2
9.5
8.6
8.7
13.0
10.0
24.5
16.5
16.0
10.5
9.0
11.5
10.0
12.5
6.2
13.4
20.5
12.4
11.0
13.0
14.2
29.5
•_'l. •_'
11.8
29.5
23. 1'
12.3
11.5
17.8
11.6
11.4
14.0
14.6
15.5
16.0
11.3
9.8
14.2
12.2
13.0
14.5
25.3
27.6
22.0
15.2
12.8
13.0
13.0
12.8
21.5
15.0
44.2
27.2
24.5
15.5
13.5
18.0
15.0
19.0
9.4
20.6
33.5
19.5
17.0
20.2
22.0
1
15.9
47.4
35.5
17.0
15.0
26.3
lij. 0
15.8
19.0
20.0
22.0
22.8
15.2
13.0
19.5
1C. 5
10.0
21.5
5. -
1. 1
0. 1
6.2
4.2
1.0
0.4
2.0
0.3
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.5
1.0
1.3
14. f,
I.;.:,
50.6
39.0
17.5
15.2
27.5
16.0
16.0
19.5
20.3
22.0
23.5
15.3
13.0
20.7
17.0
19.5
22.5
54.0
284
247
396
250
204
444
415
317
415
406
365
387
347
367
452
550
350
413
343
326
177
296
261
434
470
476
484
458
333
444
248
348
232
350
410
403
421
400
503
374
229
406
405
289
270
Square break on tension side with large flake on compression side .
do
660
660
392
114'
114'
1143
114«
114«
130
130
212
212
227
227'
227s
227 2
267 »
431
551
551
747
747
937
1045
1045
364
364
130
229
229
1059
57
308
308
438
948
948
957
957
957
536
60
66
125
125
21.0
28.0
37.0
54.0
22.5
19.0
37.2
20.7
20.4
20.0
26.6
29.3
31.0
19.3
16.0
27.0
21.2
26.0
30.0
::o.7
24.0
58.0
26.2
26.4
:;•!. 5
35.0
39.0
41.5
24.8
19.7
36.0
27.5
35.0
42.0
39.0
30.5
33.2
35.0
50.0
50.0
56.5
41.0
45.5
47.0
do
do
60.0
30.2
23.7
do
38.2
29.0
51.2
35.5
45.0
59.0
35.0
48.5
do
39.2
32.3
21.5
17.0
17.6
18.0
17.6
32.2
21.0
76.0
39.5
36.0
21.0
19.0
26.2
21.0
26.1
12.7
30.0
52.2
27.2
23.2
29.4
32.0
4,2
3.6
1.5
0.9
0.7
0.5
1.0
5.0
1.7
IS. 5
5.8
3.5
0.8
1.0
2.4
1.1
1.8
0.5
2.5
7.0
2.0
1.4
2.1
2.0
41.0
33.2
22.0
17.5
18.3
18.4
17.7
33.2
21.6
81.0
41.0
37.6
21.3
19.5
26.5
21.0
26.4
12.9
30.2
56.0
28.0
24.0
30.5
33.0
56.2
44.5
28.2
22.5
23.0
23.5
22.5
45.5
27.3
36.5
29.0
30.7
30.5
2R5
64.5
35.4
47.0
37.0
S9. 5
38.0
35.4
65.0
49.5
53.6
46.0
45.7
72.0
79.5
63.5
63.2
47.0
65.7
56.0
94.0
27.5
24.6
35.0
28.5
34.0
16.0
41.6
38.0
32.4
47.0
38.0
45.5
21.0
57.0
51.0
42.0
64.5
50.5
60.0
26.5
84. tf
61.0
10.0
90.0
do
do
do
32.5
41.0
58.0
do
38.0
31.2
43.0
44.0
52.0
41.2
72.5
58.5
do
Square break on tension side with large flake on compression side .
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Ollico number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
sl,
pi
to
Direction of grain.
0
First clellec- K §
tiou. £ 3
2x
IVXT OF
IC1TT.
<b
J5~
Modulus of rupture.
196. Fraxinus quadrangulata — cont'd . .
286'
286"
291
518
964
004
1001
1001
1024
1024
1030
1030
122
147
839
839
737
737
283
283
584
1137
942
540
744
744
744
38
38
682
682
490
490
474
Mercer county
do
TV. M. Linney
do
0. 7914
0. 6080
0. 7923
0.61W
0. 6057
0. ft.'-.-)
0. 6001
0. 4834
0. 4832
0. 6430
0.6419
0.521.-.
0. 7:171
0. 7575
0. 5S75
0. 5814
0. 8762
(). gttl!
0. 7330
0. 7984
0. 6649
0. 4816
0.4413
0. 4352
0. 4585
0. 4915
0. 4915
0. 0193
0. 5716
1. 0323
1.0360
0. 6884
0.9718
0. 9752
0.6427
0.6489
0. 6216
!
976
697
651
610
939
842
888
740
478
425
1062
1220
814
BW
888
S14
610
872
1221
1062
1085
888
425
669
574
567
814
787
763
514
555
1163
1320
465
1161!
1017
814
814
814
1028
697
697
651
948
939
913
781
474
425
1085
1220
814
1002
849
763
Mi
814
1328
1221
1136
996
397
697
610
531
888
849
794
514
574
1177
1338
Ml
1221
1050
864
814
839
not
713
734
781
820
757
803
729
349
351
738
766
612
977
820
811
698
734
1202
1015
937
945
722
682
523
469
691
673
595
409
689
7D3
1170
298
937
898
921
883
820
do . . . .
. do
Allen ton
Nashville
Por; hind
do
G. TV. Letterman.
A.Gattinger ....
G. Engolinaunand
C. S. Sargent.
do
Sandy loam
Eich limestone . . .
Oregon
do
Oregon Ash.
198. Fraxinus sambucifolia
do
....do
do
TVcidler's saw-mill .
do
do
do
... do
do
Portland Furniture
Company.
. . do
do
do
do
do
do
...do
....do
do
Michigan
Illinois
Dansville
TV. J. Beal
Eobert Douglas. . .
J. Robinson
do
TVet peaty
Black Ash. Hoop Ash, Ground
Ash.
Low, wet —
Eich, loamy
do
Massachusetts . . .
. do
Dauvers
.. do
Privet.
...do
....do
do
Amite
do
C.Mohr
do
Eich, alluvial
...do
Devil Wood.
BOEEAGINACEJE.
....do
Florida
Saint John's river . .
A H Curtiss
...do
Texas
do
Coral
Strong Bark.
205. Ehretia elliptica .
New Braunfels
Stockton
Bainbridge
...do
do
C.Mohr
...do
A. H. Curtiss
...do
do
Eich, alluvial
Low, wet
Clay
....do
...do
Enackaway. Anaqua.
BIGNOIUACE^;.
206. Catalpa bignonioidcs
Catalpa. Catawba. Bean Tree.
Cigar Tree. Indian Bean.
Alabama
.. do
. do
Charleston
do
C. S. Sargent
do
Wet clay
do .
Wentem Catalpa.
do
G. Engelrnann and
C. S. Sargent.
...do —
A. H. Curtiss
...do
do
Moist, gravelly . . .
....do
Coral
Desert \Vittow.
VEEBEXACE^;.
210. Citharexvlum villosum
.. do
Florida
...do
Fiddle 'Wood.
NYCTAGINACEJE.
212. Pisonia ohtnsata, . .
.. do
do
...do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
do
...do
. do
Pigeon Wood. Bee/ Wood. Cork
Wood. Pork Wood.
POLYGONACEA
473
do
do
.. do
Pigeon Plum.
LAUEACK2E.
47li
585
585
340
do
do
do
do
.. do ....
.. do
Saint John's river . .
...do
Mobile county
...do
...do
C.Mohr
lied Bay.
215. Persra Carolinensis, far. palua-
tris.
...do
Damp, sandy
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
373
I'K.KI.KCTIUN'. IX Mll.l.Ui!.li;i;s. 1 NUFU A I'KKhSLKK, IN HIUHiHAMB, OF—
Ultimata strength:
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
OfBce number.
.•><> too 1.10
soo
19.3
29. ii
BO. 8
33.0
22. u
21.6
•r>. 7
O
(set )
0.0
2.7
2.3
3.5
0.7
0.9
u. .'.
1.0
20O
32.0
:u. u
35. 0
21.T,
•-•2. r,
22. P
26.0
350
300 350
4OO 450 500
550
5. (i
7.S
8.0
5.2
.
10.2
!>. :>
,4.0
M.I!
15 0
10.3
ln.4
ID. 7
12.5
20. 6
14.3
21.0
21.4
23.4
15. 0
10.0
16.2
IN. 7
26. ii
11.0
46.5
28.0
30.0
28.0
:;i.o
31.2
66.0
59.0
66.5
39.0
41.0
::c. o
.15. 5
38.0
47.0
61.0
471
305
313
312
350
323
343
311
149
286 «
286>
291
518
964
964
1001
1001
1024
1024
1030
1030
122
147
839
839
737
737
283
283
584
1137
942
540
744
744
744
38
38
682
682
490
490
474
473
473
585
585
340
Specimen cross-jrrained ; square break on tension side, iiake on
rolnpivssicm side.
do
11.5
4.6
4.0
fi. 0
5.0
5.5
6.0
8.0
5.0
4.0
4.6
4.5
5.5
.
11.5
7.3
8.5
8.6
6.0
0.2
6.4
9.5
8.8
4.2
3.7
10.5
4.2
4.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
23.0
a. o
8.0
12.0
ii ->
11.5
12.8
10. 5
12.0
7.8
8.0
8.6
9.8
24.6
14.0
16.0
18.4
11.0
11.5
12.3
19.0
17.0
8.3
7.3
21.0
8.0
ii. :;
11. a
12.0
11.5
150
315
327
13. 0
12. r.
19.0
14.0
18.0
22.0
26.5
18.0
11.2
12.7
13.0
14.6
36.0
21.5
26.0
31.0
18.0
17.0
20.4
31.6
26.0
12.5
11.4
18. C
17.0
28. 5
20.6
•26. 0
31.2
38.7
27.0
15.3
17.8
18.0
19.8
53.0
31.0
37.6
63.0
25.2
23.5
30.0
50.5
37.0
17.5
15.0
0.6
0.4
1.0
1.7
3.9
4.5
2.0
0.4
1.0
1.0
0.5
6.9
2.4
4.5
17.5
1.4
1.2
2.6
6.0
3.0
0.7
0.4
18.5
17.:;
28.7
21.0
27. 5
34.0
42 0
23.5
21.8
39.0
28.0
•;,:,. :
48.0
61 0
30.2
do
261
417
350
346
36.0
.1:1. (1
71.0
49.0
81.5
74.0
do
298
313
28.2
17.7
18.0
18.2
20.0
56.0
32.5
41.0
38.0
20.0
23.5
23.5
25.0
77.5
44.0
64.5
24. 5
30.0
30.0
32.0
131.0
do
31.0
37.0
39.5
40.0
37.0
48.0
55.0
50.0
46.0
60.5
513
433
400
Square break on tension side, splitting in the axis with fine splinters.
Sap-wood; specimen cross-grained; broke with long splinters .
. do
403
308
291
223
200
Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side ; split in axis .
do
26.0
24.3
30.7
35.0
33.2
53.0
295
do
287
254
do
200
294
300
499
127
400
383
393
377
350
38.0
18.0
15.7
54.0
23.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
37.0
46.0
12.4
13.5
18.0
17.6
16.6
16.8
19.0
24.3
24.3
23.6
0.4
0.8
1.0
1. 2
1.3
17.5
18.7
25.0
24.2
24.0
21.5
24.0
31.0
30. 2
32.0
26.5
31.0
40.0
40.0
42.0
32.0
39.0
50.0
51.0
57.5
Shattered
do
374
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BBHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
I
1
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
'>fO
II
0 S3
S is j
•ssg
C^3 3
C, "
a
Direction of <;rnin.
COEFFIC1KNT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rapture.
1
Fii st defiVc-
tion.
V
3
O o
r
71
71
387
387
440
814
814
854
854
703
703
468
459
459
324
324
920
929
30'
134
134
369
429
19
19
281
958
958
1036
1036
1049
1049
116'
116s
116s
116"
314
314
428
133
380
533
533
G. W. Letterman . .
do . ...
Low, rich
do
0. 5286
0. 4569
0.4546
0. 4818
0. 4824
0. 0849
0. 5828
0. 4829
0. 5034
0. 6813
0. 6755
0. 9304
0. 9391
0. 9218
0. 6706
0. 7348
0. 8375
0.8682
0. 5875
0. 7200
0. 6933
0. 6767
0.6821
0. 6920
0.7080
0.6477
0. 6596
0. 6168
0. 7370
0. 7359
0.7660
0. 7159
0.8562
0. 6245
0. 6839
0. 7461
0.7677
0. 7466
0.7442
0. 8768
0.6615
0. 8243
0.7883
567
574
443
610
Col
567
488
348
325
1085
888
976
842
751
751
814
626
519
976
888
1017
814
814
976
921
718
751
729
4UO
542
828
814
1136
814
1136
996
1220
1163
651
452
574
610
697
561
6S«
465
C51
673
542
501
337
315
1149
986
1039
872
800
781
888
610
531
976
930
1062
939
857
976
939
718
800
835
391
514
849
857
1190
921
1221
1073
1302
1268
697
479
568
651
687
886
708
361
703
658
600
673
368
464
937
675
797
591
825
809
733
787
762
783
937
937
973
712
989
1050
794
813
895
574
649
1010
923
1361
886
1055
1094
1165
1036
869
745
703
820
900
Saesafrat.
....do
do
... <lo
do
....do
do
Alluvial
do
Rich
West Virginia
do
Grafton
do
C. G. Pringle
do
Massachusetts
do
. do
. do .
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Mountain Laurel. Calif orni^. Lau-
rel. Spice Tree. Cagiput. Califor-
nia Olive. California Bay Tree.
EUPHORBIACE^:.
do
do
Florida
Upper Motacombe
Key.
....do ;..
....do
Dallas
A. H. Curtiss
....do
....do
J. Reverchon
.do ....
Coral
Ouiana Plum. White Wood.
219. Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia
URTICACE.2E.
... do
... do
Texas
....do
...do
Cedar Elm.
223 TTlinus fulva
. . do
do
do
... do
... do
Austin
....do
Mercer connty
C.Mohr
....do
W. M. Linney
G. W. Letterman..
do ...
....do
....do
Limestone
Rich, alluvial ....
do
Ked Elm. Slippery Elm. Moose
Elm.
224. TTlmns Americana
do
do
Vermont
Charlotte
Nashville
Arnold Arboretum .
do
C. G. Pringle
A. Gattinger
C. S. Sargent
•
do
Gravelly
Clay
Drift
do
Massachusetts —
do
White Elm. American Elm.
Water Elm.
Minouri
G. W. Letterman . .
C. Mohr
do
Alluvial
Alluvial
do
Colorado river
do ....
do .. ..
Massachusetts
... do
....do
do
Danvers
....do
North Reading
J.Robinson
....do
. do
Gravelly
....do
do
do
do
do
Michigan
. do
Dansville
Big Rapids
"W. J. Beal
. do
... do
do
Bock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory
Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm.
...do
....do
Hudson
Hersey
...do
....do
....do
....do
....do
A. Gattinger
H. W. Ravenel
A. Gattinger
C.Mohr
....do
Low, gravelly
Alluvial
Rich loam
....do
....do
....do
. do
....do
Tennessee
South Carolina . . .
Tennessee
Bonneau'e Depot . . .
Davidson county . . .
Kemper's Mill
....do
Wahoo. Winged Elm.
Alluvial
....do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
375
DKFI.F.CTIOK, IX MII.I.IilETKRB, L'KDEB A I'KKH-l'RE, IS KILOGRAMB, OF —
Ultimate strength :
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
OiBce number.
M
100
1.10
2OO
O
(set.)
2OO
350
3OO
350
400
45O
500
550
8.6
8.5
11.0
8.0
7.5
8.6
10.0
14.0
15. 0
4.5
5.5
5.0
5.8
6.5
6.5
6.0
7.8
9.4
5.0
5.5
4.8
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.3
6.8
6.8
6.5
6.7
12.2
9.0
5.9
6.0
4.3
6.0
4.3
4.9
4.0
4.2
7.5
10.8
8.5
8.0
7.0
17.4
15.6
21.0
15.0
14. 5
18.0
19.5
29.0
31.0
8.0
!>.9
9.4
11.2
12.2
12.5
11.0
16.0
18.2
10.0
10.5
9.2
10.4
11.4
10.0
10.4
13.6
13.0
12.2
11.7
25.0
19.0
11.5
11.4
8.2
10.6
8.0
9.1
7.5
7.7
14.0
20.4
17.2
15.0
14.2
28.0
23.4
35.5
23.2
22.0
29.6
30.0
47.0
52.0
12.5
15.7
14.6
17.3
19.6
20.0
16.8
27.5
31.0
15. 2
16.0
140
15.5
17.0
15.0
14.7
21.2
21.0
19.5
17.0
41.5
31.0
17.5
17.5
12.0
16.1
12.2
13.7
11.0
11.7
22.4
32.0
28.8
23.7
23.0
40.7
33.8
4.5
2.7
44.0
35.5
66.0
47.5
378
302
154
SCO
71
71
3S7
387
440
814
814
854
854
703
703
468
459
459
324
324
929
929
3fli
134
134
369
429
19
19
281
281
958
958
1036
1036
1049
1049
116'
116'
1163
116s
314
314
428
133
380
533
533
80.0
Shattered
34.0
32.5
45.0
42.0
3.1
2.0
6.2
4.9
36.0
34.0
46.0
45.7
do
47.0
74.0
63.0
281
256
287
Shattered .
do
157
198
Square break on tension side with largo flake on compression side.,
do
17.0
21.0
20.0
24.5
27.2
29.0
23.5
40.5
44.0
23.3
22.8
20.0
20.3
24.2
20.8
20.4
31.0
30.0
28.0
25.0
69.2
46.2
25.5
24.0
16.7
22.0
16. 5
18.2
14.9
15.8
33.2
45.6
43.5
34.0
32.3
0.6
1.1
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.2
1.3
6.0
6.5
1.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
I. 0
0.5
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.2
14.4
6.2
2.0
1.9
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.5
3.5
5.5
7.2
3.3
2.4
18.0
21.5
20.6
25.0
27.5
30.0
24.5
42.0
47.0
23.6
23.5
20.8
20.3
25.2
21.3
21.0
31.0
31.0
29.0
25.6
73.0
49.2
26.2
24.0
17.0
23.0
16.7
18.4
15.0
16.0
35.0
47.0
45.5
35.3
33.5
22.5
27.5
26.0
32.5
36.5
42.0
31.0
57.0
65.0
30.5
31.5
27.0
26.9
32.6
26.5
27.0
41.0
41.8
40.0
34.5
29.5
37.0
400
288
do
33.6
340
252
852
345
313
336
325
Shattered
46.5
50.0
39.2
84.0
97.0
47.0
43.0
36.0
35.0
50.0
35.0
34.7
60.0
61.5
56.6
47.7
61.0
do
334
400
Crashed at center bearing ; bent and splintered without breaking. .
do ...
59.2
61.2
47.6
112.0
86.0
60.0
400
do ....
415
304
422
448
45.8
45.7
64.0
60.0
do
339
344
do
347
382
245
277
431
394
581
378
450
467
69.5
71.3
33.2
31.5
22.0
29.0
21.0
23.0
19.0
20.3
45.0
64.5
59.3
48.0
44.5
45.6
44.0
26.5
38.5
26.5
30.0
24.0
26.0
64.0
94.0
85.5
64.0
640
63.0
60.0
34.0
53.5
34.0
38.0
29.4
32.0
91.5
98.2
do
40.8
49.0
64.0
85.0
46.0
48.5
38.7
44.0
65.0
67.0
52.0
do
497
do
442
. . do
371
do
318
300
350
384
96.0
97.0
376
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
I
5
1
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
tho air-dried speci-
men.
a
I
O
1
£
5
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of ruptnre.
First dcfl™-
tion.
Second do-
Section.
758
758
918
75
75
306
306
306
873
873
1111
1111
652
Florida
A. H. Curtiss
....do
C.Mohr
G. W. Letteiman .
do
Rich, alluvial
....do
....do
Low, rich
Alluvial
0. 5761
0. 5926
0. 5113
0. 5887
0. 6023
0. 7239
0. 75f>8
0. 7706
0. 7727
0. 7020
0.7613
0.7154
0. 7920
0.7882
0. 3215
0. 3061
0. 5085
0. 6876
0.6784
0. 6516
0. 6506
0. 6312
0. 6875
0. 6646
0. 8011
0.7927
0. 5724
0. 6125
0. 6295
0. 5170
0. 4812
0. 5170
0. 5369
0. 4829
0. 4579
0. 4318
0. 4375
0. 4943
0. U864
0. 3205
0. 5284
0. 5852
0. 5?53
0. 6031
H
m
m
509
697
407
610
787
505
478
751
542
626
787
976
669
976
317
222
407
10S9
814
939
718
697
751
634
857
939
407
888
1130
626
595
407
531
634
763
814
976
1136
097
488
814
904
904
872
488
751
415
665
849
552
528
697
564
610
763
939
651
10S5
257
574
820
409
712
808
738
755
846
771
702
891
820
586
1024
278
199
230
937
848
766
738
6%
745
698
1111
1150
468
792
642
586
537
468
387
368
668
687
649
696
MO
328
818
1029
766
726
228. Celtis occidentalis
... do
....do
Missouri
do
....do '..
....do
Allt-nton
...do
Sugarberry. ffackberry.
Texas . .
Dallas
do
J. Reverchon
do
....do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Massachusetts
....do ...
Sail-in
....do
Saint Louis
.do
J. Robinson
....do
Henry Eggert
do
....do
... do
...do ....
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
....do
G. EDgolmaimand
C. S. Sargent.
do
A. H. Curtiss
....do
do
Drv .-
Hackberry. Palo Blanco.
652
486
486
508
....do
Florida
....do
Coral
....do
do
..do
do
....do
Boca Chica Key
Wild F 'iy. India-rubber Tree.
. 132
132
1244
1245
1246
1255
1253
253
253
21
126
126
686
680
648
648
16
16
76
76
76*
123
393
1057
112
117
149
G. "W. Lettermau.
....do
1062
904
888
814
723
697
678
930
957
454
976
1190
622
626
425
488
651
787
gM
1017
1221
424
814
1030
976
976
Red Mulberry.
....do
do ..
....do
do
....do
....do
....do
do
do
...do
.do
do
do
....do
... do
....do
... do
....do
... do
Rich
do
Texas
Dallas
....do
Arnold Arboretum
A Urn tor,
do
J. Reverchon
... do
C S Sargent
Bottom .
Osage Orange. Bois d'Arc.
PLATANACE^:.
.. do
Massachusetts
....do
Drift
Sycamore. Button Wood. But-
ton-ball Tree. Water Beech.
G. "W. Letterman. .
do
Rich, alluvial
do ...
..do
California
Carmel river
do
G.K-Vasey
do
Clay
do
Sycamore. Button Wood.
237. Platanus Wrightii
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
do
Arnold A rboretum . .
... do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
... do
C. S. Sargent
....do
G.W. Letterman..
....do
....do
W. J. Beal
do
J. Robinson
G.W. Letterman..
W. J. Beal
Robert Douglas. .'.
Rich, gravelly
....do
Drift
....do
Moist, alluvial
....do
Rich, moist up-
land.
Gravelly clay
Gravelly loam
Drift
Sycamore.
JUGLANDACE^!.
... do
Massachusetts
....do
Missouri
Butternut. White Walnut.
....do
....do
Michigan
Michigan
Massachusetts
....do
....do
Dansville
Lansing
Topsfleld
Alluvial
tilack Walnut.
Michigan
Dansville
Loam
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
377
UNITED STATKS CNDEll TKAXSVEKSE STKAIX— -Continued.
l».l l.Ki'lln1.
IS .MM.UMKTICra, 1 SD : 1:1 . IX KlUMiliA.MS, OF —
I'ltimnte stronnth:
transversp i<i
Kcmarks.
Office number.
.>>)
too
150
aoo
o
(Sit)
Ii. 0
1.7
2OO
90O
300
:s.-»o
400
450
500
550
8. i.
7.0
8.0
6.2
1
8.8
10.2
D.O
7.X
7.3
5.0
15.4
22.0
•Jil. ii
13.0
•it. r,
11.7
11.3
17.7
18.6
M.li
17.::
18.0
12.8
10.4
15.0
O.d
38.0
:i:;. :,
19.8
23.0
17. :,
•-'7. 5
29. 5
21.5
29. ;i
20.0
1C. 0
25. 0
14.3
4S. 5
27. a
19.6
29. B
245
350
200
304
345
315
tsa
MO
329
32.3
380
350
250
437
119
85
758
758
918
75
75
306
306
306
873
873
1111
1111
652
652
486
486
508
132
132
1244
1245
1246
1255
1255
253
253
21
126
126
686
686
648
648
16
16
76
76
76»
123
393
1057
112
117
149
B7.2 61.0
33.0
25. 3
('.'. ~
:,~. (i
21.7
37.0
20.0
::. i)
1.9
I. :.
5. .'I
•J. 5
• ' 7
4.8
2. :;
1.1
r>. ;:
i.f,
34. 4
L'5. I)
41.3
1 1. :.
32.0
44.0
39.0
2!l. 0
2-j. :;
38.0
20.2
':, :,
i;o. o
I'J. 0
5.1. (1
37.3
30.0
78.0
48.0
C2. 0
87.0
57. 5
91.6
82.5
51.0
38.2
87.0
Tlmkf with lui'^c scale
74.0
20.5
35.4
50.0
70.5
do
12.0
4.7
8.0
5.2
0.8
7.0
6.5
7.7
5.7
5.2
12.0
5.5
4.3
7.8
8.2
12.0
9.1
7.7
0.4
0.0
5.0
4.:j
7.0
10.0
6.0
5.4
5.4
5.6
».2
10.8
11.0
12.0
13.8
14.0
14.4
10.5
10.2
23.0
10.0
8.2
in. 7
15. 6
23.0
'-'(I. 1)
15.0
1L>. 4
11.0
8.6
8.0
14.0
2:1.0
]•_'.(!
0.4
10.0
10.0
14.0
10. 4
15.8
18.5
20.0
21.4
2J. 2
15.2
is. a
38.0
14.5
12.3
24.4
24.6
38.7
84.2
23.0
19.0
16.8
14.5
12.4
18.5
17.7
14.0
14.8
15. 4
20.5
23.0
22.6
•Jli. (i
29.0
92. :
to. :,
20.2
20.4
55.7
19.6
17.0
36.8
39.0
98
400
362
1.3
1.0
2.0
2.3
2. (i
2.6
8.0
0.7
0.4
9.2
1.0
0.6
3.5
4.9
20.7
23.5
23.5
27.0
30,1
32.2
20.6
21.0
28.0
31.0
32.3
38.2
42.0
43.2
44.3
27.0
26.4
40.0
43.0
46.0
67.0
55.0
01.0
do
327
315
297
318
298
70.0
do
31.5
32.0
38.5
38.5
47.0
47.8
56.4
58.0
474
491
do *
200
338
274
20.8
17.5
38.3
41.0
25.0
22.6
63.0
33.0
do
250
229
200
16;->
157
285
293
27.5
22. 8
20.3
17.0
27.0
2.0
0.9
0.0
0.9
2.1)
28.0
24.0
21.0
18.0
29.0
38.2
31.7
28.4
24.3
do
277
297
239
140
do
24.0
10.0
21). 4
21.6
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.3
24.0
19.2
20.5
21.8
31.0
24.0
25.5
29.7
40.0
29.5
:;i>. :;
42.0
35.6
44.0
349
489
327
do .
310
;78
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
<M I
I
li
^
•jn's ~
•z - ~
s_~s
32
!
=4-1
O
1
I
G
m
i
ID
IB
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
First deflec-
tion.
Second de-
flection.
318
325
407
430
766
7011
951
951
415
415
672
672
322
322
326
326
3
3
29"
Michigan
Texas
Lansing
Dallas
Charlestown Navy-
yard.
Nashville
Aspalajiii
.do
W. J. Beal
J. Reverchon
S. II. Pook
0.6619
0.6455
0. 5981
0. 5724
0. 6933
0. 6949
0. 7483
0. 7386
0. 6125
0. 7297
0. 5977
0. 6063
0.7444
0. 7489
0. 7181
0. 6250
0.8295
0. 7955
0. 9716
0. 8085
0. 8035
0. 8217
0. 8108
0. 8041
0. 8163
0.8835
0. 8829
0.8746
0.9148
0. 7698
0.7569
0. 7947
0. 8644
0. 8439
0. 8261
0. 7522
0. 7130
0. 6603
0. 9376
0. 9333
0.9421
0. 8886
0.8648
0. 9000
0.8834
0. 7927
0.8481
0.7762
B78
976
976
857
1221
1C27
1221
939
697
660
77:.
020
642
904
470
542
1395
1320
1163
1358
1575
1627
1221
1085
1221
1320
1356
1526
1285
1479
1526
1628
800
888
1385
1221
976
729
751
660
939
872
939
740
660
1221
1356
1221
976
930
1136
921
1221
1627
1191
1017
688
679
842
697
651
976
496
542
1356
1356
1220
1395
1550
1627
1191
1163
1320
1479
1395
1601
1526
1575
1627
1628
976
921
1502
1356
1062
781
842
729
1085
957
1007
849
835
1191
1526
1395
586
668
923
898
820
1137
923
937
462
949
468
520
457
675
581
600
1245
1249
1266
1057
1036
1132
1144
1160
1242
1289
1288
1444
1242
1237
1041
1216
1137
1073
1331
1172
1022
755
1223
1055
1160
1172
1116
1087
1083
1144
1352
1287
Alluvial
Tennessee
Florida
A. Gattinger
A. H. Curtias
...do.
Limestone
Clay
do
. do
Texas
New Brannfeis
....do
Finos Altos mount-
ains.
. do
C. Mohr
... do
E. L. Greene
do
Moist, calcareous .
...do
Alluvial
....do
New Mexico
do
Walnut.
241. Carya olivffiformis
do
California
Contra Costa cotmty
do
G R Vasey
do
do
...do
.do
Greenville
. . do
C.Mohr
do
....do
do
Pecan. Illinois Nut.
242. Carya alba
do
Texas
Dallas
....do
Arnold Arboretum .
....do
Danville
Hudson. .-
J. Reverchon
....do
C. S. Sargent
....do
W. M. Linney
W.J.Beal
..do
....do
....do
Drift
....do
Shale
...do
Massachusetts. . - .
... do
Kentucky
Shell-bark Hickory. Shag-bark
Hickory.
243. Carya Bulcata
118s
118 «
152
249
249
249
531
531
531
539
539
816
816
1056
1056
1097
1097
91
9P
383
383
383
391
391
1082
1082
1164
1164
1164
Clay
do
... do
G. W. Lctterman .
H.Shriver
...do
Eich upland
Clay
... do
Virginia
Wytheville
. do
do
....do
Mississippi
....do
Kemper's mill
. . do
....do
C. Mohr
do
....do
Alluvial
do
.. do ...
....do ..'.
do
....do
do
....do
do
....do
do
do
do
..do
do
West Virginia
do
Grafton
C. G. Pringle
do
...do
do
... do
Massachusetts
....do
Topsfield
....do
....do
G. W. Letterman..
do . .
....do
Alluvial
do
do
do ...
Mercer county
do
W M. Linney
do
Sig Shell-bark. Bottom Shell-
bark.
X
do
do
. do
G W Letterman
do
. do ..
do
...do
....do
do ..
do
.do
...do
do
do
do
. do
... do
...do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
... do
... do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
..do
....do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Coutimu-il.
379
HEFLKCTIOK, IN MII.U.MKTItllK, UKDEB A PRESSURE, IX KILOGUAMS, OF —
Ultimate strength :
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
i
50
100
150
•JOO
0
(set.)
200
250
300
350
4OO
45O
5OO
550
5.0
5.0
5.0
.-.7
4.0
3. 0
4.0
5.2
7.0
7.4
6.3
7.8
7.0
5.4
10.4
9.0
3.5
3.7
4.2
3.6
3.1
3.0
4.0
4.5
4.0
3.7
3.6
3.2
3.8
3.X
3.2
3.0
6.1
5.5
3.5
•l.ii
5.0
6.7
6.5
7.4
5.2
5.C
5.2
6.6
7.4
4.0
3.6
4.0
10. 0
10.5
>. li
111. (i
8.0
6.0
8.2
9.6
14.2
14.4
11.6
14,0
15.0
10.0
19.7
18.0
7.2
7.2
8.0
7.0
(i.3
6.0
8.4
7.4
6.6
7.0
6.1
6.4
6.2
6.0
6.0
10.0
10.6
6.5
-.'2
9.2
12.5
11.6
13.4
9.0
10.2
9.7
11.5
11.7
8.2
6.4
7.0
15.0
16.0
13.0
16.0
12.6
9.8
12.7
15.0
23.0
21.5
17.2
n.6
23.0
15.7
32.0
2ft a
11.4
10.8
is. a
10.5
9.0
.9.2
13.0
12.7
11.2
10.0
10.2
9.0
9.6
9.2
9.0
8.6
14.6
16.0
ft. a
10.5
140
i a .-.
17.6
21.5
13.2
15.0
14.7
16.1
it;, o
12.0
9.5
10.2
21.6
21.9
17.5
22.0
18.0
13.2
17.5
21. 0
0.6
1.0
0.2
0.7
1.2
0.2
1.0
1.5
21.7
21.7
17.7
23.0
18.7
13. 5
18.0
21.2
250
88B
394
383
350
485
318
325
407
430
766
766
951
951
415
415
672
672
322
322
326
326
3
3
293
118"
118»
152
249
249
249
531
531
531
539
539
816
816
1056
1056
1097
1097
91
91'
383
383
383
391
391
1082
1082
1164
1161
1164
28.0
22.7
28.2
24.0
17.0
23.0
28.0
28.5
37.0
32.0
21.0
29.5
36.0
38.0
49.5
41.6
26.0
39.2
49! 5
32.0
40 0
do !
394
400
197
405
200
222
195
288
248
256
531
533
540
451
442
483
488
495
530
550
550
616
530
528
444
519
Shattered
29.0
24.0
80.8
2.0
1.0
1.6
29.4
38.5
50.0
68.5
12.0
31.2
Cross-grained j broke with large splinters
Defective specimen ; square break on tension side
21.4
EL 6
4:;. o
IP. II
14.4
17.0
14.0
12.1
12.5
18.2
16.8
15.3
13.0
13.2
12.0
12.5
12.6
12.0
11.5
20.0
22.6
12.5
14.2
18.5
26.2
25.0
30.5
18.3
20.5
20.0
22.2
21.3
16.5
12.8
13.6
0.9
8.8
5.3
0.4
0.4
0.9
0.6
0.2
0.2
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.2
II. 3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.9
1.9
0.3
0.5
0.4
1.4
2.0
3.2
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.6
0.4
0 4
21.6
54.4
44.0
16.2
14.5
17.6
14.2
12.4
12.8
19.0
17.3
15.4
13.2
13.5
12.2
13.0
13.0
12.5
11.5
20.4
23.0
13.0
14.4
19.0
27.0
26.1
31.0
19.1
21.0
20.6
^•J. 6
22.0
16.6
12.7
14.0
28.0
Split did not break
Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side ; split in axis .
61.0
20.8
18.2
23.0
17.6
15.5
16.0
25. 0
SLO
19.2
16.6
17.0
15.3
15.8
16.2
16.0
14.2
26.2
30.3
16.0
18.0
24.2
36.0
33.6
40.0
25.0
28.0
26.5
30.0
27.5
21.0
16.0
17.4
27.3
23.5
29.5
21.7
10. 0
19.5
33.0
28. f.
25.7
21.0
21.0
19.0
20.2
20.0
19.7
18.2
35.0
40.2
20.2
22.5
30.8
50.0
45.2
53.0
31.4
36.0
34.0
40.0
36.0
27.5
20.0
22.0
34.5
30.0
36.0
26.5
23.0
24.0
43.0
36.6
33.5
25.5
26.0
23.5
24.0
25.0
24.5
22.5
45.0
54.0
25.0
28.9
41.0
43.0
37.0
44.0
32.0
29.5
29.0
66.0
46.0
45.0
33.0
33.0
28.4
29.5
31.5
30.5
28.5
58.0
74.5
30.7
37.0
55.6
58.0
50.7
60.4
46.0
87.0
75.0
82.0
do
37.0
76.0
64.0
57.0
41.0
40.6
35.0
39.0
40.0
84.0
55.0
55.0
44.5
54.0
59.5
00.0
59.0
do ;
do
do .
Deflection of 88 millimeters under pressure of 600 kilograms ; some
crushing at center bearing.
36.0
81.0
105.0
38.0
48.0
49.5
do
485
458
568
500
436
322
479
450
495
500
476
464
462
488
577
549
49.5
70.0
71.2
do
60.0
78.5
41.4
46.0
43.0
54.0
47.0
35.0
24.5
27.4
85.0
102.5
54.5
59.0
61.5
77.0
63.0
45.0
30.3
33.2
132.0
194.0
75.0
91.0
84.0
130.0
95.0
66.5
37.0
42.6
185.0
46.0
56.0
65.0
do
do
do
380
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
ct-™
O <J
e
£&
£"§
Kg '
" 6
S«tj
0 0 g
K-SS
m
H
1
<M
O
1
a
s
5
m
IP
COEFFICIKNT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rapture.
First deflec-
tion.
i
:§
•w r^
§8
8«
m
1165
1166
1170
72
72
254
348
6
6
88
88
121'
288
442
538
538
538
1051
1051
1098
1098
1168
1168
153
838
838
838
237
237
129
Massachusetts
do
North Heading
...do..
Drift
0. 7181
0. 8881
0. 7636
0. 7587
0. 8058
0. 8693
0. 8659
0. 8161
0. 7S18
0. 9658
0. 9369
0. 6659
0.8473
0.8452
0. 8183
0. 6932
0. 7463
0. 8030
0. 8750
0. 8614
0.8113
0. 8580
0. 8500
0. 8153
0. 7864
0. 8040
0. 8080
0. 8636
0. 8336
0. 7386
0.7546
0. 7727
0. 7813
0. 8198
0. 8470
0. 8199
0. 6415
0. 6227
0. 6511
0. 6625
0. 7432
0. 8358
0. 8006
0. 7068
0. 6534
1221
939
1221
904
976
1479
814
888
976
1252
1039
1085
976
751
1062
1062
1085
525
996
888
718
660
800
1039
763
957
1085
1221
1479
1062
651
976
976
976
1221
1085
729
814
904
970
679
763
1136
814
904
1221
1007
1395
948
1085
1628
939
976
1062
1395
1149
1221
1085
814
1221
1097
1221
734
1097
814
751
713
880
1085
814
1085
1136
1302
1628
1163
697
948
976
1085
1375
1028
848
888
976
1«07
723
888
1136
930
948
780
1085
1020
919
1041
1411
1146
1054
1054
1354
1171
876
1146
806
1092
928
1110
1164
1108
963
935
911
1054
1132
935
1122
1214
1296
1492
1064
921
937
1099
787
1235
468
562
955
1056
1017
782
918
1028
911
818
do
do
do .do
do
do
Kentucky Perryville
do i do
"W. M. Linney
do
TJtica shale
.- do
Mocker JVui. Black Hickory.
Bull Nut. Big-bud Hickory.
White-heart Hickory. King
Nut.
Missouri
Alabama
Massachusetts
Allenton
Citronelle
Arnold Arboretum .
....do
G. W. Letterman .
C. Mohr
C. S. Sargent
do "...
Richtnpland
Sandy
Drift
do
PigNut. Brown Hickory. Black
Hickory. Switch-bud Hickory.
246. Carvaamara
Bitter Nut. Swamp Hickory.
Missouri
....do
Michigan
Alleutoii
....do
Dausville
G. W. Letterman .
....do
W.J.Beal
G. W. Letterman .
A. Gattinger
C. Mohr
do
Kicli loam
....do
Gravelly clay
Tennessee
Nashville
Kempcr's mill
. do
Upland
Alluvial
do
do
....do
...do
do
do . .
Massachusetts
do
North Heading
Drift
do
do
G. W. Letterman.
. do
do ....
do
do
do
do ...
do
do
do
....do
do
do
....do
Massachusetts
....do
... do
South Carolina
....do
do
... do
Danvers ,
...do
....do
Bonneau's Depot . . .
....do
...do . .
....do
J. Robinson ......
....do
... do
H. W. Eavenel . . .
....do
do
Rich loam
....do
do
Rich, swampy . . .
....do
Nutmeg Hickory.
Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory.
Bitter Pecan.
MTRICACE^.
362
362
362
740
740
740
917
586
665
665
8
8
32
32*
32»
Vicksburg
do
C. Mohr
do
do
do
do
do
Bainbridge
do
A. H. Curtiss
do
Alluvial
do
do
...do
Florida ....
....do
Chattahoochee
Saint John's river . .
...do
C. Mohr
A. H. Curtiss
G. Engelmaun and
C. S. Sargent.
...do ...'.
C. S. Sargent
••"*•
W.-M. Linney
...do
do
....do
....do
Sandy loam
...do
Bayberry. Wax Myrtle.
250. Myrica Califoraica
CUPtTLIFER-ffil.
....do
Massachusetts
... do
...do
Arnold Arboretum. .
...do
Mercer county
Boyle county
do
....do
Drift
White Oak.
...do
Limestone
Shale
....do
do
Slate
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
391
[OK, IN illLl.lMKTEKS. IXHM: A PHI l.iI.nnHAMs, OK—
Ultimate strength:
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Office number.
50
100
15O
2OO
O 2OO
(set.)
250
3OO
350
4OO 45O
500
550
4.0
5.2
4.0
5.4
5.0
3.3
6.0
3.9
4.7
4. .1
5.0
•1.0
4.6
4. 5
9.3
4.11
5.5
a 8
7.4
8,1
4.7
6.4
5.1
4.8
4.0
3.3
4.6
7.5
5. 0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.5
6.7
6.0
5.4
5.0
7.2
6.4
4.3
6.0
5.4
8.0
9.7
7.0
10.3
9.0
6.0
10.4
10. 0
9.2
7.0
8.5
S. II
!> (1
12.0
8.0
13.3
8.9
12.0
!::. 7
11.1
9.0
12.0
9. 0
7. :>
6.0
8.4
14.0
10.3
10.0
9.0
7,1
9.5
11.8
11.0
10.0
9.7
13.5
11.0
8.6
10.5
10.3
11.5
la. 0
10.5
15.3
13.8
9.0
15.6
14.5
14.2
10.9
12. 5
12. 0
13.7
19.0
11.9
12.7
18.0
IS. 4
18.8
19.3
21. 0
10.1
13.8
18.5
14.0
13.7
11.2
a.o
12. 0
21.0
15.2
14.7
13.5
10.8
16.5
17.0
17.4
14.4
14,7
21.2
16.7
13.0
15.0
16.5
15.0
20.8
19.6
12.2
21.4
•JO. 4
14.2
17.5
16.2
18.0
16.0
17.1
] .-. 7
22.1;
23.0
19.0
19.0
IS. 4
14.6
11.6
16.5
30.5
21.5
20.2
18.0
14.4
26.5
23. (1
24.0
19.9
20.0
30.7
2:;. 5
17.6
20.7
21. 5
0. .I
1.1
1.4
1.1
0.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
0.5
1.1
0.6
0.9
2.0
0.6
ll.li
0.9
6.0
1.3
3.0
2. i;
5.0
•J. 2
1.0
12
1.1
0.6
0.3
0.1
1.0
3.0
1.2
1.1
0.7
0.4
4.0
0.9
1.3
1.0
1.0
3.1
1.5
0.4
1.0
0.7
Hi. ll
M.li
20. 0
12.2
2d. r.
20.7
1.-..0
16.6
19.0
2S. II
16.0
17.0
16.4
: ::. ::
19.0
28.8
24. 2
18.4
27.5
19.0
18.7
15.0
12.0
Hi. 5
31.2
22.0
21.0
18.2
15.0
20.0
28.0
18.0
•J'.l. (1
2ftfl
15. 0
28. u
27. II
i& a
22. 5
21.8
23.0
36.0
21.0
•JII. 0
21.2
28.4
24.5
37.6
41.4
si:e
24.0
37.0
24.7
24.0
19.0
14.7
22.0
41.2
30.0
27.5
23.5
18.0
25. II
87. -
L'4. II
19.1
87.1
34.0
30.3
28. 0
47.0
27.0
30. II
36.0
31.0
52.5
51.6
.-.7. 'i
41.0
50.5
32. 5
30.6
2.'!. 7
18.1
29.0
57.2
42.0
36.5
30.2
22.2
333
463
435
392
444
(!02
489
450
450
1105
1166
1170
72
72
254
348
6
6
88
88
121'
288
442
538
538
538
1051
1051
1098
1098
1168
1168
153
838
838
838
237
237
129
362
362
362
740
740
740
917
586
665
665
8
8
32
32'
32'
94.0
44.0
47.0
44.0
44.2
81.0
38.2
40.0
187.0
1.2. 0
27.4
131.0
57.5
CO. 0
49.0
;:s.o
89.0
78.7
40.0
50. 0
do
46.0
66.0
(ill. 2
76.0
578
500
do
374
do
52.0
65.0
489
344
466
396
35.0
39.5
36.4
•Hi. r.
42.5
70.0
73.0
85.0
55.0
41.5
70.5
42.5
39.0
30.0
22.0
37.5
86.0
56.5
49.0
44.0
60.0
49.0
61.0
56.0
110.0
68.0
84.0
75.5
474
497
473
do
411
399
do
389
450
73.0
56.4
105.0
84.0
do
483
399
479
56.7
51.0
30.0
26.0
52.5
74.5
68.5
45.0
31.2
72.0
do ...
103.0
58.5
38.5
518
553
637
454
393
400
469
336
527
200
240
348
450
434
77.0
48.0
Deflectioo 63 millimeters with a pressure of 600 kilograms ; broke
with fine splinters.
Shattered
82.0
68.0
109.0
27.0
33.0
40.0
47.2
23.6
24.0
20.0
20.4
32.0
24.0
18.0
21. 5
21.6
31.5
25.2
26.0
42.0
31.0
23.0
28.2
28. C
42.0
32.0
33.0
59.0
40.0
30.5
37.0
37.0
Shattered
40.0
42.4
50.0
60.0
do .. .
334
392
439
52.0
38.6
47.5
70.0
48.5
do ....
389
349
382
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
If
Hi
03
Direction of grain. |
COKFFIC
EI.AS1
i
^
E3
•2
IF.ST OF
ICITV.
st;
C :,
r
Modulus of rupture.
49
49
49>
49'
49*
113
1132
113*
1133
238
238
250
250
251
251
259'
2593
403
403
443
547
547
748
748
749
749
895
895
1050
1050
1257
1257
670
670
985
985
988
988
1027
1027
1029
1029
372
151
151
256
351
351
Allenton
....do
do . .
G.W.Lctterman..
....do
do
Rich upland
....do
do
0. 7927
0. 7060
0.7784
0. 7501
0. 7614
0. 0001
0. 7149
0. 7060
0. 7460
0. 8085
0. 7797
0.7876
0. 779C
0. 7102
0. 7170
0. 8091
0. 7631
0.7364
0. 7143
0.6650
0. 8475
0. 8579
0. 8075
0. 8099
0.8233
0. 8655
0. 7306
0. 7818
0.8001
0. 8343
0.8466
0. 8773
0. 7443
0. 7557
0.7864
0.7556
0. 7142
0.7548
0. 7745
0.7535
0. 7420
0.6753
0. 8795
0. 8085
0. 8913
0.8943
0. 7614
0. 7088
Wi
m
976
740
872
814
872
679
814
857
976
1356
1221
1163
1061
814
1163
976
872
976
842
567
996
976
1221
1320
751
814
740
697
1110
787
1252
1061
679
763
904
814
751
814
697
610
888
697
763
763
970
763
610
751
1028
751
930
814
913
697
896
775
976
1356
1221
1221
1191
842
1221
976
921
976
849
592
1017
1177
1252
1302
775
781
842
723
1191
751
1268
1085
665
769
888
842
787
857
814
673
930
697
751
849
1017
781
630
888
1024
817
937
813
921
684
686
585
977
1055
1055
1047
928
784
1059
1043
844
722
653
487
1031
1282
1125
1153
1043
750
703
703
1158
1040
1005
919
876
851
1048
945
919
1022
820
703
921
659
1055
1005
1048
912
677
893
252. Quercus lobata
...do
. do
do
do
do
do
...do
Michigan
... do
...do
... do
South Carolina
do
.. do
Big Rapids
Dansvillo
... do
....do
W.J.Beal
....do
....do
do
....do
Gravelly
....do
Bomu-au's Ui'pnt ..
do
H. W. Raveuel Rich, damp loam. .
•\Vyth, villo
... do
. . do
H, Shriver Clay
do do
do
....do
... do
do
do
...do
....do
.. do
....do
... do
do
Gravelly
do
Charlestown Navy.
yard,
do
S H Pook
. do
Tennessee
Rich bottom
Alluvial
....do
Clay
Kemper's mill
... do
Chattahoochee
....do
do
C.Mohr
....do
A.H.Curtiss
....do
do
....do
Florida
....do
do . ..
....do :
do
...do
do
do
do
M C Beedle
... do
do
....do
... do
North Reading
... do
.
do
Charlestown Navy-
yard.
do
S.H.Pook
....do ...,
G.K. Vasey
do
Gravelly loam
do
White Oak. Weeping Oak.
253. Quercus Garry ana
do
do
Weidler's saw-mill..
... do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent,
.do ..
White Oak.
254. Quercus obtusiloba
...do . ..
....do
Portland
da
Rich loam
do
do
do
...do
...do
....do
Portland Furniture
Company.
do
do
do
...do
do .
.1,,
do ... .
Harrodsburg
Bouneau's Depot
....do
W. M. Linney
H. W. Ravenel
....do
G. W. Letterman . .
<•' •Unlii-
Shale
Poet Oak. Iron Oak.
South Carolina . . .
....do
Rich upland
....do
Olay
do
... do
do do .
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UXDEE TKANSVEUSE STRAIN— Continued.
383
DEFLECTION", IX MlI.I.IMKTElii", I'XDEH A 1'KKSSV'llE, IX KlI.OOliAMS, OF—
Ultimate strength :
transverse pressure.
f
Remarks.
Office nnmber.
SO
1OO
I.1»
2OO
O
, let)
200
25O
UG. L-
41.0
33.5
37.0
31.0
49.0
32.5
3OO
350
4OO
».»<>
.too
550
5.0
6.6
5.0
6.0
5.0
7.2
6.0
:..7
5.0
3.0
4.0
4.2
4 6
0 0
4.2
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.8
8.6
4.9
5.0
4.0
3.7
«. .->
6.0
0.0
7.0
4.4
6.2
3.9
4.6
7. '2
6.4
5.4
6.0
6.5
6.0
7.0
8.0
5.5
7.0
6.4
6.4
5.0
6.4
8.0
6.5
9.5
13.0
10.5
12.0
10.7
14.0
10.0
12.6
10.0
8.0
8.0
8.2
11.6
8.0
10.0
10.6
10.0
11.5
16.5
9.6
8.3
7.8
7.5
12.6
12.5
11.8
13.5
8.2
13.0
7.7
9.0
14.7
12.7
11.0
11.6
12.4
11.4
12.0
14.5
10.5
14.0
13.0
11.5
9.6
12.5
15.5
11.0
14.4
20.4
17.0
19.0
10.5
23.0
1C. 2
20.0
10.5
11.0
12.0
12.0
12.7
18.0
12.0
16.0
16.3
15.3
17.8
26.0
14.5
12.2
11.6
11.0
18.8
20.0
17.5
20.6
12.7
19.5
11.7
13.3
23.5
18.7
15.5
18.0
19.0
10.7
18.0
23.0
10.0
22.0
19.0
17.5
14. 5
19.6
23.0
17.7
2'.'. I)
30.0
24.0
28.0
:;:?. -J
22.7
30.8
24.2
16.8
16.0
16.3
17.5
26.0
16.0
22.8
23.2
21.8
25.3
41.6
20.7
16.0
16.0
15.0
25.5
29.0
24.7
29.0
17.1
28.0
10.0
18.6
33.0
27.3
21.5
25.0
27.0
2:1. o
25.5
32.3
22.3
31.0
27.5
24.0
19.5
28.2
32.5
24.7
1.0
:;. _•
:;. :;
l.R
4.0
1. 5
3.0
2.5
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.7
2.2
0.3
1.8
1.5
1.5
2.2
5.6
1.3
0.6
0.5
0.5
2.2
3.0
1.0
2.0
0.7
2.4
0.4
0.9
4.0
2.5
1.1
1.7
2.0
1.2
1.5
2.5
1.0
2.2
2.0
1.1
1.0
3.0
2.7
1.7
20.0
30.5
25.4
28.7
24.0
34.5
2.1. 3
31.5
25.0
15.4
16.3
16.6
17.7
26.5
10.1
24.0
24.0
22.2
27.0
43.5
21.3
16.2
16.3
15.5
27.5
30.0
25.0
29.6
17.5
28.5
16.5
18.7
31.0
28.4
21.5
26.0
27.3
23.5
25.6
33.5
22.3
31.0
28.0
24.6
19.9
29.2
33.7
25.0
34.0
57.5
45.0
48. C
42.5
43. .-i 57. 5
437
349
400
49
49
491
49'
49
113
113'
1132
1133
238
238
250
250
251
251
259'
259"
403
403
443
547
547
748
748
749
749
895
895
1050
1050
1257
1257
670
670
985
985
988
988
1027
1027
1029
1029
37»
151
151
256
351
351
59.5
89.0
do
347
55.0
393
do
293
do ... . .
294
250
417
32.0
20.5
21.0
21.2
22.5
36.3
21.0
30.5
32.0
29.5
36.5
42.0
20. r.
27.5
28.5
30.0
55.0
27.0
39.5
42.2
40.8
58.0
33. 0
35.0
36.0
36.5
85.0
45.5
46.5
49.2
do
450
do
63.0
450
do
447
do
396
326
452
445
300
308
279
208
440
547
33.5
53.5
59.5
44.5
70.0
61.5
\
1
28.5
20.7
20.5
19.6
34.5
42.0
33.5
39.0
22.3
36.0
21.0
24.0
45.6
37.0
28.5
33.0
34.7
30.0
33.5
43.5
29.0
40.7
36.0
32.0
26.0
38.0
43.5
32.0
37.5
26.0
27.0
25.0
45.5
73.0
49.5
32.5
33.5
32.0
65.0
69.0
40.7
43.0
41.5
92.0
48.7
56.0
51.2
07.5
do
480
do
492
do
445
do
320
300
300
494
28.5
50.0
20.5
32.0
62.0
EO. 5
37.0
44.0
45.6
40.0
44.0
59.5
36.5
37.0
68.5
33.5
38.0
90.0
75.0
47.0
57.5
62.0
52.5
47.0
100.0
40.5
00.0
... .do
444
do
429
392
do
374
363
447
403
392
436
60.5
75.5
70.0
do
350
do
300
do
49.0
393
281
. do
46.7
40.0
33.5
50.8
62.0
50.6
43.0
64.0
76.5
67.5
60.0
105.0
450
429
Square break on tension side splitting in axis
do
447
389
289
do
43.0
56.0
381
do
384
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOB OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Oflicc number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
the ;tiiMliied speci-
men.
Uireetion of 11:1:11. |
cnr.J-KlrlKXT OF
, jfiTr.
Modulus of rupture.
First deflcc-
ti.,11.
Second de-
flection.
254. Qnercns obtusiloba — continued
255. Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii - .
Scrub Oak,
771
771
417
417
525
525
79
7S2
137
143
310
310
432
831
033
933
1071
1072
1073
545
545
545
762
762
54
54
54'
543
846
1-46
240
240
524
524
755
755
31
31'
35
434
925
925
34
34*
273
2*7
Aspalii^u
. do
A. H. Curtiss
do
Gravelly barrens .
do
0. 9172
0. 8958
0. 8489
0. 8092
0. 7996
0. 8073
0. 7636
0. 7358
0. 9418
0. 8368
0. 8580
0.8466
0. 7507
0. 7455
0.7804
0. 8313
0. 8523
0. 8153
0. 8153
0.7784
0. 7972
0. 7898
0. 7955
0. 7955
0. 9102
0. 7182
0. 7443
0. 7580
o. 6752
0.8689
0. 8432
0. 8687
0. 7898
0. 7710
o. MM
0. 9289
0. 7313
0. 7528
0. 8352
0. 6552
0. 8267
0. 7523
0.7988
0. .-949
0. 9S<!4
0.9125
m
!
n
^_~j
fJ5
m
m
[M
m
.
•
. •
1J
888
an
CIO
751
443
514
12m
1088
872
679
1017
939
976
1039
C97
729
814
904
763
1059
1221
1285
1C27
1744
763
976
976
1062
543
051
1085
957
970
1110
SK
8S8
1221
1039
1628
581
1628
1221
070
1476
on
iai'1
930
814
610
718
430
528
1221
1103
948
079
1028
967
9:iO
1149
723
712
835
913
814
1073
1221
1302
1550
1626
BM
1085
1 1 -r,
1149
sag
603
lose
tsa
:::o
1112
840
857
1252
1149
1884
595
1828
1221
970
last
1221
809
820
098
323
579
1055
1C92
1226
C96
968
919
926
1055
914
SOS
1052
1029
1034
1140
1041
1020
1055
1100
998
937
1036
581
792
1064
1099
1116
1144
1153
1127
1219
930
546
li::i)
1050
1 !-,.->
1»1
1277
. <lo
New Mexico
do
Vinos Altos mount-
ains.
do
do
Engelmaun's canon
. do
Robert Douglas. . .
do
Eocky
do
....do
Kentucky
....do
Mercer county
. do .
W.1I. Liuney
do
Alluvial
do
Burr Oak. Mossy-cup Oak, Over-
cup Oak.
Missouri
Illinois
Allenton
G. W. Letterman..
Robert Douglas.. .
J. Eeverchon
do
Moist upland
Rich
Texas
Dallas
do
Eich, moist
do
....do :....
Tennessee
Illinois
Nashville.
Winnebago couuty .
Austin
...do
Alluvial
M. S. Bebb
Texas
....do
Vermont
C.Mohr
...do
C. G. Prin^le .. .
Alluvial
... do
....do
do
do
. do ... .
do
do
Mississippi
....do
Kemper's mill
... do '.
C.Mohr
do
Alluvial
.. do
Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak.
Water White Oak.
... do
do
do
do
Florida .
Chattahoochee
....do
Allenton
do
A. H. Curtiss
....do
G-W. Letterman..
do
....do
....do
Alluvial
... do
Missouri
... do .. ..
Swamp White Oak.
259. Qiiercua Hichauxii
do
do
do
do
do
... do
. do
do
do
Massachusetts
.. do
South Carolina . . .
...do
West Newbury
Arnold Arboretum. .
Bonneau's Depot . . .
do
J. Robinson
C.S.Sargent
H. \V. Kavenel
do -
Low, swampy —
Drift
Alluvial
do
Basket Oak. Cow Oak.
Alabama
do
Kempor's mill
do
C.Mohr
do
....do
do
Florida
A. H. Curtiss
do
do
do
do
do
W. M. Linney . . .
... do
do
Slrile
Chestnut Oak. Bock Chestnut
Oak.
...do
do
... do ....I
do
....do
Tennessee
A. Gattinger
C.Mohr
do
Rocky u pland
Dry, rocky
do
Cullman
do
do
Kentucky
... do
Mercer county
\V. M. Linney
do
Limestone
YfiiviTly shale
Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. Chin-
quapin Oak.
G. W. Letterman
....do
... do
....do
Flinty
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
385
UNITED STATES TINDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
INFLECTION, IN MILLIMETERS, USI'EK A I'llESSUliE, IX KILOGUAMS, OF—
riliinate strength:
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Office number.
HO
6.6
c.o
8.0
0.5
11.0
9.5
4.0
4.5
5.C
7.2
4.8
5.2
5.0
4.7
7.0
C.7
6.0
5.4
6.4
4. 7
4.0
3.8
3.0
2.8
0.4
5.0
5.0
4.0
9.0
7.5
4.5
5.1
5.0
4.4
5.9
5.5
4.0
4.7
3.0
8.4
:.o
4.0
5.0
3.3
5.0
4.0
1OO
150
200
0
(sot,)
2OO
\
25O
28.0
48.0
41.5
3OO
350
400
i.-.o
5OO
5.10
10. 5
12.0
16.0
13. 0
22.7
18.5
8.0
8.4
10.3
14.4
9.5
10.1
10.5
8. 5
13.5
13.7
11.7
10.7
12.0
9.1
8.0
7.5
6.3
6.4
11.7
9.0
9.0
8.5
10.5
14.1
9.0
10.4
10.5
8.7
11.5
11.4
7.8
8.5
5.8
10.4
C.O
8.0
10.0
6.4
9.3
8.0
15.7
18.7
25.3
21.7
21.0
20.4
30.0
31.0
1.5
•2. :.
4.0
2.7
21.7
27. fl
37.0
31.9
80.0
OB. 0
58.0
345
248
350
420
138
247
450
466
523
297
413
392
395
450
390
771
771
417
417
525
525
79
79*
137
14::
310
310
432
831
933
933
1071
84.0
145.0
30.3
13.0
12.0
15.4
22.4
14.0
15.3
15.5
13.4
20.6
21.3
18.6
17.0
18.2
13.4
12.0
11.7
9.5
9.4
18.2
14.0
13.7
12.7
24.5
22.0
13.5
15.4
15.6
14.0
17.5
17.2
11.4
13.0
8.5
26.2
9.0
12.0
14.6
10.0
14.0
12.0
43.5
17.0
17.2
21.5
32.0
10.0
21.6
21.4
17.6
29.0
31.4
25.5
23.4
26.1
18.0
16.0
10.0
12.5
12.5
25.7
19.0
19.2
17.0
35.0
31.6
18.5
21.0
21.5
18.7
24.5
24.0
14.7
17.3
11.0
37.5
12.6
16.0
20.4
13.0
19.0
10.3
3.2
9.3
0.5
1.5
3.4
1.0
J.6
1.4
0.6
3.3
3.3
2.5
2.0
2.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
1.4
1.0
1.0
0.0
3.7
3.3
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.8
2.0
0.3
0.5
0.3
4.0
0.6
0.6
1.4
0.3
1.0
0.6
45. 0
17.0
17. j
•_>-J. 0
33.0
20.0
21.0
21.2
17.9
29.7
33.0
26.8
23.6
20.3
19.2
10.1
10.0
12.9
12.5
20.0
19.5
19.0
17.2
36.0
32.1
19.1
21.6
22.3
19.0
25.5
24.5
15.0
17.7
11.6
39.0
12.7
16.6
20.8
13.3
19.3
16.4
22.0
22.5
28.0
44.0
25.7
28.2
29.0
23.0
40.2
45.0
34.0
30.8
34.4
24.0
20.4
20.5
16.0
10.0
33.5
26.0
25. 3
22.5
29.0
2?. 7
:u;. r,
37.0
38.0
46.0
47.0
48.5
60.0
04.0
64.0
79.0
110.0
33 5
38.0
39.5
30.5
56.0
01.0
46.0
40.5
47.0
31.0
27.0
26.0
21.0
20.0
45.0
34.5
33.0
29.5
41.5
49.6
54.3
40.0
73.2
54.3
54.5
73.0
do
343
449
439
441
309
489
444
435
450
472
426
400
442
248
338
451
469
62.0
54.6
02.5
41.0
33.0
34.0
26.2
25.0
58.0
45.0
42.5
33.5
79.0
73.5
88.5
1073
545
545
545
762
762
54
54
54'
54'
846
846
240
240
524
524
755
755
31
31'
35
434
925
925
34
34'
273
287
43.0
44.5
32.7
31.4
78.0
62.0
57.5
47.5
50.0
39.0
109.5
41.5
24.2
27.6
28.0
24.0
32.3
32.0
19.0
21.5
14.0
59.0
31.6
37.0
37.0
31.5
43.7
42.5
24.4
30.0
17.5
40.0
49.5
48.5
42.5
54.0
58.0
30.0
30.7
21.5
52.2
64.5
65.0
56.0
70.0
76.0
37.5
73.0
90.0
87.0
75.5
99.0
135.0
47.5
do
476
do
488
do
492
481
520
397
557
233
482
448
489
621
551
545
61.5
26.2
31.6
40.0
55.5
16.0
20.7
26.8
16.5
25.0
21.5
22.0
26.0
85.0
20.6
32.5
27.5
27.5
33.3
46.3
25.0
42.0
35.0
34.5
41.0
58.0
30.0
51.5
43.0
44.0
78.5
36.2
66.5
55.5
45.0
92.5
79.0
54.0
135.0
Deflection with a pressure of 600 kilograms, 68 millimeters; broke
with tine splinters.
25 FOR
386
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
the, air-dried speci-
men.
Direction of grain.
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupluro.
First deflec-
tion.
Second dc-
llection.
261. Qnercns prinoides— continued
323
323
514
514
688
688
655
655
698
1103
1103
404
799
799
919
919
954
954
649
649
653
653
654
663
663
685
685
7
7
7
7
45'
45*
92
140
141
146
215
215
217
218
218
920
920
Texas
Dallas .
J. Reverchon
do
0. 9205
0. 9966
0. 9059
0. 8755
1. 0023
1.0284
1. 1408
1. 0474
0. 9821
1. 0023
1. 0420
1.0469
0. 9127
0. 9307
m
rmrj
ID
m
976
970
1085
976
888
610
697
1017
718
888
800
1436
1285
1221
1221
1103
697
751
976
1039
1221
1285
642
1061
976
904
857
1953
1285
1136
1356
976
976
857
814
1221
703
1221
1350
976
888
1221
1221
857
976
1007
1007
1149
1062
921
622
697
1017
740
888
787
1502
1395
1252
1191
1123
740
751
1085
1149
1221
1338
633
957
948
849
872
1627
1356
1149
1320
996
1007
1302
814
1252
769
1221
1356
1028
888
1302
1268
8U
921
1280
1090
1289
1048
937
968
469
937
996
987
1055
1322
1212
1010
1054
816
649
1308
1268
1284
1212
703
937
930
759
877
1282
1171
1048
1057
855
902
787
787
919
780
895
1057
877
1071
1242
1172
680
762
do do
do
Tennessee : Nashville
A. Gattinger
do
Alluvial
do
California
ContraCosta county.
do
G. R. Vasey
Clay
do
Mountain Wiite Oak. Slue Oak.
263. Qnercus oblongifolia —
White Oak.
....do
....do
....do
San Diego county. . .
.....lo
....do
do
Dry, gravelly
.. do .
Santa Eita mount-
ains.
Austin
....do
G. Engelmannand
C. S. Sargent.
S. B.Buckley
do
White Oak.
Texas
....do
Damp, calcareous,
do
Florida
....do
....do
Charlestown Navy-
yard.
Saint John's river . .
....do
S. H. Pook
A. H. Curtiss
....do
Live Oak.
Alabama
....do
Texas .
Mobile county
....do
Matagorda bay
....do
C.Mohr
...do
C.Mohr
do
Rich, sandy
....do
0.9114
0. 8972
1. 0114
1. 0193
0. 8835
0. 8989
0. 9386
0. 9204
1. 0264
0.8602
0. 8508
0. 8076
0. 8653
0.7011
0. 6872
0.6364
0. 6500
0. 5528
0. 6159
0.5432
0. 0261
0. 6787
0. 5987
0.7464
0. 7233
0. 6703
0. 7316
0. 7254
0. 0955
0.5841
0. 5852
....do
do
California
San Bernardino
do
W. G. "Wright
Live Oak. Maul Oak. Valpa-
raiso Oak.
. .do
do . ..
....do
....do
Marin county
....do
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
Marin county
....do
G.R.Vasey
....do
G-. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
G.R.Vasey
do
....do
Slack Oak.
California
....do
Loam . .
. do
Enceno. Ooatt Live Oak.
....do
....do
Auburn
do
Live Oak.
do
Massachusetts
....do
....do
Arnold Arboretum. .
....do
....do
C.S.Sargent
....do
do ...
Drift
....do
do
Red Oak. Slack Oak.
...do
....do
Mercer county
....do
....do
....do
W. M. Linney
....do
do
W. M. Linney
W. J.Beal
do
....do
Shale
....do
....do
....do
....do
Alluvial
Sandy
Dansville
....do
do
do
Illinois
Robert Douglas...
C G Pringle
Gravelly
do
Charlotte
...do
...do
do
do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
Enterprise
....do
do
....do
....do
C.Mobr
....do
....do
....do
....do
Alluvial
....do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
387
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
I'Krl.KrTlON, 1\ MII.UMK'IKK*. INM.K A l'i:J->Si:]tE, IX KILOGRAMS, OF —
Ultimate Mrengtli:
transverse- ]ir.
Remarks.
Office number.
30
5.0
5.0
4.::
5.0
5.5
8.0
7.0
4.8
6.8
5.5
6.1
3.4
3.8
4.0
4.0
4.2
7.0
6.5
5.0
4.7
4.0
3.8
7.6
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.7
2.5
3 8
4.3
:i. c,
5.0
E.O
5.7
6.0
4.0
6.4
4.0
3.6
5.0
5.5
4.0
4.0
B.7
5.0
1OO
!>. 7
(1.7
x. r.
9.2
10.6
15.7
14.0
9.6
13.2
11.0
12.4
0.5
7.0
7.8
8.2
8.7
13.2
13.0
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.3
ir>. :i
10. L'
10.3
lit
11.2
0.0
7.2
8.5
1.4
9.8
!>. 7
11.:,
12. g
7.8
12. 7
8.0
7.2
9.5
11.0
T.B
7.7
12.0
HI. 0
150
200
0
(«etO
200
230
300
35O
4OO
45O
500
91.0
.".,><>
15.4
15.3
12.7
14.0
1C. 0
23. '2
•Ji.o
14.5
•JO. 7
!«.:•>
19.3
10.0
10.7
11.5
12.3
12.5
20.6
20.0
13.5
12.2
12.0
11.2
23.7
15.6
15.0
17.5
16.8
9.0
10.7
12.3
11.3
14.7
l.-..;!
17.0
18.0
ii.r,
111. 2
12.5
11.0
14. f.
17.0
11.0
11.2
lf.0
16.0
•jo. o
21.0
17.3
19.0
22. 0
32.3
30. 0
2(1. 5
29.0
23.0
27.0
14.0
14.0
15. 5
16.3
17.1
29.5
29.2
18.2
16.6
16.4
14.7
33.2
21.8
21.3
25.4
23.3
12.0
14.4
10. 6
15.2
20.5
21.7
23.7
24. ;-,
15. 4
20.4
10.8
H. 5
20.0
24.0
14.6
15.4
27.0
21.0
l.i
1.8
1.1
1.0
1.0
2.3
1.2
2.5
1.5
2.0
0.2
0.4
0.9
0.5
0.2
3.0
3.1
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.6
3.5
1.0
1.5
1.7
1.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.7
0. ',
1.2
1.8
o. :i
. 1.3
0.8
0.3
0. C
2.0
0.2
0.3
2.3
2.0
20. r.
21. 5
17.5
19.2
a. (i
33.0
81.0
21.6
29.8
23.4
27.3
14.0
14.5
15. 7
16.2
17.0
30.0
30.0
18.2
16.6
16.5
15.0
34.7
22.7
21.9
25.8
24.0
12.2
14.7
16.8
15.3
20.7
20.7
24.7
24.0
15.7
26.7
17.0
14.0
20.0
24. 5
14.7
15. 5
27.7
?4. :,
20.5
28.0
22.3
25.0
28.0
42.5
40.0
38.0
29.0
:;•-'. o
:io. (i
r..-.. :i
52.5
43.0
45.5
36.0
41.0
40.0
7° 0
54. 0
59.5
45.0
51.5
50.0
68.0
03.0
56.0
64.0
TiL'5
323
323
514
514
688
688.
655
655
698
1103
1103
404
799
799
919
919
954
954
649
649
653
653
654
683
6«3
685
685
7
7
7
7
45"
45»
45*
92
140
141
146
215
215
217
218
218
920
920
do
71. C,
478
447
4i:;
400
426
421
70.0
90.5
39.0
29. 5
35.0
17.0
18.0
20.0
20.6
22.0
39.0
40.7
23.0
20.0
21.0
19.0
45.5
29. C
29.0
35.0
33.0
15.3
18.0
21.5
19.5
27.0
27.0
32.5
32.0
20.0
:::.. ii
22. 1
IK 7
•-(). 2
31.0
IS. 5
19.7
39.5
33.0
51.0
:w. :;
46.0
21.4
22.7
25.7
26.5
28.4
51.7
65. :.
48. 5
ei. s
26.5
28.0
32.0
33.0
35.0
69.2
•
63.0
80.0
38.0
34.0
40.5
55.0
43.0
do
48.0
43.5
50.2
450
564
517
55.5
66.7
73. u
do
431
450
.... do
348
elo
277
558
541
548
517
300
400
397
324
374
547
500
447
451
28.0
25.5
27.0
24.5
G2. 4
39.2
38.0
47.0
39.5
19.0
22.5
27.5
25.3
37.6
35.0
47.5
42.5
26.0
47.0
28.3
23.5
34.5
41.0
23.0
25.0
35.5
32.0
33.0
30.5
43.0
38.0
40.0
36.5
54.2
4fi.5
49.0
45.0
73.0
59.0
66.0
59.0
120.0
52.0
51.0
75.0
51.5
23.2
28.0
35.0
32.0
53.5
46.0
Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side, splitting in
axis.
28.2
35.0
46.0
43.0
34.2
45.2
45.2
.67.0
do
59.0
.
do
365
'385
336
336
392
333
382
451
33.0
35.5
29.0
4G. 0
52.5
28.5
30.7
36.0
43.5
do
374
457
530
500
290
325
68.0
34.3
88. 0
92.0
43.0
46.0
54.0
60.0
49.0
1
388
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specilic. gravity (if
Un< iiir-di icd Kjieci-
men.
=
'3
tc
o
a
c
5
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
MmluliiH of rupture.
First deflec-
tion.
Second ilc-
ilection.
1643
1043
931
031
752
17
17
SO1
36*
36s
74
74
86
244
244
247
247
437
628
628
9C3
963
268
131
131
245
245
265»
265s
548
548
342
342
770
770
47
282
282
264'
264'
2643
349
349
511
511
Massachusetts
do
North Reading
do
J. Robinson
do
Drift
do
0. 7380
0. 7426
0.8580
0. 8926
0. 7054
0. 7102
0. 6847
0. 7284
0. 7019
0.7982
0. 8495
0.8408
0. 7519
0.5432
0. 5026
0. 7102
0.7046
0. 6949
0. COJ2
0. 6841
0. C960
0. 6S75
0. 7688
0. 7521
0. 7421
0. 6307
0. 6767
0. 7837
0. 6933
0. 7875
0. 7614
0.6875
0. 7193
0. 8395
0. 8442
0.7148
0. 7671
0.7534
0. 6523
0. 0170
0. 6158
0. 7142
0.7313
0.7560
0. 7411
H
_.-•-
n
n
m
n
1221
1221
976
1017
976
1221
1085
1)76
1221
697
921
814
888
842
561
1479
1395
1136
814
S72
060
626
97C
1395
1320
1221
1320
1526
1221
1526
1628
888
1017
976
1101!
1526
957
904
1085
1136
11C3
1163
1221
976
1221
1320
1302
1039
1028
1085
1221
1149
1028
1221
723
930
814
930
820
538
1479
1436
1136
849
921
051
8S8
976
1302
1394
1221
1S94
1502
1221
1601
1575
948
1062
1007
1122
1479
976
913
1122
1191
1149
1285
1885
1028
1338
1282
1172
1252
794
1055
1151
1054
1043
1270
B54
1181
MO
1120
794
551
1284
1201
937
880
844
003
698
1043
1172
1071
1041
1172
1334
1172
1266
1317
990
1027
1113
1055
1233
1055
982
989
1052
932
1155
1120
919
1170
Austin
do
C.Mohr
....do
Red Oak.
...do
Florida
Massachusetts
do
Aspalaga
Arnold Arboretum . .
do
A.H.Curtiss
C. S. Sargent
.. do
Clay
Drift
Scarlet Oak.
Slack Oak. Yellow-bark Oak.
Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak.
...do
Kentucky
do
Danville Junction . .
do
W. M. Linuey
do
Shak'
do
....do
Missouri
do
....do
Allentou
do
....to
G. TV. Lettci man . .
do
Slate
Rich upland
do
....do
...do
ATythcville
do
.. do
H. Shriver
do
...do
Clay
do
do
do
do
...do
...do
do
do
..do
.. do
Tennessee
Nashville
Saw-mill, A shland .
do
do
G. Engclmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Black Oak.
do
do
G H Collier
do
do ...
do
Missouri
South Carolina
do
Allentou
Bonreau's Depot
.do
G. \V. Lctterman..
n. W. Raveuel
...do
Clay
Rich loam
...do
Black Jack. Jack Oak.
277. Quercus falcate
Spanish Oak. lied Oak.
m
m
m
m
Wytheville
..do
H. Shriver
....do
do
Clay
.. do
....do
... do
....do
do
....do
Kemper's mill
do
....do
C.Mohr
do
....do
do
...do
Alabama
do
Cottage Hill
do
*
....do
do
Barren, sandy
do
Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked-
leaf Black Jack. Black Jack.
Florida
A H Curtiss
do
do
do
do
..do
Missouri
....do
do
Alleutou
....do
do
G. W. Let term an.
....do
do
Rich, alluvial
....do
... do
Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak.
Water Oak.
Vir"iuia
Carroll county
do
H. Shriver
do
Water Oak. fluck Oak. Possum
Oak. Punk Oak.
do
do
do
Cottage Hill
... do
Tullahoma
....do
C.Mohr
....do
A. Gattinger
....do
Sandy loam
....do
....do
....do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
389
DEFLECTION, IX MILLIMETER, UXI1EU A rRF.SBUUE, IX KILOGRAMS, OF—
Ultimate stieiiL'tli :
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Office number.
SO
100
150
2OO
0
(set.)
20O
25O
3OO
350
400
430
50O
55O
4.0
4.0
5.0
4.8
5.0
4.0
4.5
5.0
4.0
7.0
5.3
6.0
5.5
5.8
8.7
3.3
3.5
4.3
6.0
5.6
7.4
0.3
.'..0
3.5
3.7
4.0
3.7
3.2
4.0
3.2
3.0
5.5
4.8
5.0
4.2
3. L
5.1
5.4
4.5
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.0
5.0
4.0
7.4
7.5
9.4
9.5
9.0
8.0
8.5
9.5
8.0
13.0
10. 5
12.0
10.5
11.9
17.5
6. 6
6.8
8.6
11.5
10.6
15.0
17.5
10.0
7.5
7.0
8.0
7.0
6.5
8.0
6.1
6.2
10.3
9.2
9.7
8.7
6.6
10.0
10.7
8.7
8.2
8.5
7.6
7.0
9.5
7.3
11.0
11.4
14.0
14.7
14.0
12. 0
12.2
14.5
12.0
21.4
15.8
18.5
15.7
18.0
28.5
10.0
10.0
12.8
17. 3
10.0
26.0
27. 5
15.0
10.5
10.2
12.0
10.0
9.5
12.0
9.0
9.3
'l5.4
J4.ll
14.6
13.0
10.2
15.0
17.0
13.0
11.8
13.0
11.5
11.5
14.6
10.9
14.6
15.4
19.0
20.4
20.1
16.1
16.5
2U. 2
16.5
31.0
22.6
25.8
21.7
26.0
43.4
14.0
13.4
18.0
23.5
22.0
54.3
41.5
21.0
14.0
13.7
16.0
13.7
12.7
16.0
12.1
12.0
20.6
19.0
20.2
18.5
13.7
21.0
24.0
17.7
16.0
18.0
15.5
15.8
20.4
14.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
1.2
1.4
0.3
0.4
1.0
0.6
3.5
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.5
5.0
0.6
0.4
1.0
0.9
0.8
10.5
4.8
1.2
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
0.3
1.8
2.1
0.7
0.2
0.9
0.5
0.6
1.2
0.5
15.0
15.6
10.2
21.0
£0.5
16.4
16.5
20.4
16.4
31.5
23.6
26.3
22.1
26.5
44.0
14.0
13.4
18.2
23.9
22.1
57.0
43.5
21.4
14.0
14.0
16.0
13.7
13.0
16.0
12.4
12.0
21.1
19.0
20.0
18.9
14.2
22.0
24.4
18.0
16.5
18.3
15.6
16.0
20.7
15.0
19.0
20. 0
25.0
27.2
27.0
21.0
21.1
27.2
20.7
42.0
30.6
34.0
28.2
37.0
24.0
26.0
32.0
3K. 0
36.0
27.0
27.0
35.0
27.0
58.0
40.0
46.2
36.7
55.0
30.3
31.7
40.0
37.0
40.0
50.7
46.0
51. 5
63.0
63.5
547
500
534
339
400
491
400
445
042
407
504
397
478
339
235
Broke with fine splinters and scale
104«
1043
931
931
752
17
17
38"
36»
36«
74
74
86
244
244
247
247
437
628
628
963
963
268
131
131
245
245
265>
265«
548
548
342
342
779
776
47
282
282
2641
2C4»
26i»
34*
34D
511
511
86.5
47.0
34.0
34.5
4,-.. 5
32.5
80.0
51.5
60.5
47.0
>;j. g
42.0
44.0
58.2
41. 5
135.0
64.0
90.0
56.5
55.0
51.7
68.0
88.5
140.0
Broke with fine splinters
57.7
75.0
do
17.7
16.7
24.5
31.0
28.5
88.0
61.5
28.0
17.5
17.4
20.2
17.0
16.2
20.0
15.4
15.0
27.0
25.0
26.0
24.2
IT. ;>
29.0
S2.5
24.0
21.0
24.2
20.0
20.4
26.5
19.0
22.1
20.5
33.0
40.3
36.0
27.0
25.6
44.0
51.5
46.7
33.0
31.7
55.0
40.5
40.5
50.6
51.5
048
538
do
400
371
360
283
298
445
500
do
36.0
22.0
21.6
25.7
21.2
20.7
25.2
19.0
18.5
34.5
31.3
33.0
31.2
22.5
38.5
44.0
32.0
26.7
32. 5
24.7
26.5
34.3
24.0
45.0
27.5
26.5
33.0
26.3
25.5
31.5
23.0
23.0
44.0
39.0
41.6
39.0
28.0
49.5
60.0
44.0
34.0
44.2
31.0
34.0
44.0
30.0
60.0
33.0
32.5
42.0
33.0
30.5
40.0
28.0
28.2
55.5
50.2
51. 5
50.0
35.5
66.0
91.0
58.5
44.6
40.5
41.0
540
55.0
do
407
444
500
569
500
040
562
423
438
475
450
526
450
419
422
449
398
493
478
43.5
88.5
48.3
34.2
35.5
60.0
48.0
65.5
do
40.0
46.0
63.2
66.2
44.0
105.0
63.0
37.0
44.5
47.0
58.5
do
392
499
38.5
47.0
390
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
o °^
*5 o S
.3
o
|
5
: -"—;
'-^Ll:i
m
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
1'irst deflec-
tion.
Second de-
tli'rtion.
742
711'
756
756
801
801
1171
1171
1171
352
674
674
40'
50
512
512
687
687
729
720
573
678
18
18
18
256*
258s
516
9
9
442
44'
119
119
765
765
853
853
8S3
11
A. H. Curtiss
...do
Alluvial . .
0. 7415
1
0. 8006
0.8034
0. 7980
0. 8105
0.8204
0. 7023
0. 6818
0.0898
0. 7159
0. 8716
0.8325
0. 7440
0. 7477
0. 7693
0. 7557
0. 6910
0. 7203
0. 5739
0. 5909
0. C017
0.5960
0. 4123
0. 5330
0. 4568
0.5050
0.5053
0. 4939
0. 7333
0. 7146
0. 6352
0.6416
6. 7571
0. 6945
0. 0892
0. 6770
0.7000
0. 7324
0. 7250
0.7784
0. 7614
0.8460
0. 8591
0.8068
0.8182
1221
1356
1221
1320
1356
1221
1395
1110
1221
697
904
93!)
1136
1252
751
703
872
970
990
1017
1285
1062
498
888
679
1221
1085
872
1221
1221
1085
1039
1221
1221
976
1163
1221
1285
1395
1628
1395
1395
1320
1110
1136
1285
1356 j
1177
1221
1320
J320
1338
1085
1252
751
967
921
1085
1302
781
787
842
1085
1007
1017
1221
10C2
525
872
651
11G3
1039
888
1302
* 1221
1050
1122
1302
1302
1007
1136
1221
1252
1395
1628
1479
1395
1395
1163
1177
806
1334
1055
1111
1289
1266
1165
947
1111
994
1120
1106
1153
1284
923
1055
846
1048
846
635
1034
949
415
703
619
898
867
675
1312
1235
1026
937
1284
1180
1024
1048
1106
1221
1256
1446
1289
820
984
1209
1057
281 . Quercus laurifolia
Laurel Oak.
282. Quercns hetcrophylla
Bartram'x Oak.
...do
Florida
do
Saint John's river . .
iln
....do
do
....do
....do
....do
Nr\v Jersey
do
Mount Holly
S. P. Sharpies
.. do
Clay
....do
do 'In
do
...do
Alabama
Citronelle,
Santa liita mount-
ains.
C. Mohr
G. Engolinaunand
C. S. Sargent.
. do
Pine-barren
Dry, rocky
Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack.
Sand Jack.
do
..do
Kentucky Harrodslmrg
W. M. Linney
G. W. Letterman..
A.Gattingcr
do
Utiea shale
Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak.
286. Quercus Phellos
Willow Oak: Peach Oak.
Rich, moist
Tennessee Tullahoma
Moist, siliceous . . .
. . .do . .
California , Marin county
G. R.Vasey Gravelly
Tanlark Oak. Chestnut Oak.
Peach Oak.
288. Czstnnoppia clnysopliylla
Chinquapin.
289. Castanea pmnila
Chinquapin.
290. Caatanea vulgaris, var. Americana.
Chestnut.
California
ilendocino county . .
do
A. Kellogg
do
Arkansas
do
G. TV. Letterman .
do
do
Massachusetts
A rr.oM Arboretum. .
Jo
C.S.Sargent
do
Drift
...do
do
H Shriver
Moist
do
do
do
. do
Tennessee
Massachusetts —
do
Nashville
Arnold Arboretum . .
do
C.S.Sargent
do . .
Drift
....do
Seech.
Mercer county
W. M. Linney
do
Hudson Kivershale
....do
do
do
Dansville
do . ...
W.J.Beal
do
Gravelly
....do
do
do
do
do
do
....do
Massachusetts —
....do
do
Hamilton
....do
do
J. Robinson
....do
do
....do
....do
....do
do
Arnold Arboretum . .
....do
Danvers
....do
North Reading
do . ..
C. S. Sargent
....do
Drift
Hop Hornbeam. Iron Wood.
Lever Wood.
11
877
877
1047
1047
....do
....do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
....do
do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
391
DEFLECTION", IK MILLIMETRES, UNDER A PUESSUKE, IS KILOGRAMS, OF—
Ultimate strength:
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Office number.
SO
100
15O
2OO
16.8
13.7
17.0
10.0
14.5
15.0
14.7
16.5
14.7
26.5
20.8
22.7
18.5
15.3
28.0
27.0
24.5
18.2
20.0
L>0.2
16.2
19.0
O
(set.)
1.0
0.4
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
1.0
1.2
0.5
0.5
2.1
1.9
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
1.2
200
•J.io
21.8
17.5
22.5
20.6
18.7
19.0
19.2
20.9
19.0
35. 0
27.0
30.0
24.4
19.8
39.0
36.0
31.0
23.5
25.5
26.0
20.5
24.6
3OO
29.0
21.3
28.7
27.0
23.5
24.5
23.7
26.0
24.0
46.0
35.5
37.0
31.5
25.0
52.5
47.0
40.5
29.5
32.0
3.10
400
450
.-)«•<»
550
4.0
3.6
4.0
3.7
3.0
4.0
3.5
4.4
4.0
7.0
5.4
5.2
4.3
3.9
6.5
6.4
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.8
3.8
4.6
9.8
5.5
7.2
4.0
4.5
5.6
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.7
4.0
4.0
5.0
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.5
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.7
4.4
4.3
7.6
7.2
8.3
8.0
7.4
7.4
7.3
9.0
7.8
13.0
10.1
10.6
9.0
7.5
12.5
12.4
11.6
9.0
9.7
9.6
8.0
9.2
18.6
11.2
15.0
8.4
9.4
11.0
7.5
8.0
9.3
8.7
7.5
7.5
9.7
8.6
8.0
7.8
7.0
6.0
6.6
7.0
_ 7. 0
8.4
8.3
12.0
10.3
12.2
11.6
11.0
11.0
11.0
12.0
11.0
19.5
15.0
16.0
13.5
11.2
19.4
19.2
17.5
13.6
14.8
14.6
12.0
14.0
30.4
17.0
23.5
13.0
14.4
17.0
11.6
12.2
14.0
13.6
11.0
11.2
14.2
13.2
11.5
11.6
10.0
8.6
10.0
10.4
11.0
13. o'
12.6
17.0
14.0
17.0
16.0
15.0
15.5
15.0
17.0
15.3
27.0
21.0
22.7
18. 0
16.0
29.0
27.5
24.4
18.4
20.2
20.3
16.2
19.2
344
569
450
474
550
540
742
742
756
756
801
801
1171
1171
1171
352
674
674
40'
50
512
512
687
687
729
729
573
573
18
18
18
258»
258»
516
9
9
44»
44»
119
119
765
765
853
853
853
11
11
877
877
1047
1047
26.0
36.0
33.2
29.5
30.5
29.5
33.0
30.5
59.0
44.3
47.0
40.0
31.5
69.0
63.0
55.0
37.0
40.5
31.0
46.3
42.5
36.5
37.5
37.0
42.0
38.7
76.0
55.7
58.0
49.5
40.0
37.0
60.0
58.5
46.0
46.7
48.0
40.5
58.0
58.5
58.5
80.0
do
497
404
474
424
478
472
49.0
Cross-grained ; broke with coarse splinters
72.5
73.0
60.7
50.0
do
492
548
394
450
361
447
361
271
441
405
177
300
0.5 sap-wood; broke witb large splinters ....
62.0
81.5
110. 0
46.0
25.7
31.5
32.2
41.0
40.7
62.0
Crushed at center bearing; broke with scales on tension side...
Shattered ...
23.6
33.0
17.5
19.5
23.2
15.7
16.2
19.0
IS. 0
14.7
14.7
19.4
18.0
16.0
15.4
13.6
11.5
13.5
14.0
14.5
17.5
17.5
0.7
1.7
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.4
0. :.
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
1.0
1.0
24.0
33.2
17.6
19.6
24.0
15.6
16.3
19.0
18.2
If.. 0
15.0
19.5
18.5
10.5
15.5
14.0
12.0
13.7
14.0
14.5
iao
18.0
30. 7
45.0
22.0
25.0
31.5
20.0
21.0
25.0
23.7
19.0
19.0
25.0
23.6
19.7
20.0
17.5
15.0
17.0
18.0
18.5
23.7
23.5
40.5
do .. ...
264
383
370
288
560
29.0
33.0
38.0
41.0
26.0
26.7
31.5
30.5
24.0
24.5
32.0
30.0
25.0
25.5
21.7
18.5
22.0
22.3
23.4
30.5
31.0
30.7
32.5
41.0
38.5
30.5
30.0
40.0
39.0
31.0
31.0
27.0
22.0
28.0
28.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
36.5
42.0
52.5
52.0
37.0
37.5
53.0
51.5
40.0
40.0
32.5
27.0
34.0
45.0
54.0
55.5
75.0
do
527
438
400
548
504
437
447
472
521
536
617
550
350
420
516
451
47.0
46.7
65.5
70.0
49.5
50.0
42.0
33.5
43.0
76.5
56.5
40.0
60.0
52.0
75.0
Sap-wood; broke with fine splinters; deflection with 600 kilograms
pressure, 64 millimeters.
37.5
51.5
52.0
67.5
73.5
102.0
392
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OP THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
•Si
w
II
"•3
f!<
£.3 a
£.53 B
tn
«M
0
3
S
(S
.....
ffl
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
First deflec-
tion.
i
ll
. .ana
46
73
73'
73'
73'
1038
10
10
84S
722
722
836
900
990
1065
1065
1065
1066
1066
1067
1067
528
620
843
843
1068
1068
1069
1069
1070
1070
136
136
841
841
842
842
4
G. "W. Lettennan..
"W. M. Linney
An
Damp, alluvial
Trenton limestone
do
0. 7798
0. 770?
0. 7852
0. 7641
0. 7983
0. 7307
0. 6121
0. 6163
0. 5949
0. 6244
0.5948
0. 7034
0. 613G
0. 6239
0. 6921
0. 6653
0. 6614
0. 6136
0. 6136
0.6409
0. 6028
0. 5998
0. 5905
0. 7147
0. 7215
0. 6579
0. 6647
0. 6573
0.6647
0. 6710
0. 6056
0. 5835
0. 5815
0.6335
0. 6273
0.6346
0. 6149
0. 7393
0. 7454
0. 7002
0. 8579
0. 8215
0. 5000
0. 5017
0. 5199
0.5244
921
1221
1395
888
1285
857
814
465
872
1110
1221
1221
1039
1221
1526
1628
1395
1085
1320
1356
1285
888
076
1628
1575
1575
1628
1479
1628
]479
1953
1039
1221
1039
1221
921
1039
1395
1479
1356
1395
1575
976
1017
842
842
957
1285
1395
939
1395
921
814
503
872
1149
1149
1320
1085
1191
1502
J575
1526
1191
1338
1356
1285
872
976
1550
1526
loOl
1028
1628
1684
1550
1775
1085
1221
1085
1356
904
1028
1436
1002
1302
1415
1502
1028
10] 7
888
807
1134
1355
1172
1055
1406
773
909
586
837
1083
1008
1181
816
994
1165
1099
1228
1069
1017
1134
982
738
874
1202
1289
1216
1219
13?0
1212
1245
1282
1041
975
954
1005
937
026
1289
1282
1294
105?
1165
701
703
830
820
Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water
Seech. Iron Wood.
BETULACE.S:.
294. Betnla albn, rar. populifolia
White Birch. Old-field, Birch.
Gray Birch.
Mercer county
iln
do
do
do
do
do
Massachusetts
....do
. . do
Danveis
Arnold Arhorotum .
. do
J. Robinson
C. S. Sargent
do
Gravelly
Drift
do
do
Gravelly
Sereno "Watson . .
do
Wet . .
Canoe Birch. White Birch. Pa-
per Birch.
do
"assai-hi] setts Townsend
Alaska Chilcoot iulet
Paul Schultze
do
Vermont
do
Cbarlotto
C. G. Pringlo
do
do
. . do . .
do
do
do
do'
do
do
do
...do
. . do
do
Engelmatm's cnfiou.
Strawberry v;i!lev .
Robert Douglas..
G. Engelmaun and
C. S. Sargent.
J. Robinson
do
"Wet sandy
Black Birch.
297 Betula lutea
California
"Wet peaty
Gravelly
do
Yellow Birch. Gray Birch.
do
. An
Vermont Charlotte
C. G. Pi ingle
. do
...do
do
do
do
do do
....do
do .
....do
do
do do
....do
G. W. Lettenuan. .
....do
J. Robins'on
do
....do
Moist loam
Red Birch. River Birch.
299 Betula lenta
do
Massachusetts
....do
North Andover
do
....do
Alluvial
. do
do
do
do
do .. . .
do
do
do
do
do
Arnold Arboretum. .
do
C S Sargent ...
Drift
Cherry Birch. Black Birch.
Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch.
4
221
844
844
967
967
991
991
do
do
do
Charlotte ....
C. G. Pringle
J. Robinson
....do
Paul Schnltze
Gravelly
....do
....do
Massachusetts
... do
Alaska
Dam-ers
...do
Sitka
Alder.
do
do
do . ...
Washington terri-
tory,
do
Pnyallup
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
393
IIEFLECTIOX, IX MILLIMETERS, VSM'I: A rUKSHUBK, IX KILOGRAMS, OF—
Ultimate strength:
transverse pressure.
Be marks.
Oflicc number.
50
1OO
1 5O ••!<><> O
<a*t)
2OO
*50
:;<)<>
:n;. i
24.0
37.0
n.7
45.0
48.5
330
48.0
2!'. 7
29.0
50. 5
27. '-'
4OO
430
300
.130
5.3
4.0
B.5
3.8
5.7
6.0
10.5
5.0
4.4
4.0
4.0
4.7
4.0
3.2
3.0
3.5
4.5
3.7
3.C
3.8
5.5
5.0
3.0
3.1
3.1
8.0
3.3
3.0
3.3
2.5
4.7
4.0
4.7
4.0
5.3
4.7
3.5
3.3
3.6
3.5
3.1
5.0
4.8
5.8
.5.8
10.2
7.6
7.0
10.4
7.0
10. (i
12.0
19.4
it a
8.5
8.5
7.4
9.0
8.2
6.5
6.2
6.4
8.2
7.3
7.2
7.6
11. 2
10.0
6.3
6.4
6. 1
6.0
6.0
5.8
6.3
5.5
9.0
S. II
9.0
7.2
10.8
9.5
6.8
6.5
7.5
6.9
6.5
9.5
9.6
11.0
12.1
15.2
11.0
10. r.
15.7
10.0
17.0
18.0
30.6
17. C
111.0
1:1.4
11.0
14.0
12.4
10.0
9.5
10.0
12.6
11.2
10.7
12.0
18.0
15.5
9.3
9.2
9.4
9.0
8.7
8.8
9.4
8.3
13.3
12.0
14.0
H.O
17.0
14.0
10.0
10.0
10.4
10.0
10.0
14.4
14.6
16.7
19.0
1
•jl.O
15.0
14.0
21.7
13.7
24.0
25.4
46.0
->5. r,
17.2
19.0
15.0
19.5
17.0
13. 0
13.3
| 13.4
17.0
15.0
14.3
lo.r,
27.0
21.4
12.7
12.5
12.4
11.5
11.6
11.6
12.4
11.3
18.2
1ft, 8
19.0
14.7
23.0
19.2
13.5
13.0
13.3
13.6
13.7
19.0
19.8
22.5
27.0
i.a
0.4
0.6
1.:,
0.4
2.2
0.4
6.5
2.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.5
2.9
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.5
0.7
0.9
0.6
1.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.7
1.9
81.8
15.0
14.4
22. 4
14.0
24.8
26.0
47.8
26.8
17.5
19.2
15.0
20.0
17.0
13.4
13.3
13.7
17.3
15.5
14.3
16.5
27.4
21.6
12.7
12.6
12.2
11.5
11.5
11.7
12.4
11.4
18.6
16.3
19.4
14.7
24.0
19.4
13.5
13.5
13.6
13.5
14.0
19.5
20.0
22.7
27.5
2S. II
in. o
IP. B
29.0
17.7
33.0
34.2
i;n. .-,
35.5
:;(.:;
64.0
88. 0
80.0
45.0
41.. 1
93. r>
;is. :,
484
578
500
450
600
330
3KH
250
187
462
480
504
348
424
497
469
524
456
434
484
419
315
373
313
550
519
52H
563
in
531
547
444
416
407
429
400
395
550
547
552
448
497
299
300
46
7:;
73'
1»
73'
1038
10
10
848
736
722
836
990
990
1065
1065
1065
1066
106ft
1067
1(167
taa
829
843
843
1 111:8
1068
1069
1069
1070
1070
138
136-
841
841
842
842
4
4
221
844
844
967
967
991
991
56.0
68.0
48.0
59.0
Deflection with 600 kilograms pressure, 82 millimeters; broke with
line splinter*.
r,7. ii
:;ti. 2
22.6
25. 0
19.0
26.3
22.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
21.7
19.7
18.0
21.5
37.5
29.2
16.2
15.7
15.4
14.5
14.0
14.5
111 6
14.5
23.5
21.0
25.0
19.0
32.0
2:.. 0
17.5
16.7
16.5
17.2
18.0
25.5
26.0
30.0
37.0
.in. (i
28.4
33.0
24.0
:i.i. o
28.0
21.0
21.5
22.0
27. s
25.0
23.0
28.0
54.0
40.5
20.0
19.5
19.2
18.0
17.0
17.7
19.5
iao
30.0
27.0
32.5
24.0
45.0
33.0
21.6
20.8
19.7
22.0
22.6
62.0
35.7
44.0
30.0
46.0
58.5
37.5
65.0
49.0
68.7
36.0
.'(1. .1
26.5
27.0
35.0
32.0
28.0
36.0
50.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
44.0
41.0
35.5
52.0
43.0
43.0
39.0
Crushed :it center bearing; broke with large splinter on corner
51.5
43.0
60.0
24.5
24.5
23.2
21.7
20.7
21.7
24.0
22.0
39.0
35.5
45.0
31.0
61.5
45.0
27.0
26.0
24.0
27.0
28.0
Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting
in axis.
30.5
30.0
29.0
27.0
25. 0
2<i. 5
30.5
27.0
64.5
51. 0
36.5
36.0
37.5
34.5
31.0
33.0
38.0
33.7
50.0
47.5
57.0
49.5
40.0
45.5
60.0
Sap-wood ; crusher! at center bearing; broke with coarse splinter on
comer.
Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; broke with coarse scales. - .
55.0
0.5 sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. .
0.7f> s;i]i.wood; crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters.
Sap-wood; crushed at center bearing ; bioke with iiue splinters on
corner.
Heart-wood ; crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . .
45.5
.
Sap-wood : crushed at center bearing; broke with coarse splinters
at corners.
66.0
41.0
100 0
Sap- wood ; crushed at center beai ing ; broke with fine splinters on
tension side.
Sap-wood; crushed at center bearing; shattered on corner
34.0
32.0
28.5
34.0
35.5
40.7
40.0
34.5
51.5
51.0
43.7
72.0
Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension
side, splitting in axis.
60.0
45.5
do
37.5
50.0
50.0
72.0
354
do
350
do
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOlt OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
the air-dried speci-
men.
Direction of -xrain.
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
l'irstdclli'0-
tiou.
i
~3
O
si
s|
1*
1025
1025
635
717
717
979
979
094
694
b02
855
908
908
911
690
690
640
981
981
889
721
972
972
669
272'
2705
1035
1035
847
Portland Furniture
Company.
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
0. 4739
0. 5084
0. 4857
0.4545
0. 4886
0. 4465
0. 4375
0. 4170
0. 4049
o. r.oor,
0. 5330
0. 4675
0. 4676
0. 4670
0. 5341
0. 5284
0. 4703
0. 4375
0. 4014
0.4198
0. 5057
0. 5719
0.5278
0. 5760
0. 3955
0. 3S85
0. 4580
0. 4828
0. 4443
0. 4386
0. 4155
0. 4080
0. 4034
0. 4085
0. 4506
0.4488
0. 3750
0. 3898
0. 4108
0. 4108
m
m
m
m
w\
*^''-
1320
1221
904
679
729
904
888
787
787
1163
407
610
488
554
479
509
542
1163
970
330
1221
1285
1221
921
740
651
976
888
976
904
740
857
888
740
751
488
10C2
1085
1221
1163
1285
1338
948
669
751
948
913
751
787
1085
391
514
476
514
488
488
525
1085
1028
305
1085
1375
1149
888
781
651
913
913
996
930
723
842
872
607
763
458
1050
1062
1221
1136
900
905
738
567
701
698
703
696
677
820
424
511
530
609
734
553
584
701
743
469
809
928
888
813
562
541
720
881
696
748
642
574
527
626
593
401
6S2
637
694
645
302. Alnns rhombifolia
Alder.
do
....do
Ashland
....do
Sereno "Watson . . .
....do
C. S. Sargent
do
Wet
....do
....do
Oregon
.. do
....do
Drain
.. do
do
California
W. G. Wright
Alder.
do ....
do
<lo
Massachusetts
... do
kpeckled Alder. Hoary Alder.
Black Alder.
SALICACEJS.
306. Sr»lix ni^''a
Topsfleld
do
Alluvial .
Black Willow.
.307. Salix amyrdaloides
Canon City
K. "Westan .
Willow.
308 Salix Ijcvi^ata
....do
do do
do
do
do
California
G.Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Wdlow. °
309. Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia
309. Salix lasiandra, var. Feudlcriana ..
...do
..do
....do
Strawberry Talley . .
Portland
....do ....... .
F.Skinner
do
M. E. Jones
Sereno "Watson . . .
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
1
do
Moist, rich
Alluvial
....do
Gravelly
Rich, moist
....do
Utah
....do
City Creek canon . . .
Pattep/scafion, Mis-
soul a.
Seattle
313. Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana . .
Slack Willow.
Washington ter-
ritory.
....do
.. do
....do
Willow.
Colorado
Alpine
do ....
T. S. Brandegee . .
do
Aspen. Quaking Asp.
do
Massachusetts
do
Dan vers
... do
J. Robinson
..do :
Gravelly
....do
do ....
. . do
. do
do
Poplar. , '
847
522
961
961
1054
.1054
552
1012
1012
1028
1028
...do
•
Tennessee
Alaska
....do
Nashville
Chilcoot inlet
....do
A Gattinger
....do
River Cottonwood. Swamp Cot-
tonwood.
Paul Schnltze
... do
Balsam. Tacamahac. Balm of
Gilead.
321. Populus balsaiuifera,Dor. candicans
322. Populus angustifolia
....do
Massachusetts
do
....do
Topsfield
....do
Manitou Springs
Saint John's Barrel
Factory, Portland.
....do
J. Robinson
. . . .do
Eobort Douglas . .
F. Skinner
....do
Gravelly
....do
Sandy loam
Black Cottonwood.
Black Gottonwood. Balsam Got-
tonwood.
do
do
....do
do
Portland Furniture
Company.
G. Engelmann and
C.S. Sargent.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
395
I'EFLBCTIOX, IX M1I.LJMETEHS, I'XDER A I'ltESSUKE, X KII.OGKAMS, OF —
ntinmtc" strength:
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Oflice number.
50
1OO
l.-.o
30O
O
(set.)
200 250
.•too
350
4OO .150
5OO .1.1O
3.7
4.0
5.4
7.2
6.7
5.4
5.5
6.2
6.2
4.2
12.0
8.0
10.0
8.8
10.2
ft. fi
9.0
4.2
5.0
14.8
4.0
3.8
4.0
5.3
6.6
7.5
5.0
5.5
5.0
5.4
(i. 0
5.7
5.5
6.6
6.5
10.0
4.6
4.5
4.0
4.2
j
7.6
7.3
10.3
14. (i
13.0
10.3
10.7
13.0
1,4
9.0
25.0
19.0
20.5
19.0
20.0
20.0
18.6
9.0
9.5
32.0
9.0
7. 1
8.5
11.0
12.5
15.0
10.7
10.7
9.8
10.5
13.5
11.6
11.2
14.0
12.8
21.3
9.3
9.2
8.0
8.6
11.5
11.0
15.5
'2'.;. II
20.4
15.7
16.5
19.6
19.0
14.0
44.0
36.0
30.0
32.5
31. 2
32.0
31.0
14.2
14.3
57. 0
14.0
10. 5
12.5
16.6
19.3
23.2
17.0
17.0
15. 0
15. f,
21.4
17.4
17.0
22.4
21.0
35.2
14.0
14.0
12.0
12.0
15.0
14.7
20.6
34.0
30.0
21.8
22. 2
28.3
27.3
19.6
(i.l
0.0
0.5
3.5
3.0
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.5
0.8
15.7
14.8
21.2
85. o
31.0
22. 0
23.0
29.0
28.0
19.6
20.0
18.5
27.0
25. 2
23. 5
35. 7
33.0
30.0
3S4
386
815
°42
•_'«!)
298
BOO
297
289
350
181
218
1 b b lie with fines linters
1025
1025
635
717
717
979
979
694
694
862
855
908
908
911
690
690
640
981
981
889
721
972
972
669
272'
272'
1035
1035
847
847
522
961
961
1054
1054
552
1012
1012
1028
1028
44.0
30.2
30.6
39.0
38.7
26.0
50.0
Spi-riiiu-n cross-grained ; square break on tension aido, splitting in
;i\is.
Crushed at renter hearing; s^unn- l»ro;ik on tension side, splitting
in axis.
35.0
64.5
58.0
55.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
21.0
19.5
125.0
19.0
14.2
16.8
24.5
27.7
33.0
24.0
25.0
21.4
21.7
:;n. 7
25.0
25.5
342
34.8
10.2
11.0
11.5
5.0
4.8
5.0
1.2
0.5
32. 5
1.1
0.5
0.3
1.5
2.4
3.8
1.5
2.9
1.5
1.0
3.3
1.3
1.7
4.1
5.9
73.0
63.0
57.0
47.5
48.5
48.0
21.5
20.0
do
91.0
64.0
260
313
236
249
299
317
200
345
396
379
347
240
231
309
376
297
319
274
110.0
id
29.5
26.0
45.0
36.0
50.0
14.7
17.2
25.0
28.7
37.2
24.5
28.0
22.0
22.0
32.0
26.2
26.2
35.8
36.0
26.5
18.3
22.0
33.0
36.5
24.0
28.0
46.0
Crushed at center bearing; splintered; square break on tension
side, splitting in axis.
31.5
35.0
B
i
32.0
35.0
30.0
28.7
47.0
50.0
48.0
71.5
41.0
do
245
225
do ..
52.0
62.0
267
253
do ...
171
291
272
20.8
19.6
18.0
17.6
1.0
0.9
1.1
0.5
...
20.8
20.0
17.6
17.6
28.4
27.5
24.0
25.0
""I
do
296
do
275
do
|
396
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
r State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
the air-dried speci-
men.
Direction of grain.
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture. Ij
!i
First deflec-
tion.
Second de-
flection.
324. Populus monilifera
Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar.
Carolina Poplar. Big Cotton-
wood.
325. Popnlns Fremontii
255
304
304
309
309
754
754
754
659
659
646
646
909
909
909
909
634
634
662
662
662
379
379
782
783
783
790
790
792
792
792
874
874
1099
1099
1017
1017
1021
1021
350
350
850
850
851
851
852
Missouri
....do
....do
Texas
Allenton
...do
....do
Dallas
....do
G.W. Letterman..
....do
....do
J. Reverchon
do .
Alluvial
....do
... do
....do....,
do
0. 3552
0. 3824
0. 3477
0. 5136
0. 4858
0. 5001
0. 4909
0. 4925
0. 4977
0. 5000
0. 5079
0. 5023
0. 4867
0.4451
0. 4499
0. 5107
0. 3748
0. 3979
0. 4818
0. 4989
0. 4869
0. 3025
0. 2902
0. 3580
0. 3439
0. 3413
0. 3210
0. 3336
0. 2714
0. 2612"
0. 2805
0.3835
0. 3902
0. 3560
6. 4121
0. 4312
0. 4256
0. 3623
0. 3783
0. 3626
0. 3153
0. 3625
0. 3602
0. 3523
0. 3407
0. 3324
H
669
888
751
1136
842
1221
1221
1221
1017
1085
651
6CD
904
976
872
763
697
814
872
872
828
488
444
519
Col
626
588
610
331
279
269
763
669
542
514
1221
976
872
1017
271
341
498
425
444
519
388
669
857
723
1149
842
1302
1221
1191
1017
1085
665
679
1149
939
835
794
751
814
896
888
888
514
452
542
610
651
610
581
337
294
260
781
729
558
542
1149
1028
930
1028
257
334
488
415
444
514
376
548
661
603
893
759
902
937
851
584
813
743
687
795
703
579
642
619
703
783
654
654
455
441
544
527
448
584
580
394
352
354
586
666
586
654
818
820
635
722
328
380
483
551
460
509
4(J9
....do
Florida
....do
Chattahoochfce
....do
A. H. Curtiss
do
...do
do
....do
do
do
do
California
Sacramento valley . .
....do
San Bernardino
...do
G. R. Vasey
do
Cottonwood.
325. Populus Fremontii, rar. Wislizeni .
Cottonwood. White Cottonwood.
CONIFERS.
....do
...do
....do
....do
W.G.Wright. ...
...do
....do
....do
do
Colorado
...do
Canon City
...do . ..
E. Weston
do
...do
...do
..do .
... do
...do
do
Saw-mill. Straw-
berry valley.
. . do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
...do
White Cedar. Bastard Cedar.
Post Cedar. Incense Cedar.
327. Thuya occidentalis
White Cedar. Arbor-vitce.
328. Thuya gigantea
...do
...do
...do
Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino mountains.
...do
W.G.Wright
...do
...do
..do
.. do
Vermont
...do
!N"ew Brunswick . .
...do
...do
C.G.Pringle
...do
Intercolonial rail-
wav.
Ed. Sinclair
do
Cold, peaty
...do
...do
Bridgeton
...do
Province of Quebec
...do
Amqui
...do
do
...do
...do
Grand Trunk rail-
way.
...do
do
Maine
Mattawamkeag
.. do
...do
. do
Wisconsin
...do
Oregon
Eau Claire
...do
"Weidler's saw-mill,
Portland.
...do
H. C. Putnam
...do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
...do
Drift
...do
Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar.
329. Cbamzecvparis sphseroidea
...do
...do
...do
Portland Furniture
Company.
...do
...do
do
Cottage Hill
do
C.Mohr
do
White 'Cedar.
...do
do
Massachusetts
...do
...d«
...do
...do
Beverly
....do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
....do
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
I NJTED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
397
DEFLECTION, IN MII.L11IETEB8, U.NDEU A 1'liESSUltE, IX KILOCUA.MS, OF—
ritiinuli' stri-nfrth:
trausvcm> ]>r.
Remarks.
|
3
3
1
SO
100
130
200
0
(set.)
soo
230 300
330
400
430
5OO
33O
7..:
:.. r>
n. :>
4.;:
.-,. s
1.0
•l.i'
4.0
4. s
4.:,
7.:,
7.::
:..4
:.. c
G.4
7.H
C. 0
B, (1
r,. i:
.-•. '.i
10.0
11.0
9.4
7. A
7.8
8.3
8.0
14.7
17.5
IS. 2
0.4
7.::
9.0
9.5
4.0
5.0
:,. (i
4.8
18.0
14. 3
i). S
n.r,
11.0
9.4
12.0
14. C
11.4
13. f>
8.6
11.6
7.5
8.0
S. •_'
a o
, 9.0
14.7
14.4
8.5
10.4
11.7
12.1
13. 0
12.0
10.9
11.0
11.0
19.0
•Jl.O
18.0
16.0
15.0
16.0
10.8
29.0
33.2
37. f>
1L>. r,
13.4
17.5
18.0
8.5
9.3
10.5
9.5
38.0
29.2
20.0
23.5
22.0
19.0
20.0
23.0
17.2
L'l.O
13.3
18.0
12.0
12. :.
12.8
14.8
14.0
22.0
13.4
16.4
18.4
20.0
20.7
18.0
10.5
16.5
16.6
30.0
::4. 6
28.0
24.0
21. 2
24.5
26.0
50.5
24. 2
30.0
18.8
25.6
16.0
16.8
17.2
21.4
19.4
32.4
32.6
19.0
23.0
26.7
31.0
28.0
25.0
22.5
22.0
22.0
234
282
Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting
in axis.
255
304
304
309
309
704
754
754
659
659
640
646
909
909
909
909
634
634
662
602
662
379
379
782
783
783
790
790
792
792
792
874
874
1099
1099
1017
1017
1021
1021
350
350
850
850
851
851
852
1.4
2.6
1.1
3.0
0.4
0.3
0.6
1.7
0.9
2.4
9 5
25.3
30.7
19.1
26.5
10.0
17.0
17.5
21.8
19.4
33.0
34 0
33.2
41.5
26.0
36.0
20.7
21.5
22.4
do .'
35.2
48.5
25.8
27.5
29.0
51.5
824
888
400
363
33.0
35.5
39.0
Shattered
!
do
249
347
317
293
339
25.3
43.0
47 0
33.3
62.5
Crushed at center hearing; square break on tension side, splitting
in axis.
do
1.8
1.5
2.1
5.5
1.2
O.C
0.5
0.7
0.4
19.5
23.2
27.2
30.4
29.0
25.5
23.0
22.0
22.5
25.5
31.0
34.6
42.5
300
247
274
264
300
334
979
Shattered
43.5
41.5
32.5
29.0
29.0
28.5
45.0
35.5
do
do
279
do
194
188
do
38.7
33.5
2. 0 40. 7
1. 2 34. 6
232
225
do
191
249
250
168
150
151
250
284
35.5
36.2
2. 0 37. 0
1. 6 37. 2
~_
03. 0
19. r,
20.8
27.0
£8.5
13.0
14.0
15.5
14.5
27. 5
•_v. :.
38.0
39.0
17.8
19.0
21.7
20.0
1.6
1.4
2.4
2.1
0.4
0.5
0.8
0.8
28.7
29.0
40.5
40.8
18.0
19.0
22.2
20.0
. do .
39.0
.. do
250
. do
55.0
23.0
24.0
31.0
26.7
279
349
350
271
308
140
30.0
31.0
Shattered ... ... .
Shattered
37.0
do
50.5
32.5
30.0
33.2
29.6
38.0
162
206
235
200
217
200
47.5
54.0
5.2
5.6
50.2
55.0
40.0
63.0
5.2
8.2
49.5
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
o '3
.ti ' *
y S-
lit
cc
Direction of grain.
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture. !
First di-nVc-
tion.
Seeond de-
flection.
969
969
983
983
994
994
994
1000
1000
701
707
707
675
675
691
Sitka
Paul Schultze
B
0. 5097
0. 4229
0. 5267
0. 5114
0. 5074
0. 4913
0. 5267
0. 5078
0. 5159
0. 5239
0. 4682
0.5335
0. 6307
0. 6512
0. 5580
0.5563
0. 4834
0. 5078
0.5630
0. 5419
0.7347
0. 5316
0. 5302
0. 5357
0. 5239
0. 5723
0. 5354
0.5558
0. 5385
0. 4997
0. 7373
0.6029
0. 5671
0. 6398
0.6670
0. 5307
0.4907
0. 4923
0. 4167
0. 4334
0. 3426
0.3506
0.2687
0.4103
0.4211
m
o
;-.__-.j
m
814
888
1221
1110
1163
1085
1320
814
703
904
1221
1628
976
1085
452
514
610
457
910
595
751
509
514
595
610
787
814
787
904
888
588
444
488
718
581
561
1163
1110
904
939
595
425
359
574
787
814
070
1221
1191
1149
1122
1221
842
721!
930
1221
1502
1062
1085
456
542
592
407
630
595
734
501
514
CIO
C30
787
849
781
888
888
688
474
542
697
595
603
1122
1163
904
9119
595
444
315
558
751
851
696
1020
930
872
937
930
698
281
820
818'
1029
1041
1052
520
659
635
342
783
738
469
701
743
851
562
1052
1031
755
806
888
750
394
469
869
520
703
675
666
687
698
511
469
401
637
703
Yellow Cypress. Sitka Cypress.
do
do
do
British Columbia .
do .
Saw-mill, Victoria . .
. do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargunt.
do
Peril strait
Paul Schultze
do
....do
. ..do
do
do
do
... do
do
"Weidler's saw-mill,
Portland.
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Oregon
do
Uean & Co.'s saw-
mill, Marshfield.
do
....do
do
Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Ce-
dar. White Cedar. Lawsorfs
Cypress. Ginger Pine.
do
do
do
do . .
Gravelly loam
do
Monterey Cypress.
do
do
do
do
G.R. Vasey
691
1100
1100
692
692
1102
14
14
327
327
734
734
800
800
024
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
535
536
741
741
657
657
666
673
673
....do
....do
....do
....do
Calistoga
....do
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
....do
....do
"W.F.Fisher
....do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
S. B. Buckley
C. S. Sargent
....do
J. Reverchon
do
....do
....do
....do
Juniper.
338. Jnniperas occidentalis, var. con-
jugens.
Juniper.
....do
....do
Massachusetts
....do
Arnold Arboretum .
....do
Dallas
Drift
Red Cedar. Savin.
i
....do
do
..do
...dn ._
Floiida
Chattahoochee
do
A. H. Curtiss do
. do
....do
....do
do
....do
do
....do
....do
Chattahoochee
"Wilson county
do ...
C. Mohr
A.E.Baird
do
Alluvial
do
. .do
....do
do
do
do
do
...do
.. do
... do
do
. do
do
Stockton
....do
Chattahoochee
do
C.Mohr
....do
A. H. Curtiss
do
Alluvial
Bald Cypress. Black Cypress.
Jfed Gyprest,. White Cypress.
Deciduous Cypress.
....do
Florida
....do
do
California ..
Tulare county
....do
do
G. Eugelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Granite
Itig Tree.
342. Seqnoia sempervirens
Itedwood.
...do
do
....do
....do
....do
do
Russian river
do
C. S. Sargent
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
399
DEFLECTION, IS M1LLISIKTEH8, UNUEK A 1-UE8SUKK, IX KILOGRAMS, OF—
T'llinuito Mtteugth :
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Oilice number.
50
too
150
200
°
(set.)
200
250
3OO
:i3o
100
450
500
550
6.0
5.5
4.0
4.4
4.2
4.5
3.7
0.0
6.4
5.4
4.0
3.0
•>. o
4.5
10.8
9.5
8.0
10.7
8.0
8.2
6.5
9.0
9.5
8.2
8.0
6.2
6.0
6.2
5.4
5.5
8.3
11.0
10.0
6.8
8.4
8.7
4.2
4.4
5.4
5.2
8.2
11.5
13.6
8.5
6.2
12.0
10.0
8.0
S.2
8.5
8.7
8.0
11.6
13.5
10.5
8.0
6.5
9.2
9.0
21.4
18.0
10.5
24.0
15.5
16.4
13.3
19.5
19.0
16.0
15.5
12.4
11.5
12.5
11.0
11.0
14.2
20.6
18.0
14.0
16.4
16.2
8.7
8.4
10.8
10.4
16,4
22.0
31.0
17.5
13.0
18.0
15.0
12.0
12.5
12.5
13.5
11.5
17.5
24.7
21.0
17.0
17.2
17.6
15.4
24. L'
1.0
1.0
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
24.5
21. 2
16.0
17.5
17.0
18.0
15.0
24.4
31.5
29.5
20.0
21.5
•». 0
22.5
19.0
31.5
•ll.n
60.7
363
297
435
397
909
969
983
983
994
994
994
1000
1000
701
70T
707-
075
675.
091
691'
HOC-
noa
«92
692
1102
14
14
327
327
734
734
800.
800
924
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
53&
535
741
741
657
657
666
673-
673.
25.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
24.0
31.7
86. 0
39.5
37.0
31.5
42.0
do
372
do
••::. o
400
397
do
298
120
350
349
439
.. do ...
15.0
12.0
9.6
13.5
13.5
35.0
27.8
25.5
•-'1. U
16.4
12.7
18.0
17.6
49.0
40.0
35.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
1.0
0.3
5.0
3.4
1.5
22.4
16. 0
13.0
18.0
18.0
49.0
41.7
35.7
29.0
21.0
16.0
22.5
22.5
37.0
28.0
20.0
28.0
27.5
Crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension aide, splitting
in axis.
do
25.4
33.0
34.0
32.0
40.0
42.0
444
449
Square break on tension side, splitting in aiis ; shattered from end
to end.
. .do .
222
281
Shattered
58.0
40.4
do . .
271
140
334
315
24.0
23.0
20 5
32.5
34.0
°8 0
1.0
1.1
1.6
32.4
34.0
42.5
44.0
55.0
58.5
do
200
299
317
29.0
29.0
25.0
24.0
18.2
17.0
19.2
16.5
16.1
21.4
31.0
26.0
21.5
25.6
20.0
12.9
13.0
16.7
16.0
25.0
34.0
54.0
27.0
19.0
40. C
40.0
33.2
31.0
24.5
23.0
26.5
21.7
21.5
28.0
1.9
2.0
1.2
0.8
0.7
0.4
1.1
0.3-
0.2
0.8
40.0
40.5
33.5
32.0
24.5
23.0
26.7
22.0
21.8
29.0
52.0
53.0
43.0
Shattered
70.0
56.0
do
73.5
363
do
240
do
31.7
29.0
35.0
28.2
27.7
34.7
38.5
35.7
43.5
35.0
34.5
48.5
47.2
45.5
59.5
545
449
440
322
344
379
320
168
200
381
222
300
288
284
293
298
218
200
171
272
300
0.25 sap-wood ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis
43.5
34.0
28.7
37.0
30.0
17.5
17.9
23.5
22.8
34.0
49.0
1.5
1.3
4.1
2.4
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.1
1.2
3.6
30.0
39.0
37.0
18.2
18.2
24.5
23.0
35.0
36.5
45.2
58.0
Specimen not seasoned ; square break on tension side, splitting in
axis.
48.0
24.5
24.0
33.0
30.8
66.0
-
38.0
26.2
2.0
0.5
38.5
26.5
52.5
34.5
do
FOKK8T TKKKS OK XOKT11 AMKKU'A.
TABLK 111.— T.K11AY1OU OF T11K rmNril'Al. -WOODS OK THK
Species.
tar.
-
.'ity.
. !<>r.
•
l)l«-:.,:
•ML
BLAffl
Mo'lulni of miitiiro.
•aon
710
711
713
714
97*
6M
•51
1
1
•:._•
777
777
7"
7r>
789
m
m
7W
1444
1M4
9T5
987
187
OS
M
M
in
73*
819
819
m
913
992
993
I' I'-V-Hi I
Turner. Kennedv
.»w.
,i,>
a 44 43
0. 441S>
i KM
t.8M
0.3S41
o. K.^;;
0.5533
0.7110
, •'.. •
a |M
O..MW
1 4 \ •
• i 1
0. 6»4
i mi
o.ssej
C i n
t ^ H
I MM
. -::
1 4 M
..,...•-
a 3710
a 4319
1X4323
- Ha
0.3899
a 4301
I ma
a. Mm
0.3363
0.3307
0.4602
0.4642
0.4733
0.4604
M •(•-•
0.4587
697
W2
6JI
-
m
751
651
S14
M
m
407
444
7M
921
651
loss
los:.
1039
773
876
842
m
~-
1163
751
957
-~
740
814
763
740
751
6S1
787
381
37*
679
an
BH
an
£49
708
7M
666
610
M
673
651
931
913
430
444
930
M
f. -
1039
1062
1039
7M
751
976
849
697
M
1191
740
921
M
740
£14
740
697
835
381
348
673
1V.I
M
m
tat
in
at)
TM
RM
W
ins
1010
M6
844
an
Ma
698
an
804
4-:«
an
930
621
390
M
BM
an
616
an
577
an
in
;, «
an
w
776
an
464
7ol
i
343. Tains brevifblia ..
do
do
-:
z
.. do
do
do
....do
Mejidocino county ..
.1. Keutneld \ Co
>lo
... ,to
do
do
•l.>
do
i
do do
....do
....do
do
. . .do . .
....do
Oregon
Portland
on and
C. S S;:r;oat.
do
- Sarjent
A H.Curt."
<li>
Tnr.
345. Terreva taxifolia
....do
Florid*
....do
Chatrahoochce
....do
. do .
do
Alluvial
*tiiiti*f Crtar. Sfri».
346. Torreva California ...
....do
do
do
California
G K Vasev
Stony
CWOform* Xvlmtj. Sti*ti»9
CW«r.
XT. Pinna Strobua...
....do
....do
. do
do
Massachusetts....
....do
Arnold Arboretum .
C. S. Sargent
do
Diift
Fato Piiw. WVymottt* Pin*.
348. Finns monticola...
do
Vermont
Charlotte
C. G. Pringle
Intercolonial rail-
7»T
\\Y:. swampy
Xew Brunswick . .
.. do
do
Bridgvton
- aclair
...do
...do
do
Province of Quebec
....do
A Grant
....do
...do .
do
Grand Trunk rail-
wav.
do
.. do
Massachusetts....
....do
British Columbia
Reading .
J. Robinson
Drift
....do
Hastings' saw. mill.
Burrard inlet.
Cascade mountains .
. do
....do
G. Ensrlmaimand
C. S. Sargent.
C.a Sargeit
do
....do
mutfiiu.
349. Pinna Lambertiaaa
Moist loam
... do
. do .
California
Saw.mill, Straw,
berry valley.
G. Enselmannand
S Sargent
G E. Vasev
SMjarPiiw.
350. Finns flexilis
.. do .
....do
...do . .
...do
. do
Sierra Lumber
Company.
do
...do .
Colorado . Forest Citv
T.S.Brandegee...
....do
do
H>i« Pint.
*51. Finns albicanlis
....do do
....do do
....do
.. do
Nevada . .. Danville
A. Triple An
British Colombia . Silver Monntain val-
lev, Fraser river.
....do.. do
G. Engelniann and
C SC Sargent,
do
1
TIIK WOODS OF THK IJNITKI) STATES.
rMTKI) STATICS I'NDKH TKA NSVKKSK STUA IN— Oonf imu-<I.
i.pnKCTiox, rx MII.I.IMI n A I-JCPM.I 1:1-., IK y.u
MllSdvUlK dlKIUIII 1
Bourk*.
i
SO
100
l.-.o
•-400
0
U.I ,
~
•M
39.0
33.5
».
,,„
100
430
.100 .'.-,0
7.0
9.0
•
7.1
6.0
7.0
5.2
12.0
11.0
If
4.7
i; 4
'i. :i
5.0
7.1
4.2
5.1
5.5
0.0
6.4
6.0
6.5
7.5
0.2
12.8
13.2
7.2
<
14.0
13.0
11.5
Kl.li
14 7
1C. II
1 1 . r,
14.5
15.0
10. «
10.7
22. 7
22. 0
11.5
10.5
16.5
1 :, :;
0.4
0.2
9.4
13.0
10.0
14.0
11.0
U.1
11.0
12.4
12.4
14 0-
1L7
28.0
14.5
21.2
I'l 1
26.0
22.4
20.0
22.0
29.5
30.3
LI
1.7
26.4
37.0
MI
2.'2
HI
m
270
Ml
490
4:1
710
711
711
712
713
713
714
714
715
:/7>
02
277
277
M
l
l
'222
777
777
7M
789
789
797
TOT
1044
1044
97}
987
987
M
r,..
73*
730
819
819
«19
913
9K
992
i" union aide
:;i n
•.•::. :,
27.7
•.•>;, i;
LI
ii 7
1.0
n <;
0.9
24 ii
2*. 4
27.0
H o
::>. ii
.Vi. i,
grain ; nrjnare break on teuton aide, afUOtef
S*jnai<- ' -ion xt'lc Hjilittfni; in axl«' unattered
21. r.
22.5
11.5
1«,0
17.2
10.4
2:.. o
22.fi
14.0
14.2
14.8
20.7
20. 0
15.4
17.1
2.' !
17.0
2«. 2
M.2
17.0
IS.9
18.7
20.6
18.*
21. C
17.5
41..'.
46.0
22.5
24. Ii
31.0
22.8
22.0
50.5
40. r,
23.8
22.8
0.9
17
14
I- )
0.5
24.0
31.0
22.5
22.2
.','». '.<
41.0
n.7
28.5
:A. o
4!l. 0
'2. 0
47.0
61. «
60.5
47.0
4«.2
59.3
84.0
92.5
75.0
do
403
360
372
•
Stitttend ..
S^pjan: bt^&k on t«o«ion aUlA •plfttfog in aiU' RkAitered
do
200
2*8
2«
291
343
181
271
279
293
Broke at trndl knot it point of eumpreMioo
3.1
1.2
0.5
4'j. :,
68.0
H.I
46.5
•
Bqoan bn«k on toMim *ld«, qdittiae iD *xb; »!*> broke «t k«rt
MM t|,. , ,.,]
ffqnim break with ncak on tnuioo Mo
Bqoare break on teoafon ulrte uplifting in axin • ahattared
62.0
S.jiimr*- break ; ahattered
Croaa^rained . *
20.0
IB. 8
20.5
30.0
32.3
SLI
1.0
0.0
0.3
3.6
LO
1.3
20.4
21.0
21.0
3LO
25.2
29.0
29.0
28.0
Started at knot . .
do
243
225
Square br<-ak .»
do
30.0
36.0
397
2M
249
292
225
283
Square break • aplit to one end
24.0
17.1
a i
23.0
M o
H.I
24.0
Li
LI
1.2
1.0
"2.4
2.0
-
24.6
17. S
34.2
24.0
23.0
29.0
26. *
29.5
27.0
31.4
24. 2
24.0
Croabed at center bearing * broke with floe apllntera
35.*
M.2
M 1
.. . do
293
246
280
231
226
293
271
Square break on tm«lfn aide apUiiing In axia
8>nare break
...
35.0
46.2
32.0
Square break • •nattered
do
43.0
331
101
198
299
.-.-
S*jo»re break at knot
ftqoare break - altattered
31.0
1.2 32.0 42.0
. Ai.
:.'<; i OK
402
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
•
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
tboair-dried speci-
men.
Direction of grain.
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
First deflec-
tion.
S
o
^ 'S
go
661
661
656
656
397
883
915
631
631
821
821
821
914
315
315
785
785
1074
1075
1076
1076
996
996
1154
1154
1155
1155
1156
619
626
630
630
632
636
689
718
718
731
7111
907
910
633
633
667
667
Santa Rita monnt-
ams.
do
G. Engelmanu and
C. S. Sargent.
. . . .do
0. 5261
0. 5392
0. 6862
0. 6342
0. 6704
0. 5694
0. 6579
0. 5623
0. 5714
0. 5113
0. 4987
0.4811
0.6240
0.5482
0. 5511
0. 4951
0. 4191
0. 4886
0. 4789
0. 5221
0.5164
0.5471
0. 5800
0. 6570
0. 7913
0. 4749
0. 4696
0.4250'
0. 5034
0. 4788
0. 4814
0. 4748
0. 5502
0. 4429
0.5079
0. 4502
0. 4750
0. 4795
0. 4863
0. 5206
0. 5277
0. 5678
0. 5758
0. 5948
0.6329
M
m
m
m
814
939
390
444
429
421
519
542
651
568
888
842
651
1356
1320
1039
888
1221
976
1039
• lie;]
634
542
763
814
814
872
729
1321
1356
191
266
1221
814
1285
1085
1103
1221
11C3
313
271
498
417
1221
1627
849
976
349
407
421
415
454
528
' 660
574
888
763
634
1395
1375
1039
849
1110
1007
1062
mi
630
454
740
835
857
888
794
1285
1252
190
364
1221
814
1302
. 1110
1163
1221
1163
305
247
506
394
1320
1479
689
851
347
504
448
281
295
291
558
469
771
680
694
895
735
806
670
773
703
813
799
809
703
703
553
593
769.
647
881
930
443
382
905
780
1041
766
818
783
795
liOl
438
585
310
902
1171
White Pine.
do
California
Son Diego county...
do
G. R. Vasey
Pinon. Nut Pine.
do
.. do
Colorado
Utah
Nevada
California
do
CaBonCity
Lewiston
Danville
Scott mountains
do
E. Weston
M. E. Jones
A. Triple
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Gravelly
Rocky
Pinon. Nut Pine.
Pinon. Nut Pine.
Gravelly
357. Pinua Balfouriana, var. aristata
Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.
.. do
T. S. Brandegee
do >
do
.. do
do
do
do
Nevada
Prospect mountain. .
Hersey
do
A. Triple
W.J.Beal
....do
Rocky
Red Pine. Norway Pine.
do
New Brunswick . .
do
Bridgeton
do
Ed. Sinclair
do ...
Vermont
do
Charlotte
do
C. G.Pringle
..do
do
do
do
do
do
.. do
San Diego county . . .
...do
Santa Rita mount,
ains.
do . .
G. Engelmann
....do
C. G. Pringle
Sandy
...do
....do
Yellow Pine.
do
do
...do ...
do
do
. do
....do
....do
Dakota
....do
...do
....do
....do
Robert Douglas. . .
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
....do
.do
do
....do
Gravelly
fellow Pine. Sntt Pine.
\
362. Pinus Jeffrey!
Saw-mill, Ashlajid . .
Strawberry valley . .
....do
Saw-mill, Straw-
berry valley.
California
Low, wet, swamp}
....do
....do
do
do
do
....do
Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.
Saw-mill, Missoula. .
do
W G Wright
do
do
do
do . .
pany.
do
do
do
do
California
....do
....do
..do
Scott mountains . . .
....do
Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.
do
G. Eugclmaun and
C. S. Sargent.
do
W G Wright
Dry, gravelly
....do
Butt Pine. Slack Pine.
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
403
DEFLECTION, IX MILLJMETKU8, t'XDKU A 1'lil.SSUIIE, IN KILOGKAMS, OF —
Tltiinate strength;
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Office number.
