Report on the forests of North America, exclusive of Mexico

»

C ..

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, '

(^

I

CENSUS OFFICE.

1

FR.A.N'CIS A.. "WALKER, Superintendent,

Appointed April 1, 1879 ; resigned November 3, 1881.

CHAS. "W. SEATON, Superintendeixt.

Appointed November 4, 1881.

KEPORT

ON THE

FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA

(EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO),

IT'

BY

LIBRARY

FACULTY OF FORESTRY
tJNlVERSITY Of TORONTO

CHARLES S. SARGENT, ^£5

ARNOLD PROFESSOR Or ARBORICULTURE IN HARVARD COLLEGE,,
SPECIAL AGENT TEISTXH CENSUS.

1959

:i tk. vv. X \jol.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1884.

.s

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Departsient of the Interioe,
Census Office,
Washington, D. C, September 1, 1884.
Hon. H. M. Teller,

Secretary of tlie Interior.
Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the Report on the Forests of North America (exclusive of Mexico),
by Charles S. Sargent, Arnold Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College.

This report constitutes the ninth volume of the series forming the final report on the Tenth Census. _
I have the honor tolbe, most respectfully, your obedient servant,

CHAS. W. SEATON,

Superintendent of Census.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

V* •

Faee.

Letter of Transmittal - ix

PART I.

THE FOEEST TREES OF NOETH AMEEICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO, .

The Forests op North America — General remarks 3-16

The Atlantic region 3-6

The Pacific region...^. 6-10

Distribution of genera 10-12

Distribution of species 12-16

A Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America, exclusive of Mexico, with remarks upon their Synonomy,

Bibliographical History, Distribution, Economic Values, and Uses 17-219

Index to Catalogue 220-243

PART II.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Preliminary rkmarks 247

Specific gravity and ash 248-251

Fuel value 251,252

The strength of wood 252

Comparative values 252

Table of relative values 253-255

Table of averages 256-259

Table illustrating the relation between transverse strength and specific gravity in the wood of certain

SPECIES 259-264

General remarks 264,265

Tannin values 265

Table 1.— Specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the woods of the United States. 266-349

Table II. — Actual fuel value of some of the more lmportant woods of the United States 350-353

Table III. — Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under transverse strain 354-115

Table IV. — Behavior of some of the woods of the United States under transverse strain: specimens eight

centimeters square 414-417

Table V.— Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under compression 418-481

Paet III.

THE FOEESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIE ECONOMIC ASPECTS.

General re.marks ^ 485

i'he lumber industry 485-489

Fuel 489

Wood used as fuel for various purposes ' 489

Estimated consumption of wood for domestic purposes 489

Consumption of charcoal 469

Forest fires 491-493

Table of forest fires occurring during the census year 491,492

North Atlantic division .' 494-510

Maine 494-496

New Hampshire 496-498

VER.M0NT '. 498-500

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut 500,.501

New York 501-506

New Jersey 506

Pennsylvania 506-510

v

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.

South Atlantic division 511-<i83

Delawake 511

Maryland 511

District of Columbia 511

Virginia 511,512

West Viuginia 512-515

North Carolina 515-518

Naval stores • - 516,517

South Carolina 518,519

liiiniing off (lend herbage 518

Georgia 51P,520

Florida 520-523

Pencil cedoi- 522

Cypress 522

Southern Central division 524-545

Alabama 524-5;J0

The Maritimo piue region 525-527

Cypress swiimps of the Tensas river - 525-527

The forests of the Chattahoochee in eastern Alabama, mixed forest growth, etc 527, 528

Forests of the Tennessee valley - 528,529

General remarks 529

The pine belt of central Alabama 529

The pine region of the Coosa 529

Naval stores 529,530

Mississippi 530-536

The pine forests of southern Mississippi 531,532

The northeastern connties 532-534

Central pine hills 534

Western Mississippi 534,535

The Yazoo delta 535,536

Louisiana •. 536-540

Moss ginning 536,537

Texas 540-543

Indian territory — 543

Arkansas 543,544

Tennessee 544,545

Eflect of fires upon the forest 545

Kentucky 545,546

Pasturage of woodlands 546

Northern Central division 547-563

Ohio ^ 547

Indiana 547

IiXLXOis ' 547-550

Michigan 550-554

Forest fires 550,551

Statistics of growing timber 551

Wisconsin 554-558

Minnesota 558-560

Forests on Indian reservations 559,560

Iowa 560

Missouri 560.561

Dakota 561,562

Nebraska 562

Kansas 562,563

Western division , 564-580

Montana 564-566

Wyoming 506,567

Colorado 567,568

New Mexico 568

Arizona 568,569

Utah 509-571

Lake range, west of Utah lake 570

Sanpete Valley range 570

Sevier Kiver mountains 570

Nevada 571

Idaho' 571-573

Washington 573-576

Oregon 576-578

Calikornia 578-580

Pasturage of monutain forests 579,580

Alaska • 580

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Vll

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.
Map of the United States, showing the character of tub Fuel used in the different sections of the settxed

portion of the country i 489

Map of the United States, sh'owing the proportion of Woodland within the settled area burned over during the

census year 491

Map showing Density of Forests in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, •

New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania 495

Map of Maine, showing the Distribution of Pine and Spruce Forests 496

Map of New Hampshire and Vermont, showing the Distribution of the Pine and Spruce Forests 497

Map of Pennsylvakia, showing the Distribution of the Pine and Hemlock Forests 506

Map showing Density of Forests in Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, Kentucky,

Tennessee, Indiana, and Illinois 6H

Map of West Virginia, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood, Spruce, and Pine Forests 512

Map of North Carolina, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 515

Map showing Density of Forests in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana 518

Map of South Carolina, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 519

Map of Georgia, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 520

Map of Florida, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 522

Map of Alabama, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 524

Map of Mississippi, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 530

Map of Louisiana, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 536

Map showing Density of Forests in Texas 540

Map of Texas, showing the Distribution op the Pine Forests 541

Map showing Density of Forests in Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Indian Territory 543

Map of Arkansas, showing the Distribution of the Pine and Hardwood Forests 544

Map showing Density of Forests in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa 550

Map of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 551

Map of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 551

Map of Wisconsin, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 554

Map of Minnesota, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 558

Map showing Density of Forests in Dakota 561

Map showing Density of Forests in Nebraska 562

Map showing Density of Forests in Montana 564

Map showing Density of Forests in Wyoming .i 566

Map showing Density of Forests in Colorado 567

Map showing Density of Forests in New Mexico 568

Map showing Density of Forests in Arizona 569

Map sho^ving Density of Forests in Utah 570

Map showing Density of Forests in Nevada 571

Map showing Density of Forests in Idaho 572

Map showing Density of Forests in Washington 574

Map showing Density of Forests in Oregon 576

Map showing Density of Forests in California 578

Map of a portion of California, showing the Distribution of the Redwood Forests 580

MAPS CONTAINED IN PORTFOLIO ACCOMPANYING THIS VOLUME. Vr^\'^^-J^ 'Coc.

No. 1. — Map showing the position of the Forest, Prairie, and Treeless Regions of North America, exclusive of Mexico.

No. 2. — Map showing the Natural Divisions of the North American Forests, exclusive of Mexico.

No. 3. — Map showing the Distribution of the genus Fraxinus (the Ashes) in North America, exclusive or Mexico.

No. 4. — Map of the United States, showing the Distribution of the genera CaryA and Umbellularia (the Hickories and

California Laurel).
No. 5. — Map of the United States, showing the Distribution of the genus Juglans (the Walnuts).
No. 6. — Map showing the Distribution of the genus Quercus (the Oaks) in North America, exclusive of Mexico.
No. 7. — Map of the United States, showing the Distribution of the genera Castanea and Castanopsis (the Chestnuts

AND Chinquapins).
No. 8. — Map showing the Distribution op the genus Pinus (the Pines) in North America, exclusive of Mexico.
No. 9. — Map showing the Distribution of the genera Abies and Picea (the Firs and Spruces) in North America, exclu-
sive OF Mexico.
No. 10.— Map of the United States, showing the Distribution of Liriodendron Tulipifera and Pinus Lambebtiana.
No. 11.— SIap of the United States, showing the Distribution of Pkosopis Juliflora, Quercus Alba, and Quercus Densiflora.
No. 12. — Map showing the Distribution of Fraxinus Americana and Pinus Ponderosa in North America, exclusive op

Mexico.
No. 13. — Map showing the Distribution of the genera Cham^cyparis and Cupressus in North America, exclusive of

Mexico.
No. 14.— Map showing the Distribution of the genera Thuya, Taxodium, and Sequoia in North America, exclusive of

Mexico.
No. 15.— Map showing the Distribution of Pinus Strobus, Pinus Palustris, and Pseudotsuga Douglasii in North America,

EXCLUSIVE of Mexico.
No. 16.— Map ok the United States, showing the Relative Average Density of Existing Forests.

V

. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Beookline, Massachusetts, July 1, 1883.
To THE Stjpeeintendent of Census.

SiE : I have the honor to submit the following report upon the nature and condition of the forests of the
United States, to which are added statistics of the lumber and other industries directly dependent upon the forest
for their support.

Mr. Andrew Eobeson, of Brookline, Massachusetts, has prepared the maps which accompany this report; ho
has supervised the entire statistical work of this division and has conducted its corresjjondence.

Mr. Stephen P. Sharpies, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has conducted the various experiments undertaken
with the view of determining the value of the different woods produced in the forests of the United States.

Mr. C. G. Pringle, of East Charlotte, Vermont, has examineii the forests of northern New England and New
York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia ; and subsequently, as an agent for the American Museum of Natural
History, has greatly increased our knowledge of the trees of Arizona and southern California.

Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville, Florida, has studied the forests of Georgia and Florida, and subsequently,
as an agent of the American Museum of Natural History, has added to our knowledge of the semi-tropical forests
of southern Florida.

Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama, has explored the forests of the Gulf states.

Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, has gathered the forest statistics of Pennsylvania, Michigan,^
Wisconsin, and Minnesota.

Mr. George W. Letterman, of Allenton, Missouri, has examined the forests extending west of the Lower
Mississippi Eiver, and Professor F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville, Arkansas, has gathered the forest statistics of that
state.

Mr. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has studied, during a longand arduous journey, the forests
of the northern Rocky Mountain region, and Mr. Eobert Douglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, those of the Black hills
of Dakota.

I take this opportunity to call your attention to the faithful and admirable manner in which my associates
have performed the difficult duties to which they were assigned; their zeal and intelligence have made possible
the preparation of this report.

It is my pleasant duty also to call your attention to the fact that this investigation has been greatly aided
from the first by the experience and knowledge of Messrs. G. M. Dawson, John Macoun, and Eobert Bell, members
wf the Geological Survey of Canada; the information in regard to the distribution northward of the trees of the
eastern United States is entirely derived from the latter's paper upon the Canadian forests, published in the
Eeport of the Geological Survey of Canada for the years 1879-'80.

I am under special obligation to Dr. George Eugelmann, of Saint Louis, Missouri, my companion in a long^
journey through the forests of the Pacific region, for valuable assistance and advice; his unrivaled knowledge of
our oaks, pines, firs, and other trees has been lavishly placed at my disposal.

Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Eockford, Illinois, the highest American authority upon the willow, has given me the
benefit of his critical advice in the study of this difficult genus. I desire to express to him and to Dr. Laurence
Johnson, of New York, who has furnished me with a full series of notes upon the medical properties of the trees
of the United States, the deep sense of my obligation. My thanks are also due to Mr. Henry Gannett, Geographer
of the Tenth Census, for cordial cooperation in the work of this division; to Colonel T. T. S. Laidley, of the
United States army, in command of the arsenal at Watertown, Massachusetts, and to Mr. James E. Howard, in
charge ef the testing machine there, for advice and assistance afforded Mr. Sharpies while conducting the
experiments upon the strength of woods, as well as to a large number of correspondents in all parts of the United
States who have favored me with their cordial co-operation.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

CHAELES S. SAEGENT,

Special Agent.

/v

P^RT I

THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA,

EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO.

">

THE FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA.

GENERAL EBMARKS.

The Iforth American continent, or that part of it sitnated north of Mexico, which will alone be considered here,
may be conveniently divided, with reference to its forest geography, into the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by a
line following the eastern base of the Rocky mountains and its outlying eastern ranges from the Arctic circle to
the Rio Grande. The forests which cover these two divisions of the continent differ as widely, in natural features,
composition, and distribution, as the climate and topography of eastern America differ from the climate and
topography of the Pacific slope. The causes which have produced the dissimilar composition of these two forests
must be sought in the climatic conditions of a geological era earlier than our own and in the actual topographical
formation of the continent; they need not be discussed here.

The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, dissimilar in composition in the central i)art of the continent,
are united at the north by a broad belt of subarctic forests extending across the continent north of the fiftieth
degree of latitude. One-half of the species of which this northern forest is composed extends from the Atlantic to the
Pacific ; and its general features, although differing east and west of the continental divide, in conformity with the
climatic conditions peculiar to the Atlantic and the Pacific sides of the continent, still possess considerable
uniformity. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions arc also united at the south by a narrow strip of the
flora peculiar to the plateau of northern Mexico, here extending northward into the United States. Certain
characteristic species of this flora extend from the gulf of Mexico to the shores of the Pacific, and while the peculiar
features of the eastern and the western slopes of the interior mountain system of the continent are still maintained
here, the Atlantic and the Pacific regions of the Mexican forest belt possess many general features in common. Ty))ical
North American species, moreover, peculiar to the forests of the Atlantic or of the Pacific, mingle upon the Black
hills of Dakota, and upon the Guadalupe and other mountains of western Texas, the extreme eastern ridges of the
Rocky Mountain range, and the outposts between the Atlantic and the Pacific regions.

THE ATLANTIC REGION.

_The forests of the Atlantic region may be considered under six natural divisions: the Northern Forest, the
Northern Pine Belt, the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, the Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the
Atlantic Plain, the Semi-tropical Forest of Florida, and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texas (Map No. 2,
I)ortfolio).

These natural divisions, although composed in part of species found in other divisions and possessing many
general features in common, are still for the most part well characterized by predominant species or groups of
species, making such a separation natural and convenient.

The Xorthern Forest stretches along the northern shores of Labrador nearly to the sixtieth degree of north
latitude, sweeps to the south of Hudson bay, and then northwestward to within the Arctic circle. This Northern
Forest extends southward to the filtieth degree of north latitude on the Atlantic coast, and nearly to the fifty-fourth
degree at the 100th meridian. It occupies 10 degrees of latitude upon the Atlantic sea- board and nearly 20 degrees in
its greatest extension north and south along the eastern base of the Rocky mountains. The region occupied by this
Northern Forest, except toward its southwestern limits, enjoys a copious rainfall; it is divided by innumerable
streams and lakes, and abounds in swampy areas often of great extent. The nature of the surface and the low
annual mean temperature check the spread of forest growth and reduce the number of arborescent species, of
which this forest is composed, to eight ; of these, four cross to tlie Pacific coast, while the remainder, with a single
ex(x;ption, are replaced west of the continental divide by closely allied forms of the Pacific forest. The white and the
black spruces are characteristic trees of this region ; they form an oj)en, stunted forest upon the low divides of the

3

4 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

•water sheds, and reach a higlier latitude than any other arborescent species of the continent ; the valleys and
•wide bottoms are clothed with broad sheets of poplars, dwarf birches, and willows. The forest of this entire
region is scattered, open, stunted, and of no great economic value. It embraces, south of the sixtieth degree of
north latitude, the northern extension of the great midcontinental plateau, which will be considered hereafter.

South of the Northern Forest the Kortliern Pine Belt extends from the Atlantic coast to the ninety-sixth meridian
of longitude ; east of the Apalachian Mountain system it extends south over nearly C degrees of latitude, with a
long, narrow spur following the higher Alleghany ridges for nearly 3 degrees farther south ; west of the Alleghany
mountains, in the region of the great lakes, the pine forest is replaced south of the forty-third degree of latitude by
the deciduous growth of the Mississippi basin. This second division of the Atlantic forest may be characterized
l)y the white pine {Pinus Strobua), its most important, if not its most generally-distributed, species. East of the
Apalachian system this tree often forms extensive forests upon the gravelly drift plain of the Saint Lawrence
tasin, or farther south and west appears in isolated groves, often ef considerable extent, scattered through the
deciduous forest. Forests of black spruce are still an important feature of this region, especially at the north,
and within it« boundaries the hemlock, the yellow cedar, the basswood, the black and the white ash, the sugar
maple, and several species of birch and elm find their northern limits and the center of their most important
distribution. The hickories and the oaks, characteristic features of the deciduous forests of all the central
portion of the Atlantic region, reach here the northern limits of their distribution, as do the chestnut, the
sassafras, the tulip tree, the magnolia, here represented by a single species, the red cedar, the tupelo, the sycamore,
the beech, and other important genera.

The Southern Maritime Pine Belt extends from the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude along the coast m a
Barrow belt, varying from one hundred to two hundred miles in width, as far south as cape Malabar and Tampa ba,y ;
it stretches across the Florida peninsula and along the coast of the gulf of Mexico until the alluvial deposits of the
-Mississippi are encountered ; it reappears west of that river in Louisiana, north and south of the Bed river, and
here gradually mingles with the deciduous forests of the Mississippi basin in Arkansas and eastern Texas. This
belt is well characterized by the almost continuous growth, outside of the broad river bottoms and the immediate
neighborhood of the coast, by the open forest of the long-leaved pine (P. palufitris). The live oak, the palmetto,
and various species of pine characterize the coast forest of this region; through the river bottoms and along the
borders of the shallow ponds, scattered through the pine forest, different gums, water oaks, hickories, and
ashes attain noble dimensions. The southern cypress (Taxodium), although extending far beyond the limits of
this natural division, here attains its greatest development and value, and, next to the long-leaved pine, may be
considered the characteristic species of the maritime pine belt.

The Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain occupies, with two unimportant exceptions
to be considered hereafter, the remainder of the Atlantic region. Through this deciduous forest, where peculiar
geological features have favored the growth of Goni/erce, belts of pine, growing gregariously or mixed with oaks
and other broad-leaved trees, occur, especially upon some portions of the Atlantic plain and toward the limits of
the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, west of the Mississippi river. The characteristic features of the forest of this
whole region are found, however, in the broad-leaved species of which it is largely composed.XOaks, hickories,
walnuts, magnolias, and ashes give variety and value to this forest, and here, with the exception of a few species
peculiar to a more northern latitude, the deciduous trees of the Atlantic region attain their greatest development
and value. Upon the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in the valley of the lower Red river, regions
of copious rainfall and rich soil, the deciduous forest of the continent attains unsurpassed variety and richness.
Upon the Alleghany mountains northern and southern species are mingled, or are only separated by the altitude
of these mountains ; rhododendrons, laurels, and magnolias, here attaining their maximum development, enliven the
forests of northern pines and hemlocks which clothe the flanks of these mountains or are scattered through forests
of other broad-leaved species. The cherry, the tulip tree, and the chestnut here reach a size unknown in other
parts of the country. The forest of the Red River valley is hardly less varied. The northern species which the
elevation of the Alleghany mountains has carried south are wanting, but other species peculiar to the southern
Atlantic and Gulf coasts are here mingled with i)lants of the southern deciduous forest. The seven species of
Carya (the hickories) are nowhere else closely associated. A great variety of the most important oaks grow here
Bide by side ; here is the center of distribution of the North American hawthorns, which do not elsewhere attain
such size and beauty. Tbe osage orange is peculiar to this region; the red cedar, the most widely distributed of
American Coniferw, the southern and the yellow pine (Pinus palustris and mitis) here reach their best development.
Just outside of this region, upon the " bluff" formation of the lower Mississippi valley and of western Louisiana, the
stately southern magnolia, perhaps the most beautiful of the North American trees, and the beech assume their
greatest beauty, and give a peculiar charm to this southern forest?^

The western third of the Atlantic region is subjected to veryTlTfferent climatic conditions from those prevailing
ID the eastern portion of the continent ; it consists of an elevated plateau which falls away from the eastern bnse of
the Rocky mountains, forming what is known as the Great Plains. This great interior region, on account of its
remoteness from natural reservoirs of moisture, receives a meager and uncertain rainfall, sufficient to insure a
growth of herbage, but not sufficient to support, outside the narrow bottoms of the infrequent streams, the scantiest

^

genj:ral remarks. 5

forests. This treeless plateau extends north to the fifty-second degree of north latitude ; it follows southward the
trend of the Eocky mountains far into Mexico, extending eastward at the point of its greatest width, in about latitude
48° X., nearly to the ninety-seventh meridian. This whole region is generally destitute of forest. The narrow bottoms
of the large streams are lined, however, with willow.s, poplars, elms, and hackberries, trees adapted to flourish
under such unfavorable conditious. These diminish in size and number with the rainfall, and often disappear
entu'ely from the banks of even the largest streams toward the western limits of the plateau, south of the forty- fifth
degree of latitude. jSTorth and east of these central treeless plains a belt of prairie extends from the sixtieth degree
of north latitude to southern Texas. The average width east and west of this prairie region, through much of its
extent, is not far from 150 miles. Its eastern extension, between the fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of latitude, is
much greater, howWer, here reaching the western shores of lake Michigan, and forming a great recess in the western
line of the heavy forest of the Atlantic region with a depth of nearly GOO miles. The transition from the heavy
forest of the eastern and central portions of the Atlantic region to the treeless plateau is gradual. The change
occurs within the prairie region. Here is the strip of debatable ground where a continuous struggle between the
forest and the plain takes place. There is here sufficient precipitation of moisture to cause, under normal conditions,
a growth of open forest, but so nicely balanced is the struggle that any interference quickly turns the scale. Trees
planted within this prairie belt thrive if protected from fire and the encroachment of the tough prairie sod, and so
extend the forest line westward ; if the forest which fringes the eastern edge of the prairie is destroyed it does not
soon regain possession of the soil, and the prairie is gradually pushed eastward.

The eastern line of the plain where arborescent vegetation is confined to the river bottoms, and which divides
it from the prairie where trees grow naturally, to some extent, outside of the bottoms, and where they may be made
to grow under favorable conditions everywhere, is determined by the rainfall enjoyed by this part of the continent.
The extreme eastern point reached by this line is found, uijon the fortieth degree of north latitude, near the northern
boundary of the state of Kansas. North of the fortieth degree it gradually trends to the west, reaching the easterij
base of the Rocky mountains in about latitude 52°. This northwestern trend of the eastern plain line may be
ascribed to the comparativelj' small evaporation which takes place during the shorter summer of the north and to
a slight local increase of spring and summer rainfall. South of the fortieth degree the plain line gradually trends
to the southwest under the influence of the gulf of Mexico, reaching its extreme western point in Texas upon the
one hundredth meridian.

Other causes, however, than insufQcient rainfall and a nicely balanced struggle between the forest and the
plain have prevented the general growth of trees in the prairie region east of the ninety-fifth meridian. The rainfall
of this region is sufiBcient to insure the growth of a heavy forest. The rain falling upon the prairies of Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri equals in amount that enjoyed by the Michigan peninsula and the whole
region south of lakes Ontario and Erie, while prairies exist within the region of the heaviest forest growth. It ia
not want of sufQcient heat, or of sufficient or equally distributed moisture, which has checked the general spread of
forest over these prairies. The soil of which the prairies are composed, as is shown by the fact that trees planted upon
them grow with vigor and rapidity, is not unsuited to tree growth. It is not perhaps improbable that the forests
of the Atlantic region once extended coutinuously as far west at least as the ninety-fifth meridian, although
circumstantial evidence of such a theory does not exist; and the causes which first led to the destruction of the forests
in this region, supposing that they ever existed, cannot witli the present knowledge of the subject be eveu guessed at.
It is, however, fair to assume that forests once existed in a region adapted, by climate, rainfall, and soil, to produce
forests, and that their absence under such conditions must be traced to accidental causes. It is not diflicult to
understand that the forest once destroyed over such a vast area could not easily regain possession of the soil
protected bj' an impenetrable covering of sod and subjected to the annual burnings which have occurred down to
the present time; while the force of the wind, unchecked by any forest barrier, over such an area would, even without
the aid of fires, have made the spread of forest growth slow and dilficult. The assumption that these eastern
prairies may have once been covered with forests is strengthened by the fact that since they have been devoted
to agriculture, and the annual burning has been stopped, trees which were formerly confined to the river bottoms
have gradually spread to the uplands. Small prairies situated just within the western edge of the forest have
entirely disappeared within the memory of i>ersons still living ; the oak openings — open forests of large oaks through
which the annual fires played without greatly injuring the full-grown trees — once the characteristic feature of these
prairies, have disappeared. They are replaced by dense forests of oak, which only require protection from fire to
spring into existence. In western Texas, the mesquit, forced by annual burning to grow almost entirely below
the surface of the ground, is, now that prairie fires are less common and destructive, spreading over what a few
years ago was treeless prairie. The prairies, then, or the eastern portions of them situated in the region of abundant
rainfall, are fast losing their treeless character, and the forest protected from fire is gradually gaining in every
direction ; regions which fifty years ago were treeless outside the river bottoms now contain forests covering 10 or
even 20 per cent, of their area. These eastern, well-watered prairies must not, however, be confounded with
their dry western rim adjoining the plains — the debatable ground between forest and plain — or with the plains
themselves. There is now no gradual, constant spread of forest growth upon the plains. Theyare treeless, on account
of insufficient moisture to develop forest growth; and while trees may, perhaps, if planted, surAive during a few years

MB

6 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

beyond the western limits of tlie prairie as here laid down, tbe permanent establishment of forests there does not
seem practicable, and, sooner or later, a period of unusual drought must put an end to all attempts at forest
cultivation in a region of such insufficient and uncertain rainfall (Maj) No. 1, portfolio).

It remains to consider the Semi-tropical Forest of Florida and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texan.

A group of arborescent species of West Indian origin occupies the nan'ow strip of coast and islands of
southern Florida. This belt of semi-tropical vegetation is confined to the immediate neighborhood of the coast
and to occasional hummocks or i.slands of high ground situated in the savannas which cover a great i)ortiou of
southern Florida, checking, by the nature of the soil and want of drainage, the spread of forest growth across the
peninsula. This semi-tropical forest belt reaches cape Malabar on the east and the shores of Tampa bay on the
west coast, while some of its representatives extend fully 2 degrees farther noith. It is rich in coiiiijosition ;
nearly a quarter of all the arborescent species of the Atlantic forest are found within this insignificant region.
The semi-tropical forest, in spite of its variety, is of little economic importance. The species of which it is composed
here reach the extreme northern limit of their distribution; they are generally small, stunted, and of comparatively
little value. Certain species, however, attain respectable ])roportions ; the mahogany, the mastic, the royal i)alm,
the mangrove, the sea-grape, the Jamaica dogwood, the nianchineel, and other species here become considerable
and important trees.

In western and southern Texas the trees of the Mississippi basin, checked by insufficient moisture from farther
extension southward outside the river bottoms, are replaced by species of the plateau of northern Mexico. The
streams flowing into the gulf of Mexico are still lined, however, east of the one-hundredth meridian, with the species
of the Atlantic basin, which thus reach southward to beyond the Eio Grande. The Mexican forest belt of Tt-xas
extends from the valley of the Colorado river, near the ninety-eighth meridian, to the Eio Grande. It touches the
coast not far from the Nueces river and extends to the eastern base of the mountain ranges west of the Pecos;
here the species of which it is composed mingle with those peculiar to the Pacific-Mexican forest. The forest of
this region, like that of all countries of insufficient moistui-e, is open, stunted, and comparatively of little value.
It is characterized by enormous areas covered with chai)arral (dense and often impenetrable thickets of thorny
shrubs and small trees), by a stunted and occasional arborescent growth upon the hills and plains, and by fringes
of heavier timber iilong the river bottoms. The most valuable and perhaps the most characteristic species of this
whole region, the mesquit, extends to the Pacific coast. With this exception, none of the arborescent species
peculiar to this region attain any considerable size or importance, although the forest of small junipers which
covers the low limestone hills of the Colorado valley are locally valuable in a country so generally destitute of
trees. The region immediately adjoining tlie liio Grande abounds in different speciesof Acacia, Leucwna, and other
Mexican Leguminona; and farther west, upon the dry plains of the Presidio, the Spanish bayonet {Tueca baccata)
covers wide areas with a low, open, and characteristic forest growth.

I

/rh

THE PACIFIC REGION,

'The Pacific forest region is coextensive with the great Cordilleran Mountain system of tlie continent. The causes
whicti have influenced the present position and density of these forests must be sought in the peculiar <Ustribntion
of the rainfall of the region. The precipitation of moisture upon the northwest coast is unequaled by that of any
other part of the continent. It gradually decreases with the latitude until, in southern California, the temperature
of the land so far exceeds that of the ocean that precipitation is impossible through a large part of the year. The
interior of all this great region, shut off by the high mountain ranges which face the ocean along its entire extent,
is very imperfectly supplied with moisture. It is a region of light, uncertain, and unequally distributed rainfall,
heavier at the north, as upon the coast, and decreasing gradually with the latitude in neiirly the same proportion.
This entire region is composed of a mass of mountain ranges with a general north and south trend, separating long
and generally narrow valleys. The precipitation of moisture within the interior region is largely regulated by the
position of the mountain chains. Warm currents ascending their sides become cold and are forced to deposit the
moisture they contain. It follows that, while the interior valleys are rainless or nearly so, the mountain ranges,
and esi)ecially the high ones, receive during the year a considerable precipitation of both rain and snow. If the
distribution of the forests of any region is dependent upon the distribution and amount of moisture it receives,
forests exceeding in density those of any other part of the continent would be found upon the northwest coast;
they would gradually diminish toward the south, and entirely disapi)ear near the southern boundary of the United
States, while the forests of all the interior region, from the summit of the principal Coast Kanges to the eastern base
of the Rocky mountains, woul.? be confined to the flanks and summits of the mountains. These forests would be
heavy upon the high ranges, especially toward the north ; they would disappear entirely from the valleys and
low mountain ranges. An examination of the forests of the Pacific region will show that in general distribution
and density they actually follow the distribution of the rainfall of the region. These forests well illustrate the
influence of moisture upon forest growth. Witliin the Pacific region the heaviest and the lightest forests of the
continent coexist with its heaviest and lightest rainfall.

The forests of the Pacific region may be considered under four divisions : the Northern Forest, the Coast
Forest, the Interior Forest, and the Mexican Forest (Map No. 2, portfolio).

GENERAL REMARKS. 7

The Northern Forest of the Pacific region extends from nearly the seventieth to about the flftj-eighth degree of
north latitude, or, immediately upon the coast, is replaced by the Coast Forest nearly 2 degrees farther north ; it
extends from the continental divide, here mingled with the Northern Forest of the Atlantic region, to the shores of
the Pacific. The southern limit of this open, scanty Northern Forest, composed of species which extend across the
continent, or of species closely allied to those of the Northern Forest of the Atlantic region, is still imperfectly
known, especially iu the interior. The determination of the southern range in Alaska and British Columbia of
several species, as well as the northern range here of a few others, must still -be left to further exploration. The
white spruce, the most important and the most northern species of the forest of the North Atlantic region, is here
also the most impO-rtant species. It attains a considerable size as far north as the sixty-fifth degree, forming, in
the valley of the Yukon, forests of no little local importance. The canoebirch, the balsam poplar, and the aspen,
familiar trees of the North Atlantic region, also occur here. The gray pine and the balsam fir of the Atlantic
region are replaced by allied forms of the same genera. The larch alone, of the denizens of the extreme Northern
Forest of the Atlantic coast, finds no congener here in the northern Pacific forest.

The Pacific Coast Forest, the heaviest, although far from the most varied, forest of the continent, extends south
along the coast in a narrow strip from the sixtieth to the fiftieth parallel ; here it widens, embracing the shores of
Puget sound and extending eastward over the high mountain ranges north and south of the boundary of the
United States. This interior development of the Coast Forest, following the abundant rainfall of the region, is
carried northward over the Gold, Selkirk, and other interior ranges of British Columbia in a narrow spur extending
north nearly to the fifty-fourth parallel. It reaches southward along the Cceur d'Alene, Bitter-Koot, and the
western ranges of the Eockj' Mountain system to about latitude 47° 30', covering northern Washington territory,
Idaho, and portions of western Montana.

The Coast Forest south of the fiftieth degree of latitude occupies the region between the ocean and the eastern
slopes of the Cascade Eange; in California the summits of the principal southern prolongation of these mountains,
the Sierra Nevada, marks the eastern limits of the Coast Forest, which gradually disappears south of the thirty-fifth
parallel, although still carried by the high ridges of the southern Coast Eange nearly to the southern boundary of the
United States. The Coast Forest, like the forests of the whole Pacific region, is largely composed of a few coniferous
species, generally of wide distribution. The absence of broad-leaved trees in the Pacific region is striking; they
nowhere form great forests as in the Atlantic region; when they occur they are confined to the valleys of the coast
and to the banks of mountain streams, and, economically, are of comparatively little value or importance. The
characteristic and most valuable species of the northern Coast Forest are the Alaska cedar {Chamceoyparis), the
tide-land spruce, and the hemlock. These form the principal forest growth which covers the ranges and islands of
the coast between the sixty-first and the fiftieth parallels. Other species of the Coast Forest reach here the northern
limits of their distribution, although the center of their greatest development is found farther south.

The red fir {Pseudotsuga), the most important and widely-distributed timber tree of the Pacific region, reaches
the coast archipelago in latitude 51° ; farther inland it extends fully 4 degrees farther north, and in the region of
Puget sound and through the Coast Forest of Washington territory and Oregon it is the prevailing forest tree.
The characteristic forest of the northwest coast, although represented by several species extending south as far as
cape Mendicino, near the fortieth parallel, is replaced south of the Eogue Eiver valley by a forest in which forms
peculiar to the south rather than to the north gradually predominate. The forest of the northwest coast reaches
its greatest density and variety in the narrow region between the summits of the Cascade Eange and the ocean.
North of the fifty-first parallel it gradually decreases in density, and south of the forty -third parallel it changes
in composition and character. This belt of Coast Forest is only surpassed in density by that of some portions of
the redwood forest of the California coast. The red fir, the great tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the red cedar
{Thuya) reach here enormous dimensions. The wide river bottoms are lined with a heavy growth of maple,
Cottonwood, ash, and alder, the narrow interior valley with an open growth of oak. In this great coniferous forest
the trunks of trees two or three hundred feet iu height are often onlj" separated by the space of a few feet. The
ground, shaded throughout the year by the impenetrable canopy of the forest, never becomes dry ; it is densely
covered by a thick carpet of mosses and ferns, often of enormous size. The more open portions of this forest are
choked by an impenetrable growth of various Vaccinece of almost arborescent proportions, of hazel, the vine-maple,
and other shrubs. The soil which has produced the maximum growth of forest iu this region is, outside the river
bottoms, a thin, porous gravel of glacial origin, rarely more than a few inches in depth ; the luxuriance of vegetablft. 1 ^
growth, therefore, illustrates the influence of a heavy rainfall and temperate climate upon the forest. i o ^

The general character of this forest iu the interior, although composed largely of the species peculiar to the
coast, differs somewhat from the Coast Forest proper in composition and largely iu natural features. The dense,
impenetrable forest of the coast is replaced, east of the summit of the Cascade Eange, by a more open growth,
generally largely destitute of undergrowth. The red fir, the hemlock, and the red cedar (Thuya) are still important
elements of the forest. Less valuable species of the Coast Forest — the white fir (Abies grandis), the yew, the alders,
the mountain hemlock (Tsuga Pattoniana), the hawthorn, the buckthorn, and the white pine (Pinm monticola) —
are still represented. The latter, a local species upon the coast, only reaches its greatest development toward
the eastern limit of this region, here forming considerable and important forests. Other species peculiar to the Coast
Forest, the maples, the ash, the oak, the arbutus, and the Alaska cedar, do not extend east of the Cascades. The tide-

8 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

land spruce is replaced by an allied species of the interior region. The widely-distributed yellow pine (Pinug
ponderosa), barely represented in the northern portions of the immediate Coast Forest, becomes east of the mountains
one of the most important and characteristic elements of the forest. The Coast Forest south of the forty- third degree
of latitude changes in composition. The tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the Thvya are gradually replaced by
more southern species. The sugar pine (P. Lamhertiana) here first appears. The California laurel ( Umbellularia)
covers with magnificent growth the broad river bottoms. The lAbocedrtm, several oaks, and the chinquapin here reach .
the northern limits of their distribution. The change from the northern to the southern forest is marked by the
appearance of the Port Orford cedar {Chamwr.yparis Lmcsoniana), adding variety and value to the forests of the
southern Oregon coast. Farther south, near the northern boundary of California, the redwood forests {Sequoia ) appear.

The Coast Forest of Calfforuia will be most conveniently discussed under three subdivisions : the forest of the
Ck)ast Range, the forest of the western slope of the Sierra Nevatla, which, toward the northern boundary of the
state, extends to the coast, covering the mass of mountains which here unite the Sierra Nevada and the Coast
Bange ; and, third, the open forest of the long, narrow valleys lying between the Coast Eange and the Sierra
Nevada, south of this northern connection. The important feature of the Coast Eange, as far south as the thirty-
seventh degree of latitude, is the belt of redwood occupying an irregular, interrupted strip of territory facing the
ocean, and hardly exceeding thirty miles in width at the points of its greatest development. The heaviest growth
of the redwood forest occurs north of the bay of San Francisco, and here, along the slopes and bottom of the narrow
canons of the western slope of the Coast Eange, the maximum productive capacity of the forest is reached. Ko
other forest of similar extent equals in the amount of material which they contain the groups of redwood scattered
along the coast of northern California. The red fir reaches, in the California Coast Eange, a size and value only
surpassed in the more northern forests of the coast; the yellow pine is an important tree in the northern
portions of this region, and here flourish other species of the genus endemic to this region. The forest of the Coast
Bange is marked by the presence within its limits of several species of singularly restricted distribution. Gupressus
macrocarpa and Pinus insignis are confined to a few isolated groves upon the shores of the bay of Monterey ; Abies
bracteata occupies three or four canons high up in the Santa Lucia mountains; it is found nowhere else; and Pinus
Torreyana, the most local arborescent species of North America, has been detected only in one or two small groups
upon the sand-dunes just north of the bay of San Diego. The characteristic forest of the Coast Eange is checked
from farther southern development, a little below the thirty-fifth parallel, by insufiicient moisture; the scanty
forests which clothe the high declivities of the Coast Eange farther south belong in composition to the Sierra
forests.

The heavy forest which covers the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, a forest only surpassed in density by
the redwood belt of the coast and the fir forest of Puget sound, occupies, in its greatest development, a belt
situated between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation. This forest belt extends from about the base of mount Shasta at
the north to the thirty-fifth parallel; farther south it diminishes in density and disappears upon the southern
ridges of the Coast Eange just north of the southern boundary of California. Its greatest width occurs in northern
California, where to the south of mount Shasta the Sierra system is broken down into a broad mass of low ridges
and peaks. The characteristic species of this forest is the great sugar pine (P. Lambertiana), which here reaches
its greatest development and value, and gives unsurpassed beauty to this mountain forest. With the sugar pine
are associated the red fir, the yellow pine, two noble Abies, the Libocedrus; and, toward the central part of the
state, the great Sequoia, appearing first in small isolated groups, and then, farther south, near the headwaters of
Kern river, in a narrow belt extending more or less continuously for several miles. This heavy forest of the
Sierras, unlike the forest which farther north covers the western flanks of the Cascade Eange, is .almost destitute
of undergrowth and young trees. It shows the influence of a warm climate and unevenly distributed rainfall
npon forest growth. The trees, often remote from one another, have attained an enormous size, but they have
grown slowly. Above this belt the Sierra forest stretches upward to the limits of tree growth. It is here
•abalpine and alpine in character and of little economic value. Different pines and firs, the mountain hemlock,
and the western juniper are scattered in open stretches of forest upon the high ridges of the Sierras. The
forest below the belt of heavy growth gradually becomes more open. Individual trees are smaller, while the
number of species increases. The small pines of the upper foothills are mingled with oaks in considerable
variety. These gradually increase in number. Pines are less frequent and finally disappear.

The forest of the valleys is composed of oaks, the individuals often widely scattered and of great size, but
nowhere forming a continuous, compact growth. The Coast Forest of the Pacific region, unsurpassed in density,
is composed of a comparatively small number of species, often attaining enormous size. It presents the same
general features throughout its entire extent, except as modified by the climatic conditions of the regions which it
covers. The species which compose this forest range through nearly 26 degrees of latitude, or northern species,
are replaced in the south by closely allied forms ; and, as in the Atlantic region, the southern species far exceed
in number those peculiar to the north.

The Interior Forest extends from the southern limits of the northern subarctic forest to the plateau of
northern Mexico ; it occupies the entire region between the eastern limits of the Pacific Coast Forest and the extreme
western limits of the Atlantic region. The forests of this entire region, as compared with the forests east and
west of it, are stunted and remarkable in their poverty of composition. They are confined to the high slopes

GENERAL REMARKS. 9

and cafions of the numerous mountain ranges composing the interior region, while the valleys are treeless, or,
outside of the narrow river bottoms, nearly treeless. The interior forest attains its greatest development and
considerable importance upon the western ?slope of the California Sierras and upon the flanks of the high peaks
of the southern Eocky Mountain system, from Colorado, where the timber line reaches an extreme elevation of
13,500 feet, to southern New Mexico and western Arizona. The minimum in North American forest development,
outside the absolutely treeless regions, both in the number of species and in the proportion of forest to entire j
area, is found south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, in the arid region between the Wahsatch mountains and '.
the Sierra Nevada, known as the Great Basin. Here the open, stunted forest is confined to the highest ridges and
slopes of the infrequent canons of the low mountain ranges which occupy, with a general north and south trendy
this entire region. The individuals which compose this forest are small, although often of immense age, and
everywhere show the marks of a severe struggle for existence. Seven arborescent species only have been detected
in the forests of the northern and central portions of this region. The mountain mahogany {Cercocarpus), the ouly
broad-leaved species of the region, with the exception of the aspen, which throughout the entire interior region
borders, above an elevation of 8,000 feet, all mountain streams, reaches here its greatest development. This
tree, with the nut pine {Pinus monophylla), characterizes this region. Stunted junipers are scattered over the
lowest slopes of the mountains, or farther south often cross the high valleys, and cover with open growth the mesas,
as the lower foot-hills are locally known. An open forest of arborescent yuccas {Yuaca brevifolia) upon the. high
Mojave plateau is a characteristic and peculiar feature of the flora of this interior region. The red fir and the
yellow pine, widely distributed throughout the Pacific region, do not occur iipon the mountain ranges of the Great
Basin.

The heavy forests of the interior region, found along the western*slopes of the California Sierras and upon the
Rocky Mountain system, are, for the most part, situated south of the forty second degree of latitude. The forests
of the whole northern interior portion of the continent, outside the region occupied in the northern Eocky mountains
by the eastern development of the Coast Forest, feel the influence of insufiBcient moisture; the number of species of
which they are composed is not large ; the individuals are often small and stunted, while the forests are open, scattered,
without undergrowth, and confined to the canons and high slopes of the mountains. The most generally distributed
species of this northern region, a scrub pine {Pinus Blurrayana), occupies vast areas, almost to the exclusion of other
species, and is gradually taking possession of ground cleared by fire of more valuable trees. South of the fifty-
second parallel the red fir (Pseudotsvga) and the yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) appear; with them is associated, in
the Blue mountains and in some of the ranges of the northern Rocky mountains, the western larch {Larix occidental is),.
the largest and most valuable tree of the Columbian basin.

The forest covering the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada consists almost exclusively of various species of
pine, often of great size and value. The characteristic species of this region are the yellow pine and the closely- .
allied Pinus Jeffreyi, here reaching its greatest development. The red fir is absent from this forest, while the oaks,
multiplied in many forms on the western slopes of these mountains, have here no representative.

The forests of the southern Rocky Mountain region, less heavy and less generally distributed than those of the
westemJ'slope of the Sierras, are, as compared with those of the Great Basin, heavy, dense, and valuable. They owe
their existence to the comparatively large precipitation of moisture distributed over this elevated region. The
characteristic species of the Colorado mountains is a spruce {Picea Engelmanni) ; it forms, at between 8,000 and 10,000
feet elevation, extensive and valuable forests of considerable density and great beauty; with it are associated a
balsam fir of wide northern distribution, and various alpine and subalpine species of pine; at lower elevations
forests of yellow pine and red fir cover the mountain slopes, while the bottoms of the streams are lined with
Cottonwood, alder, and maple, or with an open growth of the white fir (Abies voncolor), a species of the Coast Forest,
here reaching the eastern limits of its distribution ; the foot-hills above the treeless plain are covered with scant
groves of the nut-inne (Pinus edulis), stunted junipers, and a small oak, which in many forms extends through a large
area of the southern interior region. A forest similar in general features to that of Colorado, and largely comijosed
of the same species, extends ©ver the high mountains of New Mexico to those of western Texas and western and
northwestern Arizona, where a heavier forest of pine covers the elevated region lying along the thirty-fltth parallel,
culminating in the high forest-clad San Francisco mountains of northern Arizona.

The species of the interior Pacific region mingle along its southern borders with the species peculiar to the
plateau of northern Mexico. The Pacific-Mexican Forest, although differing widely in natural features from the
Atlantic-Mexican Forest, possesses several species peculiar to the two. The forests of this region are confined to
the high mountains and their foot-hills, and to the banks of the rare water courses. They disappear entirely
from the Colorado desert and from the valleys and low mountain ranges of southwestern Arizona. Tbe most
important and generally distributed species peculiar to the valleys of this region is the mesquit, the characteristic
species of .the Atlantic-Mexican region. The suwarrow, however, the great tree cactus, is perhaps the most
remarkable species of the region, giving an unusual and striking appearance to the dry mesas of central and
southern Arizona. The high mountain ranges, extending across the boundary of the United States, between the one
hundred and fifth and the one hundred and eleventh meridians, enjoy a larger and more regularly distributed rainfall
than the regions east, and especially west, of these meridians. The forests which cover these southern mountain
ranges are often dense and varied. Upon their summits and almost inaccessible upper slopes the firs and pines of

10

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

the Pacific region are mingled with pines, a juniper, an arbntus, and various other species peculiar to the Mexican
platemi. Extensive forests of a cypress of Mexican origin also characterize this mountain vegetation. The
bottoms of the canons are lined with a dense growth of cottonwood, hackberry, a noble sycamore, an ash, a
cherry, and other deciduous trees. The high foot-hills and mesas are covered with open groves of various oaks
peculiar to the Mexican-Pacific region, here reaching, within the United States at least, their greatest development.

Such are some of the prominent forest features of Xorth America; a dense forest, largely composed, except
at the north, of a great variety of broad leaved species, and extendiug from the Atlantic sea-board in one nearly
unbroken sheet until checked by insufficient moisture from further western development— the forest of the Atlantic
region ; a forest of conifers, o<;cupyiug the ranges of the great Cordilleran mountain system, unsurpassed in
■density iu the humid climafe of the coast, open and stunted in the arid interior— the forest of the Pacific region.

A uiore detailed examination of the distribution of North American arborescent genera and species will serve
to illustrate the wealth of the forests of the Atlantic and the comparative poverty of those of the Pacific region.
It will show, too, more clearly how widely the forests of these two great regions differ in composition.

DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA.

The forests of North America contain arborescent representatives of 158 genera; 142 genera occur in the
Atlantic and 59 genera in the Pacific region. Of the Atlantic genera, 48 are not represented in the United States
outside the semi-tropical region of Flor-ida.

The following table illustrates the distribution of these genera; the genera of semi-tropical Florida are
designated by a ••

Magnolia

Liriodendron . .

Asimina

■•Anona

•Capparis

"•Cauella

^Clusia

Gordonia

Fremontia

Tilia

•Byraenima

■•Guaiacum

Porliera

Xanthoxylnm

Ptelia

Canotia

*Simaruba

■•Barsera

•Amyris

•Swietenla

*Ximenia

Hex

Cyrilla

Cliftoaia

Euonymug

*Myginda

*8cha!fferia

*Reyno8ia

Condalia

Rhamuus

Ceanothas

'Colubrina

^genius

Uognadia

Sapindus

•Hypelate

Acer

Negundo

Rhus

Pistacia

GreDera I Genera
represented represented

by arbO'

rescent

species in

the Atlantic

region.

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

V
V
V
V
V
V

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

V
V
V
V

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

bj; arbo-
rescent
speciea in
the Pacific
region.

V

V

V
V
V

V
V
V

V

Eysenhardtia . .

Dalea

Robinia

Olneya

j'Piscidia

Cladrastis

Sophora

Gymnoclados..

Gleditschia

Parkinsonia . . .

Cercis

Prosopis

Leucsena

Acacia

Lysiloma

Pithecolobium .
*Chrysobalanu8 ,

Primus

Vauquelinia . . .

Cercocarpus . . .

Pyrus

CrattBgus

Heteromeles...

Amelanchier ...

Hamamelis

Liquidambar ..

Rliizophora

"Conocarpus

•Laguncularia . .
"Calyptranthes .
"Eugenia .

Cereus

Cornus

Nyssa

Sambucus

Viburnum

"Exostemma

Pinckneya ....

"Genipa

'Guettarda

Genera
represented
by arbo-
rescent
species in
the Atlantic
region.

•

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

V
V

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

Genera

represented

by arbo-

leseent

species in

the Pacific

region.

V
V
V
V

V
V
V

V
V
V
V
V
V

V
V

V

GENERAL REMARKS.

11

Vaccininm

Andromeda

Arbutus

Oxydendrum ...

Kalmia

Rhododendron ..

""Myrsine

*Ardi8ia

'Jacqninia

■•Chrysophyllum .

'Sideroxylon

"Dipholis

Bamelia

■•Miinuaops

Diospyros

Sy mplocos

Halesia

Fraxinua

Foresticra

Chionanthus ...

Osmantbus

Cordia

*Bonrreria

*Ehretia

Catalpa

Chilopsis

"Crescentia

"Citharexylum ..

*Avicennia

"Pisouia

'Coccoloba

Penjea

■"Ncctandra

Sassafras

Uinbellnlaria

•"Drypetes

'Sebastiania

"Hippoinane

Ulmns

Genera
represented
by arbo-
rescent
species in
the Atlantic
region.

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

V
V
V
V

Genera
represented

by arbo-

lescent
species in
the Pacific

region.

V

V

V

1/

Planera

Celtis

'Ficus

Moras

Madura

Platanus

Juglans

Carya

Myrica

Qucrcus

Castauopsis ...

Castanea

Fagns

Ostrya

Carpinus

Betula

Alnus

Salix

Populus

Libocedrus

Thuya

Chamsecyparis -

Cupressus

Juniperus

Taxodium

Sequoia

Taxus

Torreya

Pinus

Picea

Tsuga

Pseudotsuga . . .

Abies

Larix

Sabal

Washlngtonia .

"Thrinax .:

'Orcodoxa

Yucca

Genera
ropreaented
by arbo-
rescent
species in
the Atlantic
region.

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

V
V

V
V

V
V
V
V
V

V
V
V

V
V
V

Q«n«ra

represented

by arbo-

rcHCent

species in*

the Pacific

region.

V

V

V
V

V
V
V

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

V

orescent species of 43

genera occur

within the limits of the two

regions. They are :

Ptelia.

Robiuia.

Arbutus.

Qnercus.

Taxus.

Condalia.

Parkinsouia.

Bumelia.

Betula.

Torreya.

Rhamnus.

Prosopis.

Fraxinus.

Alnus.

Pinus.

.£sculu8.

Acacia.

Chilopsis.

Salix.

Picea.

Ungnadia.

Prunus.

Celtis.

Populus.

Tsuga.

Sapindus.

Pyrus.

Moms.

Thuya,

Abies.

Acer.

Crataegus.

Platanus.

Chamsecyparis.

Larix.

Negundo.

Corn us.

Juglans.

Juniperus.

Yucca.

Eysenhardtia.

Sambucus.

Myrica.

The following genera, 44 in number, of the Atlantic region, exclusive of those of semi-tropical Florida, are not
a-epresented in the Pacific forest :

Magnolia.

Cliftonia.

Rbizophora.

Forestiera.

Madura.

Liriodendron.

Pistacia.

Nyssa.

Chiouauthus.

Carya.

Asimina.

Cladrastis.

Viburnum.

Osmaiithus.

Castanea.

Gordonia.

.Sophora.

Piuckneya.

Cordia.

Fagus.

Tilia.

Gymnocladus.

Andromeda.

Catalpa.

Ostrya.

Porliera.

Gleditschia.

Oxydendrum.

Persea.

Carpinus.

Xanthoxylum.

Leacsena.

Diospyros.

Sassafras.

Taxodium

Ilex.

Hamamelis.

Symplocos.

Ulmus.

Sabal.

Cyrilla.

Liquidambar.

Halesia.

Planera.

12 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

The following genera of the Atlantic region, 9 in number, are represented in the Pacific flora by one or more
fhitescent, but by no arborescent, species :

Enonymos. Amelanchier. Vaccinam. Rhododendron.

Rhus. Vibamnni. Kalmia. Forestiera.

Cercis.

Ptelia, Condalia, Sapindus, Eobinia, Bumelia, Celtis, Morns, and Juglans, genera reaching their greatest
development in North America in the Atlantic region, extend with a single arborescent representative into the
Pacific region. Rhamnus, Msculm, Acer, Negtmdo, Prunus, Pyrus, Cratcegus, Cornus, Samhuous, Fraxinus, Platantis^
llyrica, Quercus, Bitula, Alnus, Salix, Populm, Thuya, Ghamcecyparis, Juniperus, Taxus, Torrcya, Pinus, Picea, Tsuga,
Abies, and Larix, characteristic North American genera, are widely represented in the two regions.

Unijnadia, Eysenhardtia, Parkinsonia, Prosopis, Acacia, Chilopsis, and Yucca, genera of the Mexican flora, are
common to the two regions.

Arbutus, a genus of the Pacific region, just reaches, with a doubtful species, the Atlantic region through western
Texas.

The following genera of the Pacific region, 13 in number, have no representatives in the Atlantic region:

Fremontia. Cercocarpus. * Castanopsis. Sequoia.

Canotia. Heteromeles. Libocedras. Psendotsaga.

Olneya. Umbellnlaria. Cupressus. Washingtonia.

Vauqnelinia.

The following genera of the Pacific, 3 in number, are represented in the Atlantic region by frntescent species :
Ceanothns. Dalea. Cereus.

The Atlantic forest, exclusive of semi-tropical Florida, contains 45 genera entirely unrepresented in the Pacific
region and 7 genera without Pacific arborescent representatives. The Pacific forest contains 13 genera unrepresented
in the Atlantic region and 3 genera without Atlantic arborescent representatives.

The following genera of the Mexican region, 14 in number, are not elsewhere represented in North America.
Genera with arborescent representatives in both the Atlantic- and Pacific- Mexican regions are designated by a
star (•) :

Porliera. Pistacia. Olneya. Acacia. 'Chilopsis.

Canotia. *Ey8enhardtia. "Parkinsonia. Vanqnelinia. Washingtonia.

"Ungnadia. Dalea. Leucaena. Cereus.

Porliera and Leucwnu belong to the Atlantic ; Canotia, Dalea, Olneya, Vauqnelinia, Cereus, and Washingtonia
to the Pacific region.

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES.

In the forests of North America 412 arborescent species have been detected ; of these, 292 species belong to
the Atlantic region, and 153 occur within the limits of the Pacific region. Species common to the two regions are
rare; tbcy are i)rincipally confined to the subarctic Northern Forest and to the narrow belt along the southera
boundary of the United States.

The following species, 10 in number, cross the continent:

ProsopiH juliflora. Sambucns Mexicana. Salix longifolia. Populus balsamifera. Picea alba.

Pyrus sambucifolia. Betula papyrifera. Populus tremuloides. Juniperus Virgiiiiana. Yucca baccata.

Prosopis juliflora, Sambucns Mexicana, and Yucca baccata belong to the Mexican flora of the south; Salix
longifolia also belongs here, although extending northward into the Atlantic and through the Pacific Coast region
of the United States. Populus balsamifera, Betula papyrifera, and Picea alba belong to the Northern Forest.
Pyrus samhucifolia, Populus tremuloides and Juniperus Virginiana are widely distributed through the central
portions of the Atlantic and Pacific regions; they are the only really continental arborescent species.

• The following species of the Atlantic region, 15 in number, extend from the Atlantic into the Pacific region :

Ptelia trifoliata. Negundo aceroides. Crataegus tomentosa. Quercus Emoryi.

Condalia obovata. Parkinsonia aculcata. Fraxinus viridis. Alnus incana.

Sapindus niarginatns. Prunus Americana. Celtis occidentalis. Salix nigra.

Ungnadia spcciosa. Prunus Pennsylvanica. Morus microphylla.

Ptelia trifoliata, a widely distributed species of the Atlantic region, extends through western Texas into the
extreme southeastern portion of the Pacific region. Condalia obovata, Ungnadia speciosa, Parkinsonia a^uleata,
Morus microphylla, and Quercus Emoryi, of the Atlantic-Mexican forest, extend into the Pacific-Mexican region.
Sapindus marginatum, of the southern xitlantic region, extends through western Texas to the Pacific-Mexican
region. Prunus Americana, Prunus Pennsylvanica, and Alnus incana, widely distributed through the northern
portions of the Atlantic region, just reach the eastern limits of the central Pacific region.

Negundo aceroides, Cratmgus tomentosa, Fraxinus viridis, and Celtis occidentalis are widely distributed through
the interior Pacific region, although nowhere reaching the coast.

GENERAL REMARKS. ]3

The following species of the Pacific region, 8 in number, extend through the Mexican into the Atlantic region :

Eysenhardtia orthocarpa. Acacia Greggil. Chilopsis saligna. Juniperus occidentalis.

Prosopis pnbescens. Fraxinus pistaciiBfolia. Juglans mpestris. Juniperus pachyphlcea.

Juglans rupestris and Juniperus occidentalis reach their greatest development in the Pacific Coast region, and
extend through the Pacific-Mexican region into western Texas ; no other species are common to the Pacific Coast
forest and the Atlantic-Mexican region. The 6 remaining Pacific-Atlantic species belong to the Pacific-Mexican
region, just reaching western Texas.

The following species of the Southern Pacific region extends into the Atlantic region:

Salix amygdaloides.

The following species of the Pacific forest, 12 in number, endemic to the interior arid region, do not extend
beyond its limits :

Acer grandidentatum. Crataegus rivnlaris. Populus angnstifolia. Finns monophylla.

Robinia Neo-Mexicana. Fraxinus anomala. Finns flexilis. Picea pungens.

Cercocarpus ledifolins. Quercus undulata. Pinus ednlis. Yucca brevifolia.

A detailed examination eif the distribution of the arborescent species composing the North American forests
shows that —

Magnolia is represented by seven Atlantic species, with the center of its distribution in the southern Alleghany
region.

Liriodendron is represented by a single species, widely-distributed through the eastern and central portions of
the Atlantic region.

Asimina is represented by a single widely-distributed arborescent species and by three frutescent species of
the Atlantic region.

Anona, Capparis, Ganella, and Glusla are represented each by a single semi-tropical species.

Gordonia is represented by two species of the southern Atlantic region, one of wide distribution, the other
rare and local.

Fremontia, a genus endemic to the Pacific region, is represented by a single species of the southern Pacific
Coast region.

Tilia is represented by two Atlantic species, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghanj' region.

Byrsonima is represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Guaiacum is represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Porliera is represented by a single species of the Atlantic-Mexican region.

Xanthoxylum is represented by two species of the Atlantic region, by a semi-tropical species, and by a second
semi tropical species which reaches the Atlantic-Mexican region.

Ptelia is represented by a single arborescent species of wide distribution in the Atlantic, reaching also the
Pacific region, where a frutescent species occurs, and by a second frutescent species of the south Atlantic region.

Canotia, a genus endemic to the Pacific-Mexican region, is represented by a single species.

Simaruba, Amyris, Swietenia, Ximenia, are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Bursera is represented by a single semi-tropical species and by a second frutescent species of the Pacific-
Mexican region.

Ilex, an Atlantic genus, is represented by four arborescent and several frutescent species, with its center of
distribution in the southerp Atlantic region.

Cyrilla and Gli/tonia are each represented by a single species of the southern Atlantic region.

Euonymus is represented by a widely-distributed arborescent species in the Atlantic, and by a frutescent species
in both the Atlantic and the Pacific regions.

Myginda, Schcefferia, and Reynosia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Gondalia is represented by one semi-tropical and by one species of the Atlantic-Mexican reaching the Pacific-
Mexican region.

Rhamnus is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent species in the Atlantic, by two arborescent
and one frutescent species in the Pacific region, and by one frutescent species common to the two regions.

Geanothus is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region and by several frutescent
species widely distributed through the Atlantic and the Pacidc regions.

Golubrina is represented by a single semi-tropical species.

JEsculus is represented by two arborescent and by three frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by an arborescent
species in the Pacific region.

Ungnadia, an endemic genus of the Atlantic-Mexican region, and just reaching the Pacific-Mexican region, is
represented by a single species.

Sapindus is represented by one species widely distributed through the southern Atlantic, and reaching the
Pacific region, and by one semi-tropical species. '-'

Acer is represented by five Atlantic and four Pacific species.

Negundo is represented by one species widely distributed through the Atlantic and the Pacific regions and by
» second species in the Pacific region.

14 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Rhus is represented by five arborescent species in the Atlantic and by several frutcscent species in both the
Atlantic and the Pacific regions.

Pistacia is represented by a single species in the Atlantic-Mexican region.

Eysenhardtia is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific-Mexican, extending into the Atlantic-
Mexican region, where a second frutescent species occurs.

Balea is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific-Mexican and by numerous frutescent and
herbaceous species in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions.

Robinia, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghany region, is represented by two arborescent
and one frutesceut species in the Atlantic and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region.

Olneya, an endemic genus of the Pacific-Mexican region, is there represented by a single species.

Piscidia is represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Q^adrastis is represented by a single local species in the southern Atlantic region.

Sophora is represented by a species in the southern Atlantic and by a second species in the Atlantic-Mexicaa
region, and by four frutescent or sufirutescent species.

Gymnocladus is represented by a single species in the central Atlantic region.

Gleditschia is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region.

Parliinsonia is represented by an arborescent species common to the Atlantic- and the Pacific-Mexican regions,
by two arborescent and one frutescent species in the Pacific-Mexican, and by a frutescent species in the Atlantic-
Mexican region.

Cercis is represented by a widely-distributed species in the Atlantic, by a second species in the Atlantic-
Mexican, and a frutescent species of the California Coast region.

Proaopis is represented by two arborescent species common to the Atlantic- and the Pacific-Mexican regions,
and by two frutescent species.

Leuccena is represented by two species in the Atlantic-Mexican region.

Acacia is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic-Mexican, by one arborescent species of the
Pacific-Mexican extending into the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by several frutescent species widely distributed
through the two regions.

Lysiloma is represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Pithecolobium is represented by a single polymorphous arborescent species of semi-tropical Florida, and by a
shrubby species of the Mexican Boundary region.

Chrysobalanus is represented by one arborescent and one frutescent semi-tropical species.

Pfuvus is represented by seven arborescent species in the Atlantic region ; of these, one is serai-tropical and
two extend into the Pacific region. This genus is represented in the Pacific region by four species, of which one
belongs to the Mexican region, and by several frutescent species.

Vauquelinia, an endemic genus of the Pacific-Mexican region, is there represented by a single species.

Cercocarpus is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Pacific region.

Pyrus is represented by one species common to both Atlantic and Pacific, by three arborescent and one
frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region.

Crataegus is represented by twelve arborescent and frutescent species in the Atlantic, of which one extends-
into the Pacific region, and by two species in the Pacific region.

Meteromeles is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region.

Amelanchier is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic and by one frutescent species in the

Pacific region.

Hamamelis and Liquidambar are each represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region.

Rldzoplwra is represented by a single species iu the southern Atlantic region.

Conocarpvs, Lagunculnria, and Calyptranthes are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Eugenia is represented by five semi-tropical species.

Cereua is represented by a single arborescent species iu the Pacific and by several frutescent species in the
Atlantic and Pacific regions.

Comtis is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic, by a single arborescent species in the Pacific
region, and by several frutescent and herbaceous species in the two regions.

Nyssa is represented by three species iu the Atlantic region.

Sambucus is represented by one arborescent species of wide distribution in the Pacific, by one species in the
Pacific-Mexican extending into the Atlantic-Mexican, by a frutescent species in the Atlantic, by a second frutescent
species in the Pacific, and by a frutescent species common to the Atlantic and Pacific regions.

Viburnum is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic and by several frutesceut species in tha'
Atlantic and the Pacific regions.

Exostemma is represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Pinckntya, an endemic genus of the southern Atlantic region, is there represented by a single species.

Genipa is represented by a single semi-tropical species.

GENERAL REMARKS. 15

Guettarda is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent semi-tropical species.

Vaccinium is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic and by several frutescent species in the
Atlantic and the Pacific regions.

Andromeda is represented by an arborescent and several frutescent species in the Atlantic region.

Arbutus is represented by one species in the Pacific Coast, by a second species in the Pacific Mexican, and by
one species in the Atlantic-Mexican region.

Oxydendium, an endemic genus of the Atlantic region, is there represented by a single species.

Kalmia is represented by one arborescent species and by three frutescent species in the Atlantic region, of
which one extenciri to the Pacific region.

Rhododendron is represented by one arborescent and by several frutescent species in the Atlantic and by
several frutescent species in the Pacific region.

jVyrsine, Ardimi, Jacquinia, Chri/sophyllum, Sideroxylon, and Bipholis arc each represented by a single semi-
trojjical species.

Bumelia is represented by four species in the Atlantic and by one species in the Pacific-Mexican region.

Mimusops is represented by one semi-tropical species.

Diospyros is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by one in tbe Atlantic-Mexican region.

Symphcos is represented by one species in the southern Atlantic region.

Halesia is represented hy two arborescent and by one frutescent species in the southern Atlantic region.

Fraxinris, with its center of distribution in the southern Atlantic region, is represented by seven species in
the Atlantic, of which one extends into the Pacific region, and one belongs to the Mexican region, and by three
arborescent and one frutescent species in the Pacific, of which one belongs to the Mexican region.

Forcstiera is represented by one arborescent and seven frutescent species in the Atlantic region, of which on©
reaches the Mexican-Pacific region.

Chionanthus and Osmanthus are each represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region.

Cordia is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent semi-troi)ical species and by one arborescent
and one frutescent species in the Atlantic Mexican region.

Boiirreria and Ehretia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Catalpa is represented by two species in the southern Atlantic region.

Chilopsis is represented by a single species in the Pacific-Mexican region, extending into the Atlantic-Mexican,
region.

Grescentia, Githarexylum, and Avicennia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.

Pisonia is represented by one arborescent and by two frutescent semi-tropical species.

Ooccohba is represented by two semi-tropical species.

Persea is represented by one species in the southern Atlantic region.

Nectandra is represented by one semi-tropical species.

Sassaf'ran is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region.

Umbellularia is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region.

Drypetes, ^ebantiania, and Hippomane are each represented by a single semi-tropical species.

(Jlmus, with its center of distribution in the Mis^ssippi basin, is represented in the Atlantic region by five-
species.

Planera is rei)resented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region.

Geltvi is represented by a single polymorphous species of wide distribution in the Atlantic region, extending
into the Pacific region, and by a frutescent species common to the Atlantic- Mexican and the Pacific-Mexican regions.

Ficu« is represented by three semi-tropical species.

Morus is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region, and by one species in the Atlantic-
Mexican, extending into the Pacific-Mexican region.

Madura is represented by a single local s[)ecies in the southern Atlantic region.

PlatanuH is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region, by a species in the Pacific
coast, and by a species in tlie Pacific-Mexican region.

Juglans is represented by two widely-distributed 8[)ecies in the Atlantic region and l)y a species in the Pacific-
coast, extending through the Pacific Mexican into the Atlantic-Mexican region.

Garya, an endemic genus of the Atlantic region, with its center of distribution west of the Mississippi river, is-
represented by seven species.

Myrica is represented by one arborescent and two frutescent species in the Atlantic region and by one
arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region.

QuercuH, with its center of most important distribution in the basin of the lower Ohio nver, is represented in
the Atlantic region by twenty-four arborescent species, of which one, belonging to the Mexican region, extends into-
the Pacilic-Mexican region; and in the Pacific region by twelve arborescent species, of which one belongs to the
interior and four to the Mexican region, and by two frutescent species.

Gastanopsi* is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region.

16 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Castanea is represented by two species iu the Atlantic region.

Fagua, Ostrya, and Carpinus are each represented by a single widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region.

Betula, with its center of distribution in the northern Atlantic region, is represented by one arborescent and
by one frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by four arborescent and one frutescent
species in the Atlantic region, and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region.

Alnu8 is represented by three arborescent species in the Atlantic, of which one extends to the Pacific region,
by three arborescent species in the Pacific region, and by two frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the
Pacific regions.

Salix is represented in the Atlantic region by five arborescent species, of which three are found in the Pacific
region, and by many frutescent species. This genus is represented in the Pacific region by ten arborescent and
by many frutescent species.

Populu8 is represented by two species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by three species in the
Atlantic region , and bj- three siiecies in the Pacific region.

Libocedrus is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region.

Thuya is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by one species in the Pacific region.

Chamcecyparis is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific Coast region.

Cupressus is represented by four species in the Pacific region, of which three occur in the coast and one in the
Mexican region.

Juniperus is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic region, by three arborescent species in the
Pacific, of which one belongs to the Pacific-Mexican and one extends to the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by two
frutescent species common to both regions.

Taxodium is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region.

Seqtioia, an endemic genus of the Pacific Coast region, is there represented by two species.

Taxus is represented by an exceedingly local arborescent species in the southern Atlantic region, by a frutescent
species in the northern Atlantic region, and by an arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region.

Torreya is rei)resented by a single exceedingly local arborescent species in the southern Atlantic region and by
a single species iu the Pacific Coast region.

Pinus, with its center of distribution in the southern Pacific Coast region, is represented by thirteen species
iu the Atlantic and by twenty-two species in the Pacific region, of which three belong to the interior and four to
the Mexican region.

Picea is represented by one species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by one species iu the
Atlantic, and by three species in the Pacific region, of which one belongs to the interior region.

Tnuga is represented by two species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific region.

Pneudoisuga, an endemic genus of the Pacific region, is there represented by a single widely-distributed species.

Abies is represented by one widely-distributed and by one exceedingly local species in the Atlantic region and
by seven species in the Pacific region, of which one is exceedingly local.

Larix is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific region.

Sabal is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region.

Washingtonia is representert by a single species in the Pacific Mexican region.

Thrinax is represented by two semi-tropical species, and Oreodoxa by one.

Yucca is represented by one arborescent and one frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific
regions, by one arborescent and by two frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by two arborescent and by one
frutescent species in the Pacific region.

A CATALOGUE

OF THE

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO,

WITH

REMARKS UPON THEIR SYNONYMY, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY,
DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC VALUE, AND USES.

FOB jy

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Species which grow from the ground with a siugle stem, either wholly or over a large portion of the area of
their distribution, are admitted as trees into the following catalogue, without reference to the height or size they
may attain.

The line which divides trees from shrubs is entirely arbitrary, and ife often unsatisfactory in application. A
separation of this nature, however, based upon habit rather than upon size, is perhaps less objectionable, all things
considered, than any other, and serves at least to keep this catalogue within reasonable limits.

The word "compact", used in the description of various woods mentioned in the catalogue, indicates that they
show no tendency to check or open in drying, and does not refer to their structure.

le

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

MAGNOLIAOEiE.

1. — Magnolia grandiflora, Linnans,

Spec.2ed. 755.— Marshall, Arbnstum, 84.— Am. Gewach. t. 185, 186.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158.— Gsertuer, Fruct. i, 343, t. 70.— B. S.
Barton, CoU.i, 13; ii,20.— Aiton.Hort. Kew.ii,251 ; 2 ed. iil, 329.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 82.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 672; Ill.iii,35,t.
490.— Mcench, Meth. 274. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1255; Enum. i, 579. — Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327. — Nonveau Duhamel, ii, 219, t.
65. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 265. — Andrews, Bot. Rep. viii, t. 51b. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 76. — Michanx
f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 71, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 8, t. 51. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. Ii, 380. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18 ; Sylva, i, 81 ;
2 ed. i, 96.— De CandoUe, Syst. i,450 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 36.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 814.— Sprengcl,
Syst. ii, 642. — Andnbon, Birds, t. 5, 32. — Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 82. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — Croom
in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 314. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 261 &t. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 18S. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312. — Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America,!, 42. — Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 470. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308. — Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 225. — Darby, Bot.
S. States, 210.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolin.a,
1860, iii, 66.— Wood, CI. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 38.— Baillon, Hist. PI. i, 133, f. 165-169.— Koch,
Dendrologie, i, 367. — Young, Bot. Texas, 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.

M. Virginiana, var. /?. fcetida, Liun^ns, Spec, l ed. 536, in part.

M. grandiflora, var. elliptica and obovata, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380.

M. grandiflora, var. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380.— Bot. Mag. t. 1952.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.

BIG LAUREL. BULL BAY.

Cape Fear river, North Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet, and Tampa baj' , Florida ; basin of
the Mississippi river south of latitude 32° 30', extending westward to southwestern Arkansas, and along the Texas
coast to the val'ej of the Brazos river.

One of th-a ciost magnificent trees of the Atlantic forest, evergreen, 18 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk
0.60 to 1.20 rjoter in diameter ; reaching its greatest development on the " bluff" formations along the eastern bank
of the Misc'saippi river from Vicksburg to Natchez, and of western Louisiana.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny; medullary rays very numerous,
thin ; color, creamy white or often light brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6360; ash, 0.53 ;
little nsed except as fuel ; suitable for interior finish, fine cabinet work, etc.

2. — Magnolia glauca, Linnasus,

Spec. 2 ed. 755. — Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 204. — Schoepf, Mat. Med. Am. 91. — Marshall, Arbnstum, 83. — Wangenheim, Amer. 60, 1. 19,
f. 40.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13; ii, 20.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 674.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 251 ; 2ed.iii,
329.— Mcench, Meth. 274.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1256; Enum. i, 579.— Schkuhr, Handb. ii, 1441, t. 148.— Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,
327. — Nonveau Duhamel, ii, 223, t. 66. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 76. — Bonpland, PI. Malm. 103, t.
42. — Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 77, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 12, t. 52. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
218.— Bigelow, Med. Bot.ii,67,t.27; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 244.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— Barton, Prodr. Fl.Philadelph. 59; Med. Bot. i,
77,t.7; Conipend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 17.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 215.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 452; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.
116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 37.— Bot. Mag. t. 2164.— Sprengel, Syst. 642.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221; Fl. N. York, i, 17, t.5.—
Andnbon, Birds, t. 118.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 34.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 82.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i,
188.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Sertum Botanicum, v & t.— Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. v, 37, t. 342.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 23.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 42.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 473.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 96, f. .W.-
Loudon, Arboretum, i, 267 & t.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 527 ; 2 ed. ii, 603 & t.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 226. — Gray, Genera,
i,61,t.a3; Manual N. Statcs,5 ed. 49.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 176.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 8.— Darby, Bot. S. States,211.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 66.—
Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 36.— Koch,
Dendrologie, i, 309.- Young, Bot. Texas, 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.

J

20 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

If. Virginiana, var. a. glauca, Linneeas, Spec, l ed. 535.

M. fragrana, Salisbury, Prodr. 379.— Eafinesque, Fl. Lndoviciana, 91 ; Med. Bot. il, 32.

M. longifoUa, Sweet, Hort. Brit. U.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 306.

jif. glauca, var. laMfolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 350.— Pnrsli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.

M. glauca, var. longifoUa, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. Hi, 330.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 361.- Eafinesque, Fl. Lndoviciana,
91.— Hayne, I)end. Fl. 116.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.

SWEET BAY. WHITE BAY. BEAVEK TREE. WHITE LAUREL. SWAMP LAUREL.

Cape Ann, Massachusetts; New Jersey southward, generally near the coast, to bay Biscayne and Tampa bay,
Florida ; basin of the Mississippi river south of latitude 35°, extending west to southwestern Arkansas and the
valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits
reduced to a low shrub ; swamps or low wet woods, reaching its greatest development on the rich humn)0cks of
the interior of the Florida peninsula and along the low sandy banks of pine-barren streams of the Gulf states.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, light brown
tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5035 ; ash, 0.47 ; in the Gulf states sometimes used in
the manufacture of broom handles and small woodenware.

The dried bark, especially of the root, of this species and of M. acuminata and M. Umbrella is included in the
American Materia Medica, furnishing an aromatic tonic and stimulant used in intermittent and remittent fevers;
a tincture made by macerating the fresh fruit or bark in brandy is a popular remedy for rheumatism {JJ. 8.
Dispensatory, 14 ed. 567. — Wat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891).

3. — Magnolia acuminata, Linusens,

Spec. 2. ed. 75C.— Marshall, Arbustum, 83.— Walter, Fl. Caroliiii;iua, l.">9.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13.— Aiton, Hort. Kewl ii, 251 ; 2 ed.
iii, 331. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 674. — Wilklenow, Spec, ii, 1257; Eiium. i, 579. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 329. — Nouveau Duhamcl, ii,
222. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 82, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 15, t. 53. — Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 381.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 4.53 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 418.— Nuttall, Geuera, ii, 18.— Bot. Mag. t. 2427.—
Hayne, Deud. Fl. 117.— EUiott, Sk. ii, 37.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 18, t. 17.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221 ; Fl. N. York, i, 28.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 34.— Beck, Bot. 15.-^
Sertum Botanicum, v. & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, &3. — Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. t. 251. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — Loudon,
Arboretum, i, 273 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Dietrich, Syn. iu, 308.— Griffith, Med.
Bot. 98. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3. ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 14. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67. — Wood, CI. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24. — Porcher, Resources
S. Forests, 38.— Baillon, Hist. PI. i, 140.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5. ed. 49.- Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Young, Bot. Texas,
149.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891.— Ridgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 58.

M. Virginiana, var. e. Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 536.

M. DeCandollii, Savi, Bibl. Ital. i, 224 & t.

»

Ttdipastrum Americanum, Spaoh, Hist. Veg. vii, 483.

CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA.

Western y^ew York to southern Illinois, southward along the Alleghany mountains, and scattered through
eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama (Stockton,
Mohr) and northeastern Mississippi; Arkansas, Crowley's ridge, and in the southern and southwestern part of the
state (Texarkana, Harvey, and in Polk, Howard, Cross, and Pike counties).

A large tree, 20 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its
greatest development on the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains.

Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color,
yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4690; ash, 0.29; used for pump-logs, water-
troughs, flooring, cabinet-making, etc.