50
100
150
.too
O
(Mt)
JOO
250
.'{00
35O
too
45O
5OO
550
6.0
5.2
12.5
11.0
11.4
11. fl
9.4
9.0
7.5
8.6
5.5
5.8
7.5
3.6
3.7
4.7
5.5
4.0
5.0
4.7
4.2
7.7
9.0
6.4
6.0
6.0
5.6
6.7
4.0
3.6
25.6
18.1
4.0
6.0
3.8
4.5
„
4.0
4.2
15.6
18.0
9.8
11.7
4.0
3.0 j
11.8
In. ii
L'8. 0
24.0
23.2
23.5
21.5
18.5
14.8
17.0
11.0
12.8
15.4
7.0
7.1
9.4
11.5
8.8
9.7
9.2
8.0
15.5
21.5
13.1
n.7
11.4
11.0
12.3
7.6
7.8
51.5
37.0
8.0
12.0
7.5
8.8
8.4
8.0
8.4
32.0
39.5
19.3 j
24.8
7.4
6.6
17.:.
15.0
•J.|. J
20. (I
1.0
0.8
25.0
•JO. 1!
32.0
25.6
294
363
061
061
638
656
397
882
915
631
631
821
821
821
914
315
315
785
785
1074
1075
1076
1076
990
99«
115*
115t
1155
1153
1150
619
626
630
630
032
636
689
718
718
731
731
907
910
633
633
667
fl«7
S3. 0
43.0
do
148
215
37.2
39.2
55.0
7.0
5!). 2
do
191
120
126
..do . .
124
do
£1. •>
25.7
17.3
19.0
24.0
10.7
10.5
14.0
16.8
13.0
15.0
14.0
12.3
22.4
34.6
20.0
17.9
16.6
16.6
19.0
11.5
11.6
80.0
57.0
12.0
18.0
11.2
13.3
12.7
12.5
12.4
54.0
71.0
30.0
32.5
36.0
23.5
26.3
34.2
14.5
14.0
19.2
•j;i. :,
17.6
20.0
19.5
16.6
30.8
50.2
27.5
25.0
23.2
22.1
26.5
15.5
15.5
3.2
2.5
0.0
1.1
3.0
0.3
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.3
0.6
0.7
0.5
1.9
7.5
1.0
1.5
1.1
0.8
1.1
0.3
0.2
34.5
238
200
..do .
23.5
27.0
35.7
14.6
14.0
19.5
24.0
17.6
20.3
19.5
17.0
31.5
51. 7
28.2
25.3
24.0
22.1
27.0
15.3
15.5
31.0
36.0
46.2
18.8
17.8
25.7
32.0
23.0
26.0
25.0
21.5
41.5
73.0
36.0
40.0
329
290
296
382
399
344
286
330
300
347
341
345
300
Shattered . ...
24.0
22.5
35.0
31.0
28.5
Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting
in axis.
30.0
40.2
33.0
28.4
55.5
Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; crushed at center
hairing.
Shattered
do
48.0
300
230
253
328
276
376
397
189
163
386
333
444
327
31.0
29.0
35.0
19.5
20.0
39.0
25.0
24.2
31.5
30.5
0.75 sap-wood; crushed at center bearing; square break on tension
side, splitting in axis.
16.0
248
14.7
iao
17.0
16.8
17.0
0.4
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
16.2
25.3
15.0
18.0
17.0
16.7
17.5
20.0
33.5
18.5
23.0
22.4
21.5
21.5
25.0
44.0
23.0
30.7
28.0
28.5
27.5
31.6
28.0
35.0
do
349
334
339
167
187
250
135
385
500
c ^
40.0
3.8
41.8
55.5
, p g
11.0
9.6
15.0
13.0
0.5
0.4
15.0
13.2
19.0
16.0
24.0
20.0
32.5
24.5
30.0
404
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
1
1
1
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
•si
frl
11
l|
o.:2
S " a
o e 3
SLSa
CO
=
1
—
O
a
o
5
m
T
m
0
First deflec- w §
tion.
. S3
1 1. NT OK
CITY.
£
ts ^
5 tS
o £
I*
CO
Modulus of rupture.
664
664
997
997
293
293
563
625
625
644
644
1157
1157
676
Arizona
Santa Eita mount-
ains.
...do
Vancouver's island .
. do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
...do
....do
.. do
Dry, gravelly
....do
....do
do
0. 5801
0.598.'
0.6456
0. 6198
0. 4551
C. 4265
0.4540
0. 4600
0.4618
0. 54CO
0.542,6
0. 4443
0. 4322
0. 4835
0.5095
0. 4071
0. 3901
0. 6068
0. 6147
0. 5914
0.5846
0. 5600
0.4U06
0. 4075
0. 4937
0. 5670
0. 5943
0. 4371
0. 5140
0. 7592
0. 7518
0. 5402
0. 5537
0. 5610
0. 5703
0. 59iO
0. 7088
0.5341
0. 3218
0. 5160
0.5300
i
0.5573
0. 5883
•026
an
1808
1395
542
525
970
857
970
514
651
1221
1062
888
1136
354
519
1627
1744
688
888
1395
888
921
1136
697
775
542
376
1130
1221
405
697
751
542
452
:i73
542
595
679
976
1039
1221
051
800
177,->
1395
501
514
970
888
970
528
042
1231
1002
872
1085
562
496
1027
1684
638
864
1302
888
939
1085
651
709
537
368
1163
1177
465
697
781
528
428
358
528
558
630
976
1085
1302
905
759
1048
937
286
347
743
675
769
738
820
818
703
670
809
293
525
998
1462
790
666
1012
562
773
795
797
851
647
CU3
1158
1172
682
562
855
490
722
637
429
574
771
680
1005
1059
...do
British Colombia
do
Scrub Pine.
Forest City
do
T. S. Brandegee...
do
Moist, sandy loam,
do
Tamarack. Slack Pine. Lodge-
pole Pine. Spruce Pine.
366. Pinos Sabiniana
Digger Pine. Suit Pine.
867. Pinus Coulteri
do
....do
..do
Scott mountains
..do
Contra Costa county
do
C.S.Sargent
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent
...do
G. R. Vasey
do
....do
....do
....do
Gravelly
....do
...do
....do
do
...do
do
San Bernard iuo
do
W.G.Wright
do
Dry, gravelly .
do
do
G.E. Vasey
Gravelly loam
do
Monterey Pine.
67«
576
do
do
... do
....do
Mount Shasta
G. EngelmaDD and
C. S. Sargent.
do
A. H. Curtiss
do
Gravelly
Knob-cone Pine.
576
82
82
355
355
388
388
389
389
13
13
1046
1046
83
83
621
622
1169
1169
1172
1172
279
279
S21
321
671
671
....do
Florida
....do
...do
Moist, sandy
do
Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine.
Rosemary Pine.
do
do
Cottage Hill
....do
C.Mohr
....do
E Kidder
Low, rich
....do
....do.......'
North Carolina ...
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
. do
do
do
do
...do
Massachusetts
..do
....do
....do
Florida
do
Arnold Arboretum . .
....do
North Heading
..do
Da val county
do
C. S. Sargent
....do
Drift
....do
.do
Pitch Pine.
....do
A. H. Curtiss
do
...do
Moist, sandy loam.
...do
Pond Pine.
South Carolina . . .
do
Aiken
do
H. W. Eavenel . . .
do
Dry, sandy
Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine.
do
do
do
do
New Jersey
do
S.P. Sharpies
do
Clay
do
do
Florida
Apalachicola
A. H. Curtiss
....do
H. Shriver •.
....do
G. E. Vasey
....do
Dry, sandy barren.
... do
Clay
|....do
Gravelly
....do
Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce
Pine.
.. do
Virginia
...do
Wytheville
Table-mountain Pine. Hickory
Pine.
....do
California
... do
Marin county
Obiipo Pine. JlMoji's Pine.
....do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
: 15
I'KFLECTIOH, IN MILI.IMF.TF.H8, UXDER A PRESSURE, IX KILOGRAMS, OF—
|f
!»•
jj
I?
.2 '•
pi
386
324
447
400
122
148
317
288
328
Remarks.
Office number.
50
100 150
300
0
(nt)
300
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
7.8
5.0
2.7
:i. 5
9.0
9.3
5.0
5.7
5.0
9.5
7.5
4.0
4.6
5.5
4.3
13.8
9.4
3.0
2.8
7.1
5.5
3.5
5.5
5.3
4.3
7.0
6.3
9.0
13.0
4.3
4.0
10.5
7.0
6.5
9.0
10.8
13.1
9.0
8.1
7.2
f>. 0
4.7
4.0
15.0
12. 2
5.5
7.0
19. 5
19.0
10.0
11.0
10.0
18.5
15.2
8.0
9.2
11.2
9.0
27.0
19.7
6.0
5.8
15.3
11.3
7.5
11.0
10.4
9.0
15.0
12.7
18.2
26.5
8.4
8.3
21.0
14,0
12.5
18.5
22.8
27.3
18.5
17.5
15.5
10.0
9.0
7.6
23.0
18.2
8.2
10.2
31.5
25. 7
11.5
14.0
LI;
1.3
0.2
0.3
82.0
2.rJ. H
11.6
14.0
42.0
32.4
14.4
18.0
55.0
43.7
18.0
21.3
71.0
tide . littl
664
664
997
997
293
293
563
625
625
644
644
1157
1157
676
676
576
576
82
82
355
355
388
388
389
389
13
13
1046
1046
83
83
621
622
1189
1169
1172
1172
279
279
321
321
671
671
21.6
27.0
26.0
15.0
16.8
15.0
29.0
22.5
12. 2*
14.6
17.0
14.3
20.7
23.7
20.2
43.0
32.0
16.2
20.0
23.5
19.6
0.5
1.0
0.5
4.6
2.0
0.2
0.5
1.0
0.4
21.0
23.5
20. (i
44.5
33.0
16.6
20.0
23.7
19.8
27.0
32.0
27.5
61.0
44.0
21.3
27.0
31.0
26.0
37.5
35.5
95.0
62.5
27.5
do
315
350
do . .. .
349
. .do
300
286
345
33.4
do
125
ISA
30.6
9.0
8.7
23.3
17.6
11.0
17.0
16.0
13.0
23.6
20.0
27.5
40.0
12.3
12.6
32.3
22.0
19.5
29.5
36.0
41.0
32.0
28.0
24.0
16.5
13.2
11.8
45.0
12.0
11.7
33.0
24.0
15.0
24.0
22.4
18.0
33. 5
28.5
41.6
60.0
17.0
17.0
49.0
31.0
27.0
43.0
50.0
60.0
4.8
0.4
0.2
2.5
1.5
0.3
1.1
1.0
0.5
3.0
2.4
4.0
8.0
0.6
0.5
6.0
0.5
1.6
5.3
0.0
6.3
48.0
12.3
11.8
33.0
24.5
15.0
24.0
22.5
18.0
34.0
29.2
42.7
63.0
17.0
17.4
51.0
33.0
27.5
45.0
52.5
63.5
do
15.6
14.5
44.0
32.6
18.6
19.0
17.6
57.5
23.0
21.3
29.0
25.7
426
624
Crashed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting
in axis.
30.2
37.2
337
284
432
240
330
23.5
29.2
38.0
29.4
23.0
45.8
37.5
60.0
68.0
21.5
22.2
71.0
38.5
30.2
63.5
50.0
do
339
do
340
363
68.0
do
276
283
494
500
Shattered
27.0
27.5
33.0
34.5
39.0
42.5
4as
52.6
do
291
240
365
213
308
272
35.8
47.6
63.5
Shattered
71.0
88.0
114.0
do
183
245
329
40.0
35.0
23.2
18.5
15.0
3.5
3.5
1.2
0.3
0.0
41.2
35. 5
23.2
18.0
15.2
Shattered ....
47.0
30.8
23.2
19.0
64.0
do
290
429
452
29.0
24.0
36.0
28.5
47.0
35.0
44.0
do
406
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
•si
"""• ^~
'>*&
N
&•§
o.i ,
'3 g §
S.£s
EC
a
E
&t
SM
§
|
_s_
m
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
1 *i
!i -gi
«-** O V
£ g«
h &
377 Pinus mitis
278
278
319
142
142
544
544
544
764
764
394
394
780
780
879
879
81
81
81
81
85
85
85
85
243
243
357
357
358
358
359
359
360
360
361
361
384
384
385
390
390
1096
1096
84
84
84
356
356
Florida
A. H. Curtiss
fta
Clay
do
0. 6524
0. 649(1
0. 6516
0. 4G30
0. 4035
o. yyja
0. 3500
0. 4268
0. 5089
0. 4713
0. 4912
0. 4917
0. 5191
0. 4297
0. 4339
0. 5129
0. 9375
0. 8125
0.6350
0. 9822
0. 6164
0. 6632
0. 7568
0. 8800
0. 7087
0. 7066
0.6643
0. 8410
0. 8906
0.8706
0. 7988
0. 8728
0.7654
0. 7242
0. 7585
0. 7480
0.6005
0. 6438
0. 7038
0. 6739
0. 6293
0.6375
0. 6852
0. 6934
0. 6640
0. 8314
0. 7716
0. 7710
1221
1395
1479
634.
642
220
244
244
561
595
574
814
1320
•
872
976
1039
1628
1526
976
1628
814
1628
1039
C42
1953
2123
1628
1628
1436
1628
1628
1628
1684
1221
2035
2035
957
1628
1221
1808
1628
1085
1479
1479
1163
1479
1878
1953
1252
1415
1458
600
600
208
238
233
542
592
574
769
1356
939
930
1085
1628
'1575
1062
1628
888
1KB
1085
030
1775
1713
1550
1713
1395
1775
1684
1628
1776
1302
1953
2035
967
1655
1221
1776
1550
1163
1459
1302
1191
1479
1953
1953
874
1055
1188
469
570
262
340
431
766
633
5'74
649
947
570
448
722
1160
1266
820
1240
820
1036
937
935
1266
1289
1172
1472
1289
1392
1233
1397
1380
1170
1287
1322
642
1064
1045
1137
1062
1165
1095
1170
1048
1181
1270
1465
Yellow Pine, Short-leaved Pine.
Spruce Pine. Bull Pine.
. do .
do
Louisiana
South Carolina . . .
do
Amitr C. Mohr
Bonm.-au's Depot ... H. W. Eavenel
Sandy loam
Rich upland
do
Cedar Pine. Spruce Pint. White
Pine.
do -
do
do
do
Florida
A. H. Curtiss ....
do
Low, wet
do
do
do
Michigan
do
Baldwin
do
W. J. Beal
do
Low, sandy
do
Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's
Pine.
380. Finns palustris
...do
way.
do
....do
do
... do
..do
Florida
... do ... .
IJnval county
do
A. H. Curtiss
do
Sandy loam
do
Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.
Georgia Pine, fellow Pine.
Hard Pine.
.
\
i
381. Pinus Cubeusis
Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bas-
tard Pine. Meadow Pine,
do
do
...do
do
. . do
do ...
....do
do
do
do
do
... do
.. do
... do
do
....do
do .
....do "...
do
..do
... do
...do
Saw-mill, Saint
John's liver,
do
... do
do
....do
do
do
Cottage Hill
C Mohr
Sandy loam
do
do
do
. do .. ..
... do
do
Citrouelle
. do ..
....do
.. do
....do
do
do
do
....do
-*»
do .
... do
...do
do
...do
... do
do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
..do
...do
...do
do
....do
Florida
Saw-mill, Cedar
Keys.
. . do ...
A H Curtiss
do
do
do
North Carolina . . .
... do
Wilmington
do
E. Kidder
... do
Mobile
do
C. Mohr
do
do
Florida
...do
do
Duvnl county
... do
do
A. II. Cnrtiss
...do
do
Moist, sandy
....do
do
Alabama
....do
Cottage Hill
....do
C.Mohr
do
....do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
407
DEFLECTION, IN MI1.I.1MKTF.UN, UNDER A PRESSURE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF—
Ultimate strength:
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Office number.
50 100
150
11.2
10.8
10.0
23.2
22.5
•Mill
0
(set.)
400
.50
3OO
350
Kill
450
500
55O
4.0
3.5
3.3
7.7
7.6
22.2
20.0
20.0
8.7
ta
*
8.5
6.0
3.7
5.6
5.0
4.7
3.0
8.2
5.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
4.7
7.6
2.5
2.3
3.0
3.0
3.4
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
4.0
2.4
2.4
5.1
3.0
4.0
2.7
3.0
4.5
3.3
3.3
4.2
3.3
2.6
2.5
7.8
6.9
6.7
14.8
14.8
47.0
41.0
42.0
18.0
16.5
17.0
12.7
7.2
10.4
10.5
9.0
6.0
6.2
9.2
6.0
11.0
6.2
9.0
15.5
5.5
5.7
6.3
5.7
7.0
5.5
5.8
6.0
5.5
7.5
5.0
4.8
10.1
5.9
8.0
5.5
6.3
8,4
6.7
7.5
8.2
6.6
:>. o
5.0
15.1
14.2
13.1
32.0
32.0
0.2
0.3
0.0
3.0
2.4
15.2
14.2
13.2
33.2
32.2
19.0
18.0
16.5
24.0
22.0
20.2
29.2
27.0
25.0
373
450
507
278
278
319
142
142
544
544
544
764
764
394
394
780
780
879
879
81
81
81
81
85
85
85
85
243
243
357
357
358
358
359
359
360
360
361
361
384
384
385
390
390
1096
1096
84
84
84
356
356
32.0
29.5
45.0
34.0
43.5
do
200
243
112
145
184
327
270
do
70.5
29.0
26.0
27.0
19.6
10.8
10.4
17.0
13.7
9.0
9.3
14.0
9.0
17.0
9.2
13.7
23.5
8.0
8.2
9.2
8.5
10.0
8.6
9.0
9.5
8.4.
11.0
7.2
7.3
15.2
8.5
11.4
8.5
9.2
12.6
9.5
11.2
12.4
10. u
7.8
7.3
42.0
37.0
39.0
27.5
14.3
20.5
5.2
3.8
5.0
1.4
0.3
1.0
43.0
38.0
40.2
27.6
14.3
21.0
60.0
51.0
89.0
Shattered
do .....
245
277
404
243
191
308
495
540
350
529
350
442
400
399
540
550
500
628
550
594
526
596
589
499
549
564
274
454
446
485
38.0
18.2
23.0
28.6
38.0
18.4
12.4
12.4
18.2
12.6
23.2
12.3
18.8
32.5
10.7
11.0
12.3
11.3
13.4
11.4
11.6
12.6
11.4
14.6
10.0
9.8
20.3
11.5
15.5
11.0
12.4
16.8
13.0
15.3
16. 5
13.0
10.3
10.0
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
1.5
0.3
1.0
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.4
(). ()
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.6
0.3
1). 1'
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
18.4
12.5
12.7
12.3
24.0
12.3
18.8
33.0
10.9
11.0
12.5
11.4
13.7
11.5
12.0
12.6
11.4
14.6
10.0
10.0
20.5
11.6
15.4
11.2
12.8
lli. 8
13.2
15.5
16.4
13.2
10.2
10.0
30.0
15.6
15.5
23.0
15.6
31.5
15.5
24.0
42.3
13.9
13.6
15.5
14.0
16.8
14.0
14.5
15.6
14.0
18.4
12.5
12.0
26.7
14.2
19.6
14.2
15.5
21.5
16.5
19.5
20.8
16.2
13.0
12.0
37.0
19.0
19.0
28.0
19.0
41.5
19.0
31.0
55.0
16.6
16.6
19.0
17.0
20.6
17.0
17.5
19.0
17.0
22.5
15.0
15.0
22.6
23.0
27.0
27.2
32.5
31.7
37.5
22.0
55.7
23.6
37.2
70.0
19.2
20.0
23.0
20.6
25.5
23.0
21.0
23.0
20.0
28.0
17.8
17.0
26.2
31.0
39.0
Square break on tension side, splitting in axis with large splinters . .
28.2
23.0
23.0
27.0
23.5
30.3
27.0
25.0
27.0
23.0
33.0
20.7
20.2
26.7
27.5
31.0
28.3
36.0
32.0
29.0
31.5
27.0
40.0
24.0
23.6
32.3
32.5
37.5
33.0
45.0
38.0
34.0
37.0
31.5
39.6
38.5
45 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms ; broke with flakes on
back.
Square break, (a) Boxed 1852; chipped ten years; abandoned 1861
Shattered, (a) Boxed 1852 • chipped ten years ; abandoned 1861
Square break with large flakes on corners, (a) Boxed 1876 ; chipped
four years ; specimen taken along chip.
Square break on tension side, splitting in axis, (a) Boxed 1876;
chipped four years; specimen taken along chip.
Broke with thin flakes on back, (a) Boxed 1876; chipped four
years; specimen taken above chip.
Square break, somewhat shattered, (a) Boxed 1876; chipped four
years ; specimen taken above chip.
Square break on tension side, splitting in axis, (a) Boxed 1878;
chipped two years.
Broke with many splinters, (o) Boxed 1878; chipped two years
46.8
44.0
37.0
28.0
28.0
34.0
17.5
24.0
17.0
19.2
26.5
20.5
24.5
25.3
20.0
15.5
15.0
20.8
29.2
21.0
23.7.
32.5
24.5
30.0
31.0
24.0
18.2
17.5
24.5
35.0
25.0
28.5
39.0
29.0
35.7
36.5
28.5
21.3
21.0
29.0
36.5
30.5
38.0
48.0
35.4
44.0
do
Ata
do
497
467
499
447
504
542
625
ure of
Broke with large flake, (a) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty years ago
33.0
25.0
24.0
a In t
39.0
.30.0
28. 0 31. 5
he manufact
Slightly splintered
39. 2 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms ; broke with large
flat splinters on corners,
turpentine.
408
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
SoU.
Specific gravity of
the air-dried speci-
men.
•s
1
s
I
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
First deflec-
tion.
*|j
«1
a o
11
CO
381. Pious Cubensis — continued
493
493
231
231
• 373
77B
778
794
794
880
880
613
513
773.
773
784
784
791
791
292
292
575
822
269
Florida
A H Curtiss
0.8406
0. 8942
0. 5604
0.5429
0. 4587
0. 4698
0. 4919
0.4296
0. 4153
0. 4425
0. 4785
0. 4455
0. 4983
0. 4579
0.4596
0.4411
0. 4530
0. 4319
0. 4163
0. 4325
0.3642
0.3411
0.3805
0. 3939
0. 403C
0. 3810
0. 4676
0. 4568
0. 4038
0. 3882
0. 4398
0. 3517
0.3688
0.3891
0. 3810
0. 4210
0. 3989
0. 4716
0. 4699
0.5124
0. 5129
0. 4922
0. 4458
0. 3496
0. 3675
0. 4811
0. 4805
1479
1744
1526
1221
904
1062
1221
• 996
1221
976
939
787
679
1285
1163
939
976
1221
1136
976
554
751
888
542
444
610
921
1062
1085
1039
1221
996
1110
642
610
763
787
1085
1017
1136
1136
488
432
679
669
976
1085
1479
1684
1479
1221
921
1062
1221
1062
1085
888
872
769
688
1252
1136
976
976
1236
1149
1028
588
751
864
574
444
642
957
1085
1149
1062
1302
976
1085
651
642
814
781
1062
1007
1136
1177
479
432
688
665
976
1085
1064
998
930
902
698
504
834
717
701
687
•741
736
703
813
792
689
731
811
703
757
420
548
577
441
387
539
734
741
682
635
776
614
673
553
431
574
586
738
797
900
1031
677
635
541
530
745
790
'....do
Vermont
.. do ....
do
..do
Charlotte
..do
Huutington
Bay of Fundy
do
....do
C. G. Pringle
....do
do
Intercolonial rail-
way.
....do
Bloc* Spruce.
383. Piceaalba
....do
Gravelly
-New Brunswick . .
do
Province of Que-
bec,
do . .
Grand Trunk rail-
way.
do
New Brunswick . .
....do
Bi idjretou
do
Ed. Sinclair
do
New Hampshire - .
do
Stratford
do
C. G. Pringle
do
Gravelly
do
White Spruce.
384. Picea Engelmanni
New Brunswick - .
.. do
Bay of Fundy
do
Intercolonial rail-
way.
<ln°
...do
do
Bridgeton Ed. Sinclair
Province of Que-
bec.
.. do
do
Forest City
T. S. Brandegee..
do
•
White Spruce.
....do
do
do
...do
....do
. do
....do
....do
C. S. Sargent
T. S. Brandegee . .
do
Peaty
....do
White Spruce. Blue Spruce.
•
386. Picea Sitchengis
270'
270*
970
970
977
977
1015
1019
1019
1020
1026
5
5
219
219
772
772
775
775
778
778
787
787
....do
.. do
do
do
do
.do
do . .
do
Alaska
. do .
Sitka
do
Paul Schultze
Tide land Spruce.
'
»
387. Tsnga Canadenais .
do
British Columbia .
do
Saw-mill, Burrard
inlet.
do
G. Engelmann and
C. ST Sargent.
Oregon
....do
do
Weidler's saw-mill,
Portland
Saw-mill, Astoria...
An
....do
...do
do
do Portland Furniture
Company.
do
. do
Massachusetts
...do
Arnold Arboretum . .
do
C. S. Sargent
do
Drift
do
Hemlock.
Charlotte
do
C. G. Pringle
do
do
do
Intercolonial rail-
way,
do
do
...do
do
do
do
do
...do .
... do
do
do
do
Bridgeton
<ln
Ed. Sinclair
iln
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STA.TE8.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
409
I1EFLECTIOX, IX MILLIJIF.TKUB, I'MIEli A PKEK8i:ilK. IX KI1.OOBAHS, OF—
ritinmtc' xtrellgth:
tnumrerae pressure.
Remarks.
•
Office number.
50
100
ISO
200
O
(»<-t.)
2OO
230
30O
330
400
430
300
350
3.3
2.8
3.2
4.0
5.4
4.6
4.0
4.9
4.0
5.0
5.2-
e. 2
7.2
3.8
4.2
5.2
5.0
4.0
4.3
5.0
8.8
6.5
5.5
0.0
11.0
8.0
5.3
4.6
4.5
4.7
4.0
4.9
4.4
7.6
8.0
6.4
6.2
4.5
4.8
4.3
4..-!
10.0
11.3
7.2
7.3
5.0
4.5
6.6
5.8
6.6
8.0
10.6
9 2
8.0
9.2
9.0
10.0
11.2
12.7
14.2
7.8
8.6
10.0
10.0
7.9
8.5
9.5
16.6
13.0
11.3
17.0
22.0
15.2
10.2
9.0
8.5
9.2
7.5
10.0
9.0
15.0
15.2
12.0
12.5
9.2
9.7
8.6
8.3
20.4
22.6
14.2
14..7
10.0
9.0
10.0
8.9
10.0
12.5
16.4
14.5
12.0
13.8
13.5
15.0
17.4
19.2
22.4-
12.0
13.0
15.5
15.3
12.0
13.0
14.0
26.4
19.0
17.4
28.0
35.2
24.7
15.2
13.4
13.2
14.3
11.4
14.8
13.6
244
24.7
17.8
19. 2
14.0
14.3
12.8
12.5
34.0
35.5
21.8
22. 7
15.0
13.5
13.6
12. 5
13,3
16.5
22.7
21.0
16.4
19.0
19.0
21. 2
23.6
27.0
32.7
16.0
17. 8
21.3
21.3
17.0
17.5'
19.0
1.0
0.5
0.3
0.4
1.0
1.2
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.9
1.0
1.6
4.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.0
14.1
12.6
13.8
17.0
23.0
21.5
16.5
19.1
19.5
21.5
24.4
27.4
33.5
16.2
18.0
21.8
21.5
17.0
18.0
19.0
18.2
16.0
17.0
22. 0
30.0
22.0
20.6
21.2
28.7
26.5
25.0
28.0
39. 5
31.5
29.2
87. 0
454
426
397
385
298
215
356
306
299
293
493
493
231
231
373
776
776
794
794
880
880
513
513
773
773
T84
784
7»1
791
292
292
575
822
269
270'
270«
979
970
977
977
1015
1019
1019
1026
1026
5
5
219
219
772
772
775
775
778
778
787
787
22.0
26.0
27.0
30.0
31.5
37.5
45.7
21.0
23.0
29.6
29.5
22.5
24.0
25.0
29.0
41.0
45. 0
do '
47.0
55.5
316
314
300
347
338
294
29.2
31.5
43.2
29.5
312
do
346
300
323
179
234
246
188
165
Crashed at center bearing ; failed from thin scale on tension side. . .
36.0
28.0
26.0
2.4
2.2
29.6
27.2
•
do
39.5
22.0
18.2
19.0
21.0
15.4
22.0
19.7
36.4
5.5
1.6
0.7
1.0
1.5
0.4
1.5
1.0
4.3
41.2
22.5
18.7
19.0
21.8
15.8
22.6
20.0
38.0
230
313
316
31.0
25.0
27.0
32.5
21.0
35.3
28.0
46.0
34.0
do
291
271
331
262
287
236
184
245
250
315
340
384
440
28.5
L'5. 0
27.0
10.0
19.5
17.0
17.0
49.0
53.2
32.8
34.5
20. »
18.5
1.0
2.0
0.6
\1
0.3
0.4
7.2
7.8
4.0
3.0
0.8
0.6
25.4
27.9
19.0
19.8
17.3
17.2
51.0
54.0
33.0
36.0
21.0
16.7
24.8
25.0
22.0
22.0
69.5
72. 0
34.5
33.0
28.5
27.0
36.4
36.0
do
289
271
231
226
318
337
Shattered
27.5
24.0
35.7
32.5
410
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
the air-dried speci-
men.
Direction of grain.
COEFFK
ELA6T
i
1 a
w o
• '•3
IEXT OF
ICITT.
it
a"o
Modulus of rupture.
387. Tsnga Canadensis— continued
388. Tsnga Caroliniana *
793
793
817
817
1040
1040
1042
1042
623
971
995
995
980
980
271»
2712
271s
627
627
702
704
706
706
708
708
709
709
720
720
732
732
881
881
973
973
974
086
989
1008
1008
1011
1011
1016
1010
1018
1018
1020
1020
Province of Quebec
....do
Danville . .
Grand Trunk rail-
way.
do
0. 5264
0. 5248
0.4041
0. 3748
0.5096
0. 5114
0. 4248
0. 4244
0. 5335
0. 5318
0.5902
0. 5472
0. 4590
0. 4715
0. 4852
0. 4786
0.4874
0. 5785
0.5382
0.4373
0. 6590
0. 5795
0.5477
0.6687
0.6892
0. 4375
0. 4448
0.5345
0.5448
0. 5227
0.5090
0.5601
0. 5705
0. 5005
0. 4909
0. 5300
0. 4596
0. 6016
0. 4879
0.5501*
0. 5386
M
m
m
1136
1221
957
814
763
751
1062
921
697
1017
1628
1526
751
775
814
857
1110
1744
1221
888
1526
1136
1395
1575
1808
1085
1163
1062
1221
1221
1163
996
1163
1221
1163
1356
1085
1221
1252
1628
1221
1191
1628
1628
1628
1808
1110
976
1177
1285
986
814
746
763
1028
8%
713
1017
1628
1479
763
787
842
888
1149
1628
1356
930
1628
1221
1395
1628
1808
1085
1085
1062
1221
1252
1163
976
1110
1221
1149
1436
1122
1191
1338
1628
1356
1191
1713
1628
1628
1744
1085
076
839
1024
640
558
848
858
703
703
462
570
1104
1055
720
720
776
666
848
1050
937
572
1181
933
. 937
1249
1317
766
802
703
921
820
703
M
975
771
820
902
787
1008
764
898
900
696
900
696
947
998
1048
1055
....do
West Virginia ...
. do
Grafton
C. G. Pringle
do
do .
Massachusetts
do
Danvers
do
J. Robinson
do
do
....do
do
do
do
do
North Carolina
Washington ter-
ritory.
Alaska
Hendersonville
Wilkeson
A. H. Curtiss
G. Engelmnnn and
C. S. Sargent.
Paul Schultze
Dry, rocky
Rich loam
Hemlock.
Hemlock.
390. Tsuga Pattoniana
Sitka
do
do
do . .
British Columbia .
....do
Colorado
Silver peak, near
Eraser river.
....do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
— do —
T. S. Brandegee . . .
....do
Gravelly loam
...do ...
Moist...
Sed Fir. Yellow Fir. Oregon
Pine. Douglas Fir.
.. do
do
do
do
....do
do
Saw-mill, Straw-
berry valley.
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
....do
Saw-mill, Marshfleld .
.do
do
. . do
do
....do
....do
E. B. Dean's saw-
mill, Marsbfleld.
do
....do..."
do
.. do
do . .
.do
do
do
do
do
.. do
do
do
do
do
Saw-mill, Missoula. .
do
S Watson
do
do
California
do
Lassen'speak
do
Sierra Lumber
Company.
..do
Utah .
Salt Lake
M E Jones
Rocky
do
do
do
British Columbia .
. do
Saw-mill, Bnrrard
inlet,
do
C. S. Sargent .
do
...do
...do
do
....do
Saw-mill, Victoria . .
Saw-mill Portland
G. Engelmaun and
C. S. Sargent.
I
British Columbia .
....do
Saw-mill, Burrard
inlet,
do
do
do
Oregon Railway and
Navigation Co.
do
do
....do
0.5325
0. 5960
0. 6085
0. 6129
0. 6135
0. 4632
0. 4485
....do
Weidler's saw-mill,
Portland.
do
do
do
do
....do
....do
Saw-mill, Astoria . . .
....do
. do
do
Portland Furniture
Company.
rin
do
do
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.
411
DEFLECTION, IX MILI.IMET1CKH, UNDKII A I'HKSSL RK, I.I KILOGKAM8, OF—
Ultimate strength:
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
j
5O
4.3
4.0
5.1
6.0
6.4
6.5
4.6
5.3
7.0
4.8
3.0
3.2
6.5
6.3
8.0
5.7
4.4
2.8
4.0
5.5
3.2
4.3
3.5
3.1
2.7
4.5
4.2
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.2
4.9
4.2
4.0
4.2
3.6
4.5
4.0
3.9
3.0
4.0
4.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.7
4.4
5.0
1OO
150
4OO
17.5
15.3
22.0
27.0
28.0
25.8
20.3
23.2
O
(set;)
aOO
230
:«><»
•I.-40
4OO
!.-•«•
500
550
8.3
7.0
!>. '.1
12.0
13.1
1-'. 8
». 5
10.9
13.7
9.6
6.0
6.6
12.8
12.4
11.6
11.0
8.5
0.0
7.2
10.5
6.0
S.O
7.0
6.0
5.4
9.0
9.0
9.2
8.0
7.8
8.4
10.0
8.8
8.0
8.5
6.8
8.7
8.2
7.3
6.0
7.2
8.2
5.7
6.0
6.0
5.0
!>. (I
10.0
13.0
11.5
15.4
18.2
20.4
18.7
14.4
16.4
21.2
14.4
9.3
9.6
19.5
18.9
17.0
16.5
13.0
9.2
11.0
17.0
9.0
11.6
10.4
0.0
8.2
13.6
13.3
14.0
12.0
11.7
13.0
15. C
13.4
12.2
12.7
10.1
13.2
12.5
11.0
9.0
11.0
12.3
8.8
9.0
8.8
- 8.6
13.3
15.2
II. 5
0.2
0.8
1.5
2.0
1.3
0.7
1.1!
18.0
15.6
22.2
28.0
28.0
26.0
20.5
23.7
23.0
19.5
30.5
29,5
24.3
39.0
30.0
358
437
273
238
Crushed at center bearing with thin Hake on tension side
793
793
817
817
1040
1040
1042
1042
623
971
995
995
980
980
271"
271»
2713
627
627
702
704
705
706
708
708
709
709
720
720
732
732
881
881
973
973
974
986
989
1008
1008
1011
1011
1016
1016
1018
1018
1020
1020
42.4
do
36.0
33.5
27.5
32.0
47.0
43.0
64.0
61.0
362
366
300
300
197
243
471
450
307
307
21.0
12.6
13.2
27.0
26.4
23. 3
24.0
17.5
12.6
14.5
22.5
lil
15.8
13.0
12.3
11.0
18.7
17.8
19.6
16.2
16.0
17.8
•22. 0
18. C
17.0
17.0
13.5
18.0
17.0
14.7
12.5
14.5
10.8
12.0
11.6
11.8
11.6
18.0
21.2
1.4
0.4
0.2
1.1
1.4
0.9
1.0
0.6
0.0
0.2
1.5
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.0
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
.0.2
0.5
0.7
21.5
12.9
13.2
27.9
26.7
23.7
24.0
18.0
12.6
14.6
23.0
12.2
16.0
14.0
12.5
11.2
19.0
18.0
20.4
16.8
16.0
18.0
22.0
18.5
17.5
17.5
13.6
18.0
17.2
15.0
12.2
14.8
16.9
12.3
12.0
11.8
12.0
18.0
21.5
16.0
16.5
36.0
35.5
32.0
33.0
23.0
16.0
IB. 2
19.7
20 5
55.5
48.2
44.0
24.5
25.0
30.5
34.0
39.0
do
331
284
362
448
400
29.5
19.5
23.0
41.2
24.0
29.6
30.5
do
244
504
398
400
533
562
327
342
300
393
15.0
20.3
17.0
15.0
14.0
24.7
23.5
26.5
21.0
20.8
23.4
29.0
24.6
22.0
22.5
17.5
24.2
21. r,
19.0
i&g
18.7
22.2
15.0
14.8
14.6
14.5
24.0
28.5
18.5
25.5
22.0
18.6
17.0
32.2
30.0
35.8
27.5
26.5
3t>.5
36.0
30.6
29.2
28.7
22.2
31.0
27.6
25.5
19.5
24.0
23.0
31.5
27.8
22.7
20.0
27.0
33.0
38.5
39.5
27.5
24.5
34.0
29.0
45.6
34.5
44.5
do '.. ;
'
34. 2
36.0
do
350
300
398
416
329
350
45.7
38.5
51.5
do
28.0
385
336
430
326
383
384
297
384
297
404
426
447
35.0
45.0
26.6
31.5
19.0
ia4
iao
18.5
34.0
24.0
23.4
22.0
23.0
32.0
32.5
28.0
31.0
do
450
do
412
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
1
0
1
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity of
the nir-dried speci-
men.
d
1
<M
O
rt
o
1
'5
m
u
r~-%n
1
1
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
First deflec-
tion.
*d
i!
i«
CO
391 . Pseudotsuga Donglasii — cont'd
391. Pseudotsnga Douglasii. var. ma-
crocarpa.
Semlock.
1022
1022
642
642
523
523
523
377
377
449
449
449
449
820
820
820
820
1009
1010
1010
529
529
639
639
733
733
1004
1004
965
965
647
647
647
2262
226»
774
774
781
781
786
786
795
795
840
840
Oregon
....do
Portland Furniture
Comi«any.
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
. . . do . .
0. 4899
0. 4735
0. 5357
0. 5397
0. 3602
0. 3523
0. 3636
0. 4455
0.4419
0. 3941
0. 3750
0.3682
0. 3807
0. 3358
-0.3350
0. 3673
0. 3622
0. 4002
0. 3597
0. 3641
0. 3602
0. 3801
0. 4019
0.4744
0. 4969
0.4504
0. 4754
0. 5168
0.5074
0. 4932
0.4608
0. 5134
0. 4965
0. 7381
0. 7295
0. 6147
0. 6336
0. 5973
0. 5742
0.5964
0. 6204
0. 6170
0. 6030
0. 5988
0. 6272
1221
1163
1062
1085
976
976
976
740
651
775
775
872
679
688
751
787
976
763
976
976
660
775
688
651
1285
1252
1221
1221
1221
1221
542
976
542
2325
1526
1221
1395
697
688
1436
1285
1479
1526
842
814
1221
1136
1050
1050
1017
976
921
734
638
787
723
849
642
679
740
787
8F8
751
1085
1039
697
787
655
673
1320
1320
1252
1268
1285
1268
514
939
534
1953
1628
1356
1479
734
688
1395
1356
1436
1395
' 872
842
769
698
783
909
654
621
642
445
584
548
370
586
347
518
462
492
469 |
333
527
621
555
499
703
764
904
796
769
816
905
820
586
816
703
1169
1055
937
790
703
717
923
1066
937
870
820
823
California
... do
Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.
do
W. G. Wright
do
North Carolina . .
... do
... do
Roan mountain ....
....do
....do
WalcottGibbs...
... do
do
Balsam. She Balsam.
393. Abies balsamea
...do
do
Monkton
....do
Forest City
....do
do
C.G.Pringle
....do
T. S. Brandegee . .
....do
do
Peaty
....do
Moist, sandy loam
....do
do
Balsam Fir. Balm of Oilead Fir.
....do
Colorado
... do
. . do . .
Balsam.
395. Abies erand is
....do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
....do
....do
do
do
....do
. - .do
do
do
..do ..".
Oregon
....do
Portlfl.Tiil
....do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
...do
Rich, alluvial
do
Vthite Fir.
....do
do
...do
...do ..
do
do
Engelmann's canon
do
Robert Douglas ...
do
White Fir. Baltam Fir.
398. Abies amabilis
... do
do
California
Strawberry valley .
....do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
... do
Sierra Lumber
Company.
...do ;
....do
... do
....do
do
British Columbia
...do
Oregon
Silver peak, near
Fraser river.
....do
Cascade mountains .
...do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
— do
do
Rich, sandy loam. .
....do
Rich *
399. Abies nobilis . . .
Ked Fir.
400. Abies magnifica
....do
do
do
California
C. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Gravelly loam —
do
Ked Fir.
401. Larix Americana
....do
do
...do
do
do
do
C.G.Pringle
do
Cold, swampy
do
Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack.
Hackmatack.
.. do
.. do
New Brunswick . .
...do
Intercolonial rail-
way.
do
.. do
...do
do
...do
. do
do
...do
...do
Bridgeton
do
Ed. Sinclair
do
...do
...do
Danville
...do
Grand Trunk rail-
way.
Massachusetts
...do I
...do
...do
...do
THE WOODS OF TliK I'NITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEKSE STRAIN— Continued.
3
IIKFLKUTION. IS MILI.IMKTE118, USIlElt A I'KKSSUBK, IX KILOG1IAMS, l>K —
ntimati- stn-rmtli:
transverse pressure, I
Kern ark 9.
j.
50
100
130
2OO
o
(set.)
200
«50
3OO
350
400
450
5OO
550
4.0
4.2
4.6
4.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.6
5.8
6.3
6.3
5.6
7.2
7.1
6.5
6.2
5.0
8.4
5. 0
5.0
7.4
6.3
7.1
7.5
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
9.0
2.1
3.2
40
3.5
7.0
7.1
3.4
3.8
3.3
3.2
5.8
6.0
8.0
8.0
9.3
9.3
9.0
10.0
10.6
13.3
10.8
12.4
13.5
11.5
15.2
14.4
1H. 2
12.4
11.0
13.0
9.0
9.4
14.0
12.4
14.9
14.5
7.4
7.4
7.8
7.7
7.0
7.7
19.0
10.4
18.3
5.0
6.0
7.2
6.6
13.3
14.2
7.0
7.2
6.8
7.0
11.2
11.6
12.0
12.5
14.0
14.3
15.0
15.0
15.5
21.0
16.8
19.5
21.5
16.7
16.4
17.0
19.0
19.4
21.0
22.0
22.0
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
1.0
1.5
1.1
16.5
17.1
19.3
19.7
21.5
22.2
23.7
22.0
22.0
25.2
25.7
31.0
33.5
34.0
31.0
29.0
3" 0
328
298
334
388
1022
1022
642
642
523
523
523
377
377
449*
449'
449»
449»
820
820
820
820
1009
1010
1010
529
529
639
639
733
733
1004
1004
965
965
647
647
647
226>
226«
774
774
781
781
786
786
795
795
840
810
33.0
42.8
do
279
-.65
do
274
190
249
234
158
250
148
221
197
210
200
142
. 225
265
237
213
300
326
386
340
328
348
386
350
250
348
300
499
450
400
337
300
306
394
455
400
371
350
351
do
•JL'. 5
29.0
0.5
2.5
22. 5
28.3
Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting
i .1 ;ixi.s.
24.5
1.5
25.6
39.2
Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot
22.0
21.0
20. 5
17.0
32.0
2.4
35.5
do
32.5
4.4
35.0
14.0
14.5
•-'1.5
20.0
23.0
•2-2.4
11.0
11.3
12.0
11.9
11.4
11.7
30.7
15.7
29.5
7.4
9.2
10.8
10.0
21.0
22.4
11.0
10.8
10.0
10.3
18.2
17.8
20.5
21.0
32.0
29.0
32.2
31.5-
14.9
15.0
16.4
16.2
15.4
16.0
40.0
22.0
40.8
10.0
12.0
14.5
13.2
29.7
32.0
14.5
14.5
13.2
14.0
26.3
25.7
1.0
1.6
2.5
2.0
1. n
0 0
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
5.5
1.0
4.0
0.1
0.2
0.8
0.4
2.8
2.9
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.4
3.0
2.0
20.7
22.0
34.5
30.0
33.4
32.5
13.0
16.0
16.8
16.8
16.0
16.2
49.4
22.5
43.5
10.2
12.0
14.6
13.5
30.5
32.8
14.6
14.7
l:i. 5
14.5
27.0
26.5
32.0
Shattered
44.7
43.7
18.5
21.0
22.0
22.0
21.0
21.8
94.0
30.0
62.0
12.7
15.0
18.0
16.5
40.4
44.0
18.2.
18.5
17.0
18.8
35.0
::;>. r,
64.0
63.5
23.4
28.0
32.5
30.0
27.0
29.0
29.5
38.0
47.0
41.0
16.0
18.5
23.5
25.0
55.5
63.5
23.7
23.4
21.5
24.2
49.0
47.0
19.0
23.0
30.0
24.0
29.0
46.0
29.0
38.0
i
30.0
29.0
28.5
32.5
36.0
40.0
46.0
75.0
414
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TEE
Species.
•
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
°i
£•§•
6 "2
S'C
*!
<5 rt a
&
"o
3
COEFFICIF.XT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
First deflec-
tion.
. Second de-
flection.
71!)
719
984
984
1006
100C
1159
1159
S. Watson . .
0. 0966
0. 8136
0. 83C4
0. 8426
0. 8376
0. 6012
0.6307
1221
1628
1878
1953
460
697
1395
1713
1713
1953
403
723
914
1106
1289
1481
1287
1287
271
586
Tamarack.
PALMACE.E.
....do
....do
....do
Washington terri-
tory.
do
do
Fulda
....do
...do
W. Siksdorf
....do
.. do ...
...do
do
do
do
do
Agua Caliente
do ..
W.G. "Wright
do
Dry, gravelly
Fan-leaf Palm.
.. do
TABLE IV.— BEHAVIOR OF SOME OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES
I i
I
COEFFCIENT OF
i«
,.
£
ELASTICITY.
S
^
*^
—
§•
Species.
1
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
I
*«
•§ a
£
E
a
S
0 .-.'
•al
~ tQ
o
If
1
"3
"9
o
5
01 'Q
to10
m
7,
MAGNOLIACE.8:.
1. Magnolia grandiflora
346
Alabama
Cottage Hill
C. Mohr
R' h 1
0.7347
H
1191
1097
974
Big Laurel. Bull Bay.
2. Magnolia glauca
354
.. .do
do
0. 5262
n
1135
1028
816
Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver
Tree. White Laurel. Swamp
Laurel.
SAPINDACE.&;.
54. Sapindus tnarginatus
307
Texas
Dallas
J. Reverchon
Rich, damp
0. 7836
1109
1062
851
Wild China. Soapberry.
LEGUMINOS.3S.
1248
New York
Long Island
M C Beedle
0.8476
1221 '
1221
1169
Locust. Black Locust. Yellow
Locust.
HAMAMELACE-ffiL
139. Liquidaiubar Styraciflua
546
Alabama . ...
Kemper's mill
C.Mohr
Rich, alluvial
0.6537
n
939
921
933
tiweet (him. Star-leaved Gum.
Liquidamber. Ked Qum. Bil-
ttea.
OLEACE^:.
192. J''i';i\ inus A iiKjricuna var, Texensis
364
Texas
Dallas
J. Reverchon
Drv 1
0. 8198
dim
1221
1191
1172
BIGXONIACE^.
207. Catalpiv speciosa.
38
Missouri
Charleston
C. S. Sargent
Wet clay
0. 4783
EOT
957
940
698
Western Catalpa.
="»
38
do
do
do
do
0. 4757
':' ' '<
939
888
703
URTICACE^:.
224. Uhnus Americana
19
Massachusetts. . . .
Arnold Arboretum
do
Drift
0. 7534
dim
1085
1050
1118
White Elm. A merican Elm.
UUll
Water Elm.
£°8. Celtis occidentals
306
Texas
Dallas
J. Reverchon
Alluvial
0. 7491
I ,
888
800
916
Sugarberry. Hackberry.
UM1J
JUGLANDACE^.
I
239 Jnglans nigra 951
do
New Braunfcls
C. Mohr
Moist calcareous.1 0.7108
rTTy
976
996
936
Black Walnvt.
«•
248 Carya acjuatica
362
Mississippi
Vicksburg
do
0. 7739
ffi
976
957
958
Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory.
Bitter Pecan.
CTTPULIFER^:.
251 Quercns alba 8
Massachusetts.
Arnold Arboretum - C. S. Sargent. . . . . > Thrift.
0. C958
dim
708
787
892
White Oak.
imu
s
do
,i,,
do
AJI
0. 6820
i j
7K.1
660
658
i
BI -
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TBANSVKRSE STRAIN— Coiitiuued.
415
30
1KFLK(
100
llov
130
IN Mil
400
14.0
11.0
11.0
10.4
10.0
I.1MI T
0
(cet.1
400
MiKK
4.10
V I'KF.fSL'UK, IS KI1.0CKAUB, OF—
Ultimate strength :
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Office number.
3OO
330
400
450
.100
.'..-.(>
4.0
3.6
3.0
8.0
2.6
2. a
10.6
7.0
s.o
7.0
5.7
5.7
5.0
5.0
24.2
13.5
12.0
10.5
8.4
8.S
7.8
7.5
(1. 5
0.4
11.::
0.2
0,2
0.2
16.5
14.0
11.4
11.0
10.4
10.0
21.0
18.0
14.0
13.6
13.0
12.6
•J7. 5
22.5
17. 5
16.5
16.0
15.5
36.0
28.0
20.6
19.5
19.0
18.5
390
472
719
719
984
034
1006
1006
1159
1159
34.0
24.7
23.0
22.7
22.0
45.0
28.5
26.8
27.2
26.5
35.7
32.0
34.0
47.6
36.5
550
632
549
549
116
250
do
Deflection with 600 kilograms = 45.5 millimeters; broke with fine
splinters.
Crushed at center bearing; flaked
20.0
29.4
1.8
33.5
UNDEE TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE.
DEFLECTION, IX MII.UMF.'IF.KS, UNDER A PKE86UBE, IN KILOGRAMB, OF—
Ultimate strength :
transverse pressure.
Remarks.
Office number.
4OO
800
14OO
1COO
O
(set.)
1600 4000
4400
4800
34OO
36OO
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.9
Z.S
2.5
2.8
2.3
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.5
3.1
4,1
4.3
4.4
4.0
5.2
4.0
5.1
5.2
4.5
5.5
5.0
5.0
C. 9
6.4
6.4
6.9
6.6
6.1
7.7
6.0
7.8
7.9
6.8
8.6
7.5
7.4
9.8
10.0
8.9
9.5
9.2
8.0
10.6
8.2
11.0
11.0
9.3
12.2
9.8
10.2
12.4
14.8
0.2
0.3
0.4
«.
0.0
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.8
0.4
0.5
9.0
9.5
9.2
8.1
10.7
8.2
11.0
11.0
9.4
12.3
10.0
10.3
11.2
12.4
12.2
10.2
14.2
10.2
15.5
15.7
12.0
17.0
12.5
13.6
15.6
21.0
15.1
16.2
16.0
12.6
19.3
13.0
19.5
26.0
3325
2785
2903
3902
3184
»
4000
2361
2400
3815
3125
3193
3270
3043
2245
346
354
307
1248
546
364
38
38
19
306
951
362
8
8
15.2
26.0
16.5
18.2
25.0
Broke with large splinters on back
Ttmk*> with n>any fine splinters .
29: 6
26.5
29.6
15.2
23.2
15.5
18.2
19.2
18.5
33.0
19.5
24.4
27.3
25.0
35.0
•
36.0
i
1.2
15.0
do
416
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE IV.— BEHAVIOE OF SOME OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Specific gravity.
a.
° C
f*
S X
.2
I
3
COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.
Modulus of rupture.
Second (It'-
ll oction.
Fourth de-
flection.
524
524
925
903
349
991
350
82
82
83
Kemper's mill
do
C.Mohr
do
0. 8107
0. 8348
0. 8158
0. 7625
0. 7253
0.5381
0. 3719
0. 5802
0. 7614
0. 7614
0. 8271
0. 8609
0. 7213
0. 6788
0. 6193
0. 7633
775
800
1085
626
1368
729
364
1061
1285
939
787
1436
1085
1221
1163
1163
(597
745
1028
564
1320
610
884
984
SS2
736
1144
524
376
792
820
933
904
1057
940
820
949
1029
Basket Oak. Cow Oak.
do
do
....do
Cullman
Eugene City
Cottage Hill
..do
G. H. Collier
C. Mohr
G. Engelmannand
C. S. Sargent.
C. Mohr
A. H. Cnrtiss
do
Dry, rocky
ChestnutOak. RockChestnut Oak.
Black Oak.
Water Oak. Duck Oak. Possum
Oak. Punk Oak.
BETULACE.S:.
301. Aluus rubra
"Washington ter-
ritory.
Alder.
CONIFERS.
Cottage Hill
Sandy, wet
White 'Cedar.
370 Finns Tjeda
Florida
1017
1302
921
751
1550
1007
1252
1221
1221
Aobloll;/ Pine. Old-field Pine.
Rosemary Pine.
do
do
do
do
. do
Moist, sandy loam.
....do
Pond Pine.
83
81
...do
do
....do
do
....do
do
Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.
Georgia Pine. Yellow Pine.
Bard line.
381. Finns Cubensis
Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bat-
tard Pine. Meadow Pine.
85
243
243
84
....do
....do
do
....do
Saw-mill, Saint
John's river,
do
....do
do . ...
Moist, sandy
do
...do
Duval county
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
, TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETEKS SQUARE— Continued.
417
DEFLECTION, IH MILI.IMKTKIU), UNDEIl A 1'HKShUKE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF—
Ultimate strength:
transverse pressnre.
Remarks.
Office number.
100
800
1200 1600
0
(set.)
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
3.2
3.2
2.5
4.0
2.0
3.2
6.8
2.3
2.0
2.7
3.0
1.0
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.3
6.3
6.1
4.5
7.8
,1.5
li. 7
13.4
4.6
3.8
5.2
0.2
3.4
4.5
4.0
4.2
4.2
10.0
9.3
7.0
12.0
5.5
10.7
21.0
7.1
5.6
8.0
9.5
5.1
7.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
14.0
13.1
9.5
17.3
7.4
16.0
1.5
1.3
0.6
1.4
0.2
2.0
14.5
13.3
9.5
17.5
7.3
16.7
19.5
18.0
13.3
24.0
9.3
26.5
24.2
39.0
33.0
3016
3393
1987.
2513
3905
1789
1284
2703
2800
3184
3085
3606
3207
2799
3239
3513
A liirjio season crack at one corner; splintered on oppo-
site corner.
524
524
925
963
349
991
350
82
82
83
83
81
85
243
243
84
49.0
40.6
11.8
ners.
14.6
19.0
25.5
Cnislinl at (enic r bearing; broke with fine splinters.. .
9.6
7.5
10.6
13.0
6.3
9.7
7.8
8.0
8.0
e.2
0.2
0.4
0.9
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.4
0.4
9.7
7.6
11.0
13.4
7.0
9.9
7.9
8.0
8.0
12.6
10.0
13.6
18.0
8.7
12.6
10.0
9.8
10.2
1710
12.0
17.3
23.0
10.5
16.4
12.2
12.0
12.6
Shattered
21.5
22.0
30.0
12.5
20.5
do
14.6
27.5
17.5
Broke with large splinter on corner; somewhat shat-
tered.
16.0
15.5
23.5
19.5
27 FOE
418
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS
Species
5
1
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
Strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
MAGXOLIACE.2E.
346
346
354
354
?46
246
261s
261s
534
534
1178
1178
532
532
2661
266*
260
260
395
818
818
1231
1231
1232
1232
1236
1236
211
211
479
479
1131
1131
236
236
414
414
2
2
124
Cottage Hill
do
C.Mohr
7353
8056
7212
6369
6795
6582
5126
5570
7389
8333
6577
6527
7357
8301
5647
6073
5806
7575
4663
G311
6636
6514
6169
6305
Crushed fibers at 10 millimeters
knot 28 millimeters from end.
Biff Laurel. Jtull Bay.
2. Magnolia glauca
Sweet Bay White Bay. Bea-
ver Tree. White Laurel.
Swamp Laurel.'
do
do
....do
do
do
do
....do
do
Swampy
do
Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at middle
Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters
from end.
Virginia
Wvtheville
H. Shriver
Clay limestone
....do
Cucumber Tree. Mountain
Magnolia.
.do ...
do
....do
do
do
Rich, light
Crushed iu vicinity of knots at
middle.
Crushed fibers at 63 millimeters
from end.
Crushed fibers at 76 millimeters
from end.
Crushed fibers at 102 millimeters
from end and on opposite side at
end.
Crushed fillers at 38 millimeters
from middle.
Crushed fibers in vicinity of knots
63 millimeters from end.
Opened longitudinal crack be-
tween rings.
Crushed fibers at 63 millimeters
from end.
Crushed fibers at 128 millimeters
from end.
Triple flexure; developed inter-
secting ''Cooper lines ".
Failed at 6 millimeters knot 51
millimeters from end.
Fibers crushed at M and at 128
millimeters from end.
do
do
do .
do
Selvers1 mill
... do
C.Mohr
... do
....do
....do
do
Alabama
do
Winston count y
do
....do
do
Cucumber Tree.
...do
Large-leaved Cucumber Tree.
..do
...do
....do
....do
Wytheville
H. Shriver .
Umbrella Tree. Elk Wood.
7. Magnolia Fraseri
Long-leaved Cucumber Tree.
.. do
do
....do
....do
....do
Fancy Gap
....do
Lansing
do
....do
W.J.Beal
C G Pringle
....do
ndtv Tree. Yellow Poplar.
White Wood.
ANONACE.E.
West Virginia
do .
Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters
from end ; angle of crushing, 55°.
Fibers crushed at 128 millimeters
from end ; angle of crushing, 60°.
Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters
from end; angle ofciushing, 75°.
do
...do
Pennsylvania
do
Chester county ...
do
P P Sharpies
do
do ...
... do
....do
do
do
do . .
do
5874
5489
5606
Fibers crushed in vicinity of knot
51 millimeters from end.
Fibers crushed at 63 millimeters
from end.
do
Saw-mill at Nash-
ville,
do
A. E. Baird ... .
do
do
Meramec river,
Jefferson county.
do
Bay Biscayne
.do
G. W. Lettennan .
....do
A.H. Curtiss
... do
Alluvial
3402
3388
4690
4967
12746
12292
5842
B7M
6790
6396
4287
Fibars crushed at 114 millimeters
from end.
Crushed at knot 63 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at 63 millimeters
from end ; angle of crushing, 65°.
Fibers crnshed on one side at
middle.
Fibers crushed at middle and split
along grain.
Fibers crnshed near middle; de-
flected from heart.
Fibers crushed at knots near end
Fibers crushed at 63 and at 127
millimeters from end at knots
10 millimeters in diameter.
Fibers crushed at 0;! millimeters
from end.
Fibcis crushed at 10 millimeters
knot near end.
Fibers crushed at 19 and at 102
millimeters from end.
Papaw. Custard Apple.
....do
Florida
....do
Swampy
Pond Apple.
CANELLACE.S:.
12. Canella alba
White Wood. Cinnamon
Bark. Wild Cinnamon.
TERN-STRIEMIACEJE.
do
....do
....do
do
Sonth Carolina
do
Elliott's Kev
do .
....do
Bonnean's Depot .
do
....do
H. W. Eavenel ...
....do
Wet pine-barren . .
do
Loblolly Bay. Tan Say.
TILIACEM.
....do
do
Aiken
do
...do
.. do
Swampy
....do
Massachusetts
do
Arnold Arboretum
do
C. S. Sargent
do
Drift
Lime Tree. Basi Wood.
American Linden. Lin.
See Tree.
BigKapids
W.J.Beal
Gravel
4944 Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters
from end.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
419
OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION.
Dircc'lidii of grain.
!
PUKbBUUK, IN K1I.OGKAM8, KKCJU1KEU TO I'BODLCK A.N I.MIK.NTATIOX, l.N MIL1.1METEKS, OF—
Remarks.
Office n umber.
O.25 O.51
0.76 1.02
1.27
1.53 I.7.S 2.03
2.28
2.54
4.S1
5.08
H
•2041
1724
1152
1080
975
1016
1080
1157
1016
1125
884
1111
1325
1384
616
953
1080
1018
907
1025
749
630
1052
794
885
916
885
667
662
943
1034
3674
3311
635
535
1089
1134
934
703
717
3221
2550
1433
1433
1429
1535
1420
1465
1583
1769
1170
1402
1882
1765
1098
1388
1665
1787
1125
1388
1170
925
1397
1152
1084
1229
1166
957
1052
1610
1882
7621
8523
1243
1116
1642
1665
1297
925
894
3447
2676
1547
1533
15IM
1051
1506
1579
16CO
1833
1238
1470
2005
1887
1111
1470
1810
1914
1143
1470
1229
980
1433
1216
1120
1293
1202
1016
1111
1805
2019
8346
9458
1343
1211
1746
1760
1335
1007
957
3497
2805
1651
1603
1588
1737
1583
1665
1751
1932
1315
1538
2123
2065
1143
1542
1901
2032
1175
1533
1311
1043
1533
1257
1186
1361
1261
•1039
1157
1941
2132
8573
9753
1388
1293
1807
1846
1393
1048
1034
36,70
2921
1733
1667
1642
1805
1660
1715
1860
2019
1343
1606
2223
2078
1210
1619
1996
2082
1202
1606
1370
1125
1601
1302
1234
1429
1306
1076
1198
2068
2227
8822
10206
1452
1347
1932
1923
1442
1111
1043
3847
3010
1805
1742
1696
1889
1674
1774
1910
2105
1406
1660
2318
2191
1247
1678
2082
2146
1234
1674
1415
1152
1656
1343
1270
1479
1352
1111
1229
2159
2341
8936
10614
1533
1433
2005
1991
1497
1157
1071
3978
3112
1846
1760
1733
1941
1758
1824
1982
2245
1483
1719
2418
2263
1297
1742
2173
2195
1252
1737
1474
1193
1706
1379
1335
1520
1397
1116
1261
2254
2386
8981
10886
1579
1488
2068
2059
1542
1189
1093
4078
3189
1900
1706
1753
2037
1787
1864
2068
2304
15S4
1740
2486
2336
1329
1787
2245
2223
1297
1792
1524
1220
1746
1384
1352
1565
1456
1129
1288
2304
2477
9344
10090
1642
1538
2146
2123
1578
1225
1120
4S09
3291
1973
1673
1792
2111
1833
1901
2114
2359
1538
1819
2635
2404
1343
1855
2318
2295
1315
1846
1565
1266
1801
1442
1388
1601
1515
1152
1297
2336
2563
9571
11227
1701
1597
2218
2177
1619
346
340
354
354
246
246
261
261J
534
534
1178
1178
532
532
266>
266»
260
280
395
818
818
1231
1231
1232
1232
1236
1236
211
211
479
479
1131
1131
236
236
414
414
2
2
124
1360
1334
1329
1343
1420
1315
1379
1442
1610
1098
1325
1742
1647
975
1270
1524
1615
1066
1297
1025
844
1288
1080
1012
1157
1116
894
943
1429
1660
6577
6668
1125
1021
1519
1533 |
1157
880
852
.
Slight shearing of libers
do
do
....do
do
do
Slight shearing; short specimen, 120 millimeters
long; split at both ends.
do ...
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Slight shearing of fibers
do
Sheared fibers and opened grain at middleand at end.
Sheared fibers
do
do
do
do
do
1122
do
420
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
17. Tilia Americana— continued ...
17. Tilia Americana, var. pubea-
cene.
124
252
252
316
316
1039
1039
745
745
285'
285"
2853
320
320
1113
1113
476
1133
735
735
1080
1086
1140
1140
487
487
462
462
Big Eapids
"W.J.Beal
G. W. Letterman.
...do
Gravel
Alluvial
4944
7167
7235
6314
Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters
finm end.
Fibers crushed at 45 millimeters
from mil
Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters
from end.
do
..do
...do
Heraey
do
W. J. Beal
do
Rich loam
. do
do
Moist gravel
.. do
5080
4527
6305
66G8
4917
0548
5126
7666
8278
6260
Fillers crushed at 76 millimeters
from end.
Triple flexure . ...
...do
...do
...do
A H Curtiss
Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at 152 millimeters
from cnil.
Fibers crushed at middle
do
do
do .
...do
Cliffs Kentucky
river.
Mercer county
...do
Cumberlandriver.
do
W. M. Linney
...do
...do
A. Gattinger
...do
Limestone
...do
...do
Alluvial
.. do
White I3as> Wood. Wahoo.
MALPIGHIACE-S!.
...do
...do
do
Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters
t'loin end.
Fibers crushed near middle in
vicinity of .small knots.
Florida
No-Name Key ....
do
A. H. Curtiss
do ...
Coral
...do
'Tallowlerry. Glamberry.
ZYGOPHYLLACE.S.
do
...do
...do
... do
do
Upper Metacombe
Key.
Elliott's Kev
do
...do
11930
11648
7372
7698
7707
5978
11158
10751
7303
0328
2350
2595
11975
Longitudinal split; stick warped
before lest.
CriiNlied tibers and split along
grain near end.
Triple tlexure; developed inter-
sec'ing " Cooper lines ".
Crushed at middle; deflected from
heart
Crushed fibers at 127 millimeters
from * ml.
Crushed libers at knot 6millime-
ters in diameter; angle of crush-
ing, 4(1°.
Brittle; crushing of fibers ; splin-
tered along grain.
Fractured suddenly; shattered
along grain.
Fibers crushed at middle; angle
of crushing, »0°.
Split end to end along grain
Fibers crushed in vicinity of
knots.
Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters
from end.
Split along grain
Liffnum-vittx.
EUTACE2E.
23. Xanthoxvlnm Clava-Herculia ..
Toothache Tree. Prickly Ash.
Sea Ash. Pepper Wood.
Wild Orange.
... do
...do
Chattahoochee
do
....do
do
Dry, sandy
... do
Palestine
. do
C.Mobr
do
Damp, sandy
...do
do
Bahia Honda Key.
do
A. H. Curtiss
do
Coral
Satin Wood.
SIMAEUBEJE.
28. Simaruba glanca
Paradise Tree.
BUESEEACEJE.
29. Bnrsera gummifera
Own Elemi. Gumbo lAtnbo.
West Indian Birch.
do
....do
....do
do
do
....do
do
do
....do
•
....do
... do
do
U pper Metacombe
Key.
do
do
....do
... do
do . . .
....do
....do
do
Torch Wood.
MELIACE.S:.
475
452
452
280
280
484
484
338
338
do
do
do
do
do
....do
do ..
....do
..do
....do
....do
11204
10115
7339
6078
5652
5512
6169
5706
Fibers crashed at 89 millimeters
from end ; threw otf splinters.
Failed at 13 millimeters from end;
knot 76 millimeters from end.
Triple flexure ; knot near end ....
Failed at knot 63 millimeters
from end.
Failed in vicinity of knots 76 mil-
limeters from end.
Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at end and at 64
millimeters from end.
Triple flexure ; fibers crushed at
127 millimeters from end ; grain
wavy.
Mahogany. Madeira.
ILICINE^;.
do
South Carolina . .
do
Waverly Mills...
do
W. St. J. Mazyck
do
Sandy loam
American Holly.
34. Ilex Daljoon
...do
Bay Biscayue
....do
Cottage Hill
....do
A. H. Curtiss
....do
C. Mohr
do
Low, damp
....do
Wet
Dahoon. Uahoon Molly.
CYEILLACEffi.
...do
Alabama
....do
Titi. Iron Wood. Buckwheat
Tret.
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES TINDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
421
o
1
1
5
p
0.25
U88DBI
0.51
IN KM.O
o.r«
.HAMS, H
1.O2
KyUIHKI
I.2T
TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETKK8, OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
1.52
1.T8
2.O3
2.28
2.54
4.81
5.O8
,
472
826
544
612
062
612
C40
012
035
481
857
798
749
176'J
1610
4854
1769
1293
1111
2041
1179
1905
2717
861
866
563
485
2767
2926
2087
2531
1179
1551
1243
885
1338
1202
694
935
794
749
812
821
789
839
694
989
857
1093
1039
2926
2404
8663
5*21
1996
1819
3016
1882
4128
4513
1134
1184
720
640
5851
5829
3697
4309
1792
2518
1805
1343
1987
1678
753
916
835
803
857
839
MB
8(50
889
707
1057
898
1161
1111
3198
2858
11022
8392
2173
2032
3157
2141
. 5285
5262
1220
1352
753
662
7417
7167
4060
4331
2023
2835
1905
1452
2186
1882
767
1098
802
857
903
894
903
8,-'9
934
817
1071
953
1216
1161
3339
3153
12565
10614
2245
2068
3307
2259
5693
5670
1311
1388
803
671
8097
8210
4332
5035
'2182
3075
1973
1533
2390
2014
794
1139
912
930
948
925
944
907
993
898
1125
98fl
1261
1207
3475
3257
13562
11817
2259
2164
3429
2341
5987
5942
1315
1452
812
685
8699
8890
4559
5343
2363
3289
2032
1583
2576
2136
817
1184
953
953
1002
948
984
948
1043
889
1175
1012
1320
1247
3529
3393
14289
12565
2304
2223
3543
2363
6396
6214
1356
1520
843
708
9117
9208
4799
5534
2490
3429
2123
1087
2726
2254
852
1247
980
998
1034
989
1020
980
1066
898
1202
1062
1374
1297
3620
3515
14742
13245
2318
2277
3647
2395
6423
6419
1442
1569
862
712
9426
9435
4899
5670
2608
3602
871
1302
1025
1039
1066
1021
1043
1010
1120
912
1229
1080
1420
1343
3697
3652
14946
13653
2468
2322
3742
2422
6646
6600
1456
1579
885
721
9707
9753
5035
5851
2694
3769
2232
1805
2971
2390
918
1338
1061
1080
1107
1052
1080
1039
1166
906
1275
1139
1470
1406
3765
3710
14969
14198
2522
2368
3856
2499
6895
6804
1488
1615
903
739
966
1365
1095
1111
1148
1071
1107
1075
1220
990
1311
1170
1504
1438
3819
3756
15105
14560
2567
2400
3919
2563
6985
6976
1501
1647
934
749
124
252
252
316
316
1039
1039
745
745
285'
2S5>
285>
320
320
1113
1113
476
1133
735
735
1086
1086
1140
1140
487
487
462
462
475
475
452
452
280
280
484
484
338
338
do
.do ...
do ....
do
dr.
dn
do
do
do .
do
do
do '
do .
16103
15581
2880
2790
4626
3016
7892
7802
1746
1951
1111
852
16194
15740
3094
2994
4786
2257
7802
8165
1928
2078
1157
903
Sheared fibers; split along grain ; did not take even
bearing.
Sheared fibers
do
do
do
do
do
10024
5193
5974
2790
3910
2313
1846
3085
2586
10433
11431
6110
2980
4073
2395
1878
3166
2717
6985
3629
4831
2744
2200
3900
3193
7349
3878
5171
2948
2449
4287
3674
do
do
1774
2840
2350
do
do
do
422
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
"TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com- I
pression: Ultimate
strength, in kilos. |
Remarks.
RHAMXACE^:.
454
Florida
A. H. Curtiss
Coral .
13426
Red Iron Wood. Darling
454
....do
Key.
do
....do
....do
460
do _
do
do
do
13290
Jtlark Iron Wood.
45. Rbamnua Caroliniana
Indian Cherry.
4GO
803
803
... do
..do
... do
....do
Saiut John's river.
... do
... do
... do
.do
....do
Rich hummock . . .
do
12406
7112
along grain.
Fibers crushed at knots 61 milli-
meters from end.
Fibers mi shed at- 140 millimeters
from end.
993
Portland
Rich, alluvial
9934
Bearberry. Bear Wood. Shit-
tim TToorf.
SAPIjqDACE^:.
297
C. S. Sargent.
4531
Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.
297
... do
do .
.. do
..do ..
4985
millimeters from end ; splitalong
grain.
386
386
684
....do
....do
California
... do
... do
Marin county
...do
... do
G. R. Vasey
Alluvial
....do
Rich upland
5344
5207
6328
wavy.
Filters crashed at 19 millimeters
from end.
Fibers cmshed at 127 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters
California Buckeye,
G84
do
do
... do
do
5044
from end.
944
C. Mohr
6305
ity of knot.
Spanish Buckeye.
944
do
do
.. do .
do
from end.
305
....do
Dallas
J. Reverchon ....
Rich, damp
7802
Fibers crushed near middle
WUd China, Soapberry.
307
do
do
do
do
8641
928
do
C. Mohr
7212
ing "Cooper lines" at middle.
Triple flexure- deflected about 10
928
do
. do
do .
.. do
6436
millimeters without cniHhinir.
463
Florida
A. H. Cnrtiss
Coral
10931
do
'Dik Wood. Iron Wood.
463
464
...do
do
Key.
... do
.. do
... do
....do
....do
....do
10387
6872
Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters
from end; angle of crushing, 60°.
White Iron Wood.
464
do
. do .
. . .do .
do
7167
Triple flexure
382
Portland
G. Engelmann and
Rich, alluvial
6541
Fibers crushed at knot 76 milli-
Broad-leaved Maple.
982
do
do
C. S. Sargent.
... do
....do
6418
meters from t-iid.
Triple tlexure ; knot near end
1023
do
do
5520
1023
. do
Company.
... do
....do
5919
limeters from end.
Fibers cruahed near middle and
1013
do
Portland
.. do
Moist, alluvial
near end.
Vine Maple.
1014
Wilkeson .
....do
....do
7349
Fibers crushed at knot at middle
298
ritory.
G. W. Letterman..
Rich upland
10931
Fibers crushed near middle and
Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree.
298
do
do
do
do
at 25 millimeters from end.
ap .
299
do
do
do . .
do
1118C
Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters
376
Charlotte
C. G. Pringle
Gravelly
8392
from end.
Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters
376
do
do
do
do
from end.
409
S H Pook
9063
1233
yard.
Charlotte
F. H. Hereford
11000
from end.
Fibers crushed at 39 millimeters
1233
do
do
do
9970
from end at G millimeters knot.
1234
do
do
do
9957
grained.
1234
do
do
do
9707
Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters
1235
do
do
do
8890
from end.
Fibers crushed at 70 millimeters
from end ; specimen split before
testing.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
423
Dinjrtion of grain.
I'KI.SM l:l:, IX KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO PBODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF —
Remarks.
Office number.
0.35
0.51
0.76
1.02
1.37
1.53
1.78
2.03
2.38
3.54
4.81
5.08
:
3016
3062
3447
2994
1338
1247
1656
490
975
6260
6396
6033
6260
1837
1860
2404
798
1107
7892
8119
7689
8097
2032
1982
2758
885
1216
8890
9617
9004
9480
2073
2073
2930
921
1247
9753
10705
10115
10660
2195
2153
3075
971
1293
10524
11885
11113
11794
2218
2214
3202
1021
1347
11158
12383
11612
12837
2304
2277
3280
1071
1397
11658
15109
12474
13789
2390
2309
3339
1116
1429
12112
13789
13245
14765
3468
2350
3352
1157
1515
12610
14470
13903
15603
2518
2386
3470
1179
1547
454
454
460
460
803
803
993
297
297
17237
175C9
do
do
do .. . ..
B
2880
2858
3785
1429
1778
do
3039
Slightly sheared fibers ; split at ends
Sheared fibers slightly
1928
.
H
680
1066
1061
1225
1769
2073
2109
2064
1179
1433
1592
2132
3153
3103
3692
3366
1452
1569
1801
2495
3289
3348
4513
3955
1579
1651
1896
2676
3520
3520
4944
4404
1701
1742
2078
2699
3742
3701
5307
4649
1733
1810
2109
2785
3874
3874
5398
4872
1801
1892
2195
2867
4037
4037
5579
5062
1846
1973
2259
2939
4155
4241
5974
5216
1928
2068
2327
2978
4264
4355
8105
5425
1987
2127
2431
3075
4468
4518
6214
5566
2331
2540
2744
2658
2835
3166
Sheared fibers .. ..
684
684
944
944
307
307
928
928
do .
do .
5262
5298
7190
6759
5738
6033
7553
7439
Sheared fibers
... . do
..do
!
2767
1798
1796
1950
1633
1338
1560
1225
2849
2359
2858
2064
2087
1724
2250
2132
2586
2540
2540
4944
3901
2313
2817
2313
1765
2576
2168
4355
3357
5715
4899
2422
2785
2495
1998
2835
2758
4944
3720
4626
3393
3239
2472
3606
3057
4653
3928
6078
5489
2513
2903
2563
2073
3085
3039
5307
4060
4967
3606
3420
2613
3801
3257
4060
4745
4069
8419
5874
2604
3012
2613
2159
3252
3157
5579
4287
5262
3751
3602
2794
3983
3357
4246
4940
4200
6759
6205
2672
3116
2703
2232
3420
3280
5874
4513
5489
3892
3248
2849
4169
3502
4382
5149
4332
6931
6432
2812
3216
2767
2259
3574
7158
6654
2835
3248
2858
2381
3701
3674
6101
4899
5906
4160
3983
3057
4418
3706
4495
5434
4522
7376
8895
2926
3339
2985
2440
3828
3720
6260
4967
8101
4228
4055
3107
4581
3801
4581
5530
4672
7557
7167
2980
3493
3012
2504
8210
8074
3289
3792
2976
2880
4854
4468
7530
8346
8641
3583
4105
3697
3129
5307
5035
8074
484
464
982
982
1023
1023
1013
1014
298
298
299
376
376
409
1233
1233
1234
1284
1235
do
do
do
do
.do r
3747
8328
6023
4740
5693
4060
3819
2944
4287
3611
4423
5330
4427
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end
6328
4364
4164
3202
4708
3969
4699
5625
4831
7485
4899
4763
3647
5443
4430
5648
6280
5579
7802
5239
5194
3901
5987
4899
6169
6736
6078
3157
2926
2313
3302
2767
3583
4128
3652
do
do
do
do
do .
do
do
do
424
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
SoU.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
64. Acer saccharinum — continued..
64. Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum.
Black Sugar Maple.
1235
213
213
274*
2742
757
757
1107
1107
1052
20
Vermont
....do
do
Charlotte
....do
...do
F.H. Horsford
C.G.Pringle
do
Clay
do
9970
8890
Fibers crushed at end
Fibers crashed at 10 millimeters
knot 51 millimeters from end.
G.W. Lettcnuan..
....do
Low, alluvial
10070
Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters
from end.
....do
...do
Florida
Chattahoochoe
....do
A. H. Curtiss
.. do
Clay
do
8255
6895
9321
9390
7711
7688
Triple flexure; developed inter-
secting "Cooper lines".
Fibers crushed .it knot 102 milli-
meters from end.
Fibers crushed at middle; devel-
oped "Cooper lines".
Triple flexure: "Cooper lines". ..
Fibers crashed at 51 and at 76
millimeters from end; knots.
...do
G.W.Letterman..
do
Rich, alluvial
do .
...do
Massachusetts. . . .
do
Topsfielcl
Arnold Arhoretum
do
J. Robinson
C.S.Sargent
...do ..
Low meadow
Drift
do
Soft Maple. White Maple.
Silver Maple.
Bed Maple. Swamp Maple.
Soft Maple. Water Maple.
20
530
530
743
743
878
878
1048
1048
290
290
311
311
645
645
736
736
330
330
467
467
405
....do
Rich, swampy
... do
7303
8437
7235
6759
6963
7380
7485
7371
5080
5298
5148
5080
6613
7530
6033
7666
Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters
from end.
....do
Georgia
....do
Massachusetts
... do
do
Bainhridge
... do
Dauvers
do
....do
A. H. Cnrtiss
....do
J. Robinson
... do
....do
do
Fibers crushed at middle and at
end.
Triple flexure; "Cooper lines" ...
Triple flexure; "Cooper lines";
middle bend 115 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at 25 and at 102
millimeters from end.
Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed near middle and
split longitudinally.
Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters
from middle.
....do
do
North Beading . . .
do
... do
do
....do
do
Missouri
....do
Texas
Alleuton
....do
Dallas
....do
G. W. Lettennan . .
....do
J. Reverchon
do
Sox Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.
....do
....do
....do
California
Contra Costa
county.
do
G. ItVasey
... do .
Rich, moist
do
Fibers crushed at knot near mid-
dle.
Fibers crushed at 32 millimeters
from middle.
.
Fibers crushed at knot 76 milli-
meters from end.
Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters
from end at 3 millimeters from
knot.
Sox Elder.
ANACAEDIACE3I.
... do
Florida
Chattahoochee
....do
A. H. Cnrtiss
.....do
Dry clay
do .
Dwarf Sumach.
71. Rhns copallina, var. lanceolata..
73. Khne Metopium
....do
Texas
Dallas
J. Reverchon
... do
Dry, gravelly
.do
....do
do
Florida
Upper Metacombe
Key.
do
Charlestown Navy-
yard.
A. H. Cnrtiss
....do
S H Pook
Coral
....do
7847
9199
13426
12996
10229
Fibers crushed at knot 51 milli-
meters from middle.
Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at end and at 76
millimeters from end.
Fibers crushed near end and split
along grain.
Fibers crushed at 10 millimeters
from knot and at 51 millimeters
from end.
PoMonWood. Coral Sumach.
Mountain Manchineel.
Hum Wood. Hog Plum.
Doctor Gum.
LEGUMINOS^;.
....do
Locust. Black Locust. Yellow
Locust.
405
441
441
815
815
1247
1247
1248
1248
do
do
do
....do
... do
West Virginia
....do
C G Pringle
12497
8369
Fibers crashed in vicinity of knots
do
do .. .
Long Island
do
M C. Beedle
9934
11294
10274
11385
Fibers crushed in vicinity of email
knot at end.
Fibers crushed in vicinity of small
knot 102 millimeters from end.
Fibers crushed at end of wpecimen
do
do .
do
do
do
do
•-<">
....do
....do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
425
UNITED STATES USDEll COMPRESSION— Coutiuuecl.
Direction of grain.
PliKKBLIiE, IS KILOCKAMS, RIXJUIKED TO PIIODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
Office nnmber.
0.25
0.31
0.76
1.02
1.37
I..V.J
1.78
£.03
•J.->
£.54
4.81
5.08
1941
2313
1512
2812
1800
2087
2228
3020
1001
1315
1951
2540
DUT;)
1533
1179
1361
1796
1469
1805
1361
862
984
993
1542
1179
1202
1134
1270
1111
1089
1384
1633
2926
2676
2291
2944
771
1814
2132
1905
•J223
2495
2703
3357
2 99
4219
2744
3379
3243
1978
2840
2250
2518
3837
2970
1890
1633
1792
2649
2032
2259
2168
1071
1447
1352
2250
1479
1520
1397
1610
1438
1669
1928
2858
3856
3878
3343
4264
2019
2341
3257
3243
3302
3529
2071
3747
3392
4559
2948
3G11
;:I7;,
4377
3066
2576
2703
4327
8MB
2041
1715
1860
2803
2268
2386
2404
1166
1610
1479
2449
1574
1619
1479
1678
1637
1928
23»5
3289
4346
4155
3742
4559
2722
2486
3615
3674
3606
4128
3175
3924
3579
4844
3100
3837
3632
4Dl'9
3329
2790
2840
4.-.CO
3379
2123
1842
1932
3016
2427
2508
2563
1315
1624
1529
2486
1633
1674
1551
1805
1765
2028
2749
3529
4740
4136
4U64
4808
3016
2622
3783
3878
3792
4219
3379
4110
3751
5080
3334
4046
3792
4744
3479
2899
2935
4622
3479
2254
1887
2028
3121
2449
2613
2703
1332
1710
1574
2490
1683
1756
1637
1851
1878
2164
2930
3765
5126
4763
4296
4967
3103
2703
3978
4060
3983
4332
3534
4332
3007
5262
MW
4173
3007
4962
3629
3035
3085
47.i!
3606
2427
1946
2141
3257
2580
2758
2794
1433
1774
1660
2531
1801
1860
1665
1969
1946
2168
3193
3901
5353
5058
4522
5103
3207
2835
4069
4237
4160
4513
3656
4473
4028
0401
3615
4377
4019
5080
3797
3157
3252
4872
3743
2449
2028
2214
3384
2703
2794
2858
1483
1855
1683
2658
1896
1951
1733
1991
2059
2177
3293
4060
5706
5416
4699
5307
3343
2894
4264
4377
4346
4626
3788
4017
4164
5543
3801
4527
4069
5239
3933
3293
3384
4985
3833
2472
2037
2254
3479
2776
2939
2971
1556
1860
1733
2672
1982
1996
1801
2046
2150
2218
3434
4095
5920
5615
4844
5421
3438
2026
4386
4482
4427
4831
3933
4781
4336
5670
3892
4581
4300
5339
- 4033
3397
3538
5203
3928
2567
2141
2350
3665
2890
107
3039
1619
1905
1774
2790
2005
2073
1805
2100
2159
2268
3525
4296
6283
5869
4980
5534
3094
4500
4604
4608
4967
4037
4890
4441
5784
4028
4753
4346
5452
3724
3520
3615
5298
4024
2685
2177
2400
. 3760
2935
3198
3139
1678
1951
1819
2794
2082
2114
1855
2150
2159
2259
3570
4395
6396
6056
5112
5670
3620
3216
4604
4662
4672
5048
4672
5715
5202
MM
4808
5353
4944
6328
4831
4219
4204
6028
4620
3175
2531
2722
4332
3493
3652
3901
1973
2168
2064
3062
2295
2449
2087
2381
1973
5353
6283
5715
C849
5208
5851
5389
0762
4881
4717
4536
6568
4879
Sheared fibers
1235
213
213
2742
274'
757
757
1167
1167
1052
20
20
630
530
743
743
878
878
1048
1048
290
290
311
311
645
645
736
736
330
330
467
467
405
405
441
441
815
815
1247
1247
1248
1248
do
do
do
do
n
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do .
2722
3039
4808
3742
4037
4332
2177
2308
2223
3311
Sheared fibers . .
do
do ...
Slight shearing of fibers
do
do
do ,
do
do
Sheared fibers • split at end
2790
2177
Sheared fibers
do
2449
do
Sheared fibers; crashed obliquely at each end
3969
4944
7485
4346
5353
8074
5987
do . ..
4037
3765
do
4037
5307
Sheared fibers ; split at end
Sheared fibers ; split at ends . .
426
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Speciea.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate '
strength, in kilos. '
Remarks.
1031
Trinidad
W. B Strong
10931
Locust.
1031
....do
....do
....do
....do
from end.
80. Olneva Tesota
650
Lower Colorado
Dry, gravelly . . .
Iron Wood. Arbol de Sierra.
650
....do
valley.
do
C. S. Sargent.
do
do
5851
564
Florida
A H Curtiss
9548
Jamaica Dogwood.
564
....do
Key.
do
....do
...do
>ss gran
33s
\V M Linney
9934
Yellow Wood. TeUow Ash.
33
... do
... do
...do
... QO
439
Nashville
Alluvial
7167
329
Dallas
7734
meters from end.
032
do
C Mohr
do
10524
296
G. W. Letterman
9208
bend near middle.
^Kentucky Coffee Tree. Coffee
Nut
519
Nashville
6169
meters from end.
1241
Missouri
Allenton
G. W.Lcttennan-.
Alluvial
5874
vicinity of knots.
1242
do
....do
do
. . do
5434
1243
do
...do
do
5343
meters from end.
86. Gleditschia triacanthos
53'
...do
....do
....do
Low, rich
8119
... do
Honey Locust. Black Locust.
63*
do
do
do
do
7711
Locust. Honey Shucks.
444
Nashville
8174
end.
760
Florida
A. H. Curtiss
Alluvial
9889
Water Locust.
760
do
. do .
do
do
8799
end at 10 millimeters from knot.
678
6078
meters in diameter.
Green-bark Acacia. Palo
Verde
678
do
river,
do
0. S. Sargent.
do
7980
middle.
436
Nashville
8119
end.
Sedbud. Judat Tree.
1089
G W. Letterman
Rich
8369
1090
1091
...do
..do
....do
... do
... do
do
....do
do . ...
6704
6849
Crushed at knot 102 millimeters
from end.
680
Tucson
C S Sargent .
9934
middle.
Meeguit. Algarota. Honey
680
do
do
do
10841
crushed near middle.
927
Texas
C.Mohr
7462
658
California
Sandy
10034
cracks along grain ; split before
testing.
Screw Sean. Screw-pod Met-
658
do
do
C. S. Sargent.
11431
middle.
OS. Acacia Grefr'ii
697
do
11885
Cat's Claw.
509
Florida
am e..
Boca Chica Key
A H Curtiss
Coral
7053
Wild Tamarind.
1112
do
do
do
8337
1112
.. do
do
do
....do
102 millimeters from end.
EOSACE^E.
480
do
do
Cocoa Plum.
68
G W. Letterman .
8663
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
Wild Plum. Canada Plum.
Horse Plum,
C8
334
... do
Texas
...do
Dallas
....do
...do
Kich
8799
10796
end in vicinity of small knots.
Crushed at 19 and at 89 millimeters
from end.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
435
Nashville
Kiver bluff
6441
end and at end.
Chickaeaw Plum. Hog Plum.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
427
Direction ot grain.
i
PRESSURE, IS KILOr.UAMB, REQUIRED TO PRODUCE AS LN DENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
I
0.25
O.51
0.76
1 .00
1.27
1.52
1.78
2.03
2.28
2.54
4.81
5.08
1
1905
2041
I860
4300
2586
'-'313
1650
2518
3493
3357
3765
8256
4173
3992
2078
2840
3878
3810
5398
10387
4695
4626
2250
3216
4155
4037
6849
11885
5126
5013
2350
3348
4427
4241
7983
12973
5353
5420
2440
3434
4614
4400
9526
14062
5693
5702
2540
3543
4799
4559
10614
14787
5920
6010
2703
3624
5013
4786
11521
15467
6033
6237
2762
3720
5126
4808
12474
16057
6237
6396
2849
3847
5298
4831
13245
16510
6386
6600
2935
3946
5924
5602
6192
Sheared fibers
1031
1031
650
650
564
564
33
S3
18008
do ... ':
7530
3402
4527
3758
4926
do
:
2C7C
2041
2427
3720
4808
4581
5035
5062
5262
5434
5439
5781
5715
5874
5897
6105
6074
6559
6260
6655
7190
7576
7756
7847
329
932
Sheared fibers; split at end; compressed area con-
tained 3 millimeters knot.
in
1610
1656
1429
1352
1700
1179
2041
2132
2019
1452
1833
HIS
1769
1633
1452
2713
2132
8811
1769
2381
2926
2028
1928
1787
2245
1905
2903
3674
3447
2223
2939
1769
2291
2527
2263
4219
^ 3007
5874
4105
3924
3153
3357
2254
2232
1991
2404
2268
3071
4332
4073
2948
3479
2395
2703
3057
2707
4790
4699
6332
4067
5080
•
3529
2322
2309
2082
2495
2404
3193
4577
4264
3620
3620
2663
2880
3252
2875
4931
4990
6532
5239
5294
3697
2472
2427
2168
2654
2495
3379
4763
4468
3298
3701
2844
3026
3352
3071
6216
5103
6804
5421
5825
3847
2540
2522
2245
2S12
2608
3581
5035
465S
3484
3788
3044
3!84
3538
3153
5513
5330
6967
5738
5851
3933
2608
2622
2318
L'939
2694
3847
5162
4799
3652
3901
3207
3298
3583
3293
5648
5425
7067
5860
5965
4105
2676
2672
2390
3075
2776
3946
5252
5026
3801
4024
3357
3388
3810
3343
5802
5521
7117
6169
6114
4209
2835
2758
2454
3180
2862
4014
5389
5203
3S96
4082
3538
3520
3882
3425
G028
6702
7244
6214
6314
4695
5289
5162
3652
519
1241
1242
1243
53'
53'
444
760
760
678
678
436
1089
1090
1091
680
680
927
658
658
2114
1928
2313
2168
2903
4219
3850
2099
3266
2132
2522
2794
2676
4518
4468
6214
4604
4536
2880
3720
3357
5512
6350
6350
5080
5035
4527
4699
5934
6078
4527
4717
4173
4291
4536
3765
6849
6486
8210
6940
7349
do
do
Sheared fibers and splintered at 6 millimeters knot..
Slight shearing, caused by uneven loading; season-
ins crack.
4105
7394
8483
7508
79,83
Sheared fibers . .
Sheared fibers
do
do '.. .. .
'
1452
1497
1724
1724
1860
1796
2132
1134
1860
2341
2654
1928
2685
2858
3153
2880
2703
3520
1801
2037
2821
2930
3484
3153
2890
3828
1982
2159
2967
3107
3538
3162
3039
4014
2132
2241
3066
3252
3810
3257
3221
4150
2291
2331
3171
3357
t
3892
3343
3356
4332
2859
2368
3248
3456
4150
3484
3443
4527
2413
2445
3339
3608
4241
3579
3620
4662
2540
2486
3438
3652
4355
3697
3683
4795
2608
2880
3937
4196
6058
4241
4219
5670
3130
3130
4241
4491
Sheared fibers . -.
509
1112
1112
480
68
68
334
435
do
do
2522
2449
3198
1565
4473
4672
Sheared fibers
... ,do .
3538
428
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Cojlector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: "Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
233
Charlotte
C. G. Pringle
6532
WUd Eed Cherry. Pin Cher-
233
do
do
do
...do .
6486
millimeters from end.
606
Georgia
Clay
7960
end.
Sloe. Black Sloe.
%)6
... do
...do
do
do
968
8051
968
15
ritory.
....do
....do
0. 8. Sargent.
do
C. S Sargent
....do
6663
10138
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 25
millimeters from end.
Wild Black Cherry. Sum
15
...do
....do
... do
... do
10256
along grain.
115
"W J Beal
do
7235
115
do
do
8732
teiH knot.
127
G W Letterman
9979
end.
127
do
... do
. do
do
8890
middle.
148
Illinois
K. Douglas
9199
317
Michigan
Hersey
W. J. Bcal
Eich
780S
317
368
do
....do
Charlotte
....do
C. G. Pringle
....do
8324
9095
Crushed at 127 millimeters from
end.
406
S H Pook
6564
763
die States.
yard.
A. H. Curtiss . .
Clav
8773
along jrraiu.
763
1053
1053
....do
Massachusetts
do
....do
Topsfield
do
....do
J. Robinson
do
....do
Gravelly
do
9571
8029
8609
ami H|ilii. obliquely along gram.
Crushed fibers at 38 millimeters
from end.
Crushed fibers near middle of one
side of specimen.
189. Prunus Capuli
4] 8
8609
Wild Cherry.
418
do .
ains.
do
do
do
knotty.
037
California
V
8165
Wild Cherry.
1032
Florida
C. S. Sargent.
A H Curtiss
7847
knot.
Wild Orange. Mock Orange.
Wild Peach
1062
Victoria
C Mohr
9503
knots.
1062
..do ...
do
do ....
do
9617
102 millimeters from end.
113. Prunus ilicifolia
1158
California
8709
Inlay.
1158
...do
do
....do
meters in diameter.
883
Utah
10478
Mountain Mahogany.
883
do
do
do
do .
808
W. M. Canby
Clav
7485
American Crab. Sweet-scented
Crab.
808
....do
do
....do
do
7756
Crashed at knot 6 millim eters in di-
1087
1087
Pennsylvania
....do
Nazareth
. do
J. Henry
....do
Moist
....do
5851
6940
ameter 127 millimeters from end.
Crushed at knot 19 millimeters in
diameter 25 millimeters from end.
Crushed 76 millimeters from end
1088
1088
....do
do
....do
do
....do
do
....do
....do
5874
6328
in vicinity of 4 millimeters kuot.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end ; cross-grained.
Crushed at two 6 millimeters knots
214
C G Pringle
6305
76 millimeters from end.
Mountain Ash.
365
....do
do
Huntington
....do
do
....do
do
5851
6123
limeters in diameter.
Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 102
millimeters from end.
Mountain Ash.
363s
Eich
6672
Crushed at 16 millimeters knots
607
A H. Curtiss
S346
38 and 76 millimeters from end.
Crushed nt middle; knot 3 milli-
607
...do
....do
....do
...•do
8890
meters in diamjeter.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
429
_g pKEsauiir., ix KILI.I.ISA.M*, i;i;yrii:En TO momcE AX IXI>EXTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
"3
|
1
P
0.7C
1.02 1.27
1.52
1.78
2.03
2.2S
2.54
4.81
5.0S
980
HI 885
111 97.1
HI 012
[Mi 3112
:!!( 17
1-J57
1483
4049
3583
1021
1111
5398
5307
2241
1,"I7 1142
1.1!I7 1724
5280 5851
4073 4527
1CS4 1161
1216 1252
6237 0646
5489 5920
2468 2540
1501
1790
0214
4740
1216
1343
6885
02117
2699
1538
1932
0555
5126
1300
14.12
7063
6408
2749
1628
1982
6759
52S5
1347
1483
7221
6646
2849
1660
2073
6872
5416
1393
1542
7326
6795
2989
1710
2114
7145
5535
1470
1619
7372
0972
3048
1805
2164
5276
2078
233
233-
606
606
908
968
15
15
115'
8029
8483
do
1483
1687
7376
7112
3094
1715
2019
8165
7530
3620
1951
2078
8618
8210
3878
do
do
1.-..-K
26)9
2177
•J8PO 3075 3202 ' 3334
2341 2536 2667 2771
3393
2844
3493
3020
3674
3071
3788
3166
4491
3538
4944
127
127
1837
1125
pi 2041
2041
2177
H|' 14.12
iJTjTj 3153
2948
1678
HUB' 2395
H 1905
2449
1588
^ 1048
2381
1588
1660
274!)
2078
2123
2495
3538
2708
3311
3221
4060
41C5
3000
4513
2076
5171
5534
2404
3357
2i?35
3788
3652
2699
1533
- 1 53
1656
1837
14S3
2259
2856
2713
3007
4196
3738
3561
4699
4786
3674
5126
3198
6314
6804
2622
1765
1969
1569
2336
2495
2812"
4173
4445
4200
3792
5210
5307
3969
5625
3611
7122
7462
2858
2880
1860
2078
1615
2390
2581
2971
4432
4241
4445
3937
5534
5557
4191
5874
3901
7372
7983
3030
2880
1941
2164
1660
2.113
2713
3093
4717
4999
4699
4087
5793
5869
4518
6205
4128
7892
8523
3198
4191
3683
5207
4786
4055
1887
2948
2019
2259
1710
2576
2853
3184
4799
5126
4940
4219
6141
6105
4740
6482
4445
8460
3075
2087
2313
1700
2631
2890
3302
4931
5376
5207
4346
6380
6292
4890
6759
4740
8850
3198
2173
2427
1805
2722
2939
3420
5062
3202
2214
2481
1851
2753
3048
3479
5203
3674
3901
317
317
368
406
763
763
1053
1053
418
418
637
1032
1062
1062
1158
1158
883
883
808
80S
1087
1087
1088
1088
214
2939
2159
3107
3153
2268
3334
do
Sheared fibers -
do
4173
5978
4581
6341
do
Sheared fibers -
5466
4477
6568
6522
4990
7021
4899
9199
5661
4531
7230
6613
5153
7235
5071
9531
6740
5443
7802
do .
Slight shearing ; split at end ; short specimen, 12
centimeters long.
7892
6033
8392
6305
12247
9934
13598
Sheared fibers -
Split at end
3289
3357
3561
4536
4173
5661
5298
4481
2223
3674
4649
4237
5719
5325
4563
2268
4241
5434
4990
6396
6169
5080
2676
4753
5987
do . ..'
3171
4513
4128
3106
1656
3379
4831
4400
3470
1751
3583
6017
4572
3792
1869
3856
5334
4890
4173
2019
4028
5507
5080
4318
2096
7076
6532
5693
2812
Sheared fibers; 13 millimeters knot at corner of com-
pression area.
UJJj] cso
in 19°5
p=j! 1343
1406
1746
2699
1982
1678
2254
3030
2359
1701
2522
3207
2567
1715
2703
3438
2713
1805
2840
3574
2830
1941
3016
3701
2985
2019
3116
3901
3193
2032
3248
4024
3339
2214
3438
3729
3407
2608
4150
4980
4128
2939
4763
5398
Sheared fibers
410
363»
607
607
do
do
430
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.'
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOK OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
-
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression : Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
126. Crata'gusrrns-palli
328
1063
1<)!)3
949
1081
426
426
826
239
767
241
849
849
546
546
1095
1095
1173
1173
1181
1181
1182
1182
1183
1183
485
485
489
489
507
507
1118
Massachusetts
....do
Brookline /....
....do
0033
5806
7349
8346
8605
8018
7434
6795
7280
7122
8437
11294
10433
10410
6795
648G
7847
7892
6337
6396
6940
7870
8573
8210
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end.
Cockvptii- Thorn. Newcastle
Thorn.
....do
do
Missouri
... do
Allenton
do
G. W. Letterman .
do
Low, wet
do
Crushed at 127 millimeters from
end and split along grain.
Crushed at 18 millimeters from
end and along one face.
Crashed at middle at knot 3 milli-
meters in diameter.
Crubhed at each end and at middle
Crushed at middle at knot 3 mil-
limeters in diameter.
Crashed at 16 millimeters knot
10L* millimeters from end.
Crushed at middle on one corner..
Crushed along one corner; de-
flected from crushed side.
Crushed at 115 millimeters from
end.
Sap-wood ; triple flexure . . .
Texas
Victoria
C. Mohr
H Eggert
Alluvial
Scarlet Haw.
129. Craticgus toruentosa
Black Thorn. Pear Haw.
Tennessee
...do
Nashville
... do
A. Gattinger
do
do
Webster parish . . -
Bonneau's Depot. .
Aspalaga
Brumtield Station .
Dauvers
...do
Kemper's mill
...do
Little Rock
do
C.Mohr
II. \V. Ravenel
A. H. Curtiss
W. M. Linney
J.Robinson
....do
C. Mohr
....do
G. W. Letterman.
do
Clay
Smalt-fruited Haw.
134. Crattegus a}stivalis .
South Carolina
Florida
Kentucky
Massachusetts —
....do
May Haw. Apple Haw.
135. Cratjegusflava, var. pubescens
Mummer Haw. }ied Haw.
Dry clay
"Waverly shale
Loam
....do
Rich, alluvial
....do
'Jitneberry. SltadBusJi. Serv-
ice Tree. May Cherry.
HAMAMELACE.3:.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.
Crushed near middle; angle of
crushing, 50°.
Triple flexure
Sweet Gum. Star-leaved Gum.
Liquidamber. Red Gum.
Misted.
RHIZOPHORACE.S;.
....do
Arkansas
Crashed at 25 and at 102 millime-
ters from end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 64millimeters from end
and nt middle on opposite face.
Crushed and split at eud ; cross-
grained.
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end; 0.75 san-worid.
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end.
... do
New Jersey
Mount Holly
S. P. Sharpies ....
Clay
do
....do
do
Yazoo River bot-
tom.
do .. .
R. Abbey
do
Alluvial
do
....do
....do
do
do
do
....do
....do
..do
do
do
....do
do
do
do
7938
8256
13517
14016
9571
9614
7212
7167
14198
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.
...do
do .
do
do
Florida .
Bay Biscayne
do
A. H. Curtiss
do
Crushed at end in vicinity of knot.
Crushed at middle ; cross-grained .
Crashed at 38 millimeters from
end ; worm-eaten.
Mangrove.
COMBRETAOE.S:.
141. Conocarpuserecta...
Button Wood.
142. Laguncularia racemosa
White Button Wood. White
Mangrove.
MYRTACE.S:.
144. Eugenia buxifolia
....do
do
....do
do
....do
do
....do
do
....do
do
....do
...do
Sugar-Loaf Sound
do
....do
do ..
....do
do
Crushed near middle; cross-
grained and worm-eaten.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end ; small knots.
Crashed at 127 millimeters from
end.
...do. ...
do
Humus and coral .
do
durgeon Stopper. Spaniih
Stopper.
146. Eugenia zuonticola
Stopper. White Stopper.
148. Eugenia procera
lied Stopper.
CORKAGES.
1118
1135
1135
1127
1127
67
67
761
...do
do
do . . .
...do
...do
Umbrella Key .
do
Coral
8754
8936
10931
0567
9276
9571
7031
Split along grain, opening season
cracks; split in seasoning cracks.
....do
....do
.. .do
...do
...do
Missouri
...do
Florida
Miami —
....do
Allenton
...do
Cbattahoochee
....do
....do ,
G. W. Letterman..
...do
A. H. Curtiss !
....do
....do
Triple flexure; developed inter-
secting ''Cooper lines".
do
Triple flexure ; opened cracks at
end.
do
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end; cross-grained.
Flowering Dogwood. Box
Wood.
....do
Calcareous
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
431
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
Direction of grain. I
rRKt>Ki:i!K, l.N KILOUHAM8, KKQL'IKEl) TO PRODUCE AX IXIIEXTATIOX, IK MII.LIMETEK8, OF—
Remarks.
1
0.35 0.51
0.70
1.04
t.-H
1.54
1.78
3.03
3.38
3.54
4.81
3.08
1315
1314
2041
1701
1315
2449
1787
1293
1315
1433
1905
2041
1860
2449
1424
1588
1334
771
1198
2078
1089
952
1384
1043
907
1157
1311
2227
2404
2903
817
1270
2336
4091
2586
2313
2155
3153
2076
2495
3674
3257
2359
2617
2699
3720
3221
3221
3515
1914
1>33
1996
1315
1814
2844
1506
1452
1792
1520
1452
1488
4173
4763
4173
4491
1515
1973
3765
5761
4527
2493
2490
3666
3085
3130
4119
3765
2948
3066
3130
4445
3674
3788
3946
2019
2073
2191
1474
1996
3026
1588
1574
2000
1656
1633
1678
5806
5987
4854
5216
1796
2250
4763
5942
5648
2878
2713
3937
3379
3484
4445
4055
3130
3329
3402
4831
3992
4110
4291
2100
2223
2250
1542
2096
3162
1633
1669
2803
2803
4255
3011
3788
402C
4309
3379
3484
3583
5103
4423
4491
4536
2254
2313
2277
1574
2186
3302
1715
1760
2227
1914
2041
1896
7576
7212
5751
6101
2132
2640
5851
6849
6532
2980
2976
4482
3828
3983
una
4482
3638
3074
3742
5398
4436
4708
4863
2381
2395
2377
1874
2859
3438
1760
1851
2300
2019
2(191
1941
8006
7689
6078
6432
2359
2708
6169
7076
6795
3085
3071
4G95
3992
4219
5013
4658
3742
3910
3856
5625
4877
4922
5098
2477
2518
2413
1719
2472
3561
1928
1887
2350
2091
2168
2073
8464
8052
6396
6759
2436
2844
6613
7303
7258
3207
3171
4859
4119
4391
01(12
4781
3892
4055
4028
5874
4990
5112
5303
2536
2604
2486
1769
2531
3661
1941
1941
2449
2141
2273
2155
8822
8337
6600
7099
2531
2948
6963
7553
7475
3807
3198
5035
4264
4581
5439
4944
4119
4164
4101
6056
5194
5316
5484
2645
2703
2527
1860
2676
3801
1973
2028
2586
2291
2381
2223
9140
8663
6895
7226
2626
3035
7294
7802
7779
3397
3484
5171
4391
4753
5534
5035
4287
4287
4264
6260
5334
5489
5684
2717
2799
2540
1932
2708
3042
2014
2050
2649
2345
2445
2273
9453
8913
7085
7530
2790
3116
7576
8029
7983
3983
4064
4296
4763
Sheared fibers
328
328
1003
1093
949
1081
426
426
926
239
767
241
849
849
546
546
1095
1095
1173
1173
1181
1181
1182
1182
1183
1183
485
48S
489
489
507
507
1118
1118
1135
do
5353
4806
6759
5851
4035
5262
4990
7394
6350
6646
6782
3166
3289
2926
6033
6350
7212
6486
5025
5761
5579
7983
do
do
do
7349
3329
3020
3121
Sheared fibers
do . .
...'..do.. ..
3289
4445
2313
2404
3075
2708
2722
do
4881
2440
2531
3302
2899
2926
do .
.. . do
do
1814
1923
1837
6940
6713
5398
5761
2050
2472
5398
6373
6033
Sheared fibers
10637
do
8799
. do
3674
3901
Sheared fibers
9526
902R
9753
9753
I
3538
2313
2948
1860
2833
5080
4672
4581
3720
3162
5761
5942
5715
4513
3493
6432
6068
6146
4953
3765
6963
7235
6386
5180
4037
7439
7689
6754
5484
4241
7792
8119
7076
5761
4418
8119
8419
7326
5965
4563
8506
8714
7485
6192
4667
8786
8990
7729
6396
4844
10614
10841
8890
7802
5625
1127
1127
67
67
761
11930
9798
8702
6169
do
Sheared fibers ; 7 millimeters knot in compression
surface.
do
432
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOK OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression : Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
151. Cornus florida — continued
812
812
West Virginia -. .
....do
Grnfton
....do
C.G-. Cringle
....do
Dry
do
8732
7621
Sap-wood; triple flexnro; inter-
secting "Cooper lines"; split at
end.
do
1077
Missouri
Allenton
G. W. Letterman..
9004
1077
1092
....do
do
....do
... do
...do
do
... do
Flinty
8981
8210
Triple llexure; split at ends; in-
^tersecting "Cooper lines".
152. Conius Nuttallii '..
960
Oregon
Portland
G. Eugelmanu and
10387
Flowering J)ogwood.
960
....do
....do
C. S. Sargent.
do
10819
605
6895
end.
Ogecckce Lime. Sour Tu-
605
....do
...do
... do
do
end ; split along grain.
154. Kyssa sylvytica
Tupelo. Soiir 6um. Pep-
$17
750
Teum-sseo
Florida
Cumbeiland river
A. Gattinger
A. H Curtiss
Clay
7349
789'*
Crushed on one face at 25 millime-
ters from middle.
750
....do
...do
....do
do
8119
813
West Virginia ..
Grafton
C. G. Pringle
8414
at middle.
813
... do
do
do
one corner.
833
Massachusetts . .
Wubt Newbury . . .
J. Eobinson
Kich
7689
end.
....do
....do
do
do
6623
834
834
... do
....do
....do
....do
....do
... .do
....do
....do
6577
7394
from *>nd-
Crushed at G millimeters knot 25
millimeters from middle.
835
do • .
do
7022
835
....do
do
do
7176
Dally ; split at ends.
128
H. W Kaveuel
6396
tersecting " Cooper Hues'1.
'Larfje Tupelo. C'ot'on Gum.
128
... do
....do
do
6328
ters from end on opposite .JUI-M.
- 550
Alabama
Stockton
C.Mohr
5035
550
604
....do
... do
....do
....do
5715
6193
Triple flexure
604
...do
... do
do
do
5489
from end.
CAPIUFOLIACE^E.
681
ESfcr.
370
county.
knot.
Hkeepberry. JKannyberry.
J59. Viburnum prunifolmm
lllack Haw. Stag Hush.
1102
no4
Kentucky
Mercer county . . .
do
W.M.Linney
do
Hudson River
shale.
10160
103°9
Crushed at ends in vicinity of
knots; split along groin.
739
Georgia
Bainbridge
A. H. Curtiss
Clay
7938
die.
Crimhutl 'J(i millimeters from mid-
KUBIACE^E.
466
Florida
do
13381
161. Pinckneya pubens
466
381
....do.....'
South Carolina
Key.
....do
Bluffton
....do
J. H. Mellichamp
...do
106GO
4355
Crushed at knot at middle ; split
along grain.
Georgia Hark.
EKICACE^).
343
C.Mohr
5874
from middle; opened between
rings.
f'arklcberry.
343
do
do
6895
grained.
1033
Florida ..
A. H. Curtiss
7802
nally.
166. Arbutus Menziusii
643
G. K. Vasey
7303
end; crqss- grained.
6J3
679
679
....do
... do
do
county.
. ...do
ilarin county
do
... do
....do
... do
....do
do
7756
7530
9548
do
Shattered and crushed at ends
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
433
Direction of grain.
FBESSUKE, IN KILOOKAHS, HEQUIBK1) TO PRODUCE AS INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF —
Remarks.
1
0.25
0.31
O.T«
1.02
i.2r
1.52
1.T8
2.O3
2.28
2.54 4.81
5.08
1
2041
1951
863
ItS)
2223
2068
1814
14116
14.ri2
1338
1792
inr>i
1179
1(S!3
1724
ISM
1384
1901
1837
2132
S818
1043
1343
14fl7
1202
1452
3130
3130
2291
3833
29!I4
3198
2177
1M4
17%
2767
3130
3749
1352
2676
2495
2531
2215
2699
2740
2622
2948
1529
1905
2313
1610
1928
3493
3606
3606
4491
4509
3556
2386
3761
3892
4418
4944
4944
3615
3742
2522
2150
2064
3983
4069
4944
5243
5158
3S19
3946
2713
2254
2150
3538
3792
3243
2336
3243
3148
3030
2921
3515
3529
3148
3348
1765
2254
3012
1923
2218
4146
4250
5325
5552
5398
4014
4164
2858
4355
4400
5715
5711
5608
4132
4287
2971
2449
2331
3892
4241
3438
2495
3697
3447
3311
3193
3856
3042
3475
3593
1960
2472
3216
2118
2359
4527
4536
5878
5883
B7W
4323
4491
3085
2608
2400
4073
4423
3497
2531
3919
3556
3420
3311
3983
3946
3574
3742
2014
2586
3348
2195
2436
4077
4717
6146
6114
5929
4436
4572
3143
2622
2499
4219
4536
3588
2567
4055
3683
3502
3484
4105
4064
3715
3042
2059
2664
3425
2232
2486
4831
4899
6419
6373
6123
4604
4708
3289
3039
2622
4400
4726
3670
2617
4137
3810
3615
3579
4241
4264
3828
3946
2132
2708
3493
2308
2536
5761
5987
7599
7394
7212
MSB
5579
3878
3153
3016
5307
5851
4196
3039
6126
4581
4418
41%
5035
5216
4401
4545
2436
3085
4219
2699
6328
6396
8663
Sheared fibers
812
812
1077
1077
1092
960
960
605
605
517
760
750
813
813
833
833
834
834
835
835
128
128
550
550
004
604
681
370
110<
739
466
466
381
343
343
1033
643
643
679
679
do
do
7938
5829
6169
do
do
do
>]»
104!
3130
3329
2921
2019
2948
2744
2713
2513
3130
3130
2875
3130
1588
2041
2654
1.783
2068
2245
3756
3992
3375
2404
3583
3307
3171
3107
3697
3656
3329
3438
1869
2381
3139
1996
2291
5851
6350
4391
2894
5887
5171
5013
4581
5851
5615
4944
4944
2667
3334
4491
3039
3606
3075
2259
3062
2971
2899
2849
3357
3311
3003
3207
1678
2168
2803
1805
2150
do
do ...
. . do
do
do
do
Sheared fibers
. do
do .
do
i
1996
1882
2449
2948
3447
590
1941
1905
1792
1315
2087
1941
1361
2019
3992
3438
5806
5761
1021
3402
3243
2699
2404
2685
2858
2313
4649
4854
3806
6940
6668
1406
3833
3742
3193
2694
2980
3243
2640
4976
5207
4033
7439
7067
1574
4164
4241
3402
8967
3243
3515
2903
5252
5512
4264
7938
7475
1678
4432
4522
3611
3048
3443
3720
3075
5498
6724
4463
8142
7756
1792
4899
4749
3633
3266
3620
3851
3243
571S
5965
4690
8460
7915
1851
5171
4990
4024
3393
3828
3996
3393
5874
6232
4840
8936
8074
1896
5398
5162
4173
3574
3992
4173
3561
6033
6441
4581
8981
8192
1941
5512
5362
4300
3729
4119
4309
3692
6283
6595
5162
9026
8301
1982
6305
5489
4491
3846
6305
9889
10705
Sheared fibers • radial split
do
2214
6918
6577
5216
4468
2422
Sheared fibers ; 4 millimeters knot on indented area.
Sheared fibers .
7076
5715
5035
Sheared fibers
do
4418
3810
i
5126
4491
5579
do
28 FOE
434
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLK V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
OfBce nttmber.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
strength, in kilns.
Remarks.
683
7122
683
...do
ains.
do
C. S. Sargent.
... do .
5715
millimeters in diameter.
353
Cottage Hill
C. Mohr
7430-
end. crushing fibers at middle.
Sorrel Tree. Sour Wood.
353
...do
do
do
do
7847
at middle.
515
Tennessee
Nashville
A. Gattinger
Sandy rock
8799
25 millimeters from middle.
515
....do
... do
do
do
170. Kalinin latifolia
262*
Moist
6931
Laurel. Calico Hush. Spoon
Wood. Ivy.
171. Rhododendron maximum
Great Laurel. Jiose Say.
2623
263
263
....do
....do
. . .do
....do
....do
. do
-•*>
do
do
....do
....do
do
6849
7462
6577
knots at end.
Crushed at knot 51 millimeters
from end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.
SAPOTACE2E.
175. Chryaopbyllnm oliviforme ...
492
Florida
A. H. Curtiss
Coral
10433
middle.
492
do
do
do
do
8709
middle, deflecting diagonally.
176. SideroxylonMaatichodendron.
Mastic.
461
461
....do
do
Upper Metauombe
Key.
do
....do
do
....do
do
10932
9889
obliquely.
Split along grain at cud; slight
crushing.
177. Dipholis salicifolia -.
488
... do
do
do
11952
Itustic. Castada.
488
do
do
do
do
12565
500
500
....do
do
Umbrella Key
do .. . '.
....do
...do
....do
.. do .
11272
10931
Crashed at 64 millimeters from end
and split along grain.
746
do
7235
end in vicinity of knots.
179. Buiuelia lanuginosa
930
Texas .
C. Mohr
5489
Gum Elastic. Shittim Wood.
930
1083
....do
...do
....do
G-. W. Letterman
....do
...do
5012
6895
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end at 5 millimeters knot.
181. Bnmelia lycioides
333
Nashville
7825
Iron Wood. Southern Buck-
thorn.
182. Bnmelia cuneata
1124
1'Iorida...
7643
ing crack at middle.
A nt#' Wood. Downward
Plum. Saffron Plum.
183. Mimusopa Sieberi
458
. . do
do
..do
8913
knots.
Wild Dilly.
458
do
Key.
... do
do
do
5806
from end to end.
EBENACE-S3.
61
Of. "W. Letterman
7892
ing cracks.
Persimmon.
61
do
....do
....do
do
7485
Dally.
,do
425
9095
811
"West Virginia
Grafton
C. G-. Pringle
7394
811
do .
do
....do
7892
Triple flexure deflected diago-
1084
G. ~W. Letterman
8301
nally.
1084
do
do
do
do
8029
middle,
do
1162
do ...
. . do .
. do
Rich
8415
Triple flexure deflected diago-
1162
do
do
do
do
7901
nally; intersecting "Cooper
lines".
STYRACACE.&.
347
Cottage Hill
C Mohr
6146
Horse Sugar. Sweet Leaf.
347
do
do
do
do
millimeters from end and at 3
millimeters knot at end.
187. Halesia diptera
738
A. H. Curtiss
6486
Failed at 6 millimeters knot 127
Snow-drop Free. Silver-bell
Tree.
738
do
do
do
7394
millimeters from end and split
along grain.
OLEACE.&.
191. Fraxinus pistacisefolia . .
660
..do
6441
Crushed at middle on one face
Ash.
680
...do
ains.
....do
C. S. Sargent.
do
....do
5874
Crushed at middle ia vicinity of 3
millimeters knot.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
435
Direction of grain.
I'KKSSUIIE, IN K1LOGBAMB, JtEyUIllEl) TO 1'KOUUCK AN IMIEM'AIION, IS MILUMETKKB, OF—
lieumrks.
Office number.
0.25
<>.,-,!
0.7« 1.03
1.27
1.53
1.78
2.03
2.28 2.54
4.S1
5.08
1
IC8Q
2359
1051
1211
1497
IMO
2268
2L-23
2(141
1951
4219
1860
2313
2767
2087
2177
975
!)07
1474
1384
975
1769
880
658
2676
2359
1905
2041
1960
2767
1905
1746
2676
2540
1294
1837
1170
1397
2586
3583
3062
2223
2214
2254
3289
3447
2767
2468
5579
3765
4536
4332
3420
3493
2486
2269
2155
1923
1497
2835
2522
2313
4355
3697
3130
3402
^602
4536
3266
3402
4092
4495
3039
2608
1796
2336
2976
3983
3479
1!G76
2527
2586
3674
3892
2980
2708
6033
4626
5171
4899
4082
3983
3425
3239
2431
2055
1606
3148
2527
3720
5307
4491
3674
4060
4459
5353
3901
4264
4786
5557
4060
2744
IMO
2753
3221
4250
8751
2971
2694
2707
3969
4173
3107
2830
6464
5126
5586
5307
4436
4327
3810
3833
2712
2168
1692
3425
3289
4281
6023
5058
4001
4436
4908
5738
4341
4699
5194
6065
4695
2871
2064
2998
3411
44S2
3946
3153
2849
2921
4105
4287
3252
2880
6791
5425
5874
5489
4717
4608
4114
4073
2894
2259
1801
3633
3529
4581
6532
5470
4214
4695
5289
6005
4604
5035
5484
6323
5080
2967
2127
3153
8628
4662
4237
3284
3021
3003
4237
4432
3352
2994
7145
5742
6201
5761
5035
4844
4364
4400
3116
2381
1896
3042
3751
4799
6895
5851
4332
4971
5561
6260
4854
5307
5715
6568
5421
3003
2214
3366
3801
4854
4414
3479
3193
3157
4350
4581
3434
3085
7430
6014
6382
5987
5434
4649
4604
4527
3293
2472
1978
4024
3964
4944
7235
6155
4527
5067
5869
6486
5080
5421
5883
6736
5606
3039
2295
3497
3946
4990
4554
3633
3325
3207
4491
4699
3502
3166
7693
6250
6677
6123
5670
5398
4808
4844
3497
2572
2073
4191
4178
5207
7521
6386
4667
5239
6083
6849
5285
5661
6042
6881
5851
3057
2381
3683
4105
.->H2
4696
37(>0
3493
3393
4581
4808
3597
32S2
7974
6532
6940
6296
4219
5207
4831
3856
3611
3438
4690
4890
3674
3302
8219
6736
7117
6464
4U22
6123
5070
4491
4287
3946
5534
5625
4264
3810
9753
8119
5421
6623
6350
5058
4626
Sheared fibers
683
683
353
353
515
675
262*
263"
2G3
263
492
492
461
461
488
488
500
500
746
930
930
1083
333
1124
45S
458
61
61
425
811
811
1084
1084
1162
1162
347
347
738
do
do
do
do
do
6078
4491
4150
do ... .
do ..
9026
do
7248
7847
Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short specimen, 121 mil-
limeters long.
5479
5648
5103
5207
3882
2703
2268
4518
4536
5666
8029
6940
4890
5534
6477
7235
5613
5965
6319
7221
6246
3162
2504
3919
6441
5013
3710
2635
2177
4350
4364
5479
7811
6713
4786
5362
6310
7049
5434
5811
6187
7049
6069
3085
2445
3810
6123
4854
3121
2703
5398
do
5602
3443
3085
5851
do
do
Split at ends
6577
8936
8279
5625
6486
7666
8256
6668
7031
7258
8170
7417
3720
2903
4491
7462
9163
9026
6146
7076
8392
8799
7530
7711
7756
8663
8301
3856
3239
5171
Sheared fibers
do
do
do.
do
do
do . ....
do
do
do . -. .. .. .
do
Slight shearing of fibers
Sheared fibers . .
do
do
t
1892
2132
2227
3039
2522
3425
2767
3529
2948
3787
3080
3901
3212
4150
3343
4332
3561
4509
3674
4604
4355
5443
4763
6078
Sheared fibers
660
660
436
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: ITlti'nate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
A
392
G "W Letterman
Low .
7530
WJtite Ash.
1141
W J Beal
Clay
5851
do
1141
do
do
. do
do
5579
1143
do
do
9520
1144
do
do
9934
25 millimeters from middle.
1146
130
130
212
....do
South Carolina . . .
...do
Danavllle
Bonneau' s Depot . .
....do
"Wytheville
....do
H. W. Ravenel
....do
H. Shriver
Clay
Wet
....do
5761
9208
8709
7983
end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
middle; "Cooper lines."
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end.
Cru-lie<l at 114 millimeters from
end.
212
do
. do
do
7756
Crushed at 32 millimeters from
2271
22T3
227s
Vermont
....do
do
Charlotte
....do
do
C. G. Pringle
....do
do
Gravelly
....do
do
7281
7485
7349
middle.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
middle ; deflected diagonally.
Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 12
millimeters irom middle.
2G71
Wytheville
H. Suriver
6141
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
2673
do
do
0509
middle.
Directed diagonally; maximum
.
431
8346
beutl 38 millimeters from middle.
551
C Mohr
Alluvial ....
7439
do
551
do
do ... .
do
....do
6736
Deflected and fibers crushed at 76
747
A.H.Curtiss
5057
millimeters from end.
Crushed at 3 millimeters knot at
747
do
do
do
... do
5080
middle.
937
Texas
C.Mohr
Rich, calcareous . .
7107
Crushed at end and at 7(> millime-
1045
8890
ters from end in vicinity ol' knots.
Triple flexure; middle bend 19
1045
do
do
do
8686
millimeters from center.
do
Dallas
9435
ensis.
364
22Q2
....do
....do
....do
C. G. Pringle
....do
Clay
7892
8301
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 102
millimeters from end.
Failed at knot 64 millimeters
Bed Ash.
do
do
do
do
8005
from end ; cross-drained.
Triple flexure
105D
Massachusetts
Topsfleld
J. Robinson
River-bottom
4513
6486
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Green Ash.
308
Texas
Dallas
...do
7349
Crushed at middle on one face
do
do
do
do
5829
Triple flexure
,
438
Tennessee
Nashville
A. Gattinger
C Mohr
Rich upland
8618
8097
Crushed at 89 millimeters from
end, splitting between rings.
048
do
do
do
....do
9753
Triple flexure; middle bond 38
957
....do
do
Matagorda bay . . .
do
...do
do
....do
do
7892
7666
millimeters eccentric.
Crushed at C millimeters knot 51
millimeters from end.
Triple flexure
do
ao
4014
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
Water Ash.
106. Fraxinns qnadrangulata
8754
end.
Triple flexure
Blue Ash.
66
125
... do
— do
...do
W.J.Beal
....do
Rich loam
9299
6228
Triple flexure, defledled diago-
nally.
do
do
do
do
6327
Triple flexure; developed inter-
286"
28G3
291
518
Kentucky
...do
Missouri
Mercer county —
....do
Allenton
Nashville
W. 11. Linney
...do
G. W. Letterman..
A. Gattinger
Limestone
....do
Sandy loam
Rich limestone . . .
8344
8428
6849
8609
secting "Conper lines".
Dclleete;! at middle and at 3 milli-
meters knot 76 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 51
millimeters from end and near
middle.
Crushed on one face 19 millime-
ters from middle.
Crushed at knots 102 millimeters
from end.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPKESSION-Continued.
437
Divert ion of grain.
PHEBBUKE. IN KII.OCKAMB. KEQU1UKI) TO PRODUCE AN INUEKTAT1ON, IS HI1.L1HETEBS, OF—
Kemarks.
Office number.
O.25
o.5i o.ro
1.02 1.27
1.53
1.78
2.03
2.28
2.54
4.81
i
5.08
m
m
1
M
M
m
n
1334
1134
74!)
UM
ua
au
1529
1588
1588
1588
1882
15GO
1860
2449
1551
1179
1352
1538
143:!
1905
2023
2041
1325
1837
1533
1384
1860
1579
1633
1588
2041
2041
1860
2109
2177
1179
2880
2359
H52
1179
1542
1225
1973
1656
2078
1338
1302
2948
1882
1812
2109
2654
1769
1741
1973
2985
1619
2481
2948
2159
1642
1579
2576
tan
2468
2622
3357
1996
2944
2518
2427
2867
2767
I860
2245
2708
3198
3402
3026
3202
1760
3901
3620
1633
1506
2400
1488
1334
3121
1982
2041
2395
2976
1987
2023
2218
3388
2708
2744
3221
22M
1801
1746
2976
1982
2694
2885
3878
2291
3384
2799
2753
3148
3243
1951
2409
2894
3638
3992
3293
3611
1932
4264
4191
1656
1574
3701
3334
2894
3819
2436
1597
1542
3208
2068
2164
2622
3148
2273
2186
2277
3611
2903
2890
3379
2463
1932
1887
3157
2014
2948
3198
4082
2608
3615
3021
2948
3334
3357
2109
2488
3175
3969
4281
3470
3842
2096
4418
4513
1705
1619
3974
3720
2939
4164
' 2527
1610
1619
3488
2205
2279
2717
3284.
2400
2336
2440
3742
2989
3103
3574
2579
2028
1991
3234
2214
3152
3470
, 4160
2685
3669
3162
3221
3434
3593
2223
2567
3379
4200
4454
3720
4028
2209
4590
4886
1724
1674
4150
3882
3071
4377
2744
1696
1019
3633
2304
2427
2939
3434
2486
2504
2536
3964
3162
3248
2930
1719
1724
3833
3368
2499
3075
3529
2590
2667
2631
4042
3307
3388
3842
2867
2195
2218
3425
2331
3620
4445
3116
4287
3484
3425
3774
3878
2064
2749
3828
4672
4808
3987
4309
2377
4849
5489
1896
1873
2980
1783
1787
3964
2468
2586
3162
3665
2762
2830
2776
4137
3425
3525
3046
2976
2241
2336
3130
1810
1833
4033
2518
2663
3334
3860
2848
2894
2899
4250
3543
3583
4092
3134
2400
2436
3529
2481
3901
4559
4196
3420
4473
3679
3529
3983
4037
2713
2890
4055
5121
5207
4196
4572
2522
5158
5965
2028
1982
3207
1883
1842
4128
2576
2690
3488
3937
2985
3057
3089
4359
3946
3708
4132
3221
2341
2522
3579
2531
3987
4604
4300
3529
4491
3751
3674
4073
3810
2880
2935
4205
5330
5289
4332
4672
2549
5316
6128
2105
2037
4967
4545
3615
5216
j
Split at ends ; short specimen, 120 millimeters long. .
39"
114'
114'
114»
114«
114"
130
130
212
212
227'
227«
227'
267»
267»
431
551
551
747
747
937
1045
1045
364
364
229"
2291
1059
57
308
308
438
948
948
957
957
536
66
66
125
125
286'
286'
291
518
2155
2205
4944
3039
3130
4219
4491
3742
3810
3882
5171
2413
2472
5579
3130
3357
do . .
4990
4491
4296
4382
5285
Sheared fibers
do
do
3856
4899
3924
2926
3062
3901
2976
4990
5489
5434
4559
4763
4377
4196
4626
4717
3583
3348
5035
6237
6078
4035
5421
2912
6373
7485
2427
2381
5942
5149
4128
6123
Split at end
5443
4300
3130
3429
3901
3089
5489
6010
5851
5353
2708
2132
2123
3334
2313
3334
3751
4305
2866
4033
3343
3311
3620
3710
2155
2676
3647
4482
4717
3856
4164
2313
4722
7180
1842
1778
4332
4082
3202
4527
do
2436
3788
4196
4522
3207
4418
3597
3484
3837
3933
2563
2830
3910
4844
5035
do
4699
4423
5035
5035
3992
3465
5625
6940
6595
5262
5987
3157
7031
8029
2586
2567
6509
Sheared fibers .
do .
do
do ..
Sheared fibers . . ..
4454
2459
5022
5706
1973
1932
do
do
do
Sheared fibers
do
2713
2740
3171
4173
3357
4744
4296
3420
4835
4427
3479
5103
4445
6849
Indented section covers unsound knot 10 milli-
meters in diameter.
Slight shearing of fibers
438
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
1
a
State.
. Locality.
Collector
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
!«>4
Portland
9753
Oregon Ash.
964
1001
1001
....do
....do
do
... do
"Weidler's ssw-mill
do
C. S. Sargent.
do
....do
..do
. ..do
7938
8799
9063
Crushed 25 millimeters from mid-
dle on one face.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
1024
do
do . ..
0441
1024
do
Company.
do
5557
men split off.
1030
do
. . do
. do
9208
ing, 70°.
1030
do
do
do
9798
ing, 53°.
198. Fraxinns sambucifolia
Black Ash. Hoop Ash.
Ground Ash.
122
839
Michigan
Pansville
W.J.Beal
Wet, peaty
6237
7621
ters from end.
Crushed on'onefiice 25 millimeters
from middle.
839
737
— do
... do
....do
A.. H. Cnrtiss
...do .:
6441
6418
millimeters eccentric.
do
Privet.
737
do
.... do , . .
283
C Mohr
9058
Devil Wood.
283
do
do
do
9063
584
Florida
A H Curtiss
8777
from end.
584
do
do
do
8119
end.
BORRAGINACE.3S.
1137
do
do
Coral
10614
end.
Strong Bark.
1137
do
do
do
. do
7779
from vnd.
205 Ehretia elliptica
942
C Mohr
6078
along ^rain.
Knackaway. Anaqua.
BIGNONIACE.^.
942
540
... do
...do
...do ..
do
....do
6305
6827
die.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Catalpa. Catawba. Sean
Tree. Cigar Tree. Indian
744
A. H Curtiss
Clay
5625
Bean.
744
do
do
do
do
5012
middle on one face.
38
C S Sargent
Wet clay
6668
end.
Western Catalpa.
38
.. do
.do
do
. do .
6373
meters from end.
208. Chilopsia saligna
682
4755
Desert Willow.
VERBEXACE^E.
490
Florida
C. S. Sargent
A. H Cnrtiss
Coral
11067
knot.
Piddle Wood.
490
do
do
do
do
11000
crushing, 55°.
N rCT AGINACE^.
212. Plsonia obtnsata
474
do
do
do
5398
Pigeon Wood. Beef Wood.
Cork Wood. Pork Wood.
474
do
Key.
do ....
do
4527
end.
Crushed at knots 102 millimeters
POLYGONACE^I.
213. Coccoloba Floridana
Pigeon Plum.
473
473
... do
do
... do
do
....do
do
... do
do
12292
12383
from end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
middle and at end.
214. Coccoloba nvifera
453
do
do
do
. do
4355
Split from end to end ; badly
Sea Qrape.
LAURACE^:.
215. Persea Carolinensis
453
585
....do
do ....
....do
....do
do
....do
3900
9548
cracked in seasoning.
do
Crushed at 5 millimeters knot near
Red Bay.
585
do
do
do
do
8799
middle.
215. Persea Carolinensis, var. pal-
340
C.Mohr
Damp, sandy
5216
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
imtris.
217. Sassafras officinale . . .
340
71
....do
....do
....do
G- "W Letterman
... do
6532
6069
end.
do
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
Sassafras.
71
do
do
do
do ..
6486
middle and at ends.
Crashed at 3 millimeters knot 38
millimeters from middle.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
439
I
fcO
, *H
0
1
3
iG
PRESSURE, IN KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO PBOHUCX AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
0.35 0.51
i
0.76
1.03
1.37
1.33
1.78
3.03
3.38
3.54
4.81
3.08
1452
1669
1633
1814
1497
1315
1579
1370
1189
2273
213'J
871
1397
2744
2449
2223
2041
2087
2132
1610
1642
930
735
717
898
703
1270
2676
2948
749
880
4128
2404
2200
2359
2436
2223
1842
2504
2576
2595
2313
1960
2064
2472
2386
1746
3801
2849
2205
2749
4990
2903
3021
2703
4482
3837
3339
3066
1334
871
1152
1352
1170
2105
3991
4808
1515
1533
6260
4499
2685
2703
2626
2440
2118
2096
2685
2654
1819
3983
3084
2331
2930
5398
3212
3334
3062
4877
4146
3611
3293
1429
925
1207
1428
1229
2205
4264
5153
1669
1669
7031
4980
2849
2835
2803
2622
2214
2141
2880
2880
1842
4119
3357
2368
3066
5648
3465
3506
3212
4967
4436
3878
3447
1488
944
1257
1488
1266
2304
4491
5362
1746
1728
7303
5316
2971
2935
2980
2749
2313
2245
3094
3016
1887
4264
3583
2481
3184
5920
3742
3656
3425
5216
4681
4037
3651
1524
980
1302
1551
1320
2468
4704
5561
1778
1765
7485
5625
3075
3089
3021
2894,
2431
2345
3289
3212
1937
4336
3819
2576
3243
6123
3924
3788
3570
5371
4872
4155
3774
1579
1025
1347
1619
1356
2558
4895
5652
1787
1851
7621
5860
3175
3180
3121
3026
2531
2381
3857
3302
1982
4527
3992
2635
3375
6373
4150
4014
3710
5489
1990
4336
3901
1606
1068
1393
1660
1402
2658
5080
5942
1801
1878
8074
6123
3248
3266
3221
3130
2622
2486
3488
3438
2005
4613
4155
2717
3434
6518
4287
4110
3842
5620
5171
4477
4037
1642
1080
1402
1674
1442
2731
5162
3379
3357
3298
3243
2654
2538
3525
3561
2082
4713
4318
2753
3484
6659
4432
4246
3969
5702
5343
4572
4150
1728
1089
1438
1719
1488
2803
5216
3*78
3878
3629
3856
3148
2903
4128
4150
2295
5376
5285
2912
4078
7756
5489
5058
4763
6577
6237
5239
4926
2028
1302
1701
1960
1724
3375
Slight shearing of fibers • split at end
964
964
1001
1001
1024
1024
1030
1030
122
839
839
737
737
283
283
584
584
1137
1137
942
942
540
744
744
38
38
682
490
490
474
474
473
473
do
do
4128
3470
3107
4355
4708
2427
5489
5625
3583
4287
8523
do
Sheared fibers
do ..
2223
2277
1674
3348
2699
1837
2381
4355
2640
2867
2486
3756
3334
2790
2808
1216
848
1061
1234
1098
1851
3652
4241
1302
1325
5398
3810
Sheared fibers; split at end
Sheared fibers
Sheared fibers; split at end .
Slight shearing of fibers
do
Sheared fibers
do
.do
Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short specimen, 103
millimeters long.
Sheared fibers
6625
5262
7076
6713
5851
5443
do
do
do
do:
do
Sheared fibers; split at end; specimen 120 milli-
meters long.
1433
1878
do
Sheared fibers ; split at end
1941
3593
Sheared fibers
do
do
1796
1928
8392
6532
If05
2005
86G3
6759
1978
2177
10115
2064
Sheared fibers ; split at end
do
10796
Sheared fibers
Slight shearing ; split at end ; short specimen, 120
millimeters long.
2019
1792
1951
1551
1810
1111
3039
2608
2880
2295
1805
1792
3230
2762
3157
2481
2019
2014
3339
2803
3339
2558
2037
2068
3429
2926
3515
2631
2127
2118
3465
2994
3534
3075
3624
3125
3878
2858
2218
2322
3724
3212
3937
2980
2295
2381
3788
3252
3987
3066
2318
2400
4309
3856
4491
3538
2694
2787
4522
4196
4854
3878
2835
2808
Sheared fibers
585
585
340
340
71
71
do
do
2717
215S
2184
2794
2168
2214
do
do
do
440
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression : trltimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
217. Sassafras offioinale — continued.
387
387
446
814
814
854
854
1163
1163
703
703
468
459
459
324
324
929
929
30'
30«
120
134
134
19
19
281
281
958
958
1036
1036
1049
116
116»
1163
lie5
314
314
428
133
133
380
533
533
G. "W. Lettennan. .
do
Alluvial
do
5751
6328
0713
6418
6659
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at middle and at 64 milli-
meters from end.
Crushed at 32 and at 89 milli-
meters from end.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
do
do
do
Tennessee
West Virginia
....do
Nashville
Grafton
...do
A. Gattinger
C. G.Pringle
....do
Rich
Massachusetts
....do
Daiivers
... do
J. Robinson
....do
G. W. Lettennan..
do
Rich loam
....do
4559
5851
6341
6033
9435
8754
10410
8256
8392
7847
8414
5951
6781
7847
8573
9889
8437
8392
8641
8573
7598
6895
5851
4990
7022
5579
9049
11385
9571
7847
9571
10387
10206
7349
6895
7847
6260
7008
7892
Triple flexure
do
Triple flexure; developed inter-
secting "Cooper lines".
do
do
do
Coos bay
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
end.
Crushed in vicinity of small knots
Split suddenly from end to end
Split suddenly; oblique fracture..
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Crushed in vicinity of small knot*
JOJ millimeters from end.
Crushed at end ; cross-grained
Mountain Laurel. California
,Laurd. Spice Tree. Cagi
put. California- Olive. Cali-
fornia Bay Tree.
EUPHOEBIACE^;.
do
Florida
Tipper Metacombe
Key.
....do
A H Curtiss
Coral
Guiana Plum. White Wood.
219. Dry petes crocea, var. latifolia.
UKTICACE.&.
... do
do
....do ..
....do
....do
Dallas
do
-...do
J. Reverchon
do
....do
Cedar Elm.
4
223. TTlmuB ftilva
do
do
....do
Kentucky
do
Austin
Mercer county . . .
do
C.Mohr
....do
W. M. Linney
do
....do
....do
Deflected and crushed at end and
at 102 millimeters from end.
Sed Elm. Slippery Elm.
Moose Elm.
224. TJlmas Americana
do
Dansville
•W.J.Beal
G. "W. Lettennan . .
do ...
Gravelly
Crashed at 102 millimeters from
end.
Rich, alluvial
do
do
do
Crushed near middle in vicinity
of knot.
Deflected ; crushed at middle and
end.
Massachusetts
...do
Missouri
....do
Arnold Arboretum
....do
Allenton
... do
Drift
White Elm. American Elm.
Water Elm.
....do
G. W. Lettennan . .
....do
....do
Alluvial
Triple flexure; middle bend ec-
centric.
Crushed at middle ; deflected di-
agonally.
Crushed at knot 102 millimeters
fiom end.
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot
near middle.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
do
Triple flexure ; developed inter-
secting "Cooper lines".
Triple flexure ; middle deflection
25 millimeters eccentric.
do
Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters
fn-iu curt.
do ,.
Texas
....do
Massachusetts
....do
... do
Colorado river
....do
Danverg
....do
North Reading ,
C.Mohr
....do
J. Robinson
....do
do
....do
....do
Gravelly
....do
do
Michigan
....do
....do..
do
Dansville
Big Rapids
....do
•W. J. Beal
...do
....do
do
....do
...do
Low, gravelly
Alluvial
Bock Elm. Cork Elm. Hick-
on Elm. White Elm. Cliff
Elm.
226. TJlmusalata
...do
..do
Tennessee
South Carolina....
.. do
Tennessee
do
Crushed at 25 and at 114 millime-
ters from end.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Crushed at small knot at middle..
Crushed at 13 millimeters knot
at middle.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot
64 millimeters fiom end.
...do
Nashville
Bonneau's Depot .
....do
Davidson county .
Kemper's mill
....do
... do
....do
do
do
Wahoo. Winged Elm.
....do
A. Gattingei
C.Mohr
....do
....do
....do
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES U!NDEK COMPRESSION— Continued.
441
! HE, IK KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO 1'BODUCE AN IKDESTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF—
0.25 0.51
0.50 1.02 1.27
1.78
2.38
Remarks.
4.81 5.08
mi
1071
1452
2019
1978
2177
1078
1093
1585
1379
1551
1592
1338
1610
1293
1610
1824
1656
1796
2291 j
1338 I
1179
1111
2291
1990
1C78
j
2586
1474
1078
2381
2386
14C8
1442
188!
1111 1882
1542 1778
1270 2068
1778 1960
1275 1833
1665 2250
2699
2744
3856
1615
1588
1914
2109
1982
L':»U
2014
2068
2368
2971
2926
4854
.1652 S670 EI2K
3130 4500 519K
1315 187R 2250
2676 3393 :;B20
2076 3856 4296
2109 3765 4196
1042
1978
2i!ir.
21111
2468
2078
2164
2440
30G6
3057
5460
6768
5015
1710
1669
2055
2254
2522
2132
2259
2490
3193
3198
7145
5874
1846
1765
2168
2413
1760 |
1710
2123
2350
2377 2531
2558 ' 2621 I
2177 j 2250
2413 2468
2531 25711
3329
3334
3357
1814
1479
1932
2277
2073
2350
1905
1960
1769
1669
1669
2449
2835
2096 . 2880
3289
1687
1987
2295
2853
2563
2875
3901
2912
2495
3030
3493
1910
1619
2223
2386
2300
2699
2168
2041
1914
1715
1896
2744
3266
3198
3674
2041
2254
2740
3075
3016
3348
4:177
3606
2617
3257
3955
2477 2640
3*37 4046
4635 4890
4482 4744
2032 2223
1765 1855
2440 2576
2527 j 2685
2481 2658
2875
2877 |
2186 j
2064
1787 j
2014 I
WH
3515 i
3434
4037
2104
2971
2504
2336
2196
1882
2109
3139
3697
3697
4241
2268
6092
7439
6110
2803
4237
4699
4953
2322
1969
2667
2799
2958
3121
2645
2372
2313
1982
2214
3261
3810
3828
4527
2381
6373
7756
6396
3030
4359
5353
5163
2427
2064
2758
2976
2468
2613 2794
2971 3184 3402
3266
3198
3620
3452
3366
3842
3638
3556
4073
4677 5013 i 5243
4092 4404 4644
2708 2869 2SI71
3465 3620 3810
4264 4522 4763
3212
2753
2504
2431
2118
2304
3452
3964
4028
4695
2477
2898
3583
3765
3605
4200
1873
180 1
2209
2472
2672
2658
2336
2531
2622
3561
3561
6577
7983
6509
3166
4531
5516
5380
2522
2164
2866
3112
3089
3348
2844
2567 j
2549 j
2214
2409
3556
4046
4182:
I
4886
2576
3035
3738
3919
|
3747 !
4400
1937
1801
2259
2490
2776
2699
2427
2595
2667
3674
3628
6804
8155
6749
J982
1887
2304
2513 2884
2862 3561
274* 3139
2473 2858
2f.::5 3198
2690 2908
2250 2440 Sheared fibers
21,". Sheared fibers j split at end .
20ii* 2758 Sheared fibers
3121 do
3940 do
3334 do
3002 do
3538 Slight shearing of fibers
3756
3674
6949
8237
4300
4037
8340
9480
8256
3026
4672
4445
Sheared libers.
.do.
.do.
8845 ! do
10160
8799
3334
4690
•5797 5965
5611 5797
2667
2277
2935
3207
3207
3438
2971
2663
2608
2331
2459
3697
4109
4281
5035
2658
3125
3946
4581
1
5557 ! 5697 • 5842
4881 | 5116 5389
3030 | 3202 j 3293
3992 i 4150 4287
4937 ' 5194 5358
2744
2859
2994
3266
3334
3529
3057
2744
I
2726
2354 !
2522 j
3774
4281
4468 ,
5198
2708
3243 i
4019 i
4196
4119
4672
4300 4808
5851 6192
7212 7983
7031 8029
2948
2858
3937
4014
4250
3674
3221
2971
2971
4740
4967
5489
3266
4808
4808
4854
5825
7303
5579 6895
3348 3860
4400 5353
5557 6441
3153
4513
3357
3266
5171
5353
5874
.do
Sheared fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers
do
Slight shearing of fibers.
Sheared fibers...
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end
..do...
.do;.
.do.
.do.
Sheared fibers.
...do...
Split at ends ; fibers not sheared ; specimen 120
millimeters long.
do
Sheared fibers
do
Slight shearing of fibers.
do
...do...
Split at end : fibers did not shear
Split at end ; slight shearing of fibers.
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
...do...
.do.
.do.
Slight shearing of fibers .
6123
7689
7621
4196
5806 Slight shearing of fibers.
do
do
Sheared fibers.
7235
.do.
387
387
446
814
814
854
854
1163
1163
703
703
468
459
459
324
324
929
929
30»
30*
120
134
134
19
19
281
281
958
958
1036
1036
1049
116
11 ««
314
314
428
133
133
380
533
533
442
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
\
Species.
\
g
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com- •
pression: Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
758
Florida
Chattahoochee...
A. H. Curtiss
Rich, alluvial
6373
Triple flexure
758
918
75
... do
....do
....do
....do
....do
C.Mohr
G. "W. Lettennan
....do
....do
8328
6214
5679
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Crushed at 38 and at 102 millime-
ters from end.
Sugarberry. ffackberry.
75
306
....do
Texas
...do
Dallas
...do
Alluvial
do .
6895
5579
ters from middle.
Crushed at knot 51 millimeters
from end.
306
... do
do
... do
do
6169
agonally.
875
Tennessee
Davidson county. .
A. Gattinger
6895
nally.
375
...do
do
... do
do
7031
873
Massachusetts
Salem
J. Robinson
....do
5489
nally.
873
do
do
do
do
7303
1111
8278
nally.
1111
do
do
do .
do
8074
652
6985
millimeters from end.
lata.
Hackberry. Palo Blanco.
486
Florida
a ins.
Bay Biscayne
C. iS. Sargent.
A. H. Curtiss
Coral
3198
at end and at 102 millimeters
from end.
486
...do
do
....do
do
1996
508
....do
Boca Chica Key . .
... do
do ..
4491
meters from end.
Wild Fig. India-rubber Tree.
132
Missouri
G. W. L«tterman..
8754
Red, Mulberry.
132
...do
... do
....do
do
8483
meters from end.
433
Nashville
do
6827
fleeted diagonally.
1241
1245
1246
1255
1255
Missouri
....do
....do."
....do
...do
Allenton
....do
....do
....do
....do
G. W. Lettennan..
....do
....do
....do
....do
Upland
....do
....do
Rich
....do
6056
6169
5987
5829
5661
millimeters from end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle at 3 millimeters knot.
Crushed at 10 millimeters from
end in vieinity of small knots.
Triple flexure
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Triple flexure
253
Texas
Dallas
14107
Osage Orange. Sois d'Arc.
253
...do
....do
... do
....do
11771
ing, 50°.
PLATANACE.E.
21
C. S. Sargent
Drift ..
6759
Hycamore. Button Wood.
Button-ball Tree. Water
21
.. do
. do
... do . . .
do
5579
meters from end.
Seech.
126
126
Missouri
....do
Allenton
...do
G. W.Lett erman..
do
Rich, alluvial
do .
8233
8256
meters from end.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.
686
California
G. R. Vasey .
Clav
4491
meters from end.
Sycamore. Button Wood.
686
. do
do
. do
do
5888
from end and split along grain.
237. Platanns Wrightii . . .
648
5398
Xycamore.
648
... do
ains.
do
C. S. Sargent.
... do
do
5058
nally.
JUGLANDACE.3;.
16
C S Sargent
Drift
6169
Butternut. Whit* Walnut.
16
....do
do
... do
.. do
6396
ters from end.
76
G. "W. Lettennan
Moist alluvial
7621
end.
76
76>
123
145
393
....do
....do'
Michigan
Illinois
... do
... do
Dansviile
Waukegan
....do
...do
W. J. Beal
Eobert Douglas...
\V J Beal
....do
Rich, moist np-
land.
Gravelly clay
Alluvial
7666
6849
6123
5080
4150
end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 19 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at ISmillimetersfrom mid-
dle and at 38 millimeters from end.
1057
Drift
6373
end and at end.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
443
^Direction of grain.
PBKSSL'BK, IK KIUHMIAM8, REQUIRED TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MTLLIMETKRS, Of—
Remarks.
|
9.98
0.51 0.76
1.02
1.27
1.53
1.7$
2.03
2.38
2.54
4.81
5.08
1397
1406
1134
1415
1408
2608
mi
1724
1740
1610
1751
1G06
1573
2223
933
040
075
1751
1769
11196
11)41
1633
1860
2041
3493
2404
2699
3039
2703
2749
2812
2903
3493
817
907
1080
2440
1876
2254
2141
1769
1987
9340
3819
3003
3107
8883
3016
3026
3243
33:19
3946
862
980
1243
2699
2753
2386
2350
1796
2123
2427
4037
3216
3402
3865
3175
3320
2970
3620
4200
880
1030
1329
2840
2880
2549
2481
1973
2232
2576
4327
3488
3583
4073
3393
3565
3574
3910
4373
885
1075
1905
2926
2989
2749
2622
2858
2744
2109
2459
2799
4735
3869
3951
4450
8715
3974
3742
4309
4699
894
1161
2064
3102
3266
2994
2830
2182
2563
2F94
4899
4033
4105
4617
3924
4119
3837
4527
4994
894
1175
2123
3266
3334
3107
2971
2245
2640
3016
4980
4209
4264
4817
4064
4314
3887
4626
5071
898
1211
2191
3320
3479
3212
3094
2318
2722
4080
5180
4341
4350
4944
4110
4445
3946
4758
5262
903
1229
2313
3393
3543
3924
3810
2699
4355
4273
2903
Sheared fibers
758
758
918
75
75
306
306
375
375
873
873
1111
1111
652
486
486
508
132
132
Sheared fibers
2341
2672
4531
3683
3837
4332
3562
3742
3629
4069
4536
885
1116
2019
3062
3116
3652
6237
5421
5216
5851
4877
5126
4649
5670
6078
993
1429
2694
3833
4037
6940
6033
5829
6396
5307
5625
do ... . .
do
. do
Slight shearing of fibers
6192
6350
1039
1479
2840
4105
4518
do ... .
do
do
do
1
1524
1060
1905
1960
1905
2903
2586
1678
1492
1202
1565
1039
753
1134
934
998
1089
793
1025
839
70S
749
408
1021
1!)73
2640
231:1
2640
2313
5080
4740
2105
1982
2404
2136
1365
1071
1656
1338
1542
1452
1098
1257
1293
998
1179
508
1701
2078
2790
. 2531
2790
2531
5670
5421
2331
2177
2858
2277
ir.oi
1157
1855
1433
1588
1506
1134
1301
1361
1102
1315
599
1860
2168
2926
2676
2926
2676
5720
5606
2486
2341
3039
2377
1579
1257
19S7
1520
1669
1542
1202
1474
1433
1134
1406
617
1946
2218
3016
2875
3016
2875
5761
5851
2622
2440
3085
2440
1665
1306
2114
1619
1742
1610
1257
1015
1479
1170
1460
635
2023
2286
3184
306S
3184
3066
6010
6069
2703
2581
3134
2549
1746
1393
2191
1683
1801
1678
1306
1656
1592
1211
1492
667
2078
2409
3248
3252
3248
3252
6019
6214
2880
2527
3289
2635
1814
1479
2263
1765
1833
1719
1343
1710
1637
1243
1588
690
2127
2481
3379
3515
3379
3515
6192
6396
2985
2885
3348
2708
1846
1533
2359
1842
1905
1769
1356
1751
1710
1266
1628
708
2173
2608
3534
3652
3534
3652
6328
6432
3094
2985
3429
2762
1901
1578
2404
1887
1987
1810
1393
1783
1769
1297
1669
717
2223
2681
3674
3715
3674
3715
6423
6577
3166
3066
3488
2826
1978
1628
2495
1932
2037
1860
1461
1846
1833
1302
1715
739
2268
3157
4309
4445
4309
4445
7167
6985
3107
3583
3788
3289
2313
2019
2894
2313
2381
2127
1669
2087
2168
1479
1996
866
2481
3820
4786
4944
4786
4944
7608
6895
4423
4082
3946
1244
1245
1246
1255
1255
253
253
21
21
126
126
686
686
648
648
1«
16
76
76
76'
123
145
393
1057
.do
do
do
do .. ..
Sheared fibers ; split along grain from end to end
2486
2200
3044
2540
2590
2291
1792
2381
1633
934
2626
do ...
do
do
do
do
do .
do
Sheared fibers; split at end
do
444
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Specie*.
1
a
1
O
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression : Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
112
Allenton
G.W. Letterman..
Alluvial
9020
Crushed at middle
Black Walnut.
117
318
Michigan
.. do
Dansville
W. J. Beal
....do
Gravelly
9957
9095
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.
325
Texas
Dallas
Alluvial
8346
407
S. H. Pook
9934
middle.
766
Florida
yard.
A. H. Curtiss
Clav
9979
middle.
766
...do .
....do
....do
. do
9684
tern from middle.
951
Texas
C. Mohr
8301
951
do
do
do
do
9662
end.
415
Alluvial
5942
end.
Walnut.
415
.do
ains.
... do
do .
6532
672
G. B. Vasey
do
8256
tion.
241. Carya olivseformis
672
322
....do
county.
... do
Greenville
....do
C.Mohr
....do
do
7258
6940
end.
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at
middle.
Split at ends
Pecan. Illinois Nut.
322
. do ..
. . do
do
do
8256
326
Texas
Dallas
do
6033
secting "Cooper lines".
326
do
do
do
do
6577
242. Carya alba
3
C. S. Sargent . ...
Drift
9095
ii ally.
Shell-bark Hickory. Shag-
bark Hickory.
3
do
... do
do . .
8301
wood ; dt-flected from sap side.
292
Danville
W. M. Linney
Shale
8868
118*
W 3 Beal
Clav
11431
near middle; sap-wood.
118»
....do
....do
do . .
11567
152
G. "W. Letterman .
10160
end.
249
Wytheville
H Shriver
Clay
10478
middle.
249
.. do
do
do
do
9934
do '
531
C.Mohr
Alluvial
10342
531
do
....do
....do
do . .
8890
middle.
539
....do
....do
... do
... do
10660
Crushed at 38 and at 70 millimeters
539
816
....do
"West Virginia
...do
Grafton
....do
C G Pringle
....do
do
10514
11904
from end.
Crushed near middle
816
do
do
do
11022
end.
1056
Topsfield
9026
middle.
1056
....do
do
...do ..
do .
8609
nally toward heart; 80 per cent,
sap-wood.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
1097
G. W. Letterman . .
Alluvial
10015
nally ; 90 per cent, sap- wood
243. Carya Bulrata
91*
W. M. Linuey . . .
do
end ; 45 per cent, sap-wood.
Big Shea-bark. Bottom Shell-
bark.
383
G. "W. Letterman
do
8301
383
....do
...'do
do
... do
7802
cent, sap-wood on concave side.
Triple flexure ; 80 per cent, sap-
391
do
do
. do
do
9707
wood on convex side.
391
do .. . .
do
do
do
9571
wood on concave side.
1082
....do
do
do
.. do
7983
Triple flexure ; 50 per cent, sap-
1082
do
do
. do
do
8369
wood.
Triple flexure • 5 per cent, sap-
1164
. do
do
do
do
10592
wood.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
1165
do
do
do
do
8845
end.
Crushed at 95 millimeters from
244. Carya tomentosa
1166
1170
72
...do
do
....do
....do
... do
... do
... do
....do
8981
9231
8603
end and split along grain.
Triple flexure; 95 per cent, sap-
" wood.
Crushed at 6 millimeters from
end ; sap-wood.
Hacker Nut. Blaok Hickory.
Bull Nut. Big-bud Hick-
ory. White-Mart Hickory.
Kmg Nut.
72
...do
....do
....do
....do
8981
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
445
0.35 <>..>• O.76 1.O3 I.3T 1.53
I
5
1 452 2268
ir.lid 2223
1746 2076
1769 2740
1338 1851
1470 1951
•JS12 3701
1W>:. 2903
1769 : 2667
2518 2672
2395 2481 '
2MI4 3071
U921 3221
19C9 2073
2449 2713
39CD 4082
2890
2740
3302
2767
2576
3212
3388 : :i507
2195 j 2250
2890 3003
3212
3438
3175
•J019
953
10.!';
117(1
1951
I Big
794
I7W
3470
1928
1941
3924 419B :
224.r. 2486
2214
2468 :
2!«7 3289
3221 3878
1S82 2404
3039
3447
2336
2576
3450
4173
2744
3674
4255
3638
3338
4336
2200
2440
2C58
4377
3797
3502
4500
2830
2545
2749
2200 3357 3847 ; 40tiO
~—
•J14S 410f, 4536 5035
-!.') .1(142 4581 , 5080
-.24.-. 2711! :;2ii:i B820
221).", :;2Ci 3615 3837
3652 3765
4423 4753
2971 3103
3810 4037
4363 4559
5239 5534
5353 5652
3819 3983
4014 4150
DUCK AS INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETRES, OF—
Kemarka.
1
l.»8
3.03
3.38
3.54
4.81
5.08
2985
2776
3497
3783
2359
3121
4568
3978
3GD7
4604
2953
2022
2808
3905
4944
3202
41 «6
4717
5851
3089
2849
3579
3887
2427
3253
4649
4118
3783
4740
3039
2713
2912
4028
5080
3366
4354
4877
6078
3184
2912
3710
3955
2504
3393
4749
4264
3969
MM
3153
27«2
2976
4119
5398
.8447
4436
5035
6250
3266
2985
38C9
4042
2545
3456
47119
4432
4128
4931
3289
2894
3035
4228
5557
3538
4672
5180
6419
3561
3447
441)0
4423
2980
41'JS
54t9
5216
4899
5625
3882
3289
3438
4990
6192
4105
5285
6078
7303
3924
3615
4740
Sheared fibers
112
117
318
325
407
766
766
951
951
415
415
672
672
322
322
326
326
3
3
.. . do
do
3130
4536
5738
5897
5534
6078
Sheared fibers
do
Sheared fibers; indented section includes two 2
millimeters knots.
3538
3742
do
Sheared fibers
Sli.cbt shearing of fibers; split at end; shaky stick.
4400
5942
6668
7756
Slight shearing of fibers ; 60 per cent, sap-wood
do
5851
4150
4346
5978
I
4281
4482
6260
4427
4554
6373
4491
4695
7439
5239
5058
7938 Indented without shearing fibers ; sap-wood
5706 Sheared fibers ; splitatend
5376 Sheared fibers
29 •
118
118
1406
2813
2019
1429
2404
1656
1505 i
1657
J7W
2994
2631
1837
3062
2699
40(iO
3130
2005
3302
2576
2613
2590
4014
4264
3992
3311
462C
3207
4300
3783
3171
3652
2926
2939
3016
4513
4649
4626
3765
5171
3529
4559
4173
3620
3851
3103
3103
3198
4917
4985
5071
3924
5579
3797
4717
4495
3933
3978
3293
3243
33C6
5149
5353
5389
4060
5965
3955
4886
4786
4164
4287
3502
3447
3511
5421
5670
5715
4205
6250
4146
5017
4944
4364
4495
3652
3529
3661
5575
5920
5851
4341
6555
4355
5189
5167
4608
4695
3756
3652
3710
5761
6214
6033
4427
6E49
4463
5294
5394
4744
4808
3978
3765
3797
5987
6477
6123
4617
7212
5452
5534
4844
4940
4105
3882
3887
6114
6704
6396
4726
7439
5398
6486
6804
5715
5579
4854
4536
4527
7417
7825
7439
5489
8437
Slight shearing of fibers.
.. do...
249
249
5398
4944
4877
8142
8754
7825
5693
9163
Fibers did not shear ; split along grain 531
Fibers did not shear; splitatend 1 531
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end
Slight shearing of fibers
Sheared fibers
...do...
539
539
816
816
Indented without shearing fibers ; sap-wood 1056
1056
Slight shearing of fibers ; 40 per cent, sap-wood
Sheared fibers ; 90 per cent, sap-wood .
Sheared fibers ; 85 per cent, sap-wood.
1097
91'
2132
3334
2245
1497
2200
3837
4355
3697
3003
2790
1769 2495
2381
2381
3107
2118
3810
3493
4037
3221
4346
4854
I
4241 '
3470 i
4055
2744
4332
3819
4336
3701
4563
5239
4559
3774
4382
2840
4626
4073
4!>27
3910
4967
5751
4817
3847
4581
3016
4831
4255
4708 |
4128 !
5243
5707
5013
4209
4872
3085
5080
4509
4976
4291
5516
6159
5162
4495
5058
3289
5271
4690
5162
4482
5670
6341
5398
4649
5203
3425
5421
4877
5294
4626
5756
6532
5525
4863
5298
3479
5579
4985
5475
4790
5987
6704
5756
5058
5280
3529
5806
5116
5652
4908
7031
7825
6895
6101
6441
4037
6940
0033
6068
5761
7576
8618
7530
6691
6713
4491
7576
6782
7145
6509
Slight shearing of fibers.
.. do...
Fibers did not shear
Fibers sheared ; 80 per cent, sap-wood
Slight shearing of fibers
Sheared fibers
Slight shearing of fibers ; 80 per cent, sap-wood
Slight shearing of fibers ; sap-wood
Sheared fibers ; sap-wood
..do...
391
1082
1082
1164
1165
1166
1170
72
72
446
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OP THE
Species.
1
1
O
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression : rltiraate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
244. Carya tomentosa— continued . .
254
289
348
0
6
88
88
121
288
442
538
1051
1168
1168
153
153
838
838
237
237
129
362
362
740
740
917
917
586
665
665
8
8
32
32>
323
49
49
49>
49'
493
113
113'
113*
G. W. Letterman .
do ... .
11249
9103
9367
81C5
9095
10934
9889
9117
8754
Triple flexure ; middle deflection
. ~> millimeters eccentric; 0.5
aap*irood.
Crushed at 13 millimeters knot
102 millimeters from end.
Ttiple diagonal flexure; sap-
wood.
Failed at knot at middle; 80 per
cent, sap-wood.
Crushed at 32 millimeters from
end.
do
...do
do .
Citronolle
Arnold Arboretum
do
C.Mohr
C. S. Sargent
do
Sandy
Massachusetts
do
Drift
Pig Nut. ISrown Hickory.
Black Hickory. Switch-
bud Hickory.
*.
do
Missouri
....do
Michigan
Missouri
Tennessee
Allentou
....do
Dansville
Allcnton
Nashville
Kemper's mill
North Heading
Allenton
....do
G. "W. Letterman .
....do
\V. J. Bcal
G. "W. Letterman
A. Gattinger — .
C.Mohr
J. Robinson
G. W. Letterman.
do
Rich loam
....do
Gravelly clay
Rich loam
Triple flexure, diagonal direction;
sap-wood.
Triple flexure; middle deflection
20 millimeters from center.
Upland
8S45
10424
9526
8392
8392
Triple fle\ure ...
Alluvial .. .
do . .
Massachusetts
Drift
Flinty
do
Triple flexure ; middle deflection
2f> millimeters from center; 0.2
sap-wood.
Triple flexure ; sap-wood
do
...do
do
do
do
8210
9117
7983
8119
9253
11158
8437
7280
7439
9208
7892
6509
7666
7122
7983
9049
5579
5353
91 C3
8074
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 25
millimeters from middle.
Triple tlexure
Bitter Nut. Swamp Hickory.
do
. . do
do
do
Massachusetts
....do
South Carolina
do
Danvers
...do
Bonneau's Depot -
do
J. Robinson
...do
H. \V. Ravenel . . .
do
Rich loam
....do
Rich, swampy
do
do
Crushed at knots near middle
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
middle; cross-grained.
Triple flexure, diagonal deflec-
tion: 80 per cent, sap-wood on
convex side.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally ; middle bend 25 millime-
ters from center ; sap-wood.
Triple flexure ; sap-wood
Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters
from end.
Fibers crushed at 6 millimeters
knots 102 millimeters from end.
Triple flexure, diagonal deflec-
tion.
Fibers crushed at 64 millimeters
from end.
Niltmeg Hickory.
248. Carya aqnatica
Water Hickory. Swamp
Hickory. Bitter Pecan.
MYBICACE-a:.
...do
....do
Vicksburg
do
....do
C.Mohr
do
Swampy
do
A. H. Curtiss
do
Alluvial
do
do
do
Florida
Chattahoochce ....
....do
Saint John's river
C.Mohr
....do
A. H. Curtiss
G. 1 : n _ > •! maim and
C. 8."Sargent.
....do
....do
....do
....do
California
Bayberry. Wax myrtle.
250. Myrica Californica .
Crashed fibers at 51 millimeters
from middle.
CUPTJLIFER.a5.
do
do
do
Massachusetts
... do
Arnold Arboretum
do
Drift
Deflected and split along grain . . .
Triple flexure; split along grain ..
White Oak.
... do
do
Mercer county
W.M. Linney
do
Limestone
Shale . .
do
do
....do
.. do
....do
G.W. Letterman..
...do
....do
....do
....do
TV. J. Beal
....do
....do
Slate
Rich upland
....do
....do
....do
....do
Gravelly
Sandy
....do
7779
9163
7702
8437
7825
8301
6781
8437
7303
Triple flexure 19 millimeters from
end.
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
...do
...do
Big Rapids
Dansville
..do
i
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
....do
....do
do
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UKDEll COMPRESSION— Continued.
447
t
«•-
o
g
!
p
i
PKKSBUI1E, IX KI1.OCKASIS, ItKQl'lKKll TO 1'KODUCK AN ISDEKTATIOK, IN MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
1
0.25
O.51
0.70
1.02
4481
3756
4445
4854
3810
5370
5307
2132
1.27
1.52
1.78
2.03
2.28
2.54
I.M
5.08
MM
2268
•j;::.u
L'54U
I: D5
2048
2!I71
1170
3788
3243
8742
4119
3198
4400
4413
17CO
4246
3547
4150
4559
3011
4990
4090
1928
4662
3983
4602
sin
4073
5661
5602
2259
4831
4200
4831
5307
4300
5924
5800
2413
5013
4332
5013
5512
4527
0105
6010
2531
5149
4486
5216
5670
4072
6386
6169
2613
5280
4604
5421
5851
4854
6577
0341
2703
5412
4708
5588
5933
4980
6759
6568
2849
6305
6623
254
289
348
6
6
88
88
12J
288
442
538
1051
1168
1168
153
153
838
838
237
237
129
362
362
740
740
917
917
586
665
665
8
8
32
32*
32«
49
49
49'
49"
49*
113
113»
US'
Sheared fibera; split at end; specimen 120 millime-
ters long.
Sheared fibers ; sap-wood
6509
6782
7167
7167
6159
8523
8483
3583
Slight shearing of fibers; 40 per cent, sap-wood
do...
7802
7756
3348
Fibers did nut shear ; sap-wood
.do....
m
H
2041
3130
2586
2041
2449
1315
2032
2132
1111
1792
2812
1474
2890
2109
2449
2590
1678
1406
1293
1325
1474
1343
2041
2404
1384
1951
1542
1951
1442
2313
2313
»97 j
1678 i
1515
3583
4473
4173
3742
4173
2744
3130
2904
2789
3674
4082
2667
4459
3366
4028
4028
2903
2608
1973
2449
2232
1946
3239
3588
2041
2563
2767
3357
2722
3221
3293
1774
2486
2:M1
4191
5017
4717
4281
4C95
3379
3484
3811
3397
4486
4409
3089
4990
3633
4740
4572
3221
3026
2132
2707
2518
2059
3388
4042
2291
3035
3130
8484
3057
3456
3556
1932
2694
2513
4527
5294
5035
4527
4926
3697
3751
3475
3797
4899
4667
3420
5285
3910
5225
5013
3465
3216
2223
2976
2713
2218
3488
4445
2440
3266
3329
3751
3311
3583
3P01
2050
2890
2581
4831
5525
5307
4049
5149
3828
4073
3020
3992
5194
4890
3538
5470
4057
5479
5316
3583
3339
2304
3198
2835
2313
3570
4808
2563
3379
3552
3946
3E06
3738
3909
2109
3012
2654
5058
5738
5557
4899
5262
4032
4350
3751
4296
5421
5198
3720
5851
4196
5690
5625
3738
3475
2486
3348
2926
2354
3633
5080
2699
3447
3774
4114
3701
3865
4173
2168
3207
2713
5285
5969
5779
5067
5579
4146
4427
3910
4527
5634
5389
3915
6023
4386
5946
5887
3819
3593
2545
3479
3057
2499
3742
5330
2867
3583
3837
4332
3937
3978
4309
2263
3298
2776
5516
6149
5933
5248
5770
4314
4672
4037
4681
5738
5525
3974
6101
4522
6214
6023
3910
3620
2649
3615
3130
2581
3842
5539
2980
3692
4119
4495
4105
4110
4495
2400
3397
2890
5702
6314
6159
5512
5878
4445
4804
4150
4904
5996
5715
4223
6310
4672
5883
6382
0373
5606
6069
4545
4895
4219
5035
6164
5851
4296
6423
4877
6509
6419
4119
3738
2758
3797
3379
2722
4046
5906
3139
3819
4409
4872
4482
4296
4826
2427
3588
3075
6849
7521
7485
6509
7031
5376
5738
4980
7303
8047
8097
7054
7648
5851
6292
5489
Slight shearing of fibers.. .
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
7303
6895
4831
7190
5693
7553
7553
4672
4219
3311
4400
3847
3166
4445
6713
8006
7394
5479
7756
6169
7892
8210
5035
4513
3706
4740
4173
3529
4672
7212
Sheared fibers
do
do
Sheared fibers
6292
3983
3697
2713
3710
3257
2672
3951
5711
3075
3729
4268
4672
4309
4200
4686
2368
3481
3030
do
do
do
do.. .
Sheared fibers; 3 millimeters knot in indented sec-
tion.
do
do
do
4219
5080
5851
8282
4922
5670
2740
4219
3434
4653
5987
5579
5353
6056
2953
4513
3810
Sheared fibers . .
do
do
do
do
4-13
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression : Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
251. Qnercna alba— continued
238
238
250
250
251
251
259>
259»
403
403
443
547
647
748
749
749
895
895
1050
1050
1257
1257
670
670
985
985
988
988
1027
1027
1029
1029
371
37»
151
151
256
351
351
771
771
417
417
525
525
79
79s
South Carolina
....do
Bonneau's Depot -
....do
H. W. Eaveuel . . .
...do
Kich, damp loam . .
do
10024
9617
10026
9889
7576
6940
9730
8437
8799
9049
6532
8890
9526
8663
8119
7847
7621
6396
7485
7303
9480
8392
7053
6532
7892
8256
262. Qnercns lobata
C rualicd at 89 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 13 millimeters from
middle.
Crushed at middle; split perpen-
dicular to i ings.
Crushed on one face at 25 milli-
meters from middle.
Crushed at 1C millimeters knot
51 millimeters from cml.
Virginia . . .
Wvtheville
H. Shriver . ..
Clay.
....do
... do ...
do ..
. do
....do
. do
do
....do
do
do
....do
... .do
Maryland
....do
t
....do
CharlestoTvn Navy-
yard.
do
..do
....Uo
S. H. Pook . . .
Gravelly
....do
do
Fibers crushed in oblique lines
at middle and at ends.
Fibers crushed at 32 millimeters
from end.
Deflected at 102 millimeters from
end ; split at end.
Triple flexure; middle bend 25
millimeters from center.
do
Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters
from end.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally: knot at middle.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end; split from end to end per-
pendicular to rings.
Split from end to end, opening
sensou cracks.
Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters
from < nd.
....do
...do
Nashville
A. Gattinger
C.Mohr
Alabama
Alluvial
...do
Florida
...do
Cbattahoochee
...do
do
.. do
A. H. Cnrtiss
...do
do
....do
Clay
....do
do
...do
....do
Massachusetts
....do.
M. C.Beedle
do
....do
...do ...
North Beading . . .
do ..
do
Charlestown Navy.
yard.
... do
S. H. Pook
do
do
Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters
from end.
Crushed at 6 millimeters knots
31 millimeters from < ml.
Crushed at end in vicinitj of knots .
Triple flexure ; bearing defective.
do
Redding
G.E. Vasey
do
Gravelly loam
do
White Oak. Weeping Oak.
253. Quercus Garryanr.
do .
do
"Weidler's saw-mill
... do
G. Engclmannand
C. S. Sargent.
do
White Oak.
254. Quercus obtusiloba
.. do
... do
....do
Portland
....do
....do
do
Rick loam
do
7847
7430
8483
8483
8754
Triple flexure, deflected toward
heart.
Triple flexure, deflected from
heart.
Crushed at 127 millimeters from
end and split along grain.
....do
do
Portland Furniture
Company.
do
. do
do
....do
....do
...do
do
....do
...do
do
7530
7462
6541
10002
8799
8437
6078
6305
8618
7870
7439
do
Harrodsburg
....do
Bonneau's Depot . .
....do
Allen ton
Citronelle
do
W.M. Linney
....do
H. W. Eavenel
....do
G. "W. Letterman..
C.Mohr
do
Shale
do
Post Oak. Iron Oak.
255. Quercus uudulata, car. Gam-
belli.
Scrub Oak.
256. Qnercus macrocarpa
Burr Oak. Mossy-cup Oak.
Over-cup Oak.
....do
South Carolina ...
....do
Missouri
Alabama ... .
...do
Rich upland
...do
Clay
...do
do
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at
middle.
Triple flexure
do
do
Triple flexure ; split along grain. .
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end and split along grain.
Cruslic'l at G millimeters knot
102 millimeters from end.
.. do ...
Florida
A. H. Curtias
...do
Gravelly barrens .
...do
... do
....do
Pinos Altos mount-
ains,
do
do
....do
do
7961
CC91
4581
8392
8119
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle at 3 millimeters knot.
Triple flexure; split along urain. .
Crushed at knots 32 millimeters
from middle (dry rot).
Engelmaun's canon
....do
Mercer county
....do
Robert Douglas. . .
...do
W. M. Linney
...do
Rocky
....do
Kentucky
....do
....do
Alluvial
....do
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
4.49
Direction of {train, j
PKEBBUKE, IN KILOOBAM6, 11EQUIKEU TO FKOUUCK AX INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF —
lie-marks.
Office number.
•.90
0.51
o.re
1.O3
Lit
1.52
l.rs 3.03
3.38
3.54
4.81
5.0S
2744
1633
2008
1633
2313
1438
1860
1882
2189
1483
1996
•J427
1951
989
MM
IMS
2109
1179
2H13
1941
1438
2223
1384
18*)
2313
2041
4482
189fi
2214
1588
18%
883
2245
I92S
3357
1619
2123
KSt
1547
2250
240.->
1778
I860
2032
2291
2141
2214
29
3574
2341
::447
2200
3085
3815
2767
2495
2449
1087
2980
3130
2812
1969
3579
2604
3311
1951
3639
2699
2985
2858
2233
2459
3352
2998
3493
2C76
3797
2767
3833
2295
3284
3375
4563
2076
3379
3810
2449
3479
3928
2971
2785
3447
3747
2803
3057
FOR
4014
2617
3760
2504
3311
3016
2829
2753
2208
3071
3402
3134
2631
3974
2967
3311
2186
4001
3039
5212
3289
2581
2685
3615
3289
3742
2794
4119
3302
4110
2812
3515
3983
5017
3316
3842
4237
2WJ
3887
4400
3257
3112
3833
4146
3021
3334
4250
2880
4019
2703
3447
2567
3357
2849
2948
2023
3162
3633
3429
2976
4341
3248
3389
2336
4300
3284
3447
3470
2799
2862
3837
3434
3882
2980
4291
3567
4827
2912
3742
4309
5234'
3765
4228
4482
2921
4110
4704
3529
3438
4042
4377
3275
3470
4. ->45
3094
1300
2894
3488
27-U
BBM
3026
3021
2150
am
3978
3683
3239
4672
3502
35C1
2440
4536
3538
3574
3611
3016
3012
4028
3742
4024
3157
4491
3788
4454
3080
3992
4004
5579
4095
4477
4681
3107
4305
4899
3792
3724
4246
4527
3484
3633
4735
3248
4468
3153
3615
van
3162
3166
2803
3343
4223
3901
3497
4881
3097
3656
2527
4763
3720
3701
3751
3230
3180
4182
3905
4246
B2B7
4605
3946
4613
3125
4264
4886
5823
4454
4740
4872
3316
4527
5080
4037
3933
4436
4644
3647
3747
4976
3434
4658
3320
3738
3048
3933
3334
3293
2967
3429
4445
4119
3692
5076
3842
3751
2645
5035
3905
3842
3892
3388
3307
4346
4155
4305
3425
4831
4110
4753
3201
4436
5062
6110
4763
•4944
5062
3425
4658
5307
4218
OK
4559
4813
3801
3937
5153
3629
4799
3465
3833
3166
4078
3465
3411
3048
3479
4790
4273
3856
5334
3983
' 3833
2731
5225
4105
4010
3983
3574
3438
4495
4300
4391
3497
4990
4264
4922
3402
4581
5398
6314
5035
5144
5271
3538
4744
5466
4423
4432
4736
4953
3910
4105
:.:i2.-. 51H»
3705 3891
.•,017 5194
ecu
4500
B214
7031
Slight shearing of fibers . .
238
238
250
250
251
251
259'
259'
403
403
443
547
547
748
749
749
895
895
1050
1050
1257
1257
670
670
985
985
988
988
1027
1027
1029
1029
37
37
151
151
256
351
351
771
771
417
417
525
525
79
79*
6759
do
3887
3248
4228
3583
3488
3157
3570
4990
4450
3964
3357
4200
3092
3583
8262
3633
4740
4595
4355
3901
5103
4899
4400
1628
do
do
4250
Split ;it t-lltl
4037
6260
5625
7045
6033
Split at end
5525
4092
3887
2817
5271
4255
4114
1042
3724
3588
4626
4427
4527
3674
5126
4427
5062
3525
4749
5570
6482
5339
5298
5398
3710
4953
4643
4581
4599
4863
5067
4033
4273
5738
4240
3900
2903
5470
4404
4246
4128
3842
3710
4758
4527
4053
3792
5252
4495
5194
3647
4890
5747
6664
5579
5466
5489
3819
5002
5711
4704
4708
5013
5216
4101
4350
6759
4944
4545
3434
6704
5398
4890
4513
4617
4332
5670
5579
5330
4377
6123
5398
6069
3856
5761
6804
'7756
7391
5380
4854
3765
7235
5942
5376
4890
4854
6214
5878
5897
4795
6600
do
Sheared fibers .
do . .
Sheared fibers ... .
do
do
do
6386
6214
7621
8119
do
,lo
6396
6396
4473
5606
6359
5398
5534
5942
6105
4763
5216
6872
4990
5860
6600
5992
6010
6305
6532
5171
5606
do
do
do
Slight shearing of fibers
450
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
slr-'iiutti, in kilos.
Remarks.
256. Quercns macrocarpa— cont'd..
137
143
310
310
432
831
933
933
1071
1072
1073
424
424
545
545
762
762
12
12
54
54
542
543
846
846
240
240
524
524
755
755
31
31'
35
434
925
925
34
34!
273
2S7
323
-514
514
688
688
G. "W. Letterman ..
Robert Douglas . . .
J. Reverchon
....do
A. Gattinger
M.S.Bebb
C.Mohr
do
Huist upland
Rich
Rich, moist
...do
Alluvial
Loam
Alluvial
8754
TOT.;
8609
8709
7255
8256
7053
6613
7983
do
Texas
Dallas
....do
Nashville
Winnebago county
Austin
do
...do
Tennessee
Illinois
Crushed at middle of one face
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Crushed at 19 millimeters from
end.
Crushed in vicinity of 3 millime-
ters knot.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Texas
do
do
C. G. Pringle
do
do
do
7326
7938
5511
7303
8523
8754
7756
9344
7530
7212
8596
8596
7983
8437
7022
7421
6418
7756
7847
7983
7938
8346
8777
9208
10569
5942
9299
7892
7938
11022
8663
9276
9163
0117
!)2.->3
8709
9117
do
do
do
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Split obliquely across the grain ;
cross-grained.
Nashville
A. Gattinger
....do
C.Molir
....do
A. H. Curtiss
Low
....do
Alluvial
....do
do
Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post
Oak. Water White Oak.
....do
...do
Kemper's mill
...do
Chattahoochee
...do
Arnold Arboretum
...do
Alk'iit'in
....do
do
Crushed at middle of one face
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
CrHfhed near middle; stick worm-
eaten.
....do
....do
Massachusetts
....do
Missouri
....do
do
....do
C. S. Sargent
....do
G. "W. Letterman . .
....do
....do
....do
Drift
....do
Alluvial
....do
....do
Triple flexure ; split along grain. .
Swamp White Oak.
Triple, flexure ; split along grain ..
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Fibers crushed at 04 millimeters
from end.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
do
.. do
....do
....do
Massacbusetta
do
West Newbury...
Arnold Arboretum
Bonnean's Depot .
....do
Kemper's mill
....do
Chattahoochee
....do
Boyle county
do
Low, swampy
Drift
Alluvial
....do
....do
....do
. do
C. S. Sargent
H. W. Eavenel
....do
C.Mohr
....do
A. H. Curtiss
South Carolina . . .
....do
Triple flexure ; split along grain..
do
Basket Oak. Cow Oak.
....do
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Triple flexure at 8 millimeters
knot 102 millimeters from end of
concave side; split nt end.
Triple, flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Crushed fibers at middle
....do
....do
W. M. Linney ....
do
....do
Shale
Chestnut Oak. Rock Chest-
nut Oak.
do
do
Crushed fibers at end
do
do
do
Crushed fibers at 32 and at 127
millimeters from end.
Tennessee
Nashville
Cullman
do
A. Gattinger
C.Mohr
do
Rocky upland
Dry, rocky
•
.do
Crushed fibers at 7G millimeters
from end.
Split at end ; cross-grained
do
Mercer county
W. M. Linney
....do
Limestone
"Waverly shale —
Triple flexure: middle bend 25
millimeters from center; de-
flected from hr;ut.
Crushed at !> millimeters knot 89
millimeters 1'roin end.
Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak.
Chinquapin Oak.
4
do
G. "W. Letterman .
....do
J. Reverchon
A. Gat linger
....do
G. II. Vasey
....do
....do
....do
Dallas
Flinty
Triple flexure, deflec ted from
bent.
Deflected 76 millimeters from end
and split along grain.
Triple, flexure, deflected toward
heart
do
Calcareous
Nashville
....do
Contra Costa
county.
do
Alluvial
....do ;.
Clay
....do
....do
California
Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters
from middle.
Crushed fibers near middle
Mountain White Oak. Blue
Oak.
...do ...
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
451
Diroi tiou of grain. I
1'RKBSUKE, IN KILOGRAMS, REQUIHKI) TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN JIIL1.JMKTEIIB, OF—
Remarks.
Ottico number.
O.35
<>.•>!
0.76
1.03
i.'jr
1.53
1.»H
3.O3
3.38
3.54
4.81
5.08
m
2G78
74!)
11711
1678
1%0
1542
1789
1078
2078
2744
1996
2858
2481
1452
2078
2041
1461
1905
1343
1687
3887
2670
2254
2790
2835
2549
2849
2926
3556
3456
2885
4500
4105
1796
2971
2631
2059
2640
2073
2776
2921
2368
3239
3198
2767
3030
2540
2050
3656
2994
3206
2177
3452
3329
2676
2980
2989
3166
3847
3348
4:ui
3184
2654
2980
2983
2858
3148
3366
3996
3652
3280
5189
4749
2068
3320
2926
2313
2740
2322
3071
3329
3529
2586
3652
3538
3044
3402
2867
2341
4092
3434
3583
2504
3670
3397
3039
3325
3311
3593
4219
3697
4817
3420
2812
3134
3166
2967
.3361
3574
4336
3937
3470
5606
5162
2254
3574
3180
2563
2908
2495
3311
3683
3683
2744
3919
3856
3339
3720
2948
2572
4482
3847
3674
2713
4042
3674
3270
3520
3402
3783
4495
3951
5167
3588
3080
3356
3393
3134
3484
3715
4604
4150
3701
5847
6010
2422
3833
3366
2722
3094
2676
3579
3955
3792
2935
4196
4046
3547
3978
3130
2776
4744
4173
3901
2921
4300
3842
3434
3720
3561
3992
4854
4164
5403
3792
3230
3535
3525
3248
3665
3856
4944
4341
3882
6196
5869
2617
3996
3529
2985
3230
2844
3742
4196
3942
3094
4445
4287
3674
4150
3280
2930
4990
4409
3992
3075
4531
3983
3574
3878
3701
4196
5103
4386
5622
3933
3434
3692
3638
3456
3779
4028
5035
4518
4114
6373
6112
2790
4114
3661
3157
3370
2976
4014
4500
3983
3248
4604
4626
3878
4486
3447
3116
5171
4672
4119
3239
4626
4037
3720
4033
3842
4382
5262
4563
5915
4042
3602
8791
3792
3624
2882
4155
.V.'.VJ
4613
4291
6500
6364
2935
4296
3751
3329
8534
3125
4178
4717
4237
3388
4735
4786
4028
4658
3606
3261
5416
4908
4191
3379
4886
4146
3856
4160
3928
4559
5498
5753
6033
4178
3801
3937
3919
3756
3964
4237
5430
4799
4391
6600
6559
3062
4436
3882
3438
3615
3261
4350
4944
4332
3529
4944
4971
4146
4849
3720
3375
5615
5126
4300
3479
4967
4191
3978
4287
4024
4708
5670
4904
6260
4355
3910
4028
3983
3901
4064
4314
5579
4969
4513
6722
6695
3157
4590
3933
3593
3729
3348
4554
5149
4441
3661
5098
5158
4309
5008
3842
3461
5793
5294
4366
3638
5262
4246
4073
4436
4150
4872
5838
5107
7.130
7938
137
143
310
310
432
831
933
933
1071
1072
1073
424
424
545
545
762
762
12
12
54
54
54"
54»
840
846
240
240
524
524
755
755
31
31'
35
434
925
925
34
34»
273
28 1
323
514
514
6S8
688
Short spci inien, 120 millimeters long ; split at ends . .
4717
4653
4881
4690
47<W
5062
6577
6078
5307
7847
7666
3720
5443
4559
4336
4346
5126
B168
5353
Sheared fibers
5058
5307
7145
6668
5806
8119
8074
Slight shearing offibera
do
do
do
do
do
5806
4990
Sheared fibers
do
do . .
5479
6169
5035
4355
6978
6123
5080
6033
4382
4028
6849
6260
4795
6459
5625
2313
1628
2091
1951
1946
2359
1896
1202
3057
I860
2155
1542
1860
2245
1452
1656
1588
1624
2613
2223
6459
6759
do
6577
4332
7394
6827
Slight shearing of fibers ... .
do
Split at ends
5652
4990
4626
5035
4831
5706
7031
5851
5285
do
do
5298
Slight shearing of fibers
7756
6600
Sheared fibers
Sheared fibers ; indented section covers 3 millimeters
knot.
m ii7°
2404
HI! 2767
H 1769
2767
3892
4808
•3720
3425
4281
5942'
4491
3765
4559
6373
4990
3969
4804
6713
5262
4164
5044
7008
5466
4436
5216
7248
5797
4527
5398
7512
5942
4717
5579
7756
6214
4877
5747
7928
6396
5829
6985
9026
7666
6169
7439
9934
8392
do
do
452
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OP THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression : Ultimate |
strength, iu kilos.
Remarks.
655
San Diego county -
G.B.Vasey
Dry, gravelly
6260
Stick shattered at seasoning
White Oak.
655
do
do
do
do
7621
cracks.
698
7666
soning cracks.
White Oak.
1103
Texas
ains.
C. S. Sargent.
S. B. Buckley
Damp, calcareous
9140
millimeters from end.
1103
1103
....do
do
....do
do
....do
do
... do
do
7892
8618
Crushed at knots 51 millimeters
from end.
404
S. H. Pook
10478
ters from end.
Live Oak.
799
do
yard.
A H Curtias
9707
grained.
799
919
...do
....do
....do
C.Mohr
....do
Rich, sandy
9934
81C5
from middle and at 25 millime-
ters from end.
Triple flexure; developed inter-
secting "Cooper lines".
019
954
...do
....do
....do
do
....do
8936
6577
side.
Crushed fibers at middle, 6 milli-
meters from knot.
do
do
do
do
7439
millmietors from end.
649
California
W. G. Wright
8845
Crashed fibers at 32 millimeters
Live Oak. Maul Oak. Tal-
649
do
do
do
9480
from middle.
653
653
654
...do
...do
11 :n in county
....do
G.R.Vasey
....do
Gravelly
....do
9072
7485
6759
Crushed at knot 51 millimeters
from middle.
Crushed at knot 64 millimeters
from end.
Slack Oak.
270. Quercus acri folia
663
California
ains.
Murin county
C. S. Sargent.
G.R. Vasey
6985
Crushed at two 6 millimeters knots
Enceno, Coast Live Oak.
663
...do
do
....do
....do
....do
7847
8052
10 and 57 millimeters from end,
Cni'-hed libers at 57 millimeters
from middle.
Live Oak.
685
do
do
do
9004
7
C S Sargent
Drift
9G17
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
Bed Oak. Black Oak.
7
45
....do
....do
....do
W. M. Linney . . .
....do
Shale
10093
6895
end ; opened gr.iin.
Crushed at 32 millimeters from
end.
Triple flexure, deflected parallel
45
45*
89
....do
...do
....do
....do
.. .do
....do
....do
....do
7621
6G23
10705
to rings.
Triple flexure, deflected parallel
to lings.
Crushed at ?>± millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
89
92
....do
....do
Mercer county
....do
W. M. Linney
....do
Alluvial
10524
6917
end.
Crushed at 19 and at 89 millimeters
from end.
Triple flexure, deflected perpen-
140
W. J Beal
7122
dicular to rings.
Crashed at end; splitting of wedge-
141
146
...do
Illinois
....do
....do
....do
7031
5625
shaped piece; cross-grained.
Crushed fit end and at 25 milli-
meters from middle.
Crushed at G millimeters knot 51
215
C. G. Pringle
.do
8663
millimeters from end.
Triple flexure, deflected toward
do
9208
heart.
do
9026
217
....do
.... do
....do
....do -'.
do
7802
8981
Triple flexure, deflected parallel
to rings.
I
920
Enterprise
C.Mohr
Alluvial
C396
Crushed fibers at 25 millimeters
920
....db
....do
... do
....do
Drift
5579
9957
from middle.
Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters
from end.
Triple flexure; middle bend 25
1043
931
....do
....do
... do
C Molir ...
....do
Calcareous
9063
9321
millimeters from center.
Crushed at end and at 202 milli-
meters from end.
Crushed at knots 114 millimeters
Red Oak.
931
752
....do
Florida
....do
....do
A,H.Curtiss
....do
Clay
9299
8074
from end.
Triple flexure ; middle deflection
25 millimeters from center.
Triple flexure, diagonal deflection.
Scarlet Oak.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDBE COMPRESSION— Continued.
453
10 UOI|. I.UI<]
iMiKssri'.E, ix KII.OC;KAMS, KEQUIKED TO PRODUCE AX INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS. OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
0.23
O.51
o.r«
6305
-.171
4896
4354
4332
1.02
i.2T
1.52
1.78
2.03
2.28
2.54
4.81
5.08
1724
21159
2472
22HO
2631
4717
4309
4219
3828
3856
7349
0761
5398
4626
4667
7983
6078
5829
4940
4904
8437
6477
5987
5071
5216
8981
6795
6214
5353
5466
9390
7P81
6419
5489
5643
9707
7372
6623
5657
5806
9979
7566
6777
5806
5987
1157
1293
Sheared fibers
655
655
698
1103
1103
1103
404
799
799
919
919
954
954
649
649
653
653
654
663
663
685
685
7
7
45
45
45>
89
89
92
140
141
146
215
215
217
217
218
920
920
1043
1043
931
931
752
7870
6377
7122
7031
7666
Slight shearing of fibers
do .
I
:n:;o
1724
1701
2449
1769
1879
1610
2563
1633
2087
1910
2758
1424
1520
2313
1415
1637
1043
1905
871
1084
1796
2109
2132
1869
1678
1778
1951
nil
1837
1769
1905
1560
1084
1565
1724
2495
2109
1120
5534
:)74L>
2971
1468
3311
3629
2994
4001
4128
3602
3456
4672
2676
2604
3856
2«86
2295
2046
2168
1651
1851
2976
2880
2540
2014
2254
2576
2404
2245
2522
2454
2631
1910
1678
2118
2409
3310
3438
2527
6441
4445
3579
50feO
3856
4400
3769
4445
4922
4187
3978
5693
3393
3030
4454
3116
2495
2395
2286
1955
1955
3393
3153
2862
2164
2372
2722
2558
2531
2699
2672
3012
1951
1787
2418
2703
4332
3882
2899
6782
4S122
3892
5398
4146
4908
4150
4677
5421
4495
4364
6283
7122
5176
4259
5657
4436
5252
4391
4971
5625
4844
4877
6646
4060
3479
5058
3665
2899
2744
2440
2136
2123
3892
3543
3171
2422
2681
3026
3003
2899
2944
2989
3329
2141
1869
2767
3484
4971
4359
3234
7358
5470
4491
5851
4563
5602
4744
5289
5965
5107
4971
7576
5706
4753
6060
4922
5874
5053
5557
6141
5280
5248
7303
4626
3797
5643
4082
3206
3075
2690
2313
2295
4359
3983
3543
2803
2944
3293
3397
3193
3166
3212
3665
2263
2041
2985
3307
5407
4844
3674
7802
5920
4999
G223
5053
6128
5339
5720
6332
5512
5570
7621
4881
3960
5851
4264
3479
3289
2785
2468
2350
4500
4209
3656
2890
3021
3420
3588
3316
3243
3343
3701
231S
2105
3134
3438
5489
5062
4291
7970
6105
5285
6332
5280
6314
5584
5878
6609
5733
5702
7870
5116
4092
6005
4482
3692
3434
2817
2536
2481
4653
4355
3851
3003
3130
3525
3756
3393
3388
3452
3797
2354
2164
3225
3570
5711
5252
4037
8265
6382
5543
6513
5362
6577
5856
6078
6745
5929
5929
8192
5312
4223
6250
4695
3783
3488
2875
2599
2536
4854
4491
3951
3075
3175
3611
3937
3461
3570
3570
3946
2440
2209
3302
3629
5856
5380
4160
9117
7666
6940
7462
10047
8415
7C66
7*02
Sheared fibers
Slight shearing of fibers
do
8097
7439
6985
7892
7212
7054
9594
6577
5013
7457
5398
4445
4033
3366
3021
2958
5715
5398
4559
3774
3783
4309
5058
4164
4264
4264
8845
8188
7621
8483
7924
8006
Slight shearing of fibers
do
do
do
do ...
. ..do . .
4377
3665
5421
3896
3157
2939
2586
2286
2232
4033
3783
3379
2626
2785
3171
3588
3075
3075
3121
3543
2209
1978
2908
3175
5252
4563
3438
7258
5670
7919
6305
3212
4854
3402
2694
2622
2400
2028
1987
3683
3357
2971
2322
2518
2858
2835
2767
2753
2808
3166
2028
1833
2549
3334
4772
4146
3071
do
do
do
do
3674
3357
do
4990
3901
5851
Sheared fibers
do ...
Split at end ; short specimen, 120 millimeters long . .
2894
2622
3166
2869
do
4445
6568
6668
5112
4854
7349
7439
5715
Fibers did not shear
454
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
•
17
17
36
36=
3<P
74
74
86
244
244
247
247
437
628
628
963
963
268
339
131
131
245
245
265«
265"
548
548
342
342
770
770
47
47
282
282
264'
264s
264>
349
349
511
511
742
742
756
756
Massachusetts
do
Arnold Arboretum
do
C. S. Sargent . ...
Drift
8890
9081
7530
9617
7326
8890
Crushed at, end, also at 102 milli-
mcters from end.
Crushed fibers near middle
Crushed 51 millimeters from end
at 3 millimeters knot.
Crushed fibers on one face at 13
millimeteis from middle.
Dellerted and split along grain
from end to middle.
Triple flexure, deflected parallel
to rings.
Slack Oak. Yellow-baric
Oak. Quercitron Oak.
Yellow Oak.
(In
do
Kentucky
do
Danville Junction W. M. Linney
Shale
. . do
....do
Missouri
do
do ....do
A Hen ton G. W. Letterman . .
Slate
do
....do
Virginia
— do
Wytheville
...do
... do
H. Shriver
...do ..
....do
Clay
....do
8256
5534
5103
8663
9562
768!)
8233
8301
6396
5806
7766
8142
9208
9163
9730
10093
9698
9081
10006
9276
6809
7734
7212
7507
8437
8156
6895
7961
7974
7802
7530
Triple flexure, deflected from
heart
Triple flexure, deflected parallel
to rings.
Crushed and split at end; brittle..
Crushed at 13 and at 7Cmillimeters
from end. ,
Crushed at end
('rushed at 19 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
do
do
do
do
. do
....do
Tennessee
....do
Nashville .
Saw-mill, Ashland
do
do
A. Gattin"er
... do
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent,
do . .
Black Oak.
do
....do
do
Eugene City
... do
G H Collier
Crushed and splintered at end —
.. do
Missouri
Alabama
South Carolina
....do
A lien ton
Citronelle
Bonneau's Depot. .
... do
Wytheville
....do
G. W. Letterman. .
C.Mohr
H. W. Ravenel
....do
H. Shriver
....do
Clay
Sandy . . ..
Triple flexure
Black Jack, jack Oak.
Crushed in vicinity of small knots.
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 25 and at 102 milli-
meters from end.
Crushed at 19 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.
Crushed on one face at 23 millime-
ters from middle and at end.
Crushed at J02 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at end and at 114 milli-
meters from end.
Crushed at K9 millimeters from
end.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Triple flexure: split along grain..
Triple flexure ; knot at middle
Crushed at end and at 3 millimeters
knot 51 millimeters from end.
Rich loam :
Spanish Oak. Bed Oak.
....do
Clay
....do
do
do
do
do
... do
....do
Kemper's mill
....do
Cottage Hill
....do
C.Mohr
....do
do
....do
....do
....do
Barren, sandy
do
Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak.
Forked-leaf Slack Jack.
Jilack Jack.
do
do
do
A H. Curtiss
do
do
Missouri
G. W. Letterman..
....do
do
Rich, alluvial
....do
do
Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish
Oak. Water Oak.
....do
....do
do
do
....do
Virginia
....do
Carroll county
do
....do
H. Shriver
do
....do
do
do
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle on one face.
do
Water Oak. Duck Oak. Pos-
sum Oak. Punk Oak.
do
do
do
do
Cottage Hill
do
C. Mohr
do
8709
8799
7167
7371
8256
8596
8596
7884
do
....do
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at knots at middle and
at 51 millimeters from end.
Crushed at li millimeters knot 76
millimeters from end.
...do
....do
....do
....do
A. H. Curtiss
....do
do
do
— <lo
Alluvial
do
....do
Florida
....do
Saint John's river.
. do
Crushed at 89 millimeters from
end iu vicinity of small knots.
Triple flexure
Laurel Oak.
do
...do..
Crushed in vicinity of 3 millime-
ters knot 102 millimeters from
end.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
455
Dhvrtiun of grain.
PRESKfliK, IN KII.OI.HAMS, KKQUIHKI) TO I'KODL'CE AN INDENTATION, IN SIII.LIMETER8, OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
0.35
0.31
<>.?<;
1.03 1.37
1.53
I.7S
vS.O.-l
3.38
2.54
4.81
5.08
i
2032
1542
1637
2313
2611
1709
1565
1928
1343
835
1315
2019
1547
1769
1642
989
1229
2948
2767
2336
975
1987
1406
1728
1384
2436
1751
2068
1792
1597
2118
1338
2313
2449
2522
3166
3407
2903
3266
2858
2291
1569
2313
2422
2277
2672
2495
2232
1860
4024
411(1
3438
2250
HM
1814
2563
2400
2953
2867
2753
2477
2776
3411
2268
2495
2681
4150
3357
3665
3529
3992
3130
2322
1633
2576
2667
2481
2790
2081
2840
2141
4277
4010
3701
2799
2572
1887
2799
2617
3293
3248
2890
2703
3221
3905
2640
2812
2849
3012
3543
3842
3819
4436
3230
2386
1674
2790
2867
2726
2803
2713
2967
2313
4495
4246
4042
3053
2722
2087
2885
2744
3488
3536
3066
2853
3561
4259
2821
2880
3012
3162
3674
4064
4028
4717
3383
2395
1751
2976
3035
2880
2917
2776
3066
2372
4672
4491
4264
3284
2803
2245
3021
2835
3638
.3697
3302
3026
3756
4500
2935
3048
3134
3379
3742
4123
4300
5013
3588
2454
1842
3153
3212
2130
3003
2890
3184
2513
4854
4699
4572
3493
2958
2440
3130
2994
3828
3933
3429
3180
4060
4817
3130
3075
3348
3525
3983
4237
4518
5398
3810
2518
1878
3252
3338
3193
3026
98M
3352
2586
5026
4881
4922
3665
3098
2622
3298
3125
3942
4110
3615
3302
3815
5071
3202
3221
3434
3593
4037
4400
4649
5670
3892
2563
1928
3388
3443
3407
3026
3075
3452
2617
5262
5067
5044
3828
3230
2767
3402
3207
4082
4264
3751
3447
4463
5303
3316
3361
3529
3747
4110
4626
4935
5915
4064
2649
1951
3574
3566
3547
3139
3193
3470
3656
3856
4187
4886
5103
6146
4196
2685
2078
3665
3647
3683
3225
3221
4173
4346
4491
4980
17
17
36
36«
36'
74
74
86
244
244
247
247
437
628
628
963
963
268
339
131
131
245
245
265'
265»
548
548
342
342
770
770
47
47
282
282
264>
264'
264'
349
349
511
511
742
742
756
756
756
do'
do
6532
6283
7212
4944
3085
2404
7985
Split at end
3248
2654
4377
4899
4037
do
3710
3856
2694
5407
5262
5216
3933
3302
2980
3497
3339
4178
4386
3882
3579
4717
5067
3470
2758
5579
5407
5407
4110
3425
3153
3574
3438
4327
4522
3983
3688
4831
5706
3538
do .... .
6486
6392
6214
4877
7021
do
3933
4128
do
5216
4786
4468
5851
6918
4287
..do
5262
Sheared fibers
7666
1456
2359
UH
1406
1S78
1769
1506
1542
1293
2858
1542
2858
1610
2068
2939
2109
1842
1955
2676
•2245
2685
2313
3511
2926
3765
3039
2295
3075
2241
1932
2005
2790
2490
3130
2749
3851
3547
4219
3429
2486
3343
2359
2087
2096
3139
2744
3475
3012
4196
3429
4482
3720
2703
3484
2486
2155
2173
3311
2866
3692
3248
4495
4092
4735
3942
2880
3715
2527
2214
2295
3484
3062
3937
3393
4781
4314
5035
4164
3039
3847
2676
2341
2413
3674
3221
4128
3606
5013
4500
5262
4346
3202
4055
2753
2400
2481
3901
3888
4191
3783
5239
4690
5461
4500
3352
4160
2840
2454
2595
4060
3538
4445
3910
5416
4790
5661
4192
3393
4327
2980
2495
2676
4173
3652
4626
4037
5615
4949
5847
4364
4150
3511
2948
3121
. . do
4377
5534
5080
6349
5761
6736
do
7349
7521
456
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BBHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector. '
lid
•° 83
! 53
*cet c
Soil. - |^
Ill
as §
Ijll
Remarks.
281. Quercns laurifolia— continued.
282. Qnercus heterophylla
Sartram's Oak.
801
801
1171
1171
352
674
674
402
402
50
135
512
512
687
687
729
729
573
573
18
18
2581
258s
516
9
9
442
443
119
119
765
765
853
853
11
Florida
Saint John's river.
do
A. H. Curtiss
9480
7734
5171
8029
7167
7167
2222
8029
9026
8845
9458
5987
6480
6464
8754
5651
8256
8156
7689
4137
5298
7235
7485
6373
7847
7076
7566
8006
8822
8346
6496
6827
8278
7235
9390
9934
9707
6359
7983
8641
6963
9390
8573
6949
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.
Crushed at 89 millimeters from
eud and at end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters knot 51
millimeters from end.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.
Split at end and splintered at 102
millimeters from end ; brittle.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally ; split at end.
cross-grained; oblique split 152
millimeters long.
do
New Jersey
do
Mount Holly
do
S. P. Sharpies
Clay
do
... do
Citronelle
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
do
C.Mohr
G. Engeliuannand
C. S. Sargent.
Pine-barren
Dry, rocky
do
Upland Willow Oak. Blue
Jack. Sand Jack.
do
Harrodsburg
....do
Alleutou
...do
Tullahoma
do
W. M. Linney
... do
G. W. Letterman..
.. do
A. Gattiuger
.do
Utica shale
....do
Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak.
....do
Missouri
....do
Triple flexure, deflected parallel
to rinsrs.
Triple flexure
Rich loam
Moist, siliceous . . .
...do
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 19 millimeters knot at
end.
Willoiv Oak. Peach Oak.
do
California
do
Harm county
do
G. R. Vasey
do
Gravelly
do
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
middle at 5 millimeters knot.
Triple flexure; middle bend 25
millimeters from middle.
Crashed at end at 3 millimeters
knot.
Tanbark Oak. Chestnut Oak.
Peach Oak.
288. Castanopsis chrysophylla
Chinquapin.
....do
do
Mendocino county
do
A. Kellogg '
do
Hot Springs
....da
Arnold Arboretum
....do
G. W. Letterman..
....do
C.S.Sargent
....do
H. Shriver
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 5 millimeters knot 51
millimeters from middle.
Triple flexuie, deflected parallel
to rings.
Crushed 25 millimeters from mid-
die at 3 millimeters knot.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 44 millimeters from
end.
Crashed at 32 millimeters from
middle and split along grain.
Crushe i at 64 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 25 and at 127 millime-
ters from end.
Chinquapin.
290. Castanea vulgaris, var. Amer-
icana.
Chestnut.
....do
Massachusetts
...do
Virginia
— do
Drift
...do
Moist
...do
....do
...do
....do
Sandy
Massachusetts —
do
Arnold Arboretum
do
C.S.Sargent
do
Drift
... do
Seech.
Mercer cou uty
. do
W. M. Linney
do
Hudson Rivershale
do
. do
Dansville
....do
Chattahoochee
do
W.J.Beal
...do
....do
Florida
....do
do
Crushed at middle and at end
Crushed at middle in vicinity of
13 millimeters knot.
do
do
do ... .
Massachusetts
do
Hamilton
do
J. Robinson
. do
....do
... do
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at .19 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
middle.
Triple flexure ; middle bend 25 mil-
limeters eccentric.
...do
Arnold Arboretum
....do
C. S. Sargent
....do
Drift
....do
Hop Hornbeam. Iron Wood.
Lever Wood.
11
877
877
1047
1047
46
73
73
1038
... do
....do
....do
do
do
Danvers
... do
North Reading
J.Robinson
... do
do
Rich loam
...do
Crushed at 89 millimeters from
end.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally perpendicular to rings.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end ; opened grain.
Deflected at middle and split at
ends.
do
do . .
Missouri
Kentucky
....do
Massachusetts
AHenton
Mercer county
....do
Danvers
G. W. Letterman. .
W. M. Linney
....do
J. Robinson
Damp, alluvial- . . .
Trenton limestone
....do
Gravelly
Hornbeam. Slue Seech.
Water Seech Iron Wood.
do
Cross-grained ; split at knots
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEB COMPRESSION— Continued.
457
Direction of gr;sin.
rur.ssi'KE, ix KII.OCIIAMS, KKCJUIUED TO ntoDucK AX IXDEXTATIOX, ix MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
H
O.S.I
0.51
O.TO
I.OvS
i.*r
!.->-•
i.rs
•J.O3
•-J.S8
•-•.-.I
4.81
5.08
|
n
1603
1438
1973
898
2980
2085
27.13
1878
2183
2048
3402
3153
2580
2245
3210
2835
2540
2939
3012
1452
1606
1452
1338
1474
1500
1284
1461
1080
2803
2223
2744
3193
2740
2767
2291
2123
2427
2241
3352
2391
3470
3039
2580
C381
2072
2767
2454
2576
3348
3157
2021
2155
2628
8325
4128
3402
3112
2744
3402
:;-j4s
2890
8188
3366
1610
1778
1746
1524
1642
1700
1424
1037
1229
3057
2536
2971
3329
3134
3016
2513
2359
2640
2486
3692
2713
3874
3402
2885
2740
2935
3012 !
2785
2P35
3074
3438
3157
2291
2958
37CO
44?<i
3611
3434
2921
3665
3429
3125
3384
3525
1733
1892
1774
MM
1740
1787
1524
1715
1297
3212
2713
3162
3525
3248
3293
2703
2490
2835
2685
3964
2894
4155
3720
3103
3017
3139
3206
3066
3193
3901
3047
3339
2477
3221
3978
4717
3788
3629
3139
3937
3011
3293
3583
3802
1837
1987
1960
1814
1914
1846
1610
1774
1347
3407
2858
3284
3652
3411
3493
2866
2658
2985
2840
4146
3130
4386
3983
3348
3184
3329
3515
3438
3339
4060
3847
3493
2617
3375
4191
4944
3969
3878
3343
4205
3801
3438
3701
3806
1892
2136
2028
1914
2019
1910
1687
1860
1452
3652
3121
3470
3774
3552
3593
2994
2753
3121
2994
4327
3202
4622
4219
3536
3393
3493
3706
3593
3593
4291
3978
3052
ma
3593
4332
5153
4164
4037
3538
4414
3951
3002
3810
4001
2005
2227
2182
1978
2118
1978
1756
1901
1529
3774
3288
3583
3874
3611
3710
3121
2375
3207
3071
4527
3438
4849
4423
3729
3588
3606
3955
3801
3774
4463
4164
3828
2844
3738
4403
5343
4341
4196
4S27
4309
4001
3007
3878
4559
6489
4S13
4400
4631
4430
4137
3110
4019
4072
5043
4699
4572
5652
.'/JIB
5013
8788
6056
Slight shearing of fibers
801
801
1171
1171
352
674
674
40»
40"
50
135
512
512
687
687
729
729
573
573
18
18
258»
258>
516
9
9
44'
441
119
119
765
765
853
853
11
11
877
877
1047
1047
46
73
73
1038
do
do
1010
1SJ2
1861
1315
1270
2358
1610
1143
1792
18(30
1089
1325
ass
:,--,
1888
925
S89
871
5512
6623
5579
5625
7Ifi7
6419
6214
do
Split at ends
4626
4078
3756
3960
4191
2073
228G
2223
2041
2204
2028
1810
1982
1597
3905
3420
3701
3951
3697
3856
3280
3048
3338
3202
4658
3615
5080
4604
3833
3742
3665
4060
3978
38M
4844
4205
3878
4082
4318
2105
2354
2295
21E2
2227
2073
1887
2037
1647
4037
3505
3797
3987
3015
3928
3348
3089
3443
3438
4854
3774
5252
4808
3987
3937
3792
4273
4119
4037
5035
4300
3887
4164
4436
2173
2459
2395
2214
2250
2123
1932
2091
1706
4169
3665
3874
4132
4009
4033
3456
3193
3579
3552
5080
3924
5479
4908
4119
4046
3910
4355
4246
4146
5874
5171
4831
4899
5262
2586
2994
do
5D79
5398
5443
5738
do
do
Slight shearing of fibers • split at end
2608
2903
2413
2227
do
3130
2554
do ..
2041
4854
4491
4391
4740
4581
do
2223
1452
1111
21K1
1973
1800
1M2
1379
1683
1452
2223
1078
2132
1973
1547
1315
1542
1702
1J01
1247
5625
4877
5149
4990
..do
do
4150
3720
4173
4264
6078
4854
6713
5942
4899
4990
4581
do
do
do
do
do .
do
5579
5579
do
Split at ends
5489
5307
4944
6010
5470
Sheared fibers
458
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOB OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Lougltuulnal com-
pression: rltiujate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
BETT7LACE2E.
294. Betnla alba, var. popnlifolia . .
White Birch. Old-jield Birch.
Gray Birch.
10
10
848
223
223
722
722
836
836
990
990
1065
1065
1066
1066
1067
1067
528
629
843
843
1068
1068
1069
1069
1070
1070
136
139
841
841
842
842
Massachusetts
....do
....do
Vermont
do
Arnold Arboretum
....do
Danvers
Charlotte
do
C. S. Sargent
Drift
6123
5307
5262
Triple flexure parallel to rings
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 102
millimeters from end.
Crushed and split at middle
....do
J. Robinson
C. G. Pringle
....do
Gravelly
Canoe Birch. White Birch.
Paper Birch.
296. Betula occidental
do
Sereno Watson . . .
....do
J. Robinson
.. do
Wet
8346
6713
7983
8890
6486
6577
8346
7485
7485
7552
7847
9662
5670
6849
8279
10070
9934
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle ; deflected diagonally. *
Crushed at 32 millimeters from
middle on one f:ice.
Crushed nt 25 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at middle at3 millimeters
knot.
('rushed 7(i millimeters from end
at 3 millimeters knot.
Crushed at 8 millimeters knot at
middle.
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at
middle.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38
millimeters from end.
Crushed at 70 millimeters from
end and at end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
middle.
Crushed at middle ; opened grain
three-fourths the length of stick.
Crushed at middle and split along
grain.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
......do
do . ..
...do
Massachusetts
..do
...do
Townsend
do
....do
Alaska
Chilcoot inlet
do
Paul Schultze
... do
do
Charlotte
C. G-. Pringle
do
do
do
....do
... do
...do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Engelmann'scanon
Strawberry valley .
Danvers
...do
Charlotte
....do
....do
....do
do
Robert Douglas. . .
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
J.Robinson
...do
C. G. Pringle
Black Birch.
297 Betula lutea
California
Wet peaty .
Massachusetts —
....do
Vermont
....do
...do
....do
do
Gravelly
....do
do
Yellow Birch. Gray Birch.
«
298. Betula nigra
....do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
....do
,ln
10093
10623
10841
9208
10206
7339
7122
7249
7666
6600
6069
9072
8823
11022
10931
9480
10115
Triple diagonal flexure perpen-
dicular to rings.
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end.
do
Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 25
millimeters from middle.
do
do
...
Missouri
G. W.Letterman..
do
Crushed at 5 millimeters knot at
middle.
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot
32 millimeters from end.
Triple flexure perpendicular to
rings.
Crushed at 44 millimeters from
middle.
Triple flexure toward heart
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38
millimeters from end.
Crushed at 31 millimeters from
middle; deflected diagonally.
Triple flexure; middle bend 32
millimeters eccentric.
Crushed at 89 millimeters from
end.
Bed Birch. River Birch.
299. Betula lenta
do
do
do
Massachusetts
do
North Andover . . .
.. do
J. Robinson
..do
Alluvial
do
do
do
do
do
....do
do
....do
Arnold Arboretum
do
....do
C S Sargent
....do
Drift
Cherry Birch. Black Birch.
Sweet Birch. Mahogany
Birch.
4
221
221
844
844
810
967
967
991
991
102S
do
do
do
Charlotte
C G Pringle
...do
Massachusetts —
....do
...do
Danvers
....do
Pepper's mills ...
Sitka
...do
....do
....do
do
Crashed at 102 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 19 millimeters from
middle.
....do
W. M. Canby
Paul Schultze
....do
Seaside Alder.
Alaska
....do
Washington terri-
tory,
do
6976
6033
6010
6829
6759
Crushed at 32 millimeters from
middle.
Alder.
....do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent,
do
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end.
Triple flexure; middle bend 51
millimeters eccentric.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.
do
Portland Furniture
Company.
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
(JOTTED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
459
IMrtTtion of grain.
«
I'KESSL'KE, IN KILOGKAMg, KEQUIUEI) TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
Office namber.
0.35
0.51
o.re
1 .<»•-!
1.37
1 ..-,->
1.78
-'.<>:(
3.38
3.54
4.81
5.08
1
1179
1(148
1406
11711
889
MM
11S9
1134
1343
1384
tat
1870
ISfil
975
1021
1179
7114
MO
749
1746
1742
1529
1315
11M6
IMS
1842
1021
12K
1216
889
894
1547
1120
2136
1497
1019
ir.47
2223
1669
1093
1973
1978
1701
1941
2028
1479
1778
1597
2332
1787
1170
2114
2223
1878
2064
2168
1583
2064
1883
1529
1633
1656
1447
2168
1424
2586
2858
2214
1987
2254
2118
2699
1733
2472
1637
1(142
1542
2254
1624
4114
2713
1846
1701
2409
1868
1325
2236
2359
2028
2214
2304
1887
2313
2005
169B
1715
1769
l.r,79
2340
1533
2722
3062
2404
2168
2449
2254
2858
1851
2685
1760
1801
1669
2377
1737
4386
2894
1955
1769
2495
1932
1356
2295
2495
2118
2295
9891
1796
2427
•-•077
1710
1819
1892
1683
2459
1597
2867
3139
2477
2282
2567
2368
2948
2000
2790
1851
1923
1766
2522
1851
4572
3130
2055
1877
2549
2014
1460
2391
2649
2250
2440
2531
1864
2490
2182
1796
1892
1978
1765
2599
1669
3030
3811
2576
2345
2708
2481
3107
2132
2889
1982
1982
1855
2626
1896
4753
3230
2168
1937
2604
2105
1565
2531
2740
2345
2549
2676
1941
2554
2295
1883
1951
2150
1846
2685
1751
SIX
3470
2731
2504
2758
2590
3221
2241
3016
2064
2046
1910
2717
2000
4990
3397
2223
1991
2654
2150
1615
2649
2844
2431
2676
2785
2023
2676
2391
1932
2046
2209
1941
2744
1805
3243
3574
2794
2572
2894
2654
3343
2345
3085
2205
2159
1987
2803
2087
5112
3574
2322
2078
2703
2209
1696
2731
2948
2545
2771
2862
2091
2748
2513
2028
2073
2304
2023
2862
1892
3357
3661
2880
2669
2998
2749
3456
2463
3162
2308
2182
2037
2894
2141
5257
3656
2390
2173
2748
2254
1783
2799
3016
2635
2867
2935
2177
2799
2595
2114
2200
2391
2082
2930
1937
3561
3774
2998
2776
3071
2799
3574
2567
3216
2345
2232
2082
2989
2205
5443
3815
2971
3198
10
10
848
223
223
722
722
836
836
990
990
1065
1065
1066
1066
1067
1067
528
629
843
843
1068
1068
1069
1069
1070
1070
136
136
841
841
812
842
4
4
3311
2676
2087
3334
3529
3198
3470
3543
2676
3288
3207
2563
2667
2930
2587
3348
2395
4332
4423
3652
do
2903
3765
3946
3629
3901
3847
2994
Sheared fibers ; indented section covers 3 millime-
ters knot.
Slight aher.ring of fibers ; indented section covers 3
millimeters knot.
do
do
1740
1338
1488
1533
1325
1837
1320
2359
2622
1987
1768
2028
1887
2495
1542
2168
1497
1343
1379
2123
1515
3561
2440
do
2858
do
3357
3652
2699
4536
4590
do
do
3606
Sheared fibers • split at end
4241
3130
3742
4872
Sheared fibers
4014
2880
2912
2799
4105
2948
6922
2581
2563
3674
2209
6396
4626
do
do . .
do
do
I
HiiB
1179
1270
1089
1002
1774
975
767
2685
2336
1810
1270
1724
2064
1257
1361
3089
2731
1932
1347
19-'3
2223
1851
1515
3334
3030
2023
1397
1996
2377
1810
1015
3497
3261
2068
1474
2032
2481
2032
1069
3720
3411
2164
1492
2127
2572
2168
1756
3856
3583
2218
1547
2177
2636
2232
1896
4073
3801
2259
1619
2254
2753
2295
1946
4205
3955
2341
1628
2308
2808
2350
1987
4305
4101
2400
1665
2354
2930
2427
2078
5216
5022
2812
1932
2803
3574
2427
2449
6761
5761
844
844
810
967
967
991
991
1025
.do
2041
3039
3910
3198
2722
do .
.. do
.. do
do
460
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
1
&
i
0
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
1025
7258
302 Alnns rhombifolia
635
..do
Company.
C. S. Sargent.
...do ..
7022
end.
Alder.
717
Wet
4990
middle.
717
do
do
do
do
4899
end at 3 millimeters knot.
979
Drain
C S Sargent
5171
end on one face.
979
...do
.. do .
....do
... do
6396
middle.
303. Alnus oblongifolia
694
California
W. G. Wright
44-45
Alder.
694
..do
....do
....do
4459
end at 3 millimeters knot.
374
C G Pringle
4617
end at 3 millimeters knot.
SpeckledAlder. Hoary Alder.
Slack Alder.
SALICACEJE.
306. Salix nigra
232
....do
....do
4545
middle.
Blacli Willow.
855
Topsfield
2277
rings.
307. Salix amygdaloides
908
Canon City
E. Weston
3493
millimeters from end; cross-
grained.
Willow.
908
do
do
do -
4355
middle.
911
do
do
do
5171
between rings.
911
do
. do
do
3878
split alonL' iirain between rings.
308. Salix lajvigata
690
5012
millimeters from middle.
Triple flexure
Willow.
309. Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia
690
640
....do
....do
....do
Strawberry valley
C. S. Sargent.
do
....do
....do
5216
4373
do
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
981
F Skinner
Alluvial
5942
end in vicinity of knots.
309. Salix lasiandra, var. Fendle-
981
889
...do
Utah
....do
....do
....do
6056
4581
die at 2 millimoters knot.
Crushed at 89 millimeters from
end and at end.
riana.
313. Salix flavescens
721
6532
middle at 3 millimeters knot.
721
972
....do
Missonla.
....do
Seattle
....do
....do
6532
8074
Crusbed at 3 millimeters knot 76
millimeters from end.
riana.
Black Willow.
972
ritory.
...do
do
C. S. Sargent,
do ,
do
6895
314. Salix Hookeriana
966
7031
near middle.
Triple flexure, deflected diag-
966
do
do
do
do
6623
onally.
316. Salix lasiolepis
669
6169
Willow.
272*
S. d! Sargent.
4219
Crushed at 51 and at 114 millime-
Aspen. Quaking Asp.
272
.. do
. do
. ..do
do
4717
ters from end ; split along grain.
Triple flexure parallel to rings . . .
319. Popnlus grandidentata
Poplar.
1035
1035
847
847
Massachusetts
....do
... do
. do
Danvers
....do
....do
do
J. I; M!> in si m
....do
....do
do
Gravelly
....do
...do
...do
6260
5942
5625
5829
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
middle on one face.
do
Crushed at 89 millimeters from
end.
Triple flexure; middle bend 38
522
Nashville
4527
millimeters eccentric.
Crushed at 16 millimeters knot
Jtiver Cottonwood. Swamp
Cottonwood.
961
Alaska
Chilcoot inlet
Paul Schultze
do .
4672
102 millimeters from end.
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 25
Valsam. lacamahac. Balm
of Gilead.
321. Popnlns halsamifera, var. can-
dicans.
961
1054
1054
....do
Massachusetts. . .
....do
....do
Topsfield
....do
....do
J. Robinson
....do
....do
Gravelly
....do
5579
4527
4309
millimeters from end.
Triple flexure; middle bend 32
millimeters eccentric.
Crushed at 7li millimeters from
end.
Triple flexure perpendicular to
rings.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
461
UNITED STATES UNDEB COMPRESSION— Continued.
Diivrtion of grain.
rilEBBUHE, IN KI1.0C.KAJIS, IIUJI 111H' TO 1'liOM ( K AX INHKNTATIOK, IX MILL1MKTEHB, OK—
Remarks.
Office number.
0.25
0.31
o.76
•
!.<»-•
1.27
1.53
1.78
2.03
3.38
3.54
l.sl 3.O8
i
m
953
816
631
4'M
590
607
930
658
1243
1529
953
857
944
1030
1089
939
1352
1665
1043
903
1052
1111
1120
998
HOI
1769
1071
948
1084
1175
1202
1080
US29
1851
1080
998
1125
1220
1257
1120
1628
1937
1120
1043
lisa
1288
1302
1207
1715
1896
1152
1084
1270
1347
1361
1225
1709
2068
1179
1129
1315
1307
1402
1266
1805
2132
1234
1166
1347
1415
1443
1311
1910
2200
1279
1229
1388
14S3
1489
1343
2254
2486
1442
1487
1009
1678
1765
1624
1025
635
717
717
979
979
694
694
2686
1547
1647
1860
1878
2064
1774
do ....
do
do
do . .
do
907
044
953
1043
499
953
885
1202
1134
1030
635
an
071
771
862
1021
1006
1288
993
1084
1220
901
1016
1315
1851
1497
1J07
1^80
11U7
1229
1252
1021
1687
1529
1397
1143
1202
1361
1016
1080
1424
1987
1560
1270
943
1170
1379
1397
1384
1982
1633
15C9
1297
1252
1438
1075
1094
1488
2123
1619
1388
1016
1266
1479
1565
1615
2168
1706
1628
1361
1347
1479
1166
1184
1569
2218
1674
1447
1080
1311
1565
1597
1678
2359
1769
1719
1442
1393
1547
1234
1216
1651
2286
1760
1547
1120
1384
1615
1674
1719
2486
1851
1824
1529
1447
1642
1306
1257
1719
2350
1801
1M
1170
1438
1724
1729
1810
2567
1937
1896
1574
1524
1074
1347
1306
1814
2482
1846
1624
1220
1488
1787
1801
1960
2685
1996
1941
1642
1574
1733
1393
1352
1923
2504
1892
1674
1266
1533
1833
1855
2019
2731
2069
2032
1733
1618
1814
1452
1624
1951
2590
1928
1715
1302
1579
1865
1928
2078
2858
2118
2395
2155
2019
2168
1774
1833
2395
3029
2214
2032
1570
1905
2132
2313
2481
3311
2541
Slight shearing of fibers; split at end; specimen
120 millimeters long.
232
855
908
908
911
911
690
690
640
981
981
889
721
721
972
972
966
966
669
272»
2721
1035
1035
847
847
522
961
961
1054
1054
2518
2232
2449
2005
..do
do
do
do
2685
3379
2322
2232
1778
2177
Sheared fibers
do
do
do
do
Slight shearing of fibers
2C54
Sheared fibers
Sheared fibers; split at end ; indented section cov-
ers 6 millimeters knot.
Slight shearing of fibers- split at end
1
MM
948
058
821
862
640
658
885
817
885
SS9
522
1851
1134
735
1397
12C7
885
844
1084
1089
1030
943
730
2064
1202
739
1565
1261
934
880
1184
1125
1075
1052.
807
2168
1257
758
1637
1315
980
903
1288
1179
1125
1116
852
2241
1279
771
1710
1365
1030
957
1384
1238
1166
1157
903
2291
1311
807
1758
141]
1075
998
1438
1288
1166
1198
957
2391
1352
839
1824
1470
1120
1034
1511
1348
1179
1261
1002
2454
1388
848
1905
1524
1161
1080
1547
1384
1220
1302
1043
2518
1393
862
1982
1569
1170
1129
1633
1393
1261
1320
1084
2595
1397
898
1991
1578
1211
1170
1^69
1415
1306
1361
1125
2971
1610
1025
2268
1860
1474
1402
1960
1051
1488
1656
1315
3311
1746
1111
2586
• 2019
1656
1533
do
do
do
do
do
... . do . .
Sheared fibers ; split at end ; specimen 120 millime-
ters long.
1792
1660
1883
1533
do
.... do
462
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: TJltiraate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
•
552
Robert Douglas . .
4332
Black Cottonwood.
1019
5851
millimeters from middle.
Black Cottonwood. Balsam
1012
do
Factory, Portland.
do .'.
do
6214
middle.
1028
do
6192
end.
1028
....do
Company.
do
C. S. Sargent.
do
6713
middle.
289
Missouri
AlleBton
G. W. Letterman..
Alluvial
4763
middle.
Cottonwood. Necklace Pop-
lar. Carolin a Poplar.
Big Cottonwood.
304
304
....do
do . .
....do
... do
....do
do
....do
do
4264
4541
Crushed at middle and opened
along grain.
309
Texps
Dallas
do
69CO
end.
309
....do
....do
....do
....do
6214
end.
Crushed at middle
764
Florida ..
A. H Curtiss
do
6199
754
do
....do
do
do ..
7326
millimeters from middle.
659
do
5987
middle.
Cottonwood.
325. Populus Fremontii, var. "Wis-
lizeni.
Cottonwood. White Cotton-
wood.
C59
646
646
909
....do
....do
....do
....do
San Bernardino . . .
....do
CaSon City ..
....do
•W.G.Wright
....do
do
....do
....do
....do
6123
5625
5216
67 ")9
middle at 3 millimeters knot.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.
Triple flexure; middle bend 19
millimeters eccentric.
909
do
....do
do
6713
end.
909
do
... do
do
5466
millimeters from end.
909
do
do
do
5919
iu vicinity of 5 millimeters knot.
CONIFERS.
634
California .
5618
White Cedar. Bastard Cedar.
634
do
berry valley,
do
C. S. Sargent.
6115
middle.
662
do
Saw-mill, San Ber-
W. G. Wright
8754
end; split whole length of speci-
men.
662
do
nardino mount-
ains.
....do
do
5299
327. Thuya occidentalis
379
C. G. Pringle
4626
grata.
White Cedar. Arbor-vitce.
379
782
....do
....do
....do
....do
4545
5534
end.
Crushed at 13 and at 57 millime-
ters from end.
782
do
way.
do
5035
tera from end.
783
783
....do
do
Bridgeton
do ...
Ed. Sinclair
do
5579
5398
Crushed at 13 and at 102 millime-
ters from end.
790
790
Province of Quebec
. do
Amqni
do
A. Grant
do
4355
4785
millimeters eccentric.
Crushed at 89 millimeters from end
and at end.
792
792
....do
...do
Grand Trunk rail-
way.
. do
2994
3221
middle.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
796
do
do
4545
end.
796
do
do
5103
eud.
874
5965
874
do
do
do
6532
end.
1099
Drift
4493
328. Thuya gigantea
1099
1017
....do
... do
Weidler's saw -mill
....do
....do
5806
6895
swelled.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end; split along grain.
Heel Cedar. Canoe Cedar.
1017
1021
....do
do
Portland.
....do
C.S.Sargent.
do
do
8301
6396
tors from end ; split along grain.
Crushed at 32 millimeters from
middle; sudden fracture.
1021
do
Company.
do
do
end.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
I'M TED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
463
Direction of grain.
-IliE. IN KIl <».ll \.M.s, KKtjl'lllEIi TO PRODUCE AX INDENTATION, IS MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
0.45
0.51
0.76
1.04
I. -it
1.54
1.78
4.0:1
4.48
4.54
4.81
5.08
ID
1
1
454
7-111
504
930
449
666
408
1588
522
862
389
934
703
2064
653
1120
658
635
817
1071
1007
956
1071
522
508
821
490
621
494
631
680
549
404
671
703
594
717
572
058
712
1080
567
980
1
944
907
712
99S
712
595
898
608
2254
1043
1320
1143
1216
998
2971
1125
1311
925
835
1052
1179
1202
1334
1805
703
703
1012
857
880
821
98B
839
721
599
see
871
789
953
944
889
803
1089
at
1148
1111
1002
793
1093
789
653
939
685
2395
1157
1488
1220
1311
1179
3143
1220
1411
1061
880
1116
1216
1284
1393
1828
744
717
1098
898
948
975
1016
934
i 767
620
907
898
807
993
1034
953
875
1117
753
1107
1166
1043
817
1166
852
680
980
726
2436
L229
1542
1306
1352
1252
3216
1338
1438
1107
930
1179
1270
1447
1493
1864
785
721
1116
934
1007
1034
1030
957
789
635
962
939
866
1025
1075
1016
916
1315
803
1143
1229
1080
889
1216
889
726
998
780
2490
1315
1628
1352
1438
KILT,
3307
1397
1533
1189
975
1243
1315
1470
1533
1928
812
730
1161
939
1030
1071
1057
989
812
649
1002
984
893
1039
1084
1057
984
1415
844
1211
1306
1120
934
1278
939
766
1043
830
2567
1356
1687
1397
1515
1388
3375
1470
1637
1239
1016
1288
1365
1492
1578
2000
835
739
1175
948
1034
1080
1075
1016
852
662
1043
1025
907
1048
1125
1107
1034
1501
857
1266
1
1343
1161
948
1888
998
807
1080
875
2622
1447
1801
1442
1569
1442
3420
1574
1719
1279
1071
1338
1402
1538
1619
2087
875
753
1202
966
1066
1102
1107
1030
875
676
1075
1039
930
1057
1161
1152
1071
1497
898
1288
1356
1184
993
1365
1043
848
1120
903
2703
1488
1851
1488
1619
15S8
3479
1660
1750
1352
1120
1397
1438
1574
1669
2182
894
762
1225
979
1075
1116
1116
1043
884
680
1116
1057
939
1075
1193
1207
1093
1778
912
1334
1397
1225
1030
1429
' 1084
852
1166
948
2753
1538
1896
1529
16G5
1588
3529
1724
1801
1397
1166
1447
1442
1583
1710
2250
903
798
1261
989
1089
1120
1129
1075
894
694
1157
1075
957
1089
1220
1252
1116
1406
939
1370
1442
1201
1039
1474
1125
875
1198
984
2807
1597
1946
1574
1728
1647
3574
1805
1869
1442
1211
1488
1465
1597
1751
2400
984
807
1270
1007
1112
1134
1161
1098
912
708
1170
1102
980
1116
1270
1266
1161
1383
966
1384
1669
1474
1905
Slight tiluai ing of fibers
552
1012
1012
1028
1028
255
304
304
309
309
754
754
659
659
646
646
909
909
912
912
634
634
662
662
379
379
782
782
783
783
790
790
792
792
796
796
874
874
1099
1099
1017
1017
1021
1021
<lo
1384
1030
1315
1179
3302
2032
2223
1837
2087
2023
4037
2177
2177
1701
1433
1760
1628
1787
1941
2622
1034
934
1429
1116
1243
1216
1311
1215
1043
794
1397
1261
do ...
1179
1452
Sheared fibers
do
do
do
Sheared fibers ; split at end
do
do
2495
Sheared fibers . . .
1833
1610
do
do ... . .
1769
1896
2046
Sheared fibers . .
do
Sheared fibers ; split at end
1134
993
1542
1229
1288
1243
1488
1325
1075
839
Sheared fibers
do
do
Sheared fibers
Sheared fibers ; indented face covers 3 millimeters
knot.
do
do
do
do
13S5
do .. . .. ..
1216
1497
1447
1293
1610
1542
do
do
1746
1116
1579
1769
1728 i
Sheared fibers
464
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pressiou: Ultimate
strength, iu kilos.
Remarks.
329. Cbamsecyparis sphseroidea
White 'Cedar.
330. Chamaecyparis Nntkaensis
Yellow Oppress. Sitka Cy-
prut.
331. Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana . . .
Port Orjord Cedar. Oregon
Cedar. White Cedar. Law-
son's Cypress. Ginger Pine.
350
350
850
850
851
851
852
852
969
969
983
983
994
994
1000
1000
701
707
707
675
675
691
691
1100
1100
624
624
939
939
1102
1102
327
327
734
734,
800
800
837
837
1055
1055
1249
1250
1253
Cottage llill
... do
Beverly
do
C.Mohr
....do
J. Robinson
do
Sandy, wet
....do
Swampy
-do
4400
4105
4060
3756
4014
4581
4173
4105
5897
7031
8210
7779
7711
7439
7217
6967
7235
7462
7666
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.
do
....do
Massachusetts ....
do
Cinched at 76 millimeters from
end at 3 millimeters knot.
Crushe-i at middle in vicinity of
3 millimeters knots.
Crushed at end ( opened grata ..
Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 51
millimeters from end.
Crushed at 32 millimeters from
end ; opened bet ween rings.
Crushed at 2r> and at 127 millime-
ters from end.
Triple diagonal flexure parallel
to rings.
Crushed at 38 millimeter! from
end.
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end.
Tiiple flexure; middle bend 38
millimeters eceentrie.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.
Crush. jd at 13 millimeters knot
38 millimeters from middle.
Crushed at 31 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 25 and at 102 millime-
ters from end.
Crushed at 25 and at 51 millime-
ters from end: split alon.^ grain.
Crushed at cud uiidat 102millime-
ters f i om end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
do .
....do
. . . do
do
....do
....do
. ..In . .
do
An
Alaska Sit.Vn,
Paul Schultze .... ...
do
do
do
British Columbia .
do
Saw-mill, Victoria,
do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
. do
Alaska
Peril strait
Paul Schnltze
do
do
...do ...
....do
do
Weidler's saw-mill,
Portland,
do
G . Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent,
do
Dean &. Cb.'s saw-
mill, Marshfield.
do
du
....do
do
do
California
Jo
....do
Monterey Cypress.
do
....do
....do
....do
do
Marin county .
do
G. R. Vasey
Dry ridges
5693
7349
5253
4672
338. Juniperus occidentalis
Juniper.
338. Juniperus occidental, var.
conjugens.
Juniper.
339. Juniperus Virginiana
lied Cedar. Savin.
do
... do
do
Calistoga
....do
W.F.Fisher
...do
G. Eiigelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
...do
....do
Crushed at middle ; end shattered ;
split along grain.
Split along grain ; shattered
....do
...do
....do
....do
C. Mohr. . .
9049
Shattered stick at 127 millimeters
from end and at end.
....do
... do
do
....do
....do
do
....do
do
S. B. Buckley
do
9662
6804
7172
7439
701.-
7249
7031
5715
5126
4944
5851
7076
8256
5879
6577
Triple diagonal flexure perpen-
dicular to rings.
Split obliquely ; cross-drained and
knots.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end and split along ^raiu.
Triple flexure; middle bend 32
mdlimeters eccentric.
Crushed at '2~> ami at 127 millime-
ters from end.
Crushed at S millimeters knot 25
millimeters from end.
Crushed at 10 millimeters knotlS
millimeters from end.
Opened grain at 6 millimeters
knot near middle.
Triple diagonal flexure parallel
to rin<rs.
do
...do
do
...do
do
Dallas
do
J. Reverchon
do
Calcareous
do
Florida
Chattahoochee
...do
Saint John's river
do
A. H. Cnrtias
do ...
... do
... do
....do
....do
...do
...do
do
do
Massachusetts
do
Danvers
do
J.Robinson
do
Drift
do
....do
....do
Topsfleld
....do
Wilson county
do .
....do
....do
A.E.Baird
do
Gravelly
....do
Crushed in vicinity of 13 millime-
ters knot at middle.
Crushed at middle: deflected... .
do
Crushed at knot near end
Triple diagonal flexure perpen-
dicular to rings ; opened grain.
do
do
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
465
a
|
8
§
t
£
5
m
i
l'KE88UKE, IN KILOGRAMS, I1RQUIBEP TO 1'ROIIUCE AN IMU-IM'A I H'N, IX Mll.LJMETEHB, OF—
Kemarka.
Ollicc number.
0.25
0.51
O.T6
1.0*
1.27
I.-VJ
i.rs
•i.tr.t
•J.-i*
2.34
4.81
5.O8
340
640
080
828
463
522
644
544
549
539
721
930
749
1125
1320
1542
806
690
G40
1656
i~i;9
1406
1805
594
1728
1343
1610
1778
1474
1746
581
984
889
053
735
698
1025
975
885
770
1170
1592
1247
1442
1837
2032
1429
053
989
3311
3266
2540
2413
1574
2427
2431
2459
3593
3134
3402
726
1034
988
1139
802
8011
1193
1125
971
i»3
1302
1787
1320
1515
1982
2118
1520
1080
1116
76S
1078
962
1184
S71
821
1315
1311
1012
1048
1393
1842
1393
1597
2073
2205
1529
1120
1161
3742
3620
3311
2572
2404
2622
3134
2681
4653
4359
4264
808
me
em
1243
880
835
1365
1356
1025
1080
.1488
1860
1442
1683
2114
2254
1579
1170
1202
. 3860
3724
3425
2649
2563
2771
3202
2758
4817
4513
4414
812
1160
1030
1279
804,
839
1415
1411
1057
1120
1547
1919
1492
1333
2164
2400
1579
1211
1207
3951
3797
3515
2872
2626
2853
3307
2826
4944
4649
4626
848
1211
11161
1203
903
844
1474
1488
1093
1166
1588
1960
1547
1774
2214
2354
1651
1229
1266
4051
3860
3647
2703
2681
2944
3393
2899
5103
4854
4726
an
1234
1084
1302
021
857
1506
1551
1120
1175
1642
2009
1592
1819
2259
2404
1687
1275
1311
4164
3901
3729
2739
2731
3012
3434
2953
5158
4953
4795
878
\3Ht
1111
1315
944
880
1565
LOTS
1129
laifl
1724
2032
1647
1860
2400
,2481
1728
1306
1325
4187
4014
3783
2803
2799
3094
3484
3016
5221
5080
4899
AS!.
1270
1120
1329
MB
889
1610
1642
1157
1234
1760
2087
1687
1896
2331
2513
1746
1329
1361
4214
4078
.3842
2821
2817
3134
3515
3094
5294
6668
4962
1007
UBS
1306
1429
1034
998
1805
1928
1306
1406
2028
2313
1996
2214
2586
2835
1928
1125
1574
MO!
1429
1089
1080
1973
2132
1406
1520
Sheared fibers
350
350
S50
850
851
851
852
852
969
969
983
983
994
994
1000
1000
.701
707
707
675
675
691
691
1100
1100
624
624
939
939
1102
1102
327
327
734
. do
do
.. .. do... .
do .
ilo
SIMit shearing of fillers
do
Slight shearing of libers ; split at end
do
Slight shearing of fibers; split at end; 3 millimeters
knot.
Sheared fibers
2790
2994
2155
•
do
do
do
4717
4967
3511
3016
2558
2118
2558
2925
2622
4291
4046
4033
4241
4527
Slight shearing of fibers ; indented section covers
two 3 millimeters knots.
3166
3606
3882
3574
5987
3348
3901
Sheared fibers
do
4001
6305
do
Sheared fibers
5579
1
1087
1207
1587
2014
1!)32
2381
2068
2132
2699
2186
2182
2844
2250
2214
2890
2304
2236
2935
2340
2259
3030
2395
2304
3066
2449
2341
3094
2504
2350
3139
2994
2586
3438
3202
Sheared fibers
do .
1
1384
1043
839
817
1061
2091
1760
1438
1279
1928
2291
1969
1583
1424
2245
2341
2028
1705
1511
2459
2363
2082
1733
1533
2518
2454
2118
1785
1574
2540
2486
2159
1778
1579
2572
2549
2173
1796
1628
2617
2590
2214
1810
1651
2649
2608
2286
1824
1665
2681
2989
2527
1951
1878
3030
3221
2672
2074
1996
800
800
837
837
1055
do
do
do
s
1588
1202
2790
2404
3068
2694
3188
2840
3334
2985
3443
3039
3565
3153
3588
3202
3674
3293
3720
3348
4264
3901
1249
1250
4196
30 FOE
466
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
strength, iu kilos.
Remarks.
535
535
542
542
741
741
657
657
673
673
710
711
711
712
712
713
713
714
715
978
978
62
62
277
277
651
651
1
1
222
777
777
788
788
789
789
797
797
1044
1044
975
987
987
638
Stockton
do
C.Mohr
...do
Alluvial
do
8029
7031
6759
6759
6328
5697
6341
6078
6917
7394
7122
6523
7979
5262
5307
7122
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end.
Crushed flt 51 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
middle.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.
... do
Bald Cypress. Black Cy-
press, lied Cypress. White
Cypress. Deciduous Cy-
press.
do
..do
do
Mobile
. . do
....do
...do... ' ,
Chattahoochee
... do
A. H. Curtiss
....do
do
lulare county —
....do
Kussian river. . . .
. do
G. Engelmann and
C. s; bargent.
do
C. S. Sargent
do
Granite
...do
Big Tree.
342. Sequoia sempervirens
Medwood.
*
....do
....do
do
do
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.
do
Santa Cruz
do •.
Turner, Kennedy
& Shaw.
... do
Crushed at 7G millimeters from
end.
Crushed at middle; shattered
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end; threw oft' two splinters.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
middle.
do
do
do
....do
... do
...do
do
Meiidocino county
. . do
J. Kentfield & Co .
.. do ... .
.. do
....do
...do
do
....do
do
5942
7349
6305
C668
8799
7258
7349
7008
7838
5579
5670
5398
5230
6214
4427
4219
6169
6305
£806
4695
5842
5625
5534
4967
6123
4981
4944
6441
C lushed at 25 millimeters from
middle iu vicinity of 2 milli-
meters knots
Crushed ;it middle and at 38 milli-
meters from end; opened grain,
Crushed at ll>2 millimeters from
end; splitfromeiidto ( ml; grain
curly.
Failed at J9 millimeters knot al
middle.
Cruslit d near middle at 3 millime-
ters knot.
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot
51 millimeters from middle ;
opened grain.
Crushed at 19 millimeters from
end.
Triple diagonal tlexure perpen-
dicular to rings.
Triple diagonal flexure
do
do
do
do .
....do
....do
Portland
G. Engelinannand
C. S. Sargent.
do
C. S. Sargent
do
Yew.
....do
....do
Chattahoochee
. do
....do
Alluvial
Stinking Cedar. Savin.
do
do
....do
do
....do
.. do
A. H. Cnrtiss
do
Calcareous
. do
Marin county
do . .
G. E. Vasey
do
Stony
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
middle r.t 5 millimeters knot.
California Nutmeg. Stink-
ing Cedar.
347. Pirius Strobus
do
do
Massachusetts
do
Arnold Arboretum
do
C. S. Sargent
do
Diift ,
....do .....'
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
middle.
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end.
Cinshed at 76 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 30 millimeters knnt
38 millimeters from middle.
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot
51 millimeters from end.
Crushed at, 51 and at 114 millime-
ters from end.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 13 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at end
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
middle.
Ciushed at end and at 32 millime-
ters from middle.
Crushed at 45 millimeters from
middle.
Crushed at 83 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end.
Triple flexure parallel to rings . .
Crushed at 13 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at three places near ends.
WhitePine. Weymouth Pine.
T-
Charlotte
C. G. Pi ingle
Wet, swampy
.. do
way.
do
... do
do
BridgetoD
.. do
Ed. Sinclair
. . do
Province of Quebec
....do
.. do
do"
Araqui
...do
A. Grant
....do
Grand Trunk rail-
way.
do
Massachusetts
do
Reading
do
J. Robinson
do
Drift
do
British Columbia .
Oregon
... do
Hastings' .saw-mill,
Burrard inlet.
Cascade mount-
ains.
... do
Saw-mill, Straw-
berry valley.
G. Engelmnnnand
C. S. Sargent.
C. S. Sargent
....do
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
White Pine.
....do
Sugar Pine.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
467
I
—
o
1
^
5
i'K! HI BE, IN Kll.CHiHAMf, K1.0.riKKl> TO IMCOMUC'K AN IXPKXTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
1
a
B
535
535
542
542
741
741
657
657
O.95
0.51
o.ro
1.02
i.2r
1.52
1.7S
2.03
2.28
2.54
4.81
5.0S
^^Wi
449
885
889
US
889
839
862
785
767
1424
1220
104:;
1120
953
853
866
839
1597
1306
1325
1202
980
971
916
889
1678
1352
1452
1257
1030
1052
939
921
1742
1415
1483
1320
1084
1098
1002
944
1787
1483
1529
1356
1098
1166
1066
1007
1824
1529
1569
1415
1134
1225
1093
1034
1804
1551
1610
1417
1148
1288
1139
1052
1905
1588
1619
1483
1161
1329
1175
1080
1941
1619
1042
1529
1184
1442
1334
1247
22M
1682
1796
1792
1320
1524
1338
2087
1932
1987
1460
1701
do .
do .,
do
.
1
563
780
626
«17
703
857
749
852
1012
762
780
1048
1306
839
921
1066
8SO
821
1061
1111
871
953
1075
D39
866
998
1116
921
984
1080
948
898
953
1189
957
1002
1084
998
934
975
1325
1002
1025
1107
1039
944
962
1393
1043
1030
1157
1035
962
1034
1442
1080
1034
1193
1039
984
1075
1470
1098
1061
1221
1043
1007
1098
1501
1120
1179
1370
710
711
711
712
712
713
713
1452
1116
1216
1633
1266
1306
1792
do
1774
2223
2359
1656
1021
1257
1043
1021
1071
968
840
998
521
2440
3652
3665
2331
2341
1923
1529
1452
1293
1135
1111
1542
885
2731
4037
3878
2613
2840
2118
1633
1628
1941
1211
1343
1883
1048
953
1043
1030
762
885
1152
944
1252
962
1052
962
925
1216
2853
4150
4024
2835
3035
2209
1683
1710
2050
1261
1393
1950
1075
962
1080
J075
803
te
1207
971
1302
980
1093
1025
975
1275
2926
4296
4150
2971
312.-,
2254
1742
1803
2118
1297
1447
2087
1111
980
1125
1120
844
944
1261
ns4
1320
1002
1139
1075
998
1311
3003
4360
4255
3121
3270
2313
1796
1842
2205
1347
1483
2227
1116
1012
1166
1161
852
957
1320
1025
1347
1048
1189
1120
1034
1338
715
978
978
62
62
277
277
651
651
1
1
222
777
777
788
788
789
789
797
797
1044
1044
975
087
987
638
4436
4386
3266
3365
2345
1851
1896
2250
1370
1511
2304
1120
1021
1207
1207
866
980
1361
1034
1370
1071
1234
1161
1075
1356
4518
4473
3357
3456
2363
1896
1941
2259
1393
1524
2427
1134
1052
1220
1247
889
993
1411
1066
1384
1075
1275
1166
1098
1388
4581
4613
3488
3515
2386
1941
2046
2304
1429
1538
2454
1152
1093
1247
1270
898
1025
1488
1116
1397
1093
.1311
1184
1120
1424
4631
4726
5103
5421
5489
5851
do
3661
2440
1964
2087
2341
1447
1551
2503
1161
1111
1297
1293
921
1039
1520
1148
1420
1116
.1347
1220
1143
1456
4287
2713
2245
2481
2586
1588
1724
2971
1270
1270
1520
1424
1043
1175
1792
1293
1529
1243
1547
1424
1293
1610
4527
2413
2676
2767
1778
1769
3130
1329
1384
1669
do
do
671
789
499
526
030
531
866
590
680
7,2
662
535
962
930
708
780
1075
862
1216
903
HI
871
857
1034
do
1157
1270
2023
1397
1601
1361
. . do
do
do ..
do
1565
1384
1724
do
do
468
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
|
I
State.
Locality.
Collect or.
Bon.
Longitndinal com-
pression: Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
849. Pinas Lambertiana — cont'd . - .
668
730
819
819
913
992
992
661
661
656
656
397
882
915
631
631
821
821
914
315
315
785
785
1074
1075
1076
1076
990
996
996
1154
1154
1155
1155
1158
1156
619
626
630
630
632
636
68»
California
G R Vasey
5080
402C
1
6123
6123
4527
4740
5851
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
end.
....do
Forest City
. do
Company.
T. S. Bramlejiee ..
do .
Gravelly
.. .do ..
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot
70 millimeters from end.
Triple flexure
White Pine.
..do
Nevada
British Columbia .
....do
Danville
Silver Mountain
valley, Fraser
river,
do
A. Triple
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
...do ..
....do
i'
do
Santa Ritamonnl- G. Engelmann and
ains. C. S. Sargent.
8029
7621
5262
5579
5579
4037
4740
4703
6033
5489
5126
5012
77M
8301
7107
8165
6023
5942
7349
6886
4400
4876
Crushed at 38 and at S9 millime-
ters from end ; upcnnl iii,:in.
Crashed ::t 3'2 millimeters from
end: ."-jilit obliquely iilou^ i^raiu.
Crushed at C4 millimeters from
• irl ut in imllhurters knot.
White Pine.
do
San Diego county,
do
G R Vasev
Pinon. fcut Pine.
do ..
do -
Cation City
Lewiston
Danville
Scott mountains . .
do
E. Weston
Gravelly
Rocky
Gravelly
Rockv
Crushed at end at "> millimeters
knot.
Split ol'iit|ue]y aloiiL; grain
I';ti!ril at 13 millimeters knots at }
middle.
Failed at Ifl millimeters knot 76
millimeters from end.
Crushed at 3 millimeters knots
at middle.
(.'ruahed at 32 millimeters from
end : t-ross-^rained.
1'iiion. Nut Pine.
Utah
Nevada
California .
M. E. Jones
A. Triple
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
rinon. J\ ut Pine.
357. Pimis Balfouriana, tar. aristata
Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.
do
do
Forest City
do
T. S. Brandegee...
...do ... .
Prospect mountain
Hersey
A Triple
Rockv - -
Crushed at middle anil at 3 milli-
meters knot 2f> millimeters from
middle.
Crushed at ,">! milliimters from
end.
Crushed at f»4 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at ]0 millimeters knot
J."> millimeters from end.
Michigan
.. do
W.J.Beal
.. do ...
Bed Pine. Norway Pine.
New Brunswick . -
«
do
Bridgeton
do
Ed. Sinclair.. :....
do
Charlotte
do
C. G. Pringle
do
Crushed at 25 and at 114 milli-
meters from end.
Crushrd at :.'5 ami at 76 millime-
ters t'lom end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Cinshed at 6 millimeters knot at
middle.
Crushed at 25 and at 102 milli-
meters from end.
Tiiple flexure; middle bend 51
millimeters eefcntrir.
do
do
do
do
..do
... do
.do
California
San Diego county .
....do
do
G. Engelmann
....do
do
Sandy
....do
do
....do
do
Santa Rita mount*
aina.
do
C G Prin^le
Rockv
7485
7349
5330
6350
5080
4944
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.
Yellow Pine.
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
....do
. do
....do
do ....
....do
do
....do
do
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters knot
at end.
do
do
do
do
6
Dakota
Robert Douglas . . .
G. Engelinanu and
C. S. Sargent.
v
Gravelly
7915
7530
3029
3765
8250
5942
7750
Crashed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end.
Triple flexure perpendicular to
rings ; knots.
do
YeUow Pine. Butt Pine.
Saw -mill, Ashland
Strawberry valley
....do
Saw-mill, Straw-
berry valley.
do
Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.
California
Low, wet, swampy
....do
...
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
W.G. Wright
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
469
Direclioll of grain.
1'KESSUKE, IX KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO 1'EOHtCE AX INDENTATION, IX MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
0.25
O.51
O.TO
1.02
i.ar
I.-VJ
i.r*
•->.<»:{
*.*«
2.54
4.81
3.O8
I
I
1116
658
676
662
1098
866
1066
1261
1134
2023
1497
1905
1792
953
871
1211
1442
1116
1397
671
862
744
898
594
703-
953
MB
1270
1338
1452
1021
1034
1089
1016
930
907
680
1157
1452
998
1134
1021 !
998
1311
871
1302
1270
1669
1325
1U42
1710
1860
MTO
•23*6
2796
2123
2169
2014
1311
2138
1506
2000
1034
1170
1116
1406
930
989
1243
1025
2000
2486
2132
1987
1669
1365
1574
1397
1361
971
1724
2400
1C98
1343
1179
1429
1338
944
1525
1406
1824
1406
1796
1905
1932
3157
2608
3030
2345
2595
2459
1860
2286
1S6S
2105
1107
1275
1343
1583
1025
1031
1379
1111
2177
2155
2291
1710
1837
1429
1687
1524
1388
1093
1851
2468
1765
1456
1189
1542
1406
962
1619
1483
1955
1474
1892
1973
2(105
3243
2735
3210
2481
2744
2658
uaa
2391
1619
2209
1220
1325
1433
1647
1080
1111
1420
1170
2259
2223
2359
1796
1892
1488
1724
1579
1406
1161
1879
2518
1833
1533
1275
1624
1438
984
1637
1329
2014
1501
1932
2032
2(i.',:i
;mi
2840
3388
2f,4ll
2885
2713
1987
2477
1674
2268
1288
1365
1479
1706
1134
1157
1461
1234
2327
2291
2440
1864
1941
152*
1774
1597
1429
1207
1905
2608
1851
1601
1325
1687
1483
1021
1696
1574
2119
1542
2023
2073
2118
3520
2920
3493
2654
3021
2753
2023
2576
1705
2359
1338
1424
1497
1724
1166
1202
1520
1288
2386
2350
2486
1946
1991
1560
1805
1601
1456
1257
1978
2667
1883
1669
1343
1760
1497
1061
1738
1615
2173
1583
2073
212::
21S2
3811
2998
3674
•-'717
3125
2880
2050
2645
1751
2431
1379
1483
1551
1765
1207
1238
1569
1343
2431
2400
2527
1991
2028
1615
1833
1610
1497
1302
2046
2749
1932
1733
1365
1796
1524
1084
17(>ll
1642
8827
1621
2114
2159
2209
3679
:iOn:>
3856
27.-.-1
32>2
2921
2091
2703
1801
2527
1415
1547
1584
1787
1234
1206
1601
1370
2449
2477
2495
2041
2073
1660
1882
1637
1524
1338
2082
3803
1946
1787
1411
1846
1547
1120
1774
1687
2400
1IJ65
2159
1579
1139
1796
1724
2341
1687
2209
1837
1261
1973
1941
2667
1932
2495
1982
1334
ma
2078
2858
2096
2735
Sheared fibers
668
730
819
819
913
992
993
661
661
656
656
397
882
915
631
631
821
821
914
315
315
785
785
1074
1075
1078
1078
996
996
996
1154
1154
1155
1155
1156
1156
619
626
630
630
632
636
689
do
do
do
Sbeared fibers ; opened grain at end and along one
fact'.
do
Split at end ; indented section covers 9 millimeters
knot.
222:!
3738
3216
3992
2821
3311
2953
2136
2771
1833
2622
1442
1574
1624
1801
1270
1293
1633
1415
2499
2572
2518
2118
2100
1692
1896
1651
1538
1361
2118
2853
1969
1851
1483
1896
227,1
3S33
3266
4146
2894
3857
2985
2168
2799
1842
2681
1470
1619
1665
1837
1311
1329
1669
1452
2554
2595
2536
2141
2576
1719
1905
1656
1565
1402
2155
2903
1982
1901
1529
1932
2576
4400
3S56
5013
2758
4854
4264
do
3892
3339
2032
3S11
2168
2948
1678
1860
1901
2032
1497
1520
1923
1706
2948
3016
3720
3538
2676
3515
2381
3470
Sheared fibers
do
do
do .. .
do
do
do ..
2023
2168
do
1633
2087
do ..
3166
3261
do
1973
2835
1996
iln
2926
2205
Sheared fibers ,.
do
1778
1805
1610
2336
3268
2214
2177
1760
2200
1892
1919
do.. .
2540
3438
2381
do .
do
1796
Sheared fibers ..
do
470
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PBESTCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
strength, in kilns.
Remarks.
361. Pinna ponderosa — continued . .
362 Pinns Jeffrey!
718
718
731
907
910
633
633
667
667
664
064
997
907
293
. 293
583
625
625
644
644
1157
Saw-mill, ilissoula
do
S. Watson
6463
6477
7349
3892
4173
5443
6577
6759
7938
5035
5761
7802
9934
4626
4037
02 14
5648
6115
5262
5511
4808
6940
6827
6532
4672
3742
9154
9185
4445
4876
71.94
8437
5398
5783
6123
7076
4808
4740
7938
8219
5080
6577
5829
5489
do
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end; 13 millimeters knotateud.
California
Lassen's peak
Canon City
do
Sierra Lumber
Company.
E. Weston
Colorado
do
Triplo diagonal flexure; knots
ii'jar middle.
Triplo diagonal flexure; 6 milli-
meters knot at middle bend.
Crushed at middle at 6 millime-
ters knot.
Triple diagonal flexure parallel
to rint;s; middle bend 6 milli-
met.'Ts eccentric.
Oblique split 178 millimeters long,
separating stick.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
do
California
Scott mountains ..
G. Eugeluiann and
C. S. Sargent.
Dry, gravelly
do
Bull Pine. Black Pine,
*
. do
Saw-mill, San Ber-
iMrdino.
do
W G Wright
do
Santa Rita mount-
ains.
....do
Vancouver's island
....do
Forest City
... do
G. Eugelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do '..
do
Dry, gravelly
....do
do
....do
British Columbia .
....do
Colorado
do
Shattered end; crushed at 102 mil-
limeters from end.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
ead.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 10 millimeters "knot
19 millimeters from end.
Crusbed at 89 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot
102 millimeters from end.
Crushed at. 5 millimeters knot at
middle.
Triple ilexuie; middle bend 25
niilltmetets eccentric.
Failed at 13 millimeters knot at
middle.
('rushed at 16 millimeters knot
38 millimeters from middle.
Crushed at 7(i millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
end at 5 millimeters kuot.
Crushed at- 51 to 71 millimeters
from end.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.
Crusbed at knots at middle and
near end.
Crushed at 7G millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Scrub Pine.
365. Pinus Murrayana . .
Tamarack. Black Pine.
Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce
Pine.
.
366. Pinus Sabiniana
IHgger Pine. Butt Pine.
367 Pinus Coulteri
...do ..
T. S. lirandegee . . .
do •
do
Moist, gandy loam,
do
..do "...
California
....do
....do
... do
do
..do
Seott mountains . .
....do
Contra Costa
county.
.. do
San Bernardino ...
.. do
Monterey
.. do
C.S.Sargent
G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.
....do
G. E. Vasey
....do
W.G.Wright
... do
G. E. Vasey
do
do
....do
....do
Gravelly
....do
Dry, gravelly
...do
Gravelly loam
do
368. Pinus insignis
Monterey Pine.
369. Pinus tubcrculata
Knob-cone Pine.
370. Pinus Tteda
Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine.
Rosemary Pine.
371. Pinna rigida
1157
676
676
576
570
82
82
355
355
388
388
389
389
13
13
1046
1046
83
83
621
622
1169
1169
...do
....do
do
....do
do
Mount Shasta
do .
G. EnpelmaDn and
C. S. Sargent.
Gravelly
do
Florida
. do
Duval county
do
A. H. Curtiss
do
do
Cottage Hill
....do
Wilmington ...
do
C.Mohr
....do
E. Kidder
do
Low, rich
....do
Loam
do
....do
North Carolina . . .
do
, do
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
(nd in vicinity of knots.
Crushed at middle in vicinity of
5 millimeters knot-
Crushed at middle in vicinity of
knot.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
cud.
Triple flexure parallel to rings
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end.
....do
...do
Massachusetts
.. do
do
....do
....do
Arnold Arboretum
....do
North Reading . . .
....do
Duval county
Aiken
....do
New Albany
do
....do
....do
C S Sargent
....do
do >.-.
Drift
Pitch Pine.
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
A. H. Curtiss
....do
H. W. Ravenel
....do
....do
Moist, sandy loam.
....do
« Dry, sandy
....do ;
Triple flexure perpendicular to
riuga.
Triple flexure parallel to rings . . .
Triple flexure, contained 7 knots
3 to 6 millimeters in diameter.
Crushed in vicinity of 3 millime-
ters knot 5 1 millimeters fruin end.
Crushed at end at 13 millimeters
knot.
Crushed at 13 millimeters knot 76
millimeters from end.
Pond Pine.
....do
South Carolina ...
....do
Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine.
/
do
do
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPRESSION— Continued.
471
I
•—
o
1
1
5
PRESSURE, IN' KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO rKOIUTK AN 1XDKXTATIOX, IS MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
I
0.35
0.51
0.76
1.03
1.11
1.53
i.rs
2.03
3.38
2.54
4.81
5.08
1021
8.r>7
1202
KXa
085
1261
1070
862
771
249
1021
1565
1202
885
667
1270
898
807
1202
1470
1089
753
817
953
599
767
1166
1225
1769
1538
1492
1879
1769
1315
1293
953
am
1787
1996
1071
1061
1374
12C6
1052
1778
2014
1225
1247
1406
1456
1093
1166
1179
1982
1447
1764
1093
1120
1433
1520
2223
2518
1270
1179
3479
4255
2132
1678
1796
2073
1211
1302
1905
1769
1728
2023
1S82
1379
1483
1769
2676
1905
2341
1202
1143
1501
1438
1152
1910
2214
1352
1374
1569
1619
1306
1261
1347
2218
1529
1919
1161
1193
1497
1678
2295
2844
1343
1370
3751
4854
2318
2023
2032
2350
1261
1325
1982
1819
1833
2173
1946
1479
1569
1937
2853
2000
2586
1229
1170
1588
1492
1193
' 1982
2332
1397
1424
1624
1674
1379
1297
1393
2372
1592
2050
1216
1275
1560
1801
2341
3089
1374
1424
3901
5239
2395
2127
2096
2431
1297
1365
2023
1860
1901
2259
1969
1547
1024
2000
2939
2078
2685
uta
1198
1665
1529
1252
2041
2363
1470
1479
1665
1710
1424
1320
1456
2436
1656
2118
1275
1325
1633
1855
2449
3207
1393
1442
4019
5461
2477
2186
2164
2804
1311
1402
2068
1928
1987
2309
2014
1606
1665
2105
3012
2164
2830
1270
1220
1715
1565
1302
2087
2413
1533
1547
1701
1746
1456
1347
1520
2518
1706
2223
1347
1406
1674
1901
2531
3302
1402
1483
4150
5079
2558
2241
2195
2527
1347
1452
2114
2000
2028
2345
2004
1051
1715
2168
3071
2250
2894
1279
1243
1774
1579
1329
2168
2499
1574
1574
1715
1778
1489
1379
1574
2563
1737
2263
1442
1456
1701
1928
2595
3357
1433
1501
4250
5729
2608
2277
2236
2599
1361
1479
2155
2096
2091
2368
2082
1687
1755
2223
3116
2309
2994
1288
1252
1846
1601
1374
2200
2545
1615
1619
1737
1810
1524
1397
1637
2G35
1796
2322
1497
1547
1733
1973
2658
3488
1452
1529
4359
5625
2658
2309
2250
2649
1397
1542
2186
2123
2141
2418
2118
1751
1796
2286
3175
2372
3075
1293
1275
1910
1647
1406
2259
2599
1651
1669
1746
1833
1538
1429
1656
2672
1819
2368
1547
1597
1774
2005
2740
3579
1492
1551
4409
5534
2703
234(1
2268
2690
1438
1579
2218
2182
2182
2431
2150
1773
1842
2354
3293
2440
3166
1311
1288
1964
1685
1433
2313
2654
1687
1715
1760
1869
1569
1470
1669
2713
1855
2418
1597
1637
1796
2037
2844
3692
1520
1565
4522
5552
2749
2368
2286
2731
1678
1769
2540
2495
2136
2699
1878
1928
2685
2694
2849
718
718
731
807
910
633
633
667
COT
664
664
997
997
293
293
663
625
625
644
644
1157
1157
676
676
576
576
82
82
355
355
388
388
389
389
13
13
1046
1046
82
83
621
622
1169
1169
do .
do
do
do . . . .
. do
2064
2087
2812
3765
2223
2277
do
1497
1497
2223
1814
1610
2667
3107
2023
1973
1969
2118
1769
1669
1579
2404
Sheared fibers
do
do
1787
2849
Sheared fibers
do
2214
2186
2068
Sheared fibers
do
do
1905
1746
Sheared fibers
do
1207
1157
1243
880
862
1247
925
1828
1542
91(9
703
2654
2658-
1520
1043
1211
111G
2994
2758
1905
1996
2019
2223
3289
4219
1678
1787
5216
5761
3030
2613
2572
2953
Sheared fibers ; split at ends
2182
2336
3520
4491
1796
1883
5851
do . ...
do
do.
do
-do
..do
3202
2635
Sheared fibers
472
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PKITTOIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
lirussion: Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
1172
6033
1172
....do
...do
....do
do
5379
279
A H Curties
5715
Sand Pine. Scrub Pine.
Spruce Pine.
279
.. do
do
do
... do
6341
knots at middle.
321
"Wytheville
Clay
5987
Table-mountain Pine. Hick-
321
do
. . do* . . . L
do
do
5353
rings.
671
California
Gravelly
8663
end ; split at end.
Ohixpn J'inc. Jtlfhop'tt Pine.
671
278
....do
....do
....do
....do
Clav
7621
4763
end at 3 millimeters knot.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.
do
Yellow Pine. Xhnrt-lw >;-<l
Pine. Spruce Pine. Btdl
278
...do
do
(i i)
do
7983
Pine.
319
C. Molir
10138
knots 25 millimeters from mid-
dle.
378. Pinua glabra
142
.
II. W. Ravenel
5466
millimeters from middle.
Cedar Pine. Spruce Pine.
White Pine.
142
do
do
do
5398
544
Gainesville
C. Mohr
3130
end.
544
764
....do
Florida
....do.
....do
....do
2903
5353
end at 10 millimeters knot.
Triple flexure
764
....do
....do
...do
5375
394
Baldwin
W J Beal
5194
die in vicinity of knot.