4. — Magnolia cordata, Michaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 328. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 331. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 547. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 87, t. 4; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 18, t. 54.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— Liudley, Bot. Reg. iv, t. 325.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— De Candolle, Syst.
i, 455; Pro<lr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 118.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 38.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 474.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Eafinesque,
Med. Bot. ii, 32. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — Sertum Botanicum, v & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83. — Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. t.
250. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 275 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43. — Dietrich, Syn. iii,
308.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211'.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. St.ates, 14.— Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 68.— Wood, CI. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.

Tulipastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 483.

• CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. ' 21

CUCUMBEE TREE.

Southern Alleghany Mountain region, near Augusta, Georgia (Michaux, Ulliott), head of Sipsey creek, "vdlley
of Davidson creek", Winston county, Alabama (Mohr).

A tree 22 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods ; very rare
and local.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, light brown
streaked with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.4139; ash, 0.32.

5. — Magnolia macrophylla, Miohaux,

Fl.Bor.-Am. i, 327. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 221. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 331. — Poiret, Snppl. iii,
573.— Miohaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 99, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, ii, 26, t. 57.— Bonpland, PI. Malm. 84, t. 33.— Parsh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 381.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 83; 2 ed. i, 99.— De Candoile, Syst. i, 454; Prodr. i,80.— Bot. Mag. t. 2189.— Hayne,
Dend. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 40.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Eafiuesqiie, Med. Bot. ii, 31,' t. 62.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.—
Sertum Botanicum, v & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83. — Groom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxv, 76. — Eeichenbach, Fl. Exot. ii, 44, t.
139. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 271 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312. — Torrey &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43. — Spach, Hist. Veg. vii,
479.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98, f. 57.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.—
Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 230. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67. — Wood, CI.
Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 374.— -Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.

LARGE-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREE.

North Carolina, eastern base of the Alleghany mountains (Iredell and Lincoln counties); southeastern Kentucky
southward to middle and western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl river,
Louisiana; central Arkansas (Garland, Montgomery, Hot Springs, and Sebastian counties).

A tree 6 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter ; rich woods, reaching its greatest
development in the limestone valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local.

Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown,
the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.5309 ; ash, 0.35.

6. — Magnolia Umbrella, Lamarck,

Diet, iii, 673. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 221. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 80. — Loiseleur, Herb. Amat. iii, t. 198. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642. —
Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43. — Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 475. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308. — Seringe, Fl.
Jard. ill, 227. — Gray, Genera, i, 62, t. 24; Proc. Linnsean Soc. ii, 106, f. 1-18; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49. — Cooper in Smithsonian
Eep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67.— Wood, 01. Book, 214;
Bot. i& Fl. 25. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 38. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.

M. Virginiana, var. tripetala, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 536.

M. tripetala, Linnajus, Spec. 2 ed. 756.— Marshall, Arbustum, 84.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 159.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 14.—
Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 252 ; 2 ed. iii, 331.— WiUdenow, Spec, ii, 1258 ; Enum. i, 579.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 452.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ui, 90, t. 5 ; N. American Sylva,
3 ed. ii, 20, t. 5.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84; 2 ed. i, 100.— Guimpel, Otto &
Hayne, Abb. Holz. 20, t. 18.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 38.— Torrey, Compend Fl. N. States, 221.—
Rafinesqne, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98.—
Loudon, Arboretum, i, 269, t. 5.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 37i.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891.

UMBRELLA TREE. ELK WOOD.

Southeastern Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama (Prattville, Mohr)
and northeastern Mississippi, westward through Kentucky and Tennessee; in central (Hot Springs) and
Bouthwestern Arkansas (Fulton, valley of the Red river, Harvey).

A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.40 meter in diameter; rich, shady
hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the southern Alleghany
mountains.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medqjlary rays very numerous, thin; color, brown, the
heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, Ol4487; ash, 0.20.

22 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

7. — Magnolia Fraseri, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, i, &9 &. t. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4:5. — Walpere, Kep. i, 70.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308. — Chapman, PI. 8.
SUtee, 14.— Curtis in Hep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18C0, iii, 68.— Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 49. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 372.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.

M. aurioulata, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 673.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. :«7.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1258; Enum. i, 579.— Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 328. — Nonveau Duhamcl, ii, 222. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 94, t. 6 ;
N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 23, t. 56. — Andrews, Bot. Rep. ix, t. 573. — Bot. Mag. t. 1206. — Cubi^res, Mem. Mag. & t. —
Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 e<l. iii, 332.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84 ; 2 cd. i, 98.— De
Candolle, Syst. i, 454; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 39.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Audnbon,
Birds, t. ;?8.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 188.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vil,
477. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 276 & t. — Seringe.Fl. Jard. iii, 229.

M. pyramidata, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 338.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 454 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne,
Dend. Fl. 117.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. v, t. 407.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1092.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Don, Miller's
Diet, i, 83. — Eaton, Mannal, 6 ed. 221. — London, Arboretnm, i, 277 & t. — Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 230. — Darby, Bot.
S. States, 211.

M. auricularifl, Salisbury, Parad. Lond. i, t. 43.— Kemer, Hort. t. 360.

LONG-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREE.

Alleghany mountains, from Virginia southward to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and southern
Alabama (Clark county, Mohr), extending west to the valley of Pearl river, Mississippi.

A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; rich woods.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5003 ; ash, 0.28.

8. — Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linnseus,

' Spec. 1 ed. i, 535.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 202.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 78.— Wangenheim, Amer. 32, t. 13, f. 32.— Walter, Fl.

Caroliniana, 158. — Schmidt, Arb. i, 48. — B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 14, 45. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 250 ; 2 ed. iii, 329. — Gsertner, Fruct.
ii, t. 178.— Bot. Mag. t .275.— Moench, Meth. 222.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 102.— Schkuhr, Handb. ii, 93, t. 147.— Trew, Icon.
1. 10. — Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 12.54; Enum. i, 579. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 326. — Nonveau Duhamel, iii, 62, 1. 18. — Desfontaines,
■ Hist. Arb. ii, 15.— Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, viii, 137; 111. iii, 36, t. 491.— St. Hilaire, PI. France, iii, t. 377.— Titford, Hort. Bot.
Am. 76.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 2U2, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 3.5, t. 61.— Eaton, Manual, 63; 6 ed. 208.— Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84; 2 ed. i, 100.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 59; Med. Bot. i, 91, t. 8; Compend. Fl. Phila<lelph. ii,
18.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 462; Prodr. i, 82.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 107, t. 31.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 115.— EUiott, Sk. ii, 40.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 221 ; Fl. N. York, i, 28.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 239.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 34, t. 29.—
Cobbett, Woodlands, No. 516. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642. — Audubon, Birds, t. 12. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 86. — Beck, Bot. 15. — Lindley,
Fl. Med. 23.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vi, 488.— London, Arboretum, i, 284 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 302.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 341.— Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 44.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 309.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98, f. 58.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 529; 2 ed.
ii, 605 & t. — Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 240. — Gray, Genera, i, 64, t. 25 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 50. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 9. —
Darby, Bot. S. States, 212.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 11, f. 2.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 14. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 77. — Lemaire, 111. Hort. 15, t. 571. — Wood, CI. Book, 215; Bot.
& Fl. 25. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 39. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 183. — Baillon, Hist. PI. i, 143, f.
175-178. — Koch, Dendrologie, i,:!80. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 746. — Ridgway iu Am. Nat. vi, 663; Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus.
1882, 59.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Eichler, Sit. Bot. Brand, xxii, 83, f. 1-3.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53^

Tulipifera Liriodendron, Miller, Diet. No. 1.

L. procera, Salisbury, Prodr. 379.

TULIP TREE. YELLOW POPLAR. WHITE WOOD.

Southwestern Vermont, through western New England, southward to northern Florida (latitude 30^) ; west
through New York, Ontario, and Michigan to lake Michigan, south of latitude 43° 30', thence south to latitude
31° in the Gulf states east of the Mississippi river ; through southern Illinois and southeastern Missouri to Crowley's
ridge, northeastern Arkansas.

One of the largest and most valuable trees of the Atlantic forests, 30 to 60 meters in height, with a trunk 2 to
4 meters in diameter {Ridgway) ; rich woods and intervale lands, reaching its greatest development in the valley
of the lower Wabash river and along the western slopes of the Alleghany mountains in Tennessee and North
Carolina.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays
numerous, not prominent; color, light yellow or brown, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific graAity, 0.4230;
ash, 0.23 ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, interior finish, shingles, in boat-building,
and especially in the manufacture of wooden pumps, woodenware, etc. ; varieties varying slightly in color and
density are recognized by lumbermen.

Liriodendrin, a stimulant tonic, with diaphoretic properties, is obtained by macerating the inner bark,
especially of the root {Jour. Philadelphia Col. FharAii. 5.-17. S. Dispensatory, 14ed. 556. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2ed. 871).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 23

ANONAOEJE.

9. — Asimina triloba, Dunal,

Mon. Anon. 83.— De CandoUe, Syst. i, 479; Prodr. i, 87.— Elliott, Sk. 11, 42.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 66, t. 53.— Hayno,
Dend. Fl. il8.— Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 639.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 222; Ann. Lye. N. York, 11, 165 —Beck, Bot. 16.— Don,
Miller's Diet. 1, 91.— Nnttall in Jonr. Philadelphia Acad, vii, 11.— Dietrich, Syn. lii, 304.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 293, f. 39. — Gray,
Genera, i, 69, t. 26,27; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 50.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 609.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrlca, 3 ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 212. — Cooper In Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 15. — Curtis In Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 94. — Lcsquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 347. — Maout & Decalsne, Bot. English ed. 199 & figs. — Bot. Mag. t.
5854. — Wood, CI. Book, 215 ; Bot. & Fl. 26. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 41.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser.
xii, 183. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 383. — Young, Bot. Texas, 149. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua.
1882, 60.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.

Anona triloba, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 537.— Marshall, Arbustum, 10.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 125.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158.—
B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 29.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii,254 ; 2 ed. iii, 335.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1267 ; Enum. i, 580.— Nouveau
Duhamel, ii, 83, t. 25. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 21. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 161, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva,
3 ed. ii, 33, t. 60.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 59.— Schknhr, Handb. ii, 95, t. 149.

Anona pendula, Salisbury, Prodr. 380.

Orchidocarpum arietinum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 329.

Porcelia triloba, Persoon, Syn. ii, 95.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 383.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 92.— Barton, Compend.
Fl. Philadelph. ii, 18. — Nnttall, Genera, ii, 19. — Poiret, Suppl. iv, 529. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278. — Audubon, Birds, t.
2, 162.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371.

Uvaria triloba, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 45.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 30.— Camel in Ann. Mus. Firenze, 1864, 9, t.
1, f. 1-7.— Baaion, Adansonia, viii, 333; Hist. PI. i, 193, f. 220-228.

A. campaniflwa, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 529.

PAPAW. CUSTAKD APPLE.

Western New York (Lockport and in Monroe county); Ontario (Queen stown heights); eastern and central
Pennsylvania, west to southern Michigan, southern Iowa, and eastern Kansas (Manhattan), south to middle
Florida and the valley of the Sabine river, Texas.

A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often
reduced to a slender shrub ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest development in the lower Wabash valley
and in the valley qf the White river, Arkansas.

Wood very light, very soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy; layers of annual growth clearly marked by
several rows of large open ducts; color, light yellow shaded with green, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.3969; ash, 0.21.

10. — Anona laurifolia, Dunal,

Mon. Anon. 65. — De Candolle, Syst. i, 468; Prodr. i, 84. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 641. — Lindley, Bot. Reg. xvi, t. 1328. — Schnizlein, Icon.
1. 174, f. 9.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 4.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 439.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 603.

A. glabra, Chapman in Conlter'B Bot. Gazette, iii, 2 [not Linnffius].

A. SlJCCieS, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.

POND APPLE.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Malabar to bay Biscayne, on the west coast. Pease creek to the Caloosa river,
and through the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limit and
on the west coast often reduced to a stout, wide-spreading shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development
within the United States on the low i.slands and t hores of the Everglades in the neighborhood of bay Biscayne.

Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close grained, compact, containing many scattered open ducts ; color, light
brown streaked with yellow, sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5053 ; ash, 4.86.

The large fruit (0.14 to 0.28 meter long) scarcely edible.

34 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

OAPPARIDAOE^.

11. — Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacquin,

Btirp. Am. 100, t. 101.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. lii, 285.— De Candolle, Prodr. 1, 252.— Descoortilz, FL Med. Antilles, y. t. 273.—
Mocfadyeo, Fl. Jamaica,' 39.— Grisebacb, FI. BritiHli West IndicH, 18.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 32. — Porcher, ResonrcesS. Forests,
7.';.— Lichler in Martins, Fl.Brasil. xiii, 270, t. 64, f. 11.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 0.

C. Breynia, Llnuasus, Spec. 2 ed. 721, in part.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. lii, 285.— De CandoUe, Prodr. 1, 2S2, In part.—
Swartz, Obs. 210 [not Jacquin]. — Macliidyen, Fl. Jamaica, 39.

G. cynophyllophora, Liunieug, Spec. 1 ed. 504 [not sabseqnent ed. fi<le Elcliler, I. c.].— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. lii, 285.—
Mucfadyeii, Fl. Jamaica, 39.

0. siliquoga, I.innoius, Spec. 2ed.721.

0. torulosa, Swartz, Prodr. 81.— De Candolle, Prodr. 1, 252.— Grisebach, Fl. Britisb West Indies, 18.

0. uncinata, Loddiges, Cat. [not Wallicb].

C. emarfjinata, Rlcbard, Fl. Cuba, 78, t. 9.— Walpers, Rep. i, 201.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and southward to Brazil.

A small tree, sometimes G meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low shrub;
common and reaching its greatest development within the United States on Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed large open ducta;
medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6971 ;
ash, 4.70.

CANELLACE^.

12. — Canella alba, Murray;

Linnnsus, Syst. 14 ed. iv, 443.— Swartz, Obs. 190 ; Trans. Linniean Soc. i, 96, t. 8.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 851 ; Enum. i, 498.— Alton, Hort.
Kew.2 ed. lii, 144.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. Suppl. 3, t. 10, f. 4.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 563.— Hayne, Arzn. 9, t. 5.— Stevenson
& Churchill, Med. Bot. ii, t. 66. -Woodvillo, Med. Bot. 3 cd. iv, 694, t. 237.— Lindley, Med. Bot. 116.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 24, t.
16.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 181, f. 98.— Miers in Ann. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. i, 348; Contrib. i, 116.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies,
109.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 93.— Gnlbourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. lii, 621, f. 767.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Bentley &
Trimen, Med. PI. i, 26, t. 26.

0. Winterana, Gartner, Fnict. 1, 377, t. 77.

Wintera Canella, Llnmens, Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Poiret In Lamarck, Diet, viii, 799, t. 399.

0. lavri/oHa, Loddiges, Cot— Sweet, Hort. Brit. 65.— Don, Miller's Diet. 1, 680.

WHITE \yOOD. CINNAMON BARK. WILD CINNAMON.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Elliott's Key, Key Largo to Jew Fish Key); through the West
Indies.

A small tree, often 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.22 meter in diameter; not rare.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color,
dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.9893; ash, 1.75.

The pale inner bark appears in the Fharmacopoea under the name of Cortex canellw albw, furnishing an
aromatiu stimulant and tonic, occasionally employed in ciises of debility of the digestive organs, or as an adjunct
to more active remedies (JMterg, I. c. — FlUcUger cfc Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 08. — U. S. Dispennatory, 14 ed.
'AlO.—Nat. Diitpenmtory, 2 ed. 337).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 25

GUTTIFER^.

13. — Clusia Sava, Linnajus,

Spec. 2 od. 1495.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 977; Ennin. ii, 1043.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 cd. v, 444.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 105.— De
CandoUe, Prodr. i, 559.— Macfadyeii, Fl. Jamaica, 134.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 111, t. 77; 2 ed. ii, 58, t. 77.— Grisebach, Fl. British
West ludie^, 407. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 43. — Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4
ser. xiii, 352. — Walpers, Ann. vii, 340. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.

C. rosea, Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 168.

Jamaica and other West Indian islands; Key West (Blodgett) prior to 1840. Not detected by later explorers
{Palmer, Oarber, Chapman, Curtiss) of the botany of semi-tropical Florida, and probably not now growing
spontaneously within the limits of the United States.

Wood not examined.

TERNSTRCEMIAOE^.

14. — Gordonia Lasianthus, Linnasus,

Mant. i, 570.— Ellis, Phil. Trans. 60, 518, 1. 11; Letters, t. 2.— L'Horitier, Stirp. Nov. 156.— Cavanilles, Diss.ii, 307, 1. 161.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 177.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 2:51 ; 2 ed. iv, 234.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770 ; 111. iii, 146, t. 594, f. 1.— Swartz, Obs. 271.—
Willdenow, Spec, iii, 840.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43. — Bot. Mag. t. 6<;8. — Nouveai] Duhamcl, ii, 236, t. 68.— Dcsfontainos, Hist.
Arb. i, 484. — Persoon, 8yn. ii, 259. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 131, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 29, t. 58. — Piirsh, Fl. Am.
Sept. i, 451.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 84.— Do Candolk-, Prodr. i, 528.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 171.— Sprongel, Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet,
i, 573, f. 99.— Andubon, Birds, 1. 168. — Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. t. 151.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 79. — London, Arboretum, i, 379, f. 93. —
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 223.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 161.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 258.— Browne, Trees of America, 52.—
Dietrich, Syn. iv, 862. — Gray, Genera, ii, 103, t. 140, 141; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 104. — Choisy, Mem. Temst. & Camel. 51,—
Darby, Bot. 8. States, 256. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rej). 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 60. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Sorv.
N. (Jarolina 1860, iii, 80.— Maont & Decaisue, English ed. 274 & flgs.— Wood, CI. Book, 874; Bot. & Fl. 65.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iy,
230, f. 254, 255.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.

Hypericum Lasianthus, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 783.— Hill, Veg. Syst. XV, t. 1, f. 3.

0. pyramidalis, Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. 386.

LOBLOLLY BAY. TAN BAY.

Southern Virginia, south near the coast to cape Malabar, and cape Bomano, Florida, west along the Gulf
coast to the valley of the Mississippi river.

A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter ; low, sandy swamps.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not* durable; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color,
light red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4728; ash, 0.76; somewhat employed in cabinet-making.

The bark, rich in tannin, was once occasionally used, locally, in tanning leather (Bartram, Tra/vels, 2 ed. 160).

15. — Gordonia pubescens, L'Heritier,

Stirp. Nov. 156.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770.— Cavanilles, Diss, ii, 308, t. 162.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 231; 2 ed. iv, 234.— Willdenow,
Spec, iii, .841.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43. — Ventenai, Jard. Malm. t. 1 (Schrader, Neues Jour. Bot. 1806, 121). — Nouveau
Dnharael, ii, 237. — Koenig & Sims, Ann. Bot. i, 171. — Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 484. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 259. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb.
Am. iii, 135, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 31, t. 59. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 451. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 84.— Loisolour, Herb.
Amat. iv, t. 236.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 171.— Do CaudoUc, Prodr. i, 528.— Sprongel, Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 573.— Eaton,
Haunal, 6 ed. 161.— Audubon, Birds, t. 185.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 80.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 380, f. 94.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.
N. America, i, 223. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 258.— Browne, Trees of America, 54.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 862.— Gray, Genera, ii,
102, t. 141, f. 11-14, t. 142.— Choisy, Mem. Temst. & Camel. 51.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 257.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
250.~Chapman, Fl. S. States, 60.— Wood, CI. Book, 274; Bot. & Fl. 05.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Goodalo & Sprague, Wild
Flowers, 193, t. 47.

Franklinia Altamaha, Marshall, Arbustnm, 49.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 16, 465.— Rafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 79 & f.

0. Franklini, L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 841.— Nonveaa Duhamel, ii, 237.— Desfontaines, Hist.
Arb. i, 484.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 259.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 8X6.

Michauxia sessilis, Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. 386.

Lacathea Jlorida, Salisbury, Parad. Lond. t. 56.— CoUa, Hort. Bipul. Appx. i, 134.

26 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

FRANKLIKIA.

Near Fort Barrington, on the Altatnaha river, Georgia (J. & W. Bartram, Dr. Moses Marshall).

Careful explorations of Bartrani's original locality by later botanists, especially by Mr. H. W, Eavenel, have
failed to rediscover this species, which is, however, still preserved in cultivation through the original plants
introduced by the Bartrams. "Florida" given as a locality by Torrey & Gray, I. c, on the authority of Herb.
Schiceinitz, and followed by Chapman, I. c, is probably an error {Bavenel in Avi. NaturalUt, xvi, 235).

STERCULIACE^.

16. — Fremontia Californica, Torrey,

Smithsonian Contrib. vi, 5, t. 2, f. 2; Proc. Am. Assoc, iv, 191 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 15, 71. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 68. —
Walpere, Ann. iv, 319.— Gray in Jonr. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist, vii, 146. — Bentham & Hooker, (Genera, i, 212, 982. — Bot. Mag. t. 5.'>91. —
Lemaire, 111. Hort. xiii, t. 496.— Beige Hort. xvii, 236, t. 13.— Camfere in Rev. Hort. 1867, 91 & t.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 483.—
Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1869, 610. — Seemann, Jour. Bot. vii, 297. — London Garden, 1873, 54 & t. — Planchon in Fl. des
Scrres, xxii, 175. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 88 ; ii, 437. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 41, 3.57.

Gheiranthodendron Cali/ornicum, Baillon, Hist. Ph iv, 70.

SLIPPERY ELM.

California, valley of Pitt river, southward along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Santa
Lucia mountains southward through the Coast ranges to the San Jacinto mountains ; rare at the north, most
common and reaching its greatest development on the southern sierras and the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
ranges.

A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, the short trunk often 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall,
much branched shrub ; dry, gravelly soil.

M'^ood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many groups of small ducts parallel to the
thin, conspicuous medullary rays, layers of annual growth obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thick
sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7142 ; ash, 1.69.

The mucilaginous inner bark used locally in poultices..

TILIAOEJE.

4

17.— Tilia Americana, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 514.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 153.— Wangenheim, Amer. 55.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 229; 2 ed. iii, 299.— Willdenow, Spec, ii,
1162; Ennm. i, 565. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 37. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 66. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 311, t. 1; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 81, t. 131.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. .58; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 6.— Eaton, Manual, 59.— James in
Long's Exped. i, 09.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 134, t. 134.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 214; Fl. N.York, i, 116.— Loudon,
Arboretum i, 373 & t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 239.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 227.— Emerson, Trees Massachnsettn,
511 ; 2 ed. ii, 584 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 47.— Gray, Genera, ii, 96, t. 136 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103 ; Hall's PI. Texas,
5.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 38.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1^8, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
59.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 79.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 352.— Wood, CI. Book,
272; Bot. & Fl. 64. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 103. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 186. — Walpers, Ann.
vii, 449.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 480.— Young, Bot. Texas, 188.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-'76, 191.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 174.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51<=.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mns. 1882, 61. '

T. nigra, Borkhansen, Handb. d. Forstbot. ii, 1219.

T. glabra, Ventenat in Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 9, t. 2.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 228.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 681.— Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 362.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 3.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 112.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 2.—
Gnimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 55, t. 45.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 108.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 312.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Dietrich, Syn.
iii, 2.37. — Richiirdson, Arctic Exped. 422.

T. latifolia, Salisbury, Prodr. 367.

T. Canadensis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. 306.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683.

T. negkcta, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nnt. 2 ser. ii, 340, ». 15 ; Hist. Veg. iv, 27, 29.— Walpers, Rep. i, 359.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 37

LIME TREE. BASS WOOD. AMERICAN LINDEN. LIN. BEE TREE.

Northern New Brunswick, westward in British America to about the one hundred and second meridian,
southward to Virginia and along the Alleghany mountains to Georgia and southern Alabama; extending west" in
the United States to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and southwest to
the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.

A large tree, 20 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, 30 to 45
meters in height, with a trunk 0.92 to 1.84 meter in diameter (valley of the lower Wabash river, Ridgway); common
in all northern forests, and always an indication of rich soil; toward its western and southwestern limits only
along river bottoms.

Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, rather
obscure ; color, light brown, or often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity,
0.4525 ; ash, 0.55 ; largely used in the manufacture of woodenware and cheap furniture, for the panels and bodies
of carriages, the inner soles of shoes, in turnery, and the manufacture of paper -pulp (the quickly-discolored sap
renders it unfit for making white paper).

The inner bark, macerated, is sometimes manufactured into coarse cordage and matting ; the flowers, rich iu
honey, highly prized by apiarists.

Aqua tiliw, an infusion of the flowers, buds, and leaves of the difierent species of Tilia, is used in Europe as
a domestic remedy in cases of indigestion, nervousness, etc. {Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1429).

Var. pubescens, London,

Arboretum, i, 374 & t. — Browne, Trees of America, 48. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.

T. Garoliniana, Miller, Diet. No. 4.— Wangenheim, Amer. 56.— Marshall, Arbustura, 154.

T. Americana, Walter, Fl. Carollniana, 153 [not Linnreus].

* T. pubescens, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 229; 2 ed. iii, 299.— Willdenow, Spec, il, 1162; Ennm. i, 566.— Ventenat in Mem. Acad.

Sci. iv, 10, t. 3. — Nouveau Duhamel, i, 228, t. 51.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 66. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 37. — Michaux f.
Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 317, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 85, t. 133.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 363.— De Candolle, Prodr.
i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 112.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 3.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 135.— Torrey, Comp. Fl. N. States, 215.—
Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 452.— Penn. Cycl. xxiv,
447.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 59.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv.
N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 449.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 479.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.

r. laxiflora, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 306.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Willdenow, Enum.
Suppl. 38.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 113.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 215.— Don, Miller's
Diet, i, .553.- Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Spaoh, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 343, 1. 15; Hist. Veg. iv, 32.—
Browne, Trees of America, 48. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.

T. grata, Salisbury, Prodr. 367.

T. pubescens, var. leptophylla, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 63.

t T. Stenopetala, Rafinesqne, Fl. Lndoviciana, 92.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 484.

T. truncata, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, .342; Hist. Veg. iv, 30.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.

T. Americana, var. Walteri, Wood, CI. Book, 272: Bot. & Fl. 64.

North Carolina to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, usually near the coast ; Houston, Texas (B.
Ball).

A small tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter; swamps or low ground ;
rare, or often confounded with the typical T. Americana.

Wood lighter, but not otherwise distinguishable from that of T. Americana; specific gravity 0.4074; ash, 0.66.

18. — Tilia heterophylla, Ventenat,

Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 16, t. 5.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 229.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683.- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 363.- Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 3; Sylva, i, 90, t. 23 ; 2 ed. i, 107, t. 23.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Dou,Millei-'s Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.—
Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 345; Hist. Veg. iv, 34.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 239.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.—
Penn. Cycl. xxiv, 447.— Walpers, Rep. i, 359.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
60.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Wood, CI. Book, 272 ; Bot. & Fl. 64.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.
103.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1429.— Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61.

T, alba, Michanx f. Hist. Arlj. Am. iii, 315, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 84, 1. 132 [not Waldstein & Kitaibel].— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 452.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.

T. laxiflora, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, :563 [not Michaux].— Elliott, Sk. ii, 2.

T.Americana, var. heterophylla, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 375 & t.

T. heterophylla, var. alha, Wood, Cl. Book, 272 ; Bot. & Fl. 64.

28 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WHITE BASS WOOD. WAHOO.

MonntaJDH of Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany monntains to northern Alabama and Florida
(valley of the Apalachicola river, opposite Chattahoochee, Mohr), west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern
Indiana, and southern and central Illinois (valley of the Illinois river).

A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods and river bottoms,
often on limestone; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern
Alleghany mountains and in middle Tennessee.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, comt>act, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4253 ; ash, 0.62 ; generally confounded with
that of Tilia Americana, and used for similar purposes.

MALPIGHIACEJ].

10. — Byrsonima lucida, HBK.

Kov. Gen. & Spec, v, 147.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 580.— Jnssieu, Mod. Malpig. ii, 40.— Walpers, Eep. t, 168.— Richard, Fl. Cuba,
115, t. 28«.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 115.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 82.

Malpighia lucida, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 852.

TALLOWBEREY. GLAMBERRY.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Boca Chica, No-Name Key, etc.) ; through the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes tJ to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often branching
from the ground, and frutescent in habit.

Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood
a little lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5888 ; ash, 2.46.

Fruit edible.

ZYGOPHYLLAOEiS.

i

20. — Guaiacum sanctum, Linnajua,

Spec. 1 ed. 382.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 707.— Nuttall, Sylva, ui, 16, t. 86 ; 2 ed. ii, 86, t. 86.— Gray, Genera, ii, 123, t. 148.— Schnizlein,
Icon. t. 253, f. 21.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 134.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 64.—
Wood, Bot. & Fl. 67.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.

O.verticale, Richard, Fl. Cuba, 321.

LIGNUM-VIT.S;.

Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe and Lignum- Vitse Keys, common; Lower M©ta<jombe and Umbrella
Keys, rare ; in the Bahamas, St. Domingo, Cuba, Porto Rico, etc.

A low, gnarled tree, not exceeding, within the limits of the United States, 8 meters in height, with a trunk
sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter.

Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, difiicult to work, splitting irregularly,
containing many evenly-distributed resinous ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, rich yellow-brown,
varying in older specimens to almost black, the sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 1.1432 ; ash, 0.82 ; used in
turnery and for the sheaves of ships' blocks, for which it is preferred to other woods.

Lignum Ouaiaci, (huaiacum wood, the heart of this and the allied G. officinale, Linnteus, formerly largely used in
the treatment of syphilis, is now only retained in the Materia Medica as aa ingredient in the compound decoction of
sarsaparilla.

Ouaiac, the resinous gum obtained from these species, is astimulatiug diaphoretic and alterative, or in large doses
cathartic, and is still employed in cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, etc. {Fliickiger & Hanhury, Pharmacographia,
92. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 456.— .^at. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 696. — Ouihourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 551. — Berg,
Pharm. Anat. Atl. 53, t. 27).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. . 29

21. — Porliera angustifolia, Gray,

Sfnithsonian Contrib. iii, 28. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 42.

Guaiactim angtistifolium, Engelmann, Wislizenns' Rep. 29.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 158; Genera, ii, 123,
t. 149. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 840. — W.atson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 334.

Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river to the Eio Grande (Austin, Matagorda bay, New Braunfels, San
Antonio, Brownsville, Fort Mcintosh), extending west to the Eio Pecos [Havard); in northern Mexico.

A small tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern, northern,
and western limits reduced to a low shrub; leaching its greatest development in the United States on the calcareous
hillsides bordering the valley of the Guadalupe river.

Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, close-grained, compact, the open ducts smaller and less regularly
distributed than in Gvuiacum ; medullary rays very thin, numerous ; color, rich dark brown, turning green with
exposure, the sap-wood bright yellow ; specific gravity, 1.1101 ; ash, 0.51 ; probably possessing medicinal properties
similar to those of li^um-vitae.

RUTAOE^.

22. — Xanthoxylum Americanum, Miller,

Diet. No. 2. — Du Ror, Obs. Bot. 57. — Wangenheim, Amer. 116. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 214. — Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 147. —
Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 509; 2 ed. ii, 581.— Gray, Genera, ii, 148, t. 156; Pacific E. E. Rep. xii^, 41; Manual N. States, 5
ed. 110. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 253. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 250.— Wood, CI. Book, 282; Bot. & Fl. 70.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Koch, Dendrologie, i,
563.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.

X. ClavaHerculis, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 38; 111. t. 811, f. 3 [not Linnaeus].- Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 399.— Moench, Meth. 340.

X. fraxinifolium, Marshall, Arbustum, 167.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 52; ii, 38.

X.fraxineum, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 757; Enum. 1013; Berl. Baumz. 413.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 615.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.
ii, 343.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 383.— Pursh, PI. Am. Sept. i, 210. -Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Nouvoau Duhamel, vii,
3. t. 2.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 197.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii, 156, t. 59; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 405.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 726.—
Sprengel, Syst. i, 945.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 373.— Raflnesqne, Med. Bot. ii, 113, f. 96.— Don, Miller's Diet.
i, 802.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 399.— Beck, Bot. 70.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 364.— Liudl.y, Fl. Med. 216.— Loudon,
Arboretum, i, 488, f. 158 & t.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1000.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 118.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 482.— Nees,
PI. Wied. 5.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 195, f. 103.— Browne, Trees of America, 150.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 19, f. 9.—
Schnizlein, Icon. t. 250, f. 1-14.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 324 & figs.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iv, 398, f. 433-438.

X. mite, Willdenow, Enum. 1013.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 622.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 727.— Don, Miller's Diet. 1, 802.— London,
Arboretnra, i, 489.

X, ramiflorum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 235.

X. tricarpum, Hooker, n. Bor.-Am. i, 118 [not Miohaux]. »

Thylax fraxineum, Raflnesqne, Med. Bot.ii, 114.

PRICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE TREE.

Eastern Massachusetts, west to northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the
mountains of Virginia and northern Missouri.

A small tree, not often 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; or, reduced to a shrub,
1.60 to 1.80 meter in height; common and reaching its greatest development in the region of the great lakes;
rocky hillsides, or more often along streams and rich river bottoms.

Wood light, soft, coarsegrained ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.5054; ash, 0.57.

The bark of Xanthoxylum, an active stimulant, is used iu decoction to produce diai)horesi8 in cases of
rheumatism, syphili.s, etc., and as a popular remedy for toothache ( f/. S. Bifipensatory, Ii ed. 940. — Bcntley in
Tjondon Pharm. Jour. 2 ser. v, 399. — Ouibourt, Hist. Drogues, 1 ed. iii, .562. — l!}at. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1535).

30 FOREST TREP:S OF NORTH AMERICA. •

23. — Xanthoxylutn Clava-Herculis, LinDtens,

Spec. 1 ed. 270, in part.— B. 8. Barton, Coll. i, 25, 52; ii, 38.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 754, in part.— Alton, Hort Kew. 2 ed. ▼, 388.—
Elliott, 8k. ii, 690.- Planchon & Triana in Ann. 8ci. Nat. 5 ser. liv, 312.

X. fraxini/olium, Walter, Fl. Carolinlana, 243 [not Marshall].

Fagara fraxinifolia, Lamarck, 111. i, 334.

X. Carolinianum, Lauiarck, Diet, ii, 39; 111. 403, t.811, f. 1.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 214.— Engelmann & Gray
in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 213.— Gray, Genera, ii, 148, t. 156, f. 13, 14; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 110; Hall's PI.
Texas, 5.— Sche«le in Roemer, Texas, 432.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 8, t. 83; 2 ed. ii, 78, t. a*?.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 253.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 66.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860,
iii, 103.— Wood, CI. Book, 282; Bot. & Fl. 70.— Young, Bot. Texas, 194.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.

X. arotnaticum, WilUlcnow, Spec, iv, 755 (excl. syn.). — Jacquin f. Eclogse, i, 103, t. 70.

X. tricarpum, Jlichaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 235.— Poiret, Si.ppl. ii, 294.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 383.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
i, 210.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 726. —Elliott, Sk. ii, 690.— A. de Jussieu in Mem. Mns.xii, t.25, f. 38.— Sprengel, Syst
1, 945.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 803.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 365.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 488.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 399.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 482.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1000.

Kampmania fraxini/olia, Rafinesqne, Med. Rep. v, 354.

Pgeudopetalon glandulosum, Ratinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 108; Med. Bot. ii, 114.

Pseudopetalon tricarpum, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 108; Med. Bot. ii, 114.

X, Cateshianum, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 114.

TOOTHACHE TREE. PRICKLY ASH. SEA ASH. PEPPER WOOD. WILD ORANGE.

Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to bay Biscayne and Tampa bay, Florida, westward through the
Gulf states to northwestern Louisiana, southern Arkansas (south of the Arkansas river), and the valley of the
Brazos river, Texas.

A small tree, rarely 12 to 14 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, of very rapid growth;
usually along streams and low, rich river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas,
Louisiana, and eastern Texas.

A form with trifoliate leaves is —

X. macrophyllum, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 10 ; 2 ed. ii, 80.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 353.
X. Clava-Herculis, var, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 335.

Wood light, hard, not strong, soft, coarse-grained, not durable, containing many scattered open ducts;
medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5056; ash, 0.82.

X. Clava-Herculis probably possesses similar medicinal properties to those of the last species {Nat. Dispensatory
2 ed. 1535).

Var. fruticosum, Gray,

Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 30.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 161.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 43. — Chapman, Fl.
8. States, 661 —Wood, Bot. & Fl. 71.

X. hirsutum, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 450; 1870, 136 (see Gray in same, 1862, 162).— Young, Bot. Texan,
195.

Western Texas, Corpus Christi (Bttckley), mouth of the Colorado river (Mohr), near Austin, and west to Devil's
river and Eagle pass; Florida (?) (Chapman I. c).

A low shrub, or on the Texas coast a small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in
diameter.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood
yellow ; specific gravity, 0.5967 ; ash, 0.76.

24. — Xanthoxylutn Caribaeum, Lamarck,

Diet. ii,40.— Gairtncr, Fruct. i, 333, t. 68, f. 8.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 58.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xiv,
315. — Gnibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 562.

X. Clava-Herculis, Linnajus, Spec. led. 270, in part.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 727.— Mac&dyen, Fl. Jamaica, 194.— Grisebach,
Fl. British West Indies, 138.

X. lanceolatum, Poiret, Suppl. ii, 293.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 727.

X Floridanum, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 14, t. 85 ; 2 ed. ii, 85, t. 85.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 66.- Wood, Bot. & Fl. 70.— Young,
Bot. Texas, 194.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. Si

SATIN WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, south Bahia Houda and Boca Chica Keys ; in the West Indies.

A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter.

Wood veryTieavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, fine-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, light orange, the sap-wooa lighter; specific gravity,
0.9002; ash, 2.02.

25. — Xanthoxylum Pterota, HBK.

Nov. Gen. & Spec, vi, 3.— Kunth, Syn. iii, 325.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 725.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 680.— Macfadyen, Fl.
Jamaica, 190. — Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 11, t. 84; 2 ed. ii, 81, t. 84. — Seemann, Bot. Herald, 275. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
43. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 66. — Young, Bot. Texas, 195. — Planchon & Triana in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xiv, 311. — Engler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xii", 154. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i,
169. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 335.

Fagara Pterota, Liunajus, Amcen, v, 393, in part.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 444 ; 111. i, 335, t. 84.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 666.—
Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 263.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 40.— Turpin, Diet. Sci. Nat. xvi, 107, t. 127.

Fagara lentiscifolia, Willdenow, Enum. i, 166.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 137.

WILD LIME.

Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, on the west coast from about latitude 29° to cape
Sable; southwestern Texas, and southward through Mexico to Brazil.

A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or often
reduced to a slender shrub ; in Florida common, and reaching its greatest development on the keys of the west
coast ; in Texas not common, but widely distributed as a small shrub, or on the shores of Matagorda bay, west
of the Nueces river, and in the valley of the Eio Grande a low tree.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, numerous ; color, brown tinged with red, the
sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.7444; ash, 0.78.

26. — Ptelia trifoliata, Linnsens,

Spec. 1 ed. 118. — Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 215. — Marshall, Arbnstum, 115. — ^Walter, Fl. Carnliniana, 88. — Aiton. Hort. Kew. i, 162 ; 2 ed.
i, 264.— Lamarck, 111. i, 336, t. 84.— Moench, Meth. 55.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 670; Ennm. i, 116.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 252, t.57.—
Michanx, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 99. — Schkuhr, Handb. 83, t. 83.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 706. — Persoou, Syn. i, 145. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. ii, 343.— Eobin, Voyages, iii, 509.- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 107. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 104. — Guimpol, Otto & Hayne, Abb.
Holz. 94, t. 74.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 8.— Elliott, Sk. i, 201.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 291.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 189 ; Corapend. Fl. N.
States, 86.— Fl. N. York, i, 133; Pacific E. R. Rep. Iv, 73; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 43.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,82.— Sprengel,
Syst. i, 441. — Turpin, Diet. Sci. Nat. xliv, 2, t. 128. — A. de Jussieu in Mem. Mus. xii, t. 26, f. 42.— Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. x, 264 ;
Bot. 71.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 806.— Spach, Hist.Veg. ii, 369.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 215.— Loudon,
Arboretum, i, 489 & t.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 288.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 215.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 379.— Dietrich,
Syn. i, 497. — Browne, Trees of America, 153.— Soheele in Rcemer, Texas, 432. — Gray, Genera, ii, 150, 1. 157; Manual N. States, 5 ed.
110. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 19, f. 7, 8. — Cooper in Smithsonian
Bep. 1858, 250.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 254.— Chapman. Fl. S. States, 66.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii,
107.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3.53.— Wood, CI. Book, 283; Bot. & Fl. 71.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 250, f. 15-26.—
Young, Bot. Texas, 195.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iv, 395, f. 445, 446.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 566.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.—
Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 171. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.

Amyris elemifera, Linnsetts, Spec. 2 ed. 295.— St. Hilaire, Fam. Nat. i, 253.

P. viticifolia, Salisbury, Prodr. 68.

HOP TREE. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. WAFER ASH.

Ontario and New York (banks of the Niagara river), Pennsylvania southward to northern Florida, west to
Minnesota and the headwaters of the Canadian river ; through western Texas to the valley of the Mimbres river,
New Mexico (Bigelow), and southward into northern Mexico.

A small tree, sometimes 4 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often
reduced to a slender shrub ; shady, rocky hillsides.

A variety with more or less pubescent leaves, not rare on the south Atlantic coast, and the common form of
western Texas, is —

var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 680.— Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 213.— Torrey
in Marcoy's Rep. 282.— Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 31; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 71.— Watson in
Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 33.5.

P. mollis, Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci.2 ser. vii, 406; Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 107.— Walpers, Ann. ii,259.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 67.— Young, Bot. Texas, 196.

32 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Wood heavj', hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, the annual growths clearly marked by two or three rows of
open ducts; medullary rays few, thin; color, yellow-brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity,
0.8319; ash, 0.30.

The bark of the root possesses tonic properties and is employed by herbalists in the form of tinctures and iiuid
extracts in cases of dyspepsia, debility, etc. {Am. Jour. Pharm. 1862, 198; 1867, 337. — U. S. Digpenaatory, Med.
1740. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1179) ; the bitter fruit is occasionally used domestically as a substitute for hops.

27. — Canotia holocantha, Torrey,

Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 68.— Gray in Ives' Rep. 15; Proc. Am. Acad, xii, 159.— Baillon, Adansonia, x, 18; Hist. Veg. vi, 7, 4Ji.— Brewer &
Watson, Hot. California, i, 190.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. 24, 81, t. 1.— Maximo wicz iu Act. Hort. St. Petersburg v, a56.—
Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.

Arizona, White Mountain region, valley of the Gila river (RothrocJc), valley of Bill Williams Fork (Bigelow).

A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a large shrub;
dry, rocky mesas. Wootl heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, not prominent ; color
light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravitj, 0.6885; ash, 5.33.

SIMARUBE^.

28. — Simaruba glauca, De CandoUe,

Diss, in Ann. Mus. xvii, 323 ; Prodr. i, 733.— Humboldt, Bonpland & Kuntb, Nov. Gen. et Spec, vi, 10.- Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles,
i, 66, t. 14.— Planchon in London Jour. Bot. v, 567.— Gray, Genera, ii, 152.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 20, t. 87 ; 2 ed. il, 88, t. 87.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 139.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 67.— Wood, Bot. & Fl.
72.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Scj. Nat. 5 ser. xv, 357.— Engler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xii', 223.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.—
Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 173.

Quassia Simaruba, Linnieus, Suppl. 234.— Wright, Trans. Edinburgh Soc. ii, 73, t. 1,2; Bot. & Med. Account of Q.
Simaruba.— Ors&Ttner, Fruct. i, 340, t. 70.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 478, t. 343, f. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 568.— Alton, Hort.
Kew. 2 ed. iii, 42. -Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 23, t. 5.

Quassia dioica, Bergi us, Mat. Med. 355.

8. amara, Aublet, Guian. t. 331.— Hayne, Arzn. iv, t. 15.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 249, f. 1-6.

S. medicinalis, Endlichei, Medz. Pf. 525.— Berg, Handb. i, 373.— Berg & Schmidt, Off. Qew. ii, t. 13.

PARADISE TREE.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.

A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 meter in diameter; within the United States not
common, and reaching its greatest development on the shores of bay Biscayne.

Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, containing many large scattered open ducts; medullary rays
few, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood a little darker; specific gravity, 0.4136; ash, 0.93.

The bark of this species has been occasionally used as a substitute for that of 8. officinalis, DO. as an aromatic,
bitter tonic {U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 838. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1294).

BURSERACE^.

29. — Bursera gummifera, Jacquin,

Am. Pict. t. 65.— Linnffius, Spec. 2 ed. 741.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 392, t. 256.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1119.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 481.—
Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 107.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 78.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, t. 97.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 239.—
Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 229.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 117, t. 79 ; 2 ed. ii, 64, t. 79.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 390.— Browne, Trees of America,
189.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 173.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264 ; 1860, 440.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 68.— Wood,
Bot. & Fl. 72.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xv, 302.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 177.—
Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 39.

B. acuminata, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1120.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 78.

Elaphrium integerrimum, Tulasne in Ann. Sol. Nat. 3 ser. vi, 369, {Fide Engler, l.o.)

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 33

GUM ELEMI. GUMBO LIMBO. WEST-INDIAN BIRGH.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast Oaloosa river and Caximbas bay;
through the West Indies.

A tree often 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.70 meter in diameter ; one of the largest and most
common trees of southern Florida, @f very rapid growth and decay.

Wood very light, exceedingly soft and weak, spongy, containing many scattered open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or gray, quickly discoloring with decay ; specific gravity, 0.3003 ; ash,
2.04; used in making live-fences, pieces of the trunk when planted in the coral rock of the keys throwing out roots
and growing rapidly.

The aromatic resin obtained from this species was formerly somewhat used in vaiious forms, under the name of
Garanna, as a remedy for gout ( Watts^ Ghem. Diet, i, 749. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 525, f. 749) ; and in the
West Indies is manufactured into a valuable varnish. An infusion of the leaves is occasionally used as a domestic
substitute for tea.

30. — Amyris sylvatica, Jacqnin,

Am. Pict. t. 108.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 333.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 351.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 81.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1271.—
Macliidyen, Fl. Jamaica, 231. — Richard, Fl. Cuba, 393. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 174. — Planchou & Triana in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xv, 321. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.

Toxieodendron arborescens, Miller, Diet. No. 9.

A. dyatripa, Sprengel, Nene Entdeck. iii, 48.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 8l!

Ehus arborescens, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 73.

A. Plumieri, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 81.

A. Floridana, Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. v, 294; Sylva ii, 114, t. 78; 2 ed. ii, 61, t. 78.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 81.-Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 221. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 16.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 123.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 561. —
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 68.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 72.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.

A. cymosa, Reichenbach in Sieb. PI. Trin. No. 29t.

A. maritima, Richard, Fl. Cuba,392 [not Jacquin].

TORCH WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.

A small tree sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; common.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard,and strong, close-graiued, compact, resinous, exceedingly durable, susceptible
of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays obscure; color, light orange, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 1.0459;
ash, 0.59.

MELIACEJH].

31. — Swietenia Mahogoni, Linnffius,

Spec. 2 ed. 548. —Jacquin, Stirp. Am. t. 127.— Cavanilles, Dias. ii, 365, t. 209.— Gaertner, Fruct. ii, S9, t. 96.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 678.—
Willdenow, Spec, ii, 557.— Alton, Ilort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 338.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 64.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 125, t.,
99.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 625.— Turpin in Diet. Sci. Nat. Atlas, t. 170.— Tnssac, Fl. Antilles, iv, t. 23.— Haync, Arzn. i, t. 19.—
Hooker, Bot. Misc. i, 21, t. 16, 17.— A. do Jussieu in Mora. Mus. xix, 248, t. 11.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 687, f. 116.— Woodville, Med.
Bot. 3 ed. iir, 620, t. 220.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 164, t. 21.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 155.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 175.— Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N.America, i, 242.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 360.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 447.— Walpers, Rep. i, 436.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 98, t. 75;
2 ed. ii, 46, t. 75.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 304.— Schnizleiu, Icon. t. 226, f. 1.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 263.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 62.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 131.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 66.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v,
478, f. 472-476.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, .596.- Tippel & Bollevar, Ausland. Cult. Pfl., Atlas, 1, t. 2, f. 1.— C. De Candolle,
Suites, i, 723. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 183.

8. l^encgalensis, Desrousseaux in Lamarck, Diet, iii, 678.
Cedrm Mahogoni, Miller, Diet. No. 2.

.3 FOl!

84 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

MAHOGANY. MADEIEA.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's Key); through the West Indies, and in
Central America.

A large tree, on the Florida keys rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 meter in
diameter.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable, susceptible of
a high polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, rich reddish- brown, turning darker with age, the thin sap-
woo<l yellow; specific gravity, 0.7282; ash, 1.09; varying greatly in quality in different regions; largely used and
preferred to all other woods for cabinet-making of all sorts, interior finish, etc.; formerly somewhat employed in
ship-building.

OLACIKE^

32. — Ximenia Americana, Linnseus,

Spec. 1 ed. Appx. 1193. — Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 112. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 435, t. 297. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 338. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2
ed. ii, 352.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 533.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 124, t. 36; 2 ed. i, 138, t. 36.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 223, f. 1-9, 30, 31 —
Cambessedes in St. Hilaire, Fl. Brasil. i, 341.— Wight & Walker- Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Penins. Or. i, 89.— Walpers, Rep. i, 377; Ann.
vi, 565.— Eichard, Fl. Cuba, 304.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 310.— Baillon,
Adansonia, ii, t. 9, f. 5, 6. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 61. — Engler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xii, 9, t. 2, f. 1. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
8. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 185.

HeymassoK spinosa, Aublet, Guian. i, 324, t. 125.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 435.

X. multiflora^ Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 106, t. 177, f. 31.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 435, t. 297, f. 1, 2.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xiii, 264.

X. niontana, Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, i, 121.

WILD LIME. TALLOW NUT. HOG PLUM. MOUNTAIN PLUM.

Florida, east coast from the Saint John's river to the southern keys, west coast Caloosa river to Caximba.s
bay; through the West Indies to Brazil, and on the coast of the Indian peninsula (introduced?, A. De CandoUe,
Oeog. Bot ii, 1027).

A small, low, wide -spreading tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter,
or in pine-barren soil and toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub; common and reaching its greatest
development in Florida on the west coast.

Wood very heavy, tough, hard, close-grained, compact, containing numerous regularly-distributed open ducts;
medullary rays few, thin; color, brown, tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9196; ash, 0.73.

Hydrocyanic acid has been obtained from the edible plum-shaped fruit {Fluckiger & Eanbury, Pharmacographia,
222).

ILIOINEiE.

33. — Ilex opaca, Aiton,

Hort. Kew. i, 169; 2 ed.i,277. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 708; Enum. 172; Berl. Baumz. 190. — Nouvean Duhamel, i, 8. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-
Am. ii, 228. — Persoon, Syn. i, 151.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 191, 1. 11 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 122, t.
84. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 95 ; Compend. Fl. Philadclph. 94. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117. — Rafincsque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 111 ;
Med. Bot. ii, 7, t. 53. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 109. — Rccmer & Schnltes, Syst. iii, 487. — Link, Euum. 147. — James, Cat. 176; Long's Exped.
ii, 294.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 10.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173; Fl. U.S. 194; Compend. Fl. N. States, 87; Fl. N. York,ii,2.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 679.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 3.— Beck, Bot. 230.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 186.- Loudon, Arboretnm, ii, 516 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 121 ; Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Bigelow,
Fl. Boston. 3 ed.64.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 427.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 432.— Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 341 ; 2 ed. ii, 385 & t. — Browne, Trees of America, 1C7. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 426. — Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 17. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1860, iii, 58.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, CI. Book, 496; Bot. & Fl. 207.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5ed. 306. — Young, Bot. Texas, 372. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix. No. 3, 29.--
Mellichamp in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, viii, 113.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

35

I. aquifolhtni, Marshall, Arbustum, 63 [not Liuuseus]. — Walter, Fl. CaTOlimana,241.

I. Canadensis, Marshall, Arbustum, 64. ♦

I. laxiflora, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 147; III. i,355.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1, 117.— Eosmer«fc Sohultes, Syst.iii, 494; Mant.3.34. —
De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Bon, Miller's Diet, ii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 427. — Dietrich, Syn. i,
555.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 517.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 186.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 282.

I. querci/olia, Meerburgh, Icon, ii, t. 5.

Ageritl opaca, Eafiuesque, Sylva Telhiriana, 47.

AMERICAN HOLLY.

Quiucy, Massachusetts, southward, near the coast, to Mosquito inlet and Charlotte harbor, Florida, valley of
the Mississippi river, southern Indiana southward to the gulf of Mexico, and southwest through Missouri, Arkansas,
and eastern Texas to the valley of the Colorado river.

An evergreen tree, sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its
northern limits reduced to a shrub ; generally in low, rather moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest
development in the rich bottoms of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.

Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather hard, close-grained, very compact, easily worked ; medullary rays
numerous, inconspicuous ; color, nearly white, turning to light brown with exposure, the sap-wood still lighter ;
specific gravity, 0.5818 ; ash, 0.76 ; used and admirably adapted for cabinet work, interior finish, and turnery of the
highest class.

A bitter principle {Iliein), common to other species of the genus, has been obtained from the fruit of this tree
{Am. Jour. Pharm. xxviii, 314. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1670. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 7fi4).

34. — Ilex Dahoon, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniaua, 241.— Michaax, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 228.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst.
iii, 489 ; Mant. 332.— De CandoUe, Prodr. u, 14.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 680.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 114.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.—
Audubon, Birds, t. 48.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 19.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 186.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 282.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, ,554.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 519.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 433.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 426.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 58.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 207.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 306.— Vasey, Cat. Fol-est Trees, 8.— Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix. No. 3, 29. —
Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 755.

I. Cassine, Linnseus, Spec. 125, in part.— Marshall, Arbustum, 64.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part ; 2 ed. i, 279.— Lamarck,
Diet, iii, 147; 111. i, 355.— Willdenow, Spec.i, 709; Enum. i, 172 ; Hort. Berol. i, t. 31.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 9.—
Persoon, Syn. 151.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arl>. ii, 362.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Ecemer &
Schultes, Syst. iii, 490.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 10.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Don, MUler's Diet,
ii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 544— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 184.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
282. — Gceppert in Del. Sem. Vratisl. 1885 {Linncea, xxvi, 746).

I. Cassine, var. latifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 278.

I. cassinoides. Link, Enum. i, 148.— Ruemer & Schultes, Syst. iii ; Mant. 332.

I. lauri/olia, Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. v, 289.— Eatou, Manual, 6 ed. 186.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.

Ageria palustris, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 47.

Ageria obovata, Eafinesque, Sylva TeUuriana, 47.

Ageria heterophylla, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 48.

DAHOON. DAHOON HOLLY.

Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Mosquito inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, west along the Gulf
coast to the prairie region of western Louisiana.

A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk from 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter ; low, wet soil ;
not common, and running into numerous forms, of which the best marked are —

var. angustifolia, Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. America, ined.

I. Cassine, var. angustifolia, WUldenow, Spec, i, 709.— Alton, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. i, 278.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 9, t. 3.

I. angustifolia, Willdenow, Enum. i, 172.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 118.— NuttaU, Genera, i. 109.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst.
iii, 489.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 14.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 4.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Don, MUler's Diet, ii, 17.—
Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 185.

36 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

I. Ugvatrina, Elliott, Sk. ii, 708 [not Jacquin].— Spach, Hist. Veg. U, 429.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 123.

9 I. Watsoniana, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 429.

var. myrtifolia (only in low cypress swamps and ponds). Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 755.

I. myrtifolia, Walter, Fl. CaroUniana, 214.— Nonveau Duhamel, i, 10, t. 4. — Michauz, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 229.— Polret, Snppl.
ili, 65.— Willdenow, Ennm. Suppl. 8.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 489. — Link, Ennm. 148. — Spach, Hist. Veg. il,
429.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 426.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 306.— Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix. No. 3, 26.

I. rosmarifolia, Lamarck, lU.i, 356.— Persoon, Syn. i, 151.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65.

I. ligustrifolia, Don, Miner's Diet, ii, 19.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Wood, CI. Book, 497 ; Bot. & Fl. 207.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4806; asb, 0.91; that of var. myrtifolia heavier, nearly white; specific
gravity, 0.5873; ash, 0.90.

35. — Ilex Cassine, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 241. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part. — James, Cat. 176; Long's Exped. ii, 294.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 186. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Curtis in Eep. Geologisal Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 59. — Lesqnereux in
Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 208.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 306.— Young, Bot. Texas, 373.— Maximowicz
in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 22.

I. Cassine, /3. Linnsus, Spec. 1 ed. 125.

Ga^sine Peragtia, Linnsens, Mant. ii, 220. — Marshall, Arbustum, 26. — Plenck, loon. t. 239.

Cassine CaroUniana, Lamarck, Diet, i, 652

I, vomitoria, Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170 ; 2 ed. i, 278. — Salisbury, Prodr. 70.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 709.— Ennm. Suppl. 8.—
B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 36, 56. — Nouveau Duhamel, i, 10. — Persoon, Syn. i, 151. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 362. —
Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 41.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 118.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 491;
Mant. 333. — De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 14. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 495. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173. — Don, Miller's
Diet, ii, 17.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 430.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 393.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 555.—
Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 518, f. 186.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton «fe Wright, Bot'. 282.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 433.—
Browne, Trees of America, 169. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 544.

I. ligustrina, Jacquin, Coll. iv, 105 ; Icon. Ear. ii, 9, t. 310 [not EUiott].— Lamarck, 111. i, 356.

/. Floridana, Lamarck, 111. i, 356.

I. Cassena, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 229.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65.— Eiaemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 490.— ElUott, Sk. ii, 681.—
Darby, Bot. S. States 426.— Wood, CI. Book, 497. '

I. religiosa, Barton, Fl. Vlrginica, 66.

Cassine ramulosa, Eafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 363.

Hierophyllvs Cassine, Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 8.

Emetila ramulosa, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 45.

Ageria, Cassena, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 47.

Ageria geminata, Eafinesque, Sylva TeUuriana, 48.

CASSENA. YAUPON. YOPON.

Southern Virginia, southward, near the coast, to the Saint John's river and Cedar Keys, Florida, west along
the Gulf coast to southern Arkansas, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.

A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a shrub, sending
up many slender stems and forming dense thickets ; sandy, moist soil, along ponds and streams, reaching its
greatest development in the river bottoms of eastern Texas.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color,
nearly white, becoming yellow with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7270; ash, 0.87.

The leaves possess powerful emetic properties, and were employed by the southern Indians, together perhaps
with those of J. Dahoon, in the preparation of their "black drink" [Am. Joujt. Pharm. xliv, 217. — U. 8. Dispensatory,
14 ed. 1670. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 754).

, CATALOGUE OF FOREST TRI:ES. 37

36. — Ilex decidua, Walter,

Fl. CaroliDiana, 241. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 59". —
Lesquereux in Owen'sSd Eep. Arkansas, 373. — Wood, CI. Book, 497; Bet. & F1.208. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 306. — Young,
Bot. Texas, 373. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Maximowicz iu Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 30. — Watson in Proc.
Am. Acad, xvii, 33.5.

I. prinoides, Aiton, Hert. Kew.i, 169; 2 cd. i, 278.— Lamarck, 111. i, 355.— Willdenow, Spec.i, 709.— Nouveau Duhamel, i,
11. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am., ii, 229. — Persoon, Syn. i, 151. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 362. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,
•J18.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 488; Mant. 332.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 15. - Sprengel,
Syst. i, 495.— Audubon, Birds, t. 89.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 426.

I. cestivalis, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 147 ; 111. i, 356.

Prinos deciduus, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 16.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 20.— Hooker, Jonr. Bot. i, 202.— Loudon, Arboretum,
ii, 520.

I. amhiguus, Elliott, Sk. ii, 705.

Southern Virginia, southward, through the middle districts, to western Florida, valley of the Mississippi
river, southern Illinois southward to the Gulf of Mexico, and through southeastern Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern
Texas to the valley of the Colorado river.

A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states a
tall, straggling shrub; low, wet woods along streams, reaching its greatest development in the Iron Mountain
region of Missouri and in southern Arkansas.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, creamy-white, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.7420; ash, 0.70.

OYRILLACE^.

37. — Cyrilla racemiflora, Liunrons,

Mant. i, 50; Syst. 14 ed. 241. — Jacquin, Icon. Ear. t. 47; Coll. i, 162. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 103.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 245; HI. ii,
144, t. 147, f. 2.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 215, t. 46.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 255.— Elliott, Sk. i, 294.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 119.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 218.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 256.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 96, t.74; 2 ed. ii, 43, t. 74.— Planchon in
Hooker's Jour. Bot. v, 2.54.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 240, f. 1-4, 6, 17, 19, 21.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 417.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 272.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 105.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
130.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 540 & f.— Baillon, Adan8onia,i,203, t.4.— Wood, CI. Book,493; Bot. & Fl. 205.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 18.

Andromeda plumata, Bartram, Cat.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 9.

C. Caroliniana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 158. —Gajrtncr, f. Fruct. Suppl. 147, t. 209, f. 8.— Persoon, Syn. i, 175.— Pursh, FL
Am. Sept. i, 170.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 145.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 4:;0.— Ra;mer & Schultes, Syst. v, 408.— Bot. Mag. t. 2456.—
Walpers, Rep. vi, 421.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 805.

Itea Cyrilla, UHeiitieT, Stirp. i,137,t.66.— Swartz, Prodr. 50; Fl. Ind. Dec. i, 506 ; Obs. 94, t. 4.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1146.—
Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 37.

V. racemosa, London, Arboretum, iv, 2577, f. 2503.

C. polystachia, C. parvifolia, C.fuscata, Eatinesque, Aulikon Botanikon, 8.

IRON WOOD.

North Carolina southward, near the coast, to middle Florida (latitude 30°), -westward, along the Gulf coast,
to the valley of the Pearl river, Mississippi.

A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a taU
shrub, sending uj) many stems from the root; open swamps and low thickets; a variety {Chapman, Curtiss) with
narrower, persistent leaves, and thicker spongy bark, in pond holes and wet depressions of the pine barrens of the
Apalachicola region of western Florida, forms dense, impenetrable thickets.

Wood heavy, weak, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous; color, brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; specific gravity, 0.0784 ; asb, 0.42,

38 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

38. — Cliftonia ligustrina, Banks,

Ex. Gaertner f. Fruot. Snppl. 246, t. 225.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 31.— ToiTcy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 256.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii,
92, t.73; 2 ed. ii, 39, t. 73.— Planchon in Hooker's Jour. Bot.v, 255.— Walpers, Rep. vi, 422.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1412.— Scbnizlein.
Icon. t. 240", f. 5, 7-10, 20.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, FI. S. States, 273.— Porcher, Resources 8.
Forests, 130.— Baillon in Adansonia, i, 202, t. 4, f. 3-6.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.

Mylocaryum UgnMrinum, Willdenow, Enum. i, 454.— Bot. Mag. t. 1625.— Lamarck, HI. iii, 616, t. 952, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl.
Am. Sept. i, 302, t. 14.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 41.— Elliott, Sk. i, 508.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 231.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
323.— Darby, Fl. 8. States, 417.— Wood, CI. Book, 493; Bot. & Fl. 205.

TITI. mON W(;OD. BUCKWHEAT TREE.

Valley of the Savannah river, Georgia, southward to the Chattahoochee region of west Florida, westward along
the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana.

A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter, or toward its southern
limits in Florida reduced to a shrub; margins of pine-barreu ponds and streams.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6249; ash, 0.42; largely used as fuel, burning with a clear flame.

CELASTRACE^.

39. — Eucnymus atropurpureus, Jacquin,

Hort. Vind. ii, 155, t. 120.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 573; HI. ii, 98.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 274; 2ed. ii, 29. — Willdenew, Spec, i, 1132; Enum. i,
256. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 155. — Persoon, Syn. i,243. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 26. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 3.56. — Pursh, Fl.
Am. Sept. i, 168. — Turpin, Diet. Soi. Nat. xvii, 532, t. 272.— Eaton, Manual, 28 ; 6 ed. 140.— Nuttall, Genera, 155.— Roemer & Schultes,
Syst. V, 466.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 24.— ElUott, Sk. i, 293.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 4.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173 ; Fl. U. S.
261 ; Compeqd. Fl. N. States, 120 ; Fl. N. York, i, 141 ; Nicollet's Rep. 147.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 788.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 5 —
Beck, Bot. 72. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. ii, 405. — Rafinesque, New Fl. 60.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 499, f. 167.—
■: Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 257.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 819.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 240.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 219, f. 112.— Gray,

Genera, ii, 188; Manual N. States, 5 ed. IIG. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Darby, Bot. S. States,
268.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 48.— Baillon in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, v, 314.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 76.— Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 102.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 289 ; Bot. & Fl. 76.—
Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 129. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 629. — Young,
Bot. Texas, 205.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.

U. Garolinensis, Marshall, Arbnstum, 43.

E. latifolius, Marshall, Arbnstum, 44 [not Alton].— Agardh,Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 22, f. 4.

BURNING BUSH. WAHOO. SPINDLE TREE. ARROW WOOD.

Western New York, west to the valley of the upper Missouri river {Fort Union), Montana, southward to northern
Florida, southern Arkansas, and eastern Kansas.

A small tree, rarely 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a shiub 2 to 3
meters in height ; low, rich woods, reaching its greatest development west of the Mississippi river.

Wood heavy, very close-grained, liable to check badly in seasoning ; medullary rays hardly discernible ; color,
white tinged with orange ; specific gravity, 0.6592 ; ash, 0.58.

Wahoo bark, a mild but rather uncertain purgative, is used bj- herbalists in the form of decoctions, tinctures,
fluid extracts, etc. {Am. Jour. Pharmacyj xx, 80.— U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 402. — Ifat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 559).

40. — Myginda pallens, Smith,

Bees' Cycl. xxv. No. 4.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 13.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 146.— Chapman iu
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 3 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612.

Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe Key; in the West Indies.

A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter iu diameter.

Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary
rays hardly distinguishable; color, dark brown or nearly black, the thick sap-wood lighter brown tinged with red;
specific gravity, 0.9048 ; ash, 3.42.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 39

41. — Schaefferia frutescens, Jacqnin,

Stirp. Am. 259.— Gsertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 249, t. 225, f. 7.— Lamarck, 111. lii, 402, t. 809.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet.' vi, 727.— De
CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 41.— Karsten, Fl. Columbise, i, t. 91.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 76.— Grisebaoh, Fl. British West Indies, 146.—
Walpers, Ann. vii, 581. ^

8. COmpleta, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 327, t. 7, f. A.— Willdenow, Spec, iy, 741.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 371.— Macfadyen,
Fl. Jamaica, 207.

S.bux^olia, Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 42, t. 56; 2 ed. i, 190, t. 56.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 264.

YELLOW WOOD. BOX WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from Metacombe Key eastward, Caloosa river and sparingly ou the
Reef Keys; in the West Indies.

A small tree, occasionally 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, generally hollow
and defective.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure;
color, light bright yellow, the sap-wood a little lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7745 ; ash, 2.54.

RHAMNACE^.

42. — Reynosia latifolia, Grisebach,

€at. PI. Cuba, 34.— Eggers, Videnskab, Medd. fra. Nat. For. 173 & t. ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiii, 40.— Gray in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iv,
208.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612.

fBhamnus IwbigatUS, Vahl, Symbelse, iii, 41.

Ceanothus IcevigatUSj De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 30.

Scutia ferrea. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 72 [not Brongniart].

fBhamindium revolutum, Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612.

BED* lEON WOOD. DARLING PLUM.

Semi-tropical Florida, *Miami {Garber), bay Biscayue, and on the southern keys (Curtiss); in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact; meduUarj'rays numerous, thin ; color, rich
dark brown, the sap-wood light brown; specific gravity, 1.0715; ash, 3.20.
The edible frnit, ripening in April and May, of agreeable flavor.

43. — Condalia ferrea, Grisebach,
Fl. British West Indies, 100.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 588.— Gray in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iv, 208.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612.
Bhamnug ferrea, Vahl, Symbol*, iii, 41, t.58.
Zizyphus emarginatus, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. iii, 19.54.
Ceanothus ferreus, De Candelle, Prodr. ii, 30.
Scutia ferrea, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. x, 363 [not Chapman, Fl. S. States, 72].— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.

* BLACK IRON WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Biscayne, ou the southern keys ; in the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes 11 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 meter in diameter, generally hollow and
defective; common.

Wood exceedingly heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, difficult to work; remarkable for
the large percentage of ash; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, rich orange-brown, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 1..3020; ash, 8.31.

40 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

44. — Condalia obovata, Hooker,

loon. t. 2fl7.— Torrey &. Gray, Fl. i, 685. — Gray in Jonr. Boston 8oo. Nat. Hist, vi, 169 ; Genera, ii, 172, 1. 164 ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii,
32 ; V, 27 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bonndary Survey, 47.— Watson in Proo. Am. Aoad. xyii, 336.

BLUE WOOD. LOGWOOD. PURPLE HAW.

Eastern and southwestern Texas, westward through southern New Mexico to southern Arizona; probably
extending into nerthern Mexico.

A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub ; reaching
its greatest development along the streams of eastern Texas; one of the common "chaparral" plants of western
Texas, here forming dense, impenetrable thickets.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in seasoning, containing many groups of large
irregularly-arranged open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the sap-wood light yellow;
specific gravity, 1.1999; ash, 7.03.

45. — Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 101. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 88; Diet, iv, 476. — Michaox, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 153. — Nouveau Duliamel, iii, 47. — Persoon. Syn.
i, 239.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 153.— Ecemer «fe Schultes, Syst. v, 285.— EUiott, Sk. i, 289.— De Candolle,
Prodr. ii, 26. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 768. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 174. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i,
202. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Ameriea, i, 262. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 807. — London, Arboretum, ii, 537. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 300. — Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 390.— Seheele in Roemer, Texas, 432.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 50, t. 59 ; 2 ed. i, 198, t. 59.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 269.—
Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Book, 219 ; Bot. & Fl. 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 610. — Gray, Hall's
PI. Texas, 5.

t Frangula fragillis, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludovioiana, 320; Sylva Telluriana, 27.

Sarcomphalus CaroUnianus, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 29.

Frangula Caroliniana, Gray, Genera, ii, 178, t. 167 ; Manual N. states, 5 ed. 115.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary S irvoy,
46. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251..— Curtis in Eep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 92. — Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.

INDIAN CHEERY. ,

Long Island, New York, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Illinois, Missouri south of the
Meramec river, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to northern Florida (latitude 30°), and through
the Gulf states to western Texas.

A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states
generally a tall shrub; rich woods along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in southern
Arkansas and eastern Texas.

Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown,
the sap-wood lighter; siieciflc gravity, 0.5462; ash, 0.64.

The edible fruit sweet and agreeable.

46. — Rhamnus Californica, Eschscholiz,

Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, x, 281 (Linnaa hitt.-BeT. 1828, 149.— Presi, Rep. Bot. i, 197).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32.— Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 263.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 806.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— Hemsley,
Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 197.

B. Oleifolius, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 123, t. 44.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 136, 328.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
America, i, 260.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 10 ; PI. Hartweg. 302.— Durand in Jour.
Philadelphia Acad. 1855, gS.- Carrifere in Rev. Hort. xlvi, 354, f. 47-49.

Endotropis oleifolia, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 31.

R, laurifolius, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 260.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390. *

Frangula Californica, Gray, Genera, ii, 178 ; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 146.— Torrey iu Sitgreaves' Rep. 1,">/
Pacific E. E, Eep. iv, 74; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 46; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 261. — Newberry in Pacific E. E.
Eep. vi, 69. — Bolandor in Proo. California Acad, iii, 78.

California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper Sacramento river southward to Santa
Barbara and fort Tejon.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 41

A small tree, rarely 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 meter in diameter {Pringle), or commonly
a shrub, along the sea-coast and at high elevations often prostrate; common and reaching its greatest development
in the valleys of the Santa Cruz mountains. A low shrubby form, densely white- tomentose, especially on the
under side of the leaves, of southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico, is —
var. tomentella, Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.

B. tomentellus, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 303.— Seemaun, Bot. Herald, 275.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 267.

Frangula Californica, var. tomentella. Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. vi, 28. -Torrey in Pacific E. R. Eep. iv, 74; vii, 9.
Wood lightv soft, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of
open ducts ; medullary rays narrow, obscure ; color, brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity,.
O.GOOO; ash, 0.58.

47. — Rhamnus Purshiana, De Candolle,

Prodr. ii, 25.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 538, f. 211.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 123, t. 43; London Jour. Bot. vi, 78. — Don, Miller's Diet,
ii, 32.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 262.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 807.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 52; 2 ed. i, 200.— Kichardson, Arctic
Exped. 423. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69. — Koch, Dendrologio, i, 610. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 379. — Brewer &
Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86.

Ii. alnifolius, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166 [not L'Heritier].

Cardiolepis obtusa, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 28.

Frangula Purshiana, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii», 29, 57.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,.
9.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 262.

BEAEBEBEY. BEAE WOOD. SHITTIM WOOD.

Puget sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Washington territory to the Bitter Eoot mountain,.
Idaho (Mullan pass, Watson), and the shores of Flathead lake, Montana {Canby & Sargent), southward through,
western Washington territory, Oregon, and California, west of the Sierra Nevada, to about latitude 40°.

A small tree, often 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; depressions and along
the sides and bottoms of caiions in the coniferous forests, reaching its greatest development along the western slope
of the Coast Range of southern Oregon.

W^ood light, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light
brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity^ 0.5672 ; ash, 0.G7.

The bark, like that of other species of the genus, possesses powerful cathartic properties, and, under the name
of Cascara sagrada, has recently been introduced by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, tinctures, etc.,
immense quantities being gathered for this purpose in the Oregon forests [Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. G59).

48. — Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschscholtz,

Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, x, 285.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 37.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 136,.
328.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 266.— Dietrich, Syu. i, 81:!.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, .540.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 185.—
Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxx, t. 38.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 44, t. 57 ; 2 ed. i, 193, t. ."j7.— Beutbaiu, Bot. Sulphur, 10; PI. Hartweg. 302.— Auu.
Gand. 1847, 1. 107.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 14; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 45; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 2C3.— Newberry in
Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii'^, 57.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 78.— Koch, Dendrologie, i,
621.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 334.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 102.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.

BLUE MYRTLE.

California Coast ranges, from Mendicino county south to the valley of the San Louis Eey river (Pala, Parish
Brothers).

A small tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or toward the southern
limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in the Sequoia forests near Santa
Cruz.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary ;;ays very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood
darker; specific gravity, 0.5750; ash, 0.G9.

The bark of the root may be expected to ijossess similar astringent properties to that of the shrubby G.
Americana, used with advantage in cases of diarrhea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in throat troubles
( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1609. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 373).

49. — Colubrina reclinata, Brongniart,

Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. x, 369.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 359.— Grisebach, Yl. British West Indies, 101.— Eggers in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 40.

Rhamnus ellipticus, Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 265 ; 2 ed. ii, 17.— Willdeuow, Spec, i, 1098.— Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 497.

Zizyphus Dominigensis, Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 56.

Ceanothus rcclinatus, L'Heritier, Scrt. 6.— Ktcmer & Schnltes, Syst. v, 288.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 31.— Macfadycn, Fl..
Jamaica, 211.

42 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

»

NAKED WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, Umbrella Key, on the north end of Key Largo, and sparingly on the small islands south
of Elliott's Key ; through the West Indies.

■ One of the laigest trees of the region, deciduous, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.25 meter in
diameter; reaching its greatest development within the United States on Umbrella Key, here forming a dense
forest.

Wood heavy, hanl, very strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish, containing
many small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood light
yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8208 ; ash, 1.75.

"The trunk attains a size of over 1 meter and is most extraordinary. When 0.152 meter thick it becomes
furrowed, and the furrows and ridges multiplj- and extend in all directions; trunks 0.75 to 1 meter in diameter
appear like a mass of braided serpents. On small trunks the bark breaks up into flakes which curl up and drop
■off. Between the ridges where the bark persists the edges of dozens of papery layers may be seen" {Curtiss in let).

sapindacej:

50. — ^sculus glabra, Willdenow,

Ennm. 405.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 241.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 384 ; Compend. Fl.
N. States, 164.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 28, t. 24.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 44.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet.
i,652.— Beek, Bot. 65.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 467, f. 133.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 115.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Gray, Genera, ii, 207, 1. 176, 177; Manuel N. States, 5 ed. 118.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Eep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.- Wood, CI. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 85.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser.
xii, 187.— Koch, Dcndrologie, i, 508.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61.

JE. pallida, Wllldenow, Enum. 406.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb.
Holz. 29, t. 25.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 6.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiv,
t. 51. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 463, f. 134.

^. echinata, Muhlenberg, Cat. 38.

^. Ohioensis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 242 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 156, t. 92.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 593.— De
Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 6.— Eiddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 34.— Lindley,
Bot. Reg. xxiv, 51, t. 51.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 71 ; 2 ed. ii, 17.

f^. carnea, Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 25, t. 22.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 43.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xiii,t. 1056.— Watson,
Dend. Brit, ii, t. 121.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253.— Walpers, Rep. i,425.

Pavia glabra, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.

Pavia pallida, Spach In Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.

t Pavia carnea, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Don in Sweet's Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. U 301.

t Pavia WatS07liana, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253.

f-^. Watsoniana, Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Walpers, Rep. i, 425.

^. Hipjwcastanum, var. OhioensiS, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 467.— Browne, Trees of America, 110.

JB. Hippocastanum, var. glabra, London, Arboretum, i, 467.— Browne, Trees of America, 111.

^. Hippocastanum, var. pallida, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 468.— Browne, Trees of America, 111.

OHIO BUCKEYE. FETID BUCKEYE.

Western slopes of the Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to northern Alabama, westward through southern
Michigan (rare) to southern Iowa, eastern Kansas to about longitude 97° west, and the Indian territory.

A small tree, 8 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; rich soil along streams and
river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in the high valleys of the southern Alleghany niountaiiiK.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to split, often blemished by dark lines of dfcay;
medullary rays obscure; color, white, the sap wood darker; specific gravity, 0.4542; ash, 0.86; largely used in

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 43

cominou with that of the other species of the genus in the manufacture of woodenware, artificial limbs (for which
the wood of ^sculus is preferred to that of all other American trees), paper-pulp, wooden hats, less commonly for
the bearings of shafting and machinery, and occasionally manufactured into lumber.

The bark of the allied old world species ^. Hippocastanum occasionally has been found eflScacious as a substitute
for cinchona bark in the treatment of intermittent fevers ( JJ. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1565. — Wat. Dispensatory, 2 ed.
712), and similar properties may be looked for in the bark of jE. glabra.