Gray Pine. Scrnb Pine.
Prince'* Pine.
394
... do
....do '.
do
do ..
4944
knot.
780
5080
.
780
do
way.
7756
millimeters from end.
879
do
do
8188
rings at i-nd.
879
do
do
6813
end.
380. Plans palastris
81
Florida
8392
middle.
Long-leaved Pine. Southern
81
do
do
do
do
10977
two pieces.
low Pine. Sard Pine.
85
85
243
243
....do
....do /.....
....do
..do
....do
... do
Saw-mill, Saint
John's river.
do
..do '....
....do
— do
do
Moist, sandy
....do
8618
9321
11204
10160
from end.
Triple flexure parallel to rings ...
Crushed at 13 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 19 millimeters from
end.
302
Aiken
H. W Raveuel
7847
302
do
do
do
do
8165
357
Cottage Hill
C. Mohr
10478
end.
357
358
....do
do
....do
do
do
....do
do
10047
10569
end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
middle.
358
do
do
do
do
11839
Triple flexure
359
. do .. .
do
do
11930
359
do
do
do
do
10931
360
360
....do
...do.. . .
....do
do
....do
do
..do
do
11068
10931
Crushed at 32 millimeters from
end.
361
do
do
do
do
10660
middle.
381
384
....do
Florida
....do
Saw-mill Cedar
....do
A. H Curtiss
....do
10931
9775
end.
Crushed at 70 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
384
do
Keys.
do
do
9934
end and shattered.
385
....do
....do
... do
8663
end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
385
....do
do
do
9017
end.
Crushed at 89 millimeters from
end.
THE WOODS O THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
473
Direction of grain.
PRESSURE, IN KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO PRODUCE AX INDENTATION, IN MILLI5IETER8, OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
0.25
0.51
o.r«
1.02
1.27
1.52
1.78
2.03
2.28
2.54
4.81
5.08
!
1247
1384
1243
1134
1252
953
142!)
862
1080
1393
1157
1043
1030
802
690
1043
1870
707
544
1134
807
857
1071
1769
1388
1442
998
1588
1951
1479
1125
)134
1700
1408-
1860
1951
2223
1551
2041
1883
1610
1406
1452
1270
1311
2404
2082
1941
1429
1687
1452
1901
1325
1429
2177
1538
1769
1470
1198
1148
1515
1674
1247
1452
1442
1315
1306
1293
2268
1860
1624
1615
1960
2803
1882
1452
1442
2395
1683
2767
2296
3202
1837
2921
3048
1960
1642
2540
1905
1810
2812
2254
2100
1656
1833
1615
2050
1515
1551
2481
1624
1941
1506
1311
1284
1592
1787
1393
1633
1501
1520
1406
1361
2499
1996
1728
1778
2064
3012
1882
1515
1569
2558
1833
2971
2495
3447
2037
2971
3438
1996
1706
2885
2078
2023
3075
2304
2218
1715
1910
1705
2136
1601
1624
2613
1724
2028
1565
1335
1338
1660
1864
1470
1778
1583
1628
1415
1443
2622
2087
1778
1860
2109
2994
1905
1637
' 1746
2622
1941
3039
2640
3484
2214
2812
3661
2136
1778
3026
2218
2155
3248
2400
2400
1801
1951
1733
2232
1669
1706
2676
1810
2096
1606
1415
1393
1728
1928
1529
1851
1637
1687
1424
1529
2681
2168
1873
1919
2191
2812
2023
1710
1796
2635
2037
3139
2808
3502
2422
3153
3751
2250
1914
3116
2295
2250
3343
2440
2377
1814
2032
1756
2286
1756
1756
2762
1864
2154
1619
1442
1429
1760
1982
1569
1978
1710
1719
1438
1574
2799
2259
1941
1987
2273
2880
2259
1792
1892
2649
2127
3289
2890
3543
2540
2817
3887
2341
2000
3166
2359
2300
3411
2513
2436
1846
2118
1787
2345
1787
1810
2781
1928
2209
1647
1479
1438
1810
2005
1615
2019
1778
1760
1524
1642
2885
2313
1991
2046
2322
3075
2522
1864
1973
2676
2182
3388
3071
3683
2676
2994
3878
2422
2082
3216
2436
2359
3456
2572
2477
1860
2191
1801
2386
1842
1887
2790
1987
2250
1665
1506
1470
1851
2014
1660
2064
1811
1810
1597
1687
2948
2386
2050
2150
2363
3193
2622
2431
2041
2903
2254
3484
3198
3756
2758
5193
3933
2486
2132
3298
2522
2440
Split at end
1172
1172
279
279
321
321
671
671
278
278
319
142
142
544
544
7C4
764
394
394
780
780
879
879
81
81
85
85
243
243
302
302
357
357
358
358
359
359
360
360
361
361
384
384
385
385-
2604
2536
1869
2250
1824
2431
1901
1951
2785
2037
2295
1687
1533
1483
1901
2068
1683
2091
1882
1842
1628
1765
3021
2440
2640
2576
1923
2331
1910
2490
1946
2009
2790
2MB
2345
1701
1565
1515
1941
2096
1715
2146
1923
1855
1669
1792
3062
2486
2994
2880
2132
2767
2291
2767
2304
2341
3139
3198
2359
2495
do
2699
1860
1740
1633
2186
2404
1996
2454
2336
2032
1769
2064
3221
2917
1951
1879
1851
2336
2785
2141
2653
2585
Sheared fibers
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Sheared fibers ; 3 millimeters knot in indented section .
1951
3866
2236
2409
3257
2703
2486
2114
3025
2295
3529
3270
3842
2885
3316
4014
2581
2177
3357
2572
2495
2286
2440
3302
2903
2581
2168
3134
2350
3633
2699
3946
2971
do
4150
38%
2998
3452
4101
2654
2263
3411
2635
2595
.. ..do
4808
3030
2740
5216
do
3107
2813
do
474
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office number.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
strenprth, in kilos.
Remark a.
380. Finns palnstris — continued
390
390
84
84
356
356
493
493
231
231
373
770
776
784
794
888
880
513
513
C20
620
773
773
78*
784
791
791
292
292
575
822
269
North Carolina . . .
do
"Wilmington
E. Kidder .
10206
9957
9003
8637
12792
13585
8550
11130
8210
6668
6242
6305
6305
5851
C373
6464
6260
4672
5117
5330
5443
5715
4518
5987
5978
5670
6260
4037
3883
5262
3901
4046
3792
4545
6568
6146
5715
5579
6486
5216
5625
5017
4527
5987
5706
7702
Crushed at middle and at 25 milli-
meters from middle.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
cud and at end.
Triple flexure .-...
Crushed at 32 and at 102 millime-
ters from end.
Crushed at 7G millimeters from
end.
Spl,t obliquely along grain; sea-
soning cracks..
Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.
Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 76
millim. tt rs from end.
Crushed tit 9 millimeters knots at
middle and at end.
Crushed at 83 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at C millimeters knot 51
millimeters from middle.
Crushed at middle at 6 millime-
teis knot.
Triple flexure; middle bend 25
millimeters eccentric.
Crushed at 2."> millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 13 millimeters from
middle.
Crushed at middle on one face
Crushed at funillinx't rs knot '>]
millinu ters fiom end.
Crushed tit 13 millimeters Urn t
at middle.
Crushed at 51 mil!! meters from
middle.
Crushed at :i millimeters Kmn ~>1
IVc.m i ml.
Ciu-hed :;t K. niillimetet s kimt
"-"> Kiillimelers i, <>ni middle.
Crusliei! at 10 mtllimeU-i ,s kn »t
102 millimeters from end.
Ciush"d ;it -I.". i:ii li t,« t» TA fn>m
middle,
Crashed al ">1 niillimetei s Irrm
ond.
('lushed at TO millimeters IVum
Mid.
Crushed at 04 iiiiUimrter.-. from
end.
Triple ilexure piiK'llel to riis^s
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot
S9 millimeters from end.
do
- do .
Florida
....do
Alabama
do
Duval county
...do
Cottage Hill
do
A. H. Curtiss
....do
C. Mohr
Moist, sandy...
Slash Pine. Swamp Pine.
Bastard Pine. Meadow
Pine.
....do '.
....do
. . do . .
Florida
do
Bay Biscayne
do
A. H. Curtiss
Coral
...do
Vermont
do
Charlotte
do
C. G. Pringle
...do ..
Cold, peaty
Black Spruce.
....do
...do
New Brunswick ..
do
Huntington do
Bay of Fundy i Intercolonial rail-
way.
Gravelly
Province of Quebec Danville
do do
Grand Trunk rail-
way.
...do...
1
New Brunswick .. Bridgeton Ed. Sinclair
Gravelly
White Spruce.
do
Terry's peak
.. <Io
do
...do ..
...do ..
New Brunswick . . Bay of Fnndy Intercolonial rail-
way.
...do
Bridgeton Ed. Sinclair
...do ... . . .do .' ...
do
Province of Qnebe« Amqui A. Grant
FoiestCily : T. S. Brandegee..
do do
White Spruce,
.do
...do..
...do
do
.. do
do
C. S. Sargent Peaty
T. S. lir.indproa .. do ..
Crushed :it 102 milliinelrrs from
end : cniss-i;rain"d
Crushed nt 102 millimet'is fiom
end al 10 millinieteis knot.
('lushed at 16 millimeters knot
70 millimeters from end.
Crushed at 38 millimeter* from
• MMKtud at middle at 3 millime-
ters knots.
Triple ilexure parallel to rings
Triple flexure perpendicular to
rinirs.
Crushed at G4 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end.
Crushed at middle ; angle of crush-
in gr, 85°.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end; angle of crushing, 85°.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
tud.
Crushed at 13 and at 102 millime-
ters from end.
Alj'iim de Damp
. . do do do
White Spruce. Slue Spruce.
386 Picea Sitchensis
270'
2702
970
970
977
977
1015
1019
1019
1026
1026
5
5
219
do
...do
Alaska
do
Sitka
do
Paul Schultze
Tide-land Spruce.
do
British Colombia .
Saw-mill, Burrard
inlet.
do
G. Engclmann and
C. S. Sargent.
do
Oregon
....do
Weidler's saw-mill,
Portland
Saw-mill, Astoria.
do
....do
do
....do
....do
do
Portland Furniture
Company.
do
do
Massachusetts
....do
Arnold Arboretum
...do
C. S. Sargent
....do
C. G. Pringle
Drift
....do
Gravelly
Triple flexure parallel to rings
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
Hemlock.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
475
Direction of tnain.
riiESSlT.K, IX KII.OGItAMS, l!KQl'IEEI> TO rilOIH:CK AX IXDKXTATIOX, IN MILLIMETRES, OF—
Remarks.
Oflifc number.
0.25
0.51
O.T6
1.02
i.ar
1.52
i.rs
2.03
2.28
2.54
4.81
5.0S
m
1315
1542
1111
1293
1229
2313
2880
1837
820
925
590
644
749
725
671
G35
635
776
735
726
676
608
631
662
644
817
640
567
953
572
590
907
640
1016
889
717
620
758
458
721
726
866
631
871
771
558
1474
1941
1406
1709
1452
3393
3892
2722
1261
1225
807
1089
1089
962
1007
962
939
1061
1120
11S9
1084
798
939
817
916
966
984
1080
1379
835
903
1279
912
1148
1184
1325
749
1143
626
794
907
1043
907
1007
817
771
1637
1987
1515
1846
15S8
3783
4400
3130
1400
1488
944
1225
1238
1030
1061
1039
1034
1152
1257
1311
1229
880
1061
894
962
1021
1043
1170
1515
844
984
1402
948
1234
1302
1574
807
1257
690
848
925
1120
980
1084
848
866
1814
2141
1560
1892
1706
3983
4786
3298
1442
1542
989
1261
1302
1071
1071
1080
1093
1179
1325
1397
1343
907
1093
989
960
1071
1071
1234
1597
857
1025
1461
962
1257
1415
1028
871
1320
749
898
934
1170
1025
1198
894
953
1887
2313
1592
1932
1796
4073
5080
3438
1429
1588
1U06
1279
1352
1102
1098
1116
1125
1202
1388
1447
1303
957
1125
1007
993
1125
1139
1275
1665
862
1066
1524
984
1293
1479
1706
944
1347
789
957
971
1198
1052
1275
921
993
1973
2431
1687
1982
1951
4237
5252
3450
1520
1637
1120
1302
1379
1125
1129
1143
1161
1225
1420
1488
1438
1012
1143
1030
1039
1170
1184
1325
1710
866
1098
1565
1016
1334
1529
1765
966
1388
830
1021
1016
1220
1071
1297
1002
1016
2155
2563
1710
2078
2041
4264
5579
3710
1569
1678
1166
1325
1402
1170
1161
1166
1193
1261
1438
1524
1488
1043
1175
1080
1061
1220
1229
1361
1751
898
1120
1619
1034
1379
1006
1829
993
1406
866
1048
1048
1279
1111
1306
1107
1052
2223
2654
1737
2159
2123
4309
5761
3801
1606
1719
1202
1347
1438
1211
1202
1202
1207
1293
1456
1542
1533
1080
1220
1098
1071
1270
1261
1393
1765
944
1152
1056
1052
1397
1660
1892
1098
1424
903
1120
1080
1325
1125
1352
1170
1129
2277
2785
1796
2277
2236
4418
5851
3887
1628
1778
1234
1370
1479
1225
1220
1225
1238
1315
1506
1565
1574
1116
1260
1111
1098
1320
1302
1415
1778
948
1175
1669
1066
1443
1728
1969
1161
1433
939
1139
1116
1356
1152
2350
2944
1824
2331
2304
4527
6214
3901
1660
1810
1257
1397
1511
1247
1243
1252
1275
1334
1542
1579
1637
1152
1302
1134
1125
1347
1325
1447
1814
953
1207
1683
1098
1470
1760
2068
1252
1456
966
1161
1161
1415
1166
390
390
84
84
356
356
493
493
231
231
373
776
776
794
794
880
880
513
513
620
620
773
77S
781
784
791
7'Jl
292
292
575
S2S
269
270'
270 2
970
970
977
977
1015
1019
1019
1026
1026
5
5
219
Slii'ht, sliennii" nf filter* - unlit &t ends
8781
do .
...tin ..
Sln>arccl lilicrs ; split at flirt ; indented .section covers
10 millimeters knot.
4146
1851
424()
1452
1560
1742
1429
1388
1370
1488
1588
1678
1724
1937
1325
1438
1379
1261
1533
1492
1579
1619
1724
do
1506
1506
1488
1579
do
do
do
do
1824
Sheared fibers; 3 millimeters knot covered by in-
dented section.
Sheaved tibers
3132
1569
1379
1637
1733
do
Sheared fibers; 10 millimeters knot covered by in-
dented section.
1043
1320
1882
1275
1637
2087
2395
1139
2009
1370
1778
do
do
2531
1715
Sheared fibers
1433
1352
1633
1302
1397
Sheared fibers --
. ... do
1216
1120
1257
1161
1542
1311
1732
Sheared fibers . . .
476
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PBLN'CIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
Office nnmber.
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
strength, in kilos.
Remarks.
387. Teuga Canadensis — continued.
219
Charlotte
C. G. Pringle
Gravelly
7892
Crushed at 51 niilli
4649
middle.
772
do
way.
do
5307
knot.
775
do
do
5489
rings.
775
. ..do
do
5738
middle.
778
. do
do
5035
millimeters eccentric.
778
....do
do
5058
vicinity of knots.
787
do
Ed. Sinclair
5851
ters knot.
787
do
do
do
6301
opened prain from end to end.
793
Province of Quebec
Grand Trunk rail-
7403
i in. us.
793
do
do
way,
do
8346
millimeters from end.
817
"West Virginia
C G. Pi-in^le
6323
from end.
817
....do
...do
do
6101
middle.
1040
es^"
middle.
1040
....do
do
do
5516
end.
1042
do
Xorth Heading
do
6486
1042
do
do
. do .
5126
end.
388. Tsuga Carolinians
623
North Carolina
Hendersonville . . .
A. H. Curtiss
Dry, rocky
G45IP
middle.
Crushed at 5 millimeters knot
Hemlock.
971
"Washington ter-
"Wjlkeson
9185
near middle.
Hemlock.
995
ritory.
Alaska
Sitka
C. S. Sargent.
Paul Schultze
7621
end.
995
do
do
do
9435
millimeters from end.
390. Tsnga Pattoniana
980
British Columbia .
5806
middle.
Triple flexure; middle bend 38
980
. do
Fraser river,
do
C. S. Sargent.
do
do
6341
millimetfTs eccentric at 3 milli-
meters knot.
2712
T S Brandegee
Moist
6613
middle.
Red Fir. Yellow Fir. Ore-
627
California
Saw-mill Straw-
9117
027
do ,
berry valley.
C. S. Sargent.
9390
middle.
702
do
5489
meters from end.
,
704
....do
field,
do
do
9026
rings. .
705
do
do
*
8709
end.
706
....do
mill, Marshfteld.
do . . . .
... do
20550
708
....do
. do
.. do .
9979
end.
•
708
...do ..
do
do
11022
end.
709
....do
do
do
7303
end at 3 millimeters knot.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from
709
do
. do
do
7212
end.
720
S Watson
7249
middle.
720
....do
... do
.. do
8936
end; shuttered end.
Triple flexure; middle bend 38
732
80'9
millimeters eccentric.
Crushed at 19 millimeters from
732
do
do
Company.
7802
end.
881
Utah
Salt Lake
Rocky
6895
Crushed ;tt 3 millimeters knots 38
881
....do
.. do
do
do
6305
millimeters irom end.
Crushed at 13 millimeters knot at
973
British Columbia
7235
middle.
973
....do .'.
inlet.
do
... do
7779
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
974
....do
... do ....
do
MOO
end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
974
986
....do
do
....do
....do
9026
7 576.
end.
do
/
989
1008
Oregon
British Columbia
Saw-mill, Portland
C. S. Sargent.
do
do
7689
7756
Crushed at group of knots 25 mil-
limeters from middle.
inlet.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
477
Direction of* grain.
IMIKSKriSK, IX KI1.0GHAMS, l:K(Ji:iRED TO I'HODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
O.35
0.51 o.7«
1.03
8M
1320
1315
1538
1352
1075
1411
1461
SHIS
2218
1669
803
826
1193
1937
1225
871
1928
1048
1397
2223
1501
1665
2277
1311
1221
2576
2322
1710
1257
2676
2409
1297
1293
1306
1506
1266
2313
2545
2254
916
1941
1202
1202
1002
1547
1302
1.37
1.53
1.78
3.03
3.38
3.54
4.81
5.08
!
667
885
767
1139
993
730
794
926
4tt
1338
1111
544
B23
57?
1338
476
658
1184
563
912
1406
862
1089
1406
866
739
1306
1338
1161
866
1769
1134
1080
1229
1035
971
862
1533
1833
1315
862
1098
885
767
780
953
839
998
1166
1343
1198
944
1311
1474
857
1833
1452
708
703
1034
I860
857
771
1189
848
1179
2032
1315
1438
1951
1170
1089
2141
2096
1533
1120
2291
2078
1207
1179
1198
1438
1107
2200
1941
1B32
957
1814
1216
1089
862
1320
1069
975
1397
1433
1628
1442
1107
1415
1405
1048
au
1733
844
852
1247
2068
1306
894
1996
1093
1461
2313
1551
1778
2345
1325
1284
2667
2391
1742
1293
2817
2499
1352
1429
1370
1515
1320
2245
2595
2300
1012
1860
1229
1252
1048
1588
1347
1002
1415
1492
1724
1547
1157
1447
1583
1089
2245
1792
857
871
1288
2141
1853
939
2032
1139
1533
2395
1592
1828
2436
1361
1320
2758
2472
1778
1352
2971
2595
1370
1529
1411
1547
1361
2109
2635
2345
1016
1778
1338
1302
1080
1647
1397
1066
1438
1551
1778
1615
1170
1479
1637
1143
2245
1833
S71
898
1325
2L>:,!I
1397
989
2078
1170
1597
2495
1647
1910
2467
1406
1356
2799
2245
1833
1374
3094
2672
1384
1642
1447
1628
1433
2132
2713
2409
1084
1569
1411
1343
1120
1674
1452
1116
1460
1637
1851
1687
1211
1538
1705
1170
2250
1828
907
948
1365
2309
1415
1021
2091
1220
1656
2558
1687
1960
2531
1447
1406
2890
2590
1896
1411
3257
2740
1406
1706
1497
1674
1483
2246
2758
1152
1511
1710
llilil
171(7
I2M
1628
1751
1179
1628
1778
1969
2096
1252
1674
1760
1220
1760
2078
2404
2313
tan
1837
1996
1429
219
772
772
775
775
778
778
787
787
703
793
817
817
1040
1040
1042
1042
623
971
995
995
980
980
271»
627
627
702
704
705
706
708
708
709
709
720
720
732
732
881
881
S73
973
974
974
980
989
1008
1120
ias?
1474
1288
1021
1415
1461
984
2041
1551
780
785
1129
1837
1093
817
IMS
971
1315
2132
1438
1533
2118
1279
1166
2440
2209
1656
1189
2522
2308
1247
1089
1238
1513
1220
2295
2482
2118
993
1982
1225
1152
953
1470
1207
1
2722
1497
1996
2141
do
do
2254
2241
2282
921
989
1402
2354
1415
1034
2123
1261
1733
2640
1737
1996
2576
1479
1434
2930
2645
1932
1465
3411
2821
1483
1765
1538
1719
1506
2359
2821
939
1002
1456
2381
1420
1071
2141
1302
1760
2681
1769
2068
2599
1501
1461
1034
1120
1710
2676
1520
1184
1687
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends
2336
1529
2223
3053
2019
2381
2899
1715
1665
2495
,lo
2227
2595
do
Slight shearing of fibers • splltatend
do
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end ; 10 millime-
knot on indented section.
2731
1987
1501
3557
2917
1511
1824
1574
1774
1556
2436
2912
2223
1742
4105
2359
do
do
do
1724
1951
1814
1833
2023
2005
Sheared fibers
. do
.do
do
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end
3266
3561
do
1161
1565
1461
1365
1139
1728
1488
1116
1637
1524
1402
1170
1765
1533
1143
1733
1374
1433
1193
1801
1569
1460
2495
1824
1588
1311
2136
1579
2722
Sheared fibers
do .
1687
do
do
do
478
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
Species.
1
p
§
State.
Locality.
Collector.
Soil.
Longitudinal com-
pression: Ultimate
ntrcu£ih, in kilos.
Remarks.
391 . Pseudotsnga Dcmglasii — cont'd
1008
British Columbia .
Saw-mill, Burrard
8!>81
1011
Oregon
inlet,
Oregon Railway
C. S. Sargent.
do
8799
middle.
1011
....do
and Xavigation
Company.
do
do
6804
middle.
1016
....do
Weidler's saw-mill,
... do
8981
millimeters from ond.
1016
....do
Portland.
... do
do
970S
end.
1018
1018
....do
....do
Saw-mill, Astoria .
....do
....do
do
10002
0662
middle.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.
1020
— do
Portland Furniture
....do
7892
end.
do
1020
....do
Company.
. . do
do
766G
1022
— do
... do
8346
1022
do
... do
. do
8392
end.
391. Pseudotsuga Dooglaaii, var.
roacrocarpa.
Hemlock.
642
642
California
....do
Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.
....do
W. G. Wright
do
6872
7938
middle*
Split obliquely ; pieces flew from
machine.
392. Abies Fraseri
523
AVak'ott Gibba
5G74
end ; opened grain.
Balsam. She Balsam,
523
377
... do
....do
....do
C G Priiigle
....do
Peatv
5239
5851
millimeters from end.
Crashed at 10 millimeters knot 25
mi Hi meters from mii'dle.
Balsam Fir. Balm of G Head
Fir.
449
Forest City
T S Brandegee
4854
middle.
Balsam.
449'
449>
449"
... do
...do
....do
....do
do
do
....do
....do
do
do
— do
do
4400
3856
5661
tors knot.
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38
millimeters from middle; split
along grain.
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot at
middle; split along grain.
820
....do
....do
do
....do
5398
end.
820
...do
do
do
do .
4808
1010
6033
White Fir.
1010
do
do
(_'. S. Sargent.
do
C477
middle.
S29
middle.
White Fir. Baltam Fir.
529
. / do
do
do
do
4967
{at end bearing tiansveisc test) ;
split along rings.
639
California
Alluvial
6350
Hinders from middle.
639
733
....do
...do
....do
C. S. Sargent.
... do
....do
5670
S618
Triple flexure perpendicular to
rings; opened grain.
733
... do
do
Company.
do
7507
398 Abies amabilis
1004
British Columbia
7838
end.
1004
... do
Fraser river,
do '
C. S. Sargent.
do
do
7122
middle.
399. Abies nobilis
965
do
Rich
7235
Jied Fir.
965
647
....do
ains.
..--do
....do
....do
7276
7°58
end.
Crushed at '25 millimeters from
middle.
Red Fir.
647
do
do
C. S. Sargeut.
do
6C68
end.
226'
C G Priugle
12021
millimeters eccentric.
Larch. lilackLarch. Tama-
rack Hackmatack.
226'
226'
226s
... do
....do
do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
do
10387
6849
8165
middle.
Triple, flexure; middle bond 25
millimeters eccentiic.
Crashed at C millimeters knot at
middle ; split from end to t ud.
774
774
New Brunswick ..
...do
Bay of Fundy
do
Intercolonial rail-
way.
do
7892
9095
Crushed at 13 millimeters knot 51
millimeters from eiid ; opened
between rings.
Crushed at 64 millimeters from
middle at 25 millimeters knot.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
479
=
3.
"s
§
!
a
1'HESSt HE. IN KILOGnASIS, KEyl'IliED TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
Q.')3
1315
771
!125
S«5
817
1043
889
730
C71
817
1 17SI
1080
1157
540
499
G44
780
726
794
594
f,90
563
881
490
769
522
749
852
1134
1134
594
680
1356
lli-4
844
1021
1270
1225
1C39
1724
fi52
794
0.51
0.76
1.03
!.«»
1.53
i.rs
3.03
2.28
2.54
4.81
5.08
2087
1306
1160
1107
998
1211
1129
780
81)2
848
11 :.2
1351
1520
830
am
sue
880
1016
925
821
817
826
817
617
1002
776
1134
1116
1243
1179
844
862
1565
1610
1016
1583
1769
1533
1533
2358
1143
1134
22.-, 1
1433
1318
1157
1048
1297
1180
8u7
<>:,:;
885
1497
1633
IMS
984
939
993
993
1080
930
894
866
957
?39
669
1093
894
1189
1207
1338
122B
880
930
1701
1696
1093
1760
2087
1628
1728
20&9
1247
1279
2241
1479
1275
1202
1075
1343
1229
639
930
907
1406
1610
1624
1061
975
1107
1048
1111
944
939
889
989
839
712
1125
971
1198
1270
1438
1270
939
1002
1842
1778
1148
1860
2241
1778
1860
2875
1343
1352
1996
1520
1334
1257
1125
1393
1284
944
1002
962
1293
1615
1669
1093
1002
1202
1093
1139
980
975
894
1007
857
762
1143
1002
1216
1320
1533
" 1275
998
1061
1941
1892
1175
1914
2391
1869
1982
2939
1388
1447
1978
1556
1388
1302
1184
1456
1329
1002
1111
993
1315
16!)2
1728
1125
1039
1257
1125
1175
1007
1012
I960
1588
1429
1352
1234
1537
1384
1039
1157
1030
1470
1778
1740
1157
1080
1306
1184
1211
1039
1034
2073
1606
1447
1393
1284
1615
1447
1071
1198
1080
1651
1846
1760
1170
1116
1365
1211
1247
1061
1052
2227
1633
1488
1429
1343
1669
1483
1102
1211
1107
1751
1910
1824
1J93
1129
1397
1238
1261
1116
1080
1987
1660
1524
1438
13S8
1737
1500
1134
1252
1143
1605
1960
1842
1202
1166
1447
1266
1284
1116
1102
2874
1462
1724
1642
2903
1505
Sheared fibers
1008
1011
1011
1616
1010
1018
1018
1020
1020-
1022
1022
642
612
523
52£
377
449
449'
449"
449*
820
820
101»
1010-
529
529
639
639
73J
733
1004
1004
965
965
647
647
226>
2261
226*
226s
774
774
do
Sheared fibers; split at end
2U7H
do
,lo
1361
1429
1306
1987
2177
2082
1379
1306
do
1624
2313
2409
2186
1442
1379
Sheared fibers
do . .
do
do
do ...
Slight shearingof fibers; split at end; 4 millimeters
knot in indented section.
1442
1474
1270
1270
1588
1597
1374
do
...do
Split at end
1030
912
803
1166
1025
1247
1347
1592
1325
1080
1098
2105
1969
1207
1982
2472
1946
2073
3026
1429
1470
1039
962
817
1170
1052
1279
1402
1692
1470
1116
1129
2218
2050
1252
2'059
2549
1987
2150
3039
1442
1474
1052
1012
844
1179
1084
1320
1438
1769
1533
1157
1166
2263
2123
1275
2073
2581
2050
2263
3502
1470
1483
1039
1066
866
1193
1098
1338
1465
1824
1592
1216
1193
2345
2173
1311
2118
2640
'2114
2381
3506
1197
1506
1057
1098
885
1202
1116
1361
1511
1869
1624
1257
1234
2413
2214
1325
2141
2717
2164
1170
1225
1225
1379
do
1302
1225
1610
1746
do .
1769
1905
do
1860
1429
1452
2858
2586
1474
2404
2948
2449
do ...
. do .
3221
1651
2586
3130
do
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends
Slight shearing of fibers; split at end; specimen
120 millimMrrs long.
Fibers did not shear ; split at end ; specimen 120
millimeters long.
Slight shearing of fibers ; shattered stick ; speci-
men 120 millimeters long.
3612
1538
1538
1746
1769
do
480
FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE
I
Ml
Species.
3 ! State.
Locality.
Collector.
SoU.
.5 ••""-
II em arks.
a
|||
B
-!.'{• &
0 g ft
o
J&i!
401. Lai ix Americana— continued . .
781
New Brunswick . .
Bay of Fundy
Intercolonial rail-
-
8147
781
....rlo
do
way.
780
....do
Bridgeton
Ed. Sinclair
9390
do
.
780
....do
do
7666
middle.
795
....do
Danville
Grand Trunk rail-
9480
way.
middle.
795
do
do
do
840
840
Massachusetts
....do
Wenhara
...do
6967
7530
Triple flexure parallel to rings;
intersecting '-Cooper lines".
Crushed at 102 millimeters from
... do
....do
end on one face.
402. Larix occidentals
719
Montana
Missoula
S "Watson
9367
Tri 1 ft
Tamarack.
P •
719
....do
....do
... do
10047
984
Washington terri-
Fulda... .
"W. Siksdorf Moist
tory.
end at 3 millimeters knot.
984
....do
....do
do | do
12633 Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 19
millimeters from end.
1006
....do
....do
do
do
1006
...do
....do
do . ..
ilo
PALMACE.E.
end; opened grain.
405. "Washingtonia filifera
1159
Agua Caliente
W. G. Wright
Dry, gravelly
1461 Split obliquely ; fracture 228 mil-
limeters long.
Fan-leaf Palm.
1159
....do
....do
do . ...
do
limeters long.
THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.
481
Direction of grain.
PRESSURE, IN KILOGKAM8, REQUIUF.il TO 1'UODUCB AN INDENTATION. IN MILLIMETERS, OF—
Remarks.
Office number.
0.35
0.51
o.re
1.02
1.27
1.52
1.7S
2.03
2.28
2.54
4.81
5.08
!
m
1270
862
703
730
1002
1S15
1179
903
1211
1315
1633
1656
1406
318
812
1125
1765
934
1202
mi
1315
1733
1TM
1574
1452
1451
2336
2681
1669
508
1207
1220
1005
1025
1270
1189
U28
1842
1892
1774
1579
1547
2350
3134
1905
676
1325
1311
2041
1075
1325
1288
1506
1987
1946
1860
1696
1619
2345
3348
2046
617
1397
1388
2159
1125
1347
1828
1551
BOSS
2028
1928
1796
1710
2400
3375
2159
658
1442
1461
2254
1189
1433
1388
)OJ6
2168
2168
2000
1800
1792
2545
3470
2300
680
1497
1538
2345
1229
1533
1429
17(39
2227
2259
2019
1946
1910
2681
3652
2391
708
1551
1601
2422
1261
1624
1442
1800
2313
2390
2050
1987
1987
2803
3756
2500
735
1610
1674
2504
1302
1692
1461
1905
2422
2490
2118
2082
2048
2948
3901
2549
758
1628
1774
2572
UK
1778
1501
1941
2472
2536
2186
2118
2123
3094
4051
2672
776
1656
2313
3198
2580
Slight shearing of fibers
781
781
786
780
795
795
840
840
719
719
984
984
11106
1006
1159
1159
. . .do
2087
2313
.... do
do
do
3085
3030
2541
2449
2563
2713
Sheared fibers; split at end; indented section
covers 6 millimeters knot.
do
do .
do . . . ....
945
1932
1048
1996
31 FOR
III.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES
IN THEIR
ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
483
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
GENERAL REMARKS.
The maps of relative average forest density joined to this report are intended to illustrate the present productive
capacity of the forest covering of the country (map No. 16, portfolio). They are based, except in the case of the
extreme western states and territories, upon the returns of enumerators. In states originally wooded all land not
accounted for in the returns as cleared or treeless, or otherwise known to be destitute of tree covering, is treated
as forest. The county is taken as the unit, and is seldom divided, unless varied topography or different natural
features in different parts makes further subdivision desirable. In the western states and territories, where
topography determines forest distribution, county lines are disregarded, and the estimates are based upon special
reports of census experts, or upon the published reports of the various government surveys, maps, etc. The
condition and productive capacity of the forest covering have been carefully investigated at many points in each
county or unit region, and the area covered with forest, obtained in the manner described above, is multiplied by
the average stand of timber or other useful wood. The results thus obtained are necessarily greatly generalized to
conform to the scale of the maps used.
The following statement represents the value of the forest crop of the United States for the census year, so far
as it has been possible to obtain it:
Saw logs $139,
Wood used for domestic purposes as fuel
(estimated) 306, 950, MO
Wood used by railroads as fuel 5, 126, 714
AVood used by steamboats as fuel 1, 812, 083
Charcoal used as fuel —
In manufacture of iron $4,726,114
In manufacture of precious metals . . 29, 306
In the twenty largest cities 521, 316
Xiival stores 5,000,000
Wood used as fuel — Southern moss 500, 000
In the manufacture of brick and tile 3, 978, 331
In the manufacture of wool 425, 239
In the manufacture of salt 121, 681
In the production of precious metals 2, 874, 593
In other mining operations 673,692
! Railroad ties (29,554,694) 9,806,247
Fence posts (for fencing railroads) 180, 000
Uncultivated vegetable substances used
in the manufacture of medicines 587, 000
Uncultivated nnts 78,540
Hoop-poles 1,947,316
Wood used in the manufacture of —
Handles $897,170
Wheel stock 1,360,892
Wood pulp 1,974,074
Baskets 314,125
Excelsior 150,800
Oars 81,000
Shoe pegs 72,000
Hand-made shingles 47, 952
Total 490,073,094
These returns are incomplete and often unsatisfactory. Many important items are omitted entirely. It was
found impossible to obtain statistics of the amount and value of the wood (posts, split rails, etc.) used in fencing,
with the exception of posts used by railroads. The amount of material thus consumed annually must be very large,
probably exceeding $100,000,000 in value. No returns of the amount and value of the bark of different trees used in
tanning leather have been received, and there are no statistics of the amount and value of the uusawed timber
produced — spars, piles, telegraph and other poles, hewed timber, hard wood exported in the log, ships' knees, etc.—
that is, all timber not manufactured in saw-mills into lumber. The value of the timber of this sort cut in the United
States every year must be very large. The returns include the railway ties laid down by completed roads, and do not
embrace those used in the construction of some 10,000 miles of new road built during the census year. It was
found impossible to obtain even an estimate of the amount and value of the cooperage stock produced outside of
regular saw- mills, and the returns of hand-made shingles only include those made from cypress at a few points
in the south Atlantic region. Maple sugar to the amount of 36,576,061 pounds and 1,796,048 gallons of molasses
were produced in the forests of the United States during the year 1879. No statistics of the value of these products
have, however, been received. Statistics of the value of material consumed in the manufacture of excelsior, wood
pulp, wheel stock, handles, shoe pegs, baskets, oars, and hoop-poles are incomplete, and do not fully represent the
value of the wood used. The statistics of .the value of wild nuts and wild vegetable substances collected are
very incomplete, and it has been found impossible to separate the value of the imported from that of the native
wood used in the manufacture of veneers, an industry consuming a large amount of high-priced hard wood. Could
complete returns of the forest crop of the census year have been obtained it is not improbable that it would be
found to exceed $700,000,000 in value.
THE LUMBER INDUSTRY.
The following table represents the volume, by states and territories, of the lumber industry of the United States
for the census year, as derived from the returns of the enumerators on the schedule of manufactures, and from the
reports of special agents for manufactures in cities having at the time of the Ninth Census 8,000 or more inhabitants.
No distinction between the different kinds of wood sawed was attempted in the enumeration:
485
486
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
STATISTICS OF THE LUMBERING INDUSTRY OF THE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
U
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
3?,
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
States and Territories.
Number of estab-
lishments.
Capital.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF HANDS EMPLOYED.
LABOB.
MATERIALS.
Maximum
at any one
time in
the year.
Males
above
16 years.
Females
above
15 years.
Children
and youth.
Wages paid
during
the year.
Value of logs.
Value of
mill
supplies.
The United States
25, 708
Dalian.
181, 186, 122
141,564
425
5,967
Dollars.
31, 845, 974
Dollars.
139, 836, 869
Dollars.
6, 31S, 516
Alabama .-.
354
1, 545, 655 2, 798
1,611
36
424,156
1, 517, 986
90,649
Alaska
Arizona
13
310
251
96
300
39
86
1
135
655
48
640
2,022
102, 450
1, 067, 840
6, 454, 718
481, 200
607, 300
113, 750
259, 250
25,000
2, 219, 550
3,101.452
192, 460
3, 295, 483
7, 048, 088
126
2,985
4,945
1,605
1,262
451
646
.
3,240
4,971
311
5,799
16, 252
77
1,690
3,423
870
699
286
378
25
1,945
3,298
1£9
3,652
9,926
2
54
11
7
8
4
13
33, 375
237, 394
1, 095, 736
112,931
178, 336
54,974
40,694
6,000
562,249
554,085
33, 367
787, 867
1, 571, 740
126, 486
1, 009, 954
2, 055, 635
654, 500
609,024
269, 235
229, 763
32, 000
1, 763, 617
3, 049, 435
213, 691
2, 959, 537
9, 290, 4i8
5,300
60,441
186,868
45,794
32,545
12,640
13, 612
2,000
103, 596
147, 720
16, 875
185, 368
336, 669
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Dakota
Delaware
District of Colombia
Florida
85
94
4
199
413
Georgia
Illinois
Indian territory
328
146
670
175
848
369.
606
1,619
234
295
881
36
38
9
680
284
26
2,822
776
2,352
228
2,827
49
420
'755
324
107
688
907
37
472
704
7
4, 946, 390
262, 975
2,290,558
903,950
6, 339. 396
1, 237, C94
2, 480, 340
39, 260, 428
6, 771, 145
922, 595
2, 867, 970
208, 200
93,375
132,000
3, 745, 790
1, 657, 395
74, 675
13, 230, 934
1, 743, 217
7, 944, 412
1, 577, 875
21, 418, 588
144, 250
1, 056, 265
2, 004, 503
1, 660, 952
272,750
3, 274, 250
2, 122, 925
2, 456, 450
1, 668, 920 1
19, 824, 059
26,700
4,155
831
5,140
1,514
9,836
1,769
3,130
30, 886
3,772
2,113
6,678
374
295
66
4,765
1,066
282
17,509
5,334
15,277
1,185
21,160
260
2,338
5,587
4,579
845
4,501
5,812
891
3,765
14, 079
68
2,526
507
2,506
943
6,480
1,216
1,940
22,732
2,732
1,123
3,408
142
136
35
3,056
760
172
11,056
2,938
8,769
"566
14,443
139
1,431
3,577
3,136
375
2,411
3,922
495
2,057
7,748
38
463
9
94
33
183
23
30
1,360
100
47
95
825,244
66,757
671, 939
200, 063
1, 161, 142
223,786
431,612
6, 967, 905
924, 473
197, 867
669,644
47, 945
29, 313
9,892
548,556
179, 693
24,240
2, 102, 972
447, 431
1, 708, 300
242,154
2. 918, 459
33, 143
221,963
549, 222
732, 914
65, 175
426, 953
540, 231
200,539
459,945
2, 257, 218
6,380
4, 023, 661
421,738
2, 238, 888
1, 106, 280
4, 754, 613
1, 041, 836
1, 827, 497
30, 819, 003
4, 408, 468
1, 190, 902
3, 113, 049
257, 320
153,823
151, 790
2, 159, 461
942, 752
100, 145
8, 628, 874
1, 490, 616
8, 603, 127
1, 294, 703
13, 378, 589
116, 085
1, 170, 088
2, 006, 124
1, 909, 794
216, 619
1, 939, 775
1, 864, 288
1, 174 005
1, 307, 843
12, 219, 097
24,725
118, 224
25, 711
171, 855
80, 779
197, 344
64,959
76, 608
1, 432, 369
120, 587
28, 214
102, 243
20,778
11,055
11,020
113, 530
47,227
16, 910
490, 389
86,523
292,979
36, 639
576, 841
4,803
67,273
136, 761
186, 981
21,655
SI, 093
119,489
14, 070
67,ft29
262,376
2,625
Kansas
1
Louisiana
Maine
Mnrvlaud
Massachusetts
Michigan .
143
22
Minnesota .
Montana
4
Nevada ..
New Hampshire
48
8
New Jersey
New Mexico
NewTork
389
91
548
13
463
13
37
141
49
10
100
89
4
126
467
North Carolina
Ohio
Oregon .
8
Rhode Island ;
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
1
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington . _
West Virginia
250
Wyoming . . ......
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES FOR THE YEAR ENDING MAY 31, 1880.
487
PRODUCTS.
Lumber (board
measure).
Laths.
Shingles.
Staves.
Sets of headings.
Spool and
bobbin stock
(board measure).
Value of all
other products.
Total value of all
products.
Bank
according
to value
of
products.
Feet.
Number.
Number.
Number.
Number.
146 593 000
Feet.
34 076 000
Dollars.
2 682 668
Dollars.
233 268,729
251 851 000
5 4°7 000
2 357 000
437 000
2, 649, 634
23
1
*>
10 715 000
150 000
1 760 000
300 000
1,010
215, 918
44
S
350 000
1,793 848
29
4
304 795 000
2 420 000
2 063 000
1 203 000
3,000
4, 428, 950
13
^
63 792 000
4 925 000
27 214 000
700
1, 051, 295
34
6
64, 427, 000
29 286 000
1, 719, 000
564 000
7. 192, 000
4 823 000
270, 000
12,000
33,000
12,930
500
1, 076, 455
435, 792
33
37
R
31 572 000
317 000
506 000
4 510 000
550 000
411,060
38
g
2,000
50,000
46
10
a 247 627 000
20 101 000
3 061 000
791 000
HO 000
13,999
3, 060, 291
21
11
451, 788, 000
18 204 000
17, 438, 000
750 000
25, 332, 000
4 235 000
2, 014, 000
964,000
4,000
3,975
60,200
4, 875, 310
349, 635
12
40
12
13
b 334, 244, 000
915, 943, 000
b 25, 977. 000
28, 031, 000
b 15, 306, 000
26, 634, 000
24, 443, 000
283, 071, 000
1, 385, 000
26, 389, 000
30,000
1, 957, 000
16, 807
145, 750
5, 063, 037
14, 260, 830
11
5
14
15
Hi
e412 578 000
c 79 924 000
c 128 ] 00 000
5 335 000
650 000
38,343
6, 185, 628
Q
17
45 281 000
25 000
835 000
150,000
3,400
682, 697
35
1R
305, 684, 000
133 472 000
26, 856, 000
7 745 000
25, 253, 000
23, 148, 000
900 000
8, 174, 000
33 000
383, 000
75,655
15, 470
4, 064, 361
1, 764, 640
14
30
19
•><)
566, 656, 000
123 336 000
184, 820, 000
7 955 000
426, 530, 000
4 499 000
62, 376, 000
16 227 000
3, 312, 000
13, 426, 000
182, 618
149, 894
7, 933, 868
1, 813, 332
7
28
21
•>•>
d 205, 244, 000
4, 172, 572, 000
563 974 000
d 16, 947, 000
461, 805, 000
88 088 000
d 19, 667, 000
2, 584, 717, 000
21, 062, 000
199, 821, 000
7 825 000
1, 860, 000
21, 897, 000
547 000
572, 000
6, 038, 000
44,395
531,406
21,100
3, 120, 184
52, 449, 928
7, 366, 038
20
1
g
23
24
•">
168 747 000
7 908 000
5 355 000
60 000
5,349
1, 920, 335
27
?fi
21 426 000
3 363 000
7 097
5, 265, 617
10
°7
21, 420, 000
2 620 000
9 627 000
1,900
527, 695
36
?8
13, 585, 000
1,100
265, 062
41
?9
21 545 000
485 000
243,200
42
30
292, 267, COO
109, 679, 000
11, 195 000
49, 454, 000
8, 948, 000
107 000
67, 086, 000
10, 717, 000
722,000
31, 354, 000
40, 000
20 000
3, 491, 000
155, 000
3, 072, 000
883,000
58,612
40, 385
3, 842, 012
1, 627, 640
173, 930
15
32
45
31
32
33
1, 184, 220, 000
241, 822, 000
910, 832, 000
177, 171, 000
79, 399, 000
13, 340, 000
50, 625, 000
18 245 000
305, 711, 000
8, 707, 000
24, 876, 000
5,040 000
62, 654, 000
45,000
214, 245, 000
22, 136, 000
571, 000
25, 779, 000
1, 003, 000
1, 253, 000
25,000
285,263
7,195
186,788
10,500
14, 356, 910
2, 672, 796
13, 864, 460
2, 030, 463
4
22
6
26
34
35
36
:i7
1, 733, 844, 000
8,469 000
183, 740, 000
10 000
288, 561, 000
1 986 000
80, 062, 000
365 000
10, 401, 000
326,000
3,700 000
393,044
174
22,457,359
240, 579
2
43
38
39
185 772 000
23 133 000
10 036 000
385 000
93 000
41 700
2, 081, 507
25
•10
302, 673, 000
328, 968, 000
21, 275, 000
14 131 000
14, 205, 000
112 523 000
4, 342, 000
570, 000
140 000
6,000
72,998
10,350
3, 744, 905
3, 073, 449
16
17
41
45!
25, 709, 000
1 563 000
9 293 000
1,765
375, 164
39
43
322, 942, 000
315, 939, 000
160, 176 000
19, 745, 000
14, 40C, 000
6 550 000
55,711,000
8, 223, 000
3 610 000
13, 219, 000
14, 333, 000
23 666 000
1, 572, 000
929,000
415, 000
800,000
2,575
30, 355
3, 258, 816
3, 434, 168
1, 734, 742
19
18
31
44
45
4<i
180 112 000
12 071 000
3 695 000
41 992 000
1 952 000
40 195
2,431 857
24
47
1 542 021 000
215 13"1 000
862 922 000
8fi 545 000
7 493 000
152 171
17, 952, 347
3
48
2,960 000
300 000
8G5 000
40,999
47
41V
o Including 77,500,000 feet manufactured from logs cut in A'abama.
b Including 73,700,000 feet lumber, 15,041,000 laths, and 11,226,000 shingles, manufactured from logs cnt in Wisconsin.
c Including 334,199,000 feet lumber, 78,728,000 laths, and 127,591,000 shingles, manufactured from logs cut in Wisconsin.
d Including 26,000,000 feet lumber, 11,982.000 laths, and 8CO.COO shingles, manufactured from logs cut in New Hampshire and Vermont.
e Including 27,000,000 feet lumber, 12,400,000 laths, and 5,300,000 shingles, manufactured from logs cut in Wisconsin.
488
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
In the following table the average importance of the saw-mills located in the different states and territories is
shown:
AVERAGE SIZE AND PRODUCT OF SAW-MILLS IN EACH STATE AND TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
States and Territories.
Total number of establish-
ments.
"=?
1
o
NUMBER OF
HANDS
EMPLOYED.
MATERIALS AND LABOR.
PRODUCTS.
Maximum at any one
time in the year.
Average.
Value
of
logs.
Valne
of mill
sup-
plies.
Wages
paid
during
the
year.
Lumber
(board
measure).
Laths.
Shingles.
Staves.
Sets of
head-
ings.
Spool
and
bobbin
stock.
Valne
of othei
prod-
ucts.
Total
value of
all
prod-
ucts.
The United States..
Alabama
25, 708
Dolls.
7,048
8.8
5.8
Dolls.
5,436
Dolls.
240
Dolls.
1,235
Feet.
703, 000
No.
68, 000
No.
216, 000
No.
48, 000
No.
5,700
Feet.
1,300
Dolls.
104
DoUs.
9,078
354
4,366
7.9
4.6
4,288
256
1,198
712, 000
40, COO
15, 000
6,000
1,000
7,485
Alaska
Arizona
33
319
251
96
300
39
86
1
135
655
48
640
2,022
7,880
3,347
55, 716
5,013
2,119
2,917
3,015
25, 000
16, 441
4,735
4,009
5,149
3,485
9.7
9.0
19.7
16.6
4.0
11.6
7.5
35.0
24.0
7.5
6.5
9.0
8.0
6.0
5.5
13.7
9.0
2.0
7.5
4.5
25.0
15.0
6.0
3.6
6.0
5.0
9,729
3,166
8,190
6,808
2,030
6,903
2,672
32, 000
13,064
4,655
4,452
4,624
4,600
408
190
744
476
108
324
158
2,000
768
225
352
290
166
2,567
744
4,365
1,176
594
1,410
473
6,000
4,165
845
700
1,230
777
824, 000
541,000
1, 214, 000
664, 000
215, 000
751, 000
367, 000
4, 000, 000
1, 834, 000
690, 000
380,000
522, 000
453, 000
11, 000
20, 000
10, 000
51, 000
6,000
15,000
4,000
1, 000, 000
150, 000
27, 000
16, 000
40,000
14, 000
136, 000
194, 000
553, 000
283, 000
24,000
124, 000
6,000
23, 000
5, 000
8,000
77
16, 609
5,623
17,645
10, 951
359
11, 174
4,780
50,000
22,668
7,443
9,346
7,911
7,052
Arkansas
1,000
5,000
California
12
7
43
13
Colorado
Connecticnt
1,000
Dakota
Delaware
52,000
6,000
District of Columbia . . .
Florida
2,000
104
6
1,254
26
72
23, 000
39, 000
88, 000
24,000
13, 000
6,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
38, 000
140, 000
2,000
13, 000
Indiana
Indian territory
Iowa
328
146
670
175
848
369
606
1,649
234
295
881
36
38
9
680
284
26
2,822
776
2,352
228
2,827
49
420
755
324
107
688
007
37
472
704
7
15, 080
1,801
3,418
5,165
7,475
3,354
4,093
23, 808
28, 936
3,127
3,255
5,783
2,457
14, 666
5,508
5,836
2, 870 '
4,688
2,246
3,378
6,920
7,570
2,944
2,515
2,655
5,126
2,549
4,759
2,340
6,390
3,535
8,159
3,814
12.6
5.7
7.7
8.6
11.6
4.8
5.0
18.7
16.0
7.0
7.6
11.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
3.7
10.8
6.0
7.0
6.5
5.0
7.5
5.0
5.5
7.0 :
14.0
7.9
6.5
6.0
24.0
8.0
20.0
9.7
9.0
3.5
3.8
5.6
7.8
3.0
3.0
14.7
12.0
4,0
4.0
4.0
3.7
4.0
4.5
2.7
6.7 |
4.0
4.0
4.0
2.5
5.0
3.0
3.5
5.0
9.8
3.5
3.0
4.0 |l
13.5
4.0
12.0
5.5
12,267
2,888
3,341
6,321
5,607
2,823
3,015
18, 700
18, 839
4,037
3,534
7,148
4,048
16, 865
3,175
3,319
3,851
3,057
1,921
3,658
5,678
4,732
2, 369
2,785
2,657
5,894
2,024
2,819
2,055
31, 730
2,770
17,356
3,532
360
176
256
462
2S2
176
126
868
515
95
116
577
290
1,224
167
166
650
173
111
124
160 '
204
98
160
181
577
202
119 '
131 '
380
143
358
375
2,513
457
1,003
1,143
1,369
GOfi
712
4,225
3,950
671
760
1,332
771
1,099
806 |
633 ,
932
766
576 :
726
1,062
1,032
876
528
727
2,262
609
620
595
5,420
974
3,206
911
1, 258, 000
310, 000
456, 000
762, 000
668, 000
334, 000
338, 000
2, 530, 000
2, 410, 000
572, 000
453, COO
595, 000
357, 000
2, 394, 000
429, COO
386, 000
430, 000
419, 000
311, 000
387, COO
777, 000
613, 000
172, 000
442, 000
400, 000
1,015,000
240, 000
469, 000
348, 000
4, 329, 000
381, 000
2, 190, 000 ;
423, 000
244, 000
40, 000
40, 000
44, 000
218, 000
21, 000
28, 000
280, 000
376, 000
27,000
23,000
73, 000
390, 000
6,000
37, 000
170, 000
503, 000
12, 000
32, 000
1, 568, COO
831, 000
18, 000
10, 000
267, 000
16, 000
2,000
117
23
113
88
215
406
73
322
90
18
8
53
29
19,000
4,700
6,066
10,083
9,356
4,914
5,149
31,807
31,478
6,509
6,000
14, 668
6,975
27, 022
5,650
5,73]
6,690
5,087
S, 445
5, 895
8,905
7,944
4,009
4,837
4,060
11, 338
3,506
4,736
3, 786
46, 885
5,152
25,500
5,855
Kansas
Kentucky
34, 000
1,000
73, 000
44, 000
35, 000
121, 000
33, 000
12, 000
Louisiana
Maine
4,000
Marj'land
Massachusetts
3,000
13, 000
2,000
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
24,000
4,000
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
54,000
98, 000
38, 000
27,000
108, 000
11,000
10, 000
2,000
102, 000
•SO, 000
24, 000
18, 000
347, 000
87, 000
80, 000
9,000
97,000
8,000
1, 226, 000
123, 000
New Hampshire
73, 000
3l, 000
4,000
28, 000
17, 000
21, 000
80,000
65, 000
46, 000
5,000
86
142
New Jersey
New Mexico
XewYork
22,000
8,000
101
9
83
46
139
3
99
96
32
16
3
33
Xorth Carolina
Ohio
91, 000
11, 000
Oregon
Pennsylvania
28, 000
7,000
3,000
Ehode Island i
South Carolina
55, 000
28, 000
43, 000
14,000
28, 000
16, 000
177, 000
25, 000
305, 000
43, 000
Tennessee
5,000
Texas
Utah
Vermont
19, 000
15, 000
639, 000
89,000
117, 000
2,000
1,000
Virginia
"U'ashington
West Virginia
4,000
10, 000
85
216
Wisconsin
Wyoming
MAP OF THK
IMTK1) STATES
SHOWIM; THK
ClIAHACTKK OFTHK Kl'KI
rsKD IX Till'. DIFFERENT SECTIGire
SF.'l"n.i:i) I'dlM-IO.N UKTIIKI'OCMTHY
( S. SAMC.KXT.
SI 'I-' I ' I \ i . Al '-K NT H> ™ I ' }. N M ' s
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
489
.Michigan is tlie greatest lumber-producing state in the Union. The value of its lumber product, with that of
Wisconsin and Minnesota, exceeds one-third of the total value of all the lumber manufactured in the United States.
This enormous development of the lumber business in the lake region is due to the excellence of its forests, the
natural advantages of the country for .manufacturing lumber, and the easy communication between these forests and
the treeless agricultural region west of the Mississippi river.
The extinction of the forests of the lake region may be expected to seriously affect the growth of population
in the central portion of the continent. The. country between the Mississippi river and the Kocky mountains, now
largrly supplied with lumber from Michigan. Wisconsin, and Minnesota, must for building material soon depend
upon the more remote pine forests of the (riilf region or those of the Pacific coast. A great development in the
now comparatively unimportant lumber-manufacturing interests in these regions may therefore be expected. Xew
centers of distribution must soon supplant Chicago as a lumber market, and new transportation routes take the
place of those .built to move, the pine grown upon the shores of the great lakes. It is not probable, however,
that any one point will ever attain the importance now possessed by Chicago as a center for lumber distribution.
With the growth of the rarroad system and the absence of good water communication from the great forests
remaining in the country toward the center of the continent, lumber will be more generally shipped direct by rail
from the mills to the consumer than in the past. In this way the pine of .Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas will
reach Kansas, Nebraska, and the whole country now tributary to Chicago. Western Texas and northern Mexico
will be supplied by rail with the pine of eastern Texas, and the prairies of .Minnesota and Dakota must draw their
lumber by rail, not as at present from the pine forests covering the shores of lake Superior, but from the flr and
redwood forests of the Pacific coast.
FUEL.
The following table represents the consumption of forest products as fuel during the census year. The
estimates of the amount and value of the wood used for domestic fuel are based upon answers to letters of inquiry
addressed to persons living in every town in the United States. The average amount and value of the wood used
by a family of five persons, taken as a unit, is multiplied by the number of families in each state using wood for
fuel, and the result thus obtained is taken as the total state consumption :
WOOD USED AS FUEL FOE VARIOUS PURPOSES.
Use.
Cords.
Value.
Use.
Cords.
Value.
140 5:17 439
$306 950 040
Ky railroiuls
1 971 813
5 I'^G 714
By steamboats
7S7 }•'«"
] 812 083
158 208
In miniim; ami amalgamating the precious metals . . .
358, 074
2, 874, 593
Total :
145 778 137
321 962 373
200 771
673 692
ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION OF WOOD FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES.
Number of persons using wood for domestic fuel, 32,375,074.
States and Territorial.
Cords.
Value.
States and Territories.
Cords.
Value.
States and Territories.
Cords.
Value.
Alabama
6, 076, 754
$8, 727, 377
2 095 439
$7 328 723
7 434 690
A lasli ; i _
7 994 813
13 313 "20
Ohio
8 191 543
170 017
724 572
1 944 858
4 607 415
Arkansas
3, 022, 400
5 095 H21
1 215 881
4,078 137
"'
7 361 992
California
1, 748, 062
7. 693, 731
1 15^ 919
3 170 041
Rhode Island
154 953
426. 719
1 638 783
890 041
4 613 °6it
< 'nnlll'l'tictlt
525, 639
2 ;;7i .";; '
7 838 904
13 197 "40
8 084 611
Dakota
422 048
3 028 300
] 6f9 568
5 873 421
JMnware
177 306
751 311
5 090 758
7 145 u6
Utah
District of Columbia
20, 902
80, 706
4, 016, 373
8, 633, 465
782 338
o 509 189
Florida
GU9 04 G
1 230 41°
119 9-17
Georgia
5,910 04 j
8 279 "4-">
908 188
3 859 843
Wishiii 'ton
IllllllO
99, 910
383 6S6
1", "70
972 71°
West Virginia
Illinois
5 ''00 10-4
14 136 (i6°
567 719
Indiana
7, 059 874
1:1 :::M 7"<i
642 598
2 787 916
hid: n tt'iTitorv
169, 946
],n6:i :ifiO
4 (iriO 649
Total
140, 537, 439
306, 950, 040
.
o Inclndiuu a sra.'ill amount imported from Canada.
CONSUMPTION OF CHARCOAL.
Domestic mid niJumiiK'turiii;* purposes.
Bushels.
Value.
In the twentv largest cities
4 319 194
$521 316
69 59° 091
4 726 114
In the production of piveious metals ..
97 687
29 306
Total
74 008 972
5 276 736
490 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
The forests of the United States, in spite of the great and increasing drains made upon them, are capable of
yielding annually for many years longer a larger amount of material than has yet been drawn from them, even
with our present reckless methods of forest management. The great pine forest of the north has already, it is true,
suffered fatal inroads. The pine which once covered New England and New York has already disappeared.
Pennsylvania is nearly stripped of her pine, which once appeared inexhaustible. The great northwestern pineries
are not yet exhausted, and with newly-introduced methods, by which logs onco supposed inaccessible are now
profitably brought to the mills, they may be expected to increase the volume of their annual product for a few
years longer in response to the growing demands of the great agricultural population fast covering the treeless
midcoutineutal plateau. The -area of pine forest, however, remaining in the great pine-producing states of
Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota is dangerously small in proportion to the country's consumption of white
pine lumber, and the entire exhaustion of these forests in a comparatively short time is certain. The wide areas
now covered in New England by a vigorous second growth of white pine, although insignificant in extent and
productiveness in comparison with the forests it replaces, must not be overlooked in considering the pine supply of
the country. These new forests, yielding already between two and three hundred million feet of lumber annually,
are capable of great future development.
The pine belt of the south Atlantic region still contains immense quantities of timber uuequaled for all
purposes of construction, although unsuited to take the place of the white pine of the north. The southern pine
forests, although stripped from the banks of streams flowing into the Atlantic, are practically untouched in the
Gulf states, especially in those bordering the Mississippi river. These forests contain sufficient material to long
supply all possible demands which can be made upon them.
The hard-wood forests of the Mississippi basin are still, in certain regions at least, important, although the
best walnut, ash, cherry, and yellow poplar have been largely culled. Two great bodies of hard-wood timber,
however, remain, upon which comparatively slight inroads have yet been made. The most important of these
forests covers the region occupied by the southern Alleghany Mountain system, embracing southwestern Virginia,
West Virginia, western North and South Carolina, and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee. Here oak unequaled in
quality abounds. Walnut is still not rare, although not found in any very large continuous bodies, and cherry,
yellow poplar, and other woods of commercial importance are common. The second great body of hard wood, largely
oak, is found west of the Mississippi river, extending from central Missouri to western Louisiana. The forests of
Michigan, especially those of the northern peninsula, still abound in considerable bodies of hard wood, principally
maple. Throughout the remainder of the Atlantic region the hard-wood forests, although often covering considerable
areas, have everywhere lost their best timber, and are either entirely insufficient to supply the local demand of the
present population, or must soon become so.
In the Pacific region the great forests of fir which extend along the coast region of Washington territory and
Oregon are still practically intact. Fire and the ax have scarcely made a perceptible impression upon this magnificent
accumulation of timber. Great forests of pine still cover the California sierras through nearly their entire extent;
the redwood forest of the coast, however, once, all things considered, the most important and valuable body of
timber in the United States, has already suffered seriously, and mapy of its best and most accessible trees have
been removed. This forest still contains a large amount of timber, although its extent and productive capacity has
been generally exaggerated. The demand for redwood, the only real substitute for white pine produced in the
forests of the United States, is rapidly increasing, and even at the present rate of consumption the commercial
importance of this forest must soon disappear.
The pine forests which cover the western slopes of the northern Kocky mountains and those occupying the
high plateau and inaccessible mountain ranges of central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico have not yet
suffered serious damage at the hands of man. The remaining forests of the Pacific region, of little beyond local
importance, are fast disappearing. The area of these interior forests is diminished every year by fire and by the
demands of a careless and indifferent population ; and their complete extermination is probably inevitable.
The forest wealth of the country is still undoubtedly enormous. Great as it is, however, it is not inexhaustible,
and the forests of the United States, in spite of their extent, variety, and richness, in spite of the fact that the
climatic conditions of a large portion of the country are peculiarly favorable to the development of forest growth,
cannot always continue productive if the simplest laws of nature governing their growth are totally disregarded.
The judicious cutting of a forest in a climate like that of the Atlantic or Pacific Coast regions entails no serious
or permanent loss. A crop ready for the harvest is gathered for the benefit of the community; trees which have
reached their prime are cut instead of being allowed to perish naturally, and others take their place. The
permanence of the forest in regions better suited for the growth of trees than for general agriculture may thus be
insured. Two causes, however, are constantly at work destroying the permanence of the forests of the country
and threatening their total extermination as sources of national prosperity — fire and browsing animals inflict
greater permanent injury upon the forests of the country than the ax, recklessly and wastefully as it is generally used
against them.
2
I R X , ,,- „
'
*s
Nv
MAI1 OF TIIK
I* N ITK 1) S rl'ATK S
SHOW M ; Til! . I '1 !( '!'( IIVTH )X i >K WO< H)J.A.\I ) WIT] i I X TIIH SETTI.KO A! ! K.S
cENsrsii-;.\K.
•
r.S.S.VFNlKXT, SF»J;CJ,\J. ,-\<ih.\'T
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
491
FOKEST FIKES.
The extent of the loss which the country sustains every year from injury to woodlands by tire is enormous.
An attempt was made to obtain, by means of circulars of inquiry addressed to enumerators of the census and
other persons living in every town of the United States, some estimate of the actual destruction of forest material
in this way. More than 30,000 of these circulars were sent out. The information obtained, often vague and
unsatisfactory, after a most critical examination, in which all doubtful or contradictory returns were entirely
thrown out, is presented in the following table and accompanying map. It must be borne in mind that estimates
based upon information obtained in this manner are liable to very considerable error, and due allowance must
therefore be made for inaccurate or incomplete returns. Many towns, and even counties, in which forest flres are
known to have occurred during the year 1880, made no returns whatever, and the returns of other counties were
excluded. It is therefore fair, perhaps, to assume that the following table, inaccurate and unsatisfactory as it
no doubt is in many respects, at least does not exaggerate the annual loss inflicted upon the country by forest
tires :
TABLE OF FOKEST FIRES OCCUREING DURING THE CENSUS YEAR.
Steles and Territories.
Areas
burned, in
acres.
Value of
property de-
stroyed.
CAUSES OF FIRE.
Improving pas*
turagc.
I
M
1
Hunters.
1
Smokers.
Malice.
Prairie fires.
Coal pits.
Lightning.
Indians.
£
Travelers.
Spontaneous
combustion.
Wood cutters.
Carelessness.
The United States . . .
10, 274, 089
$25, 462, 250
197
1,152
508
628
72
35
262
12
9
32
56
10
2
2
3
3
A labama
569, 160
121, 225
34
16
4
20
3
Alaska
10, 240
858, 115
356, 815
113, 820
56,000
259, 470
440,750
935,500
3
2
2
Arkansas
'27
9
20
*
California
23
7
28
10
5
4
Colorado
6
2
2
Connecticut
Dakota
1
2
6
2
t
Delaware
3,305 15,675
6
2
District of Columbia
Florida
105, 320
705, 351
21, 000
48, 691
90,427
1,000
11, 017
7,080
556,647
64,410
35, 230
41,076
13, 899
238, 271
250,805
222,800
783,646
88, 020
69, 900
167, 620
202, 000
45, 775
130, 335
11
21
2
15
2
3
Georgia
2
16
3
Idaho
2
10
6
Illinois
20
52
27
23
12
3
Indiana
20
4
Indian territory
Iowa
45,470
14,700
237, 635
6,800
123, 315
37,425
102, 262
985, 985
1, 395, 110
78,505
294,865
1, 128, 000
26
5
I
8
7
Kansas
3
1
10
5
Kentucky
2
12
27
51
2
89
31
40
161
40
8
14
12
33
2
Louisiana
Maine
14
16
52
43
13
1
16
1
20
1*
37
59
14
17
29
1
g
Maryland
5
Massachusetts
19
3
8
3
Michigan
1
Minnesota
9
Mississippi
1
Missouri
1
10
Montana
i
'
Nebraska
Nevada .,
8:710
5,954
71,074
64,034
149. 491
546,102
74, 114
13S, 320
685, 738
19,000
63,610
252, 240
142, 075
1, 210, 785
357, 980
797, 170
593, 850
3, 043, 723
3
3
New Hampshire
7
7
37
37
115
94
7
129
12
28
1
43
11
27
e
e
2
22
34
57
12
1
1
7
New Jersey
Q
New Mexico
2
3
2
New York
North Carolina
10
4
3
26
11
4
22
Ohio
Oregon
4
Pennsylvania
133
17
102
Rhode Island
South Carolina
431, 730
291,225
28 17
1
25
2
492
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
TABLE OF FOREST FIRES OCCURRING DURING THE CENSUS YEAR— Continued.
I
CAUSES OF F1BE.
Areas
Value of
5
|
i
i
sa
i
States and Territories. burned, in
acres,
property de-
stroyed.
bfSJ
a M
'> P
to
1
"o
|
cj
|
£
$
A
06
s
1
1
0 0
c 23
a x
•S
i
i
SI
1
S
"a
p.
1
.2
1
I
1
1
11
1
i
o
S
w
o
i
a
dn
U
Hi
1
fi
H
83*8
t*
0
985, 430
*5. 254. 980
19
19
14
1
14
599, 359 273 990
19
3
7
2
16
4
Utah
42 865 ' 1 049 fiOO
3
4
3
3
3,941
48 466
10
5
2
1
272, 319
326 944
16
U
12
37, 910
713, 200
5
3
2
1
8
"West Vir<nnia
476, 775 155, 280 6 22
7
13
0
406, 298 725. filO i 20
58
12
15
... 3
83 780
3 055 000
1
3
1
i ;
The largest number of these fires of any one class was traced to farmers clearing land and allowing their
brush fires to escape into the forest. The carelessness of hunters in leaving fires to burn in abandoned camps, next
to farmers, was the cause of the greatest injury. The railroads were responsible, too, for serious damage to the
forest from fires set by sparks from locomotives, while the intentional burning of herbage in the forest to improve
pasturage often caused serious destruction of timber.
Only the value of the material actually destroyed by fire is included in these estimates. The loss of timber by
fire, great as it is, is insignificant in comparison with the damage inflicted upon the soil itself, or with the influence
of fire upon subsequent forest growth. If a forest is destroyed by fire all trees, old and young, giants ready for the
ax, and germinating seedlings — the embryo forests of succeeding centuries — are swept away. Undergrowth essential
to protect the early growth of trees, the roots of perennial herbage, and the seeds of all plants are consumed. The
fertility, or rather the ability of the burned soil to produce again spontaneously a similar crop of trees to the one
destroyed, is lost, and the subsequent recovering of burned land with the species of the original forest is only
accornplished, if accomplished at all, through the restoration of fertility following the slow growth and decay of
many generations of less valuable plants. A northern pine and spruce forest when destroyed by fire is succeeded
by a growth of brambles, in time replaced by dwarf birch, poplar, and bird cherries, of no eaonomic value ; scrub oaks
and various hard woods follow these, and pine rarely reappears except upon laud long mellowed in the various
operations of agriculture.
In the south Atlantic region a gradual change in the composition of the piue forests is steadily going on under
the influence of fire. Less valuable species now occupy the ground once covered with forests of the long-leaved
pine, through which annual fires have been allowed to run to improve the scanty pasturage they afford. Stockmen
have been benefited at the expense of the permanency of the forest. Fire, too, changes the composition of the
broad-leaved forests of the Atlantic region, although its influence is here less marked than upon forests of conifers,
which, unlike deciduous trees, rarely grow from stump shoots, and must depend entirely upon the germination
of seeds "or their reproduction. Still, in regions continually burned over during a long period of time and then
covered again with forests, as is the case in some portions of Kentucky and Tennessee, valuable species, like the
white oak and the. yellow poplar, are rare or entirely wanting in the new forest growth.
The forests of the north Pacific coast offer an exception to the law, otherwise general, for this continent at least,
that a change of forest crop follows a forest fire. The fir forests of western Washington territory and Oregon
when destroyed by fire are quickly replaced by a vigorous growth of the same species, and the fires which have
consumed great bodies of the Californi;i redwood have not prevented the reproduction of this species by seeds and
shoots. In the interior Pacific region forests destroyed by fire either do not reproduce themselves, or when, under
exceptionally favorable climatic conditions, a growth of trees recovers the burned surface, poplars and scrub pines
replace the more valuable species of the original forest.
The damage inflicted upon the permanency of the forests of the country by browsing animals is only surpassed
by the injury which they receive from fire.
The custom of turning domestic animals into the forest to pick up a scanty and precarious living, common in
all parts of the country, is universal in the southern and central portions of the Atlantic region iind in California.
Sheep, cat'lc, and horses devour immense quantities of seedling trees, the future forests of the country. They bark
the trunks and destroy the vigor and often the life of larger trees. Hogs root up young pines and other plants to
feed upon their succulent roots, and devour the edible fruit of many trees. In this way not only is the permanence
of the forest endangered, but in the case of deciduous forests their composition is often seriously affected. Species
with thin- shelled edible seeds, pines, white oaks, chestnuts, and beeches, are unable to hold their own against species
with bitter or unpalatable fruit, on account of the excessive destruction of their seeds by hogs and other animals.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 493
]u tin- central portions of the Atlantic region the general replacement of the sweet-fruited valuable white oaks in
the young forest growth by the less valuable bitter-fruited black oaks is noticeable, and seriously endangers the
future value of the forests of this whole region. The damage inflicted upon the California mountain forests by sheep
is immense; they threaten the complete extermination of these noble forests, and with them the entire agricultural
resources of the state.
The pasturage of the forest is not only enormously expensive in the destruction of young plants and seeds,
but this habit induces the burning over every year of great tracts of woodland, which would otherwise be permitted
to grow ii]) naturally, in order to hasten the early growth of. spring herbage. Such fires, especially in the open
pine forests of the south, do not necessarily consume the old trees. All undergrowth and seedlings are swept
away, however, and not infrequently fires thus started destroy valuable bodies of timber. This is especially true*
also, in the coniferous forests of the Pacific region.
The railroads of the country, using in the construction and maintenance of their permanent ways vast quantities
of timber, inflict far greater injury upon the forests than is represented by the consumption of material. Railway
ties, except in California, are almost invariably cut from vigorous young trees from 10 to 12 inches in diameter;
that is, from trees which twenty or thirty years ago escaped destruction by fire or browsing animals, and which, if
•allowed to grow, would at the end of fifty or one hundred years longer afford immense quantities of valuable timber.
The railroads of the United States, old and new, consume every year not far from 60,000,000 ties ; the quantity of
lumber in 60,000,000 ties is comparatively not very great, and would hardly be missed from our forests; but the
destruction of 30,000,000 vigorous, healthy young trees, supposing that an average of two ties is cut from each tree, is
a serious drain upon the forest wealth of the country and should cause grave apprehensions for the future, especially
in view of the fact that in every part of the country there are now growing fewer seedling trees of species valuable
for railway ties than when the trees now cut for this purpose first started.
The condition of the forests of Maine is interesting. They show that forest preservation is perfectly practicable,
in the Atlantic region at least, when the importance of the forest to the community is paramount. The prosperity
of this state, born of the broad forests of pine and spruce which once covered it almost uninterruptedly, was
threatened by the prospective exhaustion of these forests, in danger of extermination by fire and the ill-regulated
operations of the lumbermen. The very existence of the state depended upon the maintenance of the forest. The
great forests of pine could not be restored, but the preservation of the few remnants of these forests was not
impossible. Fires do not consume forests upon which a whole community is dependent for support, and methods
for securing the continuance of such forests are soon found and readily put into execution. The forests of Maine,
once considered practically exhausted, still yield largely and continuously, and the public sentiment which has
made possible, their protection is the one hopeful symptom in the whole country that a change of feeling in regard
to forest property is gradually taking place. The experience of Maine shows that where climatic conditions are
favorable to forest growth the remnants of the original forest can be preserved and new forests created as soon as
the entire community finds forest preservation really essential to its material prosperity.
The production of lumber is not, however, the only function of forests; and the future extent and condition of
those of the United States cannot, in every case, be safely regulated by the general law which governs the volume
of other crops by the demand for them. Forests perform other and more important duties in protecting the surface
of the ground and in regulating and maintaining the flow of rivers. In mountainous regions they are essential to
prevent destructive torrents, and mountains cannot be stripped of their forest covering without entailing serious
dangers upon the whole community. Such mountain forests exist in the United States. In northern Vermont and
New Hampshire they guard the upper waters of the Connecticut and the Merrimac; in New York they insure
the constant flow of the Hudson. Such forests still cover the upper slopes of the Alleghany mountains and
diminish the danger of destructive floods in the valleys of the Susquehanna and the Ohio. Forests still cover the
upper water-sheds of the Missouri and the Columbia, the Platte and the Rio Grande, and preserve the California
valleys from burial under the debris of the sierras. The great mountain forests of the country still exist, often
almost in their original condition. Their inaccessibility has preserved them; it cannot preserve them, however,
much longer. Inroads have already been made into these forests ; the ax, fire, and the destructive agency of
browsing animals are now everywhere invading them. Their destruction does not mean a loss of material alone,
which sooner or later can be replaced from other parts of the country; it means the ruin of great rivers for
navigation and irrigation, the destruction of cities located along their banks, and the spoliation of broad areas of
the richest agricultural land. These mountain forests once destroyed can only be renewed slowly and at enormous
cost, and the dangers, actual and prospective, which threaten them now offer the only real cause for general alarm
to be found in the present condition of the forests of the United States. Other forests may be swept away and the
country will expeiience nothing more serious than a loss of material, which can be produced again if the price of
lumber warrants the cultivation of trees as a commercial enterprise; but if the forests which control the flow of the
great rivers of the country perish, the whole community will suffer widespread calamity which no precautions taken
after the mischief has been done can avert or future expenditure prevent.
494
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION.
MAINE.
The forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of Maine. Pine and spruce, with which
were mingled maple, birch, and other deciduous trees, covered the entire state, with the exception of the immediate
coast region between the Kennebec and the Penobscot rivers, a region of hard- wood forest; hemlock was common.
The original pine and spruce forests of the state have been practically destroyed. Pine has been cut in every
township, and the largest spruce everywhere culled, except from the inaccessible region about the headwaters
of the Allaguash river. Scattered bodies of the original pine, often of considerable extent and generally connected
with farms, exist in the southern, and especially in the southeastern, counties, and fine hemlock of large size is
still an important element of the forest in the central and southern portions of the region west of the Penobscot
river. Birch, maple, and oak, too heavy for transport by raft, are still common, except in the neighborhood of
manufacturing centers and the lines of railroad. Hard-wood timber is particularly fine and abundant through the
central portion of tbe state; farther north the forest is more generally composed of coniferous trees.
The lumber business of southern and central Maine attained its greatest importance as early as 1850. In that
year spruce was for the first time driven down the Kenuebec with pine, and the proportion of spruce to pine has
since steadily increased, until, in the season of 1879-r80, only 20 per cent, of the lumber cut on that river was pine.
The lowest point of productive capacity of the forests of Maine has probably been passed. The reckless disregard
of forest property which characterized the early lumbering operations of the state has been replaced by sensible
methods for preserving and perpetuating the forest. This change in public sentiment in regard to the forests has
followed naturally the exhaustion of the forest wealth of the state. As this disappeared the importance of preserving
some part, at least, of the tree covering, the source of the state's greatest prosperity, forced itself upon public
attention ; for unless the forests could be perpetuated, the state must lose forever all commercial and industrial
importance. It has followed that the forests of Maine, as compared with those in other parts of the country, are
now managed sensibly and economically. They are protected from fire principally through the force of public
sentiment, and only trees above a certain size are allowed to be cut by loggers buying stumpage from the owners of
land. In the southern counties the young pine now springing up freely on abandoned farming lands is carefully
protected, and large areas are planted with pine in regions where the natural growth has not covered the soil. The
coniferous forests, under the present management, may be cut over once in every fifteen or twenty years, producing
at each cutting a crop of logs equivalent to 1,000 feet of lumber to the acre, of which from 5 to 7 per cent, is pine,
the rest spruce.
Forest fires, which formerly inflicted every year serious damage upon the forests of the state, are now of
comparatively rare occurrence. During the census year only 35,230 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by
fire, with an estimated loss of $123,315. These fires were set by farmers in clearing land, by careless hunters, and
by sparks from locomotives.
The following estimates of the amount of pine and spruce standing in the state May 31, 1880, were prepared
by Mr. Cyrus A. Packard, of Augusta, land agent of the state. They were made up from the results of actual
surveys, and have been reviewed by a large number of experts most familiar with the condition of the forests in
different parts of the state :
Basin of—
Pine (Firms Slrobux).
Spruce (Picea nigra).
Feet, board measure.
75, 000, 000
Feet, board measure.
1, 400, 000, 000
100, 000, 000
1, 600, 000, 000
50, 000, 000
1, 000, 000, 000
50, 000, 000
500, 000, 000
Saint. Croix, Maeliias, Narragaugus, and Union rivers and other small streams . .
200, 000, 000
500, 000, 000
Total
475, 000, 000
5, 000, 000, 000
138, 825, 000
301, 020, 000 •
5
s
DKNSITY OF FORESTS
O UiriLEI) I'NDKRTIIEDmKCTION < >K
C.S SARG?:XT. SPKCIAI. .\ia'2<T
1883.
68"
THE KOHKSTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 495
Quantities of logs cut in Aroostook county are driven down the Saint John river and manufactured in New
Brunswick. During the season of 1S79-'80 there were handled in this way 70,000,000 feet of spruce, 4,500,000 feet of
pine, 2,800,000 feet of cedar, 1,500,000 feet of squared pine timber, 1,000,000 feet of squared birch timber, 110,000
feet of squared larch timber. Of this 70 per cent, of the spruce and 80 per cent, of the pine were returned to the
United States manufactured into lumber, and the whole of the cedar in the form of shingles.
Important industries dependent for material upon a supply of hard wood have long nourished in the state.
Large quantities of cooperage stock, woodenware, handles, spools, bobbins, etc., are manufactured, and more
recently the production of wood pulp and excelsior, principally from poplar and other soft woods, has assumed
important proportions. Manufacturers from nearly every part of the state report a deterioration and scarcity of
the best timber, especially oak, which is now largely imported from Canada or replaced by southern hard pine.
Birch, however, is still abundant, and is largely exported in the form of spool and bobbin stock. The manufacture
of potash, once an important industry of the state, has been abandoned as unprofitable. Several establishments
engaged in the manufacture of tanning extracts from hemlock bark are located in the state, and the numerous
tanneries upon the Peuobscot river consume large quantities of the same material. The demand for hemlock
lumber is now good, and the logs, after being stripped of their bark, are manufactured into lumber and not allowed,
as in other parts of the country, to rot upon the ground. A recently established industry is the manufacture of
kegs, barrels, and woodenware from pulp made from chips, brush, and other waste material of the forest. Partial
estimates of the hoop-pole industry give a product of 5,449,200, valued at $75,612. During the year 1S79 153,334
pounds of maple sugar were produced in the state.
ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth; it
contains, however, considerable bodies of fine first-growth white pine. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report
oak exhausted, other hard woods scarce and of inferior quality, and that no second-growth timber is of sufficient
size for use. A large amount of excelsior is manufactured, principally from poplar.
AROOSTOOK COUNTY. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests, the clearings being confined
to the neighborhoods of the rare settlements along the river bottoms. Logs cut in this county are largely rafted
down the Saint John river, and little lumber in proportion to the cut is manufactured within its limits. The
production of cooperage stock and other articles requiring hard wood in their manufacture is rapidly increasing,
and with abundant material such industries seem destined to great development.
CUMBERLAND COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, principally of second growth.
Manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of material, especially hard woods,
now nearly exhausted. Spruce and poplar in large quantities are manufactured into wood pulp.
FRANKLIN COUNTY. — Three-fourths of this county is reported covered with woods, principally confined to
the northern portion. Staves, hoop poles, handles, and excelsior are manufactured in large quantities.
HANCOCK COUNTY. — Seven-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, largely composed, toward
the coast, of second growth white pine. The northern portions contain fine bodies of large hemlock. Manufacturers
of cooperage stock report deterioration of material; ash especially has become.scarce.
KENNEBEC. COUNTY. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth.
Merchantable spruce and pine have been everywhere removed. Considerable areas are again covered with pine, and
the wooded area is increasing. Next to Peuobscot this is the most important lumber manufacturing county in the
state. Numerous mills located on the Kennebec river saw logs driven from its upper waters and from beyond the
limits of the county. Large quantities of poplar and spruce are consumed annually in the manufacture of wood
pulp, excelsior, handles, etc. The supply of hard wood is small and of inferior quality. The poplar now used is
nearly all second growth.
KNOX COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, generally of second growth. Heavy
timber, however, still exists in the towns of Washington, Appleton, and Union. White pine is scarce, and great
deterioration in timber of all kinds is reported. Scarcity in the near future is apprehended by manufacturers. A
large amount of cord-wood is consumed annually in burning lime.
LINCOLN COUNTY. — About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, nearly all second growth.
OXFORD COUNTY. — From one half to two-thirds of this county is reported covered with woods. The northern
portion still contains large areas of original forest, although pine and spruce have been culled everywhere. In the
southern part of the county there are considerable bodies of second-growth white pine, and the wooded area is
increasing. Cooperage stock, handles, and wood pulp are largely manufactured. Manufacturers report that
timber of all kinds has deteriorated in quality and become scarce, with the exception of oak. which is still abundant
and of good quality.
PENOBSCOT COUNTY. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods. The merchantable pine
and spruce have been removed from the southern portion and everywhere culled. In the northern townships
hemlock is still abundant and of fine quality. Penobscot is the great lumber manufacturing county of the state,
Bangor, once the principal market in the United States for pine lumber, being still the most important saw mill
center. Spruce and not pine, however, except in insignificant quantities, is now manufactured upon the Penobscot.
Manufacturers using hard woods report an abundant supply of excellent material.
490
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
PISCATAQUIS COUNTY. — From eight- to nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests, the southern
portion only being cleared of the original tree growth.
SAGADAHOC COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, principally second growth.
Considerable second-growth white pine is now growing up upon abandoned farm lauds, and the wooded area of
the county is increasing. Manufacturers report all timber of sufficient size for use scarce and of inferior quality,
and apprehend early exhaustion of hard woods suitable for mechanical purposes.
SOMERSET COUNTY. — Five-sixths of this county is reported covered with woods, the southern portion only
being cleared of its forests of spruce and pine. Excelsior, handles, woodenware, etc., are largely manufactured.
Hard-wood timber of all sorts is abundant and of excellent quality, with the exception of black ash, now scarce
and in great demand.
WALDO COUNTY. — From one-quarter to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, generally of
second growth. The wooded area is now gradually increasing by the growth of white pine on abandoned farming
lands. Manufacturers report a scarcity and deterioration of timber of all kinds of sufficient size tor use.
WASHINGTON COUNTY. — From eight- to nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the
southern portion considerable areas contain scattered bodies of large pine, and through the center of the county
are large tracts of first-growth hemlock forests. No future scarcity of lumber is apprehended.
YORK COUNTY. — From one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods ; it contains large
quantities of scattered pine. Second-growth pine is spreading on abandoned agricultural land, and the forest area
is increasing. Wood pulp, cooperage stock, and handles are largely manufactured. Timber of all sorts is reported
as depreciatfrug in both quality and quantity. No immediate scarcity, however, is apprehended.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
The forests of New Hampshire were originally composed of a belt of spruce, mixed with maple, birch, and
other hard-wood trees, occupying all the northern part of the state and extending southward through the central
portion ; the southeastern part of the state and the region bordering the Connecticut river were covered with
forests of white pine, through which considerable bodies of hard wood were scattered. The original white-pine
forests of New Hampshire are practically exhausted, although in the northern counties of the state there still
remain a few scattered bodies remote from streams and of small size; once of great extent and importance, these
forests have disappeared before the ax of the settler aud lumberman, or have been wasted by forest fires. Large
areas, however, once covered with forests of pine, have grown up again, especially in the southern part of the state,
with this tree. No estimate of the amount of this second-growth pine standing in the state has been possible; it
furnished during the census year a cut of 99.400,000 feet of lumber, board measure. The remaining forests of the
state, considered as a source of lumber supply, are composed of spruce, more or less mixed with hard woods, of
which the sugar maple and the birch are the most valuable. In the northern part of the state large areas of the
original spruce forest remain, although these bodies of timber are now only found at a considerable distance from
streams.
Fires, which at different times have destroyed vast areas of forest, especially in the northern part of the state,
are now less frequent and destructive. During the year 1880 but 5,954 acres were reported stripped of their tree
covering by fires. Of such fires twelve were set by sparks from locomotives, seven by the escape into the forest of
fires originally set in clearing land for agricultural purposes, six by sportsmen, one through malice, and one by the
careless use of tobacco.
The basis of the following estimate of the amount of merchantable black spruce (Picea nigra) lumber standing
May 31, 1880, in Carroll, Coos, and Grafton counties, where alone the spruce forests of the state are now of commercial
importance, was furnished by Mr. G. T. Crawford, of Boston, and verified by the testimony of other experts:
BLACK SPRUCE (Picea nigra).
Counties.
Feet, board
measure.
Carroll .. . ...
60, 000, 000
1, 000, 000, 000
Grafton . .
450, 000, 000
Total
1, 510, 000, 000
Cut for the census year ending May SI, 1880 (including 26,000,000
feet sawed on the Connecticut river, in Massachusetts).
153, 175, 000
It is roughly estimated that the spruce forests of the state contain over 33,750,000 cords of hard wood and
165,000,000 feet of hemlock.
1 [EluUiiilU'ii"- : T.I, us Mr., bus
•si .
I 111 OM-1
^ I'uKMiuil 1 1 in ulS|>nt. <• I'.u-fHi
1 JE,.<:ioll. .III I. ,11, II,,.. I. ,,.,_;.• l,,,,ll,.s
of Scattered Pin,-
i ' >{ ..ii 1. 1
L^-±-. ',,ril, .„ ..... k ITiuga C ..... ,,lf..»is
MAP OF
M A I N E
SII()\MX(i THE DISTRIBUTION OF
PIN'E AM) SI'RITK FORESTS
WITH SI'KCIAI. HKKKKK.NCE TO THE
LUMHER INDUSTRY.
(•OMI'IIJa) UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
C.S.SARGENT, SPECIAL AfiKNT.
1881.
JuIllL'.!,!. D
as 30 is w b o
,p THE INTERIOR
TENTH CENSUS OF THr.
XKW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMON'I
SIHWlNliTllI- DISTRII-UTIUX OF TIIK 1'I.VK
AM) SP1-UTK FOKKSTS.
WITH srKClAI. KKKKllKNCK TO TIIK
I y While Pint- jl'imis Slrobus i ujumi.
M.." ixnAaiiung connlarahltt amounts of .if mini
-i-M-'.lll I'lli" (.1 (111 !!•: •
. . -""i-in iirt- CfinsuIuniMc lK«ii('j,onii»nK(KnU f~~"
1 -.inn <• IMS Ix-cn ftnn.'fxt'il
I'OMI'II.KII I'XIIKH -riil.. niKKl'TION OF
C,S.S.\I',(iK\T, SI'Kl'IAI. Al.l'XT
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 497
Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of 4,225,000, valued at
$29,280. New Hampshire is fourth among the states in the importance of its maple-sugar product. During the
year 1879 it produced 2,731,9J5 pounds.
BELKNAI* COUNTY. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods.
CAEEOLL COUNTY. — Five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the northern portion
there are .still large areas covered with an original growth of spruce. Large quantities of charcoal are manufactured
in this county, and the usual -method of lumbering adopted here and very generally in northern New
Hampshire is first to cut the spruce large enough for saw-logs, taking all trees G inches in diameter 25 feet from
the ground, and then cut for charcoal all the remaining growth, hard wood and soft, even the young spruce. As
the land cleared is of little, value for agricultural purposes, it is allowed to grow up again with wood. Deciduous
trees come up at lirst, and these are sometimes, but not always, followed by spruce1. It is necessary to exercise
great care, in order to prevent the newly-cleared tracts from suffering from fire, as the material for charcoal, cut
into cord-wood, is often left on the ground until the second season. Mr. C. G. Pringle, who studied the forests of
this region, furnishes the following notes upon the forests of Carroll county :
*'The forests on the mountain sides between Crawford's and Bartlett are composed principally of the yellow
and paper birch, the sugar maple, the red maple, poplars, the black spruce, and the balsam fir. About Bartlett
scattering specimens of white pine make their appearance. In the more level part of North Couway the red and
the pitch pine and the hemlock become common, while on the more sterile, sandy plains farther down the Saco
these pines with the white birch constitute the principal arborescent growth.
" The tract known as Hart's location, lying partly in the White Mountain notch, includes 10,000 acres, 2,000 of
which bear 15,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock — rather more of hemlock than of spruce; 10,000 acres in this
tract will cut 25 cords of hard wood per acre. The town of Bartlett, partly cleared, still has 40,000 acres of
woodland, which will yield an average of 5,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock and 15 cords of hard wood.
Sargent's grant covers mount Crawford, Stair mountain, and a part of mount "Washington. On this tract are 15,000
acres of timber-land, carrying 20,000 feet per acre, chiefly spruce. The Thompson and Meserve purchase comprises
portions of mounts Washington, Jefferson, and Madison, and covers 12,000 acres. Two thousand acres of this will
yield 30,000 feet of spruce and hemlock per acre in nearly equal proportions. The remaining 10,000 acres will cut 25
cords of hard wood per acre. The Bean purchase lies north of the town of Jackson, and covers 40,000 acres. It is
occupied by a dense forest, amounting to 20,000 feet of spruce and hemlock and 20 cords of hard wood per acre.
Originally there was considerable pine on the streams and sides of the mountains in this vicinity, particularly on
mount Kearsarge, but now there is little left. Twelve and twenty-five years ago much of the town of Bartlett was
burned over, and a different growth has come up — white birch, poplar, bird cherry, etc."
A large amount of cooperage stock, excelsior, and an average of 1,000 cords of shoe pegs (from birch and
maple) are annually made in this county. Considerable damage to oak and poplar caused by the ravages of the
army-worm [!] are reported. The natural increase of timber is said, however, nearly to equal the present consumption
by local industries, and scarcity is not apprehended.
CHESHIEE COUNTY. — About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods.
Coos COUNTY. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests. The following is extracted from
Mr. Pringle's notes upon the forests of this county :
" Everything east of the Connecticut lakes and about the upper portions of Indian and Perry streams is
original forest. Such also is the condition of the Gilmantou, Atkinson, and Dartmouth College grants and the
towns of Dixville, Odell, and Kilkenny. All the eastern portions of Clarksville, Stewartstown, Colebrook,
Columbia, and Stratford are forest, and nearly all of Wentworth's location, Millsfield, Errol, Dummer, Cambridge,
and Success. In these forests the spruce will cut 5,000 feet and the hard wood about 50 cords per acre. There
is considerable hemlock, but even less pine than in Essex county, Vermont. Not much of the region has been
burned over, and spruce comes into the soil again but slowly after clearings and fires.
"In the township of Kilkenny, in the mountains east of Lancaster, there are 16,000 acres of forest still untouched,
though a branch railroad from Lancaster into this forest has been surveyed, and may be constructed in a few years,
for the purpose of bringing the lumber down to the mills at Lancaster. Lowe and Burbank's grant is a wilderness,
three-fourths well timbered and the remainder a mountain ridge of nearly bare rock. Bean's purchase is nearly
inaccessible and but little lumbered. Stark, on the upper Ammonoosuc, is badly cut over, only about one-quarter
remaining in virgin forest. About one-half of Berlin is uncut; also the northern half of Eandolph, the south half
of Gorham, and the south quarter of Shelburne. Considerable land in Success was burned over some years ago, as
well as some in Stark and in the eastern part of Berlin, but fires have not lately been very destructive in the New
Hampshire forests."
A large amount of cooperage stock, handles, wood pulp, shoe pegs, etc., is manufactured in this county.
Abundant material, with the exception of ash, is reported.
GBAFION COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly confined to the northern
and central portions. Shoe pegs, cooperage stock, wood pulp, and excelsior are largely manufactured. The amount
of material is considered abundant for the present consumption.
32 FOR
498
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth. A
large amount of cooperage and wheel stock is manufactured. No deterioration in the quality of material is
reported, although at the present rate of consumption it must soon become exhausted.
MERRIMACK COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods. Cooperage stock, handles,
and excelsior are largely manufactured. A slight deterioration in the quality of material is reported.
ROCKINGHAM COUNTY. — From one-quarter to five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly
second growth.
STRAFFORD COUNTY. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth.
Hoop-poles, cooperage stock, etc., are largely manufactured. Wood of all sorts is reported scarce and rapidly
increasing in value.
VERMONT.
The forests of Vermont, as compared with those of New Hampshire and Maine, are varied in composition.
About the shores of lake Chain plain several western trees first appear, and throughout the state the forest is more
generally composed of deciduous than coniferous species. Forests of spruce, however, spread over the high
ridges of the Green mountains, their foot-hills being covered with hard-wood trees and little pine or hemlock
occurring in the valleys. A forest of white pine once stretched along the banks of the Connecticut, and great
bodies of this tree occurred in the northwestern part of the state, adjacent to lake Champlain. The original white-
pine forests of the state are now practically exhausted. They are represented by a small amount of second-growth
pine only, which furnished during the census year a cut of 6,505,000 feet of lumber, board measure.
The forests of Vermont now suffer comparatively little from fire, although at different periods during the last
fifty years very serious fires have laid waste great areas of forest in the Green Mountain region. During the year
1880 3,941 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $48,466. Of such fires ten
escaped from farms into the forest, five were set by locomotives, two were traced to the carelessness of hunters,
and one to malice.
Large amounts of cooperage stock, woodenware, furniture, paper-pulp, excelsior, veneers, etc., are manufactured
throughout the state. Material for these industries is fast disappearing, and a great deterioration in quality,
especially of oak, ash, and chestnut, is reported by manufacturers.
Vermont surpasses all other states in the manufacture of maple sugar. During the year 1879 11,261,077
pounds were produced in the state.
The following estimate of the spruce standing in the state May 31, 1880, has been prepared from Mr. Pringle's
report, and is based upon the statements. of numerous timber-land owners and experts in different parts of the stater
BLACK SPRUCE (Picea nigra).
Regions.
Feet, board
measure.
380 000 000
Valley of the Connecticut rivor
375 000 000
Total
755 000 000
Cnt for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (excluding 16,191,000
feet imported from Canada).
199, 086, 000
Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of only 43,900, valued afe
$470.
ADDISON COUNTY. — About one-third of this county is reported covered with woods. Spruce and ash are scarce
and rapidly disappearing. Oak of sufficient size for the manufacture of cooperage stock is exhausted.
BENNINGTON COUNTY. — Two-thirds of this county is reported covered with woods. Manufacturers of woodenware
and cooperage stock consider the prospects for future local supply favorable.
CALEDONIA COUNTY. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly
confined to the northern and western portions.
CHITTENDEN COUNTY.— About one-fifth of this county is reported as woodland. The following extracts are
made from Mr. Pringle's note upon the forests of Vermont :
"Except on the summits of a few of the higher peaks of the Green mountains, where black spruce and balsam-
fir grow to the exclusion of other trees, the arboreal growth is composed of a large number of species. In the
valleys and on the foot-hills, and even on the slopes of the higher mountains in their lower portions, hemlocks
mingle with spruce, beech, maple, and birch (yellow birch chiefly, for there is little white birch seen in northern
Vermont); basswood, butternut, the ashes, red oaks, etc., are confined to the lower elevations and are less abundant
than the trees first mentioned. Between the isolated patches of spruce and fir about the summits of the mountains
and the region where hemlock is found, rock maple, yellow birch, and black spruce are the predominating species.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 499
"To estimate the area of valuable original forest still standing in the Green mountains is not an easy task.
The belt extends from the Canada line to Massachusetts, and even into that state. The outlines of this belt are
made very irregular by the cleared and settled valleys which run up among the mountains, and by reason of forest
clearings, so that its width is constantly varying as we proceed from one end to the other.
" The woodlands of the plateau, some 10 miles broad and elevated from 200 to 300 feet above lake Champlain,
lying between the foot-hills of the Green mountains and the lower plain beside the lake, occupy, for the most part,
rocky hills, and are composed principally of sugar maple, beech, basswood, white ash, black birch, and red oak.
Certain limestone hills offer a favorable situation for the butternut, the ironwood, the slippery elm, and the bitter
hickory. The swamps and other lowlands yield the red maple, the black ash, the white elm, and the black willow.
The latter, especially along streams, is associated with alders and the sheepberry. The colder, sphagnous swamps
are covered with a growth, more or less dense, of yellow cedar, black spruce, balsam, and larch ; sometimes in the
higher portions the white pine mingles with these, scattered or in groves. When grown in such soil this wood is liable
to be extremely hard and brittle. The poplars occupy hillsides and ridges where the soil is a light, cold, sandy loam ;
with them the bird cherry is perpetually associated. The black cherry is scattered in a diversity of soils. White
oak and hickory attain their best development on clayey soil or glades of slight elevation ; on the red sand-rock hills
they are smaller. Certain slopes of cold clay are still here heavily wooded with hemlock, while warm clay lands are
the favored site of the burr oak. In the vicinity of the lake and its tributaries low, wet shores are scattered over
with the swamp white oak and the burr oak. The chestnut oak is common on the thin, poor soil of the red sand-rock
hills, ranging through the valley from the lake as far back in some places as the foot-hills of the Green mountains.
The red pine appears on the sandy shores of lake Champlain, and extends far up the Winooski river. The moister
and more fertile portions of the sandy plain are still occupied to some extent by white pine, the poorer portions
by pitch pine. The white birch occurs on cold, wet, sandy soil near the lake ; and in the mountains the black
spruce becomes the most common tree ; with it in stronger soil are associated the yellow birch and the sugar maple.
" Burlington. — This place is believed to rank as third, or next to Albany, among the lumber markets of the
United States. More lumber may enter some ports, as Oswego and Tonawanda, for transshipment, but all lumber
brought to this market is stored and sold here. The kind is chiefly white pine brought up the lake from Canada,
a little of it being cut in Michigan (perhaps one-tenth) ; all the rest is of Canadian growth. A few of the lumber
companies here own lands of limited extent among the Green mountains, from which they obtain spruce for
clapboards, etc. The general direction which the lumber sent from here takes is to the older portions of New
England, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, and Connecticut, considerable pine being sent even to Maine, which once
supplied to commerce so much of this material. Much lumber is dressed here and sent to Boston for shipment to
foreign countries. The business still enjoys the highest prosperity, and during the census year, under the stimulus
of general commercial prosperity, it was especially active. As yet no lack in the supply is felt, the loggers only
having to go farther back in the Canadian forests than formerly to obtain timber enough to meet the demand. The
proportion of lumber worked up here is small, there being merely a few factories producing doors, sash, blinds,
packing boxes, etc."
ESSEX COUNTY. — Five-sixths of this county is reported covered with forest. The following is extracted from
Mr. Pringle's report :
" Four-fifths of that part of the county of Essex lying north of Guildhall and Victory is still in virgin forest,
which will yield 5,000 feet of spruce per acre. The towns of Lewis and Averill are entirely unlumbered, and
so is Avery's Gore. Colton is mostly covered with forest, and so is Ferdinand. Timber-lands compose about
two-thirds of Granby and East Haven, and cover the back parts of the river towns and those crossed by the
Grand Trunk railroad. South of Guildhall and Victory the towns of Concord and Lunenburg are mostly cleared
and settled. The proportion of hemlock in these forests is not large ; there is considerable yellow cedar and a
large amount of maple, birch, and beech — probably 50 cords per acre. There is but little pine in all this region,
principally confined to the township of Lewis; elsewhere only occasional pine trees occur."
FRANKLIN COUNTY. — From one-fourth to three-tenths of this county is reported covered with forest, mostly
confined to the hills in the northeastern and northern portions. In the village of Montgomery a large establishment
for the manufacture of butter tubs is located, and at East Richford birch is largely manufactured into turned ware.
GRAND ISLE COUNTY. — About a quarter of this county is reported covered with woods.
LAMOILLE COUNTY. — About one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, very generally
listributed over its entire surface.
ORANGE COUNTY. — One-quarter of this county is reported covered with forest.
ORLEANS COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods. The following is extracted from
Mr. Pringle's notes :
"At Newport, situated at the southern extremity of lake Memphremagog, are several mills for cutting
veneering from birch. The product of these mills is closely packed in boxes, so that it cannot warp, and sent to
the manufactories near the large cities, to be used for chair bottoms and other purposes. Southward from Newport,
in the valleys of the Barton and Black rivers, which flow northward into lake Memphremagog, and of the
Passumpsic river, which runs southward and joins the Connecticut, are almost continuous swamps of yellow
500 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
cedar, black spruce, and larch, from which the cedar timber is now being largely drawn to be sawed into shingles.
At Barton the hard woods are largely cut into material for furniture, which is shipped toward the sea-board before
being put together.
" The valley of the Clyde river from Newport to Island Pond is cleared for the most part and improved for
farms. The usual species of the northern forest occupy the summits of the low hills on either side of the valley.
Eastward from Island Pond, down the Neipegan river to the Connecticut by the line of the Grand Trunk railroad,
we pass through the wild region from which the lumbermen have only taken some of the spruce and pine. Here,
beginning 2 or 3 miles back from the railroad, or in some places much nearer to it, a virgin and unbroken forest
stretches over the slopes and summits of the hills for many miles to the northward and southward ; black spruce,
yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech are its chief component species. In a few places, where the soil is sandy,
white pine occurs in straggling groves or isolated specimens, and the swamps, as well as those of all of northern
Vermont, are occupied by the black spruce, yellow cedar, and by a few scattering pines. The pine being the kind
of lumber first secured, is seldom found now in these Vermont swamps. The cedars are now cut and manufactured
into shingles, fence posts, railway ties, etc., for which purposes the lasting quality of the wood makes it eminently
suited. There is little hemlock in northeastern Vermont, and it is believed to indicate poor soil wherever it occurs.
The soil of this entire region presents a marked contrast to that of northern New York, being fertile and in other
respects well adapted to agriculture. On this account laud once lumbered over is generally occupied by the farmer
and not allowed to come up again to forest, except in the more hilly portions."
Staves, tubs, pails, buckets, and hoops are largely manufactured from spruce, cedar, and ash. The quality of
the material used is said to have deteriorated, and manufacturers report that at the present rate of consumption it
will soon be consumed.
KUTLAND COUNTY. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, principally in the eastern
portion. Elm, formerly largely used in manufacture of tubs, etc., is reported exhausted, and basswood has become
scarce.
WASHINGTON COUNTY. — One-third of this county is reported covered with woods, principally situated in belts
along its eastern and western borders. The following is extracted from Mr. Priugle's report :
"Reaching Montpelier from the west we have left behind the Green Mountain gneiss and entered a granitic
formation. Here is an extensive burned region; the fire, in consuming the forest and vegetable mold upon the
surface of the land, has exposed granite bowlders thickly embedded in the soil. To replace the forest growth thus
removed there is only an occasional little spruce or balsam to be found among the thickets of bird cherry. The
hilltop and hillside forests east of Montpelier show hemlocks everywhere mingled with sugar maples, yellow birches,
and spruce ; farther east the spruce and birch predominate. Approaching the Connecticut river, hemlocks and
maples again appear and second-growth white pine and paper birches take the place of the other species."
WINDUAM COUNTY. — Three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly confined to ridges
of the Green mountains. Ash and white pine are reported very scarce.
WINDSOR COUNTY. — From one-fourth to one-third of this county is reported covered with woods, quite generally
distributed over the hills. Tubs, barrels, kegs, and buckets of white and red oak, white pine, spruce, and ash are
manufactured. Oak is reported by manufacturers to be already practically exhausted, spruce to be fast disappearing,
and ash very scarce and in danger of speedy extermination.
MASSACHUSETTS, EHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT.
The original forest which once covered these states has disappeared and been replaced by a second, and
sometimes by a third and fourth growth of the trees of the Northern Pine Belt. The area covered by tree growth
in these states is slowly increasing, although, with the exception of the young forests of white pine, the productive
capacity of their woodlands is, in view of the heavy demands conti nually made upon them, especially by the
railroads, rapidly diminishing. Abandoned farming land, if protected from fire and browsing animals, is now
very generally, except in the immediate vicinity of the coast, soon covered with a vigorous growth of white pine.
The fact is important, for this new growth of pine promises to give in the future more than local importance to the
forests of this region.
These states sustain a considerable annual loss from forest fires. In Massachusetts during the year 1880
13,899 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $102,262. Of these fires fifty-two were set
by locomotives, forty by fires started on farms and escaping to the forest, thirty-seven by hunters, nineteen by the
careless use of tobacco, eight through malice, and three by carelessness in the manufacture of charcoal. No returns
in regard to forest fires in Rhode Island and Connecticut have been received, but it is believed that in proportion
to their forest area such fires are not less destructive in these states than in Massachusetts. Numerous important
industries using hard wood have been driven from these states or forced to obtain their material from beyond
their limits. On the other hand, industries like the manufacture of certain sorts of woodenware, using second-
growth pine, are rapidly increasing in volume. The principal forests now found in these states are situated in
Berkshire, Hampden, and Worcester counties, Massachusetts.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 501
BERKSHIRE COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. — From one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with
woods, largely second growth. The high ridges of the hills are still covered with forests of black spruce, their
slopes and intervening valleys with hard woods or hemlock, now often replaced by a growth of young white pine.
Cooperage stock, baskets, and wood pulp are largely manufactured. Spruce is reported to have deteriorated in
quality; manufacturers consider the supply of material, however, abundant for all present local demands.
FRANKLIN COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely
second-growth white pine.
WORCESTER COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely
second-growth white pine. Winchendon, the most important point in the United States for the manufacture of
wooden ware, small cooperage, etc., is supplied with material from the young pine forests of this and the neighboring
counties. Timber is reported to have deteriorated. The supply of pine is not equal to the demand, and is rapidly
increasing in value.
In Barnstable county, Massachusetts, numerous experiments in forest planting have been made. In South
Orleans and neighboring towns fully 10,000 acres of sandy, barren soil have been successfully and profitably planted
with pitch pine. Similar plantations have been made upon the island of Nantucket; and many large groves of
white pine planted many years ago in Bristol and Plymouth counties demonstrate the entire practicability of forest
culture in this whole region.
The only important lumber manufacturing establishments found in these states are situated upon the Connecticut
river, in Massachusetts and Connecticut. They are entirely supplied with material from the forests of northern
New Hampshire and Vermont. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year
in Massachusetts of 11,507,600, valued at $95,009 ; in Connecticut, of 191,000, valued at $9,660.
NEW YOEK.
That portion of the state north of the forty-third degree of latitude, including within its limits the elevated
Adirondack region, was once covered with a dense forest of maple, birch, basswood, and other northern deciduous
trees, through which were scattered spruce and pine. The low hills bordering the Hudson and extending along
the southern boundary of the state west of that river were covered with the coniferous species of the Northern Pine
Belt. Over the remainder of the state the broad-leaved forests of the Mississippi basin spread almost uninterruptedly,
except where an occasional sandy plain or high elevation favored the growth of pines. The original forest still
covers large areas in the northern counties, and protects the hills through which the Delaware river forces its way
in crossing the southern part of the state. With these exceptions, however, the forests of New York are now
almost exclusively of second growth.
The forests of the state, especially in the north, have at different times suffered great damage from fire. During
the census year 149,491 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $1,210,785. Of these
fires thirty-seven were set by farmers clearing land for agricultural purposes and allowing them to escape to the
forest, forty-three were set by locomotives, and twenty-two by the carelessness of sportsmen.
With the exception of the spruce of the Adirondack region, the forests of the state are no longer important
as a source of general lumber supply ; and many industries depending upon hard woods have in late years decreased
in importance, owing to the want of sufficient material, or have been forced to obtain their Supply of timber from
the west. White oak, largely consumed by the rail-roads, has become scarce, and has advanced at least 50 per
cent, in value during the last twelve years. Elm, ash, hickory, and other woods are reported scarce in all parts of
the state. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of 10,948,258,
valued at 8155,764.
New York is only surpassed by Vermont in the amount of maple sugar produced by its forests. During the
year 1879 10.693,619 pounds were manufactured in the state.
The following extracts are taken from Mr. Pringle's report upon the forests of northern New York:
" One who enters northeastern New York at Port Kent, and takes stage by way of Keeseville to the Saranac
lakes, finds himself, as long as his route runs up the Au Sable river, which is as far as the Au Sable forks, passing
through a region which gives evidence of having been formerly covered with pine. The white, the red, and the
pitch pine are all represented here. The pitch pine is confined chiefly to the sterile sandy plains between the Au
Sable and the Saranac rivers. The red pine mingles with this species, and grows on the rocky hills of the region
and on the river cliffs, while the abundance of white pine in nearly all situations must have made this quarter of
the state, like the region of Vermont lying opposite, a valuable pinery in former times. But fifty or seventy-five
years have passed since the pine of the Champlain valley was harvested and shipped to England by way of the
Saint Lawrence.
" lu the valleys of the Au Sable and the Saranac rivers white pines spring up numerously whenever permitted
to do so, and I am told that farmers, realizing that much of their soil is not suitable for profitable agriculture, lire
seriously considering whether it be not to their highest advantage to surrender much of their land to timber growing,
and encourage the growth of the more valuable species, such as white pine, white oak, etc. Of non-coniferous trees
502 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
the white, red, and black oaks are conspicuous among the pines, and in the colder and wetter sands the white birch
is common. But through all this region the trees are all of second growth, and lumber for building purposes is
largely imported.
" The forest on the upper waters of the Au Sable and of the divide between this river and the Saranac is
principally devoted to supplying fuel to numerous iron furnaces. The best butt logs only of spruce are sorted out
and sent to the saw-mills as the forests are mowed down ; the hemlock bark is removed for the tanneries, but
everything else, young pine, spruce, and poplar, fall clean with maple and birch. Here and there, even far up on
the hillsides, are seen the charcoal kilns, and around and about them, quite to the crest of the foot-hills of the
Adirondacks, the woods are cut down in great swaths to feed them. Lands once cut over are left to grow up to
timber again, though fires originating in the dead brushwood and consuming the sun-dried vegetable mold on the
surface of the soil generally interfere with any new growth of trees.
"Little Tapper lake is situated in the heart of the Adirondack wilderness, and is surrounded by some of the
most valuable timber lands to be found in all this region. The woods about the lake have never heard the lumberman's
ax. The stream which connects it with Tupper lake, by way of Bound pond, is not adapted to driving, and before
lumber could be brought down it would be necessary to clear out the stream by blasting away much rock and building
a dam with flood-gates at the foot of Bound pond. The shores of this beautiful lake present a marked contrast to
those of any I have as yet visited. On other shores and river banks I had seen scattering pines, but on all the points
and bluffs of this lake throughout its entire circuit, and even following the ravines far back in the hills, are great
groves and belts of white pine with straight and clean shafts towering high above all other trees, unless isexcepted
the red pine, of which a few specimens are mingled with them on the gravelly banks of the lake, vying with the
white pines in height and beauty of trunk. At certain places on the shores of this lake, and particularly along
the sluggish streams connecting it with Bound pond below, are considerable swamps occupied chiefly by larch.
It is pleasing to observe and to learn from guides that this lake region of the Adirondack woods has suffered but
little from forest fires. It is only limited areas here and there on the shores of the lakes and ponds or along the
rivers that have been devastated by fires originally started in hunters' camps. Seldom do these fires spread far
back from the water, a fact which is to be attributed, it is believed, to the wet and mossy condition of these woods;
yet, when they have been lumbered, as is the case lower down the Backet river, and a considerable proportion of the
trees have been removed so as to expose the brushwood, etc., to the drying influences of the sun, much the usual
liability to tire exists here.
" It is safe to assume that 2,500 square miles fairly represent the area of the virgin forests of the Adirondack
wilderness. This area will average 3,000 feet of spruce (board measure) per acre, or about five billion feet in the
aggregate. The amount of hemlock, variously estimated from 300 to 10,000 feet per acre, will cut at least 2,000
feet per acre, or 3,000,000,000 feet in the aggregate, or its equivalent; when the bark alone is considered, 3,000,000
cords of bark. The pine hardly, if at all, exceeds 200 feet per acre, or 320,000,000 feet in all. The hard wood
growing over this entire region will fairly average 40 cords per acre, or 64,000,000 cords.
"Glens Falls is the great sawing center for the lumber cut upon the upper Hudson. This business here has
passed the point of maximum prosperity and begun to decline; not that there was any necessity for a diminution
of the yearly crop of logs from this field, if the forest could be protected from devastating fires. The lumberman
leaves standing, as far as possible, the spruce trees too small for the ax, and these, the overshadowing growth being
removed, grow with increased vigor, so that good crops of timber could be harvested from the soil every thirty or
forty years, were it not that over at least one-half of the area lumbered fire follows the ax, burning deep into the
woody soil and inducing an entire change of tree covering. Poplars, birches, and bird cherries, if anything, succeed
the spruces and firs. From this cause alone the lumbering industry of the region must dwindle. A large area utterly
unadapted to agriculture is being made desolate and nearly valueless, and its streams, the feeders of the water
privileges and canals below, become every year more and more slender and fitful. These fires are largely set by
reckless sportsmen and hunters, with whom this region peculiarly abounds in summer. They are careless in their
smoking; they neglect to watch and properly extinguish the fires lighted for camp and cooking purposes, and
sometimes they even delight to set fire to the dry brushwood of lumbered laud in lawless sport. Again, to some
extent, a class of petty pioneers follow the lumberman, obtaining for a trifling sum a title to a little land, or, squatting
without rights, set fire to the dry brushwood left by the lumberers, and allow the fire to spread at will, devastating
thousands of dollars' worth of property for the mere convenience of saving themselves the trouble of burning
boundary strips around their fields, which might not cost them labor to the amount of $10. The laws of New York
in respect to the setting of forest fires are totally inadequate to protect the forests. The opinion prevails in the
forest region of northern New York that, a growth of trees removed is followed by a similar growth, the result of
young seedling trees left in the soil, except in the case of pine. ' Pine once cleared off is never renewed,' was the
invariable remark. This of course presumes that fire is kept out of the clearing, for after a fire has consumed
the brushwood and much of the 'duff' or vegetable mold, and with this all the young seedling trees, and even
the seeds of trees that may be in the soil, an entirely different growth from the hemlock and spruce springs up.
Baspberry bushes are the first to appear, the seeds of which are dropped by birds flying over the clearing. Bird
cherries generally appear among the first trees, the seeds being dropped everywhere in a new country by birds;
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 503
poplars and small willows also appear early in a burned district, their downy seeds being widely distributed by the
wind. It is only through the agency of the wind that the seeds of birches and conifers can be disseminated, and
spruces and hemlocks must needs appear, if they return at all, as tardy stragglers.
"Not many miles above Glens Falls the Hudson flows out from among the lowest outposts of the Adirondacks
and winds through a plain which reaches from near Troy to the vicinity of the southern ends of lakes George and
Champlain. The soil of this plain is sand deposited by the waters of former periods. The hills which bound this
plain on the northwest are piles of sand, gravel, and bowlders, evidently the moraines of a glacier which once flowed
through the course of the Hudson. All this region, from Troy to Luzerne, among the foot-hills of the Adirondacks,
must formerly have been covered with pine; among the hills and near the streams white pine, and in the more sterile
central portions of the plain, red and pitch pine. To-day there exists of these species scarcely more than a scanty
and scattered second growth.
" Thirty or forty years ago it was thought that all the accessible spruce in the valley of the upper Hudson had been.
harvested, but there is to-day nearly as much sawed at Glens Falls as there was at that time. At that time nearly
all the timber standing near this river and its larger tributaries had been cut. Such as stood 5 or 10 miles back
from these streams and all that was growing in the valleys of the smaller streams, or higher up the mountain slopes,
•would not pay the cost of hauling to the larger streams ; but it is this timber which now furnishes the present
supply. Logs are now driven out of streams which were then thought incapable of being driven. By damming
streams so small that they may almost dry up in midsummer, throwing the logs into their courses during the winter,
either above or below the dams, and in spring-time, when the dams are pouring with the floods resulting from the
melting of deep mountain snows, tipping the planks of the dams and letting loose the torrents, tlie logs from remote
places are got out to the large rivers where they can be driven. All the rivers of this region, however, are steep
and rocky. The logs come down with their ends badly battered, and often with gravel and fragments of rock
driven into the ends in a manner to injure the saws. They must, therefore, be 'butted' before being sawed;
that is, a thin section is cut from each end, and on this account the logs are cut in the woods 4 inches or, for the
worst streams, G or more inches longer than the standard length. The standard length for all logs brought down
the Hudson is 13 feet. The character of these streams is such that long logs, for spars or other purposes, cannot
safely be driven through them. Such sticks are certain to get fastened among rocks and cause bad jams. As
already stated, the lumber business upon the upper Hudson is well advanced in its decline, and a score of years
hence it must become insignificant under the practices now pursued, and the future of this valley gives little
promise of prosperity ; the soil is inferior in quality and not adapted to agriculture, while the timber, once the chief
source of its prosperity, is nearly exhausted.
" As a lumber market Albany ranks second in the United States, or next to Chicago. White pine is the variety
of lumber most largely handled here, and two- thirds of it comes from Michigan by way of the Erie canal, the
remaining one-third coming from Canada through lake Champlain, the white pine contributed by New York being
an inappreciable quantity. Most of the lumber firms here are merely commission dealers, although in two large
mills considerable lumber is dressed before being shipped. The region supplied by this market includes the banks
of the Hudson, New York city, New Jersey, and the shores of Long Island sound. A little reaches Philadelphia,
and much is shipped to foreign ports from the city of New York. A great deal of the lumber handled by Albany
dealers, however, does not go to Albany at all, but, sold by runners, is sent direct by railroad from the Michigan
mills to points south of New York. The lumber trade here is still in full prosperity.
" Leaving the beautiful Mohawk valley at Rome, the traveler by the Rome and Watertown railroad soon notes
a less improved region, and one, indeed, less capable of improvement. For a long time the road stretches over a
sandy plain ; in the higher portions of this plain, not far from Rome, the red and pitch pines are seen, and in the
•wetter places hemlocks and black spruces appear, with white birch, black ash, etc. On the higher, undulating
lands, 20 or 30 miles north of Rome, white pine and hemlock seem once to have been the most abundant species of
the forest ; they now exist only in broken and scattered ranks, although numerous stumps give evidence of a former
heavy growth of these two species. Northward from Albion the country gradually rises, hard wood becoming
more and more common until on the limestone banks of the Black river at Watertown the patches of woodland
are mainly composed of birch and maple. Yet the soil continues sandy, and at a little distance from the river is
favorable to the growth of pine, and I can readily believe that all this sandy tract east of lake Ontario was
originally covered with a heavy growth, principally of pine and hemlock. The pine was long since harvested, and
now the mills and tanneries are consuming the hemlock. On each of the small streams that flow into lake Ontario
are established saw-mills which cut quantities of hemlock yearly. Little, however, is sawed at Watertown,
although a limited amount of logs is driven down to Dexter at the mouth of the Black river, and there sawed;
yet once the neighborhood of Watertown and Dexter was a great center for the production of pine lumber. This
region (chiefly its swamps) still yields a little black spruce. The lumber sawed along the Rome and Watertown
railroad at Williamstown, Richmond, etc., is mostly sent southward to Syracuse and other places to meet the
demand there for coarse lumber. Tbe lumber yards at Watertowu are mostly filled with Canadian pine.
"Carthage, in Jefferson county, was once an important lumber center. The 'Long falls' of the Black river
furnished unlimited water-power. Immense quantities of pine and hemlock lined the banks of the river and covered
504 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
the plains of the vicinity ; northward lay a heavy pinery. Canal-boats laden with lumber were towed through the
river to Lyon's falls and thence by canal to Utica. Now the pine is nearly all gone from this region, the saw-mills
are rotting down and only a little hemlock is sawed here.
" That portion of the state which lies along the Saint Lawrence river as far east as the vicinity of Malone, and
extending some 25 miles back from the river, seldom exceeds 250 feet above the sea-level and is, for the most
part, clayey loam, flat and well adapted to agriculture. This tract is now pretty well settled. Proceeding to
the southeastward and rising to an altitude of 250 feet a wide region of sandy soil is entered, cold, damp, and
unfit for agricultural purposes. This is the region of forest lying northwestward of the mountains in the southern
portions of Saint Lawrence and Franklin counties, and has not yet been badly encroached upon by the ax and
tire. The destruction of this forest would be a public calamity, so useless is the soil for any other purpose than
the production of timber, and so harmful to the settled country below would be the consequences resulting from
clearing it. This forest is, no doubt, capable of yielding, perpetually, an annual crop double that now drawn from
it. This estimate, of course, is based upon the supposition that tires are prevented. But this side of the forest is
less invaded by fires than the valley of the Hudson river, and fires do not burn so deeply into the soil nor consume
so much of the vegetable matter ; they are, consequently, less fatal to the continuance of timber growth.
"At Canton, in Saint Lawrence county, and in its vicinity as far down as Buck's bridge, below Morley, is
sawed all the lumber cut on the Grass river. From this point the lumber is shipped principally to Massachusetts
and Connecticut by rail, both via Home and via Plattsburgh and Rouse's Point.
" Colonel Colton, of Norwood upon the Kacket river, explained to me at length the methods employed by him
in the lumber business, and, as nearly the same methods are pursued throughout this region, I give his account.
Several weeks of the summer he devotes to exploring the lands of his company, to decide from what tract the stock
of logs for the following year shall be drawn. In the settlements near the margin of the forest are men whose
business it is to cut and haul onto the ice of the river during winter the timber desired by the lumber companies.
Contracts are made with these men to harvest the timber above a certain diameter on certain specified tracts belonging
to the company. The contractors go to their respective fields of labor as soon as the snow is of sufficient depth, taking
into the woods a force of men, horses, and supplies, and building camps in the vicinity of their work. When a
full stock of logs is placed on the river, and the spring floods break up the ice and set the logs going, other contracts
are made with the same or other men to drive the logs into the booms of the different mills at a stipulated price
per log. If, as is usually the case, logs of several different companies are on the same river, all are driven down
in common, and the drive is called a ' union drive '. Arrived at the uppermost boom — formed by chaining together
logs floating on the surface of the water and held in place by occasional piers, strong but rude structures of logs
filled in with rocks, located above the first sawing station — the logs belonging to these mills are sorted out and
turned into the different booms, while those belonging below are sent on their way down the channel. Once within
the boom of the mills to which they belong, they are again assorted; the pine, hemlock, and the spruce are separated,
and the different grades are floated into separate booms or pockets which lead down to the different mills or saws
which are to cut up each separate class. At the mills inclined planes lead clown to the water from each gang
of saws, up which, chains being attached to the logs, they are drawn by the machinery into the mill. After
sawing, the sorting of the lumber into different grades is completed with care. The boards are run through
planing-mills which smooth both sides, then through other machines which tongue and groove their edges, and finally
fine saws neatly trim their ends. This dressing of the lumber at the mills makes a saving in freight when it is
shipped, besides greatly facilitating sales. Colonel Colton invited me to accompany him 20 or 30 miles up the
river to see the 'drive' which was just coming out of the woods. The highway by which, we drove led near the
river, and we could see the logs everywhere coming down, advancing endwise with the current. In many places
of still water the entire breadth, of the river for some distance was closely covered with them. These were not so
small as those usually seen in the Maine rivers, but were from full-grown trees of the original forest — spruce from,
1 foot to 2 feet in diameter. With the spruce logs were a few hemlocks, usually of larger size ; a lew pine logs,
sometimes 2 or 3 feet iii diameter, floated with the others. As the water was lowering, stranded logs were seen,
everywhere- along the shore. They covered gravel banks and bars in the middle of the river, and were piled in
disorder on the rocks of the rapids, or, pushing over the waterfalls, stood on end in the midst of the white, pouring;
torrent.
"A few miles above Potsdam we entered upon a sandy soil; the farms appeared less productive and the farm
buildings and fences gave evidence of less thrift. As we advanced toward Colton, a region near the borders of
the forest some twenty years settled, less and less prosperity among the settlers was manifest. The tilled fields
appeared incapable of yielding even passably good crops; some of them could do no more than give a small crop
of rye once in three years. The grass lands were red with sorrel, which comes up everywhere over this region as
soon as the forest is cleared and the ground burned over. The sandy soil is cold and sour, in some places so light
as to be blown about by the wind. Above South Colton we drove over sandy plains utterly incapable of sustaining
the meager population, which ekes out a wretched existence by means of fishing and lumbering. My companion
affirmed that settlements had been pushed farther into the forest than they can be maintained, and that they must
in most places be abandoned and the land given up to forest again. All along our way the woodlands were
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 505
straggling and sadly ravaged by the ax, fire, and wind. The spruce and pine had been culled out and most of the
hemlock had been cut down and barked. Half-burned stumps and logs and gaunt and blackened trunks still
standing disfigured the landscape on every side.
"The species of trees observed embraced all those common in northern woodlands. In one locality black
cherry was remarkably abundant. Formerly the saw-mills of Colton cut pine, as there was a larger proportion,
of this lumber upon the Racket than is usually found in northern New York ; now they do little busuess in any
lumber.
"As we passed up along the river I saw small squads of 'drivers' stationed in a few places where the character
of the river was such that it was liable to become obstructed with logs. By assisting the logs to pass such places
great jams are prevented. The main body of the men, however, worked at the rear of the drive, scrambling over
the disordered piles of logs which accumulate upon the shore or lodge against the rocks in the midst of the current.
With their cant-hooks the men pry and roll the logs into the current, springing about on the pile as the logs roll
from under their feet. Not uufrequently logs are left by the subsiding waters among the rocks at some distance
from the main channel of the river. Files of men on each side then seize them with their cant-hooks and, splashing
through the shallow water, bring them by main force into the channel. Sometimes logs become fastened among
the rocks where the current is so swift that they cannot be reached by a boat or in any other way. Then hooks
attached to ropes are thrown out from the shore; the logs are grappled and thus hauled off into the current. The
drivers work Sundays and week days, fair weather or foul; their occupation is full of peril, and men are lost every
year. Such are usually, as a driver assured me, 'men who do not know where it is safe to go.' But sometimes
the most careful men become mixed with the rolling logs or seized by the current of the waterfalls and are swept away.
"Franklin county contains 995,279 acres, and 347,500 acres are still believed to be timbered. The timbered
portion lies in the south end of the county, and because it is not watered through much of its area by streams of
sufficient size for driving out the logs, much of the timber is inaccessible, or rather, the prices of lumber do not
yet warrant hauling the logs long distances. The country across the line of the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain
railroad appears exhausted of its spruce and hemlock. Some tracts of hard wood are still standing, but the poplars,
whose young growth often conceals the stumps and prostrate trunks of dead hemlocks, really seem in many places
the most common species. But little timber land remains in Clinton county and, until the present season, lumbering
on the Saranac had been for several years nearly suspended. This year, however, a company was cutting a few
million feet of lumber drawn from the woods of Essex and Franklin counties. The lumber of the eastern side of
the Adirondack wilderness mostly comes out by the way of the Saranac and the Hudson rivers. The mountain
sides about lake George are being denuded of their spruce, which is sawed in the vicinity of Ticonderoga, and here,
as elsewhere, fires follow the ax in their usual fashion."
The forests of the Adirondack region have suffered severe loss at different times, particularly in 1878, by
the sudden death of great blocks of black spruce. Mr. Pringle carefally studied the extent of this destruction
and the causes which produced it. In regard to these, great diversity of opinion exists among woodsim-n and
others familiar with the Adirondack forests. It has been generally supposed that the trees were killed by an
unusually severe summer drought, or by the attacks of a boring insect working under the bark; but the testimony
gathered by Mr. Pringle points to other causes of destruction. The spruce occupies dry mountain slopes and
ridges and deep wet swamps never greatly affected by drought. It is noticed that as many trees have died in
the swamps as upon the dry slopes. It is evidently not drought, then, which has caused them to perish. The
opinion, too, is firmly held by the most intelligent observers that insects do not attack the trees until they are
dead or nearly dead, and are never found in vigorous living specimens.
The black spruce is not a long-lived tree, and this dying out may indicate that the old trees of this forest, probably
all of nearly the same age, had so nearly reached the limits of their natural existence as to be unable to withstand
some unusual or severe climatic state, such as a period of intense winter cold or late spring frost. The following
extracts from Mr. Pringle's report will indicate the opinions of those best able perhaps to form an opinion upon
this subject :
" Mr. Mark Moody, residing at the foot of Tupper lake, a hunter and woodsman who has passed his life in the
forest, testifies as follows : ' The spruce died fearfully in his vicinity about two years ago ; he tried to learn the cause.
Sixteen years ago the spruce had died out much in the same way as it has been doing lately. It is the older trees
which die. They seem to die by crops, successively. Under the large trees were always springing up small trees
to take the places of those that perish. There seems to be a narrower limit to the life of the spruce than to that
of any other species. Other trees do not die in the same manner, by crops. The spruce does not seem to enjoy the
same green old age, long drawn out, as other trees do, but when it has reached its full growth seems to relinquish
its vitality without any apparent or sufficient cause, and before giving evidence of decay or any diminution of
vigor.'
"Mr. Wardner, of Bloomingdale, Essex county, an old hunter, woodsman, and guide, testified as follows: 'The
spruce timber on this side of the forest has failed clear through to its northern borders, in the same manner and
during the same seasons as in other portions of the region.' Mr. Wardner first noticed the leaves falling and
covering the ground in 1878; the destruction was continued through 1879, but during the past season he had met
506
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
with very few trees that were dyiug. Spruce timber had perished in this manuer before, aiid he pointed out a
broad valley in which most of the trees were dead and falling when he came into this region, twenty-five years
before. He had carefully endeavored to ascertain the cause; was positive that insects either under the bark or
upon the leaves had nothing to do with the death of the spruce trees, and he is sure that it is not due to drought,
as he has seen the greatest destruction on the northern slopes. No active destructive agent being apparent, he
inclines to the opinion that the spruce trees die because they have reached the limit of their life, and that it is
some peculiarity of the winter rather than the summer that turns the scale against them ; for this reason they
perish in quantities, sometimes in sections. He has counted the rings of many trees, and considers 100 to 150 years
the average lifetime of the spruce."
Whatever has caused the destruction of these forests, the damage thus occasioned, both in the loss of valuable
timber and in the increased danger of forest fires from the presence of such a body of dead wood is enormous. It
is believed by Mr. Pringle that from one-third to one-half of the fully-grown spruce timber left in the Adirondack
region is dead.
NEW JERSEY.
The original forests of New Jersey have disappeared, except from some of the highest and most inaccessible
ridges situated in the northwestern part of the state, and these, with the increased demands of the railroads
for ties and other material, are now fast losing their forest covering. The forests of New Jersey are insufficient to
supply the wants of the population of the state, and nearly all the lumber it consumes is brought from beyond its
limits. The forests of pitch pine, which once covered large areas in the southern counties, have now generally
been replaced by a stunted growth of oaks and other broad-leaved trees.
The forests of New Jersey, especially those on the dry sandy soil of the southern part of the state, have long
suffered from destructive fires. During the census year 71,074 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire,
causing a loss of $252,240. Of these fires twenty-eight were set by locomotives, seven through malice, seven by
fires set on farms escaping to the forest, and six each by the carelessness of hunters and charcoal-burners.
The manufacture of cooperage stock and other industries using hard woods have been largely abandoned,
owing to the decrease of the local supply of timber.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Pennsylvania once possessed vast forests of white pine and hemlock stretching over both flanks of the
Alleghany mountains and extending from the northern boundaries of the state to its southern limits. East and
west of the Alleghany region the whole country was covered with a heavy growth of broad-leaved trees mixed
with hemlocks and occasional groves of pines. Merchantable pine has now almost disappeared from the state,
and the forests of hard wood have been either replaced by a second growth or have been so generally culled of
their best trees that comparatively little valuable hard-wood timber now remains. Large and valuable growths of
hemlock, however, are still standing in northwestern Pennsylvania. From all parts of the state manufacturers
using hard wood report great deterioration and scarcity of material, and Pennsylvania, which during the census
year was only surpassed by Michigan in the value of its forest crop, must soon lose, with its rapidly disappearing
forests, its position as one of the great lumber -producing states.
The following estimates of merchantable pine and hemlock standing in Pennsylvania May 31, 1880, have been
prepared by Mr. H. C. Putnam. They are based upon the reports of a large number of timber-land owners and
experts familiar with the forests of the state:
WHITE PINE (Pinus Stratus).
Regions.
Feet, board
measure.
500, 000, 000
1, 300, 000, 000
Total
1, 800, 000, 000
Estimated amount cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880
380, 000, 000
HEMLOCK (Tsiiga CaaadensU).
4, 500, 000, 000
Estimated amount cut for the census year, exclusive of trees cut for
their bark alone.
300, 000, 000
Of lumber of all kinds 1,848,304,000 feet, including 288,561,000 shingles and 183,740,000 laths, were manufactured
in the state during the census year; the nature of the returns, however, prevents anything beyond an estimate,
based upon extended correspondence, of the amount of pine and hemlock sawed.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 507
Numerous bodies of pine too small to be indicated ou the map, of 110 great commercial importance and not
included in these estimates, still remain scattered over the region originally occupied by pine forest.