51. — .ffisculus flava, Aitou,

Hort.Kew. i,494^ 2 ed. ii,335.— B.S.Barton, Coll. i, 13; Bot. Appx. 26, t. 15, f.2.— Willdenow, Spec. ii,286; Enum. i,40.5; Berl. Baumz.
13.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 385.— Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, 1, 242.— James in Long's Exped. i, 22.— Guimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 27, t. 23.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 44.— Elliott, Sk. i, 436.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 163.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab.
t. 1280.— Torrey &. Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 202.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Eaton, S^anual, 6 ed. 7.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.-
Walpers, Eep. i, 424.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 266.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 74.— Browne, Trees of America, 118.— Schnizlein,
Icon. t. 230='»,/. 3. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 48.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 288 ; Bot. & Fl. 75.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. US.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.

^. octandra, Marshall, Arbustum, 4.— Miller's Diet. No. 1.

Pavia flava, Moench, Meth. 66.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser.ii,
55; Hist. Veg. iii, 25. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 471 & t.

^. lutea, Wangenheim in Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, viii, 133, t. 6. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 219. — Persoon, Syn.
i, 403.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 509.

Pavia lutea, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 94. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 155, t. 38. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 237, 1. 11 ;
N. Amsrican Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 153, t. 91.

' ^. neglecta, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xii, t. 1009.

Pavia neglecta, Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653. — Spach In Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 55 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 24. — Loudon, Arboretum, i. 472.

SWEET BUCKEYE.

Allegheny county, Pennsylvania (T. C. Porter), southward along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia
(Augusta) and Alabama, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Iowa, the Indian territory, and the
valley of the Brazos river, eastern Texas.

A tree 18 to 28 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits
reduced to a shrub ; rich woods and along streams, reaching its greatest development on the slojies of the Alleghany
moantains of North Oarolina and Tennessee.

A variety with purple or flesh-colored flowers, the leaflets pubescent beneath, is —

var. purpurascens, Gray, Manual N. states, 5 ed. 118.

^. hybrida, De Candolle, Hort. Monsp. 1813, 75.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 3.34.

^. discolor, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— Bot. Reg. iv, t. 310.— Elliott, Sk. i, 436.— Sprengel,
Syst. 11, 167.— Sertum Botanicum, iv & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 381.

Pavia discolor, Poiret, Suppl. V, 769.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 7.— Spach iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser.
ii, 57 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 28. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 472.

Pavia hybrida, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. G.-Spach in Anu. Sci. Nat.
2 ser. ii, 56; Hist. Veg. iii, 27.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 472.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 512.

JE. Pavia, var. discolor, Torrey &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 252.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soe. Nat.
Hist, vi, 167.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, difiScult to split; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, creamy-
white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4274 ; ash, 1.00.

52. — .ffisculus Californica, Nuttall;

Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251 ; Sylva, ii, 69, t. 64 ; 2 ed. ii, 16, t. 64.— Hooker &. Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 327.— Dietrich, Syn. ii,
1225.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 9; PI. Hartweg. 301.— Durand in Jour.
Philadelphia Acad. iaT5, 85.— Rev. Hort. iv, 150, f. 10, 11.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 74; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 48;
Bot. Wilkes Exped. 260.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 20, 69, f. 1.— Bot. Mag. t. 5077.— Fl. dcs Serres, xiii, 39, t. 1312.—
London Gard. Chronicle, 18.58, 844.— Beige, Hort. ix, 121 & t.— Gray in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 146.— Bolander in Proc.
California Acad, iii, 78.— Walpers, Ann. 624.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 513.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Calil'omia, i, 106.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 9.

Calothyrsus Californica, Spach in Ann.Sei. Nat.2«er.ii,62; Hist. Veg. iii, 35.

Pavia Californica, Hartweg in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 123.— Carrifere in Rev. Hort. 1862, 369 & f.

44 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

OALIPOBNIA BUCKEYE. *

California, valley of the upper Sacramento river and Mendocino county, southward along the Coast ranges to
San Luis Obispo, and along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains.

A low, widely-branching tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a short trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter, often
greatly expanded at the base, or more often a much-branched shrub 3 to 5 meters in height ; borders of streams,
reaching its greatest development in the canons of the Coast Kange, north of San Francisco bay.

Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, white
slightly tinged with yellow, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4980 ; ash, 0.70.

53. — Ungnadia speciosa, Endlicher,

Atacta Bot. t. 36 ; Nov. Stirp. Desc. ix, 75.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 684 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. ii, 168.— Walpers, Eep. i, 423-; v,
371 ; Ann. vii, 625. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 167 ; Genera, ii, 211, t. 178, 179 ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 38 ; v, 30 ;
Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 299 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. — Fl. des Serres, x, 217, t. 1059. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 48. —
Schnizlcin, Icon. t. 230, f. 2, 8.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 265.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 515.— Baillon, Hist. PI.v, 423.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 337.

V. heterophylla, Scheele in Linnsea, xxi, .')89 ; Koemer, Texas, 589.

U. heptaphylla, Scheele in Linnsea, xxii, 352 ; Eoemer, Texas, 432.

SPANISH BUCKEYE.

Valley of tke Trinity river (Dallas, Beverchon) through western Texas to the canons of the Organ mountains.
New Mexico (Bigelow) ; southward into Mexico.

A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.16 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its
eastern and western limits reduced to a law shrub ; common west of the Colorado river ; bottoms and rich
hillsides, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Guadalupe river, between New Brannfels and
the coast.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous evenly-distributed open
ducts; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous; color, red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.6332; ash, 1.17.

Fruit reputed poisonous.

54. — Sapindus marginatus, Willdcnow,

Ennm. i, 432.— Muhlenberg, Cat. 41.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 607.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 250.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 665.— Spach, Hist.
Veg. iii, 54. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 255, 685 ; Pacific R. E. Eep. ii, 162. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 323. — Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 411.— Nuttall, Sylvaf ii, 72, t. 65; 2 ed. ii, 19, t. 65.— Leavenworth in Am. Jour. Sci. i, 49, 130.— Engelmann & Gray
in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 241. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 169; Genera, ii, 214, t. 180; Smithsonian
Contrib. iii, 38; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. — Engelmann in Wislizenus' Eep. 12. — Torrey in Emory's Eep. l.'JS; Marcy's Eep. 282;
Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 2, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Bmindary Survey, 47. — Scheele in Ecemer, Texas, 433. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230, f. 22.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 75. — Porcher.^
EesourcesS. Forests, 85. — ^Young, Bot. Texas, 208.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. — Hemsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 214. — Watson in Proc.
Am. Acad, xvii, 337.

S. saponaria, Lamarck, III. ii, 441, t. 307 [not Linna!us]. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 242. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi,
663, in part.— Persoon, Syn. i, 444.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 274.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 257.— Elliott, Sk. i, 460.— Torrey
in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 267.

t S. inwqualis, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 608.

S. falcaim, Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 261.

8. acuminata, Eafinesque, New Fl. 22.

8. Drummondi, Hooker & Amom Bot. Beeohey, 281 (excl. var. ).— Walpers, Eep. i, 417.

WILD CHINA. SOAPBEBEY.

, Atlantic coast. Savannah river to the Saint John's river, Florida, and on Cedar Keys ; southern Arkansas,
valley of the Washita river (Prescott, Letterman) through western Louisiana and Texas to the mountain valleys of
aontbem New Mexico and Arizona; southward into Mexico, and in the West Indies (? 8. incequalis).

A tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; west of the Colorado
river much smaller, rarely 9 meters in height; along streams or toward the western limits of its distribution only
in mountain valleys, reaching its greuti'st <level<)pment along the river bottoms of eastern Texas.

CATALOGUE OF FOllEST TREES. 45

Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, compact, easily split into thin strips ; layers of annual growth clearly
raarked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with yellow,
the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.812G; ash, 1.50; largely used in Texas in the manufacture of cotton-baskets,
and in T^ew Mexico for the frames of pack-saddles.

Saponin, common in several species of the genus, and affording a substitute for soap, may be looked for in the
fruit and roots of this tree.

s

55. — Sapindus Saponaria, Linnajus,

Spec. 1 ed. 367; Swartz, Obs. 152.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 441, t. 307.— Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 468.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 424.— Titford,
Hort. Bot. Am. 61.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 663.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, iv, 121, t. 261.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 607.—
Spach. Hist. Veg. iii, 53.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 323. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 159. — Eafinesque, New Fl. 22.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii,
72 ; 2 ed. 20.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 280.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 126.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 349, f. 353.— Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 10.— Chapman in Conlter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 3 ; Fl. S. States, Snppl. 613.

SOAPBEKEY.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne, cape Sable, Caximbas bay. Thousand Islands, Key Largo, Elliott's Key;
in the West Indies.

A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.38 meter in diameter; common on cape Sable,
and reaching its greatest development within the United States on the Thousand Islands and along the shores of
Caximbas bay.

Wood heavy, rather hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged
with yellow, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8367 ; ash, 4.34.

The fruit and roots rich in saponin and used in the West Indies as a substitute for soap {Guibourt, Hist. Drogues,
7 ed. iii, 598. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. J751) ; the round, black .seeds for beads, buttons, and small ornaments.

56. — Hypelate paniculata, Cambessedes,

Mem. Mps. xviii, 32.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 671.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 295.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 127.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 79. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.

Melicocca paniculata, Jussieu in Mem. Mus. iii, 187, t. 5.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 615.— Nrittall, Sylva, ii, 74, t. 66; 2ed.
■ ii, 21, t. 66.

Exothea oblongifolia, Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 232.

H. oblongifolia, Hooker in London Jour. Bot. iii, 2^, t. 7.

INK WOOD. IRON WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, east coast. Mosquito inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.

A tree often 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 meter in diameter.

Wood verj' heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, susceptible of a good polish, checking in drying;
medullary rays obscure ; color, bright reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.9533 ; ash, 1.25 ;
used in ship-building, for the handles of tools, and piles; resisting the attacks of the teredo.

57. — Hypelate trifoliata, Swartz,

Fl. Ind. Oco. ii, 655, t. 14. — Delessert, Icon, iii, t. 39. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 614. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 78. — Grisebach, Fl
British West Indies, 127; Cat. PI. Cuba, 46.

WHITE IRON WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys; in the West Indies.

A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter.

Wood very heavy, hard, close grained, compact, susceptible of a fine poli.sh, durable in contact with the soil;
medullary rays thin, obscure; color, rich light brown, the -sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.9102; ash, 1.38;
used in shipbuilding, for the handles of tools, i)osts, etc.

46 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

58. — Acer Pennsylvanicum, Linnious,

Sped ed. 1055. — Alton. Hort. Kew. iii, 435. — Miobaiix.J'l. Bor.Am. ii, 252. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 969; Enuni. i, 1045. — DesfontaineSr
Hist. Arb. i, 391.— Nouveau Dtihamel, iv, 32.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, 1. 11.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 210.— Elliott, 8k. i, 451.— Torrcy, Fl. U.
S. 397; Compeiid. Fl. N. States, 170; Fl. N. York, i, 135.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 224.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Torroy & Gray, Fl.N.
Aunrica, i, 240.— Hooker, Fl. IJor.-Aiu. i. 111. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 49C; 2 ed. ii, 5(5(j & t.— Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174,
f. 1-3; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 2(i5.— Cooperin Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, fiO.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.N. Carolina, 1660, iii, 52.— Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t.
2, f. 24.— Wood, CI. Book, 2«6; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 521.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 373, f. 418-420.— Va.sey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 10.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst.xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53«.

A. Canadenne, MarshaU, Arbustum, 4.

A. Ktriatiim. Dn Roi, Diss. 58; Harbk. i, 8,t. 1. — Wangenheim, Amer. 29, 1. 12, f.2. — Lamarck, Diet, ii, 381. — Ehrhart, Beitr
iv, 25. — Mojnch, Meth. .^C. — Persoon, Syn.i 417. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 242, 1. 17; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.
ii, 175, t. 47. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267. — Nnttall, Genera, i, 258.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 593. — Watsoc, Dcud. Brit.
i_ t. 70. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 648. — Beck, Bot. 64. — Loudon, Arboretum, 1, 407 & t. — Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 85; Ann.
Sci.Nat.2 ser.ii, 162.— Dietrich, Syn. 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Browne,
Trees of America, 76.

STRIPED MAPLE. MOOSE WOOD. STRIPED DOGWOOD. GOOSE-FOOT MAPLE. WHISTLE WOOD.

Valley of the Saint Liiwience river (Ha-Ha bay), iiortheru shores of lake Ontario, islands of lake Huron,
soath through the northern Atlantic states, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, west through
the lake region to northeastern Minnesota.

A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; cool ravines and mountain
sides.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-
wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5299; ash, 0.36. •

59. — Acer spicatum, Lamarck,

Diet, ii, 381.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 485.— Persoou, Syn. i, 417.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 593.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 648.— Audubon,
Birds, t. 134.— Penn. Cycl. i, 77.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Beck, Bot. 64.— Spach, Hist. Veg. 87; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 163.—
London, Arboretum, 1, 406, t. 26.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 246.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.—
Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 185. — Browne, Trees of America, 74. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 497; 2 ed. ii, 567 & t. — Parry Id
Owen's Rep. 610.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860,
iii, 52.— Wood, CI. Book, 287 ; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 522.— Macoun in Geological
Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 192.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54"=.— Nicholson in
London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172.

A. Penngylvanicum, Du Roi, Diss. 61 ; Harbk. i, 22, t. 1 [not LinnseUs]. — ^Wangenheim, Amer. 82, t. 12, f. 30. — Marshall,
Arbustum, 2.

A. parviflorum, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 25; vi, 40.— Mcench, Meth. 56.

A. montanum, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 435; 2 ed. v, 447 (excl. syn. ««ria(«m).— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 253.— Willdenow,
Spec, iv, 988; Enum. i, 1045.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 391.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 33.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t.
13.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 253.— Gnimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 59, t. 48.— Hayne,
Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 452.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 398; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 224.-
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 111.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.

MOUNTAIN MAPLE.

Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west along the northern shores of the great lakes to northern Minnesota
and the Saskatchewan region, south through the northern states, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern
Georgia.

A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a tall
shrub ; cool woods and mountain ravines, reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany
mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; mednllarj' rays inconspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red^
the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5330 ; ash, 0.43.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 47

60. — Acer macrophyllum, Pursh,

Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 669.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253; Sjlva, ii, 77, t. G7 ; 2 ed. ii, 24, t. 67.— De Caudolle, Prodr. i,
594._Spreagel, S.vst. ii, 225.— Penn. Cycl. i, 78.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. 1, 112, t. 38.— Don, Miller's Diet.
• i, 648. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 165.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 246.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beecliey, 327. —
Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 408, t. 28, f. 117, 118.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Boutham, PI. Hartweg. 301.—
Browne, Trees of America, 78. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Dnrand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 84. — Torrey in Pacific
K. E. Kep. iv, 74; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 258.- Newberry in Pacific R. E. Rep. vi, 21, 67. — Cooper
in Pacific E. E. Rep. xii, 28, 57; Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 258. — Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 134, 144. — Bolander in Proo.
California \cad. iii, 78.— Wood, CI. Book, 287; Bot. &, Fl. 74. — Eothrock iu Smithsonian Eep. 1867, 334. — Koch, Dendrologie. i,
528. — Gray iu Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 379. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Macoun iu
Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 192. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 330. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle,
1881, 10.

A. palmatum, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48 [not Thunberg].

BROAD-LEAVED MAPLE.

Coast of Alaska, from latitude 55° south al,ong the islands and coast of British Columbia, through western
Washington territory and Oregon, and along the California Coast ranges and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada
to the San Bernardino mountains and Hot Spring valley, San Diego county {Parish Brothers), not ascending above
4,000 feet altitude.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter; along streams and river bottoms,
reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom lands of the Coquille and other rivers of southern Oregon,
where, with the California laurel, it forms dense, heavy forests.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, rich light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific
gravity, 0.4909; ash, 0.54; largely used in Oregon iu the manufacture of furniture, for ax and broom handles,
frames of snow-shoes, etc. ; specimens with the grain beautifully curled and contorted are common and valued in
cabinet-making.

61. — Acer circinatum, Pnrsh,

Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 669. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 253; Jour. Philadelphia Acad, vii, 16 (excl. syn.); Sylva, ii, 80, t.
67; 2ed. ii, 27, t. 67.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 595.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Don,
Miller's Diet, i, 651.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, It^; Hist. Veg. iii, '97.- London, Arhoretum, i, 422, f. 112, 127.— Torrey &
Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 112, t. 39.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Browne,
Trees of America, 91. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Lindley in Paxton's Fl. Gard. ii, 156, f. 210 (London Gard. Chronicle,
1851, 791, f. 211).— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep.vi, 21, 69.— Cooper in Pacific R. E. Eep. xii, 28, 57 ; Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 258.—
Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 134.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 379. — Wood, CI. Book, 287, Bot.& Fl. 74.— Koch,,
Dendrologie, i, 523.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 258.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.—
Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 85.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 192.— G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat. new ser.
ix, 330. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 10.

A. virgatum, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.

VINE MAPLE.

British Columbia, valley of the Fraser river (Yale) and probably farther north, southward through Washington
territory and Oregon, west of the Cascade mountains to the Mount Shasta region of northern California, rarely
ascending to 4,000 feet altitude.

A small tree, sometimes 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter; along streams;
the stems often prostrate and forming dense, impenetrable thickets.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, liglit brown or
often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6660 ; ash, 0.39 ; used as fuel ; by lumbermen for ax
and shovel handles, and by the coast Indians for the bows of fishing nets.

62. — Acer glabrum, Torrey,

Ann. Lyc.X. York, ii, 172; Bot. Wilkes Expetl. 2,')9.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
America, i, 247, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Eep. i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 86 ; 2. ed.,ii, 33.— Newberry in Pacific
R. R. Rep.vi. C9. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.58, 258; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 51, 57; Am. Nat. iii, 406. — Engelmann iu Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv,259; Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863,59. — Porter iu Hayden's
Eep. 1870, 474; 1871,480.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 52.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 19.—
Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 763. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 192. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107. —
Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 83. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 750.

48 • FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

A. barbatvm, Donglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.i, 113.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 420, f. 126 (excl.syn.)'

A. Douglamiy Hookur in Loudon Jour. Bot. vi, 77, t. 6.

A. tripartitum, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.—
Walpers, Rep. i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 85, t. 71 ; 2 ed. ii, 33, t. 71.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 28; Paoifio
R. B. Rep. iv, TA— Newberry in Pacific R. B. Eep. vi, 69.

DWARF MAPLE.

British Columbia, valley of the Fraser river and probably farther north, south through Washington temtory,
Oregon, and along the Sierra Nevada of California to the Yosemite valley; east along the mountain ranges of Idaho
and Montana to the eastern base of the Eocky mountains, south through Colorado and Utah, in the east Humboldt
Bange, Nevada, and in the mountain ranges of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona.

A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often reduced
to a low shrub 1 to 2 meters in height; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the mountain
canons of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, or often nearly
vbite, the sap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6028; ash, 0.30.

63. — Acer grandidentatum, Nuttall;

Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1283.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Rep. i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, li,
82, t.69; 2ed. ii, 29, t. 69.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 52; PI. Wheeler, 7.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 480.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 10.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 2()8.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 83.— Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.—
Watson in ProcJ Am. Acad, xvii, 338. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle,. 1881, 172.

Western Montana, headwaters of the Columbia river {Nuttall), canons of the Wahsatch mountains, Utah, and
south through eastern Arizona to southwestern New Mexico (Mogollon mountains, E. L. Greene), and reported in
the ranges east of the Kio Grande ; southward into Coahuila [Palmer).

A small tree, rarely exceeding 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; along streams;
not common.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin, distinct; color, light brown, or
•often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6902; ash, 0.64.

64. — Acer saccharii^um, Wangenheim,

Amer. 36, 1. 11, f. 26.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 379.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 251.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 434; 2 ed. v, 447.— Ehrhart, Beitr.
iv, 24.— Persoon, Syn. i, 417. — Nonveau Dnhamel, iv, 29, t. 8. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985; Enum.ii, 1044. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.
i, 392.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 3.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 218, 1. 15 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 153, t. 42.— Titford, Hort.
Bot. Am. 105.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Eaton, Manual, 44; 6 ed. 2.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 214. —Elliott,
Sk. i, 450.— Richardson, Franklin Jo>ir. 26; Arctic Exped. 422.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N.
States, 170; Fl. N. York, i, 135.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Pcnu. Cycl. i, 79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.Am. i, 113.— Don, Miller's Diet. 1,
650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 406.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 170 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 99.— Loudon, Arboretum, i,
411, t. 31, f. 122.- Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. —Walpers, Rep. i, 410.—
Nees, PI. Med. 5. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 88; 2ed. ii,35. — Browne, Trees of America, 83. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 480 ; 2 ed.
ii, 258 & t.— Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
265.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book,
286 ; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 80.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Young, Bot. Texas,
206.— Vaaey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Gnibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 606.— Ward in Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 73.— Sears in Bull.
Essex Inst, xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51^.- Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62.

A. saccharum, Marshall, Arbustum, 4.

A. barhatum, Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii,253.— Willdenow, Spec iv,989.—Poiret, Suppl.ii, 575.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.i, 266.—
Nuttall, Genera, i, 255.— Elliott, Sk.i, 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 505.— Torrey, Fl. U.S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States,
169.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 224.— Don, Miller's Diet! i, 649.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach, Hist. Veg.
iii, 178; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 118.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.N. America, i, 249, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Curtis
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii. 51.

SUGAR MAPLE. Sl'GAK TREE. HARD MAPLE. BOOK MAPLE.

Southern Newfoundland, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguenay rivers, shores of lake. Saint John,
•west along the northern shores of the great lakes to Lake of the WoofJs ; south through the northern states and
along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and the Chattahoochee region of west Florida (var.
Floridanum, Chapman, I. c.) ; west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas (rare), and eastern Texas.

A tree of great economic value, 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or
toward its southwestern limits greatly reduced in size; rich woods, often forming extensive forests, and reaching
its greatest develoi)ment in region of the great lakes.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

49

Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6912; ash, 0.54;
largely used in tlie manufacture of furniture, shoe lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, in turnery, for interior finish, and
flooring; in ship-building for keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., and furnishing valuable fuel; "curled" maple and
"bird's-eye" maple, accidental forms in which the grain is beautifully curled and contorted, are common and
highly prized in cabinet-making.

Maple sugar is principally made from this species ; the ashes of the wood, rich in alkali, yield large quantities
of potash.

Var. nigrum, Torrey & Gray,

Fl. N. America, i, 248. — Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 136. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 411. — Browne, Trees of America, 84.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 119.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54=.

A. saccharinum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 252 [not Wangenheim].

A. nigrum, Mlchanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 238, t. 16; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 163, t. 43.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,266.—
Poiret, Suppl. v, 669.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Elliott, Sk. i, 450.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 397 ;
Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Don, Miller's Dirt, i, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Eaton, Manual, 6
ed. 2.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 104; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 170.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.—
Koch, Dendrologie, i, 532.— Gray in Am. Nat. vi, 767; vii, 422.— Wood, 01. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74.

BLACK SUGAR MAPLE.

Western Vermont, shores of lake Cham])lain, westward to southern Missouri, south through Tennessee to
northern Alabama, the valley of the Chickasaw river, Mississippi (Mohr), and southwestern Arkansas (Fulton,
Letterinan).

A large tree along streams and river bottoms, in lower ground than the species with which it is connected by
numerous intermediate forms.

Wood heavier than that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.6915 ; ash, 0.71.

65. — Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart,

Beitr. iv, 24.— Mcench, Meth. 56.— Persoon, Syn. i, 417.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985; Enum. ii, 1044.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. t, 446.—
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 252; Sylva, ii, 87; 2 ed. ii, 35.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 449.--
Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 109; Fl. H, York, i, 136, t. 18; Nicollet's Eep: 147.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.—
Tausch, Regensb. Fl. xii', 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— London, Arboretum, i, 423, fig. 129 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113;
Jonr. Bot. i, 200.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 487; 2 ed. ii, 556 & t.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 610.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46.— Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 423.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 265.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.— Curtis in
Sep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 51.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl.
74.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. See. new ser. xii, 187.— Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 119.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 88.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 541.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst.
xiii,3.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80,53<:.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 136, f. 24.— Ridgway in Proc.
U.S.Nat. Mns. 1882,62.

A. saccharinum, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1055.

A. rubrum, var. pallidum, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 434.

A. eriocarpum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,2o3.— Desfontaines in Ann. Mus. vii, 412, t. 25, f. 1 ; Hist. Arb. i, 392.— Poiret, SuppL
ii, 57.'5.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 8.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 205, t. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 146, t. 40.—
Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 30.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Beck, Bot. 63.—
Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 116; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 177. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 245. — Dietrich, Syn. ii,
1282. — Browne, Trees of America, 95. — Meehan in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1868, 140.

y^

SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. SILVER MAPLE.

Valley of the Saint John's river, New Brunswick, to Ontario, south of latitude 45°, south to western Florida;
west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the valley of the Blue river, Kansas, and the Indian territory.

A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; along
■treams and intervales, in rich soil ; most common west of the Alleghany mountains, and reaching its greatest
development in the basin of the lower Ohio river.

Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
specific gravity, 0.5269; ash, 0,33; somewhat used iu the manufacture of cheap furniture, for flooring, etc.; maple
sugar i.s occasionally made from this species.

1 l'f)l!

y

60 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

66. — Acer rubrum, Linnaeus,

8peo.l ed.1055.— Du Eoi, Diss. 59.— Marshall, Arbnstuin, 3.— Lamarck, Diet. )i,300; ll!.iii,438, t. e44, f. 3.— Klirliart, Beitr. iv.iSJ.—
Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 93. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 434 (excl. var.) ; 'J ed. v, 44G. — Ma-ucli, Moth. 56. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii,2.58. — Pereoon, Syn. i, 417. — Robin, Voy.iges, iii, 471. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv,31. — Willdenow, .Spec. iv,984; Enuui. ii, 1044. —
Desfontainos in Ann. Mtis.vii,413, t. 25, f. 2; Hint. Arb. i, 391. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 574. — Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 9. — Michaux t
HiBt.Arb.Aui.ii,210,t. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 c<l. i 149,t.4].— Pnrsh,ri. Am. Sept. i, 2(55.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 377.— Niittall,
Genera, i, 252.— Eaton, Manual, 44 ; 6 ed. 2.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 213.— EUiotr, Sk. i, 449.— Torrcy, FI.U. S. 395 ; Compend. Fl. N. States,
160; Fl. N. York, i, 137.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 169.— Sprengel, SyHt. ii, 225.— Anduboji, Biids. t. 54, 67.— Taiiscb, Rcgensb. Fl. xii»,
552.— Pcnu.CycI. i,79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 114 ; Jonr. Bot. i, 199.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach,Hist.Ve-. iii,
113; Ann.Sci. Nat. 2 ser.ii, 176. -London, Arboretum, i, 424, f. 130 &t.-Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 249, 6H4.— Dietrich, Syn.
ii, 1282.— Ealon &\Vright,Bot. 112.— Bigelow,FI.Bo8ton.3ed.405.— Walpers, Rep. i,4(i9.— Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844,
276. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 483 ; 2 ed.ii, 551 <& t. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Nuttall,
Sylva, ii, 87; 2 ed. ii, 34. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 265. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 50. — Losquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
354. — Wood, CI. Book, 286; Bot. &F1. 74. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,187. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
79. — Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 11. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119. — Koch, Dcndrologie, i, 542. — Young, Bot. Texas,
206. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 192. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176. — Bell in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54<:.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172, f. 30, 31.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mns. 1882, 62.

? A. glamum, Marshall, Arbustum, 2.

f A. GaroUniana, Walter, Fl.Caroliniana, 251.

A. coccineum, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 203 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 142.

A. sanguineum, Spach, Hist. Veg. ill, 115 ; Ann. Soi.Nat. 2 ser. ii, 176.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.

BED MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. SOFT 3IAPLE. WATER MAPLE.

New Bruuswick, Quebec and Outario, south of latitude 49°, north and west to the Lake of the Woods, south
to Indian and Galoosa rivers, Florida, west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian territory, and the
valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A large tree, 20 to 30 or, exceptionally, 32 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter ;
borders of streams and low, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Wabash
and Yazoo rivers.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color, brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specilic gravity, 0.6178 ; a.sh, 0.37 ; largely used in cabinet-
making, turnery, and for woodenware, gun stocks, etc. ; an accidental variety with undulating grain is highly
valued.

Ink is occasionally made, domestically^ by boiling the bark of this species in soft water and combining the
tannin with sulphate of iron ; formerly somewhat used in dyeing.

Var. Drummondii.
A. Drummondii, Hooker & Aiuott in Hooker, Jonr. Bot. i, 199.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 83, t. 70 ; 2 ed. ii, 30, t. 70.

Southern Arkansas, eastern Texas, western Louisiana, and sparingly through the Gulf states to southern
Georgia.

Well characterized by its obovate or truncate leaves, the base entire or slightly crenulate-toothed, densely
covered, as well as the petioles and young shoots, with a thick white tomentnm ; fruit convergent, the wings bright
red, even when fully ripe.

A large tree, in deep, wet swami)s, connected with the species by numerous intermediate forms of Georgia,
Florida, and Alabama.

Wood lighter than that of the species; specific gravity, 0.5459; ash, 0.34.

67. — Negundo aceroides, Mosnch,

Meth. 334.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 250.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 327.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 147; Fremont's Rep. 88;
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 73. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 92; 2 ed. ii, 38. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 1G6 ; Mem. Am. Acad,
new ser. iv, 29; v, 309; Genera, ii, 202, t. 175; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 41; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 120.— Richardson, Arctic
Exped. 423. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251 ; Am. Nat.
iii, 306. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 53. — Wood, CI. Book, 287 ; Bot. &
Fl. 74. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 188. — Porter in Hajdeu's Rep. 1870, 474. — W^atson in King's Rep.
V, 52; PI. Wheeler, 7. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Haydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 19. — Macoun & Gibson in Trans. Bot
Soc. Edinburgh, xii, 319. — Young, Bot. Texas, 207. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-'76, 192.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 108.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 84.— Hemsloy, Bot. Am.-Ccnt. i, 214.—
Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 48«. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle,1881,
815.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 338.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. . 51

Acer Negundo, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1050.— Wangenheim, Amer. 30, t. 12, f. ^9.— Marshall, ArbuBtum,2.— Liiuiiuok, Diet, ii,
380. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 250. — Alton, Hort. Ke^v. iii, 436; 2ed. v, 448. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 253. — Persoon,
Syn. i, 418. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,391. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 992; Ennm. ii, 1046. — Xouveau Duhamel, iv, 27, t.
7. — Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 40.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 247, 1. 18 ; N. American Sylva, 3 od. i, 172, t. 46.— Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. i, 268. — Hayno, Dend. Fl. 216. — Elliott, Sk. i, 452. — James in Long's Exped. ii, 69.— Torrey, Fl. U. S.
298; Corapend. Fl. N. States, 170; Ann^ Lye. N. York, ii, 172; Emory's Rep. 407.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Guimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 119, t. 95.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed., 2. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1283. — Loudon, Arboretum, i,
460, t. 46, 47. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 365. — Bucheuau in Bot. Zeit. xiv, 285, t. 11 & figs. — Koch, Dcndrologie, i,
^544.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 374, f. 426.

Kegundium fraxinifoKlim, Eafinesqne, Med. Rep. V, 354. — Dfsvaux, Jour. Bot. v, 170.

Negundo fraxinifolium, Nuttall, Genera, i, 253. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 596. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 114 ; Jpur. Bot. i,
200.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 651.— Beck, Bot. 64. — Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 119.— Eafinesqne, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.— Browne,
Trees of America, 106. — Seheele in Ecemer, Texas, 433. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 227, f. 2, 18.

T N. Mexicanum, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 596.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 214.

If. trifoliatum, Eafinesqne, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.

If. lobatum, Rafiuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.

N. Cali/ornicum, Seheele in Ecemer, Texas, 433 [not Torrey & Gray].

BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE.

t

Shores of the Winooski river and lake Champlain, Vermont, near Ithaca, Isew York, eastern Pennsylvania,
and south to Hernando county, Florida (not detected in northeastern Florida) ; northwest through the lake region of
the United States and Manitoba to the Dog's Head, lake Winnipeg, and along the southern branch of the Saskatchewan
to the eastern base of the Eocky mountains; west in the United States to the eastern slopes of the Eocky
mountains of Montana, through Colorado to the Wahsatch mountains, Utah; southwest through the basin of the
Mississippi river, western Texas, and New Mexico to the Mogollon mountains, eastern Arizona; southward into
Mexico.

A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 or, exceptionally, 1.20 meter in diameter; moist
soil, borders of streams, etc. ; in the Eocky Mountain region in high valleys, between 5,000 and 0,000 feet elevation ;
one of the most widely distributed trees of the American forest, reaching its greatest development iu the valleys
of the Wabash and Cumberland rivers.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, creamy-white,
the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4328; ash, 1.07; occasionally used in the interior finish of
houses, for woodenware, cooperage, and paper-pulp.

Small quantities of maple sugar are sometimes obtained from this species.

68. — Negundo Californicum, Torrey & Gray,

Fl. N. America, i, 250, 684.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beeehey, 327, t. 77.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 327.— Walpers, Rep. i, 410.— Bentham,
PI. Hartweg. 301.— NnttaU, Sylva, ii, 90, t. 72 ; 2 ed. ii, 37, t. 72.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258, in part.— Koch, Dendrologie,
i, 545.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 108.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1861, 815.

Acer Californicum, Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1283.

N. aceroides, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep.iv,74; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 259 [not Mcench].—
Bolander in Proc. Caltfomia Acad, iii, 78.

BOX ELDER.

California, valley of the lower Sacramento river (Sacramento, and in Marin and Contra Costa counties),
southward in the interior valleys of the Coast ranges to about latitude 35°, caSons of the western slopes of the San
Bernardino mountains {Parish Brothers).

A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.CO meter in diameter; borders of streams.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, nearly white, or
slightly tinged with yellow; specific gravity, 0.4821; ash, 0.54; occasionally used in the manufacture of cheap
furniture.

h

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

ANACARDIACE^

0

69. — Rhus cotinoides, NuUall,

in Herb. Philadelphia Acad. ; Travels, 177.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 70.— Wood, CL
Book, 285 ; Bot. & Fl. r3.— Buckley in Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 125.— Mohr in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 217.

S. CO<tnM«f Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 216.— Wood, CI. Book, 285.

Cotinus Americanus, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 1, t. 81 ; 2 ed. ii, 71, t. 81.

Cotinus cogffygria, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 351, in part.

Indian territorj', " on tho light, broken, calcareous, rocky banks of the Grand river, a large tributary of the
Arkansas, at a place then known as the Eagle's Nest," {Nuttall, I. c); Alabama, north of the Tennessee river on
southern slopes of the Cumberland mountains (on a hill near Bailie's farm, twelve miles from Huntsville, on the
Madison road, BucMey, Mohr), and doubtfully reported north of the Alabama line, in Tennessee.

CHITTAM WOOD.

t

In Alabama, a smaU wide-branching tree, 9 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter;
on limestone benches from 700 to 900 feet elevation, in dense forests of oak, ash, maple, etc.; local and very rare;
not rediscovered in Arkansas or the Indian territory ; in Alabama nearly exterminated.

Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil; layers
of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays, numerous, very obscure ; color,
bright, clear, rich orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6425 ; ash, 0.50 ; largely used locally
for fencing, and yielding a clear orange dye.

70. — Rhus typhina, LinnsBus,

Amcen. iv, 311. — Medicns, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 228. — Wangeuheiui, Amer. 95. — Marshall, Arbustiun, 129. — ^Walter, Fl. Caroliuiaua,
255.— Alton, Hort. Kew.i, 365; 2 ed.ii, 162.— Ehrhart, Beitr. vi, 89.— Mrench, Meth. 72.— Wilklcnow, Spec.i, 1478; Ennm. i, 323.—
B.S.Barton, Coll. i, 51.— Schkuhr, Handb. 237. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 182. — Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 164, t. 47. — Persoon, Syn. i,
324. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 325. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 503. — Bartou, Prodr. Fl. Philadelpb. 39; Compend. Fl.
Philadclph. i,153.— Pnrsli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 204.— Eaton, Manual, 35 ; 6 ed. 302.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 203.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. vi,
643.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 33.— Elliott, Sk. i, 360.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 322 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 140; Fl. N. York, i, 123.— De Candolle,
Prodr. ii, 67.— Sprcngel, Syst. i, 936.— Watson, Dend.' Brit, i, t. 17, 18.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 126.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 70.—
Beck, Bot. 76.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 212.— Bennett, PI. Jav. Rar. 80.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 550, f. 224.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.
N. America, i, 217, 680.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1002.— Emerson, Trees
Massachusetts, ,501 ; 2 ed.ii, ,571 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 184.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 186.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 610.—
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 43. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 254.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1S60, iii, 93. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 353.— Wood, CI. Book, 384; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 208.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 111.—
Koch, Dendrologie, i, 576. — Young, Bot. Texas, 197.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 488. — Nat.
Dispensatory, 2ed. 12:«).— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63.— Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 377.

Datisca hirta, Linnajus, Spec, l ed. 1037.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 290.

B. hypselodendron, Moeneh, Meth. T3.

B. Canadense, Miller, Diet. No. 5.- Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 163.

B. Viridiflora, Nouvean Dnhamel, ii, 163.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 504. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67. — Nuttall, Genera,
i, 203.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 70. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1002. — London, Arboretum, ii, 551. — ^Browne, Trees of America,
184.

B. typhina, var. viridiflora, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 378.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. M

STAGHOEN SUMACH.

New Brunswick, west throngh the valley of the Saint Lawrence river to southern Ontario and Minnesota,
south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and

Mississippi.

A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a shrub; dry
hillsides or often along streams in sandy, moist soil. A variety with laciniaie leaves occurs near Hanover, New
Hampshire, var. laciniata, Wood, CI. Book, 28i.—Bot. & Fl. 73).

Wood light* brittle, soft, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; layers of annual growth
clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow streaked
with greeu, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4357; ash, 0.50; occasionally used for inlaying cabinet
work; the young shoots for "sap quills" in drawing the sap of the sugar maple.

Bark and leaves astringent, rich in tannin, and somewhat used locally as a dye and in dressing skins (Special
Rep. A'o. 26, U. S. Ag. Dep. 22, t. 3) ; an infusion of the berries used domestically as a gargle in cases of catarrhal
sore throat.

71. — Rhus copallina, Liumcus,

Spec. 1 ed 266.— Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 224.^Mar8hall, Arbustum, 128. — Wangenheim, Amer. 96. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 25.5. —
Gieitner, Frnct. i, 205, t. 44.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 366; 2 ed. ii, 163.— Plenck, Icon. t. 233.— Lamarck, III. ii, 346, t. 207, f. 3.—
Jacqnin, Hort. Schonb. ill, .'iO, t. 341. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 1480 ; Enum. i, 324. — Slichaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 182.— Scbkuhr, Handb.
237. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 160. — Persoon, Syn. i, 324. — Dcsfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 325. — Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, vii, 506. —
Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelph. 39.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 205.— Eaton. Manual, 34 ; 6 ed. 302.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 203.— Roomer «t
Schultes, Syst. vi, 647.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 34.— Elliott, Sk. i, 362.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 323 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 140 ; Fl. N. York,
129.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 68.-Sprengel, Syst. 1, 936.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 72.— Beck, Bot. 75.— Hooker iu .Tour. Bot. i, 202.—
Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 214.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 217.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.—
Dietrich. Syn. ii, 1003. — London, Arboretunf, ii, 554. — Emerson, Trees Massachiisetts, 503 ; 2 ed. ii, .574. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 186. —
Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. vi, 28 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. Ill ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. — Scheele in Eoeraer, Texas, 431. —
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 43. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69. — Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1S60, iii, 92. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 352. — Wood, CI. Book, 284 ; Bot. & Fl. 73. — Engelmann in
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 207. — Koch, Dendrologie, 575.— Young, Bot. Texas, 197. —
Vasey, Cat. Korest Trees, 11.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1236.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. No. 22, 73.— Ridgway in Proc.
U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63.— Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 384.

f R. copallina, vars. latifoUa, latialata, angustifolia, and serrata, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 384.

DWAEF SUMACH.

Northern New England, south to Manatee and Caximbas bay, Florida, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the
valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.

A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter iu diameter, or at the north a low shrul)
1 to 2 meters in beight; dry hills and ridges, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and
eastern Texas ; lunning into various forms. The best marked is —

var. leucantha, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 68.— Gray ill Jonr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 158.
jB. leucantha, Jacquiu, Hort. Schonb. iii, 50, t. 342.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 215.
R. copallina, var. angustialata, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 384.

Shrubby, leaflets lanceolate, flowers white.

Wood light, soft, not strong; coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, not prominent ; color, light
brown streaked with green, or often tinged with red ; the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5273 ; ash, 0.60.

Leaves and bark astringent, rich in tannin; the leaves largely collected, principally in Maryland, Virginia,
West Virginia, and Tennessee, and ground for tanning and dyeing [Special Rep. No. 26, TJ. S. Ag. Dep. 26, t. 5).
the fruit, acid and astringent, used, as well as that of the shrubby Rhu8 glabra, by herbalists in the form of
decoctions, fluid extiacts, etc., as a gargle iu the treatment of sore throat.

Var. lanceolata, Gray,

Jonr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 158. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 44. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvli, 338.

R. copallina, var. integrifolia, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 384.

Western Texas, Dallas {Beverchon) to the Rio Grande.

A small tree, with lanceolate, elongated leaflets, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in
diameter; calcareous soil; common; specific gravity, 0.5184; ash, 0.85.

54 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

72. — Rhus venenata, De Candolle,

Prodr. ii, 68.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 126.— Don, Miller's Diet, il, 71.— Beck, Bot. 76.— Spach, Hist. Veg. il,215.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 284.-
Loadon, Arboretum, ii, 552, f. 226.— Torrey &. Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 218, 681.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Dietrich, Syn. ii,
1003. — Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 130. — Browne, Trees of America, 186.^5rifflth, Med. Bot. 185. — Emerson, Trees Mussachnsetts,
504; 2 e<l. ii, 575 &. t. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 44. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 93. — Lesquorenx in Owen's 2<1 Kep.
Arkansas, 353.— Wood, CI. Book, 284; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 111.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.—
Bailey in Am. Nat. vii, 5, f. 3.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. No. 22, 73.— Engler in De Candolle, Snites, iv, 39f.

B. vernix, Linniens, Spec. 1 ed. 265, in part. — Ealm, Travels, English ed. 177.— Medicus, Bot. Beobaeht. 1782, 223.— Marshall,
Arbustnm, 130.— Wangenheim, Amer. 92. — Alton, Hort. Kcw.i, 366; 2 ed. ii, 163.— Plcnck, Icon. t. 234.— Lamarck, III.
ii, 346, t. 207, f. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1479; Eunm. i, 323.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 23, 50.— Schknhr, Handb. 236.—
Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 183. — Nouvoau Dnbamel, ii, 165. — Persoon, Syn. i, 324. — Dosfoiitaines, Hist. Arb. ii, ;i25. —
Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 505. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 203. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 39 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph.
154.— Pursh, Fl.Am. Sept. i, 20,5.— Eaton, Manual, M; 6 ed. 302.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. i, 96, t.lO; FL Boston. 3 ed.
126.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst.vi, 646.— Hayne, Dend. F). 34.— ElUott, Sk.i, 362.— Torrey, FL U. S. 323; Compend.
Fl. N. States, 203.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 936.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 255.— Porcher, Resources
S. Forests, 206.

POISON SUMACH. POISON ELDER.

Northern Few England, south to northern Georgia, Alabama, and western Louisiana, west to northern
Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas.

A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a
tall shrub; low, wet swamps or, more rarely, on higher ground.

Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, moderately comi)act; layers of annual growth clearly marked by three or four
rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color, light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood
lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4382 ; ash, 0.64.

The whole plant, as well as the allied B. Toxicodendron, to most persons exceedingly poisonous to the touch,
owing to the presence of a volatile principle, Toxicodendric acid ( U. S. I>ispensatory, 14 ed. 908. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed.
1464); the white milky sap turning black in drying and yielding a valuable lacquer {Bigelow, Med. Bot. I. c.)

73. — Rhus Metopium, LinnsBus,

AmoBU. V, 395. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 51. — Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 49, t. 79. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67. — Macfadyen, Fl.
Jamaica, 225.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 121, t.80; 2 ed. ii, 68, t. 80.— Richard, Fl.Cuba, 381.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1859, 264.—
Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 175.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 73.— Vasey, Gat. Forest Trees, 11.

Metopium Linncei, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 367.
POISON WOOD. CORAL SUMACH. MOUNTAIN MANCHINEEL. BUM WOOD. HOG PLUM. DOCTOR GUM.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the West Indies.

A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, reaching in the United
States its greatest development on the shores of bay Biscayne, near Miami; one of the most common trees of the
region, the large specimens generally decayed.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed
open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown
or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7917; ash, 2.39; little esteemed.

A resinous gum, emetic, purgative, and ditu-etic, is obtained from incisions made in the bark of this species
(Pharm. Jour, vii, 270. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 489).

* 74. — Pistacia Mexicana, HBK.

Nov. Gen. & Spec, vii, 22, t. 608. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 64. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. v, 27. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
44. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 109. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. — Hemsley,
Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 221. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 338.

Texas, valley of the Rio Grande (near the mouth of the Pecos river, Bigelow); southward into Mexico (Saltillo,
Palmer, etc.).

Wood not collected.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 55

LEGUMINOSiB

75. — Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad, jvii, 339.

■r

E. amorphoides, var. orthocarpa, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib.iii,46; v,237.
E. amorphoides, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 51, in part.

Western Texas, valleys of the upper Guadalupe and Eio Grande, west to the Santa Eita and Santa Catalina
Mountains, Arizona {Pringle); southward into northern Mexico.

A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.09 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub;
dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest development near the summit of the Santa Catalina mountains, at 3,000
feet altitude.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, very compact ; layers of annual growth clearly dehued by numerous rows of
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light reddish-brown, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity,
0.8740; ash, 1.28.

76. — Dalea spinosa. Gray,

Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 315; Ives' Rep. 10. — Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 78; vii, 9, t. 3. — Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 53.—
Walpers, Ann. iv, 485. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 132. — Brewer & Watson, Bot.
California, i, 143.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. 249.

Asagrcea spinosa, Baillon in Adansonia, ix, 2.32 ; Hist. PI. ii, 288.

Colorado desert, southern California (Agna Caliente, Toras, etc.), and eastward to the valley of the lower Gila
river, Arizona.

A small tree, sometimes G meters in height, with a short, stout trunk 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter [Parry^
Parish Brotliers), or often a low shrub; dry, gravelly, rocky soil.

Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays
nnmerouH, thin; color, walnut-brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5536; ash, 4.04.

77. — Robinia Pseudacacia, Linnaus,

Spec. 1 ed. 722. — Marshall, Arbustum, 133. — Wangenheim, Amer. IG, t. 7. — L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 158. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 18C. —
Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 53 ; 2 ed. iv, 323.— Gcertner, Fruct. ii, :107, t. 14.').— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1131 ; Enum. i, 769. — Michanx, FI. Bor.-
Am. ii, 65. — Nonveau Duhamel, ii, 60, t. 16. — Poiret in Lamarck Diet, vi, 222; 111. iii, 163, t. 606. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 311. —
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 302. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 245, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 92, t. 76.— I'ursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
ii, 487. — Eaton, Manual, 82; 6 ed.306. — Thomas in Am. Month. Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii, 90. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 118. — Haync,
Dend. Fl. 140.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 242.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 261.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 247.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii,
178; Conipend. FI. N. States, 271; Fl. N. York, i, KiO; Emory's Rep. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 140.— Audubon, Birds, t.
104.— Dou, Miller's Diet, ii, 237.— Beck, Bot. fe2.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 2ri8.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 294.— London,
Arboretum, ii, 609, f. 305 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 397.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 290.— Browne, Trees of America, 197.—
Emerson, Trees, Massachusetts, 460; 2 ed. ii,,322 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 2:;8, f. 123.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 1053.— Darlington, Fl,
Cestrica, 3 ed. 65.— D.arby Bot. S. States, 280.— Cooper in Smithsonian Pop. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 94.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 48. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 356. — Wood, CI. Book, 319; Bot. & Fl.
95. — Lcmaire, 111. Hort. xii, t. 427. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 188. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 131. — Koch, Deudrologie,
i, 55.— Verlot in Rev. Hort. 1873, 152 & f.— Young, Bot. Texas, 228.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mns. 1882, 65.

Pseudacacia odorata, Mcench, Meth. 145.

B. fragilis, Salisbury, Prodr. 336.

LOCDST. BLACK LOCUST. YELLOW LOCUST.

Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania (Locust ridge, Monroe county. Porter) to northern Georgia; widely and
generally naturalized throughout the United States east of the Eocky mountains, and possibly indigenous in
northeastern (Crowley's ridge) and western Arkansas and the prairies of eastern Indian territory.

A tree 22 to 25 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; west of the Mississippi river
much smaller or often a low shrub 1.80 to 3 meters in height, reaching its greatest development on the western
slopes of the mountains of West Virginia.

66 FOREST TREES OF KORTH AMERICA.

Wood heavy, exceediugly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground;
loyers of annual growth clearly marked by two or three rows of large open ducts; color, brown or, more rarely, light
green, the sap-wood yellow ; specific giavity, 0.733.'i; ash, 0.51 (Trccvi in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xix, 182, t. 2, f. 1;
t. 6, 7, f. 10.); largely used in shipbuilding, tor posts of all sorts, constructiou, and in turnery; preferred to
other American woods for treenails, and in this form largely exported.

The bark of the root tonic, or in large doses purgative and emetic ( U. S. Dixperimtory, 14 ed. 1746.— JTat.
Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1233); formerly widely planted as a timber tree (Cohbett, Woodlands, par. 323); its cultivation in
the United States now generally abandoned on account of the destructive attacks of the locust borer {CyUene picta,
Packard in Bull. U. S. Entomolofiical Com. No. 7, 9.'")).

78. — Robinia viscosa, Voutenat,

Hort. Cels. 4, t. 4.— Bot. Mag. t. 5t)U.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1131 ; Euum. ii, 769.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 65.— -Nouvean Dubamel, ii, 64,
1. 17.— Poirot ill Lamarck, Diet, vi, '.'22.— B. S. Barton, Bot. Appx. 29, t. 21.— Pcxsoon, Syn. ii, 311.— Desfont.aincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 302.—
Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2e(I. iv, 323.— Jliohaiix f. Hist. Arb. Aiu. iii, 262, t. 2; N. American Sylva, ii, 104, t 77.— Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. ii, 488.—
Nuttall, Genera, ii, 118.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 140.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 242.— DoCamloUo, Prodr. ii, 262.— Guimpel,Otto& Hayne, Abb. Holz.
81, t. (io.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 247.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 236.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 306.— Spach, Hist. Veg. 1, 260.— Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 295.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 626, t. 87, f. 306.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 397.— Browne, Trees of America, 209.—
Dietrich, Syu. iv, 1053.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 280.— Cooper in Smithsonian liep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 94.— Curtis in
Eep. Geological Snrv. N. CaroUna, I860, iii, 49. —Wood. CI. Book, 319; Bot. & Fl. 95.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 193.— Gray,
Kannal N. States, 5 ed. 131. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.

R. gluiinosa, Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 560.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 59.

CLAMMY LOCUST.

" High Alleghany mountains south of latitude 35° " (Michaux). " Open woods, slopes of Buzzard ridge, altitude
4,500 feet, near Highland, Macon county. North Caroliua" (J. Donnell Smith).

A small tree, J> to 12 meters iu height, with a trunk not exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; vei-y rare, and not
rediscovered until 1882 by the numerous botanists who have visited, during the last thirty years, the localities where
the Michauxs, father and sou, discovered this species ; widely cultivated and now occasionally naturalized in tho
Atlantic states.

Wood (of a cultivated specimen) heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked
by many rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific
gravity, 0.8094; ash, 0.20.

79. — Robinia Neo-Mexicana, Gray,

Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 314.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 79; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 53.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 491.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 419.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pnb.
No. 4, 23.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.

LOCUST.

Colorado, valley of the Purgatory river (near Trinidad), headwaters of the Canadian river, through western and
Southwestern New Mexico to the Santa Catalina and Santa, liita mountains {Lemmon, Pringle), Arizona (4,500 to 7,000
feet altitude), southern Utah, Mount Zion caQon, west fork of the Eio Virgin, and near Kanah.

A small tree, sometimes (5 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or toward its
upper limits of growth reduced to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Purgatory
river, Colorado.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed
open ducts; medullary rays, thin, conspicuous; color, yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood light yellow;
specific gravity, 0.8034 ; ash, 0.60.

80. — Olneya Tesota, Gray,

Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 328; Ives' Rep. 11.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 11, 82; vii, 10, t. 5; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
58.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 479, 587.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 865.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 157.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 11. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. i,260.

IRON WOOD. ARBOL DE HIEBRO.

California, valley of the Colorado river south of the Mohave mountains, valley of the lower Gila river,
southwestern Arizona ; southward in Sonora.

A small tree in the United States, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 meter in diameter;
dry arrotjOH and canons ; in Sonora more common and of larger size.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 57

Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the grain generally contorted, difficult to
cut and work, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown streaked with
red, the sap-wood clear bright j'ellow; specific gravity, 1.0602; ash, 2.29 (the heart-wood, 1.1486; ash, 2.59; sap-
wood, 0.8958 ; ash, 1.85) ; occasionally manufactured into canes.

81. — Piscidia Erythrina, Linnaeus,

Spec. 2 ed. 993.— Jacquin, Anier. 206.— Swartz, Obs. 277.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 443j 111. iii, 163, t. 605.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 84.—
Lunan, Hort, Jam. i, 269. — Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. & Spec, vi, 382. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 267. — Descourtilz,
Fl. Med. Antilles, iii, 203, t. 196.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, i, 258.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 31, t. 52; 2 ed. i, 180.— Bentham in Jour.
Llnnsean Soc. iv, Sappl. 116 ; Bot. Sulphur, 81. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 110. — Grisebach,
Fl. British West Indies, 200. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 175. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 319.

Erythrina piscipula, LiunsBus, Spec, i ed. 107.

p. Garthagenensis, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 267.

JAMAICA DOGWOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne, west coast. Pease creek to cape Sable, and on the southern keys ; in the
West Indies and southern Mexico.

A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.75 meter in diameter.

Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few large
scattered open ducts; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous ; color, yellowish-brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific
gravity, 0.8734; ash, 3.38 ; one of the favorite woods of the region for boat-building, fire-wood, and charcoal.

The bark, especiallj' of the root, narcotic, occasionally administered in the form of tinctures, or used, as well
as the young branches and leaves, to poison or stupefy fish.

82. — Cladrastis tinctoria, Rafiuesque,

Fl. Kent. 1824; Neog. 1825; Med. Bot. ii, 210; New Sylva, iii, 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 390.— Walpers, Rep. i, 807.—
Browne, Trees of America, 192. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 294. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Ft. S. States,
113.— Porcher Resources S. Forests, 175.— Wood, CI. Book, 301 ; Bot. & Fl. 84.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 143.— Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 11.

Virgilia Itltea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 266, t. 3 ; Travels, 289 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 106, t. 78.— Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. i, 309.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 284.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 53.— Loiseleiir, Herb. Amat. t. 297.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,
93.- Sprengel, Syst. iv', 1, 171.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 112.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 397.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 163.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 480.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1501.— London, Arboretum, ii, 565, t..78.

G. lutea, Koch, Dendrologie, i,6.

YELLOW WOOD. YELLOW ASH. GOPHER WOOD.

Central Kentucky, cliffs of the Kentucky and Dick's rivers; middle Tennessee, mountains of east Tennessee to
Cherokee county, ^Jforth Carolina.

A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 or, exceptionally, 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich
hillsides; in Kentucky on the Trenton limestones, and reaching its best development in middle Tennessee ; rare
and very local, the large trees generally hollow or defective.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth
clearly marked by several rows of open ducts, and containing many evenly distributed similar ducts; color, bright,
clear yellow, changing with exposure to light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6278; ash, 0.28;
used for fuel, occasionally for gunstocks, and yielding a clear yellow dye.

83. — Sophora secundiflora, Lagasca;

De Candolle, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 148; Prodr. ii, 96. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 110. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 54. — Rev. Hort. 4
ger. iii, 201, t. 11. — Bentham & Hooker, Genera, i, 555. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 321.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 347.

Brousnonetia secundiflora, Ortega, Dec. v, 61, t. 7.

Virgilia necundiflora, Cavanilles, Icon. t. 401.

AgOHtianis secundiflora, Rafinesque, New Sylva, iii, 86.

Dermatophyllum speciosum, Scheele in Linnaa, xxi, 458.

8. speciosa, Bentham in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 178. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv", 38; Smithsonian Contrib.
iii, 54; Hall's PI. Texas, 7.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 439.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, .58.— Young, Bot. Texas,
242.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trei^s, 12.

58 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

PBIGOLITO.

Matagorda bay, Texas, west to the jiiountaiua of New Mexico (Havard).

A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a truuk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often, especially
west of the San Antonio riter, a tall shrub, rarely exceeding 2 meters in height, forming dense thickets ; borders
of streams, generally in a low, rather moist soil.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish; medullary rays numerous, thin;
color, orange streaked with red, the heiavier sap-wood brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.9842; ash, 1.69;
furnishing valuable fuel.

The seeds contain an exceedingly poisonous alkaloid, Sophoria (if. C. Wood in Philadelphia Med. Times, August
4, 1877. — Rothrock in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 133. — JVa*. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1333).

84. — Sophora affinis, Torrey & Gray,

Fl. N. America, i, 390.— Leavenworth in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. ix, 130. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. y\, 178; Hall's PI.
Texas, 7. — Soheele in Eosmer, Texas, 428. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.

Styphnolohium affine, Walpers, Rep. i, 807.

Arkansas, valley of the Arkansas river {Letterman) to the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.

A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; borders of streams
and prairies.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several
rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color, light red, the sap-wood bright, clear yellow;
gpecific gravity, 0.8509 ; ash, 0.73.

Ink is occasionally made domestically from the resinous exudations of the pod.

85. — Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck,

Diet, i, 733; 111. iii, 412, t. 823.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 241, t. 51.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460; Ennm. ii, 1019; Berl.Baumz. 169.—
Persoou,Syn.ii,626.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 250. —Alton, Hort. Kew. 2ed.v, 400.— Miclianx f. Hist. Arb. Am.ii,272, t.23; N.
American Sylva,3 ed. i, 182, t. 50.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 304.— Nuttall, Geuera,ii, 243.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 203.— James in Long's
Exped. i, 138.— Reichenbach, Mag. Bot. t. 40.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 480.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 327.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N.York,
ii, 19.J; Compeud. Fl. N. States, 376 ; Fl. N. York, i, 196; Emory's Rep. 407.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 166.— Don, Miller's Dict.429.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 162.— Beck, Bot. 93.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, H9.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 256 & t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
America, i, 398. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 258. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Walpera, Rep. i, 809.— Browne, Trees of America,
218. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358. — Wood, CI. Book, 300 ; Bot. & Fl. 83. —
Engelmaun in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. sii, 190. — Gray, Manual N. Stat«8, 5 ed. 145. — Briot in Rev. Hort. 1870,436. — Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, l&79-'80, 54<:.—Ridgway in Proc.U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63.— Chapman, Fl.
S. States, Suppl. 618.

Ouilandina dioica, Liun»ua, Spec, l ed. 381. — Marshall, Arbostnm, 56. — ^Aiton, Hort. Eew. ii, 56. — James in Long's Exx>ed.

i,138.

Hyperanthera dioica, Vahl, Symbolse, i, 31.

G. dioica, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 5.— Baillon, Hist. PL ii, 87, f. 52, 53.

KENTtrOKY COFFEE TREE. COFFEE NtTT.

Conococheagne creek, Franklin county, Pennsylvania {Porter) ; western New York, shores of Cayuga and
Seneca lakes, west through southern Ontario and southern Michigan to the valley of the Minnesota river,
Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian territory, to about
longitude 90° west, south to middle Tennessee.

A tree 25 to 33 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woods and bottoms; not
common.

Wood heavy, not hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying,
easily worked, susceptible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of
open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich light brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.6934; ash, 0.67; occasionally used in cabinet-making, for posts, rails, &c.

The fresh leaves, macerated and sweetened, are used in Tennessee as a poison for house-flies; the seeds
formerly as a domestic substitute for coftee.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 69

86. — Gleditschia triacanthos, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 1056 (excl. var.).— Medicus, Bot. Beobaclit. 1782, 230.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 465 ; 111. iii, 446, t. 857, f. 1.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,
444 (excl. vara.); 2 ed. v, 474.— Moench, Meth. 69.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 285.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 257.— Schknhr,
Handb. iii, 554, t. 356.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 497.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 123.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 246.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1097 ;
Enum. 1058 ; Berl. Baumz. 163.— Nouveau Duliamel, iv, 100, t. 25.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 164, 1. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.
108, t. 79.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 221.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— .1 ames in Long's Exped. i, 138.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 218.— Elliott, 8k.
ii, 709. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 157, t. 132.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 479.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 918. - Torrey, Compend. Fl.
N. States, 375; Fl.N. York, i, 192.— Audubon, Birds, t. 42, 146, 150.— Ecemer «& Schnltes, Syst. vii, 78.— Don, Millei-'s Diet, ii, 428.—
Beck, Bot. 9!V— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 92.— Torrey & 6ray,'Fl. N. America, i, 398.— Loudon, Arboretum,
ii, 650, t. 90, 91.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 254.— Browne, Trees of America, 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 539.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 295.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Eep. xii«, 42 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145.— Chai>man, Fl. S. States, 115.—
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1680, iii, 49.— Lesquereux in Oweu's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 358.— Wood, CI. Book, 300 ; Bot.
& Fi. 83.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 195.- Koch, Dendrologie, i, 8.— Hunt
in Am. Nat. i, 433.— Young, Bot. Texas, 246.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Eidgway in Proc. XJ. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 64.— Burgess in
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.

0. spinoga, Marshall, Arbustum, 54.

O. Meliloba, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254.

0^. IHacran^Aff, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 164.

6. elegans, Salisbury, Prodr. 32,3.

Melilobus heterophylla, Eafinesqne, Sylva Tellnriana, 121.

HONEY LOCUST. BLACK LOCUST. THREE-THORNED ACACIA. SWEET LOCUST. HONEY SHUCKS.

Pennsylvania, western slopes of the Alleghany mountains, west through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska,
©astern Kansas, and the Indian territory to about longitude 96° west; south to Tampa bay, Florida (not detected
iu eastern Florida), northern Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.

A tree, 25 or 30 meters, or exceptionally 40 meters, in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; low,
rich bottom lands, or more rarely on dry, sterile hills; the characteristic tree of the " barrens" of middle Kentucky
and Tennessee, reaching its greatest development iu the bottoms of the lower Ohio River basin; widely cultivated
for shade and as a hedge plant, and now somewhat naturalized in the Atlantic states east of the Alleghany
Mountains.

A not uncommon form, nearly destitute of thorns, is —

var. inermis, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 221.— Do Candolle, Mem. Leg. t. 22, f. 109; Prodr. ii, 479.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398. — Loudon Arboretum, ii, 650, t. 92, 93. — Browne, Trees of America, 213.

O. inermis, Linnaeus, Spec. 1509, in part.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 100. — Bentham in Trans. Linn^an Soc. xxx', 557.

A form with spines and fruit shorter than those of the type is —

var. brachycarpos, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 257.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398.— Browne, Trees of America, 213.
G. hrachycarpa, PursU, Fl. Am. Sept. 221.— De Candolle, Prodr, ii, 479.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 919.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 428. -
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.^Eaton & Wright, Bot. 254. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 653. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 539.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, moderately compact, very durable in contact with the soil,
■usceptible of a high polish; layers of annual growth strongly marked by many rows of open ducts; medullary
rays numerous, conspicuous; color, bright brown or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6740; ash, 0.80;
nsed lor fence posts and rails, wagon hubs, construction, etc.; its value hardly appreciated.

Beer is sometimes made domestically by fermenting the sweet, unripe fruit {Porcher I. c).

87. — Gleditschia monosperma, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 254. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 257. —Schknhr, Handb. iii, 555. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 623. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,
24.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1097 ; Enum. 1058; Berl. Baumz. 165.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 101.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 474.—
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 169, t. 11; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii. 111, t. 80.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 221.— Poiret, Suppl. ii,
641.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 218.— Elliott, Sk. ii,709.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 479.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 919.—
Don, Miller's Diet. 428.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 1.58.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 98.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398.— Eaton &, Wright,
Bot.254.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 653, f. :564.— Browne, Trees of America, 215.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 539.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 295.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 11.5.— Wood, CI. Book, 300; Bot. & Fl. 83.— Gray. Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
12— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 64.

O. triacanthos, var. monosperma, Linnasus, Spec, l ed. 1057.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 444.

Q. aquatica, Marshall, Arbustum, 54.

G. Carolinensis, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 465 ; 111. iii, 447, t. 857, f. 2.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. vii, 74.

G. triacantha, Gsertner, Fruct. ii,311,t. 146, f. 3 [not Linnieus].

G. inermis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 9 [not Linnseus].

/

J

60 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WATER LOCUST.

South Carolina to Matanzas iulet and Tampa bay, Florida, through tbeGnlf states to the valley of the Brazoa
river, Texas, and through Arkansas to middle Kentucky and Tennessee, southern Indiana and Illinois.

A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 or, exceptionally, 0.90 meter in diameter; deep
swamps; rare in the south Atlantic and Gulf states ; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom
lands of southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas, here often covering extensive areas.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color, rich bright
brown tinged with red, the thick heavier sap-wood clear light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7342; ash, 0.73.

88. — Parkinsonia Torreyana, Wateon,

Preo. Am. Acad, xi, 135. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 162.

Cerddium floridum, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 11, 82; v, 380, t. 3; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 59.— Gray in Ivet^
Rep. 11. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. — James in Am. Nat. xv, 982. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 327.

GEEEN-BAEK ACACIA. PALO VEEDB.

Colorado desert, southern California (Inio, Toras, etc., Parish Brothers), east to the valley of the lower Gil»
river, Arizona.

A low, much-branched tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter;
low caQons and depressions in the sandhills of the desert ; common and reaching its greatest development in th«
valleys of the lower Colorado and GUa rivers.

Wood heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many
small evenly-distributed open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood clear
light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6531 ; ash, 1.12.

89. — Parkinsonia microphylla, Torrey,

Pacific E. R. Rep.iv, 82; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 59.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 812. — Gray in Ives' Rep. 11.— Bentham in Martins, Fl.
Brasil. xv°, 78. — Watson, PI. Wheeler, 8; Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 136. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 162. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-
Cent. i, 327.

Valley of the lower Colorado and Bill Williams rivers, eastward through southern Arizona.

A small, much-branched tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter ( Wickenburg,
Pringle), or often a low shrub 1 to 3 meters in height.

Wood heavy, hard, coarse-gi-aiued, compact, containing numerous large, scattered, open ducts; medullary
rays numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow;
specific gravity, 0.7449; ash, 3.64.

90. — Parkinsonia aculeata, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 375. — Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 121, t. 80. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 475, t. 336. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 513. — ^Aiton, Hoit. Kew. 2 ed. iii,

24. — De Candollo, Mem. Leg. ii, t. 21; Prodr. ii, 486. — Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 54, t- 12. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica,

3.34— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 87; Martius, Fl. Brasil. xv^ 78, t. 26. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. lKi8, 265.— Torrey, Bot. Mex.

» Boundary Survey, 59.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 204; PI. Loreutz. 81. — Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 8. — Brewer & Watson,

Bot. California, i, 162. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 327. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 348.

Corpus Christi, Texas, west along the Mexican boundary to the valley of the Colorado river, Arizona (Yuma);
and southward into Mexico; probably of American origin, but now widely naturalized throughout the tropical
and warmer regions of the globe {A. De GandoUe, Geog. Bot. ii, 719, 770, 793).

A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, containing many evenly-distributed small
open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown, the very thick sap-wood lighter,
often tinged with yellow; specific gravity. 0.6116; ash, 2.32.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 61

91. — Cercis Canadensis, Linnspus,

Spec. 1 ed. 374. — Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 10. — Marshall, Arbustum, 32. — Lamarck, Diet, ii, 586. — Wangenheim, Amer. 84.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 135. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 47; 2 ed. iii, 22. — WilMenow, Spec, ii, 508; Enum. 439; Berl. Baumz. 84.— Nonveau
Duhamel, i, 19. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.Am. i, 265.— Schkuhr, Haiidb. 354. — Persoon, Syn. 1, 454. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 254.—
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— Eatou, Manual, 46; 6 ed. 89.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 283.— Hayue, Dcnd. Fl. 53.— Elliott, Sk. i, 470.— Torrey
in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 194; Fl.U. S.441; Compend. Fl. N. States, 188; Fl. N. York, i, 188; Nicollet's Rep. 149; Emory's Eep. 408.—
De CandoUo, Prodr. ii, 518.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 346.— Guimpe!, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 116, t. 92.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.Aui.i, 167;
Companion ^ot. Mag. i, 24. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 468. — Beck, Bot. 94. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 129.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,
392. — London,' Arboretum, ii, 659 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 155. — Browne, Trees of America, 221. — Gray
in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 38; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 144. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. —
Darlini»ton, Fl. Cestrica, 3 e<l. 67.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 294. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 114. —
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 357. — Wood, CI. Book, 301; Bot.
& Fl. 84. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 197. — Koch, Dendrologie i, 14. —
Baillon, Hist. PI. ii, 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882, 65.

Siliqnastrum cordatum, Moench, Metb. 54.

C. Canadensis, var. pubescens, Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— London, Arboretum, ii, 659.

EEDBUD. JTJDAS TREE.

Western PcDUsylvauia, southward to Tampa bay, Florida, northern Alabama and Mississippi, westward through
Bouthern Michigan and Minnesota to eastern Nebraska; southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to the eastern
portions of the Indian ten-itory, Louisiana, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.

A small tree, 12 to 16 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter ; rich woods, borders
of streams and swamps; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas, the Indian
territory, and eastern Texas, here, when iu bloom, a conspicuous feature of the forest.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts; medullary rays exceedingly numerous, thin; color, rich
dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6303 ; ash, 0.72.

92. — Cercis reniformis, Engelmann;
Scheele in Roomer, Texas, 428. —Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 348.

C. OCCidentalis, var. Gray in Jour. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist, vi, 177.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 440.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 58. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 161.

C. OCCidentalis, Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 7 [not Torrey].— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 340, in part.

G. OCCidentalis, var. Texensis, Watson, Index, i, 209.

REDBUB.

Middle and western Texas west of the Colorado river ; in northern Mexico.

A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter m diameter, or often a shrub forming dense
thickets; lime-stone hills; formerly often confounded with the shrubby G. occidentalis of the California coast
region.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of
open ducts; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous; color, brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gra%nty, 0.7513 ; a.sh, 0.77.

93. — Prosopis juliflora, De CandoUe,

Prodr. ii, 447.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, viii, 107, t. 550.— Lindlcy, Fl. Med. 270.— WalperS, Rep. i, 861.— Bentham, Rev. Mim.
in Trans. Linnseau Soc. xxx, 377. — Schnizleiu, Icon. t. 277, f. 13. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 163. — Rothrock in
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 42, 107.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, :?44.

P. glandulosa, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 192. t. 2 ; Emory's Rep. 139; Pacilic R. K. Rep. iv, 82.— Don, Miller's Diet,
ii, 400.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1424.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 376.— W.ilpers, Rep. i, 861.— Bentham in Hooker's Jonr.
Bot. iv, 348; London Jour. Bot. v, 81. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 217.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 420; PI.
Wheeler, 8.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 7.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.

Algarobia glandulosa, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 399; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Eugelmanu & Gray in Jonr.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 242.— Engelmann in Wislizenus' Rep. 10.— Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 427. — Gray in Jour.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 181 ; Smithsonian Coutrib. iii, 60; v, 51 ; Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 304 ; Ives' Rep 11.—
Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 158; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 20, 82; vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 60.— Cooper in
.Smithsonian Rep. 18ij8, 259; Scientific Press, San Francisco, Nov. 1871, <fcf.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.

P. odorata, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 313, t. 1 (excl. fruit).

/

62 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

MESQUIT. ALGAROBA. HONEY LOCUST. HONEY POD.

Texas, valley of the Trinity river (Dallas, etc.) to the northern and western limits of the state; west througk
New Mexico and Arizona to the 7tiesas west of the San Bernardino moantains, California, reaching southem
Colorado, southern Utah (Saint George), and southern Nevada; southward through southern Mexico ; in Jamaica.

A tree of the first economic value, sometimes 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 meter in diameter,
or much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; on dry prairies and high rocky plains, or west of the Rocky mountains,
along desert streams, here often forming open foi-ests, and reaching its greatest development witiiin the United
States in the valley of the Santa Cruz and other streams of southern Arizona ; in western Texas (Port Stockton,
etc.), on account of the annual burning of the prairies, rarely 1 meter in height, the roots then enormously
developed, often weighiug several hundred pounds, forming, as they are here locally known, "underground forests"
and furnishing the best and cheapest fuel of the region.

Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, diflQcult to work, almost indestructible in contact
with the soil, containing many evenly-distributed, rather large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, distinct ;
color, rich dark brown or often red, the sap-wood clear yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7652 ; ash, 2.18 ; of the root,
specific gravity, 0.8493 ; ash, 3.02 ; exclusively used for the beams and underpinnings of the adobe houses of New
Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico; for posts and fencing, and occasionally in the manufacture of furniture, the
fellies of heavy wheels, etc. ; the best and often the only fuel of the region, burning slowly with a clear flame, and
producing valuable charcoal, but unsuited for the generation of steam on account of its destructive action upon
boilers.

A gum resembling gum arable is yielded by this species ; the unripe and pulpy pods rich in grape sugar, edible,
and furnishing valuable and important fodder.

94. — Prosopis pubescens, Bentham,

London Jour. Bot. v, 82 ; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxi, 380. — Walpers, Ann. i, 259. — Watson in King's Eep. v, 420 ; PI.
Wheeler, 8. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 163.— Eothrock in Wheeler's Kep. vi, 42, 107.— Henisley, Bot. Am. -Cent.
i,344.

P. odorata, Torrey in Fremont's Eep. 313, 1. 1 (for fruit). . I

P. Emoryi, Torrey in Emory's Eep. 139.

Strombocarpa pubescens, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 60 ; v, 51 ; Ives' Eep. 9.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific E. E. Eep. ii,
163. — Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 11, 20, 8-i ; v, 360, t. 4 ; vii, 10 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 60. — Copper la
Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 259 ; Scientific Press, San Francisco, Nov. 1871 & f.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.

Strombocarpa odorata, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 158.

KOEEWBEAN. SOEEW-POD MESQUIT. TOENILLA.

Valley of the Rio Grande (Presidio), western Texas, westward through New Mexico and Arizona (valley of the
Gila and Colorado rivers) to southern California (White Water, Parish Brothers, Vallecito, Thurber), and southward
into Mexico ; southern Utah (Saint George), and southern Nevada (Ash Meadows).

A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a tall,
much-branched shrub; sandy or gravelly bottom lands, reaching its greatest development within the United
States in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila rivers.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; specific gravity,
0.7609 ; ash, 0.95 ; used for fuel and fencing.

The pods used as fodder, and sometimes made into flour by the Indians.

95. — Leucsena glauca, Bontham,

Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iv, 417 ; Eev. Mim. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, 443. — Walpers, Eep. i, 884. — Grisebach, Fl. British West
Indies, 220.— Hemsley , Bot. Am.-Cent.'i, 351.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 350.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, Snppl. 619.

Mimosa glauca, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 1,504.

Acacia glauca, WilUlenow, Spec, iv, 1075.— De Candolle.Prodr.ii,467.

Acacia frondosa, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1076.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 468.

Acacia biceps, willdenow. Spec, iv, 1075.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 467.

Mimosa leucocephala, Lamarck, Diet, i, 12.

Acacia leucocephala. Link, Enum. Hort. Berl. ii, 444.— De Candolle, Prodr. il,-4e7.

Mimosa biceps, Poiret, Suppl. i, 75.

Mimosa frondosa, Klein in Poiret, Suppl. i, 76.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 63

Western Texas, San Saba to Devil's river (Buciley) ; southward into Mexico ; semi-tropical Florida (introduced,
Curtiss), and through the West Indies.

A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a tall or, in Florida,
low shrub, sending up many stems from the ground.

Woo<l heavy, hard, close grained, compact, containing many small, regularly-distributed open ducts; layers of
annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, rich brown streaked with red, the sap-wood clear
yellow; specific gravity, 0.9235; ash, 3.29.

96. — Leucaena pulverulenta, Bentliam,
Hookers Loudon Jour. Bot. iv, 417; Eev. Mini, in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, 443. — Hemsley, Hot. Am.-Cent. i, 351.
Acacia pulverulenta, Schlechtendal in Linnaea, xii, >'i71.
Acacia esculenta, Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Acad. Brax. x', 312.

Southern Texas, valley of the lower Eio Grande ; southwaid into Mexico.

A small tree, G to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, often forming dense
thickets; rich, sandy loam.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly- distributed open ducts;
medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific
gravity, 0.6732 ; ash, 1.01.

97. — Acacia Wrightii, Bentham,

Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 64 ; Eev. Mini, in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, ."521. — Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. v, 53. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 626. —
Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 161. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 61. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 351.

oat's claw.

Western Texas, valley of the Guadalupe river (New Braunfels), westward and southward to the valley of the
Eio Grande; in northern Mexico.

A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a
low, much-branched shrub.

Wood very heavj^, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of
Bmall open ducts, and containing many scattered smaller ducts; medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color,
bright, clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.9392; ash, 0.63.

98. — Acacia Greggii, Gray,

Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 65; v, 53; Ives'Eep. 11. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 158; Pacific E. E. Eep. vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 61. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 625. — Bentham, Eev. Mim. in Trans. Liiinsean Soc. xxx, 521. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1860, 442. —
Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i. 164. — Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 108. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cont. i, 353.— James in Am.
Nat. XV, 981.

cat's claw.

Western Texas, valley of the Eio Grande, westward through southern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego,
California; southward into northern Mexico.

A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter, or often
a shrub ; dry mesas and in low caiions ; common ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by
numerous rows of rather large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich brown or red, the sap-wood
light yellow; specific gravity, 0.8550; ash, 0.91 ; used for fuel.

A resinous gum resembling gum arable is produced by this species {Am. Jour. Pharm. Iii, 4:19).

99. — Acacia Berlandieri, Bentham,
honAoD Jonr. Bot. i, 522 ; Eev. Mim. in Trans. Linnieau Soc. xxx, 529. — Walpers, Eep. i, 919. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 500.

A. tephroloba, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 65; v,54. — Walpers, Ann. iv,625. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
61. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i,352. — Watson in Pioc. Am. Acad, xvii, 351.

Southern Texas, valley of the Nueces (La Salle county) to Devil's river ; southward into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a truuk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a
tall shrub, sending up many .stems from the ground; the large specimens usually hollow and defective.
Wood not examined.

64 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

100. — Lysiloma latisiliqua, Benflmm,

Kev. Mim. in Trans. Linnieau Soc. xxx, 534.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. C19.

Mimosa latisiliqua, LinnsBus, Spec. 2ed. l.'>04.

Acacia latisiliqua, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1067.— Persoon, 8yn. ii, 255.— De Camlolle, Prodr. ii, 467.— Macfadyen, FL Jamaica,
318.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 34, t. 53 ; 2 ed. i, 183, t. 53.— Cooper in Smitiisouian Rep. 1858, 264.

L, Bahamensis, Bentham in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii, 82.

Acacia Bahamensis, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 221.

WILD TAMAKIND.

Semi-tropical Florida, southern kejs (Key Largo, Elliott's, Plantation, and Boca Chica Keys) ; through the
West Indies.

A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; bark of the young,
vigorous trees smooth ; the older trees generally decayed and defective, with rough, dark bark ( Curtim).

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tongh, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, containing many
scattered, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous; color, rich dark brown tinged with red, the
sap-wood white; specific gravity, 0.6418; ash, 2.12; somewhat used locally in boat- and ship- building, and considered
equ^l to mahogany for this purpose.

101. — Pithecplobium Unguis-cati, Benfham,

Hooker'H Loudon Jonr. Bot. Iii, 200 ; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, 572, 648. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 276. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 116.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.

Mimosa Unguis-cati, Linnteus, Spec. 2 ed. 1497.— Jacqnin.Hort. Schoenb. iii, 74, t. 392.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles,
i,t. 11.

Iliga JJnguiscati, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1006.— De Candolle, Prodr. u, 436.— Nuttall, Sylva, 11, 37, t. 54 ; 2 ed. i, 86, t. 54.

Mimosa rosea, Vahl, Eologie, iii, 33, t. 25.

Iliga rosea, Stendel in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 437.

Inga forfex, Kunth, Mim. 12, 1. 16.

p. forfex, Beutham iu Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii, 199.

Inga Chmdalupensis,De6\a,nx,3om.i,io.

Mimosa Gtiadahipensis, Persoon, Syn. ii,262.

Inga microphylla, Humboldt & Bonpland in Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1004.

P. microphyllum, Bentham in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii, 200.

P. Ouadalupensis, Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 116.

cat's claw.

Semi-tropical Florida, Caximbas bay, and on the southern keys ; through the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or often
throwing out many spreading, vine-like stems from the ground.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous;
color, rich red varying to purple, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.9049; ash, 2.46.

ROSACEA.

102. — Chrysobalanus Icaco, Linnieus,

Spec. 1 ed. 513.— .Jacquiu.Stirp. Am. 154, t. 94.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 2^4; 111. ii,542, t. 428. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 135. — Alton, Hort. Kew
2 ed. iii, 200. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 525.— Lindley iu Trans. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 98.— Turpin, Diet. Sci. Nat. 236.— Tuasac,
Fl. Antilles, iv, 91, t. 31. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 369, t. 5, f. 4. — Torrey »!fc Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 406. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 1 ; Aun. iv, 642. —
Beuthum, Bot. Sulphur, 01 ; Fl. Nigritianu, 336.— Sprengel, Icou. t. 274, f. 1-13.— Cooper in Smilhsoniau Rep. 18(i0, 439. — Chapman,
i 1. 8. Stites, 119.— Gri.scb.-voh, Fl. British West Imlias, 229.— Bailkm iu Adausouia, vii, 221 ; Ili.st. PI. i, 427, f. 486, 487.— Hooker
f. In Martius, Fl. Brasil. ii,7. — Oiiibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 287. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. 1,365.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 65

COCOA PLtTM.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Biscayne, west coast Caximbas bay, and on the southern kej[s ;
through the West Indies and tropical America to Brazil.

A small tree, 7 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or along sandy beaehes a
low, prostrate shrub 1.08 to 2.16 meters in height ; reaching its greatest development within the United States on
the borders and islands of the Everglades, near bay Biscayne.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing few irregularly-distributed, not large, open
ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown often tinged with red, the sap wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.7709 ; ash, 0.87.

Varieties are distinguished by A. M. Curtiss with the skin of the edible fruit white or black, the latter more
ovate with narrower, softer stones (? var. pellocarpa, Hooker f. I. c. — G. pellocarpa, Miguel, Prim,. Usseq. 193. —
Chrisebach, I. c).

103. — Prunus Americana, Marshall,

Arbnstum.iii. — Darlington in Ann. Lye. N. York, iii, 87, 1. 1 ; Fl. Cestrica, 3 od. 72. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 285. — Beck, Bot. 95. — Torroy
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407 ; Pacific E. R. Eep. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 377.— Nuttall, Sylva, li, 19, t. 48 ; 2 ed. i, 169, t. 48.—
Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 194; Emory's Rep. 408 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 82.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 449; 2ed. ii, 511. — Hooker
in London Jour. Bot. vi, 217. — Roenier, Syn. Mon. iii, 59. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 40 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148. —
Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 430.— Richardson, Arctic Expcd. 424. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119. — Curtis
in Rep. Geological Sarv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358. — Wood, CI. Book, 327 ; Bot. & Fl.
102. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xiii, 190.— Koch, Drendrologie, i, 101. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's
Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — ^Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76,194. — Broadhead in Coulter'a
Bot. Gazette, iii, 52.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54':.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.

P. Mississippi, Marshall, Arbu8tum,H 2.

P. Spinosa, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146 [not Linnieus].

P. nigra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 165 ; 2 ed. iii, 198.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 993 ; Berl. Baumz, 311.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v,
674.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— .Bot. Mag. 1. 1117.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 331.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 469; Compend. Fl. N. States,
190. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477. — Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 59.

Gerasus nigra, Loiseleur in Nouvean Duhamel, v, 32. — Seringa in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 538. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. 1, 167;
Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 513.— Beck, Bot. 96.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 399.— Loudon, Arboretnm,
ii,704,f.411, 412.

P. hiemalis, Elliott, Sk. i, 542 [not Michaux].

P. eoccinea, Rafinesque, Fl. Lndoviciana, 135.

WILD PLUM. CANADA PLUM. HORSE PLUM.

Valley of the Saint Lawrence (Quebec) to the valley of Rainy and Assinaboine rivers and southern shores of
lake Manitoba; northern Vermont, western New England, and southward through the Atlantic states to the
Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to the valley of the upper Missouri river, Dakota, and Cheyenne
canon, Pike's Peak region, Colorado, southwest through Arkansas, the Indian territory, to about longitude 102°,
and the valley of the lower Concho river, Texas.

A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; rich woods,
or along streams and borders of ponds and swamps, reaching its greatest development on the bottom land.s of
eastern Texas.

A form with the young leaves and pedicles pubescent is —

var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407.

P. hiemalis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 284.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 679.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.
ii, 206.— Nouvean Duhamel, v, 184.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 398.— Rosmer,
Syn. Mon. iii, 59.

P. mollis, Torrey, Fl. U. S. 470 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 199.— Beck, Bot. 95.

Cerasus hiemalis, Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 168.— Beck, Bot. 96.— Loudon, Arboretnm,
ii,704.— Don, Miller's Diet. ii,504.

Cerasus Americana, Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, rich bright brown or often red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7215; ash, 0.18;
used for the handles of tools, etc.

Often cultivated for theyellow, red, or rarely nearly black, acid or rarely sweet fruit, and furnishing an excellent
stock on winch to graft the varieties of the domestic plum.

5 FOR

(5

'66 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

104. — Prunus angustifolia, Marshall,
ArbaBtum, iii. — Kocb, Dendrologie, i, 103.

P. Chicasa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Aiii. i, 284.— Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, v, C80.— Pereoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 302. —
Nonveaii Duhamel, v, 183.— Elliott, Sk. i,r>4'2.— Torrcy in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 194; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 82.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 47(5.— Aiulubon, Birds, t. 53.— Eaton, M.anual, 6 ed. 285.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 397.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.
N. America, i, 407 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 377. — Roeiner, Syn. Men. iii, 58. — Darlington, Fl.
Ostrica, 3 ed. 73. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 299. — Browne, Trees of America, 250. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Siirv. N. Carolina 1860, iH, 56. — Le.squereux in
Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 858.— Wood, CI. Book, 328 ; Bot. & Fl. 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148 ; Hall's
PI. Texas, 9. — Young, Bot. Texas, 1251. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.

, P. insititiaj Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 60.

Cerasus Chicasa, Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-A0i.i,168; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don,
Miller's Diet, ii, 514. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 705.

CHICKASAW PLUM. HOG PLUM.

Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky mountains, where it is found at an altitude of
7,000 feet, and of the high plateau east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation
throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania, and west of the Alleghany mountains extending as far
north as southern Michigan.

A small tree, G to 8 meters in height, with a trunk, 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub;
generally along streams or borders of prairies, in rich soil.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or
red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6884; ash, 0.28; often cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit.

105. — Prunus Pennsylvanica, LinnsBus f.

Sappl. 252. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 992 ; Euum. 518 ; Berl. Baumz. 310. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 45. — Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, v, 673. —
Persoon,Syn.ii,35.— Nonveau Duhamel, v, 9. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 198. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 331. — Nuttall, Genera, i,
302.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 468 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 198.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed., 235.—
Beck iu Am. Journal Sci. 1 ser. xiv, 112. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 130. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1860, iii, 57.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 102.— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 61 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148.— Koch,
Dendrologie, i,117. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 ed. ii,
513.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 194. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80,
64"=. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176.

tP. lanceolata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 240, t. 3,f. 3.

Cerasits horealis, Michaux. Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 286.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 32.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 159, t. 8 ; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 152. t. 90. — Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 558.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 513.— Beck, Bot.
97. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 703, f. 410. — Roomer, Syn. Mon. iii, 78.

P. borealis, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 674.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 538.— Eaton, Manual, 54.— Barton, Compend. Fl.
Philadelph. i, 223.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1598.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 205.

f P. peraieifolia, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 205.

f Cerasus persici/oUa, Loisoleur iu Nouveau Duhamel, v, 9.— Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 537. —Don, Miller's Diet,
ii, 512. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 411. — RoBmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 81.

Cerasus Pennsylvanica, Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii,5:?8.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 168.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 514.—
Beck, Bot. 97.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 409.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 705.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.—
Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 196.- Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 15; 2 ed. i, 165.- Browne, Trees of America, 265.— Emerson, Trees
Massachusetts, 1 ed. 451. — Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 57. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. —
Richardson, Arctic Exped. 425. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251 . — Wood, CI. Book, 327.

WILD RED CHEEKY. PIN CHERRY. PIGEON CHERRY.

Labrador, shores of Hudson's bay, and west through the Saskatchewan region to the valley of the upper Fraser
river (Soda creek, Macoun); south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois,
central Iowa, and along the high Alleghany mountains of Nortli Carolina and Tennessee, and the Rocky mountains
of Colorado.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

67

A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, or in the
Eocky Mountain region reduced to a low shrub ; commou in all the northern forests, in northern New England
taking possession of ground cleared by fire of the coniferous forests.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, sap-wood clear
yellow; specific gravity, 0.5023; ash, 0.40.

The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the preparation of cough mixtures, etc.

106. — Prunus umbellata, Elliott,

8k.i,541.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 286.— Dietrich, Syn. ill, 44.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119.— Wood, CI. Boot, 328; Bot. & Fl. 102.—
Young, Bot. Texas, '251.- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.

P.pumila, Walter, Fl. Carollniana, 146 [not Linnajus].

Cerasus umbellata, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 409.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Ecemer, Syn. Men. iii, 78.

SLOE. BLACK SLOE.

South Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, and through central Alabama
to eastern Mississippi (Holly Springs and Enterprise, Mohr).

A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 meter in diameter ; dry, sandy soil.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark reddish-byown, the
sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8202 ; ash, 0.12.

The black or red pleasantly acid fruit used as a preserve.

107. — Prunus emarginata, Walpers,

Bep. ii, 9. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42. — London, Arhoretnm, ii, 714. — Watson in King's Eep. v, 79. — ^Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284. —
Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167.

Cerasus emarginata, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America,
i, 410.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— EoBmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 79.— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 83.— Bolander in
Proc. California Acad, iii, 79.

Cerasus erecta, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 194.— Walpers, Ann, iii, 854.

Cerasus glanduUsa, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 59.

Vancouver's island and the valley of the lower Eraser river, south through western Washington territory and
Oregon, east to the western slopes of the Bitter Eoot mountain, Idaho (Lolo trail, Watson), and the valley of tho
Jocko river, Montana [Ganby & Sargent). California along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas and on the
Coast ranges, from San Francisco bay to the Santa Lncia mountains {O. B, Vasey), reaching an elevation of /rom
3,000 to 4,000 feet.

A tree often 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; at high
elevations and throughout central California reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 meters in height, or in the Santa Lucia
mountains 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ( Vasey) ; generally along streams
or in low, rich woods.

The wood of the type not collected.

Var. mollis, Brewer,

Bot. California, i, 167.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86.

Cerasus mollis, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169.— Hooker, London Jour. Bot. vi, 217.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 410.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 417.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii,
14, t. 46; 2 ed. i, 164, t. 46.— Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 79.— Eichardson, Arctic Exped, 425.— Newberry in Pacific E. E.
Eep. vi, 73.— Cooper in Pacific E. E. Eep. xii, 29, 59; Am. Nat. iii, 406.— Lyall in Jour. Linnseau Soc. vii, 131. —Gray
in Proc. Am. Acad. Tiii, 381.

P. mollis, Walpers, Eep. ii, 9.- Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.—
Macouu in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 194. »

The common northern and Idaho form, more or less wooly pubescent, especially on the under side of the leaves.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown
8trea.ked with green; specific gravity, 0.4502; ash, 0.21.

68 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

108. — Prunus serotina, Ehrhart,

Beitr. iii,20. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 986 ; Ennm. 517; Berl. Baumz. 301. — Persoon, Syn. U, 34. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. il, 204. — Alton,
Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 196.— Eaton, Mannal, 54 ; 6 ed. 284.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 54. — Guimpel,
Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 45, t. 37.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 70.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 478.— Nees, PI. Neuwied, 9.— Hooker f. in Trans.
Linnsan Soc. xxii', 327. — Curtis in Eep. Grcological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 56. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
358.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 102.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. PhU. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Cliapman,Fl. S. States, 120.— Gray, Manual
N. States, 5 cd. 149 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 122.— Torrey , Bot. Wilkes Expod. 284.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts,
2 ed. ii, 515 & t. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167. — ^Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. ii, 97, t.
97.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54<=.—Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,66.

P. Virginiana. Miller, Diet. No. 3 [not Linnieus].- Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 12; Harbk. ii, 191.— Wangenheim, Amer.34, t. 14.—
Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 345. — Marshall, Arbustum, 112. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ii,
163.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 664.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 329.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. 467;
Compend. Fl. N. States, 189.— Bigelow, FL Boston. 3 ed. 204.

Cerasus Virginiana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 285.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 151, t. 6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 147,
t. 88.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169 (excl. syn. ).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Beck, Bot. 97.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2
ed. 289. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 710, f. 418. — Browne, Trees of America, 268.

Cerasus serotina, Loiseleur in Nonveau Duhamel, v, 3.— Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 540.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i,416.—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America,i,410.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 712, f. 419 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Torrey,
Fl. N. York, i, 196; Pacific R.E. Eep. vii, 11.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 41, t. 35.— Griffith, Med. Bot.
288. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 453. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi,
186.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 75.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Porcher,
Resources 8. Forests, 169. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 425. — Wood, CI. Book, 326. — Bolander in Proc. California
Acad, iii, 79.

P. cartilaginea, Lehmann, Ind. Sem. Hamburg, 1833.

Padus serotina, Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 14, f. 8.

Padus Virginiana, Rcemer, Syn. Men. iii, 86.

Padus cartilaginea, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 86.

WILD BLACK OHEEEY. BUM CHEEBT.

Southern Ontario, southward through the Atlantic forests to Matanzas inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, west to
the valley of the Missouri river, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the upper San
Antonio River, Texas.

A tree 18 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 or, exceptionally, 1.50 meter in diameter; rich,
generally elevated woodlands; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the
Alleghany mountains from West Virginia southward ; not common and of small size in the Gulf region and
Texas

Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color, light brown or red, growing darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.5822; ash,
0.15 ; largely used and esteemed in cabinet work, interior finish, etc., and now becoming scarce.

The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water generates a small percentage of
hydrocyanic acid ; employed as a tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consumption in the form of cold
infusions, sirups, and fluid extracts (Proc. Am. Phxr. Assoc, xxiii, 209. — Glohley in Jour. Pharm. et Chimie, xv, 40. —
Quibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 317. — Pharm. Jour. 3 ser. iv, 44. — Fliickiger & Ranhury, Pharmocographia, 224. —
U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 749. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2ed. 1177) ; the bitter fruit used domestically in the preparation
of cherry brandy.

Note. — The closely-allied P. Virginiana of the north Atlantic region, a tall shrub, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, does not
assume arborescent habit.

109. — Prunus Capuli, Cavanilles,

Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477. — Schlechtendal in Linnsea, xiii, 89, 404. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 123. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 367. —
Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, zrli, 352.

Cerasus CapolUn, De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, .539.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 713, f. 420.— Bentham,
PI. Hartweg. 10.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 232.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 412.— Gray in
Smithsonian Contrib. v, ."i4.

Cerasus Capuli, Seringe in De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 541.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 422.

P. CapolUn, Z-nccarini in Abhandl. Acad. Munich, ii, 345, t. 8. — Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 87. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, C2.— Busby in Hull. Toiroy Bot. Club, ix, 53.

P. Canadensis, Mocifio & Sess^, PI. Mex. Icuu. inetl.

CATALOGUE OF. FOREST TREES. 69

WILD CHEKRY.

Apache and Gnadalupe mountains, Texas, west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the sontheSm
elopes of the San Francisco mountains ; southward through northern New Mexico, and in Peru.

A small tree, in the United States, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.30 meter in diameter j
bottoms of cartons and mountain valleys, generally between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation.

Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, brown, or
often bright, clear red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.7879 ; ash, 0.20.

110. — Prunus deraissa, Walpera,

Rep. ii, 10. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 307. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63. — Watson in King's Eep. v, 80;
PI. Wheeler, 8.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 481.— Coulter in Haydeu's Eep. 1872, 764.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 37.— Brandegeein
Hayden's Rep. 187,7, 236.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette,
ii, 86. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 194. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 368.

Cerasus serotina, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169, in part.

Gerasus demissa, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 40.— Durand in
Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855,87.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83. — ^Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 73. — Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^, 59.

Padus demissa, Roemer, Syn. Men. iii, 87.

P. Virginiana, var. demissa, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 381.

WILD CHEERY.

Vancouver's island east to the western slopes of the Rocky mountains of Montana, south through the Pacific
region; in Sonora.

A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a
low shrub ; reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern California, near
the coast; in southern California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges, a low shrub confined to high,
mountain valleys.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6951 ; ash, 0.50.

HI. — Prunus Caroliniana, Alton,

Hort. Kew. ii, 163 ; 2 ed. iii, 196. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 987. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 667. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 34. — Desfontaines, Hist.
Arb. ii,203.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 302.— Sprengel, Neue Entdeck. i, 304; Syst. ii, 478.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 71.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.—
Audubon, Birds, t. 159, 190. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 286. — Schlechtendal in Linnsea, xiii, 89. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43. — Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 120.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 57.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 103.— Kooh, Dendrologie, i, 124.—
Young, Bot. Texas, 252.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.

P. Carolina, Miller, Diet.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 198.

P. serrati/olia, Marshall, Arbustum, 114.

P. Lxisitantca, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146.

Gerasus GaroUmana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 285. — Nonveau Duhamel, v, 5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 156, t. 7;
N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 150, t. 89.— Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. u, 540.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spaoh,
Hist. Veg. i, 420.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 720, f. 423.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Browne, Trees of America, 272.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 291.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Poroher, Resources S. Forests, 171.— Wood, CI. Book, 326.

P. sempervirens, Willdenow, Ennm. Snppl. 33.

fBumelia serrata, Porsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 155.— Reamer & Sohultes, Syst. iv, 498.

fAchras serrate, Poiret, Snppl. v, 36.

Leptocarpa Garoliniana, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 18; 2 ed. i, 167.
Ghimanthus amygdalinus, Rafinesqno, Fl. Ludoviciana, 159.
Laurocerasus Garoliniana, Roemer, Syn. Men. iii, 90.

70 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WILD OEANGE. MOCK OSANGE. WrLD PEACH.

North Carolina, sonth, near the coast, to bay Biscayne, Florida, and southern Alabama, west, along the Gulf
coast, to the valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas.

A small tree, evergreen, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter;
common and reaching its greatest development in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottoms of eastern Texas, here
often covering extensive tracts known as "i)each brakes"; not common in the eastern Gulf states.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking badly in seasoning, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, light reddish-brown, or, more rarely, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.8G88; ash, 0.41.

Generally planted in the southern states as an ornamental and hedge plant; foliage, bark, and fruit contain
prussic acid, the leaves, especially when partly withered, oft«n proving fatal to animals browsing upon them.

112. — Prunus sphaerocarpa, Swartz,

Prodr. 81; FLInd. Oco. li, 927 [not Michaux]. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 987. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 666. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 34.— Don,
Miller's Diet, ii, 516. — Sehlechtendal in Linnsea, xiii, 87. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 10. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 2;U. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 620.

Cerasus splucrocarpa, Loiseleor in NouveauDnhamel.v, 4. — Seringein De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 540. — London, Arboretam ii,
721.— Bot. Mag. t. 3141.— Spach, Hist. Veg. 1,421. .

Semi-tropical Florida, western shores of bay Biscayne (Gurtiss); in the West Indies..

A small tree, in Florida not exceeding 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; high
rocky woods or, more rarely, along the borders of streams and ponds; rare.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many very small open ducts; layers
of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color, light, clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow; specific gravity,
0.8998; ash, 0.87.

113. — Prunus ilicifolia, Walpers,

Eep. ii, 10. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43. — ^Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 285. — Brewer & Watson, Bot.
California, i, 168; ii, 443.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.

Gerastis ilicifolia, Nuttall in Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 340, t. 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Nnttall,
Sylva, ii, 16, t. 47 ; 2 ed. i, 165, t. 47.— Torrey in Emory's Eep. 139; Pacific E. E. Rep. iv, 83.— Paxton, Brit Fl. Garden,
iii, 44, f. 254. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 654. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.58, 259. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, ii,
22. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 79; iv, 22. — London Garden, 1873, 131 & fig.

Laurocerasus ilicifolia, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 92.

isLAY.

California, (Joast ranges from San Francisco bay south to the southern boundary of the state, extending to
the western slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains.

A small tree, evergreen, often 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or when
distant from the coast often reduced to a low shrub.

Wood very heavj'^, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish,
containing many regularly-distributed rather small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright
reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.9803; ash, 0.78; furnishing valuable fuel.

114. — Vauquelinia Torreyi, Watson,

Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 147. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 169. — Maximowicz in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, V, 237. — Hemsley, Bot.
Am.-Cent. i, 370.

Spircea Galifornica, Torrey in Emory's Eep. 140.

V. corymbosa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 64 [not Correa].

Arizona, high mountains near the Gila {Emory), summits of the Santa Catalina mountains {Pringle, Lemmon);
in Sonora.

A small tree in the Santa Catalina mountains, 4 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in
diameter; dry slopes and rocky bluffs at 2,700 to 4,000 feet elevation, granitic soil; generally hollow and decayed.

Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 1.1374; ash, 1.45.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 71

115. — Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall;

Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427.— Hooker, Icon. t. 324.— Nuttall, Sylva, li, 28,t.51; 2 ed. i, 178, t. 51.— Walpers, Eep. ii,46.-—
Dietrich, Syu. iii, 119.— "Watson in King's Eejj. v, 83, 420; PI. "Wheeler, 8. —Porter in Hayden's Eep. 1871, 481.- Coulter in
Hayden's Eep. 1872,765.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 146. — Engelmann in Simpson's Eep. 43.5. —
Brewer & "Watson, Bot. California, i, 174. — "Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. — Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 scr. xvii, 421. — Eothrock in
Wheeler's Eep. vi, 43, 111, 360.

MOUNTAIN ITAHOGANT.

Coeur d'Alene mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana and
"Wyoming ; eastern extremities of the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, Wahsatch mountains,
Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of
California, extending southward into Arizona and New Mexico.

A small, low tree, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or north
of Utah and Nevada reduced to a low shrub ; dry, rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation,
reaching its greatest development on th6 high ranges of central Nevada.

A shrubby variety of the Wah§atch mountain and other ranges of Utah, characterized by its rigid, intricately
branched growth, short, revolute leaves and smaller flowers and fruit, is —

var. intricatUS, M. E. .Jones in herb.

' 9

C. intricatUS, "Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 346. — Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 147.

G. brevifoKus, Watson in King's Eep. v, 83 [not Gray].

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difiicult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish;
medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, bright, clear red, or often rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow;
specific gravity, 1.0731 ; ash, 1.04 ; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largely manufactured into
charcoal.

116. — Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nuttall;

Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 337. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427; Pacific E. E. Eep. ii, 164. — Hooker, Icon. t. 323. — Walpers,
Eep. ii, 45. — Torrey in Fremont's Eep. 89 ; Emory's Rep. 139; Sitgreaves' Rep. 158 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv,83; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped.287. — Dietrich, Syn.iii,119. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv\ 41; Smithsonian Contrib. iii,
68; v, 54; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vii,146; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 411; Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 61. — Engelmann
in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Bolauder in Proc. California Acail. iii, 79. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1870, 475; 1871,
481.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 82.— Porter & Conltcr, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Siirv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 34.— Eothrock, PI. Wheeler,
37 ; "Wheeler's Eep. vi, 111, 359. — Brewer «Sc Watson, Bot. California, i, 174 ; ii, 444. — "Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. — M. E. Jones,
Excnr. Bot. 12, 15, 20. 21. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 374. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 353.

MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.

California, valley of the Klamath river, southward through the Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and San
Jacinto mountains, and in Lower California ; Rocky mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, mountains
of southern Arizona, and southward into Sonora.

A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a
shiaib ; dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest development on the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona,
at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet.

A glabrous variety of southern California, with dark green leaves, is —

var. glaber, Watson, Bot. California, i,175.

C. betulw/olius, Nuttall in Hooker, Icon. t. 322.— Walpers, Rep. ii,46.

G. betuloides, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl.N. America, i, 427.— Hooker in London Jour. Bot. vi,218.

A form with small entire or sparingly toothed leaves, of northern Mexico, is —

var. paucidentatUS, Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 353.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color, bright reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown; specific gravitj', 0.9365; ash, 0.46;
famishing valuable fuel.

72 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

117. — Pyrus coronaria, Linnions,

Spec. 1 ed. 480.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 166.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 229.— Marshall, Arbustum, 118.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 11, 176; 2
ed. ill, 209.— WlUdenow, Spec. 11, 1019; Euum. M7; Berl. Bauinz. 3:(0.— Pereoon, Syn. 11, 40.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1, 340.— Eaton,
Manual, 56; 6 eU. 291.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 307.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 228.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 86.— Torrey, Fl. U.
8. i, 180; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203; Fl. N. York, i, 223.— Bot. Mag. t. 2009.— Elliott, Sk. 1, 559.— Bot Eeg. viii, 651.— Sprengel,
Syst. li, 510. — De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 635. — Don, Millei-'.s Diet, ii, 6^17. — Beck, Bot. 113. — Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. —
Reichcnbach, Fl. Exot. t. 240. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, 1, 223. — Dietrich, Syu. iii, 154. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 908 &t. —
Browne, Trees of America, 297. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 428. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 612. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snr%'. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 69. —
Lesquei-eux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, CI. Book, b32; Bot. & Fl. 112. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 149. — Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. liJl. — Koch, Deudrologie, i, 214. — Weuzig in Liumea, xxxviii, 40 (excl. var. ). — Macouu & Gibson iu Trans.
Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, xii, 325.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Loudon Garden, xix, 400, t.280.— Ward In Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
22.78.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 66.

Maluft coronaria. Miller, Diet. No. 2.— Mcunch, Meth. (182.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 292.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 562.—
Desfoutainos, Hist. Arb. ii, 140. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi, 139, t. 44, f. 1. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, ('&, t. 10; N,
American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 58, t. 65. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 55. — Spach, Hist. Veg. 11, 136, t. 8. — Roemer, Syn. Mon.
ill, 191. — Decaisue iu Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 154. — Carrifere in Rev. Hort. 1877, 410 &. t.

Crataegus coronaria, Salisbury, Prodr. 357.

Mains microcarpa coronaria, Carrlfere in Rev. Hort. 1884, 104, f. 24.

AMERICAN CRAB. SWEET-SCENTED CRAB.

Ontario, valley of the Humber river, .shores of lake Erie, southward through western New York and
Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and along the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama and northern
Mississippi ; west to southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and northern Louisiana.

A small tree, rarely G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.30 meter in diameter; rich, rather low woods,
reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Ohio region.

Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color, brown varying to light red, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.7048; ash, 0.52; used for
levers, handles of tools, and in turnery.

Often planted for ornament on account of its fragrant blossoms ; the small, yellow-green austere fruit used for
preserves, and occasionally made into cider.

118. — Pyrus angustifolia, Alton,

Hort. Kew. ii, 176 ; 2 ed. iii, 209. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1020.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 455. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 40. — Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept.
i,341.—Elliott,Sk.i,559.— Torrey, Fl. U.S. 480; Compend. Fl.N. States, 203.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 509.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 635.—
Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 132. — Bot. Reg. xiv, 1207. — Don, Miller's Diet. 647. — Beck, Bot. 113.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. —
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 471.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 90!) & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 382.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 1.54.— Nuttall,
Sylva, ii, 24; 2 ed. i, 174.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 307.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128.—
Curtis iu Rep. Geolog'oal Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 69. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, CI. Book, 333;
Bot. & Fl. 112.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 161.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 213.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Ridgway in Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 66.

P. coronaria, Waugenheim, Amer. 61, t. 21, f. 47 [not LinnseosJ.- Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.

Malus angustifolia, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 292.— Decalsne in Nouv. Arch. Mns. x, 155.

Mains semper virens, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 141.— Nouveau Duhamel, vl, 638, t. 43, f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 524.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. ii, 135, t. 8, figs. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 191.

P. coronaria, var. angustifolia, Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 41.

Chloromeles sempervirens, Decalsne in Fl. des Serres, xxiii, 126.

AMERICAN CEAB APPLE. SOUTHERN CRAB APPLE.

Pennsylvania f , southern Delaware, and the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois, south to the Chattahoochee
region of western Florida.

A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods; most common
and reaching its greatest development along the river bottoms of the south Atlantic states; less common west of
the Alleghany mountains.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly iu drying; medullary rays numerous, obscure: color, light
brown tinged with red, the sap wood yellow ; .specific gravity, 0.G895 ; ash, 0.33; used for levers, handles of tools, etc.

The austere fruit used for preserves and made into cider.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 73

119. — Pyrus rivularis, Douglas;

Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 203, t. 68.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 647.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 471. —Eaton & Wright, Bot. .383.'—
Walpers, Rep. ii, 53.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154.— Ledebour, Fl. Eossica, ii, 99.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 22, t.49 ; 2 ed. i, 172, t. 49.— Eichardson,
Arctic Exped. 428.— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 85 ; Hot. Wilkes Exped. 292.— Newberry in Pacific R. E. Eep. vi, 73.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 259 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii, 29, 60.— Eothrock in Smithsonian Eep. 1867, 435, 446.— Koch, Dendrologie,
i, 212.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 382.— Wenzig in Linntea, xxxviii, 38.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California,!, 188.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 185. — Dawson in
Canadian N^t. new ser. ix, 330.

P. diversifoKa, Bongard in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 133.

P. fusca, Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 254.

P. subcordata, Ledebour, Fl. Eossica.-ii, 95. ^

Malus rivularis, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215. — Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155.

Mains diversifolia, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215. — Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155. '

Malus subcordata, Roemer, Syn. Men. iii, 192.

OREGON CRAB APPLE.

Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast and islands of British Columbia, through Washington territory
and Oregon, west of the Cascade mountaias, to Sonoma county, California.

A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; rich, low woods,
generally along streams, often forming dense thickets.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, liable to check badly in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish;
medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.8316 ; ash, 0.41 ; used for mallets, mauls, bearings of machinery, etc.

The small, black, pleasantly acid fruit occasionally used as a preserve, and prized by the Indians as food.

120. — Pyrus Americana, De Candolle,

Prodr. ii, 637.— Watson, Dend. Brit. i. t. 54.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 511.— Hookir, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 204.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648.— Beck,
Bot. 113. — Audubon, Birds, t. 363. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 472.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 920 & t. — Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 383.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 224.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 155.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 25, t. 50; 2 ed. i, 175, t. 50.— Browne, Trees of
America, 326. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 439 ; 2 ed. ii, 499. — Parry in Owen's Eep. 612. — Eichardson, Arctic Exped. 428. —
Lange, PI. Groenl. 134. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 129. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv.
N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 70.— Wood, CI. Book, 333; Bot. & Fl. 112.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 168.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 161. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 190. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Macoun in
Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54"=.

Sorbus Americana, Marshall, Arbustum, 145.— Willdenow, Enum. 520.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Suppl. v,
164.— Eaton, Manual, 55; 6 ed. 351.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 75.— Torrey, Fl .U. S. 477 ; Compend.
Fl. N. States, 202. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,95. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 207. — Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 138. — Maximowicz
in Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, xix, 174. — Wenzig in Linnaea, xxxviii, 71. — Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 158.

Sorbus aueuparia, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 234, in part.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 1. ed. 119.— Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus.
X, 15(5, in part.

Sorbus aueuparia, var. Americana, Persoon, Syn. ii, 38 & addend.

P. aueuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part. — Schleohtendal in Linnaea, x, 99. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soo. xiii',
290, 327, in part.

Sorbus humifusa, Raflnesque, Med. Bot. ii, 265.

MOUNTAIN ASH.

Greenland !, Labrador, Newfoundland, Anticosti island, and westward along the southern shore of James' bay
to the valley of the Nelson river (White Mud falls), southward through all mountainous regions of the northeastern
states, and along the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina; in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Minnesota.

A small tree, 0 to 9 meters iu heii^lit, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; borders of swamps and in
moist, rocky woods, reaching its greatest develoi^ment on the northern shores of lakes llurou and Superior.

^

74 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

A form with smaller fruit, peculiar to the high southern Alleghany mountains, is —
var. microcarpa, Torrey & Gray, FI. N. America, i, 472.

Sorbtis aucuparia, var. a. Miohanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 200.

Sorbus microcarpa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Sappl. v, 164.— Elliott, 8k. i, 555.— Torrey, FL U. 8. 477.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 351.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 95. — Roemer, 8yn. Mon. iii, 138.

P. microcarpa, Sprengel, 8yst. ii, 511.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 636.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648.— Beck, Bot. 113. — Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 383. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 921.

Sorbus Americana, var. microcarpa, Wenzig in Linneea, xxxviii, 71.'

Sorbus riparia, Rafine8que,NewSylva,15.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood
lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5451 ; ash, 0.83.
Often planted for ornament.

121. — Pyrus sambucifolia,

Chamisso & Scblecliteadalin Linnisa, ii, 36. — Bongard in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 133. — Don, Miller'sDict. ii, 648. — Toney
& Gray, FI. N. America, i, 472. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 53. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 155. — Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, ii, 99. — Trautvetter & Meyer,
Fl. Ochot. 37.— Maximo wicz, Prim. Fl. Amurensis, 103.— Eothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 446.— Gray, Manual K. States, 5 ed.
161 ; Proe. Am. Acad, viii, 3d2. — Porter in Hiiydon's Rep. 1870, 475. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 92. — Porter & Coulter, FI. Colorado ;
Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 38. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1876-'76, 195. —
Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 10.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176.

Sorbus aucuparia, var. ;9. Miohanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 290.

Sorbus aucuparia, Schrank, Pi. Labrador, 25, In part [not Linnseus].

P. Americana, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 73 [not De CandoUe].— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^, 60.— Torrey, Bot.
Wilkes Exped. 292.

JP. aucuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part. — Schlechtendal in Linnaea, x, 99, in part. — Hooker in Trans. Linnaean Soo.
xxii', 290, 327. in part.

Sorbus sambucifolia, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139.— Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Soi. St. Petersburg, xix, 174.— Wenzig in
Linnsea, xxxviii, 73. — Decaisue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 159.

Sorbus Sitchensis, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139.

MOXTNTAIN ASH.

Labrador to northern New England and the shores of lake Superior ; high mountain ranges of the Pacific
region from Alaska to southern New Mexico ; in Kamtchatka.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Pacific forests
generally reduced to a low shrub; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in
northern New England and Minnesota.

Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5928; ash, 0.35.

The bark and unripe fruit of the American mountain ashes, like those of the nearly-allied P. auouparia of
Europe, are extremely astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions, etc., in the treatment
of diarrhea {Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1333).

122.— Crataegus rivularis, Nuttall; •

Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 161.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 58.— Nuttall, Sylva,ii,9; 2 ed. i, 160.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258; Am. Nat. iii, 407.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 107.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 92. —Porter
in Haydeu's Rep. 1871, 482.— Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 765.— Brandegee in Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest
Trees, 14.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195.— Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128.

G. sanguinea, var. Douglasii, Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 765 [not Torrey & Gray].

British Columbia, south through eastern Oregon and Washington territory, east and southeast along the
mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado, to the Pinos Altos mountains, New Mexico (Greene).

A small tree, C to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a tall,
much-branched shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets along borders of streams and swamps.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright reddish-brown, the
Bap- wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.7703 ; ash, 0.35.

CATALOGUE OF FOllEST TREES. 75

» 123- — Crataegus Douglasii, Lindley,

Bot. Eeg. xxi, 1. 1810. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 823, f. 584 & t. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 147. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. See. Imp. Nat. Moscow,
xlviii, 26. — Brewer &. Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — Engelmann in Coultert
Bot. Gazette, vii, 128.

f C. glandulosa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, :i37, in part. '

G. punctata, var. brevispina, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am, i, 201.

G. sang^inea, var. Douglasii, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464. — Walpers, Kep. ii, 58.— Dietrich, Syn.iii, 160. —
Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 292. — Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 116.

G. sanguinea, NuttaU, Syl va, ii, 6, t. 44 ; 2 ed. i, 157, t. 44 [not Pallas]. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 259 ; Am. Nat,
iii, 407.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

Anthomeles Douglasii, Boemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 140.

G, rivularis. Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189 [not Nnttall].

British Columbia, valley of the Parsnip river, in about latitude 55° K, south through Washington territory
and Oregon to the valley of the Pitt river, California, extending east through Idaho and Montana to the western
base of the Eocky mountains (valley of the Flathead river, Canby & Sargent).

A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub
throwing up many stems from the ground and forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sandy soil along
streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of the Cascade mountains; toward its eastern
limits a low shrub.

Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; mieduUary rays
numerous, thin ; color, nearly white tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6950 ; ash, 0.33;
used for wedges, mauls, etc.

The small, sweet, black fruit, ripening in August, is largely collected by the Indians.

124. — Cratcegus brachyacantha, Sargent & Englemann;
Engelmann in Conlter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128.

HOGS' HAW.

New Orleans!, {Drummond in herb. Gray); Minden, Louisiana (Mohr); Concord, Texas (Sargent); Longview,
Texas (in fruit, Letterman).

A tree 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams in low,
very rich soil ; the largest North American representative of the genus.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure; color, light brown tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6793 ; ash, 0.42.

The large blue-black fruit greedily eaten by hogs and other animals.

125. — Crataegus arborescens, Elliott,

8k. i, 550.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i , 406.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.—
Walpers, Rep. ii, r)8.— NuttaU, Sylva, ii^lO, t.45; 2 ed. i, 160,t.45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Young, Fl. Texas, 259.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.—
Engelmann in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 4.

Phcenopyrum arborescens, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 153.

G. Grus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109, in part.

Valley of the Savannah river, South Carolina (Aiken, Ravenel), south to the Chattahoochee region of western
Florida ; valley of the Mississippi river, near Saint Louis {Engelmann), south and southwest to western Louisiana,
»nd the valley of the lower Colorado river, Texas.

A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams
and in rather low, wet swamjjs.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, clo.ie-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very
numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6491; ash, 0.57.

The small globular fruit bright red or, more rarely, orange.

76 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

«

126. — Crataegus Crus-galli, Linnisns,

Spec. 1 ed. 476.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 11.5.— Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. ii, 344.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147.— Alton, Hort. Kew.
ii,170; 2 ed. iii, 202.— Wilhienow, Spec, ii, 1004,— Micaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,288.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursh, n.Am. Sept. i, 338.—
Eaton, Manual, 55 ; 6 ed. 111.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Barton, Compeud. Fl. Pl.iladelph. i, 225 ; Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 54.— Elliott,
8k. i, 548.— Toirey, Fl. U. S. 476 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 202 ; Fl. N. York, i, 221.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 56.— De Candolle, Prodr.
ii, 626.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 2C0 ; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Beck, Bot. 111.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.
America, i, 46.x— Loudon, Arboretnm,ii, 820, f. 574, 575 & t.— Eaton «& Wright, Bot. 212.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 206.— Dietrich,
Syn. iii, 15«j. — Browne, Trees of America, 278. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 433 ; 2 ed. ii, 492 & t. — Rocmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117. —
Parry in Owen's Rep. 012.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 305.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.—
Chapman, Fl. S. StatCN, 127. — Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 83. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
369._Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 148.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160; Hall's PI.
Texas, 9. — Yonng, Bot. Texas, 258. — Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 108. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow,
xlviii, 19.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54'=.- Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.

C. lucida, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 13.— Wangenheim, Amer. 53,t. 17,f. 42.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,506.— De Candolle, Pro<lr. ii,029.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.

Mespilus GTUS-galli, Marshall, Axhastum, 88. — Lamarck, Diet, iv, 441. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 157. — Noavean Duhamel,
iy, 149.— Willdenow, Ennm. 522; Berl. Baumz. 244.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 80.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 142.

t Mespilus cuneiformis, Marshall, Arbustum, 88.

Mesjpilm lucida, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 17.— Mcench, Meth. 685.— Spach, Hist. Veg.ii,57.

Mespilus cuneifolia, Mcench, Mefli. 684.

C. Crus-galli, var. splendens, Alton, Hort. Kew.2 ed. 111,202.

Mespilus Watsoniana, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 57.

0. Wateoniana, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.

COOKSPUR THORN. NEWCASTLE THOBN.

Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west through southern Ontario to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic
forests to the valley of the Chipola river, western Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.

A small tree, 4 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, running into varioas
forms. The best marked are —

var. pyracanthifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 170 ; 2 ed. iii, 202.— De Candolle, Prodr. 11, 626.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America,
i, 464.— Loudon, Arboretum, 11, 820, 1. 128, f. 580.— Browne, Trees of America, 278.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg,
1, 109, in part.

C salici/olia, Medlcns, Bot. Beobacht. ii, 345.— Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.

G. Crus-galli, var. salici/olia, Alton, i.e.; 2 ed. I. c— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 244.— De Candolle, I. c— London, I. o. f.

551-553, 578 & t.— Browne, I. c— Regel, I. c. 110.

Mespilus Cru^-galli, var. salicifolia, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 80.

Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Hayne, I. e.

Mespilus salici/olia, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 144.

0. Coursetiana, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.

var. ovalifolia, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. I860.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. ill, 159.— Loudon,
Arboretum, ii, 821, 1 579 ^ t.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, 1, 109.

Mespilus ovali/olia, Homemann, Hort. Hafn. Snppl. 52. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 143.

Mespilus prunelli/olia, Polret, Snppl. iv, 72.

0. ovali/olia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117.

C. prunelli/oHa, De Candolle, I. c— Don, I. c— Roemer, I. c.

Mespilus elliptica, Gnlmpel, Otte & Hayne,.Abb. Holz. 170, t. 144 [not Lamarck].— Spach. Hist. Veg. Ii, 68.

var. linearis, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 626.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, 1, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— Loudon,
Arboretum, ii, 821, f. 577.— Browne, Trees of America, 278.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 110.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 77

Mespilus lucida, var. angustifolia^ Ehrhart, Beitr. iy, 18.

G. linearis, Persoon, Syn. ii, 37. — Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 118.

Mespilus linearis, Deafontaines, Hist. Alb. ii, 156.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 70. — Spaoh, Hist. Veg. ii, 57.

var. prunifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 821, f. 576 & t.—
Regol in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 110.

Mespilvs prunifolia, f Marshall, Arbustnm, 90. — Lamarck, Diet, iv, 443. — Nouveau Dnhamel, iv, 150, t. 40. — Sprengel,
Syst. ii, 506.

Mespilus rotundifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 20.

C. prunifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Boso in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Lindley, Bot. Beg.
xxii, t. 1868.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.

Mespilus Bosciana, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 58.

G. Bosciana, Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 118.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish; medullary rays
numerous, very obscure ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood rather lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7194 ; ash,
0.56.

The long, strong spines are occasionally collected and used to fasten sacks and for similar purposes.

127. — Crataegus coccinea, Linnajus,

Spec. 1 ed. 476.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 167 ; 2 ed. iii, 200. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1000 (excl. syn.).— Michaux,
Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 288. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 36. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337. — Eaton, Manual, 55; 6ed. 111. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 305. —
Schrank, Pfl. Labrador, 26. -Barton, Compend, Fl. Philadelph. i, 226.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 77.— Elliott, Sk. i, 553.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 474 ;
Compend.Bot. N. States, 201 ; Fl. N. York, i, 221 ; Emory's Rep. 403.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201 ; Bot.
Mag. t. 3432.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 82.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. 23, 1. 1957.— Torrey & Gray,
Fl. N. America, i, 465.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 206.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 58.—
London, Arboretum, ii, 816, f. 564-566, t< 121.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 270, f. 18-20, 22.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 434 ; 2 ed. ii,
493 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 83. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 305. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 2,52. — Gray in Pacific E. E. Rep. xii, 43 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Curtis in Rep. Geological
Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 82. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 309. — Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Kaleniczenko
in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 9. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 177. — Bell in Geological
Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55<:.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.

Mespilus coccinea, Marshall, Arbustnm, 87.— Moench, Meth.684. — Lamarck, Diet. iv,442. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb ii, 156.—
WiUdenow, Ennm. 523; Berl. Baumz. 238.— Wendland in Regensb. Fl. 1823, 699.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507— Spach,
Hist. Veg. ii, 64.

Mespilus rotundifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 20.— Wendland in Regensb. Fl. 1823, 700.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 58.— Koch,
Dendrologie, i, 148.

Pyrus glandulosa, Moench, Meth. 680.

G. glandulosa, Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1002 (excl.syn.).— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,337, iu p.art.— Torrey, Fl. U. S.475; Compend.
Fl. N. States, 201.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1012.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201.— Don, Miller's
Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 817,
f. 550, 567, 568 & t.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 84.—
Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 120.

Mespilus glandulosa, Willdenow, Enum. 523.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 62. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 145.

Mespilus pubescens, Wendland in Eegensb. Fl. 1823, 700.

G. Grus-galli, Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 2 ed. 194 [not Linnsns].

f Mespilus Wendlandii, Opiz in Eegensb. Fl. 1834, 590.

G. macracantha, Loddiges in Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 819, f. 572, 573 &t.

G. glandulosa, var. macracantha, Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxii, 1. 1912.

Mespilus fUtbellata, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 03.— Koch, Dendrologie, 1,148.

Halmia flabellata, Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 136.

Antkomeks rotundifolia, Roemer, Syn.Mon. iii,140.

Phcenopyrum coccinctim,R(BmeT, Syn. Mon. iii, 156.

PlucHopi/rum Wendlandii, iiixsiuci-yfiyn.ilou.in, 156.

78 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

SOAELET HAW. BED HAW. WHITE THOEN.

West coast of Newfoundland, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river and the northern shores of the
great lakes to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas.

A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter; open upland woods or along
streams and borders of prairies; very common at the north, rare at the south ; running into many forms, varying
in the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc. The best marked are—

var. viridis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 149.

0. viridis, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 476.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1001.— Persoon, Syn. il, 36.— Elliott, Sk. i, 551.— De CaudoUe, Prodr.
ii, 630. —Dou, Miller's Diet, ii, 601.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica.S ed. 293.— Eaton & Wright.
Bot. 218.- Beck, Bot. 305.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 305.— Wood, CI. Book, 332 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.

t Phcenopyrum viride, E<Bmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 156.

Mespilus viridis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 149.

C. glandulosa, var. rotundifolia, Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i,120.

var. populifolia, Torrey & Gray, PI. N. America, i, 465.

C. populifolia, Elliott, 8k. i, 553 [not Walter].— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. lUt— Beck, Bot. 305.— Eaton*
Wright, Bot. 212.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 305.

Mespilus populifolia, Lamarck, Diet. Iv, 447.

Fhcenopyrum populifolium, Eoeraer, Syn. Mon. iii, 156.

0. COCCtJiea, var. <J(pJca, Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg,!, 121.

var. oligandra, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8618; ash, 0.38.

128. — Crataegus subvillosa, Schrader,

Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett.- Torrey in Pacific E. R. Eep. iv, 35.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.

C. coceinea, var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 186.— Parry in
Owen's Eep. 612. — Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 121.

Fhcenopyrum subvillosum, Etemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 154.

C. mollis, Scheele in Linntea, xxi, 569; Eoemer, Texas, Appz. 473. — Walpers, Ann. ii,523.

C. sanguinea, var. villosa, Euprecht & Maximowioz, Prim. Fl. Amurensis, 101.

G. Texaria, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 454 (see Gray in same, 1862, 163).— Toting, FL Texas, 258.

C. tomentosa, var. mollis, Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160.— Wood, CI. Book, 330; Bot. & FL 121.— Vasey, Cat Forest
Trees, 14.

Mespilus tiliqfolia, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 151.

< •' ♦

SOAELET HAW.

Eastern Massachusetts (i)ossibly introduced); central Michigan to eastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee,
and southwest through Missouri, Arkansas, the Indian territory, and Texas to the valley of the San Antonio river.

A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter; rich woods and along borders
of streams and prairies.

Wood lieiivy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color^ light
brown or light red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7953 ; ash, 0.69.

The large red fruit often downy, edible, and of agreeable flavor.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 79

129.— Crataegus tomentosa, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 476 (excl. syn. Gronovius). — Kalra, Travels, Eaglish ed. ii, 151. — Du Roi, Harbk. i, 183. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,
466.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 222.— Emorson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 435; 2 ed. ii, 494 & t.— Parry im
Owen's Rep. 612. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
359. — Wood, CI. Book, 330. — Engelmaun in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 191. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160. — Young,
Bot. Texas, 258. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mns. 1882, 66-

G. leucoplllwOS, Moench, Hort. Weiss. 31, t. 2. — Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 106.

Mespilus Calpodendron, Ehrhart, Beitr. ii, 67.

G. pyrifoUa, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 168 ; 2 ed. iii, 200. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1001.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Nouveau Dnhamel, it,
131.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 292.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Elliott, Sk. i, 550.— Torrey, Fl. U. S.
475; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.i,201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii,
599.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Lindl-y, Bot. Reg. xxii, 1. 1877.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 819, f. 571 & t.--Eaton <fc
Wright, Bot. 211.

Mespilus latifolia^ Lamarck, Diet, iv, 444. — Desfontames, Hist. Arb. ii, 156. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 150. — Spach, Hist. Veg.
ii, 60.

G. latifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii, 30.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Roemer,
Syn.Mon. 119.

Mespilus pyrifoUa, Willdenow, Enum.523; Berl. Baumz. 240.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 15.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 78.

Melius lohata, Poiret, Suppl. Iv, 71.

Mespilus odorata, Wendland in Regensb. Fl. 1823, 700.

Mespilus pruinosa, Wendland in Regensb. Fl. 1823, 700.

C lobata, Boso in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 628.

C.flava, Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am.i,202 (excl. syn.).

Halmia tomentosa, Roemer, Sjn. Mon. 135.

Halmia lobata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. 135.

Phcenopyrum pruinosum, Roemer, Syn. Mon. 155.

T G. COCCinea, var. viridis, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Eep. iv, 86 [not Torrey & Gray].

C. tomentosa, var. pyrifolia, Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 111.

C. COCCinca, Brandegee in Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236 [not Linnieus].

G. leucocephalus, LavalMe, Arboretum Segrez. 78, t. 22 [not Moench].

G. cocdnea, var. eordata, Lavall^e,ArboretnmSegrez. 81,t.22.

BLACK THOEN. PEAE HAW.

New Brunswick, westward along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river and the northern shores of the great
lakes to the Saskatchewan region, southward through the Atlantic forests to the Chattahoochee region of western
Florida, and eastern Texas west to the mountains of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, southwestern
Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico.

A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter, or often, especially west of
the Rocky mountains, reduced to a low shrub, here forming dense thickets along mountain streams ; the most widely-
distributed of the North American Gratoegi, varying greatly in the size, shape, and color of the fruit, form of the
leaves, amount of pubescence, etc.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright reddish-
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7633; ash, 0.50,

80 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Var. punctata, Gray,

M&naal N. States, 2 ed. 124. — Cooper In Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapmau, Fl. S. States, 127.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871,
481.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

C. punctata, Jacquin, Hort. Vindob. i, 10, t. 28.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 169; 2 ed. ill, 802.— Willdenow, Spec. ii. 1004.—
Micliaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 289.— Persoon, Syn. i, 37.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 338.— Elliott, Sk. i, 548.— Torrey, Fl. U.
S. 47C ; Compeud. Fl. N. States, 202; Fl. N. York, i, 222.— Do CaiidoUe, Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201 (excl.
var.); Companion Bot. Maj;. i, 25. — Djn, Miller's Diet, ii, 589. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Beck, Bot. 111. — Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 466.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 818, f. ,569, .'')70 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich,
Syu. iii, 159. — Browne, Trees of America, 277. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 435 ; 2 ed. ii, 495. — Gray, Manual
N. States, 1 ed. 128. — Eichardson, Arctic Exped. 427. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 84. — Darby, Bot. S. States,
306. — Lpsquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, CI. Book, 330; Bot. & Fl. 111. — Engelmanu in Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 191. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 14.

Mespilus cornifolia, Muenchhausen, Hausv. V, 145. — Lamarck, Diet, iv, 444. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 134. — Spach, Hist. Veg.
ii, 60, t. 10, f. c.

C. Cms gain, Wangenheim, Amer. 52. — Du Roi, Harbk. i, 195 ""not Linnseus].

Mespilus cuneifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 21.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 506.— Spach, Hist. Veg. il, 61.

Mespilus punctata, Loiseleur in Nouvean Duhamel, W, 152. — Willdenow, Enum. 524; Berl. Baumz. 243. — Poiret, Suppl.
iv, 70. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 79. — Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 57. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 61. — Wenzig in Linniea, xxxviii, 128.

Mespilus pyrifolia, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 155.

G. punctata, var. rubra and aurea, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 202.

C. latifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.

f G. flexuosa, Schweinitz in Long's 2d Exped. ii, Appx. 112.

C. flava, Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 292 [not Aitori].

C cuneifolia. Roomer, Syu. Mon. iii, 118.

G. obovatifolia, Rremer, Syn. Mon. iii, 120.

Hahnia punctata, Roemer, Syu. Mon. iii, 134.

Malmia cornifolia, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, l:i4.

G. tomentosa, var. plicata, Wood, CI. Book, 330; Bot.&FLlll.

G. punctata, var. xanthocarpa, LavaU6e, Arboretum Segrez. i, 53, t. 16.

Fruit larger than that of the species, dnll red or yellow.

130. — Crataegus cordata, Alton,

Hort. Kew. ii,168; 2 ed. iii,200.— WiUdenow, Spec, ii, 1000.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Eaton, Manual, 55; 6 ed. HI.— Elliott, Sk. i,554.—
Torrey, Fl. U. S. 474 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 628.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 63.— Lindley, Bot, Reg.
xiv,t. 1151.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Beck, Bot. 112. -Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 467.—
London, Arboretum, ii, 825 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich, Syn. iu, 160.— Browne, Trees of America, 280.— Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 427.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 82.— Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 159.— Young, Bot. Texas, 257.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 114.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc.
Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii,31. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

Mespilus Phmnopyrum, Ehrhart in Llnnajus f. Snppl. 254 ; Beitr. i, 181 ; ii, 67.— Moench, Meth. 685.— Lamarck, Diet,
iv, 446.

G. populifolia, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147 [not Elliott].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337.

Mespilus acerifolia, Bnrgsdorf in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 442.— Nouveau Duhamel,iv, 151.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 65.

Mespilus cordata, Miller, Icon. t. 179.— Willdenow, Enum. 523; Berl. Baumz. 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 77.— Sprengel, Syst. u,
!j07.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 138.

Phmnopyrum CDrdatum, RcBnier,.Syn. Mon.iii,l57.

Phwnopijrum aceri/oUum, R(Bmer,Syn. Mon.iii, 157.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 81

WASHINGTON THORN.

Valley of the upper Potomac river, Virginia, southward along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia"
and Alabama, extending west through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee to the valley of the lower
Wabash river, Illinois.

A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter; generally along banks of
streams.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood lighlVr; specific gravity, 0.7293 ; ash, 0.46.

Formerly widely planted as a hedge plant.

131. — Crataegus apiifolia, Miohaux,

PI. Bor.-Am. i, 287.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 38.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 3.36.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Elliott, 8k. i, 552.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii,
627.— DoD, Miller's Diet, ii, 599. — Andubon, Birds, t. 192. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112. — Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. — Torrey
& Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 467.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 824, f. 588, 589 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Roomer, Syn. Mou. iii, 121. — Cooper in Smithsonian Hop. 1658, 2.52. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Wood,
. CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 159 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Young, Bot. Texas, 257.— Kaleniozenko in
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 29. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

G. oxyacantha, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147 [not Linnseus].

Mespilus apiifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 89.- Poiret, Suppl. iv, 68.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 508.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 67.

MespHu8 monogyna, var. apiifolia, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 160.

C. oxyacantha, var. apiifolia, Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, 119.

PARSLEY HAW.

Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to about latitude 28", extending west through the Gulf states to
southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a slender stem rarely exceeding 0.08 to 0.10 meter in diameter,
or more often a low shrub, throwing up many stems from the ground; low, rich soil, reaching its greatest
development in the pine barren hummocks of central Florida.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays, thin, very
obscure; color, bright brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7453; ash,
0.97.

132. — Crataegus spathulata, Michaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 228.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 226.— Elliott, Sk. i, 552.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1261.—
Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. — Gray in Lin'dley, Bot. Rog. xxiii under 1. 1957; Manual N. States,
5 ed. 159. — Eaton, Manu:il, 6 ed. 112. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 467.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 825, f. 591 & t. — Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Darby, Bot. S. States, SWi.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, 126.— Lesquercux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 359.— Wood, CI. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Young, Bot. Texas, 257.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow,
xlviii, 31. — Ridgway in Am. Nat. vi, 728.

Mespilus Azarolus, Marshall, Arbustum, 89 [not Linmeus].

Mespilus spathtllata, Poiret, Snppl.iv, 68.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 157.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Spach, Hist. Veg. u,
66. — Koch, Dendrologio, i, 137.

C. microcarpa, Lindloy, Bot. Reg. xxii, 1. 1846. '

PJuenopyrvm spaihulatum, Rcemcr, Syn.Mon.iii,355.

SMALL-FRUITED HAW.

Virginia, southward to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west through the Gulf states to the valley
of the Washita river, Arkansas (Hot Springs. Letterman), and the Colorado river, Texas.

A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often reduced to a low
shrub; margins of streams and prairies; common and reaching its greatest development along the bottom lands of
xestern Louisiana und eastern Texas.

Wood heav>-, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color, light
Wrowii or red. the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7159; ash, 0.66.
i\ pot;

82 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

133. — Crataegus berberifolia, Torrey &, Gray,

Fl. N. America, i, 409. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159. — Walpers, Rei). ii, 59.— Bonmer, Syu. Mon. iii, 115. — Wood, CI. Book, 332. — Eegel in Act.
Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 123. — Engcltuann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128.

Mespilns berbet-ifolia, Wenzig in Llnnsea, xxxvlii, 125.

Phccnopyrttm elUptieum,licBmeT,Syn.Mon.iii,155.

Phwnopyrum Virginicum, Rocmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 155.

New Orleans? (Drummond, No. 105'); Opeloiisas, Louisiana {Carpenter, Sargent).

A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; borders of prairies, in low
groand ; the fruit and wood not yet collected.

134.— Crataegus aestivalis, Torrey & Gray,

Fl. N. America, i, 468.— Walpers, E«p. ii, 58.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 162.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 12 ; 2 ed. i, 162.— Darby, Bot. S. Stat«8, 306.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 187.— Lesquoreux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Eegel in Act.
Hort. St. Petersburg, 1, 124.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

Mespilus WStivalis, Walter, Fl. CaroUniana, 148.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447.

G. elliptica, Elliott, Sk. i, 548 [not Alton].

C. lucida, Elliott, Sk.i, 549 [not Ehrhart].

C. opaca. Hooker & Amott in Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2563.

Anthomeles CBStivalis, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 141.

MAY HAW. APPLE HAW.

South Carolina, south to northern Florida, west through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley
of the Sabine river, Texas.

A small tree, C to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter ; generally in sandy soil along
the margins of streams and ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of western
Louisiana and eastern Texas.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown
or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6564; ash, 0.57.

The large, globular, fragrant, red fruit, of agreeable subacid flavor, used as a preserve, in jellies, etc. ; ripening
in May.

135. — Crataegus flava, Alton,

Hort. Kew. ii, 169 ; 2ed. iii, 201.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1002.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 338.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.—
De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 628.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 59.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 600.— Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxiii, t. 1939.— Torroy &
Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 468.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 823, f.585 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.-
Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 28.— Curtis
in Rep. (Jeological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 83.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, CI. Book, 3;P2 ; Bot.
<fe Fl. 111. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160. — Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 122. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscow, xlviii, 27. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

Mespilus flexispina, Moench, Verz. Baum. 62, t. 4.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 139.

G. glandulosa, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 168 ; 2 ed. iii, 201 [not Michaux].— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 69, in part.

Mespilus CaroUniana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 442.— Desfontaines, Hist, Arb. ii, 156.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, .'>07.

G. CaroUniana, Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Elliott, Sk. i, 554.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.

Mespilus flava, Willdenow,~Enam. 523.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 70.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. .59.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, .59.

C. turUnata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. Addend. 735.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 543.— Elliott, Sk. i, 549.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 627.—
Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.

Mespilus turbinata, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 506.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 66.

G. flava, var. loiata, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiii, t. 1932.

G. lobata, Bosc in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 628.— Don, Miller's Diet, it, 599.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 824, f. 554, 586.

Phcenopyrum CaroUnianum, Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 152.

Anthomeks flava, glandulosa, and turbinata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 141.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 83

SUMMEE HAW. YELLOW HAW. ,

Virginia, southward, generally near the coast, to Tampa bay, Florida, west through the Gulf states to
eastern Texas and southern Arkansas.

A small tree, rarely 7 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or reduced to a much-branched
shrub 2 to 3 meters in height ; borders of streams, in low, sandy soil subject to overflow.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary
rays very r.umerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.7809 ; ash, 0.79.

Fruit small, red or yellow, acid.

Var. pubescens, Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. ItiO.

Mespilus hiemalis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148. — Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447.

C. viridis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147 [not Linnsens]. — Elliott, Sk. i, 551.

G. elliptica, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 168 ; 2 ed. iii, 201. — Wdlldenow, Spec, ii, 1002. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 37. — Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. i, 337.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 305.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 475; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii,
627.- Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Beck, Bot. 33.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Torrey &,
Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 469.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 109.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.—
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 84. — Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 132.

Mespilus elliptica, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447. — Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 125. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 140.

C. glandttlosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 288 [not Alton]. — Nnttall, Genera, i, 305. — Chapman, Fl. S. State.*!, 128. — Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 14.

C. Michauxii,T?eTeoou,&yn.ii,38.

G, spathulata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 336 [not Michaux]. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627. — Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. 1890;
xxiii, under 1. 1957.

Mespilus Michaiixii, Homemann, Hort. Ha&. 455. — Poiret, Suppl. iv, 69.

G.flava, Elliott, Sk. i, 551 [not Alton J.

C. Virginica, Loddiges in Loudon,Arboretnm,ii, 842,f. 560, 615. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 58.

8TJMMEE-HAW. BED HAW.

Virginia, southward to Tampa bay, Florida, and sparingly through the Gulf states to western Louisiana.

A low tree growing with the species, from which it is distinguished by the pubescence of the calyx and
young branches, the smaller flowers, and larger, bright red or yellow, globular or pear-shaped fruit.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, bright
red or rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7683; ash, 0.91.

The large, edible fruit used in the south Atlantic states in preserves, jellies, etc.

Note. — Cratoegus panifolia, Aitou, of the south Atlantic region, a low shrub, is not included in this catalogue.

136. — Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roemer,

8yD. Mon. iii, 105. — Decaisne in Nonv. Arch. Mus. x, 144, t. 9. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 188; ii, 444.

GrattBgus arbuti/olia, Voiretm Nonvean Dnhamel.iv, 131; Diet. Snppl. 1,292.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 202. —Loddiges,
Bot. Cab. t. 201.

Aronia arbutifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 306.

Photinia arbutifolia, Lindley in Traus. Liunsean Soc.xiii, 103; Bot. Reg. v i , 491 & under 1. 1956.— Sprongel, Syst. ii, 508.—
De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 631. — Chamisso & Schlechteudal in Linna;a, ii, 542. — Don, Miller's Diet. ii. 602. — Spach, Hist.
Veg. ii, 80.— Hooker & Aniott, Bot. Bcechey, 139, 340.— Torrey &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 473.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 162.—
London, Arboretum, ii, 868, f. 619. — Benthani, Bot. Sulphur, 14; PI. Hartweg. 307. — Torrey in Emory's Rep. 140;
Sitgreaves' Rep. 119 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 85 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 64 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 291.— Wood, CI.
Book, 329. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 80. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 599. —
Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sei. St. Petersburg, xix, 180. — Wenzig in Linnaia, xxxviii, 96.

Menpilus arbutifolia, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol.ii, 36.

PAotinta «aHc(/bfe, PreBl,Epimel. Bot. 204.— Walpers,Anu. iii, 858.

H. Fremontiana, Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 144.

84 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

TOYON. TOLLON. CALIFORNIA HOLLY.

California Coast ranges, Mendocino to San Diego county, extending east to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada
and San Bernardino mountains.

A small, low-branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 meters in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to
0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a low, much-branched shrub.

Wood very heavy, hard, close grained, inclined to check in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ;
medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9326;
ash, 0.54.

137. — Amelanchier Canadensis, Torroy & Gray,

Fl. N.America, i, 473.— Walpera, Eep. ii, 55.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 158.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 225.— Browne, Trees of America, 282. —
Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, i, 443; 2 ed. ii, 503 «& t. — Parry iu Owen's Eep. 612. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 86. —
Richardson, Arctic Expod. 428. — Seemann, Bot. Herald, 52. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnjean Soc. xxii-, 290, 327. — Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 129. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 68. — Lesqnereux
in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :$59. — Wood, CI. Book, 329; Bot. & Fl. 110. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser.xii, 191. —
Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 168. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 162. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 180.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. —
Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, xix, 175. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.

Mespilus Canadermig, Linmens, Spec, l ed. 478 (excl. syn. Gronovius).- Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.
ii, 173.

Crataegus tomentosa,, Linnteus, Spec. 1 ed. 476 (excl. syn. Gronovius).

PyrVH Botryapium, Linnajus f. Suppl. 255.— Wangenheim, Amer. 90, t. 28, f. 65.— Ehrhart, Beitr. i, 183 1; ii, 68.— Willdenow,
Spec, ii, 1013; Enum. 525; Berl. Baumz. 322.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 207.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,:J39.— Hayne,
Dend. Fl. 83.— Gnimpel, Otto & Hayne, 100, t. 79.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 509.— Andnbon, Birds, t. 60.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston.
3ed.30a,

Gratcpgus racevwsa, Lamarck, Diet, i, 84.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 148.— Nouvean Dnhamel, iv, 133.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 292.

Mespilvs nivea, Marshall, Arbnstum, 90.

Mespilus Canadensis^ var. cordaia, Michaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. i,29l.

Aronia Botryapium, Persoon, Syn. ii, 39.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 557.— Elliott, Sk. i, 557.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 479; Compend. Fl.
N. States, 203.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 29.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 135.

Mespilus arborea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 68, t. 11 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 60, t. 66.— Barton, Prodr. I'l.
Philadelph. .55.

A. Botryapium, Lindley in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xiii, 100.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 632.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 202.—
Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 604.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 84.— Loudon, Arbori-tnm. ii, 874, f. 627-629 & t.-
Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 145. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Wenzig in Linnaea, xxiriil, 110. — Decaisne in Nout. Arch.
Mas. X. 135.

Aroma arborea, Barton, Compend. Philadelph. 1,228.

Aronia COrduta, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 196.

A. OVnlis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 202, iu part.

PyruH Barlramiana, Tausch.Fi. xxi,7l5.

Pyrus Wangenheimiana, Tausch,Fl. xxi,7i5.

A. Bartramiana, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 145.

A. Wangenheimiana, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. 146.

JUNE BEEBY. SHAD BUSH. SEEVIOE TREE. MAY CHERRY.

Newfoundland and Labrador, west along the southern shores of Hudson bay to the Saskatchewan region,
south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian territory.

A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or in some forms reduced to
a low shrub (var. rotundifolia, Torroy «fe Gray; var. oligocarpa, Torrey & Gray); common at the north, rare at the south,
and reaching its greatest development on the high slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains ; varying greatly
in the shape of the leaves, size of the flowers, amount of pubescence on the leave.s and young shoots, etc.

The best marked arborescent variety is —

var. oblongifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 473.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 55.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 158.— Torrey, Fl. N.
York,], 2-25; NiroUet's Rep. 149.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, i, 444; 2 ed. ii, 504 & t.— Wood, CI. Book, 330; Bot.
<Sr Fl. 110.— Gray, Mannel N. States, 5 ed. 162.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 187.5-'76, 195.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 85

Cratccgus spieata, Lamarck, Diet, i, 84.— Desl'ontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 148.— Nouveau Dnhamel, iv, 132.— Poiret, Snppl. i, 292.

Mespilus Canadensis, var. obovaUs, Michaux,Fl.Bor.-Am. i, 291.

Pyrus ovalis, Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1014 ; Berl. Baumz. 323.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 340.— Schrank, PI. Labrador, 26.— Bigelow,
Fl. Boston. .Sed. 207.

Aronia ovalis, Torrey, Fl. U. S. 47D ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203.— Eaton, Manual. 6 ed. 29.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 135.

Vl . oralis, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 632.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81.— Hookor, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,202, in part.— Don, Miller'sDict.ii,
" ■ 604.— Beck, Bot. 1 12.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 85.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 876, f. 632.

A. intermedia, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 85. — Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxiii, 112.

A. oblongifolia, Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 147. »

A. spieata, Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 135, t. 9, f. 5.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking somewhat in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of
a good polish ; mednllary rays very uumerons, obscure ; color, dark brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood
much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7838 ; ash, 0.55 ; the small fruit sweet and edible.

Note. — The closely allied Amelanchier alnifolia, Nuttall, a low shrub, is widely distributed over the mountain ranges of the interior
Pacific region.

HAMAMELAOE^

138. — Hamamelis Virginica, Linnaeus,

Spec. 2 ed. 124.— Marshall, Arbustum, 58.— Du Eoi, Harbk. i, 423.— Wangenheim, Amer. 89, t. 29, f. 62.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 68 ; 111., i,
350, t. 88.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 107; 2 ed. i, 275.— Scbknhr, Handb. i, 88, t. 27.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 701 ; Enum. 171 ; Berl. Baumz.
172. — Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 100. — Persoon, Syn. i, 150. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,29. — Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 116. — Nuttall,
Genera, i, 107.— Nouveau Duhamel,vii, 207, t. 60.— Elliott, Sk. i, 219.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 483.- Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 598.—
Barton, Fl. N. America, iii, 21, t. 78.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 192; Compend. Fl. N. States, 86; Fl. N. York, i, 260.— Guimpel, Otto &
Hayne, Abb. Holz. 95, t. 75.— Sprengel, Syst. i,491. — Eafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 227, f. 45.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 268. — Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. i, 275; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 48. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 396, f. C9. — Beck, Bot. 152. — Eaton, Manual 6 ed. 164. — Spach,
Hist, Vog. viii, 79. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 550. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 597. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1007, f. 756, 757. —
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 260.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 63.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 410; 2 ed. ii, 473 & t.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 328.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 98.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 13, f. 7.— Schnizlein, Icon. 1. 167, f. 18-25, 27-29.—
Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxiv, 438 ; 3 ser. v, 144; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 173.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 157. — Curtis in Eep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 105. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 362. — Wood, CI. Book, 375; Bot. & Fl. 120. —
Engelmaun in Trans. Am. PhU. Soc. new ser. xii, 193. — Porcher, Eesources S. Forests, 58. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 458. — Bai)lou in
Adansouia, jt, 123; HUt. PI. ui, 389, f. 462-464.— Young, Bot. Texas, 291.— Maput & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 408 & f.

H. dioica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 255.— Gmeliu, Syst. Veg. i, 281.

H. androgyna, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 255.— Gmelin, Syst. Veg. i, 282.

S. corylifolia, Moench, Meth. 273.

H. macrophylla, Pnrsh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 116.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 698.— Elliott, Sk. i, 220.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 483.—
Eafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 230.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 396.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 261.

Trilopus Virginiana, nigra, rotundifolia, and dentata, Eafinesque, New Sylva, 15-17.

E. Virginiana, var. parvifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 107.— Torrey, Fl.U. S.193; Compend. Fl. N. States, 87.— Don, MUler's
Diet, iii, 396.— Beck, Bot. 152.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 597.

H. parvifolia, nadnesqne, Med. Bot. i,230.

Trilopus parvifolia, Eafinesque, New Sylva, 17.

WITCH HAZEL.

Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south through the Atlantic region to northern
Florida and eastern Texas.

A small tree, exceptionally 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 meter in diameter, or more often
a tall Bhrub throwing up many stems from the ground; common; rich, rather damp woodlands, reaching ita
greatest development in the region of the southern Alleghany mountains.

i

86 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-graiued, compact; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable; medullary
rays numerous, thin, obscnre; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity,
O.680C; ash, 0.37.

The bark and leaves rich in tannin, and largely used by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, decoctions,
etc., in external applications, and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections {New York Jfour. Med. x, 208. —
Trans. Am. Med. Assoc, i, 350. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1661. — N'at. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 704).

139. — Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linnsens,

Spec. 1 ed. 999.— Marshall, Arbustum, 77.— Wangenheim, Amer. 49, 1. 16, f. 40. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 237.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 533; HI.
iii, 367, t. 783.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 365 ; 2 ed. v, 306.— Gaertner, Fruct. ii, 57, t. 90.— Moench, Meth. 340.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i,
48.— B.S. Barton, Coll. i, 16.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,475; Ennni. 985; Berl. Banmz. 214.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 202.— Persoon,
8yn. ii, 573.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 541.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 97.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 275, t. 307.— Nouvoau Duhamel, ii,
42,t. 10; vii,207,t.60.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 194, t. 4 ; N.American Sylva,3 ed. ii, 42, t. 64.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph.
92; Compeud. Fl. Philadelpb. ii, 177.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 635.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 208.— Eaflnesque, Fl. Ludoviciana,
116.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 168.— Nees, Fl. Offic. t. 95.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 621.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 864.—
Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nouv. Gen. & Spec, vii, 273.— Andubou, Birds, t. 44.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States, 357; Fl. N.
York, ii, 217.— Beck, Bot. 326.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 64. —Eaton & Wright, Bot. 302.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 84.— London,
Arboretum, iv, 2049, f. 1961 & t.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 322.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 581, f. 254.— Broomfield in London Jour. Bot. vii, 144.—
Schnizlein, Icon. t. 98, f. 5-21.— Seemann, Bot. Herald, 346.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 252. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 157.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 77.— Lesquereus in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas,
362.— Wood, CI. Book, 375 ; Bot. & Fl. 120.— Porcher, Eesources S. Forests, 344.— De Candolle, Prodr, xvi^, 157.— Oliver in Hooker
f. Icon, xi, 13.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 174.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 464.- Young, Bot. Texa.s, 291.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
15.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 412 & figs.- Baillon, Hist. PI. iii, 397, f. 471-474.— Gnibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 cd. ii, 300, f.
445.— Ridgway in Am. Nat. vi, 664; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53.— Hemsley, Bot.
Am.-Cent. i,400.

L. Styraciflua, var. Mexicana, Orsted, Am.-Cent. xvi, 1. 11.

L. macrophylla, Orsted, Am.-Cent. xvi, t. 10.

SWEET GUM. STAR-LEAVED GUM. LIQUIDAMBER. RED GUM. BILSTED.

Fairfield county, Connecticut, to the valleys of the lower Ohio, White, and Wabash rivers, south to cape
Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, southwest through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian territory to
the valley of the Trinity river, Texas ; in central and southern Mexico.

A large tree, often 30 to 36 or, exceptionally, 48 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in
diameter ; in low, wet soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the
Mississippi basin, here, with the cotton gum, forming a large proportion of the heavy forest growth.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather tough, close-grained, compact, inclined to shrink and warp badly in
seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, bright brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5910; ash, 0.(31; manufactured into lumber and used
in the construction of buildings for plates, boarding, and clapboards, in cabinet work as a substitute for black
walnut, and for veneering and street pavements; its great economic value hardly appreciated on account of
the difiQculty experienced in properly seasoning it.

The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the south collected by herbalists and sometimes used in
the form of a sirup as a substitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal affections, or externally as an ointment in
dressing frost-bite, abscess, etc., and in the manufacture of chewing gums [Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacog'raphia,
246.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 834).

RHIZOPHORACE^

140. — Rhizophora Mangle, Linnaeus,

Sped ed. 443.— Jacquin, Amer. 141, t. 89.— Gairtner, Fruct. i, 212, t. 45, f. 1.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 517, t. 396; Diet, vi, 160.— Willdenow,
Spec, ii, 844.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 2.— Decourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 45, 1. 10.— VeUozo, Fl. Flum.t. 1.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 32.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 301.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 332, t. 34.— Torrey «fc Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 484.— Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser.
V, 295.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 290.— Amott in Ann. Nat. Hist, i, 361.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 70.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur,
14. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 312. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 55. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 274. — Schnizlein, loon. t.
263, f. 1-7.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 419.— Eichler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xii», 426, t. 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
15.— Baillon, Hist. PI. vi, 284, f. 253-259.

R. racemosa, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 185.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 32.

B. Americana, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 95, t. 24; 2 ed. i, 112, t. 24.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 264.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 87

MANGEOTE.

Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet and Cedar Keys to the southern keys ; delta of the Mississippi river
and coast of Texas ; southward through the West Indies and tropical America ; now widely naturalized throughout
the tropics of the old world {A. Be Candolle, Geog. Bot. ii, 772).

A tree 12 to 18, or, exceptionally, 27 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or more
commonly not exceeding 4 to 7 meters in height ; low saline shores, reaching iu the United States its greatest
development on bay Biscayne and cape Sable ; south of latitude 29°, bordering with almost impenetrable thickets
the coast of the I^jrida peninsula, ascending the rivers for many miles, especially those flowing from the Everglades,
and entirely covering many of the southern keys.