The forests of Pennsylvania, especially through the mountain regions, have long suffered from destructive fires.
During the census year 685,738 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $3,043,723. Of these
fires a large proportion were traced to locomotives and the escape of fires from farms to the forest.
The forests of Pennsylvania produced during the year 1879 2,866,010 pounds of maple sugar.
The following extracts are made from Mr. Pringle's report upon the principal lumber-producing regions of
the state :
" Originally the broad pine belt of northern Pennsylvania, occupying the region drained by the numerous
streams constituting the headwaters of the Susquehanna, extended from Susquehanua county, in the northeastern
corner of the state, westward through Bradford and Tioga counties to Potter county, although this county never had
as much pine as the others, and thence southwestward over Cameron, Elk, and Glearfield counties. The heaviest
growth of pine in all this region was on Pine creek, in the southwest part of Tioga county. Now there is but
little pine left in Susquehanua and Bradford counties, these counties being thickly settled; and in Tioga county,
from which one firm alone has cut four billion feet, there now remain standing but little over one billion feet. The
greatest part of the pine now standing iu the Pennsylvania forests is on the upper waters of the West Branch of
the Susquehanua, in Cameron, Elk, and Clearfield counties. In some of the counties adjoining these, as McKean,
there was once, and still may be, a little pine timber.
"Active lumbering operations on the West Branch of the Susquehanna were begun iu 1850, when the boom
of .the Susquehanna Boom Company was constructed at Williamsport. At this place the greatest part of the
lumber on the West Branch is sawed. At Lock Haven, 25 miles above, on the same river, advantage was taken of
•the feeder-dam of a canal to construct another boom, and a few companies operating in lumber are now located
there, about one-tenth as much lumber being sawed as is handled at Williamsport. Some of the companies,
however, are removing from Lock Haven to the larger center of Williamsport. Below Williamsport no logs are
driven, but a little timber squared by the ax in the woods and left at full length is made into rafts and taken
'down the main Snsquehanna. Some of this is sawed in the towns on the river, and the remainder is taken to the
large markets to supply the demand for squared timber for ship-building, etc.
"Williamsport is situated on the north or left bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna, and for 2 or 3
miles along the river side are ranged the mills and lumber-yards of the thirty-four lumber companies operating here.
We visited a large number of mills and found much the same methods employed iu all. Tlie logs are first slit np
by gang-saws ; then each board or plank is put through an edger, where two circular saws cut a strip from each
side to give the board a square and straight edge ; the boards are then assorted into two or more grades, loaded
on trucks, and moved o\-er tramways which ramify through the lumber-yards adjacent to each mill. The fragments
of boards and better portions of the edgings are made into fence pickets and other portions into laths, and the
fragments and strips which will not even make laths are carried to one side and added to a burning pile. The
fragments thus burned (rather than thrown into the river) constitute the only waste, for the sawdust supplies the
engines with fuel. This being cut chiefly from heart- wood makes better and more easily handled fuel than the sap-
-wood strips. Even these are, however, often cut and put up into bundles of kindling-wood for city use.
" In the woods the trees are sawed into logs 12, 16, or 18 feet in length, as can be done to the best advantage
and the least waste of timber.
"The West Branch of the Susquehanna must be an exceptionally fine river to drive, judging from the
comparatively unbattered condition of the logs seen about the mills. The smaller streams in the woods are
furnished with flood-dams, and from these extend throughout the timber belt numerous narrow-gauge railroads,
tramways, and slides for bringing down the logs. Little hauling is done upon wagons or sleds, the ground in the
-woods being too rough, it is said, for hauling logs with teams. It is probable that snow does not fill up the
depressions and smooth the surfaces to the same extent as in the northern woods.
" The lumbermen of this place at first were content to send their lumber to market in the simplest shape, but
of late, as the supply diminishes more and more, mills and shops are being built for the manufacture of doors,
sashes, blinds, packing-boxes, furniture, etc. Some companies have so exhausted their pine lands that they can in
future only carry on business in this way, buying the rough timber from their neighbors. As the pine lands of one
firm after another are exhausted the pine remaining comes to be held by a very few parties, who know its value.
Not all of these are operators, but, living at a distance, sell stumpage to manufacturers.
"The following table, giving the amounts of lumber rafted out of the Susquehanna boom at Williamsport
since the record has been kept, may be of interest as showing something of the rise and decline of the lumber
"business at this important center. The greatest prosperity or fullest development of the business was attained,
as will be seen, iu 1873. After that year, with the steady decrease of the supply of pine and the consequent
increase of expense in securing logs, the annual stock steadily diminished until 1877. During the past three years
the increasing demand for lumber has stimulated the operators to greater activity, but more than to this cause the
recent gain in the yearly stocks is due to the substitution of hemlock for pine, the ratio of hemlock to pine
508
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
being at present as 1 to 4, although the average for the last seven years is but as 1 to 10. As the supply of pine
timber is exhausted, hemlock will be more and more handled until it will become the most important timber of this'
region. The summary is made for the last eight years only:
Tears.
Number logs.
Feet, board
measure.
Years.
•
Number logs.
Feet, board
measure.
186°
196 953
37 853 691
1875
1,096,897
210, 746 956
1863
405 175
76 475 826
1876
715, 087
134, 396, 293
1864
511 549
96 595 681
1877
589, 827
106, 944, 257
1865
379 392
72 421 468
1878
617, 552
112, 069, 602
1866
615 373
118 831 494
1879
1, 040, 278
190, 549, 111
1867
833 388
163,196,511
1880 (to November 2] )
763, 768
128, 558, 959
1869
1 080 511
223, 000, 305
1873 to 1880 (eight years) . . .
7,395,455
1,382,342,272
1870
1, 099, 777
225, 180, 973
Logs remaining in river
95 000 000
1872
1 484 103
297 185,652
1, 407, 342, 272
140 734,227
1873
1,582.460
318, 342, 712
1874
989, 586
180, 734, 382
1 266 608 045
u It is proper to add that the variations in the yearly stock of logs shown above are in some measure due to a
greater or less proportion of each annual cut being left behind in the woods or in the streams, from varying supplies
of water or from other peculiarities of the season.
" The lumber manufactured at Lock Haven and William sport is shipped by railroad and canal to Baltimore and
Philadelphia and to intermediate cities and stations.
" I found it more difficult to obtain information of the extent and limits of the hemlock woods of Pennsylvauiar
and of the amount of the standing timber and the annual crop of hemlock, than I did to get the same facts respecting
the pine. Lumbermen agree that there was originally far more hemlock in this state than pine, and they speak of
it now as inexhaustible, which is not strictly true, for it is doubtful if it holds out to supply the increasing drain
made upon it by tanneries and saw-mills for more than twenty-five years to come. Large quantities of hemlock
have been wasted. Much that grew intermingled with the pine has died after the pine has been removed, partly
from exposure to fuller sunlight and summer drought, and partly to forest fires induced by and following lumber
operations. In the early days of the tanning industry of this region, when hemlock lumber was esteemed of little
value, and whenever of late years the lumber trade has been so dull as to offer 110 inducement to send to market
the trunks of the trees felled for their bark, large quantities Of these have been left in the woods to decay. Now,
however, with a good market for hemlock lumber, tanning companies owning hemlock lands, or the contractors who
furnish the tanneries with bark, buying for this i>urpose stumpage from the proprietors of the timber-lands, often
own saw-mills in the timber region, and cut and ship this lumber to market by railroad.
" Inasmuch as hemlock, besides mingling more or less with pine throughout the pine belt, seems to have formed
a border entirely around the pine, the extent of the hemlock woods, as well as the quantity of hemlock timber, has
always been much greater than of pine. Beginning in Wayne county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the
state, the original hemlock forest extended westward through the northern tier of counties as far as Warren
county, in the vicinity of lake Erie. Thence its bounds may be traced southward through Forest, Clarion, and
Jefferson, and thence eastward through Clearfield, Center, Clinton, Lycoming, and Sullivan counties. IsTow the
northeastern counties are for the most part cleared, and not only have the outskirts of these woods been cut off
on all sides, but their continuity has been completely broken up throughout its whole extent by countless clearings
and settlements. Yet, however much the hemlock forest has suffered, it possesses to day greater value than did all
the pine standing in 1850. Quite neglected a few years ago, hemlock is appreciating rapidly in value and importance,
and ere many years shall have passed it will be almost the only kind of lumber known in the Williamsport market.
The best grades of hemlock bring as high a price as scrub pine, the product of the shorter and more knotty trees
grown on high land. Although as a rule Pennsylvania hemlock is of superior quality, much of it being nearly as
good as spruce, yet here, as well as elsewhere, considerable variation in quality is noticed. Lumbermen classify
hemlock into two kinds, red and white, according to the character of the wood, but the more intelligent among
them attribute the difference to soil and situation. White hemlock, being sounder, firmer, and straighter grained,
constitutes the highest grade. Bed hemlock is more brittle, more inclined to splinter, and liable to be found more,
or less decayed when the trees have gained full size. In this condition trees are said to be 'shaky'. Such timber is
generally found on bottom lands, while the hemlock of high hillsides is apt to be short and scrubby. The quality
of the hemlock seems to deteriorate west from the center of the state. The Pine Creek hemlock is considered better
than that of the Siuuamahoning, and this better than that on the Alleghany. Seldom more than two good logs can
be obtained from a trunk, the third and fourth logs being generally inferior and knotty ; 8,000 feet per acre is here
considered a good yield of hemlock, and 10,000 feet a large yield.
" From Williamsport to Lock Haven the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehauua is usually less than a
mile in width, being bounded by abrupt and rocky ridges a few hundred feet iu height. At Lock Haven we
THE FORESTS' OF THE UNITED STATES. 5C9
ascended the ridge on the south side of the river, some 800 feet in altitude, in order to examine the moderate forest
growth with which it was covered. In favorable places scattering specimens of white pine indicated the crop these
hills have yielded the lumberman in former years. Hemlock, also, was scattered over the hillsides, but even as
late as the present year most of the trees in this immediate neighborhood had been felled for their bark ; their
peeled trunks lay strewn over the hillsides, being left to decay within a mile or two of the saw-mills of Lock
Haven. The summit of the ridge afforded a good view of the surrounding country. Parallel ridges of a similar
altitude, and which appeared more heavily timbered, lay back of the one on which we stood ; between them were
seen narrow valleys occupied by farms. On the north or opposite side of the river successive ridges rose higher
and higher as they receded from the river, and in the distance seemed to lose themselves in a plateau whose
altitude was equal to that of the ground on which we were standing. The gentle slopes • and rounded summits
immediately above the river showed smooth, cultivated fields interspersed among woodlands of deciduous trees.
The more distant heights displayed a darker forest growth where hemlock and pines predominated.
" From Lock Haven to Warren, the county-seat of Warren county, even on the hillsides overlooking the river,
close to the banks of which the railroad crept, but especially where we were able to look into the deep runs coming
down to the river by a gradual descent from the table-lands of the divides, seldom more than a few miles back
above the river, we saw much original forest still standing and principally composed of hemlock. Some white
pine appeared as scattering trees or in groves, and some hard wood. The proportion of hard wood increased as
we ascended the divide between the waters of the Susquehanna and those of the Alleghany river.
" On the summit of this divide the forest had a truly northern aspect, except that we missed the spruce, not
seen in Pennsylvania. The dark foliage of the hemlock mingled with sugar maples, beeches, and birches. For
many miles above Lock Haven it was a second growth which occupied the hillsides, a thin growth of white oak,
chestnut, locust, etc., which had followed the lumberman and forest fires. Considerable second-growth white pine
was seen in a few places, but on this none of the present generation seem to set much value, and I have yet to
meet any one in the state who gives a thought to encouraging and preserving such growth. To consume the forests
as speedily as possible, satisfied with what can be realized from them in the operation, appears to be the spirit
which rules this region. Alternating here and there with the original forest mentioned above were seen all along
the railroad leading through this timber belt, but especially in the vicinity of the settlements and lumbered districts,
.tracts which have been ranged by fire. Sometimes the fires had spread from the clearings into uncullod timber,
killing everything, large and small. Sometimes 'hemlock slashes' had burned over after the trees had been cut
and ' peeled '. Always the charred stumps thickly dotted the ground, and the blackened, half-consumed trunks
strewn over the soil in confusion gave to the landscape an aspect of complete desolation. The bird cherries and
poplars, which in the forests farther north soon cover and hide from view such wastes of ruin, are wanting here.
" I learned that the best hemlock grows on the steep sides of the deep runs, and that upon the summits of the
divides were considerable barrens, the soil of which was sometimes too poor to support any arboreal growth.
Farther to the west the summits of the dividing ridges are occupied by hard wood chiefly, although hemlocks
mingle with the beeches and maples.
" Arrived at Warren, we find that we have passed through the woods and are in a long-settled and -well-
improved country, and, judging from the scattered patches of woodlands occupying the low hills within view, the
region of hard- wood forest has been reached. The coniferous forest belt only extends into the southeastern quarter
of Warren county ; the northern and western portions, lying beyond the Alleghany river, yield oak, chestnut,
hickory, etc. Originally there was a little pine scattered over the southeastern portion of Warren county, but this
has been mostly cut, and hemlock remains, as it ever has been, the most important timber in this part of the county.
In Forest county, next south of Warren, pine is local, being scattered in small quantities throughout the county.
On the highlands there is much hard wood, beech, maple, and white wood existing in belts between the streams.
This, however, may be called a hemlock county. In McKeau county a central table-land is covered principally by
a growth of maple, beech, etc. In the remaining portions of the county the timber is chiefly hemlock. The valley
of the Alleghany river, in the eastern part of McKean county, is mostly cleared and improved. Elk county is
one of the best counties for hemlock. Through Elk, the southwestern corner of McKeau, and the southeastern
corner of Warren runs the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. Along the line of this road, as it passes through this
portion of the timber belt, are located the largest tanneries of the United States. These are consuming the hemlock
of this region at an enormous rate, and, in addition to the vast amount of bark which they consume, large quantities
are shipped out of the region by railroad. The first important tanneries of Warren county were established 12 or
15 years ago, and at the present rate of consumption the hemlock of this county can hardly hold out 20 years
longer. The laud, after the forest has been removed, is excellent for agricultural purposes throughout this region,
and on all sides pioneers are making themselves farms. These men prefer to begin in the undisturbed forest rather
than locate on the slashes, because they can pay for their land with the hemlock bark which it yields; and from a
radius of 15 miles bark is drawn and sold at from $4 50 to $5 a cord to the tanneries. On an average, four trees yield a
cord or ton of bark, the equivalent of 1,000 feet of lumber, board measure. In Wrarren county from 5,000 to 6,000
acres of hemlock were cut down in 1880, and there is no possibility of this growth being renewed, for every foot of
slashed laud is eventually burned over, and sometimes the burnings are repeated until the soil is nearly ruined for
agricultural purposes. From the dry slashes the fires extend to a greater or less distance through the living
510 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
woods, ruining not only heavy bodies of hemlock, but also destroying the belts of hard wood intermixed with the
hemlock. Notwithstanding stringent legislation in this state upon the subject of forest fires, they seem inevitable,,
and especially so in the slashes. They spread from the clearings constantly made throughout this timber belt by
the settlers, and, as the forest abounds in deer and its streams are stocked with fish, hunters and fishermen are
always in the woods, and from their camp fires spread many conflagrations. Many fires here also are set by a tribe
of half-civilized Indians residing in this region, to burn over the huckleberry fields in order that the bushes may
renew themselves and yield fuller crops ; or, where it is so easy to start a fire and conceal its origin, many doubtless
arise from malice.
" In this region the aspen springs up on land upon which the hemlock has been destroyed, but this tree
manifestly does not thrive as it does in northern woods. Yellow and black birch, bird cherry, beech, maple, white
oak, chestnut, black cherry, etc., are the trees which spring up slowly among the briers, and cover burned land
with a rather meager second growth. If a few pines have been left on the hilltops they may scatter a few seeds and
give rise to some saplings, but as regards hemlock, fires kill it out clean, seedlings and seed; and if the 'peelers'
and the fires happen to leave any scattering trees standing, these, being more sensitive to changed conditions
than pines, are seldom able long to survive as seed bearers. The bird cherry only thrives on cold, wet soils
here. There is another phase of the slaughter of the hemlock forest : As the pine forest gives out, large numbers
of laborers turn to the hemlock woods and find employment as bark peelers. In the pine woods work is mostly
suspended when spring arrives ; then larger numbers of men come into the hemlock woods than can find work at
satisfactory wages, and these sometimes set fires in the slashes, which spread into the living woods and kill large
quantities of hemlock. To save the bark it must be peeled at once, or before it adheres to the wood and becomes
injured by worms, and thus employment is given to a larger force of men.
" The pine now remaining in Clearfield county is mostly found in the northern and the southwestern portions
of the county. The eastern and southeastern portions are now principally cleared and improved, as the entire
county is destined to be, the soil being principally a strong, clayey loam, excellent for farming purposes. Already
four-fifths of the pine timber originally standing in the county has been removed; most of the hemlock, which
orginally about equaled in amount the pine, remains. There are no tanneries in this region, and after the pine is
cut the hemlock is next harvested, the bark being saved and shipped to the tanneries below to the amount of from
5,000 to 6,000 cords annually. Fires are here sometimes started by hunters in order to clear away the young second
growth, that they may be able better to see the deer. One important reason which lumbermen have for planting
their saw-mills near the woods, in preference to driving all their logs to the sawing centers below, is that they can
then work into shingles, etc., many trees which, being defective by reason of rotten spots or other blemishes, would
not be worth driving down the river. Such trees are seen standing here and there all through the woods, having
been left behind by the lumbermen. Sometimes persons buy this culled timber and erect shingle-mills, etc., to
work it up.
" With respect to the maximum yield of pine per acre, it would seem that 10,000 feet was a good yield for tracts
of 400 or 500 acres in extent, although smaller tracts of 50 acres and upward will often cut 25,000 feet to the acre,
and even a yield of 100,000 feet to the acre has been reported. The rough nature of the surface in all this region
often necessitates the use of slides to bring the logs from the forest to the streams. They are constructed by
pinning to ties of hemlock some 3 feet in length hemlock logs about a foot in diameter placed side by side,
their inner sides above the point of contact being hewn with care to form a broad V-shaped trough along which the-
logs may be slid. Except where there is considerable descent logs cannot be slid unless the weather is frosty,
when the slide can be kept icy by means of water sprinkled over it from time to time. Slides sometimes are
built for G or 8 miles back into the woods, usually following up some run so as to get an even and gentle grade.
By this means the greatest part of the logs come down to the streams, for sleds are not used in this country. Most
of the hazard of lumbering depends upon the lumberman's ability to slide his logs successfully. They can be cut
at any time in the woods, and almost any year can be driven to the mills when once in the water, but mild weather
interrupts sliding and deep snows impede the operation ; so that in open winters lumbermen are sometimes
compelled to do their sliding in the night time, when ice will form on the slide. The logs, stripped of their bark, are
drawn singly, by horses with chains, from the places where they have fallen to the upper end of the slide. When
a sufficient number — from 6 to 40, according to the grade and the size of the logs— have been placed end to end in
the slide, the hook of a chain is driven into the rear log near its forward end, and horses are attached which walk
a tow-path formed on one side of the slide, and push ahead of them the ' trail' of logs, thus bringing them down to
the stream.
" Only in the late autumn and in the winter is it thought expedient in Pennsylvania to fell pine ; if cut in summer,
when the bark will part from the wood, the sap-wood soon assumes a blackish appearance and disfigures the
lumber. As a rule hemlock is here cut and peeled in summer, at the time when operations in pine are suspended j
thus by alternating operations in pine and hemlock the hands are kept employed throughout the whole year. In
cutting trees the several parts of the work are allotted to different men ; some merely fell the trees, others measure
them off into suitable lengths and cut away the limbs as far as the upper end of the last log taken, where they
sever the top of the tree from the trunk by means of the ax ; others follow in pairs with cross-cut saws and cut
the trunk into logs."
• . •. •
J^8
DMNSITV OF FORKS TS
OI.MI'II.KD I-NDKRTHK DIllKCTION < 'f
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THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 511
SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION.
DELAWAEB.
The northern portion of the state, comprising New Castle and Kent counties, was once covered with the
deciduous forests of the Atlantic plain. Conifers, with the exception of the red cedar, were rare. In the sandy
soil of the southern part of the state various pitch pines flourished, forming fully one-half of the forest growth.
These pine forests were long ago consumed and are now replaced by a second growth, generally composed of the species
which originally occupied the ground ; and throughout the state the best hard-wood timber has been culled from
the forest. Large quantities of wheel and cooperage stock were formerly manufactured in the northern counties;
but of late years these and other industries using the products of the forest have, for want of material, generally
decreased in importance. The manufacturers report a general scarcity of timber.
During the census year 3,305 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $15,675. Of
such fires six were set by locomotives, six by the careless burners of brush upon farms, and two through malice. •
KENT COUNTY. — About one-quarter of this county is reported covered with forest. A few small mills saw oak
from the immediate neighborhood into shipstuff and car lumber, shipping to Wilmington, Philadelphia, and even
to New York.
NEW CASTLE COUNTY. — About one- quarter of this county is reported covered with woodland, mostly of second
growth and attached to farms. The large establishments for the manufacture of gunpowder, located in the
neighborhood of Wilmington, consume large amounts of willow wood, generally grown for the purpose upon farms
in their immediate vicinity.
SUSSEX COUNTY. — One-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woodland. Numerous small
mills, obtaining their supply of logs from the immediate neighborhood, saw oak for shipstuff.
MARYLAND.
The northwestern portion of the state, crossed by the ridges of the Appalachian system, was once covered with
the forests of white pine, hemlock, birch, and maple peculiar to this mountain region. The central portion of the
state, extending from the mountains to the shores of Chesapeake bay, was covered with oaks, hickories, gums, and
other deciduous trees in great variety, the eastern peninsula largely with different species of pitch pine, occupying
sandy plains, or mixed with deciduous trees.
In the mountain region considerable bodies of the original forest remain upon the highest and most
inaccessible slopes ; in the remainder of the state this, where the land has not been permanently cleared for
agriculture, is now largely replaced by a second growth, or— the best timber at least — has been everywhere culled.
A large amount of cooperage stock was formerly manufactured in this state. This industry has, however,
greatly suffered from the deterioration and exhaustion of the local supply of timber ; manufacturers report the
best stock nearly exhausted and the substitution for oak, formerly exclusively used, of elm and other inferior
woods now brought from beyond the limits of the state.
During the census year 41,076 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $37,425.
These fires were traced to the carelessness of hunters, to locomotives, and largely to the escape from farms to the
forest of fires set in clearing land. The principal lumber manufacturing establishments using Maryland logs are
situated in Garrett county ; these saw white pine, hemlock, and oak to supply a limited local demand and ship to
Baltimore, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Wheeling; considerable oak timber is sent to Europe from this county.
During the year 1879 the northern counties produced 176,076 pounds of maple sugar.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The original forest has disappeared from the District of Columbia and has been replaced by a second and
third growth of oaks, scrub pines, and other trees. The area occupied with woods is probably slowly increasing.
A single saw-mill, situated in the city of Washington, saws logs grown beyond the limits of the District.
VIRGINIA.
The forests of Virginia, like those of the Carolinas and Georgia, fall naturally into three divisions, dependent
upon the elevation and soil of the different parts of the state. The mountains and ridges of its western border are
512 THE FORESTS OF THE tJNITED STATES.
covered with a heavy growth of pine, hemlock, white oak, cherry, yellow poplar, and other northern trees; over
the region extending east of the mountains oaks, principally black oaks, once formed the prevailing forest growth;
through these are now mingled long stretches of various pitch pines, occupying exhausted and barren soil once
devoted to agriculture. The eastern counties are covered with the forests of the Maritime Pine Belt, generally
confined to the Tertiary deposits of the coast and extending inland to the head of tide-water of the principal
streams; along the western borders of this pine belt the forest growth is nearly equally divided between the pines
and the broad-leaved species.
The inaccessible mountain region in the southwestern part of the state still contains immense quantities of the
original oak, hickory, walnut, and cherry, the scanty population of these mountains having made but slight inroads
upon the forests. Eailroads have hardly penetrated them, while the streams which head here are uusuited tocarry
to market the hard woods of which this forest is largely composed. The most valuable hard-wood forest remaining
on the continent exists in southwestern Virginia and the adjacent counties of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee,
and North Carolina. From the central and eastern portions of the state the original forest has almost entirely
disappeared, and is iiow replaced by a second growth, in which the Jersey pine and the old-field pine are characteristic
features, generally replacing more valuable species of the original growth.
During the census year 272,319 acres of woodland were reported ravaged by fire, with a loss of $326,944. Of
such fires the largest number was traced to the careless burning of brush upon farms and to locomotives.
The manufacture of cooperage stock is increasing rapidly in the western part of the state, and great quantities
of staves are exported thence directly to Europe, as well as oak, yellow poplar, and walnut in the log. The
manufacture of tobacco cases from sycamore lumber is an important industry iu the neighborhood of Lynchburg
and other tobacco-distributing centers. Considerable quantities of hand-made shingles are produced in the
cypress swamps which occupy a large portion of Norfolk and other eastern counties. A large amount of second-
growth pine (Finns Tceda) is shipped from the different Virginia ports by schooner to New York for fuel, and this
second-growth pine furnishes the principal building material used throughout the state. The grinding of oak and
sumach bark and the manufacture of tanning extracts are important and profitable industries of the state.
WEST VIRGINIA.
The forests of West Virginia, with the exception of the belt of pine and spruce confined to the high ridges
of the Alleghany mountains, are principally composed of broad-leaved trees, the most important of which are the
white and chestnut oaks, the black walnut, the yellow poplar, and the cherry. The white pine and spruce forests
reach within the state their southern limit as important sources of lumber supply.
The forests have been largely removed from the counties bordering the Ohio river, and the most valuable hard-
wood timber adjacent to the pricipal streams, especially black walnut, cherry, and yellow poplar, has been culled in
nearly every part of the state. But slight inroads, however, have yet been made into the magnificent body of
hard-wood timber covering the extreme southern counties, which still contain vast quantities of oak, cherry, and
poplar.
The black walnut found scattered everywhere in West Virginia is least plentiful in the northwestern and Ohio
Eiver counties, and most abundant along the upper waters of the rivers flowing into the Ohio through the
southwestern part of the state. Yellow poplar is found throughout the state, and is still abundant about the
headwaters of nearly all the principal streams. Large bodies of cherry are found in Greenbrier, Nicholas, Webster,
and other counties immediately west of the mountains, and a large amount of hemlock is scattered through the
valleys and ravines of the northeastern part of the state and along the western slopes of the Alleghanies. The
area still occupied by white pine is estimated to extend over 310 square miles, and to contain about 990,000,000 feet
of merchantable lumber. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are along the Kanawha river at Konceverte,
in Greenbrier county, at Parkersburg, and along the upper Potomac.
Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry gave a product during the census year of 3,549,000, valued at $146,000.
Dnring the census year 476,775 acres of woods were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $155,280. Of
these fires the largest number was traced to the careless clearing of land for agricultural purposes, although many
had their origin in sparks from locomotives.
The manufacture of cooperage stock is fast increasing in importance, and seems destined, with the exhaustion
of the more accessible hard-wood forests of the country, to assume a much greater development than at present
Large quantities of black walnut, yellow poplar, and oak in the log are shipped to northern markets and to Europe.
The following notes upon the forests of West Virginia are extracted from Mr. Pringle's report:
"Entering West Virginia at Keyser (New Creek) by way of Cumberland, Maryland, we find ourselves in one
of the narrow valleys lying among the low abrupt ridges of the northern Alleghanies, among which we have been
traveling since we reached the vicinity of Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Coming south from middle Pennsylvania,
however, the forest growth covering the long mountain chains within view from the railroad becomes heavier and
heavier, the evidences of fire and ax largely disappearing. On the hills above Keyser fewer evergreens appeared
than I had previously seen. A few slopes were principally occupied by pine in variety, but the mountains of this
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THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 513
region were covered with a growth of deciduous trees, white, black, red, Spanish, and chestnut oaks, hickories,
butternuts, black walnuts, yellow poplars, locusts, elms, sugar maples, etc. At Piedmont some $200,000 have been
expended in the construction of a boom on the North Branch of the Potomac. At this point, as well as at Swauton and
Deer Park, on the Maryland side, there are mills sawing chiefly white oak, and also considerable white pine, spruce,
hemlock, poplar, white ash, etc. Some spruce which had not been seen or heard of in the timber belt of Pennsylvania
is found 20 miles above Piedmont. The market for lumber manufactured here is chiefly eastward. Much of the oak
is sent to Europe, partly in the form of squared timber, partly cut 5 by 12 inches and from 15 to 20 feet long. The
mills at Swanton and Deer Park are located on the railroad, and cut timber is hauled to them from the vicinity.
The mills at Piedmont are fed by logs driven down the river from the western portions of Mineral and Grant counties,
West Virginia. This lumber is chiefly oak, spruce, and hemlock. Great difficulty is experienced in driving this
part of the Potomac, as it is a swift and rocky stream. Logs, especially oak, constantly lodge on the rocks or
banks, and there has been great difficulty in maintaining the boom and dam at this point.
" Rowlesburg, in Preston county, owes its existence as a lumber depot to the fact that the Cheat river, upon
which it is situated, as it passes through the Briery mountains, for a distance of 25 miles below this point has so
narrow and rocky a channel and so swift a current that it is not possible to get the logs farther down the stream.
Above Rowlesburg the Cheat river is a good stream to drive, and any one of its branches can be driven from a
point 125 miles above that point. From the mouth of the Black Fork, 30 miles above, the timber is brought down
in rafts rather than as separate logs; this is because there is no boom as yet at Eowlesburg to stop the logs. There
are small booms on Black and Shaver's Forks, many miles above Eowlesburg. Scattered along the river at some
distance above Rowlesburg there are a few small mills, the product of which is floated down the stream on rafts.
The timber of Preston county between Kowlesbung and the vicinity of the mouth of the river is oak, poplar,
chestnut, ash, beech, yellow beech, hemlock, bass wood, and hickory.
" The timber of Canaan valley, in Tucker and Randolph counties, is largely hemlock on the lower lands, on
the higher situations and slopes sugar maple and beech ; and, as soon as a suitable elevation is reached, spruce is
mingled with black cherry. In other portions of Tucker county and on the tributaries of the Cheat river, flowing
out of Randolph county, the timber is chiefly oak, poplar, ash, spruce, cherry, black walnut, white pine, etc. This,
however, is not a black-walnut region, and there are here nowhere more than scattered trees ; a careful search has
failed to find any great body of this timber here. It is estimated that 2,500,000,000 feet of yellow poplar are still
standing in the valleys of the Cheat and its tributaries.
" Shaver's Fork is heavily timbered with spruce. A boom has been constructed at Grafton, on Tygart's Valley
river, a main branch of the Monongahela. It is a rough stream, unfavorable for lumber operations, and for a
distance only of 10 miles above Grafton is smooth enough to admit of the passage of rafts. All lumber has, therefore,
to come down in separate logs, and only such kinds as are light enough to float well can be got down. For this
reason there is very little except poplar sawed at Grafton. Oak is too heavy to be driven successfully, and as it
cannot be tied up in rafts with poplar, as is done on the Cheat, the stores of oak timber growing in the valleys
drained by this river must wait the building of a railroad to bring them to market. The yellow poplar still standing
in this region is estimated at 300,000,000 feet, and on the higher grounds, especially about the headwaters of
streams, there are fine bodies of black cherry mixed with other trees.
"At Parkersburg are located the mill and shops of the Parkersburg Mill Company, situated on the banks of
the Little Kanawha, a short distance above its confluence with the Ohio. This is the only company operating
in lumber within the city of Parkersburg. It manufactures about 6,000,000 feet of lumber annually, mostly poplar,
some oak, and about a quarter of a million feet of beech. Little black walnut can now be obtained here, and
that of inferior quality. Rough lumber and manufactured articles of wood find a market in nearly every direction,
west, north, and east. I was astonished and delighted to see how closely the lumber was worked up and the great
variety of articles manufactured from slabs, edgings, culls, etc., which in other mills are so generally thrown into
the waste pile. Broom handles, corn-popper handles, brush handles, brush heads, tool handles of many descriptions,
and fly-trap bottoms are but a few of the articles which are turned out by millions from odd bits of wood, few of
which are too small to make something or other from. The company -executes orders for articles used in
manufactories widely distributed over the country from Cincinnati and Chicago to Boston and New York. Poplar
is used for broom handles, and beech, maple, sycamore, black walnut, cherry, etc., for smaller articles. This company
does not own and operate timber lands, but buys its logs from parties who deliver rafts to its mill. Formerly
much lumber was wasted in this region in clearing lands for farms, but now proprietors of land find it to their
advantage to cut and save their logs, which they bring down in rafts themselves or sell to parties who make a
business of rafting. Once out of the small streams, the logs are easily rafted down the Little Kanawha during
favorable seasons.
"There are no booms on the Little Kanawha, except temporary constructions for special purposes, which are
broken up by every flood. Several years ago it was supposed that the timber on this river was nearly exhausted,
but it continues to come down in undiminished quantities to the value of some hundred thousand dollars annually,
in addition to railroad ties, staves, etc. It is only about 40 miles up the main river, and to no great distance back
from the stream, that the supply of oak is exhausted. The river is a hundred miles long, and about its upper
33 FOR
514 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
waters ami those of its tributaries the oak is comparatively untouched. Much of Wirt county and the greater part
of Roane, Calhoun, and Giliner, iu the upper part of the valley of the Little Kanawha, are a vast virgin forest of oak
and poplar, containing a good deal of black walnut and sugar maple and some black cherry. Baxter county is
magnificently timbered, as is Webster, although the timber here is yet inaccessible.
"The Gnyandotte is a good river for lumbering operations. Rafts can come down from a point 100 miles from
its mouth. There are yet no booms on this river, except strings of logs occasionally stretched across it for temporary
purposes. On its course above Guyandotte are four or five mills, doing for the most part a local business, their
product for export being only about 1,000,000 feet of sawed lumber. The rafting of this sawed lumber is attended
with some risk of loss, and therefore a much greater amount is brought down in uusawed logs bound together in
rafts, which are taken down the Ohio and sold to various mills along its course. These rafts are usually made 11
logs wide, and three or four of these courses are placed end to end. White oak is made up into rafts with a poplar
log in the center of each course, and thus the raft is made light enough to float easily. Along the Guyandotte, in the
lower part of its course, the oak and poplar have been cut for a distance of from 1 mile to 2 miles from the stream, the
black walnut for some 5 miles back ; but nine-tenths of the area drained by this river is still in original forest,
composed of white, chestnut, and other oaks, poplar, walnut, several hickories, beech, sugar maples, sycamore, ash,
etc. In this, region there is, in the aggregate, a good deal of black walnut, but it exists as scattered trees rather
than iu groves or tracts.
" Coal river is 1GO miles long, and for 36 miles, or to Peytoua, is navigable for barges. The valley of this river
is covered with truly magnificent forests, in which the trees of the several species composing them attain remarkable
dimensions. Poplar and white oak here exist in nearly equal proportions, and together constitute about a third of
the timber. Besides these there is a good deal of black cherry, lin, and locust, as well as hemlock, the latter not
being considered valuable iu this country. Black walnut appears more abundant in this region than in any other
of similar extent of which I have yet heard. But little timber has yet been removed from the valley of this river,
and it is chiefly the lower portion and the immediate vicinity of the banks which have been lumbered.
" The Elk river empties into the Kauawha at Charleston. About 2 miles above its mouth are located a boom and
several saw-mills, and here are also a dam and lock which secure slack-water for some 20 miles. The river is about
180 miles iu length ; logs haAre been driven from a point 150 miles above its mouth, but its valley has only been
lumbered to any great extent iu the immediate vicinity of the main river, and to a distance of some 110 miles from
its mouth. Most of the original growth of the forest of the Elk basin still remains, and is composed largely of white
oak, hickory, chestnut, and poplar. Black walnut here, as everywhere else in this state, is scattered, although it
is estimated that 10,000,000 feet of this lumber still remain in this region. Above a certain altitude and about
the upper waters of this river considerable black cherry, sugar maple, and birch is found. Here also beech
and basswood abound, by the streams hemlock occurs, and on the mountains a little black spruce. About the
upper settlements on this river miles of fence constructed with boards of black cherry and farms fenced with black-
walnut rails may be seen. Formerly large numbers of coal-boats and salt-boats were built upon the Elk river.
Once, also, the salt-works of the Kanawha required vast numbers of barrels ; these were made of black as well as
white oak ; now but five of the sixty furnaces once boiling brine in this vicinity are in operation, and there is little
demand for black eak for staves. The country along the Kauawha between the Elk and the Gauley rivers has been
lumbered for 5 or 6 miles back from the streams, and about one-fourth of the timber has been cut from these valleys.
The Gauley river with its several large tributaries drains a valley which covers nearly 5,000 square miles; its length
is about 110 miles, much less than that of the Elk, which is a long, slender stream, but it occupies a much broader
valley and has twice the volume of water of the Elk. Unlike the rivers just considered, which wear out for
themselves smooth channels through the soft sandstone, the Gauley is a rough stream, tumbling rapidly over hard
conglomerate xock, its bed being full of bowlders and ledges. For the first 10 miles from its mouth the fall averages
4 feet to the mile ; above that 20 feet to the mile, while its upper waters are so swift and rough as to be unnavigable
even for small boats. For these reasons the Gauley does not admit of the passing of rafts, and it is a difficult river
upon which even to drive single logs. Its valley is but little settled, except on Meadow river and along its right
bank below that stream. Above a point 15 miles from its mouth no timber has been touched except by the few settlers.
In the lower part of the valley of the Gauley for 15 or more miles the timber is chiefly oak, poplar, walnut, etc.
The Gauley and its large affluents, the Cherry, Cranberry, and Williams rivers, all head back iu the forests of black
spruce, which sometimes take entire possession of the mountain tops; a little lower, yet often mingled with the
spruce, hemlocks and black cherry abound. On Cherry river the cherry trees so predominate over all others as to
have given their name to the stream. Here are trees often 4 feet in diameter. The region intermediate between
the upper and the lower districts of the Gauley thus described contains much beech, sugar maple, and black
cherry. The white oak which abounds in the lower basin of this river disappears above an altitude of 2,000 feet.
I was informed that, although lumbering operations were but lately begun on the Gauley, nearly 1,000,000 feet of
poplar were brought out of the river in 1879, and that it had yielded 50,000 feet of black walnut in 1880, while
there were now in the river poplar logs enough to make 3,000,000 feet of lumber. About one-fourth of the cut of
late years has been sawed at mills near the falls ; the rest is ratted to Charleston.
9
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THE FORESTS OF THtt UNITED STATES. 515
" The valley of the New river is oiily lumbered for from 3 to 5 miles from the stream, although the walnut has
been gathered 10 miles farther back. This is a rough country in which to lumber, since the streams cut deep into
the earth, and New river cannot be driven.
"Ronceverte is situated on the Greeubrier river at the point where the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad first
meets this stream as it descends from the Alleghauy mountains. Here is the boom of the Saint Lawrence
Boom Company, and here are located three or four lumber firms operating steam-mills. One of these, the New
York Hoop Company, uses two million hoop-poles per annum, chiefly hickory, manufacturing hoops for flour
barrrels, pork barrels, hogsheads, and tierces, besides strips for boxes, etc. The process of manufacturing hoops
was explained to me as follows : The poles, of assorted lengths and sixes, are passed through machines which split
each of them into two, three, or four pieces, and these are put through other machines which plane flat the inner side
of each strip, leaving the bark intact. The hoops thus made are tied into bundles and shipped to New York.
" The Greenbrier river rises in the limestone sinks in Randolph county, whence it flows southwesterly through
the fertile limestone valley between the Alleghauy and the Greeubrier mountains for a distance of 120 miles,
emptying into the New river at Hiutou. Flowing through such a valley it is not a rapid stream, but from a point
12 miles below Travelers' Rest, on its headwaters, it is fine for rafting. Yet the stream needs some improvement,
especially by the closing up of back channels into which the logs are borne by high water, to be left in swamps
when the flood recedes.
"Only a small proportion of the timber of the Greenbrier river has been removed as yet, and it is estimated
that in its valley white oak, white pine, poplar, cherry, hemlock, walnut, and ash enough remain to make 1,000,000,000
feet of boards, and that there are not less than 500,000,000 feet of white pine in this region, occupying a
belt through the center of both Greeubrier and Pocahontas counties. The eastern limit of the black-spruce belt
on the headwaters of the Elk and Gauley rivers, the most extensive and valuable in West Virginia, coincides
with the western limits of the white-pine belt lying in Pocahontas county. Its southern line runs northwesterly
from the south end of Pocahontas to near the center of Nicholas county. From this point its western line runs
northeasterly through the center of Webster county to the vicinity of Huttonville, in Randolph county, the northern
end of the belt covering the upper waters of Shaver's Fork of the Cheat river. Over this belt black spruce is scattered
more or less densely, sometimes occupying almost exclusively the high slopes, particularly the northern slopes
and the summits of the mountains.
" It is believed that 10,000,000 feet of black walnut, in paying quantities, could still be gathered in this part
of the state, aud that there would then be left an equal amouut so scattered that it could not be profitably collected
at present prices."
NORTH CAROLINA.
The forests of North Carolina were once hardly surpassed in variety aud iinpo rtance by those of any other
part of the Uuited States. The coast region was occupied by the coniferous forests of the southern Maritime Pine
Belt; the middle districts of the state by a forest of oaks and other hard-wood trees, through which the old-field
pine is now rapidly spreading over worn-out and abandoned farming lands. The high ridges and deep valleys of
the Appalachian system which culminate in the western part of the state are still everywhere covered with dense
forests of the most valuable hard-wood trees mingled with northern pines and hemlocks. The inaccessibility of
this mountain region has protected these valuable forests up to the present time, and few inroads have yet been
made into their stores of oak, cherry, yellow poplar, and walnut. The hard-wood forests of the middle districts,
however, have been largely removed or culled of their finest timber, although the area of woodland in this part of the
state is now increasing. These new forests, usually composed of inferior pine, are of little economic value, except as a
source of abundant fuel and as a means of restoring fertility to the soil, preparing it to produce again more valuable
crops. A larger proportion of the pine forest of the coast has been destroyed in North Carolina than in the other
sou them states. This partof the state has long been the seat of important lumbering operations, while the manufacture
of naval stores, once almost exclusively confined to North Caroliua, aud always an important industry here, has
seriously injured these forests. The original forests have been practically removed from the northeastern part of
the state, the great regiou watered by the numerous streams flowing into Albemarle aud Pamlico sounds; and
although some lumber, largely second-growth pine trees of poor quality, is produced here, the importance of these
forests is not great. The merchantable pine, too, has been removed from the banks of the Cape Fear aud other
rivers flowing through the southern part of the state, and although these streams still yield annually a large
number of logs, they are only procured at a constantly increasing distance from their banks and with a consequent
increasing cost for transport.
Forest fires inflict serious damage upon the pine forests of the south. During the census year 546,102 acres
of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $357,980. The largest number o'f these fires
were traced to the carelessness of farmers in clearing land, to locomotives, hunters, and to malice.
Manufacturers of cooperage and wheel stock, industries which once flourished in the eastern and central
portions of the state, already suffer from the exhaustion and deterioration of material. Such industries, however,
are increasing in the extreme western counties, and promise to attain there an important development.
51(3
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
The following estimate, by counties, of the merchantable pine standing May 31, 1880, south of the Neusi:
river, the only part of the state where it is of commercial importance, was prepared by Mr. Edward Kidder, of
Wilmington. It is based upon actual surveys and tie reports of a large number of timber-land experts familiar
with the different counties still occupied by the forests of long-leaved pine:
LONG-LEAVED PINE (Phuis patustris).
Counties.
Bladen 288, 000, 000
Brunswick 141, 000, 000
Chatham 448, 000, 000
Columbus 288, 000, 000
Cumberland 806, 000, 000
Duplin 21, 000, 000
Harnett 486, 000, 000
Johnston 663, 000, 000
Moore 504, 000, 000
New Hanover 96, 000, 000
Onslow 31, 000, 000
Eobeson j 804,000,000
Sampson ' 602, 000, 000
Wake 48,000,000
Wayne 40,000,000
Feet, board
measure.
Total 5, 229, 000, 000
Cut for t he census year ending May 31, 1880, exclusive of
50, 190.000 feet cut in the counties adjacent to Alliemarle
and Pamlico sounds and along the Pamlico and Nense
rivers, which is largely loblolly pine (Finns Tceda).
108,411,000
NAVAL STORES.
Small quantities of crude turpentine were produced upon the coast of North Carolina, between the Pamlico
and Cape Fear rivers, soon after the earliest settlement of the country. It was sent to Great Britain or converted
into spirits of turpentine and rosin for home consumption. The demand for ships' stores had greatly increased
the North Carolina production as early as 1818, although the field of operations was not extended south of the
Cape Fear river, nor more than 100 miles from the coast, until 1836. The large demand for spirits of turpentine
created during that year induced manufacturers to test the yield of trees on the west side of the Cape Fear river,
up to that time considered unproductive. The result was satisfactory, although overproduction and low prices
deferred until 1840 the development of this region. Since 1840 this industry has been gradually carried southward.
Naval stores were produced in South Carolina in 1840, and in Georgia two years later. Turpentine orchards were
established in Florida and Alabama in 1855, and more recently in Mississippi and eastern Louisiana.
The naval stores manufactured in the United States are principally produced from the resinous exudations of
the lon^-leaved pine (Pinus palmtris), and in small quantities from the loblolly pine (Pinus Tceda), and the slash
pine (Pinus Cubensis) of the Florida coast. The trees selected for "boxing" are usually from 12 to 18 inches in
diameter, although trees with trunks only 8 inches through are now sometimes worked. A deep cut or "box" is
made in the trunk of the tree, by a cut slanting downward, some 7 inches in depth, and generally 12 inches above
the ground, and met by a second cut started 10 inches above the first and running down from the bark to meet it.
In this manner a segment is removed from the trunk and a triangular trough formed 4 inches deep and 4 inches
wide at the top.
Two such boxes, or upon a large trunk sometimes four, are made on each tree. A "crop", the unit of production
among large operators, consists of 10,000 such boxes. The boxes are cut early in November with a narrow-bladed
ax specially manufactured for the purpose, and the trees are worked on an average during thirty-two weeks. As
soon as the upper surface of the box ceases to exude freely, it is "hacked" over and a fresh surface exposed, the
dried resin adhering to the cut having been first carefully removed with a sharp, narrow, steel scraper. The boxes,
especially after the first season, are often hacked as often as once a week, and are thus gradually extended
upward until upon trees which have been worked during a number of seasons the upper surface of the box is often
10 or 12 feet above the ground. For these long boxes the scraper is attached to a wooden handle, generally
loaded with iron at the lower end to facilitate the operation of drawing down the resin. Once in four weeks, or
often less frequently, the resin caught in the bottom of the box is removed into a bucket with a small, sharp, oval
steel spade attached to a short wooden handle. The product of these "dippings", as this operation is called, is
placed in barrels and transported to the distillery. The first season a turpentine orchard is worked boxes are
usually dipped eight times, yielding an average of 300 barrels of turpentine to the crop. The second year the
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
517
number of dippings is reduced to five, the product falling off to 150 barrels, while for the third season 100 barrels
are considered a fair yield from three dippings. To this must be added the yield of the "scrapes", which for the
first year is estimated, for one crop, at from 60 to 70 barrels of 280 pounds each, and for succeeding years at 100
barrels.
Trees can be profitably worked in North Carolina by experienced operators during four or five years, or, upon a
small scale, in connection with fanning operations and by actual residents, several years longer; farther south the
I ices seem to possess less recuperative power, and in South Carolina four years is given as the outside limit during
which an orchard can be profitably worked, while in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama they are often abandoned at
the end of the second and always at the end of the third year. Twenty-five men, including overseers, wagoners,
distillers, coopers, and laborers can work ten crops. The average wages of such a force is $1 a day per man, so
that the cost of labor necessary to work a crop during the season of thirty-two weeks is §480.
The following grades of turpentine are recognized in the trade : "Virgin dip", or " Soft white gnm turpentine"-
th» product the first year the trees are worked; "Yellow dip" — the product of the second and succeeding years, and
becoming darker colored and less liquid every year ; " Scrape" or " Hard turpentine " — the product of the scrapings
of the boxes.
Rosin is graded as follows: "W"— Window-glass; " N "—Extra pale ; "M"— Pale; "K"— Low pale; "I"—
Good No. 1; "H"— No. 1; " G "— Low No. 1 : " F "— Good No. 2 ; " E "— No. 2; « D "—Good strain ; "C"— Strain;
"B"— Common strain; " A"— Black.
Window-glass is the lightest grade, and is only produced from the first dippings of "virgin " trees — that is,
trees worked for the first time. The resinous exudation becomes darker colored and less volatile every year, as the
box grows older, and the rosin produced is darker and less valuable. Trees worked during several years produce
a very dark brown or black rosin. Spirits of turpentine made from virgin trees is light colored, light in weight,
and free from any taste; the resinous matter yielded in succeeding years gains more and more body, and the
additional heat required in distilling it throws off some resin combined with the spirits, producing in it a strong,
biting taste and greater weight.
Tar, produced by burning the dead wood and most resinous parts of the long-leaved pine in covered kilns, is
graded as follows: "Hope yellow", or Eopemakers' tar — the highest grade, produced with a minimum of heat from
the most resinous parts of the wood; "lioany," or "Ship smearing" — the next running of the kiln; "Black" or
• "Thin" — the lowest grade, made from inferior wood, or the last running of the kiln, and therefore produced with
the maximum of heat.
The following statistics of the production of naval stores during the census year were prepared by Mr. A. H.
Van Bokkelen, of Wilmington, North Carolina, to whom I am indebted for much information in regard to the
methods used in carrying on this industry :
States.
Turpentine.
Rosin.
Gallons.
2 005 000
Barrels.
158 482
Florida
1 036 350
68 281
Georgia
3, J51 500
277 500
950 000
20 000
250 000
20 000
North Carolina
t 279 200
663 967
4 593 200
333 940
Total
17 565 250
1 542 170
Eighty thousand barrels of tar were manufactured during the census year in North Carolina, and 10,000 barrels
in the other southern states.
The total value of this crop of naval stores at centers of distribution, and of course including freight from the
forest and different brokerage charges, was not far from $8,000,000. The net profits of the industry, even in the
case of virgin trees, is very small, and at present prices is believed to be unprofitable except to the most skillful
operators. The low price of southern timber-lands and the facility with which rights to operate tracts of forest for
turpentine have been lately obtainable in several states have unnaturally stimulated production. The result of
this has been that manufacturers, unable to make a profit except from virgin trees, abandon their orchards after
one or two years' working and seek new fields of operation ; the ratio of virgin forest to the total area worked
over in the production of naval stores is therefore constantly increasing. It is estimated by Mr. Van Bokkelen
that during the years between 1870 and 1880 an average of one-third of the total annual product of the country
was obtained from virgin trees, and that in 1880 one-fourth of the crop was thus produced, necessitating the boxing
in that year of the best trees upon (500,000 acres of forest. The production of naval stores is carried on in a
wasteful, extravagant manner, and the net profits derived from the business are entirely out of proportion to the
damage which it inflicts upon the forests of the country; the injury is enormous. Lumber made from trees
518 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
previously worked for turpentine is of inferior quality, although it is probably less injured than has been generally
supposed. Comparatively few trees, however, once boxed are manufactured into lumber. It is estimated that 20
per cent, of them, weakened by the deep gashes inflicted upon their trunks, sooner or later are blown down and
ruined; fires, too, every year destroy vast areas of the turpentine orchards, in spite of the care taken by operators
to prevent their spread. It is customary in the winter, in order to prevent the fires which annually run through
the forests of the Southern Piue Belt from spreading to the boxes, to "racket" the trees; that is, to remove all
combustible material for a distance of 3 feet around the base of each boxed tree. Fire, carefully watched, has then
been set to the dry grass between the trees, in order to prevent the spread of accidental conflagrations, and to give
the box-choppers a firmer foothold than would be offered by the dry and slippery pine leaves. In spite of these
precautions, however, turpentine orchards, especially when abandoned, are often destroyed by fire. The surface
of the box, thickly covered with a most inflammable material, is easily ignited, and a fire once started in this way
may rage over thousands of acres before its fury can be checked.
The manufacture of naval stores, then, decreases the value of the boxed tree for lumber, reduces the ability'of
the tree to withstand the force of gales, and enormously increases the danger to the forest of total destruction
by fire.
Wilmington, the most important distributing point for this industry in the United States, handles 80 percent,
of all the naval stores manufactured in North Carolina. Previous to 1870 Swansboro', Washington, and New
Berne were also large shipping points.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
The forest covering of South Carolina resembles in its general features that of the states immediately north
and south of it. The pine fores,t of the coast, nearly coinciding in area with that of the Tertiary deposits, covers
the eastern portion for a distance of 150 miles from the coast. The middle districts are occupied with hard-wood
forests, or forests, in which pines of various species are mixed with oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The
forests of the Alleghanies, rich in species and magnificent in tiie development of individual trees, spread over the
mountains and valleys, which occupy the extreme western part of the state. The streams whicli. flow through the
Coast Pine Belt, often bordered by wide, deep swamps, are ill-suited to lumber operations, and less serious inroads
have therefore been made into the pine forests of South Carolina than into those of North Carolina or Georgia.
The merchantable pine, however, has been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the coast, from the banks
of the Little Pedee river, and from along the lines of railroad.
The most accessible hard-wood timber has been cut from the forests of the middle districts, although vast
quantities still remain remote from railroads or protected in deep river swamps, inaccessible except during a few
months of summer. The western counties still contain great bodies of hard-wood timber, yet undisturbed except •
to supply the wants of the scattered population inhabiting this almost inaccessible mountain region.
The manufacture of rough red and white oak split staves and headings for the European and West Indian
trade, already an important industry in this state, is capable of large development; rice tierces and rosin barrels
are also largely made iu the coast region from pine. At Plantersville, in Georgetown county, and at other points
along the coast quantities of hand-made cypress shingles are manufactured in the swamps.
During the census year 431,730 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of
$291,225. These fires were set by careless hunters, by the careless burning of brush upon farms, and by sparks
from locomotives.
BURNING OFF DEAD HERBAGE.
The pine belt of the coast, in South Carolina as well as through its entire extent from Virginia to Texas, suffers
from fires set every spring by grazers for the purpose of improving the scanty herbage growing among the trees
of this open forest. These fires run rapidly over the surface stripped by the fires of previous years of any
accumulation of vegetable material, without inflicting any immediate injury upon the old trees of the forest unless
a turpentine orchard is encountered, when, the resinous surfaces of the boxes being once fully ignited, nothing can
save the trees from total destruction. If the mature trees of the forest are not under normal conditions greatly
injured, however, by this annual burning of the dead herbage beneath them, the forest itself, as a whole, suffers
enormously from this cause. Slight and short lived as these fires are, they destroy the vegetable mold upon the
surface of the ground, all seeds and seedling trees, and all shrubbery or undergrowth, which, in protecting the
germination of seeds, insures the continuation of the forest. They deprive the soil of fertility and make it every
year less able to support a crop of trees, and in thus robbing the soil they influence largely the composition of
succeeding crops. Few young pines are springing up anywhere in the coast region to replace the trees destroyed,
but where seedlings protected from fire appear upon land long subjected to annual burning, they are usually,
although not universally, of less valuable species, and not the long- leaved pine which gives to this forest its principal
economic importance. These annual fires are slowly but surely destroying the value of the Southern Pine Belt.
They destroy all seeds and seedling trees, the fertility of the soil, and its power to produce again valuable species.
10
.
DKXSITY OF FOKKSTS
O '.Mi'll.ril r\IM-.H 1'IIK DIUKC'I IlIN OF'
C. S SAHlJKNT. SI'KCI.M. .ViKNT
1883.
!
•
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
519
The following estimates of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the state were made up from information
obtained from Mr. Edward Kidder, of Wilmington, North Carolina, in regard to thatpai't of the state north of the
Edisto river, and from Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, Georgia, for the southern part of the state. They are
based on what is believed to be less accurate information respecting the northern part of the state than has been
obtained in regard to the pine forests of the other states, and allowance should be made for possible large errors.
The estimates are, however, probably largely below the actual productive capacity of the pine forests of the state
which may be expected to exceed by 25 or 30 per cent, the following figures :
LONG-LEAVED PINE (I'inun paluatrit).
Counties.
Feet, board
measure.
Count H's.
Feet, board
measure.
Aiken
209, 000, 000
171, 000, 000
340 000 000
5 000 000
49 000 000
76 000 000
458 000 000
326 000,000
clicitiTaeld
183,000 000
191, 000, 000
330 000 000
465 000 000
453 000 000
l;irlil;ind
88 000 000
337 000 000
380 000 000
F;iirtield
7 000 000
536, 000, 000
Lreorgetown —
5 316 000 000
202, 000, 000
380 000 000
Cut fur the census year ending May 31, 1880. . .
124, 492, 000
The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Georgetown, Charleston, and various points in Hampton and
Barnwell counties, where small railroad mills are located. Charleston and Georgetown are the distributing centers
for naval stores manufactured in the state.
GEORGIA.
The northern counties of Georgia are covered with the forests of the Alleghany Mountain region, here and in
northern Alabama reaching the southern limits of their distribution and considerably reduced in the number of
species composing them, the pines, firs, beeches, and other northern trees being generally replaced by the broad-
leaved species of the Mississippi basin. From the base of the mountains forests of oak mixed with pines extend
southward, occupying the central portion of the state and mingling with the trees of the Maritime Pine Belt along
its northern limits. In the southern and coast counties great areas of swamps are still covered with forests of
cypress, protected by their inaccessibility from the attacks of the lumberman.
The merchantable pine in the immediate vicinity of the principal streams and along the lines of railroad has
been removed, and serious damage has been inflicted upon the pine forests of the state by the reckless manufacture
of naval stores. Vast areas covered with pine, however, still remain, while the hard -wood forests of the central
and northern portions of the state contain a large quantity of the most valuable hard woods.
The manufacture of cooperage stock is still in its infancy, and this and other industries requiring an abundant
and cheap supply of hard wood seem destined soon to reach an enormous development in the upper districts of
Georgia and the other states of the south Atlantic division.
During the census year 705,351 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with a loss of $167,620.
The greatest number of these fires was traced to carelessness in clearing laud, to sparks from locomotives, and
to hunters.
The following estimates of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the state of Georgia May 31, 1880,
were prepared by Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, in that state, a timber viewer and expert of high standing.
He obtained his results by dividing the whole pine belt into irregular regions over which the average cut per a«re
could be obtained, allowance being made for clearings, farms, areas of culled forests, streams, swamps, etc. The
area in each of these regions, by counties, was measured upon a large-scale map and the standing timber computed.
These estimates include merchantable pine still standing on land partly cut over, or which has been worked in the
manufacture of turpentine. The boxed areas include nearly all the regions from which any pine has been removed,
and extend beyond them in all directions into the uncut forests and along rivers and railroads.
Similar methods, practically, were adopted in preparing the estimates of the amount of pine standing in Florida
and the other Gulf states. The results thus obtained are not, of course, strictly accurate, and are not supposed
to be so. The estimates are intended to show the average productive capacity of the pine forests over large areas,
and to indicate generally in what part of the state the principal bodies of pine still occur. Liberal allowance has
been made in computing areas of swamp and cleared land, and it will probably be safe to add 10 per cent, to
these estimates of the pine standing in any of the southern states.
520
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
The following is an estimate of the amount of pine timber standing in the state May 31, 1880 :
LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinus palu.st.rin).
Counties.
Feet, board
measure.
Counties.
Feet, board
measure.
Counties.
Feet, board
measure.
543, 000, 000
134, 000, 000
35, 000, 000
410, 000, 000
38, 000, 000
281, 000, 000
00, 000, 000
733, 000, 000
298, 000, 000
117, 000, 000
82,000,000
246, 000, 000 !
96,000,000
350,000,000 '
578,000,000
339,000,000
45, 000, 000
653,000,000
417,000,000
334, 000, 000
90, 000, 000
299, 000, 000
183, 030, 000
6, 000, 000
956, 000, 000
ear endinp Ma>
\ed urowth).
Floyd
19,000,000
17, 000, 000
47, 000, 000
76,000,000
21, 000, 000
22, 000, 000
191,000,000
488, 000, 000
206, 000, 000
291, 000, 000
40, 000, 000
1, 064, 000, 000
128, 000, 000
23C, 000, 000
236, 000, 000
10,000,000
65, 000, 000
52,000,000
164,000,000
379, 000, 000
18, 000, 000
791, 000, 000
35, 000. 000
2,000,000 '
220, 000, 000
!35,000 feet cnt i
Polk
36, 000, 000
408, 000, 000
126, 000, 000
21, 000, 000
28, 000, 000
188, 000, 000
191, 000, 000
44, 000, 000
768, 000, 000
53, 000, 000
598, 000, 000
104, 000, 000
311,000,000
84, 000, 000
32, 000, 000
161, 000, 000
80, 000, 000
240, 000, 000
160, 000, 000
48, 000, 000
292, 000, 000
152, 000, 000
512, 000, 000
16, 778, 000, 000
Baker
Pnlaski
Grlynn
Hancock
Bibb
Schlev
Talbot
Tattuall
Taylor
'I'd fair .. . .
Terrell
Clay
Thomas
McDuffie
Ware
Miller
Mitchell
Webster
Wilcox
Early
Wilkinson ..
Worth
Panlding
Total
I*ierce
n the region of short-
Cut for the census j
leaved pine and nil
31, 18FO (excluding 28,
272, 743, 000
The principal centers of lumber manufacture are situated along the coast at Brunswick, Darieu, Savannah, and
Saint Mary's. Logs sawed at these points are now driven down the various streams for a considerable distance from
the coast. Large quantities of pine lumber are also manufactured in different mills located along the lines of
railroad in Appling, Polk, Floyd, and other pine counties. Savannah and Brunswick are the principal points of
distribution of the naval stores manufactured in the state.
FLORIDA.
The forests of the Southern Pine Belt cover the state as far south as cape Malabar and. Charlotte harbor. The
long-leaved pine is replaced along the sandy dunes and islands of the coast by oaks (of which the live oak is alone
of commercial importance), scrub pines, and palmettos, while a deciduous forest, largely of northern composition,
occupies the high, rolling lauds in a large part of Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, and Madison counties. The pine
forests gradually decrease southward in density and value, and south of latitude 29° X. are of little present
commercial value. Forests of pitch pine (Pinus Cubensi.t), however, extend far south of the region occupied by the
more valuable long-leaved pine bordering the coast and covering the low ridges of the Everglades. Great areas of
swamp occur everywhere through northern and central Florida, covered with forests of cypress, red cedar, gum, and
bordered with bays, magnolias, and other broad-leaved evergreens ; while the hummocks or low elevations, covered
with rich soil and everywhere common, bear oaks and other deciduous trees, often of great size.
South of cape Malabar and Tampa bay the character of the vegetation changes, and the North American
arborescent species are replaced by the semi-tropical trees of the West Indies. These occupy a narrow strip along
the coast, cover the keys and reefs, and spread over some of the hummocks of the Everglades. This semi-tropical
forest is confined to the saline shores of the innumerable bays and creeks of the region, or to the coral and sedimentary
calcareous formation of the keys and hummocks. The species of which it is composed are here at the northern
limits of their range; individual trees are comparatively small and the forests of the southern extremity of the
Florida peninsula are commercially unimportant, although, sufficiently extensive and varied to supply the scanty
population of this region with lumber, fuel, and material for boat-building and the manufacture of fishing apparatus.
The forests of Florida have not suffered greatly from fire. Much of the state is uninhabited and unfit for
agriculture or grazing. The danger, therefore, of fires set in clearing land for farms spreading to the forest is less
than in other parts of the south, while the numerous streams and swamps everywhere intersecting the pine forests
and the natural dr.} ness of the sandy ridges, thinly covered with vegetable mold, check the spread of fires
when started.
During the census year 105,320 acres of woodland were reported as burned over, with an estimated loss of
$69,900. The largest number of these fires was set by grazers to improve the pasturage for their stock.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
i T • • ,'->
MAI' (IK
GEORGIA
:.M.TIII: iii.sriuiiniiiNoM'iNK HMI-.VIS.
WITH sn.riAi. urnuiii.Nn; in mi:
l.f.MHKH IMlfSTHY.
COMI-II I II I Mil. I: 'Mi K liH'.i:i-n..:v uh
C S SAIiCK.VT. SI'KCIAI. Alii'l.NT.
utni .
I.Kl.KXIl
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES."
521
The following estimates, by counties, of the long-leaved piue still standing in Florida east of the Apalachicola
river were prepared by Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville; those for west Ilorida by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile,
Alabama :
LONG-LEAVED PINK (Z'iH«* ;>n7«s/m).
Counties.
Feet, board
meaMiiro.
Counties.
Feet, board
measure.
Counties.
Feet, board
measure.
5'25, 000, 000 :
144,000,000 |
138 000 000
150, 000, 000
233, 000, 000
23, 000, 000
425, 000, 000
346, 000, 000
75, 000 000
121, 000, 000
66, 000, 000
213, 000, 000
103.000,000
022, 000, 000
218, 000, 000
59, 000, 000
72, 000, 000
409, 000, 000
187, 000, 000
Baker
Brevard
(13,000,000
81,000,000 ;
77,000,000 '
455, 000, 000
67, 000, 000
00, 000, 000
311,000,000
142, 000, 000
162,000,000
r ending May 3
•n Florid:1.).
Clay
Taylor
122, 000, 000
200, 000, 000
315, 000, 000
104, 000, 000
87, 000, 000
210, 000, 000
Wakulla
Walton
Hillsboruugh
Cut for the census yes
and sawed in westei
Polk
6, 615, 000, 000
, It81 (excluding 77,500,000 feet, estimated, grown iu Alabama
208, 054, 000
Iii this estimate no account is made of timber remaining on lands which have been cut over, or of that injured
by the manufacture of turpentine.
The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Pensacola, Millview, and Blackwater, in Escambia and
Santa Eosa counties. The logs sawed here and at other points upon Pensacola bay are driven down the streams
from the forests of Alabama, the accessible pine in this part of Florida having been long exhausted. A large
amount of pine lumber is also manufactured at Ellaville, in Madison county, upon the upper Suwannee river, and
at Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and at various points upon the lower Saint John river. Logs driven from the lower
Suwannee river are sawed at Cedar Keys, where are situated the most important mills in the United States devoted
to the manufacture of red cedar into pencil stuff.
Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and Fernandiua are the largest centers of distribution for the naval stores
manufactured in the state.
The following extracts are taken from Mr. Curtiss' report upon the forests of Florida :
" In visiting western Florida I have had particularly in view the examination of the timber of a part of the state
which is unlike all others in physical conformation, and consequently in vegetation. This region differs but little
from the country bordering the southern Alleghanies, and may perhaps be regarded as the southern terminus of
the Appalachian range. It commences about 40 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico, and extends northward between
the Chipola and Okalokonee rivers into southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama. North of this there is
little to connect it with the southern mountains except the rugged banks of the Chattahoochee river. The surface
is undulating, hilly, often precipitous. The soil, like that of the Piedmont region of Virginia and Carolina,
abounds in red clay, and is therefore adapted to crops which do not succeed in other portions of Florida. The
vegetation is extremely varied and interesting, comprising most of the plants of northeastern Florida, a large
portion of those found in the Piedmont country and iu the rich river bottoms of the interior, and a considerable
number found only on the limestone with which much of this country is underlaid. In the river bottoms, which are
inundated at seasons, there is found a great variety of trees, some of which attain a size probably not equaled
elsewhere. In this small portion of the state of Florida is to be found nearly every species of tree growing
within the limits of the state, except those semi-tropical species found on the coast south of Cedar Keys and Mosquito
inlet. Fully fifty American arborescent species here reach their southern limit. A few species show marked
diminution iu size, and all northern species which extend southward of this Chattahoochee region here attain in
Florida their largest dimensions.
"There are two trees in this region of particular interest, as they are not known to grow anywhere else; these
are the stinking cedar (Torreya taxifolia) and the yew (Taxus Floridana). There is reason to believe that the
Torreya occurs also along the Wakulla river, and perhaps elsewhere in the state, but there is no positive knowledge
of its occurrence except along the Apalachicola river, on the limestone hills which border it at intervals on the east
"The forests of this region are still almost intact. Some poplar and tulip wood is cut from the river banks
for northern markets, but the valuable timber on these rich shores is as yet almost untouched. The country
southwest of this region, though of very little agricultural value, contains an immense quantity of the best cypress
timber, hardly yet disturbed by the lumberman.
"Two mills have recently been established at Apalachicola, one of which saws nothing but cypress lumber.
The product of this mill is sent to New Orleans. As white-pine lumber must soon become scarce, the attention of
dealers ought to be directed to southern cypress, which will prove a good substitute for it. Although there is
plenty of valuable pine in this country the swamps render it somewhat inaccessible, and the mills at Apalachicola
522 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
are more easily supplied with logs rafted down the river from Georgia. Many hewed logs of large dimensions are
shipped from this point. The country near Apalachicola in surface and timber growth is much like that of
northeastern Florida, all the good timber having been cut.
"PENCIL CEDAR.
"The favorite variety of red cedar, of tall and straight growth, is becoming scarce, but there remains a large
quantity of quality sufficiently good for pencils in nearly all sections of the state north of a line drawn from cape
Canaveral to the north end of Charlotte harbor. There is no red cedar in southern Florida, the Dixon mill at,
Tampa having exhausted the supply within reach of that place; but new mills have been established near Webster,
in Sumter county, and at the head of Crystal river, at present the best source of supply.
" CYPRESS.
"The main body of cypress in southern Florida is located in the 'Big Cypress', a region of which I have heard
much from persons who were in an expedition which went through it during the last Indian war. They entered it at
the 'Little Palm hummock', 18 miles northeast of cape Romano. Traveling east about 12 miles they came to the
'Big Palm hummock', when they turned and traveled nearly due north for six days, averaging 12 miles a day.
Their guide then informed them that the cypress extended 12 miles farther north; so it would seem that the main
body of the ' Big Cypress ' has a length of about 85 miles and a width, as they think, of about 20 miles. The cypress
grows in belts running north and south, the main central belt being about 6 miles wide and consisting of large
timber. There are narrow strips of cypress and pine alternating with prairie, although probably two-thirds of the
whole region is covered with cypress. According to these estimates there must be at least 1,000 square miles
covered with cypress timber in this region, which in times of high water could be floated out by the numerous
creeks and inlets flowing toward the Gulf. There are also large quantities of heavy cypress on the swampy borders
of Peace creek, the Hillsborough river, the Withlacoochee, etc., many trees squaring from 2 to 4 feet.
"The long-leaved pine extends south to Prairie creek, in about latitude 27° N. The pine between Prairie and
Peace creeks, which is sawed at the mill near Ogden, belongs to this species. Timber in this region is quite shaky,
and from all reports it is evident that the yellow pine in Manatee, Orange, and Hillsborough counties is quite
inferior, being mostly of the rough-barked, sappy variety called in this region bastard pine. The long-leaved pine
occupies nearly the whole of the interior of the peninsula north of a line drawn from Charlotte harbor to capo
Malabar. At its southern limit I saw trees which measured over 2 feet in diameter and which would furnish logs
30 feet long.
"Pitch pine (Pinus Cubensis) appears on the west coast at Margo, 10 miles north of cape Romano, and extends
northward to Prairie and Fishhead creeks, being the only pine of this region. From Charlotte harbor northward
it is confined to a belt from 10 to 15 miles wide, bordering the Gulf, extending to Tampa and as far northward
as Pensacola, being also scattered through the interior. This tree seldom exceeds 2 feet in diameter or 50 feet in
height, and will afford a great quantity of framiug timber, although it will be probably generally used in the
production of naval stores, for which it is nearly or quite equal to the long-leaved pine.
" One of the most important facts in regard to the pine forests of Florida is their permanence. Owing to the
sterility of soil and the liability to inundation of most of the state, it is certain that but a very small portion of
Florida will ever be cleared of its forest covering. Taking into consideration the great area covered with valuable
pine forests, and the fact that there will be a continuous new growth if the spread of forest fires can be checked,
only trees of the largest size being cut, it is evident that Florida will furnish a perpetual supply of the most
valuable pine lumber."
The following notes upon the pine forests of western Florida were furnished by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile,
Alabama : •
"The pine forests occupying the region between the valley of the Apalachicola river and the banks of the
Choctawhatchee, and from the headwaters of the Chipola to the bay of Saint Andrew's, are yet mostly in their
primeval condition and contain a vast body of valuable timber. The district between the Choctawhatchee and
the Perdido is the seat of the oldest and most active lumbering industry of the whole Gulf coast. The numerous
streams flowing through the pine forests of eastern Alabama to the large bays upon the coast of western Florida
make fully 4,000 square miles of southeastern Alabama comparatively accessible and tributary to the region from
which the lumber finds an outlet by way of the bay of Pensacola.
"The better class of the somewhat elevated and undulating timber-lands which surround Escambia, Blackwater,
and Saint Mary de Galves bay were long since stripped of their valuable timber. These forests having been culled
time after time during the last quarter of a century, are now completely exhausted. The low, wet pine barrens,
with their soil of almost pure sand, which trend eastward along the shores of Santa Eosa sound and Choetawhatchee
bay, have never borne a growth of pine sufficiently large to furnish more than a small supply of timber of very
inferior quality. The ridges between the Choctawhatchee river and the Yellow river are also, for the most part,
arid, sandy wastes, never yielding more than a few hundred feet of lumber per acre.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 523
" The well-timbered portion of west Florida commences with the southern border of Holmes county. This
region is now, however, nearly exhausted along water-courses large enough for rafting, while of late years canals
and ditches dug into the forest afford facilities for floating timber growing remote from streams to the mills.
According to those best informed regarding the amount of timber still standing in this section, there is scarcely
enough left between the Escambia and Choctawhatchee rivers, in western Florida, to keep the mills on the coast
supplied for another half-dozen years, even if the whole of the pine standing could be made available.
"The lumber business of Perdido bay is entirely concentrated at Millview, where three large saw-mills are
established. The production of lumber commenced here in 1865, increasing rapidly from 10,000,000 feet, board
measure, in that year, to three and four times that amount. All the lumber manufactured upon Perdido bay is
sent to Pensacola. by a railroad constructed for the purpose. Only about 400 pieces of hewed timber are shipped
from .Millview, although the railroad has carried an average of 37,000,000 feet of lumber annually to Pensacola,
the maximum annual yield of the Millview mills having been 45,000,000 feet.
" Pensacola is the most important port of lumber export on the Gulf coast. During the year ending August
30, 1870, 403 vessels, of a combined capacity of 217,487 tons, carried from the harbor of Peusacola 3,090,469 cubic
feet of hewed square timber, 3,769,527 cubic feet of sJiwed square timber, and 60,000,000 feet of sawed lumber,
board measure. Of the squared timber four-fifths is shipped to Great Britain.
u The peninsula between the junction of the Escambia and the bay of Saint Mary de Galves is low, and, along
the shore-line, bordered with marshes. The timber needed to supply the mills located upon the shores of these
waters lias during the past forty years been drawn from this region, and when new forests have replaci d the
original growth they have been cut over and over again, and still furnish a small amount of timber, as the
turpentine-distiller has not followed the log-getter in these regions. The supply of timber here, however, at present
is ton small to be taken into account in view of the enormously increased demands of the mills. There are three
large mills on Black water bay producing 40,000,000 feet of lumber a year. Three-fourths of this lumber is produced
in the establishment of Messrs. Simpson & Co., near the mouth of the Blackwater river, at Bagdad, about half a
niilc below Milton. Mills sawing square timber are situated 20 or 30 miles above the mouth of the Blackwater and
use mostly water-power. The mill of Messrs. Milligau, Cbaffin & Co., on this river, 20 miles above Milton, sends
28,000 pieces of square sawed timber to Pensacola, averaging 32 cubic feet each ; 5,000 such pieces are furnished by a
few very small water-mills higher up, swelling the whole amount of •square timber to 33,000 pieces. The last-named
firm has acquired by purchase large tracts of public land along Black and Coldwater rivers. To reach the timber
growing on their laud a canal 20 miles long, with sluices that intersect the small tributaries of these streams, has
been dug. By means of this canal a sufficient supply of logs is secured to keep the mill running through the year.
The large manufacturers of Bagdad have adopted a similar system, and by these means, and by the construction of
tramways tapping the more remote and isolated regions tributary to the waters of Black and Yellowwater rivers
toward the northern part of the state, the exhaustion of the timber-lands through the whole breadth of western
Florida, as far as the banks of the Choctawhatchee river, will certainly be accomplished before the end of the next
five years. A sash, door, and blind factory located at Bagdad consumes a large amount of cypress lumber. This
is procured from the mills situated along the shores of the upper Choctawhatchee bay, and is grown along the banks
of the Choctawhatchee river. The cypress lumber is exclusively used in the manufacture of sashes, blinds, doors,
moldings, and particularly in the construction of houses, of which every year a considerable number is shipped
by the way of New Orleans to the treeless regions of western Louisiana and Texas. This establishment manufactures
a large amount of fencing, the rails of cypress, the posts of red and white cedar, rounded and capped. This is
shipped to New Orleans and to the settlements in southern Florida. Of late years it has commenced sawing pencil-
boards of red cedar. The logs, of very superior quality, are obtained from the hummocks and bottom lands bordering
upon the Choctawhatchee. The lumber for this purpose must be entirely free from knots, of even, close grain, the
woody fibers perfectly straight. These logs are cut in sections 6 inches in length, and the carefully-selected pieces
sawed into slabs 2 inches broad and a quarter of an inch in thickness. Fifty gross of these slabs are packed in a
case, and the establishment produces about six hundred cases annually. These are mostly shipped to a pencil
factory in Jersey City, a small number going also to Germany.
" The saw-mills situated on the shores of Choctawhatchee bay extend from the mouth of Alaqua creek to
Freeport, and westward to Point Washington ; the logs sawed at these mills are for the, most part brought down
by raft from the upper waters of the Choctawhatchee and its tributaries. The lumber sawed here is mostly long-
leaved pine, with a small amount of cypress. The product of these mills is mostly shipped to New Orleans in small
schooners carrying from 15,000 to 20,000 feet each. The capacity of the mills upon this bay is in excess of their
production, the difficulty of obtaining logs causing most of them to remain shut during half the year.
" The causes which up to the present time have prevented the destruction of the pine forests about Saint
Andrew's bay, which is traversed by one fine river and bordered by another, must be traced to the difficulty of
navigating these streams and to the want of a convenient outlet to the Gulf at Apalachicola. There are few saw-
mills upon this bay, supplying only the local demand, and even these are furnished with logs floated down the
Chattahoochee from beyond the confines of the state."
524
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
SOUTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION.
ALABAMA.
The northern and northeastern portions of Alabama, embracing the foot-hills of the southern Alleghauy
mountains and the valley of the Tennessee river, are covered with a rich and varied forest growth of broad-leaved
trees, in which oaks, hickories, ashes, walnuts, and cherries abound. South of the Tennessee river the rolling
country is covered with oaks, through which belts of short-leaved pine occur. In Cherokee and Saint Clair.
counties isolated bodies of long-leaved pine appear, while- a narrow strip of the same species stretches nearly
across the state between the thirty-third and thirty-second degrees of north latitude. South of this central belt
the country is again covered with forests of hard woods, which farther south, in the rolling pine-hill region, are mixed
with a heavy growth of the long-leaved pine ; and this species occupies, or once occupied, almost exclusively,
outside of the numerous river bottoms, the sandy plain extending along the coast and reaching nearly 100 miles
inland from the shores of the Gulf. Great regions of swamp covered with heavy forests of cypress occur in the
southern part of the state, especially in the region watered by the lower Tombigbee and Alabama rivers.
The forests of northern Alabama still contain great bodies of hard-wood timber, although the demands of the
rapidly-increasing iron industry located here have already stripped of their tree covering many of the low hills of
northeastern Alabama. The best pine has been gathered from Mobile and Baldwin counties, in the neighborhood
of Mobile bay, from the lines of railroads and the banks of streams heading in the southern part of the state and
flowing to the Gulf through western Florida.
The pine forests of southern Alabama have long suffered from the reckless manufacture of naval stores.
During the census year 569,160 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$121,225. Of these fires the largest number were set to improve grazing, or by careless farmers and hunters.
The manufacture of cooperage and wheel stock, furniture, and other articles of wood is still in its infancy in
Alabama and the other Gulf states. Snch industries, in view of the magnificent forests of hard wood covering-
great areas in this region and the rapid exhaustion of the best material in the north and west, must in the near
future lie largely transferred to the southern states.
The cypress 'swamps adjacent to Mobile bay yield a large number of hand-split shingles and give employment
to many persons, principally blacks.
The following estimate of the amount of pine standing in the state May 31, 1880, was prepared by Dr. Charles
Mohr, of Mobile, who carefully examined the whole pine region of the Gulf states :
LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinus paluatris).
Regions.
Feet, board
measure.
4 055 000 000
West of Perdido river . .
2 000 000 000
10 000 000 000
In the Central Pine Belt
1 750 000 000
900 000 000
180 000 000
Total - .
18, 885, 000, 000
Cat for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 77,500,000
feet, estimated, grown in Alabama and sawed in western Florida).
245, 396, 000
SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinus mitts).
1, 875, 000, 000
432, 000, 000
Total .
2, 307, 000, 000
Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880, none reported.
» i
' •
!,«.- i«Mv.-,llm.- I'm,,- palustrial will
MAI' OF
ALABAMA
SHOWING
Tin-: iiisTismrnoxoi' TIIK riM-: H
WITH Sl'KCIAI. HKFKIiKNCK ToTlll:
l.l'MitKI! IMII'STItV.
ruMrn.i:n rNiii-:u 'i-in: iiiiiKt-noN UK
.S.SAKliKVr, SI'l-X'IAI. ACK.NT.
1881.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 525
In this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 1,282,000 acres which have been cut
over, and from which the merchantable pine has been practically removed, or on 600,000 acres injured by the
manufacture of turpentine.
There are fewer pine trees per acre in the region of mixed growth than in the pine belt proper, with which it
mingles on the north ; but the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing pine per acre is
greater, although generally of poorer quality.
Mobile is still the principal center in the state for the manufacture of pine and cypress lumber ; a large amount
of pine lumber is manufactured also along the line of the railroads penetrating the pine belt in Etowah county, and
considerable hard wood is sawed iu counties bordering the Tennessee river for local use and northern shipment.
Mobile is also the distributing point for the naval stores manufactured iu the state.
The following notes upon the forests of Alabama are extracted from Dr. Mohr's report:
"THE MARITIME PINE REGION.
"West of Mobile the road traversed for a distance of over 5 miles the plain, or so-called 'second bottom',
composed of a more or less tenacious or sandy yellow clay. It has an elevation above the alluvial of the river of
15 to 25 feet, and is bordered on the west by the ridges of the stratified drift, which extend to within C to 18 miles
of the shore-line. Near the coast this plain, flat and devoid of drainage, forms for many miles the low, wet savannas
sparsely covered with a stunted growth of long-leaved pines ; near the estuaries it is interspersed with tracts
covered with a black, light soil, rich in humus and bearing a luxuriant growth of broad-leaved trees associated
with a few Coniferw, and with the wooded swamps which extend over the depressions about the base of the higher
land, and follow the low, inundated banks of the numerous streams. The prevailing forest tree of this plain, now
much cultivated in the vicinity of Mobile, is the lonp-leaved pine. Situations ottering a moister and somewhat
richer soil along the hummocks and gentle acclivities bordering the swamps and the bottoms of the water-courses
are occupied by the loblolly pine. With this is often associated the pitch pine (Finns Cubensis), which prefers,
however, the more or less inundated and always wet, swampy forest, where its spreading crown towers above
the gum trees and white cedars. Wherever in the plain the long-leaved pine has been cut down, this pitch pine
principally and the loblolly pine spring up to replace it.
"Many acres can be seen iu this region covered with thrifty seedlings of this pitch pine, and trees have sprung
up, to my own knowledge, since 1865, which are now from 20 to 25 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of
from 4 to 6 inches ; and trees from 50 to 60 feet in height with a circumference of from 3 to 4 feet, forming quite
extensive forests, may be seen upon the shores of the bay from which the primeval forest was removed about fifty
years ago.
" Ascending the highlands of drift, with its porous soil composed of irregular strata of white or ferruginous
sands, gravels, and pebbles interspersed with layers of clay, the home of the long-leaved pine, which here arrives
at perfection and forms the entire forest growth over immense areas, is entered. Upon this formation, after the
removal of the original forest, either the long-leaved pine takes possession again of the soil or is replaced by a
more or less stunted growth of various species of oak (Quercus Catesb&i, cinerea, nigra, obtusilob.i, and falcata), the
mocker-nut, and a few other small trees and shrubs. What the conditions are by which such a rotation is
regulated is not apparent. It is no doubt much influenced by the conflagrations which auuually sweep through
the woods and which are particularly destructive to the young pines, but it cannot be explained solely upon that
ground. I have, however, observed that the more broken lauds with the same sandy character of surface soil, but
with a more argillaceous subsoil more or less impervious to water, are mostly covered with this second growth of
deciduous trees, and that the flat table-lands with either a sandy or gravelly soil are invariably covered again with
a second growth of the long-leaved pine. Among such young growths of this species I have never been able to
discover a single seedling of the other pines.
" CYPRESS SWAMPS OF THE TENSAS RIVER. — The river was extraordinarily high, the lowlands being overflowed
to a depth of more than 10 feet. The torrents which had fallen during the past three weeks caused a heavier freshet
than any that had been experienced since the spring of 1875. Since that year no such opportunity has been offered
for getting heavy cypress timber from the depths of these swampy forests. No idle man was to be found on shore ;
everybody who could swing an ax, paddle a boat, or pilot a log was in the swamp engaged in felling and floating
cypress timber. All the mill-hands worked in the swamps ; fields and gardens were left untouched, and even clerks
from the stores were sent to the swamps as overseers.
"We soon entered the deep, dark forest stocked with some fine and large cypress trees, and came upon
two negroes, each standing in his little skiff, engaged in felling a tree of the largest size. It was astonishing
to witness the steadiness and celerity with which they performed their work, considering the instability of their
footholds in the narrow boats. Every stroke of the ax told at the designated place, and it took them scarcely
longer to cut a tree in this way than if they had been working upon solid ground. The top of the tree when
felled is sawed off close to the first limbs by one man working under water a single-handled cross-cut saw.
Another, provided with a long pole armed with a sharp iron spike, seizes the trunk and tows it, with the aid of
526 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES
the slow current, to one of the lake-like sheets of still water which, interspersed with streams, are so common
in these lowlands. Here the trunks are made into rafts and can be floated down the river to the mills along the
oanks below after the subsidence of the flood. The greatest part of this large timber is only accessible during the
time of a high stage of water, so that th« energies of the whole population are devoted during the times of freshets
to getting out as much of it as possible. The large number of logs harvested shows clearly with what activity the
destruction of these treasures of the forest is being pushed ; and the reports, as of heavy thunder, caused by the
fall of the mighty trees, resounding at short intervals from near and far, speak of its rapid progress.
" In 1831 Mr. Vaughn found these cypress swamps untouched by the ax. At present their resources are so
diminished by the inroads made upon them during the last twelve years that, with a prospect of a rapidly-
increasing demand for cypress lumber in the near future, he judges that they will be completely exhausted during
the next ten years. This opinion is shared by all mill-owners here, who believe that in less than that time their
business must come to an end. There is no hope that the supply will be continued by the natural increase of young
trees. It is rare to find small trees among the large specimens. Seedlings and saplings are not found in these
deep, swampy forests, and only occur in the openings and upon the banks of water-courses. The fact that the almost
impenetrable shade, excluding the admission of light and air to a soil almost constantly drenched with water, is
unfavorable to the growth of a new generation of the cypress, threatens to exclude it from localities where formerly
this tree attained its greatest perfection. In swamps- open to the influences of light and air, and not liable to
prolonged periods of inundation, a growth of seedlings and small trees, especially along the banks of the smaller
tributaries of the larger streams, springs up. The extremely slow growth of the cypress, however, during all stages
of its existence, even if young trees spring up, destroys all hope of an adequate supply of this timber to meet the
wants of coming generations. Trees of small size are as frequently cut as large ones. Saplings from 4 to 12
inches in diameter even are cut and supply the farmer, the builder, and the mechanic with material for many useful
purposes. Logs not over 30 inches in diameter, however, are not worked up in the Tensas mills, which only use
logs of larger size, the saplings being sent in rafts with pine logs to the saw-mills of Mobile. It is rare that a
tree over 3 feet in diameter is found perfectly sound. Trees above 4 feet through are almost always invested with
signs of decay. No timber seems to be open to so many defects as that of the cypress. Many of the trees are ' wind-
shaken ' ; that is, portions of the body of the wood have separated in the direction of the concentric rings, causing
annual splits which extend throughout a great length of the trunk, and if occurring repeatedly in the same stick
render it unfit for use. A considerable number of the larger trees are rotten in sections. Logs cut from such
trees may appear perfectly sound at both ends, but are found hollow and rotten in the interior. The inspection
of cypress logs requires great experience and care to protect the buyer from loss. But there is one disease
which particularly affects this timber, the cause of which is a perfect mystery to all interested in the matter, (a)
From the center of the tree outward, although never extending into the sap-wood, occur great numbers of
spindle-shaped, narrow excavations with perfectly smooth, rounded walls more or less tapering toward the ends,
parallel with the bundles of woody fibers and nearly regularly disposed in the direction of the annual rings of
growth. These cavities vary from one-half an inch or less to a foot in length, and are found from a few lines to
"an inch in width. They are filled with a yellowish-brown powder, the result of decayed, woody substance,
although the walls of the cavities appear perfectly sound and unaffected by decay. These excavations are called
' pegs ', and timber so affected ' peggy ' timber. The cavities have no communication with the surface apparently,
and remaiu always inclosed within the surrounding belt of sap-wood. It is only in the case of very old trees that the
larger cavities produced by the junction of the pegs sometimes reach openings produced by external decay or
accident. Undoubtedly these pegs cause the large hollows so often found in the center of large-sized and
apparently perfectly healthy trees. Some of the timber of medium-sized specimens is honey-combed with these
pegs. Such peggy stuff is useful for poles and pickets, which are found not less durable than if made from
solid lumber.
" Two varieties of cypress timber are recognized according to the color, firmness, and heaviness of the wood,
and are known as white cypress and black cypress; the latter has darker, closer grained, and more resinous wood
than the former, and will sink in water. Its weight makes impossible the transportation of black-cypress logs by
floating under ordinary circumstances, and the lumberman, unable always to recognize these peculiarities of the
wood in the standing tree, cuts a chip before felling, which thrown into the water indicates, by its floating or
sinking, whether it is black or white cypress. Trees of the heavy variety are deadened during the months of August
and September by cutting a deep ring through the bark, and in the spring of the second season the timber is
founjl sufficiently light to float.
"The cypress region of southern Alabama, which must be regarded as one of the great resources of its forest
wealth, commences upon Mobile river, about 16 or 18 miles above its entrance into Mobile bay, extending through
the lowlands upon both banks of this river, in Baldwin and Mobile counties, where it covers an extreme area of from
75 to 80 square miles. It extends northward to the junction of the Alabama and Toinbigbee rivers, covering
a This injury to the cypress is caused by a fungoid plant not yet determined, although widely distributed along the Gulf coast. —
C. S. S.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 527
large tracts in the delta between them, follows uorthward the course of tliese streams, and covers the extensive
swamps which border their hanks and the mouths of their numerous tributaries. Upon the Alabama the cypress
swamps extend to the lower part of Clarke county. Next to the Mobile Itiver region the largest supply of cypress
can be drawn from the extensive bottoms of the Tombigbee, about the mouth of Bassett creek, near Jackson.
During the freshet of the present year (1880) a large number of logs from this vicinity will be sent to the mills on
the Tensas.
"BALDWIN COUNTY. — A quarter of a century ago a pine forest, unequaled in the magnificence of its tree growth,
and supposed at that time to contain an inexhaustible supply of timber, covered Baldwin county through its whole
extent. To-day this forest, from the line of the Mobile and Montgomery railroad, along the eastern shore of Mobile
bay, and along all the water-courses as far as Bonsecours bay, upon the Gulf, is entirely destroyed, and presents a
picture of ruin and utter desolation painful to behold.
" The production of naval stores has been carried on in this region without regard to any of its future interests,
and, the forest being exhausted, manufacturers have been driven to seek new fields of operation. In the old
turpentine orchards, long abandoned, no young trees have sprung up. Too far remote to make it possible to get
their timber to the saw-mills, the large trees which have sufficient strength to withstand the effects of the barbarous
process of boxing drag out their precarious existence for years after the smaller and weaker trees have been laid low,
and shade the ground sufficiently to prevent the start of a young growth. The wood of these old boxes, as dead pines
are called, is, after the loss of their vitality, charged throughout with an excess of resinous matter, and is in that
condition sold as 'fat' or 'light' wood, being greatly esteemed as fuel for the generation of steam. For this
purpose this final product of the pine forest is carried to the city of Mobile in broad flatboats, propelled by one huge
square sail, and steered by a ponderous horizontal beam serving as a rudder. In a few years, however, this, the least
valuable and the last product of the pine forest, will have forever disappeared, and with it the last remnant of the
original forest growth of this part of the state. Occasionally, under the shade of the trees left standing, a young
growth of pine is found, and on the high and undulating table-land between Mobile bay and Fish river, where the
soil is light and very porous, a low and scanty oak scrub has taken possession of the ground. Toward the banks of
the water-courses, however, where the largest trees were first cut to furnish timber to the mills once situated on Fish
river, thus early leaving the ground open to atmospheric influences, fine and promising groves of long-leaved pine
now often cover areas of wide extent. I measured many trees in these young second-growth pine forests, grown up
within the last twelve to twenty-five years, standing from 15 to 30 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of from
4 to G inches, of thrifty growth, and rapidly overcoming the small oak growth with which it had to contend for the
possession of the soil. It is the turkey and the upland willow oak alone which occur in these thin soils, too poor to
support the Spanish and black oaks.
" The banks of the North Branch of the Fish river are composed of marsh or white drift sand. The arid, sandy
ground is covered with a dwarf growth of live oak and myrtle live oak, observed here for the first time, and which
farther east formed by far the largest part of the oak scrub covering the shore-lines of the large bays of western
Florida. Two or three miles beyond the forks of Fish river a belt of pine forest is reached, not yet destroyed by
the mutilations of the 'box-cutter' nor bereft of its best growth by the log-gatherer; it covers the highlands and
declivities between Fish river and the waters which find their way into Perdido bay. This may be regarded as a
virgin forest, only slightly invaded up to the present time along the Blackwater creek, Hollenger's creek, the
Perdido river, and the bay shore. The mills situated on Perdido river and bay depend entirely for their present
and future supply of logs upon this forest of southern Baldwin county, althoiigh I learn that it is expected to supply
them during the next five years only, even if their production of lumber does not increase. This fprest extends
over six townships and covers an area estimated at from 125,000 to 150,000 acres.
"THE FORESTS OP THE CHATTAHOOCHEE IN EASTERN ALABAMA, MIXED FOREST GROWTH, ETC.
" The forests which once covered the wide bottom lands of the Chattahoochee in the neighborhood of Franklin,
Alabama (opposite Fort Games), are. now reduced to small patches of woodland confined to the base of ranges of
low hills bordering the plain valley to the southeast. The tree growth was found here to differ in no way from
that found lower down, except that the short-leaved pine (Pimts mitis) occurs more frequently. The crab apple
and the cockspur thorn are frequent along the borders of the woods, but the pond pine (Pimm serotina), which
might have been expected here, was not observed. In the sandy, wet, and deeply-shaded bottoms of a sluggish
stream winding along the base of these hills I found the spruce pine (Pinus glabra) abundantly associated with
the loblolly bay, red and sweet bays, and stately magnolias. The live oak is not found here, and it is donbtlnl if
it extends in this part of the Gulf region more than a few miles north of the thirty-first degree of latitude. The
low hills do not rise more than 150 feet above the plain; in entering them the second division of the sylvan
vegetation characteristic of the eastern Gulf states is reached — a forest of mixed growth, which must be regarded,
on account of its extent as well as the variety of its vegetation, as one of the important natural features of the
region. I am of opinion that the deciduous-leaved trees have an equal representation in this forest with the
528 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
conifers. This certainly was the case before the settlement of the country, but as the broad leaved trees occupy
the best land, the areas of hard-wood forest have been more reduced by the demands of agriculture than have the
forests of pine.
"The distribution of the different species of trees throughout this region depends upon the nature of the soil
and the topographical features of the country. In general it can be stated that the marls and calcareous
Tertiary strata which form the lower ridges and more or less undulating uplands and plains are chiefly occupied
by trees with deciduous leaves, and by a few yellow pines. Here oaks predominate, and especially the post
oak (Quercus obtusiloba), which prefers the level or gently-swelling ground with a generous, warm, and open soil;
with it is frequently found the black oak (Quercus tinctoria), the Spanish oak and black-jack upon soils of poorer
quality, the last, particularly, preferring one of closer, more argillaceous character mixed with fine sand. The
black-jack finds here its best development, rivaling often in size the post oak ; it enters largely also into the
undergrowth of the post-oak woods, forming dense thickets on lands too poor to sustain a heavier tree growth.
"The hickories are unimportant features in the forests of this region. In the dry uplands they seldom attain
more than medium size, although in the more shaded and richer situations the mocker-nut and pig-nut are not rare.
"The long-leaved pine, on account of the broad extent it covers, its gregarious habit, and the splendid
growth it attains here, must be regarded as the most important timber tree of this region. Confined to a siliceous,
dry, and porous soil, it occupies the high ridges invariably covered with a deposit of drift, often found widely
spread over the more elevated highlands. For this reason the pine forests crown the hills and cover the more
or less broken plateaus. They are found also toward the southern boundaries of this region, where the sands
and gravels of the drift of the lower pine region encroach upon arid mingle with the strata of older formations.
Under these circumstances it is evident that the line of demarkatiou between this and the pine region of the coast
is difficult to determine. The best distinction is found in the fact that in the pine forests of the lower pine
region the growth of pines upon the uplands is never broken by patches of oak, and that the short-leaved pine
never occurs there. Another point of distinction is found in the nature of the second growth, which springs up
after the large pines have been removed. In the pine woods in the region of mixed tree growth the subsoil, of
Tertiary origin, seems more favorable to the growth of oaks than to a second growth of the long-leaved pine. This
is replaced generally by oaks mixed with the short-leaved pine and various deciduous trees. It is safe to assert that
the southern limits of this region coincide with a line following the northern boundary of the coast drifts, along
which the lower strata have completely disappeared be neath it. «
"PiKE COUNTY. — On the broad ridges which form the divide between the waters of the Pea and Conecuh rivers,
upon a purely sandy soil, are found, within the forest of long-leaved pine, tracts with strictly-defined outlines from
a half mile to several miles in width, covered with a dense vegetation of small trees and shrubs peculiar to the
perpetually moist and cool hummocks of the coast. The soil covered with this growth presents no unusual features ;
it is as poor and arid as that covering the rest of these heights. Hurrounded on all sides by pine forests, not a
single pine tree is seen within the limits of these glades, called by the inhabitants 'pogosines', an Indian name
the meaning of which I was unable to learu.
" The trees are of small growth, the willow oak, the water oak, beech, red maple, and black gum rarely rising to
a height of more than 30 feet among the sourwoods, junipers, hornbeams, hollies, papaws, fringe-trees, red bays,
and other trees of the coast. These glades verge upon deep ravines from which issue large springs, and from
this fact I conclude that, below their sandy, porous soil, strata must exist perpetually moistened by subterranean
waters near enough to the surface to supply the moisture necessary to support such a luxuriant vegetation.
"FOKESTS OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY.
" The character of the forest vegetation changes upon the limestone formation of the valley of the Tennessee.
This new region of tree growth extends from the northeastern confines of Alabama to a short distance beyond the
Mississippi state line with a width of from 35 to 40 miles, and reaching beyond the northern boundary of the state.
Its prominent feature is the total absence of pine and the scarcity of other evergreen trees. A few scattered
saplings of the loblolly pine are found on its lower borders, waifs strayed from their natural habitats, the lower part
of Morgan county, the true northern limit of this species, in Alabama at least. The red cedar is the only
evergreen tree common among the forest growth of this limestone region, and the durability of its wood combined
with its beauty places this tree among the most useful produced in this region. The red cedar forms here almost
exclusively the second growth after the removal of the original forest, covering everywhere with extensive groves
the dry, rocky hillsides and flats. The timber, however, of this second growth is only fit for the most ordinary
purposes. The trees branch low, and the trunks are consequently full of knots and unfit for anything except fence
posts. The fertile portions of this region have been largely denuded of their forest growth, although more than
half is still covered with wood, a considerable portion with almost virgin forest. This is particularly true of
Lauderdale and Colbert counties and the mountainous portions of the counties of Madison and Jackson. The vast
quantities of oak, ash, walnut, and poplar timber contained in these counties can be sent to northern markets as
soon as the Tennessee river has been made navigable by the removal of the obstacles at the Mussel shoals.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 529
" The road from Decatur to Moulton, in Lawrence county, leads through broad and fertile valley lands, broken,
as the mountains are approached, by limestone ridges jutting out into the plain. The beautiful Monlton valley,
. inclosed by the low foot-hills of the Sandy Mountain range which form its southern boundary, shows only along the
base of the mountains a remnant of its original tree covering. Here the water oak, willow oak, red oak, mulberries,
elms, and ashes were the trees found in the lower situations, and on rolling, higher land the white oak, the black
oak, post oak, sassafras, and dogwood formed the prevailing forest growth. The lower flank of the steep escarpment
of the highlands, a terrace of limestone cliffs mostly destitute of soil, bears a stunted tree growth. Here the red
cedar and the upland hickory abound, and where the surface is less broken and a deeper soil covers the rock,
chestnuts make their appearance with white oaks and the shell bark and mocker-nut hickories. The ascent is less
precipitous as the sandstone ledges are reached, and here the yellow pine (Pimm mitis) and the scrub pine (Pinus
inops) are prominent among the oak forests of the mountains. When the crest of this abrupt decline is passed the
oak forest is reached. It covers the extensive table-land between the Coosa and the eastern tributaries of the
Tombigbee, and extends southward from the valley of the Tennessee to the lowlands commencing below Tuscaloosa,
occupying an area of nearly 6,000 square miles.
" GENERAL REMARKS.
*
"The forests of long-leaved pine are principally confined to the following limited regions east of the Mississippi
river: 1. The Great Maritime Pine region. 2. The Central Pine Belt of Alabama. 3. The Pine Eegiou of the
Coosa.
" Pine forests of more or less extent, too, mixed with woodlands composed of deciduous-leaved trees, occupy
the ridges covered witli a porous siliceous soil in the region of what I have called the mixed tree growth, and which
upon its southern borders verges upon the Coast Pine Belt. Upon the heights of the low ranges of the metamorphic
region of Alabama are also found more or less extensive tracts of this pine, generally, however, of inferior quality
and size, while as far north as the thirty-fourth degree of latitude patches of thinly-scattered pine are met on the
brows of the mountains, and, rarely, on the plateau of the carboniferous sand.
" The pine forests of Alabama, from the Escambia to the Mississippi state line, in the counties of Monroe,
Baldwin, Washington, Mobile, and in portions of Clarke county, cover 3,500 square miles. Of these about 1,000
square miles have already been more or less destroyed in the manufacture of naval stores. Allowing 25 per cent,
for land under cultivation, or covered by a forest of different trees, by water, etc., there are still 1,875 square miles
left of this forest to supply the demands of the future.
"The whole amount of long-leaved pine lumber received at the port of Mobile averages about 60,000,000
feet, board measure, representing the product of mills at that place and along the various railroad lines leading
to it. The amount of hewed square timber received is still small, but the business of exporting timber of this sort
promises to assume large proportions in the near future.
"THE PINE BELT OF CENTRAL ALABAMA.— This forest occupies the deposits of drift which, in a strip varying
from 10 to 30 miles in width, traverses the state from east to west. Jt is nearly in the center of the line connecting
its eastern and western limits that its greatest width is found. This forest is estimated to cover 550 square miles,
no allowance being made for lands cultivated or covered by other trees. The timber, both in quality and quantity,
is unsurpassed by that growing on the best sections of the lower pine region. The manufacture of lumber and its
export to northern markets has only been carried on in this region to any large extent during the last three or four
years, and it is now rapidly assuming large proportions. The most important saw-inills in this region are situated
on the line of the Louisville and Nashville railroad, between Clear creek and Elmore, Elinore county, and produced
in the aggregate 67,000,000 feet of lumber, board measure, during the years 1879-'SO. Considerable lumber is also
produced along the line of the Selma, Home and Dalton railroad, in Chilton county.
"Naval stores are not yet manufactured in this region.
" THE PINE REGION OP THE COOSA. — A detached belt of drift largely composed of coarse pebbles stretches
from the eastern base of the Lookout Mountain range through the valley of the Coosa river, near Gadsden, covering
nearly the whole of Cherokee county, to the Georgia state line. This forest is estimated to cover from 400 to 450 square
miles, although much of the best timber nearest to the river has already been exhausted. Logs are driven down the
Coosa and sawed at Gadsden. The manufacture of lumber at this place has been carried on for a number of years,
and amounts to an average of 20,000,000 feet.
"NAVAL STORES.
"The manufacture of naval stores in the central Gulf states is almost entirely restricted for the present to the
forest contiguous to Mobile and to the railroad lines leading to that port and to the southern confines of the pine belt
in Mississippi. It is only during the past two seasons that turpentine orchards have been worked near Pascagoula,
Mississippi, Pearl river, and in eastern Louisiana above Covington. The first turpentine distilleries were established
on the Gulf coast a little, more than a quarter of a century ago, along Fish river on the eastern and Dog river on the
western shores of Mobile bay. The business soon assumed such proportions as to lead to the destruction of the
:.J4 rou
530 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
forests covering hundreds of square miles, particularly in Baldwin county. The production of uaval stores in this
, county, as well as in the lower part of Mobile county, has at present nearly ceased, on account of the exhaustion of
the forest. It is, however, now carried on with the greatest activity on the line of the Mobile and Ohio railroad.
Between Mobile station, in Mobile county, and Quitinan, Mississippi, there are at this date not less than thirty-three
stills in operation, while along the Louisville and Nashville railroad there have been during the last five years fifty-
three stills established in Alabama and Mississippi. These, with few exceptions, are controlled by Mobile capital,
their whole product being handled from that market, so that the returns contained in the annual reports of the
board of trade of Mobile fairly represent the whole production of naval stores in this pine region.
"According to the statements contained in the report for 1880, the crops amounted in the years 1879-'80to 25,409
barrels of spirits of turpentine and 158,482 barrels of rosin. During a period of eight years, between 1873 and the
close of the business year of 1880, 160,000 barrels of spirits of turpentine and 800,000 barrels of rosin have been
produced in this same district, (a)
" The increase in prices during the last few years for all kinds ef naval stores, and particularly the active demand
for the best class of rosin, have given an increased impetus to this business, in consequence of which many of the
older orchards have been abandoned and new ones started, while the number of new boxes cut during the present
season is greater than ever before. There are no returns to be obtained of the production prior to 1875, but it can
be safely assumed that up to that year 250 square miles of pine forest had been boxed. The production since 1875
must have involved a further destruction of 640,000 acres, or 1,000 square miles of forest. With the low price at
which pine lauds are held there is not the slightest regard paid to the utilization of their resources, and under
the present system they are rapidly destroyed, regardless of the needs of the future and with the sole object of
obtaining the quickest possible returns on the capital invested.
"It may be of interest to mention here the results obtained by a practical manufacturer by submitting the
refuse of saw-mills, that is, slabs and sawdust, to a process of combined steam and dry distillation, with the view
of utilizing the volatile products of such waste. He obtained from one cord of slabs 12 gallons of spirits of
turpentine, 25 gallons of tar, 120 gallons of weak pyroligncous acid, and 12 barrels of charcoal. From one cord of
lightwood he obtained 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 62£ gallons of tar, and 60 gallons of pyroligueous acid.
The sawdust obtained from sawing 10,000 feet of pine lumber, subjected to distillation during one day, produced
22 gallons of spirits of turpentine."
MISSISSIPPI.
The forests of Mississippi originally extended over nearly the entire state. Prairies of no great area, situated
in the northern central part of the state, presented the only break in its tree covering. The forest consisted of a
belt of long-leaved pine, occupying the coast plain and reaching from the eastern confines of the state to the
bottom lands of the Mississippi river, and from the coast nearly to the line of Vicksburg and Meridian. The
northeastern portion of this long-leaved pine forest spread over a high rolling country, and here the pines were
mixed with various hard-wood trees; north of the long-leaved pine forest a long belt gradually narrowing toward the
north and occupied by a growth of short-leaved pine and of hard woods reached nearly to the northern boundary of
the state, while south of the Tennessee river, in Tishomingo, Preutiss, and Itawamba counties, a considerable area
was covered with forests of the short-leaved pine. The remainder of the state was clothed with a growth of hard
woods, which in the swamps of the Yazoo delta and the bottom lauds of the Mississippi river formed vast and
almost impenetrable forests, where cypresses, gums, water oaks, ashes, and other trees which find their home
in the deep, inundated swamps of the South Atlantic region attained noble dimensions and great value.
The pine forests have been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the Pascagoula and Pearl rivers and
from their principal tributaries within the southern tier of counties; the most accessible timber has been cleared
from the Biloxi, Blind, Jordan, Wolf, and Tchefuncta rivers, flowing into Mississippi sound, and from the line of the
Chicago, Saint Louis, and Xew Orleans railroad. The long-leaved pine of Mississippi is, however, still practically
intact, and these forests are capable of supplying an immense amount of timber as soon as the means of
transportation can be furnished for it. A small amount of pine has been cut in the northeastern pine region from
along the line of the Memphis and Charleston railroad.
The hard-wood forests outside of the bottom lauds have been largely cleared from many counties in providing
for the requirements of agriculture. Such laud when abandoned is again covered in the central part of the state
•with a growth of old-field pine, and in the north, and especially in the northeastern counties, by a vigorous growth
of short-leaved pine (Pinus mitis), which seems destined to become the most important timber tree of that region.
The forests which cover the swamps of the state are still almost intact, although the most accessible cypress, which
has long been cut in the Yazoo delta and the valley of the Pearl river to supply the Xew Orleans market, has
become scarce.
During the census year 222,800 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $78,500. Of
these fires the largest number was set by hunters, and by farmers carelessly starting fires in clearing land or to
improve pasturage.
a These figures differ somewhat from those prepared by Mr. Van Bokkelen. See page 493. — C. S. S.
•
MAI' OK
M I S S I S S I IT I
SIIOVlXtiTIIK lUSTIUHITNINUF Till; I 'INK I'OHKSTS.
WITH SPm.M, Hh.TKHKMTTOTIII.
U'MHKH IXDI'STUV.
COM!'; i 1'M'N Df
C.S SARGENT, SI'KCI.M. A8ENT.
Mini .
mn.-d witli ILnttw, ,,-l-
[.>j..: LeavwlHiM !' t<..K
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
531
Establishments for the manufacture of wagons, win-el stock, cooperage, etc., have been established at different
times in the northern part of the state. The industries, however, which depend upon the hard-wood forests for
material are still in their infancy in Mississippi, and are capable of enormous development.
The following estimates of the standing-pine supply of Mississippi, May 31, 1880, were prepared by Dr. Charles
Molir, who carefully explored the forests of the state :
LONG-LEAVED PINE (Fi»ue paluatri*).
Koj-ions.
Feet, board
mea«nre.
In region west of Pearl river, tributary to the Chicago, Saint Loins,
and New Orleans railroad.
6, 800, 000, 000
7, 600, 000, 000
Region of mixed growth, exclusive of 200,000 acres injured by the
manufactuie of turpentine.
3, 800, 000, 000
Total
18 200 000 000
108 000 000
SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinus mitts).
1, 000, 000, 000
5 175 000 000
Total
6 775 000 000
7 775 000
Iii this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 2,912,000 acres which have been cut
over, and from which the merchantable pine has been practically removed.
The region of mixed growth, which adjoins the pine belt upon the north, contains a smaller number of pine
trees per acre than the pine belt proper; but, the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing
pine per acre is here greater, although generally of poorer quality, than nearer the coast.
The principal centers of lumber manufacture are at the mouth of Pascagoula river, in Jackson county, at
Mississippi City, in Harrison county, along the lower Pearl river, upon the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and
New Orleans railroad in Lincoln county, and in the northeastern counties, where are located many small railroad
mills, manufacturing iu the aggregate a large amount of yellow-pine lumber (Pinus mitis).
The pine forests of the state have up to the present time suffered but little damage from the manufacture of
naval stores. Turpentine orchards, however, have been recently established in the vicinity of the coast, near the
mouth of the Pascagoula river, and at other points iu the coast counties.
The following remarks are extracted from Dr. Charles Mohr's report upon the forests of Mississippi :
" THE PTNE FORESTS OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI.— In the vicinity of Scranton, near the mouth of the
Pascagoula river, little is left of the original pine forest. The old clearings are covered with fine loblolly pine,
from 40 to 60 feet high, upon rather close, dry soil. The pitch pine (Pinus Ctilensis) forms dense groves, with
seedling trees from 20 to 30 feet in height upon lauds of lighter soil extending to the sea-shore. Oaks are not
common. Fine groves of stately live oaks, however, line the banks of the river up to Moss Point, 4 miles distant.
" The annual export of lumber during the last four or five years has averaged 45,000,000 feet from the Pascagoula
liver. The largest percentage of this lumber is manufactured into boards and scantling for ordinary building
purposes, and is shipped to Cuba, the Windward islands, to Mexico, Brazil, and a small part, in the form of deals
2 or 3 inches in thickness, intended for ship-building, to France, Spain, Holland, Belgium, and Germany. Large
quantities of charcoal burned upon the banks of Black and Eed creeks are sent to New Orleans in small coasting
schooners, which run also from the bay of Biloxi and the bay of Saint Louis. At Moss Point eleven saw-mills,
which furnish the lumber manufactured upon it, are situated on both banks of the East Pascagoula river. The
combined capacity of these mills amounts to 220,000 feet a day, although the annual production during the past
years has scarcely exceeded 40,000,000 feet. The timber manufactured in these mills comes from the Pascagoula
and its tributaries, the Leaf and Chickasawha rivers and their sources, the Bogue Homo, Tallahala, Bay, and
Okatuma creeks, as far up as the southern limits of Covington and Jones counties. A small number of logs also,
comes from the Escatawpa. The logs received at these mills average 20 inches in diameter and 40 feet in length
Sticks of such average dimensions are only furnished from first-class timber-lands, which, according to the best
judges, produce six or seven trees of that size to the acre. Only lands lining the streams just mentioned, in a
belt not exceeding 3 miles in width on each bank, have been up to this time invaded by the log-getter to supply
these mills.
532 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
"The vastucss of the timber resources yet contained in the region embraced in the northern half of Harrison
and the whole of Greene and Perry, up to the southern confines of Marion and Jones counties, is astonishing. As
is the case in Alabama, however, trees furnishing first-class spars for masts are difficult to find; they have been
cut by spar hunters in every part of the forest which could be reached by teams.
'' Cypress lumber is not manufactured in this region, and the loblolly pine furnishes so small a part of the
timber manufactured that it need not be considered. In Jones and Covington counties, about the headwaters of
the upper tributaries of the Pascagoula, the country is rolling, intersected by numerous small, swift streams and
rivulets. This region is magnificently timbered, and devoid of the barren ridges of almost pure sand so frequently
found in the pine belt of Alabama.
''The low, flat, more or Jess wide pine lauds bordering upon the marshes of the coast are sparsely covered with
pine, while the trees growing in this wet, boggy soil, devoid of drainage arid overlying a subsoil impervious to
water, are stunted and of little value. The lower part of Harrison county is covered with these pine meadows,
which fact accounts for the comparatively small importance of the bay of Saint Louis as a lumber-producing center.
"At Pearliugton, on the Pearl river, is established the large saw-mill of Poitevent & Favre, capable of
producing 100,000 feet of lumber a day; at Logton, 2 miles farther up the river, are two mills, and 5 miles above
these, at Gainesville, there is another. The largest part of the logs sawed at these mills is cut upon the banks of
the Abolochitto creek, in Hancock county, and its tributaries extending into the lower part of Marion county,
50 or CO miles distant. The remainder comes from the banks of the Pearl and the upper and lower Little rivers,
which empty into it 10 miles above Columbia.
" The cypress is nearly exhausted from the lower Pearl river, and the 20,000 or 30,000 feet of this lumber which
are sawed annually at Pearlington are derived from the cypress swamps on the upper waters of the Pearl and
Jackson rivers, where there is still a large amount of this timber of good size.
" The eastern bank of the Pearl river, within the Maritime Pine Belt, is sparsely settled, and forests, the
especially in Hancock county and the upper part of Marion county, are unsurpassed in the quality and quantity of
their pine timber. It is estimated by good judges that these forests will yield an average of 2,000 feet of lumber,
board measure, to the acre. Up to the present time a strip of land scarcely 3 miles in width, embracing the banks
of the water-courses, has been- stripped of its timber growth, and fine spar timber is yet to be found here a few
miles back from all th« streams. Almost the whole of these rich timber-lands supplying the mills on Pearl river
form a part of the public domain.
" The almost unbroken pine forests covering the upper tier of counties between the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers,
toward tloe^horthern confines of the pine region, are still practically intact. The wealth of these- forests has as yet
found no outlet to the markets of the world. Thinly settled, they are still largely the property of the government,
but in view of the speedily -increasing demand for lumber and the profits derived from the lumber business, such a
condition of affairs must soon come to an end. It can be safely asserted that by far the largest part of the timber,
felled in the Abolochitto region is taken from government laud. There can be no question of this when it is considered
how insignificantly small is the area of land which has been legally entered by private persons along that stream.
The necessity of adopting proper measures to protect the timber wealth upon the public domain from depredations of
such enormous extent forces itself upon the most casual observer, while to one who looks closer at the consequences
of the continuance of the existing state of affairs the urgency becomes appallingly apparent. The ever-increasing
consumption of timber at the mills upon Pearl river, of which one alone can cut 100,000 feet of lumber a day, will
prove a powerful stimulus to a people who, since the development of the lumber business in these regions, have
almost completely abandoned their former agricultural and pastoral pursuits and now depend entirely for their
support upon cutting pine logs, to supply this enormous demand at the expense of the public property. Already
plans have been made to invade this region by tramways and railroads, in order that its timber may be brought to
market. This is true, too, of the region between the Pearl and the Amite rivers, down to the marshy lands of
eastern Louisiana, a region in which the forests are also particularly good.
"In the state of Mississippi it is safe to estimate that, after deducting 25 per cent, for areas of swampy and
cleared land, 9,000 square miles are still covered by forests of long-leaved pine. The production of this region
during the census year amounts to 108,000,000 feet; of this, 60,000,000 finds its outlet at Pascagoula, 30,000,000 by
Pearl river, 6,000,000 by bay of Saint Louis, and 12,000,000 by the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad
to northern markets.
"In the northern part of Harrison county we crossed a tract from which twelve years ago a hurricane swept
a belt a quarter of a mile wide of all tree growth. It is interesting to note the growth which has since sprung up
among the prostrate charred trunks of the pines still found lying about in large numbers. Black-jack oaks, the
largest not over 12 feet in height, are mixed in almost equal numbers with stunted, thin saplings of the long-leaved
pine. These plainly exhibit the helplessness of the struggle to which these offspring of the great timber tree are
subjected under the influence of repeated conflagrations wherever the oak scrub has sprung up and added fuel, in the
abundance of its leaves, to the fires which annually sweep through these woods.
"THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES. — After crossing the Sucarnoochee river below Scooba, in Kemper county, the
pines which had covered the ridges near the borders of Lauderdale county disappear; scarcely a stray sapling
THE FORESfS OF THE UNITED STATES. 533
of the loblolly pine is seen as Scooba is reached. The cold, wet, calcareous soil of the flatwoods and prairies is
nnsuited to the growth of all coniferous trees, with the exception of the cypress. Along the railroad, as it traverses
the flat prairie region, the country is sparsely wooded; large tracts of the prairie lands have always been destitute
of trees, and the woodlands with which they were interspersed were cleared at the first settlement of the country.
"What remains of the original forest growth is now confined to localities too difficult of drainage to make agriculture
profitable, and to the banks of streams subject to inundation. 'More or less extensive patches of woods are found
also on the ledges where the limestone rock comes to the surface. In the swampy land the willow oak, the water oak,
the black gum, sweet yum, white ash, and along the ponds willows and cottonwoods, prevail. The post oaks, white
oaks, and cow oaks are mingled more or less freely with these trees in localities enjoying better drainage. Black-jack
and black oaks, mixed with various haws, viburnums, and persimmons, occupy the rocky flats. No magnolias were
seen in this region. The red, willow, and water oaks, the sycamore, and the sweet gum abound along the streams
here, and are so common as to deserve special mention, while on the rolling uplands black oaks, post oaks, and
white oaks, with poplars, shell-bark and pig-nut hickories, are common. From Tupelo toward Corinth the country
is poorly wooded. The ascent is constant, reaching the point of highest elevation between the Gulf of Mexico and the
Ohio river at Booneville. Corinth is situated on a wide pine plain, bounded on the west by the valley of the Tuscumbia
river and east by the ridges which mark the water-shed of the Tennessee. The soil is here a deep calcareous clay,
very stiff and heavy, hard as brick in warm, dry weather, and suddenly becoming a bottomless, stiff mire in seasons
of rain. Below the valley of the Tuscumbia river the road passes over low and undulating ridges, of which the
higher and steeper are yet covered with the remnants of the old oak forest. Here the Spanish and post oaks
predominate in numbers ; then follow the black oak and the scarlet oak, while the shell-bark hickory and the mocker-
nut form but a small part of the tree growth of these uplands. The bottoms of the Tuscumbia, although subject
to frequent overflows, are covered with 'a primeval forest not inferior in luxuriance and variety to that of the
Mississippi river bottom lands. White-oak timber of the finest quality is found here in the greatest abundance and
perfection. The most common species is the cow oak (Quercm Michanxii). I found that this river-bottom forest
contained, by actual count, an average of from twelve to fourteen trees of this species, from 30 to 35 inches in
diameter, to the acre. It is known to the inhabitants here by the name of cow oak or basket oak, being easily split
into narrow, thin strips. The wood is extensively used in the manufacture of baskets used by the negroes in
cotton-picking. These baskets are light, and of considerable strength and durability. Next in frequency follows
the willow oak, and then the over-cup swamp oak (Qucrcus lyrata), and finally the red oak, found especially on the
outskirts of the forest.
"The white ash is not so frequently seen here as elsewhere in similar localities, and does not seem to thrive
on these stiff, cold soils. It is in part replaced by the green ash, which here attains the size of a large tree. The
black gum is very common, and where the soil is least subjected to overflow the true white oak is found, with fine
groups of beech, overtowered by large poplars. Among the smaller trees the mulberry, hornbeam, holly, and
abundant papaws must be mentioned.
"The pine hills in the eastern part of Alcoru county are reached at a distance of 6 or 7 miles in a southerly
direction from Corinth. Pine occurs on the dividing ridges between the waters of the Tuscumbia river and Yellow
creek, or toward the south on those between the Tombigbee and the Tennessee rivers. A short distance west of
Glendale station the Cretaceous strata disappear under the ferruginous sands, and mixed with a stunted growth of
post oak and Spanish oak, pines appear, forming vast forests on the crests of the hills. This pine (Pinus mitis)
takes possession of all the old clearings and fields thrown out of cultivation. The rapid growth of the^ seedlings,
which spontaneously spring up thickly after the removal of the broad-leaved trees, leaves no chance for the seedling
oaks. It is therefore a certainty that in the future the short-leaved pine will be almost the sole forest tree in this
part of the state, outside of the bottom lands, and that it will probably extend its domain far beyond the original
limits of its growth.
"The aspect of these pine woods resembles closely that of the lower pine region. The short-leaved pine
replaces here the long-leaved pine of the coast, the scrubby post and Spanish oaks take the place of the turkey and
the upland willow oaks, while the black-jack is common to both these regions of identical geological formation.
The flora of the two regions also presents the same general features ; the asters, goldenrods, sunflowers, and various
leguminous plants are often the same or belong to closely-allied species. The pine-clad drift hills interspersed
between the Carboniferous and Cretaceous regions are parts of the northern interior drift belt which extends
throughout Alabama. The region of the short-leaved pine of northeastern Mississippi exlends from the southern
border of the valley of the Tennessee river to the southern extremity of Itawamba county, and is on an average 10
miles in width, embracing an area of nearly 600 square miles. Of this region, after the deduction of the fertile
bottoms of the Tombigbeo and Yellow Creek valleys, where no pines are found, two-thirds can be regarded as
occupied by the pine forest. As the sole supply of pine lumber in the northern part of the state, this region is of
great importance. Several saw-mills, none of which have an annual capacity of more than 3,000,000 feet, are
established on the railroad line at Glendale, Burnsville, and near luka ; portable saw-mills are worked also through
this forest in its whole extent, their product being hauled in wagons for miles to the nearest station on the Mobile
and Ohio and the Memphis and Charleston railroads. The largest shipments are made from Burnsville and Corinth.
534 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
"The second growth of the short-leaved pine, which is already growing with great rapidity in northern
Mississippi upon exhausted fields thrown out of cultivation and wherever the forest has been cut from the
ridges, should be protected and fostered by the owners of the soil. The care bestowed upon the natural seeding
of this useful and valuable timber tree, and in assisting it to gain a permanent foothold on lands regarded as unfit
or unprofitable for agriculture, of which tens of thousands of acres are now found in this state, would lead to
results of great benefit to the community. The people have it in their power to replenish their timber resources, fast
failing through the ever-progressing destruction of the original forest, without other outlay than simply assisting
nature in her efforts to recover from injuries sustained in the wholesale destruction of the forest. The restoration
of the forest over vast areas, now barren and unproductive wastes, would add vastly to the general welfare and
prosperity through the influence such forests would exert upon the climate and salubrity of the country, by the
shelter they would offer to insectivorous birds ever busy in the destruction of insects injurious to farm crops, and
by the formation of protective screens against the cotton-worm, the most destructive of all insects in this part of
the country; for it must be admitted as an undisputed fact that the destruction caused by the cotton-worm is far
less upon the small farms where strips of woodland divide the fields than upon the plantations in the rich prairie
lands where large areas are destitute of woods. Such forests would serve as windbreaks for crops growing in field
and orchard, and as protection against the washing away of the light soil so peculiarly adapted to the cultivation
of the great staple of the country, thus preventing the ruin of many productive fields, the debris from which,
carried away by the rain and floods, fills the rivers and their estuaries, rendering navigation every year more
dangerous.
"CENTRAL PINE HILLS. — A hilly region, the northern limit. of which is near the center of Beuton county,
covered with upland oaks and short-leaved pines, extends eastward to the flatwoods in a belt from 8 to 12 miles in
width. Farther south, in Calhoun and Suniter counties, this pine region js much wider, embracing the largest part
of these and Choctaw and the western part of Oktibbeha counties; from Kosciusko, Attala county, it extends over
the whole of Winston and the western part of Noxnbee counties, being merged, south of Neshoba in the western
part of Kemper county, with the region of mixed tree growth. This pine forest supplies a sufficient amount of
lumber for the local demand, and portable saw-mills are found near the large settlements from Kosciusko to the
southern limits of the region. It forms a prominent feature in the eastern Gulf states by its geographical
position, and must be regarded as one of the distinct divisions which might be designated as the region of the central
pine hills. Botanically this region differs from that of the mixed tree growth, upon which it borders toward the
south, by the more equal distribution of the pines among the oaks, and particularly by the total absence of the
long-leaved pine and other conifers, with the exception of the loblolly pine and of scattered cypress along the river
banks, and by the absence of the great magnolia (M. grandiflora). The second forest growth in the northern part
of this region consists almost exclusively of the short -leaved pine, which southward is associated with the loblolly
pine. The short-leaved pine will in the future be the chief forest tree of this region.
"I have personally seen but little of the flatwoods proper, having only touched their southern limits in Kemper
county. It is a region of close, cold soil, devoid of drainage, and covered with a stunted growth of post oak; and
in its economic aspects as a timber region, or botanically, is of little interest or importance.
"WESTERN MISSISSIPPI. — In Copiah county, below the village of Terry, fifteen saw-mills are in operation along
the railroad, obtaining their supply of logs from the heavily-timbered hills in the neighborhood. This lumber is
shipped by rail to Saint Louis and Chicago. This business has already reached large proportions and is still
increasing rapidly, the mills running without intermission at their full capacity throughout the year.
" Beyond Crystal Springs the country loses its rolling character ; the pine hills disappear, and a short distance
above the northern boundary of Copiah county, near Terry, a different geological formation is entered, and a
strongly-marked change in the vegetation takes place. Horizontal strata of loam, inclosing layers of what appears
a whitish sand, stretch northward over a vast extent of level country, and the long-leaved pine disappears with
the gravels and sands of the drift.
"North of the pine region a large amount of rich land between the Pearl and Mississippi rivers has been
brought under cultivation, especially along the bottoms of the Pearl river and along the principal railway lines. At
Jackson, on the Pearl river, little is left of the original tree growth which covered its banks. Still enough is left,
however, to show that it was chiefly composed of sweet gnms, white oaks, elms, white ashes, etc. The railroad from
Jackson to Vicksburg passes through a fertile agricultural country, where only small strips of forest remain between
the large plantations and farms. Pines are not seen here, and the black walnut, originally so abundant among
the oak and hickory forests which covered this region, must now be regarded as entirely exterminated. Beyond
the Blackwater, in the hilly region of the bluff formation, the great magnolia covers the hillsides, although in the
vicinity of Vicksburg the hills for miles around the city are entirely stripped of their forests.
" Vicksburg is the center of a considerable lumber industry, depending for its supply of timber upon the cypress
rafted down from the mouth of the Yazoo river. The first mill devoted to the manufacture of cypress lumber was
established in Vicksburg in 1865. Before that time all the timber from the Yazoo valley was rafted down the
Mississippi river, mostly to New Orleans, as is still the case with the greatest number of the rafts. A second mill
has lately been built at Vicksburg, and the combined annual capacity of the two is ten or twelve million feet. No
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 535
manufactured lumber is shipped from here farther south than Baton Rouge, nearly the whole production being
consumed in the erection of small dwellings in the Mississippi and Yazoo bottoms. The logs received at these mills
average 25 inches in diameter, with a length of from 30 to 70 feet.
"The hillsides in the neighborhood of Vicksburg, when thrown out of cultivation, are seen covered with a
stunted growth of locust, Chickasaw plums, and other shrubs. The original forests of the bluff hills consist of
extensive groves of stately magnolias, stretching down the slopes and mixing with large white oaks, Spanish oaks,
beeches, and towering poplars, covering the mossy ground of the small valleys with delightful shade. Many of the
magnolias are from 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter. The full-grown trees, however, show that they have already
passed their prime ; the upper limbs have begun to die, the base of their trunks being often rotten and hollow.
Small specimens and sapling or seedling trees I could not find. The large trees are cut down to supply the
neighboring city with fuel, and it is inevitable that in a comparatively short time these magnolia groves will have
disappeared, and that these delightfully-shaded hills must share the desolation which surrounds the town.
" THE YAZOO DELTA. — Indian bayou, one of the small water-courses between Pearl river, Deer creek, and
Sunflower river, has a sluggish current even in time of high water. As is the case with all the streams of the
Yazoo delta, its banks are elevated often to a height of 10 or 15 feet above the surface of the water, thus affording
excellent natural drainage for the adjacent country, which is covered with a yellow-brown loam of unsurpassed
fertility. As the land, however, recedes from the banks it gradually sinks down again toward the level of the bed
of the stream, and the water-courses, following the general direction of the Mississippi river, inclose corresponding
lines of depression nearly level with the beds of the streams. These troughs between the bayous and rivers are one
of the characteristic features in the topography of the Yazoo delta. They are of various extent, depth, and shape;
flat and wide, they form tracts of dark, wet forest swamp, more or less dry in summer; or, narrower and deeper,
they form swamps rarely ever entirely free from water; sometimes they are inundated wooded marshes and cane
brakes, or ponds and lagoons more or less shallow and studded with the mighty trunks of the cypress. When
these depressions are of considerable depth, lakes, presenting open sheets of water sometimes miles in extent, are
formed, their margins, only, overgrown with the cypress. Upon these features depend the great diversity of the
forest growth which yet covers the largest part of the Yazoo valley. Along the elevated ridges fronting the
streams the white oak, the willow oak, the shell-bark and mocker-nut hickories, the black walnut in great numbers,
the yellow poplar and the sassafras large enough to furnish canoes of great size, the mulberry, the Spanish oak,
the sweet and the black gums are the principal forest trees, with an undergrowth in the openings of dogwood,
various haws, crab apples, wild grapes, buckthorns, etc. In the forests covering the lower lands, which slope back
to the swamps and reservoirs, the cow oak takes the place of the white oak, while the over-cup white oak occurs
everywhere in the more or less saturated soil. Here the sweet gum reaches its greatest size, and here grow also
in great perfection the bitter-nut, the elms, hornbeams, white ash, box-elder, and red maples of enormous size. The
honey locust, water oaks, and red and Spanish oaks are equally common. Here, among the smaller trees, the holly
attains its greatest development, with hornbeans and wahoo elms, while papaws, haws, and privets form the mass
of the dense undergrowth, which, interspersed with dense cane-brakes, covers the ground under the large trees.
" The region covered by these splendid forests of hard woods possesses a wealth of timber of the most valuable
kinds and in surprising variety. They occupy by far the greatest part of Sunflower and the adjoining counties
between the Mississippi river and the hills which border upon tke Yazoo to the east. Most of the clearings made
in this region before the outbreak of the war, by the planters settled lower down, have since been abandoned and
are again densely covered with the young growth of the trees of which the forest was originally composed. During
the last few years, however, the country has been entered again for cultivation by a class of small farmers, who
from being farm hands have now risen to the position of independent landholders. It is astonishing to see the
utter disregard of these settlers for the forest wealth of the country, which in a short time could not fail to be of
great commercial value. On the shores of Indian bayou may be seen clearings with hundreds of the finest
black walnuts among the deadened trees, while many of the noblest specimens of this valuable timber tree are
felled for fence rails or trifling purposes. The amount of oak and hickory timber destroyed here annually is
amazing. It is generally believed, however, that not one acre in fifty over this whole region of hard-wood forest
has yet been stripped of its tree covering. Quite different is the condition of the cypress growth in the great Yazoo
valley. This tree, confined to low and more or less inundated bottoms bordering on the Mississippi, the Lower
Yazoo, Big Sunflower, and their numerous tributaries, was once found in the greatest abundance in this region, and
immense quantities of cypress lumber have been furnished by the lower parts of Issaquena and Washington and
the western parts of Warren and Yazoo counties. The most valuable timber has now, however, disappeared from
the immediate neighborhood of the low river banks easily accessible at seasons of high water during every winter
and spring. Only groves .standing remote from the banks of the water courses, and which are only accessible to
the raftsman during exceptionally high stages of water, now supply this lumber. In the upper portions of die
valley, however, in the low depressions described as extending between the elevated banks of the streams, more or
less limited areas of undisturbed cypress forest are found. The shallow lagoons, covered with water except during
seasons of prolonged drought, and called cypress creeks, present in the spring of the year a strange sight. No
object meets the eye between the immense trunks of the mighty trees, as in these cypress groves no other tree nor
536 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
shrub can live iu the dark, shaded, water-covered soil. These reservoirs of drainage, generally without outlet,
are called cypress lakes if the water iu any part of them, too deep to allow the growth of trees, confines the
cypress to their more shallow borders. Here the cypress arrives at its greatest dimensions and produces timber
of the finest quality. These cypress lakes and cypress brakes, remote from streams, at no time of the year
connected with them, and always surrounded with a mire of forest swamp impassable to wagons, still retain their
best timber. Of late years, since swamp and overflowed lauds have become the property of the state, planters
have added many of these cypress tracts to their estates by purchase ; many others have been acquired by companies
formed to construct artificial channels by which the timber may be floated to the nearest streams. The richest
and most extensive of these groves of cypress, already more or less in the hands of capitalists, are found along
Steele's bayou, between Deer creek and the Sunflower river, in Washington county ; between that stream and
the lower course of Bogue Phalia, aud between the Mississippi river and Black creek above Greenville. There is
also a very large body of cypress inclosing the 'California brake', upon the Little Sunflower, in the counties of
Bolivar and Coahoma, extending through Tallahatchie county to the Yazoo river.
"The traffic in cypress lumber in the Yazoo region dates from 1830. In 1838 it was commenced upon the
Sunflower river and Deer creek, ten years after the fiist settlements were established upon the banks of these
streams; since that time rafts have been sent regularly to New Orleans, and camps of lumbermen have been
established in every direction, the forests, particularly those upon the public domains, being regarded as the
undisputed property and lawful prey of the log-getter. In consequence the cypress groves have been, if not entirely
destroyed, largely culled of their best timber wherever it could be obtained without investment of capital, that is by
simply floating the logs to the streams at times of freshet and overflow.
"The cutting of these cypress forests is not wisely regulated under the ownership of the state. Thesc'lands
have been thrown into the market at 50 cents an acre with the condition of settlement. Beneficial as such a law
might prove in the disposal of lands fit for cultivation, it results, in the case of timber-land unfit for the plow, in
the reckless destruction of one of the surest sources of public revenue. The state thus sells for 50 cents what on
its face is worth to the purchaser hundreds of dollars, and which, when deprived of its value and rendered forever
worthless, will be turned back to the state again.
"Much of the destruction of the timber can be traced to wasteful methods practiced by the negroes. Under
present methods any one having rented a plantation will, for the most trifling wants, cut down a tree, regardless of
size, and without any effort to preserve for future use the parts not immediately wanted, so that the next quarter
of a century will probably see the entire destruction of the vast quantities of timber stored in the whole of this
great territory."
LOUISIANA.
The coast of Louisiana is bordered by saliue marshes and savannas extending inland from 10 to 40 miles, or is
covered with a scattered growth of cypress occupying extensive fresh-water swamps peculiar to the region. In
Vermillion, Calcasieu, Saint Martin's, and Saint Landry parishes considerable treeless areas, open grassy prairies in
the borders of theforest, occur. With these exceptions Louisiana was originally covered with a dense and varied forest
growth. The Maritime Pine Belt covered the eastern portion of the state nearly to the Amite river, or until checked
from further western development by the alluvial deposits of the Mississippi. Forests of pine, too, occupied the
western part of the state north and south of the Eed river. The pine flats of Calcasieu were covered with forests
formed almost exclusively of the long-leaved pine, which, farther north, mixed with oaks and various hard-wood
trees, extends over the high rolling country which stretches from the Sabiue northeasterly nearly to the Ouachita
river. The northeastern part of the state was covered, outside of the broad bottom lands of the rivers, with a
heavy forest of short-leaved pine (Finns mitis) mixed with upland oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The
bottom lands and all that part of the state bordering the Mississippi were covered with a heavy growth of the trees
peculiar to such low, rich soil throughout the Gulf region. The high bluffs which occur at different points along
the Mississippi, the Atchafalaya, and other streams flowing through the western part of the state were covered
with a noble forest of evergreen magnolias mingled with beeches, water oaks, and gums.
The most valuable forests of the state are still almost intact, although the pine has been cut from the banks of
the Pearl river and some of its tributaries, and from along the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans
railroad, to furnish the New Orleans market with lumber. Pine has also been cut along the Sabine river, from
both forks of the Calcasieu, along the Red river in the neighborhood of Alexandria and Shreveport, and more
recently in Catahoula parish, along Little river. The river swamps and rolling hills in the eastern and northern
parts of the state still contain vast bodies of valuable hard-wood forest yet untouched by the ax.
The forests of Louisiana, uninvaded as yet by the manufacturers of naval stores, have not greatly suffered
from forest fires. During the census year only 64,410 acres of woodland were reported as burned over by fire, with
a loss of only $0,800. These fires were generally set to improve pasturage, or by careless hunters camping in the
forest.
A small amount of cooperage stock is made in New Orleans almost entirely from cypress aud pine, although
that city has long been an important point of export for oak staves and headings brought there from Arkansas and
•mi
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
537
Tennessee by river. The magnificent hard woods common over much of the state can supply abundant material for
many important industries which already at the north sailer from the exhaustion and deterioration of the local
timber supply.
The following rough estimates of the amount of the long-leaved and short-leaved pine standing iu the state have
been prepared by measuring upon a large-scale map areas occupied by the pine forests, which coincide almost exactly
with geological formations. From these areas the totals of clearings as returned by enumerators and all areas of
swamp, bottom lands, and prairies are deducted to obtain the extent of territory covered with pine forests. By
multiplying this area by the average stand of timber per acre, obtained by numerous observations in different
parts of the state, the following estimate of the amount of merchantable pine standing May 31, 1880, is reached:
PamkeM.
Long-lcuvf.l p'mi
(Pinit* palittitrix).
Short-leaved pine
(I'imtg milts).
Feet, board measure.
•JIG 000 000
Feet, board measure.
1 S'i7 000 000
1 574 000 000
Caddo . -.
1 0% 000 000
4, 219 000, 000
Caldwell
G02 000 000
3G9 000 000
1 9'>'t 000 000
Do Soto
1 971 000 000
•
157 000 000
198 000 000
886 000 000
1 574 000 000
493 000 000
1 670 000 000
300 000 000
797 000 000
1, 792, 000, COO
618, 000, 000
16 000 000
J 12G 000 000
2,422,000 000
Red River
043 000 000
!598 000 000
1 974 000 000
Saint Helena
749 000 000
579 000, 000
1 398 000 000
Tangipahoa
1, 537, 000, 000
0 522 000 000
3 741 000 000
1 734 000 000
"Webster
1 443 000 000
West Feliciana..
122 000 000
Winii . .
2 662, 000, 000
Total
26 588 000 000
21 625 000 000
Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 . . .
61,882,000
22, 709, 000
The principal point of lumber manufacture is Saint Charles, in Calcasieu parish, on the southern border of the
western pine forest. Lumber manufactured here is shipped east and west by rail, and in small schooners to Mexican
and West Indian ports. A comparatively small amount of lumber is manufactured at New Orleans from logs cut
in eastern Louisiana and towed through lake Pontchartraiu and the canals to the city, and along the river front
from logs rafted out of the Red, Little, Black, and other streams of northern Louisiana. New Orleans, however, is
principally supplied with lumber sawed at Gulf ports, in spite of its position with reference to the most valuable
hard-pine forests upon the continent, its large local demand for lumber and all saw-mill refuse, and its facilities for
export, which would seem to indicate that it must become the most important center of lumber manufacture and
distribution in the south. Small quantities of pine lumber have long been manufactured upon the Eed river near
Alexandria; short-leaved pine (Pinus mitis) is sawed at Shreveport, and in small quantities for local consumption at
other points in the northern parishes.
MOSS GINNING.
New Orleans is the center of the " rnoss-ginning " industry of the United States. The "moss" (Tillandsia
usneoides), a common epiphyte, growing in great quantities upon the cypress, live oak, and other southern trees,
is gathered, by men known as " swampers", in the swamps of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. The
moss when gathered is piled near the swamps and allowed to rot during ten or twelve months. It loses in this
process about 90 per cent, of its weight, and is then shipped to New Orleans, where it is cleaned, dried, and ginned,
losing in this latter operation 35 per cent, in weight. The prepared moss is used in upholstery, either alone or
538 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
mixed with hair. The product of the New Orleans factories is principally shipped to the western states, a
comparatively small amount being sent to Europe. Six moss factories are located in Xew Orleans, and there are
also small establishments at Plaquemine and at Morgan City, Louisiana, and at Pcnsacola, Florida. New Orleans
received during the year ending August 31, 1881, 3,500 bales of rough moss, weighing 10,000,000 pounds, and valued
at $315,000. A considerable amount, however, is ginned in the country and shipped direct to consumers, or is
prepared by the consumers themselves. Persons most familiar with the volume of this industry estimate that the
value of the prepared moss gathered annually in Louisiana, the principal region of supply, is not far from $550,000.
The amount gathered, however, varies considerably from year to year. Moss can only be profitably collected at
times of high floods, when the swamps are navigable to small boats, and the moss, hanging from the branches of
the trees, can be easily gathered. The wages earned by the swampers, too, are not large, and the gathering of
moss is only resorted to when more profitable employment upon farms cannot be obtained.
The following extracts are from notes of a hasty journey made through the forest region of western Louisiana
by Dr. Charles Mohr :
" For the investigation of the important pine region of western Louisiana I selected Alexandria as my starting
point. Situated almost centrally between the forests of long-leaved pine which skirt both sides of the Eed River
valley, Alexandria is the seat of the actual lumber trade and the point where the lumber interests of this great
timber region must be developed in the future. Little is left of the vast cypress swamps which once covered the
alluvial lands on the Mississippi river below the mouth of the Red river and the lower basin of that stream. It is
only in the most inaccessble swamps, cut off from all communication with the rivers, that patches of this timber
remain. The ever-increasing demand for this lumber has almost exhausted the available cypress of the Red River
country, and cypress is now drawn from the forest farther north bordering the Black and Ouachita rivers. The
lowlands along the river front, subject to inundation and devoid of drainage, present in their tree growth the same
features as the low forests of the Mississippi and the Yazoo valleys. The bitter pecan flourishes here luxuriantly,
and with it the white ash, the swamp over-cup oak, the persimmon, sycamore, sassafras, sweet gum, and cottonw.ood.
The green ash is common, and in better-drained localities the willow, white, cow, and red oaks appear, with elms and
occasional pecans. Twelve or 15 miles below Alexandria the first pines are seen looming up in the forest; upon
a nearer approach they are recognized as the loblolly. A short distance farther up the river, upon sandy bluffs
fronting the western shore, fine specimens of the short-leaved pine are observed, associated with black oaks,
Spanish oak, the black-jack, and many of the shrubs peculiar to the drift of the coast pine region east of the
Mississippi." The wide bottom lands of the river upon which Alexandria is situated extend west to bayou Boeuf.
This district, unsurpassed in fertility and regarded as the garden of Louisiana, has but little left of the forest with
which it was once covered. The pecan trees alone of the original forest growth have been spared from the general
destruction. Of these, fine specimens line the roadsides and dot the fields. The unsightly honey locust occupies
the waste low places, in company with a second growth of willows, hackberries, and catalpas. The shores of
bayou Boeuf are covered with a variety of trees. Cypresses line the brink of the water; beyond these, sycamores,
bitter gums, sweet and white gums, pecans, water and willow oaks, red and white elms, red maple, and
ash occupy the gentle acclivities, with a dense undergrowth of smaller trees — the dogwood, several haws, wahoos,
catalpas, Carolina buckthorn, southern prickly ash, etc. Ascending the ridge to the uplands the deep alluvial
soil is left behind, and the light sandy loams of the Tertiary strata make their appearance, and with this change
of soil the vegetation changes as suddenly. Stately loblolly pines rise above the groves of post, black, and Spanish
oaks, and where the ridge descends again to what might be called the second bottom of bayou Bceuf, a forest of
white oak is entered, which contains a stand of timber seldom equaled. On the long, gentle swells these are
associated with fine Spanish oaks, a few pig-nuts and mocker-nuts, and in the depressions with red oak, elms, ash,
and other trees found on soil of good quality in the same latitude east of the Mississippi river.
"The hills formed by the sandstone drift gravels rise suddenly from the plain covered with the forest of
the long-leaved pine, comparing favorably both in the size and number of the trees with the best timber districts
in the Coast Pine Belt of the eastern Gulf states. Trees under 12 inches in diameter are rarely seen, as is the case
everywhere in these undisturbed primeval pine forests. The soil of this region is closer, more retentive of moisture,
and richer in plant-food than that in the Maritime Pine Region east of the Mississippi. The pines here are
therefore of more rapid growth and below the standard of quality for which the pine produced on the poor, siliceous
ridges of lower Mississippi and Alabama is so highly valued. The numerous streams which cut their way through
these pine hills are fringed with many of the evergreens peculiar to the eastern Gulf coast; and magnolias, the
red and white bay, wax myrtles, willows, and the devilwood are common.
"The pine region west of the Red River valley spreads westward to the Sabine, forming part of the great pine
forest which extends far into eastern Texas. Southward it constantly increases in width ; and its length from
north to south, where it verges upon the lower maritime prairies of the Calcasieu, is not less than 100 miles. It
includes the whole of the parish of Vernon, the largest part of Calcasieu, and portions of the parishes of Natchitoches
and Rapides, covering an area of about 4,500 square miles. The northern portion of this belt is one vast primeval
forest. The small inroads made by the scattered settlers and the few small saw-mills which supply a small local
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 539
demand are too insignificant to ho taken into account. In tlio southern portion of this forest the saw-mills on the
Sabine river and at Lake Charles have already removed some timber from the banks of the principal streams.
"The region of long-leaved pine which skirts the eastern confines of the Eed River valley, and which at its
southern extremity almost touches the river hanks, may he called the central pine region of west Louisiana. The
village of Pineville, opposite the city of Alexandria, is the center of the lumber trade of this region. The high,
undulating uplands formed of the Pliocene-Tertiary strata which here front the, river bear a growth of loblolly and
short-leaved pine, mixed with upland oaks. A few miles to the eastward, however, upon the hills covered with drift,
the forest of long-leaved pine appears. The surface in this central pine region is more broken, the soil poorer,
more porous and siliceous than west of the Eed River valley, and the timber produced here is of unsurpassed
quality. An average of not less than fifteen trees to the acre, with a diameter of over 15 inches 3 feet from the
ground, grow here. The production of lumber is limited to saw-mills situated 7 or 8 miles from the river. They have
been gradually removed from its banks as the timber was exhausted on a line 7 or 8 miles in length north and
south from Pineville. - The production of these mills amounts in the aggregate to 40,000 feet a day. The lumber
manufactured here supplies the population of the Red River valley as far west as Shreveport.
"The rolling uplands which extend to the edge of the river at Shreveport are covered with a heavy, cold, clayey
soil almost impervious to water ; they bear an open growth of oaks, among which the post oak is the prevailing
species, finding here the conditions most favorable to its growth. The Spanish oak, invariably called west of the
Mississippi river red oak, with fine black-jack makes up the larger part of the tree growth. Hickories, represented
by the pig-nut and mocker-nut, are not frequent, and are of small size. The black oak is found in localities with
somewhat rocky surface and loose subsoil, while white oaks occur along the base of declivities where an accumulation
of vegetable matter has been deposited. The undergrowth in these woods is scanty, and consists for the most part
of seedling oaks. Where, however, the forest has been entirely removed, the loblolly pine takes exclusive possession
of the soil. These oak forests reach to the northern confines of the state and extend west into Texas. In their
southern extremity toward the pine region the soil is better, and the white oak becomes the prevailing forest tree.
My attention was directed to the fact that since the removal of the raft of the Red river the drainage of the npper
part of the valley has been greatly improved, and many of the lakes and swamps formerly continually inundated
are now dry, while the swamp forest growth, including the cypress, is dying, or has already died.
"Opposite Shreveport the valley spreads out into an extensive plain from 8 to 10 miles in width, descending
imperceptibly as it recedes from the bank of the river. These lowlands are mere swamps, often deeply overflowed
by the backwater of the river, which finds its way through the numerous bayous and inlets which intersect this
plain. The forest growth covering these swamps is of inferior size, and consists of but few species. The cypress
occupies the overflowed swamps, but it is always below medium size, and I did not notice a single specimen 2 feet
in diameter. The saline, gypsum soil does not seem suited to its full development. The water locust finds here its
favorite home. It is very common in moist localities not subject to constant inundation. The wood of this tree is
as hard and durable as that of the common honey locust, and is employed for the same purposes; that is, in the
manufacture of stirrups, blocks, hubs. etc. The green ash is frequently seen here growing with the wahoo, hornbeam,
holly, and privet, and forming broad clumps of great luxuriance beneath the larger trees. After passing Cross
bayou the land gently rises, and, with better drainage, the trees of the swamps disappear and are replaced by a
more varied and valuable timber growth. The white ash and white and red oaks are the more common trees in the
woods which skirt the base of the ridges forming the eastern limits of the valley of the Red river. At this point
they are separated from the low hills of the Pliocene sandy loams by a pretty, clear stream, the Red Chute, which
runs swiftly over its bed along the base of the uplands; these form long, gentle, swelling slopes, or spread out into
broad flats more or less deficient of drainage. The ridges are all wooded with upland oaks and short-leaved pines,
while the loblolly pine, with water and willow oaks, sweet and black gums, cover the depressions and damp flats.
The tree growth upon these ridges is vigorous. I have nowhere found the short-leaved pine of finer proportions,
equaling in size and length of clear trunk the long-leaved species. This region of the short-leaved pine, with its
low, heavily-timbered ridges, is similar in character of soil and vegetation to the pine hills of central and northern
Mississippi, and might be designated as the region of the pine hills of northern Louisiana. Between lake Bodcau
and lake Bistineau the surface of the country is very often imperfectly drained, and there the loblolly pine is
the prevailing tree. A few miles back of Bellcvue, in Bossier parish, the level forest is interrupted by a strip of
prairie from 1 mile to 3 miles wide, covered with a cold, soapy, gray soil impervious to water. On these natural
meadows no tree or shrub is growing, except a peculiar Cratcegus, new to me. (a) It is a small tree or large shrub,
forming strictly-defined, impenetrable, dense thickets a few rods or of several acres in extent. In its arborescent
form it rises to a height of frem 15 to 20 feet, with a more or less bent trunk 6 or 7 inches in diameter, spreading its
crooked limbs at a height of from 4 to 6 feet above the ground. The fruit is said to be as large as that of the apple
haw, sweet and edible ; it is eagerly eaten by swine, which fatten upon it. This tree is here called by the people
'hogs' haw'.
a Cratcegus brachyacantta, Sargent and Engeliiiaun.
540 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
"On the decline which leads to the valley of bayou Dauchitta, the flatwoods give way to a flue growth of
Spanish and post oaks, elms, and gums.
"The western bank of the bayou is confronted by hills of the post-Tertiary sands and gravels which westward
form a succession of steep ridges heavily wooded with the upland oaks and short-leaved pine. The narrow creek
bottoms inclosed between these ridges are watered abundantly by springs and clear streams shaded by white and red
bay, hollies, azaleas, and kalmias. The great magnolia is not seen here, and the American olive is missing. In these
gravelly hills, extending westward to the valley of the Ouachita river, the short:leaved pine is very common and
the characteristics of the pine-hill region are prominent. These hills cover a large area extending northward into
Arkansas, and toward the south merging gradually into the oak woods which border upon the bottoms of the
numerous tributaries of the Eed river. This pine-hill region is sparsely settled, and, remote from water and rail
communication, its original stores of pine and hard-wood timber have scarcely been touched.
"An intimate knowledge of the forest growth in this section was obtained by an excursion over the hills to
bayou Dauchitta above its entrance to lake Bistineau. In the localities of the best drainage in this valley the
cow oak is very common, mixed with the white and post oaks, while sweet gums, black gums, water and willow
oaks, and hackberries occupy lower situations. On the immediate banks and in the sloughs small cypress trees
are common, mixed with the bitter pecan, the hornbeam, the water locust, and the sycamore. The loblolly pine
takes possession of every opening in the forest, descending the high hills, while numerous haws border the edges
of the forest. In the bottoms and along the declivities, the Chickasaw and the American plum are found of larger
size than farther east. Loblollies and hickories with the black and post oaks occupy the lower declivities, and
upon the heights the yellow pine mixed with upland oaks forms fine forests."
TEXAS.
The most important forests of Texas are found in the extreme eastern part of the state, where the Maritime
Pine Belt of the south Atlantic region extends to about midway between the Trinity and the Brazos rivers. A
forest of long-leaved pine occupies most of the territory between the Sabiue and the Brazos south of the thirty-first
degree of north latitude, reaching south to within 20 miles of the coast. Beyond the long-leaved pine forests,
forests of the loblolly pine, mixed with hard woods, stretch westward 50 or 60 miles, while north of these two
regions a third division of the pine belt, composed of a heavy growth of short-leaved pine mingled with upland oaks,
occupies the rolling ridges which extend northward to beyond the Eed river. The swamps which line the larger
streams flowing into the Gulf, especially within the limits of the pine belt, still contain large bodies of cypress.
The quality of the Texas cypress, however, is inferior to that grown east of the Mississippi river, and probably
one-third of the timber growing in the valleys of the Sabine and the Xueces rivers is "peggy " or affected by dry rot.
West of the pine belt open forests largely composed of post and blackjack oaks occur, gradually decreasing
in density, and finally, west of the ninety-seventh degree of longitude, entirely disappearing. Farther west,
however, the "lower" and "upper cross-timbers", two remarkable bodies of timber, composed of small and stunted
specimens of these oaks, extend from the Indian territory far south into the prairie region, occupying long, narrow,
irregular belts where sandy or gravelly alluvial deposits overlie the limestone of the prairie region. A belt of
forest, largely composed of post and black-jack oaks^ varying from 20 to 50 miles in width extends southwest of
the Trinity nearly to the Nueces river, its eastern border following generally, at a distance of from 50 to 00 miles
inland, the trend of the coast. The bottom lands east of the one hundredth meridian are lined with the deciduous
trees which occupy similar situations in the eastern Gulf states. !Near the coast the bottom lands of the large
rivers, often several miles in width, are covered with dense forests composed of enormous trees. Farther west the
bottoms gradually narrow, the number of arborescent species covering them decreases, and individual trees are
small and stunted.
West of the Colorado river the forests of the Atlantic region are replaced outside of the bottom lands by
Mexican forms of vegetation ; the hills are covered with a stunted growth of mesquit, Mexican persimmon, various
acacias, and other small trees of little value except for fuel and fencing.
An important tree in the forest of western Texas is the cedar covering the low limestone hills which occupy
hundreds of square miles north and west of the Colorado river, in Travis, Bastrop, Hays, Comal, and adjacent
counties. West of the one hundredth meridian all forest growth disappears, with the exception of a few scattered
cottonwoods, elms, and hackberries, confined to the narrow bottoms, and a shrubby growth of mesquit, which coveis
the plains of western Texas, furnishing the only fuel of the region. The mountain ranges, outlying ridges of the
Eocky mountains, which occupy the extreme western part of the state, are covered with an open, stunted forest of
western pines and cedars, with which mingle the post oak, the yellow oak, and other species of the Atlantic region.
The pine belt covering the eastern counties of the state is alone important as a source of lumber supply.
Areas of river-bottom land covered with trees are, as compared with the area of the state, insignificant in extent, and
these river belts of forest are entirely insufficient to supply even the mere local wants of the nearest settlements.
The oak forests, which stretch more or less continuously between the eastern pine belt and the treeless western
prairies and plains, are, except along their extreme eastern borders, composed of small, stunted trees, often hollow,
defective, and of little value except for fuel, fence rails, and railway ties. The forests of the western mountains are
: ! I !
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I M a s .
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
541
not luxuriant, and at the best can only supply a limited local demand with inferior lumber. It is probably no
exaggeration to say that west of the pine belt, and with the exception of the small amount of hard wood found on
the bottom lands near the coast, the forests of Texas do not contain a single tree fit to manufacture into first-class
lumber. The pine forests, therefore, of eastern Texas and western Louisiana are important factors in the future
development of Texas, as well as of the treeless northeastern provinces of Mexico, which must draw their building
material from these pineries. The position of these forests, therefore, with reference to an enormous territory
destitute of timber, although adapted to agriculture and grazing, and which must soon be covered with a considerable
population and a net-work of railroads, their richness of composition, and the facility with which they can be
worked, give to them perhaps a greater prospective value than that possessed by any body of timber of similar
extent in the United States.
During the census year 599,359 acres of woodland were reported damaged by fire, with an estimated loss of
$273,990. Of these fires the larger number was set to improve pasturage, in clearing land, or through malice. These
returns do not include the large areas burned in western Texas by prairie fires, checking the growth of the mesquit
over a great extent of territory.
Small amounts of cooperage stock and woodenware, principally for local consumption, are manufactured in the
eastern counties from oak and cypress. Manufacturers report an abundant supply of material.
The following rough estimates of the amounts of the three kinds of pine standing in the state May 31, 1880,
were made by multiplying the average stand of timber per acre by the county areas occupied by the pine forests,
these being obtained by deducting, from total areas of the county, estimated areas covered by clearings, bottom
lands, swamps, etc. :
Counties.
Long-leavpd pino
(Pinuspalustris).
Short-leaved pine
(Pinu* mitis) .
Lobloll v pine
(Pinus Tceda).
Anderson
Feet, board measure.
Feet, board measure,
336 000 000
Feet, board measure.
1 763 600 000 •
1 340 ?00 000
1 190 400 000
2 380 800 000
Camp... . ..
579 200 000
Cass
2 470 400 000
2 230 400 000
Franklin
448 000 000
Gregg
598 400 000
Grimes
211 200 000
1 244 800 000
697 200 000
Harris
1 827 200 000
Harrison
2 326 400 000
Henderson
521 600 000
483 200 000
Houston
3 216 000 000
Jasper
2 534 400 000
Jefferson
288 000 000
41 600 000
2 147 *>00 000
Madison
233 600 000
Marion
1 187 200 000
Montgomery
2 326 400 000
Morris
729 600 000
Nacogdoches
1 216 000 000
1 555 200 000
35 500 000
2 ll'J 000 000
Orange
> i i
230 000 000
518 400 000
Panola
1 193 600 000
1 107 200 *00
Polk
2 7°0 000 000
Red River
272 000 000
Rusk
115 200 000
2 492 800 000
Sabine
1 648 000 000
San Augustine
1, 6^5 600 000
San Jacinto
1 833 600 000
Shelby
Smith.
2 035 200 000
Titus
806 000 000
Trinity
51 000 000
1 987 200 000
Tyler
2 550 400 000
1 39^ 006 000
Van Zandt ...
26 000 000
"Walker
1 590 400 000
: Waller
19 000 000
Wood
1 600 000 000
Total . .
20 508 200 000
26 093 200 000
20 907 100 000
Amount cut for the year ending May 31, 1880
66, 450, 000
a 146, 420, 000
61, 570, 000
a Including 30,290,000 shingles.
542 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
The principal centers of lumber manufacture iu Texas are Orange and Beaumont, oil the Sabiue and Nueces
rivers, above Sa'*iue pass. Loug-leaved pine and cypress are sawed here and shipped east and west by rail,
and in small quantities by schooner to Texan and Mexican ports. Loblolly pine is sawed at a number of small
mills upon the line of the International and Great Northern railroad in the counties south of the Trinity river,
and a large amount of short-leaved pine is manufactured in the mills upon the line of the Texas Pacific railroad in
the northeastern counties, Lougview, in Gregg county, being the principal center of this industry. The product of
these mills is shipped west by rail to supply settlers upon the prairies of northern Texas with building material.
The following extracts are derived from the notes upon the forests of Texas made by Dr. Charles Mohr, of
Mobile :
" West of Marshall, upon the Texas Pacific railroad, the surface of the land becomes more broken ; the soil is
lighter, more porous, and favorable to the growth of the short-leaved pine, which soon becomes the prevailing forest
tree in the woods extending toward the west. Longview, a small town at the junction of the International and Great
Northern and Texas Pacific railroads, is situated almost in the center of the short-leaved pine region, and is the
seat of an active lumber business. These forests of short-leaved pine, more or less interspersed with oaks, extend
to the northern boundary of the state, and southward with an easterly trend to the confines of the region of the
long-leaved pine. The short-leaved pine finds its western limits near Mineola.
At Palestine, in Anderson county, the uplands are covered with a loamy, somewhat sandy, soil underlaid with,
a heavy clay. Here a more or less open oak forest is common. The black oak abounds, with the Spanish, black-
jack, blue-jack, and post oak, the last, however, always the prevailing species. Next to the post oak the black-
jack is the species of widest distribution in Texas, the two species being always found associated together from
the northern confines of the state to the prairies of the coast, and from the east to the treeless regions of western
Texas. The bois d'arc (Madura aurantiaca) is common along the banks of the water-courses in eastern Texas,
attaining a size large enough to be economically valuable. It is here, however, most probably adventitious from
the region in the northwest, where it forms an almost uninterrupted belt of woods from 4 to 10 miles wide, extending
from a short distance south of the city of Dallas to the northern frontier of the state, entering the Indian territory
between Sherman and Paris. This tree attains a height of from 45 to 50 feet, with a diameter of from 1 foot to 2
feet, and is of great value.
" The timber growth immediately west of the Brazos is stunted and scanty ; large areas of grass land intervene
between the scrubby woods until all at once ligneous growth disappears, and the seemingly boundless prairie, in
gently undulating swells, expands before the view on all sides. Near the center of Milam county a belt of open
post-oak woods from 20 to 25 miles in width is entered. It extends from Belton, in Bell county, southward to the
upper confines of Gonzales county. Post oaks stand here from 20 to 30 feet apart, with black-jacks and blue-jacks
between them, the trees being all of small size. The soil of these oak hills is of poor quality, sandy, gravelly,
and more or less broken, arid, and devoid of vegetable mold. Toward the southern limit of this belt, near Bastrop;
a tract of loblolly pine is found covering nearly four townships, or about 90,000 acres. During the last twelve
years all the useful timber on this isolated tract has been cut down. A second growth of pine, however, has
sprung up, and is now growing vigorously under the fostering care of the owners of the land, and promises in a
short time to afford a new supply of timber. A belt of post oak is found intersecting the prairie from the upper
part of McLennan county, near Waco, and extending to the northern frontier of the state, where it joins the cross-
timbers of the Wichita. It is known as the 'lower cross timbers'. This belt of oak wood is nearly 150 miles long,
with its greatest width of about 20 miles between Dallas and Fort Worth. At a distance of from 20 to 40 miles
west of the lower cross-timbers another belt of oak extends from Comanche county to the northern boundary of
the state, with a long western spur following the valley of the Brazos as far as the ninety -ninth meridian. This oak
forest is known as ' the cross-timbers '.
" Taken as a whole, the country west of the Brazos river, except the basin of the Colorado, is a poorly-timbered
region. The inesquit was first met with on the declivities of the prairie, which verge here upon the valley of the
Colorado. The wood of this tree is hard, fine-grained, tough, heavy, and of great durability. In the western
portions of the state, almost entirely destitute of other timber growth, it serves, according to its size, a variety of
purposes in the economy of the stock ranch, and is there invaluable for fencing. Burning with a clear, smokeless
flame and possessing great heating-powers, it is unsurpassed as fuel by any other Texas wood. It serves, moreover,
another important purpose in furnishing an abundance of wholesome and nutritious food to large herds of cattle,
at a season of the year when long-continued droughts have destroyed the grass upon the prairie. With the
increasing settlement of the treeless-prairie region during the last 15 or 20 years, this tree has spread rapidly east and
north. Near San Antonio I saw extensive districts, reported to have been, a few years ago, entirely destitute of even
a trace of ligneous growth, and which are now covered with copses of mesqnit. Similar growths have sprung up
everywhere in the prairies of western Texas. The appearance of this new growth may be traced to the influence
of the vast herds of stock which range over the prairies, and which, in voiding the seeds of this tree, assist its
wider distribution, and, in keeping down the grass, diminish the quantity of combustible material which feeds the
prairie fires, and thus check and finally prevent the spread of the frequent conflagrations which swept year after
year over these grassy plains.
19
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
i i j — >.
a V i FIlLMO^Tr^A LI
DENSITY OF FORESTS
COMPILED UNDKHIHK DIRECTION OF
C.S.SARGENT, SPECIAI. AGENT
1883.
I j Under i cord per acre
II
TENTI:
_,j wooDsou! vauEw i 3^HBI
si. !TOB
JubusBicn&CeJJfb
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 543
" West of the Colorado river the pecan-nut is an important product, forming one of the staple articles of export.
Shipments of this nut from San Antonio average annually 1,250,000 pounds, obtained from the bottom lauds of
the Nueces, the llio Frio, Medina, and liio Ooncho. A million pounds, obtained from the Colorado, Guadalupe,
Itio Blanco, Pierderelis, Sabiual, Llano, and Sau Saba rivers, are shipped from Austin, and about a quarter of a
million more from Indiauola, gathered on the lower Guadalupe, San Antonio, Colorado, and other streams flowing
into the Gulf. The nuts are worth, on an average, 5 cents a pound to the gatherer.
'' On the range of low hills extending from San Antonio to Austin, which rise at some points to a height of
over 500 feet above the plain, forming the base of the terraces leading to the table-land of northern Mexico, the
woods are confined to the barrens and the declivities bordering upon them. The open plains on these table-lands are
either entirely destitute of ligneous growth, or, when covered with deeper and more fertile soil, support low copses
of mesquit. The western juniper is observed here for the first time. It is a tree of low growth, seldom exceeding
35 feet in height, or more than a foot in diameter. It branches at a short distance from the base, forming a
bro.id, round head. The wood is of a dingy, reddish color, fine-grained, hard, and heavy, and in density and
durability is not inferior to that of the red cedar. It is knotty, however, from near the base, and furnishes no sticks
sufficiently long to allow its use in cabinet-making, and can only be employed for rough construction, posts, palings,
etc., for which purposes it is invaluable. The home of the western cedar is found on the rugged highlands which
surround the channels of the headwaters of the numerous streams which flow from the eastern declivity of these
hills. Here it forms open groves, with scarcely any other woody growth among the somewhat scattered trees.
These cedar woods are particularly common upon the brows of the steep escarpments from the base of which issue
the large springs which form such a striking feature in this part of the state. In the vicinity of the settlements few
of the filll-grown trees have been left. The improvidence of the first settlers in obtaining their timber supplies
and the prairie fires which ran through these cedar woods in former years have caused the destruction of large areas
once covered by this valuable tree. According to my observation, the western cedar prefers a calcareous, dry soil.
Its range of distribution seems limited to the hilly region bordering upon the upper part ef the Colorado valley,
extending toward the south a short distance below New Brauufels. and westward to the sources of the Nueces and
Guadalupe rivers. Well-timbered tracts of this tree are still found west of New Braunfels as far as Boerne, in
Kendall county, and on the terraces of the higher ranges in Bandera and Kerr counties."
INDIAN TEERITOEY.
The forests of the Indian territory are confined to its eastern portion. West of the ninety-ninth meridian trees
are only found along the narrow river bottoms, the intervening ridges being bare of all forest growth. The extreme
northeastern part of the territory contains numerous extensive open prairies, south of which a heavy body of forest
composed of hard woods, mixed on the high ridges with the short-leaved pine, extends southward into Texas, with
a maximum width in the Choctaw nation of CO miles. In the Cherokee nation six considerable bodies of pine,
varying from 10 to 30 miles in length and 2 to 4 miles in width, occur on Spavina creek, Illinois river, Salina river,
Spring creek, and Bowman's Fork, tributaries of Grand river. A large body of pine occurs also 25 miles west of
Beams, a station upon the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad. Smaller bodies of pine are found, too, east of
Beams, and at Striugtown, where lumber is manufactured and shipped southward by rail into northern Texas. %
The bottom lauds of all the streams flowing through the eastern portion of the territory are heavily timbered
with hard woods, and especially those of the Neosho, Verdigris, Arkansas, and Canadian rivers contain great bodies
of the finest black walnut now growing. A particularly fine growth of this timber extends along the Verdigris river
for 50 miles above Coffeeville.
West of the region of heavy forest the country is covered with an open growth of upland oaks, among which
the most prominent are the post oak and the black-jack. These forests are interspersed with prairies, often of
considerable extent, which gradually occupy the whole country outside the bottom lands. Farther west, between
the ninety-seventh and ninety -ninth degrees of west longitude, the "cross-timbers" enter the territory from the
south. They are composed, as in Texas, of a stunted growth of post oak and black-jack, and extend northward
across the territory in straggling patches into southern Kansas. The main belt of the "cross-timbers", about 70
miles wide at the Texas boundary, gradually becomes narrower toward the north and northwest, disappearing, at
about longitude 99° west, upon the ridges south of the Cimarron river.
No returns of the amount of lumber manufactured in the territory have been received, nor other than the most
general information in regard to its forest covering.
ARKANSAS.
Heavy forests cover the state of Arkansas, with the exception of a few isolated prairies principally confined
to Prairie and Arkansas counties, north of the valley of the Arkansas river, and the western borders of the state.
North of the Arkansas river the forests are mostly composed of the deciduous trees of the Mississippi basin, through
•which isolated belts occur, often of considerable extent, in which the short-leaved pine, the only species found in
544
TPIE FORESTS OF T^E UNITED STATES.
northern Arkansas, is mixed with the hard woods. The southwestern part of the state south of the Arkansas
river and west of the broad, level plain of the Mississippi is covered outside the river-bottom lands with an almost
continuous forest of pine, in which the short-leaved species occupies the high, dry ridges and the loblolly the
moist soil above the bottoms. Great bodies of cypress cover the extensive swamps that stretch along the eastern
border of the state or line the bottoms of the White, Arkansas, Washita, and Eed rivers. The hard-wood forests
of the state are hardly surpassed in variety and richness, and contain inestimable bodies of the finest oak, walnut,
hickory, and ash timber. Black walnut of large size is still widely scattered over the state, and is particularly
abundant in the valley of the Eed and other southern rivers. The pine forests are almost intact. Settlements
made for agricultural purposes have been confined to bottom lands, and only during the last few years has
pine lumber been manufactured in the state, except to supply a very limited local demand. Recently, however,
comparatively small quantities of lumber manufactured at numerous railroad mills, principally established south of
the Arkansas river, have been shipped north and south out of the state.
The forests of Arkansas have received comparatively little damage from fire. Pine generally succeeds pine
even on burned land, although upon certain gravel and clay soils the second growth is largely composed of black
and red oaks, or, in the southern part of the state, the sweet gum replaces other trees on bottom lands. During
the census year 858,115 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $259,470.
The largest number of these fires was due to the carelessness of farmers in clearing laud, or to hunters camping
in the forest.
Industries consuming hard woods are still in their infancy in Arkansas, although doubtless destined to attain
an important development. Eough white-oak staves are largely manufactured in the White Elver country and in
the northeastern part of the state for eastern and European markets.
A considerable traffic exists in the southwestern counties in the wood of the Osage orange, used for wheel
stock, and more recently as pavement in Saint Louis and other northern cities.
The following estimates of the amount of short-leaved pine standing in Arkansas May 31, 1880, were prepared
by Professor F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville :
SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinus mitfs).
Counties.
Feet, board
measure.
Counties.
Feet, board
measure.
Counties.
Feet, board
measure.
Ashley
1, 555, 000, 000
187, 000, 000
124, 000, 000
1, 140, 000, 000
1, 519, 000, 000
159, 000, 000
1, 280, 000, 000
3, 000, 000
1, 866, 000, 000
18, 000, 000
54, 000, 000
1, 659, 000, 000
726, 000, 000
482, 000, 000
42, 000, 000
146, 000, 000
1, 865, 000, 000
207, 000, 000
38, 000, 000
1, 176, 000, 000
Hot Spring
1, 348, 000, 000
1, 254, 000, 000
93, 000, 000
242, 000, 000
518, 000, 000
248, 000, 000
586, 000, 000
14, 000, 000
105, 000, 000
690, 000, 000
554, 000, 000
20, 000, 000
55, 000, COO
207, 000, 000
622, 000, 000
180, 000, 000
2, 281, 000, 000
1,453,000,000
767, 000, 000
1, 384, 000, 000
Perry
1, 023, 000, 000
21, 000, 600
1, 695, 000, 000
45, 000, COO
2, 592, 000, 000
208, 000, 000
668, 000, 000
7, 000, 000
933, 000, 000
1, 516, 000, 000
166, 000, 000
243, 000, 000
909, 000, COO
35, 000, 000
179, 000, 000
2, 364, 000, 000
435, 000, 080
23, 000, 000
1, 306, 000, 000
Baxter
I'htllips
Pike
Bradley
Polk
Carroll
Pope
Clarke
Pulaski
Clay
Lee
Scott
Dallas
; Sharp
Miller
Fulton
Garland
Grant
White
Tell
Hempstoad
Ouachita
Total
41, 315, 000, 000
Cnt for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 57,943,000 shingles and 2,891,C
00 laths)
129, 781, 000
TENNESSEE.
The western counties of Tennessee are covered with heavy forests, similar in distribution and density to those
which occupy the Yazoo region of western Mississippi. The river swamps in this part of the state still contain large
bodies of cypress, while the hills are covered with oaks, hickories, and other hard- wood trees. The central portion
of the state, now largely cleared for cultivation, was once covered with forests of hard wood, remnants of which
are still found upon rocky ridges or land unfit for agriculture. Nearly through the center of this middle district,
extending north and south, "the cedar glades" occupy an extensive region of Silurian limestone. Here the
characteristic growth consists of red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), often forming stunted forests of considerable
extent, to the exclusion of other species, or is mixed with the honey locust, a characteristic species, also, of this
well-marked region.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 545
The eastern part of the state, occupied by the Cumberland plateau and the high ranges of the southern
Alleghany mountains, is covered with a heavy forest of oak and other hard woods, mixed at high elevations with,
hemlock, pine, and spruce, and constituting one of the finest bodies of timber now standing in the United States.
It contains, besides white and chestnut oak of fine quality, much yellow poplar, black walnut, and cherry. In the
southeastern counties, especially in the valley of the Tennessee river, the hard-wood forests have been, however,
already destroyed over large areas to furnish charcoal for the iron-manufacturing industry established here.
During the census year '.).S5,430 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with a loss of 65,254,980.
Of these fires the largest number was set ;n the careless clearing of land for agriculture or to improve grazing,
and by hunters, locomotives, etc.
Mr. A. G. Willey, of Manchester, Tennessee, has supplied the following statement in regard to the effects
produced upon the forest growth by the annual burning of dead herbage to improve pasturage :
"EFFECT OF FIRES UPON THE FOREST.
"The practice of burning timber-land, said to have been of Indian origin, has been continued by the white
settlers. The native grasses do not die down when killed by frost; they simply die standing, and the young grass
in the spring has to push through the old tuft, which is often Q or 8 inches high. The fires are set in the timber
and old fields to burn these tufts, that stock may graze four or six weeks earlier than if the old herbage had been
left upon the ground. In the barrens and on the Cumberland plateau the timber is principally oak of various
kinds, which do not shed their leaves at once when killed by frost, or rot when partially green, but remain dry
upon the trees and fall gradually during winter and spring. The largest portion, therefore, are on the ground in
February, the time when fires are set. The effect of these fires is to destroy all the natural sources of fertility, grass,
leaves, and fallen timber. Had these been allowed to accumulate, what are now called barren lands would be the
most fertile in the state. The practice kills, too, the young trees, so that some of the most valuable timber that
the land is suitable to produce is unable to stand. The black-jack, post oak, black oak, etc., however, on account
of the protection afforded by their thick bark, are able to gain some headway, and so crowd out more valuable
trees. The state law makes it a misdemeanor with heavy penalty for any one to set fire to and burn a neighbor's
land ; but the difficulty of detection and conviction in such cases makes this law non-effective. These are the causes
and effects of forest fires in this section ; they never occur here in summer."
Considerable cooperage and wheel stock is manufactured in Tennessee, but, except in the eastern part of the
state, manufacturers report a scarcity and deterioration of the best hard woods, especially white oak. In the
eastern counties the manufacture of oak staves and other industries using hard woods are capable of large
development.
The principal center of lumber manufacture in the state is Nashville, where several mills saw large quantities
of black walnut, poplar, cherry, ash, oak, etc., received by raft from the upper Cumberland river in Tennessee and
Kentucky. The local market takes about one-third of the lumber manufactured here, the remainder being sent
north and east by rail. Memphis, on the Mississippi river, is also an important manufacturing center. The mills
here are largely supplied by rafts from Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, and saw large quantities of cypress, ash,
poplar, hickory, gum, and black walnut. Considerable hard-wood lumber manufactured in Dyer, Lincoln, Obion,
and Smith counties, and pine and hard-wood lumber in Knox and Jefferson, largely from logs obtained in the
vicinity of the mills, is principally consumed locally.
KENTUCKY.
The forests of Kentucky resemble in general features those of Tennessee. Cypress, gum, and various water
oaks occupy the river swamps of the western counties. The central region, now largely cleared and devoted to
agriculture, was once covered with the oaks, walnuts, and hickories of the Atlantic region, while over the eastern and
southeastern counties the dense forests of the Alleghany mountains extended. The eastern counties still contain
great bodies of the best hard wood, especially black walnut, white oak, cherry, and yellow poplar, which are
particularly fine and abundant in Bell, Harlan, and other southeastern counties. These forests, protected by the
falls of the Cumberland river, which have prevented the driving of logs from its upper waters, and inaccessible to
rail communication, are still practically uninjured, and probably unsurpassed in the amount, quality, and value of
the timber which they contain. The destruction of forests to supply numerous iron furnaces with charcoal has been
great in the northeastern counties, and no small part of this region has already been cut over.
During the census year 550,647 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of
$237,635. Of these fires by far the largest number was traced to farmers carelessly clearing land for agricultural
purposes.
In Barren, Bdmouson, and other central counties extensive tracts of prairie existed at the time of the
earliest settlement of the state. The presence of these prairies in the midst of a heavily-timbered region is
ascribed to the annual burning to which thev were subjected by the aborigines. With the disappearance of the
35 FOR
546 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES
Indians trees sprang up, and this region is now well covered with a vigorous growth of black oaks of different
species. White oaks, however, are not abundant, and other species common to the region, such as the walnuts,
the yellow poplar, and the beech, are wanting in these young forests, indicating perhaps the effect of fires in
checking the subsequent growth or development of many useful timber trees.
PASTURAGE OF WOODLANDS.
The forests of Kentucky, as well as those of all the central and southern portion of the United States, suffer
severely from the almost universal custom of using woodlands for pasturage. The evil resulting from this practice
is only more apparent in Kentucky and Tennessee, because in these states the amount of live stock is proportionately
larger than in other parts of the south, while in the thickly-settled agricultural sections of these states the
ratio of woodland to total area is smaller. The pasturage of woodlands necessitates, or at least induces, the annual
burning of the dead herbage, by which underbrush, young trees, seedlings, and seeds are destroyed and the
succession and permanence of the forest endangered. What the fires spare, browsing animals devour ; hogs root
out seedlings, and by selecting the sweet acorns of the white oak in preference to the bitter fruit of the black oaks,
are gradually changing the composition of the oak forests. Comparatively few white oaks spring up in the forests
of the more thickly settled portions of the central Atlantic region, and this change of forest composition must be
ascribed to the preference of domestic animals for the palatable fruit of what, as regards their timber, are the
most valuable species. The injury, too, inflicted by .the constant stamping of animals and consequent packing of the
land about the stems of old trees is very great, and all reports speak of the gradual dying of old trees left standing
in the grazing regions of Kentucky and Tennessee.
The spread of the mistletoe (Phoradendronflavescens), consequent upon the removal of the forest and the increase
in the number of birds (the mistletoe seems to require a certain amount of light and air for its development; it
does not flourish or increase rapidly in the dense forest, and cannot spread except by the agency of birds), is a cause
of serious injury to the forest of this whole region. It slowly but surely destroys the trees upon which it obtains a
foothold. The black walnut especially suffers from the growth of this parasite, which seems destined to destroy the
finest walnut timber left standing in the settled portions of the southern central region.
Large quantities of cooperage and wheel stock are produced all over the state, and manufacturers generally
report no scarcity or deterioration of timber, with the exception of white oak. The principal centers of lumber
manufacture are at the mouth of the Tennessee river, in McCracken county, where a large amount of cypress,
sycamore, gum, oak, walnut, and other hard wood is manufactured for the northern market from logs rafted down
the Tennessee and other streams flowing into the Mississippi; at Frankfort, where poplar, oak, ash, walnut, pine,
cherry, hickory, and maple logs, rafted from the upper waters of the. Kentucky river, are sawed, the lumber being-
shipped north and east by rail; and at Louisville, where walnut, poplar, and oak lumber is manufactured for local
consumption. The manufacture of pumps and water-pipes from logs of the Jersey pine (Pinus inops), at one time
an important industry at Louisville, has, since the general introduction of city and town water-works, become
unremuuerative and unimportant.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 547
NORTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION.
onio.
The forests of Ohio were originally composed of deciduous species. among which, iii the eastern and especially
in the northeastern counties, white pine and hemlock existed in isolated bodies of no great extent.
The original forest has now been generally removed, except from Ottawa, Miami, Montgomery, and a few
other western counties, and from swamps and other lauds unfit for agriculture; everywhere the walnut and other
valuable timbers have been culled, and Ohio must soou depend almost exclusively for the lumber which it consumes
upon the northern pineries and the hard-wood forests of the south.
During the census year 74,114 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$797,170. Of these fires the largest number was traced to carelessness in clearing land, to hunters, sparks from
locomotives, etc.
The production of cooperage stock has long been an important industry in the state; it has already suffered from
a scarcity and deterioration of white oak, for which elm, beech, maple, and poplar are now often substituted.
Manufacturers of wheel stock, furniture, woodenware, etc., report abundant material for present consumption.
Ohio is sixth among the states in the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The business is widely
distributed throughout the state, generally in the hands of small manufacturers operating portable mills, which
threaten the rapid destruction of the remnants of her forests.
INDIANA.
Indiana was once almost entirely covered with noble forests of deciduous trees. Along its western bordi-rs
these were interrupted, however, by numerous small prairies, the extreme eastern outposts of the great treeless
region which, toward the north, extended over the counties of Benton, Newton, and Jasper, and over considerable
portions of Lake, Porter, La Porte, Pulaski, White, Tippecanoe, and Warren counties. These prairies have
gradually decreased in area with the settlement of the country, and those originally of small extent are now covered
with a vigorous growth of the forest trees of the region.
The forests of Indiana are characterized by an almost entire absence of coniferous trees. Stunted white and
gray pines occupy the sand-dunes which border the southern shores of lake Michigan, and "the knobs" — low,
gravelly hills of small extent, in the southeastern river counties — are covered with a heavy growth of the Jersey
pine. Swamps in the southwestern counties contain cypress, which finds here the northern limit of its distribution.
The broad bottom lands and low ridges of this part of the state are covered with a forest growth probably
unsurpassed in the development of individual trees, and rarely equaled in the richness of its composition.
The forests of the state have been largely removed in the development of its agriculture. No large bodies
of the original timber remain. The black walnut with which the forests of Indiana once abounded has been
everywhere culled and is now rare, while the best yellow poplar, oak, and other valuable timbers have been largely
consumed.
During the census year 90,427 acres of woodland were reported injured by fire, with an estimated loss of
$130.335. These fires were set by farmers carelessly clearing land, by hunters, and by sparks from locomotives.
The forests of Indiana have long supplied material for a large manufacture of cooperage stock, furniture,
wagon stock, woodenware, etc. The cooperage and furniture manufacturers already feel the scarcity and deterioration
of the highest grades of oak and walnut, and very generally predict the entire exhaustion at no very distant day of
the forests of the state.
Indiana is fifth among the states in the value of its lumber-manufacturing interests. Evansville, upon the
Ohio river, in 'Vauderburgh county, is an important manufacturing center on account of the capital invested there in
he lumber business and the amount of its product. The business, however, as in Ohio, is generally in the hands
of small manufacturers operating portable mills and sawing logs hauled to them by farmers. At the present rate
of destruction the forests of the state must soon lose all commercial importance.
ILLINOIS.
The forests of Illinois were originally confined to the southern portion of the state, the broad bottom lands of the
Mississippi and the Illinois, and the southern third of the delta formed by these rivers. The remainder of the state
was covered by broad, rolling prairies. The forest growth in this prairie region was confined to the narrow river
bottoms and occasional open park-like groves of burr, scarlet, red, black-jack, or post oaks, known as " oak openings ",
548
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
through which the prairie fires swept, destroying all nuclei-growth, without doing great injury to the full-grown
trees. Prairie fires have gradually decreased in frequency and violence since the settlement of the state, and
these open groves are now filled with a vigorous growth of young seedlings and shoots ; their characteristic features
have disappeared, and the area of the forest is gradually increasing.
The shores of lake Michigan are covered with a stunted growth of white pine; the dry, rocky hillsides in the
western part of Union county, one of the southern counties of the state, bear a few yellow pines (Pinus mitis), and
cypress is found in the southern river swamps. With these exceptions, of little importance commercially, the
forests of Illinois are composed of deciduous species.
During the census year only 48,691 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$45,775. These fires were generally traced to hunters, and to farmers permitting brush fires to escape to the forest.
The production of cooperage stock was once an important industry in southern Illinois. The business has
greatly diminished, owing to the exhaustion of the local supply of the best hard woods. Bass, gum, hackberry,
elm, sycamore, and other woods formerly considered of little value, are substituted for oak, and Illinois now receives
most of its hard wood from Kentucky, Tennessee, and other southern states.
Illinois is eleventh among the states in the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes this position
to the fact that many large mills sawing pine logs rafted down the Mississippi river from the forests of Wisconsin
are established within its borders, and not to the extent and value of the forests of the state. The manufacture
of Illinois-grown lumber is small and totally inadequate to supply the wants of the present population of the state.
Chicago, owing to its general commercial importance and its position with reference to the great pine forests
of the northwest, has become the greatest lumber-distributing center in the world.
According to the statistics gathered by the Northwestern Lumberman of Chicago, and published in that journal
January 29, 1881, there were received in Chicago during the year 1880 1.419,974,000 feet of lumber by lake and
145,563,118 feet by rail, a total of 1,565,537,118 feet, an increase of 96,817,127 feet over the total receipts of 1879;
650,022,500 shingles were received during the same year.
Lumber was received from the lake ports during the year 1880, as follows :
Points of shipment.
Lumber.
Shingles.
Points of shipment
Lumber.
Shingles.
Feet.
150, 000
4, 517, 000
5, 200, 000
3, 670, 000
980, 000
3, 876, 000
4, 825, 000
6, 858, 000
755, 000
200, 000
17, 383, 000
1, 541, 000
33, 250, 000
Number.
Feet.
?L'5, 110,000
202, 000
451, 854, 000
110, 000
11,003,000
2, 503, 000
739, 000
2, 681, 000
SCO, 000
G, 8C6, 000
9, 596, 000
45, 000
51, 600, 000
3, 355, 000
12, 985, 000
735,000
314, 000
180, 000
200, 000
1, 966, 000
11,926,800
1,662,000
4, 014, 000
522, 000
2, 185, 000
3, 650, 000
11, 640, 000
3, 065, 000
23, 280, 000
730, 000
C6, 603, 000
Number.
700, 000
1, 311, 000
23, 660, 000
Bay tie Noquet '.
North Bay
Oconto
liayfield
395, OCO
2, 886, 000
Black Creflk
Black River
Canada ports
3, 190, 000
25, 572, 000
Cedar Elver
100, 000
Charlovoix
Chebovgan
Peshti^o
7, 920, 000
Clav Bank
650, 000
Copper Harbor
70,000
233, 000
2f,0, 000
1, 340, 000
5, 182, 000
17, 850, 000
9, 565, 000
90, 166, 000
1, 577, 000
12, 822, 000
300, 000
857, 000
110, 000
9, 430, 000
970, 000
1, 295, 000
103,713,000
125,000
275, 000
1C5, 217, 000
70, 000
2,411,000
1, 030, 000
Cross Village
1,611,000
Portage Lake
Depere
Duck lake
Port Sheldon
Escanaba
3, 457, COO
6, 915, 000
114, 000, 000
22, 562, 000
11, 026, 000
Red River
3, 857, 000
Ford River
Rogers City
Frankfort
Saginaw River
Grand Haven
Green Bay
4, 000, 000
Uamlin
Sanlt Ste Marie
Hancock
Silver Lake
600,000
300, 000
19, 978, 000
2, 480, 000
Holland
Kewaunee
5, 881, 000
170, 000
300, 000
34,330,000
L'Anse
Lclnnd
Traverse
Whitensh Bay
Lincoln
Ludington
White Lake
24, 756, 000
Total
259, 911, 000
300, 000
522, 000
1, 419, H74, 000
145, 563, 118
583, 340, 000
67, 582, 500
Mamsteo
Receipts by rail
Mauitovroc
Grand total
1,565,537,118
650, 922, 500
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Lumber was received by rail during the year 1880, as follows :
549
Nantes of lines.
Lumber.
Shinies.
Feet.
9 096 000
tfttmbtr.
988 000
70 000
26, 799 000
I, 50C, 418
80, 000
11 727 900
44 642 000
3 716 800
Chicago, MilwimlciT, .mil Siiint I'iiul railway
12, 473, 000
2 "24 000
13, 180, 500
2 040 000
18 636 000
1, 385, 000
°4 798 000
8 175 000
12 481 000
17,567 000
50,000
610 900
Total
145,563,118
67, 582, 500
The following account of the early lumber trade of Chicago is condensed from a paper prepared by Mr. George
W. Hotchkiss, secretary of the Chicago lumber exchange, and printed in the Northwestern Lumberman under
date of March 19, 1881 :
"Colonel Maun, residing at Calumet, brought the first raft of lumber to Chicago. It was square building
timber, poled from the mouth of the Calumet to the mouth of the Chicago river. The value of this raft was $100,
aud its owner found considerable difficulty in disposing of it. In 1834 or 1835 Captain Carver opened a lumber-
yard ou the river bank, near the present site of the State-street bridge, and about the same time a man named
Harrison owned a small schooner which went to some point across the lake and brought in white wood. This little
vessel could not enter the river, on account of the bar across its mouth, and her cargo was unloaded upon scows
and rafts, which were floated southward for half a mile or more, around the end of the bar, before they could be
headed for the deep water of the river. In 1835 or 183G a man named Eossiter had a small dock and yard on the
river, between Clark and La Salle streets, and by this time other yards were started on the river. About the year
1836 a mail named Cammack had a pit-mill on the north branch of the river. His son acted as pit-mau, the old
man being the top sawyer. It is not unlikely that the first lumber used in Chicago was manufactured by this method,
although about the same time a wind saw-mill was located not far from the present Kinzie-street bridge, which found
abundant occupation in sawing white-wood timber, which then grew in the immediate neighborhood, mixed with
elm, ash, busswood, and a few oak trees. History does not record, however, that the market was overstocked by
the product of this mill, or that the lumber dealers of that day hurried to issue a new price-list low enough to crush
the aspirations of their dangerous competitor. In fact, history is so perfectly silent upon the subject of this saw-mill
that it is probable its work did not cut much of a figure iu the lumber trade of that day, and that, in fact, it
proved a veritable windmill, of less caliber than the muscle of the Cainmacks, who no doubt found greater profit,
if harder work, in driving their pit-saw. Captain Carver's lumber-yard was on the river bank, just west of the
present State-street bridge, having a light, temporary dock, upon which the small vessels bringing lumber to the
river unloaded. There was at this time (1836 or 1837) no other lumber-yard in the village upon the river.
Captain Carver afterward (about 1839) sold out to George W. Snow, who occupied the same ground for a number
of years.
" The earliest lumber of which Mr. Hilliard has any recollection came from Saint Joseph, Michigan ; but shortly
after his arrival at Chicago a man named Conroe built a mill at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Jones, King & Co.,
who were then doing a hardware and general business, received and handled his lumber as a side issue. A small
pocket saw-mill, built by a man named Huntoon, iu 1836, was located on the river bank not far from the present
Chicago avenue bridge. It was too small to do much work, but was esteemed a very useful and really wonderful
mill at that time. The North Side was pretty well timbered with elm, oak, and white wood, and from this timber
the, mill obtained its stock. After the streets were cut out the wet nature of the ground compelled one who would
visit this saw-mill to pick his way to it by jumping from log to log. It was so far from the village to the mill that
it was seldom visited, except by those who enjoyed a Sunday walk and could find no objective point of greater
interest for their stroll. The lumber-yard of Tuckerman & Rigginsou was located in 1843 on the north side of the
river, near the present northwest end of Clark-street bridge. Clark street above Kiuzie street had been cleared
of timber, and a clear view was to be had as far as the eye could reach in a western direction, broken only by a
few scattering trees which had been left as sentinels upon the plain. At this time George W. Suow had a yard
on the river, near State street, and a Mr. Rossiter had also a yard between Newberry & Doles' warehouse, on the
south branch of the river, west of what is now Clark street. Barber & Mason had a yard a little farther west, near
Wells street. J. M. Underwood and Sylvester Lind each had a yard on the west side of the river, near Randolph
550 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
street. This was in 1844. Mr. Higginson obtained liis supply of lumber in those days from Hall & Jerome, of
Menomiuee, Michigan, Elisha Bailey, of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, and - - Fisk, of Depere. In 1845 he had a
contract for 1,000,000 feet with William F. Ferry, of Grand Haven. Lumber came also from Kalarnazoo river,
Saint Joseph, and Muskegon. hi 1844 Mr. Higginsou purchased a cargo from Mr. Kose, of Muskegou, and, as it
was a beautiful lot of lumber, running W\ per cent, upper grades, he was willing to pay a good price, obtaining
it at $5 75 per thousand feet. The first cargo of Saginaw lumber which reached Chicago was brought by James
Fraser, one of the original proprietors, of the plat of Bay City, who built two mills at Kawkawlin, in latter years
known as the Ballon mills. This was in the year 1847 or 1848, and the cargo attracted a good deal of attention,
because it was the first lot of circular-sawed lumber that had ever been seen by any of the dealers, and because of
its general cleanness of appearance, the attractiveness of a lot of circular-sawed sidings among it, and its excellent
quality. All these combined to make the cargo a novelty in its way, and it found a sale at $8 per thousand feet,
an extra good price for those days. Average cargoes at this time were quoted at $6 50 to $7 for mill-run lumber,
culls out, and it did not need a very coarse piece to rank as a cull. Culls were rated at half price. The retail
market held common lumber at about $8 during the summer, and $9 was asked for dry lumber through the
winter. Common included everything below first and second clear ; third clear, selects, picks, 'and finishing grades
generally, being an invention of a later day. First clear sold at from $12 to $16, and second clear at $10 to $12 ; clear,
undressed flooring brought $12, and common flooring $10. The lath trade was mostly in what was known as board
lath, although narrow lath arrived in small quantities. The trade of the city in 1843 was about 12,000,000 feet, and
this was considered as remarkable as to us were last year's sales of 1,500,000,000 feet, or about 140 times as much
more."
MICHIGAN.
Michigan once possessed a tree covering of great density, richness, and variety. The hard-wood forests of the
Ohio valley covered the southern portion of the state, extending to just north of the forty-third degree of latitude.
North of this hard-wood belt the character of the forest changed ; the white pine appeared, occupying the drier
and more gravelly ridges, and, gradually increasing in size and frequency, became the most important element in
the forests of the central and northern portions of the southern peninsula. In the northern peninsula, especially
in the basin of the Meuominee river, it covered the sandy plains almost to the exclusion of other species. The
forests of hard wood, occupying low, rich soil between the pine-covered ridges, were valuable in their stores of
sugar maple, birch, ash, beech, oak, and other northern trees, while the swamps common in the northern part of
the state abounded in tamarack and yellow cedar of large size and excellent quality.
Forth of the central portion of the lower peninsula large tracts of barren plains exist. One of the most
extensive of these tracts occupies a considerable portion of Crawford county, covering an area of several hundred
square miles. A second barren region exists in Lake county, and there are others in Ogemaw and losco counties ;
similar barrens occur in the northern peninsula, the largest in Schoolcraft and Marquette counties. The soil
covering these barrens is a light sandy loam, supporting a stunted growth of gray pine, birches, poplars, and scrub
oak. These sandy plains owe their existence, perhaps, to the continual burning of the forest, prostrated
possibly, in the first instance, by tornadoes, and thus affording abundant material for a fire hot enough to consume
the vegetable mold of the surface and render the soil unfit to produce a second growth of heavy timber, or in
many instances any tree growth whatever.
Serious inroads have already been made upon the forests of Michigan. The hard wood has been generally
cleared from the southern counties, now largely occupied by farms, and the timber remaining in this part of the
state, in small, scattered bodies, can hardly suffice for the wants of its agricultural population. The merchantable
white pine has been cut from the banks of the principal streams and the shores of the lakes, and what now
remains is remote from water transportation or scattered in isolated bodies of comparatively small extent. The
hard-wood forests of the pine belt, however, although greatly injured by fire in parts of the state from which the
pine has been cut, and invaded along their southern borders by agricultural settlements, contain, especially in the
northern third of the lower peninsula and through the northern peninsula, vast quantities of valuable timber.
FOREST FIRES.
The forests of Michigan have long suffered from destructive fires. These have generally originated in the
neighborhood of the loggers' camps or upon the farms of the agricultural pioneer, while the virgin forest has
generally, although not always, escaped serious conflagrations. The timber-prospector and the hunter are
responsible for many fires in the primeval pine forest of the northwest ; but, as a rule, fires follow and do not
precede the lumberman. The reason is obvious: The logger in his operations leaves the resinous tops, brandies,
and chips of the pine trees scattered far and wide; these by the following midsummer become dry as tinder, and
afford abundant material to feed a fire started by a careless hunter, log-cutter, or farmer clearing land near the
forest. Such fires, which too often follow the cutting of pine forests of the northwest, have inflicted incalculable
injury upon the country. They have destroyed vast quantities of hard-wood timber; they have consumed the > ouug
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
-; ,
LEGEND.
[ I j Under i cord per acre
II ' From i to a „
-, 2 „ 5 „
DENSITY OF FORESTS
C.S..SAI«;KNT. srrviAi. ACI-J.NT
io*ttj
Hr-f«-
B&3
'w^
v
w
V
^H§*^:
LOWER PENINSULA m MICHIGAN
TEE DISTKIBlTrOX D¥ .FOJfKSTS,WJTB S.PKC1.M.
REFEKKM'K TO THK LUMBKI! 1NDUSTRV.
IP*
YHK niKi:cTin\ i
Ililil
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
551
pine trees left by the logger; they have robbed the soil of its fertility, ami made it unfit to produce another
crop of pine until the growth and decay of generations of other plants shall have restored its lost constituents.
In the dense, unwilled forest, on the other hand, fires, although often destructive, are less dangerous in the absence
of dead material to feed the flames than when the ground is strewn with dead branches, tops, and resinous chips.
During the census year only 23S,271 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss
of s9S5,9S5. Of the 207 fires reported, 101 were traced to (ires set in clearing land for agricultural purposes, and
which escaped to the forests; 59 to hunters, 43 to sparks from locomotives, .'! to smokers, while only 1 was reported
set by Indians.
The hard-wood forests of Michigan have long afforded abundant material for large and important industries
engaged in the production of cooperage stock, handles, oars, agricultural implements, excelsior, wood pulp, etc.
Manufacturers, especially in the southern part of the state, now report, however, a scarcity and general deterioration
of stock. The best oak timber has been everywhere culled to supply the wants of railroads or the demands of the
Canadian market. Elm, bass, and other soft woods, which a few years ago were considered of little value, are now
in great demand and are fast disappearing, except from regions remote from railroads. Much hard wood, especially
in the southern peninsula, has been destroyed by fire, or, if not destroyed, rendered almost worthless for
manufacturing purposes by partial burning.
Next to Vermont and New York, Michigan produces a larger amount of maple sugar than any other state.
During the year 1879 3,423,149 pounds were manufactured in the state.
STATISTICS OF GROWING TIMBER.
The following estimates of the merchantable timber standing in Michigan May 31, 1880, were prepared by
Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, with the assistance, in the lower peninsula especially, of Mr. G. W.
Hotchkiss. These, as well as the estimates of the timber resources of Wisconsin and Minnesota, were obtained
by compiling the results of actual surveys, and have been further verified by a large number of persons familiar
with the forests in the different regions of these states. It must not, however, be forgotten that the figures given
represent estimates, and not facts. -Statistics of the volume of any growing crop are difficult to obtain and
always liable to considerable error, and the forest, from its very nature and the extent over which it is spread,
presents greater difficulties to the collector of statistics of productive capacity than the more compact and more
easily studied crops of the field. The estimates of pine include all trees 12 inches in diameter 24 feet from the
ground. Since they were prepared the scarcity of white pine has changed the methods of the lumberman, and
trees are now generally estimated and cut as small as 8 inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. If the amount
of standing pine had been estimated upon the 8-inch basis it would have added (roughly) 10 per cent, to Mr. Putnam's
figures. Small bodies of pine remote from streams no doubt exist in different parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Minnesota, in the aggregate of some commercial importance, which are not included in these estimates. The
following figures, however, are believed to represent with as great accuracy as is attainable the productive capacity
of the northwestern pineries. They cover the entire region, and these pine forests now contain no great body of
unexplored timber, an unknown factor in the country's lumber supply:
WHITE PINE {Pinna Strobus).
Regions.
Feet, board
measure.
LOWEK PENINSULA.
Basins of streams flowing into Sagiaawbay, including Saginaw river
and tributaries.
7, 000, 000, 000
8, 000, 000, COO
14, 000, 000, 000
Total
29, 000, 000, 000
Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 2,9P8,600,000
shingles nnd 428,445,000 laths, but exclusive of 36,000,000 staves
and 3,330,000 sets headings).
ITI'EK PENINSULA.
Basin of Menominee river and tributaries (Marquette and Menomi-
neo counties).
Ontonagon, Houphton, Keweenaw, Baraga, Marqnette (west and
north of Menominee basin), and Mrnommcc (east of Menominee
basin) counties.
4, 068, 773, 000
1, 600, 000, 000
2, 400, 000, 000
2, COO, 000, 000
Total »
6, 000, 000, 000
Cut for tin- census vrar endingMay 31, 1880 (including 106,482,000 shin-
gles and S4,2(iG.()('ml;:1li.-.).
328, 438, 000
552
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Aii estimated amount of 575,500,000 cords of liard wood is distributed over some 20,000,000 acres in the lower
peninsula. Of this about 20 per cent, is suitable for lumber and cooperage stock. The cut of hard wood for the
census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of 163,821,000 staves and 18,567,000 sets headings, and including
6,038,000 feet of spool stock), was 440,944,000 feet. In scattered swamps there are standing some 5,000,000 cords
of yellow cedar (Thuya occidental-is).
From Meuominee and Delta counties the merchantable pine has been almost entirely removed. Baraga county
contains little pine, and Keweenaw county a single considerable body some 30,000 acres in extent.
The northern portion of Ontonagou and Marquette counties is chiefly covered with hard wood.
An estimated amount of 124,500,000 cords of hard wood is distributed ov. r some 10,000,000 acres in the upper
peninsula. The cut of hard wood for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of fuel and railroad ties),
was 1,145,000 feet.
The southern counties of the upper peninsula contain large areas of swamp, covered with tamarack and yellow
cedar (Thuya octidentalis), estimated, in the aggregate, at 62,500,000 cords.
Some 7,000,000,000 feet of hemlock lumber and 7,000,000 cords of bark still remain in the state.
Michigan is first among the states in the volume and value of its lumber product. Its principal centers of
lumber manufacture are Muskegon, on the shores of lake Michigan, the shores of Saginaw bay, in Bay county, the
Saginaw river, in Saginaw county, Manistee, and Menorniuee, in the upper peninsula. The valley of the Saginaw was
long the seat of the most important lumber-manufacturing operations in the United States. Its supremacy, however,
has departed with the destruction of the splendid pine forest which covered its water-shed, and the center of
manufacture has moved westward from the shores of lake Huron across the peninsula to the waters flowing into
lake Michigan.
Lumber -was first manufactured in the Sagiuaw valley as early as 1832. Three years later a second mill, with
an annual capacity of 3,000,000 feet, was built upon the Sagiuaw. In 1836 the first shipments of lumber were made
from this mill, and from that time forward great attention was given to the manufacture of lumber for shipment.
The commercial panic of 1837, however, seriously interfered with the development of this business, and it was
not until 1849 that mills began to multiply. In 1844 there were 23 mills upon the Sagiuaw, with an aggregate
capacity of 60,000,000 feet. Ten years later the number of mills had increased to 82, manufacturing 425,000,000 feet
of lumber, while in 1873 there were 83 mills, which produced that year 567,000,000 feet. Since 1870 tliere has been an
almost steady decrease in the number of mills operating in the Saginaw valley ; the number finishing their "cut out"
is fast iucreasing, and those destroyed by fire are not rebuilt. But, although the number of mills has decreased,
their production has increased, their present capacity being estimated at 923,000,000 feet. A large part of the lumber
manufactured upon the Saginaw is transported by lake to Ohio and New York ports, and thence to the principal
eastern markets, although a considerable amount is shipped by vessel to Chicago and Milwaukee, and thence
distributed by rail through the west. The wide market open to this lumber is due to its excellent quality. Twenty
years ago logs which would run 25 per cent. " uppers" were considered common ; 40 per cent, was the rule, and as
high as 75 per cent. '' uppers " was sometimes obtained. Logs were then cut from the lower trunk of the tree below
the tops, and only the largest trees were selected. Now land which has been cut over three times is gone over
again, and lumbermen are satisfied if logs yield 10 per cent. " uppers ".
Of late years considerable changes have been introduced into Michigan lumbering operations by railroad
logging; by this means mills are able to obtain a constant supply of logs by railroads built into the forest for the
purpose, and this supply can be regulated almost entirely by the demand. There are several roads in different
parts of the state doing this business, the principal being the Flint and Pere Marquette and the Lake George and
Muskegon Eiver railroads. The growth of this business in the Saginaw valley and at Muskegon, Manistee, and on
the Flint and Pere Marquette road is shown by the following table extracted from Bradstreet-s of February
6, 1881 :
Teara.
Saginaw valley.
Muskegon.
Manistee.
Flint nml Pere
Marquette railroad.
1865
200 000 000
108 505 700
1866
209 000 000
157 468 300
1867
419 207 808
288 502 200
1868
446 960 583
213 692 600
1869
3'?1 3"0 G63
267 789 900
1870
6°3 397 353
198 862 600
1°1 2*>1 395
1871
521 796 927
250 000 000
142 369 817
1872
645 285 278
315 OCO 000
155 556 729
1873
680 979 461
376 035 037
179 8°0 243
1874
589 225 404
2Q4 571 5°7
18° 218 383
1875
584 843 701
309 C38 418
168 9°6 197
1876
572 2°9 472
299 5°5 919
147,724 241
1877
651 567 948
312 285 951
152 221 548
1878
5r)8 079 674
340 990 055
178 549 869
1879
780 182 286
432 431 679
211,722,030
14, 357, 670
1880
948, 174 274
380 000 GOO
211,971,000
87, 485, 547
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 553
The following extracts are made from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Micbigau:
"The southern boundary of the piuo forest in Michigan maybe represented by a line drawn from Samia
westward across the state nearly to the mouth of the Kalamazoo river. Originally the pine forest covered
(lie northern two-thirds of the state, and estimates made in 1S35 gave the amount of pine then standing as
150,000,000,000 feet. This estimate included the northern peninsula. The present estimate of the pine standing
in the whole state, the northern peninsula also included, is 35,000,000,000 feet. There are now remaining no large
bodies of standing pine in the state which have not been more or less cut into, and the timber adjacent to streams
lias all beeu cut. The pine now remaining is scattered generally through the northern half of the state, lying back
at a distance of from 2 to 10 miles from streams large enough to float the logs. The best pine in the state has been
<MU. The belt of pine which ran through the center of the state, extending north from the southern boundary of
the original pine forest for some 75 miles, contained the best pine in tie northwest. This pine was what was called
by lumbermen 'cork pine', a soft white pine, large and sound, with a thick bark. The quality of the pine of the
Saginaw valley was particularly flue, too ; that on the west shore was of smaller size.
"The standing pine on the lower peninsula of Michigan is estimated at 29,000,000,000 feet, of which there are
in the Saginaw valley about 7,000,000,000 feet, including the pine upon the Saginaw, Au Sable, and Cheboygan
rivers and their tributaries; on the streams flowing directly into lake Huron there are some 8,000,000,000 feet
more; making 15,000,000,000 feet upon the streams of the east shore. On the western shore of the state there are
14,000,000,000 feet, including the pine upon the Kalamazoo, Black, Grand, Muskegon, White, Pentwater, Aux Bee
Scies, Boardinan, and Pine rivers. As before stated, the quality of the timber in the eastern portion of the state is
better than that upon the west shore ; this is smaller and partakes more of the sapling nature, while that on the
east shore is largely cork pine. The pine of the east shore and Sagiuaw valley is largely used for finishing lumber,
and should be transported to the east; indeed all the pine in the lower peninsula of Michigan is wanted at the
east, and none should be sent west. The pine of the western shore is suited for fencing, flooring, and dimension
stuff, being smaller and containing more knots and sap.
"The largest bodies of pine left in the lower peninsula are in the counties of Presque Isle, Montmorenci,
Alpena, Alcona, Ogemaw, Eoscommon, Crawford, Missaukee, Wexford, Manistee, Grand Traverse, Lake, Osceola,
Clare; Giadwin, and Charlevoix. There are bodies of pine also in other counties from 15,000 to 20,000 acres in
extent which have not yet been cut. The pine left in the lower peninsula is generally scattered through hard-wood
timber, into which the settlers are now entering, clearing the hard-wood forests and exposing the pine to destruction
by fire and windfall. This destruction has largely increased with the settlement of the country, and will increase
still more unless stringent measures can be taken to protect the pine forests from waste.
"The southern part of the state outside the pine belt was originally covered with a dense forest of hard-wood
timber; this region is now largely settled and is the farming region of Michigan. There is a large amount of
hard-wood timber of commercial value still scattered through this farming country, particularly in its middle and
northern parts. Along the west shore as far north as the straits of Mackinaw the pine has been cut in large
quantities, but there is still a large amount of hard-wood timber left upon this area.
"The pine of the northern peninsula of Michigan is estimated at 6,000,000,000 feet. This includes the piue
from the Saint Mary's river westward to the Wisconsin line and the mouth of the Montreal river, and upon the
south shore of lake Superior. It is divided as follows:
" 1. On the Meuominee river and tributaries, 1,600,000,000 feet.
"2. In the western portion of the peninsula, not including the Menominee and tributaries, but including all
west of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Escanaba and Marquette, 2,400,000,000 feet.
"3. East of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway, 2,000,000,000 feet.
" The largest bodies of piue in the northern peninsula are in the counties of Chippewa, Mackinac, Schoolcraft,
Marquette, Houghton, and Outonagon. There is also quite a large body in Keweenaw county, covering perhaps
30,000 acres. Ontonagon county, which extends along the south shore of lake Superior for nearly 100 miles, for
35 miles back from the lake is mostly covered with hard-wood timber, with a little pine along the streams, but not
in suflicient quantities to estimate. This is also true of the northern part of Baraga and Marquette counties,
extending along the southern shore of lake Superior, a distance of 125 miles from L'Anse to Onota, in Schoolcraft
county. There are here a few small bodies of pine scattered through the hard wood, but it is needed by the
settlers, and has no export value. The quality of the timber upon the Outonagou and Presque Isle rivers and the
upper Menominee, growing among the hard woods along the south slope of the Penokee iron range, is similar to
that on the western shore of the lower peninsula. This timber is, however, somewhat difficult of access. The
streams over which it must be driven (the Ontonagon and Presque Isle) are rough, broken, and require considerable
improvement. The pine east of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Marquette and Escanaba,
on the east half of the northern peninsula, is of poor quality, and may be classed as 'sapling pine', with occasional
groves of what is called 'big sapling' scattered through the hard woods.
" In the upper peninsula of Michigan, according to the Lake Superior Canal Company's reports of examination
and estimates of cord-wood, there is an average of about eighteen cords of wood per acre over the whole area oi
the peninsula, of which two-thirds is hard wood and one-third soft wood.
554
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
" ILL Menominee and Delta counties, the southern part of Schoolcraft county, and the extreme southern part
of Marquette county are quite large quantities of tamarack and yellow cedar. From most of these lands the
merchantable pine has been removed, and where the fires have not destroyed the cedar and tamarack the railroad
companies are cutting the timber and shipping it to the prairies for telegraph poles, ties, and posts. It i.s stated
by the owners of the lands, who long since cut the pine from them, that the cedar and tamarack trees left upon the
land have netted them more than the original pine harvested. What makes this timber so valuable is its close
proximity to the railroads and the ease with which it can be shipped by rail or over the waters of Green bay. This
shows the necessity of preserving this kind of timber for future use, and of not abandoning it for taxes, as has
heretofore been done, or allowing it to be destroyed by fires and windfalls.
" There are on the Menorninee river some 9,000,000,000 feet of standing pine, one of the largest bodies left in
the northwest. More than half of this, however, lies in the state of Wisconsin. About 200,000,000 feet of lumber
are manufactured annually upon the Menominee. All the mills upon the river are located at its mouth, in the towns
of Marinette and Menomonee, in Wisconsin, and it is considered next to impossible to build more mills at that
point. The river is here narrow, and the facilities for holding logs, shipping lumber, dockage, etc., are quite
limited in proportion to the amount of timber left in the region tributary to this stream ; and this body of pine
may therefore be considered to a certain extent in reserve, and likely to outlast many larger ones. There is
little danger from fire on this river ; the pine which is left grows upon the hard- wood ridges, interspersed with
broad areas of swamp.''
WISCONSIN.
The great prairies of the central Atlantic region once found their northeastern limits in southern Wisconsin.
The forest covering of all the southern part of the state was confined to the bottom lands or open upland groves of
stunted oaks of no great extent or of .more than local importance. The central part of the state was covered with
a dense forest of hard woods, oaks, ash, maple, cherry, birch, and the other trees of the northern forest, through
which, upon gravelly or sandy ridges, great bodies of white pine were scattered. These pine forests gradually
change in character and decrease in productiveness as they reach northward. Lakes are more common, and
swamps of tamarack, cedar, and spruce occupy in the northern part of the state a considerable proportion of the
forest area. The pine trees in these northern forests are smaller and more scattered than those farther south,
although generally less intermixed with hard woods, and affording lumber of poorer quality.
The forest area has somewhat increased in the prairie region of the state since its first settlement and the
consequent decrease of destructive prairie fires. The growth of trees has gradually spread from the bottom lands
of the streams to the hills, and the oak forests upon the uplands have gradually encroached upon the prairie, losing
their open, park-like character by the appearance of a young growth which has sprung up among the old trees.
The pine has been destroyed along the entire southern borders of the pine belt, along the banks of the
principal streams, and from the lines of railroad, while the hard wood has been often greatly injured or destroyed
by fire in those parts of the state where pine has been cut. The amount of pine still growing in Wisconsin is
nevertheless large, although it should not be forgotten that the best and most easily accessible has already been
harvested. What remains is generally remote from actual lines of transportation, and often, especially in the
extreme northern part of the state, of comparatively poor quality.
During the census year 406,298 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$725,010. The largest number of these fires was set by farmers in clearing land, or by sparks from locomotives.
The manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of the best varieties of hard
woods, and the substitution of beech, elm, and other woods for oak.
The following estimates of the amount of timber standing in Wisconsin May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr.
.H. C. Putnam :
WHITE PINE (Pinus Strobvs).
Regions.
Feet, board
measure.
Basin of Saint Croix river and tributaries ! 2, 500, 000, 000
Basin of Chippewa river and tributaries ! 15, 000, 000, 000
000, 000, 000
10, 000, 000, 000
600, 000, 000
500, 000, 000
:, 500, ooo, ooo
6, 400, 000, 000
Basin of Black river and tributaries :
Basin of Wisconsin river and tributaries
Basin of Wolf river and tributaries
Basin of Oconto river and tributaries
Basin of Feshtigo river and tributaries
Basin of Menomouie river and tributaries (in Wisconsin) .
Shore of lake Superior ! 3, GOO, 000, 000
Total 41,000,000,000
Cut for censns year ending May 31, 1880 (including
shingles and 348,301.0(10 laths). '
1,007,039,000 2, 097, 299, 000
MAP OK
WISCONSIN.
NV, TIIK DISTKIMITKIN OK KOKKSTS.
\VITII SI'IM'iAI. KKKKIiK.NCK TO TIIK
U'MIIKK INDI'STItY
C(IM!'l!.i:i. r.MiKHTHK DIIIKCTION OK
C.S.SAIUiK.VT, STKl'lAI. AKKXT
1881
"
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 555
Of this amount 485,552,000 feet were manufactured along the Mississippi river in Illinois. Iowa, and Missouri
as far south as Saint Louis.
The wooded region in Crawford, Eichland, Sank, and Vernon counties is estimated to contain 12,000,000 cords
of hard wood in addition to some timber of commercial value. The cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880
(exclusive of 86,545,000 staves and 7,4!)S,000 sets of headings), was 117,041,000 feet.
"Valuable oak timber exists in large quantities in Dunn, Pierce, and Saint Oroix counties.
The cedar swamps scattered through the pine belt of the state cover an area of some 1,365,000 acres, and are
estimated to contain 02,800,000 posts, telegraph poles, and railroad ties, in addition to huge quantities of tamarack
and spruce.
Wisconsin is the third state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The great centers of
manufacture are in the neighborhood of Eau Claire upon the Chippewa river, upon the Wisconsin river, and upon
the shores of Green bay and lake Superior. Logs cut in the forests of Wisconsin supply also mills located on the
Mississippi river in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri with material equivalent to nearly 500,000,000 feet of lumber.
The following is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Wisconsin :
"The southern boundary of the forest coincides with a line extending northwesterly from near the city of
Milwaukee on lake Michigan, to the falls of Saint Croix on the Saint Croix river, and the western boundary of the
state. This includes the heavy hard-wood as well as the pine forest. There is also, or there has been, a large
amount of hard-wood timber in the southeastern part of the state, south of this line, but as no large bodies of forest
of commercial value are now standing there, it will not be considered here. Large bodies of hard-wood timber
exist in Vernon, Crawford, Eichland, and Sauk counties, covering in the aggregate fully 400;000 acres and
containing at least 12,000,000 cords of wood. This region, however, is already thickly settled, and the forests are
being rapidly cleared for agricultural purposes. Xo estimate has ever been made of the amount of pine timber
standing in Wisconsin at the time of its original settlement; at the present time it is estimated that 41,000.000,000
feet of merchantable pine remain in the state, situated as follows^ river basins being taken as the natural divisions
of these pineries :
"1. iSorth of the Saint Croix river and upon the lands tributary to that stream there are 2,500,000,000 feet,
covering 2,000,000 acres.
"2. On the southern shore of lake Superior, including all the waters tributary to the lake in the state of
Wisconsin, extending from the Montreal river on the Michigan line westward to the western boundary of the
state, and embracing the Wisconsin pine on the Montreal river and upon the Bad, White, Bois-Brule, Black, and
Left-Hand rivers, 3,600,000,000 feet, covering 1,800,000 acres.
" 3. On the Chippewa river and its principal tributaries, the Ked Cedar, West Branch, East Branch, Flambeau,
Jump, Yellow, and Eau Claire, covering an area of some 6,253,000 acres, with an estimated stand of pine of
15,000,000,000 feet.
" 4. In the Black Eiver basin, with an area of 1,000,000 acres, containing an estimated stand of 900,000,000 feet.
"5. In the Wisconsin Eiver basin, with an area of 4,500,000 acres, with an estimated stand of 10,000,000 feet.
" The remainder of the state, lying east of the east line of the Wisconsin Eiver division and north of the
southern boundary of the original forest, is divided by rivers as follows : (1) Wolf river, with 600,000,000 feet of
pine; (2) the Ocoato river, with 500,000,000 feet of pine; (3) the Peshtigo river, wjth 1,500,000,000 feet; (4) the
Menomonee in Wisconsin, 6,400,000,000: making a total in the division east of the Wisconsin of some 7,000,000 acres,
with an estimated stand of 9,000,000,000 feet of pine. This makes a grand total of pine forest area in the state of
nearly 23,000,000 acres, still containing 41,000,000,000 feet of standing pine. This includes about 200,000,000 feet
upon the Menomonee Indian reservation, in the county of Shawano, where very little pine has ever been cut;
100,000,000 feet on the Flambeau reservation, and 200,000,000 feet upon the Court Oreilles reservation. There is
no merchantable pine standing on any of the other Indian reservations in the state.
" The quality of the pine in the state of Wisconsin varies largely with the differences in soil. The quality of
the pine growing mixed with hard woods upon the southern boundary of the forest and bordering on the prairies was
similar to that of the best Michigan pine. This is especially true of timber cut on the Wolf, Oconto, and Peshtigo
rivers. The timber originally on the Wolf and Oconto rivers was especially fine. This has been largely cut, although
there are still some very fine bodies of the best pine left on the Oconto and the western branch of the Peshtigo and
northern branch of the Wolf rivers. The Black Eiver district contained also a large amount of the best upper quality
of pine, of which, however, more than half has been cut. The Eau de Galle Eiver basin, in the counties of Pierce,
Dunn, and Saint Croix, also contained at one time a large amount of the upper grade of pine, now, however, all
removed. This grew among hard-wood timber, on good soil, which, when the timber is cut off, is valuable for
farming purposes. The pine in this part of the state did not grow in extensive tracts. It was scattered through
the hard-wood timber, from 1 to 10 large pine trees growing on an acre — trees which would scale from 1,000 to 3,500
feet of lumber each. There are still small bodies of this large pine left, but the great bulk of it is gone.
" As we go north from the southern boundary of the forest we enter a lighter soil, where cedar and tamarack
swamps are interspersed between the hard-wood ridges. Many of these swamps are natural peat-bogs, covered
with cedar, tamarack, and spruce. The tree growth upon them is heaviest near the outer edges, the centers
556 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
often being covered with grass or cranberry plants. These swamps, originally the beds of lakes, are now tilling up
and becoming gradually covered with timber. On the Wolf river the timber was Very heavy. Instances are known
of 10,000,000 or 12,000,000 feet of pine lumber having been cut from one section of 640 acres in the Lower "Wolf
River region.
"In the piiie forest, away from the large bodies of mixed hard wood and pine previously described, the general
character of the timber is about the same, varying somewhat in different localities, but still possessing the same
general characteristics and qualities. Where the pine grows in large solid bodies there are many young trees
mixed with the older, and the timber is generally of inferior or lower grade. This is true of pine growing about
the head of the Flambeau and Wisconsin rivers, and the Menoinouee river in Wisconsin. Large pine cannot grow
and mature upon very poor soil, and where the soil is poor the trees, after reaching a certain size or age, decay and
are thrown down by wind or destroyed by fire. The white pine in Wisconsin does not mature except upon the rich
gravelly loam of the ridges.
"The principal points of lumber manufacture at present in Wisconsin are on lake Winuebago, at the cities of
Oshkosh and Meuasha, which take largely the product of the Wolf and Fox Eiver pineries ; at Green Bay and
Ocouto, which derive their logs principally from the Ocoiito river; at Pei-htigo, on the Peshtigo river; at Marinette,
on the Menomonee river; on the Wisconsin river, at Grand Rapids, Stevens Point, Mosiuee, Wausau, and Jenny,
the terminus of the Wisconsin Valley railroad, and at Necedah, on the Yellow river. Along the Wisconsin Central
railroad, from Junction City to Ashland, are mills of more or less capacity at every station, the most important being
at Ogema, Ashland, Medford, and Unity. Upon the Black river the principal manufacturing points are La Crosse
and Black Eiver Falls. On the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis, and Omaha railway, at Fairchild, are the large
mills of Foster & Co., who are engaged in manufacturing the timber lying between the Black river and the waters of
the Chippewa, included in the Chippewa estimate. On the Chippewa river the largest manufacturing establishment
is the Mississippi Eiver Logging Company, composed of fifteen of the heaviest concerns upon the Mississippi river.
These firms obtain their stock mostly from the Chippewa river, the logs being driven down to its mouth into what
is called the 'Beef Slough boom', where they are separated and formed into rafts and towed to the different mills
below. This company cuts on the Chippewa about 40!>,000,000 feet a year. The principal manufacturing points
on the Chippewa deriving their logs from its basin are situated at Wanbeck, Dunnville, Menomonee, Meridian, and
Eau Claire, where several large and important manufacturing establishments are located. Higher up the river
the Badger State Lumber Company and the Grand Island Lumber Company are located, and at Chippewa Falls,
the county-seat of Chippewa county, the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company has a large water-mill, with a
capacity of 65,000,000 feet a year, besides several smaller concerns. The railroad extending from Chippewa Falls
eastward through Chippewa and Clark counties into Marathon county, ami joining the Wisconsin Central railroad
at Abbottsford, passes through a hard-wood country. Several firms are already established upon tins line and
have commenced the manufacture of staves and the production of hard-wood lumber for wagons, etc., and are
developing a large business. This road runs through one of the finest bodies of hard wood in the state, containing
large amounts of oak and maple growing on a fine soil suitable for farming. The Chippewa River country now
contains the largest body of white pine of the best quality left, in the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
It is, however, being very rapidly cut.
"It is found in going north toward the heads of the streams that the timber stands more in large grovesr
and that there is less hard-wood timber mixed with the pine. When the loggers attack these forests they cut
clean as they go, the timber being of more uniform size and age, and there being less undergrowth than farther
down the streams. It is found, also, that the pineries on the heads of the streams do not hold out as well or yield
as large an amount of timber as those farther south, where the forests border on the prairie lauds and where the-
pines grow on better soil. This is true both of the Wisconsin and of the Michigan pineries. The poorer soils in
the northern portion of the state do not grow and mature the large sapling forests of pine found in the southern
portions of the pine belt. So that, while there is still a large area which has not been cut and which may appear
inexhaustible, yet, owing to the fact that the timber lies more in groves, and that there are here wide extents of
tamarack and cedar, swamps and t;pen spaces, the ground will be cut over more rapidly than when the forest was
first entered. This is true of the pine standing upon all the streams of northern Wisconsin in the Menomonee
district — the Wisconsin, the Chippewa, Saint Croix — and on the southern shores of lake Superior. Commencing at
Menomonee, on the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis, and Omaha railway, and running west through the 30 miles
of ' big woods', large mills for the manufacture of hard- wood timber and of what little scattered pine there is left are
established at Kuapp, Wilson, Hersey, Woodville, and Baldwin stations. The principal manufactories in the Saint
Crojx district are at Hudson, on the Willow river, and at Stilhvater, in Minnesota, which receives its logs from the
Saint Croix, in Wisconsin, and which, therefore, should be treated as one of the Wisconsin pinery manufactories.
At Somerset, on Apple river, there is one mill ; there is one at Osceola, upon the Saint Croix, and upon the Northern
Wisconsin railroad, which runs through the Saint Croix division; at Clayton, Granite Lake, and Shell Lake are
large mills. There are also other mills along this road on the Lake Superior shore. There are mills of small
eapacity at Superior City, Bayfield, and Ashland ; the latter receive their logs by the Wisconsin Central railroad
from the Bad River pinery.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 557
uOn the Eau Claire river the timber is small and sound, growing very thick and long; there are frequent
instances where 1,200,000 or even 1,500,000 feet of lumber have been cut upon a 40-acrc lot. One tree was cut
on Jump river some years ago which scaled 7,000 feet of lumber. The general character of thi.s timber, especially
upon the main Chippewa or West Branch and a portion of the Flambeau, is called 'big sapling pine'. Of the true
eork pine very little is fouud iu the northern part of Wisconsin, probably because the soil is not strong enough to
permit its full development. The general character of the timber upon the Wisconsin river is very much the same
as that upon the main Chippewa. There are instances of very flue pine having been cut iu the hard-wood forest
upon the lower part of the river, and some fine groves are found even as far north as the Tomahawk and East
Branch. The Flambeau river, or East Branch of the Chippewa, has also, in ranges 2 and 3 east, extending from
townships 35 to 41 north, inclusive, some excellent bodies of upper-grade pine.
" On the Jump river are some fine bodies of pine, nearly approaching iu quality Michigan cork pine and running
largely to ' uppers '. This is true also of the pine upon the Yellow river, where the timber grows largely scattered
among hard woods and is of fine quality. One of the finest bodies of pine in Wisconsin is that which belongs to
Cornell university, lying in townships 33 to 38, ranges 8 and 9, in the highest part of Chippewa county, on the
divide between the Chippewa and Red Cedar rivers. On this body frequent estimates of 1,000,000 feet to 40 acres
have been made. On the Saint Croix river are many barren areas timbered with scrub pine, patches of Norway
pine, and small black and white oak. These barrens cover about 700,000 acres of the Saint Croix region. The soil is
sandy, and fires run over the country every year. South of these barrens, in Poik, Barren, Saint Croix, Dunn, and
Pierce counties, is a tract of very valuable hard-wood land, upon which the greatest portion of the timber is now
standing, although settlements are already largely scattered through this region. This body of hard wood contains
a large amount of valuable white-oak stave timber and much timber suitable for general manufacturing purposes.
It is being, however, rapidly destroyed by settlers and by the fires incident to agricultural and logging operations.
"In Clark county, which lies partly in the Chippewa and partly in the Black Eiver region, are large bodies
of hard-wood timber as yet uncut and growing upon land valuable for farming purposes. This growth extends as
far north as the northern line of the county. The same body of timber extends east through Marathon and Wood
counties, and is particularly fine in the western portions. The same body of hard-wood timber continues east
toward lake Michigan, including the counties of Portage, Waupaca, Shawano, Outagamie, Winnebago, Brown,
Kewauuee, Manitowoc, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan, and Ozaukee. Large tracts in these counties are, of
course, cleared and settled ; still they contain large bodies of unoccupied hard- wood timber, and the opportunities
for cheap farms are plenty.
" Of the forest region proper of Wisconsin, fully 5 per cent, is not covered with timber; this includes swamps,
lakes, rivers, bottoms, etc. In the extreme southern part of the forest area, over a region from 35 to 50 miles in
width, the hard wood predominates, only about one-fifth of the forest growth being pine. North of this hard-wood
region proper, perhaps one-half of the forest growth is pine and other soft woods and the rest hard woods. Hemlock
is scattered through the pine forest outside of the heavy hard-wood areas. A careful estimate of the hemlock timber
now standing gives the following results, the divisions agreeing with those used in estimating the standing pine :
On the Chippewa river, upon 3,000,000 acres, 2,500,0110,000 feet of hemlock; on the Saint Croix river, upon 1,000,000
acres, 500,000,000 feet of hemlock; on the Black river, upon 350,000 acres, 100,000,000 feet of hemlock; in the
country east of the Wisconsin River division, and including the Wolf, Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menomonee rivers
and their tributaries, upon 3,000,000 acres, 1,500,000,000 feet.
•• The total area in the state on which hemlock timber grows is about 10,500,000 acres, containing, roughly,
5.500,000,000 feet. The quality of the hemlock timber in Wisconsin is not so good as that grown in New York and
northern Pennsylvania, although it is valuable for its bark, and the timber when peeled can be driven down with
the pine and sawed at the mills into dimension stuff for use where coarse lumber is required.
" Generally, therefore, the forests of Wisconsin may be divided into the hard- wood lands already described,
along the southern borders, from which the pine has been mostly cut ; north of this, and extending northward
somewhat indefinitely, the mixed growth of hard wood and pine, growing upon soil adapted for agricultural purposes.
The open meadows in this region are covered either with grass or cranberry marshes, alike valuable to the lumber
and farming interests. About the head of the Flambeau river are large open spaces running into groves of heavy
pine timber. These open spaces, once lakes or swamps, are drying up and the timber is gradually spreading over
them. There are bodies of timber scattered through the southern portions of the state outside of the original forest
area, but the amount of this timber is relatively so small that it cannot be considered of commercial importance,
and hardly supplies the wants of the population occupying the thickly -settled southern counties.
" Five thousand men are employed in the pineries of the Chippewa river. They are expected to cut during
the logging season about 600,000.000 feet of logs, or an average per man of over 100,000 feet. This rule is not
applicable to the northwestern pineries generally, for in Michigan, as the timber is now farther from the streams,
the average cut per man is not as great, and 80,000 feet per man would perhaps be a fair average, taking the
pineries of the whole northwest.
558
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
"The annual increase or growth of timber is counterbalanced by the annual waste by windfalls and the natural
decay of the old trees. The loss to the forest by fire, is an unknown quantity, but it is quite a large amount,
probably 5 per cent, of the whole. The lumbermen waste the log which runs into the top of the tree; this is
knotty, but usually sound, and would make good merchantable lumber. It is left in the woods, however, because
there is a good deal of work in trimming- the knots and cutting off the limbs. From an ordinary-sized tree four
16-foot logs are usually taken, the rest being left. Often this top log is 22 inches in diameter at the butt and will
scale from 100 to 120 feet. Loggers are paid so mucli per thousand feet by the lumberman, and the amount they
receive is so small that they cannot afford to spend the time to finish up and take out the fifth or last log, which is
therefore left in the woods and lost. Nearly one-tenth of the timber, therefore, is left in the woods and lost. The
fires about the old choppiugs, or where lumber operations are going on, are principally caused by the carelessness
of woodsmen in hunting up laud-lines, or of driving-crews 011 the river in the spring who leave their tires, or by
explorers in the forest during the month of May or June leaving their camp fires burning. In all the old cuttings
the dried pine boughs and other timber left on the ground get very dry, and' fire once started burns with great
rapidity and violence.
" As a matter of fact, more than half the area from which pine forests have been cut in the northwest is sooner
or later burned over. The fire destroys the young trees and changes the nature of the surface of the ground, so that
the next crop which comes up consists of briers and poplars, and then hard woods. When pine is cut off or burned
it does not come in again, and I have never seen any old choppiugs of pine come up with pine again, even when some
trees were left and the ground had not been burned, although where a few large trees only are removed from a
pine forest growing on good soil the small trees left standing, if protected from fire, will continue to grow."
MINNESOTA.
The Northern Pine Belt finds in Minnesota its extreme western limit in the United States in longitude
and its southwestern limit near the forty-sixth degree of latitude. Along its southern and western borders a
narrow territory covered with an open growth of hard wood separates the forests of pine from the prairie, which
occupies all the southern and western portions of the state.
The same general features which characterize the piue belt of Wisconsin extend into Minnesota. The pine in
the southern portion, confined to gravelly ridges, is scattered through forests of hard wood. Farther north the
forest changes in character, the pine being small and of inferior quality. Broad areas of barren land covered with
stunted birch, gray pine, and scrub oak occur, while the whole country is thickly studded with lakes and with
tamarack and cedar swamps. North of the Mississippi River divide the country is more open; the forest is stunted
and of little value, and pine is only found in small, scattered clumps mixed with spruce, tamarack, and yellow cedar.
The forest growth here occupies perhaps two-thirds of the rocky or swampy surface of the ground. Its productive
capacity is not large, and the northern part of the state is not adapted to lumbering operations.
The pine has been removed from the principal streams of the state, and that which remains, except in the
region tributary to lake Superior and in the vicinity of Eed lake, is now inaccessible or of comparatively inferior
quality. The best hard-wood forests of the state, as in Michigan and Wisconsin, have suffered seriously by fires
started in abandoned pineries, or in clearing land for agriculture.
During the census year 250,805 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of
$1,395,110. The largest number of these fires was set in clearing land or by sparks from locomotives.
The manufacture of cooperage stock to supply the large flouring-inills of the state is an important industry.
Manufacturers report a growing scarcity and general deterioration of material. Basswood, elm, and ash are largely
used ; oak is inferior in quality to that grown farther east and south.
The following estimates of the amount of pine timber standing in Minnesota May 31, 1880, were prepared by
Mr. H. C.Putnam:
WHITE PINE (I'inns Strobus).
Regions.
Feet, board
measure.
2 900 000 000
300 000 000
Red Lake river and other tributaries of th<* Eed river
600, 000, 000
3 500 000 000
870 000 000
Total
8 170 000 000
Cat for the census year, endina May 31, 1880 (including 187,836,000
shingles and 88,088,000 laths).
540, 997, 000
In the belt of hard wood extending west and south of the pine region, and consisting of white, red, and burr '
«ak, sugar maple, poplar, etc., it is estimated that 3,840,000 acres of forest remain, capable of yielding an average
MAI' OK
MINNESOTA.
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THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 559
of 15 cords of w,ood to the acre, or 57,000,000 cords. Tbe cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of
7,825,000 staves and 517,000 sets of headings), was ;!<i,x,S4,000 feet.
.Minnesota is the eighth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The principal centers
of manufacture are Minneapolis, upon the Mississippi river, the Saint Croix river in Washington county, the
Mississippi river in Anoka county, and Duluth, near the mouth of the Saint Louis river.
The following is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Minnesota :
"The great hard-wood forest of Minnesota lies to the south and west of the pine forest, extending north and
northwest from Freeborn and Mower counties on the southeast into Marshall county, and to within 50 or (JO miles of
the boundary-line between Canada and the United States. This body of hard wood, which is SOUK; :JOO miles long
by about 20 miles wide, borders upon the prairie, and is the extreme western body of timber of any commercial
value east of the Eocky mountains. This forest covers about 3,840,000 acres of land generally valuable for
agricultural purposes, besides its timber, which will average about 15 cords to the acre. The. surface of the laud
is level or geutly uudulating, well watered, particularly the so-called 'park region ' which lies in Becker, Otter Tail,
Douglas, Steams, and Todd counties, and in fact extends through Wright, lleimepin. Carver, Le Sueur, Rice, and
Steele counties.
"Xorth and east of this belt of hard wood the pine forests commence at a point where the southern line of the
Wisconsin forest crosses the Saint Croix river, near Taylor's Falls. They extend northwesterly through the counties
of Chisago, Isanti, Mille Lacs, Benton, Morrison, Todd, Otter Tail, Becker, Polk, and Beltrami, nearly parallel to
the line of the hard-wood forest, and, crossing Red Lake river, extend round to the north of Red lake, and thence
easterly, reaching the shore of lake Superior at the Grand Portage.
" The general character of the pine in Minnesota is similar to that of northern Wisconsin, although it contains
more sapling pine and a smaller percentage of ' uppers.' It is generally somewhat scattering and in smaller groves.
Large areas of barren land within the forest proper are covered with birch, through, which are scattered patches of
small pine, while large areas of swamp bear only tamarack and cedar. The pine of Minnesota is estimated as
follows :
"1. On the portion tributary to the Rainy lake and Rainy Lake river, including the Big Fork, the Little Fork,
and the Verrnillion rivers, 300,000,000 feet. This stands upon streams which flow northward. This pine will
naturally be sent to Manitoba.
"2. On the northern shore of lake Superior, east of Duluth, and covering the waters tributary to lake Superior,
of which very little is surveyed and no area is given, 870,000,000 feet.
"3. On the waters of the Saint Louis, including the Cloquet, White Face, and other small streams, 3,500,000,000
feet.
"4. On Red Lake river and its tributaries. The great body of pine in this division is principally upon Red lake
and Red Lake river. It is estimated to contain 600,000,000 feet, although it is nearly all unsurveyed.
"5. On the Mississippi river and tributaries above Minneapolis, 2,900,000,000 feet.
"About one-half of the pine has been cut in Carltou county; it has all been cut in Pine county with the
exception of that growing in a few townships. It has nearly all been cut in Chisago, Kauabec, Morrison, and
Crow Wing counties. A great deal of pine, too, has been cut in Cass county, while Todd, Otter Tail, and Wadena
have all been cut over. The principal bodies of pine now remaining are located in Cook, Lake, Saint Louis, Cass,
Itasca, and Beltrami counties. There were a few thousand acres growing on the Roseau river, where it runs into
northwestern Minnesota, but this has all been cut by the Canadians. There is no hemlock or spruce in Minnesota.
There are occasional ridges of hard wood within the pine forest, as in Wisconsin and Michigan.
"A large portion of the northern part of the state is as yet unsurveyed and but little known, except that, in
the region extending from 30 to 100 miles south from the international line, there is little pine of commercial value.
It is an open country, full of bogs, swamps, rocks, and wide areas of worthless land ; this region extends from the
Arrow river clear through to the international line, south and west of the Lake of the Woods, and to the Vermillion
lake.
"Along the line of the Xorthern Pacific railroad and north and east of the Mille Lacs country are large swamps
covered with tamarack timber of commercial value. Through this country are many marshy lakes containing floating
islands, lands in process of formation by the accumulation of vegetation. The timber in this district is growing and
increasing, and if fires can be kept out of the tamarack and cedar timber the small pine will grow rapidly.
"The timber which grew on the Saint Croix river in Minnesota was tributary to Stillwater, and has all been
cut and manufactured there.
" The principal manufactories of pine on the Mississippi river are at Minneapolis.
"FOKESTS ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS.
"Referring to the Red Lake Indian reservation in Minnesota, and other Indian reservations on which the pine
remains uncut, amounting in the aggregate to 1.000,000,000 feet, it may be said that they are nearly all unsurveyed,
and are generally covered with a heavy pine forest, and that the lauds are unfit for agricultural purposes and only
560 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
valuable for the pine timber which grows upon them. These reservations should be luld as long a*> possible by the
government as a timber reserve. They should not be surveyed and subdivided except so far as may be necessary
for their protection, and they should not be offered for sale until some necessity, now unforeseen, arises for their
disposal. The 1,000,000,000 feet of pine should be held until the amount for which it can be sold is needed by the
Indians, or until a price near its value can be obtained for it. By selling- the land now the value of the timber
cannot be realized, while the interest of the settlers who may hereafter enter upon the prairies would seem to
demand that some reservation of pine should be made for them, if possible. The proposition to bring these lauds
into market, subject to pre-emption and homestead entry, is against the interest of every one except the few worthless
tramps and irresponsible persons who may seek to enter and procure a title to these lauds; and even if the land
was so open to homestead and pre-emption entry, the aim and purpose of these laws could not be carried out, for
no farms will be made nor homesteads improved in this Indian country.
"The White Earth Indian reservation is largely covered with hard wood, there being no pine upon more than
a quarter of its area. The land is desirable for agricultural purposes, and may be utilized for the settlement of
Indians, or under the homestead and pre-emption laws by whites, but the pine lands are unfit for cultivation, and
the homesteading or pre-empting of them should not be allowed."
IOWA.
Iowa lies within the prairie region. The broad bottom lands along the river of the eastern part of the state
once bore heavy forests of broad-leaved trees. Farther west the tree growth was less heavy in the narrower
bottoms. All over the state, however, forests lined the streams and often spread, especially in the southwestern
counties, over the uplands. Since the first settlement of the state the forest area has increased by the natural
spread of trees over ground protected from fire, and by considerable plantations of cottonwood, maple, and other
trees of rapid growth made by farmers to supply fuel and shelter.
The natural forests have been everywhere largely culled of their most valuable timber, and in spite of their
increased acreage are, in their commercial aspect, in danger of speedy extermination. Manufacturers of cooperage
stock and others using Iowa timber report great scarcity and general deterioration of stock.
During the census year 11,017 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$-15,470. These fires were largely the result of carelessness in clearing land.
Iowa is the ninth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes its position to
numerous large mills situated along the Mississippi river entirely supplied with logs from the pineries of Wisconsin.
The amount of Iowa-grown lumber manufactured is insignificant.
MISSOURI.
Southern and southwestern Missouri was originally covered with a dense forest of hard woods, through which
in the southern counties extensive areas of the short-leaved pine (Pinus mitis), covering gravelly ridges and the low
Ozark hills, were common. The northern and western limits of the true forest region may be defined by a line
entering the state from the southwest, in the southern part of Jasper county, and passing northeasterly through
Dade, Cedar, Saint Clair, Henry, Benton, Morgan, and Cooper counties, and then northward to the borders of the
state. West of this line the timber is largely confined to the broad bottom lands, in belts often 2 or 3 iniles in
width. Farther west these become narrower and less heavily timbered. The extreme northwestern counties,
Atchison and Nodaway, are almost destitute of timber.
The forests of southeastern Missouri still contain great stores of valuable timber, although the best trees have
been cut in the neighborhood of all settlements, and for a distance varying from 5 to 20 miles back from all iine.s
of railroad. This is especially true of the best white oak and of black walnut, once common, but now almost
exterminated in all parts of the state.
Manufacturers of cooperage stock report a growing scarcity of material everywhere, and are now forced to
obtain oak from Arkansas and elm and basswood from the rivers of southern Illinois and Indiana. The further
development, however, of the railroad system of southern Missouri will make available for manufacturing purposes
a large amount of valuable timber now remote from transportation.
During the census year 783,646 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$294,865. These fires were traced to careless hunters, to fires set in clearing farming land, to sparks from
locomotives, etc.
A gratifying improvement in the condition of the forest in the parts of the state first settled has followed the
enactment of a fence law preventing the general ranging of stock through the timber-land. A young growth has
sprung up among the older trees and along the borders of woodlands protected from browsing animals, and these
. young forests are valuable in their prospective yield and as an indication of the methods which must be adopted
to preserve and perpetuate the forests of the whole Atlantic region.
DEPARTMENT O!-:
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DAKOTA
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 561
Missouri is the tenth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes its position in
part to large mills located upon the Mississippi river manufacturing logs cut in the forests of Wisconsin. A much
larger amount of lumber, however, in the aggregate, both pine and hard wood, is produced in numerous small
railroad mills located along the line of the Iron Mountain and other railroads running through the southern part
of the state.
Saint Louis is an important center of lumber distribution. It receives a large portion of the Wisconsin pine
crop by raft, Michigan pine by rail, and southern pine and hard woods by rail and river.
DAKOTA.
Dakota, with the exception of its river lands and the small territory between the north and south forks of
the Cheyenne river, is p7-actically destitute of timber. The bottoms of the principal streams contain extensive
groves of hard wood. As far west as the James river timber exists about the shores of the larger lakes, and upon
the Low Turtle and Pembina mountains of the northern boundary, occasionally ascending the cotes or sides of low
tables rising from the prairie. The Black hills, an extreme outpost of the Rocky Mountain system, were once
heavily timbered. The yellow pine of the Pacific region is here mingled with the white spruce, the canoe birch,
the burr oak, and the elm of the eastern forests, while poplars of the Atlantic and Pacific regions grow side by
side.
Much timber has already been cut along the eastern rivers to supply the wants of a rapidly-increasing
agricultural population, and the isolated pine forests of the Black hills, separated by hundreds of miles from
any equally large or valuable body of building timber, have already suffered serious inroads. The best and most
accessible pine has been cut and manufactured into lumber or consumed as fuel in the silver mines and stamping
mills to which this region owes its population, and much timber has been allowed to perish in the fires which of
late years have often swept through these forests.
The principal center of lumber manufacture is Deadwood, in the Black hills, where a comparatively large
amount of pine is sawed. In the eastern counties a little oak and elm is manufactured, for the most part in small
portable mills.
The following extracts are made from Mr. H. C. Putnam's report upon the eastern portions of the territory :
" Along the whole length of the Missouri river in Dakota there is a belt of hard-wood timber in the bottoms
in bodies of from 100 to 500 acres in extent. This timber sometimes grows continuously, but more often there are
open spaces between the groves. About three-fourths of the trees are burr oak, the remainder sycamore, cottonwood,
green ash, box-elder, poplar, willow, etc. A similar forest growth lines the banks of the Bed river north of Fort
Abercroinbie as far as Fort Pembina, near the international line. This strip of timber averages perhaps forty
rods in width, and consists of the same varieties of trees that grow upon the Missouri river.
"In the Pembiua mountains and west of Fort Pembina, on the Tongue and Pembina rivers, there are bodies of
timber, generally of stunted growth, lying mostly along the streams or about the Pembina mountains in groves of from
160 to 3,000 acres in extent. This timber is situated principally in the two northern tiers of townships of Pembina
county. It has no value except as fuel. The next body of timber in Dakota is in the neighborhood of Devil lake ;
it aggregates some 25,000 acres, distributed as follows : At Wood lake, some 20 miles north of Devil lake, there
are 1,000 acres; on Graham's island, a promontory on the north shore of Devil lake, near the northwest end, are
2,500 acres of timber ; east of this, on the north shore of the lake, are two groves of about 500 acres ; at Eock
island, which is really a promontory running into the" lake, are 3,800 acres of timber ; around the east and north
shores, and around the whole southern shore of the lake, past Fort Totten to the extreme west end, are some 15,000
acres of forest adjacent to Devil lake; at Stump lake, a lake some 15 miles in diameter on the north side of
Devil lake, there are 1,400 acres of timber; and commencing some 10 miles south of Fort Totten, and extending
down along Cheyenne river into township 146, range 56, in Trail), Foster, and Grand Forks counties, are about
10,000 acres of timber. The valley here is only 1 or 2 miles in width, and the timber is generally distributed
through it. Probably seven-eighths of all this Devil Lake timber is burr oak ; the remainder is sycamore, green
ash, etc. This timber in many places grows large, sometimes 30 or 40 feet to the first limb, and is Valuable for fuel,
for the construction of log houses, and for general use by settlers in the absence of other and better material.
" In the Turtle mountains, in Bottineau and Eolette counties, arid extending into the British possessions, is
quite a large tract of timber, principally oak of short, scrubby growth, and only valuable as fire- wood. A body of
timber from 1 mile to 5 miles in width extends for 150 miles along the Mouse river, in the counties of Bottineau,
McHenry, Stevens, and Eenville. This timber is composed of burr oak, box-elder, sycamore, green ash, etc., and
is suitable for fire-wood, house-building, and rough construction. "
Mr. Eobert Douglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, contributes the following remarks upon the forests of the Black
Hills region, of which he made a critical examination :
" From Fort Meade the stage road runs about 2 miles along the base of the hills, and then follows up through
heavy timber, gaining an altitude of over 1,500 feet above the fort when within 2 miles of Deadwood ; thence down a
36 FOR
562 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
steep grade of about a mile until the valley is reached, and then up the valley by an easy grade to Deadwood. Five-
days' driving through the hills from the base of the foot hills to one of the highest peaks shows little variation in the
species of forest trees. The yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) is the only tree of much value in the hills, and composes
nineteen twentieths of the forest, generally covering the hills from base to summit. The trees are larger and
stand closer together than in Colorado, and grow here, too, more rapidly than farther south, as is shown by the
•width of the annual rings of growth and the shoots upon the standing trees. This is the only tree used for lumber
at the saw-mills, and no other is used in the mines. The white spruce (Picea alba) grows principally near the water-
courses, and here the largest trees of that species are to be found. It is scattered, however, through the pines even
•within 50 feet of the summit of Terry's peak. It is condemned by both saw-mill proprietors and miners as lacking
strength and being very knotty, which cannot be doubted, as it retains its lower branches with wonderful tenacity,
even when growing closely and in dense shade. These two species comprise all the Coniferw in the Black hills,
•with the exception of a prostrate juniper and rare specimens of the red cedar. The burr oak is found in the valleys
extending into the foot-hills and along the creeks for 40 or 50 miles into the plains. It is short, gnarly, and
apparently of little value, although exceptional trees in the valley are of fair size. In the narrow valleys and along
water-courses are found the common cottonwood, black willow, narrow-leaved cottonwood, green ash, white elm,
box-elder, ironwood, canoe birch, and quaking aspen ; in the hills canoe birch, mountain ash, hazel, choke cherry,
and juneberry are found growing side by side with the snowberry and mahonia of the Pacific region. The
little aspen and the canoe birch perform the same service, the aspen does in Colorado, and cover the ground after
the timber is burned off, thus making a shade in which the pine seedlings find protection from sun and wind, and
finally repossess the hills. On the banks of the numerous creeks intersecting the 'bad lands' and plains from the
Missouri river to the Black hills, box-elder, white elm, green ash, black willow, cottonwood, choke cherry, wild
plum, and buffalo-berry occur, but the canoe birch is not found below the foot-hills, where it grows along the creeks
6 or 8 inches in diameter, or as a low shrub upon the hillsides.
•'The region occupied by the Black Hills forests is 80 miles in length north and south, and about 30 miles wide
from east to west. Forest fires are not so frequent nor so disastrous as in Colorado, although the 'big burning' of
1865, near Custer's peak, is estimated to have extended over 400 square miles. The yellow pine is largely reproducing
itself over the whole of this area, the trees being now 3 or 4 feet high. As far as my observation went, this reproduction
of'the yellow pine over the old 'deadeuings' is almost universal through the hills, although rarely or never seen in
Colorado, and even in northern Wisconsin and the Michigan peninsula scarcely a single young pine has appeared
in the whole burned district of 1871.
"The timber is disappearing rapidly in the vicinity of Deadwood, Lead City, Terryville, and Central."
NEBRASKA.
The forest growth of Nebraska was once confined to the eastern part of the state; the broad bottom lauds of the
Missouri and the lower Platte rivers contained groves of large oak, walnut, ash, and box-elder of considerable extent.
These, under favorable conditions, spread to the bluffs and uplands. Westward the tree growth gradually became
more scanty and stunted, until, west of the one hundredth meridian, only the large streams were lined with a few
small cottonwoods and willows.
The best trees have already been culled from the scanty forest growth of the state, and if the area of natural
woodland has somewhat increased along its eastern borders since the settlement of the country and the diminution
of prairie fires, these forests are, in their commercial aspect, of little importance. Many small plantations of
cottonwood and other trees of rapid growth have been made in connection with farms in the eastern counties, and
these in some cases already furnish much-needed shelter to buildings and crops, and supply domestic fuel.
The lumber-manufacturing interests of Nebraska are not importan t. Mills at Omaha, the principal manufacturing
center, saw cottonwood and a little walnut and oak, hauled to them from the neighborhood of .the city, and small
portable mills at other points along the Missouri saw a little cottonwood and such logs as the country tributary to
them can furnish. The product of all the Nebraska mills is consumed in supplying the local demand.
KANSAS.
The heavy forest of the Mississippi basin just reaches the extreme southeastern corner of Kansas, covering
nearly one-third of Cherokee county. North of this, and occupying the remaining eastern border of the state, a.
prairie region varying in width from 30 to 100 miles is still heavily wooded with valuable timber along the streams,
the forest growth occasionally extending and covering areas of upland. WTest of this region of mixed prairie and
woodland the timber is confined to the banks of streams. It is often, east of the ninety-seventh meridian, of
considerable size and value, occurring in sufficient quantity to supply the most pressing wants of the agricultural
population of this part of the state. West of the ninety-seventh meridian the tree growth gradually diminishes in
vigor. Trees are here confined to the immediate banks of the large streams, and are small and of little value. West
of the ninety-ninth meridian a few small stunted willows and cottonwoods, scattered at wide intervals along the
large streams, represent the only forest growth of this arid region.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5G3
A large amount of lumber is manufactured in the eastern counties in proportion to the extent of their forest
area; but much of the best timber of the state has been cut, and Kansas must soon depend, even more than at
present, upon the forests of Arkansas and Louisiana for its lumber supply.
Considerable plantations made in the eastern and southeastern counties by railroads and in connection with
farms promise abundant success. All attempts, however, to raise trees iu the arid central and western parts of the
state have resulted in failure.
During the census year 7,080 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$14,700. The largest number of these fires originated upon the prairie.
564 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
WESTERN DIVISION.
MONTANA.
The forests of Montana are confined to the high mountain ranges which occupy the western part of the territory
They are dense and important upon the slopes of the Cceur d'Alene and other high ranges. Farther east, along the
eastern slopes of the Rocky mountains and their outlying eastern ranges, the Big Belt, the Little Belt, the Crazy,
the Snow, and the Bear mountains, and the ranges south of the Yellowstone river, the Yellowstone, Shoshonee,
and Big Horn mountains, the forests are more open, stunted, and generally confined to the highest slopes, the
borders of streams, or the sides of canons. A narrow fringe of cottonwood, green ash, and willow lines the bottoms
of the Missouri, Yellowstone, Tongue, Eosebud, Milk, and of the other large streams of the territory; and a few
stunted pines and cedars are scattered along the river bluffs and the highest ridges of the Powder Eiver, the Wolf,
and other ranges in the southeastern part of the territory. The remainder of the territory, the eastern, northern,
and southern portions, are destitute of timber.
The heavy forests of northwestern Montana, largely composed of red fir, yellow pine, and tamarack, and
containing great bodies of white pine (Pinus monticola) and considerable valuable spruce (Picca Engelmanni and
P. alba) constitute, with those covering the adjacent mountains of Idaho, one of the most important bodies of timber
in the United States. East and west of this forest a treeless country, adapted to grazing and agriculture, and
destined to support a large population which must obtain its building material and railroad supplies from it, extends
over thousands of square miles. The development, too, of the important mining interests of southern Montana
and Idaho is dependent upon these forests, their only valuable source of timber and fuel supply. These forests
guard the headwaters of two of the great rivers of the continent, and in regulating their flow make possible
through irrigation the devotion to profitable agriculture of a vast territory now an almost arid waste. The forests,
largely composed of the lodge-pole pine (Pinus Murray ana), which cover the outlying eastern ranges of the Eocky
mountains at an elevation of from 5,000 to 10,000 feet above the ocean level with a dense growth of slender trees
or on poor soil and in exposed situations with an open, scattered forest, are, as sources of lumber supply, of
comparatively little value. These forests, however, contain valuable supplies of fuel and abundant material for
railway ties. They guard, too, the flow of numberless small streams, and their importance in this connection should
not be overlooked.
The most important forests, commercially, of the territory are found along the valley of Clarke's Fork of the
Columbia river, between the Horse Plains and the Idaho line ; here the western white pine reaches its greatest
development, becoming an important part of the forest growth. Tho valleys of the Saint Eegis de Borgia and
Missoula rivers contain great bodies of valuable fir and pine, which spread also in great luxuriance over the
mountains east and south of Flathead lake.
Fires destroy every year large areas of the forest covering the mountains of the western division. The long,
dry summers and the character of the forest, composed as it is almost entirely of coniferous resinous trees, favor
the spread of forest fires. They increase rapidly in number with the increase of population, and threaten the entire
extermination of the forests of the whole interior Pacific region. During the census year 88,020 acres of forest
were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $1,128,000. These fires, few in number, were traced for the most
part to careless hunters, prospectors, and smokers.
Little lumber is manufactured in the territory. Bed fir and spruce are sawed at Missoula and in the
neighborhood of nearly all the mining centers in the western part of the territory. The product of the Montana
mills is entirely used to supply the local demand.
The following report upon the forests of the northern Eocky Mountain region was prepared by Mr. Sereno
Watson, of Cambridge, a special agent of the Census Office, in the division of Forestry :
"The territory whose forest resources I attempted under your instructions to examine includes an area of
about 150,000 square miles, extending from the one hundred and thirteenth meridian to the summit of the Cascade
mountains and from the parallel of 44J° to the British boundary; or, according to political divisions, the western
fifth of Montana, the northern two-fifths of Idaho, the eastern three-fifths of Washington territory, and the
northeastern portion (or nearly one-half) of Oregon. It comprises a central treeless plateau of some 30,000 square
miles in extent, the great 'plain of the Columbia', surrounded by more or less extensively timbered mountain
systems. This tract is bounded on the east by the broad mountain range which separates Montana from Idaho, on
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5G5
the north by the irregularly-broken country which lies north of the Spokane river and of that portion of the
Columbia which has a westerly course in the same latitude, and on the west by the Cascade range, while on the
south the circuit is less completely closed by the somewhat complicated system known as the Bluo and Salmon
River mountains.
"With the exception of a single county (Beaver Head) in Montana this entire region is drained by the Columbia
river, since the Rocky Mountain divide, or the main central divide between the headwaters of the Columbia and of
the Missouri, forms the boundary between Idaho and Montana only as far north as 45° 40', when it turns abruptly
< ast ward for 75 miles and then again northwestward to the British boundary in continuation of the line of the
Wind River mountains of Wyoming.
"As will be seen from the detailed account which is to follow, the general character of the forest growth
throughout this region is remarkably uniform, both in the kinds of trees found and in their manner of distribution.
The trees of the most constant occurrence and that form the mass of the forests generally are, first, the red fir
(Pseudotsuga Douglani) and yellow pine (Pinm ponderosa). gradually giving place at higher altitudes to Picea
Engelmanni and Abies mbalpina or Pinus Miu-rni/ann ; while of only somewhat less extended range, though
sometimes more local in their distribution, are the larch (Larix occidental™), cedar (Thuya gigantea), the white pine
(Pinus monticola), the hemlocks (Tsiuja Mertensiana and, less frequently, Tmyn r/ittoniana), Abies grand is, and the
balsam poplars. Abies amabilis only is confined to the Cascade mountains. ZSTo other species occur of sufficient
size to be of importance as timber trees.
"In order to indicate more particularly the extent and distribution of the tree growth, the territories will be
taken up in order by counties, and an estimate given of the area covered in each, though necessarily of the actual
density of growth and amount of available timber (varying from square mile to square mile, and much of it never
seen) no estimate can be given of such probably approximate accuracy as to be of any value whatever:
" MONTANA.
" BEAVER HEAD COUNTY (4,230 square miles). — This county, nearly equally divided by the one hundred and
thirteenth meridian, is surrounded on three sides, north, south, and west, by the Rocky mountains, and is divided
into two portions by a lofty spur which sets off in a northeasterly direction from the middle of the western side.
The valleys of Beaver Head river and Red Rock creek to the east and south of this spur are treeless, except that
the latter stream is bordered with a considerable growth of Populus angustifolia, often CO feet high and a foot or two
in diameter. The region to the east is scantily supplied with timber of any kind, while the northern flanks of the
Rocky Mountain range as far as the head of Horse Plains creek are only sparingly timbered on the ridges and in
some of the canons, the trees small and mainly red fir, with some Pinus albicaulis, the summits and exposed ridges
wholly bare.
"The broad dividing spur, which includes Bald mountain and several other peaks from 10,000 to 11,000 feet high,
is about 30 miles in length by 20 in breadth. The peaks are bare above 9,000 feet, and the western slopes have some
timber in the upper ravines alone. The trees at 7,000 feet are mainly red fir, giving place above to a small growth
of Pinus Murrayana and P. albicaulis. On the eastern side of the spur there are deep, densely- wooded valleys, the
timber said to be chiefly red fir, Picea Engelmanni and Pinus Murrayana. On Rattlesnake creek in this region
there is a single saw-mill, 12 miles from Bannock City, which supplies the town and neighboring mining camps with
lumber. When a better quality is needed it is brought across the mountains from the Lemhi River district in Idaho
by a road crossing the range at the head of Horse Plains creek. The fuel used in Bannock City is hauled some
12 or 15 miles, chiefly from the Rocky mountains. Beyond the head of Horse Plains creek (where the Bald Mountain
spur commences) the range for about 40 miles changes in character greatly, becoming higher, broader, and more
rocky, with rugged, snow-clad peaks from ] 0,000 to 12,000 feet high, and with high, rocky spurs to the east, separating
densely-wooded valleys difficult of access and rarely visited. The forests here come down to the western edge of
Big Hole valley, and are continuous. The trees are said to be largely Pinus Murrayana, but there is probably a
considerable proportion of red fir, Picea Engelmanni and Abies subalpina. The range now takes its turn to the east,
forming the northern line of the county, and rises again into some high, snowy peaks, but is much less densely
wooded. Where the pass crosses the range from the Big Hole valley to the Bitter Root, the prevalent tree is found
to be Pinus Murrayana, mixed toward the summit of the divide (at 7,000 feet altitude) with some red fir and a small
proportion of Picea Engelmanni and Pinus albicaulis. The trees are mostly young and small, evidently frequently
overrun by fires, a dense new growth immediately in most cases replacing the old. The trunks very rarely reached
a diameter of 15 or 20 inches. The timbered area of the county may be estimated at 1,000 square miles. No yellow
pine was seen or heard of within its limits.
" DEER LODGE COUNTY (0,500 square miles). — This county, also nearly bisected by the one hundred and thirteenth
meridian, is occupied by spurs of the Rocky mountains, which form its southern and eastern border, with the
intervening open valleys of Deer Lodge river, Flint creek, and Big Blackfoot river. These spurs are to a large
extent wholly bare of trees, only some of the ravines and ridges being covered by a more or less scattered growth
of yellow pine and red fir of moderate size, and the higher northern slopes by a denser growth of Pinus Murrayana.
2sortli of the Big Blackfoot the timber is more dense, coming down into the valley, and consisting principally of
566 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
yellow pine, with some red fir and larch, and at the higher elevations (above 5,000 feet) of red fir, larch, and scrub
piue. In the higher canons of the main range to the south it is probable that Abies sulalpina and Picea Engelmanni
also occur, as I heard of a soft tamarack found at Gwendale, which appeared from the description to be the latter
species. Total timbered area of the county is estimated at 2,250 square miles.
" MISSOULA COUNTY (21,000 square miles). — The Bitter Root mountains, which separate this county from Idaho,
are a direct continuation of the Rocky mountains north from the point of divergence of that range in latitude 45°
40'. While broadening out until they cover a base of 100 miles or more; they rarely reach a height of 8,000 feet.
There is nothing alpine in the character of their higher vegetation, nor do they anywhere rise above the limit of
forest growth. The summits are not often very rugged, and though the slopes may be steep they are not generally
greatly broken. For the most part they are well wooded upon both sides, with no meadows along the streams and
little grass anywhere until the foot-hills are reached. Upon the Montana side it is from 20 to 40 miles from the
base to the summit of the divides, and the Bitter Root valley, which skirts their feet for 60 miles, separates them
from the low and comparatively bare spurs of the Rocky mountains on the east.
" Upon crossing the main divide upon the southern border, between the Big Hole and the Bitter Root valleys,
at an altitude of 7,000 feet, the yellow pine immediately appears, of large size, and with its usual massive habit,
and is henceforth the most conspicuous forest tree along the usual routes of travel, coming farther down into the
valleys than any other tree, and more frequently attaining a large size, probably from its less liability to serious
injury from fires. The descent from this southern divide to the Bitter Root valley is well wooded with large trees
of the yellow pine and red fir (with at first some small Pinus Murrayana), which continue to be the only trees
seen bordering the valley. These mountains were crossed by me on the Lolo trail up the Lolo creek, and by the
Mullan road, which follows the Saint Regis de Borgia river. In the lower caiions only yellow pine and red fir are
found, of the usual scattered growth — the tree* rarely much over 2 feet in diameter — with larch and Abies subalpina
coming down the side gulches, and white pine in the middle canon. The yellow pine gradually gives place to Picea
Enyelmanni, Abies subalpina, and A. grandis, though none of these reach the size which they attain on the Idaho
side of the range. The large timber is mostly confined to the neighborhood of the streams, where the larch and
white pine sometimes reach a diameter of 3 or 4 feet, but it becomes much smaller upon the ridges, and in the upper
caiions rarely is more than a foot or 18 inches through, while the mountain slopes are usually much burned over
and covered with fallen timber, largely of Pinus Mnrrayima. The largest and most abundant tree in the upper
canons is probably the Picea Engelmanni. Small trees of the Thuya gigantea are also occasional, but nowhere in
northern Montana does it become large enough to be of importance. The Thuya and Abies grandis extend as far
south as the Nez Perc6 creek. I think that no hemlocks were seen on the Montana side of the range, but they
may occur.
"North of the Mullan road to Clarke's Fork the eastern slopes of the range continue well wooded. On the
eastern side of the county the low spur of the Rocky mountains lying to the east of Bitter Root valley is to a large
extent bare, but has some young yellow pine (known as 'scrub pine' or 'blackjack pine') and Pinus Murrayana.
Approaching Hellgate river the timber becomes more prevalent in the ravines; and in the government timber
reservation near Missoula, where there is a saw-mill run for government purposes, the timber was found to be
yellow pine and red fir (not large) and considerable larch — fine trees 2 feet in diameter or more and 100 feet high.
In Granite canon, in the mountains north of Missoula, where there is also a saw-mill, the lower canon was occupied
by yellow pine and larch, with some red fir rarely over a foot through, and in the upper canon Abies subalpina and
Picea Engelmanni a foot in diameter. On the mountain sides above the canon the timber is, as usual, small and
worthless for lumber. In the eastern portion of the Flathead Indian reservation a very high and rugged range of
mountains extends nearly as far north as the head of Flathead lake, and parallel with the main Rocky Mountain
range, which here enters the county and continues across the northern boundary. Both of these ranges are
throughout densely wooded, though on the eastern side of the Rocky mountains the timber wholly ceases a few
miles (8 or 10) below the summit, giving place to the open grazing region of the upper Missouri. On crossing over
the lower end of the western range, from the Big Blackfoot to the Jocko river, the timber was found to be at first
almost entirely yellow pine, with red fir and larch in the gulches, the yellow pine ceasing toward the divide (at
6,000 feet altitude) and Pinus Murrayana taking its place, but reappearing on the northern side, with occasional
Picea Engelmanni and even small Thuya giganlea. No white pine was seen. The same trees probably continue
northward to the boundary (the larch is reported from about 30 miles south of the boundary).
"The remainder of the county, lying west of the Flathead River valley, is wholly occupied by mountains, of
less altitude, but, so far as is known, generally densely wooded, with the exception of some of the spurs toward
the Flathead river and Clarke's Fork and some small prairies bordering the streams.
"The total timbered area of the county is estimated at 17,000 square miles."
•
WYOMING.
The highest, mountain ranges in Wyoming only are well timbered. The high rolling table-land which occupies
the central part of the territory is destitute of all tree growth, while the low ranges which rise from this plateau
TUP: FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
iind border it on the soulli are eitlier treeless or only support a few stunted yellow pines or firs widely scattered or
forming small, isolated patches of open forest upon the highest slopes of the most sheltered ravines. The most
important forests of the territory are, those in the northeastern corner covering the western extension of the Black
hills of Dakota, those upon the foot-hills and slopes of the canons of the Big Horn mountains, and the dense
•forests of small lodge-pole pine (Pinus Murrayana) which occupy all the northwestern portion of the territory
studded by the system of mountains surrounding the Yellowstone park.