Wood exceedingly heavy, hard and strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish, containing many evenly-distributed riither small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark
reddish brown streaked with lighter brown, sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 1.1617; ash, 1.82; furnishing
valuable fuel ; not greatly affected by the teredo, and used for piles.

COMBRETACE^.

141. — Conocarpus erecta, Linneens,

Sped ed. 176.— Lamarck, Dict.ii, 96; 111. i, 126,f. 1.— Jacquin, Amer. t. 78.— Gsettner, Fruot.ii, 470, t. 177, f. 3.— Swartz, Obs. 79.—
Willdenow, Sp. i, 994.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 381.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 47.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 16.— Deconrtilz, Fl.
Med. Antilles, vl, 68, t. 399.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 304.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, 1, 485.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 113, t. 33 ; 2 ed.
i, 128, t. 33.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 526.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 18^, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136.— Grisebach, Fl. British
West Indies, 277.— Eichler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xiv^, 101, t. 35, f. 2.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.

BUTTON "WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Tampa bay to cape Sable ; through the
West Indies to Brazil.

A low tree, often 8 or, exceptionally, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in
diameter ; common and reaching its greatest development in the United States on Lost Man's river, north of cape
Sable; or reduced to a low under shrub {\2tx. procumlens, De Candolle, l. c— Eichler, i. c; 0. procumbem, Linn»us, Spec.

1 ed. 177.— Jacfinin I. c. 79, t. 52, f. 3.— Gisrtner, I. c. iii, 205, f. 4— Grisebach, I. c. ; C. acutifolia, Willdenow in Roemer & Schultes,
Syst. V, 574).

Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark yellow brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9900; ash, 0.32; burning
slowly like charcoal, and highly valued for fuel.

142. — Laguncularia racemosa, Gairtner f.

Fmct. Suppl. 209, t. 217.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 305.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 117, t. 34 ; 2 ed. i, 132, t. 34.— Bentham,
Bot. Sulphur, 14, 92.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 527.— Eichler iu Martins, Fl. Brasil. xiv", 102, t. 35, f. 3.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 270.- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.— Baillon, Hist. PI.
vi, 278.

Conocarpus racemosa, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 251 ; Syst. 181.— Jactiuin, Amer. 80, t. 53.— Swartz, Obs. 79.— Willdenow, Spec.
i,&95.

Schousbcea eommutata, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 332.
Bucida Buceras, Vellozo, Fl. Flum. iv, t. 87 [not Linnajus].

L. glahrifolia, PresI, Reil. Hajnk, ii, 22.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 63.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136.
WHITE BUTTON WOOD. WHITE MANGROVE.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Cedar Keys to cape Sable; through
the West Indies and tropical America ; coast of tropical Africa.

A small tree, sometimes 6 or, exceptionally, 22 meters in height (Shark river, Florida, Curtiss), with a trunk
0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; very common ; saline shores
of lagoons and bays.

Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact ; susceptible of a beautiful jrolisli : rticdullary
rays numerous, obscure; color, dark yellow-brpwn, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7137; ash, 1.62.

88 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

MYRTAOE^

143. — Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Swartz,

Ppodr. 79; Fl. lnd.Occ.ii, 921.— Willdenow, Spec.ii, 975.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.2 ed. iii, 192.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 237.— Nuttall,
Sylva, i, 101, t. 26 ; 2 ed. i, 117, t. 21). — Berg in Linnjca, xxvii, 26. — Cooper in Smitbsoniau Rep. 1858, 264. — Chapman, Fl. S. States,
131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 232.— Hemsloy. Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 408.

MyrtUS Chytraculia, Linnasus, Amoen. v, 398.— Swartz, Obs. 202.

Eugenia pallens, Poiret, Snppl. iii, 122.

Semi-tropical Florida, shores of bay Biscayne, Key Largo ; In the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed rather large open ducts;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8992;
ash, 3.32.

144. — Eugenia buxifolia, Willdenow,

Spec. ii,960.— Per80on,Syn.ii,28.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 275. —Nuttall, Sylva, i, 108, t. 29; 2 ed. i, 123, t. 29.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 236.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.

MyrtUS buxifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 78 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 899.

MyrtUS axillaris, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 412.

E. myrtoides, Poiret, Suppl. iii, 125.

MyrtUS Poireti, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 483.

E. triplinervia, Berg in Linneea, xxvii, 190, in part.

GUEGEON STOPPER. SPANISH STOPPER.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Oaloosa river to cape Komano; in
the West Indies.

A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, reaching its
greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Everglades.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, very compact; medullary rays numerous, thin;
color, dark brown shaded with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.9360; ash, 1.50; somewhat used
for fuel.

145. — Eugenia dichotoma, De Candolle,

Prodr. iii, 278.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 103, t. 27; 2 ed. i, 120, t. 27.— Berg in Linnaea, xxvii, 261.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.

E. divaricata, Lamarck, Diet, i, 202.

r Myitus dichotoma, Vahl in Poiret, Suppl. iv, 53.

Anamomis punctata, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 240.

NAKED WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to cape Canaveral, common ; west coast, Caloosa river to cape Eomano;
in the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 meter in diameter.

A form with the leaves, buds, and calyx more or less pubescent (E. dichotoma, var. fragrans, Nuttall, f, o.; E.
pungens, Willdenow, Spec, ii, 964 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1242 ; E. montana, Aublet, Guian. i, 495, t. 195), not rare in Wcst Indies,
and, according to Nuttall, collected by Mr. Baldwin in the vicinity of New Smyrna. Florida, has not been
rediscovered within the limits of the United States.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or red,
sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.8983; ash, O.Ti.

The small, edible fruit of agreeable aromatic iiavor, and greatly improved by cultivatiou in rich soil.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 89'

146. — Eugenia monticola, De CandoUe,

Prodr. iii, 275.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach , Fl. British West Indies, 236.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.

Myrtus monticola, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ ii, 898.

i
U. triplinervia, Berg in Linnsea, xxvii, 190, in part.

H, axillaris, Berg in LinniBa, xxvii, 201, in part.

STOPPEE. WHITE STOPPER.

Florida, Saint John's river to Umbrella Key ; rare ; in the West Indies.

A small tree, rarely 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or in northern Florida reduced
to a low shrub.

Wood very heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown,,
often tinged with red, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.9156 ; ash, 1.89.

147. — Eugenia longipes, Berg,
Linnaea, xxvii, 150. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, Snppl. 620.

STOPPER.

Semi-tropical Florida, No-Name Key ; in the West Indies.

A small tree, 4 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter ; rare.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown tinged
with red ; specific gravity, 1.1235 ; ash, 3.48.

The small red fruit with the flavor of cranberries.

148. — Eugenia procera, Poiret,

Snppl. ii, 129.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iii, 268.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 106, t. 28; 2 ed. i, 122, t. 28.— Berg in Linnasa, xxvii, 207.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 238.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.

Myrtus procera, Swartz, Prodr. 77 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 887.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 968.
E. Baruensis, Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cub. [not Jacquiu], 87.

RED STOPPER,

Semi-tropical Florida, shores of b.ay Biscayne, Key Largo, Elliott's Key ; in the West Indies.

A tree, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; often forming extensive groves,
and reaching its greatest development in the United States in the neighborhood of Miami, bay Biscayne.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous,
hardly distinguishable ; color, light yellow-brown, the sap-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.9453 ; ash, 2.62 ;
probably valuable in cabinet-making and as a substitute for box-wood for coarse wood-engraving.

Note. — Pgidium Guaiara, Raddi, the Guava, widely cultivated in the tropics for its fruit, is now sparingly naturalized in semi-tropical
Florida.

CACTAOEiE.

149. — Cereus giganteus, Engehnann;

Emory's Rep. 158 ; Am. Jonr. Sci. 2 ser. xiv, 335; xvii, 231; Proc. Am. Acad, iii, 287; Bot.Mex. Boundary Survey, Cactaceee, 42, t. 61,
62 & front.; Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 247.— Thurber in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 302, 305.— Fl. des Serres, x, 24,
& t.; XV, 187, t. 1600.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 12.— Engelmann & Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 36.— Walpers,
Ann. V, 40. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259.— Lemaire, 111. Hort. ix. Misc. 95.— Marcou in Jour. Hort. Soc. Franco, 2 ser. iii,
676.— Lindley, Treasury Bot. 256, t. 17.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, front.— Hemsley, Bot.
Am.-Cent. i, 343. — James in Am. Nat. xv, 982, f. 3.

Piloccreus Engelmanni, Lemaire, 111. Hort. ix. Misc. 95.

7

W FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

SUWARROW. SAGUAEO. GIANT OAOXUS.

Valley of Bill Williams river, Arizoua, south and east through central Arizona to the valley of tlie San Pedro
river ; southward in Sonora.

A tall, columnar tree, 8 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; dry, stony
»ie«rt« or low hills rising from the desert.

Wood of the large, strong ribs, very light, soft, rather coarsegrained, solid, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish,
almost indestmctible in contact with the ground ; medullary rays very numerous, broad ; color, light brown
tinged with yellow ; specific gravity, 0.3188 ; ash, 3.45 ; used in the region almost exclusively for the rafters of
adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances, bows, etc.

The edible fruit largely collected and dried by the Indians.

OORNAOEJl.

150.-^Cornus alternifolia, LinniBusf.

Snppl. 125.— Lamarck, Diet. H, 116; 111. i, 303.— L'Heritier, Comns, 10, t. 6.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 19.— Aiton, Hort.Kew. i, 159; 2ed.
i, 262. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 664; Eunm. 165; Berl. Baumz. 104. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 93.— Persoon, Syn. i, 144. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. i, 351.— Nouvean Duhamel, ii, 157, t. 45.— Piirsh, FI. Am. Sept. i, 109.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 99.— Roemer & Schultee, Syst.
iii, 323; Mant. 251.— Elliott, Sk. i, 210.— Gninipel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 53, t. 43.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 180 ;
Compend. Fl. N. States, 83; Fl. N. York, i, 288.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 271.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 275.—
Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 398. — Beck, Bot. 154. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 109. — Tauscli in Regensb. Fl. xxi, 732.— Spach, Hist. Veg.viii, 92. —
Dietrich, Syn. i, 503.— Torrey & Gray, FI. N.America, i, 649.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1010, f.7G0.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 210.—
Bigelow, Fl. Bo&ton. 3 ed. 60. — C. A. Meyer in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, v, 6, 13. — Walpers, Rep. v, 932. — Emerson, Trees
Massachusetts, 409 ; 2 ed. ii, 463 & t. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 613. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 110.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, FI. S. States, 1G7.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. JI. Carolina, 1860, iii, 167.— Wood, CI. Book, 391 ; Bot.
& Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 690.— Yonng, Bot. Texas, 303.

G. alterna, Marshall, Arbustum, 3i>.

DOGWOOD.

New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the northern shores of lake Superior,
south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama.

A small tree, 4 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; low, rich woods and borders
of streams and swamps.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown
tinged with red, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.6696; ash, 0.41.

151. — Cornus Horida, Linnsens,

Spec. 1 ed. 117.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 35.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 114; HI. i, 302.— Wangenheim, Amer. 51, t. 17, f. 41.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 88. — L'Heritier, Cornus, 4. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 157; 2 ed. i, 261.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 661; Enum. 164; Berl.
Baumz. 100.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 73.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 12, 45; ii, 17, 19.— Bot. Mag. t. 526.- Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am.
i, 91.— Persoon, Syn. i, 143.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 350.— Schkuhr, Handb. 82.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 41, 1. 16, f. 7.— Nouveau
Duhamel, ii, 153.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 138, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 176, t. -fS.- Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. i, 108.—
Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 69, t.73; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 59.- Eaton, Manual, 19; 6 ed. 108.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 98.— Barton, Med. Bot. i,
43, t. 3.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 319.— Hayne, Dend. FI. 6.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 21, t. 19.— Elliott, Sk. i, 207.—
Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 208; Fl. U. 8. 178; Compend. FI. N. States, 82; FI. N. York, i, 290; Nicollet's Rep. 151; Emory's
Rep. 408.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 451.— Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. x, 264; Bot. 153. — Audubon, Birds, t. 8, 73, 122.— Rafinesque, Med.
Bot. i, 131, f. 28 -De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 273.— Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part ; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 48.— Don, Miller's Diet,
iii, 400.— Lindley, Fl.Med. 81. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 504.— Torrey & Gray, FI. N. America, i, 652.— Loudon, Arboretnm, ii, 1017, f.
769.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 209.— Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276.— Browne, Trees of America, 350.— Emerson, Trees
Massachusetts, 413; 2 ed. ii, 467 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 347^ f. 164.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 50, t. 42.— Richardson, Arctic Exped.
429.— Darlington, FI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 111.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 339.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 168. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 60.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364. — Wood, CI.
Book, 391; Bot. & FI. 143. — Blakio in Canadian Nat. vi, 1. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 194. — Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 59. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 200; Hall's PI. Texas, 11.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 094.— Young, Bot. Texas,
303.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Baillou, Hist. PI. vii, 68, f. 46.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53.— Bentley &
Trimen, Med. PI. ii, 136, t. 136.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55<:.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67.

Benthamidia Jlorida, 8pach,lliat.Yeg.yiii,l07.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 91

FLOWERING DOGWOOD. BOXWOOD.
/

Southeni New England, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, and through the Atlantic forests to latitude 28*
^O* in Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its northern
limits reduced to a low shrub; rich woods ; very common, especially a,t the south.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, brown, changing in different specimens to shades of greeu
and red, the sap'wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.8153; ash, 0.67; used in turnery, for wood engravings and the
bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel hoops, etc.

The bark, especially of the root, iu common with that of the other species of the genus, possesses bitter tonic
properties, and is used in decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers {Am. Jour.
Pharm. vii, 109. — Maisch in Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 315. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 352. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed.
467).

152. — Cornus Nuttallii, Audubou,

Birds, t. 467.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 652.— Walpers, Bep. ii, 435.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 312.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 51, t.
97 ; 2 ed. ii, 117, t. 97. — Darand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 89. — Torrey in Pacific R. E. Rep. iv, 94 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 71; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 326. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 24, 75. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 259;
Pacific E. R. Rep. xii', 29, 63. — Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 134. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 387. — Brewer &. Watson,
Bot. California, i, 274; ii, 452. — Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 16. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 88. — Macounin Geological Rep.
Canada, 1875-76, 198. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331.

G. florida, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part.

FLOWERING DOGWOOD.

Vancouver's island and along the coast of southern British Columbia, through western Washington territory
and Oregon, and southward through the Coast ranges of California and along the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains.

A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter ; ascending
the Cascade mountains to 3,000 feet, and the San Bernardino mountains to Irom 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation;
common ; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7481; ash,
0.50 ; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc.

153. — Nyssa capitata, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 257, t. 20; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 37, t. 113.—
Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 480. — Poiret, Suppl. v, 740. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 68.5.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 62.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364.— Wood, CI. Book, 392; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 456. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.

JV^. Ogeche, Miirahall, Arbustnm, 97.

N. coccinea, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 17.

N. tomentosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.

N. candicans, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 614.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Willdenow, Spec, iv,
1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.i, 117.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 116.— Nnf tall. Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, 167.—
Eoemcr & Scbultes, Syst. v, 557.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1318, f. 1199.—
Browne, Trees of America, 426.

3r. montana, Gartner, Fmct. iii, 201, t. 216.

OGEECHKE LIME. SOUR TUPELO. GOPHER PLUM.

Georgia, from the valley of the Ogeechee to the Saint Mary's river, west Florida (near Vernon, Mohr), and
in southern Arkansas.

A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk O.SO to 0.90 meter in diameter; deep swamps and river
bottoms ; rare and local.

Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many regularly-
distributed opeu ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific
gravity, 0.4613 ; ash, 0.34.

A conserve, uruler the name of " Ogeechee limes", is made from the large, acid fruit.

>/

J

92 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

154. — Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall,

Arbustnin, 97.— Mlchaux f. Hist. Arb. Ani. ii, 260, t. 21 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 29, 1. 110.— Poiret, Soppl. iv, 116 - BartoB, Prodr. Fl_
PhUadelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 193.

N. aquatica, Linniens, Spec, l ed. 1058, in part. — St. Hilaire, Fani.Nat. ii, 152. — Persoon, Syn. ii,6l4. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb.
Am. ii, 165, t. 22; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 31, t. 111.— RoBmer it Schultes, Syst. v, 576.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph.
97; Compend. Fi. Philadelph. ii, 192.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Audubon*, Birds, 1. 133.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 684.— Dietrich,
Syn. i, 878.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
492. — Chapman.Fl.S. States, 168. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. K. Carolina, 1860, iii. 168. — Porcher, Resources S.
Forests. ;547. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455. — Young, Bot. Texas, 304. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.

JT. multiflora, Wangenheim, Amer. 46, 1. 16, f. 39.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 684.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 463.— Torrey,Fl.N. York, ii, 161, t. 95.— Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 312, t. 17; 2 ed. ii, 353 & t. — Schnizlein, Icon. 1. 108, f. 1,2. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 254. —
Darby, Bot. S. States, 492.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.52.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18()0, iii, 62. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364. — Wood, CI. Book, 392; Bot.
& Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 554.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 16. — Broadhcad in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53.— Bessey in Am. Nat. xv, 134. — Bell in Geological Rep.
Canada, 1879-'80, 55^— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 68.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.

N. Caroliniana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507 ; Lamarck, 111. iii, 442, t. 851, f. 1.

N. biflora, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Michaux,Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 259.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1113;
Enum. 1061; Berl. Baumz. 256.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Gairtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 203, t. 210.— Alton, Hort.
Kew. 2 ed. v,479.— Pur8h,Fl. Am. Sept. i, 177.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, 167.— Poiret, Snppl.
iv, 115.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 200 ; Compend. Bot. N. States, 372.— Hayne, Deiid. Fl. 229.— Eaton, Manual,
116.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1317, f. 1195, 1196.— Browne, Trees of America, 423.— Baillon, Hist. PU
V, 266, f. 241-244.

JT. integrifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446.— Persoon, Sy n. ii, 614.

If. Canadensis, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507.

JV. villosa, Michaux,Fl.Bor.-Am. ii,258.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1112.— Desfontaines Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed-
V, 479.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston 3 ed. 380.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,276.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst.
v, 575.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Torrey, Compend. Bot. N. States, 372.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 878.— Loudon, Arboretum, iiip
1317, f. 1197, 1198.

If. multiflora, var. sylvatica, Watson, Index, 442. '

TUPELO. SOTJE GUM. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK GUM.

Valley of the Kennebec river, Maine (Kent's Hill, Prof. Stone), West Milton, Vermont, west to central Micbigau,-
eonth to Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos rirer, Texas.

A tree 15 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.50 meter in diameter, or at the north much smaller j^
borders of swamps, or on rather high, rich hillsides and pine uplands ; at the south often in pine-barren ponds
and deep swamps, the base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and swollen {N. aquatica).

Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, diiiicult to work, inclined to check unless carefully
seasoned, not durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous regularly-distributed small open ducts;,
medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light yellow or often nearly white, the sap wood hardly distinguishable;
specific gravity, 0.6353; ash, 0.52; now largely used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass factories, ox yokes,
and on the gulf coast for wharf piles.

Note. — Various forms of Ts'yssa, which at different times have been considered by botanists as entitled to specific rank, are
connected by so many intermediate forms, and offer so few distinctive characters, that they are here united into one polymorphous
species, which thus enlarged may properly bear Marshall's earlier name of Nysm sylvatica, rather than the more familiar Nyssa multiflora
of Wangenheim.

155. — Nyssa uniflora, Wangenheim,

Amer. 83, t. 27, f. 57.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 686.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 02.— Wood,
CI. Book, 392; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees. 16.

N. aquatica, Linnseus, Spec. 1058, in part.— Marshall, Arbnstnm, 96 —Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507. —Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 36.

N. denticulata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446; 2 ed. v, 480.— Persoon, S^u. ii, 615.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1 U4.— Gasrtuer f.
Fruct. Snppl. 203, t. 216.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 178.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 115.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Hayne, Dend,
Fl. 229.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. t, 577.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Dietricli, Syn. i, 879.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 93

*

N. angulosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507; 111. iii, 442, t. a'Sl, f. 2.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 578.

N. palustris, Salisbury, Prodr. 175-

N. tomentosa, Michaux, Pi. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 015.— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 1113.- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.i,
177. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 577. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 685. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 832. — Audubon,
Birds, t. 13.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Eaton & Wright, Hot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.

If. angulisans, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 465.

N. grar^identata, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 252, t. 19 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 34, t. 112.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii,
1319, f. 1200, 1201.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364.

If. capitafa var. grandidentata, Browne, Trees of America, 426.

LARGE TUPELO. COTTON GUM. TUPELO GUM.

Southern Virginia, south uear the coast to the valley of the Saint Mary's river, Georgia, through the Gulf
states to the valley of the Neches river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and southeastern Missouri to
the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois.

A large tree, 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; deep swamps and river
bottoms subject to frequent overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom lands of the lower
Mississippi river basin, and reaching its greatest development in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and
eastern Texas, near the coast.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light
brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5194; ash, 0.70; used in turnery, largely for woodenware, broom
handles, and wooden shoes ; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork.

CAPJIIFOLIAOE^.

156. — Sambucus glauca, Nnttali;

Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 13. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 453. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 12; Ives' Rep. 15; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 71. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib.v,66; Proc. Am. Acad. vii,387; Syn. Fl. N.America, i^, 9. — Watson in King's Rep. v,
134.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 278.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, 88.— Rothrock in
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135, 363.

S. Californica, Hort.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 72.

1 8. Mexicana, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 75 [not Presl],

ELDER.

Valley of the Fraser river and "Vancouver's island, British Columbia, southward through California to the
Mexican boundary, extending west to the Blue mountains of Oregon and the Wahsatch range, Utah.

A .small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its
northern limits reduced to a large shrub ; confined to valleys, in dry, gravelly soil.

Wood lightj soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, rather conspicuous ;
color, yellow tiuged with browu, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O..j037; ash, 1.57.

The large blue-black fruit edible and sometimes cooked.

157. — Sambucus Mexicana, Presl,

J loir. Hu;uk. — De Candollo, Prodr. iv, 322.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 437. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1030. — Gray in Smithsouiau Contrib.
v, 66; Syn. Fl. N. America, i'^, 9. — Torrey in Pucilic E. E. Rep. iv, 95; Bot. Me?. Boundary Survey, 71. — Brewer & Watson, Bot.
California, i, 278. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135. — Hemsley, Bot. Ani.-Cent. ii, 1.

8. glauca, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 313 [uot Nuttall].

8. Vtllt^tina, Durand & Hilgard in Jotir. Philadelphia Acad, new ser. iii, 39.

94 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

ELDER.

Valley of the Nueces river (Sau Patricio), south an<i west along the southern boundary of the United Stsite*
to Posa creek, Kern county, California, and southward into Mexico.

A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; bottom lands, in
moist, gravelly loam.

Wood light, soft, rather cosirse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, #.4014 ; ash, 2.00.

158. — Viburnum Lentago, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 268. — Marshall, Arbustum, 160.— Wangenheim, Araer. 100.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 116. — Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 'X7-i. ; 2 e<i.
ii, 168.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1491; Ennm. 327; Berl. Bauinz. .531.— Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 129.— Schkuhr, Handb. 234.— Micliaui,
Fl. Bor.-Ain. i, 178. — Persoon, Syn. i, 327.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 344. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 658. — Piirsh, Fl. km,
Sept.i, 201.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 40.— Eaton, Manual, 34; 6 ed. 387.— Nuttall, Genera, i,202.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 37.—
Ecenier «& Scluiltes, Syst. vi, 637.— Elliott, Sk. i, 36.5.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. i, 318; Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 138; Fl. N. York, i, 305.—
Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 21.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 934.— Guiuipel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 102.— De CaudoUe, Prodr. iv, 325.—
Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. i, 379.— Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 311.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 103.*),
f. 780.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1011.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 473.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 15.— Bigelo^\-, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 123.—
Penn. Cycl. xxvii, 294.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 364 ; 2 od. ii, 412.— Darlinston, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 115.— Darby, Bot. 8. States,
342.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 171.— Wood, CI. Book, 398; Bot. & Fl. 147.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,194;
Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 269.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 206 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, i=, 12.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 62.—
Young, Bot. Texas, .S09.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Macoun iu Rep. Geological Surv. Canada, 1875-'76, 198.— Eidgway in
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.

SHEEPBEBEY. NANNYBBREY.

Southern shores of Hudson bay west in British America to about longitude 102°, south through the northern,
states to southern Indiana and Saint Louis county, Missouri, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern
Georgia,

A small tree, 6 to 9 meters iu height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; rocky ridges
and along borders of streams and swamps, in rich, moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development
far north.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable odor; medullary rays thin, barely
distinguishable; color, dark orange-brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7303; ash, 0.29.

159. — Viburnum prunifolium, Linnaens,

Spec. 1 ed. 268. — Marshall, Arbustum, 160. — Wangenheim, Amer. 98. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 116.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 371; 2 ed. ii,.
167.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1487; Ennm. 326; Berl. Baumz. 530. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 53. — Nonvean Dnhamel, ii, 128, t. 38.—
Schkuhr, Handb. 233. — Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. i, 178.— Persoon, Syn. i, 326. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 344. — Poiret in Lamarck,
Diet, viii, 653.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i , 201 .—Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadeph. :?9 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 151.— Nuttall, Genera,
i, 202.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 631.- Hayne, Dend. Fl. 37.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. i, 318 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 138.— Elliott, 8k.
i, 365.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 933.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 101.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 23.— Andubon, Birds, t. 23.—
De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 325.— Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 312.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1034,
1. 193.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 279.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 14.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 451. —Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.
115.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 342.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171.— Wood, CI. Book, 398 ; Bot. & Fl. 147.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.
206; Syn. Fl. N. America, i^, 12.— Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 269.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 62.— Young, Bot. Texas, 309.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 96.

V. pyrifolium, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 658. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 201.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Barton, Compend.
Fl. Philadelph. i, 152.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 631.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 37.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 22.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 345 ; Cat. Hort. Paris, 3 ed. 404.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 325.— Beck, Bot. 156.— Loudon,
Arboretum, ii, 1034, f. 781, 782.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston, 3 ed. 123.

V. prunifolium, Var. ferrugineum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 15.

BLACK HAW. STAG BUSH.

Fairfield county, Connecticut, valley of the lower Hudson river (Fishkill landing), south to Hernando county,
Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian territory.

A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or at
the north generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; usually on rocky hillsides, in rich soil.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, liable fo check in drying; medullary rays numerous,.
very obscure ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.8332 ; ash, 0.52.

The edible fruit sweet and insipid ; the tonic and astringent bark somewhat used in the treatment of nterino
disorders in the form of decoctions or fluid extracts {Boston Med. and Surg. Jour. October 10, 1867. — U. S. Dispensatory^
14 ed. 1783.— iVa^ Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1821).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 95-

RUBIACE^.

160. — Exostemma Caribaeum, Eoemer & Schnltes,

Syst. V, 18. — Sprenge], Syst. i, 705. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 359. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 481. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 72'2. — Spach, Hist. Veg.
viii, 395. — I«rrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 36. — Cliapnian, Fl. S. States, 180. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 324. —
Guibourt, Hist. Drognes, 7 ed. iii. 187, f. 628.— Gray, Syu. Fl. N. America, i«, 23.

Cinchona Caribwa, Jacquin, Stirp. Amer. t. 176, f. 65.— Gaertner, Fruct. i, 109, t. 33.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 228; 2 ed. i,
372. — Lambert, Cinchona, 38, t. 12 (excl. syn. ). — Andrews, Bot. Eep. vii, t. 481.

Cinchona Jamaicencis, Wright in Trans. Eoyal Soc. Ixvii, 504, 1. 10.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys ; through the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
iwlish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light brown, beautifully streaked with different shades of
yellow and brown, the sap-wood clear, rich yellow; specific gravity, 0.9310; ash, 0.23.

161. — Pinckneya piibens, Miohaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 103, t. 13.— WiUdenow, Ennm. Snppl. 30.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 372.— Michanx f.Hist. Arb. Am.ii,276,t.24; N.
American Syl va, i, 180, t. 49.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 158.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 37.— Barton, Fl. N. America, i, 25, t. 7.— Sprengel, Syst.
i, 705.— ElUott, Sk. i, 269.— Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii , 57, t. 72.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 366.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 165.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 263.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 486.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 433.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 400.— Eaton & "Vright, Bot. 357.— Torrey &
Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 37.— Browne, Trees of America, 354.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 365, f. 174.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 347.— Cooper in,
Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 179.— Wood, CI. Book, 401; Bot. & Fl. 150.— Porcher, Eesources S. Forests,
404.— Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 17.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i», 23.

Cinchona CaroUniana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 40.

p. pubescens, Persoon, Syn. i, 197.— Gajrtner f. Fruclr. Suppl. 81, t. 194, f. 3.

GEOEGIA BAEK.

South Carolina, near the coast ; basin of the upper Apalachicola river in Georgia and Florida.

A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, iu low,,
sandy swamps ; rare.

Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth clearly marked by
four to six rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.5350; ash, 0.41.

Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of intermittent fever, as a substitute for cinchona
(U. 8. Dinpensatory, 14 ed.l734).

162. — Genipa clusiaefolia, Grisebach,
Fl. British West Indies, 317.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, V, 29.

Gardenia elusicefolia, .Jacquin, Coll. Appx. 37, t. 4, f. 3.— Persoon, Syn. i, 199.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 381 ; Dietrich,

Syn. i, 796.

t

Bandia elusicefolia, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 179.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.

SETEN-TEAR APPLE.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys ; in the West Indies.

A small, much-branched, knotty tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter
in diameter,- or m Florida more often a shrub ; saline shores.

Wowl very heavy, hard, close-giained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous,,
thin ; color, rich dark brown shaded with orange, the sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 1.03 IG ; ash, 1 .06.

The large insipid fruit popularly but incorrectly supposed to require seven years iu which to ripen.

•96 FOREST TREP:S OF NORTH AMERICA.

163. — Guettarda elliptica, Swartz,

Prodr. 59 ; Fl. Ind. Oco. i, 634.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 218.— Pereoon, Syn. i, 200.— Poiret, Sappl. ii, 859.— Eoemer & Schult«8, Syst. iv, 442.— De
CandoUc, Prodr. iv, 457. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 787. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 551. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 35. — Grisebacli, Fl.
British West Indies, :«2.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America. i», 30.

O. Blodgettii, Shnttleworth in herb.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, 178.- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.

Semi-tropical Florida, ou the southern keys; through the West Indies.

A small tree, 4 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter.

Wood hea\-y, hard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing
numerous scattered small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red;
specific gravity, 0.8337; ash, 1.05.

ERIOAOEJE.

164. — Vaccinium arboreum, Marshall,

Arbnstum, 157. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 230. — Persoou, Syn. i, 479. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,S70. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 285. —
Nuttall, Genera, i,263. — Elliott, Sk. i, 495. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 853. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1159. — De Candolle, Prodr. vii,
567.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1264.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 414.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1885.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 1096.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 259.— Wood, CI. Book, 482; Bot. & Fl. 198.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Young, Bot. Texas, 369.—
Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 20. —Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 71.

V. mucronatum, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 139 (not Linnseus].

V. diffusvm, Aiton,Hort. Kew. ii, 356.— Bot. Mag. t. 1607.— Koch, Dendrologie,ii, 96.

Baiodendrov arboreum, Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2ser. viii,261; Sylva, iii, 43; 2 ed. ii, 111.

FAEKLEBEEEY.

North Carolina, south near the coast to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states, and from southern
Illinois and southern Missouri south through Arkansas and eastern Texas to the shores of Matagorda bay.

A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 meter in diameter, or toward its northern
limits often reduced to a low shrub ; very common throughout the pine belt of the Gulf states along the larger
ponds and streams, in moist, sandy soil, and reaching its greatest development in eastern Texas, near the coast.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish ; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly
distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.7610; ash, 0.39; somewhat us^d in turnery in the manufacture of small
vliandles,etc.

165. — Andromeda ferruginea, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 138.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii,67 ; 2ed. iii, 52. — Willdenow, Sp. ii,609. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,252. — Nouveau Duhamel,
i, 190.— Ventenat, Hort. MalmaisoU; 80, t. 80. — Pcrsoon, Syn. i, 480. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 257. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 292. —
Elliott, Sk.i, 489. —Darby, Bot. S. States, 420.-Chapman,Fl. S. States, 263.— Wood, CI. Book, 488; Bot. & Fl. 202.- Gray, Syn. Fl.
N. America ii', 33.

• J.. r/iO»n6oi<?a?i«, Nouveau Duhamel, i,l<.»2.

A.ferrtiginca, var. arborescens, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,252.

A. ferruginea, VHT.frvticOSa, Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. i,252.

A. rigida, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 292. —Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 430.

Lyonia ferruginea, Nuttall, Genera, i, 266.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 830.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1109.— Dietrich, Syn. ii,
1399.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 600.— Koch, Deudrologio, ii, 122.

Lyonia rigida, Nuttall,Genera,i, 266.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 830. —De Candolle, Prodr, vii, 600.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 97

South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast.

A small tree, in rich hummocks, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, often
crooked or semi-prostrate; or in sandy pine-barren soil reduced to a low shrub, 0.60 to 0.90 meter in height; the
leaves varying greatly in shape, venation, etc.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter;
specific gravity, 0.7500 ; ash, 0.46.

*« 166. — Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh,

Fl. Am. Sept. i, 282.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 286.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 834.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1122.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 582.—
Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1387.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 36.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 143.— NuttaU, Sylva, ui. 42, t. 95 ; 2 ed. ii, 109,
t. 95.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Eep. iv, 116 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 378.— Newberry in Pacific R. E. Eep. vi, 23, 79, f. 22.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 260; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii^, 29, 66. — Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 131. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 393;
Bot. California, i, 452, m part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 27, in part. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii,
88. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76. 203. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent.
ii,276.

A.. procerUj Douglas in Lindley's Bot. Eeg. xxi, t. 1753.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1121. — ^De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 582. —
Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1387. — Paxton, Mag. Bot. ii, 147 & t.— Walpers, Eep. vl, 416.

A. laurifoUa, Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxs,t. 67.— Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii, 36.

MADEONA.

Islands of British Columbia, from Seymour narrows southward through Washington territory and Oregon,
near the coast, and through the Coast ranges of California to the Santa Lucia mountains.

A small tree, sometimes 15 to 25 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally,
much larger (the great specimen near San Kafael, Marin county, California, G.85 meters in circumference 2 meters
from the ground) ; south of San Francisco bay much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; hillsides, in rich soil.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color,
light brown shaded with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7052; ash, 0.40; largely used in the
manufacture of gunpowder, the bark in tanning.

167. — Arbutus Xalapensis, HBK.

Nov. Gen. & Spec, iii, 281. — Sprengel, Sjst. ii, 28G. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 834. — Hooker, Icon, i, t. 27. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 66. —
De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 583.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1388.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 1105.— Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 192 & t.

TA. variens, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 77.— Paxton, Brit. Fl. Gard. ii, 118.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. u, 277.

fA. maerophylla, Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Acad. Brux. ix, 9.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 725.

A. Menziesii, Gray in Bot. California, i, 452, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii", 27, in part.- Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep.
vi, 25, 183 [not Pursh].

Southern Arizona, Santa Eita mountains, between 4,500 and 7,000 feet elevation; southward through northern
Mexico.

A small tree, with white, scaly bark, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ;
dry, gravelly slopes; large specimens generally hollow and defective.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7099;
ash, 0.25.

168. — Arbutus Texana, Buckley,

Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 460.— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 165.— Young, Bot. Texas, 370.

A. Menzienii, Gray in Bot. California, i, 452, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 27, in part.

?A. Xalapensis, Watson inProc. Am.Acad.xviii.lll.

Western Texas, Hays and Travis counties (Buckley), west to the Guadalupe and Eagle mountains (ffavard),
and southward, probably into northern Mexico.

A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; dry limestone hills and
ridges; rare.
7 FOE

98 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood
lighter, tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.7600; ash, 0.51; used in turnery, the manufacture of mathematical
instruments, etc.

Note. — The synonomy and specific position of the Mexican species of Jrhutut ■which reach the sonthem boundary of the United
States are still obscure, and cannot be well elucidated with the existing knowledge of the Mexican 4ora.

169. — Oxydendrum arboreum, De Candolle, ^

Prodr. vii, 601. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1389. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 263. — Lesqnerenx in Owen's
2d Rep. Arkansas, 372.- Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. CaroUna, 1860, iii, 79.— Wood, CI. Book, 489 : Bot. & Fl. 203.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed.296; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 33.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 128.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.— Nat.
Dispensatory, 2 ed. 798.

Andromeda arborea, Linnaeus, Spec, l ed. 394. — Lamarck, Diet, i, 158. — Marshall, Arbustum, 7. — Wangenheim, Amer. 105. —
Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 138.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 69 ; 2 ed. iii, 53.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 612; Enum. 452 ; Berl. Banmz.
31. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 255. — Nouveau Duhamel, i, 178. — Bot. Mag. t. 905. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 257. —
Michaux f.'Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 222, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 126, t. 85.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 295.— Nuttall,
Genera, i, 265.— Elliott, Sk. i, 491.— Barton, Fl. N. America, i, 105, t. 30.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 59.— Torrey, VI. U. S. i,
420 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 182.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 291.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 266.— Darby, Bot. 8.
States, 419.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 379.

Andromeda arborescens, Persoon, Syn.i, 480.— Willdenow, Ennm.453.— Loddiges, ^ot.Cab. t.l210.

Lyonia arborea, Don in Edinburgh Phil. Jour, xvii, 159. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 831. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1111. — Spach,
Hist. Veg. ix, 486. — Browne, Trees of America, 356.

SOKREL TREE. SOUR WOOD.

Western Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to western Florida and the eastern shores
of Mobile bay, west to middle Tennessee and through the upper regions of the Gulf states to western Louisiana.

A small tree, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.35 meter in diameter; usually in rather dry,
gravelly soil.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7458 ; ash, 0.37 ; used for
the handles of tools, bearings of machinery, etc.

170. — Kalmia latifolia, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 301. —Kalm, Travels, English ed.i, 335.— Marshall, Arbustum, 72.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 345; 111. u,487,t. 363, f. 1.— Gsertner,
Fruct. i, 305, t. 63, f. 7.— Wangenheim, Amer. 64,t.24,f. 50.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 138.— Alton, Hort, Kew.ii, 64; 2 ed. iii, 47.—
Lamarck, m. 487, t. 363, f. 1.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 87.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 600; Enum. 450; Berl. Baumz. 202.— Schkuhr,
Handb. 359, 1. 116. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 258. — Persoon, Syn. i, 477. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 220.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 419. —
Michaux f. Hist. Ai'b. Am. iii, 144, t. 4; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 62, t. 67.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 296. —Barton, Prodr. Fl.
Philadelph. 49.— Eaton, Manual, 47; 6 ed. 195.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. i, 113, 1. 13; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 179.— Nuttall, Genera, i,267.—
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 54.— Elliott, Sk. i, 481.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 422 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 182.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 293.— Audubon,
Birds, t. 55.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 16, t. 57.— Sertum Botanicum,iv & t.— Beck, Bot. 219.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 850.— Lindley,
Fl. Med. 380.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1151, f. 959.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 729.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 498, 1. 139.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-
Am. ii, 41. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1407. — Browne, Trees of America, 363. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 392; 2 ed. ii. 443 & t. —
Griffith, Med. Bot. 428, f. 192.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 420.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 264.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 99.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 373.— Wood, CI. Book. 484; Bot. & Fl. 200.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 381.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 298;
Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 38. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 152. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. — London Garden, xxii, 6, t. 343.

LAUREL. CALICO BUSH. SPOON WOOD. IVY.

New Brunswick and the northern shores of lake Erie, south to western Florida, and through the Gulf states
to western Louisiana and the valley of the Red river, Arkansas (Hot Springs, Letterman).

A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or more often
a low shrub; rich woodlands; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany
mountains, here often forming dense, impenetrable thickets.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; principal medullary rays broad, dark brown,
conspicuous, intermediate rays numerous, thin, inconspicuous; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.71C0 ; ash, 0.41 ; used for tool handles, in turnery, and for fuel.

The leaves, buds, and fruit, reputed poisonous to cattle, are occasionally used medicinally ( U. S. Dispensatory,
14 ed. 1G82.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 798).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 99

171. — Rhododendron maximum, Linnsens,

Sped ed. 391.— Marshall, Arbustum, 127.— Gajrtner, Frnct. i, 004, t. 63, f.6.— Wangenheim, Amer. 63, t. 22, f. 49.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.
ii, 67; 2 ed. iii, 50.— Moeuch, Meth. 45.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 365; 111. ii, 448, t. 364, f. 1.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 18.— Willdenow,
Spec, ii, 606; Enniii.^451; Berl. Banmz. 3.")7. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 141. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,259. — Schkuhr, Handb. 362. —
Persoon, Syn. i, 478. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 221. — Bot. Mag.*t. 951. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 144, t. 4; N.American
Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 64, t. 68.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Eaton, Manual, 47; 6 ed. 301.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 268.— Bigelow, Med. Bot.
iii, 101, t. 51 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 178.— Elliott, Sk. i, 483.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 57.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 426 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 184.—
Sprengel, Sy»t. ii, 292.— Audubon, Birds, t. 103.— Beck, Bot. 220.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1134, f.
9S2.— De CandoUe, Prodr. vii, 722.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 503.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1404.— Eaton &
"Wright, Bot. 391.— Browne, Trees of America, 359.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 384 ; 2 ed. ii, 435 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 428.—
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 171.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 421. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States,
265. — Curtis In Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 97. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 373. — Wood, CI. Book,
491; Bot. & Fl. 204.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 360.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 300 ; Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 42.— Koch,
Dendrologie, U, 169. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.

B. procerum, Salisbury, Prodr. 287.

B. maximum, var. roseum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk. 1,484.

B. maximum, var. album, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— EUiott, Sk. i, 484.

B. maximum, yar. purpureum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.- EUiott, Sk. i, 484.

B. purpureum, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1134.— Dietrich, Syn, ii, 1404.

B. Purshii, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843. — London, Arboretum, ii, 1135. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1404 (var. atbum, Purgb, I. c).

GREAT LAUEEL. EOSE BAT.

Nova Scotia and the northern shores of lake Erie, south through New England, New York, and along the
Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia.

A small tree, sometimes 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter iu diameter, or
often a tall, straggling shrub; at the north in cold swamps; rare; very common and reaching its greatest
development in the southern Alleghany mountains, steep, rocky banks of streams, etc.; never on limestone.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light clear
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6303; ash, 0.36; occasionally used in turnery for the handles
of tools, etc., and a possible substitute for box-wood in engraving. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used
domestically in the treatment of rheumatism, sciatica, etc.

MYRSINACE^.

172. — Myrsine Rapanea, Eoemer & Schultes,

Syst. iv, 509. — Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 10.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 618.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 97. — Miquel iu Martins, Fl. Brasil. ix,
307, t. 50-52.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 65.

Bapanea Ouyanensis, Aublet, Gnian.i, 121, t. 46.— Swartz, Obs. 51; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 262.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 48, t. 122, f. 1.

Samara pentandra, Swartz, Obs. 51; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 262 [not Alton].

Samara floribunda, willdenow, Spec, i, 665.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 46, t. 122, f. 1.

Caballeria coriacea, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 118.

M. Floridana, A. De CandoUe in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xvii, 107 ; Prodr. viii, 98.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 98.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 277.

M. floribunda, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 393.

Semi-tropical Florida, Indian river southward to the southern keys; through the West Indies to Brazil.

A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or
often a shrub ; borders of ponds and fresh-water creeks ; in the West Indies much larger.

Wood lieavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very conspicuous; color, brown
tinged with red and beautifully striped with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable;
specific gravity, 0.8341 ; ash, 0.81.

100 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

173. — Ardisia Pickeringia, Nnttall,

Sylva, iii,09,t. 102; 2 ed. ii, 13'S, t. 102.— A. Do CanUolle, Prodr. viii, 124.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. 8.
States, 277.— Vusey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 65.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 294.

Gyrilla paniatlata, Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. v, 290.

Pickeringia pcmiculata, Nnttall in Jour. Philadelphia Acad, vii, 1.

MAELBEEEY. CHEEEY.

Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa river to cape Bomano; in the
West Indies and southern Mexico.

A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a shrub;
reaching its greatest development in Florida on the shores of bay Biscayne.

"Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays very
numerous, conspicuous ; color, rich brown, beautifully marked with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood a
little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8602; ash, 1.85.

174. — Jacquinia armillaris, Jacquin,

Amer. 53, t. 39.— Linnsens, Spec. 2 ed. 272.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 257; 2 ed. ii, 5.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 46, t. 39.— Vahl, Eclog. i, 26.— Swarta,
Obs. 85.— Wilidenow, Spec, i, 1064; Enum. 246.— Persoon, Syn. i, 234.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 490.— Sprengel,Sy8t. i,668.—
Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 24.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 638.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 123.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 149.— Miquel in
Martins, Fl. Brasil. ix, 282, t. 27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 276.— Griaebach, Fl. British
West Indies, 397. — Seemann, Jour. Bot. iii, 279. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 66. — Hemsley,
Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 294.

Chrysophyllum Barbasco, Loefling, Iter. 204, 277.

JOE WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys; rare; through the West Indies to Brazil.

A low, rigid tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 meter in
diameter ; in the Bahamas and other West Indian islands probably much larger.

Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, checking and shrinking badly in drying, containing many scattered
large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous; color, light clear brown tinged with yellow;
specific gravity, 0.6948 ; ash, 3.45.

The saponaceous leaves sometimes used as a substitute for soap.

SAPOTACE^

175. — Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Lamarck,

Diet, i, 552; 111. ii, 42.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 71.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 158.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies,
398. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 67.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 634.

0. Caneto, (i. Linnaeus, Sp. 3 ed. 278 (excl. syn. Loefling).

0. monopyrenum, Swartz, I^rodr. 49; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 480.— Persoon, Syn. i, 236.-E<Emer & Schultes, Syst. iv 703.^
Sprengel, Syst. i, 666.— Bot. Mag. t. 3303.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 638.— Miquel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. vii, 94.

0. ferrugineum, Gaertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 120, t. 202, f. 1.

C microphyllum, Chapman in Coulters Bot. Gazette, iii, 9.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18 [not A. De CandoUe].

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys (Elliott's Key, No-Name Key, Key Largo), west
coast, Caloosa river to cape Sable; rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil.

A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter.

Wood vei-y heavy, hard, strong, closc-graineil, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous;
color, light brown shaded with red, the thin sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.9360; ash, 1.24.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 101

176. — Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, Jacquin,

Coll. ii, 1. 17, f. 5.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 41, 1. 120, f. 2.— Gasrtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 125.— Sprengel^ Syst. i, 666.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 622.— A. De
CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 181.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 399. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 67.

, Bum'elia pallida, Swartz, Prodr. 40 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. 4e;9. ,

Achras pallida, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 533.

Bume'kl Mastichodendron, Boemer & Schnltes, Syst. iv, 493.

8. pallidum, Sprengel, Syst. i, 666.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 180.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 274.— Vasey, Cat. Forort
Trees, 18.

Bumelia fcetidissima, NuttaU, Sylva, iii, 39, t.94 ; 2 ed. ii, 108, t. 94.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 265.

MASTIC.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, cape Eomano to cape Sable ; in the
West Indies.

A tree often 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; the largest and most valuable
tree of semi-tropical Florida; common.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close grained, checking in drying, containing few scattered small
open ducts ; meduUary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color, bright orange, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity,
1.0109 ; ash, 5.14 ; not affected by the teredo; largely used in ship- and boat-building.

The dry fruit, of a pleasant subacid flavor, eagerly eaten by animals.

177. — Dipholis salicifolia, A. De CandoUe,

Prodr. viii, 188 (Delessert, Icon. Mex. ined. t. 40). — Richard, Fl. Cuba, t. 54'. — Miquel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. vii, 45, 1. 18. — Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 274.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 401.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 67.

Achras salicifolia, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 470.

Bumelia salicifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 491.— Lamarck, lU. ii, 42.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1086.- Alton, Hort.
Kew. 2 ed. ii, 12.— Rcemer & Schnltes, Syst. iv, 494.— Dietrich, Syn. I, 621.

Sideroxylon salicifoUum, Gsertner f. Fmct. Snppl. 124, t. 202.— Lamarck, HI. u, 42.

BUSTIC. CASSADA.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.

A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter ; the large trees hollow and
defective; rare.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, compact, checking in drying, susceptible of a
beautiful polish, containing many scattered large open ducts; color, dark brown or red, the sap-wood lighter;*
specific gravity, 0.9316 ; ash, 0.32.

178. — Bumelia tenax, Willdenow,

Spec, i, 1088; Enum. 248; Berl. Banmz. 67. —Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 12.— Rcemer & Schnltes, Syst. iv, 496.— Elliott, Sk. i,288.—
Persoon.Syn. i,237.— Hayne.Dend. Fl. 18. — Sprengel, Syst i,664. — Eaton,Mannal, 6 ed. 60. — Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30. — London,
Arboretum, ii. 1193, f. 1017.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 388.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 35, t.
92; 2ed. ii, 104, t. 92.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 196.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 428.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Wood, CI. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68.

Sideroxylon tenax, Linnajus, Mant. 48. — Jacquin, Coll. ii, 252. — Lamarck, Diet, i, 245; 111. ii,42. — Aiton, Hort. Kew, i, 262.—
Swartz, Obs. 91. — Dcsl'ontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 204. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 461.

Sideroxylon Carolinense, Jacquin, Obs. iii, 3, t. 54.

Sideroxylon sericeum, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 100.

Sideroxylon chrysophylloides, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 123. — Rafinesqne, Fl. Lndoviciana, 53.

B. chrysophylloides, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, l.'iS.— NuttaU, Genera, i, 135.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 10.

fB. reclinata. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275 [not Ventenat].

102 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, Florida.

A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 meter in diameter; sandy soil.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; well characterized,
as in all the Nortji American species, by large open ducts, defining, with several rows, the rings of annual growth,
and connected by conspicuous branching groups of similar ducts, giving to a cross-section a beautifully reticulated
api>earance; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown streaked with white, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.7293; ash, 0.78.

179. — Bumelia lanuginosa, Pereoon,

Syn. i, 237.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 135.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 497.— Elliott, Sk. 1, 288.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 60.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 428. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275. — Lesqaereux in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 308; Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, .
u», 68.— Young, Bot. Texas, 377.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.

tSideroxylon tenaic, Walter, Fl. Carollniana, 100.

Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 122.

tB. oblongi/olia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 135 ; Sylva,iii,33; 2 ed.u,102.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 664.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60. —Eaton
& Wright.Bot. 162.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. viii, 190. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.

B. ferruginea, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 34 ; 2 ed. ii, 103.

B. tomentosa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. vui, 190.

B: arborea, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 461.

GUM ELASTIC. SHITTIM WOOD.

Georgia and northern Florida to Mobile bay, Alabama ; southern Illinois and southern Missouri, through
Arkansas to the valley of the Eio Grande, Texas (Eagle pass, Havard) [B. oblongifolia).

An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states
much smaller, rarely exceeding 6 meters in height; common and reaching its greatest development in the rich
bottom lands of eastern Texas.

A low, depressed form of the sand-hills of the Altamaha river, Georgia, still to be rediscovered, with small
leaves and "edible fruit as large as a small date", is var. macrocarpa, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68 {B. macrocarpa,
Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 37 ; 2 ed. ii, 106).

Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts conspicuous; medullary rays numerous,
thin; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6544; ash, 1.23; somewhat used in
cabinet-making, for which it is well suited.

A clear, very viscid gum exuded from the freshly-cut wood is sometimes used domestically.

180. — Bumelia spinosa, A. De Candolle,
Prodr. viii, 191 (Delessert, Icon. Mex. ined. t. 75). — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 299. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 112.

Santa Catalina mountains, Arizona, at an elevation of 2,700 feet (Pringle) ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico (Palmer,
No. 787).

A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil, near
water-courses.

Wood heavj', hard, very close-grained, compact, the open ducts conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ;
color, light rich brown or yellow, the aap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6603 ; ash, 1.24.

181. — Bumelia lycioides, Gtertner f.

Fmct. Snppl. 127, 1. 120.— Persoon, Syn. i, 237.— Willdonow, Enum. 249 ; Berl. Baumz. 68.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 237.— Nuttall, Genera. .
i, 135 ; Sylva, iii, 31, t. 91 ; 2 ed. ii, 101, t. 91.— Rojmer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 495.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 19.— Elliott, Sk. i, 287.— Sprengel,
Syst. i,C64.— Eaton, Manual, 6 od. 00.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1193, f. 1016.- Dietrich, Syn. i, G21.—
Spach, Hist. Veg.ix, 388. —Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 189.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 441.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 427.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapm.an, Fl. S. States, 275.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.—
Wood, CI. Book, 501 ; Bot.& Fl. 210.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 308; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68.— Young, Bot. Texas, 376.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 298.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 103

Sidtroxylon lycioides, LinnoMis, Ilort. Cliff. 488 (excl. hab.).— Lamarck, Diet, i, 246; 111. ii,42.— Aiton.Hort. Kew. i,262; 3
ed. ii, 13.— WlUdeuow, Spec, i, 1090.— Michaiix, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 122.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1, 155.— Jaume St. Hilaire,
Fl. & Pom. Am. Franc, t. 81.

Sideroxylon decandrum, Liumens, Mant. 48.— VVilldeno-w, Spec, i, 1091.

JSyderoxylon Iceve, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 100.

IRON WOOD. SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN.

Coast of Vitginia and southern Illinois, south to Mosquito inlet and Caloosa river, Florida, and through
southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Eio Concho, Texas.

A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter; low,
rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic and Gulf states, a low, semi-prostrate shrub, described as —

Var. reclinatum, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68.

Sideroxylon reclinatum, Michaux,Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 122.

B. reclinata, Ventenat, Cholx, t. 22.— Persoon, Syn.i,237.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 496.—
Elliott, Sk. i, 287. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 621. — Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii,
1193.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 190.— Darby, Hot. S. States, 428.— Wood, CI. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or
yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7467 ; ash, 0.81.

182. — Bumelia cuneata, Swartz,

FL Ind. Occ. i, 496.— Persoon, Syn. i, 237.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 498.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 665.— Don, Miller'sDiot. iv, 30.— Dietrich,
Syn. i, 621.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 401.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68.— Hemaley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 297.

Achras cuneifolia, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 534.

B. angustifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 38, t. 93 ; 2 ed. ii, 106, t. 93.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.

Sideroxylon cuneatum, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 181.

B. parvifoUa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.

B. myrsinifolia, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 192.

B. reclinata, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 109 [not Ventenat].

ants' wood. DOWNWARD PLUM. SAFFRON PLUTVt.

A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter.

Semi-tropical Florida, Merritt's island, Indian river, and southward to the southern keys, not rare; west coast.
Cedar Keys to cape Eomano, rare; rocky shores and in the interior of low, barren keys; Texas, valley of the
lower Eio Grande, Eoss to Laredo, and southward into northern Mexico ; in the West Indies.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or orange, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7959; ash, 1.90.

183. — Mimusops Sieberi, A. De Candolle,
Prodr. viii, 204.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 69.
Achras Zapotilla, var. parvijiora, Nuttall, Syha, iii, 28, t. 90 ; 2 ed. ii, 97, t. 90.
M. dissecta, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 400, in part.
Achras mammosa, Siober, Pi. Trin. No. 33 [not Linnfflus nor Bonpland].

WILD DILLY.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys, common ; in the West Indies.

A small, low, gnarled tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter; generally
hollow and defective.

Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish;
medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, rich, very dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 1.0838 ;
aah, 2.61.

104 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

EBENACEiE.

/

184. — Diospyros Virginiana, Linnseus,

Bpecl ed. 1057.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 127, 345.— Marshall, Arbnstnm, 40.— Wangenheim, Amer. 84, t.28, f. 58.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 253.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 44C; 2 ed. v, 478. — Abhot, lasects Georgia, ii, t. 61, 74. — B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 11,45; ii,
62.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 258.— Gaertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 138, t. 207.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1107; Enum. 1061; Berl. Banmz..
127.— Poiret in Lamarck, Dict.v, 528.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 1806.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 208.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 106.—
Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 195, t. 12 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 157, t. 93.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 265.— Nouvean Duhamel,
vi, 84.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 97 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 198.— Eaton, Mannal, 117; 6 ed. 126.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 240.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 228.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 712.— Collin, Forslag af nSgra Nord-Americas Trad. 23.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N.
States, 375.— Audubon, Birds, t. 87.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 202.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 146.— Rafinesqne, Med. Bot. i, 153, t. 32.—
Beck, Bot. 229.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 39.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1195, t. 200, 201.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 225.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. iv, 228.— Browne, Trees of America, 368.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 435, f. 196.— Dietrich, Syn. v,437.— Belg. Hort. iv, 118 & t.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 425.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 176.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
273. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 70. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374. — " Ettingsh. Blatt-
Skel. Dikot. 89, t. 38, f. 12."— Wood, CI. Book, 500 ; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 385.— Engelmann in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 200.— Gray, Mannal N. States, 5 ed. 308; Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 69.— Koch, Dendrologie,
il, 204. — Hiem in Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. xii', 224.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii,
69.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 68.

D. eoneolor, Moench, Meth.471.

D, Gtiaiacana, Robin, Voyages, iii, 417.

D. ptlbescens, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 265 [not Persoon].— Rafinesqne, Fl. Lndoviciana, 139.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv; 38.—

Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1196.

B. Virginiana, X&V. pubescens, Nnttall, Genera, ii, 240.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 713.

D. Virginiana, var. microcarpa, Ratinesque, Med. Bot. i, 115.

D. Virginiana, var. eoneolor, Rafinesqne, Med. Bot. i, 155.

D. Virginiana, var. macrocarpa, Rafinesqne, Med. Bot. i, 155.

D. Persimon, WikstrOm, Jahr. Schwed. 1830, 92.

D. ciliata, Rafiuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 25 [not A. De Candolle].

D. calycina, Audibert, Cat. Hort. Tonn. (ex. Spaoh).— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394.

B. angustifolia, Audibert, Cat. Hort. Tonn. (ex. Spaoh).— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394.

D. lucida, Hort.— London, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394.

D. intermedia, Hort.— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394.

PERSIMMON.

Lighthouse point, New Haven, Connecticut, Long Island, New York, and southward to bay Biscayne and the
Caloosa river, Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi ; southern Ohio to southeastern Iowa, southern Missouri,
Arkansas, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.

A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 meters in height (Ridgway), with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in
diameter ; very common and often entirely occupying abandoned fields throughout the middle and lower regions
of the southern Atlantic and Gulf states, reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the lower
Ohio basin.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few scattered,
open ducts, the rings of annual growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous ; color, dark brown, or often nearly black, the thick sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous
darker spots; specific gravity of tlie 8ai)-\vood, 0.7908; ash, 0.96; used in turnery for shoe-lasts, plane-stocks,
etc., and preferred for shuttles; the dark heart- wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen.

The yellow edible frait exceedingly austere until after frost, then becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf
states ripening in August without austerity ; sometimes used domestically, fermented with hops, corn-meal, or
wheat bran, as a beverage under the name of " simmon beer ".

A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark occasionally used in the treatment of
diarrhoea, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc. (B. B. Smith in Am, Jour. Pharm. October, 1846, 215. — J. E. Bryan in same,
May, I860, 215.— C. S. Bkpensatory, 14 ed. 380.— .^at. Bispcnsatory, 2 ed. 514).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 105

185. — Diospyros Texana, Scheele,

Linnaea, xxii, 145; Roomer, Texas, 441; Appx. 763. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 14. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 109. — Cooper la
Smithsouian Rep. 1858, 2G6.— Young, Bot. Texas, 376.— Hiern in Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. xii', 238.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 15;
Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 70. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 300.

BLACK PERSIMMON. MEXICAN PERSIMMON. CHAPOTB.

Western Texas, Matagorda bay to the valley of the Concho river ; southward into northern Mexico.

A small tree, 4 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low
shrub ; not rare, and reaching its greatest development in Texas along the rich bottoms of the Guadalupe river ;
borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of larger size.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beautiful polish, containing few minute,
scattered, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick
sap-wood clear bright yellow; specific gravity, 0.8460; ash, 3.33; used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc.,
suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among American woods for box-wood.

The small black fruit sweet and insipid.

STYRACACE^.

186. — Symplocos tinctoria, L'Heritier,

Trans. Linnnan Soc. i, 176. — Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1436. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iv, 419. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 339. — Don, Miller's Diet, ir,
2. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 254. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 272. — Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 65.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 310; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 71. — Young, Bot. Texas, 374. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.

Hopea tinctoria, Llnnasns, Mant. 105.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 189.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 42.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 72.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 217. — Gajrtner f. Fmct. Snppl. 146, t. 209, f. 2. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 419. — Michaux f. Hist.
Arb. Am.iii,61,t. 9; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 45, 1. 117. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 451. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 83. —
Elliott, Sk. ii, 173.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 176.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 420.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 272.— Darby, Bot.
8. States, 425. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 388.

HORSE SUGAR. SWEET LEAF.

Southern Delaware, south to about latitude 30*^ in Florida, and west through the Gulf states to western
Louisiana and southern Arkansas (Malvern, Texarkana, Letterman).

A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub;
borders of cypress swamps or in deep, damp, shaded woods.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light
red, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5325; ash, 0.68.

Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yielding, as does also the bark, a yellow dye.

187. — Halesia diptera, Linnseus,

Spec. 2 ed. 636. — Marshall, Arbnstnm, 57.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 66. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 849; Enum. 496; Berl. Baumz. 171. — Cavanilles,
Diss, vi, 338, t. 187. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 40. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 4. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 143. — Nouveau Duhamel, v,
144.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 450.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 83.— Elliott, Sk. i, 508.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 66.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t.
1172.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 84.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 7.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1191, f. 1014.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. ix, 426.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 260.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 270.— Miers, Contrib. i, 193.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.-^Chapman, Fl. S. States, 271.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 201. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 71.

H. reticulata, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 444. *

SNOW-DROP TREE, SILVER-BELL TREE.

South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through the lower region of the Gulf states to
eastern Texas and Garland county, Arkansas {Harvey).

A small tree, sometimes 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub
sending up many clustered stems from the root; borders of swamps, in low, wet woods.

Wood light, soft, strong, very close-graiued, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the
sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5705; ash, 0.42.

106 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

188. — Halesia tetraptera, Linnaeus,

Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Marshall, Arbustum, 57.— Giertiier, Fruct. i, 160, t. 32, f. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 66 ; 111. ii, 521, t. 404, f. 1.— Alton, Hort.
Kew. ii, Vio; 2 ed. iii, 143. — Mcench, Meth. 507. — Abbot, Insects Georgia i, t. 46. — Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 849; Enum. 496; Berl.
Baiimz. 170. — Cavanilles, Diss, vi, 3;J8, 1. 186. — Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 40. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 4. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 216. —
Nouveau Dnhamel, v, 143, t. 45.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 449.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 82.— Hot. Mag. t. 910.— Elliott, Sk. i, 507.—
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 66.— Loddiges, Hot. Cab. 1. 1173.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 84.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz.43, t. 35.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 6.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1190, f. 1012, t. 196, 197.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 42G.— Eaton
& Wright, Hot. 260.— A. De Candollo, Prodr. viii, 270.— Browne, Trees of America, 366.— Miers, Contrib. i, 191, t. 93.— Darby,
Bot. S. States, 425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 22, f. 16, 17.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
271.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 80.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. &F1. 209.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk.
af Nat. For. Viden. Meddclt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 89, f. 2.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 310; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 71.— Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 199. — Young, Bot. Texas, 374. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.

EATTLEBOX. SNOWDROP TREE. SILVER-BELL TREE. CALICO WOOD;

Moantains of West Virginia to southern Illinois, south to middle Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi,
and through Arkansas to western Louisiana and eastern Texas.

A tree 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub; generally
along streams, in rich soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany
mountains; common in cultivation.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.5628; ash, 0.40.

Note. — Halesia parviHora, Michaux, of southern Georgia, and Florida, does not attain the size or habit of a tree.

OLEAOEJB.

189. — Fraxinus Greggii, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 64 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 305.
F. Schiedeana, var. parvifolia, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166.

Western Texas, valley of the Eio Grande, from the San Pedro to the Pecos river ; southward into Mexico.

A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.16 meter in diameter (Lampasaa
raonntains, Mexico, Buckley), or often a graceful shrub; limestone soil.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color,
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7904; ash, 0.93.

190. — Fraxinus anomala, Torrey;
Watson in King's Rep. v, 283. — Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 203. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74.

Southwestern Colorado, McElmo river (Brandegee), southern Utah, Kanawa, Leeds, Silver Leaf, Labyrinth
caSon of the Colorado river, valley of the Eio Virgen, near Saint George.

A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, with the habit of a
dwarf pear tree; common on elevated sandstone mesas and plateaus.

Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.6597 ; ash, 0.85.

191. — Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, Torrey,

Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 128; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 19;
Syn. Fl. N.America, ii', 74.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.Cent. ii,
305. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 113.

F. velutina, Torrey in Emory's Eep. 149.

F. coriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii, 302, in part.- Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 186, t. 22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

F. piataoiw/olia, var. coriacea, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, iiS 74.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 107

ASH.

Mountaius of western Texas, through southern New Mexico, southern and eastern Arizona, to southern
Nevada (Ash Meadows, Rotliroclc) ; in northern Mexico.

A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter; generally along borders
of streams, in elevated caSons, less commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceous or, more rarely,
velvety tomentose (var. coriaeea, Gray, I. c.) ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6810; ash, 0.62; occasionally used in wagon-building, for ax handles, etc.

192. — Fraxinus Americana, Linnteus,

Spec. 2 ed. 1510.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 445; 2 ed. v, 476.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1102; Enum. 1060;
Berl. Baamz. 145. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 393. — Vahl Enua. i, 49. — Persoon, Syn.
ii, 604.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,102. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 63. — Michaux f. Hi»t. Arb. Am. iii, 106, t. 8; N. American Sylva,
3 ed. iii, 49, t. 118 (excl. fruit).— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 192.— Eaton, Manual, 114.—
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.— Cobbett, Woodlands, 131.— Sprengel, Syat. i, 95.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1232, f. 1055
& t.— Penn. Cyel. X, 455.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 125, t. 89.— A.De
CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 177. — Browne, Trees of America, 394. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 238. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep.
1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 369.— Curtis in Geological Rep. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54.— Wood, CI. Book, 597 ; Bot. & Fl.
277. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 382. — Engehnann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soo. new ser. xii, 206. — Porcher, Resources
S. Forests, 494. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii,
252.— Young, Bot. Texas, 452.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 207.— Sears in Bull.
Essex Inst, xiii, 177.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52<:.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.

F. CaroUniensia, Wangenheim, Amer. 81.

F. alba, Marshall, Arbustum, 51.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.

F. acuminata, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 205.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,231;
Sylva, iii, 64 ; 2 ed. ii, 129.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 220.— EUiott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N.
States, 371 ; Nicollet's Eep. 154. — Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 277. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 8. — Eaton, Manual, 6
ed. 148.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 56.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 333;
2 ed. ii, 376 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Porcher, Eesources S. Forests, 494.

t F. juglandifolia, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 208.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Hayne, Dend.
Fl. 221.— Beck, Bot. 232. -Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.

F. Canadensis, Gartner, Fract.i, 222, t. 49.

F. epiptera, Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii,256.— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,1102; Berl. Baumz. 147.— Persoon, Syn.
ii, 603 —Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 96.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. 278.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet,
iv, 55. — London, Arboretum, ii, 1237. — Penn. Cycl. x, 455.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 50. —
A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 277.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 399.

F. lancea, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209 (Jide Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1237).

F. discolor, Muhlenberg, Cat. 111.— Rafinosque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 37.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 297.

F. Americana, var. latifolia, Loudon,Arboretum,ii, 1232.— Browne. Trees of America, 396.

fF. juglandifolia, var. serrata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.

tF. juglandi/oUa,\aT. svbserrata, Hayne, Dend. F1.221.

WHITE ASH.

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida, central
Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the
Trinity river, Texas.

A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk
1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; low, rich, rather moist soil, reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands
of the lower Ohio Eiver basin; toward its western and southwestern limits smaller, of less economic value, and
generally replaced by the green ash {Fraxinus viridis).

A form of the southern states with remarkably small fruit has been described as —

/

108 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

var. microcarpa, Gray, 8yn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75.

F. albicailS, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 4, in part.

F. Cwrtisaii, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

Wood heavj', bard, strong, ultimately brittle, coarsegrained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked
by several rows of large open ducts, occupying in slowly-grown specimens nearly the entire width of the annual
rings; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white; specific
gravity, 0.G543; ash, 0.42; specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.7180; largely used in the manufacture of
agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior and cabinet work.

Var. Texensis,
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75.

F. albicans, Buckley in Proo. •Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 4, in part.

F. coriacea, Wat^on in Am. Nat. Yii,302, in part.

F. pistacice/olia, Gray, HaU's PI. Texas, 19 [not Torrey].

Western Texas, Dallas (Beverchon), to the valley of the Devil's river.

A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; dry, rocky hills and
ridges.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or more
rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity^
0.7636 ; ash, 0.70 ; used for the same purposes as that of the species.

193. — Fraxinus pubescens, Lamarck,

Diet, ii, 548.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1103; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in.
Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 393. — Vahl, Enum. i, 51. — Persoou, Syn. ii, 604. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 102. — Nouveau
Dnhamel, iv, 62. — Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 476. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,9. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 279. — Nuttall, Genera, ii,
231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.- Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 126.—
Beck, Hot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1233, f. 1056.— Penn. Cycl. x, 455.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51. — A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 337 ; 2 ed.
ii, 380.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 239.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. 8.
States, 370.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, .54.— Wood, CI. Book, 597 ; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 402; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75. — Young, Bot. Texas, 452. — Vaeey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii,^
177.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,69.

F. Fennsylvanica, Marshall, Aibustum, 51.— Koch, Dendrologie,ii, 253.

F. nigra, Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. i, 398 [not Marshall].

F. pubescens, var. longifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Loddiges, Cat.
ed. 1836. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1233. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.

F, pubescens, var. laii/olia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.
223.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1233.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.

F. pubescens, var. subpubescens, Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Loudon,
Arboretum, ii, 1234. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 395.

F. longifolia, Bosc in Mem. Ingt. 1808, 209.

F. subvillosa, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209.

F. tomentosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 112, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 53, t. 119.— Barton, Compend. Ft
Philadelph. ii, 192.

F. Americana, \ax. pubescens, Browne, Trees of America, 395.

jP. Oblongocarpa, Buckley in Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1864, 4.

CATALOG.UE OF FOREST TREES. 109

KED ASH.

New Brunswick to southern Ontario and northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida and central Alabama.

A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams
and swamps, in low ground; common and reaching its greatest development in the north Atlantic states; rare
west of the Alleghany mountains, probably not extending west of the Mississippi river.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich brown,
the sap-wood light brown streaked with yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6251 ; ash, 0.26 ; specific gravity of the lighter
sap-wood, 0.5609; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white ash, with which it is often confounded.

194. — Fraxinus viridis, Miohaux f.

JEUst. Arb. Am. iii, 115, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 54, t. 120 (excl. fruit). — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 222. — Cooper in Smithsonian
Eep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370.— Gray in Pacific R. E. Rep. xii^ 46; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402; Hall's PI. Texas,
19; Syn.Fl. N. America, ii', 75. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54.— LesquereuxinOwen's2dEop. Arkansas,
382.— Wood, CI. Book, 598; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Watson iu King's Eep. v, 284.— Young, Bot. Texas, 453.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
20.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 207.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii,
305. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.

F. juglandifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 140 [not Lamarck].— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Pcrsoon,

Syn. ii, 604. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 63, 1. 16. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 476. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9. — Eoemer

& Schultes, Syst. i, 278 ; iii, Suppl. 255. — Eaton, Manual, 114. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 95. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States,

371.— Beck, Bot. 233.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1236, f. 1061, 1062 & t.— Eatou & Wright,

- Bot. 247.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 373.

tF. Caroliniana, WUldenow, Spec, iv, 1103 ; Enum. 1060 ; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Vahl, Enum. i, 51.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed.
i, 400. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 605. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 62. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9. —
Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— H.ayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 147.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.

F. juglandifolia, var. subintegerrima, Vahl, Enum. i, 50.

F. expansa, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 150.— Bremer & Schultes, Syst. i, 279.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London,
Arboretum, ii, 1238. — A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 399.

F.Americana, var. juglandifolia, Browne, Trees of America, 398.

F. Novce-Anglice, Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 251 [not MUler nor Wangenheim]

GREEN ASH.

Shores of lake Champlain, Tiverton, Ehode Island, and southward to northern Florida, west to the valley of the
Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the Kocky mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch mountains of Utah, and the
ranges of eastern and northern Arizona.

A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams or in
low, rather moist soil ; at the west confined to the bottom lands of the large streams and to high mountain canons.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous scattered, small,
open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7117 ; ash, 0.65; inferior in quality, although often
used as a substitute for white ash.

Var. Berlandieriana, Torrey,

Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166.— Gray, Syn. yi. N. America, ii>, 75.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 305.— Watson in Proo. Am. Aoad.
xviii, 113.

F. Berlandieriana, De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278.

F. trialata, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5.

Texas, west of the Colorado river; southward into northern Mexico.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams,
in low, rich soil.

Wood light, soft, rather close-grained, compact, containing few small, scattered, open ducts, the layers of
■annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5780; ash, 0.54.

V^

110 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

195. — Fraxinus platycarpa, Michanx,

FL Bor.-Am. ii, 256.— Vahl, Enum. i, 49. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — Nouveau Dahamel, iv, 64. — Micbaux f.
Hist.Arb.Am. iii,128, 1. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 63, t. 124.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i,9.— Eoemer <fc
Schnltes, Syst.i,278.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 225.— Elliott, Sk. ii, C73.— Sprengel, Syst.i, 96. —Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 149.— Don, Miller's Diet, i v, ,55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 247.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr. viii, 277.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1658, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 53. —
Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382.— Wood, CI. Book, 598 ; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402 ; Syn. Fl.
N, America, ii', 75. — Young, Bot. Texas, 453. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

tF. Caroliniana, Miller, Diet. No. 6.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 518.— Eoemer & Schnltes, Syst. i, 278.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.—
Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1237. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 258.

F. excelsior, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254 [not Linntens].

F, Americana, Marshall, Arbustum, 50 [not LinnaeuB].

F. pallida, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209.

F, pubescens, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 210 [not Lamarck].

F. triptera, Nuttall, Genera, u,232 ; Sylva, iii, 62, 1. 100; 2 ed. 127, 1. 100.— EUiott, Sk. ii, 674.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 56.—
London, Arboretum, ii, 1240. — ^A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 274. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.

F. curvidens, Hoffmannsegg, Verz. d. Pflanzenkult. 29.

F. pauciflora, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 61, 1. 100 ; 2 ed. ii, 126, t. 100.

F, Americana, var. Caroliniana, Browne, Trees of America, 398

F. Americana, var. triptera, Browne, Trees of America, 399.

F, Nuttallii, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 444.

F. nigresceng, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5.

WATER ASH.

Southeastern Virginia, south near the coast to cape Canaveral and the Oaloosa river, Florida, west through
the Gulf states to the valley of the Sabine river, Texas, and the Washita river, southwestern Arkansas ; in th&
West Indies.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; deep river
swamps.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the open ducts not conspicuous ; medullary
rays few, obscure ; color, nearly white, or sometimes tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity,
0.3541 ; ash, 0.73.

196. — Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 255.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Bosc inMem. Inst. 1808, 211.— Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 64.— Michaux f. Hist. Ai-b. Am. iii, 118, t. 11 ; 2 ed. iii, 61, t. 123.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.—
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. i, 278.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Sprengel, Syst. i,
96.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 149.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1235, f. 1059, 1060.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii,
296.— Pcnn. Cycl. x, 455.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370.— Lesquercux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI. Book, 598; Bot. & Fl. 277. — Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 259.— Young, Bot. Texas, 453.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 20. — Engelraanu in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 63. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot..
Gazette, vii, 95. , •

F. tetragona, Cels in Nouv. Cours, Agr. vii, 73.

F. quadrangularis, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.

F. nervosa, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.

F. quadrangulata, var. nervosa, Loudon, Arboretum, li, 1235.

F. Americana, va,r. quadrangulata, BTovcne,TTe>eBot America, 397.

F, Americana, var. quadrangulata nervosa, Browne, Trees of America, 397.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. Ill

BLUE ASH.

Southern Michigan to central Minnesota, south to northern Alabama, and through Iowa and Missouri to
northeastern Arkansas (Duvall's bluff, Letterman).

A tree 18 to 25 or, exceptionally, 37 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter;
generally on limestone hills, rarely extending into the bottom lands, and reaching its greatest development in the
basin of the lower Wabash river.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny; layers of annual growth clearly
marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light yellow streaked with
brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7184 ; ash, 0.78 ; largely used for flooring, in carriage-building, etc.

The inner bark, macerated, dyes blue.

197. — Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall, y^

Sylva, iil, 59, t. 99 ; 2 ed. il, 124, t. 99.— Torrey in Pacific E. K. Rep. iv, 128.— Newberry in Pacific B. E. Eep. vi, 25, 87.— Cooper ia
Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 260; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii^, 28, 68; Am. Nat. iii, 407. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 260.— Gray in Bot. California,
i, 472 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 76.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

F. pubescens, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51.

F. grandi/olia, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 33.

OREGON ASH.

Shores of Puget sound, south through Washington territory and Oregon west of the eastern valleys of the
Cascade mountains, along the California Coast ranges to San Francisco bay and the western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada to the San Bernardino and Hot Spring mountains, California.

A tree sometimes 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; moist soil,
generally along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of southwestern Oregon.

Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact, containing many large, open, scattered ducts,
the layers of annual growth strongly marked with several rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin;
color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5731; ash, 0.34; specific gravity of the lighter sap-wood,
0.5630 ; used in the manufacture of furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, for fuel, etc.

198. — Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lamarck,

Diet. ii,549.—Muhlenberg&WilldenowinNeueScliriftenGe8ell.Nat.Fr. Berlin, iii, 393.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1099; Enum. 1059; Berl.
Baumz. 150. — Vahl, Enum. i, 51. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 605. — Desfontaincs, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 211. — Nouveau
Dahamel, iv, 60.— Alton, Hort. Kew. v, 475.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 122, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 159, t. 122.—
Pnrsh,Fl. Am. Sept. i,8.— Roemer& Schultes, Syst. i, 279.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.- Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 192.—
Hayne, Deud. Fl. 224.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, .S"! ; Fl. N. York, ii, 126.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don,
Miller's Diet, iv, 54.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1234, f. 1057, 1058.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 299.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 50.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 147.— A. De Candollo, Prodr. viii, 278.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 338; 2 ed. ii,381 & t.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica,3 ed. 239.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253. — Lesqueretix in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI. Book, 598;
Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii',7G.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Ridgway in Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 48"!.

F. nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 51.

F. Nova-Anglice, Wangenheim, Amer. 51.

F. crispa, Hort.

F. sambucifolia, var. crispa, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1234.

F. Americana, var. sambucifolia, Browne, Trees of America, 393-

BLACK ASH. HOOP ASH. GROUND ASH.

I

Southern Newfoundland, along the northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence, southwesterly to the eastern
shores of lake Winnipeg, south through the northern states to New Castle county, Delaware, the mountains of
Virginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas.

A tree 25 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; swamps and low river banks;
the most northern representative of the genus in America.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable, separating easily into thin
layers; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous,

112 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

thin; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0,6318; ash, 0,72;
specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.74G5; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel hoops, in cabinet-
making, and the manufacture of baskets.

Note. — Fraxinua dipetala, Hooker & Aruott, of the California Coast ranges and the western Blopea of the sontbern Sierra Nevadas,
and F. cuspidata, Torrey, of the valley of the Rio Grande, do not attain arborescent habit or dimensions.

The following, characterized by Boso in Mem. Inst. 1808, mainly from the foliage of garden specimens of supposed North American
origin, cannot be safely referred to our species : F. alba, vinerea, elliptiea, fusca, mixta, nigra, ovata, pannosa, pulverulenta, Richardi, rubicunda,
and ru/a.

199. — Forestiera acuminata, Poiret,

Snppl. ii, 664. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 194. — Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soo. new ser. v, 176. — Torrey in Nicollet's Eep. 154. — Engelmann
& Gray in Jonr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. —
Wood, CI. Book, 600; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, .5 ed. 402; Proo. Am. Acad, iv, 363 (excl. var.); Syn. Fl. N.
America, ii', 76. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 224. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

Adelia acuminata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 225, t. 48.

Borya acuminata, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 711.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 675.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 57.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 159.

Borya ligustrina, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 711, in part.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366, in part.— Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed,
358, in part.

Borya nitida, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 66.

Bigelovia acuminata, Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxxis, No. 4.

PBIVET,

Western Georgia, western Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and
northward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and Cahokia creek, Illinois (opposite Saint Louis),

A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 meter in diameter; borders of swamps and
streams, in low, wet soil; common in the Gulf region, near the coast, and reaching its greatest development in
southern Arkansas.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous;
color, light yellow streaked with brown; the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6345; ash, 0,72,

200- — Chionanthus Virginica, Linnsens,

Spec. 1 ed. 8. — Marshall, Arbustum, 33. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 60. — Wangenheim, Amer. 92. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 14 ; 2 ed. i, 23. —
Lamarck, IlL i, 30, t. 9, f. 1. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 46; Enum. 14; Berl. Baumz. 87. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii,t. 98. — Michaux, Fl.
Bor.-Am. i, 3. — Vahl, Enum. i, 44. — Persoon, Syn. i, 9. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 111. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 7. — Roemer &
Schultes, Syst. i, 72.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 5; Sylva, iii, 56, t. 88; 2ed. ii, 122, t. 88.— Elliott, Sk.i, 6.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Torrey,
Fl. U. 8. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 34.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1264.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz.
93, t. 73.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92. —Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1206, f. 1029, 1030.— Spaoh,
Hist. Veg. viii, 259.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 37. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 193. — A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 295. — Browne, Trees of America,
371.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 238.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,253.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 3t9. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 95.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI.
Book, 599 ; Bot. & Fl. 276.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N.
America, ii', 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 262. — Young, Bot. Texas, 452. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

G. trifida, Moench, Meth, 437.

0. Virginica, var. latifolia, Vahl, Enum. i, 44.— Alton, Hort, Kew. 2 ed.i, 23.— Pursh, FL Am. Sept. i, 8.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.
2.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, .50.

0. Virginica, var. angustifolia, Vahl, Enum. i, 44.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 23.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Watson, Dend.
Brit, i, 1. 1.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.

C. Virginica, var, montana, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 295.

G. Virginica, var. maritima, Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 7; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.—
EatoD, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viu, 295.—
Eegel, Gartenflora, xvi, t. 564.

G. maritima, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.

G. heterophylla, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 86.

G. longifolia, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 87.

C. montana, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 88.

0. 0,ngU8ti/olia, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 88.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 113

FRINGE TREE. OLD MAN'S BEARD.

Lancaster county and the banks of the Brandy wine, Chester county, Pennsylvania, south to Tampa bay, Florida,
and through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.

A small tree, C to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; generally along streams in
low, rich soU ; very common in cultivation.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of largo open
ducts, connected as in that of Bumelia by branching groups of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure;
color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6372; ash, 0.51.

A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root sometimes employed in the treatment of intermittent
fevers (Am. Jour. Pharm. xliv, 398. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1612).

201. — Osmanthus Americanus, Bentham & Hooker,

Genera, ii, 667.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', i, 78.

Olea Americana, Linn^enB, Mant. 24. — Marshall, Arbustum, 98.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 543 ; 111. i, 28.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. I,
14; 2ed. i,22. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 45 ; Enum. 13. — Mlchaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,222. — Valil, Eniim.i,41. — Persooii, Syn. i,
9. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 112. — Nouveau Dnbamel, -v, 67. — Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 50, t. 6; N. AmPi-ican
Sylva, ii, 3 ed. 128, t. 86. — Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 7. — Roemer & Scbultes, Syst. i, 70. — Rafincaquo, Fl. Ludoviciana, 38. —
Nuttall, Genera, i, 5. — Elliott, Sk. i, \ — Sprengel, Syst. i, 34. — Groom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xivi, 315. — Dietrich, Syn.
i, 37.— Don, Miller's Diet. iv,48.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 267.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 239.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 37.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 333. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 28(). — Browne, Trees of America, 381. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. —
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 369. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860,
iii, 57. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI. Book, .599; Bot. & Fl. 276. — Porcher, Resources S.
Forests, 493. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401. — Young, Bot. Texas, 451. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.

DEVIL WOOD.

Southern Virginia, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and through the Gulf states to eastern
Louisiana, near the coast.

A small tree, 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams
and pine-barren swamps, in moist, rich soil.

Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, unwedgeable, difficult to work, containing many radiating
groups of open cells parallel to the thin, obscure, medullary rays ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light
brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8111 ; ash, 0.46.

BORRAGINAOE.^.

202. — Cordia Sebestena, Linnrous,

Spec. led. 190.— Jacquln,Amer.t. 42. —Lamarck, 111.1,421, t.96, f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1073; Enum. 248.— Andrews, Bot. Kep. iii,
157, 1. 157.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 45. — Persoon, Syn. i, 166. — Trattinick, Archiv. t. 354.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 452. —
Sprengel, Syst. i, 649. — Bot. Mag. t. 794.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 8.— Descourtilz, Fl. Antilles, iv, 205, t. 277. — Chaoiisso in Linnsea,
vi, 755.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 177.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 375.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 611.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 81, 1. 106; 2 ed. ii, 145, 1. 106.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 478.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 180.

f G.juglandi/olia, Ja,cqmn,Am<fT.t. 43.

0. speciosa, Willdenow in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 799.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 476.

Sebestena SCabra, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 38.

GEIGER TREE.

Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keyw; rare; in the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.06 to 0.08 meter in diameter; rich hummock
soil; ornamental and becoming a large tree in cultivation.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing few scattered, small, open ducts; medullary
rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light l)rown or yellow; specific
gravity, 0.7108; ash, 4.22.

8 FOR

114 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

203. — Cordia Boissieri, a. De Candolle,
Prodr. uc, 47a. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 135. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 180.

Texas, valley of the Rio Grande, westward to New Mexico and southward into Mexico.

A small tree, rarely 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often reduced to a
low shrub.

Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, compact, containing many small scattered open ducts; medullary
rays very numerous, tliin, conspicuous; color, dark brown, the sap-wood liglit brown; speciQc gravity, 0.6790;
ash, 3.53.

204.^Bourreria Havanensis, Mlers,

Bot Contrib. ii, 238.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 181.

Ehretia Havanensis^ Willdenow in Rcemer & Scholtes, Syst. iv, 805. — Humboldt, Bonpland Sc Knnth, Not. Gen. &. Spec,
vii, 206.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 508.

Ehretia tomentosa, Lamarck, ni. i, 425.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 1.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 648.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 630.

B. tomentosa, Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 390.

B. reourva, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238.

B. orata, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238.

Ehretia Botirreria, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 329 [not Linnajus].- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.

B. tomentosa, var. Havanensis, Grisebach, FL British West Indies, 482.

STRONG BAKK.

Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's Key, etc.) ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 10 or, exceptionally, 15 meters (Key Largo, Curtiss) in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in
diameter; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.

A form (generally shrubby in Florida) with scabrous or hispidulons leaves is —

var. radula. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 181.

Ehretia radula, Poiret, Suppl. ii, 2.-Dietrich, Syn. i, 630.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 506.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 329.

B. radula, Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 390.— Chamisso in Linnsea, viii, 120.— Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238.

Cordia Floridana, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 83, t. 107; 2 ed. ii, 147, t. 107.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.8073;
ash, 2.79.

205. — Ehretia elliptica, De CandoUe,

Prodr. ix, 503.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 136.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 228, t. 85.—
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 181.

KNACK AWAY. ANAQUA.

Texas, Oori)us Christi to New Braunfels {Mohr), and southward to the valley of the lower Eio Grande.

A tree 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.50 meter in diameter ; generally along borders of
streams, in rich loam, and reaching its greatest development between the Guadalupe and Nueces rivers, 50 to 76
miles from the Gulf coast.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many small open ducts
arranged in numerous concentric rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows of larger
ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gi-avity, 0.6440;
ash, 1.31.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 115

BIGNONIACE^,

206. — Catalpa bignonioides, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 64. — De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 226. — Darlington, Fl. Cesfcrica, 3 ed. 182. — Cooperin Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 285.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1850, iii, 50.— Wood, CI. Book, 513 ; Bot. & Fl. 218.— Bureau, Mon.
Bignoniacese, t. 25. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 321, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 319, in part. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 302. —
Young, Bot. Texas, 385. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19, in part. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 548.

JBignonia Catalpa, Linnsaus, Spec, l ed. 622 (excl. syn.). — Lamarck, Diet, i, 417.— Marshall, Arbustum, 21. — Wangenheim,
Amer. 58, t. 20, f. 45. — ^Willdenow, Spec, iii, 289; Emim. 649. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,25. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.
i, 189. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 217, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 55, t. 64. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph.
66. — Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 159. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 460. — Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 602
&f.

G. COTdifolia, Jaume St. Hilaire in Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 13, in part (excl. t. 5). — Barton,Compend.Fl. Philadelph. i, 9. —
Nuttall, Genera, i, 10.— EUiott, Sk. i, 24.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 16 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 20.— Bock, Bot. 245.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 85. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 363. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 132. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 184. —
Darby, Bot. S. States, 439.

G. ayringcefolia, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1094.— Schkuhr, Handb. t. 175.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 24.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept.
i, 10.— Eaton, Manual, 8; 6 ed. 85.— Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 3.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1285.—
Sprengel, Syst. i, 70. — Sertum Botanicum, i, t. — Lindley, Fl. Med. 499; Penn. Cycl. vi, 363. — Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 230. —
London, Arboretum, iii, 1261 & t.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 82.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 77 ; 2 ed. ii, 140.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 25. —
Browne, Trees of America, 406.

0. communis, Du Mont, Bot. Cult. 2 ed. 111,242.

CATALPA. CATAWBA. BEAN TREE. OIGAK TREE. INDIAN BEAN.

Southwestern Georgia, valleys of the Little and Apalachicola rivers, western Florida, and through central
Alabama and Mississippi.

A low, much-branched tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 meter in diameter; borders of
streams and swamps, in rich loam; rare and local; long cultivated for ornament, and now extensively naturalized
throughout the middle and southern Atlantic states.

Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable ; layers of annual growth clearly marked
by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the thin (one or two
years') sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4474; ash, Q.38; used and highly valued for fence
posts, rails, etc.; a reputed emetic.

A decoction of the seeds and dried bark occasionally used in cases of asthma and bronchitis {Am. Jour. Pharm.
xlii, 204. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1608. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 367).

207. — Catalpa speciosa, Warder;

Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 1.— Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle 1879, 784.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 70.—
Barnes in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iz, 74.

G. COrdi/olia, Jaume St. Hilaire in Nonvean Dohamel, ii, 13, in part, t. 5.— Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 183.

G. bignonioides, Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 375 [not Walter. ] -Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 321, in part;
Syn. Fl. N. America, ii", 319, in part. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19, in part. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 59.

WESTERN CATALPA.

Valley of the Vermilion river, Illinois, through southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee,
southeastern Missouri and western Arkansas.

A tree 20 to 35 or, excei^tionally, 45 meters in height {Ridgway), with a trunk 1 to 2 meters in diameter; borders
of streams and swamps, in rich bottom lands; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the
lower Wabiish river; cultivated and now widely naturalized through .southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and
eastern Texas,

Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, <!Ouii)act, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual
growtli clciuly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the
thin sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4165 ; ash, 0.39 ; largely used for railway ties, fence posts, rails, etc., and
adapted for cabinet work and interior fini.sh.

^

IIQ ' FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

208.— Chilopsis saligna, D. Don,

ToiTcy Bot. Club, ix, 54.

Bignonia linearis, Cavanme8,Icon.iii,35,t.269.

0. linearis, DeCan<loUo,Prodr.ix,227.-Cooi.er in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 266.

0. glutinosa, Eugelmann in Wislizonua' Kep. 10.

DESEBT WILLOW.

brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.5902; ash, 0.37.

209. — Crescentia cucurbitina, Llnneous,

ii,4S9.

G. ovata, Bunnann, Fl. Ind. 132.

a latifoUa, Lamarck, Diet, i, 558; ni.iii,9C,t.547.-De8courtite,FL Antilles, iii, 143, 1. 183.

C. letki/era, Tussac.Fl. Antilles, iv, 50, 1. 17.

G. toxicaria, Tussac, Fl. Antilles, iv, 50, 1. 17.

G. obovata, Bentliam, Bot. Sulphnr, 130, t. 46.

BLACK CALABASH TEEB.

Semi-tropical Florida, near Miami, and on Little river (Oarber, Curtiss) ; ^if^J^fJ^^^^.^ ^^,^^^,^^^
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding G meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to ^'^^ "^^^^^^ ^^ ^'™«^^ .
Wood heav^, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small, ^«S" ^^^'^'^^"^"^^^^^^
medullary rays thin, hazily distinguishable ; color, light brown tinged with orange, the sap-wood bghter , specifao

gravity, 0.G319 ; ash, 1.35.

VERBENAOEiE.

210. — Citharexylum villosum, Jacquin,

340.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 537.

FIDDLE WOOD.

Semi-tropicHl Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys (Pumpkin Key, Gurtiss); and through the West
ash, 0.52.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 117

211. — Avicennia nitida, Jacquin,

Amer. 177, t. 112, f. 1. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 143. — Chamisso in Linnaja, vii, 370. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 768. — Martins, Mat. Med. Brasil. 49;
Bot. Brasil. ix, 303.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 619.— Schauer in De CandoUe, Prodr. xi, 699.— Giisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 502.—
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 341.

A. tomentosa, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 221 [not Jacquin].— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 79, t. 105; 2 cd. ii, 143, t. 105.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 310.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.

A. obloiigifolia, Nuttall T; Chapman, Fl. S. States, 310.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.
— BLACK MANGROVE. BLACK TEEE. BLACK WOOD.

Florida coast, Saiut Augustine to the southern keys, and from Cedar Keys to cape Sable; deltas of the
Mississippi river ; through the West Indies to Brazil.

A tree G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 meters in
height, with a trunk 0.60 meter in diameter; north of Mosquito inlet reduced to a low shrub; common along
saline shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless, corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove {Bhisophora),
impenetrable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered and round-headed; reaching its greatest development in the United
States on the west coast of Florida, north of cape Sable.

Wood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact, the eccentric layers of annual growth marked by
several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap-
wood brown; specific gravity, 0.9138; ash, 2.51.

NYCTAGINAOE^.

212. — Pisonia obtusata, Swartz,

Fl. Ind. Occ. I960.— Jacquin, Hort. Schcenb. iii, 36, t. 314.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 449, t. 861.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1226.— Choisy in Do
CandoUe, Prodr. xiii", 443.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 374. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 71. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.

PIGEON WOOD. BEEF WOOD. COEK WOOD. POEK WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys; through the West Indies.

A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.45 meter in diameter; saline shores and beaches,
reaching its greatest development in Florida on Elliott's and Old Ehodes Keys.

Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts; layers of
annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood darker;
specific gravity, 0.6529; ash, 7.62; probably of little value.

Note. — The semi-prostrate and vine-like trunks of P. aculeaia, Llunsens, of the same region, althongh attaining a considerable size,
cannot be properly considered arborescent.

POLYGONAOE^.

213. — CocGoloba Floridana, Meisner;
De CandoUe, Prodr. xiv, 165. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 392.— Poroher, Besources S. Forests, 376. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.
C. parvifolia, NuttaU, Sylva, iii, 25, t. 89; 2 ed. ii, 95, t. 89 [not Poirot].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,265.

PIGEON PLUM.

Serai-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and from cape Eomano to cape Sable.

A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; one of the largest and most
common trees of the region.

Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, containing
few small, scattered, oi)en ducts; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure; color, rich dark
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9835; ash, 5.03; valuable and somewhat used for
cabinet-making.

The edible and abundant grape-like fruit, ripenmg in February and March, is eagerly devoured by raccoons
and other animals.

118 FOREST TREES OF NX3RTH AMERICA.

214. — Coccoloba uvifera, Jaoqnin,

Amer. 112; t. 73.— Ctertner, Fruot. i, 214, t. 45, f. 3.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 34 ; 2 ed. ii, 421.— Lamarck, IlL 11, 445, t. 316, f. 2.— Willdenow,
Spec, ii, 457; Ennm. 431. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 61. — Persoon, Syn. i, 442. — ^Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 61. — Aiton, Hort. Kew.
2 ed. ii, 421.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 252.— Descourtilz, Fl. Antilles, ii, 41, t. 77.— Bot. Mag. t. 3130.— Bafinesque, Fl. Tellnriana, ii,
34.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 542.— Dietrich, Syn. Fl. ii, 1326.— Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 23, t. 88; 2 ed. ii, 93, t. 88.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii,
21, t. 67. — Meisner in De CandoUe, Prodr. xiv, 152; Bot. Brasil, v', 42. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 265. — Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 391. — Porcher, Eesonrces S. Forests, 376. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 161.

Polygonum uvifera, Liunteus, Spec, l e<l. 3G5.

SEA GRAPE.

Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Tampa bay to cape Sable; through the
West Indies to Brazil.

A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 meters in height, with a gnarled and contorted trunk often 0.90 to
1.20 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low, generally prostrate shrub; saline shores and beaches; common.

West Indian forms, diifering in the shape of the leaves, etc., are —

var. ovalifolia, Meisnor, l. o.

var, Lceganensis, Meisner, I. c.

G, Lcegancnsis, Jacquin, Amer. 113, t. 178, f. 33.

Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish,
containing few scattered, rather small, open ducts; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly
distinguishable; color, rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9635; ash, 1.37; valuable
for cabinet-making.

The edible fruit of agreeable subacid flavor.

LAURACE^.

215. — Persea Carolinensis, Nees,

Syst. Laarinamm, 150. — Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 492. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1339. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 63.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 63.— Wood, CI. Book, 620; Bot. & Fl. 290.— Meisner in De
CandoUe, Prodr. xv', 50.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 422 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 473.— Young, Bot. Texas, 473.— Yasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 21.

Laurus Borbonia, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 370, in part.— Marshall, Arbustum, 73.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 133.— Aiton,
llort. Kew. ii, 39; 2 ed. ii, 429. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 450. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 481. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. i,65.—
Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 163.

Laurus Carolinensis, Catesby, Carol, i, 63, t. 63.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 245.— Persoon, Syn. i, 449.— Desfoutaines,
Hist. Arb. i, 65.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 321.— Willdenow, Euum. Suppl. 22.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 180, t. 2 ;
N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 116, t. 82.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.— Elliott, Sk. i, 461.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 665.—
Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States, 174. — Beck. Bot. 305. — Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 199. — Loudon, Aboretum, iii, 1299, f. 1168,
1169.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 414.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 491.— Schnizlein, Icon. t.
106, f. .5-12.

Laurus Carolinensis, var. glabra, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.

Laurus Carolinensis, var. obtusa, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.

Laurus Caroliniaiia, Poiret, Suppl. iii, 323.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 258.

P. Borbonia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 268.

P. Carolinensis,\aT. glabritiscula, Meisner in De CandoUe, Prodr. xv', 51.

BED BAY.

Southern Delaware?, south to bay Biscayne and cape Eoraano, Florida, and through the Gulf states to
Bonthern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, near the coast.

A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps,
in low, rich soil.

Wood heavj', hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish,
containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright red, the sap-wood
much lighter; specific gravity, 0.6429; ash, 0.76; formerly somewhat used in ship-building, interior finish, and for
cabinet work.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 119

Var. palustris, Chapman,
Fl. S. states, 393.

Laurus Carolinensis, var. pubescem, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.

P. Carolinensis, var. pubescens, Meisner in De Caudolle, Prodr. XT', 51.

North Carolina to Alabama, generally near the coast.

A small tree, -9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; low, sandy banks
of pine-barren streams and swamps ; well distinguished from the species by the longer peduncles densely clothed,
as are the young shoots and under sides of the leaves, with short, brown tomentum, and by the somewhat coarser-
grained orange-colored wood.

Wood heavy, soft, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous rather large open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, orange streaked with brown; the sap-wood light brown or gray; specific gravity,
0.6396 ; ash, 0.37.

216. — Nectandra Willdenoviana, Nees,

Syst. Laurinaram, 290, 321. — Meisner in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 165.

Laurus sanguinea, Swartz, F). Ind. Occ. ii, 707.

LaurtlS Catesbyana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 244.— Poiret, Snppl. ill, 321.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 275.— Elliott, 8k. i,
462.— Sprengel, Syst. u, 265.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 199.— Eaton «fe Wright, Bot. 294.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 491.

Laurus Gatcsbcei, Persoon, Syn. i, 499.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258.

Oymnobalanus Catesbyana, Nees, Syst. Laurinarum, 483.

N. Bredemeieriana, Nees in Llnnasa, xxi, 505. ,

Persea Catesbyana, Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 393.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.

LANCE WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral and cape Eomano to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to
Central America.

A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter; common and
reaching its greatest development in Florida on the shores of bay Biscayne and in the neighborhood of cape
Eomano.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many small, regularly-distributed, open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow ; specific gravity,
0.7693 ; ash, 0.60.

217. — Sassafras officinale, Nees, L<

Handb. der Med. Pharm. Bot. ii, 418; Syst. Laurinarum, 488.— Hayue, Arzn. i, 12, t. 19.— Llndley, Fl. Med. 338.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1357.—
Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 503.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 158.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 3.'J9 ; 2 ed. ii, 3r)9 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot.
551. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 251.— Spruce in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. vii, 278.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,
254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 394. — Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 63. — Lesquereux in Oweu's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 384.— Wood, CI. Book, 620; Bot. & Fl. 290.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 350.— Meisner in De Caudolle, Prodr. xv',
171.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 423; Hall's PI. Texas, 19— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 364.— Young, Bot. Texas, 473.— Vasey, Cat,
Forest Trees, 21.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 59.- Beutley & Trimen, Med. PI. iii, 220, t. 220.— Eidgway in Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 70.— Bell iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55"=.

Laurus Sassafras, Linna^u8, Spec, l ed. 371.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, .■i56.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 146, 341.— Marshall,
Arbu8tum,74. — Wangenheim, Amer. 82, t. 27, f. 56.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 134. -Alton, Hort. Kew. ii,40; 2 ed. ii,
429.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 4.54.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i. t. 11.— B. S. Barton, Coll. 11, 19; ii, 27.— Willdenow, Spec, ii,
485; Enum. 4.35; Berl. Baumz. 208. —Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ara. i, 243.— Schkuhr, Handb. 349.— Persoon, Syn. i, 450.—
Eobiu, Voyages, iii, 361.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 66.- Titfoid, Hort. Bot. Am. 130.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii,
173, t. 1; N. Americau Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 113, t. 81.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 277.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 25.—
Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 142, t. 35 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 170.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 259 ; Sylva, i, 88 ; 2 ed. i, 104.— Elliott, Sk. i,
464.— Nees, PI. Offic. t. 131.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, iOn ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 174.— Dcsconrtllz, Fl. Antilles, vii, 51, t.
404.— Audubon, Bird.s,t. 144.— Stephenson & Cbiircbill, Med. Bot. iii, t. 126.— Beck, Bot. 305.— Eaton, Mamuil, 0 ed.
199. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 254.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 416.— Darby, Bot.
S. States, 492.

Persea Sassafras, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 270.— Schnizloin, Icon. t. 106. f. 15-23.

120 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

SASSAPBAS.

Eastern Maasachnsetts, southwestern Vermont, and west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to
southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory; south to Hernando county, Florida, and the valley

of the Brazos river, Texas. x- n oj * ot ™„f^..,.

A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter ,n diameter, exceptionally 24 to 27 meters
in height with a trunk 1.80 to 2.25 meters in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a small, tree or
shrub"^ rich, sandy loam, reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory;
at the south often taking possession, with the persimmon, of abandoned fields in the middle districts.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, slightly aromatic,
checkinff in drying; layers of annual growth clearly marked with three or lour rows of large open ducts; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, dull orange-brown, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.5042 ; ash, 0.10;
used for light skills, ox yokes, etc., and largely lor fence posts and rails, and in cooperage.

The root and especially its bark, enters into commerce, afibrding a powerful aromatic stimulant; the oil of
sassafras, distilled from the"root, is largely used in imparting u pleasant flavor to many articles of domestic use;
the pith of the young branches infused with water furnishes a mucilage used as a demulcent in fe^"le and
inflammatory affections (Sharpe in Am. Jour. Pharm. 1863, 53.-Proctor in Proc. Am Pharm. Ahboc. 18C6 217.-
U 8 Dispaisatory, 14 ed. SU.-Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1274; Fliickiger & Hanbiiry, Pharmacographxa, 483).

« Oumbo filetr a Po^der prepared by the Choctaw Indians of Louisiana from the mucilaginous leaves, is used
at the south in the preparation of "gumbo" soup.

218.— Umbellularia Californica, NuttaU,

Sylva, i, 87; 2 ed. i, 102.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 61.

Laurus regia, Donplas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 137.

OreodapJme Californica, Nees, Syet. Laurinamm, 463.-Bcntbani, Pl.Hart^eg. 3r!4; Bot. Sulphur, 49.-Dietrich. Syn. U,
1356.-Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 389.-ToiTey in Pacific R. K. Rep. iv, 13.-5 ; v, 364 ; Mex^Bound^ Survey, 184.-
Newberry in Pacific B. R. Rep. vi, 24, 88, f. 3.-Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.-Bot. Mag. t. 5320.

Tetranthera Californica, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 159.-Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xV, 192.-Torrey in Bot
Wilkes Exped. 451.

Brimophyllum pauciflorum, NuttaU, Sylva, i, 85, t.22; 2ed.i,102,t.22.

MOUNTAIN LAUREL. CALIFORNIA LAUREL. SPICE TREE. CAGIPUT. CALIPORNLt OLIVE. CALIFORNIA BAY TREE.

Kogue River valley, Oregon, south through the California coast ranges to San Diego county, and along the
western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains.

An evergreen tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its southern
limits and at high elevations a small tree or shrub; most common and reaching its greatest development in the
rich valleys of southwestern Oregon. . . ,

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small,
regularly-distributed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich light brown, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.6517 ; ash, 0.39 ; used on the Oregon coast in shipbuilding, for jaws, bitts, cleats, cross-trees, etc.;
the most valuable material produced by the Pacific forests for interior and cabinet work.

The leaves yield a volatile oil, Oreodaphne (Am. Jour. Pharm. xlvii, 105). ^

E U P H 0 R B I A 0 E iE

219. — Drypetes crocea, Poiteau,

M6m.Mn8.i,ir>9, t. 8.-Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 66, t.&3; 2 ed.ii,12, t. C3.-Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.-Chapman, FL S. States,
410.-Grieeboch, Fl. British West Indies, 32; Cat. PI. Cuba, 15.-MUller in De CandoUe, Prodr. xv«, 45o.

Schcefferia lateriflora, Swartz, Fl.Ind.Occ.i,329.

D. nessiliflora, Baillou, Etml.Gcn. Euphorbiacca), Atlas, 45, t. 24, f. 34-40.

D. glauca, Giiscbiicli iu Mom. Am. Acad, new sor. viii, 157 [uot Vahl].

D. crocea, var. longipes, MUller in De Candolle, Prodr. xv», 456.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 121

GUIANA PLUM. -WHITE WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the soutliern keys ; iu the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 meters iu height, with a truuk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color,
rich dark brown, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.9209; ash, 0.14,

*!• Var. latifolia, MUUer,

De Candolle, Prodr. xv', 456.

D. glauea, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 66 ; 2 ed. ii, 14.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 410.

D. alba, var. latifolia, Grisebach in Nachrich. d. Konigl. Gesell. Wiss. Univ. Getting. 1865, 165, in part.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the West Indies.
A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.35 meter in diameter.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color, brown streaked with bright yellow, the sap-wood dull brown; specific gravity, 0.9346; ash, 8.29.
Perhaps a distinct species, the fruit and flowers not recently collected.

220. — Sebastiania lucida, MUiler;

De CanJIolle, Prodr. xv^, 1181.

Oymnanthes lucida, Swartz, Prodr. 96.

Exccecaria lucida, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 1122.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 865.— Poiret, Snppl. i, 155.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 634.—
Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 60, t. 61 ; 2 cd. ii, 6, t. 61.— A. de Jiissieu, Tent. Euphorl-. 1. 16, f. 55.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 199.—
Dietrich, Syn. v, 256. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. Ib58, 265. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 405. — Grisebach, Fl. British
West Indies, 50. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.

CBAB WOOD. POISON WOOD.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys; common ; in the West Indies.

A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; the large specimens
generally hollow and decayed.

Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays
numerous, obscure; color, rich dark brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow; specific gravity,
1.0905 ; ash, 2.78; now largely manufactured into canes, and furnishing valuable fuel.

221. — Hippomane Mancinella, Linnsens,

Spec. 1 cd. 1191.— Jacquin, Amer. 250, t. 159.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 094.- Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 378; 2 ed. v, 333.— Swartz, Obs. 369.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 571.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 589.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. Snppl. 9, t. 12, f. 5.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 374, t. 793, f. 1.—
Sprengel, Syst. iii, 805.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 524.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 54, t. 60; 2 ed. i, 202, t. 60.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 163.—
Richard, Fl. Cuba, 200. — Dietrich, Syn. v, 224. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. — Baillon, Etud. Gen. Euphorbiaceae, t. 6,
f. 12-20.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 404.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 120.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 50.— Kegel,
Gartenflora, xv, 1G3, t. 510.— Miiller in De Candolle, Prodr. xv^ 1201.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 243, f. 3.— Maont & Decaisne, Bot.
English ed. 693 & f.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.

Mancinella venenata, Tussac, Fl. Antilles, ill, 21, t. 5.

MANCniNEEL.

Semi-tropical Florida, ou the southern keys ; common ; through the West Indies and Central America to tho
Pacific.

A .imall tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter;
abounding in white, milky, exceedingly caustic poisonous sap. " Rain washing the leaves becomes poisonous, and
the smoke of the burning wood injures or destroys tlie eyes." — {A. H. Curtisn).

Wood light, .soft, close grained, compact, containing numerous evenly-distributed, small, open ducts; medullary
rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity (sap-wood),
0.5W2; a.'<h, 5.10.

i

122 FOREST TREES OF KORTH AMERICA.

URTICACEJE.

222. — Ulmus crassifolia, Nnttall,

Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 169. — Planolion in Ann. Soi. Nat. 3 ser. x, 279 ; De CundoUe, Prodr. xvii, 162. — ^Walpers, Ann. iii, 426. —
Cooper in Smithsonian Bep. 1858, 254.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arlcansas, 386.— Wood, CI. Book, 633. — Gray, Hall's, PL
Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.

U. opaca, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 35, t. 11 ; 2 ed. i, 51, t. 11.— Browne, Trees of America, 503.

OEDAB ELM.

Arkansas, south of the valley of the Arkansas river to the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, extending west to
Eagle Pass.

A tree 18 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its southern or
southwestern limits much smaller; borders of streams, in rich soil; one of the most common and valuable timber
trees of Texas west of the Trinity river, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Guadalupe
and Trinity rivers.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary
rays obscure; marked, in common with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregularly-
arranged groups of small open ducts ; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood lighter ; specific
gravity, 0.7245 ; ash, 1.20 ; used in the manufacture of wagon hubs, saddle-trees, chairs, etc., and very largely for
fencing.

223. — Ulmus fulva, Michaux,

Fl.Bor.-Am. i, 172.— Persoon, Syn. i, 291.— Willdenow, Ennm. Suppl. 14.— Pur8h,Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Smith in Bees' Cycl.xxxix, No.
10.— Eaton, Manual, 31; 6 ed. 376.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 201.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. yi, 301.— Elliott, Sk. i, 333.— Hayne,
Dind. Fl. 32.— Torrey.Fl. U.S.i,299; Compend. Fl. N. States, 132; Fl. N. York, ii, 166; Fremont's Rep. 97.— Sprengel, Syst. i,
931.— Rafinesqne, Med. Hot. ii, 271.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 142.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 114.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 464.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1407, f. 1247.— Dietrich, Syn.ii,992.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv,363; Hist.Veg.xi,
107.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 297; 2 ed. ii, 334 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 501.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 551.—
Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 276. — De CaudoUe, Prodr. xvii, 161. — Scheele iu Rcemer, Texas, 446. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 426. —
Richardson, Arctic Exped. 436. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 255. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 502. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 416.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 55. — Leequereu'x in Owen's 2d Rep.
Arkansas, 386.— Wood, CI. Book, 633 ; Bot. & Fl. 299.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 310.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new
ser. xii, 208. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 422. — Young, Bot. Texas, 496. — Hayden in Wjvrren's Rep.
Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey , Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 233, t. 233.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 1882, 72.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada. 1879-'80, 55<:.

U. pubescens, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 111.

U. Americana, var. rubra, Alton, Hort.Kew. 1,319; 2 ed. ii, 107.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1325.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 31.

r U. crispa, Willdenow, Enum. 295; Berl. Baumz. 520.

U. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 278, t. 6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 73, 1. 128.

BED ELM. SLIPPERY ELM. MOOSE ELM.

Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to Ontario and northern Dakota, south to the Chattahoochee region
of northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.

A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to O.GO meter in diameter; borders of streams and hillsides,
in rich soil.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the ground, splitting readily
when green; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, dark brown or red, the thin sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6956; ash, 0.83; largely
used for wheel stock, fence posts, rails, railway ties, sills, etc.

The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, aud extensively "sed in various medicinal preparations (Am. Jour,
Pharm. xxiv,180. — Philadelphia Med. Ttmes, 1874, 303. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14: ed.913.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed.l480. —
FlUckiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 501).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 123

224. — Ulmus Americana, Linnaeus, ^

Spec. led. 226. — Kalm, Travels, English cd. ii,29d. — JIarsball, ArbuBtum, 156. — Wangenheim, Amer. 40. — Gsertner, Fruct. i, 225, t. 49,
f. 5.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 111.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. i, 319 ; 2 ed. ii, 107.— Willdcnow, Spec, i, 1325; Enum. 295 ; Suppl. 14 ; Berl.
Baumz. 519. — NouveauDuhamel, ii, 147. — Schkuhr, Handb. 179. — Micbaox, Fl. Bor.-Ara. i, 173. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 191. — Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. ii, 442.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 269, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 67, t. 126.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 199.—
Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxxix, No. 7. — Eaton, Manual, 31 ; 6 ed. 376. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 150. — Nuttall, Genera, i,
201.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. vi,300.— Elliott, Sk. i, 333.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 31.— Torrey.Fl. U. S. i,298; Compend. Fl. N. States,
132; Fl. N. York, ii, 165 ; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Emory's Rep. 412.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 930.— Beck, Bot. 333.— London, Arboretum,
iii, 1406, f. I'il6.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 142.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 114.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 992.— Eaton <fe Wright, Bot.
464. — SpacU in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 364 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 108. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 286; 2 ed. ii, 322 & t. — Browne,
Trees of America, 499. — Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 268; De Candolle,Prodr. xvii, 155. — Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 446. —
Walpers, Ann. iii, 424. — Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 398. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 436. — Darlington, Fl. Cestric.T,3
ed. 255. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 502. — (/'ooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2ij4. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 416. — Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 55. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. — Wood, CI. Book, 633 ; Bot. & Fl. 298. —
Porcher, Resources'S. Forests, 311.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 208. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442. — Hall's
PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 421.— Young, Bot. Texas, 496.— Winohell in Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills, 68.— Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 22.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 209. —
Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 177.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 71.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 48"=.

JJ. mollifolia, Marshall, Arbustnm, 156.

U. Americana, var. pendula, Alton, Hort. Eew. 1,320; 2 ed. ii, 107.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1326.— Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. i,
200.— Eaton, Manual, 31.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 364; Hist. Veg. xi, 109.

U. Americana, var. aJha, Aiton.Hort. Kew. i,320; 2 ed.ii, 107.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 32.

U. pendula, waidenow, Berl. Baumz. 519.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 33.

U. alba, Ea6nesqne, Fl. Ludoviciana, 115 ; New Fl. & Bot. i, 38.

U. Americana, var. scahra, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. XV, 364; Hist. Veg. ix, 109.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 424.

U. Americana, var. Barframii, Walpers, Ann. iii, 424.

U. Americana, var. ^.aspera, chapman, Fl. S. States, 416.

v. Floridana, chapman, Fl. 8. States, 416.

WHITE ELM. AMERICAN ELM. WATEE ELM.

Southern Newfoundlaud to the northern shores of lake Superior and the eastern slope of the Eocky mountains,
in about latitude 52° IS". ; south to cape Canaveral and Pease creek, Florida, extending west in the United States
to the Black hills of Dakota, central Nebraska, the Indian territory, in about longitude 100° W., and the valley
of the Eio Con(!ho, Texas.

A large tree, 30 to 35 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.70 meters in diameter; rich, moist soil, borders
of streams, etc.; toward its western and southwestern limits only in river bottoms.

Wood heavy, hard, .strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, difficult to split ; layers of annual growth
elearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-
wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.650G; ash, 0.80; largely used for wheel stock, saddle-trees, flooring, in
•ooperage, and now largely exported to Great Britain and used in boat- and ship-building.

225. — Ulmus racemosa, Thomas,

V

Am. Jour. Sci. I ser. xix, 170 & t.— Beck, Bot. 3.34.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 376.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 464.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 37,
t. 12; 2 ed. i, ,53, t. 12.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 166, t. 96.— Browne, Trees of America, 500.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
254.— Wood, CI. Book, 633 ; Bot. & Fl. 299.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Sargent in Rep.
Massachusetts Board Ag. 1878, 271. — Boll in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55=. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 649.

U. Americana, Planchon in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvii, 155, in part.

BOCK ELM. CORK ELM. HICKORY ELM. WHITE ELM. CLIFF ELM.

Southwestern Vermont {RohbinH), west through western New York, Ontario, and southern Michigan to
northeastern Iowa(Waverly, Bessey), and south through Ohio to central Kentucky.

A large tree of great economic value, 20 to .30 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 meter in diameter;
low, wet cliiy, rich uplands, rocky declivities, or river cliffs; common and reaching its greatest development in
•outhern Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan.

®

124 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers
of annual growth marked with one to two rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color,
light clear brown often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood much lighter; speciQc gravity, 0.72C3 ; ash, O.GO;
largely used in the manufacture of heavy agricultural implements, wheel stock, and for raUway lies, bridge timbers,
sills, etc.

226. — Ulmus alata, ^Uchaux,

Fl Bor.-Am. i, m.-Persoon, 8yn. i, 291.-Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 275, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 71, t. 127.-Pureh,
ri Am Sept. i, 200.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 201.— Roemer & ScUultos, Syst. vi, 209.-Elliott, Sk. i, 3:53.- Sprcngel, Syst. i, 931.—
Audubon Birds, t. 18.-Eatou, Manual, C ed. 37G.-Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1408, f. 1248.-DietricU, Syn. ii,<J92.-Eaton & Wright,
Hot 404 — Penn. Cycl. xxv, 493.— Browne, Trees of America, 502.— Plaucbou in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 270 ; De Candollo, Prodr.
xvii 1.55.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 425. -Darby, Bot. S. States, 503.-Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.54.— Chapman, PI. S. States,
417 —Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 55.— Lesqueronx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 38G.-Wood, CI. Book,
C33; Bot. & Kl. 299.-Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 311.-Gray,Mannal N. States, 5 ed. 443; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot.
Texas, 496.-Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.-Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882.70.

J7. ^«mt7a, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 111 [not LinniBUs].

U. Americana, var. alata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 364 ; HistVeg.xi, 109.

WAHOO. WINGED ELM.

Southern Virginia, south through the middle districts to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida ; southern
Indiana and Illinois, south to the Gulf coast, and southwest through southern Missouri, Arkansas, the eastern
portions of the Indian territory to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A small tree, 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; generally in dry, gravelly
soil, or, rarely, along the borders of swamps and river bottoms ; most common and reaching its greatest development
in southern Missouri and Arkansas.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedgeable; medullary rays distant, not
conspicuous; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7491; ash, 0.99; largely used for hubs,
blocks, etc.

227. — Planera aquatica, Gmelin,

254.-Chapman, Fl. S.' States, 4 17. -Wood, CI. Book, 633 ; Bot. & Fl. 299.-Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443.-Koch, Dendrologie,
ii, 424.— Young, Bot. Texas, 497.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.

Anonymos aquatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 230.

P. Qmelini, Michaux,Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 248.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 446.-Rocmer & Scbultes, Syst. vi, 305.— Elliott, 8k.
i, 334.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 493.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 551.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 503.

P. ulmifoliaj Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 283, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. Ui, 80, t. I30.-Poiret, Suppl. iv, 429.-

Nouveau Duhamel, vii, (15, t. 21.-Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1413, f. 1251.-Browne, Trees ot America, 515.-Curtis m Rep.

Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 81.
rUlmus nemoralis, Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 319; 2 ed. ii, I08.-Willdenow, Spec, i, 1326; Berl. Banmz. 520.-Desfontaine8, Hist.

Arb. ii, 442.-Pur8h, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.-Smith in Rces' Cycl. xxxix, No. 8.-Nuttall, Genera, i, 201.-Beck, Bot. 334.-

Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 376.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 464.

Ulmus aquatica, Eafinesque, Fl. Lndoviciana, 165.

P. Richardi, Sprengel, Syst. i, 493, in part.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific E. R. Rep. ii, 175 [not Michanx].

Valley of the Cape Fear river. North Carolina, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and
through central Alabama and Mississippi to western Louisiana and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, extending
north through Arkansas and southern Missouri to the valley of the lower Wabash river and central Kentucky.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.CO meter in diameter ; cold, deep, inundated
river swamps; rare in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf states; very common and reaching its greatest development
in the Red River valley and southern Arkansas.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, containing few scattered open ducts; medullary rays
numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5294; ash, 0.45.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 125

228. — Celtis occidentalis, Liunmus,

Spec. 2 ed. 1478. — Du Roi, Harbk. i, 141. — Marsliall, Arbustum, 29. — Wangoaheim, Amer. 48. — Gsertuer, Fruct. i, 374, t. 77, f. 3. — Walter,
Fl. Caroliniana, 2u0. — Alton, Hort. Kow. iii, 437; 2ed.v, 449. — Lamarok, Diet, iv, 137; 111. iii,437, t. 844, f. 1. — Abbot, Insects Georgia,
i, t. 36. — WillJenow, Spec, iv, 944; Euum. 1048; Bcrl. Baumz. 82. — Noiiveau Duhamel, ii,36, t. 9. — Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii,249. —
Persoon, Syu. i, 29~. — Deslbutaiuea, Hist. Arb. ii, 448. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 225, t. 8 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 38, 1. 114. —
Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 31 ; 6 ed. 36.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— RoBmer & Scbultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Hayne, Dend.
Fl. 216.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 584.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 300; Compeud. Fl. N. States, 132; F). N. York, ii, 167 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 456.—
Guimpel, OttJ& Hayne, Abb. Holz. 119, t.96.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 932.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 147.— Beck, Bot. .334.— Ratinesqno, New
Fl. & Bot. i, 32.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1417 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 142.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 186.— Spaeh in Ann. Sci.
Nat. 2 ser. xvi,40; Hist. Veg.xi, 133. — Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Browne, Trees of America,517. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 306,
1. 16; 2ed. ii, 344 & t.— Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 288; DeCandollo, ProJr. xvii, 174. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.— Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 4;i6. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 256. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 503. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. —
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417. — Ourtisin Rep. Geological Siirv.N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 61. — LesquereuxinOwon'82dRep. Arkansas, 386. —
Wood, CI. Book, 634 ; Bot. &, Fl. 299.— Eugelitiann iu Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 208. — Porohcr, Resources S. Forests, 312. —
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 432. — Haydeu in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota,
2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Burbank in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xviii, 215. — Putzbys in Fl. des Serres, xxii, 206. —
Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 209.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 72.

0. crassifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 133. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 37. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 228, t. 9 ; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 40, t. 115.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Rcemer & Scbultes, Syst. vi,307.—
Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 300 ; Coinpend. Fl. N. States, 132 ; Fremont's Rap. 97 ; E mory's Rep. 412.— Spreugel, Syst. i, 932.—
Beck, Bot. 334. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83. — Ralinesque, New Fl. &, Bot. i, 34. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1418, f. 1254. —
Eaton & Wright, Bot 186. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvl, 39 ; Hist. Veg. li, 130. — Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490. — Browne,
Trees of America, 519. — Emerson, Trees of Massachusetts, 309 ; 2 ed. ii, 347 & t.

G. obliqua, Moench, Meth. 344.

G. occidentalis, var. scahriuscula, Willdono-w, Spec, iy, 995; Berl. Banmz. 2 ed. 82.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 217.— Loudon,
Arboretum, iii, 1417.

G. occidentalis, var. tenuifolia, Persoon, Syn. 1, 292.

G. COrdata, Persoon, Syn. i,292.— Desfonfaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 448.— Du Mont, Cour. Bot. Cult, vi, 389.

G. Icevigata, Willdeuow, Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 81; Ennm. Suppl. 68.— Roemer &. Scbultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Sprengel, Syst. i,
932. — Ralinesque, New. Fl. & Bot. i, 34.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1420. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 432.

G. pumila, Pur.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Rcemer & Scbultes, Syst. vi. 306.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i,300 ; Compend. Fl. N. States,
132. — Beck, Bot. 334.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 86.— R afinesqne. New Fl. &, Bot. i, 3;. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1420.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 186.

G. alba, Ralinesque, Fl. Ludoviclana, 25 ; New Fl. & Bot. i, 32. — Planchon in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvii, 177.

G. canina and G. maritima, Rafinesqne in Am. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii, 43, 44.

G. occidentalis, var. cordata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 82.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 217.— Rosmer & Scbultes, Syst. vi, 306.—
Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1417.

G. tenuifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 202; Sylva, i, 135; 2 ed. 1, 149.— RaBnesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 36.

G. occidentalis, var. integri/oUa, Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417.— Wood, CI. Book, 634; Bot. &
Fl. 299.

G. Mississippiensis, Boso, Diet. Ag. new ed. X, 41.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 088.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser.xvi, 42; Hist.
Veg. xl, 136.— Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 287 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 176.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 397.— Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443;
Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 72.

G. integrifolia, Nuttall In Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. v, 169.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.

G. longifolia, Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 169 ; Sylva, i, 134, t. 40; 2 ed. i, 148, t. 40.— Ralinesque, New Fl. &
Bot. I, 33.— Planchon in Do Caudolle, Prodr. xvii, 177.

G. heterophylla, G. patula, G. Floridiana, 0. fuscata, C. salicifoUa, C. morifolia, C. maritima, Rafinesqne,
New Fl. & Bot. i. 31-37.

G. occidentalis. var. grandidentata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 40; Hist. Veg.xi, 133.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.

G. occidentalis, var. serrulata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hint. Veg. xi, 134.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.

G. crassifolia, var. tiliafoKa, Sp.-vch in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 39 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.

G. crassifolia, Yiir. morifolia, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 39; Hist. Veg. xi, 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.

G. crassifolia, var. evcalyptifolia, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 40; Hist. Veg. xi, 131.— Walpers, Ann. ui, 396.

126 FOREST TREES OF XORTII AMERICA.

0. Audibertiana, Spacli in Ann Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hist.. PI. xi, 135.— Planchou in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 174.

0. Audibertiana, var. ovata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 135.

C Audibertiana, var. oblongata, Spacli in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 135.

C. lAndheimeri, Engelmaun in herb. A. Braiin. (Koeh, Drendrologie, ii, 434).

C. Berlandieri, Klotsch in Linnsea, iviii, 541.— Planclion in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 17&

C, Texana, Scheele in Liunaea, xx, 146 ; Eoemer, Texas, 446; Appx. 146.

C. occidentalis, var. crassifolia, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 395 ; 5 ed. 443.— Wood, CI. Book, 634 ; Hot. & Fl. 299.

C. OCcidentalis, var. pumila, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. :{97; 5 ed. 443.— Chapman, Fl. S. States. 417.— Curtis in Rep.
Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 62. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 321.

S0GABBEEEY. HACKBEEBY.

Valley of the Saint Lawrence river west to eastern Dakota, south through the Atlantic region to bay Biscayne
and cape Eoniano, Florida, and the valley of the Devil's river, Texas.

A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 to 39 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 meter in
diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Mississippi River basin ; rich bottoms or
dry hillsides; sometimes reduced to a low shrub (V. pumila), and varying greatly in the size, shape, and texture
of the leaves (C Mississippiensis lawigata, integrifolia, crassifolia, etc.) : the extremes connected by innumerable
intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one polymorphous species of wide geographical range.

Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarsegrained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of
annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller ducts
arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, clear light yellow, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.7287; ash, 1.09; largely used for fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap
furniture.

Var. reticulata.

Cj. reticulata, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 247.— Eaton, Manual. 6 cd. 86.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 35.— Katou &.
Wright, Bot. 186.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 133, t. 39 ; 2 cd. i, 146, t. 39.— Browne, Trees of America, 518.— Planchon in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 293 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 178.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep.
ii, 175. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260; Am. Nat. iii, 407. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 401. — Watson in
PI. Wheeler, 16.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep.
vi, 238.— Rnshy in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.

G. Douglasit, Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 293 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 178.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.

fC. OCCidentalis, var. pumila, Watson in King's Rep. V, 321 [not Gray].

C. brevipes, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. 3 ser. xiv, 297.- Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 238.

nAOKBEEKY. PALO BLANCO.

Western Texas (Dallas, Bavenel) to the mountains of southern Arizona, and through the Rocky mountains to
eastern Oregon ; in the Tehachipi pass, California (Pringle).

A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, generally
in high mountain canons, or in the more arid regions reduced to a low shrub; well characterized by its small, thick,
coriaceous leaves, slightly pubescent on the underside along the prominent reticulated veins, and by the light-colored,
deeply-furrowed bark, but connected with the tyjjical C. occidentalis by intermediate forms not rare in western Texas.

Wood not distinguishable in structure or color from that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.7275; ash, 1.22.

229. — Ficus aurea, Nuttall,
Sylva, ii, 4, t. 43 ; 2 ed. i, 154, t. 43.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.
F. aurea, vat. latifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 4 ; 2 ed. i, 154.

Semi-tropical Florida, Indian river to the southern keys.

A large parasitic tree, germinating on the trunks and branches of other trees, and sending down to the ground
long aerial roots, which gradually grow together, kill the inclosed tree, and form a trunk sometimes 0.90 to 1.20
meter in diameter.

Wood exceedingly light, soft, very weak, coarsegrained, compact, not durable; medullary rays thiu, hardly
distinguishable; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.2616; ash, 5.03.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 127

230. — Ficus brevifolia, Nuttall,
Sylva, ii, 3, t. 42 ; 2 ed. i, 153, t. 42.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, FI. S. States, 415.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayue to the southern keys (Key Largo, Pumpkin Key, Gurtiss).

A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing few large, open, scattered ducts and many groups of
much smaller duct.s arranged in concentric circles ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, light brown
or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6398 ; ash, 4.36.

231. — Ficus pedunculata, Alton,
Hort. Kew. iii, 450; 2 ed. v, 486.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 151.
F. complicata, Hnmboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. & Spec, ii, 48.
Urostigma pedunculatum, Miqnel in Hooker, London Jonr. Bot. Ti, 450.— Walpers, Ann. i, 677.

WILD FIG. INDIA-BUBBEB TEEB.

Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys (Key Largo, Umbrella and Boca Chica Keys, etc.
Gurtiss); in the West Indies.

A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.50 meter in diameter, or often shrubby
and much branched from the ground; rare.

Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, with many groups
of small ducts arranged in concentric circles; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light orange-brown, the
sap-wood undistinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4739 ; ash, 4.92.

232. — Morus rubra, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 986.— Marshall, Arbnstum, 93.— Wangenheim, Amer. 37, t. 15, f. 35.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 241.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,
343; 2ed. v,266.— Moench, Meth. 343.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 377.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 70.— Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 179.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 369; Enum. 967; Berl. Baumz. 252.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 91, t. 23.— Porsoon, Syn. ii, .558.— Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. ii, 416.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 232, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 42, 1. 116.— Pur8h,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.—
Eaton, Manual, 105; 6 ed. 230. —Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 89.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 209.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155.— Elliott, Sk.
ii, .174.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 492.- Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 352; Nicollet's Eep. 160; Fl.N. York, ii, 220; Emoi-y's Eep. 412.—
Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 243; New Fl. & Bot. i,43; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 13.— Beck, Bot. 316.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 551.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1359 & t.— Seringe, Descr. & Cult, du Mftr. 223, t. 20.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 323.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 48.—
Browne, Trees of America, 457.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 280 ; 2ed. i, 314.— Darlington, F). Ce8trica,2 ed.285.— Darby, Bot.
S. States, 503.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kcp. 1858, 254.— Chapman, FI. S. States, 415.— Gray in Pacific E. E. Eep. xii-, 47 ; Manual
N. States,5 ed. 444. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18li0, iii, 71.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 386.—
Wood, CI. Book, 635 ; Bot. & Fl. 300.— Porcher, Eesonrces S. Forests, 305.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 208.—
Koch Dondrologie, 11, 447.— Young, Bot. Texas, 494.— Bureau in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvii, 245.— Hayden in Warren's Eep. Nebraska
&Dakota,2ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Eiley in Special Eep. U.S. Dept.Ag. No. 11,34.— Eidgway in Proc.U. S.Nat.
Mas. 1882,73. — Bnrgess in Conlter'sBot. Gazette, vii, 95.

M. Ganadenais, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 380.— Seringe, Descr. & Cult, du Mftr. 224.

M. SCabra, Willdenow, Enum. 967; Berl. Baumz. 152.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 209.— Eafinesque, Am. Manual Mulberry Trees,
29.— Hayne, Dend. FI. 154.— Sprengel, Syst.i, 492.— Loddiges, Cat. 1836.

M. tomentosa, Eafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 113 ; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 30.

M. reticulata, M. Canadensis, M. parvifolia, and M. riparia, Eafinesque, Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 29-31.

M. rubra, var. Canadensis, Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1360.

M. Missouriensis, Audibert, Cat. Jard. Tonnelle.

M. rubra, var. tomentosa, Bureau in De 'Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 246.

M. rubra, var. incisa, Bureai) in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvii, 247.

^

^

128 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

SED MXJLBEEBY.

Western New England and Long Island, New York, west tbrough southern Ontario and central Michigan to
the Black bills of Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south to bay Biscayne and cape IJomano, Florida, and
the valley of the Colorado river, Texas.

A large tree, 18 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter or, exceptionally, 2.15 meters in
diameter {P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia); generally i" ii«h bottom lands; most common and reaching its
greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the Mississippi rivers.

Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarsegrained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil,
satiny, susceptible of a good polish; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts;
medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light orange-yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5898; ash, 0.71;
largely used in fencing, coopernge, for snaths, and at the south in ship- and boat-building.

The large dark purple fruit sweet and edible.

233. — Morus microphylla, Buckley,

Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 8.— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 167. -Young, Bot. Texaa, 494.

M. parvifoUa, Engelmann in herb— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22. —Riley in Special Rep.U. 8.
Dept.Ag.No.il, 34.

MEXICAN MULBEEBY.

Valley of the Colorado river, through western Texas to the valley of the Gila river, New Mexico; and

southward into Mexico.

A small tree, sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or often reduced to a
low shrub; most common and reaching its greatest development in the mountain cailons of southern New Mexico;
in Texas generally on limestone formations.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, co;Tipact; layers of annual growth marked with several rows of small open
ducts; medullary rays numerous, thiu; color, orange or, rarely, dark brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific
gravity, 0.7715; ash, 0.68.

The small acid fruit hardly edible.

234. — Madura aurantiaca, Nuttall,

G«nera, ii, 234; Trans. Am. Phil. Soo. 2 8er.v,169; Sylva, i, 126, t.37, 38; 2 ed.i,140, t.37, 38.-Jan)e8 in Long's Exped. ii, 1.18.-
Delile in Bnll. Soc. Ag. Her. 1835 & t.— Ealou, Manual, 6 ed. 217.— Seringe in Mem. Sec. Ag. Lyon, 1835,125 & t; Descr. &
Cult, du Mftr. 232, t. 273.— Lambert, Pinus, 2 ed. ii, Appx. 4, t. 3.— Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1342, 1362, f. 1226-1228; Gard. Mag. xi, 312,
f. 45-47.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 311.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 53.— Browne, Trees of America, 405.— Darby, Bot. S. states, 504.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 254.— Miquel in Martins, FI. Brasil. iv, 158. -Wood, CI. Book, 6:55; Bot. & Fl. 899.— Porcher,
Ke8Ource8S.Fore8t8,101.— Koch, Dendrologie,ii, 437.— Bureau iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvii,227.— Dumeu in Proc. California Acad.
V, 398.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 325.— Riley in Special Eep. U. S. Dept. Ag. No. 11, 35.

Toxylon Maclura, Eafiucsqae, New Fl. & Bot. i, 43 ; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 13.

loxylon pomiferum, Raflnesque in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev. ii, 118.

BrOUSSOnetia tinctoria, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 246 [not Kunth].

OSAGE ORANGE. BOIS D'ARC.

Southwestern Arkansas, south of the valley of the Arkansas river, southeastern portions of the Indian
territory, and southward in northern Texas to about latitude 32° 50' N. (Dallas, Reverchon, etc.).

A tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.CO meter in diameter; rich bottom
lands; most common and probably reaching its greatest development along the valley of the Eed river in the Indian

territory. ^ ^ vn .i

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, close-grained, compact, very durable in coutact with tlie
ground, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small open ducts, layers of annual growth
clearly marked by broad bands of larger ducts; medullary rays thin, numerous, conspicuous; color, bright orange,
turning brown with exposure, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.7736; ash, 0.G8; largely used for tenco
posts, paving blocks, raUway ties, wheel stock; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the western states.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 129

PLATANACE^.

235. — Platanus occidentalis, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 999.— Da Eoi, Harbk. ii, 134.— Marshall, Aibustnm, 105.— Wangenbeim, Amer. 31, t. 13, f. 31.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 236.—
Alton, Hort. Kirsv. iii, 365 ; 2 ed. v, 305. — Moencb, Meth. 358. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 55. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163. —
Lamarck, Diet, v, 438. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 6, t. 2. — Willdenow, Sjiec. iv, 474 ; Enum. 984 ; Berl. Bauraz. 284. — Persoon, Syn. ii,
575. — Desfontaines Hist. Arb. ii, 545. — Scbkuhr, Haudb. iii, 274, t. 306. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 524. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 184,
t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 4€, t. C3.— PursU, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 635.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph.
176.— Eaton, Manual, 110 ; 6 ed. 267.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 171.— James in Long's Exped. i, 23.— Elliott, Sk. ii,
620.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 865.— Watson, Dend. Brit. 1, t. 100.— Torrey, Conipeud. Fl. N. States, 356 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 218 ; Bot. Mex.
Boundary Survey, 205.— Audubon, Birds, t. 206.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2043, f. 1959 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 361.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am ii, 158. — Bigclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 384.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 227 ; 2 ed. i, 261 & t. — Scheele in Eoemer, Texas,
446.— Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 399.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.— Agardh, Theor. &
Syst. PI. t. xiii, f. 1,2.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 254.— Hartig, Forst. 446, t. 54.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418.— Curtis
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 76. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 386. — Wood, CI. Book, 640; Bot. & Fl. 303. —
Eugelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 159. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447; Hall's PL
Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 468. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 97, f. 1-24. — Young, Bot. Texas, 498. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska
& Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 73.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada,
187«-'d0, 55<=.

P. lobata, Mcench, Meth. 358.

P. hybridas, Brotero, Fl. Lus. ii, 487.

P. vulgaris, var. angulosa, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. XV, 293 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 79.

SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD. BUTTON-BALL TREE. WATER BEECH.

Southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire to northern Vermont and the northern shores of lakes
Ontario and Erie, west tc eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi,
and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas, extending southwest to the valley of the Devil's river.

The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 meters in
diameter; generally along streams and river bottoms, in rich, moist soil; very common and reaching its greatest
development in the bottom lands of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; the large specimens generally hollow.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split and work; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by broad bands of small ducts; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that
of all the North American species; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5C78;
asb, 0.4G; largely used for tobacco boxes (its principal use), ox-yokes, butchers' blocks, and, rarely, in the
manufacture of cheap furniture.

236. — Platanus racemosa, Nuttall;

Audubon, Birds, t. 362; Sylva, i, 47, t. 15; 2 ed. i, 63, t. 15.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 33,
89, t. 11, f. 10.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 260.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204; Ives' Eep. 27; Bot. Wilkes
Exped. 457.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 160.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 469.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Watson, Bot.
California, ii, 66.

P. occidentalis, Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 160, 380 [not Linntens].

P. Calif ornica, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 54.

P. Mexicana, Moricand, PI. Ear. Amer. 1. 13 1— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 172 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. vii, 20.

SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD.

California, valley of the Sacramento river, south through the interior valleys and coast ranges to the southern
boundary of the state.

A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; borders of streams, in rich
eoil.

Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split; layers of annual growth clearly
marked by narrow bands of small ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with
red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4880; ash, 1.11.
9 FOE

>/

y

130 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

237.— Platanus Wrightii, Watson,
Proo. Am. Aoad. x, 349.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Ensby iu Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.
P. Mexieana, Torrey in Emory's Kep. 151 [not Moricand].
P. racemosa, Watson, Pi. Wheeler, 16 [not Nnttall].— Eothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239.

SYCAMORE.

Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to the valley of the San Pedro river, Arizona; southward into
Mexico.

A tree sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to O.GO meter in diameter; banks of streams and
high mountain canons.

Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows
of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.4736; ash, 1.35.

JUGLANDACE.^:.

238.— Juglans cinerea, Liunjeus,

Spec. 2 ed. 1415. — Jacquin, Icon. Ear. i, t. 193.— Wangenheim, Amer. 21, t. 9, f. 21. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235. — Alton, Hort. Kew.
iii, 361 ; 2 ed. v, 296.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 503 ; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 7.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 22, 31 ; ii, 43.— Muhlenberg &
Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 191.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 456; Enum.
978; Berl.Banmz. 193.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 556.— Desfontaines, Hist.Arb. ii, 347.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Barton, Prodr.Fl.
PhUadelph. 92.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 115, t. 32 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 378.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 220^
Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 37.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 622.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 865.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ;
Fl. N. York, ii, 180.— Raflnesqno, Med. Bot. ii, 234.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 142.— Beck, Bot. 335.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 170.— Lindley,
Fl. Med. 307.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1439, f. 1262.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 143.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 287.— Emerson, Trees.
Massachusetts, 182 ; 2 ed. i, 207 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 589.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii, 42, t. 86.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington,
F). Cestrica, 3 ed. 262.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419. — Curtis
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 45. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 640 ; Bot. & Fl.
304. — C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 16, t. 4, f. 45; Prodr. xvi", 137. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 317. — Eugelmann
in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 589. — Hayden in Warren's Eep.
Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Bentley & Trimen,
Med. PI. iv, 247, t. 247. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 36, f. 6. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 178. — Bell in Geological Eep. Canada,.
18r8-'80, 53<=.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 76.

J. oblonga, Miller, Diet. No. 3.— Du Eoi, Harbk. i, 332— Moench, Meth. 696.— Eetzius, Obs. i, 10.

J. oblonga alba, Marshall, Arbustum, 67.

J. cathartica, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 165, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 109, t. 31.

Carya cathartica, Barton, Compend. n. Philadelph. ii, 178.

Wallia cinerea, Alefeld in Bonplandia, 1861, 334.

BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT.

Southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence river, Ontario and southern Michigan to northern
Minnesota (lake Pokegoma, Garrison) and central Iowa, south to Delaware and along the Alleghany mountains to
northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and southeastern Kansas.

A tree 18 to 24 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 meters {Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter;
rich woodlands; rare at the south; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Ohio River basin.

Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful
polish, containing numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure; color,
bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap-wood lighter ; .specific gravity, 0.4086 ; asli, 0.51; largely
used for interior finish, cabinet work, etc.

The inner bark, especially that of the root, is employed medicinally as a mild cathartic [Am. Jour. Pharm.
1874, 109. — JJ. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 526. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 794), and furnishes a yellow dye.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 131

239. — ^Juglans nigra, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 997.— Jacquiu, Icon. Ear. i, 1. 191.— Wangenheim, Amer. 20, t. 8, f. 20.— Walter, FI. Caroliniana, 235.— Alton, Hort. Kew, ill,
360; 2 ed. v, 296.— Moencb, Meth. 696.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 502; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 6.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 88.—
Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 191. — Willdenow, Spec, iv,
456; Enum. 978; Berl. Baumz. 193.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xx, No. 3.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347. —
Neuveau Duhamel, iv, 179, t. 48. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 158, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 140, t. 30. — Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 636.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 177.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 220 ; Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 57.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 622.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 865.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States,
357 ; Fl. N. Yol?i, ii, 179.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 158.— Audubon, Birds, t. 84, 156.— Rafinesque, Med. Hot. ii, 233.— Beck, Bot. 335.—
Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 168. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1435, f. 1260 & t. — Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 287. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts,
185; 2 ed. i, 211 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 589.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 262.— Darby, Bot. S.
States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 254. — Chapmai>, Fl. S. States, 419. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 45. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 640 ; Bot. & Fl. 304. — C. De CandoUe in Ann. Set.
Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 34, t. 1, f. 1, 8-10 ; Prodr. xvi^, 137. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — Poroher, Resources S.
Forests, 318.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 587.— Schnizlein/ Icon. t. 244, f. 1, 8, 12, 13.— Young, Bot.
Texas, 500. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7
ed. ii, 302.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 36, f. 5.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 178.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53^—
Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882, 76. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1882, 780. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155.

J. nigra oiblonga, Marshall, Arbustum, 67. ' •

Wallia nigra, Alefeld in Bonplandia, 1861, 334.

BLACK WALNUT.

Western Massachusetts, west along the southern shores of lake Erie through southern Michigan to southern
Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, central
Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas.

A large tree, often 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 3 meters in diameter ; rich bottom lands
and hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany
mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory; less common east of the
Alleghany mountains, and now everywhere scarce.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not carefully seasoned, easUy worked,
susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous large, regularly-distributed,
open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the thin sap-wood much
lighter; specific gravity, O.Gllo ; ash, 0.79; more generally used in cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun
stocks than that' of any other North American tree.

240. — ^Juglans rupestris, Engelmann;

Sitgreaves' Eep. 171, t. 15.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205 ; Ives' Eep.27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1658, 260.- C. De
Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 28,*t. 2, f. 11 ; Prodr. xvi=, 138. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Watson, Bot. California, ii,
93 ; Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. — Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.

J. rupestris, var. major, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 171, t. 16; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii,
20.— C. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 138.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 164.

J. Californica, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 349 ; Bot. California, ii, 93.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Eothrock in
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 249.

WALNUT,

Valley of the Colorado river (near Austin), west through western Texas, southern New Mexico, and Arizona
from 5,000 to 7,000 feet elevation, and in the California Coast ranges from the San Bernardino mountains to the
neighborhood of San Francisco bay and the valley of the Sacramento river.

A tree rarely 15 to 22 meters' in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, reaching its greatest
development in the neighborhood of San Francisco bay ; in Texas generally reduced to a low, much-branched
shrub : borders of streams and mountain caiions, in rich soil.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, checking in drying, susceptible of a good poli.sh, containing
numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color, rich dark brown,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.0554 ; ash, 1.01.

The small nuts sweet and edible.

^

i

4

132 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

241. — Carya olivseformis, NuttaU,

Genora, ii, 221. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83. — Spach. Hist. Veg. ii, 173. — Penn. Cjcl. vi, 331. — Loudon,
Arborotnm, iii, 1441, f. 1263.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Scheelo in RcBmcr, Texas, 447.— Belg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 45, f. 2.— Tiirrey,
Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey 205. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Lesquereux in Owen's
2d Eep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. Do Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 1, f. 3, t. 5,
f. 59 ; Prodr. xvi^, 144. — Porchor, Resources S. Forests, 333. — Gray, Manujil N. States, 5 ed. 448.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77.— Honisley, Bot.
Am. -Cent, iii, 163.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155.

Ju(7Zan« Pecan, Marshall, Arbnstum, 69.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 236.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Ncue Si hriftcn
Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 392.

Jltglans lllinoinensis, Wangenheim, Amer. 54, t. 18, f. 43.

Juglans angustifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361 ; 2 ed. v, 296.

Juglans rubra, Gsertner, Frnct. ii, 51, t. 89, f. 1.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 4.

Juglans cylindrica, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 505 ; ni. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 5.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 179.

Juglans olivaformis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 457 ; Enum. 979 ; Berl. Baumz. 194.— Persoon,
Syn. ii, 566. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 348. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 175, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 114,
t. 32.— Muhlenberg, Cat. 88.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 296.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.-
Regel, Gartenflora, xviii, 89.

C. angustifolia, NuttaU, Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 57.

tC. teiraptera, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. 1850, 80.

Hickorea .species, LeConte in Proc. Philadelphia Acad, vi, 402.

C. Tllinoensis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 593.

PECAN. ILLINOIS NUT.

Near Davenport, Iowa (C. C. Parry), southern Illinois, and Indiana, northwestern Kentucky, south and
southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and through western Louisiana
and Texas to the valley of the Concho river.

A tree 30 to 52 meters ia height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; borders of streams in low, r'ch
soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of Arkansas and the Indian territory;
the largest species of the genus and the largest and most important tree of western Texas.

Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or
two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red ; the. sap-wood
lighter brown ; specific gravity, 0.7180 ; ash, 1.13 ; less valuable than the wood of the other species and hardly
used except for fuel.

The sweet, edible nuts are collected in great quantities, affording an important article of commerce.

242. — Carya alba, NuttaU,

Genera,ii,221.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 624.— Watson, Dend. Brit. ii,t. 148.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl.N.
York, 181.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1446,
f. 1269 &t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 143.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 191; 2 ed. i, 217 .& t.—
Darlington, Fl. Costrica, 3ed. 263.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Belg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 48, f. fi.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.—
Chapman, FI. S. States, 418. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43.— Lesquereux in Owpn's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
387.Lwood, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 2, f. 13, 14, 18, t. 3, f. 24, t. 4, f. 44, 46 ;
Prodr. xvi^, 142.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Aldrich in Am. Nat.
XV, 227.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 72.— Bell in Geological Rop.Cauada, 1879-'80, 55<:.

Juglans ovata. Miller, Diet.

Juglans alba ovata, Marshall, Arbustnm, 69.

Juglans oualis, Wangenheim, Amer. 24, t. 10, f. 23.

Juglans compressa, Giertner, Fmct. ii, 50, t. 89, f. 1. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin,
iii, 300. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458; Enum. 979; Berl. Baumz. 195.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566. — Desfont.iiues, Hist. Arb.
ii, 347.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 297.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 164.— Lamarck,. 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 3.

t Juglans exaltata, Bartram, Travels, 2 od. 38.

Juglans squamosa, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 348.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 190, t. 7; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 123, t. 36.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Bigelow, FL
Boston. 3 ed. 380.

i

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 133

Juglans alba, Michanx, Fl. Bor. Am. ii 193 [not Linna)u8].—Pur8h, FL Am. Sept. ii, 637.— Eaton, Manual, 108.

C. microcarpa, Nattall, Genera, ii, 221; Sylva,i, 38,t. 13; 2 ed. i,55, t. 13.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Penu. Cycl.vi, 332.— -
Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 264. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 255. — Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 44.— Wood, CI. Book, 642; Bot. & F1.304.—
C. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 143. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448. — Kocb, Dendrologie, i, 596.— Young, Bot. Texas,
499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77.

SHELL-BAEK HICKORY. SHAG-BARK HICKORY.

Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, along the northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie to southern Michigan
and sontheastern Minnesota, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, central Alabama and
Mississippi, and west to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas.

A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 45 meters in height {Ridgicay), with
a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich hillsides and sandy ridges; common and reaching its greatest
development west of the Alleghany mountains; varying greatly in the size and shape of the fruit. A form with
small, thin-shelled nuts {C. microcarpa, Nuttall I. c.) is not rare from Delaware southward, and in Michigan.

Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, compact, flexible; layers of annual growth clearly
marked with one to three rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the thin and
more valuable sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8372; ash, 0.73; largely used in the manufacture of
agricultural implements, carriages, ax handles, baskets, etc.

The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce.

243. — Gary a sulcata, NuttaU,

Genera, ii, 221.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 624.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1448, f. 1271.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv.
N. Carolin.a, 1860, iii, 43.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, 01. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. .304.-0. De Candolle
in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 5, f. 51, 52 ; Prodr. xvi-, 143. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449. — Young, Bot. Texas, 499. —
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78.

Juglans sulcata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 154, t. 7 ; Spec, iv, 457.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Nene Schriften GeseU.
Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391. — Porsoon, Syn. ii, 566.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 346.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 637.

Juglans mucronata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192.

Juglans laciniosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 199, t. 8 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 128, t. 37.— Barton, Prodr. FL
Philadelph. 92.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112.— Audubon, Birds, t. 101.

C. COrdiformis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 597.

BIG SHELL-BARK. BOTTOM SHELL-BARK.

Cheater connty, Pennsylvania, west to southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory.

A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 37 {Bidgway) meters in height, wi th a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter;
bottom lands, in low, rich soil; rare and local; most common and reaching its greatest development along the
streams of southern Arkansas and the Indian territory.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong and tough, very close-grained, compact, flexible; layers of annual growth
marked by one or two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown, the sap-
wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.8108 ; ash, 0.90 ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory.

The large nuts sweet and edible.

244. — Carya tomentosa, NuttaU,

Genera, ii,221.— Barton, Oompend.Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 625.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N.State8,
357; Fl. N. York, ii, 182.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,' 176.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon,
Arboretum, iii, 1444, f. 1267.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 194, 1. 13; 2 ed. 1,222 & t.— Darlington,
Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 263.— Darb.\ , Bot. S. States, 513.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, 01. Book, 641; Bot. & Fl.
304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36 ; Prodr. xvi^, 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449.— Young, Bot. Texas,
499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78.

Juglans alba, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed.997.— Dn Eoi, Harbk. i,333.— Kalm in Act. Holm. 1769, 117.— Wangenheim, Amer. 23, t.
10, f. 2.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,360; 2 ed.v, 296.— Goertner, Fruct. ii,50, t. 89, f. 1.—
Moonch, Meth. 696.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i,t. 29.— Lamarck, Diet. iv,503; 111. iii, 364, t. 781, f. 2.— Muhlenberg <fc
Willdenow in Neue Schriften GeseU. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, .389.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xx, No. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, iv,
457; Berl. Baumz. 154. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 379.

0

V

134 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Juglans tomentoaa, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 604.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 184, t. 6 ; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 120, t. 35.— Purah, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 637.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelph. 92.

C. tomentosa, var. maxima, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 221; Sylva, i, 40; 2 ed. i, 56.— Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 1830.— Beck, Hot. 336.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1445. — C. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 143.

C. alba, Kocb,Dendrologie,i,596[notNnttallJ.
MOCKER NUT. BLACK HICKORY. BULL NUT. BIOBUD HICKORY. WHITE-HEART HICKORY. KING NUT.

Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie to eastern Nebraska, eastern
Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos
river, Texas.

A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 33 {Ridgway) meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter;
generally on rich upland hillsides — less commonly in low river bottom lands; very common in the Gulf states, and
throughout the south the most widely-distributed species of the genus.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, checking in drying, flexible, containing few large,
regularly-distributed, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color, rich dark brown, the thick sap-
wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8216; ash, 1.06 ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory.

245. — Carya porcina, Nuttall,

Genera, ii, 222.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Pbiladelph. ii, 180.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 637.— Watson, Dend. Brit. ii,t. 167.— Sprengel.Syst.ii, 849.—
Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 358.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 83.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. ii, 178.— Penn. Cycl.vi,332.—
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 546. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1449, f. 1272-1274. — Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 183. — Spacb, Hist. Veg. ii,
178.— Emerson, Trees Massaclmsetts, 197, 1. 14 ; 2 ed, i, 224 & t.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De C.andolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ger. xviii,
36, t. 1, f. 5, t. 5, f. 54; Prodr. xvi^, 143.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 332.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449 ; Hall's PI. Texas,
21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78.

Juglans glabra, Miller, Diet. No. 5.— Wangenheim, Anier. 25, t. 10, f. 24.— Mublenberg & Willdenow in Neue Scbriften
Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391. — Willdenow, Spec. It, 458; Berl. Baumz. 196. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 566. — Alton, Hort.
Kew. 2 cd. Y, 297.— Eaton, Manual, 108.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 164.

Juglans alba acuminata, Marsbaii, Arbustum, 68.

Juglans obcordata, Lamarck Diet, iv, 504.— Mublenberg & Willdenow in Nene Scbriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458. — Persoon, Syn. 506.

Juglans porcina, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 206, ,t. 9; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 132, t. 38.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.ii,
638.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelph. 92.— Auduljon, Birds, t. 91.

Juglans pyri/ormis, Muhlenberg, Cat. 92.

Juglans porcina, var. obcordata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Pbiladelph. ii, 180.— Watson, Dend.
Brit, ii, 167.

Juglans porcina, var. pisiformis, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 6.38.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Pbiladelph. ii, 180.

C. glabra, Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 182, 1. 101.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed.412.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 264.— Coopei
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii,
44. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 594. — Young, Bot. Texas, 499.

C. amara, var. porcina. Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.

PIGNUT. BRPWN HICKORY. BLACK HICKORY. SWITCH BUD HICKORY.

Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas,
and the Indian territory, south to cape Canaveral and Pease week, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces river,
Texas.

A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 40 (Ridgway) meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter;
dry hills and uplands; common.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many large
open ducts; color, dark or light brown, the thick sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8217;
ash, 0.99; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 135

246. — Carya amara, Nuttall, / ^

nenera,ii,222.—Bartou,Compend.Fl.Pliiladelpb.ii, 180.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 626.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torroy, Compend. F1.N. States, "
358; F1.N. York, ii, 183.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 177.— Perm. Cycl. vi, 332. —Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1443, f. 1264.—
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 144.— Emerson, Tiees Massachusetts, 199, 1. 15; 2 ed. 1,226 & t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.264.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 419. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1860, iii, 44. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De CandoUe in Ann.
Sci. Nat. 4 ser.xviii, 36,t.l,f.2, t. 5, f. 53-55; Prodr.xviS 144.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Kooh,
Dendrologie, i,392.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 178. — BeU in Geological
Rep. Canada, ltt79-'80, 52"^.- Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 77.

Juglans alba minima, Marshall, Arbustum, 68.

Juglans COrdi/ormis, Wangenheim, Amer. 25, t. 10, f. 25.

Juglans angustifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504 [not Aiton].

Julians amara, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 177, t. 4 ; 3 ed. i, 116, I. 33.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638.

, Hiekorius amara, Eafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 109.

BITTER NTJT. SWAMP HIOKOKY.

Southern Maine to the valley of tlie Saint Lawrence river, west through Ontario, central Michigan and
Minnesota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to the Chattahoochee region of
western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and swampB,
In low ground, or often on dry, rich uplands.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, checking in drying; layers of annual growth marked by
several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light
brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7552; ash, 1.03; largely used for hoops, ox-yokes, etc.

247. — Carya myristicasformis, Nuttall,

Cenera, ii, 222. —Elliott, Sk. il, 626.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 179.— Penn. Cycl. v, 332.—
Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451, f. 1275. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 1833. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419. — C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci.
Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 6, f. 58; Prodr. xvi^, 145. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 595. — ^Young, Bot. Texas, 500. — ^Vasey, Cat. Forest Treea,
24.— Ravenel in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. \\, 81.

Juglans myristicasformis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. 1, 211, t. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 135, t. 39.— Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 638. — Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112. — Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 161.

G. amara, var. myristicceformis. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.

NUTMEa HICKORY.

South Carolina, "Goose creek" (Micluiux), "Berkeley district" (Ravenel); Arkansas, valley of the Arkansas
river (Pine Blufl", Letterman), south to the Red Eiver valley.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; sandy ridges along the borders of
streams and swamps; rare and very local in South Carolina; more common and reaching its greatest development
in southern Arkansas.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, compact, containing numerous small open ducts,
layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not
conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8016; ash, 1.06.

248. — Carya aquatica," Nuttall,

Genera, ii, 222.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 627.— Sprengel, Syst.ii, 849.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 179.— Penn. CyoL Ti,
332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1444, f. 1265, 1266.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 447.— Darby, Bot. 8.
States, 514. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 44. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d
Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, 1. 1, f. 4, t. 5, f. 56, 57;
Prodr. xvi^, 144.— Koch, Dendrologie,i,593.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.

Juglans aquatica, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 182, t. 5 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 119, t. 34.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept il,
638.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112.

Eicorius integrifolia, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 109.

0. integrifolia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451.

J

136 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WATER HICKORY, SWAMP HICKORY. BITTER PECAN.

North Carolina, in the lower districts, south to cape Malabar and the Caloosa river, Florida (in Florida not
detected within 8 or 10 miles of the coast), through the Gulf states to western Louisiana, northeastern Arkansas,
and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.

A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or generally much smaller; low
river swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the lower Mississippi
and Yazoo rivers.

Wood heavy, soft, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, containing few scattered, open ducts ;
layers of annual growth less clearly marked than in the other species of the genus ; medullary rays numerous,
thin 5 color, dark brown, the sap-wood light, often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.7407 ; ash, 1.27 ; used for
fencing, fuel, etc.

MYRICACE^.

249. — Myrica cerifera, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 1024.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 92.— Marshall, Arhustnm, 94.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 592; 111. iii, 402, t. 809, f. 1. —
Gartner, Fruct. i, 190, t. 39, f. 7.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 242.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 396; 2 ed. v, 379.— Moench, Meth. 362.—
B. S. Barton, Coll. ii, 4.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 190.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 465, t. 322.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 745 ; Enum. 1011 ; Berl. Baumz. 254. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 614. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 472. — Titford, Hort,
Bot. Am. 100.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 620.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 235 ; Trans. Am. Phil. See. 2 ser. v, 167.— Bigolow, Med. Bot. iii,
32, t. 43; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 394.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 197.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 678.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 493.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N,
States, 372; Fl. N. York, ii, 197.— Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 244.— Eaton, Mann.il, 6 ed. 231.— Beck, Bot. 324.— Loudon, Arboretum,
iv, 2057, f. 1968.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 305.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 551.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 324.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 263.— Emerson,
Trees Massachusetts, 224 ; 2 ed. i,256 & t. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 507. — Chapman, Fl. S States, 426. — Cnrtis in Rep. Geological
Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 106.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 650; Bot. & Fl. 309.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 312. — C. De CandoUe in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 21, t. 3, f. 32 ; Prodr. xvi', 148. — Lawson in Trans. Bot.
Soo. Edinburgh, viii, 108. — Gray, Mannal N. States, 5 ed. 457.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 663. — Young, Bot. Texas, 511. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 28.

M. Pennsylvanica, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 592.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 472.— Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 190, t. 55.— Pursh, FL
Am. Sept. ii, 620.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 493.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 232.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 325.— Spach, Hist. Veg.
xi, 262.

M. Carolinensis, Miller, Diet. No. 3.— Wangenheim, Amer. 102.— Willdenow, Spec. iv. 746; Enum. 1011.— Alton, Hort. Kew.
2 ed. V, 379.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 620.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 235.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 678.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 232.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 324.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.

M. cerifera humilis, Marshall, Arbustum, 95.

M. cerifera, var. latifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. ill, 396.

M. cerifera, var. media, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 427.

M. cerifera, var. arborescena, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.

M, cerifera, var. pumila, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.— Pursh, Fl, Am, Sept, ii, 620.— Chapman, Fl. S, States, 427.

M. cerifera, var. angustifolia, c. De Candolle, Prodr, xvi', 148.

M. cerifera sempervirens, Hort.

BAYBERRY. WAX MYRTLE.

Shores of lake Erie ; Maine, and south near the coast to the Florida keys and southern Alabama.

A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or, except in the southern
states, a low, much-branched shrub ; usually on sandy beaches and dry hillsides, reaching its greatest development
in the bottoms and rich hummocks of the Georgia and Florida coasts.

Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark
brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0,5637 ; ash, 0,51,

The leaves and stimulant and astringent bark of the roots sometimes employed by herbalists (Am. Jour.
Pharm. 1863, 193. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 257, 1706. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 944). The wax which covers the
small globular fruit, formerly largely collected and made into caudles, and now, under the name of myrtle-wax,
a popular remedy in the treatment of dysentery.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 137

250. — Myrica Californica, Chamisso,

Linnaea, ti, 535. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336; Bot. Sulphur, 55. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 160. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey,
390.— Liudley in Jour. London Hort. Soc. vil, 282.— Torrey in Paciae R. R. Rep. iv, 137 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 465.— Newberry
in Pacific E. R. Rep. vi, 89. — Cooper in Pacific R. R. Eep. xii', 68. — C. De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi^, 153.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii,
401. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 81.

f M. Xalapensis, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 160.

Cape Foulwe*ther, Oregon, south near the coast to the bay of Monterey, California. v

A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or

toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; sandy beaches and gravelly hillsides.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin,

conspicuous ; color, light rose, the sap-wood lighter ; specitic gravity, 0.6703 ; ash, 0.33.

CUPULIFER^.

251. — Quercus alba, Linnaius,

Spec. 1 ed. 996. — Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 270, t. 5, f. 5. — Lamarck, Diet, i, 720. — Marshall, Arbustum, 119. — Wangenheim, Amer. 12, t. 3, f.
6. — ^Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 358 ; 2 ed. v, 293. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 80, 87. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-
Am. ii, 195. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 448; Enum. 977;
Berl. Baumz. 346. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 570. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 508. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 13, t. 1; N. American
Sylra, 3 ed. i, 22, 1. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 633.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 17.— Eaton,
Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,215; Sylva, i, 14; 2 ed. i, 24.— Nouvcau Duhamel, vii, 175.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 158.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 607.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 864.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 192.— Audubon, Birds, t. 107,
147.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1864, f. 1723-1726 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :{85.—
Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 375.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 155. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 127, t. 1; 2 ed. i, 145 & t.— Griffith,
Med. Bot. 585.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 437.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 266.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
511.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 613, t. 1.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423. — Curtis
in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 31. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 645 ; Bot. &
Fl. 306.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 257.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 22.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden.
Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 66.— Liebmaiin, ChSnes Am. Trop. t. xxxiii, 29, 30, 58, 59.- Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed;450; Hall's PI.
Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^ 50.— Young, Bot. Texas, 505.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, iii, 60. — Sears in BuU. Essex Inst, xiii, 179. — Britton in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, viii, 126. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada,
187^'80, 52':.— Eidgway in proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 78.

fQ. ainuata, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.

Q, alba, var. J)»n«a<i^<?a, Michaux, Hist. ChfinesAm. No. 4,t. 5,f. 1; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,195.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1864.

Q. alba, var. repanda, Michaux, Hist. ChSnes Am. No.4, t. 5,f.2.— Pursh,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 633.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 159.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1864.

Q. alba, var. pinnatifidosinuata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 158.

Q. alba, var. ainuata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 159.

Q. alba, var. microcarpa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi»,22.

WHITE OAK.

Northern Maine, valley of the Saint Lawrence river, Ontario, lower peninsula of Michigan to southeastern
Minnesota, south to the Saint John's river and Tampa bay, Florida, west to the valley of Nodaway river, Missouri,
western Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas.

A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 meters in diameter;
all soils; very common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the Alleghany
mountains and in the valley of the Ohio riyer and its tributaries, here often forming more than half the forest
srowth.

Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, liable to check unless carefully seasoned, durable in

•ontact with the soil; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary

:iy8 broad, prominent; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter brown ; specific gravity, 0.7470; ash, 0.41; largely used

.11 shipbuilding, construction of all sorts, cooperage, in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implements, and

i. jskets, and for railway ties, fencing, interior finish, cabinet-making, fuel, etc.

A decoction of the astringent inner bark is employed medicinally in cases of hemorrhage, dysentery, etc. (Z7.
Dispensatory, 14 ed. 755. — 2fat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1196).

^

1'38 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

y

i

V

252. — Quercus lobata, N6e,

Ann. Cieno. Nat. iii, 278. — Smith in ' Rees' Cyol. xxx, No. 77. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 571. — Nouveau Dubamel, vil, 180. — Poiret, Snppl. ii,
204._Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Liebmnnu in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854,14; Chfines Am. Trop. 23, t. 42, f. 1-3.—
Torrey, Bot. Mox. Boundarj* Survey, 205; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 461, t. 15. — A. De Candolle, Piodr. xvi', 24. — Koch, Dendrologie,
ii», 53.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 388; Wheeler's Rep. vi,374; Bot. California, ii, 95.

Q. HincUii, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 55. — Eodlicher, Genera, Snppl. iv. 24.— Walpers, Ann. i, 635. — Torrey in Pacific R. R.
Rep. iv, 138; v, 365.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 29, 89, 1. 1, f. 7.— Cooper in SmithBonian Rep. 1858, 261.—
y« Bolaniler in Proc. California Acad, iii, 230.— Drsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af.Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. 1866, Nos. 1-6,

66. — Liobmann, Ch6ne8 Am. Trop. t. 42, f. 4. — R. Brown Canipst. Hor» Sylvauie, 52, f. 1-3.

Q. longiglanda, Torrey in Fremont's Geographical Mem. California, 15, 17.

Q. Ransomi, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i,25.

WHITE OAK. WEEPING OAK.

California, west of the Sierra Nevadas from the. valley of the upper Sacramento river south through the foot-
hills and interior valley.s to the San Bernardino mountains.

The largest of the Pacific oaks, often 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 2.40 meters iu diameter; very
common through the central part of the state.

Wood moderately hard, finergraiued, compact; layers of annual growth marked by few large open ducts and
containing few smaller ducts arranged in lines parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light
hrown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7409; ash, 0.30; of little economic value, and only used for fuel.

253. — Quercus Garryana, Douglas;

Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 159.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 391.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 1, 1. 1 ; 2 ed. i, 14, 1. 1.— Torrey in Pacific R. R.
Rep. iv, 138; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 462. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260 ; Pacific R.
R. Rep. xii'^, 28, 68; Am. Nat. iii, 407. — Lyall in Jour. Liuniean Soc. vii, 131, 144. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 24. — Bolander in
Proc. California Acad, iii, 229. — Orstediu Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. 1866, Nos. 1-6, 66. — Rothrock in Smithsonian
Bep. 1858, 435. — Liebmann, Chines Am. Trop. t. 40, f. 3. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 85. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii,
389; Bot. California, ii, 95. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. — 6. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser.'ix, 330.

Q.,Ne(ei, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173; Chfines Am. Trop. 23, t. xli.f.l, 2.

Q. Douglasii, var. fNeai, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 24.

• Q. CErstedlana, R. Brown Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871, 2.

Q. Jaeobi, R. Brown Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871. 7.

WHITE OAK.

Vancouver's island, shores of Puget sound, south through western Washington territory, Oregon, and California
to San Francisco bay ; in Washington territory and Oregon extending to the eastern slopes of the Cascade mountains.

A tree 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a
low shrub ; dry, gravelly soil ; common.

Wood strong, hard, that of the young trees tough, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by
one to three rows of open dncts ; medullary rays, varying greatly in width, often conspicuous ; color, light brown
or yellow, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7453; ash, 0.39; somewhat used for carriage
and cooperage stock, in cabinet-making, ship-building, and very largely for fuel ; the best substitute for eastern
white oak produced in the Pacific forests.

254. — Quercus obtusiloba, Michaux,

Hist. Chfenes Am. No. 1, t. 1 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 194.- Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 78.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 36, t. 4; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 36, t. 5. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 632. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215. — Barton, Compond. Fl. Philadelph. ii,
171.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 606.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 190.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
293.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1870, f. 1732 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Scheele in Roemer,
Texas, 446. —Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 265. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in
Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 615, t. 11. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423. — Curtis in Ri'p. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 32. —
Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 645; Bot. & Fl. 300. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser.
xii, 209.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. 1866, Nos. 1-6, 66.— Liebmann, ChSnes Am. Trop. t. H, t. 33, f.
60.— Gray, Manual N. States^ 5 ed. 451 ; Hall's, PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 505.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 139

^. alba minor, Marshall, Arbustum, 120.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schrlften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395.

■Q. Stellata, Wangenheim, Amer.78,t. 6, f. 15. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 77. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 452; Ennm,977; Berl.
Banmz. 349. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 570. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 294. — Nouveau Dubamcl, vii, 180. — Hayne, Dend. Fl.
161.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 13; 2 ed. i, 23.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 15C.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 133, t. 3; 2 ed. i, 151 &
t. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 22. — Koch, Deudrologie, iii, 52. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelmann in Trans. St.
Louis Acad, iii, 389. — Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 84. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156.

f Q. villosa, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.

Q. lobulata, Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 47.

? Q. Brummondii, Liebmann in Dansk. Videusk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 170.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 24.

Q. obtusiloba, var. parvi/olia, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423.

Q. stellata, var. Floridana, A.De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'', 22.

POST OAK. IBON OAK.

Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, south to northern Florida, west through southern Ontario and Michigan to
eastern Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian territory, and extending to the one hundredth meridian in central Texas.

A tree rarely exceeding 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter, or on the Florida
<joast reduced to a low shrub (var. parvifolia, etc.) ; dry, gravelly uplands, claj' barrens, or in the southwest on
Cretaceous formations; the most common and widely-distributed oak of the Gulf states west of the Mississippi
river, forming the principal growth of the Texas "cross-timbers."

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil;
layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous ; color, dark or light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8367 ; ash, 0.79 ; largely used,
especially in the southwest, for fencing, railway ties, and fuel, and somewhat for carriage stock, cooperage,
■construction, etc.

255. — Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, Engelmann,
Wheeler's Eep. vi, 249.

Q. Gambelii, Nuttall in Jonr. Philadelphia Acad, new ser. i, 179.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172, 1. 18 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary
Survey, 205. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 260. — Liebmann, Chfines Am. Trop. 22, t. 40, f. 1.— Hemsley, Bot.
Am.-Cent. iii, 171.

Q. alba, var. f Ounnisonii, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 130.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 321.— Porter in Hayden's Rep.
1871, 493. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 127. — Maconn in Geological Bep. Canada,
1875-'76, 209.

Q. Douglagii, var. Oambelii, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 23.

Q. stellata, var. Utahensis, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi!', 22.

f Q. Emoryi, Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 127 [not Torrey].

SCEtTB OAK.

Fear the mouth of the Pecos river (Havard), through the mountains of western Texas, and New Mexico to the
Santa Catalina {Lemmon, Pringle) and San Francisco mountains, Arizona, eastern slopes of the Rocky mountains
of Colorado north to the valley of the Platte river, and through the Wahsatch mountains of Utah,

A small tree, rarely 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub
spreading from underground shoots and forming dense thickets, reaching its greatest development on the high
mounlams of southern New Mexico and Arizona; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, that of young trees quite tough, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of
annual growth marked by few not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, rich dark
brown, the sap-wood lights ; specific gravity, 0.8407 ; ash, 0.99 ; largely used for fuel, and in Utah the bark iu
tanning.

y

140 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

256. — Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux,

Hi8t.Ch6ne8 Ain.No.2,t.2, 3; Fl.Bor.-Am. ii, 194.— WilMenow, Spcc.iv, 453; Emim. 977; Beri. Banmz. 350.— Smith in Eees' CyoL
XXX, No. 80.— Persoon.Syn. ii,570.— Poiret, Siippl. il,2'24.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,34,t.3; N.Amcriciin Sylva,3o(l.i,35,t. 4.—
Pnrsb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 682. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215. — Nouveau Duliamcl, vii, 182. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 161. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863. —
Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. StatcB, 359; Nicollet's Kep. IGO; Fl. N.Yorli, ii, 191, 1. 108.— Beck, Bot. 330. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 18C9, f. 1731 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. — SpacIi,IIist. Veg. xi, 159. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts,
132, t. 2; 2 ed. i, 149 & t.— Scheele in Kcomer, Texas, 446. — Richardson, Arctic Esped. 437. — Cooper 'in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,
265. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. 131, t. 5, f. 21. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4215. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
387.— Wood, CI. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, :i89.—
A. De Candollc, Prodr. xvi', 20.— Orated in Saer-skitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Mcddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 67.— Liebmann, Chfines Am.
Trop. t. G, t.33, f. 27, 28.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Koch, Dendrologic, ii^, 51.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.— WinchcU in
Lndlow's Rep. Black Hills, 68. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Broadhead
in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — J. F. James in Jour. Cincinnati .Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 1 & t. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882,
81. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49"=. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156.

Q, oUvceformis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am, ii, 32, t. 2; N.American Sylva,3 ed.i,33,t.3.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 91.—
Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii,632. — Nuttall, Genera, ii,215; Sylva,i,14; 2ed. i,24. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 181. — Sprengel,
Syst. iii, 864.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.— Fl. N. York, ii, 191.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
293.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1869, f. 1730.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 159.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 1 ed. 414.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 20.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6,
1866, 67. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 391.

Q. obtusiloba, var. depresaa^ Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.

Q. macrocarpa, var. olivceforrms. Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 404 ; 5 ed. 451.

Q. macrocarpa, var. ahbreviata, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 20.

Q. macrocarpa, var. minor, A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 20.

Q. Stellata, var. depressa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 23.

BUEE OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK. OVER-CUP OAK.

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern shores of lake Huron to lake Winnipeg, south to the valley of the
Penobscot river, Maine (G. E. Hamlin), and along the shores of lake Cham plain and the valley of the Ware river,
Massachusetts, to Lancaster county, Pennsjivania, west to the eastern foot-hills of the Eocky mountain.s of Montana,
central Nebraska and Kansas, southwest to the Indian territory and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas.

A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 50 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20'
to 2.10 meters in diameter; rich bottoms and prairies; in the prairie region the principal growth of the "oak
openings", and extending farther west and northwest than any oak of the Atlantic forests.

Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, more durable in contact with the soil than that of
other American oaks ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays
often broad and conspicuous; color, dark or rich light brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7453 ;
ash, 0.71; generally confounded with the less valuable white oak {Q. alba), and employed for the same purposes.

257. — Quercus lyrata, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 235. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 83. — Michaux, Hist. ChduesAm. No. 3,t.4; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,195.— Willdenow, Spec.
iv,453. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 79. — Persoon, Syn.ii, 570. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 224. — Michaux f. Hist.Arb. Am. ii, 42, t. 5; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 39, t. 6. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 295.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 632. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 181. — Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 215.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 607.— Sprengel, Syst. xi, 156.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1871, f. 1733,
1734.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 386.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 156.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.—
Chapman, Fl. S. Stales, 423. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 33. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,^
387.— Wood, Bot. & F1.306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 19.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos.
1-6, 1886, 66.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii«, 53.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.—
Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 389. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 1882, 80.

OVER- CUP OAK. SWAMP POST OAK. WATER WHITE OAK.

North Carolina, south near the coast to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, west through Alabama,
Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, and through Arkansas and sontheastem
Missouri (Allenton, Letterman) to middle Tennessee, southern Indiana and Illinois.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; deep, often submerged, river
swamps ; rare in the Atlantic states ; more common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Eed
river and the adjacent portions of Arkansas and Texas.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, very durable in contact with the ground, close-grained, inclined to check in
drying ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous,
conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8313; ash, 0.65; used for th«
same purposes as that of the white oak {Q. alba).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 141

258. — Quercus bicolor, Willdenow,

Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berliu, iii, 396 ; Spec, iv, 440. — Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx, No. 50. — Persoon, Sjii. ii, 5C9. — Poiret, Supply
ii, 219.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 633.— Eaton, Manual, 107; 6 ed.294.— Barton, Compend. Fl.Philadclph. ii, 172.— Nuttall, Genera,'
ii, 215; Sylva, i, 13; 2 ed.i,23.— Nouveau Duliamel, vii, 165.— Spreugel, Syst.iii,860.— Torrey, Confpend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl.N.
York, ii, 192. — Beck, Bot. 331. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 375.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 135, t. 4 ;
2ed. i, 103&t. — Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci.2 ser. xiii, 397. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 266. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep.
Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 646 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 20.— Orstcd in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For.
Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 67. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 47. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.- -
Engelmann 'lU Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 3t9. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179. -
Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55=.- Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 79.

? Q. Prinus platanoides, Lamarck, Diet, i, 21.

Q. alba palvstris, Marshall, Arhustum, 120.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, SS").

Q. Prinus tomentosa, Michaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 2 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1876, f. I'TSO.

Q. Prinus, var. discolor, Michaux f.Hist.Arb.Am. ii,46,t.6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.i,41,t.7.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Eep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. See. iii, 617, t. 3. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424. — Curtis in Eep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34.

Q. bicolor, var. mollis, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.

Q. Prinus, var. bicolor, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 158.

t Q. bicolor, var. platanoides, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 21.

SWAMP WHITE OAK.

Southern Maine, valley of the upper Saint Lawrence river, Ontario, southern peninsula of Michigan to
southeastern Iowa and western Missouri, south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern
Georgia, northern Kentucky, and northern Arkansas.

A large tree, 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 or, exceptionallj', over 3 meters (" Wadsworth
Oak", Geneseo, New York) in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in deep alluvial soil ; common and reaching
its greatest development in the region south of the great lakes.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, inclined to check in seasoning ; layers of annual growth marked
by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad and conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood
hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.7662; ash, 0.58; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak
{Q. alba).

259. — Quercus Michauxii, Nuttall,

Genera, ii, 215 (excl. syn.).— Elliott, Sk. ii, 609.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 860.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 386.— Darby,
Bot. S. States, 511.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
22, 113.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,81.

Q. Prinus palustris, Michaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No. .5, t.6; Fl. Bor-Am. ii, 196.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb.Am.ii, 51, t. 7; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 44, t. 8.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1872, f. 1735 & t.

Q. Prinus, var. Michauxii, Chapman, Fl. s. States, 424.

Q. Prinus, Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 33, in part.

Q. bicolor, var. Michauxii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 390.

BASKET OAK. COW OAK.

Few Oastle county, Delaware, south through the lower and middle districts to northern Florida, through the
Gulf states to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southwestern Missouri to central
Tennessee and Kentucky, and the valley of the lower Wabash river.

A tree 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter; borders of streams aud deep,
often submerged, swamps ; the common and most valuable white oak of the Gulf states, reaching its greatest
development in the rich bottom lauds of southeastern Arkansas and Louisiana.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily
split; layers of annual growth marked by few rather large open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color,
light brown, the sap-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.8039; ash, 0.45; largely used in the manufacture of agricultural
implements, wheel stocks, baskets, for which it is unsurpassed, for cooperage, fencing, construction, and fuel.

The large, sweet, edible acorns eagerly devoured by cattle and other animals.

(9

J

i

142 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

260. — Quercus Prinus, Linnieus,

Spec. 1 od. 995. — Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 27C, t. 6, f. 3. — Lamarck, Diet, i, 720. — Marsball, Arbustum, 125. — Wangenheim, Amer. 15, t. 4, £
8. — Aitos, Hort. Kew. iii, 35C; 2 ed. v, 290. — Mocnch, Mefh. 348. — Abbot, lusectB Georgia, ii, t. S2. — Mublenberg & Willdcnow
in Neue Schriftcn Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 397. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 195. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 439; Ennni. 975; Berl.
Baumz. 339. — Smith in Recs' Cycl. xsx, No. 47. — Persoou, Syu. ii, 568.— Dcsfontaiucs, Hist. Arb. ii, 509. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,
633. — Bartou, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 171. — Nuttall, Genei-a, ii, 215. — Nouvean Dubamel, vii, 164. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155. —
Elliott, Sk. ii, COS.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 859.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.— Audubon, Birds, t. 60, 131.- Beck, Bot. 331.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1872.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 157. — Pcnu. Cycl. xix,
216.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 267.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,255.— Chapman, Fl. S.
States, 423. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 645; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
264.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 21.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 67.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 451.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 48.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelmann in Trans. St.
Louis Acad, iii, 390.

Q. Prinus, var. moniicola, Michaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 5, t. 7; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 55,
t. B; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 40, t. 9.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1873, f. 1736.—
Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 158. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.58, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424. — Curtis in Rep.
Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34.— AVood, CI. Book, 646.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 21.— Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 451. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Bailey in Am. Nat. xiv, 892, f. 1-4.

Q. montana, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 440 ; Enum. 975 ; Berl. Baumz. 340.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx,
No. 49.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 634.— Eaton, Manual, 107, 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 172.—
Nuttall, Genera, ii, 216.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 165, t. 47, f. 2.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 156.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 609.— Sprengel,
Syst. iii, 860.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 354; Fl. N. York, ii, 192.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Bigclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed.
377.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 138, t. 6; 2 ed. i, 156 & t.— Gray, Manual N. States,
1 ed. 414.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 2G6. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas,.
387. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 263. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.

Q. Prinus, var. lata, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290.

Q. Castanea, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 137, t. 5 ; 2 ed. i, 155 & t. [not Muhlenberg & Willdenow].

CHESTNUT OAK. ROCK OHESTNTTT OAK.

Blue bills, eastern Massachusetts, west to the shores of lake Champlain, shores of Quints bay, Ontario-
{Macoun), and the valley of the Genesee river, 'New York, south to Delaware, and through the Alleghany Mountain
region to northern Alabama, extending west to central Kentucky and Tennessee.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rocky banks and hillsides; very
common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany region, here often forming a large
portion of the forest growth.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, durable in contact witb
the soil, containing few open ducts ; medullary rays very broad, conspicuous ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.7499 ; ash, 0.77 ; largely used in fencing, for railway ties, etc.

The bark, rich in tannin, is largely used in preference to that of other Korth American white oaks in tanning,
leather,

261. — Quercus prinoides, WiUdenow,

None Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 397; Spec, iv, 440.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 569.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 219.— Nouveau Duhamel,.
vii, 166.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 193, 1. 109.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 415.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 267.— Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 35. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. —
Wood, CI. Book, 646. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 49. — Young, Bot. Texas, 506. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, :j91.

Q. Prinus humilis, Marshall, Arbustum, la.").— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452.

Q. Castanea, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Nene Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 396 [not N^e].— Willdenow, Spec, i v, 441 ;
Enum. 976; Berl. Baumz. 341.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 634.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 51.—
Poiret, Suppl. ii, 219.— Eaton, Manual, 107; 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 172.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,.
216.— Hayne, Dend. FJ. 156.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 610.— Sprengel, Syst. iii,860.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States, 354; Fl. N.
York, ii, 193.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 385.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 415.— Dariington, Fl. Cestrica,
3 ed. 267.- Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Breudel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 619, t. 4.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.—
Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI.
Book, 646.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 68.— Liebmann, Chdnes Am. Trop.
t. H, K. & 33, f. 31, 32.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.

Q. Prinus, var. acuminata, Michaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 5, t. 8 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 61, t.
9; N.American Sylva, 3 ed.i, 49, 1. 10.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 167.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 187.5, f. 1637.— Cooper in.
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.

Q. Prinus pumila, Michanx, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 1 j Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1875, f. 173a

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. I4a

Q. Prinm Chinquapin^ Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, C5, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 50, t. 11.— A. Do CandoUo,
Prodr.xvP. 21.

Q. Chinquapin, Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 634.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xsx. No. 48.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 216.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 611. —
Toriey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 354.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— Darlington, FI. Cestrica, 2 cd. 536. —
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 377. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 140; 2 ed. i, 15b & t. —
Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.

Q. Prinus, var. oblongata, Aiton, Hort. Kow. v, 290.

Q. Prinus, var. prinoides, Wood, Bot. & Fl. 306.

Q. Mtlhlenbergii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 591.— G. D. Butler in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 77.— Eidgway
in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 82.

YELLOW OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. CHINQUAPIN OAK.

Eastern Massachusetts, shores of lake Champlain, west along the northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie,,
through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory; south to Delaware and
through the Alleghany region to northern Alabama and Mississippi, southwest to the Guadalupe mountains,,
western Texas (Havard).

A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 meters (Bidgicay) in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in
diameter {Q. MuMenhergii), or often, especiallj- toward the eastern and western limits of its range, reduced to a
low, slender shrub {Q. prinoides) ; dry hillsides and low, rich bottoms ; rare, except as a shrub, east of the Alleghany
mountains ; very common in the Mississippi Eiver basin, and reaching its greatest development in southern
Arkansa.s.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with th&
soil; layers of annual growth marked by rows of small open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color,,
dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8605 ; ash, 1.14; used for cooperage, wheel stock,,
fencing, railway ties, etc.

The small acorns sweet and edible.

Note. — Differences in the size and habit of individuals of this species, thus enlarged, seem to be dependent upon soil and climate,
numerous intermediate forms connecting the extremes of eastern Massachusetts and the Mississippi valley.

262. — QuerCUS Douglasii, Hooker & Amott,

Bot. Beechey, 391.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 382, 383.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337; Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 10, t. 4; 2 ed.
i, 20, t. 4.— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. v, 365 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 462.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 260.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi", 23. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 230.— Orstedin Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6,.
66. — Liebmaun, Chfines Am. Trop. t. 41, f. 3, 4.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 393;
Bot. California, ii, 95. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.

Q. oblongifolia, var. brevilobaia, Torrey in Bot. Wilkes Exped. 460.

MOUNTAIN WHITE OAK. BLUE OAK.

California, from about latitude 39°, south along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet
elevation, and through the Coast ranges to the San Gabriel mountains.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; common on the low foot hills
of the sierras.

Wood very hard, heavy, strong, brittle, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several
rows of small open ducts and containing many scattered groups of smaller ducts ; medullary rays numerous,,
varying greatly in width; color, dark bi'own, becoming nearly black with exposure, the thick sap-wood light
brown ; specific gravity, 0.8928; ash, 0.84.

263. — Quercus oblongifolia, Torrey,

Sitgreavcs' Eep. 173 ; Bot. Mix. Boundary Survey, £06 ; Ives' Eep. 28.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 261.— A. De Candolle, Prodr.
xvi", 36.— Watson, PI. Wheeler, 17.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. —Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iii, 393 ; Bot. California,,
ii, SG.

Q. undulata, var. oblongata, Engelmann in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 250.

144 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WHITE OAK.

California, foot-bills. of tbe San Gabriel mountains, and in San Diego county (here occupying a narrow belt, 30
miles in width some 30 miles from the coast, Parish Brothers) ; foot-hills of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona
and New Mexico ; southward into Mexico.

A small evergreen tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; the large
epocimens generally hollow and defective.

Wood very heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-graindd, checking badly in drying; layers of aniiual growth
hardly distinguishable, containing few small open ducts arranged in many groups parallel to the broad and very
conspicuous medullary rays ; color, very dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood brown ; specific gravity,
0.9441 ; ash, 2.61 ; of little economic value except as fuel.

264. — Quercus grisea, Liebmann,

Donsk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forbandl. 1854, 13; ChfinesAm. Trop. t. 46, f. 1,2.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 35.— Orated in Saerekitt
Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.— Knsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 78.— Watson in Proo. Am. Acad.
xviii, 156.

Q.pungens, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forbandl. 1854,13; Chfines Am. Trop. 22, t. 45, f. 1-3.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi», 3G.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6,69.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club ix, 78.

Q. undulata, var. grisea, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 250.

, Q. undulata, var. pungens, Engelmann in Trans. St Louis Acad, iii, 392 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250 ; Bot. California, ii, 96.—
Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596.

Q. undulata, var. Wrightii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382, 392.

WHITE OAK.

Mountains of southern Colorado and western Texas (Havard), southern New Mexico and Arizona from 5,000 to
10,000 feet elevation, west to the Colorado desert of California; southward into northern Mexico.

A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.00 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low,
much-branched shrub ; a jiolymorphous species, varying greatly in habit and in the shape and texture of the leaves,
but apparently well characterized by its connate cotyledons; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.

Wood very heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by
one or two rows of small open ducts, these connected by rows of similar ducts parallel to tbe numerous conspicuous
medullary rays; color, very dark brown, the thick sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 1.0092; ash, 1.82.

265. — Quercus reticulata, Humboldt & Bonpland,

PI. .Squiu. ii, 40, t. 86.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 609.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 860.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1944, f. 1865.— Michaux f. N.
Amorican Sylva, 3 ed. i, 90.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 33.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6,
67.— Liebmaun, Chfines Am. Trop. t. H, t. 34, f. 10-16, t. 35, f. 15-22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann in Trans. St.
Louis Acad, iii, 383 ; Wheeler's Rep. vl, 250. — Hemsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 176. — ^Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156. f

I ■ Q. spicata, Humbolt & Bonpland, PI. .Squin. ii, 46, t. 89.- Bentham, PI. Hartweg. No. 429.

Q. decipi^ns. Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Brux. v, 10.,

f Q. reticulata, var. Oreggii, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 34.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 176.

Southeastern Arizona, San Francisco and Santa Eita mountains from 7,000 to 10,000 feet elevation ; southward
into northern Mexico.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes.

Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many small, scattered, open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very broad ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.9479 ;
ash, 0.52.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 145

266. — Quercus Durandii, Buckley,

•V,

Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860,445; 1881, I21.-Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 507.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.—
Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, i56.

Q. obttiSifolia, var. f breviloba, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206.

Q. annulata, Buckley ill Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 18f;0, 445.

Q. SanJ$abeana, Buckley in Young, Bot. Texas, 507.

Q. undulata, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 392, in part [not Torreyl.

Alabama, Wilcox county (BucMey), valley of the Little Cahaba river, Bibb county {Mohr); Shreveport,
Louisiana?, {Buckley); Texas, Dallas {Beverchon), valley of the Colorado river {Buckley, Mohr, Sargent), west and
south.

A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich bottom lands or dry mesas
and limestone hills, then reduced to a low shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets of great extent {Q. San-
Sabeana); nire and local iu Alabama; the common and most valuable white oak of western Texas.

Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth
marked by few large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific
gravity, 0.9507 ; ash, 1.78; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak {Q. alba).

267. — Quercus virens, Alton,

Hort. Kew. iii, 356 ; 2 ed. v, 287.— Bartram,Travels, 2 ed. 82.— Miehaux, Hist.Chfenes Am. No. 6, 1. 10, 11 ; Fl. B«r.-Am. ii, 196.— Willdenow,
Spec, iv, 425; Enum. 974. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 264. — Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx. No. 5. — Persoon, Syn. ii,567. — Desfontaines, Hist.
Arb. ii,507.—Poiret,Suppl.ii, 213.— Miehaux f. Hist.Arb.Am. ii, 67, t. 11; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 52, 1. 12.— Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 626. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 16; 2 ed, i, 28. — Nouveau Dubamel, vii, 151. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 595. — Sprengel, Syst. iii,
858.— Cobbett, Woodlands, 446.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.294.— Loudon, Arboretum,iii, 1918, f. 1802, 1803 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
385. — Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 177. — Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234. — Scheele in Eoemer, Texas, 440 ; Appx.
147. — Penn. Cycl. xix, 216. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — ^Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
255.— Chapman, Fl, S. States, 421.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 35.— Wood, CI. Book, 643 ; Bot. & Fl. 305.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 2(>;!. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 37. — Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 69. —
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmann, Chfines Am. Trop. t. 33, f. 50-,57.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 383 ; iv, 191. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 178. — Watson in
Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155.

Q. Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 17.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 57.

Q. Phellos, var. sempervirens, Marshall, Arbustum, 124.

Q. sempervirens, Walter, Fl. Carollniana, 234.

Q. oleoides, Chamisso & Schlechtendal in Linntea, v, 79. — Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Bmx. x. No. 3. — Orsted In SaersKitt.
Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.

Q. retusa, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1&54, 187.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt.
Nos. 1-0, 1866, 69.

LIVE OAK.

Mob Jack hay, Virginia, south along the coast to bay Biscayne and cape Eomano, Florida, along the Gulf
coast to Mexico, extending through western Texas to the valley of the Ked river, the Apache and Gaudalupe
mountains and the mountains of northern Mexico south of the Rio Grande at G,000 to 8,000 feet elevation {Havard);
in Costa Kica {Q. retusa).

An evergreen tree of great economic value, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 meters in
diameter, or in the interior of Texas much smaller, often shrubby ; on the coast, rich hummocks and ridges, a few
feet above water-level; common and reaching its greatest development iu the south Atlantic states.

Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, dilficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful

polish; layers of annual growth obscure, often hardly distinguishable, containing many small open ducts arranged

in short broken rows parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood

nearly white; specific gravity, 0.9501; ash, 1.14; formerly very largely and now occasionally used in ship-building.

10 FOB

y

146 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

268. — Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann,

Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173 ; Cbfincs Am. Trop. 23, t. 47.— Torrey, Bot. Mei. Boundary Survey, 206; Bot. Wilkes Eiped.
4o8. — Cooper in Smitbsoninu Rej). 1858, 260. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, ii, 45. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 37. — Bolander
In Proc. California Acad, iii, 231.— Orsled in Sacrskitt. Aftryk.af. Nat. For.Videu. Meddolt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, C9.—Va8ey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 25. — Engelinann in 'lYans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 383, 393; Wheelort Eep. yi,374; Bot. California, ii, 97. — Watson in Proc. Am.
Acad, xi, 119. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596.

Q./ulvescens, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, (>7, 71.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Eep. vi,27, 89.

Q. crassipocula, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137; v, 365, t. 9.

f Q. ohlongifolia, R. Bronn Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871, 4 [not Torrey].

LIYJB OAK. MAUL OAK. VALPAEAISO OAK.

Cow Creek valley, Oregon, south through the California Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains between 3,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and south into Lower
California; southeastern Arizona, San Francisco (Greene) and Santa Catalina mountains {Pringle).

An evergreen tree of great economic value, 18 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 meter in
diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, narrow-leaved shrub (var. vacctMifolia, Engelmann in Trans. St.
Louis Acad, iii, 393 ; Bot. California, ii, 97. — Q. vaecinifolia, Kellogg in Trans. California Acad, ii, 96).

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close grained, compact, difficult to work, containing many rather
small open ducts arranged in wide bands parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown,
the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.8493; ash, O.CO; somewhat used in the manufacture of agricultural
implements, wagons, etc. ; the most valuable oak of the Pacific forests.

269. — Quercus Emoryi, Torrey,

Emory's Eep. 151, t. 9; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138; Ives' Rep. 28.— Watson in PL Wbeeler, 17.—
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382, 387, 394 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250. — Palmer in Am.
Nat. xii, 59G. — Henisley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 170.

Q. hastata, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 13; Chfines Am. Trop. '22.— k. De Candolle, Prodr. ivi«,
36.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.

BLACK OAK.

Bexar and Comal counties, Texas, through the mountain ranges of western Texas, of southern New Mexico, and
of eastern and southern Arizona.

A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in
Texas reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in southwestern New Mexico and
southern Arizona between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation near streams in open canons; dry, gravelly soil, the large
specimens hollow and defective.

Wood very heavy, not hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several
rows of small open ducts, these connected by narrow groups of similar ducts parallel to the broad, couspicuoui
medullary rays; color, dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood bright bi"Own tinged with red; specific
gravity, 0.9263; ash, 2.36.

270. — Quercus agrifolia, N6e,

Ann. Cionc. Nat. iii, 271. — Fischer, Misc. Hiep. i, 108. — WilWenow, Spcc.iv, 431. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 568. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx,
No. 29.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. iJ, 627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylva, i, 5, t. 2; 2 ed. i, 16, t. 2.— Nouvean Dnhamel, vii, 156.—
Sprengel, Syst. iii, 859. — Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 292. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1894. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337; Bot. Sulphur,
56.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :i84. — Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 377.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 391.— Jour. Hort. Soo. London, vi,
157 & t.— Caniere iu Fl. des Serros, vii, 137 & f.— Torrey in Sitgrcaves' Rep. 173; Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 138; v, 305; vii, 20; Bot.
Mex. Boundary Survey, 200; Ives' Eep. 28; Bot. Wilkes ExpeU. 460. — Paxton's Brit. Flower Gard. ii, 44. — Newberry in Pacific
E. E. Rep. vi, 32, f. 9. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 2'29. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 37. — Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk.
af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 18GG, 09. — Liebmann, Cbfines Am. Trop. t. 44. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelmann
in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 383; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 374; Bot. California, ii, 98. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 167.

Q. oxyadenia, Torrey in Sitgreavos' Eep. 172, 1 17.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 261.

Q. acutiglandis, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i,25.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 147

ENCENO. COAST LIVE OAK.

California, Mendocino county, south through the Coast Eange valleys to Lower California.

A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or, rarely, reduced
to a low shrub (var. frutescens, JEngelmann in Bot. California, ii, 98); rare at the north; common south of San
Francisco bay, and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme southwestern jjart of the state;
dry slopes and ridges.

Wood heavy, i'.ard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable,
containing many large open ducts arranged in several rows parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays ;
color, light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown; specific gravity, 0.8253; ash, 1.28; of little value except
as fuel.

271. — Quercus Wislizeni, A.DeCandolle,

Prodr. xvi2, 67.— Orsted iu Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.—
Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 396; Bot. California, ii, 98.

Q. Morehus, Kellogg in Proo. California Acad, ii, 36.

LIVE OAK.

California, mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, and
in the Coast ranges south to the Santa Lucia mountains.

An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its
northeastern limits reduced to a shrub 0.90 to 3 meters in height (var. frutescens, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii,
99); not common.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts arranged in
irregular bauds parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-
wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7855; ash, 1.02.

272.— Quercus rubra, Linnaens, ^y

Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Dn Eoi, Harbk. ii, 265.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357; 2 ed. T,
292.— Moench, Meth. 348.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 103.— Michaux, Hist. Chfines No. 2, t. 35, 36 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.—
Willdenow, Spec, iy, 445; Enum. 976; Berl. Banmz. 342.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxi, No. 60.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Miobaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. il, 126, t. 26; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 84, t. 28.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 6.30.—
Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 169.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii,
170.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 157.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 602.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358; Nicollet's Rep.
160; Fl. N. York, 189, t. 106.— Bock, Bot. .329.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1877, f. 1740-1744 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.—
Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 376.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 48, t.
10; 2 ed. i, 163 <fe t.— Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 446.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darliugton, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 269.— Darby, Bot.
S. States, 510.- Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soo. iii, 369, t. 9.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
422.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI.
Book, 644; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 262.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. t,209; Trans. St.
Louis Acad, iii, 394.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 60.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866,
72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmann, Ch6nes Am. Trop. t. A, B.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 70.—
Young, Bot. Texas, 504.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska &. Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Macoun in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 209.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 83.— Bell in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51=.

Q. rubra maxima, Marshall, Arbustum, 122.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. BerUn, iii, 395.

Q. rubra, var. latifolia, Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v, 292.— Loudon. Arboretum, iii, 1877.

Q. rubra, var. montana, Aiton,Hort.Kew.2ed.v, 292.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1877.

Q. ambigua, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 120, t. 24 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 81, t. 26 [not HBK.].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,
6:J0.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1881, f. 1749 & t.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 384.

Q. coccinea, var. rubra, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165.

Q. coccinea, var. ambigud. Gray, Manual N. states, 5 ed. KA.

Q. rubra, var. runciimta, a. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 60.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iii, 542.

148 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

B£D OAK. BLACK OAK.

Nova Scotia, southem New Brunswick to eastern Minnesota, western Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian
territory, south to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river,
Texas.

A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 45 meters {Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in
diameter; very common, especially at the north, in all soils and extending farther north than any Atlantic oak.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by
several rows of very large open ducts; medullary rays few, conspicuous; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood
somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.6540 ; ash, 0.26; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and somewhat
for interior finish, in the manufacture of chairs, etc.

Var. Texana, Buckley,
Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 123. — Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 14.
Q. palustriSf Torrey & Gray in Pacific E. R. Kep. li, 175 [not Du Roi].
Q. OOCCinea, var. microcarpa, Torrey, Bot. Mei. Boundary Survey, 206.
Q. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 44!>.— Young, Bot. Texas, 507.

RED OAK.

Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river with the species and replacing it south and west, extending to
the valley of the Nueces river and the Limpia mountains (Eavard).

A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter.

Wood heavier, harder, much closer-grained than the species, not checking in drying; layers of annual growth
marked with fewer and smaller open ducts ; specific gravity, 0.9080; ash, 0.85.

273. — Quercus coccinea, Wangenheim,

Amer. 44, t. 4. f, 9. — Muhlenberg &Willdenow in NeueSchriften Gesell. Nat. l''r. Berliu, iii, 398. — Michaux, Hist. ChfinesAm. No. 18, t.31,
32; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199. — Willdenow, Spec. iv,445; Enum. 976; Berl. Baumz. 343. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx,61. — Persoon, Syn. ii,
569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 116, t. 23 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 79, t.
25.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2ed.v, 292.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630. —Eaton, Manual, 108; 6ed.292.—Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton,
Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 169.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 171.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 157.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 602.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 863.—
Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358 ; Fl.N. York, ii, 189.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1879, f. 1746-1748 & t.— Eaton &.
Wright, Bot. 384.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 376.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165.— Emerson, Trees Slassachusetts, 144, t. 9 ; 2 ed. i, 163
& t.— Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 446.— Penn. Cycl. six, 216. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 268. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper
in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 40. —
Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 61.— Orsted
in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72. — Gray, "Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453. — Liebmanu, Chines Am.
Trop. t. B. — Koch, Dendrologic, ii'^, 69. — Young, Bot. Texas, .504. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis
Acad, iii, 385, 394.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 80.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156.

Q. rubra, /3. Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357.

SCARLET OAK.

Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and
northeastern Missouri, south to Delaware and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to northern
Florida.

A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 54 meters {Ridgway) in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 to 1.20
meter in diameter; at the east in dry, sandy soil or, less commonly, in rich, deep soil; in the northwestern prairie region
with ^. macrocarpa forming the oak-opening growth; not common and reaching its greatest development in the
basin of the lower Ohio river.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarsegrained ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large
open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ; specific
gravity, 0.7405 ; ash, 0.19 ; if used at all, confounded with that of Q. rubra.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 149

274. — Quercus tinctoria, Bartram,

Travels, 2 ed. 37. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 5C. — Micbaiix, Hist. Cbcnes Am. No. 13, t. 24,25; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198. — Willdenow, Spec
iv, 444; Euiim.976; Berl. Baumz. 344. — Deafontaines, Hist. Aib. ii, 509. — Poiret, Suppl. ii,221. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 110,
t.22; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 76, t.24.— Aiton.Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 629.— Smith in Roes' Cycl.
XXX, No. 58.— Bartoa, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 168.— Eaton, Manual, 108 ; 6 ed. 292.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 21 ; 2 ed. i, 32.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 169.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 156.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 601.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862.—
Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357; Fl. N. Yorlj,ii, 188.— Audubon, Birds, t. 82. — Beck, Bot. 328. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1884,
f. 17.53, 1754.-k-Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Bigelow.Fl. Bcston. 3 ed. 376.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,
164.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 141, t. 7; 2 ed. i, 160 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 586.- Gray, Manual N. Stales, 1 ed. 416.—
Darlington. Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.268. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois
Ag. Soc. iii, 627, t. 8. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 39. — Lesquereux in
Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 645. — Engelmann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad,
iii, 395.— Porcber, Eesources S. Forests, 238.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Altryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 45, 72, f. 18.—
Liebmann, Chcnes Am. Trop. 9, f. 6.— Young, Bot. Texas, 504. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Guibourt,
Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 288.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. — Beutley & Trimen, Med.Fl. iv, 251, t.2ul.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus. 1882, 84.

f Q. velulina, Lamarck, Diet, i, 172.— Koch, Dendrologie, iii", 68.

Q. nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 120 [not LinniBus].— Wangenheim, Amer. 79, t. 6, f. 16.

Q. rubra, Wangenheim, Amer. 14, t. 3, f. 7 [not LinnsBus]. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr.
Berlin, iii, 399.

Q. discolor, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 358. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii. 111. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 444; Berl. Baumz. 345. —
Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx. No. 59.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 601.— Sprengel,
Syst. iii, 863.— Beck, Bot. 329.-Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.

Q. tinctoria, var. angulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1858.

Q. tinctoria, var. simiosa, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1885, f. 1755-1757.— Liebmann, Chdne*
Am. Trop. t. C.

t Q. Shumardii, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 445.

Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454.— Wood, 01. Book, 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 61.

BLACK OAK. YELLOW-BAEK OAK. QUERCITRON OAK. YELLOW OAK.

Southern Maine to northern Vermont, Ontario, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and
the Indian territory, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and
eastern Texas.

A large tree, 24 to 36 or, exceptionally, 48 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in
diameter; generally on dry or gravelly uplands; very common.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarsegrained, liable to check in drying; layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of very large open ducts; color, bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much
lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7045 ; ash, 0.28 ; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc.

The bark largely used in tanning; the intensely bitter inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye, and is
occasionally used medicinally in tlie form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage {U. S. Dispensatory,
14 ed. 756. — N^at. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1196).

275. — Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry,

Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89, 286, f. 6.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. -lee.— R. Brown Campst. Horse Sylvanse, 58, f. 4-6.— Engelmann in
Bot. California, ii, 99.

Q. rubra, Bentham,Pl. Hartweg. 337 [not Linnseus].

Q. tinctoria, var. Californica, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205 ; Ives' Rep. 28.

Q. Californica, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.

Q. 8om>mensis, Bentham in De Candolle Prodr. xvi^, 62.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 230.— Orsted in Saerskitt.
Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep.
vi, 374. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596.

BLACK OAK.

Valley of the Mackenzie river, Oregon, south through the Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mouutains to the southern borders of California.

^Qj

y

^

150 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in heigbt, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at high elevations
reduced to a shrub ; the most common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the California
Sierras.

Wood heavy, bard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several
rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, broad, conspicuous; color, light red, the thin sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.G4.35 ; ash, 0.26 ; of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning.

276. — Quercus nigra, Linnffins,

Spec. 1 ed. 995. — Lamarck, Dict,i, 721. — Wangenhoim, Amer. 77,t. 5, f. 13. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,234. — Aiton, Hort. Kew.iii,:{57; 2
ed.v,291.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 50; ii,58.— Mlchaux, Hist. CbSnes Am. No. 17, t. 22,23; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— Muhlenberg <t
Willdenow in NeueSchriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. — ^Willdenow, Spec, iv, 442. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxi,No. 53. — Persoon,
Syn. ii, 569.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 509.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 629.— Eaton, Mannal, 108; 6 ed. 292.— Barton, Compend.n.
Philadelph. ii, 168.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 168.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 600.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, :i57 ;
Fl. N. York, ii, 188; Bot. Mex. Boundary Sun-ey, 206.— Audubon, Birds, t. 118.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1890, f.
1764, 1765.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 162.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 267.— Darby, Bot. S. Statt-s, 510.—
Cooper in Smithsouiau Eep. 18.j8, 255. — Brondol in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 625, t. 7. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis In
Eep. Geological Surv.N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 38. — Lesqncrenx in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 644; Bot. & Fl.
305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 63.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For.Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 72.— Gray , Manual N. States,
5 ed. 453 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Liebmann, Cbfenes Am. Trop. t. A. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 61. — Young, Bot. Texas, 503. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 20. — Ridg way in Proo. Nat. Mus. 1882, 82. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156.

Q. nigra, var. lati/olia, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721.

Q. nigra integrifolia, Marshall, Arbustnm, 121.

t Q. aquatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.

Q. Marylandica, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399.

BLACK JACK. JACK OAK.

Long island, New York, west through northern Ohio and Indiana to about latitude 55° N. in Wisconsin,
southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about 99° west longitude, south to
Matanzas inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas.

A small tree, sometimes 12 or even 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter,
or more often much smaller; dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through the southern
states, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas, Indian territory, and eastern Texas,
forming, with the post-oak (Q. obtusiloba), the growth of the Texas cross-timbers.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of
large open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood much lighter;
specific gravity, 0.7324; ash, 1.16; of little value except as fuel.

277. — Quercus falcata, Michaui,

Hist. Chfines Am. No. 16, t. 28 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. Ii, 199.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Michani f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 104, t. 21 ;
N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 73, t. 23.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii,
170.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 169.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 604.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
293.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1882, f. 1750, 1751.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.
269.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422.— Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii, 39.- Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 2.50.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', .59.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866,
72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmann, Chtnes Am. Trop. t. A, t. 22, f. 3.— Young, Bot. Texaa,
505. —Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 80.

Q. rubra montana, Marshall, Arbustnm, 123.

Q. nigra digitata, Marshall, Arbustnm, 121.

Q. cuneata, Wangeuheim, Amer. 78, t. 6, f. 14.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 64.

Q. clongata, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 400.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 444.— Smith in
Rees' Cycl. xxx, 57. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291.

Q. triloba, Michaux, Hist. Chtoes Am. No. 14, t. 26.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 443; Berl. Bauniz. 342.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. ixx,
No. 54.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 220.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,628.—
Hayne, Dend. Fl. 156.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck. Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual,
6 ed. 202.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Wood, CI. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.

i

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 151

Q.falcata, var. triloba, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 604.— Daxby, Bot. 8. States, 511.— A. De Candolle, Prodr.
xvi», 59.

Q./alcata, ■va.r. pagodcefolia, Elliott, Sk. ii, 605.— Darby, Bot. S. states, 511. — Cnrtis in Bep. GeoIo((ical Snry. K. Carolina,

1860,iii,39.

Q. discolor, var. triloba, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 163.
Q.falcata, var. Ludoviciana, A.DeCandolle.Prodr. xvi«.59.

SPANISH OAK. RED OAK.

LoDg island, New York, south to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the
Brazos liver, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern
Illinois and Indiana.

A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly uplands
and barrens; in the north Atlantic states only near the coast; rare; most common and reaching its greatest
development in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, where, in the middle districts, it is the most common forest tree.

Wood heavy, very hard and strong, not durable, coarse-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual
growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, conspicuous; color, light red,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6928; ash, 0.25; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc., and very
largely for fuel.

The bark rich in tannin.

278. — Quercus Catesbaei, Michaux,

Hist. Chines Am. No. 17, t. 29, 30 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199,— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 27, 1. 14.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 446.— Smith in Eees
Cycl. XXX, No. 62. — Persoon, Syn. 569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 101, t.
20; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i. 71, t. 22.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 172.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 603.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 866.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.—
London, Arboretum, iii, 1889, f. 1762, 1763.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384 — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 162.— Darby, Bot. S. States, .'>10.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. —
Wood, CI. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 59.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt.
Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 67.— Young, Bot. Texaa, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.

? Q. te»i«, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.

TURKEY OAK. SORITB OAK. FORKED-LEAF BLACK JACK. BLACK JACK.

North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar and Pease creek, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama
and Mississippi.

A small tree, 7 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; very common in the south
Atlantic and east Gulf states upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine belt; rare in Mississippi.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large
•pen ducts and containing many much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad, conspicuous
medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.7294; ash,
0.87 ; largely used for fuel.

279. — Quercus palustris, Du Eoi,

Harbk. ii, 268, t. 5, f. 4.— Wangenheim, Amer. 76, t. 5, f. 10.— Michaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 19, t. 33, 34 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.^- [ ^ ,
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 446; Enum.970; Berl. Baumz. 343. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, \^ J>
222.- Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 123, t. 25 ; N. American Sylva, i, 83, t. 27.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 cd. v, 292.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. ^— ^
XXX, No. 6.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 631.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compeud. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 170.— Eaton, Manual, 108;
6ed. 293. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 172.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 158. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863. — Torrey, Compend.
Fl. N. States, 358; Fl. N. York, ii, 190, t. 107.— Beck, Bot, 329.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1887, f. 1758-1761 & t.— Eaton & Wright,
Bot. 384. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 166.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 269. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans.
Hlinois Ag. Soc. iii, 631.- Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306. — A. Do Candolle,
Prodr. xvi^, 00.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. al. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 23, 72, f. 4.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.
454. — Liebniann, Chines Am. Trop. t. A. — Koch, Dcndmlogie, ii^, 71. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 cd. i, 167 & t. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 27.— W. E. Stone in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix,57.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 83.- Burgess in Coulter's
Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 649.

Q. rubra, var. dinsecta, Lamarck, Diet, i, 120.

Q. rubra ramosisaima, Marshall, Arbustum, 122.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in NeueSchriftenGesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 398.

152 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

PIN OAK. SWAMP SPANISH OAK. WATEE OAK.

Valley of the Connecticut river, Massachusetts (Amherst, Stone), to central Few York, south to Delaware and
the District of Columbia; southern Wisconsin to eastern Kansas, soutlicru Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee.

A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters [Eidtjway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter;
low, rich soil, generally along the borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest
development west of the Alleghany mountains.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarsc-gruiued, inclined to check badly in drying; layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color, light brown,
thesap-wood rather darker; specific gravity, 0.6938; asli, 0.81; somewhat used for shingles, clajiboards, construction,
and in cooperage.

280. — Quercus aquatica, Walter,

Fl. Carolinian.-!, 234. — Alton, Ilort. Kcw. iii, 357 ; <i ed. v, 290. — .\bl)ot, Insects Georjjia, ii, t. 59, 79. — Micbaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No.
11, t. 19, 20, 21 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in N"eue Scbiiftcn Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399.— Persoon, Syn.
ii, 569. — DesfoutaioeB, Hist. Arb. ii, 509. — Poiret, Snpiil. ii, 2;i0. — Michaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 89, 1. 17 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 1, 65,
1. 19. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 52. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 168. — Nouveau Duhamel,
vii, 167.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 599.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Andubou, Birds, t. 24.— Beck, Bot.
328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1892, f. 1767.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 304.- Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 161.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 18.58, 25.">. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 37. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305. — A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi*,
67.- Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nog. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452 ; Hall's PI. Texas,
21. — Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. D. — Young, Bot. Texas, 503. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.

Q. nigra aquatica, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721.

Q. nigra trifida, Marshall, Arbustum, 121.

f Q. Uliginosa, Wangenheim, Amer. 80, t. 6, f. 18.

Q. hemisphcerica, willdenow, Spec.iv, 443.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 628.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628.— Smith in Kees' CycL xxx.
No. 56, 628.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Mlohanx L N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. 187.

Q. nana, Willdenow, Spec. 448.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 599.

Q. aquatica, vara, cuneata, elongata, indivisa, attenuata, Aiton.Hort. Kew.2ed.v,290.

Q, hemisphcerica, var. nana, Nuttall, Genera, ii,214.

Q. aquatica, var. hybrida, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421.

Q. nigra, Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 61, in part.

WATEE OAK. DUCK OAK. POSSUM OAK. PUNK OAK.

Sussex county, Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida,
through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and through Arkansas to the valley of the Black
river, southeastern Missouri (Poplar Bluffs, Letterman), middle Kentucky and Tennessee.

A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; generally along streams and
bottoms in heavy, undrained soil, or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest development
along the large streams in the maritime pine belt of the cistern Gulf states.

Wood heavy, liard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large
open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous: color, rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity,
0.7244 ; ash, 0.51 ; probably not used except as fuel.

281. — Quercus laurifolia, Michanx,

Hist. Chenes Am. No. 10, 1. 17 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spec, i v, 4:i7. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 567.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 14.—
Aiton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. v, 288.— Pur.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 153.— Elliott, Sk. ii,
597.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1897, f. 1775, 1776.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Caroliua, 1860, iii, 36. — Liebmann, Chdues Am. Trop. t. D. — Wood, CL
Book, 643. — Vasey, Cat. Forest 'I'rees, 26. — Engeliuaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 395.

Q. laurifolia hybrida, Michanx, Hist. Ch6ncs Am. No. 10, 1. 18.

Q. laurifolia, var. ohtma, WilIdenow,Spec.iv,428.— Alton, TIort..Kew. 2 ed.v, 288. —Wood, CI. Book, 343.

Q. laurifolia, var. OCWto, Willdenow.Spec. iv, 428.— Aiton.Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v, 288.

Q. ohttisa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.

Q. Phellos, var. laurifolia, Cbapman.Fl.S. States, 420.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 305.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.

Q. aquatica, var. laurifolia, A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 68.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 153

LATJEEL OAK.

North Caroliua, soutli near the coast to Mosquito inlet and cape Eomano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to
the shores of Mobile bay.

A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; most common and reaching
its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Florida coast.

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, coarse- grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked
by several rows of rather small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, dark brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood ligli-ter; specific gravity, 0.7673 ; ash 0.82.

282. — Quercus heterophylla, Michauxf.

Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 87, t. 16; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.i,64, t. 18.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.— Barton, Compend.Fl. Philadelph. ii,
167. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylva, i,15; 2ed. i,24. — Green in Universal Herbal, ii,442.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.—
Sweety Cat. 2 ed. 466.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— Loudon , Arboretum, iii, 1894.— Eaton & Wriglit, Bot. 383.—
Gale in Proc. Nat. lust. 1855, 70, f. 1.— Wood, CI. Book, 645.— Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 361 ; 1862, 100.— Gray, HaU'«
PI. Texas, 21. — Liebinann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. B. — Meehan in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1875, 437, 465; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vll,
10. — Leidy in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1875, 415. — Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 391. — Martindale, Notes on
the Bartram Oak, 3; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 303.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114.

Q. aquatica, var. heterophylla, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 68.

Q. nigra, var. Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 255.

Q. Phellos X tinctoria. Gray, Manual N. States, 4 ed. 406.

Q. Phellos, var. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453.

Q. Phellos Xcoccinea, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 541.

BABTEAM'S OAK.

New Jersey, Salem and Cumberland counties, "restricted to a line or belt bordering extreme tidal points of
streams entering the Delaware river where the alluvial terminates and the upland commences," {Commons)-,
Delaware, near Townsend station and Wilmington ; North Carolina {M. A. Curtis in herb. Canby) ; eastern Texas
{E. Hall) ; this perhaps Q. JDurandii.

A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; rare and very local.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of
small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
somewhat darker ; specific gravity, 0.6834 ; ash, 0.17.

283. — Quercus cinerea, Michaux,

Hist. Chfines Am.No. 8,t.l4; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 425.— Persoon, Syn. ii,567.— Poiret, Snppl. ii, 212.— Michaux
f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 82, 1. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i,61,t. 16.— Aitou, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. v, 288.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,626.—
Smith in Rees' Cycl. xsx. No. 6. — Nuttall. Genera, ii, 214. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 151. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 594. — Sprengel, Syst. iii,
857.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 6 ed. 294.— Eugelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262.—
Scheele in Eoemcr, Texas, 446. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in Eep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 37.— Wood, CI. Book, 643 ; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 73.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat.
For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Koch,
Dendrologio, iii", 58. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Eugelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 395.

Q. Prinus, p. LinncBus, Spec. 1 ed. 995.

Q. humilis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,234.

Q. Phellos, var. cinerea, Aiton,Hort.Kew.iii,J54.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1895, f. 1773.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xl, 161.

UPLAND WILLOW OAK. BLUE JACK. SAND JACK.

North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar and Pease creek, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to
the valley of the Brazos river, Texas, extending north tlirough eastern Texas to about latitude 33°.

A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter; sandy barrens and
dry upland ridges.

Wood lieavy, hard, strong, close grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of not
large open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
darker ; specific gravity, 0.6420 ; ash, 1.21.

164 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

284. — Quercus hypoleuca, Engelmann,
Trans. St. Louie Acad, iii, 384 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 251 .— Vasey, Cat. Forest Ttfees, 20.— Eusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 78.
Q. eon/ertifoHa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 207 [not HBK.].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,201.

Limpia mouutains, Texas {Havard), valleys of the high mountain ranges of southwestern New Mexico, Santa
Eita mountains, Arizona, above C,000 feet elevation ; southward into Soiiora.

A small evergreen tree of great beauty, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.75 meter in diameter;
dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large specimens hollow and defective.

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by few small
open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity,
0.8009; ash, 1.34.

285. — Quercus imbricaria, Michaux,

Hist. Chfines Am. No. 9, t. 15, 16 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197. — Willdonow, Spec, iv, 428 ; Ennm. Suppl. 64 ; Bcrl. Banmz. 338. — Persoonr
Syn. ii, 567. — Poiret, Snppl. ii, 214.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 78, 1. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 60, t. 15.— Alton, Hort. Kew.
2 ed. V, 288.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 15. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl.
Philadelph. ii, 167. — Nonveau Dubaoiel, vii, 153. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 598. — Sprongel, Syst. iii, 857. — Torrey,
Couipend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1898, f. 1777.— Eaton A
Wright, Bot. 383.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 130.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 623, t. 6. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4'.i0. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 36.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi",
6:5.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1860, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452— Young, Bot.
Texas, 502. — Liebniann, Chfiues Am. Trop. t. D, t. xxii, f. 5. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 60. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. —
Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 80.

Q. Phellos, var. imbricaria, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 160.

SHINGLE OAK. LAUREL OAK.

Allentowu, Lehigh county, Pennsylvania (Porter), west through southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and
•outheastern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska and northeastern Kansas, south to northern Georgia and Alabama,
middle Tennessee, and northern Arkansas.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rich woodlands.

Wood heavy, hard, rather coarse grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many
rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7529 ; ash, 0.43 ; occasionally used for clapboards, shingles, etc.

/ 286. — Quercus Phellos, Linntens,

Spec. 1 ed. 994. — Lamarck, Diet, i, 722. — Wangenheim, Amer. 76, t. 5,f. 11. — Walter, Fl. CaroUniana, 234. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,:l54;
2 ed. V, 287. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 52, 91. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 423 ; Enum. 974 ; Berl.
Baumz. 337. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 7. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 567. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 507. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.
ii,75, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 58, t. 14.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 625.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl.
Philadelph. ii, 167. — Nnttall, Genera, ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 15 ; 2 ed. i, 17. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 150. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155. — Elliott,
Sk. ii, 593.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 187.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6
ed. 383.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1894, f. 1774 & t.— Eaton <t Wright, Bot. 383.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 160.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.—
Darby, Bot. S. States, 509. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.55. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 420. — Cnrtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 36.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De
CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 63.— Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5
ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii«, 59.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Qortenflora,
xxix, 221 & f.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 83.

Q. Phellos angustifolia, Marshall, Arbnstum, 124.

Q. Phellos lati/oUa, Marshall, Arbnstum, 124.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1895 &. t.

Q. Phellos, var. viridis, Alton, Hort. Kew. Ui, 354.

Q. Phellos, var. humilis, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 625.

WILLOW OAK. PEACH OAK.

Tottenville, Staten island. New York, south near the coast to northeastern Florida, through the Gulf states to
the valley of the Sabine river, Texas, and through Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, and southern
Kentucky.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 155

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 meter in diameter; bottom lands or rich sandy
uplands.

Wood heavy, strong, not hard, rather close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several
rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays few, distant ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter
red ; specific gravity 0.7472 ; ash, 0.50 ; somewhat used for fellies of wheels, clapboards, in construction, etc.

287. — Quercus densiflora, Hooker & Amott,

Bot. Beechey, 301.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 380.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 11, t. 5; 2 ed. i, 21, t. 5.— Torrey in
Pacific K. R. Eep. iv, 138.— Bot. Wilkes Exped. 458.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 31, 89, f. 8.— A. De Candolle, Prodi.
xvi*, 82. — Bolander iu Proc. California Acad, iii, 231. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — ^Engelmann in Trans. St. Loais Acad, iil,
38'J ; Bot. Caiil'omia, ii, 99.

Q. echinacea, Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 137, t. 14.

Pasania densiflora, Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.

Q. echinoides, R. Brown Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871, 2.

TAWBAKK OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. PEACH OAK.

>

Valley of the Pmpqua river, Oregon, south through the Coast ranges to the Santa Lucia mountains, California.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rich valleys and banks of streams;
most common and reaching its greatest development in the redwood forests of the California coast.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, containing broad bands of small open ducts parallel
to the thin, dark, conspicuous medullary rays ; color, bright reddish-brown, the thick sap-wood darker brown ;
specific gravity, 0.C827; ash, 1.49; largely used as fuel.

The bark, rich in tannin, very largely used and preferred to that of any other tree of the Pacific forests for
tanning.

Note. — Tlie following shrubby species of Quercus do not properly find a place in this catalogue :

Quercus undulata, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248, t. 4.
Interior Pacific region from Colorado southward.

Quercus Breweri, Engelmimn in Bot. California, ii, 96.

Q. Ijhata, var. Ji-utico^a, Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonls Acad. Ill, 388.
Western slopes of the high Sierra Novadas, California.

Quercus Oeorgiana, M. A. Curtis in Chapman's Fl. S. States.
Stone Mountain, Georgia.

Quercus myrtifolia, Willdcnow, Sp. iv, 424.

Q. Fhtllos, var. armaria, Chapman, m. S. States, 420.

Q. aquatka, var. myrtifolia, A. De Can<loUe, Prodr. xvl, (a.

South Atlantic and Gulf coast.

Quercus ilicifoUa, Wangenheim, Amer. 79, t. 0, £ 17.

Q. Ilanisteri, Michaax, Hist ChSnos Am. 1 27. ,

North Atlantic region.

Quercus pumila, W.-ater, n. Carollana, 234.

Q. Phellos pumila, Michanx, Hist Cbtoos Am. 1 15, t L

Q. cinerea, var. pumila, Chapman, M. S. States, 421.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. U, 74.

Q. cinerea, var. utricea, Engelmann in Trans. St Lonls Acad, iil, 384.

Q. sericea, WlUdcnow, Spec. 424.

Q. Phelloa, var. tericea, Alton, Hort. Kew. iil, 351.

Pine barrens. South Carolina.

Quercus dumosa, Nuttall, Sjlva, l, 7.

Q. berberidij'olia, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. ForhandL 1854, 17J, In part

Q. dumosa, var. bullata, Engelmann in Bot CaUfomia, 296.

Q. acutidena, Torrey, Bot Mei. Boundary Survey, 207, t. 51.
Coast ranges of southern Calif'>rnia.
Kumerons hybrid or supposed hybrid oaks, variously described by American botanists, are not properly considered here.

166 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

288. — Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. De Candolle;

SeemanD's Jour. Bot. i, 182 ; Prodr. xvl», 109. — Watson in King's Kcp. v, 322 ; Bot. California, ii, 100. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 401. —
Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 463. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.

Castanea chrytophylla, Douglas in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. ii, 496, t. 16.— Benthara, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii, 159.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 21; 2 ed. i, 37.— Bot. M»g. t. 4953.— Torrey in Pacific K. R. Rep. iv, 137; Bot.
Hex. Boundary Survey, 205.— Morren in Belg. Hort. vii, 248, t. 240.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 26, 89,
f. 4. — Fl.des Serres, xii, 3, 1. 1184. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,261. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, ii, 280. —
Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 231. — Engelmann in Wheeler'sRep. vi, 375. — Shingles in London Gard. Chronicle,
1882, 716.

Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337-

Castanea sempervirens, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 71.

C. chrysophylla, var. minor, a. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 110.

C. chrysophylla, var. pumila, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.

CHINQUAPIN.

Cascade mountains, Oregon, below 4,000 feet elevation, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas,
and through the California Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains.

A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at high elevations and toward
its southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Coast
Eange valleys of northern California ; at its southern limits rarely below 10,000 feet elevation.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a single row of rather
large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.5574 ; ash, 0.35 ; in southern Oregon occasionally used in the manufacture of plows and other
agricultural implements.

289. — Castanea pumila, Miller,

Diet. No. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 193.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 461; Enum. 980; Berl. Baumz. 78.— Smith
in Rees' Cycl. xiv, No. 2. — Nouveau Dnhamel, iii, 79. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 500. — Michaux f. Hist.
Arb. Am. ii, 166, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 16, t. 105.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 298.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,624.—
Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 159; New Fl. & Bot. i,83. — Nuttall, Genera, ii,217 ; Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 168. — Hayne, Dend. Fl.
165.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 287.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 615.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 355 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 196.— Audubon,
Birds, t. 85.— Beck, Bot. 332.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 84.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 350.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 2002, f. 11^27, 1928.- Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 184.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 192.— Darlington, PI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 270.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 512.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1658, 256. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424. — Curtis in Rep.- Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47. — Lesquereux
in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 646 ; Bot. & Fl. 307.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 237.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi', 115. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455. — Young, Bot. Texas, 508. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 24. — Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 27. — Butler in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 17.

FagUS pumila, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 998.— Da Roi, Harbk. i, 175.— Wangenheim, Amer. 57. t. 19, f. 44.— Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 233. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 57.

Fagus Castanea pumila, Marshall, Arbnstum, 47.

Fagus pumila, var. prwcox, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 233.

G. nana, Muhlenberg, Cat. 86.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 615.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 512.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.

0. alnifolia, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 217 ; Sylva, i, 19, t. 6 ; 2 ed. i, 36, t. 6.

C. vesca, Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388 [not Gsertner].

CHINQUAPIN.

Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and the valley of the lower Wabash river, Indiana, south and southwest to
northern Florida and the valley of the Neches river, Texas.

A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.05 meter in diameter, or often, especially in the
Atlantic states, reduced to a low shrub; rich hillsides and borders of swamps; most common and reaching its
greatest development in southern Arkansas.

Wood light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying; layers
of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark
brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.5887 ; ash, 0.12 ; used for posts, rails, railway
ties, etc.

The small nuts sweet and edible.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 157

290. — Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, A. De Candolle,

Prodr.xvi^, 114.— Schneck in Coulter's Bot. Gnzottc, vi, 159.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53<:.— Eidgway in Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 1882, 84.

Fagus Castanea dentata, Marshall, Arbnstum, 46.

FagilS Castanea, Wangcnbeim, Amer. 47 [not Linntens]. — Walter, FI. Caroliniana, 233. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361, in part. —
Lamarck, 111. iii, :t6(;, t. 782, in part.

C. vescd, var. Americana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-An . ii, 193.— Persoou, Syn. ii, .572.— Barton, Prodr. FI. Philadelph. 90. —
Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 024.- Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 84.— Niittall, Genera, ii, 217.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 614.— Torrey,
Compend. FI. N. States, 35.'j ; Fl. N. York, ii, ig.'i, t. 111.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1984.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
184. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 164, 2 ed. i, 187 »fc t. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 238. Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 27.— Rndkin in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club,vii,81.

G. Americana, Kaiinesque, New 1^1. & Bot. i,82.— Willdenow,Enura. Suppl. 64.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 24; 2 ed. i, 38.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. xi, 191. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii'', 23. — Martindale in Proc.
Philadelphia Acad. 1880, 2.

G. vesca, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460, in part. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, !J00, in part. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 151, t.
6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 11, I. 104 [not Goertner]. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 165, in part. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856, in
part.— Beck, Bot. 332.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 350.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 224.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 270.— Darby,
Bot. S. States, 511.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 46.— Wood,
CL Book, 646; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455.

CHESTNUT.

Southern Maine to the valley of the Winooski river, Vermont, southern Ontario and southern Michigan, south
through the northern states to Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern
Alabama, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.

A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter; rich woods and hillsides;
very common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains.

Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and warp in drying, easily split, very durable in
contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4504; ash, 0.18; largely used in cabinet-making,
for railway ties, posts, fencing, etc.

The fruit, although smaller, superior in sweetness and flavor to that of the European chestnut.

An infusion or fluid extract of the dried leaves is successfully employed in the treatment of whooping-cough
and other pectoral aflections ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 245. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 364).

y

291. — Fagus ferruginea, Alton, ^

Hort. Kew. iii, 362 ; 2ed. v, 298.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 75. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460; Enum. 980; Berl. Baumz. 140. — Persoon,
Syn. ii, 571.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 496.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 174, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 21, 1. 106.— Smith
in Rees' Cycl. xiv. No. 4.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.- Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 90 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 174.— Eaton,
Manual, 108; 6 ed. 145.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 354; Fl. N. York, ii, 194, t. 110.— Beck. Bot.
33:j.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 145.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1917.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 1.59.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 244.—
Bigelow, FI. Boston. 3 ed. 374.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 271.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
425.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 307.— A. Dt Candolle, Prodr. xvi=, 118.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 19. — V asey , Cat. Forest Trees, 27. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. —
Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52'=.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85.

F. sylvatica atropunicea, Marshall, Arbustum, 46.

F. Americana lati/olia, Wangenheim,Amer.80,t.29, f. 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1916.

F. sylvatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 233 [not Linnfeus].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Darlington, FI.
Cestrica, 2 ed. 5:38.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 512.

F. Sfllvestris, Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii, 194.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 170, t. 8; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. iii,18,t. 107.—
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.

F. alba, Rarnies(nu', VLLndoviciana, 131.

F. sylvatica, var. Americana, NuttalI,Genera, ii,216.— Barton,Conipend. Fl.Philadelpb.ii,174.—Eniott,Sk.ii, 613.— Eaton,
Manual, 0 ed. 145.— Loudim, Arboretum, iii, 1953.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 244. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 153 ; 2
ed. i, Inii &. t.— Wood, CI. Book, 647. —Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 2;i5.