The most valuable timber of the Big Horn mountains consists of yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa), attaining on the
foot-hills sufficient size to furnish saw-logs. Probably one-third of this timber on the east side of the mountains
has already been cut to supply mills located upon the streams from Crazy Woman creek to Tongue river. The
table-land on both sides of the range between the crests of the foot-hills and the base of the Snow range is covered
with a belt, from 8 to 10 miles in width, of small white fir (Abies subalpina). The trees are small, rarely exceeding 8
or 10 inches in diameter. They afford, however, useful material for fuel and fence and telegraph poles. This forest
has suffered seriously from wind storms and fire. A heavy growth of cotton wood, with which is mingled a little
green ash, occupies the banks of all the streams of the Big Horn region, with the exception of No- Wood creek,
flowing from the western flank.
The forests of the Yellowstone region, composed for the most part of small lodge pole pine, are confined to the
mountain slopes and high valleys, at an elevation of between 5,000 and 10,000 feet. These forests are capable of
supplying great quantities of fuel and fencing material. They contain, however, little timber suitable to manufacture
into lumber.
The forests of all this arid central region suffer seriously from fire. These increase with the settlement of the
country and inflict great damage upon the forest. In northwestern Wyoming, however, the forests of lodge-pole pine
•(Pinus Murrayana) destroyed by fire reproduce themselves, and the area occupied by this species in all the Rocky
Mountain region is increasing. This is due no doubt to the fact that fire does not destroy the seeds of this species,
protected in the cones, which remain closed upon the trees for years. The heat of the fire causes the cones to open
and shed their seeds upon the burned surface of the soil, where they germinate quickly and freely.
During the census year 83,780 acres of 'woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$3,255,000. These fires were set by Indians, trappers, and prospectors.
A little lumber, in addition to that manufactured in the Big Horn region, of which no returns have been
received, is sawed in the Medicine Bow and other ranges in the southern part of the territory. A large amount of
fire-wood and many railroad ties are cut in the southern mountains and delivered by chutes along the line of the
Union Pacific railroad.
COLORADO.
The forests of Colorado are confined to the mountain ran ges and high valleys which cover the western half of the
state ; the elevated, rolling plateau which extends from the eastern base of the mountains to the eastern boundary
•of the state is entirely destitute of tree growth, with the exception of an occasional stunted willow or cottonwood
found in the bottom lands of the large streams. The important forests of the state cover the mountain slopes
between 10,000 and 12.500 feet elevation, and are almost exclusively composed of spruce (Picea Engelmanni), with
which are mingled different alpine pines of little economic value. Below the spruce belt a more open forest of red
fir and yellow pine, occupying ravines or scattered over the ridges, extends down to the foot-hills. These are
covered with an open growth in which the nut pine and the western juniper are the prevailing trees, while the
borders of streams and bottoms of the canons are occupied by cottonwoods, willows, cherries, oaks, and other
deciduous trees and shrubs of little economic importance. Large areas upon the sides of the high Colorado
mountains are exclusively covered with a dense growth of the quaking aspen. This tree, very generally takes
possession here of ground from which the coniferous forest has been removed by fire, and, as the number of forest
fires is rapidly increasing in Colorado, it seems destined to become the only widely-distributed forest tree of this
region. The high valleys, or "parks" as they are here locally called, when timbered at all, are covered with a dense
forest growth in which the lodge pole pine (Pinus Murrayana), also common at high elevations in the spruce forests,
is the prevailing and often the only species, disputing with the aspen the possession of the burned soil. The high
plateau of southwestern Colorado is either treeless or is thinly covered with an open growth of small, stunted
junipers.
The increase in the number of forest fires raging in the mountains of Colorado is alarming in a region where
the forest once destroyed cannot easily reproduce itself, and upon mountains where forest covering is necessary to
preserve the integrity of the channels and the constant flow of numerous important streams essential to the
irrigation of wide areas of arid territory.
During the census year 113,820 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$1)35,500. These fires were set by careless hunters, miners, and prospectors, and by Indians or whites through malice.
The forests of the Colorado foot-hills afford abundant fuel and fencing material to supply the wants of the
present population of this part of the state. Coarse lumber, suitable for the timbering of mines and railroad
568 THE FORESTS OF THK UNITED STATES.
construction, is manufactured from the fir and pines of the lower mountain slopes, which have also furnished
immense quantities of fuel and railway ties. The timber, however, of this forest most accessible to mining centers
and the lines of railroads has already been destroyed, while its productive capacity is everywhere impaired by
wasteful methods of lumbering and destructive conflagrations. The elevated spruce forests, which contain the
only great bodies of heavy timber found in the central Rocky Mountain region, have thus far, on account of the
difficulties of operating in them, escaped all serious inroads from the ax of the lumberman. Small portable mills,
however, have been established in these forests to supply the wants of some of the most elevated mining centers,
and fires every year reduce their extent and value.
Colorado is principally supplied with lumber from Chicago; a small amount is manufactured, however, in the-
state, mostly upon the waters of the South Fork of the Platte river, in Jefferson county, and in the extensive
pineries which cover the divide between the waters of the .Sooth Platte and the Arkansas rivers. A little lumber
is also manufactured in small portable mills in nearly every county.
NEW MEXICO.
The forests of New Mexico are confined to the slopes and cafions of the high mountain ranges. The elevated
plateau which occupies the whole of the eastern part of the territory is treeless, with the exception of occasional
willows and cottouwoods bordering the large streams, while the high mesas of the southwest and west are sometimes
dotted with an open growth of dwarf junipers and nut pines of considerable local importance as a source of fuel
and fencing supply. The high mountain ranges extending southward into the northern part of the territory are
covered with forests very similar in composition, density, and distribution to those covering the mountains of
Colorado. Engeluianu's spruce is here the important timber tree at high elevations; lower, open forests of red.
fir and yellow pine occupy the sides of canons and the lower mountain slopes, and the nut pine and juniper cover •
the foot hills with an open, scattered growth. The detached mountain ranges which spring from the central
plateau of the territory are less heavily timbered than the higher mountains north and south. The yellow pine is
here the most common and important tree, mingled in sheltered canons and at highest elevations with occasional
red firs.
The most important forests of the territory cover the high group of mountain ranges west of the Rio Grande
and south of the thirty-fourth degree of latitude — the San Francisco, the Tulerosa, Sierra Blanca, Sierra Diablo,
Mogollon, Pinos Altos, and Mimbres. The foot-hills and lower slopes of these mountains, between 0,000 and 7,000
feet elevation, are coverexl with a heavy growth of junipers, nut pines, and different evergreen oaks. The banks
of streams are here lined with immense cotton woods, sycamores, cherries, ashes, and hackberries, while the arroijos
or depressions in the menus contain fine groves of mesquit. Above an elevation of 7,000 feet the yellow pine appears,,
and mingled with it on north slopes the red fir and white pine (Finns reflexa) ; the elevated valleys contain fine
groves of cottonwood, box-elder, alder, and small oaks, wl'ile the most inaccessible slopes of some of the highest
ranges are covered with forests of cypress (Cuprcxntin (lurttltilupensis).
The coniferous forests of these mountains are dense and valuable, and, although not yet accessible for lumbering
operations except at a few points, they seem destined to become an important factor in the future development of
the whole region. They can, if properly protected, supply with lumber indefinitely a larger population than will
probably occupy this part of the United States.
The deciduous trees of this entire southwestern region, often of considerable size, are generally hollow, especially
the oaks; they are of little value for any mechanical purpose, although affording abundant and excellent fuel.
During the census year 64,034 acres of woodland only were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss
of $142,075.
A small amount of coarse lumber, principally yellow pine, is manufactured in the territory, mostly in the
counties of San Miguel and Santa Fe. New Mexico, however, like Colorado, obtains most of its lumber by rail
from Chicago.
ARIZONA.
Northern, western, and southwestern Arizona are destitute of true forests. Ravines in the mesas of the high
Colorado plateau of northern Arizona are occasionally covered, however, with stunted junipers. Cottonwoods and
willows line the banks of the Colorado river, and the ironwood, the palo verde, the mesqnit, the suwarrow, and
other Mexican forms of arborescent vegetation are found in the valley of the Gila and the deserts of the southern
part of the territory ; individual trees are, however, widely scattered, nowhere forming forests in the true meaning
of the word. The low lava ridges and arid lake beds with which the southwestern part of the territory is covered
are entirely destitute of tree growth.
The mountain system culminating south of the Colorado plateau in the San Francisco mountains, and
extending southeasterly through the middle of the territory into New Mexico, is well timbered. The high ranges
•which spring from this central elevated plateau bear heavy forests of yellow pine and red fir, the plateau itself
I
DENSITY OF FORESTS
roMPIUJI) fNDKRTHK FUHKCTKIN OF
C.S.SAROKXT. Sl'KCIAI. AliK.NT
1883.
Scale
MEXICO
Jobuttn
DEPARTMENT Of THE INTER.'OR
TENT
In i cord |.rr a
. 5 . . .If
?1ESER VAiTION
COMPILED IT>DER THE DIRECTION OF
C.S.SAROENT, SPECIAL AGENT.
1883.
Sfiile (if Slat. Miles
0 10 20 3O 40 &(> 1OO
M '
. " - IV
ARIZONA
JidiuaBten&Co.UUi
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
being covered, over thousands of square miles, with an open growth of yellow pine of considerable size. The
streams and bottoms of the high mountains are lined with deciduous trees, of which the cotton wood, the cherry,
the ash, the alder, and the walnut arc the largest and most important. The group of short, detached mountain
ranges which occupies with a general north and south trend the southeastern part of the territory is covered with a
rich and varied forest growth. The highest slopes are covered with forests of pine, in which, in the Santa Catalina
range at least, great bodies of splendid cypress (Gupressus Guadalupensis) are found; a little lower the red fir
and white pine (Pinus reflexa), different oaks and junipers with a madrona, are scattered over the dry, gravelly
slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. These in turn are replaced below 5,000 feet with an open
growth of small evergreen oaks. The bottoms of the canons and the borders of the streams between 4,000 and
8,000 feet elevation are lined in these mountains with hackberry, sycamore, cottouwood, willows, cherries, and
ashes. The arroyos in the mesas are often covered, as in southern New Mexico, with noble groves of mesquit, or iu
drier situations support a stunted growth of acacias, yuccas, cacti, and other desert plants.
The yellow pine is the only tree of Arizona of great importance as a source of lumber supply. Oaks and
other hard-wood trees are invariably defective and of little value except for fuel. The red fir, white pine, and
cypress occur only at high elevations, and are generally too scattered and too difficult of access to make their
manufacture into lumber practicable for the present at least.
The pine forests of central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico are of great importance to the development
of the treeless regions which surround them. No other body of timber of any extent or value exists near the
southern boundary of the United States between the pine belt of eastern Texas and the forests of the California
mountains. These southern interior forests have nowhere yet greatly suffered. Their inaccessibility has protected
them. Railroads, however, now either penetrate this forest region, or will soon do so, and these, with the rapid
development of the mining industry now going on in the southwest, threaten these forests with the dangers which
are fast exterminating those of Colorado and Utah.
During the census year 10,240 acres of woodland were destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $56,000.
These fires were set by careless hunters, prospectors, and Indians.
Pine lumber is sawed in Pima and Final counties, principally upon the Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, and Huachuca
mountains, to supply important mining centers in this part of the territory. It is also manufactured iu small
quantities in portable mills near Indian reservations and other centers of population throughout the forest region.
Returns from 13 mills only, situated iu Pima, Final, Apache, and Yavapai counties, have been received. Southern
Arizona is now, in spite of its fine forests of pine, almost entirely supplied by rail with lumber manufactured iu
California.
UTAH.
The Uintah range, occupying with an east and west trend the whole of the northeastern part of the territory,
the Wahsatch mountains and their southern extension, the San Pitch and the Sanpete ranges, extending north
and south nearly through the center of the territory, and the mountains which bound on the east the great
Colorado plateau, bear at high elevations fir, spruce, and pine forests of considerable extent. The foot-hills of
these mountains and their high valleys are dotted with an open growth of nut pine, juniper, and mountain mahogany
(Cercocarpus). The high Colorado plateau and the arid deserts of western and southern Utah are treeless, with the
exception of a few stunted junipers and nut pines which struggle for existence upon some of the low mountain
ranges, and of willows and cottonwoods which line the banks of the infrequent and scanty streams.
The western flank of the Wahsatch mountains north of the fortieth degree of latitude has already been almost
denuded of its best timber to supply the wants of the agricultural and mining settlements of the Salt Lake region,
and the scanty forests of the territory have everywhere suffered serious loss from fire and wasteful methods of
cutting timber and railway ties and of manufacturing charcoal.
During the census year 42,865 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$1,042,800. These fires were set by Indians, wood-cutters, careless hunters, and prospectors.
Small quantities of lumber — pine, cottonwood, and a little spruce — are manufactured through the Wahsatch
region, the principal centers of manufacture being Beaver City and Cedar City, in the south, the neighborhood of
Salt Lake City, and Cache county in the extreme northern part of the territory. Utah is, however, almost entirely
supplied with lumber from the eastern slopes of the California sierras and from Chicago. Small tanneries in Salt
Lake City obtain a supply of red fir and spruce bark from the neighboring mountains.
The following notes upon Utah forests, made during the prosecution of a special investigation into the meat-
producing capacity of the territory, have been supplied by Mr. E. C. Hall, a special agent of the Census, in the
division of " Meat Production in the Grazing States and Territories" :
"The timber of the Wahsatch mountains, in Cache, Rich, Morgan, and Weber counties of Utah, hardly suffices
for the wants of the settlers. The trees from which lumber is obtained are cedar and a variety of white pine
(Pinus flexilis). Some fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) is found, but it is not common north of the latitude of Salt Lake
City. This tree likewise furnishes an inferior kind of lumber. In general, in Utah, north of latitude 40°, the west
.570 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
base of the Wahsatch mountains has been stripped of tbe available timber, so that in the accessible canons,
especially in the neighborhood of settlements, it is laborious and expensive obtaining posts and poles for fencing,
to say nothing of smooth planks, etc., for building. Cottonwood and occasionally box-elder are found fringing
the river bottoms of the sections described.
" The Oquirrh mountains, on the east of Toocle county, and the Onaqui mountains, 30 miles west, contain cedar
and considerable red fir, the latter a tree which I am told is not frequent in the Wahsatch range. The mining camps of
Salt Lake and Tooele counties have largely depleted the timber areas of these mountains. More timber is standing
on the Onaqui hills than on the Oquirrh range. From the vicinity of the latter to Cottonwood and Bingham Canon
mining districts the dearth of good fencing material is very noticeable throughout Box Elder, Cache, Eich, Weber,
Morgan, and Salt Lake counties. Willow withes, stone walls, cottonwood poles, and sod walls flanked by ditches
.are among the devices for barriers against stock incursion, all pointing to the lack and costliness of lumber.
"LAKE RANGE, WEST OP UTAH LAKE. — This range of low mountains contains scattered black balsam and red
fir. In winter this range is visited from the settlements of Utah valley, and the trees felled and sledded across the
lake on the ice, to be used by the railroad and by farmers. No pifion pine was found in the Oquirrh or Onaqui
mountains.
"The San Pitch mountains, in latitude 39° 30', longitude 111° 52', contain sparse timber — a so-called white pine
(Finns JJexilis), scrubby cedar, and some other evergreen trees — at a high elevation and unavailable as lumber. No
good clear planking suitable for building is obtained from these cuts.
"The low ranges west of Juab valley and flanking Dog valley, Dry valley, and Ferner valley, in latitude 39°
30', longitude 112°, contain stiaggling cedar and some red fir difficult of access. The timber of the whole region
north of latitude 39° and west of the main Wahsatch mountains is meager and inadequate for the purposes of the
Mormon settlers.
"Fencing about Salt Lake City is of poor construction and costs $200 per mile of pine poles and cedar posts.
I saw some posts of white balsam (Abies concolor) 50 feet long, obtained from the canons of the San Pitch range,
•used for fencing. At Springville, in Utah valley, posts of cedar were pointed out which were in good condition
after fourteen years standing. Were it not for the existence of the 'no-fence' law, which enables a farmer to
cultivate unfeiiced ground and claim damages from incursions of stock, the Utah farmer would be very badly off, not
having means to purchase fencing material in a country so ill supplied with timber. The cedar which abounds
here affords a lasting supply of fire- wood and posts, but lor poles or plank the region depends largely upon imported
lumber, especially for building plank, joists, etc.
"Upon ranges flanking East and West Tiutic valleys, Juab county, in latitude 39° 50', longitude 112° 30', the
timber is not abundant; it consists of red fir and black and white balsam, from which rough lumber for the mining
•camps of Mammoth, Tintic, and Silver City has been extensively taken. Cedar of the usual dwarfed kind grows
abundantly along the upper slopes of the foot-hills, and is used for braces and posts in shafts of mines.
" SANPETE VALLEY RANGE (longitude 111° 30', latitude 39° 20'). — The Wahsatch mountains, on the east of
Sanpete valley, carry on their spurs and through the deep canons facing the valley some of the best timber found
in Utah. It is largely used by the Sanpete settlers. Yellow pine, black and white balsam, red fir, cedar, and
poplar constitute the varieties of trees found. The yellow pine, less abundant now in accessible canons, furnishes,
it is claimed, a clear and firm lumber, fit for building, and not surpassed by any variety in Utah. The range west
of the Sanpete mountains — i. c , the San Pitch mountains before spoken of— carries on its eastern slopes and canons
considerable balsam of both varieties and some red fir and poplar about the headwaters of creeks. Little yellow
pine is found on the San Pitch range ; at least, none is taken out at present, although I was told considerable had
already been lumbered from such canons as were penetrable. Fencing of cedar posts and poplar and balsam poles
is largely used iu the valley ; cedar posts and pine plank are also used in fencing meadows and fields. In no other
valley of Utah are the Mormons so well supplied,'apparently, with fair lumber of native growth. Except for furniture
and house trimmings, no imported wood is used here.
"SEVIER RIVER MOUNTAINS (latitude 38° 30' to 39° 10', longitude 112°). — TheTushar mountains and the Valley
range, on the. west of the Sevier valley, are supplied with meager timber, especially the Valley range. In no part
of Utah have I noticed so few and so limited areas inclosed. Timber is said to exist in inaccessible places only
on the Wahsatch range to the east of the valley. This is true in regard to the ranges west of the Sevier valley,
where the character of the tree growth is inferior to even the average poor quality of Utah forests. Black balsam,
white balsam and red fir grow in both ranges, but are approached with great difficulty. The indigenous scrub
cedar prevails often in thick groves along the foot-hills, especially on the Valley and Tushar ranges to the west of
the valley. Several saw-mills at the mouths of canon streams on the East Wahsatch range have for several years
worked up all the available lumber, but the prices asked for lumber— from $35 to $45 per 1,000 feet— place fencing
material beyond the reach of the Sevier farmer.
" All the way up the Sevier valley, and along its south and east forks, fencing is limited and lumber high, a
sure proof of the inadequate supply of trees on accessible mountains.
" Fish Lake plateau and mountains (latitude 38° 33', longitude 111° 50') contain a considerable quantity of the
prevailing timber of Utah, as do also Thousand Springs mountains.
DEPAK.TME 1
DKNSITY OF FORKS TS
i '' >.M!'ll.K!> I 'M )KH 1 1 IK I IIIIK ' ril IN . >K
r.S.SAKOKNT. SPKCIAI. .M'.I.M
T O O ' E L. E
J U A B
U TAH
ST.
!
1 H
•A /
i
JTS ki
DENSITY OF FORES
COMPUJH) l?>D?Ji THE D1HKCTIOK OF
C.S.SARGKXT. SI'KCIAI. AGENT
1883.
LEGEND.
9
\ I | Under i cord per
IVADA
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 571
"The Aquarius plateau is said by Sevier Valley stockmen to be abundantly timbered with pine, balsam, and
spruce, but Boulder valley (latitude 37° 55', longitude 110° 30') was destitute of standing timber, save cedar and
poplar on its foot-hill fringe. The country was visited by fires, the Mormons told me, in 1872-73, which
destroyed large areas of the forests in the region southeast of the Grass Valley country. The whole section of
Utah lying east of the Sevier valley to the Rio Colorado is better timbered, but from its rough and impenetrable
location the timber is of no avail to most of the settlers, but only to such as penetrate the high valleys of Grass,
Boulder, Potato, etc*, lying adjacent to the timber. Fencing on Grass and Rabbit valleys, western Pinto county,
is cheaper than in Sevier valley, but farmers and stockmen are so poor that they are forced to avail themselves of
the no- fence law when breaking ground for crops.
" In the Paria River region fencing is very limited and lumber expensive, as timber is hard to get out of the
mountain canons.
"In the Kanab River region fencing at the settlements of Upper Kanab and Lower Kanab, Kane county, is
said to be expensive, as material is difficult to obtain, the canons leading to the valley affording a meager supply
of cedar and black and white balsam, while some red fir and yellow pine is said to grow on the Sevier plateau
(latitude 37° 30'); this, however, seldom reaches a market in the settlements, owing to the isolated situation of
these forests.
"Considerable scrub oak is found on the slopes of the Oqnirrh and Onaqui mountains, above referred to, in
Tooele county, and many cedar thickets of considerable extent. In Tooele valley some fencing with cedar and panels
of balsam occurs. Ensh valley contains some bull fences of trunks of cedar, costing 81 25 per rod, showing the
cost of even poor material.
"It will be observed that outside of the "VVahsatch mountains no building timber of value has been noted in
Utah. The supply in this range has been largely consumed from the easily-approached canons and slopes.
"In summing up my observations, which were made wholly with a view of investigating the fencing of pasture
areas and cost of same, it may be stated that Utah seemed very generally lacking in serviceable material for fencing
or building. The country settled for thirty years has drawn upon the near supply of standing timber, so that now
lumber is obtained by great exertion and expense in most of the valley settlements. The labor and cost of fencing
caused Brigham Young to enact the no-fence law, which enabled the destitute settlers to break ground, irrigate,
and raise grain without the provision of any barrier against stock inroads, the cattleman being held responsible
for the damages of his herd. This law in itself is a commentary on the scarcity of timber in Utah."
NEVADA.
The tree growth of Nevada, except in a portion of Douglas county, in the extreme western part of the state,
which the forests of the California sierras just reach, is confined to the low ridges of the central and southern
part of the state. The most important of these— the Humboldt, Toiyabe, Monitor Creek, Timpiute, Hot Creek,
Kawich, and probably others — bear near their summits, in sheltered ravines, scattered patches of stunted white
pine (Pinus fiexilis] of sufficient size to furnish saw-logs. The lower slopes of the mountains of this region are
often quite thickly covered with small nut-pines and groves of the mountain mahogany ( Cereoc&rpus), here attaining
its greatest development. Below the nut-pine low, stunted junipers cover the foot-hills, often extending, in the
central part of the state, across the narrow elevated valleys which separate the low mountain ranges.
The great development of the mining interests of Nevada has already nearly exterminated its scanty and
stunted forests. The white pine has been cut in the neighborhood of mines from all the mountain ranges, and
the most accessible nut-pine, juniper, and mountain mahogany have been converted into cord-wood or made into
charcoal. The forests of Nevada are nowhere reproducing themselves, and a scarcity of fuel, even for domestic
purposes, must soon be felt.
A considerable amount of lumber is manufactured in the neighborhood of lake Tahoe, in Douglas county, and
sent in flumes down the eastern slopes of the sierras to supply Carson City and Virginia City. The lumber-
manufacturing interests of the remainder of the state are necessarily small and unimportant. Their entire
extermination, with the forests which furnish them material, cannot be long delayed.
During the census year 8,710 acres of woodland were devastated by tire, with a loss of $19,000. The fires
-were traced to hunters and Indians.
IDAHO.
The western slopes of the Bitter Root and Cceur d'Alene mountains, which form north of latitude 46° the
eastern boundary of the territory of Idaho, are covered with dense, extensive, and valuable forests of fir, pine, and
larch. The ridges of the Rocky mountains, which below latitude 46° occupy the eastern border of the territory,
and the extreme eastern development of the Blue mountains of Oregon, just entering it from the west, are less
heavily timbered with a scattered growth, in which yellow pine and red fir are still the prevailing trees. The
great central region occupied by the Salmon River mountains is unexplored. These mountains are more or less
timbered, but nothing is known of the composition or character of the forests which cover them. Judging,
however, from the general elevation and climate of this region, its forests cannot be very important, nor capable of
572 TUP] FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
supplying more than the local wants of its mining population. The great plains south and southeast of Hie
Salmon River mountains, comprising fully one-third of the territory, are entirely destitute of tree covering, while
the Snake River range and the ranges of the Bear River country contain in their more sheltered canons only small
areas of open, stunted forest.
During the census year 21,000 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$202,000. These fires originated in the carelessness of hunters, prospectors, Indians, etc.
A small amount of pine and fir lumber is manufactured at Bois6 City and near other centers of population.
The great forests of cedar, fir, and pine, however, in the Cceur d'Alene region are still almost intact. These forests,
•with proper care, are capable of furnishing indefinitely tlie treeless agricultural region of eastern Washington;
territory and Oregon with an abundant supply of excellent building material.
The following extracts are made from Mr. Sereno Watson's report upon the forests of the territory:
"This territory north of latitude 44|° is occupied by the Rocky and the Bitter Root mountains, forming it*
eastern boundary, with their broad, timbered, interlacing spurs, which terminate in the high, mostly treeless
plateau which extends from near the Spokane river in a southeasterly direction to this parallel of latitude. The
southern and southwestern portions were not visited by me, and the statements regarding them are to some extent
conjectural.
" LEMHI COUNTY (5,530 square miles). — In the extreme eastern portion of this county, where the mountains
are crossed by the Utah and Northern railroad, scattered trees of red fir are first met at an altitude of 6,000 feet.
Beaver canon, up which the railroad passes, is well timbered on both sides nearly to its head at 0,600 feet altitude
with red fir only, but the broad plateau at the summit (6,869 feet) is treeless, lii the lateral canons (8 to 10 miles
long), coming out near the mouth of Beaver canon, there are two saw-mills, one of which was visited. The timber
was here found to be confined to the south side of the eaflou, and consisted almost wholly of red fir (here called
'red pine'), averaging from 20 to 22 inches in diameter. The largest log seen measured 32 inches at the butt. A
'white pine' proved to be Picea Enyelmanni, and a • bird's eye pine' was Pimis Murrayana^ both small, as was also
the balsam (Abies subalpina), which was found some 3 or 4 miles up the canon. The yellow pine did not occur here.
"It is probable that the canons westward along the range are similarly timbered as far as the Lemhi agency.
Here the character of the range changes (as stated under Beaver Head county, Montana), becoming higher and
more rugged, and the Pinus Murrayana is probably more abundant, at least at the higher altitudes. The yellow
pine also appears, but at what point is uncertain ; it is certainly found at Gibbonsville, on the North Fork of the
Salmon river, and it probably extends still farther southward. The Salmon River mountains, lying between the
Lemhi river and Rock creek, are reported to be well timbered. The southwestern portion of the county I presume
to be much more open.
"The total timbered area is estimated at from 1,500 to 2,000 square miles.
"IDAHO COUNTY (10.100 square miles). — The high and crowded spurs of the Bitter Root mountains fill the
entire northeastern portion of this county, extending to the line of the South Fork of the Clearwater, mostly densely
wooded from base to summit. The foot-hills and plateaus between the streams are more or less covered with
scattered yellow pine and red fir. The valley of the Salmon river is probably comparatively treeless, and the low
mountain range between that river and the Snake is scantily timbered.
"Estimated timber area, 4,000 square miles.
"WASHINGTON COUNTY (3,000 square miles). — I have but little information in regard to this county. The
southern portion has been surveyed, and is probably nearly treeless. The rest appears to be more mountainous,
and may be scantily timbered.
"Wooded area (say) 300 square miles.
"NEZ PERC£ COUNTY (3,400 square miles).— Mainly high plateau, at about 3,000 feet altitude, in the
southeast more or less covered with scattered yellow pine and red fir of good size, on the western side nearly
without timber or with occasional yellow pine. Toward the head of Potluck creek some yellow pine and red
fir are found in the valleys, and in the northeast the spurs from the Rocky mountains enter the county, covered
iu addition with the larch and Thuya yigantea. East of the Indian reservation the county extends up into the
mountains in the form of a narrow gore, and is heavily timbered. The portion lying south of the reservation in
the angle between the Snake and Salmon rivers is occupied by low mountains, mostly bare.
"Total timbered area estimated at 750 square miles.
" SHOSHONE COUNTY (5,950 square miles). — Wholly mountainous and covered with forests, with the exception
of some prairies and open country near the Clearwater and lower portion of the Lolo Fork.
"Immediately after crossing the divide by the Lolo trail from Montana, at an altitude of 6,000 feet, the forest
consisted of Abies subalpina and Picea JEnfjelmanm, with young Abies grandin and Tsuga Mertemiana, and occasional
larch and red fir, and upon the creeks some small Thuya and Taxus. The trail soon ascended the ridges and
followed them for about 100 miles at an altitude of from 5,000 to over 7,000 feet, doubtless to avoid the fallen
timber which made the canons impassable, though enough of it was found on the route followed. The timber on
these ridges was often small and scattered — Abies subalpina and Picea Engelmanni, with Pinus Murrayana and P.
i'm — or on the damper northern slopes with larch and red fir, balsam, hemlock, and sometimes the mountain
DENSITY OF FORESTS
CIIMl-II.Kl) DKDEII THE IllllErnciN OP
('..S-SAHOKN'T, Sl'EClAI. AliKNT
I.';;:.;.
Soul.- nl' SMI
O ]0 20 30 40 IHt 100
LEOEND
i I I niliT I i iiril pi-i mi i
I I ...111 1 1.1 _•
O I S E
U N EX P L O R E D
/
,
IDAHO
, SI1. Jill.
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 573
hemlock ( Tsuga Pattoniana), the trees larger (occasionally 2 feet through, the Abies grandis being the largest). The
white pine (Pinus monticola) also frequently occurred. During the last day upon this ridge the trail was through
heavy timber, chiefly of hemlock sometimes 3 feet in diameter, with some Abies and rarely Pinitx Murrayana and
P. monticola, the ridge eveu at 7,000 feet being covered with the same dense growth. Descending quite abruptly from
the drier extremity of the spur, which was covered with Abies, Tsuga. and Pinus (Murrayana, albicaulis, and
monticola), we passed through a forest of heavy balsam (Abies grandis), with a few larch and some red fir, and at about
4,000 feet came upon cedar (Thuya gigantea) to the exclusion of everything else — the trees from 2 to 4 feet in diameter.
On the stream banks at the base were found the Thuya, Pinus monticola, Abies subalpina and A. grandis, Picea
Engelmanni, and Txitga Mertensiana, all growing together, with an undergrowth of maple, mountain ash, Vac-
cinium, Ceanothus, Cratccgus, Pachystima, Primus, etc. With timber of this character upon the high ridges it is
evident that there must be much very heavy timber in the canons.
"After crossing a low ridge covered with cedar, larch, and red fir, and following a narrow meadow frequently
interrupted by clumps of timber, the trail at length came out upon an open camass prairie 25 miles northeast of
Kamai. From this point the timber covering the plateau is an open growth of yellow pine and red fir, often quite
large, with young trees intermixed, and some Picea Engelmanni and the two Abies in the wetter places.
Considerable timber is cut upon the Lolo Fork and Clearwater and floated down to the mills at Lewistou. It is
uncertain how far south along the main range the above large variety of trees continues. It is probable, in my
opinion, that the Thuya, Abies grand in, Tsuga, Pinus monticola, and Taxus do not pass beyond the headwaters of
the Clearwater, or, at the farthest, that some of them may reach the North Fork of the Salmon river, while the
larch may possibly be found in the Salmon Itiver mountains.
" At the northern extremity of the county, along the Mullan road, which from the Coeur d'A16ne mission
follows up the canon of the Coeur d'Alene river, instead of following the spurs, a distance of 37 miles, the swampy
bottoms were found heavily timbered with Thuya, red fir, Abies grandis, and Tsuga Mertensiana, with some larch
and Pinus monticola. Some of the drier bottoms had been burned over, and were mostly covered with Pinus
Murrayana. Some Populus baltsamifcra occurs, 3 feet through, or more (as also on the Montana side). The sides of
the ridge were also nearly bare. The Thuya, which exclusively occupies some of the swamps, attaining a large
size, ceases at the base of the dividing ridge, where also the Picea Engelmanni and Abies subatyina come in. The
range above Cceur d'Alene canon, and bounding the county on the north, is uot heavily timbered, much of its upper
slopes being bare.
"Total timbered area estimated at 5,000 square miles.
"KooTENAi COUNTY (5,530 square miles). — The portion south of the Coeur d'Aleue and Spokane rivers
belongs mostly to the Cceur d'AltJne Indian reservation, and is timbered, with the exception of open meadows upon
the Co3ur d'Alene and Saint Joseph rivers and upon Hangman creek. The timber is principally yellow pine and
red fir, with some Pinus Murrayana, and fine bodies of cedar (Thuya gigantea) near the western borders of the lake.
North of the Creur d'Alene river the road from the mission to the fort passes through a cedar ( Thuya) swamp, with
many large trees, from 3 to 5 feet through, traversing canons filled with a mixed growth of Abies subalpina and
A. grandis, larch, hemlock, Picea Engelmanni, and red fir. This latter growth continues for some miles below the fort,
where the valley opens out into the broad Spokane plain, which extends northeastward toward Pend d'Oreille lake
without trees. The mountains south of the lake are low and not heavily timbered. The portion of the county
north of Clarke's Fork and of Pend d'Oreille lake has, so far as I know, never been explored, but is probably
mountainous and for the most part well timbered.
"Estimated timber area of the county, 4,500 square miles." •
WASHINGTON.
Washington territory west of the summit of the Cascade range is covered with the heaviest continuous belt
of forest growth in the United States. This forest extends over the slopes of the Cascade and Coast ranges, and
occupies the entire drift plain surrounding the waters of Puget sound. The highest mountain peaks and the sand-
dunes of the coast are treeless. The narrow valleys of -the Cowlitz and Chehalis rivers are dotted with small oaks
and other deciduous trees, and oaks and stunted yellow pines occupy with an open growth the barren Steilacoom
plain south of Puget sound; with these exceptions western Washington territory is covered with a magnificent
coniferous forest. The most valuable and generally distributed timber tree of this region is the red or yellow fir
(Pseudotsuga Douglasii), forming about seven-eighths of the forest growth. The valuable red cedar (Thuya gigantea)
and the hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana), often covering extensive tracts, especially near the base of the Cascade
mountains, are common ; the noble tide-land spruce adds value and importance to the forests bordering the coast.
The forests which cover the upper ridges of the Cascade mountains are principally composed of firs (Abies amabilis
and A. nobilis), spruces (Picea Engelmanni), various small pines, hemlocks, etc. These elevated forests, often of
great beauty, are of little economic importance.
East of the Cascade mountains the forests are less dense, and are confined to the mountain ranges. The great
plains watered by the Columbia and Snake rivers are entirely destitute of tree covering.
574 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Stevens connty, which is broken and mountainous, with the exception of the narrow valleys and occasional)
small prairies, is covered with a heavy, open forest growth. The most valuable trees of the forests of this county
are the red iir, the yellow pine (Pinm jjondcroftft), the white pine (Pinus monticola), the larch (Larix f>cci(lentalis)r
and the red cedar.
The forests of Spokane county are confined to the spurs and ridges of the extreme eastern part of the county,
and consist of the yellow pine, red fir, and larch of small size and inferior quality.
The forests of Yakima county cover about one half of its area, being confined to the eastern slope of the
Cascade range. The forests covering the eastern slopes of these mountains are only surpassed in density and
value by those extending over their western flanks. The yellow pine occupies the lowest slopes with an open
growth of large trees. Above the pine the red fir is the prevailing tree. This at a greater elevation is succeeded
by hemlock and larch, with which are mingled fine bodies of spruce (Picca Enfjetmanni) and hemlock, while th&
forest growth below the timber-line consists of firs, pines, and mountain hemlock.
The western portion of Rlikitat county is covered with heavy forest growth, similar in composition nnd density
to that of Yakima.
Walla Walla county is destitute of timber except in the extreme southeastern corner, where the spurs of the
mountains are thinly covered with a sparse growth of yellow pine and larch.
Columbia county is without forest except along the ridges and summit of the Bine mountains, which are-
covered with yellow pine, larch, and, above 5,000 feet elevation, with a continuous growth of lodge-pole pine
(Pimm Murrayana).
Whitman county is destitute of forest except in the extreme southeastern corner, where there is a scattered
growth of small yellow pine.
An estimate of the actual amount of timber standing in the territory is not possible with the existing knowledge
of the country, and none has been attempted. The quantity of merchantable timber, however, standing in western
Washington territory is enormous ; a yield of 200,000 feet of lumber to the acre is not at all exceptional, while over
fully 20,000 square miles a yield of 2."), 000 feet to the acre might be expected ; such estimates certainly would not
exaggerate, the productive capacity of these noble forests.
The forests of Washington territory, especially in the more thickly .-ettled portions west of the Cascade-
mountains, have long suffered from destructive fires. The injury inflicted by such fires is proportionately less,
however, in the hnmid coast region than east of the mountains, where the dryness of the climate prevents the
reproduction of the forest once destroyed. West of the mountains young trees of the species of the original forest,
and especially the red fir, soon densely cover the burned surface and grow with astonishing rapidity and vigor. It
seems reasonably certain, therefore, that, whatever may be the fate of the forests which now cover western
Washington territory and Oregon, they will be succeeded by forests of similar composition, and that this whole
region, ill adapted in soil and topography to agriculture, will retain a permanent forest covering long after the
other great forests of the continent have disappeared.
During the census year 37,910 acres of woodland were destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $713,200.
These fires were set by Indians, by whites in clearing land, by hunters, prospectors, etc.
The forests bordering the shores of Pnget sound, the strait of Jnan de Fuca, and the lower Columbia river
have been culled of their best trees for a distance inland of 1 or 2 miles to supply the important lumber-
manufacturing interests of this part of the territory. The product of western Washington territory during the
census year was 153,98(5,000 feet of lumber, 6,550.000 laths, 910,000 shingles, and 23,000,000 staves— by far the
largest part being manufactured in the mills located on the waters of Puget sound.
The first saw-mill built upon Puget sound was erected in 1851. It was a small water-power mill, with a daily
capacity of about 1,000 feet. Two years later a similar mill was erected at Seattle, with a daily capacity of from
8,000 to 10,000 leet.
The centers of manufactnres now are Port Gamble, Port Madison, Port Blakely, Port Discovery, Seabeck,
Utsaladdy, Tacoma, and Seattle. At the last-named place there is a large establishment manufacturing sugar-barrel
staves from cottonwood for the San Francisco market.
The lumber manufactured upon Puget sound is largely shipped to San Francisco and directly to China,
Australia, New Zealand, and Mexican and South American Pacific ports.
The population of the, southeastern part of the territory is principally supplied with lumber, largely coarse
yellow pine of inferior quality, cut on the Blue mountains in small portable mills, and delivered at Dayton, in
Walla Walla county, by a flurne several miles in length. No statistics, however, have been received of the amount
of lumber manufactured in this county.
The methods adopted by the lumbermen of western Washington territory are wasteful in the extreme. Loggers
cut only timber growing within a mile or a mile and a half of shores accessible to good booming or shipping points,
or which will yield not less than 30.000 feet of lumber to the acre. Only trees are cut which will produce at least
three logs 24 feet long, with a minimum diameter of 30 inches. Trees are cut not less than 12 and often 20
feet from the ground, in order that the labor of cutting through the thick bark and enlarged base may be avoided,
while 40 or 50 feet of the top of the tree are entirely wasted.
36
DEPARTMENT OF THE IN
125'
WASHINGTC
DENSITY OF FORF.STS
COMPILED C'MiKR rilK ullttli
S SAKCKNT. SHKC1.M. ACh'.N'T
L883.
THE FOKESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. f,7.->
The following notes upon tbe forests of eastern Washington territory are extracted from Mr. Watson's report :
"WALLA WALLA COUNTY (1,200 square miles). — This county is wholly without timber, which is supplied from
the Blue mountains of Oregon.
"COLUMBIA COXTNTY (2,100 square miles). — A spur of the Blue mountains traverses the southern portion of
this county, occupying about a fourth of its area, which is partially timbered, chiefly with red fir (Pxeudotxuga), pine
(Pinus ponderosa), and some Picea EHtjelmanni, none of it large. Elsewhere the county is nearly destitute of trees,
though some of the streams, especially the Touchet, were at the first settling of the county bordered by scattered
pines.
"WHITMAN COUNTY (5,000 square miles). — This county is destitute of timber. Some of the townships along
the Idaho line were originally sparingly wooded with scattered pines upon the ridges, but these have nearly or
wholly disappeared, and the supplies for fencing and fuel are brought from the neighboring mountains of Idaho.
There is a saw-mill on the Palouse river, at Talouse, the logs for which are floated down from about !l miles above.
"SPOKANE COUNTY (8,500 square miles). — The portion of this county to the west of the mouth of the Spokane
river is wholly destitute of trees, with the exception of the high point or plateau opposite to the month of the
Okinakaue river. Here, there is a small area thinly wooded, probably with yellow pine and red fir. On the eastern
side of the county spurs from the mountains bordering Cceur d'Alcne lake enter between l.'ock creek and Spokane
river, and are covered more or less densely with a growth of yellow pine, often small, with some Douglas spruce and
tamarack in the ravines. There is a saw-mill at Rock creek supplied from its immediate neighborhood. Crossing
Hangman's creek a scattered growth of pine appears upon the ridges between Deep creek and the Spokane river,
and as far west as the head of Crab creek. Trees also border the Spokane river below the falls and to within a few
miles of its month. The region between the Spokane and Little Spokane rivers is mostly a broad, open valley, the-
hills bordering it upon the north being very thinly wooded. There are two saw mills at Spokane Falls, but the logs-
tor them are floated down from near Coeur d'Alene lake.
"The total area more or less covered with trees may be estimated at from 400 to 500 square miles.
"STEVENS COUNTY (14,760 square miles). — This county is broken and mountainous throughout, but with no-
high ranges east of the Cascade mountains. The portion lying east of the upper Columbia and north of the Spokane
river has several small prairies upon Chamokaue creek and Colville river, and there is a narrow, open valley along
the Columbia for 20 miles below the mouth of the Colville. The mountains are all low, the ridges most frequently
thinly wooded or nearly bare, with the timber becoming denser in the ravines, especially northward. The most
common tree is the yellow pine, but in the ravines red fir is frequent, with tamarack and lodge-pole pine. ISTear the
Colville river were seen Picea Engelmanni, Abies grandis, small Thuyas, and fine specimens of Pinus monticola, as well
as Popuhts balsamifera, Betulapapyracea, and Abuts of considerable size. The hills bordering the Columbia above
Old Fort Colville are treeless. The drift-wood brought down by the river is said to be chiefly cedar (Thuya gigantea).
"The Colville Indian reservation, lying between the Okinakuue and the Columbia eastward, is comparatively
little known, being crossed by but two trails, one leading directly westward from (JL1 Fort Colville, the other following
the Kettle river, and for much of the way not far distant from the British boundary. As seen from the Columbia-
and from the heights bordering the Okiuakane, this portion appears to be more open and grassy than that east of
the Columbia, and, especially toward the south, more like the bare plateau of Spokane county. Okiuakane valley
itself is narrow, with mainly a desert vegetation of sage-brush, Purnhia, and other like representatives of the Great
Basin flora, which seems to find here its only passageway northward to the British boundary. The hills eastward
have thinly-scattered pines, which occasionally descend into the valley. The northern trail from Old Fort Colville
shows the lower valley of Kettle river to be well wooded, but above, opening out into grassy prairies and bordered
by grass-covered hills or with scattered yellow pine, red fir, and larch. Upon the more densely wooded ridges and
ravines were also found Picea Engelmanni, Abies subalpina, Pinus Murrayana, and Thuya.
" The main ridge separating Kettle river from the Okinakaue (about 5,000 feet high and 12 miles from the latter
stream) was well grassed upon both sides with large Picea, Pseudotsuga, Pinus ponderona, and Larix along the creeks
upon the eastern side, and on the west the Pinus ponderosa only. The ridges above the Okiuakane to the north appeared
treeless, while the northern slopes of the nearer hills to the south were pretty well covered with underbrush. West
of the Okiuakane, between that river and the Methow, the country is much like that to the east — high and broken,
with scattered patches of timber, which becomes more general toward the northern boundary. Upon the Methow
and Similkameen creeks there are open, grassy valleys of considerable extent, but for 12 miles from the mouth of
the Methow the hills close in upon it and are considerably wooded. The rest of the county, from the Methow to
the Wenatchee, is occupied by spurs from the Cascade mountains, which reach the banks of the Columbia; these
are exceedingly rugged and almost impassable, being seldom traversed, even by Indians. A foot-trail leads from
the headwaters of the Methow over to the Skagit, and a trail which has been passable for horses crosses the ridges
between the upper Chelan lake and the Wenatchee, but it is described by the Indians as dangerous and long disused
by them. The whole region is probably for the most part well timbered except along the Columbia river, where the
mountains for from 10 to 15 miles back are but scantily wooded, the pine (Pinus ponderosa) and red fii occasionally
reaching to the river. Heavy timber is reported about the head of Chelan lake, commencing at about 15 miles from
570 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
the foot, mostly yellow pine, but also red fir, some Larix, and small Thuya. The outlet to this lake is through a
deep cafiou, and is obstructed by falls and rapids. The Wenatchee flows through a more open valley, and, at '.east
in high water, could be used for floating timber to the Columbia. For 7 miles from its mouth the ridges on each
side are only scantily wooded, but from that point the trees (yellow pine and red fir, mostly young) occupy the
valley, and at 20 miles the thick timber begins — pine, fir, red fir, larch, white pine (Pinus monticoln), and cedar, the
white pine sometimes 4 feet through, the cedar not large.
"YAKIMA COUNTY (S,900 square miles).— Immediately south of the Wenatchee the highest of the eastern spurs
of the Cascade mountains extends in a southeasterly direction to the Columbia, forcing that river to make a bend
eastward. This spur has an altitude of about 5,000 feet, and its higher northern slopes, overlooking the mouth of
the Wenatchee and eastward, are somewhat densely covered with pine, red fir, and larch. The southern slope, as
seen from Ellensburg, appeared nearly bare. I crossed the ridge about 17 miles above the mouth of the Wenatchee
and a few miles east of the high, exceedingly rocky, aud snow-covered peaks called by McClellau ' Mount Stuart'.
It was found mostly well wooded, but the trees not exceeding 1 or 2 feet in diameter, and usually small red fir and
yellow pine, with at length some Abies grandis and Pinus monticola, rarely a small Thuya, on the higher rocky
ridges small larches, and at the summit some Pinus Murrayana. The same trees were found on the southern
descent, excepting the Pinus monUcola. Large cottonwoods (Populux trldiomrpa) occurred on the creeks. South
of this range the spurs recede, leaving a comparatively level sage-brush region, wholly treeless, from 50 to 70 miles
broad, between the Columbia and Yakima, and crossing the lower portion of the latter river.
"Below the mouth of the Schwank, which is at the head of what is known as ' Killitas valley', on the Yakima,
the foot-hills of the Cascade mountains extend to the Yakima river, a distance of about 50 miles from the summit
of the range; but the lower portions of these spurs are bare, or with only scattered pines on their northern slopes,
and the chief reliance of the settlers for fencing aud fuel is upon the aspens and cottonwoods bordering the streams.
Following up the Yakima from the mouth of the.Scliwank, the valley for 10 or 12 miles is thinly timbered with pine
and red fir. For 17 miles more there is some larch on the ridges, and in the bottoms some Abies grand is, and
rarely a small Thuya. Timber and ties had been extensively cut here for the railroad and floated down the river.
At this point the yellow pine and tamarack ceased, and a dense, heavy growth began aud continued for most of the
way to the summit (20 or 25 miles), consisting of red fir, hemlock, Alien (/nnidia and A. amdbilis (all these from 3 to
5 feet through and 200 feet high or more), Pinus monUcola (18 inches' through), and Thuya (2 feet in diameter).
One spruce, not over 2J feet through, had a height of 225 feet.
" In like manner, upon the Nachess river, the open sage-brush country extended about 10 or 12 miles from its
mouth, with only cottonwood along the stream. Scattered pines then commence, with at length red fir, but it is
some 25 or 30 miles more before heavy timber is reached. A small grove of oak (tyuercus Garry ana) is found at
the mouth of the Schwank, the only point upon the Yakima where it occurs. It is also frequent along the Nachess
for 3 or 4 miles, commencing at about 12 miles from its mouth, but small and rarely over (i inches in diameter or 15
feet in height. In Satas valley it is abundant. Along the southern border of the county there is again a long
spur extending east from mount Adams to within about 40 miles of the mouth of the Yakima. This spur has an
altitude of about 1,500 feet, and is mostly covered with a scattered growth of yellow pine, red fir, aud Abies grandis.
"The entire wooded area of the county may be estimated at about 4,500 square miles.
" KLIKITAT COUNTY (2,300 square miles). — The spur eastward from mount Adams, just spoken of, covers
much of the northern portion of this county and affords a good supply of excellent timber. The area may be
estimated at 750 square miles. The high ridge overlooking the Columbia from The Dalles eastward is perfectly
bare of trees."
OREGON.
The heavy forest of western Washington territory extends through western Oregon. The most valuable timber
tree of the regiou is the red or yellow fir (Pseudolsuga Douglasii), which forms fully seven-eighths of the forest. The
tide-land spruce (Picea Sitchensis) abounds along the coast, and the red cedar (Thuya giganlea) and the hemlock
(Tsuga Mcrtensiana) are common and of large size. South of Coos bay an important forest of Port Orford cedar
(Chamcecyparis Laicsoniana), mixed with the red fir and the tide-land spruce, occurs.
The valleys of the Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue rivers contain an open, scattered growth of white oak
(Quercus Garryana], now gradually increasing by the recent growth of young trees protected from the fires which
formerly swept every season through these prairie-like valleys. South of the Rogue- Kiver valley the sugar pine
(Pinus Lambcrtiana), the chestnut oak (Quercus densiflora), and other trees of the California forest occur in
sufficient numbers to add economic value to the forests of the state.
The bottom lauds of western Oregon are lined with a continuous growth of cottouwoods of immense size,
willows, maples, ashes, and gigantic alders ; those in the southwest, near the coast, contain great bodies of splendid
card maple (Acer macrophyllum) aud laurel ( Umbellularia Californica).
East of the Cascade mountains the forests are confined to the mountain ranges ; they are open, scattered, and
generally composed of comparatively small trees.
37
UEF/ IT OF THE 11.
DKXSITV OF FOKKSTS
C. S SARGKNT, SPKCIAI. ACI'.'.N"!
1883.
LEGKM).
[ 1 j Unjdnr t card per acre
l--M-n From 1102 „
122'
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 577
The forests of Wasco county, on the western slope of the Cascade, range, when above 3,000 feet elevation
are important. The most valuable trees are the red fir, the yellow pine, and the larch. The eastern part of the
county is covered with a light growth of pine, principally yellow pine.
The slopes of the Blue mountains iu Umatilla and Union counties are covered with an open, stunted forest,
consisting of red iir, yellow pine, larch, and, above 4,000 feet elevation, a heavier continuous growth of lodge-pole
pine (I'hntN Mnrrut/aiia).
Lake county is destitute of timber except on the eastern slope of the Cascade mountains and the southern
part of the county, which contain a light forest growth confined to the high ridges of the mountains, and
principally composed of yellow pine.
Grant and Baker counties are treeless except in the northern part, where the Blue mountains are covered with
a light, open growth composed chiefly of yellow pine, with some larch and scrub pine.
The forests of Oregon have sull'ered serious losses from forest fires. Along the Coast Itangc, from the
Columbia river to Port Orford and through the entire length of the Cascade mountains, fires have raged nearly
every summer since the first settlement of the state, destroying thousands of acres of noble fir, spruce, and cedar.
Forests similar in composition to those destroyed soon spring up again and cover the burned surface, but the loss
iu material which the state has snUercd in this way is incalculable.
Forest fires are increasing in frequency, especially west of the summit of the Cascade mountains. During the
census year, however, only 132,320 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by lire, with an estimated loss of
$593,850. These (ires were set by hunters, Indians, and by farmers clearing land.
The abundant spruce, cedar, cottonwood, ash, maple, and alder of western Oregon have developed flourishing
industries. At Portland large quantities of ash, maple, and aider are manufactured into furniture, and cottonwood,
spruce, and cedar supply numerous establishments engaged in the production of cooperage stock and all kinds of
wooden ware. The supply of this material is large and of excellent quality.
The principal centers of the lumber-manufacturing interests are at Portland, where fir, spruce, cottonwood, and
hard woods are sawed for the local market, and at Empire City and Marshfleld upon Coos bay. Port Orford cedar
and red-fir lumber arc manufactured here, and shipped by schooner to Portland, San Francisco, and Mexican and
South American Pacilic ports. The first mill was established upon Coos bay, at North Bend, 4 miles above Empire
City, in 1853; other mills were soon built, and in 1854 the first shipment of Port Orford cedar was made to San
Francisco. Great quantities of this timber have been cut, while fires have destroyed even more than the ax. The tire
which rageu through the forests of Coos bay for three months in the summer of 1807 destroyed cedar estimated to
amount to between 200,000,000 and 300,000,000 feet of lumber. This tree, however, reproduces itself very rapidly,
and after the forest has been burned over it is the first arborescent species to reappear, springing up generally in
the third year.
The heaviest continuous body of Port. Orford cedar now standing is on cape Gregory, extending south to and
beyond the mouth of the Coquille river. It is about 20 miles long by an average width of 12 miles, and lies along
the western slope of the foot-hills of the Coast Eange, extending to within 3 miles of the coast. In this forest two-
thirds of the trees are Port Orford cedar, the others tide-land spruce and a lew red firs. There is great danger,
however, that the Port Orford cedar, one of the most valuable trees of the American forest, will soon be exterminated
as a source of lumber supply, so far as this generation is concerned.
The following notes upon the forests of Wasco, Umatilla, Union, Grant, and Baker counties, the only portion
of the state visited by Mr. Watson, are extracted from his report:
"WASCO COUNT? (17,700 square miles). — The timber of this county is confined almost wholly to the steep
eastern slopes of the Cascade range; the low spurs of the Blue mountains, which enter the county on the east,
bordering John Day's river and southward, being only partially supplied with pines, etc. I know nothing about
Walker's range, and the Paulina mountains in the southwest, but they are probably low, with little or no wood.
The trees of the Cascades are doubtless nearly the same as those to the north of the Columbia, the larch reaching
to the headwaters of the Deschutes river, the most southern locality for it that I have seen mentioned.
"The total more or less wooded area may be estimated at from 2,500 to 3,000 square miles.
"UMATILLA COUNTY (6,100 square miles). — The Blue mountains occupy the southern and eastern borders of
this county, and are the only source of timber. They are for the most part well wooded, especially in the ravines,
the trees growing to a fair size, and consisting of yellow and scrub pine, spruce and balsam (Abies sulalpina and
A. grandis).
"The wooded area is about 1,500 square miles.
" UNION COUNTY (4,300 square miles). — This county has the main range of the Blue mountains on the west
and north and the Cedar mountains on the east, separated by the valleys of the Grande Koiide and Wallowa
rivers. A large portion of these mountains is well timbered, the amount decreasing toward the cast.
" The wooded area may be estimated at about 2,000 square miles.
"GiiANT COUNTY NORTH OP LATITUDE 44° (5,800 square miles). — This portion of the county is traversed by
the valley of John Day's river, to the north and east of which lie the main ranges of the Bine mountains, which
are to a considerable extent well wooded. The mountains to the south are low and probably scantily timbered.
37 FOE
578 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
"Fifteen hundred square miles is probably a liberal estimate for the wooded area.
"BAKER COUNTY NORTH op LATITUDE 44° (3,800 square miles). — This section is bordered on the west by a
high range of the Blue mountains, which is well timbered. The remainder is almost wholly without timber.
"The estimated wooded area of this county is 900 square miles."
CALIFORNIA.
The heavy forests of California are confined to the Coast Range, the eastern and western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada, and the group of mountains joining these ranges in the northern part of the state. They extend from
the Oregon boundary south to latitude 34° 30' north. The most important trees of the Coast Range forest are the
redwood and the red fir. The tide-laud spruce and the hemlock of the Northern Coast Forest extend as far south
as cape Meudocino, although less generally multiplied and less valuable than in Oregon and Washington territory.
The chestnut oak (Quercus densijlora), of which the bark is largely used in tanning, is still common in the coast
forests of the northern part of the state. The most valuable forest of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada is
confined to a belt between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, consisting of the sugar pine (Pinus Lambertiana), the yellow
pine, and the red fir. Small scattered groves of the big trees (Sequoia gigantea) stretch along the southern portion
of this belt. The western slopes of these mountains below 4,000 feet elevation are more or less densely covered
with various species of pine of little economic importance, and the broad valleys of the Sacramento and the San
floaquin, lying between the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada, are covered, except at the south, with an open
growth of oaks, often of immense size, although of little value except as fuel. The eastern slopes of the Sierra
Nevada are covered with a heavy forest, in which yellow pines (Pinus ponderosa and P. Jeffreyi) are the prevailing
and most important trees.
South of latitude 36° 30' the forests, both of the Sierra Nevada and of the Coast Range, become gradually less
heavy and less valuable than those covering the mountains farther north. Two degrees still farther south they are
open and scattered, and have little economic value. The pine and fir forests, however, which cover the upper
slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges are important on account of their isolated position in a region
destitute of tree covering, and supply a considerable local market with lumber.
The northeastern and nearly all the southern and southeastern portions of the state are almost entirely destitute
of forest covering. Oaks and occasional pines and junipers are, however, dotted over the low mountains of
southwestern California, and willows and cottonwoods line the banks of streams. Forests of pine crown the highest
ridges of the Inyo and other mountain ranges, rising from the desert east of the Sierra Nevada, and arborescent
yuccas (Yucca brevifolia) form upon the high Mohave plateau an open forest, more remarkable in the strangeness
of its growth than in economic value.
The narrow belt of redwood which extends along the western slopes of the Coast Range from the bay of
Monterey to the northern boundary of the state is the most important forest of similar extent now standing. I Few
trees equal the redwood in economic value. No other forest can compare with this in productive capacity, and no
other great body of timber in North America is so generally accessible or so easily worked. Single trees capable
of producing 75,000 feet of lumber are not uncommon, while a yield of from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 feet of lumber
per acre is by no means rare. The redwood has already been practically destroyed in the neighborhood of San
Francisco bay, both north and south, and through the entire extent of this forest the trees most accessible to
streams and railroads have been culled. Heavy bodies of redwood are still standing, however^ in the Santa Cruz
region, and in Humboldt county in the valleys of Eel and Mud rivers and Redwood creek. The largest number
of mills engaged in the manufacture of redwood lumber are located upon Humboldt bay, principally at Eureka and
Arcata. The logs which supply these mills are generally cut within a distance of 1 or 2 miles from the shores of the
bay, to which they are hauled by teams, made into rafts, and towed to the mills. Attempts made to raft logs down
the mountain streams watering the redwood forests have not been successful. The rivers flowing west from the
California Coast Range are short and rapid. Floods following the winter rains are sudden and severe, breaking up
rafts and driving the logs out to sea, or lodging them for from the banks. At periods of low water numerous bars
close these rivers to the navigation of the enormous redwood logs. The general destruction of these forests must
therefore be accomplished by means of short logging railroads specially constructed to bring logs to the mills.
Such a road has been built along Mad river, and there are others either built or projected near Trinidad and at
other points along the coast.
Besides the mills upon Humboldt bay, there are others devoted entirely to the manufacture of redwood lumber
at Crescent City, in Del Norte county; Trinidad, Rohuerville, and Bridgeville, in Humboldt county; Westport,
Kibesillah, Albion, Little River, Caspar, Meudociiio, Cufi'ey's Cove, Punta Arena, and Gualala, in Mendociuo
county; Duncan's mills, in Sonoma county; and at Santa Cruz.
Redwood lumber is principally shipped by schooner to San Francisco, the great point of lumber distribution
upon the Pacific coast, and also direct by water to Wilmington, San Diego, and other ports of southern California,
and to Mexico and South America.
38
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Illllll
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C/3
H
X
THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
579
The following estimates of the amount of accessible redwood standing May ;J1, 1SSO, were prepared by Mr.
E. L. Allen, secretary of the l!ed\vood Manufacturers' Association of San Francisco. They embrace only such
portions of the forest as can be readied by water, or may in the future be penetrated by railroads, and do not
include the small, isolated bodies of timber growing in inaccessible canons:
ItKDWOOD (.Sr»/««m «i mi:
Ki ;;ions.
hoard
meamirc.
! i the Oregon li"iin»l;ii y !o tin- mouth of lied wood rrn.'k
itlu- month of K.-ilu 1 rn-rk to the moutli of Mail riviT
:i. i.iin
" 145 i
4, 4;"0 -
:u [lit- numlli of Mattoli vivrr to tin- mouth of Cotonavia f
I'Yoin tlit- Mioiitli ot Cotonavia rrerk to tin- moutli ot' Kuw.stan river.
'_>OII, (Hill. ("Ill
7, 6811, (Kin, dim
1 550 000 000
Total
•jr., wf,, (wo, ooo
K.slirnatrd cut tor th«> rriistis year ending May 31, 1880 :
125 :•:
: -il 000
"" "05 000
12 noo, ooo
Total .
No estimate of the amount of pine and fir lumber standing iii the state is now possible, and none has been
attempted. An enormous amount of pine of excellent quality, both white and yellow, is contained in the sierra
forests. These forests have been invaded by the lumberman at only a few points; their inaccessibility and the
cost of getting to market the lumber manufactured in these mountains have thus far preserved them, and these
sierra forests, if protected from fire, will serve as a reservoir from which the whole Pacific coast can draw its lumber
supply long after its more accessible forests have disappeared.
The forests of California suffer seriously by fire; during the census year 356,815 acres of woodland were
reported thus destroyed, with an estimated loss of $440,750. These fires were set by careless hunters, prospectors,
and by farmers in clearing laud. Great injury, every year becoming greater, is inflicted on the mountain forests by
stockmen starting fires to improve the herbage of the alpine pastures. These fires destroy undergrowth and young
trees, and often consume great quantities of valuable timber, which does not grow again iipon these exposed mountain
slopes.
PASTURAGE OF MOUNTAIN FORESTS.
The permanence of the mountain forests of California is severely endangered, moreover, by the immense
herds of sheep, cattle, and horses driven into the mountains every year, at the commencement of the dry season, to
graze. From the foot-hills to the highest alpine meadows every blade of herbage and every seedling shrub and tree
is devoured. Young trees are barked and ruined, and only the most rigid and thorny chaparral shrubs are able
to resist the attacks of these ravenous herds. The sharp hoofs of sheep winding around the steep acclivities tread
out the roots of grasses and other perennial plants and loosen the surface of the stony soil, which, deprived of the
protection of its vegetable covering, is gradually washed into the valleys, choking the bottoms of streams and
preparing the way for the disastrous torrents which must follow the destruction of the sierra forests; and the
destruction of these forests is certain, if the practice of using them indiscriminately as sheep pastures is continued.
The life of any forest in which all young trees are destroyed as soon as they appear above the surface of the soil is
limited to the life of the fully grown individuals which compose it. A period of unusual climatic conditions, the
demand of an increased population for lumber, or the now unforeseen attacks of some insect enemy may at any-
time sweep away the old trees of the sierra forests. There are no young trees growing to replace them, and it is
doubtful if the forest could ever regain its foothold upon the steep and exposed slopes of these mountains once
entirely stripped of the protection of their present covering of trees.
The sheep which threaten the destruction of the sierra forests threaten also the agricultural prosperity of the
state; the streams heading in the sierras and watering the great interior valleys of California are protected in
their tio\v by the forests growing about their upper sources. If these forests are destroyed, and the protection to
the surface of the ground which they afford removed, the immense accumulation of the winter's snows must melt
suddenly in the spring; brooks will become torrents, sweeping with irresistible force gravel and stones from the
mountain sides down into the valleys below, and burying rich bottom lands in ruin. And this is not the only
danger which must follow the destruction of these forests. If the snow which supplies the mountain streams melts
slowly, a steady flow of water will be maintained late into the season; if, on the other baud, the snow melts suddenly
and rapidly during the first warm days of spring, the unnatural flow of water in the stream must be followed by
580 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
its equally sudden disappearance, and the torrent will suddenly diminish to a slender brook or entirely disappear.
Irrigation, without which agriculture in a large part of the Pacific region is impossible, is dependent upon the
constant and steady flow of streams formed by melting snow, and as the forests which cover the mountain sides
are essential to prevent the sudden melting of snow, their preservation is necessary for successful irrigation on any
large or comprehensive scale.
The forests of California suffer from wasteful methods of cutting. Only the best and most accessible young
trees are cut; often a noble pine capable of producing 25,000 or 30,000 feet of lumber is felled, a few split shingles
made from the butt-cut, and the rest of the tree left to rot upon the ground. The preference of the railroad
companies of the state for split rather than sawed redwood ties causes an immense and needless waste of this
valuable timber. A great amount of material under the most favorable conditions is wasted in splitting out the
ties, and when trees after being cut are found to split badly from any defect in the grain they are abandoned and
left to waste.
The forests of California, unlike those of the Atlantic states, contain no great store of hard woods. The oaks
of the Pacific forests, of little value for general mechanical purposes, are unfit for cooperage stock. No hickory,
gum, elm, or ash of large size is found in these forests. California produces no tree from which a good wine cask
or wagon wheel can be made. The cooperage business of the state, rapidly increasing with the development of grape
culture, is entirely dependent upon the forests of the Atlantic region for its supply of oak. V.'oodenwaie and
small cooperage stock are manufactured in large quantities, however, from cottouwood, spruce, alder, and red and
white fir. Wine-butts and water-tanks are universally made from redwood, which is probably unsurpassed for such
purposes.
The large tanning industry of the state consumes, in preference to all other material, large quantities of the
bark of the chestnut oak (Quercus densiflora), once a common tree in the forests of tile northern Coast ranges, but
now* becoming scarce and in danger of speedy extermination.
The principal centers of lumber manufacture outside of the redwood belt are situated along the line of the
Central Pacific railroad, upon both flanks of the Sierra Nevada mountains, in Butte, Tehama, and Mono counties,
and in the San Bernardino mountains. Lumber manufactured upon the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas is
largely shipped eastward by rail to supply Nevada and Utah. The product of the mills situated west of the
mountains is largely sent to San Francisco for distribution, or direct by rail to the mining centers of southern
Arizona and New Mexico.
ALASKA.
Little is known to me of the present condition or productive capacity of the forests of Alaska. Their distribution,
as shown on the forest map of North America, is based upon notes made by Mr. Ivan Petroff, a special agent of the
Census Office, who has traced the timber limits of the territory, aided by Mr. C. W. Nelson, of the Smithsonian
Institution, by whom the northern limits of the spruce forest ate laid down.
The forests of the territory of any commercial value are confined to the islands and Coast ranges east and
south of Prince William sound. The most valuable tree of this region is the Sitka cedar (Chamcecyparis Nutkaensis).
The hemlock, the tide-land spruce, and the red cedar ( Thuya gigantea) attain here also a considerable size. The
importance, however, of these forests, both in extent and in the value of the timber they contain, has generally been
greatly exaggerated. The Coast Forest north of the fiftieth degree of latitude rapidly diminishes in density and
quality, and there is nothing in the climate or soil of Alaska to produce a forest growth more valuable than that
covering the Coast ranges of British Columbia.
A few saw-mills of small capacity are located at different points in southeastern Alaska to supply the local
demand for coarse lumber. Alaska is, however, largely supplied with lumber from Puget sound. The treeless
Shumagin and Aleutian islands and the southern settlements of the peninsula are supplied with fire- wood brought
from other portions of the territory.
-
Mnirtlt 'nrH,,xxi,lil
MAP
OK A PORTION OK
CALIFORNIA
snim'ixdTiiK nisTiiiiuTin.N or rin:
RKIWOO!) l-'OIU'iS'l'S
MTTII SI'I;CIAI. Ki-:ri:iii-:x( i: '\>
fUMI'll.lilt I'Mihlf THK IHUKCTIUN ill
c.s s.\!;i;r;\'r, si'i-;ci.\i, AC;I:\T.
umi .
i
•
• .
5 Ins h'-i-ti rcii'
• Lti-fH- •/niirifitjf-; ofRetbwLtimbq /i.n< -
trjun •''•'
Scale;
GENERAL INDEX.
[NOTE.— In tfiis index the names of families are indicated by "SMALL CAVS". ut species by "Roman" type, and of synonyms by "ItaKct".]
•*• Page.
Page. Abies inaijnlfini (Abiew nobilis) 214
Abies 11,12,16,573 Abiee Mariana 202
Abler ulbn (Picon iill.a) 204 Allies Mari/Miitlica 203
Abie.* all>i. (Picea Eugclmanni) 205 Abies Menziuii (Picoa pungens) 205
Abies alba (Piceii uigra) 203 Abies Menziesii (Picea Sitchcnsis) 206
Abies alba, var. arctica 204 Abies Xenziceii Parryana 205
Abies alba, var. caerulea 204 Abies Mertenriana 207
Abies Albertiana 208 Abies niicrocarpa .. 215
Abies amabilia 213,250,255,259,346,412,478,573,576 Abies mucronata. 209
Abiei amabilif (Abies concolor) 212 Abies mucronata pahatrit. 209
Abies amabilis (Abies graadis) 212 Abies nigra (Picea Engelmanni) 205
Abies amabilis (Abies rungaifica) 214 Allies nigra (Picea nigra) 203
Abien Americana 203 Abies nigra, var. rubra 203
Abies urctira (Picea alba) 204 Abies nobilis 214, 250, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478, 573
Abies arrticn (Picoa nigra) 203 • Abies nobilis (Abies magnifies) 214
Abies aromntica 212 Abies nobilis robusta 214
Abies balsamea 210,251,255,259,346,412,478 Abies Parsonsii 212
Abies bahamea (Abies concolor) 212 Abies Pattoni 208
Alnes bals/imea, var. Fraseri 210 j| Abies Pattoniana 208
Abiet balsamifera 211 |j Abies I'attonii (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208
Abies bifolia 211 j Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Pattoniana) 208
Abies livacteata 8,213,249,346 |! Abies pendula 215
Abies Uridgetii 207 j Abies religiosa 185
Abies campt/locarpa 214 Abies rubra 203
Abies Canadensis (Picea alba) 204 j Abies rubra, \&r. arctica 203
Abies Canadensis (Tsnga Canadensis) .. 208 Abies rubra, var. c&rulea 204
Abies Canadensis (Tsnga Merteusiana) 207 Abies Sitchenms 206
Abien Caroliniana 207 Abies species (Tsaga Caroliniana) 207
Abies aentlca, 204 Abies subalpina 211,251,255,259,264,346,412,478,564-567,572,573,575,577
Abies concolor 9,212,251,255,259,264,346,412,478,570 Abies subalpina, var./u«(W 211
Abits dnticulata 203 Abies taxifolia (Psendotsnga Douglasii) , 209
Abies Douglasii 209 Abies taxifolia (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208
Abies Dmiglttiii, var. macrocarpa 210 Abies trigona 208
Abies Dmtylasii, var. taxifolia 209 At>ies venusta 213
Abifl Engdmanni 205 Ai)i>< Williamsonii 208
Abies tngclmanni glauca 205 Acacia 6,10-12,14
Abies falcata 206 Acaaa Bahamensit 64
Abies Fraseri 210,251,255,259,346.412,478 Acacia Berlaudieri 63,248
Abits fiordoniana 212 Acacia biceps 02
Abies grandis 7,212,251,255,259,346,412,478,565,566,572,573,575-577 : Acacia csculenta 03
Abies grandis (Abies amabilis) 213 , Acacia frondosa 62
Abies grand™ (Abies concolor) 212 Acacia glauca 62
Abies ijrandis (Abies snbalpina) 211 j Acacia, Green-bark 60,280,362,426
Abies grandia, var. densiflora 213 Acacia Greggii 13,63,249,282,362,426
Abies grandis, var. Loiciana 212 Acacia latisiliqua 64
Abies heterophytta 207 Acacia leucocfphala- 62
Abies nookeriana 208 I Acacia pnluerulenta 63
Abits Jfudsonica 211 Acacia tephroloba C3
Ahic.^ latiocarpa (Abies concolor) 212 Acacia, Tbree-thorned 59,280,360,426
Abies lasiocarpa (Abies snbalpina) 211 Acacia Wrightii 63,249,282
Abies laxa, 204 Acer 10-12
Abies Loiviana 212 Acer barbatum (Acer glabrnm) 48
Abies macrocarpa 210 Acer barbatum (Acer saccharinum) 48
Abies magniflca 214,250,255,259,346,412,478 Acer CaUfornitum 51
581
582
GENERAL INDEX.
. Page.
Acer Canadense 46
Acer Caroliniana 50
Acer circinatnm 47,249,253,256,274,358,422
Acer coccineum 50
Acer dasycarpnm 49,250,253,256.276,358,424
Acer Douglasii 48
-1 cor Drummondii .• 50
Acer eriocarpum 49
Accrglabrum 47, 2.">0, 274
.1 car glaitmm 50
Acer grandidentatum 13,48,249.270
Acer niacrophyllnm 47,250,253,256,259,274,358.422,570
Acer montanum . 46
Acer Neyundo 51
Acer nigrum 49
A cer palmatum 47
Acer parviflorum 46
Acer Penusylvanicum .46, 250, 274
Acer Pennsylvanicum (Acer spicatnm) 40
Acerrubrnm 50,250,253,256,259,276,358,424
Acer rabrum, mar. Drummondii 50,250,276
Acer rubrum, var. pattidum • 49
Acer s»rcharinum 4ft 249, 253, 256, 259, 270, 358, 422
Acer saccharinum (Acer dasycarpum) 49
Acer saccharinum (Acer saccharinum, var. nigrnm) 49
Acer saccharinnm, var. nlgram 49, 249, 253, 256, 259, 276, 350, 358, 424
Acer gaccharum 48
A cer sanguineum 50
Acer spicatum 46, 250, 274
Acer striatum 46
Acer trlpartitum 48
Acer virgatum ta 47
Achrax cuncifolia 103
Achras mammoia 103
Achras pallida 101
Achras salicifolia 101
Achras serrata 69
Achras Zapotilla, var. parviflora 103
Actual fuel value of some «£ the more important woods of the United
States 350-353
Adelia acuminata 112
J5sculns 10-13
.aSsculug Californica 43,250,253,256,274,422
JEsculus carnea 42
^sculus discolor 43
JSsculus echinata 42
.aSsculus flava 43, 250, 274
.ajscnlus flava, var. pnrpnrascens 43
-Esculus glabra 42,250,253,256,274,422
jEsculus nippocastanum, var. glabra 42
jEsculvS'lJippocastanum, var. Ohioensis / 42
jEsculus Ilippocfutanum, var. pallida 42
&sculus hybrida 43
JEsculus lutea 43
JZsculus neglecta , 43
JEscultix octandra 43
JEsculuit Ohioensis 42
JEsculus pallida 40
JSsculus Pavia, var. discolor 43
&nculwt Watsoniana 42
Agattianis secundiflora 57
Ageria Cassena 36
Ageria geminata gg
Ageria heterophylla 35
Ageria obovata ' 35
Ageria opaca 35
Ageria palustris 35
Alabama, central, pine belt of 529
Alabama, cypress swamps of the Tensas river in 525-527
Alabama, eastern, forest* of the Chattabooohee, mixed forest growth, etc.,
in.
527,528
Alabama, forests of the Tennessee valley in 528,529
Alabama, lumber industry and manHfactnres from wood In 486, 487, 524, 525
Alabama, Mobile the principal center of wood manufacture in 525
Alabama, pine forests of Baldwin county in ,-,27
Page.
Alabama, pine region of the Coosa in 539
Alabama, production of naval stores in 517, 527, 529. 530
Alabama, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Alabama, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests and the turpentine
industry of 525-530
Alabama, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. . .491, 524-530
Alabama, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved
Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 524
Alabama, the forests of Pike county in .r,;g
Alabama, the Maritime Pine Region in 535
Alaska, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .'»SO
Alaska, tli<> Xorthprn Coast Forest in OKO
Albany, Xcw Tork, rank of, as a lumber market "i03
Abler ( Alnus oblongifolia) 103, 326, 391. 400
Alder ( A Inus rbombifolia) 163, 3'JC, 394 . 460
Alder (Alnus rubra) 163, 326. 392, 410, 458
t Alder, Black (Alnus incana) 165, 320, 3!M, 400
'• Alder, Black (Aluus serrulata) 101, :12G
I Alder, Hoary 165,326,394,460
j Alder, Seaside 162,326,458
i Alder, Smooth 104,326
Abler. Speckled .165, 328,394, 4CO
Algaroba 62,265,280,302,476
A Igarolna glandulosa : 61
Alnus 11,12,16,575
Alnus Americana (Alnua incana) 164
A Inus 4 mericana (Aluus serrulata) 164
Almi-s arguta 162
A Inus Canadensis 164
Alnus genuina t 164
Altuts fflauca 164
Alnus ylutinom (Alnus rubra) 163
Alnus glutinosa, var. rugosa 164
Alnus glutinosa, var. serrulata (Alnus rhombifolia) 163
Alnus glutinosa, var. serrulata (Alnns serrnlata) 164
Almts hybrida 104
Alnus incana 12,164,250,326,394,460
Alnus incana (Regel) i 04
Alnus incana, var. glauca (Alnus incana) 104
A Inus incana, var. glauca (Alnus incana, var. virescens) 1 65
Alnus incana, var. rubra 1 63
Alnus ineana, var. virescens 165
Alnus Japonica 162
Alnns maritima 162, 250, 326, 458
A Inus maritima typica 163
A Inus oblongata (Alnus maritima) 162
Alnus oblongata (Alnns serrulate) 164
Alnus oblougifolia 163,250,255,258,326,394,460
Alnus obtusifolia 164
Alnus Orega.no, 163
Alnus rhombifolia 163,250,255,258,326,394,460
Alnna rubra 163,250,255,258,262,326,392,416,458
Alnusrubra (Alnns sernilata) 164
Alnus rugosa 164
Alnns serrulata 164,250,326
Alnus serrulata (Regel) :64
Alnus serrulata genuina 104
Alnus serrulata, var. latffolia 164
Alnus serrulata, var. wacropbylla 164
Alnus serrulata, var. oblongata 164
Alnus serrulata, var. oblongifolia 163
Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnns incana, var. virescens) 165
Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnns rhombifolia) 103
Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus serrnlata) 164
Alnus serrulata, var. vulgaris 164
Alnus undulata 164
Amelanchier 10,12,14
Amelanchier alnifolia 85
Amelanchier Jiartramiana 84
Amelanchier Kotryapium 84
Amelanchier Canadensis 84, 249, 253, 256, 364, 430
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia 84
Amelanchier Canadensis, VST. oligocarpa 84
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. rotundifolia 84
Amelanchier intermedia 85
GENERAL INDEX.
583
Amelanchier oblonffifolia
Aiiu'lnnch ier ovalis (Amelanchier Canadensis)
Amelanchier ovalig (Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia)
Amelanchier tpicata
A melanchier Wanyenheimiana
American Crab 72, 2f4, 304, 428
American Crab Apple 7'J, 2S4
American Elm 123, 304, 350, 374. 414, 440
American Holly 35,270,
American Linden 27, 268, 350, 356, 418
Amount and valno of charcoal used for domestic and nianui':i< tin ing
purposes during t lie census \ -••;(!• 489
Amount and value of wood usrd as fuel in iimiml'aetures, etc., during
the census year 489
Amount and value of wood used for domestic purposes during the
census year 4811
Amyris 10,13
Amyrix cymoga
Amyris dyatripa
Amyris demifera
Amyris Floridana
Amyris maritima
.4 un/ris I'ltnnicri 33
Amyris sylvatica- 33, 249, 253, 256, 270, 356, 420
ANACAKDlAtEJ. 52-54,253,256,276,361.1.424
Anamomis punctata
Anaqua 114.300.372.438
Andromeda 11, 15
Andromeda arborea 98
Andromeda arborescent
Andromeda ferruginea 96, 249, 254, 257, 29-', ::.
Androm eaa ferruginea, var. arborescent 96
Andmmtdaferruyinea, var./n/dVora 96
Andromeda plumata - •'"
Andromeda rkomboidalis 90
Andromeda rigida 96
Anona 10,13
Anona glabra -. 23
Anoua laurifolia 23,250,253,256,266,354,418
Anona pendula '-3
Anona species (Anona lanrifolia) ...'.
Anona triloba 23
AXOXACK*: 23,253,256,260,354,418
Anonymos aquatica 124
Anthomeles ccstivalis 82
Anthomeles Douglasii 75
Anthomeles flava P2
Anthomeles glandulosa 82
Anthomeles rdtundifolia, 77
Anthomeles turbinata 82
Ants' Wood 103,294,368,434
Apple, American Crab 72,284
Apple, Custard 23,266,354,418
Apple Haw 82,286,364,430
Apple, Oregon Crab 73,284
Apple, Pond 23, 266, 35», 418
Apple, Seven-year 95,290
Apple, Southern Crab 72,284
Arbol de Hicrro 56,278,360,426
Arbor-vita? 176,330,350,396,462
Arbntns 11,12,15
Arbutus laurifolia 97
Arbutus macrophylla 9~?
Arbutus Menziesii 97,249,254,257,292,368,432
Arbutia Jfenzusii (Arbutus Texana) 97
Arbutus Menziesii (Arbntns Xalapensts) 97
Arbutus procera 97
Arbutus Texana 97,249,292
Arbutus variens 97
Arbutus Xalapensis 97,249,254,257,292,368,434
Arbutus Xalapensis (Arbutus Texana) 97
Ardisia 11,15
Ardisia Pickeringi'a 100,249,292
Areas burned over and value of property destroyed by forest fires during
the census year (see, also, under state headings) 491, 492
Page.
85
84
85 i
85
84
Page.
Arizona, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in ........... 436,487,569
Arizona, rank of, according to value of laml'or products ................. 487
Aiizon;!, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .- .491, 5C8, 569
Arkansas, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in .......... 486,487, Ml
Arkansas, rank of, accoiding to value of lumber products .............. 487
Arkansas, statistics of foivsts. I'orc-^t Ilivs. standing timber, etc.. in- -491, 543, 544
Arkansas, tubular statement of tlie amount of Shurt -leaved Pine standing
in the forests of, May 31, 1880 .......................................... r,4 1
A roniaarborea .......................................................... 84
Aronia arbutifolia ....................................................... 83
.1 1'on'nf Hntritapium ...................................................... 84
.1 r'tnia cordata .......................................................... 84
i I'rulis ........................... ............ ..................... 85
Arrmvwood .............................................................. 38,272
.1 f.'ircea spinosa ......................................................... 55
Ash .......................................................... 107,296,298,370,434
A sl> a nd .-pcciflc gravity of woods ....................................... 54R-251
Ash. r.'.ack ....................................................... Ill, 298, 372, 43S
Ash. Blue ........................................................ 111,298,370,430
Asli.Orreu .................................................... 109,298,370,430
Ash, (li-onnd .................................................... 111.29S, 372,438
Asli.Honp ........................................................ 111,298,372, 1'W
Ash, Mountain IPyms Americana) ..................................... 73,284,428
Ash, Mountain (Pyrns sambucifolia) .............................. 74,284,364,428
Ash. Oregon ...................................................... 111,298,372,438
Ash, Prickly (Xantlioxylum Americanum) ............................... 29, 268
Anli, Prickly (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) ...................... 30,270,356,4:11
Ash, Red.. ....................................................... 109,296,370,4:;n
Ash. Sea .......................................................... 30,270,356.420
Ash, specific gravity, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the
woods of the United States ...................................... 20<i-;:!!i
Ash, Wafer .............................................................. 31,270
Ash, Water ...................................................... 110,298,370,438
Ash, White ................................................... 107, 296. 350, 370, 43(i
Ash, Yellow ....................................................... 57, 278, SCO, 426
Ash-leaved Maple ............................................. 51,276,360,424
Asimitia ................................................................. 10,11,13
Asimina campaniflora ...................................................
Asimina triloba ........................................ 23,250,253,256,266,354,418
As,,, Qnakiu.,- ................................................. 171,328,350,394,460
Aspects, economic, of the forests of the United States .................. 483-580
A8])C.n ....................................................... 171,328,350,394.460
Atlantic Plain, Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the ----
Atlantic region, the ............................................. * .......
Atlantic region, western third of the, remarks on ................... 4
Average number of hands employed in the lumbering industry of the
United States .......................................................... 4R6
Average size and product of saw-mills in each state and territory ....... 488
Avicennia ............................................................... 11, 15
Avicennianitida ..................................................... 117,249,302
A riccnn ia oblonfjifolia ...................................................
Avicennia tomentota .....................................................
Bald Cypress ....................... "' ....................... 184,334,350,398,466
Balm of Gilead ................................................... 173,328,394,460
Balm of Gilead Fir .................................. '- ............ 211,346,412,478
Balsam (Abies Praseri) ........................................... 210,346,412,478
Balsam ( Abies snbalpina) ................................... 211,346,412,478,577
Balsam (Popnlns balsamifera) .................................... 173,328,394,460
Balsam Cottonwood .............................................. 174,330,394,462
Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) ..................................... 211,346,412,478
Balsam Fir (Abies concolor) ...................................... 213,346,412,478
Balsam, She ....................................................... 210,346,412,478
Banana, Mexican ..................................................... 219,348
Eartram'sOak ................................................... 153,320,390,456
Basket Oak ................................................... 141,316,384,416,490
Basswood .......................................................... 27,268,356,418
Basswood, White .................................................. 28,268,356,420
liastard Cedar .................................................... 176,330,390,462
Ilastard Pine ............................................. 202,342,352,406,416,474
liatodendron arboreum ..................................................
Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca baccata) ....................................... 219,348
Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca canaliculate) .................................. 218t 348
Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca elata) ....................................
Bay, Bull ..................................................... 19,266.354,414,418
584
GENERAL INDEX.
169
100
160
160
160
160
159
160
Botula alba, car. populifolia 159, 250, 255, 238, 324, 350, 458
Betula alba, var. populifolia (Betula papyrifera) ICO
Betula angulata 161
Betula Canadensis 160
Jit' alit carpinifolia 162
Betula cordifolia J60
Belula exeelta (Bctnla lenta) 162
Betula excelsa (Betnla latea) 101
Betula grandis ICO
Betula incana 164
Betula lanulosa 161
Bet ula lenta 162, 249, 255, 258, 324, l!02, 458
Betuta, lenta (Betnla alha, tor. popnlifolia) 159
Betiila lenta (Betula Intca) 161
Bctuia lutea 161.250,255,258,262,324,392,458
Be tula nigra 161,250,255,258,262,324,392,458
Belula nigra (Betnla lenta) 162
llctala nigra (Betula papyrifera) 160
Betula occidentals 160,250,255,258,324,392.458
Betula occidentalif (Betola papyrifera) ItiO
Betula papyracea 159, 575
Betnla papyrifera 12, 159, 250, 255, 258, 262, 324, 350, 392, 458
Betula populifolia 159
Betula rttbra ( Butula nigra) 161
Betula rubra (Betula papyrifera) 160
Betula rugosa 164
Betula zerrulata 1C4
Betula- Alnus glauca 164
Betida-Alnus maritima 162
Betula-Alnus rubra 1(54
Betula-Alnus, var. j3. incana 164
HETULACEJB 158-165,255,258,324,392,458
Big-bud Hickory 134,310,350,380,444
Big Cottonwood 175,330,350,396,462
Big Cypress region of Florida 522
Big Laurel 19,266,354,414,418
BigSbellbark 133,310,378,444
Big Tree 184,334,398,486
Biyclovia acuminata 112
Biynonia, Catalpa 115
Bignonift linearit no
Page.
Bay, Loblolly 25,265,268,354,418
Bay, Red 118,302,372,438
Bay, Rose 09,202,368,434
>Bay, Sweet 20, 2CC, 354, 414,418
Bay, Tan 25,265. 268, 354, 418
Bay Tree, California 120,302,374,440
Bay, White 20,206,3:4,414.418
Bayberry 136,312, 3M>, 446
Bran, Indian 115,300,372,438
Bean Tree 115,300,372,438
Bearberry 41,172,358,422
Bearwood 41, '.'72, :;58, 422
BeavorTrco 20,266,354, 414, 418
l!,,.cli 158, 322, 350, MM™
Beech, Blue 159, T122. H92, 456
Beech, Water (Carpinns Caroliniona) 159, 322, 392, 456
Beech, Water (Platanns occidental) 129, 306, 350, :!7ii, 442
Beefwood 117,302,372,438
Bee Tree 27,268,356,418
Behavior of selected woods of the United States under transverse strain :
specimens eight centimeters square 414-417
Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under compression . -118-481
Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under transverse
strain 354-415
Btntfiamidia Jlorida 90
Betula 11,12,15
Betula acuminata
Betula alba, subspecies commutata
Betula alba, subspecies occidentals typica
Betula alba, subspecies papyrifera
Belula alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. communis
Betula alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. eordifolia
Betula alba, subspecies populifolia
Betula alba, var. papyrifera
Page.
BIGNONIACE.B.. 115,116,254,257,300,372,438
Bilsted 86, 286,350, 364, «14, 430
Birch. Black (Betula lenta) 162,324,392,458
Biichj Black (Betula occidentals) 160, 324, 392, 458
Biivh, Canoe ...160,324,350,392,458
Birch, Cherry 162,324,392,458
Birch, Gray (Betula alba, var. popnlifolia) 159, 324, 350, 392, 458
Birch, Gray (Botula lutea) 161,324,392,451)
Eirch, Mahogany 162,324,392,458
Birch. Old-fleld 159, n24, 330, ::92, 458
Birch, Paper 160,324,350,302,458
Birch. Rod 161,324,392,458
Bircli, River 161, 324,392,458
Birch, Sweet, 162, 3'J4, 392, 458
Birch, West -Indian 33,270,350,356,420
Birch , White (Betula alba, cor. populifolia) 159, 324, 350, 392. 458
Birch. White (Betula papyrifera) 160, 324, 2.">0, 'M:, 458
Birch, Yellow 161,324,392,458
Bi Khi ip'» Pi ne 200, 340, 404, 472
Bitter Xut 135,310,350,380,448
Bitter Pecan 136,310,350,380,414,448
Black Aider (Alnus incana) 165, 326, 394,460
IJUu'k Alder (Alnus serrulata) 104, 326
Black and White Spruces the characteristic trees of the Northern Forest . 3
Black Ash 111,298,372,438
Black Birch (Betnla lenta) 162,324,392,458
Black Birch ( Betnla occidentals) 160, 324, 392, 458
libel; Calabash Tree 1 1C, 300
Black Cherry, Wild 68,2^2,362,428
Black Cotton wood (Populus angnstifolia) 174, 330, M4, 462
Black Cottouwood (Populus trichocarpa) 174, 3:iO, 394, 462, 578
Blai-k Cypress 184,334,350,398,466
Black Gum 92,200,306.432
ISlack Haw 94,290,366,432
Black Hickory (Carya porcina) 1 34, 31 0, 350, 380, 446
Black Hickory (Carya tomentosa) 134,310,350,380,444
Black Hills region of Dakota, remarks by Mr. Robert Douglas on the
forests of the 561,562
Black Iromvood 39,272,358,422
Black Jack (Qnercus Catesba:i) 151,320,388,454
Black Jack (Quercus nigra) 150,265,320,350,388,454
BlacUJack, Forked-leaf 151,320,388,454
Black Larch 215,346,352,412,478
Black Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) 69, 280, 360, 426
Black Locust (Robinia Pscudacacia) 55, 278, 350, 360, 414, 424
Black Mangrove 117,302
Black Oak (Quercns Etnoryi) 146.265,318,386,452
Black Oak (Quercus Kelloggii) 149,265,320.388,416,454
Black Oak (Qucrcus rubra) 148, 265, 318, 350, 3<i6, 452
Black Oak (Qnercus tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454,528
Black Persimmon 105,294
Black Pine (Pinns Jeffrey!) 193,338,402,470
Black Piue (Pinna Murrayana) 195,338,300,404,470
Black Sloe 67,282,428
Black Spruce 203,265, 342, 352, 408, 474, 496
Black Sugar Maple 49,276,350,358,424
Black Thorn 79,286,364,430
Black Tree 117,302
Black Walnut 131,308,350,376,414,444
Black Willow (Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana) 170, 328, 394, 460
Black Willow (Salix nigra) 166.326,394,460
Blackwood 117.302
Blue Aah 111,298,370,436
Blue Beech 169,322,392,456
BlneJnok 153, 3:>0, 390, 456
Blue Myrtle 41,272
Blue Oak 143,316,386,450
Blue Spruce 205,344,408,474
Bluewood 40,272
Boisd'Arc 128,306.376,442,542
BoiiUAGIXACEyB 113,114,254,257,300,372,438
Borya acuminata -
Bvrua ligustrina U2
Borya nitida —
Bottom Shell-bark 133,310.378,444
GENERAL INDEX.
585
Pago.
liourreria — 11,1")
Bnurreria Havanensis 114,249,254,257,300,372,438
Bourreria Havauensis, var. radnla 114
Bourreria ovata 114
Bourrcria radula 114
Bou rrcria recu rra 114
Btfurt-eria tomcntosa 114
Bourreria tvmeatota, var. Haranrntit 114
r,ii\ i:;il,T (NYgmxIoartToides) 51,276,300.424
Box Elder (Ni-gulidoCaliforuicnm) 51,276,360,424
Boxwood (Cornus florida) 91, 28C, 306, 430
Boxwood (Scha^floria frutescens) . -- 39, 272
Braliea dulcig 217
Rraheajilamentom 217
Bni-kloy Tliatrh 218,348
Brittle Tliatch 218,348
l;road-le:iv,'d Maple 47,274,358,422
l:n>its*'>nttia tccundijlora - 57
Brov*!<"ncti(r linctvria 128
Brown Hickory 134,310,350,380,446
Kiiriitit Buceras 87
Buckeye, California 44,274,358,422
Buckeye, Fetid 42, 274, 35:-. 122
Buckeye, Ohio 42,274,358,422 j
Buckeye, Spanish 44, 274, 422 ' j
Buckeye, Sweet 43,274
Bucktlioni, Southern 103,294,368,434 jj
Buckwheat Tree 38,272,350,420
Bull Bay 19,266,354,414,418 !
Bull Nnt 134,310,350,380,444 (|
Bull Pine (Pimis Jeffrey!) 193,338,402,470 j
Bull Pine (Pinusmitis) 200,340,330,400,472 |
Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193, 338, 350, 402, 468
Bull Pine (Pinus Sabiuiana) 195,338,350,401,470
Bnmclia 11,15
Bumelia anfjugtifolia 103
Bumelia arborea 102
Bumelia chrysophylloides 101
Bnmcliaciincata 103,249,254,294,368,434
Bumelia fcrrufjinea 102
nuincllafoetidissima 101
Bnmelia lanuginosa 102,250,254,257,294,368,434
Bumelia lanuginosa, var. macrocarpa 102
Bnmelmlyeioidis 102,249,254,257,294,368,434
Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinatura 103
Bumelia macrocarpa 102
Bumelia Mastichodendron 101
Bumalia Jiiitrsinifolia 103
Bumelia ablunyifolia. 102
lluinclia pallida 101
Bumelia parrifnlia , 103
Bumelia reclinata (Bnmclia cuneata) 103
Bumelia rcdinata (Bumelia lycioidee) 103 |l
Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia tenax) 101
Bumelia xalicifolia 101
Kuinelia fterrata 69
Bumelia spinosa 102, 249, 294
Bumelia tcnax 101,249,254,257,294,368,434
Hutuclia totnentosa 102
Bumwood 54,278,360,424
Burlington, Vermont, as a lumber market, importance of 499
Burning Bnsh 38, 272
Burr Oak 140,285,314,384,448
lliirsora . 10, 13
Jlursera acuminata 32
Bnrsera gummifera 32,251,253,256,270,350,356,420
UL'UBKltACK-*; 32,33,253,256,270,356,420
Bustic 101,294,368,434
Butternut 130, 300, 376, 442
Button-ball Tree 129,306,350,376,442
Buttonwood (Conocarpns erecta) 87,288,364,430
B;i(tonwood (Platanns occidentalis) 129, 306, 350, 376, 442
Buttonwood (Platanns racemosa) 129,306,376,442
Buttonwood, White 87, 288, 364, 430
Byrsouima 10,13
Byrsonima lucida 28,250,253,256,268,356,420
c.
Page.
Cabbage Palmetto 217,348,352
Cabbage Tree- 217,348,352
CvbaUcria Coriacea 99
CACTACK* 89,90,288
Cactus, Giant 90,288
Ciigipnt 120,302,374,440
Calabash Tree, Black 110,:; 0
Calico Ifusb 98,292.368,434
Calicowood 100, 2U«
Calil'oi nia Bay Tree 120,302,374,440
California Buckeye 44,274,358,422
California, economic value of the Redwood of 579
California Holly 84,280
California, Injury by grazing cattle to the mountain forests of r.79
California Laurel 120,302.374,440
California, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 578, 5dO
California Nutmeg 180,334,400,406
California Olive 120,302,374,440
California, pasturage of mountain forests in 579, 580
California, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
California, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . .491, 578-580
California, tabular statement of the amount of Redwood standing in the
forests of, May 31. 1S80 579
Calothyrws CaUfornica 43
Calyptrantues 10, 14
Calyptranthes Chytraculia 88,249,288
Canada Ph. in 65,282,362,426
Canella 10,13
Canellaalba 24,249,253,256,268,354,418
Canella la it rifulia 24
Canella Winterana 24
CAXKI.I.ACEJE 24,253,256,288,354,418
Canoe Birrli 160,324,350,392,458
Canoe Cedar : 177,330,390,462
Canotia 10,12,13
Cauotia holocantha 32,249,270
C.u'i'AimiACK.E 24,268
Capparis 10,13
Cupparis Breynia 24
Capparis cynophyttophora ,- 24
Capparis emartjinata, 24
Capparis Jamaicensis 24, 249, 268
Cuj'pans siliquosa 24
Ca/iparis torulosa 24
Capparis itncinata 24
CAPKIFOLIACEX 93,94,253,257,290,366,432
Cardiolepis obtum 41
Carolina Poplar 175,330,350,396,402
Carpiuus 11,16
Carpimis Americana 158
Carpimts Betulus Yirginiana 158
Carpinus Carolinians 158,249,255,258,322,392,456
Oarpinug Ostrya 158
Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana 158
Carpinus triflora 158
Carpinvs Yirginiana 158
Carya 4,11,15
Caryaalba 132,249,254,257,261,308,350,378,444
Carya alba (Carya tomentosa) 134
Caryaamara 135,249,254,257,310,350,380,448
Carya- amara, var. myritticteformit 135
Carya amara, var. porcina 134
Carya anrjuttt\folia 132
Carya aquatica 135,249,254,257,261,310,350,380,414,446
Carya cathartica 130
Carya c&rdiformis 133
Carya glabra 134
Carya Illinoenaia 132
Carya intcyrifolia - 135
Carya microcarpa 133
Carya niyristicaeformla 135, 249,254,257, 310, 350, 380, 445
Carya olivseformis 132,249,254,257,308,350,378,444
Carya porcina 134,249,254,257.261.310,350,380.446
Carya snlcata 133,249,254,257,261,310,378,444
Carya tetraptera 133
586
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Carya tomentosa 133,249,254,257,319,350,380,444
Carya tomentosa, var. maxima 134
Caryotaxus Myristica 186
Caryotaxus taxifolia 186
Cassada 101,294,368,434
Cassena 36,272
Cassine Oaroliniana 36
Cassine Peragua 36
Cassine ramulosa .' 36
Castanea 11,16
Castanea alnifolia 156
Castanea Americana 157
Castanea chrysophylla 156
Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor 156
Castanea nana 156
Castanea pumila 156,250,255,258,322,390,456
Castanea sempervirens 1 56
Castanea vesca (Castanea pomila) 156
Castanea resca (Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana) 157
Castanea vesca, var. Americana 157
Castauea vulgans, var. Americana 157, 250, 255, 258, 262, 265, 322, 390, 456
Castanopsis 11, 12, 15
Castanopsis chrvsophylla 156, 250, 255, 258, 322, 390, 456
Castanopsis chrysophyUa, var. minor 156
Castanopsis chrysophylla, var. pumila 156
Catalogue of Forest Trees 17-219
Catalogue of Forest Trees, Index to 220-243
Catalpa 11,15,115,300,372,438
Catalpa bignonioides 115,250,254,257,300,372,438
Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa speoiosa) 115
Catalpa communis 115
Catalpa cordifolia (Catalpa bignonioides) 115
Catalpa cordifolia (Catalpa speciosa) 115
Catalpa speciosa 115,250,254,257,300,350,372,414,438
Catalpa syringcefolia 115
Catalpa, Western 115,300,350,372,414,438
Catawba 115,300,372,438
Cat's Claw (Acacia Greggii) 63,282,362,426
Cat's Claw (Acacia Wrightii) 63,282
Cat's Claw (Pithecolobium TTnguis-nati) 64,282
Ceanothus .• 10,12,13,573
Ceanothug ferreus 39
Ceanothus Icevigatus 39
Ceanothug reclinatus . 41
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus 41,250,272
Cedar, Alaska, Tide-land Sprnce, and Hemlock the characteristic and
most valuable trees of the Northern Coast Forest 7
Cedar an important tree in Texas 540
Cedar, Bastard 176,330,396,462
Cedar, Canoe. 177,330,396,462
Cedar Elm .' 122,304,374.440
Cedar, Incense 176,330,396,462
Cedar, Oregon 179,332,350,398,464
Cedar, Pencil, of Florida 522
Cedar Pine 201,340,406,472
Cedar, Port Orford 179,332,350,398,464,576
Cedar, Post 176,330,396,462
Cedar, Red ( Juniperus Virginiana) 183, 332, 398, 464, 544
Cedar, Red < Thuya gigantea) 177, 330, 396, 462, 573, 575, 576, 580
Cedar, Stinking (Torreya Californica) 186,334,400,466
Cedar. Stinking (Torreya taxifolia) 186, 334. 400, 466, 521
Cedar, White (Chamascyparis Lawsoniana) 179,332,350,398.464
Cedar, White (Chamsecyparis sphaeroidea) 178, 330, 396, 416, 464
Cedar, White (Libocedrns decurrens) 176, 330, 396, 462
Cedar, White (Thuya occidentals) 176, 330, 350, 306, 462
Cedrus Makogoni 33
CELA8TRACE.E 38,39,272
Celtis 11,12,15,251
Celtisalba 125
Celtis Audibertiana 126
Celtis Audibertiana, var. oblongata
Oeltis Audibertiana, var. ovata
Celtis Jierlandieri
Celtis brevipes
Celtis canina
126
126
126
126
125
Page.
125
125
125
125
125
126
125
125
..- 125
125
125
126
125
125
125
125
125
125
Celtis occidentalis 12, 125, 249, 254, 257, 260, 306, 376, 414, 442
Celtis occidentalis, var. eordata
Celtis occidentalis, var. crassifolia
Celtis occidentalis, var. grandidentata
Celtis occidentalis, var. integrifolia
Celtis occidentalis, var. pumila (Celtis occidentalis)
Celtis occidentalis, var. puinila (Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata)
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata 126, 249, 254, 257, 306, 376, 442
Celtis eordata ,
Oeltis crass! folia,
Celtis crassifolia, var. eucalyptifolia
Celtis crassifolia, var. morifolia
Celtis crassifolia, var. tilicefolia
Celtis Douglasii
Celtis Ftoridiana
Celtis fuscata
Celtis heterophylla
Celtis integrifolia
Celtis Itxvigata
Celtis Lindheimeri
Celtis longifolia
Celtis maritima (in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit Eev.)
Celtis maritima (in New Fl. and Bot.)
Celtis Mississippiensis
Celtis m.orifolia
Celtis obliqua
125
126
125
125
126
126
Celtis occidentalis, var. scabriuscula ......................................
Oeltis occidentalis, var. serrulata ........................................
Celtis occidentalis, var. tenuifolia ........................................
Celtis patula ...........................................................
Celtis pumila ...........................................................
Celtis reticulata .........................................................
Oeltis salicifolia ............................ . ............................
Celtis tenuifolia ..... . ...................................................
Celtis lexana ...........................................................
Central pine hills of Mississippi, forests of the .........................
Cerasus Americana .....................................................
Cerasus borealis ............................................ . ..........
Cerasus Oapollin ........................................................
Cerasus Capult ..........................................................
Cerasus Caroliniana ....................................................
Cerasus Chicasa ........................................................
Cerasus demissa ........................................................
Cerasus emarginata ..................... ... ____ . ___ ......................
Cerasus erecta ............ . ...................... ___ .. ...................
Cerakus glandulosa ............ . ................... .. ....................
Cerasus hiemalis ................... ........ ............. .. ..............
Cerasus ilicifolia ..................... ... ........ ...... ..................
Cerasus mottis ..........................................................
Cerasus niyra ...........................................................
Cerasus Pennsylvania ..................................................
Cerasus persicifolia .....................................................
Cerasus serotina (Prunns demissa) ................... . ..................
Cerasus serotina (Prunus serotina) ...................................... .
Cerasus sphcerocarpa, ....................................................
Cerasus umbettata .......................................................
Ceraxus Virginiana .....................................................
Cercidium Jloridum .....................................................
Cercis ..................................................................
125
125
12B
125
125
126
125
125
126
534
65
66
68
68
69
66
69
67
67
6T
65
70
67
65
66
66
69
68
70
67
10, 12, 14
Cercis Canadensis _____ ................................ 61,250,253,256,280,
Cercis Canadensis, var. pubescens .........................................
Cercis occidentalis .......................................................
Cei-cis occidentalis, var ...................................................
Cercis occidentalis, var. Texensis ..........................................
Cercis reniformis ................................. . ............ . ....... 61,
Cercocarpus ................................................... 9,10,12,14,
Cercocarpus bctulcefolius .................................................
Cercocarpus betuloides ........................... . ........................
Cercocarpus brevifolius ...................................................
Cercocarpus intricatus ...................................................
Cercocarpus ledifolius 13,71,249,284,
Cercocarpus ledifolius, var. iutricatns
Cercocarpus parvifulius 71,
Cereorarpus purvifolius, var. glaber
Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. paucidentatna
362 426
61
61
61
61
249, 280
569, 571
71
71
71
71
350, 428
71
249, 284
71
71
GENERAL INDEX.
587
Page. |
Cereus 10,12,14
Cereus giganteus 89, 251, 28X
Chapote .. 105,294
ChamjrcypariR 11,12,10
Chamtecyparig Itoursierii (ChamSDcyparis Lawsoniana)
Chamcecyparis Boiirgierii (Jnni perns oecidentalis) 181
Gham&ci/paris exce.lsa 178
Chaimec.vparis Lawsoniana 8, 178, 250, 255, 258, 350, 398, 464, 576
Cbarawcyparis Xutkarnsis , 178, 250, 255, 258, 263, 332, 398, 464, 580
rig Xvtkatnsis, var. 0ta«ca 178
ris Nutkanu* 378
Chamircyparis, one of the characteristic and most valuable trees of tin-
Coast Forest 7
ChMnw.-yvarisspbffiroidea 177,251,255,258,262,330,396,416,464
Chama*ropR Palmetto 217
Charcoal used for domestic and manufacturing purposes during the cen-
sus year, amount and value of 489
Cheiranthodendron Califomicnm 26
Cherry 100,292
Cherry Birch 162,324,392,458
Cherry, Indian 40,272,358,422
Cherry, May 84,286,364,430
Cherry, Pigeon 66,282,428
Cherry, Pin 66,282,428
Cherry, Rum 68,282,362,428
Cherry, Wild (Primus Capnli) 69,282,428
Cherry. Wild (Prnmis demissa) 69,284,362,428
Cherry, Wild Black 68,282,362,428
Cherry, Wild Eed 66,282,428
Chestnut 157,265,322,350,390,456
Chestnut Oak (Quercus densiflora) 155, 265, 322, 390, 456, 576, 578, 560
Chestnut Oak (Qnercus prinoides) 143, 265. 316, 384, 450
Chestnnt Oak (Qnercns Prinus) 142,265,316,350,384,416,450
Chestnut Oak, Rock 142,265,316,350,384,416,450
Chicago, amount of lumber and shingles received at, during the year 1880 . 548, 549
Chicago, commercial importance of, with reference to the lumber industry - 548
Chicago, early lumber trade of 549, 550
Chicago, the principal source of supply of lumber for Colorado, Utah, and
New Mexico 568,569
Chickasaw Plum 66,282,362,486
Chilopsis ...11,12,15
Chilepsis glutinosa H*>
Ohilopftis linearis 116
Chilopsis saligna 13,116,250,254,257,300,372,438
Ghimanthus amygdalinus 69
China, Wild 44,274,358,414,422
Chinquapin (Castanea pnmila) 156,322,390,456
Chinquapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla) 156. 322, 390, 456
Chinquapin Oak 143,265,316,384,450
Cliionanthus 11, 15
Ohionanthus angustifolia 112
Chionanthus heterophytta 112
Ghionanthns longifolia 112
Chinnanthus marilima 112
Ghionantlms m-ontana 112
Chionanthus trifida 112
Chionanthus Virginica .112,250,298
Chionanthus Virginica, var. angustifolia 112
Chwnanthus Virginica, var. latifolia 112
Chionanthus Virginica, var. maritima 112
Chionanthus Virginica, var. montana 112
Chittamwood 52,276
Chloroweles scmperrirens 72
Chrysobalanus 10, 14
Chrysobalanus Icaco 64,249,282,362,426
Chrysobalanus Icaco. var. pellocarpa 65
Ghrysobalanus pellocarpa 65
Chrj-sophyllnm 11, 15
Cltrifxophyllum Barbasco 100
Chryaophyllum Caneto, p 100
Chrynopfiyllum ferrugineum 100
ChrysophyUum tnicropJiyllum - 100
Chrysophyllum in&nopyrenutn .. ... 100
Chrysophyllum oliviforme 100,249,254,257,292,368,434
Cigar Tree 115,300,372,438
Page.
( '>'/!' -lifma Cariba'a 95
Cincfiuna Car»!iniana 95
Cinchona Jamaicensit 95
Cinnamon Bark 24, 268, 354, 418
Cinnamon. Wild 24, 268, 354, 418
Citbarexylnm 11,15
Citharex.Uum villosnm 116,249,254,257, 300, 37U, 4:i.s
f.'ludrasti.-s 10,11.14
Cladrastis lutea 57
Cladrastis tinctoria 67, 250, 253, 256, 278, 360, 426
Clammy Locust 56,278
CHffElm 123,304,374,440
Cliftonia ] igustrina 38, 250, 253, 256, 272, 358, 420
Clusia 10,13
25
25
7
580
Clusia tiava
Cl/iai" rotfa,
Coaat Forest in the Pacific region .
Coast Forest, Northern, in Alaska .
Coast Live Oak 147,318,386,452
Coast Pine Belt in South Carolina 518
Coccoloba... 11,13
Coccoloba Floridana 117, 249, 254, 257, 302, 372, 438
Coccoloba Lo?gancnais 118
Coccoloba parvifolia 117
Coccoloba uvifera 118,249,302,372,448
Coccoloba uvifera, car. Lceganensis 118
Coccoloba uvifera. var. ovalifolia 118
Cockspnr Thorn 76,286,364,430
Cocoa Plnm 65,282,362,426
Coffee Nut 58,280,360,426
Coffee Tree. Kentucky 58,280,360,426
Colorado, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, 567, 568
Colorado, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Colorado, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in. . .491, 567, 568
Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico, Chicago the principal source of supply
of Inmber for 568,569
Colubrina 10,13
Colubrina recliuata 41,249,274,358
COMHRF.TACEJ. 87,253,257,288,364,430
Comparative value of woods 252-255
Compression, behavior of the principal woods of the United States nnder 418-481
Condalia 10-12
Condalia lerrea 39,249,253,256,272,358,422
Condalia obovata 12,46,249,272
CONIFERS 4,176-216,255,258,330,362,396,416,525
Connecticut, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 500, 501
Connecticut, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Connecticut, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 500, 501
Connecticut, the Northern Pine belt in 500
Conocarpus 10, 14
Conocarpui acutifolia 87
Conocarpns erecta 87,249,253,257,288,364,430
Conocarpui erecta, var. procumbent 87
Gonocarpus procumbens 87
Conocarpus raecmosa 87
Consumption of wood for domestic pnrposes daring the censns year, esti-
nated.
Coral Sumach 54,278,360,424
Cordia 11,15
Cordia Boissieri 114,249,300
Cordia Floridana 114
Cordia juglandifolia. 113
Cordia Sebestena 113,249,300
Cordia speciosa 1 13
Cork Elm 123,304,374,440
Corkwood 117,302,372,438
CORXACE.E 90-93,253,257,288,366,430
Covnus 10-12,14
Corn-us alterna 90
Cornus alternifolia 90,249,288
Cornus ilorida 90,249,253,257,260,288,366,432
Cornus florida (Cornus Nnttallii) 81
Cornns Sfuttallii 91,249,253,257,288,366.432
Corypha Palmetto 217
Cotinus Americamis 52
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Cotinus coggygria 52
Cotton Gum 93,290,350,366,4:12
Cottonwool! (Populus Fremontii) 175, 300, 396, 41)2
Cottonwool! ( Popnlus Fremontii, cor. Wislizeni) 175, 300, 396, 462
Cottonwood (Popnlus monilifera) 175,330,350,396,462
Cottonwaod, Balsam 174, 330, 394, 402-
Cottonwool!, Big 175,330,350,396,462
Cottonwool!, Black (Populus angustifolia) 174,330,3114,402
Cottonwool!, Black (Populus trichocarpa) 174, 330, 394, 462, 570
Cottonwood, River 172,328,394,460
Cottonwool!, Swamp 172, 328, 394, 4CO
Cottonwool!, White 175,330,396,462
Cow Oak 141,310,384,416,450,533
Crab, American 72,284,364,428
Crab, Swtvt-scented 72,284,364,428
Crab Apple, American 72,284
Crab Apple, Oregon 73,284
Crab Apple, Southern 72,284
Crabwooil 121,304
Cratsegus 10-12, 5M. 573
Crabegns ajstivalis 82,250,253,250,286,364.430
Crat.-cgus apiifolia 81,249,286
Crnhegus nrborescens 75,250,253,256,284,364,428
Cratcegus arbutifolia 83
Crata-u'us berberifolia 82,248
Cratcegus Tlosciana 77
Crata?gus brachyacantha 75,249,284,539
Cratcegus Caroliniana 82
Crauegus coccinea 77,249,286
Cratcejus coccinea (Cratsegus tomentosa) . 79
Cratcegtis coccinea, var. cordata 79
Cratcfgus coccinea, var. moUis 78
Crata,-£U8 coccinea var. oligandra 78
Cratiegus coccinea, var. populifolia 78
Cratcegus coccinea, var. typica 78
Cratif^us coccinea, var. viridis 78
Oratcegus coccinea, var. viridii ( C ratsegns tomentosa) 79
Cratsegns cordata 80,249,286
Cratcegus coronaria 72
Oratcegus Coursetiana 70
Crataigiis Crus-galli 76,249,253,256,286,364,430
Cratcegus Crus-galli (Cratsegua coccinea) 77
Cratasgua Crus-galli (Cratjegtis tomentosa, var. pnnctata) 80
Cratajgns Crus-gall^ var. lincaris 76
Crata,'i:Qs Crns-galli, var. ovalifolia 70
Cratcegus Crns-galli, var. prnuifolia 77
Crata?gu» Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia 76
Cratcegus Crus-gaUi, var. pyracanthifolia (Cratsegus arborescens) 75
Cratcegus Crus-gaUi, var. salicifalia 76
Cratcegus Crus-gaUi, var. splendent 76
Cratcegus cuneifolia _ 80
Cratajgus Douglasii 75,249,284
Oratcegus elliptica (Crataigua rcstivalis) 82
Cratcegus elliptica (Cratsogus flava, var. pubescens) 83
Cratwgus flava 82,249,286
Cratcegus flava, (Cratsgns flava, oar. pubescens) 83
Orat&gus flava (Cratasgus tomentosa) 78
Cratcegus jiava (Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata) 80
Grahegus Jlava, var. lobata 82
CratiEgus Suva, var. pubescens 83, 249, 253, 250, 286, 364, 430
Oratcegug Jfexuosa 80
Cratcegus glandulosa (Cratasgus coccinea) 77
Crattegus glandulota (Crata5gus Donglasii) 75
Oratacgus glanduloxa (Cratagus fiava) 77
Cratcegui glandulosa (Crataegns flava, nor. pnbescens) 83
Cratfegus glandulosa, var. macracantha 77
Cratcegus glandulosa, var. rotundifolia 78
Cratcegus latifolia (Crataegus tomentoaa) 79
Cratcegus latifolia (Crattegns tomentosa, var. pnnctata) 80
Oratcpgus leucocephalus 79
Orattegiifr Icucophlaeos 79
Cratcegus linearis 77
Cratagut lobata (Crata?gus flava) 82
Crattrrrtts lobata (Crattegus tomentosa) 79
Orattegut lucida (Cratsegus testivalle) 82
Oratcegus lucida (Crateegns Crus-galli).
Cratceffiis macracantha
Crateegits Hichauxii
Cratcrgus microcnrpa
Cratccgus mollls
('/•ft (trims obovatifolia
('rata'flits opaca
Page.
76
77
83
81
78
80
82
Crata'gvg oralifolia ....................................................... 70
Cratcrgug ozyacantha ... ................................................. 81
Cratcerfus oxyrtcantha, var. apiifolia ...................................... 81
Cral a-gus parvifoli.i ..................................................... 83
Oratceijits popuiifolia (Crata'gus cocrinea) ............................... 7H
Crattegun pvpulifolia (Crata?gus cordata) ................................ 80
Crata-giiK prtincllifolia ................................................... 70
Cratceyiis pntnifolia ..................................................... 77
Cratcegus punftata ....................................................... 80
Crateegus punctata, var. brevispina ....................................... 75
Cratcegus punctata, var. rubra and aurea ................................. 80
Cratfpgus punctata, var. xantliocarpa ..................................... 80
f'ratirgutt pyrifolia ...................................................... 7£>
t'r'/ttryuit racemosa ...................................................... 84
Crata'fjus rivularis ................................................. 13, 74, 249, 284
Cfdta'tjus rirularis (Crata'gus Douglasii) ................... ............. .75
Crat(rgtiK salicifolia ...................................................... 78
Cratcrgus sanguinfa ....................................... .............. 75
CratffrjtiK sanguinea. var. Douglasii (Crata;gu8 Douglaaii) ................ 75
Cratatgus aanguinea, var. Douglasii (Cratsegus rivularis) ......... . ....... 74
Crattrgin sanguined, fur. villosa .......................................... 78
Cratcegus spatbulata .................................. 81,249,253,250,286,364.430
Cratcegus spathulaia (Cratsegus flava, var. pubescens) ................... t<3
Cratrrgus spicata ........................................................ 85
Cratu'gn* Hiibvillosa ................................... 78,249,253,256,286,364,430
Cratixgus Texana ........................................................ 78
Cratii'pus tomentosa ................................ 12,79,249,253,256,286,304,430
Cratcegus tomentosa (Ainelanchier Canadensis) .......................... 84
Orativgus tomentosa, var. mollis .......................................... 7H
Cratcegus tomentosa, var. plicata ......................................... 80
CrattBRiis tomentosa, var. pnnctata ...................................... 80
CraUegus tomentosa, var. pyrifolia ....................................... 79
Cratcegus turbinata ...................................................... 82
CrattTgus Yii-ginica ...................................................... 83
Cratcegus viridis (Crataigus coccinea) .................................... 78
Cratcegus viridis (Cratajgus flava, var. pubescens) ....................... 83
Cratcegus Watsoniana .................................................... 76
Crtscentia ............................................................... 11,15
Crescentia cucurbitina ............................................... 116,250,300
Crescentia latifolia ....................................................... 110
Crescentia lethifera ...................................................... 110
Crescentia obovata ....................................................... 116
Creacentia ovata ......................................................... 116
Crescentia toxicaria, ...................................................... 116
Crop, forest, of the United States for the census year .................. 485
Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata) ............................. 20,260,354,418
Cucumber Tree (Magnolia cordata) ................................ 21,266.354,418
Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved ..................................... 21,260,354,418
Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved ...................................... 22,266,354,418
Cuprespinnata diaticha .................................................. 183
Cupressus ............................................................... 1 ! , 12, 10
Citprcssus A mericana ____ ................................................ 178
Cupressus Arbor-vitce ................................................... J"0
Cupreasua Arizonica ..................................................... 180
Cupressus attenuata .....................................................
Cupressua Californica .................................................... 3 79
Cupresms Californica gracilit (Cnpressus Goveniana) .................... 1 79
Cupreasus Californica gracilie (Cupressus Macnabiana) .................. 180
Cupressus cornuta ....................................................... 179
Cupressus diaticha ....................................................... 183
Cupressus disticha, var. imbrusaria ...................................... 183
Cupressus disticha, var. nutans
Cupressus disticha, var. patent ..................................
Cupressus fraijrans
Cupressus glandulosa ....... .
Cupressns Govi-niana ................................ 179,250,255,258,332,398,484
Cupressus Guadalupensis .................................... 180,250,332,568,569
Cupressus Hartwegii .................... .
183
GENERAL INDEX.
589
Page.
Cupregtu* Uartwegii, vnr.fatKgiata 179
Cuprcxsns Lainbertiana 170
Cupressu,i Lawt<oniana 178
Cupressus Macuabiana 180, 248
Cupressus nurcrocarpa 8,179,250,332,398,464
Cuprexma macrocarpa (Cupressus Guadalupenais) 180
Cnpressiis m acrocarpa, var. fastigiata 1 ' ^
CupretKiis Xootkatensis 1 ' K
Cupratnt Xutkaensii I"8
Cupressus thyoides '77
Crrri.irKLi.K 137-159,254,257,258,312,380,414,446
Crrrliss, A. H., remarks on the forests of Florida by 52 1. 522
Custard Apple 23, 200, 3.14, 4KS
Cypress, liald ... 184,331. :;5u. :)!is, in;
Cypress, mack 184, 3M, :i5t>, :«i.<, 400
Cypress, Ili-eiduous 184,334.:i50.:!'JS,4(10
Cypress, I.awson'a 179, 332. :::,(!, ::'.». 404
Cypress. Monterey l"!l. :;';-. '•'•'•*• "'4
Copies.-.. R.-d 184,331
Cypress. Sitka 178, 3TJ. :,!«, 404
Cypress, Southern, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree
of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4
C> press swamps of the Tensas river in Alabama .. 525-527
Cypress, While 184, 334, 350, Ml>, 400
Cypress, Yellow 178,332,398,404
CVRIU.ACF..K 37,38,253,256,272,356,420
Cyiill.. 10,11,13
('tti'illa Caroliniana
Cyrilla fuscata
l'!/ 1 ilia paniculate
< '///•//'..- ;< -i rr( folia
OyrtUapolyitaeMa.
37
37
100
37
37
Cyrilla rarcmiflm a 37,249,272,350
Ci/rilla rartmosa 37
D.
Dahoon 35,270,356,420
Dahoon Holly ..35,270,350,420
Dakota, lumber industry and manufacturers from wood in 480, 487, 561
Dakota, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Dakota, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of the eastern
portion of 501
Dakota, remarks by Mr. Robert Douglas on the forests of the Black
Hills region of 501,562
Dakota, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 561, 502
Daica 10.12,14
Daleaspinosa 55,250,278
Darling Plum 39,272,358,422
Dalisca hirla 52
Deciduous Cypress 184,334,350,398,466
Deciduous Finest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain 4
Delaware, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in .486,487,511
Delaware, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Delaware, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,511
Dermalophyllum speciogum 57
Desert Willow 116,300,372,438
Devil wood 113,300,372,438
Diamond Willow ... 170,328
Digger Pine 195,338,350,404,470
Dilly, Wild 103,294,368,434
Diospyros 11,15
Diospyros anguttifolia 104
Diospiiros calycina 104
Diospyros ciliata 104
Dio>-pyrog concolor 104
Diospyro* Guaiacana J04
Diagpyros intermedia 104
Diospyros lucida 104
2>iu8pyrvg*PerBimon 104
Diospyros pulescens 104
Diospyros Texana 105,249,294
Diospyros Virginiana 104, 249, 254, 257, 260, 294, 350, 368, 434
Diotpyrov Ylrginiana, var. concolor 104
JXospyrot Yirginiana, var. macrocarpa 104
Tirginiana, var. mjcrocarpa 104
Page.
•os Yirginiana, var. pubescent 104
' Dipholis 11, 15
Dipholis salicifolia 101, 249, 254, 257, 294, 308, 434
Distr ibution of genera JQ
Distribution of species ]o
District of Columbia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in.. 480,487
District of Columbia, original forest of, replaced by Oak, Scrub Pine,
District of Columbia, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
District of Columbia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber,
etc , in :,n
Division of the Xorth American continent with reference to its forest
geography 3
Dogwood 90. 2i>8
Dogwood, Flowering (Cornus florida) 91, 288, :!>
Dogwood. Flowering ('Jornus Niittallii) 91. •>•*, 300.432
Dogwood, Jamaica 57, 278, 30U, 420
Dogwood. Striped 40. 'J74
Douglas Fir 209,265,344,352,410,476
Douglas, Robert, remarks on the forests of the Black Hills region of
Dakota by 501,562
Downward Plum 103, 294, :;G>', 4.31
Drimoplitillum pauciflorum i-jo
I>r\ IM tes nt 15
Ilnipetcs alba, var. latifolia 121
Dry petes crocea 120,249,254,257,302,374,440
Dry petes crocea, var. latifolia 121, 249, 254, 257, 302, 374, 440
T)riipttt>it rrncea. var. lontjipes 120
i)/'//l>ctes glauca (Drypetes crocea) 120
1 ;'la.irca (Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia) 121
Drypetes sexsili flora 120
Dry wood of trees of the United States, weight of 249-251
; Duck Oak 152,320,350,388,416,454
Dwarf Maple 48, 274
Dwarf Sumach 53,278,360,424
E.
EUESACKB 104,105,254,257,294,368,454
Economic aspects of the forests of the United States 483-580
Ehretia 11,15
Ehretia Bourreria 114
Ehretia elliptica 114,250,254,257,300,372,438
jj Ehretia Havanensis 114
! Ehretia radula 114
Ehretia tomentoga 114
Elaphriiun intcgerrimum 32
Elder (Sambucus glanca) 93,290,368,432
Elder (Sambucus Mexicana) 94, 290
Elder, Box (Negundo aceroides) 51, 276, 360, 424
Elder, Box (Negundo Californicnm) 51,276,300,424
Elder, Poison 54,278
Elemi, Gum 33, 270, 3V), 356, 420
Elk wood 21,260,354,418
Elm, American 123,304,350,374,414,440
Elm, Cedar 122,304,374,440
il Elur, Cliff 123,304,374,440
, Elm, Cork 123,304,374,440
Elm, Hickory 123,304,374,440
i Elm, Moose 122, 30 », 374, 440
j Elm, Red 122,304,374,440
Elm, Rock 123,304,374,440
|l Elm, Slippery (Fremontia California) 26,268
!' Elm, Slippery (TJlmns fulva) 122,304,374,440
|j Elm, Water 123,304,350,374,414,440
j! Elm, White (TJlmus Americana) 123,304,350,374,414.440
Elm, White (Ulmus racemosa) 123,304,374,440
'] Elm, Winged 124,304.374.440
Emetila ramutosa 36
|i Enceno 147,318,386,452
Endotropis oleifalia 40
| ERICACK^... .-. .'....90-99,254,257,292,368,432
Erytfi rina piscipula 57
Eugenia : 10,14
Eugenia axiUarie 80
• Eugenia Baruentit 89
590
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Eugenia buxifolia 88,249,253,257,288,366,430
Eugenia dichotouia 88,249,288
Eugenia dichotoma, vax.fragrans
Eugenia dicaricata
Eugenia longipes 89,249,288
Eugenia montana
Eugenia monticola 89,249,253,257,288,366,430
Eugenia myrloides
Eugenia pallens
Eugenia procera 89,249,253,257,288,368,430
r.ti'jt'it'nt nmtgens
Evyenia triplincrr/ui (Eugenia buxifolia) 88
Eugenia triplinercia (Eugenia monticola) 89
Euonynms 10,12,13
Enonymus atropurpurous 38, 249, 272
Enonymus Carolinensi* -
Euonymus latifolius 38
• EL'PHOBBIACKA 120,121,254,257,302,374,440
Excifcaria htcida 121
Exostemma 10, 14
Exostemma Caribosnm 95, 249, 253, 257, 265, 290, 36«, 432
Emthea oblongij'olia 45
Experiments by Mr. S. P. Sharpies 247,251,264,265
Eysenhardtia 10,12,14
Eysenhardtia amorphoidei 55
Eysenhardtia amorphoides, var. orthocarpa 55
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa 13,55,249,278
Fagara fraxinifolia
Fagara lentiscifolia
Fagara Pterota
Fagus
Fagui alba
Fagus Americana
Fagua Americana latifolia .
Fagus Castanea
Fagus Castanea dentata . . .
Fagus Castanea pumila —
F.
30
31
31
11,16
157
157
157
157
157
156
Fagus ferruginea 157,249,255,258,262,322,350,390,456
Fagus J'erruginea, var. Caroliniana 157
Fagus pumtta, 156
Fagus pumila, var. prcecox 156
Fagus sylvatica '. 157
Fagus sylvatica atropunicea 157
Fagus sylvatica, var. Americana 157
F agus sylvettrte 157
Fan-leaf Palm 217,348,414,480
Farkleberry 96,292,432
Fetid Buckeye 42,274,358,422
,15
Ficus
11,
Ficus aurea 126,251,254,257,306,376,442
Ficus aurea, -vm.latifolia 126
Ficus brevifolia 127,250,306
Ficus complicata 127
Ficus pedunculate 127,250,254,257,306,376,442
Fiddlewood 116, 30(i, 372,438
Fig, Wild 127,306,376,442
Fir, Balm of Gilead 211,346,412,478
Fir, Balsam (Abies balsamea) 211,346,412,478
Fir, Balsam (Abies concolor) 213,346,412,478
Fir, Douglas 209,205,344,352,410,476
Fir, Rod (Abies magnifies) 214,346,412,478
Fir, Red (Abies nobilis) 214,346,412,478,573
Fir, Red (Pseudotsnga Douglasii) 209, 265, 344, 352, 410, 476, 565, 575
Fir, Red, the most important timber tree of the Pacific region 7
Fir, White (Abies concolor) 213, 346, 412, 478
Fir, White (Abies grandis) 212,346,412,478
Fir, Yellow 209,265,344,352,410,470.576
Fires, effect of, upon the forests of Tennessee 546
Fires, forest, during the eensus year, causes of, areas burned over, and
losses entailed by (see, also, under state headings) 401 , W'2
Fires, forest, in Michigan, destructiveness of '. 550
Fires, forest, forests, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the —
North Atlantic division 494-510
Northern Central division 547-503
Page.
Fires, forest, forests, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the — continued.
South A tlant ic division 51 1-523
Southern Central division 52-l-.">46
Western division 564-580
Fires, forest, forests, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in —
Alabama 491, 524-530
Alaska 580
Arizona 491,568,569
Arkansas 491,543.544
California 491,578-580
Colorado 491,567,568
Connecticut 5otj, "nl
Dakota 491,561,502
Delaware 491,511
District of Columbia "'11
Florida ... 49J,.
Georgia 491,5111,520
Idaho 491,571-573
Illinois 491,547-550
Indiana 401,547
Indian territory 491. 5J3
Iowa 491,560
Kansas 491,562.563
Kentucky 4»1, 54.r>, 546
Louisiana 491,5:ir,-MO
Maine 491,404-496
Maryland 4iil,Ml
Massachusetts 491,500,501
Michigan 491,55n-r54
Minnesota 491,558-500
Mississippi 491,530-536
Missouri .491,560,561
Montana 49j,5C<-r,i;6
Nebraska 562
Nevada 491,571
New Hampshire 491,490-498
New Jersey 491,506
New Mexico 491,568
New York 491,501-506
North Carolina 491,515-518
Ohio 491,547
Oregon 491,576-578
Pennsylvania 4,91,506-510
Rhode Island 491,500.501
South Carolina 491.51S, 519
Tennessee 492,544,545
Texas .. 492,540-543
Utah 492,569-571
Vermont 492,498-500
Virginia 492.511,512
Washington 492, 573-J70
West Virginia 492,512-515
Wisconsin 492,554-558
Wyoming 492,560,567
Fires, forest, remarks respecting prevalence of and losses occasioned by 491-493
Florida, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 521-523
Florida, Pencil Cedar of 522
Florida, production of naval stores in . 517
Florida, rank of. according to value of lumber products 487
Florida, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 522,523
Florida, remarks by Mr. A. H. Cnrtiss on the forests of 521,522
Florida, Sem i-tropical Forest of 6
Florida, Southern Pine Belt in 520
Florida, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 520-523
Florida, tabular statement of the amount of long-leaved pine standing
in the forests of. May 31, 1880 521
Florida, the Big Cypress region of 522
Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) 91, 288, 366, 430
Flowering Dogwood (Cornns Nuttallii) 91, 288, 366, 432
Fcetataxus montana 186
Faetataxus 3Iyristica 186
Forestiera 11,12,15
Forestiera acuminate 112,250,254,257,298,372,438
Forest crop of the United States for the census year, value of the 185
Forest, Deciduous, of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain
Forest fires during the census year, causes of, areas burned over, and
losses entailed by (see, also, under state headings) 491, 492
Forest fires, remarks respecting prevalence of and losses occasioned by. 491-493
Forest, Interior, in the Pacific region, extent of the
Forest, Mexican, of southern Texas, extent of the
Forest of Florida, Semi-tropical
Fot v.-t Trees, Catalogue of
Forest Trees, Index to Catalogue of 220-243
Forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the —
North Atlantic division 494-510
Northern Central division 547-ot
South Atlantic division v 51
Southern Central division ' 524-541
Western division 564-580
Forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in—
Alabama 491,524-530
Alaska •"'"«
Arizona 491,568,569
Arkansas 491, 543, 544
California 491,578-580
GENERAL INDEX.
591
Page.
Forests, forest im-s, standing timl.rr. etc., statistics of, in— continued.
Colorado 491, :
Connecticut
Dakota <'Ji,.v,i,:,';?
Delaware 491,511
,t of Columbia
Florida 491,,v
Georgia 41)1, 5i:i,.vjo
Idaho 491,571-073
Illinois .' 491, 547-550
Indiana 491. ."47
ludhm territory '
Iowa 4111,5(1"
Kansas 491.:
Kentucky 491, 545. 54U
Louisiana 4!ll..
Main,' 491,491 196
Mars laud. 491,511
Mass rChnSCttS 491.
• an 4iii.r,r,ii-r,:.t
Minnesota 491.:
Mississippi 4'.ll , 530-53G
Missouri. 401, nun. mi
Montana 491, r,(i4-.jii(i
Nebraska *'*J-
Nevada 491,571
Xt-w Hampshire 401, I :
New Jersey 491,506
Ni-w Mexico : '•
Ni-w York 481,801-606
North Carolina 49J.5ir.-518
Obio . 491.547
Oregon 491,576-578
Pennsylvania 491,508-510
Rhode Island 491,500,501
South Carolina 491,518,519
Tennessee 492.544,545
Texas ... 492, 5411-.- i:i
Utah .. 492,509-571
Vermont 492,498-500
Virginia 492,511,512
Washington 492, 573-576
West Virginia 492,512-515
Wisconsin 492, 554, 558
Wyoming 492,566,567
Forests, mount a in. of California, injury by grazing cattle to the 579
Forests of North America, general remarks on the 3-16
Forest^ oHoe r.-ntral pine hills of Mississippi 534
Forests of the Chattahoochee, mixed forest growth, etc., in eastern Ala-
bama 527,528
Forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of Maine. 494
Forests of the Tennessee valley in Alabama 528, 529
Forests of t!ie Vnited States in their economic aspects 483-580
Foivstsof the Yazoo delta in Mississippi 535,536
Forests of western Mississippi 534, 535
Forests on Indian reservations in Minnesota 559, 560
Forked-leaf Black Jack 151,320,388,454
Foxtail Pine 191,336,402,468
Frangula Californica 40
Fraitgula Calif arnica, var. tomentetta 41
Franyula Caroliniana ' 40
Franijula /rayili,* 40
Frangula Purshiana 41
Franklinia 26
Franklinia Alatamaha 25
Fraxinus 11,12,15
Fraxinus crcuminata 107
Fraxinusalba 112
Fraxinus alba (Fraxinus Americana) 107
Fraxin un albicans (Fraxinus Americana, var. microcarpa) 108
I'ruxinus albicans (Fraxinns Americana, Tar. Texensis) 108
Fraxinus Americana 107, 250, 251, 254, 257, 260, 296, 350, 370, 436
Fraxinui Americana (Fraxinus platycarpa) 110
Fraxinus A mericana, var. Caroliniana - 110
Frazim't -1 ix>Ticana, v&r.juglandifolia 109
Fraxiiiu* Americana, var. latifolia 107
I'laxiinis Amerieana, var. microcarpa 108
Fraxinus A mericana, var. pubescent 108
Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata 110
Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata neruosa 110
Fraxiitux Americana, var. sambucifolia Ill
Fraxin us A mericana, var. Texensis 108, 249, 254, 257, 296, 370, 414, 436
Fra.rin>'8 Aincyirana, var. triptera 110
Fraxiuus anomala 13,106,249,290
Fraxinus Berlandicriana 109
Fraxinus Canadensis 107
Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinus platycarpa) 110
Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinus viridis) 109
Fraxinus Carolinfnsis 107
Fraxinus ciuerca 112
J'ruxiiiHS coriacea (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis)
Fraxinus coriacea ( Fraxinus pistaciffifolia)
.' t spa
Fraxinus Curtissii
F/'fixinus curvidens
Fraxinas ciispidata
Fruxiuus diiictalu
Fraxinus discolor
Fraxinus elliptica
Fraximis epiptera
Fraj: i
Page.
108
106
Ill
108
110
112
112
107
112
107
110
n "« expansa 109
Fr.ixhms i'usca 112
Fraxinus yrandifolia Ill
Fraxinus Grivgii 106,249,251,296
Fru.nntiR juylaiidifolia (Fraxinus Americana) 107
Fi\t j iimsjiiijlandifolia ( Fraximis viridis) 109
'<>lia, var. serrata 107
F :-u.> //?i/.s- jnrjlandifoUd, var. subintefjerrima 109
FrazinusjuijlaniltJ'uliii, \-;ir.m:liit(rrata 107
Fraxinus lancea 107
Frfifhniti longifolUl 108
Fraxinus mixta 112
DtU fl frrnsa 110
Fraxiuns uigra 112
Fraxinui mgra (Fraxiuus pubescens) 108
Fraxinvf niijra (Fraxiuus sambucifolia) Ill
Fraxinus nigrescens 110
Fraxinus Norte-Anrjlice (Fraxinns sambncifolia) Ill
Fraxinus Novte-Anglice (Fraxinus viridis) 109
Fraxinus NuUaUii 110
Fraxinus oblongocarpa 108
Fraxinus Oregana 111,250,254,257,298,372,438
Fraxinns ovata 112
Fraxinus pallida HO
Fraxiuus pannosa 112
Fraxinus pauci flora HO
Fraxinut Pennsylvania 108
Fraxinus pistacitefolia 13, 106, 249, 254, 257, 296, 370, 434
Fraxinus putaciafolia ( Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis) 1 08
Fraxinus pistaci&folia, var. coriacea 106
Fraxinus platycarpa 110,251,254,257,298,370,436
Fraxinus pubescens 108,250,254,257,296,370,436
Fraxinus pubesceng HO
Fraxinus pubescens, var HI
Fraxinus pubescens, var. latifolia 108
Fraxinus pubescens, var. longifolia 108
Fraxinus pubescens, var. mbpubescens 108
Fraxinns pnlvernlenta 112
Fraxinus quadrangularis HO
Fraxinns quadrangulata 110,249,254,257,260,298,370,436
Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. nemosa HO
Fraxinus Eichardi H2
Fraxinus rubicunda :..... 112
Fraxiuns rufa 112
Fraxinus sambucifolia 111,250,254,257,298,372,438
Fraxinus sambucifolia, var. crispa HI
Fraxinus Schiedeana, var. parvifolia 106
Fraxinus subvillosa - • 108
Fraxinus tetragona HO
Fraxinus tomentosa 108
Fraxinus trialata 1^9
Fraxinus triptera HO
Fraxinus velutina - 106
Fraxinus viridis 12, 109, 249, 251, 254, 257, 260, 298, 370, 436
Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana 109,250,298
Fremontia 10,12,13
Fremontia Californica 26,249,268
Frigolito 58.278
Fringe Tree - H3, 298
Fuel in manufactures during the census year, amount and value of wowil
used as - 489
Fuel value, actual, of some of the more important woods of the United
States 350-353
Fuel value of woods, method of determining the 247, 251, 252
592
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Gardenia alunicpfolia 95
GcigerTree 113,300
Genera, distribution of 1"
General remarks OD Hie forests of North America 3-1C
Genipa 10,14
Genipa clusiasfolia 95,249,290
Georgia Bark 93,290,360,432
Georgia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,519, 520
Georgia Pine 202,342,352,400,416,472
Georgia, production of naval stores in -- 517
Georgia, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
<M'ir,-i,i. .statistics of furusts. forest fires, standing timber, etc., in ...491,519,520
Georgia, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine standing
in the forests of, May 31, 1880 520
Georgia, tin' Maritime Pine Belt in 519
Ghlit Cactus 90,'J88
Gigantabies taxifolia 185
GiyanMile* Wellmyluma 184
Ginger l>ino 179,332,350,398,464
Glamberry 28, 268, 356, -(20
lil.iui-iiiis Willow 169,328
Gleilitschia 10, 11,14
Gleditxctiia rtquatica 59
Gltditscli ia bracbycarpa 59
Glcdi tichia Oarottnmtit 59
GletlitSfli ia t'.eyaau 59
Glcditxt -I, i't i >uT,/iiH iCtlcditseliia monosperraa) 59
Gleditxchia inermis (Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inermis) 59
Gb'ditscli ia macrantha 59
Gletlitidiia HcUloba 59
GlfditscMa mouosperma 59,249,253,256,280,362,426
Gleilitschia xpinosa 59
Glcditgchia triacaiitha . 59
Gloilitsehia triacanthos 59, 249, 253, 256, 280, 300, 426
Gleditschia triacantlios, var. brachycarpos 59
Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inermis 59
Gleditscltia triacanthos, var. monosperma . 59
Goose.foot Maple 46,274
Gopher Plum 91,290,366,432
Gopherwood 67,278,360,426
G<
jordo
.10,11,13
Gordonia Franklini 25
Gordonia Lasianthus 25,250,253,256,265,268,334,418
Gordonia pubescens 25, 248
Gordonia pyramidali* 25
Grape, Sea 118,302,438
Gravity, specific, ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the
wooils of the United States 206-349
Gray Birch (Betnla alba, var. popnlifolia) ' 159,324,350,392,438
Gray Birch (Betula lutea) 161,324,392,438
Gray Pine 201,342,352,406,472
Great Laurel 99,292,368,434
Great Plains, -the 4-6
Green Ash 109,298,370,436
Green-bark Acacia 60,280, 362,426
Ground Ash 111,298,372,438
Guaiacura ,. 10, 13
Guaiacmn angugtifolium 29
Guaiaeum sanctum 28,249,253,256,268,356,420
Guaiacuin verticals 28
Guettarda . 10, 15
Gnettarda elliptic* 96,249,290
Guettarda Modgettii 96
Guiana Plum 121, 302, 374, 440
Gnilandina dioica 58
Gum, Black 92, 290, 366, 43J
Gum, C'ottnn 93,290,350,366,432
Gum, Doctor 54,278,360,424
Gum Elastic 102,294,368,431
Gum Elonvi 33,270,350,356,420
Gum, Red 86,288,350,364,414,430
Gum, Sour 92,290,366,432
Gum, Star-leaved 86,286,350,364,414,430
Gum, Sweet 86,286,350,364,414,430
Page.
Gum, Tupelo 93,290,350,366,432
Gumbo Limbo 33,270,336,420
Gilrgcon Stopper 88,288,366,430
GUTTIKEU.E 35
(lymnanthes lucida : 121
(1 innnobalaniis Catesbyana nj
Gymuocladus 10, 11, 14
Gymnocladus Canadensis 58, 249, 253, 256, 280, 360, 426
Gymnacladiis dioica 53
n.
Hark berry (Celt is occidentalis) 126,306.376,414,442
Hackbi-rry (Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata) 126, 3c,6, 37U, 412
Hackmatack 215,346,352,412,478
Halesia 11, 15
Hale-sia diptera 105, 250, 254, 257, 294, 'aCf, 434
Hal. :.ia parriflora 106
llriltxin reticulata 105
lla'csia t' traptera 106,250,296
llnlh'ia carnifolia ^ 80
Ualima flabcllata 77
llitlnna lobata 79
Halm ia punctata 80
IJalntin tomeiltusa 79
HAMAMKI.ACE.B 85.86,253,256,286,364,414,430
Hamainelis 10, 11, 14
Ilaitiatiielix anarogyna 85
BamomeKt cor ylif olio, 85
Ilairiamelia dioica 85
Hamamclis tnacropliylla 85
llamainclis parvifolia 85
Ilamamelif Virginiana, var. parvtfolia 85
Hamainelis Virginica 85,24(1.286
Hard Maple 48,276,358,422,576
Hard Pine 202,342,332,406,416,472
Haw, Apple 82,286,364,430
Haw, Black 94, 290, 306, 4S'J
Haw, Hogs' 75, 284
Haw, May 82,286,364,430
Haw, Parsley 81,286
Haw, Pear 79,286,364,430
Haw, Purple 40,272
Haw, Rod (Cratsegus coccinea) 78,286
Haw, Red (Cratergus flava, var. pubescens) 83, 286, 364, 430
Haw, Scarlet (Crat<egus coccinea) 78, 286
Haw, Scarlet (Crafoegus subvillosa) 78,286,364,430
Haw, Small-fruited 81,286,364,430
Haw, Summer (Cratscgus flava) 83, 286
Haw, Summer (Cratasgus flava, far. pubescens) 83, 286, 304, 430
Haw, Yellow 83,286
Hazel, Witch 85,286
Hemlock and White Pine standing in the forests of Pennsylvania May 31,
1880, tabular statement of the amount of 5o6
Hemlock (Pseuilotsuga Douglasii, var. macroearpa) 210,346,412,478
Hemlock (Tsnga Canadensis) 207, 265, 344, 352, 408. 474, 50S
Hemlock (Tsuga Caroliniana) 207,265,344,410,476
Hemlock (Tsnga Mertensiana) ,....208,265,344,410,476,573,576
Heteroraeles 10,12,14
Heteromeles arbntifolia 83,249,286
Heteromeles Frcmontiana 83
Hcyderia decurreni 176
Heymasnoli fpinoga -- 34
Hick-trea, species 133
Hickoritit amara 13S
Hickory, Big-bud 134,310,350,380,444
Hickory, Black (Carya porcina) 134,310,350,380,446
Hickory. Black (Carya tomentosa) 134,310,350,380,444
Hickory, Brown 134,310,350,380,446
Hickory Elm 123,304,374,44*
Hickory, Nutmeg 135,310,350,380,446
Hickory Pine (Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata) 191,336,402,468
Hickory Pine ( Pinus pungeus) 199,340,350,404,474
Hickory, Shag-bark 133,308,350,378,444
Hickory, Sbell-bark 133,308,330,378,444
Hickory, Swamp (Carya umara) 135, 310, 350, 380, 44«
Hickory, Swamp (Carya aquatioa) 136, 310, 350, 380, 414, 446
GENERAL INDEX.
593
Page.
Hickory, Switcb-bnd 134,310,350,380,446
Hickory, Water 136,310,350,380,414,446
Hickory, White-heart 134,310,350,380,444
Hicorius integrifolia, 135
nierophyttus Cassine 36
Hippomane 11,15
Hippomane Mancinella 121,250,304,460
Hoary Alder 165, 3_>6, 394, 460
Hog Plum (Prunns angustifolia) 66,282,362,426
Ho;; Plum (Ehua Metopium) 54,278,360,424 |j
Hog Plum (Ximenia Americana) 34,270 j|
Hogs' Haw 75,284
Holly, American 35,270,356,420 i|
Holly, California : 84,286 j[
Holly, Dahoon 35,270,356,420
Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) 59,280,360,426 ;
Honey Locust! Prosopis juliflora) 62, 265, 280, 350, 362, 426 |
Honey Pod 62,265,280,350,362,426 j
Honey Shucks 59,280,360,426 ']
Heop Ash 111,298,372,438 J
Ilopea tinctoria 105
Hop Hornbeam ,.158,322,390,456
Hop Tree : 31,270
Hornbeam 159,322,392,450 :
Hornbeam, Hop 158,322,390,458
Horse Plum - 65,282,362,426
Horse Sugar 105,294,368,434
Hypelate 10
Hypelate oblongifolia 45
Hypelate paniculate 45,249,272,358,422
Hypelate trifoliata 45,249,272,422
Hyperanthera dioica 58
Hypericum Lasianthus 25
I.
Idaho, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 572
Idaho, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Idaho, remarks by Mr. Sereno "Watson on the forests of 572, 573
Idaho, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,571-573
...10,11,13
Ilex
Ilex cestivalis
Ilex ambtguus . . .
Ilex angustifolia .
Ilex aqttifolium . .
Ilex Canadensia..
Ilex Ccissena
37
37
35
35
35
36
IlexCassino 36,249,272
Ilex Cassine (Ilex Dahoon) 35
Ilex Cassine, 3 -- 36
Ilex Cassine, var. angustifolia 35
Ilex Cassine, var. latifolia 35
Ilex cassinoides - • — 35
Hex Dahoon , 35,250,253,256,270,356,420
Hex Dahoon, var. angustifolia 35
Hex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia 36,250,270
Hexdecidua * 37,249,272
Ilex Floridana ' 36
Hex laurlfolia •• 35
Ilex laxijlora 35
Ilexligustrifolia 36
Ilex ligustrina (Hex Cassine) 36
Hex ligustrina (Ilex Dahoon, var. angustifolia) 36
Hex myrtifolia 36
Hexopaca 34,250,253,256,270,356,420
Ilex prinoides 37
Hex quercif alia...*. 35
Ilex religiosa 36
Ilex rosmarifolia 36
Ilex vomitoria 36
Ilex Watsoniana 36
ILICINEJE 34,253,256,270,356,420
Illinois, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 548-550
Illinois Nut. 132,308,350,378,444
Illinois, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 548
Illinois, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in 491, 547-550
38 FOR
Page.
Incense Cedar 176,330,396,462
Index to Catalogue of Forest Trees 220-243
Indiana, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487. 547
Indiana, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 547
Indiana, statistics of foresta, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 547
Indian Bean 115,300,372,438
Indian Cherry 40,272,358,422
Indian territory, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 543
India- rublwr Tree 127,306,376,442
Industry, lumber, commercial importance of Chicago with reference to
the 548
Indnstry, lumbering, of the United States, average number of hands em-
ployed in the 486
Industry, lumbering, of the United States, general remarks on 485-493
Industry, lumbering, of the United States, statistics of, for year ending
May 31, 1880 486,487
Inga forfex 64
Inga Guadalupensis 64
Inga microphylla 64
Ingarosea 64
Inga 'Unguis-cati 64
Inkwood 45,274,358,422
Interior Forest in the Pacific region, extent of the 8-10
Iowa, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, 560
Iowa, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 560
Iowa, statistics of forests, 'forest fires, standing timber, et«., in 491,560
loxylon pomiferum — 128
Iron oak 139,312,382,448
Ironwood (Bumelia lycioides) 103,294/368,434
Ironwood (Carpinns Caroliniana) 159,322,392,456
Ironwood (Cliftonia lignstrina) 38,272,356,420
Ironwood (Cyrilla racemiflora) 37,272,356
Ironwood (Hypelate paniculate) 45,274,358,422
Ironwood (Olneya Tesota) 56,278,360,426
Ironwood (Ostrya Virginica) 158,322,390,456
Ironwood, Black 39,272,358,422
Ironwood, Red 39,272,358,422
Ironwood, White '. 45,274,422
Islay 70,284,364,428
IteaCyrilla 37
Ivy .' 98,292,368,434
jr.
Jack, Black (Quercus Catesbffii) , 151,320,388,454
Jack, Black (Quercns nigva) 150,265,320,350,388,454
Jack, Blue 153,320,390,456
Jack, Forked-leaved Black 151,320,388,454
Jack Oak 150,265,320,350,388,454
Jack, Sand 153,320,390,456
Jacqninia 11,15
Jacquinin armillaris 100,249,292
Jamaica Dogwood 87,278,360,426
Jersey Pine 199,340,350,404,470,546
Joewood 100,292
Joshua, Tha 219,348
Joshua Tree 219^348
Judas Tree 61,280,362,426
JUGLANDACEJ! 130-136,254,257,306,376,414,442
11,12,15,251
Juglans - — -
Juglans alba (Caryaalba)
Juglans alba (Carya tomentosa)
Juglans alba acuminata
Juglans alba minima ...
Juglans alba ovata
Juglans amara —
Juglans angustifolia (Gary a amara)
Juglcms angustijolia (Carya olivseformis)
Juglans aquatica
Juglans California
Juglans cathartica.
133
133
134
, 135
132
135
135
132
135
131
130
Juglans cinerea 130, 250, 254, 257, 260, 306, 376, 442
Juglans coinpressa 132
Juglans cordiformis -- 135
Juglans cylindrica 132
Juglans exaltata l3'-
Juglans glabra J34
594
GENERAL INDEX.
Juglans Illinoinensis
Juglans ladniosa
Juglans mucronata
Juglans myristicfeformis.
Page.
132
133
133
135
JuglaDS nigra 131, 250, 251, 254, 257, 260, 308, 350, 376, 414, 444
Juglans nigra oblontja 131
Juglans obcordata 134
Juglans oblonga .- 130
Juglans oblonga alba - 130
Juglans olivctformis - • 132
Juglans oualis 132
Juglans ovata 132
Juglans Pecan 132
Juglans porcina 134
Juglans porcina, var. obcordata 134
Juglans porcina, var. pisiformis 134
Juglans pyriformis 134
Juglans rubra - 132
Jnglans rupestris 13,131,250,251,254,257,308,378,444
Juglans rupestris, var. major 131
Juglans squamosa 132
Juglans sulcata 133
Juglans tomentosa 134
Jnneberry 84,286,364,430
Juniper (Juniperus Californica) 180, 332
Juniper (Juniperus Californica, var. Utahenais) 181, 332
Juniper ( Juniperus occidentalis) 182, 332, 464
Juniper (Jnniperus occidentalis, oar. conjugens) 182, 332,398, 464
Juniper (Juniperus occidentalia, rar. monosperma) 182, 332, 350
Juniper (Juniperus pachyphloea) 181, 332, 398
Jnniperus 11,12,16
Juniperus Andina 181
Juniperus arborescens : 182
Juniperus aromatica — 179
Juniperus Sarbadensis 182
Juniperns Califo-nt6a 180,250,332
Juniperus Californica, Tar. osteosperma 180
Jnniperus Californica, var. Utahensis 180,250,332
Juniperus Garoliniana — 182
Juniperus Cerrosianus 180
Juniperus excelsa 181
Juniperus faetida, var. Tirginiana 182
Juniperus Hermanni (Juniperus occidentalis) 181
Juniperus Hermanni (Juniperus Virginiana) 182
Juniperus occidentalis 13,181,250,332,464
Juniperus occidentalis (Juniperus Californica) 180
Juniperus occidentalis (Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis) 180
Juniperns occidentalis, var. conjngens 182, 249, 255, 258, 332, 398, 4 64
Jnniperus occidentalis, var. monosperma 181,249,332,350
Juniperus occidentalis, var. pleiosperma 181
Juniperus occidentalis, var. Utahensis 180
Juniperus pachyphtoa 13,181,250,332,398
Juniperus plochyderma 181
Juniperus pyriformis 181
Juniperus Sabina pachyphloea 181
Juniperus Sabina, var. Virginiana 182
Juniperus tetragona (Juniperus Californioa) 180
Juniperus tetragona, var. oeteosperma 180
Juniperus Virginiana 12, 182, 250, 255, 258, 263, 332, 398, 464, 544
Juniperus Virginiana, var. Carolinia.no. — 182
Juniperus Virginiana, var. Hermanni 182
Juniperus Virginiana mlgaris 1 82
Kalraia 11,12,15
Kalmia latifolia 98,249,254,257,292,368,434
Kampmania fraxinifolia 30
Kansas, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 563
Kansas, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Kansas, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,562,563
Kentucky Coffee Tree 58,280,360,426
Kentucky, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 546
Kentucky, pasturage of woodlands in 546
Kentucky, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Kentucky, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in.491, 545, 541)
King Nut 134,310,350,380,444
Page.
Knackaway 114,300,372,438
Knob-cone Tine 196,340,404,470
Ii.
Lacathca Jlorida 25
Laguncularia glabrtfolia 87
Laguncularia mcemosa 87,249,253,257,288,304,430
Lancewood 119, 302
Larch 215,346,352,412,478
Larch, Black 215,346,352,412,478
Larch, "Western, the largest and most valuable tree of the Columbian
Basin in the Interior Forostj 9
Large-leaved Cucumber Tree 21, 266, 354, 418
Large Tupelo 93,290,350,366,432
Larix 11,12,16,575,576
Larix Americana 215,250,255,259,264,346,352,412,478
Larix Americana rubra 215
Larix Americana, var. brevifolia, 216
Larix Americana, v&T.pendula 215
Larix Americana, var. prol\fera 215
Larix decidua, var. Americana 215
Larix intermedia 215
Larix Lyallii 216,248
Larix mierocarpa 215
Larix occidentalis 216,249,255,259,264,348,414,480,565,574
Larix pendula 215
Larix tenuifolia 215
LAUKACR* 118-120,254,157,302,372,438
Laurel 98,292,368,434
Lanrel, Big 19,268,354,414,418
Laurel, California 120,302,374,440
Lanrel, Great 99,292,368,434
Laurel, Mountain , 120,302,374,440
Laurel Oak (Quercns imbricaria) 154,322,390,456
Lanrel Oak (Quercus laurifolia) 153,320,390,454
Laurel, Swamp 20,266,354,414,418
Laurel, 'White 20,266,354,414,418
Laurocerasus Caroliniana 69
Laurocerasus ilicifolia 70
Laurus Borbonia — 118
Lauras Caroliniana 118
Laurus Carolinensis 118
Laurus Carolinensis, var. glabra 118
Laurus Carolinensis, var. obtusa 118
Laurus Carolinensis, var. pubescent 119
Laurus Catesbcei 119
Laurus Catesbyana 119
Laurus regia - 120
Laurus sanguinea 119
Laurus Sassafras i 119
Lawson's Cypress 179,332,350,398,464
Leaf, Sweet 105,294,368,434
LBOUMINOS.B 55-64,253,256,278,360,414,424
Leguminosae (Mexican) 6
Leptocarpa Garoliniana 69
Letter of transmittal ix
Leucsena -* 6,10,12,14
Lencffinaglanca 62,249,280
Leucasna pulverulent* 63,249,280
Leverwood 158,322,390,456
Libocedrns 8,11,12,16
Libocedrus decurrens 176,250,255,258,330,396,462
Lignum-vitiB - 28,268,356,420
LILIACEJ5 218,219,348
Lime, Ogeechee 91,290,366,432
Lime Tree .....27,268,356,418
Lime, Wild (Xanthoxylum Pterota) 31,270
Lime, Wild (Ximenia Americana) 34,270
Lin 27,268,356,418
Linden, American 27,268,350,356,418
Liquidambar 10,11,14
Liquidambar macrophytta 86
Liquidambar Styraciflua 86, 250, 253, 256, 260, 286, 350, 364, 414, 430
Liquidambar Styracifl.ua, var. Mexicana 86
Liqnidamber 86,286,350,364,414,430
Liriodendron 10,11,13
Liriodmdron procera
GENERAL INDEX.
595
Page.
Liriodendron Tulipifera 22,250,253,258,259,260,350,354,418
Live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis) 146,318,386,452
Live Oak (Qnercos virens) 145,265,316,386,452
Live Oak (Quorcus Wislizeni) 147,318,386,452
Live Oak, Coast 147,318,386,452
Loblolly Bay 25,205,268,354,418
Loblolly, Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Texas
May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of
Loblolly Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470,516,541
Locust (Robinia Neo Mexicana) 56,278,360,426
Locust (Robinia Pseudacacia) 55,278,350,360,414,424
Locust, Black (Gleditsobia triacanthos) 59, 280, 360, 426
Locust, Black (Eobinia Pseudacacia) 55, 278, 350, 360, 414, 424
Locust, Clammy 56,278
Locust, Honey <Gkjditschia triacanthos) 59,280,360,426
Locust, Honey (Prosopis juliflora) .' 82, 265, 280, 350, 362, 426
Locust, Sweet 59,280,360,426
Locust, Water 60,280,362,426
Locust, Yellow 55,278,350,360,414,424
Lodge-pole Pine 195,338,350,404,470,564,574,577
Logs rafted out of the Snsquehanna boom at Williamsport, Pennsyl-
vania, from 1862 to 1880, number of 508
Logwood 4°,272
Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Alabama May 31,
1880, tabular statement of the amount of 524
Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Louisiana May 31,
1880, tabular statement of the amount of 537
Long- and Short leaved Pine standing in the forests of Mississippi May
31, 1880, uibnliy statement of the amount of 531
Long-leaved Cucumber Tree 22,266,354,418
Long-leaved, Loblolly, and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of
Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 541
Long-leaved Pino 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516, 519-521, 524, 531, 537, 541
Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Florida May 31, 1880, tabular
statement of the amount of - 521
Long-leaved Pino standing in the forests of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabular
statement of the amount of 520
Long-leaved Piue standing in the forests of North Carolina May 31, 1880,
tabular statement of the amount of 516
Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of South Carolina May 31, 1880,
tabular statement of the amount of 519
Long-leaved Piue, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine
Belt *
Louisiana, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 536, 537
Louisiana, moss-ginning industry in 537, 538
Louisiana, production of naval stores in 517, 536, 537
Louisiana, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Louisiana, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 538-540
Louisiana, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .491,536,540
Louisiana, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved
Pine standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 537
Lumber and shingles received at Chicago during the year 1880, amount of. 548, 549
Lumber for Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico, Chicago the principal
sousce of supply of 568,569
Lumber industry and manufactures from wood in—
Alabama 486,487,524,525
Arizona 486,487,569
Arkansas 486,487,544
California 486,487,578,580
Colorado 486,487,567,568
Connecticut 486,487,500,501
Dakota 486,487,561
Delaware 486,487,511
District of Columbia 486,487
Florida 486,487,521,523
Georgia 486,487,519,620
Idaho 486,487,572
Illinois 486,487,548-550
Indiana 486,487,547
Iowa 486,487,560
Kansas 486,487,563
Kentucky 486,487,546
Louisiana 486,487,536.537
Maine 488,487,494-496
Maryland 486,487,511
Massachusetts 486,487,500,501
Michigan 486,487,551,552
Minnesota 486,487,558
Mississippi 486,487,531
Missouri 486,467,560,561
Montana 488,487,5114
Nebraska 486,487,562
Nevada , 4*6,487,571
New Hampshire '. .486, 487, 497, 498
New Jersey 4m, 487, 5uG
Page.
Lumber industry and manufactures from wood in — continued.
NewMoiico 486,487,56»
New York 486, 467, 502- ."« i ">
North Carolina 486, 487, f,l :>
Ohio 4SO. 4<-7. M7
Oregon 4«i, 4*7, r.77
Pennyslvania 486,487,506-510
Ithode Island .486,487,500,501
South Carolina 486, 487, 51S, :>11>
Tennessee 486,487,545
Texas 486,487,541,542
Utah 486,487,569
Vnmont 486,487,498-500
Virginia 486,487,512
Washington 486, 4X7, ,r>7+
West Virginia 486,487,512-515
Wisconsin 486, 487, 554, ,r>r>6
Wyoming 486,487,567
Lumber industry, commercial importance of Chicago with reference to the 548
Lumber industry of the Saginaw valley in Michigan
Lumber industry of the United States, general remarks on 485-493
Lumber market, importance of Burlington, Vermont, as a 499
Lumber market, rank of Albany, New York, as a 503
Lum ber trade of Chicago, early ; 549, 550
Lumbering industry of the United States, average number of hands
employed in 486
Lumbering industry of the United States, statistics of, for year ending
May 31, 1880 486,487
Lumbermen of Washington territory, wasteful methods of 574
Lyonia arborea 98
Lyonia fermgvnea 96
Lyonia rigida 96
Lysiloma 10,14
Lysiloma Bahamentit 64
Lysiloma latisiliqna 64,250,282,362,426
M.
Madura 11,15
Madura aurantiaca 128,249,254,257,306,376,442,542
Madeira 34,270,350,356,420
Madrofia 97,292,368,432
Magnolia 10,11,13
Magnolia acuminata... 20,250,253,256,259,266,354,418
Magnolia auricularis
Magnolia airriculata 22
Magnolia cordata 20,250,253,256,266,354,418
Magnolia De CandoUii 20
Magnolia fragrant 20
Magnolia Fraseri 22,250,253,256,266,354,418
Magnolia glauca '. 19,250,253,256,266,354,414,418
Magnolia glauca, var. latifolia 20
Magnolia glauca, var. longifolia 20
Magnolia grandiflora 19,250,253,256,266,354,414,418,534
Magnolia grandiflora, var. eUiptiea and obovata 19
Magnolia grandijlora, var. lanceolata 19
Magnolia, longifolia 20
Magnolia macrophylla 21,250,253,256,266,354,418
Magnolia, Mountain 20,266,354,418
Magnolia pyramidata •- 22
Magnolia tripetala 21
Magnolia Umbrella 21,250,253,256,266,354,418
Magnolia Yirginiana, var. a. glauca 20
Magnolia Virginiana, var. p.fcetida 19
Magnolia Yirginiana, var. e 20
lUagnolia Virginiana, var. tripetala 21
MAGNOLIACE* 19-22,253,256,266,354,414,418
Mahogany '. 34,270,350,356,420
Mahogany Birch 162,324,392,458
Mahogany, Mountain, and the Nut Pine the most important trees of the
Interior Forest 9
Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 71, 284, 350, 428, 569, 571
Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpus parvifolius) 71, 284, 569, 57 1
Maine, forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of. 494
Maine, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 494-496
Maine, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Maine, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,494,496
Maine, tabular statement of the amount of Pine and Spruce standing in
the forests of, May 31, 1880 494
MALI-IOHIACK.E 28, 253, 256,,208, 356, 420
Malpighia lucida -8
Mains angustifolia 72
J/<r/w.* coronaria 72
596
GENERAL INDEX.
Mains diversifolia
Malus microcarpa coronaria
Malus rivularis
Main x setnpervirens
Malus subcordata
Page.
73
72
73
72
73
Manchineel 121,304
Manchuieel, Mountain 54,278,360,424
Mancinella venenata 121
Mangrove 87,265,288,364,430
Mangrove, Black 117,302
Mangrove, White 87,288,364,430
Maple, Ash-leaved 51,276,360,124
Maple, Black Sugar .49,276,350,358,424
Maple, Broad-leaved 47,274,358,422
Maple, Dwarf .-. 48,274
Maple, Goose-foot 46,274
Maple Hard 48,276,358,422,576
Maple. Mountain 46,274
Maple, Red 50,276,358,424
Maple, Rock 48,276,358,422
Maple, Silver 49,276,358,424
Maplo, Soft (Acer dasycarpnm) 49,276,358,424
Maplo, Soft (Acer rubrum) 50,276,358,424
Maple, Striped 46,274
Maple, Sugar 48,276,358,422
Maple sugar and molasses produced in the United States in 1879, amount
of 485
Maple, Swamp 50,276,358,424
Maple, Tine 47,274,358,422
Maple, Water 50,276,358,424
Maple, White 49,276,358,424
Maritime Pine Belt in Georgia 519
Maritime Pine Belt in Mississippi 532
Maritime Pine Belt in North Carolina 515
Maritime Pine Region in Alabama 525
Marlbcrry 100,292
Marylantt, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,511
Maryland, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Maryland, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 511
Massachusetts, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in. .486, 487, 500, 501
Massasbnsetts, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Massachusetts, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.,
in 491,500,501
Massachusetts, the Northern Pine Belt in 500
Mastic 101,292,368,434
Maul Oak 146,316,386,452
May Cherry '. 84,286,364,430
May Haw 82,286,364,430
Meadow Pine 202,342,352,406,416,474
MEUACEJK 33,34,253,256,270,356,420
Melicocca panieulata 45
Melilobus heterophylla 59
Mespilus acerifolia — 80
Mespilus testivalis 82
Mespilus apiifolia 81
Mespilus arborea 84
Mespilus arbutifolia 83
Mespilus Azarolus 81
Mespilus berberifolia ;.. 82
Mespilus Bosciana 77
Mespilus Calpodeiidron 79
Mespilus Canadensis 84
Mespilus Canadensis, var. cordata 84
Mespilus Canadensis, var. oboialis -. . v 85
Mespilus Caroliniana 82
Mespilus coccinea 77
Mespilus cordata 80
Mfspilus cornifolia 80
Mespilus Crus-galli 76
Mespilus Crus-galli, var. puracanihifolia 76
Mespilus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia 76
Mespilus cuneifolia (Cratiegus Crus-galli) 76
Mespilus cuneifolia (Crataegus toiuentosa, var. punctata) 80
Mfspilus cuneiformis 76
Mespilus elliptica (Cratsegus Crnsgallii $6
Page.
Mespilus elliptica (Crategus flava, var. pubescens) 83
Metpilit flabellata 77
Mespilus flava 82
Mespilus flsxispina- 82
Mespilus glandulosa 77
Mespilus hicmalis 83
Mespilus latifolia 79
Mespilus linearis 77
Mespilus lobata 79
Mespilus lucida 76
Mespilus lucida, var. anguslifolia 77
Mespilus Michauxii 83
Mespilus monogyna, var. apiifolia 81
Mespilus nivea 84
Mespilus odorata 79
Mespilus oialifolia . — 76
Mespilus Phcenopyrum 80
Mfspilus populifolia — 78
Mespilus pruinosa 79
Mespilus prunettifolia 76
Mespilus prunifolia - 77
Mespilus pubescens 77
Mespilus punctata 80
Mespilus pyrifolia (Crata-gus tomentosa) 79
Mespilus pyrifolia (Crattegus tomentosa, var. punctata) 80
Mespilus rolundifolia (Cratajgus coccinea) 77
Mespilus rotundifolia (Cratsegus Crns-galli, var. prunifolia) 77
Mespilus salicifolia 70
Mespilus spathulata 81
Mef<pilus tilicpfolia ! 78
Mespilus turbinata 82
Mespilus viridis 78
Mespilus Watsoniana 76
Mespilus Wendlandii 77
Mesquit 62,265,280,350,362,426
Mesquit, Screw-pod 62,280,362,426
Mesquit the most important species in the valleys of the Atlantic Mexi-
can region 9
Method of determining the fuel value of woods 247,251,252
Method of determining the strength of woods 252
Metopium Linncei 54
Mexican Banana 219,348
Mexican Forest of southern Texas, extent of 6
Mexican Mulberry 128,306
Mexican Persimmon 105,2(14
Michauxia sessilis 25
Michigan, destrnctiveness of forest fires in 550
Michigan, Itfmber industry and manufactures from wood in v*S6. 487, 551, 552
Michigan , lumber industry of the Saginaw valley in 552
Michigan, maple-sugar product of 551
Michigan, rank of according to value of lumber products 487, 552
Michigan, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of 553, 554
Michigan, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. .491, 550-554
Michigan, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine standing in
the forests of, May 31, 1880 551
Mimosa biceps 62
Mimosa frondosa 62
Mimosa glauca 62
Mimosa Guadalupensis 64
Mimosa latisiliqua • 64
Mimosa leucocephala
Mimosa rosea -
Mimosa TJnguis-cati 64
Mimusops -- — 11, 15
Mimusops dissectft - 10-*
Mimusops Sieberi 103,249,254,257,294,368,434
Minnesota, forests on Indian reservations in 559, 560
Minnesota, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,558
Minnesota, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 559
Minnesota, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of 559,560
Minnesota, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in.. 491, 558-5GO
Minnesota, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine standing in
the forests of, May 31, 1880 558
Minnesota, the Northern Pina Belt in
Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain, Deciduous Forest of the 4
GENERAL INDEX.
597
Page.
Mississippi, forests of the central pine hills of 534
Mississippi, forests of the Tazoo delta iu 535, 536
Mississippi, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 531
Mississippi, pine forests of the northeastern counties of 532-534
Mississippi, production of naval stores in 517, 531, 532, 536
Mississippi, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Mississippi, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of — . . 531-536
Mississippi, southern, pine forests of 531, 532
Mississippi, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. .491, 530-536
Mississippi, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved
Pine standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 531
Mississippi, the Maritime Pine Belt in 532
Mississippi, western, forests of 534, 535
Missouri, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 560, 561
Missouri, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487,561
Missouri, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in.. 491, 560, 561
Mobile the principal center of wood manufacture in Alabama 525
Mocker Nut 134,310,350,380,444
Mock Orange 70,284,362,428
Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests and the turpentine industry of
Alabama by 525-53
Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Florida by
Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Louisiana by
Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Mississippi by 531-536
Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Texas by 542,543
Molasses and sugar, maple, produced in the United States in 1879,
amount of 485
Montana, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,564
Montana, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Montana, remarks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of 565,566
Montana, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in... 491, 564-566
Monterey Cypress - 179,332,398,464
Monterey Pine 196,340,404,470
Moose Elm 122,304,374,440
Moosewood 46,274
Morns Canadensis (Lamarck and Kaflnesque) 127
Morns microphylla 12,128,249,306
127
128
127
, 127
127
Morus rubra 127,250,254,257,260,306,376,442
Morus rubra, var. Canadensii 12t
Morus rubra, var. incisa 127
Morns rubra, var. tomentosa 127
2Iorux Missouriensis .............. •'
Morus parrifolia (Morns microphylla)
Moms parvifolla (Morns rubra)
Moms reticulata
Morus riparia
Morus scabra .......................................... • .............. — 127
Morus tomentosa ..................................... . ................... 127
Moss-ginning industry in Louisiana ..................................... 537, 538
Mossy onp Oak ............................................... 140,265,314,384,448
Mountain Ash (Pyrus Americana) ..................................... 73,284,428
Mountain Ash (Pyrus sambucifolla) ............................... 74,284,364,428
Mountain forests in California, pasturage of ............................ 579, 580
Mountain Laurel .................................................. 120,302,374,440
Mountain Magnolia ............................................... 20,266,354,418
Mountain Mahogany and the Nut Pine the most important trees of the
Interior Forest .: ............ . ......................................... 9
Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpns ledifolius) .............. 71, 284, 350, 428, 569, 571
Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpns parvifolius) .................... 71, 284, 569, 571
Mountain Manchineel ............................................ 54,278,360,424
MounUiu Maple .............................................. «- ......... 46,274
Mountain Plum .......................................................... 34,270
Mountain White Oak ............................................. 143,316,386,450
Mulberry, Mexican ...................................................... 128,306
Mulberry, Red ................................................... 128,306,376,442
Myglnda ................................................................ 10,13
Myginda pallens ....................................................... 38,249,272
Mylacaryum ligustrinum ................................................. 38
..11,
Myrica cerifera, var. arborescent!
Myrica cerifera, var. latifolia
Myrica ft'rifera, var. media
Myrica cprifera, var. pumUa
Myrica Pennsylvania
,!/'"'"" Xolapensis
MYKICACE.E 136,137,254,257,312,380,446
MYIISINACEJE 99,100,282
rrsine
Page.
136
136
136
136
136
137
Myr
11,15
Myrie
, 12, 15
Myrica Californiea 137,249,254,257,312,380,446
Myrica Carolincnsis 136
Myrica cerifera 136,250,254,257,312,380,440
Myrica cerifera humilis 136
Myrica cerifera sempenirens 136
Myrica cerifera, var. angustifolia 136
Myrsine fioribunda 99
Myrsine Floridana 99
Myrsine Rapanea 99, 1'-i '. -Jli'j
MYBTACEJE 88, 89, 253, 257, 288, 366, 430
Myrtle, Blue 41,27::
Myrtle, Wax 136,312,380,446
Myrtus axillaris 88
Myrtus buxifelia 88
Myrtus Chytraculia 88
Myrtus dichotoma 88
Myrtus monticola 89
Myrtus Poireti 88
Myrtus procera 89
If.
•
Naked Wood (Colubrina reclinata) 42,274,358
Naked Wood (Eugenia dichotoma) 88,288
Nannyberry 94,290,432
Naval stores, production of, in Alabama 517,527,529,530
Naval stores, production of, in Florida 517
Naval stores, production of, in Georgia 517
Naval stores, production of, in Louisiana .517, 536, 537
Naval stores, production of, in Mississippi 517, 531, 532, 536
Naval stores, production of, in North Carolina 516-518
Naval stores, production of, in South Carolina 517
Nebraska, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 562
Nebraska, rank of. according to value of lumber products 487
Nebraska, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 562
Necklace Poplar 175,330,350,396,462
Nectandra 11,15
Nectandra Bredemeieriana 119
Nectandra Willdenoviana 119,249,302
Negundium fraxinifolium '. 51
Negundo 10-13
Negundo aceroldes 12,50,250,253,256,276,360,424
Negundo aceroides (Negundo Californicnm) 51
Negundo Californicum 51,250,253,256,276,360,424
Negundo Californicum (Negundo aceroides) 51
Negundo fraxinifolium 51
Negundo lobatum 51
Negundo Mexicanum 51
Negundo trifoliatum 51
Nevada, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 571
Nevada, rank of, according to lumber prodncts 487
Nevada, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 571
Newcastle Thorn 76,286,364,430
New Hampshire, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487,
497, 498
New Hampshire, rank of, according to value of lumber prodncts 487
New Hampshire, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of 497
New Hampshire, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.,
in 491,496-498
New Hampshire, tabular statement of the amonnt of Spruce standing in
the forests of, May 31, 1880 496
New Jersey, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 506
New Jersey, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
New Jersey, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. . . 491, 506
New Mexico, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 568
New Mexico, rauk of, according to value of lumber products 487
New Mexico, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. . 491. 568
New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado, Chicago the principal source of supply
of lumber for 568,569
New York, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,502-505
New Yoik, Miiiple-su^ar product °f ®^
New York, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
New York, rank of Albany, as a lumber market 503
598
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
New York, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of 501-506
New York, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 191, 501-506
New York, the Northern Tine Belt in 501
North American continent, division of the, with reference to its forest
geography —
North American forests, general remarks on the 3-16
North Atlantic division, extent of forests, standing timber, forest flres,
.. 494-510
etc.,
> tin
North Carolina, grades of tar and rosin produced in 517
North Carolina, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 515
North Carolina, production of naval stores in 516-518
North Carolina, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
North Carolina, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.,
in 496,515-518
North Carolina, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine
standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 516
North Carolina, the Maritime Pine Belt in 515
Northern Central division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber,
.. 547-563
etc.. in the.
3,4
7
494
500
500
558
501
500
4
Northern Forest in the Atlantic region
Northern Forest in the Pacific region, extent of the
Northern Pine Belt, forests of the, once extended over the State of Maine
Northern Pino Belt in Connecticut
Northern Pino Belt in Massachusetts
Northern Pine Belt in Minnesota '.
Northern Pine Belt in New York
Northern Pine Belt in Rhode Island
Northern Pine Belt in the Atlantic region
Norway Pine 192,336,350,402,468
Nut, Bitter 135,310,350,380,446
Nnt,Bull ~ 134,310,350,380,444
Nut, Coffee 58,280,360,426
Nut, Illinois 132,308,350,378,444
Nut, King 134,310,350,380,444
Nut, Mocker 134,310,350,380,444
Nut, Pig 134,310,350,380,446
Nut Pine and the Mountain Mahogany the most important trees of the
Interior Forest 9
Nut Pine (Pinus cembroides) 190,336
Nut Pine (Pinus edulis) 190,336,402,468
Nut Pine (Pinns monophylla) 190,336,350,402,468
Nnt Pino (Pinus Parryana) 189,336,402,468
Nut, Tallow 34,270
Nutmeg, California 186,334,400,466
Nutmeg, Hickory 135,310,350,380,446
NYCTAGINACE.B 117,254,257,302,372,438
Nyssa 10,11,14
Nyssa angulisans
Nyssa angulosa
Nyssa aquatica (Nyssa sylvatica)
Nyssa aquatica (Nyssa uniflora)
Nyssa biflora
Kyssa Canadensis
Nyssa, candicans
Nyssa capitata 91,250,253,257,290,
Nyssa capitata, var. grandident&ta
Nyssa Caroliniana
Nyssa coccinea
Nyssa denticulata
Nyssa yrandidenlata
Nyssa integrifolia
Nyssa moictana —
Nyssa multijlora
Nyssa multiflora, var. sylvatica
Nyssa Ogeche
Nyssa palustris
Nyssa s.ylvatica 92,250,253,257,260,290,
Nyssa tomcntosa (Nyssa capitata)
Nyssa tomcntosa (Nyssa unifiora)
Nyssa uniflora 92,250,253,257,260,290,350,
Nyssa villosa
93
93
92
92
92
92
91
366, 432
93
92
91
92
93
92
91
92
99-
91
93
366, 432
91
93
360, 432
Oak, Bartram's
Oat, Basket
153,320,390,456
141, 316, 384, 416. 450
Pnge.
Oak, Black (Qnercus Emoryi) 146,265,318,386,452
Oak, Black (Qnercus KelloggU) 149,265,320,388,416,454
Oak, Black (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452
Oak, Black (Qucrcus tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454,528
Oak, Blue 143,316,386,450
Oak, Burr 140,265,314,284,448
Oak, Chestnut (Quercus densiflora) 155, 265, 322, 390, 456, 576, 578, 580
Oak, Chestnut (Quercus prinoides) 143, 2C5, 316, 384,450
Oak. Chestnut (Quercns Prinns) 142, 265, 316, 350, 384, 416, 450
Oak, Chinquapin 143,265,316,384,450
Oak, Coast Live . 147,318,386,452
Oak, Cow 141.316,384,416,450,633
Oak, Duck 152,320,350,388,416,454
Oak, Iron 139,312,382,448
Oak, Jack 150,265,320,350,388,454
Oak, Laurel (Qnercns imbricaria) 154, 322, 300, 456
Oak, Laurel (Quercns laurifolia) 153,320,390,454
Oak, Live (Quercus chrysolepis) ...146,318,386,452
Oak, Live (Quercus virens) 145,265,316,386,452
Oak, Live (Qnercus Wislizeni) 147,318,386,452
Oak, Maul 146,318,386,452
Oak, Mossy-cup 140,265,314,384,448
Oak, Mountain White 143,316,386,450
Oak, Over-cup (Quercus lyrata) 140, 314, 350, 384, 450, 533
Oak, Over-cup (Quercns macrocarpa) 140, 265, 314, 384, 448
Oak, Peach (Quercus densiflora) 155,265,322,390,456
Oak, Peach (Quercus Phellos) 154,322,300,456
Oak, Pin 152,320,388,454
Oak, Possum 152,320,350,388,416,454
Oak, Post 139,312,382,448,528
Oak, Punk 152,320,350,388,416,454
Oak, Quercitron 149,265,318,350,388,454
Oak, Red (Qnercns falcata) 151,265,320,350,388,454
Oak, Hod (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452
Oak, Bed (Qnercns rubra, var. Texana) 148, 318, 388, 452
Oak, Kock Chestnut 142,265,316,350,384,416,450
Oak, Scarlet 148,318,388,452
Oak, Scrub (Qnercns Catesba;!) 151,320,388,454
Oak, Scrub (Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii) 139, 314, 384, 448
Oak, Shingle 154,322,390,450
Oak, Spanish .151,265,320,350,388,454,528
Oak, Swamp Post .....140,314,350,384,450
Oak, Swamp Spanish 152, 320, 38S, 454
Oak, Swamp White 141,314,384,450
Oak, Tanbark 155,265,322,390,456
Oak, Turkey .151,320,388,454
Oak, Upland Willow 153,320,390,456
Oak, Valparaiso 146,318,386,452
Oak, Water (Quercns aquatica) 152, 320, 350, 388, 4 16, 454
Oak, Water (Quercns palustris) 152,320,388,454
Oak, Water White 140,314,350,384, 450
Oak, Weeping 138,312,382,448
Oak, White (Quercus alba) 137,265,312,350,380,414,446
Oak, White (Quercus Garryana) 138,312,350,382,448,576
Oak, White (Quercus gvisea) 144,316,386,452
Oak, White (Quercus lobata) 138,312,382,448
Oak, White (Quercus oblongifolia) 144,316,386,452
Oak, Willow 154,322,290,456
Oak, Yellow (Quercns prinoides) 143,205,316,384,450
Oak, Yellow (Quercns tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454
Oak, Yellow-bark 149,265,318,350,388,454
ObispoPine 200,340,404,472
(Enocarpus regia - 218
Ogeechec Lime 91,290,366,432
Ohio Buckeye 42,274,358,422
Ohio, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, 547
Ohio, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 587
Ohio, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., is 491, 547
GLACISES 34,270
Old-field Birch 159,324,350,392,458
Old-fieldPine 197,340,350,404,416,470
Old Man's Beard 113,298
Olea Americana 113
OLKACKJC 106-113,254,257,296,370,434
Olive, California 120,302,374,440
GENERAL INDEX.
599
Page.
Olneya 10,12,14
Olneya Tesota 56,249,253,256,273,360,426
Orange, Mock 70,284,362,428
Orange, Osage 128,306,376,442
Orange, Wild (Prunus Carolinians) 70,284,302,428
Oran ge, Wild (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Herculis) 30, 270, 356, 429
Orchidocarpum arietinum S3
Oregon Ash 111,298,372,438
Oregon Cedar 179,332,350,398,464
Oregon Crab Apple 73,284
Oregon, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 577
Oregon Pine 209,205,344,352,410,476
Oregon, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Oregon, remarks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of certain
counties of 577, 578
Oregon, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in ... 491, 576-578
Oreodaphne California 120
Oreortosa 11,16
Oreodoxa oleracel - -• 218
Oreodoxa regia 218,250,348,352
Original forest of the District of Columbia replaced by Oak, Scrub Pine,
etc 511
Osage Orange 128,306,376,442
Osmantbns 11,15
Osmanthus Americanus 113,249,254,257,300.372,438
Ostrya 11,16
Ostrya Tirginiana 158
Ostrya Virginica 158,249,255,258,322,390,456
Ostrya Virginica, var. eglandulosa 158
Ostrya Virginica, var. glandulosa — 158
Over-cup Oak (Quercns lyrata) 140,314,350,384,450.533
Over-cup Oak (Qnercns macrocarpa) 140,265,314,384,448
Oxydendrnm 11,15
Oxydendrnm arboreum 98,249,254,257,292,308,434
P.
Pacific Coast Forest, the 7
Pacific region, the 6-10
Padus cartilaginea - 68
Padus demissa 69
Padus serotina 68
Padus Virginiana 68
Palm, Fan-leaf 217,348,414,480
Palm, Eoyal 218,348,352
Palma argentea 218
PALMACEJS 217,218,255,259,348,414,480
Palmetto, Cabbage 217,348,352
Palmetto Sabal 217,250,348,352
Palmetto, Silk-lop 217,348
Palmetto, Silver-top 218,348
Palo Blanco 126,306
Palo Verde 60,280,362,426
Papaw 23,266,354,418
Paper Birch 160,324,350,392,458
Paradise Tree 32,270,356,420
Parkinsonia 10-12,14
Parkinsonia aculeata 12,60,250,280
Parkinsonia microphylla 60,249,280
Parkinsonia Torreyana 60,250,253,256,280,362,426
Parsley Haw .' 81,286
Pasania densijlora — . 155
Pavia Californica 43
Pavia earned — 42
Pavia discolor 43
Panto flava 43
Pavia glabra 42
Pavia hybrida 43
Pavia lutea 43
Pavia neglecta 43
Pavia pallida 42
Pavia Watsoniana 42
Peach Oak (Quercus densiflora) 155,265,322,390,456
Peach Oak (Quercus Phellos) 154,322,390,456
Peach, Wild 70,284,362,428
Pearllaw.. 79,286,364,430
Page.
Pecan 132,308,350,378,444
Pecan, Bitter 138,310,350,380,414,446
Pecan-nut, the, an important product west of the Colorado river in
Texas 543
522
506-510
487
507-510
Pencil Cedar of Florida
Pennsylvania, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .488, 487,
Pennsylvania, rank of, according to value of lumber products
Pennsylvania, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of
Pennsylvania, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc.,
in 491,506-510
Pennsylvania, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine and Hem-
lock standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 506
Pepperidge 92,290,366,432
Pepperwood 30,270,356,420
Percent, of tannin in the bark of certain species 265
Persea 11,18
Persea Borbonia 118
Persea Carolinensis 118,250,254,257,302,372,438
Persea Curolinensis, var. glabriuscula 118
Persea Carolinensis, var. palnstris 119,250,254,257,302,372,438
Persea Carolinenris, var. pubescent 119
Persea Catesbyma 119
Persea Sassafras 119
Persimmon 104,294,350,368,434
Persimmon, Black 105,294
Persimmon, Mexican 105,294
Phamopyrum acerifolium 80
Phcenopyrum arborescens - 75
Phosnopyrum Carolinianum 82
Phcenopyrum coccineum 77
Phcenopyrum cordatum 80
Phcenopyrum elliptimm 82
Phcenopyrum populifolium
Phcenopyrum pruinosvm - 79
Phcenopyrum spathulvtum 81
Phcenopyrum subvillosum 78
Phcenopyrum Virginicum — 82
Phosnopyrvm viride - 78
Phcenopyrum Wendlandii 77
Photinia arbutifolia 83
Photinia salicifolia - 83
Picea 11,12,16,575
Piceaalba 12,204,250,255,258,263,342,408,474,562,504
Picea amabilit (Abies amabilis) 2)3
Picca amabilis (Abies snbalpina) 211
Picea balsamea 211
Picea balsamea, var. longifoKa 211
Picea bifolia 211
Picei bracteata 213
Picea Californica - 208
Picea Canadensis 206
Picea coerulea 204
Picea concolor 212
Picea concolor, var. violacea 212
Picea Douglatii 209
Picea Engelmanni 9, 205, 251, 255, 258, 265, 342, 408, 474, 564-567, 572-575
Picea Fraseri (Abies balsamea) 211
PiceaPrateri (Abies Fraseri) 210
Picea glauca 204
Picea grandis (Abies concolor) 212
Piceagrandis (Abies grandis) 212
Picea laxa 204
Picea Lowiana 212
Picea magnifica 214
Picea Menzifsii (Picea pungens) 205
Picea Memiesii (Picea Sitchensis) 206
Picea nigra 202, 250, 255, 258, 263, 265, 342, 352, 408, 474, 494, 496, 498
Picea nigra, var. glauca 204
Picea nigra, var. rubra 203
Picea nobilis - 214
Picea pungens 13,205,251,255,258,344,408,474
Picea rubra 203
Picea Sitchensis 206,250,255,258,263,344,408,474,576
Pickeringia paniculata 1W>
Pigeon Cherry 86,282,428
600
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Pigeon Plum 117,302,372,438
Pigeonwood 117, SOL', 372, 4D8
Pig Nut 134,310,350,380,446
Pike county, Alabama, the forests of 528
Pilocfreus Engelmanni 80
Pin Cherry 66,282,428
Pin Oak 152,320,388,454
Pinckneya 10,11,14
Pinckneya pnbcns 95,250,253,257,200,366,432
rinckneya pubescens 95
Pine and Sprnce standing in the forests of Maine May 31, 1880, tabular
statement of the amount of 494
Pine, Bastard 202,342,352,406,416,474
Pine belt of central Alabama 529
Pine, Bishop's 200,840,404,472
Pine, Black (Pinus Jeffreyi) 193,338,402,470
Pine, Black (Pinus Murrayana) .- 195,338,350,404,470
Pine, Bull (Pinus Jeffreyi) 193,338,402,470
Pine, Bull (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472
Pine, Bull (Pinus ponderosa) 193,338,350,402,468
Pine, Bull (Pinus Sabiniana) 195,438,350,404,470
Pine, Cedar ..201,340,406,472 ;!
Pine, Digger 195,338,350,404,470 j
Pine forests of Baldwin county, Alabama 627
Pine forests of southern Mississippi 531, 532
Pine forests of the northeastern counties of Mississippi 532-534
Pine, Foxtail 191,336,402,468
Pino, Georgia 202,342,352,406,416,472
Pine, Ginger 179,332,350,398,464
Pine, Gray 201,342,352,406,472
Pine, Hard 202, 342, 352, 406,'416, 472
Pine, Hickory (Pinna Balfouriana, var. aristata) 191, 336, 402, 468
Pino, Hickory (Finns pungens) 199,340,350,404,472
Pine, Jersey 199,340,350,404,470,548
Pine, Knob-cone 196,340,404,470
Pine, Loblolly 197,340,350,404,416,470,516,541
Pine, Lodge-pole 195, 338, 350, 404, 470, 564, 574, 577
Pine, Long-leaved 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516, 519-521, 524, 531, 537, 541
Pine, Long- and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Alabama May 31,
1880, tabular statement of the amount of 524
Pine, Long- and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Louisiana May
31,1880, tabular statement of the amount of 537
Pine, Long-leaved, Loblolly, and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of
Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 541
Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of Florida May 31, 1880. tabu-
lar statement of the amount of 521
Pine, Long leaved, standing in the forests of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabu-
lar statement of the amount of 520
Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of North Carolina May 31, 1880,
tabular statement of the amount of 516
Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of South Carolina May 31, 1880,
tabular statement of the amount of 619
Pine, Long-leaved, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine
Belt 4
Pine, Meadow 202,342,352,406,416,474
Fine, Monterey ' 196,340,404,470
Pine, Norway 192,336,350,402,468
Pino, Nut (Finns cembroides) 190,336
Pine, Xut (Pinus edulis) 190,336,402,4(58
Pine, Nut (Pinus mouophylla) 190,336,350,402,468
Pine, Nut (Pinus Parryana) 189,336,402,468
Pine, Nut, and the Mountain Mahogany the most important trees of the
Interior Forest 9
Pine, Obispo 200,340,404,472
Pine, Old-field 197,340,350,404,416,470
Pine, Oregon 209,265,344,352,410,470
Pine, Pitch 198,340,350,404,470,520,522,525,531
Pine, Pond 198,340,350,404,416,470,527
Pine, Prince's 201,342,352,406,472
Pine, Red 192,336,350,402,408
Pine rt-^ion of the Coosa in Alabama 529
Pine. Rosemary 197,340,350,404,416,470
Pine. Sand 199,340,404,472
Pine, Scrub (Pinus Banksiana) 201, 342, 352, 4011, 472
Pine, Scrub (Piuns clausa) 199,340,404,472
Page.
Pine, Scrub (Pinus contorta) 194,338,404,470
Pine, Scrub (Piiius inops) 199,340,350,404,470,529
Pine, Short -leaved 200, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 527, 530, 531, 536, 537, 541, 544, 560
Pine. Short -leaved, standing in the forests of Arkansas, May 31, 1880,
tabular statement of the amount of 544
Pine, Slash 202,342,352,406,416,474,516
Pme, Southern 202, 342, 352, 400, 416, 472
Pine, Spruce (Pinus clausa) 199, 340, 404, 472
Pine, Spruce (Pinus glabra) 201, 340, 406, 472, 527
Pine, Spruce (Pinus mitis) 200, 340, 350, 40(i, 472
Pino, Sprnce (Finns Murrayana) 195, 338, 350, 404, 470
Pine, Sugar 188,338,350,400,466,576,578
Pine, Sugar, an important tree in the Coast Forest 8
Pine, Swamp 202,342,352,406,416,474
Pine, Table-mountain. 199,340,350,404,472
Pine, Weymouth 187,334,300,400,466
Pine, White, and Hemlock, standing in the forests of Pennsylvania,
MaySl, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 506
Pine, White (Pinna floxilis) 188,336,400,468,569,570,571
Pine, White (Pinus glabra) 201,340,406,472
Pine, White (Pinus monticola) 187, 336, 400, 466, 564, 574, 676
Pine, White (Finns reflexa) 189,336,402,468
Pine, White (Pinus Strobus) 187, 334, 350, 400, 466, 506, 551, 554, 558
Pine, White, standing in the forests of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular
statement of the amount of 551
Pine, White, standing in the forests of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabular
statement of the amount of 568
Pine, White, standing in the forests of Wisconsin May 31, 1880, tabular
statement of the amount of 554
Pine, White, the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt 4
Pme, Yellow, an important, characteristic tree of the Coast Forest 8
Pine, Yellow (Pinus Arizonica) 192,338,402,468
Pine, Yellow (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472,529
Pine, Yellow (Pinus palustris) 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472
Pine, Yellow (Pinus ponderosa) 193, 338, 350, 402, 468, 562, 565, S74, 578
PiCon (Finns edulis) 190,336,402,468
Pifion (Pinus mouophylla) 190,336,350,402,468
PiBon (Finns Parryana) 189,336,402,468
Finns '. 11,12,16
Pinus Abies Americana .
Pinus Abies JSalsamea . .
Pinus Abies Oanadensis.
Pinus adunca
Pinus alba
206
211
202
, 196
204
Finns albicaulis 189,250,255,258,336,400,488,565,572,573
Pinus amabilis (Abies amabilis) 213
Pinus amabilis (Abies magnificat 214
Pinus amabilis (Abies subalpina) 211
Pinus Americana (Picea nigra) A 203
Pinus Americana (Tsnga Canadensis) 206
Pinus Americana rubra -. -. 202
Pinus aristata 191
Pinus Arizonica 192,250,255,258,338,402,468
Pinus australis 201
Pinus Balfouriana 191,250,255,258,336,402,468
Pinus Balfouriana (Pinus Balfouriana, ear. aristata) 191
Pinus Balfouriana, rar. aristata : 191, 250, 255, 258, 336, 402, 468
Pinus balsamea 210
Pinus balsamea, var. Fraseri 210
Pinus Banksiana 201, 250, 255, 258, 263, 342, 352, 406, 472
Pinus Banksiana (Pinus contorta) 194
Pinus Beardsleyi 193
Pinus Benthamiana 193
Pinus Bolanderi 194
Pinus Boursieri - 194
Pinus brachyptera - — 193
Pinus bracteata 213
Pinus Califomica (Pinus insignis) 196
Pinus California (Pinus tuberculata) 196
Pinus Canadensis (Picea alba) 204
Pi n ut! Canadensis (Tsuga Canadensis) . — 206
Pinus Canadensis (Tsuga Mertensiana) 207
Pinus cembroides 190,250,336
Pinus cembroides (Pinus albicanlis) 189
Pi n us cembroides (Pinus edulis) 190
GENERAL INDEX.
601
Pago.
Pinus Cliihualinana 194,250,255,258,338,404,470
I'inus . -lansa 199,250,255,258,340,404,472
Pinus commutata 205
J'iniitt com-olor -12
Finns con!. "t;, 194, 250, 255, 258, 33S, 404, 470
Pinus contottit (I'iuus miuioata) 199
Pinus contorta (Pinus Murrayana) 194
Pinus contorta, var. Ilolanderi 194
Pinus contorta, v:tr. latifolia 194
Finns ConlU-ri '. 195,250,255,258,340,404,470
Pinus Craigana 193
Pinus Cnbensis 202, 249, 255, 258, 2C3, 342, 352, 406, 416, 474, 516, 5M, 522, 525
Pinus Cubensis, var. tcrthrocarpa '. 202
Pinus dfflexa 193
Pinus Vouglasii 209
Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata 209
Pinus echinata 200
Pinus Edgariana 199
Pinna edulis 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,402,468
Pinus EUwttii 202
Pinus Engelmanni (Picea Engelmanni) 205
Pinus Enyelmanni (Pinus ponderosa) 193
Pinus flexilis 13, 188, 250, 255, 258, 336, 400, 488, 569-571
Pinus flexilis (Finns albicanlia) 189
Pinus flexilis, var. albimulis 189
Pinus flexilis, var. macrocarpa 188
Pinus flexilis, var. refiexa 189
Pinus flexilis, vfcr. serrulata 188
Pinus Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210
I'inus Fraseri (Pinus rigida) 197
Pinus Fremontiana ...". .' 190
Pinus futilis 190
Pinnsglabra 200,250,255,258,263,340,406,472,527
Pinus grandis (Abies amabilis) 213
Pinus grandis (Abies concolor) 212
Pinus grandis (Abies grandis) 212
Pinua Grozelieri 187
Finns Hudsonica 201
Pinus inops 198, 250, 255, 258, 263, 340, 350, 404, 470, 529, 546
Pinus inops (Pinus contorta) 194
Pinus inops (Piuus Murrayana) 194
Pinus inops, var. (Pinus muricata) : 199
Pinus inops, var. clausa •. 199
Finns insignia 8,196,250,255,258,340,404,470
Pinue insignia matrocarpa 196
Pinut insignis, var. binata 196
Pinus intermedia 215
Pinus Jeffrey! 9,193,250,255,258,338,402,470,578
Finns Lambertiana 8, 188, 251, 255, 258, 336, 350, 400, 466, 576, 578
Pinui Lambertiana, var. (Finns flcxilis) , 188
Pinus Lambertiana, var. brevifolia 188
Pinus taricina 215
Pinus Laricio, var. resinom 191
Pinus Larix 216
Pinus Larix alba ,.. 215
Pinux Larix nigra 215
Pinus Larix rubra _ 215
Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies concolor) ' 212
Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies snbalpina) 211
Pinus Llaveana (Pinus oembroides) 190
Pinus Llaveana (Finns Parryana) 189
Pinus Loddigesii 197
Pinus lophosperma 192
Pinus Lowiana 212
Pinus Lyalli 216
Pinus macrocarpa .1 195
Pinus macrophylla 193
Pinus Mariana 202
Pinus Menzieirii 206
Pinus Menziesii, var. crispa 206
Finn* Mertensiana 207
Pinus microcarpa 215
Finns mitis 4, 200, 250, 255, 258, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 527, 529-531,
533, 536, 537, 541, 544, 560
Pin'ts mitis, var. pavpera 200
Page.
Films monophylla 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,350,402,468
Films monticola 7, 187, 250, 255, 258, 336, 400, 468, 564. 565, 573-576
Finns muricata 199,250,255,258,340,404,472
Finus muricata (Finns coutorta) 194
Finns Mnrrayana 9, 194, 250, 255, 258, 338, 350, 404, 470, 564-567, 572-577
I'inus nigra 202
Pinus nobilis. 214
Pinus Ifuttallii 216
Pinus osteospenna 190
Finns palust ris 4, 201, 249, 255, 258, 263, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516, 519-521 .
524,531,537,5)1
Pinus palustris tbe characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine
Belt 4
Finns Farryana 189,250,255,258,336,402,468
Pinus Parryana (Pinns ponderosa) i>. 193
l*inus Pattoniana (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208
Pinus Pattoniana (Tsuga Pattoniana) 208
Pinus pendula 215
Pinus ponderosa 8, 9, 192, 250, 255, 258, 263, 338, 350, 402, 468, 562, 565, 567,
574, 575, 578
Pinus ponderosa an important characteristic tree of the Coast Forest. .. 8
Pinus ponderosa, var. Renthamiana 193
Pinus ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi 193
Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum 193
Pinus porphyrocarpa 187
Finns pungens 199,250,255,258,340,350,404,472
Pinus radiata 198
Finns reflexa 189,250,255,258,330,402,468, 568,569
Pinns resimm 191,250,255,258,263,336,350,402,468
Pinus resinom (Pinus ponderosa) 193
Finns rigida 197,250,255,258,340,350,404,470
Pinusrigida (Pinus insignis) 196
Pinus rigida (Pinns mitis) 200
Pinus rigida, var. serotina 198
Pinus rubra (Picea nigra) 203
Pinus rubra (Pinns resinosa) 191
Pinus rubra, var. violacea 204
Pinus ritpestris 201
Finns Sabiniana 195,250,255,258,338,404,470
Pinus Sabiniana CouUeri 195
Pinus Sabiniana macrocarpa 195
Pinna aerotina 198,249,255,258,340,350,404,416,470,527
Pinus Shasta..; 189
Pinus Sinclairii 196
Pinus Sitchensis 208
Pinus species (Abies subalpina) , 211
Finns Strobus 4, 187, 251, 255, 258, 263, 334, 350, 400, 466, 494, 506, 551, 554, 558
Pinus Strobus the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt 4
Pinus Strobus, var. alba 187
Pinus Strobus, var. brevifolia 187
Pinus Strobus, var. compressa 187
Pinus Strobus, var. monticola 187
Pinus Strobus, var. nivea 187
Pinus sylocstris, var. divaricata 201
Pinna Tieda 197,250,255,258,263,340,350,404,416,470,512,510,541
Pinus Tteda, var. a 1 197
Pinus T<eda, var. alopfcuroidea 198
Pinus Tceda, var. heterophylla 202
Pinus Tceda, var. rigida 197
Pinus Tceda, var. tenuifolia 197
Ptnus Tceda, var. variabilis 200
Pinus Tceda, var. Firginiana 198
Pinus taxifolia 209
Pinus tetragona 204
Pinns Torreyana 8,192,250,255,258,338,402,468
Pinus tnberculata '. 196,251,255,258,340,404,470
Pinus tuberculata (Pinns insignis) 196
Pinus variabilis 200
Pinus venusta 213
Pinus Yirftiniana 198
Pinus Yirginiana, var. echinata 200
Piscidia 10,14
Piscidia Carthagenensis ,57
Piscidia Erythrina 57,249,253,256,278,360,426
Pisouia 11,15
602
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Pisonia acnleata 117
Pisonia obtusata 117,250,254,257,802,372,438
Pistacia 10-12,14
.Pislacia Mexicana 5*
Pitch Pine 198,340,350,404,470,520,522,525,531
Pittitcolobium forfex 6*
Pithccolobium Guadalupensis 64
Pithecolobium microphyllum 64
Pitliecolobium Unguis-cati . 64,249,282
Planera 11.15
Planeraaqnatica 124,250,254,257,306,376,442
Planera Gmelini 124
Planera Kichardi 124
Planera ulmifolia 124
PLATAKACB.E .129,130,254,257,300,376,442
Platanns " 11,12,15,251
Platanus Calif arnica 129
Platanug hybridas ... 129
Platanui lobata 129
Platanug Mexicana (Platanns racemosa) 129
Platanus Ztexicana (Platanas Wrightii) 130
Platan«3 occidcntalis 129,250,254,257,306,350,376,442
Platanus occidentalie (Platanns racemosa) 129
Platanns racemosa 129,250,254,257,306,376,442
Platanus racemosa (Platanus Wrightii-) 130
Platanus vulgaris, var. angulosa 1 29
Platanns Wrightii. 130,250,254,257,300,376,442
Plntn, Canada 65, 282, 362, 426
Plum, Chickasaw 66,282,362,426
Plum, Cocoa 65,282,362,426
Plum, Darling 39,272,358,422
Plum, Downward 103,294,368,434
Plnm, Gopher 91,290,366,432
Plum, Guiana 121,302,374,440
Plnm, Hog (Prnnns angustifolia) 66,282,362,426
Plum, Hog (Ehus Metopium) 54,278,360,424
Plum, Hog (Ximenia Americana) 34,270
Plnm, Horse 65,282,362,426
Plum, Mountain 34,270
Plum, Pigeon 117,302,372,438
Plum, Saffron 103,294,368,434
Plum, Wild 65,282,362,426
Poison Elder 54,278
Poison Sumach ." » 54,278
Poisonwood (Ehua Metopium) 54,278,360,424
Poisonwood (Sebastiania lucida) 121,304
POLTOOJJACEJE 117,118,254,257,302,372,438
Polygonum uvifera 118
Pond Apple 23,266,354,418
Pond Pine 198,340,350,404,416,470,527
Poplar 172,328,394,460
Poplar, Carolina 175,330.350,396,462
Poplar, Necklace 175,330,350,396,462
Poplar, Yellow 22,266,354,418
Populus 11,12,16
Populut acladesca 173
Populus angulata 175
Populus angulosa 175
Populus angustifolia 13,174,250,255,258,394,482,565
Populus angustifolia (Populns trichocarpa) 174
Populus argentea 172
Populus A theniensis 171
Populus balsamifera 12, 173, 251, 255, 258, 328, 394, 400, 573, 575
Populus balsamifera (Populus trichocarpa) 174
Populus balsamifera lanceolata 173
Populus balsamifera, var, .» 174
Populus balsamifera, var. angustifolia 174
Populus balsamifera, var. Californica 174
Popul ns balsamifera. var. candicans 173, 250, 255, 258, 330, 394, 460
Populus balsamifera, var. genuina 173
Populus Canadensis (Populus balsamifera, var. candicans) 173
Populus Canadensis (Populus monilifera) 175
Populus Canadensis, var. anguatifblia 174
Populus candicans 173
Populus cordifolia 172
Page.
Populus dcUoide 174
Populus Fremontii 175,250,255,258,330,396,462
Populns Fremontii, var. Wislizeni 175, 250, 255, 258, 262, 330, 390, 402
Populus glandulosa 175
Populus grandidentata 172,250,255,258,328,394,460
Populus grandidentata, \ar.pendula 172
Populus heterophylla 172,250,255,258,328,394,460
Populus heterophylla (Populus balsamifera, var. candicana)
Populus heterophytta, var. argentea
Populus Itevigata (Populus monilifera, Aiton, gtc.)
Populus l&vigata (Populus monilifera, Hort.)
Populus latifolia
Populus Lindleyana
Populus macrophylla (Popnlns balsamifera, var. candicans)
Populus macrophylla (Populus monilifera)
Populus Harylandica
173
172
175
175
173
175
173
175
175
Populus monilifera 174, 251, 255, 258, 262, 330, 350, 396, 462
Populus monilifera (Populns Fremontii) .. 175
Populus monilifera (Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni) 175
Pvpulus neglecta 175
Populus Ontariensis 173
Populus Tacamahaca 173
Populus tremuliformis 171
Popnlus tremuloides 12, 171, 250, 255, 258, 328, 350, 394, 460
Populus trepida 171
Popnlns trichocarpa 174,251,255,258,330,394,462,576
Populus trichocarpa, var. cupulata 174
Populus viminea 173
Populus Yirginiana 175
Porcelia triloba 23
Porkwood 117,302,372,438
Porliera 10-13
Porliera angustifolia 29,249,268
Port Orford Cedar 179,3-32,350,398,464,576
Possum Oak 152,320,350,388, 416,454
Post Cedar 176,330,306,462
Post Oak 139,312,382,448,528
Post Oak, Swamp 140,314,350,384,450
Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylnm Americannm) 29,268
Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Herculis) 30, 270, 356, 420
Prince's Pine 201,342,352,406,472
Principal woods of the United States undercompression, behavior of the. 418-481
Principal woods of the United States under transverse strain, behavior
of the 354-114
Pringle, Mr. C. G.T remarks on the forests of New Hampshire by 497
Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of New Tork by 501-5M
Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of Pennsylvania by 507-510
Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of Vermont by 498-500
Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of West Virginia by 512-515
Prinos deciduus 37
Pritchardia filamentosa -• 217
Privet 112,298,372,438
Product and average size of saw-mills in each state and territory 488
Production of naval stores in A labama 517, 527, 529, 530
517
517
517
517
517
517
... .10-13,14
Production of naval stores in Florida
Production of naval stores in Georgia
Production of naval stores in Louisiana
Production of naval stores in Mississippi
Production of naval stores in North Carolina .
Production of naval stores in South Carolina .
Prosopis ,
Prosopis Emoryi 62
Prosopis tjlandulosa — 61
Prosopis juliflora 12,61,249,253,256,265,280,350,362,426
Prosopis odoratfi (Prosopis juliflora) 61
Prosopis odorata (Prosopis pubescens) 62
Prosopis pubescens 13, 62, 249, 253, 256, 280, 362, 426
Prunus 10-12,14,573
Prunns Americana .' 12,65,249,253,256,282,362,426
Prunns A mericana, var. mollis 65
Prunus angustifolia 66,249,253,256,282,362,426
Prunus borealis — - 66
Prunus Canadensis 68
Prunus OapoUin - 68
Prunns Capuli 68,249,282,428
GENERAL INDEX.
603
P»ge.
Prunus Carolina 69
Prumis Caroliniana : 89,249,253,256,284,362,428
Prunus cartilaginea 68
Primus Chifasa 66
Prunus coccinea 65
Prnnus demissa 69,249,253,256,284,362,428
Pnmus emarginata 67,250,282
Prunus emarginat a, ror. mollis 67,253,256,282,362,428
Prunus hiemalis (Prunus Americana) 65
Pri/nus hiemalis (Prunus Americana, var. Aiollis) 65
Prmiua ilicifolia 70,249,253,256,284,364,428
Prvnut iruitilia 66
Prumis lanceolata 66
7'™ 71 us Lusitanica 69
Prunus Mississippi 65
Prunus moVis (Primus Americana, var. mollis) 65
Prunus mollis (Primus emarginata, var. mollis) 67
Prunus nigra - 65
Prunns Pennsylvania 12,66,250,282,428
Prunus persicifolia 66
Prunus puniila -. — 67
J'runus sempervirens - 69
Piuimsserotina 68,250,258,256,259,282,362,428
J'nmifs serratifolia 6!)
Primus spliterocarpa 70, 249, 284
Prunus spinosa 65
Prunus umbellata 67,249,282,428
Prunus Virginiana 68
Prunus Virginiana (Prnnus serotina) 68
Prunus Yirginiana, var. demissa 69
Pseudacacia odorata 55
Pseudopetalon ylandulosutn 30
Pseudopetalon tricarpum 30
Psendotsuga 7,9,11,12,16,575
Pseudotsuga Donglasii. . .209, 250, 255, 259, 264, 265, 344, 352, 410, 476, 565, 569, 573, 576
Pseudotsuga Donglasii, -car. macrooarpa 210, 250, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478
Pseudotsuga magnified 214
Pseudotsuga nobilis .' 214
Pseudotsuga the most important timber tree of the Pacific region 7
Ptelia 10,13
Ptelia mollis 31
Ptelia trifoliata 12,31,249,270
Ptelia trifoliata, var. mollis 31
Ptelia rilieifolia 31
Punk Oak 152,320,350,388,416,454
Purple Haw 40,272
Pnrshia 575
Putnam, Mr. H. C., remarks on the forests of Michigan by 553, 554
Putnam, Mr. II. C., remarks on the forests of Minnesota by 559, 560
Putnam, Mr. H. C., remarks on the forests of the eastern portion of Dakota
by 561
Putnam, Mr. H. C., remarks on the forests of "Wisconsin by 555-558
Pyrus 10-12,14
Pyrus Americana 73,250,284,428
Pyrus Americana (Pyras sambncifolia) 74
Pyrns Americana, rar. microcarpa 74
Pyrus angustifolia 72,249,284
Pyrus aucuparia (Pyrus Americana) 73
Pyrus aucuparia (Pyrns sambucifolia) 74
Pyrus Bartramiana 84
Pyrus Botryapium 84
Pyrns coronaria 72,249,253,256,259,260,284,364,428
Pyrus coronaria (Pyrus augnstifolia) 72
Pyrus coronaria, var. angustifolia 72
Pyrus diversif alia 73
Pyrus fusca 73
Pyrus glandulosa 77
Pyrus microcarpa 74
Pyrus oi-alis 85
Pyrus rivularis 73,243,284
Pyrus sambucifolia 12,74,250,253,256,284,364,428
Pyrus subcordata 73
fyruslYangenheimiana 84
Quaking Asp 171, 328, 3SO, 394, 460
Quassia dioica 32
Page.
Quassia Simaruba 32
Quercitron Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454
Quercus 11,12,15
Qnercus acutidens .' 155
Quercus acutiglandis 146
Quorcus agrifolia 146,248,254,257,318,386,452
Quercus agrifolia, var.frutescens 147
Quercus alba 137, 249, 254, 257, 261, 265, 312, 350, 360, 414, 446
139
141
139
137
137
137
137
137
147
145
Quercus alba minor
Quercus alba palustris
Quercus alba, var. Qunnisonii
Quercus alba, var. microcarpa
Quercus alba, var. pinnatifida
Quercus alba, var. pinnatijido-sinuata .
Quercus alba, var. repanda
Quercus alba, var. sinuata
Quercus ambigua
Quercus innulata .
Quercus aquatica 152,249,254,258,262,320,350,388,416,454
Quercus aquatica (Quercus nigra) . .
Quercus aquatica, var. attenuate,
Quercus aquatu'a, var. cuneata
Quercus aquatica. var. flongata
Quercus aquatica, var. heterophylla .
Quercus aquatica, var. hybrida
Quercus aquatica, var. indivisa
Quercus aquatica, var. laurifolia
Quercus aqnatira, var. myrtifolia ..
Quercus Banisteri
Quercus berberidifolia .
150
152
152
152
15
152
152
152
155
155
155
Quercus bicolor 141,249,254,257,261,314,384,450
Quetcus bicolor, -vsLT.Michauxii 141
Quercus bicolor, var. mollis 141
Quercus bicolor, var. platanoides - 141
Quercus Breweri 155
Quercus Califomica - 149
Quercus Castanea (Quercus prinoides) 142
Quercus Castanea (Quercns Prinus) 142
Quercus Catesbaji 151,249,254,258,320,388,451,525
Quercui Chinquapin 1*3
Qnercus chrysolepis ....146.249,254,258,318,386,452
Quercus chrysolepis, var. vaceinifolia, 146
Quercns cinerea 153,250,255,258,320,390,456,525
Quercus cincrea, var. pumila 155
Quercus cinerea, var. sericea 155
Qnercus coccinea 148,249,254,258,318,388,452
Quercus coccinea, \a,r. ambigua
Quercus coccinea, var. microcarpa
Quercus coccinea, var. nibra -
Quercus coccinea, var. tinctoria
Quercus confertifolia ..*
Quercus crassipocula
Quercus cuneata
Quercus decipiens
Qnercus densiflora 161, 249, 254, 258, 265, 322, 390, 456, 576, 580
Quercus discolor — 149
Quercus discolor, var. triloba 151
Quercus Douglasii 143,249.251,254,258,316,386,450
Quercus Douglasii, var. Oambelii
Quercus Douglasii, var. Ne&i
Quercus Drummondii -.
Quercus dnmosa - --
Quercus dumosa, var. bullata —
Qnercus Durandii 145,249,251,254,258,316,386,452
Quercus echinacea - 1^
Quercus echinoides i55
Querc-us elongata
Quercus Emoryi 12,146,249,254,258,265,318,386,452
Quercus Emoryi (Qnercns undnlata, tar. Gambelii) 139
Quercns falcata 150,249,254,258,262,265,320,350,388,454,525
Quercus falcata, var. Ludoviciana 151
Quercus falcata, var. pagodcefolia 151
Quercus falcata, var. triloba - -• 151
Quercus fulvetcens — 1*6
Quercus Gambelii 139
Quercus Garryana 188,249,254,257,261,312,350,382,448,576
147
148
147
149
154
146
150
144
139
138
139
155
155
604
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Qttercus Georgiana 155
Quercus grisea 144,249.251,254,258,316,386,452
Quercus hasta'ta 146
Qui'mui hcmittpharrica 152
Quercus hcmisphmrica, var. nana 152
Quercus hoterophyUn .'153, 249, 255, 258, 320, 390, 456
Quercus Hindsii 138
Quercus humilis 153
(Jira-eus hypoleuca 154,249,255,258,322,390,456
Quercua ilicifolia 155
QUITCUS imbricaria 154,249,255,258,322,390,450
Quercus Jacobi 138
Quercns Kelloggii 149, 250, 254, 258, 265, 320, 388, 416, 454
Quercus Ifevis 351
Quercus laurifolia 152, 249, 254, 258,' 320, 890, 454
Quercus laurifolia hybrida 152
Quercus laurifolia, var. acuta 152
Quercus laurifolia, var. obtusa 152
Quercus lobata 138,249,254,257,312,382,448
Quercus lobata, rar. fraticosa 155
Quercua lobulata 139
Quercus longiglanda 138
Qncrcns lyrata 140,249,254,257,261,314,350,384,450,533
Quercns macrocarpa 140,249.254,257,261,265,314,384,448
Quercus macrocarpa, var. abbreviate 140
Quercus macrocarpa, var. minor 140
Quercui macrocarpa, var. olivceformis 140
Quercus Marylandica 150
Qnercus Michauxii 141,249,254,258,261,316,384,416,450,533
Quercus montana 142
Quercus Morehus 147
Quercus Muhlenbergii ' 143
Quercus myrtifolia 155
Quercus nana 152
Quercus Necei 138
Quercus nigra 150, 249, 254, 258, 2«5, 320, 350, 388, 454, 525
Quercus nigra (Quercns aquatica) 152
Quercus niyra (Qnercus tinctorial 149
Quercus nigra aquatica 152
Quercus nigra digitata 150
Quercui nigra integnfolia 150
Quercus nigra triflda 152
Quercus nigra, var. (Quercns heterophylla) 153
Quercus nigra, var. latifolia 150
Quercns ohlongifolia 143,249,251,254,258,316,386,452
Quercus oblongifolia 146
Quercus oblangifolia, var. brevilobata 143
Quercus obtusa . . 152
Quercus obtusifolia, var. breviloba 145
Qnorcns obtnsiloba 138, 249, 254, 257, 261, 312, 382, 448, 525, 528
Quercus obtusiloba, var. depressa HO
Quercus obtusiloba, va.r.parvifolia 139
Quercus (Erstediana 138
Quercus oleoides 145
Quercus olivtrformis 140
Quercus oxyadenia 14g
Quercus palustris 151,249,254,258,320,388,454
Quercus palustris (Quercus rnbra, var. Texana) 148
Quercus parvifolia 139
Quercas Phellos 154,249,255,258,322,390,456
Quercus Phellos angustif alia 154
Quercus Phellos X coccinea 153
Quercus Phellos latifolia 154
Quercus Phellos pumila 155
Quercus Phellos X tinctorial 153
Quercus Pliellos, var. (Qnercus heterophylla) 153
Quercus Phellos, var. arenaria 155
Quercus Phellos, var. cinerea 153
Quercus Phellos, var. humilis 154
Quercus Phellos, var. imbricaria 154
Quercus Phellos, var. laurifolia 152
Quercus Phellos, \nr.sempervirent 145
Qnercus Phollos, var. sericea 155
Quercus Phellos, var.viridi» 154
Qucrcus iirinoides 142, 249, 251, 254, 258, 261, 262, 265, 316, 384, 450
Page.
Quercus Pi-inns ,...142,249,254,258,201,205,316,350,391,416,450
Qucrcus Prinus p. (Quercus cinerea) 153
Quercus Prinus (Quercus 11 iobauxii) 141
Quercus Prinus Chinquapin 143
Qucrcus Prinus humilis 14 j
Quercus Prinus palustris 141
Qucrcus Prinus platanoides 141
Qnercus Prinus pumila 140
Qucnus Prinus tomentoea 141
Quercus Prinus, var. acuminata 142
Qucrcus Prinus, var. bicolor 141
Qutrcvs Primu, var. discolor 141
Quercug Prinus, var. lata 142
Quercus Prinus, var. Jlichauxii 141
Quercus Prinus, var. monticola 142
Qucrcus Priims, var. oblongata 143
Quercus Primis, var. prinoides 143
Quercus pumila 155.
Quercus pungens 144
Quercus Ransomi 133
Querens reticulata 144, 249, 316
Quercus reticulata, var. Greggii 144
Quercus retusa 145
Quercns rubra .• 147, 250, 251, 254, 258, 262, 265, 318, 350, 386, 452
Quercus rubra ft. (Quercns coccinea) 148
Quercus rubra (Quercns Kelloggii) 149
Quercus rubra (Quercns tinctoria) 149
Quercus rubra maxima 147
Quercus rubra montana 150
Quercus rubra ramosissima 151
Quercus rubra, var. dissecta 151
Quercus rubra var. latifolia 147
Quercus rubra, var. montana 147
Quercus rubra, var. runcinata 147
Quci ens rubra, var. Tesana 148, 249, 254, 258, 318, 388, 451
Qrercus San-Sabeana 145
Qucrcus sempervirens 145
Quercus sericea 155
Quercus Shumardii 149.
(J/fen-ui; xinuata 137
Quercus Sonomensis 149
Quercus spicata 144
Quercui steUata 139
Quercus stellata, var. depressa 140
Quercus slellata, var. Floridana 139
Quercus stellata, var. Utahensit 139
Quercus Texana 148
Qnercns tinctoria 149, 249, 254, 258, 262, 265, 318, 350, 388, 454, 528
Quercus tinctoria, var, angulosa 349
Quercus tinctoria, var Californica 149
Quercus tinctoria, var. tinuosa 149
Quercus triloba 150
Quercus uliginosa 152
Quercus uudulata 13, 155
Quercui undulata (Quercns Durandii) 145
Quercns undulata, var. Gambelii 139,249,254,257,314,384,448
Quercus undulata, var. grisea 144
Quercus undulata, var. oblongata 143
Quercus undulata, \ar.pungeru 144
Quercus undulata, var. Wrightii 144
Quercus vaccinijfolia 146
Quercut velutina 149
Quercus villosa 139
Quercus virens 145,249,254,258,262,265,316,386,452
Quercus Virginiana 145
Qnercus Wislizeni 147,249,254,258,318,386,452
R.
Randia clusitefolia . 95
Rapanea Guyanensig 99
Rattle-box 106,290
Bed Ash 7.... 109, 296, 370, 436
Bed Bay 118,302,372,438
Bed Birch 161,324,392,458
Red Cedar ( Juniperus Virginiana) 183, 332, 398, 464, 544
Bed Cedar (Thuya gigautea) 177, 330, 396, 462, 573, 575, 576, 580
GENERAL INDEX.
605
Page.
EedClierry, Wild 66,282,428
Bed Cypress 184,334,350,398,466
lied Elm .' 122,304,374,440
Red Fir (Abies magnifica) 214,346,412,478
Knl Kir (Abiosnobilis) 214,346,412,478,573
Red Fir (Pseudotsuga Donglasii) 209, 265, 344, 352, 410, 476, 565, 575
Ked Fir the most important timber tree of the Pacific region 7
Red Gum 86, 2S8, 350, 361, 414,430
IN-tl ll;iw (Ci;it;c£iis coccinea) 78, 286
Red Haw (Cratiegus flava, far. pubescens) 83, 286, 304, 430
Rod Iron wood 39,272,358,422
Red Maple .50, 276, 358, 424
lti-d Mulberry 128,306,376,442
Red Oak (Qneivus falcata) 151,265,320,350,388,454
Red Oak (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452
Rod Oak (Quercus rubra, var. Texana) 148, 318, 388, 452
Red Pine 192,336,350,402,468
Red Stopper 89,288,366,430
Redbud (Cercis Canadensis) 61,280,362,420
Ked bud (Cercis reniforrnis) 61,280
Redwood 185,334,350,398,466,579
Redwood Belt the most important feature in tbe Coast Range of the
Coast .Forest 8
Redwood of California, economic value of the 578
Redwood standing in the forests of California May 31, 1880, tabular state-
ment of the amount of 579
Region, the Atlantic 3-6
Region, the Pacific 6-10
Remarks, general, on the forests of North America 3-16
Reynosia 10,13
Reynosia latifolia 39,249,253,256,272,358,422
Rhamindium revolutum 39
RMAMNACEJE 39-42,253,256,272,358,422
Rhamnus 10-13
Rhamnus alnifolius 41
Rbamnns Californica 40,250,272
Rhaiunus Cnlifoniica, var. tomentella 41
Rhamnus Caroliniana 40,250,253,256,272,358,422
Ehf(mnu& elUpticus 41
Rhamnus. fema 39
RhamiiUH ht.'rigatus 39
JthamtniK laurifolins 40
Rhamnus oleifolius 40
Rhammis Pursbiana .' 41,250,253,256,272,358,422
Jlhamntts tomenttUui 41
Rhizophora 10, 11, 14
Rhizophora Americana 86
Rhizophora Mangle 86,249,253,257,265,288,364,430
Rhizophora racemosa 86
RHIZOniOKACKjE 86,87,253,257,288,364,430
Rhode Island, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .486, 487, 500, 501
Rhode Island, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Rho-e Island, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.,
in 491,500,501
Rhode Island, the Northern Pine Belt in 500
Rhododendron 11, 12, 15
Rhododendron maximum 99,250,254,257,292,368,434
Rhododendron maximum, var. album 99
Rhododendron maximum, var. purpureum 99
Rhododendron maximum, var. roseum- 99
Rhododendron procerum 99
Rhododendron purpurffum 99
Rhododendron Purshii 99
Rhus 10,12,14
Rhus arborescens - 33
Rhu-8 Canadcnse 52
Rlius copallina 53,250,253,256,278,300,424
Rhus ci'pallina, var. angustialata 53
Rhus copallina, var. anyustifolia 53
Rhus copallina, var.integrifolia 53
Rbus copallina, var. lanceolata 53, 250, 278, 424
Rhuit copallina, var. latialata 53
RhuK copallina, var. latifolia 53
Rhus copailina, rar. leucantha 53
Rhus copaUina, var. serrata 53
Page.
Rhus cotinoidea 52,250,278
Rhus cotinus 52
i Rltus glabra 53
Rhus hypseloaendron .vj
Rhus Irueantha 53
| RhusMetopium 54,249,253,256,278,360,424
Rhus Toxicodendron 54
Rhus typhina 52,250,278
Rhus tt/phina, var. laciniata 52
A7n'.s' typhina, var. viridijlora 52
Rhus veni-nata 54, 250, 278
! Rhus remix 54
Rhus viridijlora 52
River Birch 161,324,392,458
River Cottonwood 172,328,394,460
Robinia 10,13
Robinia fragili* ">
Robinia glutinota 58
Robinia Neo-Mexicana 13,56,249,253,256,278,360,426
Robinia Pseudacacia 55, 249, 253, 256, 259, 278, 350, 3«0, 424
Robinia viscosa 56,249,278
Rock Chestnut Oak 142,265,316,350,384,416,450
Rock Elm 123,304,374,440
Rock Maple 48,276,358,422
Rocky Mountain region, northern, report by Mr. Sereno Watson on the
forests of the 564,565
ROSACK.E 64-85,253,256,282,362,428
Rose Bay 99,292,368,434
Rosemary Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470
Rosiu and tar produced in North Carolina, grades of 517
Royal Palm 218,348,352
l RUBIACEvE 95,96,253,257,290,366,432
Rum Cherry 68,282,362,428
RUTACEJ3 29-32,253,256,268,356,420
8.
Sabal 11,16
Sabal Palmetto 217,250,348,352
Saffron Plum 103,294,368,434
Sage-brush 575
Saginaw valley in Michigan, lumber industry of 552
Saguaro 90,288
SALICACE.* 165-175,255,258,326,394,460
Salix ...11,12.16
Salix-
V
f7l
'0
Salix ambigua 165
Salix amygdaloides 13,166,250,255,258,326,394,460
Salix argophylla 168
Salix arguta 167
Salix arguta, var. lasiandra 167
Salix Biffelovii 170
Salix Rigelovii, var./wwrior 170
Salix brachycarpa 168
Salix brachystachys . 170
Salix brachystachys, var. Scouleriana 170
Salix Caroliniana 165
Salix cklorophylla, var. peUita 171
Salix cordata 170
Salix cordata, var./oteato 165
Salix cordata, var. vestita 170,250,328
Salix crassa. 169
Salix cuneata 171
Salix discolor 169,250,328
Sulix discolor, var. eriocephala .' 169
Salix discolor, par. prinoides 169
Salix eriocephala 169
Salix exigua 168
Salix falcata 165
Salix Fendteriana 167
Salix flavescens 169, 250, 255, 2J8, 328, 394, 460
Salix jlavescent (Salix flavescens, var. Sconleriana) 170
; Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana 170, 250, 255, 258, 328, 394, 460
Salix Jlavo-virena 165
Salix fluviatalis 168
Salix Hartwegi 171
Salix Hindsiana ... 169
606
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Salix Hindsiana,\m. tenui/otia 169
Salix Ho/manniana 167
Sulix Hookeriana 170,250,328,460
Salix Houstoniana •- 165
Salix humilis, var. Hartwegi 171
Salix liEVigata 167, 250, 255, 258, 3£6, 394, 460
Salix lajvigata, uar.-angustifolia - -• 167
Salix Isevigata, var. congesta 167
Salix lancifolia 167
Salix lasiandra 167,250,326
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana 167,250,255,258,326,394,460
Salix lasiandra, ror. lancifolia 167,250,255,258,326,394,460
Salix lasiolepis 170,250,255,258,328,394,460
Salix lasiolepis, var. anaustifolia 171
Salix lasiolepis, var. Bigelovii 170
Salia lasiolepis, var./aKaz 170
Salix lasiolepis, var. latifolia 171
Salix ligustrina 165
Salix longifolia 12,168,250,326
Salix longifolia, var. angustissima 168
Salix longifolia, par. argyrophylla 168
Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla angustissima 168
Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla opaca 168
Salix longifolia, var. oxigaa 168,250,326
Salix longifolia, Tar. opaca ... 168
Salix longifolia, var. pedicellate 168
Salix longipes 166
Salix longipes, var.pu&cacen* 166
Salix lucida, var. angustifolia, forma lasiandra 167
Salix lucida, var. macrophylla 167
Kalix marginata 166
Salix melanopsis 166
Salix nigra 12,165,250,326,394,460
Salix nigra, var. amygdaloid** 166
Salix nigra, var. angusttfolia 166
Salix nigra, var./oZcoto . — » 165
Salix nigra, var. latifolia 166
Salix nigra, var. longifolia 166
Salix nigra, var. longipes 166
S<dix nigra, var. longipes, subvar. gongylocarpa 166
Salix mgra, var. longipei, subvar. venulosa 166
Salix nigra, var. marginata 166
Salfc nigra, var. "Wardii 166
Salix nigra, tar. 'Wrightii 166
Sails occidental 166
Salix pentandra 165
Salix pentandra, var. cattdata 1C7
Salix prinoides 169
Salix Purehiana 165
Salix rubra 168
Salix Scouleriana 170
Salix sensitiva 169
Salix sessilifolia 188,250,328
Salix sessilifolia, var. Hindsiana 169
Salix setsilifolia, var. \~iUoea • 168
Salix Sitchensis 171,250,328
Salix Sitcbensis, var. angnstifolia . 171
Salix speciosa 167
Salix subi-iUoua 106
Salix Wrightii 168
Samara floribunda 99
Samara pentandra 99
Sambucus 10-12, 14
Sambucus Californica 93
Sambncus glauca 93,250,253,257,290,366,432
Sambucus glauca (Sambncus Mexicana).. 93
Sambncns Moxicana 12,93,250,290
Sambucus Mexicana (Sambucus glanca) 93
Sambucus velutina 93
Sand Jack 153,320,390,456
Sand Pine 199,340,4*4,472
Sand-bar Willow 168, 326
SAPIND'ACIU? 42-51,253,256,274,358,414,422
Sapindua 10-13
Sapindus acwrtiinata • 44
Sapindus Drummondi 44
Page.
Sapindus falcatus 4$
Sapindus incequalis 44
Sapindus marginatus 12,44,249,253,274,358,414,422
Sapradus Saponaria 45,249,274
Sapindus Saponaria (Sapindas marginal UH) 44
SAPOTACE^E 100-103,254,257,292,368,434
Sarcomplialus Oarolinianua 40
Sassafras 120,302,374,438
Sassafras officinale... 119,250,254,257,260,302,374,438
Satinwood 11,15,31,270,356,420
Savin ( Juniperns Virginiana) 183, 322, 398, 464
Savin (Torreya taxifolia) 180,334,400,466
Saw-mills in each state and territory, average size and product of 488
Scarlet Haw (Cratogus coecinea) 78,286
Scarlet Haw (Cratffigus subvillosa) 78,286,364,430
Scarlet Oak 148,318,388,452
Scha:fferia 10, 13
Schae/eria tuxifolia 39
Sch&/eria completa 39
Schffifferia frutescens 39, 249, 272
Schcefferia latcriflora 120
Schowtbata commutata 87
Schubertia disticha 183
Schubertia sempemiraw 185
Screw Bean 62,280,382,426
Screw-pod Mesqait 62, 280, 362, 426
Scrnb Oak (Quercus Catesbcei) 151, 320, 388, 454
Scrub Oak (Quercus nndulata, var. Gambelii) 139,314,384,448
Scrub Pine (Finns Banksiana) 201,342,352,406,472
Scrub Pine (Finns clansa) 199,340,404,472
Scrub Pine (Finns contorta) 194,338,404,470
Scrub Pine (Finns inops) 199,340,350,404,470,529
Seutiaferrea (Condalia ferrea) 39
Scutia ferrea (Eeynosia latifolia) 39
Sea Ash 30,270,356,420
Sea Grape 118,302,438
Seaside Alder 162,326,458
Sebastiania 11, 15
Sebastiania lucida 121,249,304
Sebestena scabra 113
Selected woods of the United States under transverse strain, behavior of:
specimens eight centimeters square » 414-417
Semi-tropical Forest of Florida 6
Sequoia 8,11,12,16
Sequoia gigantea 184,251,255,258,334,398,468,578
Sequoia gigantea (Sequoia sempervirens) 185.
Sequoia Rafinesquei 206-
Sequoia religiota 185.
Sequoia sempervirens 184, 250, 255, 258, 263, 334, 350, 398, 466, 57»
Sequoia Wellingtimia 184
Service Tree 84,286,364,430-
Seven-year Apple 95,290
Shad Bush 84,286,364,430
Shag-bark Hickory 133,308,350,378,444.
Sharpies, Mr. S. P., experiments by 247,251,264,265
She Balsam 210,346,412,478-
Shecpberry 94,290,432
Shell-bark, Big 133,310,378,444
Shell-bark, Bottom ". 133,310,378,444
Shell-bark Hickory 133,308,350,378,444
Shingle Oak '...., 154,322,390,456
Shingles and lumber received at Chicago during the year 188« 548, 549'
Shittimwood (Bumclia lannginosa) 102,294,308,434
Shittimwood (Rhamnus Purshiana) 41,272,358,422
Short- and Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Alabama May 31,
1880, tabular statement of the amount of 53*
Short- and Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Louisiana May
31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 537
Short- and Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Mississippi May
31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 531
Short-leaved, Loblolly, and Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of
Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 541
Short-leaved Pine 200, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 5Z7, 530, 531, 536, 537, 541, 544, 560
Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Arkansas May 31, 1880, tabu-
lar statement of the amount of 544
Shrubby Trefoil 31,270'
GENERAL INDEX.
607
Page.
Sideroxylon 11,15
Sideroxylon Carolinense 101
Sideroxylon chrysophylloides 101
Sideroxylon cuneatum 103
Sideroxylon deca.nd.rum 103
Sideroxylon lanuginosum 10*2
Sideroxylon Iceve 103
Sideroxylon lycioides — 103
Sitleroxylon Mnstichodendron 101,249,254,257,292,368,434
Sideroxylon pallidum 101
Sideroxylon reclinatum 103
Sideroxylon salinfoliutn 101
Sideroxylon sericeum 101
Sideroxylon tenax (Bumelia lannginosa) 102
Siderorylon tenax (Bumelia tenax) 101
SUiquastrum cordatutn - 61
Silli- top Palmetto 217,348
Silky Willow 171,328
Silver-bell Tree (Halesia diptera) 105,294,368,434
SUver-bell Tree (Halesia tetraptera) 106,296
SUver Maple 49,276,358,424
Silver-top Palmetto 218,348
Sinmrubu . 10, 13
Simaruba amara 32
Simaruba glauca 32,250,253,256,270,356,420
Simaruba medicinalis 32
SIMAUUUE.U 32,253,256,270,356,420
Sitka Cypress 178,332,398,464
Size, average, ami product of saw-mills in each state and territory 488
Slash Pine 202,342,352,406,416,474,516
Slippery Elm (Fremontia California!!) 26, 268
Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva) 122,304,374,440
Sloe 67,282,428
Sloe, Black 67,282,428
Small-finited Haw 81,286,364.430
Smooth Alder 164,326
Snow-drop Tree (Halesia diptera) 105,294,368,434
Snowdrop Tree (Halesia tctraptera) 106,296
Soapberry (Sapiudus marginatus) 44,274,358,414,422
Soapberry (Sapindus Saponaria) 45, 274
Soft Maple (Acer dasycarpnm) 49,276,358,424
Soft Maple (Acer rubrum) 50, 276, 358, 424
hora
Sopho
.10,11,14
Sophoraafflnis 58,249,253,256,280,360,426
Sophora secundiflora 57,249,278
Sophora speciosa 57
Sorbus Americana 73
Sorbus Americana, var. microcarpa 74
Sorbus aucuparia (Pyrus Americana) 73
Sorbus aucuparia (Pyrus sambucifolia) 74
Sorbus aucuparia, var. a. (Pyrns Americana, var. microcarpa) 74
Sorbus aucuparia, var. p. (Pyrus sambncifolia) 74
Sorbus aucuparia, var. Americana 73
Sorbus humifusa 73
Sorbue microcarpa 74
Sorbus riparia 74
Sorbus sattibucifolia 74
Sorbtis Sitchcntis 74
Sorrel Tree 98,292,368,434
Sour Gum 92,290,366,432
Sour Tupelo 91,290,366,432
Sonrwood , 98,292,368,434
South Atlantic division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber,
etc., in the 511-523
South Carolina, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in. 486, 487, 518, 519
South Carolina, production of naval stores in ..'. 517
South Carolina, rauk of, according to value of lumber product* 487
South Carolina, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.,
in 491.518,519
South Carolina, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine
standing in the forrsto of, May 31, 1880 519
South Carolina, the Coast Pine Belt in 518
Southern Buckthorn 103,294,368,434
Southern Central division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing tim-
ber, etc., in the 524-646
Page.
Southern Crab Apple 72,284
Southern Cypress, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of
the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4
Southern Maritime Pine Belt in the Atlantic region 4
Southern Pine 202,342,352,406,416,472
Southern Pine Belt in Florida 520
Spanish Bayonet (Yucca baccata) 219, 348
Spanish Bayonet (Yucca canaliculata) 218,348
Spanish Bayonet (Yucca elata) 219,348
Spanish Buckeye „ 44,274,422
Spanish Oak 161,265,320,350,388,454,528
Spanish Oak, Swamp 152,320,388,454
Spanish Stopper 88,288,366,430
Species, distribution of 12
Specific gravity and ash of woods 248-251
Specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the
woods of the United States 266-349
Specific gravity and transverse strength of certain woods, relation between 259-264
Specimens of woods, where deposited 247,248
Speckled Alder 165,326,394,460
Spice Tree 120,302,374,440
Spindle Tree 38,272
Spircea Californica 70
Spoonweod 98,292,368,434.
Spruce, a species of, the characteristic tree of the Colorado mountains. . 9
Spruce, Black 203,265,342,352,408,474,496
Spruce, Blue 205,344,408,474
Spruce Pine (Finns clansa) 199,340,404,472
Spruce Pine (Finns glabra) 201,340.406,472,527
Spruce Pine (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472
Spruce Pino (Pinus Murrayana.) 195, 338, 350, 404, 470
Spruce standing in the forests of New Hampshire May 31, 1880, tabular
statement of the amount of 49ft
Spruce standing in the forests of Vermont May 31, 1880, tabular state-
ment of the amount of 498
Spruce, Tide-land 206,344,408,474,580
Spruce, White, the most important tree in the Pacific region 7
Spruce, White (Picea albn) 204,342,408,474,562,564
Spruce, White (Picea Engelraanni) 205, 265, 342, 408, 474, 564, 573, 574
Spruce, White (Picea pungens) 205, 344, 408, 474
Spruces. Black and White, the characteristic trees of the Northern Forest 3
Stag Bush 94,290,366,432
Staghorn Sumach 53, 278
Standing timber, forests, forest fires, etc.. extent of, in the—
North Atlantic division 494-510
Northern Central division 547-563
South Atlantic division 511-523
Southern Central division 524-546
Western division 564-58*
Standing timber, forests, forest fires, etc., statistics of, in—
Alabama 491,524-530
Alaska 580
Arizona 491,568,560
Arkansas 491,543,544
California 491,578-580
• Colorado 491,567,568.
Connecticut 500,501
Dakota 491,561,562
Delaware 491,511
District of Columbia 511
Florida 491, 520-523
Georgia 491,519,520
Idaho 491,571-573
Illinois 491,547-550
Indiana 491,547
Indian territory 491,543
Iowa 491,560
Kansas 491,562,503
Kentucky 491,545,546
Louisiana 491,536,540
Maine 491,194-496
Maryland 491-511
Massachusetts 491,500,501
Michigan 491,550-554
Minnesota 491,558 560
Mississippi 491,530-536
Missouri 491,560-561
Montana 491,564,566
Nebraska 562
Nevada 491,571
New Hampshire ...491,496-498
New Jersey 491,506
New Mexico 491,568
New York 491,501-506
North Carolina 491,515-518
Ohio 491,547
Oregon 491,576-578
Pennsylvania 491,506-510
Rhode Island 491,500,501
608
GENERAL INDEX.
Page, I Page.
Standing timber, forests, forest fires, etc., statistics of, in— continued. j Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) 129,306,350,376,442
South Carolina 491,518,519 || Sycamore (Platanus racemosa) 129,306,376,442
Texas'88*" '.'. IT//."!"!"!^^; Mfr.543 *i Sycamore (Platanus Wrightii) 130,306,376,442
rtnii ....".."."-"..'."."."""'..".".".'.."...'"."." 492.M&-571 • Symplocos 11,15
ViMuia' " ' " 492* 5lf~512 Symplocos tinctoria 105, 250, 254, 257, 294, 368, 434
'""""""""""""" ! T
Table-mountain H™ : 199,340,350,404,472
Wyoming 492,566,567 Tacamahac 173,328,394,460
Star-leaved Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430 |j Tallowberry 28,268,356,420
Statistics of the lumbering industry of the United States for year ending ii Tallow Nut 34,270
May 31, 1880 486,487 j Tamarack (Larix Americana) 215,346,352,412,478
STKUCULIACEJ2 26,268 Tamarack (Larix occidentalis) 216,348,414,480
Stinking Cedar (Torroya California) 186,334,400,466 Tamarack (Finns Murrayana) 195,338,350,404,470
Stinking Cedar (Torreya taxifolia) 186,334,400,466,521 Tamarind, Wild 64,282,362,426
Stopper (Eugenia longipes) 89,288 Tanbark Oak 155,265,322,390,456
Stopper (Eugenia monticola) 89,288,366,430 Tan Bay 25,265,268,354,418
Stopper, Gurgeon 88,288,366,430 Tannin in the bark of certain species, percent, of 265
Stopper, Red 89,288,366,430 Tannin values of the bark of varions trees 265
Stopper, Spanish 88,288,366,430 Tar and rosin produced in North Carolina, grades of 517
Stopper, Whit* 89,288,366,430 Tar, turpentine, and rosin industry of North Carolina 516-518
Strain, transverse, behavior of selected woods of the United States under : Taxodii species (Sequoia sempervirens) 185
specimens eight centimeters square 414-417 Taxodium 4,11,18
Strain, transverse, behavior of the principal woods of the United States Taxodium adacendens 183
under 354-414 Taxodium distichum 183,250,255,258,334,350,398,466
Strength of woods, method of determining the 252 Taxodium distichum fastigiatum 183
Strength, transverse, and specific gravity of certain woods, relation be- Taxodium dittichum, var. microphyUum 183
tween — • 259-264 Taxodium distichum, var. nutans 183
Striped Dogwood - - 46, 274 Taxodium distichum, var. paten* 183
Striped Maple • - 46, 274 Taxodium (figanteum 184
Strombocarpa odorata 62 Taxodium microphyUum 183
Strombocarpa pubescens * 62 Taxodium, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the
Strong Bark 114,300,372,438 Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4
Styphnolobium affine 58 Taxodium sempervirens 185
STTEACACK* .* 105,106,254,257,294,368,434 j Taxodium Washingtonianum .• 184
Sugar and molasses, maple, produced in the United States in 1879, ji Taxns 11,12,16,572,573
amount of 485 I] Taxus baccata (Taxus brevifolia) 185
Sugarberry 126,306,376,414,442 j Taxus baccata, var. Canadmsis 185
Sugar Maple 48,276,358,422 Taxus lioursierii 185
Sugar Maple, Black 49,276,350,358,424 Taxus brevifolia ...185,250,255,258,334,400,466
Sugar, maple, product of Michigan 551 Taxus Canadensfe 185
Sugar, maple, product of New York 501 Taxus Floridana 186,250,334,521
Sugar, maple, product of Vermont 498 Taxtit Lindltyana 185
Sugar Pine 188,336,350,400,466,576,578 Taxus montana 186
Sugar Pine an important tree in the Coast Forest 8 Tennessee, effect of fires upon the forests of 546
Sugar Tree 48,276,358,422 Tennessee, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,545
Sumach, Coral 54,278,360,424 '! Tennessee, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Sumach, Dwarf 53, 278, 360, 424 Tennessee, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . 492, 544, 545
Sumach, Poison 54,278 Tennessee valley in Alabama, forests of the..-. 528,529
Sumach, Staghorn 53,278 TKRNSTRCEMIACF.JE 25,26,253,256,268,354,418
Summer Haw (Cratasgus flava) 83,286 Tetranthera CaKjornica 120
Summer Haw (Cratajgus flava, var. pnbescens) 83, 286, 364, 430 j Texas, Cedar an important tree in 540
Snsquehanna boom at Williamsport, Pennsylvania, number of logs rafted Texas, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 541, 542
out of, 1862 to 1880 508 Texas, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Snwarrow 90,288 | Texas, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 542,543
Swamp Cottenwood 172,328,394,460 j Texas, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 492,540-543
Swamp Hickory (Carya ainara) 135,310,350,380,446 Texas, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved, Loblolly, and
Swamp Hickory (Carya aquatica) 136, 310, 350, 380, 414, 416 Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 541
Swamp Laurel 20, 266, 354, 414, 418 j Texas, the pecan-nut an important product west of the Colorado river in . 543
Swamp Maple 50,276,358,424 , Thatch, Brickley 218,348
Swamp Pine : 202,342,352,406,416,474 | Thatch, Brittle 218,348
Swamp Post Oak 140,314,350,384,450 The Joshua 219,348
Swamp Spanish Oak 152,320,388,454 Thorn, Black 79,286,364,430
SwampjWhite Oak 141,314,384,450 | Thorn, Cockspur 70,286,364,430
Swamps, Cypress, of the Tensas river in Alabama 525-527 | Thorn, Newcastle 76,286,364,430
Sweet Bay 20,266,354,414,418 | Thorn, Washington 81,286
Sweet Birch 162,324,392,458 I Thorn, White 78,286
Sweet Buckeye -. 43,274 Three-thorned Acacia 59, 280, 360. 4M
Sweet Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430 Thrinax 11,16
Sweet Leaf 105,294,368,434 Thrinax argentea 218,249,348
Sweet Locust 59,280,360,426 Thrinax Qarberi '. 217
Sweet-scented Crab 72,284,364,428 Thrinax parviflora 217,250,348
Swietenia 10,13 I Thuya 7,11,12,16,566,572,573,575,576
Swietenia Mahogoni 33,249,253,256,270,350,356,420 Thuya Craigana 176
• Swietmia Seneijalcneii 33 Thuya excelsa 178
Switch-bud Hickory 134,310,350.380,446 j Thuya gigantea 177,251,255,258,330,396,462,565,566,572,573,575,576,580
GENERAL INDEX.
609
Thvya gigantea (Libocedrus docurrens) .
Thuya Lobbii
Thuya Menziesii .
Thuya obtuta
Page.
176
177
177
176
Thuya occidental is 176, 251, 255, 258, 262, 330, 350, 396, 462, 552
Thuya occidentals, var. plicata 177
Th uya odorata 176
Thuya plicata 177
Thuya Sibirica 176
Thuya sphtrroidalis 177
Thuya sph&roidea 177
Thuya Wareana 176
Tliuyopsis borealis 178
Thuy apsis cupressoides 178
Thuyopsis Tchugatskoy 178
Thuyopsis Tchugatskoyce 178
Thylaxfraxincum 29
Tide-land Spruce 206,344,408,474,580
Tilia ...
TiKa alba .
10,11,13
27
Tilia Americana 26,250,253,256,268,356,418
Tilia Americana (Tilia Americana, var. pubesccns) 27
Tilia Americana, var. heterophylla 27
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens 27, 250, 253, 250, 268, 356, 420
Tilia Americana, var. Walteri 27
Tilia Canadensis . .
Tilia Caroliniana .
26
27
Tilia glabra 26
Tilia grata 27
Tilia heterophylla 27,250,253,256,268,356,420
TiKa heterophylla, var. alba 27
Tilia latifolia 26
Tilia laxijlora (Tilia Americana, var. puboscens) 27
TiKa laxijlora (Tilia heterophylla) 27
Tilia neglecta 26
Tilia nigra 26
Tilia pubescens 27
Tilia pubescens, var. leptophytta 27
Tilia stenopetala 27
Tilia truncata 27
TlLIACK^; 26-28,253,256,268,356,418
Timber tree of the Pacific region, the Red Fir the most important 7
Timber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc.. extent of, in the —
North Atlantic division 494-510
Northern Central division 547-563
South Atlantic division 511-523
Southern Central division 5U4-546
Western division 564-580
Timber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc., statistics of, in —
Alabama 491,524-530
Alaska 580
Arizona 491,568,589
Arkansas 491,543,544
California 491,578-580
Colorado 507,508
Connecticut 491,500,501
Dakota 491,561,502
Delaware 491,511
District of Columbia 511
Florida 491,520,523
Georgia 491,519,530
Idaho 491,571-573
Illinois 491,547-550
Indiana 491,547
Indian territory 543
Iowa 491,560
Kansas 491,562,563
Kentucky 491, 545, 546
Louisiana 491, 5U6-540
Maine 491,491-490
Maryland 491,511
Massachusetts .491,500,501-
Michigan 491,550-554
Minnesota 491, 558-560
Mississippi 491, 530-536
Missouri 401,560,561
Montana 491,564-566
Nebraska 491,562
Nevada 491.571
New Hampshire 491,496-498
New Jersey 401 506
New Mexico 491, 5<;s
New York 491, 501-506
North Carolina 491, 515-518
Ohio 491,547
Oregon 491,576-578
Pennsylvania 491, 506-510
Rhode'lsland 491,500,501
South Carolina 491,518,519
Tennessee 492,544,545
39 FOR
Page.
Timber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc., statistics of, in — continued.
Texas 492,540,543
Utah 492,569-571
Vermont 492,498-500
Virginia 492,511,512
Washington 492, 573-576
Wi'st Virginia 492,512-51}
Wisconsin 492,554-558
Wyoming 492,566,567
Titi 38,272,356,420
Tollon 84,286
; Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylnm Americanam) 29,268
Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30, 270, 356, 420
Torchwood 33,270,356,420
J Tornilla 62,280,362
Torrcya 11,12,16,521
Torreya Californica 186,250,255,258,334,400,466
Torreya Myriitica 18d
Torreya taxifolia 186,250,255,258,334,400,466,521
Toxicodendron arborescent 33
Toxylon Madura 128
Toyon 84,288
Transmittal, letter of ir
Transverse strain, behavior of selected woods of the United States under:
specimens eight centimeters square 414-417
Transverse strain, behavior of the principal woods of the United States
under 354-414
Transverse strength and specific gravity of certain woods, relation
between 259-264
Trees of the United States, weight of the dry wood of 249-251
Trees, tannin values of the bark of various 265
Trefoil, Shrubby 31,270
Trilopus dentata 85
: Trilopus nigra 85
Trilopus parvifolia 85
Trilopus rotundtfolia 85
Trilopus Virgininna 85
Tsuga 11,12,16,573
Tsuga Canadensis 206, 250, 255, 258, 263, 264, 265, 344, 352, 406, 474, 506
Tsuga Carolinians 207, 250, 255, 258, 344, 410, 479
Tsuga Douglasii 209
Tsuga, Lindleyana 209
Tsuga Mertensiana 207, 250, 255, 258, 265, 344, 410, 476, 565, 572, 573, 57«
Tsuga Pattoniana 7,208,250,255,259,265,344,410,476,565,573
Tulipastrum Americanum 20
Tulipastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum 20
Tulipifera Liriodendron 21
Tulip Tree 22,266,350,354,418
Tupelo 92,290,366,432
Tupelo Gum 93,290,350,366,432
Tupelo, Large 93,290,350,366,432
Tupelo, Sour 91,290,366,432
TnrkeyOak 151,320,388,454
IT.
Ulmus 11,15
Ulmnsalata 124,249,254,257,304,374,440
Ulmus alba 123
Ulmus Americana 123,259,254,257,260,304,350,374,414,440
Ulmus Americana (Ulmus racemosa) 123
Ulmus Americana, var. alata 124
Ulmus Americana, var. alba 123
Ulmus Americana, var. aspera 123
Ulmus Americana, var. Sartramii 128
Ulmus Americana, var. pendula 123
Ulmus Americana, var. rubra 122
Ulmus Americana, var. scabra... 123
Ulmus aquatica 124
Ulmus crassifolia '. 122,249,254,257,304,374,440
Ulmus crispa 122
Ulmus Floridana 123
Ulmus fnlva 122,249,254,257,260,304,374,440
Ulmus mollifolia
Ulmus nemoralis
Ulmus opaca
Ulmus pendula
Ulmus pubescens
; Ulmus pumila
123
124
122
123
122
124
610
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Ulmus racemosa 123,249,254,257,260,304,374,440
Ulmus rwfrra.. . , 122
Umbellularia 8, 11, 12, 15
TTmbellularia Californica 120,250,254,257,302,374,440,576
Umbrella Tree 21,260,354,418
Ungnadia 10-31
Ungnadia hepta&hyUa 44
Ungnadia heterophytta 44
Ungnadia speciosa 12,44,250,274,422
Upland Willow Oak 153, 320, 390, 456
Uroatigma pedunculatum 127
URTICACE.E 123-128,254,257,304,374,414,440
Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico, Chicago the principal source of snpply
of lumber for 568,569
Utah, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 569
Utah, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Utah, remarks by Mr. E. C. Hall, on the forests of 569-571
Utah, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 492, 569-571
Uvaria triloba 23
F.
Vaccine® 7
Vaccininm 11,12,15,573
Taccinium arboreum 96,249,292,432
Vaccinium diffusum gg
Tacdniutn mucronatum gg
Valparaiso Oak 146,318,386,452
Value and amount of charcoal used for domestic and manufacturing pur-
poses during the census year 439
Value and amount of wood used as fuel in manufactures, etc., during the
census year 439
Value and amount of wood used for domestic purposes during the census
Tear 489
Value, economic, of the Redwood of California 578
Value of property destroyed and areas burned over by forest fires during
the census .year (see, also, under state headings) 491, 492
Value of the forest crop of the United States for the census year 485
Values of woods, comparative 252-255
Vanqnelinia 10,12,14
Yauquelinia corymbosa 70
Vauquelinia Torreyi 70,249 284
VEBBEXACE.E 116, 117, 254, 257, 300, 372^ 438
Vermout, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 498-500
Vermont, maple-sugar product of 493
Vermont, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Vermont, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of 498-500
Vermont, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in ..492,498-500
Vermont, tabular statement of the amount of Spruce standing in the
state of, May 31, 1880 498
Viburnum 10-12 14
Viburnum Lentago 94,249,290,432
Viburnum prunifolinm 94,249,253,257,366,432
Viburnum prunifolium, var. ferrugineum 94
Viburnum pyrifolium 94
Vine Maple 47,274,358,422
Virgilia lutea 57
Yirgilia, secundijlora 57
Virginia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 512
Virginia, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Virginia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .492, 511, 512
Wafer Ash
W.
31, 270
Wahoo (Euonymns atropnrpnreus) .............................. 3g 273
Wahoo (Tilia heterophylla) ............................... 2g 268 35g'4o0
Wahoo (Ulmus alata) ............................................. 124^ 304,' 374,' 440
Wallia cinerea ......................................
Wallia nigra .................................................. J31
Walnnt'- ..................................................... 131,308,378,444
Walnut, Black .......................................... 131,308,350,376,414 444
Walnut, White .................................................. 130,306,376,442
Wasbingtonia
Washington territory, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber,
Washingtonia filifera ..................... . .......... 217,250,255,259,348,414,480
Washington territory, lumber industry and manufactures from wood
m ......................... ' ........................................ 486,487,574
ashington territory, rank of, according to value of lumber product* . . 487
Washington territory, remarks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the foresta of. 575, 57« ||
etc-in .............................................................. 492,573-576
Washington territory, wasteful methods of the lumbermen of ........... 574
Washington Thorn .............................................. 8t 2gg
Water Ash ....................................................... 110, 298, 37o! 436.
Water Beech (Carpinus Caroliniana) .............................. 159,322 392 456
Water Beech (Platanus occidentalis) ......................... 129,306,350,376,442
Water Elm ............................................... 123,304,350,374,414,440
Water Hickory ...................... , .................... 136,310,350,380,414,446
Water Locust ...................................................... 60,280,362,426-
Water Maple ...................................................... 50,276,358,424
Water Oak (Qucrcus aquatica) ........................... 152,320,350,388,416,454
Water Oak (Quercus palustris) .................................. 152 320 388 454
Water White Oak ....................... .................... 140, 314,' 350,' 384^450.
Watson, E. C., remarks on the forests of Utah by ........... 569-571
Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of certain counties of Oregon by. 577, 578.
Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Idaho by ..................... 572 573
Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Montana by ................. 565, 566
Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Washington territory by ..... 575,576
| Watson, Sereno, report on the forests of the northern Eocky Mountain
region by .............................................................. 564,565
Wax Myrtle ...................................................... 136,312,380,446
Weeping Oak .................................................... 138,312,382,448
Weight, ash. and specific gravity per cubic foot of dry specimens of the
woods of the United States ........................................... 266-349
Weight of the dry wood of trees of the United States ................... 249-251
Wellingtonia Oali/orniea ....................................... ig^
Wettingtonia gigantea .......................................... jg^
Western Catalpa ................... .................... 115,300,350,372,414,438-
Western division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in
the .................................................................... 564-580
West-Indian Birch ............................................. 33,270,350,356,420
West Virginia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .486, 487, 512-515.
West Virginia, rank of, according to value of lumber products .......... 487
West Virginia, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of .......... 512-515
West Virginia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492, 512-515.
WeymouthPine .............................................. 187,334,350,400,466
Whistlewood ....................................................... 46 274
White and Black Spruces the characteristic trees of the Northern Forest . 3
White Ash .................................................. 107,296,350,370,436
White Basswoocl ................................................... 28,268,356,420
White Bay ..................................................... 20,260,354,414,418.
White Birch (Betula alba, var. populifolia) ................... 159,324,350,392,458
White Birch (Betula papyrifera) ............................. 160,324,350,392,458
White Buttonwood ................................................ 87,288,361,430-
White Cedar (Chamascyparis Lawsoniana) ................... 179, 332, 350, 398, 404
While Cedar (Chamiecyparis spha;roidea) .................... 178, 330, 396, 416, 464
White Cedar (Libocedrusdecurrens) .............................. 176,330,396,462
White Cedar (Thuya occidentalis) ............................ 176,330,350,396,462
White Cottonwood ............................................... 175,330,396,462
White Cypress ............................................... 184,334,350,398,466.
White Elm (Ulmus Americana) .......................... 123,304,350,374,414,440
White Elm (Ulmus racemosa) ........... _____ ..... ____ ...123 304 374 448
White Fir (Abies concolor) ....................................... 213,346,412,478
White Fir (Abies grandis) ........................................ 212,346,412,478
White Iron wood _____ ................... _______ ...... ._ ................ 4.*^ 274 422
White Laurel .................................................. 20,266,354,414,418
White Mangrove .................................................. 87,288,364,430
White Maple ...................................................... 49,276,358,424
White Oak (Qnercns alba) ............................ 137,265,312,350,380,414,446
White Oak (QueronsGarryana) ........................... 138,312,350,382,448,576
White Oak (Quercus grisca) ...................................... 144,310,386,452
White Oak (Quercus lobata) ...................................... 138,312,382,448
White Oak (Quercui oblongifolia) ................................ 144, 316, 386, 452
White Oak, Mountain ............................................ 143,316,386,450-
White Oak, Swamp .............................................. 141,314,384,450
White Oak, Water ............................................ 140,314,350,384,450'
White Pine (Pinns flexilis) ........................... 188,336,400,468,569,570,571 .
White Pine (Pinns glabra) ........................................ 201,340,406,472
White Pine (Pinns monticola) ........................ 187, 336, 400, 466, 564, 574, 576
White Pino (Pinus reflexa) ....................................... 189,336,402,468
White Pino (Pinus Strobns) .................. 187,334.350,400,466,506,551,554,558
White Pine standing in the forests of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular
statement of the amount of ...................................... 551
White Pine standing in the foreaU of Minnesota May 31, 1888, tabular
statement of the amount of ....................................... 550.
GENERAL INDEX.
611
Page.
White Pine standing in the forests of Wisconsin May 31, 1880, tabular
statement of the amount of 554
White Pine the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt 4
White Spruce (Picea alba) 204,342,408,474,562,564
White Spruce (Picea Engclmanni) 205, 265, 342, 408, 474, 564, 573, 574
White Spruce (Picea pnngens) 205,344,408,474
White Spruce the most important tree in the Pacific region 7
White Stopper 89, 288, 366. 430
White Thorn 78,286
White Walnut 130,306,376,442
White-heart Hickory 134,310,350,380,444
Wliitewood (Canclla alba) 24,268,354.418
Whitewood (Drypetes crocea) 121,302,374,440
Whitewood (Liriodendron Tulipifora) 22,266,350,354,418
Wild Black Cherry 68,282,362,428
Wild Cherry (Prunus Capnli) 69,282,428
Wild Cherry (Prnnus demissa) 69,284,362,428
Wild China 44,274,358,414,422
Wild Cinnamon 24,268,354,418
WildDilly 103,294,368,434
Wild Fig 127,306,376,442
Wild Lime (Xanthoxylum Pterota) 31,270
Wild Lime (Ximenia Americana) 34, 270
Wild Orange (Prunus Caroiiniana) ....70, 284, 362,428
Wild Orange (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) 30,270,356,420
Wild Peach 70,284,302,428
Wild Plum 65,282,362,426
Wild Red Cherry 66,282,428
Wild Tamarind 64,282,362,426
Willow (Salix amygdaloides) 166,326,394,460
Willow (Salix lievigata) 167,326,394,460
Willow (Salix lasiandra) _ 1C7 325
Willow (Salix lasiolepis) 171,328,394,460
Willow, Black (Salix flavescens, var. Sconleriana) 170, 328, 394, 460
Willow, Black (Salix nigra) 166,326,394,460
Willow, Desert 116,300,372,438
Willow, Diamond 170,328
Willow, Glaucous 169 323
Willow Oak 154,322,390,456
Willow Oak, Upland 153,320,390,450
Willow, Sand-bar 168, 395
Willow, Silky 171,328
\ViugedElm 124,304,374,440
Wintera Canclla 24
Wisconsin, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 554, 556
Wisconsin, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487,555
Wisconsin, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of 555-558
Wisconsin, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492, 554-568
Wisconsin, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine standing in
the forests of, May 31, 1880 554
Witch Hazel 85 286
Woodlands in Kentucky, pasturage of 546
Wood, manufactures from, and the lumber industry in—
Alabama 486,487,524,525
Arizona 486,487,569
Arkansas 486,487,544
California 486,487,578,580
Colorado 486.487,587,568
Connecticut 488,487,500,501
f^ola 486.487,561
Delaware 486,487,511
District of Columbia 486 487
Florida 486, 487, S2l[ 523
Georgia 486,487,519,5^0
}«?no. 486,487,572
Illinois 486,487,548-550
Indiana 486,487,547
i?wa 486,487,560
£an8as,- 486,487,563
Kentucky 486,487,546
Louisiana 486,487,536,537
Maine 486,487,494-496
Maryland 486,487,511
Massachusetts 486.487,500,501 „
Michigan 486,487,551,552
Minnesota. 486,487,558
Mississippi 486.487,531
Muwpnn 486,487,560,561
Montana 486.48?, 564
J.ebraska 486.487, &62
J-evada.. 486,487,671
New Hampshire 486,487,497,498
New Jersey 486.487.506 •!
New Mexico 486. 487,5(i8 «
I.ew\ork 486. 487. 50i-505 ''
Jiorth Carolina 486,487,515 ;
Page.
Wood, manufactures from, and the lumber industry in — continued.
Ohio 486,487,547
Oregon 486,487, .'.77
Pennsylvania 486,487,506-510
Rhode Island 486,487,500,501
South Carolina 486, 487, 518 519
Tennessee 486,487, 545
Texas 486,487,541,542
Utah 486,487,569
Vermont 486,487,498-500
Virginia 488, 4S7 512
Washington 486,487,574
West Virginia 486,487,512-515
Wisconsin 486,487,554,556
Wyoming 486,487,567
Wood used as fuel in manufactures, etc., during the census year, amount
and value of 439-
Wood used for domestic purposes during the census year, amount and
valueof. 489
Woods, comparative values of 252-255-
Woods, method of determining the fuel value of 247,251,252
Woods, method of determining the strength of 252
Woods of the United States, actual fuel value of some of the more im-
portant 350-353-
Woods of the United States under compression, behavior of the principal . 418-481
Woods of the United States under transverse strain, behavior of the prin-
cipal 354-414
Woods, relation between transverse strength and specific gravity of
certain 259-264
Woods, specific gravity and ash of 248-251
Woods, where specimens of, were deposited 247,248
Wyoming, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 492, 567
Wyoming, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487
Wyoming, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. .492, 566, 567
X.
Xanthoxylum 10,11,15
Xanthoxylum A mericanum 29, 250, 268
Xanthoxlyum aromaticum 30
Xanthoxylum CaribiEum 30,249,253,256,270,356,420
Xanthoxylum Carolinianum 30
Xanthoxylum Catetbianum 30
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis 30, 250, 253, 256, 270, 356, 420
Xanthoxylum Clava-Hcrculit (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 20
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis (Xanthojylnm Caribaram) 30
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herciilig, var 30
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. fruticosnm 30,250,270
Xanthoxylum Floridanum 30
Xanthoxylum fraxineum 29
Xantlioxylum fraxinifolium (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 29
Xanthoxylum fraxini/olium (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) 30
Xanthoxylum hirsutum 30
Xanthoxylum lanceolatum 30
Xanthoxylum macrophyllum 30
Xanthoxylum mite ....... 29
Xanthoxylum Pterota 31,249,270
Xantlioxylum ramiflorum 29
Xanthoxylum tricarpum (Xantboxylum Americanum) 29
Xantlioxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30
Ximenia 10,13
Ximenia Americana 34,249,270
Ximenia montana 34
Ximenia multiflora 34
X.
Yaupon 36,273
Tazoo delta in Mississippi, forests of the 535, 535
Yellow Ash 57,278,360.426
Yellow-bark Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454
Yellow Birch 161,324,392,458
Yellow Cypress 178,332,398,464
Yellow Fir 209,265,344,352,410,476,576
Yellow Haw 83,2*6
Yellow Locust 55,278,350,360,414,424
Yellow Oak (Quorcns prinoiden) 143, 265, 316, 384, 450
Yellow Oak (Quercus tinctorial 149,265,318,350,388,454
Yellow Pine (Pinns Arizonica) -....192,338,402,468
Yellow Pine (Pinus mitis) 200,940,350,406,472,529
Yellow Pine (Pinus palustris) 262,342,352,406,416,472
Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193, 338, 350, 402, 468, 562, 565, 674, 678
Yellow Pine an important and characteristic tree of the Coast Forest. . . 8
612
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Yellow Poplar 22,266,354,418
Yellowwood (Cladraetis tmctoria) 57,278,360,426
Yellowwood (Schiefferia frntescens) 39,27:
Yew <Ta*u8 brevifolia) 185,334,400,466
Yew (Taxus Floridana) 186,334,521
Yopon 36<272
Yucca U'12'16
Yucca angustifoKa, var. data
219
Tucca anguiti/olia, var. raawsa
Yucca baccata 6,12,219,251.348
Yucca brevifolia 9,13,218,251,348,578
Page.
Yucca canaliculata 218,249,348
Tucca Drucond, var. arboretcms 218
Yucca elata 219,250,348
Yucca filamentota -
Yucca Treculiana
219
218
Z.
41
39
ZTOOPHYLLACE* 28,29,253,256,268,356,420
Zizyphui Dominigenti* .
Zizyphu* emarglnatut .
352215
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