F. Americana, Sweet.Hort. Brit.- 8pach,Hi8t. Veg. xi,201.

F. ferrvginea, var. Caroliniana, Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1915.

158 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

BEECH. ' ,

2vova Scotia and the valley of the Eestegouche river to the northern shores of lake Huron and northern
Wisconsin, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west
to eastern Illinois, southeastern IMissouri, and Madison county, Arkansas {Letterman).

A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 34 meters {Ridgway) in height, with a tmnk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in
diameter ; rich woods, or at the south sometimes in bottom lands or the dryer portions of swamps, reaching its
greatest development upon the "bluff" formations of the lower Mississippi basin; very common.

Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in
drying, diflBcult to season, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; color,
varying greatly with soil and situation, dark red, or often lighter, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity,
0.6883 ; ash, 0.51 ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel.

V

292. — Ostrya Virginica, Willdeuow,

Spec, iv, 469; Enum. 982 ; Berl. Baumz. 260.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 573.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 302.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.— Eaton,
Manual, 109; 6 ed. 244.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 169.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 618.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.— Toirey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl. N. York, ii, 185,t. 102.— Audubon, Birds, t. 40.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii,
2015, f. 1940.— Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii, 160.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 336.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383.— Spach in Anu. Sci. Nat.
2 ser. xvi,246; Hist. Veg.xi, 218.— Emerson, Trees Mass-achusetts, 177 ; 2 ed. i, 201 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618. — Darlington,
Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 274.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 256. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 426. — Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 647; Bot. &FL
307. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 233. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 125. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 456. — Young, Bot. Texas,
510. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. — Sargent in Am. Nat. xi, 683. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179. — Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat.
MI18.85.

Carpinus Ostrya, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 998, in part.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 130.— Wangenheim, Amer. 48.— Marshall, Arbustum,
25.— Moench, Meth. 694. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 76. — Nonvean Duhamel,ii,200. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii,
53, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 27, 1. 109.

Carpinvs Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 4.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708 ; Wangenheim, Amer. 49.— Nonvean Dnhamel, ii,
201.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 493.— Smith in Roes' Cycl. vii, No. 5.

Carpinus triflora, Moench, Meth. 394.

Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana, Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii, 202.

0. Virginica, var. glandulosa, Spach in Ann, Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 218.

0. Virginica, var. eglandulosa, Spach. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 218.

0. Virginiana, Koch, Dendrologie, ii«, 6.

HOP HORNBEAM. IRON WOOD. LEVER WOOD.

Bay of Chaleur, through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and the lower Ottawa rivers, along the northern
shore of lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany
mountains to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and
Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas.

A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly
hillsides and knolls, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas; common.

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very
durable in contact with the soil ; medullarj' rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, or, like
the sap-wood, often nea,rly white ; specific gravity, 0.8284 ; ash, 0.50 ; used for posts, levers, handles of tools, etc.

293. — Carpinus Caroliniana, Walter,

Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 126.— Koch, Dondrologie, ii', 4.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. XTiii, 180.— Ridgway in
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85.

0. Americana, Lamarck, Diet. iv,708; Snppl. ii, 202.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 201.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 468; Enum.
Suppl. 64; Berl. Baumz. 75. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 573. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 57, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3 cd.
iii,26,t. 108.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,623.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 301.— Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 8'.'.— Barton.
Pro<lr. Fl. Philadelpb. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 176.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,21H.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 168.— Elliott,
Sk. ii, 618.— Watsou, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 157.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 8.54. —Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 107, t. 84.—
Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl. N. York, ii, 185, t. 103.— Penn. Cycl. iv, 315.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 2013,
f. 1936.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 160.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 182.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383.— Spach in Ann. Sci.
Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 252; Hist. Veg. xi, 224.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 174; 2 ed. i, 198 &t.— Parry in Owen'.s Rep.
618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 273.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 508.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256.— Chapman,
Fl. S. States, 425.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75. — Lesquereux in Oweu's 2d Rep. Arkansas,
388.— Wood, CI. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 307.— Gr.ay, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 4r>7; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Youug, Bot. Texas,
509.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, CO.— Bell iu Geological Rep. Canada,
1879-'80, 52<=.

0. .BetwJtts Firpiniana, Marshall, Arbustum, 25.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 159

HOENBEAM. BLUE BEECH. WATER BEECH. lEON WOOD.

Nova Scotia, soutbern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian bay, southern peninsala of Michigan to
northern Minnesota (lake Pokegania, Garrison), south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of
the Trinity river, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the Poteau river, Indian territory.

A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at the north
much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and
reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in southern
Arkansas and eastern Texas.

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying; medullary rays numerous,
broad; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7286 ; ash, O.'-'S; sometimes used for
levers, handles of tools, etc.

BETULACE^.

294. — Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach,

Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 187 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 233. — Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv», 19.— Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, sir, 76, t. 4, f. l^

19-28; Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Maconn iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55«.

B. lenta, Du Roi, Harbk. i, 92 [not LinnseusJ.— Wangenheim, Amer. 45, t. 29, f. 38.

B. populifolia, Marshall, Aibustuni, 19.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ill, 336; 2 ed. v, 299.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 37, t. 2,
f. 5 ; Spec, iv, 463. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 476.— Nouveaii Duhamel, iii, 204. — Poiret, Suppl.
1, 687.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 139, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 78, t. 71.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 11,620.-
Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv. No. 8. — Barton, Prodr. FI. Philadelph. 92 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 11, 175. — Eaton, Manual,
109; 6 ed.53.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218; Sylva, 1,25; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 166.— Sprengel, Syst. ill, 854.—
Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 151. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N. York, ii, 199, 1. 112. — Loudon, Arboretum, Hi,
1707, f. 1560.— Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am. 11, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Emerson, Tree*
Massachusetts, 213; 2 ed.l, 243 & t. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 421. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256. —
Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Kooh, Dendrologie, ii, 646.

B. acuminata, Ehrhart, Beltr. vi, 98.— McBUch, Meth. 693.

B. alba, suhspeciea populifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 399 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. ivi», 164.

WHITE BIRCH. OLD-FIELD BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH.

New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of lake Ontario, south,
generally near the coast, to New Castle county, Delaware.

A small, short-lived tree of rapid growth, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter;
dry, gravelly, barren soil or borders of swamps, now generally springing up upon abandoned or burned land in
eastern New England.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color, light brown, the sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5760 ; ash, 0.29; largely used in th«
manufacture of spools, shoe pegs, wood pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel.

The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. pupyrifera and B. lenta, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for
various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and for rheumatic and gouty complaints; the empyreumatic oil
of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the same purposes (U. 8.
Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1592. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 287) ; the bark occasionally used domestically in the manufactnra
of ink.

295. — Betula papyrifera, Marshall, ^/

Arbustum, 19. — Mlchanx,Fl. Bor.-Am. 11, 180.

B. papyracea, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Enum. 981; Berl. Baumz. 58,t.2,f.l.—
Nouveau Dnhamel,iii,205. — Persoon, Syn. 11, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. 11, 477. — Poiret, Suppl. 1, 688. — Michaux
f. Hist. Arb. Am. 11, 133, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 11, 70, t. 69.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. 1 v. No. 9.— Puish, Fl. Am. Sept.
11,621.- B. S. Barton, Bot. Appx. 34,t.27,f. I.— Eaton, Manual, 109; (i ed. 53.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Phil.adelph.ii,
175.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218 ; Sylva, 1, 25 ; 2 ed. 1, 42.— Hayne, Dend. FI. 167.— Watson, Dend. Brit.^ii, 1. 152.— Sprengel,
Syst. iii, 854.— Torrey, Compend. Vl. N. States. 355; Fl.N. York, ii, 199.- Audubon, Birds, t. 88.— Loudon, Arboretum,
iii, 1708, f. 1561 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. l.-)C.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.—
Pcnn. Cycl. 11, 349.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 210; 2 cd. i,239 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 437.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Hooker f. in Trans. Liunaian Soc. xxiii^ 300, 339.— Wood,
CI. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 645.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trces,28.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 180.— Bell in Geological
Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45'=.

160 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

B. nigra, LoiBelour in Nouvcou Duliamcl, ii, t. 51 [not Linnroas].

B. granclis, Schrader in Ind. Hort. Goett. 1833, 8.

B. rubra, LoddigeP, Cat. ed. 1836.

B. Canadensis, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.

B. alba, var. papyrifera, Spacli. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 28er. xv, 188 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 234.— Endlioher, Genera, Snppl. iv«, 19. —Kegel
in Mem. Soc. Not. Moscow, xix, 81, t. 5, f. .VIC.

B. CorHifolia, Rpjjcl in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 80, 1. 12, f. 29-36.

B. alba, anhsitecics papyrifera, Ergcl in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviu*, 401; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi»,166.

B. alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. cordifolia, Rcgol in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxTiii*, 401; De CandoUe, Prodr.
xvi«, 166.

B. alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. commvnis, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 401; Do CandoUe, Prodr.

XV i-, 160.

B. alba, subspecies commuiata, Kegel in Bnll. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 401 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 166.

B. occidentalis, Lyall in Jour. Linnaean Soc. vii, 134 [not Hooker].

B. alba, var. populifoUa, Winchell in Ludlow's Kep. Black Hills, 07 [not Spacli].

CANOE BIECH. WHITE BIECH. PAPER BIRCH.

Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay and northwest to the Great
Bear lake and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska, south, in the Atlantic region to Wading river, Long island,
the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, Clear lake, Montcalm county, Michigan, northeastern Illinois and Saint
Cloud, Minnesota ; in the Pacific region south to the Black hills of Dakota (JS. Douglas), the Mullen trail of the Bitter
Boot mountains and Flathead lake, Montana, the neighborhood of Fort Colville, Washington territory [Watson),
and the valley of the lower Fraser river, British Columbia {Engelmann <£* Sargent).

A tree IS to 24 meters iu height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woodlands and banks of
streams ; very common in the northern Atlantic region and reaching a higher latitude than any deciduous tree of
the American forest.

Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained," compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specitic gravity, 0.5955; ash, 0.25; largely used in the
manufacture of spools, shoe-lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc.

The very tough, durable bark easily separated into thin layers, impervious to water, is largely used in the
manufacture of canoes, tents, etc.

296. — Betula occidentalis. Hooker,

Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 197.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 22, t. 7 ; 2 ed. i, 40, t. 7.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. if'-,
20.— Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 466. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858.261; Am. Nat. iii, 408.— Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 131, t. 15, f. 35.— Porter in Hay den's Rep. 1871, 49:!.— Watson iu
King's Rep. V, 323, t. 35 ; PI. Wheeler, 17; Bot. Californi!i, ii, 79.— Porter & Haydon, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4,
127.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler. 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-'76, 210.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331.

B, alba, subspecies occidentalis typica, Kegel in BuH. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 400; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 165.

BLACK BIRCH.

British Columbia, south to the Mount Shasta region (Strawberry vale) and the eastern caBous of the Sierra
Nevadas above Owen's valley (Lemmon), California, and through the interior ranges and the Rocky mountains to
Utah and northern New Mexico.

A small tree, 8 to 12 meters iu height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; mountain caiions
and along streams, in moist .soil, often throwing up several stems from the ground and forming dense thickets.

Wood soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary lays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the
Bap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6030; iish, 0.30; somewhat used for fencing, fuel, etc.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 161

297. — Betula lutea, Micbmix f.

Hist. Arb. Am. ii,152,t.f>; N. Ainericau Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 82, t. 73.— Spacli in Anii. Sci. Nat.2 ser. xv, 191; Hist. Veg.xi, 243.— Endlicher,"
Genera, Snppl. iv-, 20.— Wood, Bot. «t Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459. —Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 640 —Vascy, Cat. Forest
Trees, 28. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, ISO.

B. excelsa, Pur8b,Fl.Ani. Sept. ii,G21 [not AitouJ. — Nuttall, Geuftra, ii, 218. — Sprengel, Syst. iii,854. — Torrey, Compend. Fl.
N. States, 355 ; FI.N. York, ii, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 53.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1711, f. 15G4, 15G5 & t.— Hooker,
Fl. Bor,-Am. ii, 156.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 15G.-Blgclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 382.— Lindley in Penu. Cycl. ii, 349.— Gray,
M«|iual N. States, 1 ed. 422. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 206; 2 ed.i,235&t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 438. —
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1830, iii, 74.— Wood, CI. Book, 048.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 50=.

jB. lenta, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 125, in part; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 417, in part; Do Candolle,
Prodr. xvi-, 179, in part.

YELLOW BIKCH. GRAY BIRCH.

Newfoundland, northern .s-.hores of tlie gulf of Saint Lawrence to Abittibi lake and the western shores of lake
Superior and Kaiuy lake, south through the northern states to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along the
Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of oS'orth Carolina and Tennessee.

One of the largest and most valuable deciduous trees of the northern New England and Canadian forests,
often 21 to 29 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; common.

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific
gravity, 0.0553; ash, 0.31; largely used for fuel, in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel molds, pill and
match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels.

298. — Betula nigra, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 982. — Marshall, Arbustum, 18. — ^Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 231. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 336 ; 2 ed. v, 299. — Gsertner, Fruct. ii, 54,
t. 90, f. 1. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Enum.931; Berl. Banmz. 56. — Nonveau Dnhamel, iii, 203, t. 51. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 572. —
Dest'ontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Smithin Rees' Cycl. iv. No. 2.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218. — Hayne, Deud.
Fl. 166.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 350, t. 760, f. 2.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 616.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 153.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 854.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N.York, ii, 201.— Beck, Bot. 325.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii^ 1710, f. 1!')C2, 1563 & t.— Penn. Cycl. 11,
149. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts 208; 2 ed. i, 237. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73. — Regel in Mem.
Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 118, 1. 12, f. 1-12 ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 412; DeCandolle, Prodr. xvi^, 175. — Lesquereux in Owen's
2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 649 ; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 266.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459;
Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 644. — Young, Bot. Texas, 512. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Burbank in Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist, xviii, 214.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, GO. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85.

B. lanulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 181.— Nouveau Dnhamel, iii, 206.

B. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 142, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 80, t. 72.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1248.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 53.— Eatou & Wright , Bot. 156.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 185; Hist. Veg. xi, 230.— Endlicher,
Genera, Suppl. iv-, 19.

B. angulata, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.

RED BIRCH. RIVER BIRCH.

Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket rivers, Middlesex and Essex counties, Massachusetts, Wading river. Long
island, south through the coast and middle districts to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to
western Iowa, northwestern ^Missouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas.

A tree 18 to 2J: meters in height, with atrunk rarely exceeding 0.75 meter in diameter; banks of streams and
ponds ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic states and in the basin of the
lower Mis.sissippi river.

Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the
sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.5762 ; ash, 0.35; used in the manufacture of furniture, woodenware,
wooden shoes, ox-yokes, etc.

11 FOR

/

162 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

< 299. — Betula lenta, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 983.— Lamarck, Diet. i,453.— Marshall, Arbustum, 19.— Aiton.Hort. Kew. iii,337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464;
Ennm. 981 ; Berl. Banmz. 59. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 572. — Desfotitaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 205. — Michaux f. Hist.
Arb. Am. ii, 147, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, 3cd. ii, 85, t. 74. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv. No. 3.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621.— Eaton, Manual,
109; 6 ed. 53.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 175.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218.— Hayne, Dend. FI. 167.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 617.-
Wateon, Dend. Brit, ii, 144.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 854.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl. N. York.ii, 200.— Guimpol, Otto &
Hayue.Abb. Holz. 105,t. 83.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1713, f. 1566.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 156.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.—
Bigelow, FI. Boston. 3 ed. 381. — Lindleyin Penn. Cycl. ii, 349. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 8er. xv, 190; Hist. Veg. xi,241. — Emerson,
Trees Miissachusetts, 203; 2 ed. i, 232 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 438. — Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. ivi^, 20. — Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 275.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 508.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 74. — Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviiiS 125, in part; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow,
xxxviii, 417, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 179, in part.— Wood, CI. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
265. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 458. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 639. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii,
180.— BeU in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, SS'.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85.

B. nigra, Du Roi, Harbk. i, 93.— Wangenheim, Amer. 35, t. 15, f. 34,

B. excelsa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337 ; 2 ed. v, 299 [not Pursh].— WiUdenow, Spec, iv, 464.— Berl. Baumz. 41, t. 2, f. 2.— Nonveau
Duhamel, iii, 203, t. 52. — Persoon, Syn. ii,572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Poiret, Snppl. i,687. — Smith in Rees'
Cycl. iv. No. 10. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. i, 7. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 28er. xv, 188; Hist. Veg. xi,243. — Endlicher, Genera,
iv«, 20.

B. carpinifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. vi,99.— Willdenow.Enum. 981; Berl. Baumz. 49.

CHEKRY BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH. MAHOGANY BIRCH.

Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay river, west through Ontario to the Mauitou islands of lake
Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahoochee
region of northern Florida, extending west to middle Kentncky and Tennessee.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1,50 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; very common
in all northern forests.

Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary
rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity,
0.7617; ash, 0.26; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
largely in ship-building.

" Birch beer" is obtained by fermenting the saccharine sap of this and perhaps some other species of the genus

300. — Alnus maritima, Muhlenberg,

Mss.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 34, t. 10^; 2 ed. i, 50, t. 10^.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Canby in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, vi, 1881. j-

t

Betula-Alnus maritima,, Marshall, Arbustum, 20. f

A. oblongata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 172, t, vi, f. 3-9 [not Willdenow].

A. maritima typica, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii\ 427 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 186. ^

SEASIDE ALDER.

Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast; valley of the Eed river, Indian territory, in about: '

longitude 96° 30' W, (E. Hall); Manchuria and Japan {A. maritima, Japonica and arguta, Regel in De Candolle, I

Prodr. xvi^ 186). .

A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; borders of streams and .

swamps. :

Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light ;
bright brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable, somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.4996; ash, 0.39.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 163

301. — Alnus rubra, Bongard,

Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 102. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 205. — Endllcher, Genera,
Suppl. iv', 21. — Lyall in Jour. Linuiean Soc. vii,134. — Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii'', 429; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi',
186. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 467. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 80. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,331.

?A. glutinosa, Pursh.Fl. Am. Sex)t. ii,622 [not Willdenow].

A. Oregana, Nnttall, Sylva, i,28, t. 9; 2 ed. i, 44, t. 9.— Newberry in Pacliio E. R. Rep. vi, 25, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Rep. 1858,261; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii»,28, 68.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.

A. incana, var. rubra, Regel iu Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 157, t. 17, f. 3-4.

ALDER.

Sitka, south through the islands and Coast ranges of British Columbia, Washington territory, Oregon, and
California to Santa Barbara, extending east through the Blue mountains to northern Montana.

A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or in British Columbia
and the Blue mountains often reduced to a low shrub; river bottom lauds and borders of streams; most common
and reaching its greatest development along the large streams of western Washington territory and Oregon.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a
beautiful polish; medullary rays distant, broad; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.4813; ash, 0.42; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture.

302. — Alnus rhombifolia, Nnttall,
Sylva, i, 33; 2 ed. i, 49.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 467.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. —Watson, Bot. California, ii, 80.
A. glutinosa, var. serrulata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 164, in part.

A. serrulata, var. rugosa, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 432, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 188, in part.

ALDER.

Valley of the lower Fraser river, British Columbia, south through the Coast ranges to southern California,
extending east along the ranges of Washington territory to Clear creek, Idaho ( Watson), and the valley of the
Flathead river, Montana (Canby & Sargent).

A small tree, 9 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its
northeru and eastern limits reduced to a shrub ; borders of streams ; the common alder of the California valleys.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light
brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4127; ash, 0.31.

303. — Alnus oblongifolia, Torrey,

Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17; Bot. California, ii, 80.—
Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi,239.— Kusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix,79.

A. serrulata, var. oblongifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii^, 443; De Candolle, Prodr. xvp, 188.

ALDER.

San Bernardmo and Cayumaca mountains, California, through the ranges of southern Arizona and southern
New Mexico to the valley of the Eio Grande; southward into Mexico.

A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; borders of streams in deep
mountain canons.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color,
light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3981; ash, 0.42.

i

164 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

304. — Alnus serrulata, Willdenow,

Spec, iv, 336; Euiiiii. 965 ; Berl. Baumz. 2 e<l. 21. — Noiiveau Diihamel, ii, 216. — Pereoon, Syu. ii, 550. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arl). ii, 488. —
Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 2.59.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 320, t. 4, f. 1 ; N. American Syl va, 3 od. ii, 87, t. 75, f. 1.— Pursb, Fl. Am.
Sept. ii, 623.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelpb. 89; Compend. FI. Philadelpb. ii, 158.— Eatou, Manual, 105; 6 ed. 12.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 206.— Hayno, Dend. FI. 122.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 567.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 350; Fl. N. York, ii, 202, 1. 115.— Beck, Bot.
326.— Darlington, Fl.Cestrica, 3 ed. 276.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1688, f. 1544.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 120.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston.
3 ed. 220.— Spacb in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206; Hist. Veg. xi, 251.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 218; 2 ed. i, 248 & t.— Eudlicher,
Genera, Suppl. iv-, 21. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 429.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 102.— Lesriuereux in Owen's 2a Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 650; But. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests,
366.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461.— Young, Bot. Texas, 513.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.

Betvla rugosa, Du Roi,Harbk.i,176.— Wangenheim,Amer.86,t.29,f.60.— Ehrhart,Beitr.iii,21.

f Betula- Alnus glauca, Marshall, Arbustum, 20.

Betula serrulata, Aitou,Hort. Kew. iii, 338.— Willdeuow, Berl. Banmz. 1 ed. 45.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 183, t. 92.—
* Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 181.

A. serrulata, var. vulgaris, Spach in Aun. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206.

A. serrulata, var. macrophylla, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. XV, 206.

A. serrulata, var. oblongata, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 251.

A. serrulata, var. latifolia, Spach,Hi8t. Veg. xi,^5i.

A. rubra, Tnckerman in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xlv, 32.

A. hybrida, Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. Germ, xii, t. 630, f. 1292.

A. glutinosa, var. serrulata, Kegel in Mem. Soc. N.at. Moscow, xix, 164, 1. 11, f. 6, 8, in part.

A. glutinosa, var. rugosa, Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 165, 1. 11, f. 9, 10.

A. serrulata genuina and obtusi/oUa, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 432; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 168.

A. serrulata, var. rugosa, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow. xxxtHH, 432, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 188, in part.

.4. r«</OSfl, Koch, Depdrologie,ii, 635.

A. oblongata, vndulata, rugosa, Canadensis, and Americana, Hort.

BLACK ALDEK. SMOOTH ALDEE.

Essex county, Massaclinsetts, west to southern Missouri, south to northern Florida and the valley of the
Trinity river, Texas.

A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching
shrub forming den.se thickets; borders of streams and swamps, probably reaching its greatest development in
southern Arkansas.

Wood light, .soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown, the sap-
wood lighter; .specific gravity, 0.4666; ash, 0.38.

A decoction of the bark and leaves, as well as those of A. incana, is a popular remedy against impurity of the
blood and in the treatment of diarrlioea and hicmaturia, etc. {Hat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 135).

305. — Alnus incana, Willdenow,

Spec, i V, 335 ; Kuiim. IXV) ; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 20. — IVrsoou, Syn. ii, .550. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 259. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 152. — Eatou,
Manual, 6 ed. 12. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1687, f. 1543.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 157.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 120.— Spach in Aun.
Sci. Nat. 2 ser. XV, 200; Hl.st. Veg. xl,252.— Nnttall, Sylva, i, 30; 2 ed. i, 46.— Tnckerman in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 scv. xlv, 32. —Torrey,
FI.N. York, ii,20->.—Emt'r.son, Trees Massacbu.setts, 220 ; 2 ed. i, 251 & t.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv^ 21.— Parry in Owen's
Rep. 618.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2.56.— Hooker f. in Trau.s. Linnieau Soj. xxiii-, 301.— Wood, CI. Book. 049; Bot. &
Fl. 308.— Kegel iu Bull. Soc. Nat. Mgscow, xxxviiiS433; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 188.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461.— Koch,
Dendvologie, ii, 636.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Macoun in Geological Kep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.— Bell in Geological Rep.
Canada, 1879-'r^0, 5.5^

Betvla- Alnus, var. fi. incana, Limiieus, Sjiec. l cd.yS!.- Du Koi, Harlik.i,109.

Betula incana, Linnasus, Sniipl. 417.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 339.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 45.— Smith in Kees' Cycl.
iv. No. 7.

f Betula-Alnus rubra, Marshall. Arbustum, 20.

A. glattca, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 322, t. 4, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 89, t. 75, f. 2.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 cd. 307.

A. incana, var. glauca, Gray, Mauual N. states, 1 ed. 423 ; 3 ed. 461.

A. incana, Americana, and genuina, Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 155.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 165

SPECKLED ALDER. HOAEY ALDEE. BLACK ALDBE.

Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains, south to northern Kew England, Wisconsin, "
Minnesota, and eastern J^ebraska ; in Europe.

A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching
shrub ; bordei s of streams and swamps.

A form with leaves green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent, extending through the mountain
ranges of the Pacific region from the Saskatchewan and British Columbia to Few Mexico and the southern Sierra
Nevadas of California, is —

var. virescens, Watson, Bot. California, ii, 81.

• A. ineana, var. glauca, Kegel in Mem. See. Nat. Moscow, xix, 154, in part ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii^ 433, in part; .

De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 189, in part.— Watsou in King's Rep. v, 32(5 [not Alton] ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Eothroek, PI.
Wheeler, 50 ; Wlieelor's Rep. vi, 239.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.

A. serrulata, var. rugosa, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 432, in part ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 188, in part.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color, light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4607 ; ash, 0.42 ; preferred and largely used in northern IS^ew England
in the final baking of bricks, and occasionally, as well as that of A. serrulata, in the manufacture of gunpowder.

SALIC ACEiE

306. — Salix nigra, Marshall,

Aibustum, 139.— Muhlenberg in Nene Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 237, t. 4, f. 5 (Ann. Bot. ii, 65, t. 5, f. 5).— Willdenow, Spec, iv,
657; Enum. 1003; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 426. — Persoon, Syn. ii,599.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 324, t. 5, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva,
3 ed. iii, 64, 1. 125, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 61.— Eaton, Manual, 118; 6 ed. 320.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231;
Sylva, i, 79 ; 2 ed. i, 94.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 180.— EUiott, Sk, ii, 670. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 100.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 370 ; Fl.
N. York, ii, 209.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 280.— W. Koch, Comment. 17.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Trautvetter in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, iii,
614.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1529, 1604, f. 8.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 148.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 19.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.
408.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 419.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. ii, 35.— Emensou Trees Massachusetts, 271 ; 2 ed. i, 307 & t.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 ed. 279.— Andersson in Ofr. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 19,
f. 15; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi=, 200.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 506.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Walpers, Ann. v, 744.—
Chapm.an, Fl. S. States, 430.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 186(4 iii, 75.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas
389.— Wood, CI. Book, 6.54 ; Bot.& Fl. 310.— Porcher, Resources S.Forests, 334.— Eugelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. uewser. xii, 209.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 460 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 513.— Young, Bot. Texas, 514.— Macoun in Geological
Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 83.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 181.—
Rldgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 86.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 180

S. pentandra, Walter, Fl. Carolinlaua, 243.

8. GaroUniana, Michaux, F!. Bor.-Am. ii, 226.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 662.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 62.

S'. Eoustoniana, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614.— Poiret, Suppl. v, G8.—Sprengel, Syst. i, 107.— Elliott, Sk. ii,670.— Trantvett«t
in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, -iii, 615.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 21, t. 21.— Eaton & Wright, Bet. 409.

S.falcata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614 [not HBK.].— Poiret, Snppl. v, 70.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 107.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn.
279.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Barratt, Sal. Am. IJo. 21.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 420.

f S. ambigua, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii , 617.— Forbes, Sal. Woburu. 282.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 321.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 409.

S. ligustrina, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 326, t. 5, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 65, t. 125, f. 2.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 61.

8. Purshiana, Sprengel, Syst. iii, 608.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 560.

8. flavovirens, Homemann in Cat. Hort. Hafn. Suppl. ii, 11.

? S. cordata, var. falcata, Torrey; Compend. Fl. N. States, 370.

8. nigra, var. falcata, Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 209.— Carey in Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 429.— Darlington, Fl. Costrioa, 3
eU.280.

166 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

BLACK WILLOW.

Southern ]Sew Brunswick and tbe northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior southward through the
Atlantic region to bay Biscayne and the Caloosa river, Florida, and the valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas;
Pacific region, valleys of the Sacramento river, California, and the Colorado river, Arizona.

A small tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter, or in southern
Florida reduced to a low shrub; usually along the banks of streams; most common in the basin of the Mississippi
river and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the Colorado and other rivers of eastern
Texas; varying greatly in the size and shape of the leaves (vars. angustifoUa, longifoHa, latifolia, etc., Anderssonin
Kongl. Svcn. Akad. Handl. vi, 20), length and habit of the aments, etc.

The best marked forms are — ,

var. marginata, Anderssou in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 22 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 201.

S. marginata, Wimmor in Schedul. Herb. Vindab.

var. longipes, Andorsson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi,22; De Candolle, Prodr. ivi»,201.

S. longipes, Shuttleworth in herb. Hooker.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Fork. 185S, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53).—
Walpers, Ann. v, 744.

*

Forms of var. longipes more or less pubescent have been characterized by Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad.

Handl. vi, 22; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 201, as subvars. vemilosa and gongylocarpa [Shuttleworth], {S. longipes, var.
pnbeseens, Andersson in Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53; S. subvillosa, Ulliott in herb. Schweinitz ex. Kuttall, Sylva, i, 79;
2 ed. i, 94, vide Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53, note).

var. Wrightii,Anders8on in Kongl. Svon. Akad. Handl. vi, 22 ; Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 201.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 180.

S. Wrightii, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1808, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 55 —Walpers, Ann. v, 745.— Torrey in
Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204.

var. Wardii, Bebb in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114.

Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays obscure; color, brown, the
sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.445(i; ash, 0.70.

The tonic and astringent bark used domestically as a popular febrifuge, and containing, in common with that of
all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, a powerful anti-pyritic now successfully used in the treatment of acute
cases of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc. (Am. Jour. Pharm. 1875,303.-17. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 796, 1748. —
Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1248).

Note. — The closely allied Salix oecidentalu, Bosc, of the West Indies is not perhaps specifically distinct from S. tngra, with which
some of the forms of var. longipes from southern Florida seem to connect it.

307.— Salix amygdaloides, Andersson,
Ofv. af Vet. Akad. Forh. 185fi, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53).— Walpers, Ann. v, 744.— Bebb in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 240.
98. melanopsis, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 78, t. 21; 2 ed. 1, 93, t. 21.

S. nigra, var. amygdaloides, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 21 ; De C.nudoUe, Prodr. xvi=, 201.— Rothrock,
PI. Wheeler, 50.— Porter &. Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pnb. No. 4, 128.

WILLOW.

Shores of the great lakes (Wayne county, New York, Hankenson ; Painesville, Ohio, Beardslee), westward to
the valley of the Saskatchewan, and southward through the Eocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico;
banks of the lower Columbia river, Oregon (Howells).

A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter; along streams.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; the heart-wood light brown, sap-wood nearly
white ; specific gravity, 0.4509 ; ash, 0.92.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 167

308.— Salix laevigata, Bebb,
Am. Nat. viii, 202; Bot. CaliforDia, ii, 83.

"WILLOW.

Califoruia, Sierra county (Lemmon) and the vallej' of the Sacramento river to the southern boundary of the
st.^te.

A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams and
bottom lands.

A form with narrower falcate leaves (Yreka, U, L. Greene) is —

var. angUStifolia, Bcbb in Bot. California, ii, 84. — Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 374.

A form with short, densely-flowered aments is —

var. congesta, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very thin ; color, light
brown tinged with red ; specific gravity, 0.4872 ; ash, 0.58.

309. — Salix lasiandra, Bentham,

PI. Hartweg. 336. — Torrey in Pacific R. E. Eep. iv, 138. — Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 89. — Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84.

S. Hoffmanniana, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 159.

S. Speciosa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 58, t. 17; 2 ed. i, 74, 1. 17 [not Hooker & Arnott].— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 89.—
Cooper in Pacific R. E. Eep. •xii'', 29.

S. Incida, var. angUStifoUa, forma lasiandra, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad.
iv,54).

S. arguta, var. lasiandra, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 33; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 20C.

WILLOW.

British Columbia, shores of lake Kamloop {Macoun), southward to the valley of the Sacramento river,
California; Eocky mountains, Utah, and through Colorado to New Mexico (var. Fendleriana).

A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO meter in diameter; banks of streams; ve^
common ; varying in the shape of the leaves and character of the aments.

The best marked forms are —

var. lancifolia, Bebb iu Bot. California, ii, 84.

S. lancifolia, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 34, f. 23.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Hall in Coulter's
Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.

S. lucida, vav. macropliylla, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 205.

Tfce common form of British Columbia ^nd western Washington territory and Oregon.

var. Fendleriana, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84.

S. pentandra, var. caudata, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 61, t. 18; 2 ed. i, 77, t. 18.

S. Fendleriana, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 54).— Walpers, Ann. v, 745.

8. arguta, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 32; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 205, in part.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color,
light brown, the sap-wood lighter or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4766; ash, 0.60. Var. lancifolia,
specific gravity, 0.4547 ; ash, 0.79. Var. Fendleriana, the heart-wood brown, sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity,
0,4598; ash, 0.56.

168 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

310. — Salix longifolia, Mulilenberg,

Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv,238,t. 6, f. 6 (Ann. Bot. ii, 66, t. 5, f. 6).— Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 670.— Pereoou, Syu.ii, COO.—
Pureh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248; Fl. N. York, ii, 209; Nicollet's Rep.
160; Fremont's Rep. 97; Emory's Rep. 412; Sitgreaves' Rep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204. — Barratt, Sal. Am. No.
33.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Dietricb, Syn. v,
420. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.-=-Ricliard8on, Arctic Exped. 439,440. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Andersson in Ofv.
af. Vet. Akad.Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 56); Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 54, f. 35; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 214.—
Walpers, Ann. v, 745. — Lesqncreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, CI. Book, 65;(; Bot. & Fl. 310. — Engelmuun in Proc.
Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 465.— Watson in King's Rep. v, ,'524 ; Wlieelor's Rep. 1872, 493.—
Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Hall in
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Bebb in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 240 ; Bot. California, ii, 84.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 116.

S. fluviatalis, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 73; 2 ed. i,89.

f 8. rubra, Richardson, Arctic Exped. Appx. 37!

S. longifolia, var. pedicellata, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55, f. 35 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 214.—
Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.

SAND-BAB WILLOW.

Valley of the Connecticut river (Sunderland, Massachusetts, N. G. Jesup) and of the Potomac river at
Washington {Ward); west and northwest through the region of the great lakes to the valley of the Mackenzie
river, in latitude 6C° N. {Richardson), through the Mississippi basin, Texas, the Rocky Mountain region, and the
Pacific Coast states.

A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams
and river sand-bars, in low, wet sandy soil, often forming low, dense clumps ; rare east of the Alleghany mountains;
very common throughout the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of
Oregon and northern California.

Well-marked forms, varying from the type in the form of the leaves, aments, and nature of pubescens, etc., are —

var. exigua, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85.
, /8. ftrtgiMa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 75; 2 ed. i, 90.

8. longifolia, var. angustissima, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 5G).
Western Texas to California and Oregon.

var. argyrophylla, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi=, 214. — Watson in King's Rep. v,
324.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 493.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 50.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden'a
Surv. Misc.Pnb.No. 4, 128.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210. — Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85.

8. argophylla, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 71, t. 20 ; 2 ed. i, 87, t. 20.

t 8. brachyearpa, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 69 ; 2 ed. i, 85.

8. longifolia, var. opaca, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi,E5.

8. longifolia, yar. argyropliylla angvstissima, AudeiBBOTi in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55; De CandoUe, Prodr.
xvi^, 214.

8. longifolia, var. argyrophylla opaca, Anderssoo in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi2, 214.

Western Texas to Oregon.

Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.4930 ; ash, 0.48. Var. exigua, heavier, the heart- and sap-wood
darker colored ; specific gravity, 0.5342 ; ash, 1.06.

311. — Salix sessilifolia, Nuttall,

Sylva, i, 68; 2 ed. i, 84.— Andersson in Ofv. af . Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 06) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi,. :,:^,
f. 36; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 214. — Walpers, Ann. v,746. — Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85.

8. sessilifolia, var. Villosa, Andersson in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 215.

Paget sound southward to northern California, near the coast.

A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 to 0.46 meter in diameter ; borders
of streams, in low, wet ground.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 1(59

A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento valley and the California Coast ranges, Js —

var. Hindsiana, Anderssou in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Foih. 1858, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 56).— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, So.

S. Hindsiana, Beutham, Pi. Hartweg. 335.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138.—
Anderssou in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, .50, f. 37 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 215. — Walpers, Ann. v, 746.

S. Hindsiana, var. tenuifoKa, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 56; Do Candolle, Piodr. xvi^, 215.

Wood lightj'fsoft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.4397 ; ash, 0.50.

312. — Salix discolor, Muhlenberg,

Neue Scbiifteu Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 2.34, t. 5, f. 1 (Ann. Bot. ii, 62, t. 5, f. 1).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 665.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 599.—
Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii,613.— Poiret, Suppl. v, ;>6.— Nuttall, Genera, il, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 669.— ToiTey, Compend. Fl. N. States,
369; Fl. N. York, ii, 206.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 104.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 279.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. No.
25.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 257.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 1630, f. 147.— Bigelow, Fl.
Boston. 3 ed. 392. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 147. — Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 3. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 258 ; 2 ed. i, 296 ■»& t. —
Dietrich, Syn. v, 419. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 312. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 506. — Anderssou in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh.
1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 63); Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 83, f. 49 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 225.— Walpers, Ann. v, 750.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 430. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 462. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 570. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,
1874-'75, 210.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 86.

S. sensitiva, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 8.

GLAUCOUS WILLOW.

Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca rivers, southward through the Atlantic region to
Delaware and southern Missouri.

A small tree, rarely exceeding 6 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often
a tall, straggling sbrub 3 to 6 meters in height; along streams and borders of swamps in low, wet soil; varying
greatly in the form of leaves, aments, and nature of pubescence.

The best marked forms are —

var. eriocephala, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 85 ; De Candolle, Prodr, xvi=, 225.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 463.

8. eriocephala, Mich.aux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 225.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 661.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 391.— Eaton, Manual,
6ed. 321. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 409. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 259; 2 ed. i, 196 & t. — Carey in Gray's
Manual N. States, 1 ed. 426.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad. Iv, 57).— Walpers,
Ann. V, 746.

S. crassa, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 7.

var. prinoides, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 86 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 225.— Emerson,Trees Massachu-
setts, 2ed. i,297.

S. prinoides, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 102.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 67.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 366.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. No. 26.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 79, t. 40.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.—
Beck, Bot. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 407.— W. Koch, Comment. 46.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 1612, f.
40. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 150. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts,!, ed. 259. — Dietrich, Syn. v, 419.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed, small, open ducts ; medullary
rays and layers of annual growth not obscure ; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown ;
specific gravity, 0.4261 ; ash, 0.43.

^ 313. — Salix flavescens, Nuttall,

Sylva, i, 65; 2 ed. i, 81. — Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86, in part.

Rocky mountains of Idaho and Montana southward to the Mogollon range, New Mexico {U. L. Greene) ; on the
Cascade mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada, California.

A small tree, sometimes G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams,
reaching its greatest development in the southern liocky Mountain region.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, eo mpact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4969; ash, 0.61.

170 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Var. Scouleriana, Bebb ;
-Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 129.

S. brachystachys, Bentham, Pi. Hartweg. 3.36.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 121 (Proo. Am. Acad, iv, 61) ;
Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 82, f. 48 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 224.

S. Scouleriana, Barratt in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 145, in part.— Cooper in Paeific R. R. Rep. xii«, 29.

S. brachystMchys, var. Scouleriana, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 224.

S. flavescens, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86, in part.

BLACK WILLOW.

Eadiak island, Alaska {Kellogg), southward through British Columbia, western Washiugton territory, and
•Oregon to Santa Barbara, California.

A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter ; uplands, near springs or
streams, or often in quite dry soil; common and reaching its greatest development near the shores of Puget sound.
Wood light, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact ; meduUarj- rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light
red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.5412 ; ash, 0.39.

314. — Salix Hookeriana, Barratt;

Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 145, t. 180.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 64; 2 ed. i, 80.— Anderason in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 119 (Proc. Am.
Acad, iv, 59); De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 274. — Walpers, Ann. v, 747. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.

Grand rapids of the Saskatchewan {Douglas) ; coast of Washington territory and Oregon.

A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low, straggling
shrub with many prostrate stems ; on the coast generally along the edge of sea-beaches, or in low, rather moist,
sandy soil.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open ducts ; medullary rays thin, very
• obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5350 ; ash, 0.32.

315. — Salix cordata, var. vestita, Andersson,
Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 159 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 252.

DIAMOND WILLOW.

Valley of the Missouri river and its tributaries, Fort Osage, Missouri {Prince Neincied), Iowa, Nebraska, and
■^vestward to about the one hundred and tenth degree of longitude.

A small tree, rarely 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a straggling
-shrub not exceeding 1.80 to 3 meters in height; low bottom lands, in wet, sandy soil.

Wood light, soft, close grained, compact, the annual layers of growth clearly defined ; medullary rays very
obscure; color, brown or often tinged red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6069; ash, 0.59; heavier
than that of other species examined, and largely used for fence posts, being said to equal, when thoroughly seasoned,
red cedar in durability in contact with the soil.

NOTK. — The typical <Sa{>x cordata, Muhlenberg, of wide distribution through the Atlantic region, rarely, if ever, attains arborescent
I'size or habit.

316. — Salix lasiolepis, Bentham,

PI. Hartweg. 335.— Cooper in Sniithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Andersson iu Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 118 (Pi«c. Am. Acad, iv, 58) ; D«
Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 264.— Walpers, Ann. v, 747.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86.

S. lasiolepis, var. Bigelovii, Bebb in Bot. California, ii,86 (a vernal state, teste Bebb in lit.).

S. Bigelovii, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 139.— Andersson iu Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 118 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 58) ;
Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163, f. 94; De Candolle, Prodr. xviS 255.— Walpers, Ann. v, 747.

& Bigelorii, VSkT. fuseior, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163; De Candolle, Prolr.xvi«, 255.

8. , ? Watson in King's Rep. v, 325.

S. lasiolepis, var. fallax, Bebb in Bot. California, ii. 86.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 171

WILLOW.

California, valley of the Klamath river, southward through the western portions of the state, reaching in the.
Sierra Xevada.s an elevation of 3,500 to 4,000 feet above the sea.

A small tree, sometimes 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter, or northward
and at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. angustifolia
and latifoUa, Andersson in Be Candolle Prodr. xvi^, 255), or toward its southern limit often persistent until spring
{S. Hartwegi, Bentham in PI. Harticeg, 52; S. Immilis, var. Hartwegi, Andersson, I. c. 236).

Wood light, so% not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5587 ; ash, 0.98 ; somewhat used as fuel, especially in the southern part
of the state.

317. — Salix Sitchensis, Sanson;

Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 162. — Ledeboiir, Fl. Rossicu, iii, 609.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 439. — Andersson in
Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forli. 1858, 126 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 66) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 106, f. 59 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 233.—
Walpers, Ann. V, 752. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 93. — Bebb in Bot. California, ji, 87 ;
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 25.

S. cuneata, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 66 ; 2 ed. i, 82.

SILKY WILLOW.

Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California.

A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter,
or more often a straggling shrub ; low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds.
A form with narrow oblanceolate leaves is —

var. angustifolia, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 87.

S. clllorophtjlla, var. pellita, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. 139, f. 72; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 244.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood
nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5072 ; ash, 0.59.

318. — Populus tremuloides, Micbanx,

F). Bor.-Am. ii, 243. — Nouveau Dnhamcl, ii, 184, t. 53. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 623.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 465. — Micbaux f. Hist.
Arb.-Am. iii, 285, t. 8, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 175, t. 99, f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Willdeuow, Euum. Suppl. 67.—
Torrey,ATin. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Compend. Fl. N. Slates, 375; Fremont's Kep.97; Fl. N.York, ii, 214; Sitgreaves' Rep. 172;
Ives' Rep. 27; Bot. Wilkes Exped, 468.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 ed. 277.—
Lindlcy, Fl. Med. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 370.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397.— Spacb in Ann.
Set Nat. 2 ser. xv, 30 ; Hist. Veg. x, 384. — Nuttall, Sylva, i, 55 ; 2 ed. i, 70. — Seriuge, Fl. des Jard. ii, 56. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 618. —
Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,25, 89. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, 29, 68; Am. Nat. iii,
409.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linna;an Soc. xxiii^ 301.— Wood, CI. Book, G.55 ; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Sac.
new ser. xii, 209. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 466. — Wesmicl in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 325. — London Gard. Chronicle, 1871,
€83. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 327; PI. Wheeler, 17: Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135; Bot. California, ii,91. — Porter in Hayden'a
Rep. 1871,494.— Porter & Conlter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska &
Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-'76, 210.- Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 51.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv,32, f. 1.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 284, f.
6. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 183. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 231. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, 87.

P. trepida, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 803.— Alton, Hort. Kew.2ed. 395.^Pnr8k. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 618.— Eaton, Manual, 117.—
Nuttall, Genera, ii,239. — Sprengel, Syst. ii,244. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1649, f. 1510.

P. tremuliformis, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 243 ; 2 ed. i,279 & t.

P. A?/tenten«t«, Hort.— Koch,Dendrologie,ii,486(excl. syn.).

ASPEN. QUAKING ASP.

Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear
lake, the mouth of the Mackenzie river, and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south in the Atlantic region to
the mountains of Pennsylvania, the valley of the lower Wabash river, and northern Kentucky ; in the Pacific
resion south to the valley of the Sacramento river, California, and along the Kocky mountains and interior ranges
to southern New Mexico, Arizona, and central Nevada.

.\ .■^niiill tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.00 meter in diameter; very common
tliroiigii liritish America and spreading over enormous areas bared by fire ^t the coniferous forest; in the Pacific
region very common upon inoist mountain slopes and, bottoms at an elevation of 0,000 to 10,000 feet ; the most
widely-distributed North American tree.

/

172 FOREST TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Wood liglit, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable, containing, as does that of the wliole genus,
numerous minute, scattered, open dncts ; medullary rays very thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown,
the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specitic gravity, 0.4032 ; ash, 0.55 ; largely manufactured Into wood-pulp, a
substitute for rags in the manufacture of paper; in the Pacific region sometimes used for fuel, flooring, in
turnery, etc.

A bitter principle iu the bark causes its occasional use as a tonic in the treatment of intermittent fevers and
cases of debility ( U. S. JDi^penmtory, 14 ed. 1763).

319. — Populus grandidentata, Micliaux,

Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 243. — Persoon, Syii. ii, 624. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466. — Micbanx f. Hist.Arb. Am. iii, 287,t. 8,f.2; N.American
Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 176, t. 99, f. 2.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 619.— Poiret, Siil)l)l. iv, 377.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 197.— Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 200.— Willdcnow, Euuni. Suppl. 67.- Elliott, Sk. ii, 710.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 375; Fl.N. York, ii, 214.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 277.— Hooker.Tl. Bor.-Am.ii, 154.— Eaton
& Wright, Bot. 370.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1650, f. 1511.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, 2 ser.
33; Hist. Veg. x, 384. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 242; 2ed.i,278& t.— SeringeinFl. des Jard.ii,56.— Parry in Owen's Rep.
618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 281.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
431.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73.— Wood, CI. Book, 65C; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. Stales, 5
ed. 466. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 487. — Wesmajl in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 327.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Watson in Am.
Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 2. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 182. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi,
265.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80,56^

P. grandidentata, var. pendula, Torrey,Compend.Fl.N. States, 375. —Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.

POPLAR.

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and west through Ontario to northern Minnesota, south through the northern
states and along the Alleghany mountains to North Carolina, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.

A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 meter in diameter; rich woods and borders of
streams and swamps.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4632; ash, 0.45; largely manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally
used in turnerj', for woodenware, etc.

320. — Populus heterophylla, Linnaeus,

Spec. 1 ed. 1034. — Marshall, Arbnstum, 107. — Wangenheim, Amer. 85. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 248. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 407 ; 2 ed. v,
397.— Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 181, t. 51.— Michaux,Fl. Bor.-Am.ii,244.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806; Enum.1017; Berl. Baumz. 293.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 619.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239. —Hayne, Dend. Fl. 203.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 712.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375; Fl. N. York, ii, 215.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278.—
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1672, f. 1534. — Eaton & Wright,Bot. 371. — Spach iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser,
XV, 30; Hist. Veg. x, 386.— Seringe in Fl. des J.ard. ii, 61.— Darby, Bot. S. States, .507.- Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 431.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73.— Wood, CI. Book, 656 ; Bot. & Fl. 311.—
Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 488. — Wesmsel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 326. — Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 29. — Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285. -Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1881, 86.

P. COrdifolia, Burgsdorf, Anleit. Erz. Holzart. 3 ed. 152.

P. argentea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 390, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 170, t. 97.

P. heterophylla, var. argentea, WcsmiBl in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 376.

RIVER COXTONWOOD. SWAMP COTTONWOOD. "

Guilford, Connecticut ( W. B. Dudley), Northport, Long island, south, generally near the coast, to southern
Georgia, through the Gulf states to western Louisiana, and through Arkansas to central Tennessee and Kentucky,
southern Illinois and Indiana.

A tree 24 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter; borders of river swamps; most
common and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio river ; rare and local.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, dull brown, the
thick sap-wood lighter brown; .specific gravity, 0.4089; ash, 0.81.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 173

321. — Populus balsamifera, Linuieus,

Spec. 1 ed. 1034.— Du Eoi, Harbk. 82 — Marsliall, Arbustum, 107.— WangeuUt-im, Amer. 65, t. 26, f. 59.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 406 ; 2 ed.
V, 397.— Mcench, Meth. 338.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 16.— Nouvoau Duhamel, ii, 179, t. 50.— Micliaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 244.— Willdenow,
Spec, iv, 805 ; Euum. 1017 ; Berl. Baumz. 290. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 624. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466.^Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.
iii, 306, t. 13, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 172, t. 98, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 618.— Eaton, Manual, 117 ; 6ed. 278.— Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 239; Sylva, i, 55; 2 ed. i,70.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 202.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Beck, Bot. 322.— Lindley, Fl. Mod. 320.—
Loudon, Aiboretum, iii, 1637, f. 1535, 1536 & t. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.Aui. ii, 133. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370. — Hooker «fe Aruott, Bot.
Beechey, 15Vw — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 33 ; Hist. Veg. x, 393. — Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxix. Misc. 20. — Seringe in Fl. des
Jard. ii, 65.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 216; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257; Am. Nat. iii, 408.—
Hooker f. in Trans. Liunsean Soc. xxiii=, 301. — Wood, CI. Book, 656; Bot. & Fl. 311. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467. — Koch,
Dendrologie, ii, 495. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Watson in Am. Jour. Sci.
XV, 135. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 4. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 181.— Bell in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45<^.

P. Tacamahaca, Miller, Diet.

p. vimiliea, Bon Jard. 1845, 565.

P. Ixthamifera, var. genuina, Wesmtel in De Candolle, Prorlr. xvi-, 329.

BALSAM. TAOAMAHAC. BALM OF GILEAD.

Straits of Belle Isle to Eiclimoud gulf and cape Chnreliill, Hudson bay, northwest to the shores of the Great
Bear lake and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska, south to northern Xew England, .central Michigan and
Minnesota, the Eocky mountains and interior ranges of Montana and Idaho, Washington territory, and British
Columbia.

A large tree,18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 meters in diameter; very common on all islands
and shores of the northern rivers ; iu British Columbia generally confounded with the allied P. trichocarpa, the range
■of the two species here still uncertain.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, comijact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color,
brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3635 ; ash^ 0.66.

The buds, as well as those of several other species, covered with a resinous exudation,^ and occasionally used
jnedicinally as a substitute for turpentine and other balms.

Var. candicans, Gray,

Manual N. States, 2 ed. 419 ; 5 ed. 467.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc.
Pub. No. 4, 129.— Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135.— Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vii, 57.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette,
vi, 285.

P. balsamifera lanceolata^ Mavslmii, Arbustum, 108.

p. candicans, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 406: 2 ed. v. 397.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 179.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806; Enuni. 1017;
Berl. Baumz. 291.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 624.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 308, t. 13, f. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii,
173, t. 98, f. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 616.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 96.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 202.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375 ; Fl. N. York, ii,217.—
Audubon, Birds, t. 59.- Beck, Bot, 332.— Eaton, M.anual, 6 ed. 278.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1676, f. 1537.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 398.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 33;
Hist. Veg. X, 392.— Lindley,- Bot. Reg. xxix. Misc. 22.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 245; 2 ed. i, 281.— Seringe in
Fl. des Jard. ii, 63.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 431.— Wood, CI. Book, 656 ; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Wesma;! iu De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 330,

P. Canadensis, Mfcnch, W'eins. 81 [not Michaux f.].

• P. Itttifolia, Moiich, Meth. 33«.

P. Onturiensis, Hort.— Loddiges, Cat. 1836.

P. macrophylla, Lindley in Loudon, Eneyc. PI. 840.

P. acladesca and P. heterophylla, iiort. (ex. Koch, Wachen. 1865, 238).

A large tree, rare or unknown in a wild state ; very common iu cultivation.
The wood heavier than that of the species; si)eciftc gravity, 0.4161 ; ash, 0.46.

V

174 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

322. — Populus angustifolia, James,

LoDg'8 Exped. i, 497.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Fremont's Rep. 1/7; Sitgreaves' Bep. 172; Ives' Eep.i"?; Bot. nrilke»
Exped. 469. — Niittall, Sylva, i, 52, t. 16 ; 2 ed. i, 68, 1. 16.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rop. 1858, 261 ; Am. Nat. iii, 408. — Hajden in
Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot.
California, ii, 91.

P. Canadensis, var. angustifolia, Wtsmtel in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 329.

P. bahami/era, var. angustifolia, Watson in King's Rep. v, 327 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— I'orter in Hayden's Rop. 1871, 494. —
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76,
211.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Clnb, ix, 106.

BLACK COTTONWOOD.

Black hills of Dakota (B. Douglas), Swimming Horse creek, and the Snowy Mountain region, Montana, Red
Rock creek, southwestern Montana (Watson), east Humboldt and Shoshone mountains, Nevada, Rocky mountaiufi
of Colorado, and the ranges of southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona.

A small tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams,
between G,000 and 10,000 feet elevation.

Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood
nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3912 ; ash, 0.79.

323. — Populus trichocarpa, Torrey & Gray;

Hooker, Icon.v, 878. — Walpers, Ann. v, 767. — Cooper in Smithsouiau Rep. 1858, 266. — Wesmael in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 330. —
Watson in King's Rep. v, 328; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136; Bot. California, ii, 91. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469. — Macoun
in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 5. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new
ser. ix, 331.

P. halsamifera, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.

P. angustifolia, Newberry in Pacific B. B. Rep. vi, 89 [not James].— Cooper in Pacific E. R. Rep. xii', 29, 68.

P. halsamiferq:, Lyall in Jour. Linuiean Soc. vii, 134 [not Linnseus]. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.

P. trichocarpa, var. CUpulata, Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. California, ii, 91.

P. halsamifera, var. ? Californica, Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. XV, 136.

BLACK COTTONWOOD. BALSAM COTTONWOOD.

Valley of the Fraser river, British' Columbia, and probably much farther north, east to the eastern base of the-
Bitter Root mountains, Montana ( Watson), south through Washington territory, western Oregon and California to-
the southern borders of the state.

A large tree, 24 to 60 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter ; banks of streams and
bottom lands below 6,000 feet elevation ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of th»
lower Columbia river and the streams flowing into Puget sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable;.
color, light dull brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3814 ; ash, 1.27 ; in Oregon and
Washington territory largely manufactured into staves of sugar barrels, woodenware, etc.

324. — Populus monilifera, Alton,

Hort.Kew.iil, 406; 2 ed. v, 396.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 71.-Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 186.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 805^ Euum. 1017-,
Berl. Baumz.292.— PersooD, SJ-n. ii,623.— Desfontaines, Hist.Arb.il, 46.5.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii,2y5, t. 10,f.2; N.American
Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 168, t. 96, f. 2.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 618.— Nuttall, Genera, ii , -239 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 167.— Hayiie, Dend.
F1.202.— .Spreugel, Syst. ii, 244.— Watson, Dend. Brit. ii,t. 10-.i.— Bock, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, G od. 278.— Loudon, Arboretum,
iii, 1657, f. 1517 & t.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 371.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 32 ; Hist. Veg. x, 389.— Torrey in Fromout's Rep.
97; Fl.N. York, ii, 215; Pacific R. R. Rep. v, 365.— Emerson, Trees Mas.sachusott8,249; 2 ed. i,287.— Seringo in F). dos Jard. ii,63.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Gr.ay in Pacific K. R. Rop. xii-!, 47 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467.— Curtis in Rep. Geological
Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 72. — Lesqneronx in Owen's 2d Rop. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 655. — Engelmauu in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. xii, 2C9.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 327 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed.
121.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 3, 4.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus. No. 22, 116.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 3.— Bell in Geological Kep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56'".— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,
1882, 87.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 649.

f P. deltoide, Marshall, Arbnstum, 106.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 175

^. angulata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iU, 406; 2 ed. v, 396. - -Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 186.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 466. —
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 805; Enum. 1017 ; Berl. Baiimz. 294. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Ain.iii,302, 1. 12; N. American Sylva,
3 ed. ii, 161, t. 94.— Pnrsh, Fl. Ann.Sept. ii, 619.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 ed. 277.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,239.— Jam<Js in
Long's Exped. ii, 164. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 711. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244. — Loudon,
Arboretum, iii, 1670, 1533 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 321; Hist. Veg. x,391.—
Seringe in Fl. dos Jard. ii, 64. — Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 446. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 507. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep.
1858,257.— Chapman, Fl.S.States,431.—Le8quereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 655; Bot. &,
Fl. 311. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467. — Wesmajl in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 328. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 494. —
Young, Bot. Texas, 514. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 129. — Vasey, Cat. Forest-
■- Trees, 29. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 182.

P. Icevigata, Aitou,Hort. Kew. iii,406; 2 ed. v, 395.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 803.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,619.— Poiret, Suppl.
iv, 378.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,239; Sylva, i, 54; 2 ed. i, 70. —Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6.
ed. 278.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.— Eaton <fe Wright, Bot. 370.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 246 ; 2 ed. 1, 283.

. P. glandulosa, Mcench, Meth. 339.
P. angulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,243.

P. Canadensis, Michauxf. Hist. Arb. Am.iii,302, 1. 12; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 164, t. 95. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser..
XV, 32 ; Hist. Veg. x, 390.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. u, 65.— Fescali, Forst. Pfl. 122, t. 8, f. 10-14.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 311.—
Wesmsel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 329.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 491.

P. Virginiana, Du Mont, Cours. Bot. Cult, vi, 400.

p. Marylandica, Bosc in Nouv. Diet, xi, 409.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.

P. macrophylla, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.

P. Lindleyana, P. neglecta, and P. Uevigata, Hort.

COTTONWOOD. NECICLACE POPLAR. CAROLINA POPLAR. BIG COTTONWOOD.

Shores of lake Champlaiu, Vermont, south through western New England to the Chattahoochee region tf'
western Florida, west along the northern shores of lake Ontario to the eastern base of the ranges of the Rocky
mountains of Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico.

A large tree, 24 to 51 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 meters in diameter ; low, moist soil ; the common^
Cottonwood of Texas and the western plains, bordei-iug all streams flowing east from the Eocky mountains.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3889; ash, 0.96^,
largely used in the manufacture of paper-pulp, for light packing-cases, fence boards, and fuel.

325. — Populus Fremontii, Watson,

Proc. Am. Acad, x, 350 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. California, ii, 92.

P. monilifera, Newberry in Pacific R. E. Kep. vi, 327 [not Alton].- Watson in King's Eep. v, 327; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Torrey,,
Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469.

COTTONWOOD.

California, valley of the upper Sacramento river, south to San Bernardino county (Colton, Parry), and eastward
in Nevada and Utah.

A large tree, -24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; borders of streams; the
common cottonwood of the valleys of central California.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary
rays thin, very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4914; ash, 0.77.

Var. Wislizeni, Watson,

Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 137 ; Bot. California, ii, 92 ; Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 157. — Eusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.

P. monilifera, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204; Ives' Rep. 27 [not Alton].- Bigelow in
Pacific E.R. Eep. iv, 21.

COTTONWOOD, WHITE COTTONWOOD.

San Diego county, California, through Arizona and New Mexico to western Texas and southern Colorado.

A large tree, 24 to .30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; borders of streams; the-
prevalent cottonwood of the arid southwestern region, there largely planted as a shade tree and for fuel.

Wood light, soft, not strong, compact; specific gravity, 0.4621; ash, 1.13; furnishing the ordinary domestic
fuel of the region.

176 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

CONIFERS.

/ ■

/ 326. — Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey,

Smithsonian Contril)., vi,7, t. 3; Pacific R. R. Ecp. iv, 140; Bot. Mcx.Bouudur}- Survey, 211; Bot.Wilkes Exped.t.lC. — Beutbam, PI.
Hartweg. 338. — Lindley in London Gard. Chronicle, IBM, 695. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 63. — Cooper in Smitlisouiau Rep.
1858,262. — Walpers, Ann. v, 795.— Bolaudcr in Proc. California Acad, iii, 226. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi^, 456. — R.
Brown Campst. in Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc. ix, 373. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 309, f. 40. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 335; Bot.
California, ii, 116. — A. Murray in London Garden, ii, 542. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed.402. — Vcitch, Manual Conif. 267.

Thuya Craigana, Murray in Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 5.

Thuya gigantea, Canifere in Rev. Hort. 1854, 224, f. 12-14, in part ; Fl. des Senes, ix, 199, f. 3-5, in part; Trait. Conif. 106,
in part; 2 ed. 112, in part. — Gordon, Pinetum, 321, in part; Suppl. 102, in part. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz.
280, in part.

Heyderia decurrens, Koch,Deudrologie,ii^, 179.

WHITE OEDAE. BASTARD CEDAR. POST CEDAR. INCENSE CEDAR.

Xortb fork of the Sautiau river, Oregon, south along tbe western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada
mountains between 3,000 and 8,500 feet elevation, and through the California Coast ranges to the San Bernardino
and Caj uniaca mountains.

A large tree, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter; slopes and valleys; common.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with tbe soil ; bands of
small summer cells tbin, dark colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; the thin sap-wood nearly
white ; specific gravity, 0.4017 ; ash, 0.08 ; largely used for fencing and in the construction of water-flumes, and for
interior finish, furniture, laths, shingles, etc.; often injured by a species of dry rot [Dadalia vorax, Harkness in
Pacific Rural Press, Jan. 25, 1879, f. 1, 2), rendering it unfit for lumber.

327. — Thuya occidentalis, Linnajns,

Spec. 1 ed. 1002.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. iii, 170. — Marshall, Arbustum, 152. — Wangenheim, Amer. 7, t. 2, f. 3. — Walter, Fl.
Caroliniana, 238.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 371 ; 2 ed. v, 321. — Ga;rtner, Fmct. ii, 62, t. 91, f. 2.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 209. —
Willdenow, Spec, iv, ,')0H ; Ennin.990; Berl. Baumz. 504. — Nonveau Duhamel, iii, 12, t. 4. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 369; 111.
iii, 369.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 287, t.309.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 580.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 575.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Aiu. 98.—
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 29, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 177, t. 156. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Barton, Prodr. Fl.
Philadelph. 93.— Eaton, Manual, 111; 6 ed. 364.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 641.— Watson,
Dend. Brit, ii, 150.— Sprongel, Syst. iii,888.— Richard, Conif. 43, t. 71, f. 1.— Torrey, Corapend. Fl. N. States, 361 ; Fl. N. York, ii,
234.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 268.— Beck, Bot. 338.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 24.54, f. 2312-2314 & t.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn.
193.- Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 451.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 388.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 339.— Penn.
Cycl. xxiv, 409. — Roid in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 96; 2 ed. i, 112. — Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 51. — Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 618. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.
294.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 16.— Carrifcre in Rev. Hort. 1854, 224, f. 15; Trait. Conif. 103; 2 ed. 109.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 516.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Gordon, Pinetum, 323; 2 ed. 403. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 436. — Wood, CI. Book, 662;
Bot. & Fl. 315. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 507. — Hcukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 278. — Nelson, Pinacea^, 68. — R. Brown
Campst. in Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc. ix, 363. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 472.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 317.— Parlatore in De
Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 458.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 76, f. 2. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii=, 173. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Macoun
in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 1S5.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 261.— Bell in Geological Rep.
Canatla, 1879-'80, 47^

T. odorata, Marshall, Arbnstuni, 1.52.

T. obtlixa, Mu'Uch,Meth.691.

Cupressus Arbor-vita', Targione-Tozzetti.Obs. Bot. ii,51.

T, Wareana and T. Sihirica, Hort.

WHITE CEDAR. ARBOR-VIT.*:.

New Brunswick to Anticosti island, through tbe valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of
-James' bay and southeast to the eastern extremity of lake Winnii)eg, south thi'ongb the northern states to central
New York, northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Minnesota, and along tbe Alleghany
mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina.

A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter; cold, wet swamps
and along the rocky banks of streams ; very common at the north, spreading over great areas of swamp ; extensively
cultivated as a hedge and ornamental plant, and producing innumerable seminal varieties, of more or less
horticultural value.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 177

Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, very durable iu contact with the
soil; the bands of small summer cells very thin, dark colored ; medullary rays numerous, indistinct; color, light
brown, turning darker with exposure, the thiu sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.31G4; ash, 0.37; largely
used for posts, fencing, railway ties, and shingles.

The distilled oil and a tincture of the leaves of Thuya have been found nsefulin the treatment of pulmonary
iiud uterine complaints [U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1775. — N'at. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1428).

328. — Thuya gigantea, Nuttall,

Jour. Philadelphi.'i Acid, vii, 52 ; Syl va, iii, 102, t. iii ; 2 ed. ii, 162, t. 111.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, Iv, 2458. —
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 342. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 52. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo.
London, v, 206. — Newberry in Pacific E. R. Rep. vi, 56, f. 22. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 102 ; 2ed. 112, in part.— Cooper in Smithsonian
Eep. 1858,262; Am. Nat. iii, 413. — Gordon, Pinetnm, 321, in part; Suppl. 102; 2 ed. 181. — Torrey, Bot. Mox. Boundary Survey,
211.— Lyall in Jour. Linnaiau Soc. vii, 133, 144. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadclholz. 280, iu part. — Nelson, Pinacea;, 67. — Eothrock
in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 434. — Parlatore iu De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 457. — R. Brown Campst. in Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soo. ix,
367. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 315. — London Gard. Chronicle, 1871, 683. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Fowler in London Gard.
Chronicle, 1872, 1527.— Koch, Deedrologie, ii=, 176.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— E. Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.—
Watson, Bot. California, ii, 115. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 324. — T. Howell in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi,
267.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 256.

T. plicata, Don, Hort. Cantab. 6 ed. 249.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. ii, 19; 2 ed. 114, in part.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 103; 2ed.ii,
164. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 342. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 51 (excl. syn. Wareana & odoraia). — Lindley & Gordon in*
Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 205. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 16.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 102 (cxcl.syn. Wareana & odorata);
2 ed. 106 (cxcl. syn. JFareawa). —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262; Pacific R. R. Uep. xii'^, 27.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 277 (excl. syn. odo?-o<a).— Nelson, Pinacese, 68.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 406.— A. De Candolle,
Prodr. xvi-, 457, in part. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 263.

T. Menziesii, Douglas, Mss.—Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 106; 2 ed. 107.— Gordon, Pinetum, 323.— Nelson, Pinaceaj, 67.—
Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 281.

T. Lobbii, Hort.

T. OCeidentaUs, var. plicata, Hort.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 321.

RED CEDAR. CANOE CEDAR.

Alaska, south along the Coast ranges and islands of British Columbia, through western Washington territory
and Oregon and the Coast ranges of northern California to Mendocino county, extending east along the mountains
of Washington territory to the Cceur d'Alene, Bitter Eoot, and Salmon River mountains of Idaho and the western
slopes of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana (Ganby & Sargent).

A large tree, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 3.60 meters in diameter; low, rich woods and
swamps, less commonly on dry ridges and slopes below 5,200 feet elevation ; common and reaching its greatest
develoi)ment in western Washiugton territory .and Oregon; the large specimens generally hollow.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in
contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, distinct; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color, dull brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.379G; ash, 0.17;
largely u.sed for interior finish, fencing, shingles, in cabinet-making and cooperage, and exclusively by the Indians
.of the northwest coast in the manufacture of their canoes.

329. — Chamaecyparis sphseroidea, Spach,

Hist. Veg. xi, 331.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 61.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 20.—
Carril-re, Trait. Conif. 133 ; 2 ed. 122.— Gordon, Pinetum, 49 ; 2 ed. 71. — Henkel & Hochstetter, ^^delholz. 248. — Nelson, Pinacese,
69.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 464.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87.

CupreSSUS thyoides, Linnaius, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 174.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 198.— Marshall,
Arbustum, 39. — Wangcnheim, Anier. 8, t. 2, f. 4. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, .323. — Bartram, Travels, 2 ed.
409. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 208.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 512; Enum. 991; Berl. Baumz. 111. — Nouveau Duhamel,
iii, 6.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 530.— Dcsfontaincs, Hint. Arb. ii, 567.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 286, t. 310.— Michaux f. Hist.
Arb. Am. iii, 20, t.2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 162, t. 152.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 646.— Eaton, Manual, 111; 6
ed. 11.5.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224.— H.iyno, Dend. Fl. 178.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 644.— Watson, Doud. Brit, ii, 156.— Torrey,
Compenil. Fl. N. States, 361 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 233.— Beck, Bot. 338.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2475, f. 2327.— Forbes,
Pinetnm Woburn. 183, t. 61.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 215.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed.
387.— Emer.son, Trees Massachusotts, 98; 2 ed. i, 114.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 442.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 516.—
Cooper in Smithsonian Rej). 18.58, 257.— Chajiman, Fl. S. States, 435. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 28.— Wood, CI. Book, 663; Bot. & Fl. 315.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 509.— Gray, Manual N. States,
5 ed. 473.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 346. — Koch, D<Midrologie, ii=, 162. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Veitch, Manual
Conif 23-<.

Thuya sphwroidea, Sprengel, Syst. iii, 889.

Thuya sphwroiHalis, Richard, Conif. 45, t. 8, f. 2.
12 FOR

178 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

WHITE OEDAE.

Southern Maine, souMi near the coast to northern Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the valley of tito Pearl
river, Mississippi.

A tree 24 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; in deep, cold swampa ; rare in
the Gulf states, west of the bay of Mobile.

Wood very light and soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the
soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
light brown tinged with red, growing darker with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3322; ash,
0.33 ; largely used in boat-building, for woodenware, cooperage, shingles, interior finish, telegraph and fence posts,
railway ties, etc.

Along the Atlantic coast from New Jersey southward lumber is manufactured from buried trunks of this
species dug from peat swamps.

330. — Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis, Spach,

Hist. Veg. xi, 333.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 105; 2 ed. ii, IfiS.— Endljclier, Syn. Conif. 62.— Cedobour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 680.— Lindlcy &
Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, '209. — Carribre, Trait. Conif. 134 ; 2 ed. 127. — Walpors, Ann. v, 796. — Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadelholz, 250. — Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi=, 465.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian
Nat. 2 ser. ix, 329.

Cupressus Nootlcatensis, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. ii, 18; 2 ed. ii, No. 60.— Loudon, Arboretnm, iv, 2480.

CupreSSUS Nutkaensis, Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Newberry in Pacific E. R. Rep. vi, 63, f. 28.— Gordon, Pinetum, 66;
2 ed. 94. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263. — Nelson, Pinaceae, 74. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 345.— Lawson, Pinetum
Brit. ii,199, t. 34, f. 1-12. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii=, 1C5. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Macoun in Geological Rep.
Canad^ 1876-'77,211.—Veitch, Manual Conif. 235.

Thuya excelsa, Bougard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 164.

Cupressus Americana, Trantvetter, Imag. PI. Fl. Rossica, 12, t. 7.

C. Nutkaensis, var. glauca, Walpers, Ann. v, 769.

Thuyopsis borealis, Hort..— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 113.
Thuyopsis cupressoides, Carrifere, Man. des PI. iv, 324.
C. excelsa, Fischer in herb. Sitka.
Thuyopsis Tchugatskoy and T. Tchugatskoyw, Hort.

YELLOW CYPRESS. SITKA CYPRESS.

Sitka, south along the islands and Coast ranges of British Columbia and the Cascade mountains of Washington
territory and Oregon to the valley of the Santian river, Oregon ("Lucky Camp mountain", Cusick).

A large tree of great economic value, 30 to 38 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter,
or toward its southern limits and at high elevations much smaller ; common along the coast at the sea-level to
about latitude 4:9° 30' N., then less common and only at higher elevations ; south of British Columbia hardly below
6,000 feet elevation and very rare and local; the most valuable timber tree of Alaska.

Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily
worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, possessing an agreeable, resinous odor; bauds of small summer
cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays thin, numerous, hardly distinguishable; color, bright, light clear
yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4782 ; ash, 0.34 ; somewhat used in boat- and ship-
building, for furniture, interior finish, etc., probably unsurpassed in beauty as a cabinet wood by that of any Korth
American tree. ^

331. — Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, Parlatore,

Stud. Organ. Conif. 23, 29, t. 3, f. 22-25; De CandoUo, Prodr. xvi'', 464.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 cd. a'>.— Watson, Bot. California, ii,
155. — Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 8.

Cupressus Lawsoniana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 292, t. 9.— Bot. Mag. t. 5581.— Nelson, I'iuacea;,
7-^.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 203.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 191, t. 31, f. 1-13.— Hoopes, Evergreens
:J42, f. 53.— Ileukel & Hochstetter, Nadclhiilz. 240.- Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— London Garden, vii
."iOS & t.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 231.— Eichlcr in Mouatsb. Acad. Berl. 1881, f. 29,30.

Cupressus fragrans, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 103.

t Cupressus atfenuata, Gordon, Pinetum, 1 cd. 57; 2 cd. *9.

C. Boursierii, Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 125 [not Decaisne].

C. Nutkanus, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 1. 10.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 179

POET OKPOED CEDAK. OREGON OEDAB. AVHITE CEDAR. LAWSON'S OYPBESS. GINGER PINE.

Oregon, Coos bay, south to the valley of the Eogue river, uot extending more than thirty miles from the coast ;
California, valley of the upper Sacramento river (shores of Castle and Soda lakes, Shasta county).

A large tree of the first economic value, 45 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters iu diameter;
rich woods, iu low, moist soil, interspersed with the yellow fir and hemlock; most common and reaching its
greatest developmeut along the Oregon coast; local; in California very rare and local.

Wood light, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the ground,
abounding in oiforiferous resin, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of small summer cells thin, not
conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light yellow or almost white, the thin sap-wood liardly
distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4621 ; ash, 0.10 ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish,
flooring, railway ties, fence posts, matches, and in ship- and boatbuilding; the resin strongly diuretic and a
powerful insecticide.

332. — Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartweg,

Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 187. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337. — Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 296 & t. ; Pinetum, 65 ; 2 cd.
91. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 20. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 211. —
Cooper in Smitlisoniau Eep. 1858, 2C3 ; Proc. California Acad, iii, 290. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 124, in part. — Bolander in Proc.
California Acad, iii, 228. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 239. — Nelson, Pinacea), 73. — Hoopes, Evrt^greens, 353. — Parlatoro in
De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 473. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 36. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 234. — Lawson Pinetum Brit, ii, 195, t. 32.

C. Lamhertiana, Carrifere in Eev. Hort. 1855, 232; Trait. Conif. 124 ; 2 ed. 166.
C. Harhcegii, Carrifere in Rot. Hort. 1855, 232 ; Trait. Couif. 2 ed. 168.

tC. macrocarpa, var. fasiigiata, Knight, Conif. 20.— Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi', 473.— Veitcb, Manual
Conif. 234.

fC. Hartuegii, var. /««%iate, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 169.

MONTEREY CYPRESS.

California, Monterey (Cypress pointy Pescadero ranch, and Carmelo point).

A tree 15 to 21 meters in height,, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; on granite rocks immediately
upon the sea-coast ; very local.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable iu contact
with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, odorous; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored,
conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, hardly distiuguishable; color, clear bright brown streaked with red and
yellow, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.6261 ; ash, 0.57 ; very beautiful and of undoubted value
as a cabinet wood.

333. — Cupressus Goveniana, Gordon,

Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 296 & f. ; Pinetum, 60; 2 ed. 83. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc.
London, v, 206. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 125; 2 ed. 170. — Torrey, Mex. Boundary Survey, 211. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,
266.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 240.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 2.52. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr, xvi^, 472. — Fowler iu
London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 114.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 230.

f C. Cali/ornica, Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 127; 2 ed. 164.

«
C. Calif ornica gracilis, Nelson, Pinacea;, 70, iupprt

/ C. COrnuta, Carrifere iu Rev. Hort. 1866, 251 & f.
t Juniperus aromatica, Hort.

Humboldt county, California, south along the coast and through the Coast ranges into Lower California.

A small tree, sometimes 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; borders of
streams and mountain slopes, in rather rich soil, or often a low shrub, fruiting when 0.30 to 1 meter in height, and
occupying extensive tracts of sandy barrens 1 to 5 miles inland from the coast, or thin, rocky soil (Pringle) ;
widely but not generally distributed.

Wood li;cht, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, dark colored,
conspicuous; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood neaily white; specific gravity,
0.4689; a.sh, 0.45.

180 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

334. — Cupressus Macnabiana, Murray,

Edinburgh, Now Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 293, 1. 10.— Gordon, Pinotum, 64 ; 2 ed. 90.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 od. 1C5.— Hoopcs, Evergreens,
353. — Parlatore in Do Caudollo, Prodr. xvi=, 473.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 150.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Watson, Bot.
California, ii, 114.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 23.3.

G. glandulosa, Hooker, (ex. Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhohs. 241).

C. Galifornici gracilis, Nelson, Pinacese, 70, in part.

Ciilifornia, mountains south of Clear lake, Lake county [Torrey, Bolandcr, Pringle, Miller).

A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall
shrub branching from the ground; very rare and local; not rediscovered in the original station reijorted by
Jeffrey, the Mount Shasta region.

Wood not collected.

335. — Cupressus Guadalupensis, w.atson,

Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, :j<)0 ; Bot. California, ii, 114.

G. macrocarpa, f Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 119 [not Hartweg].

G. Arizonica, E. L. Greene in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 64.— Ensby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.— Watson in Proc. Am.
Acad, xviii, 157.

San Francisco mountains of New Mexico and eastern Arizona {Oreene, Busby), Santa Catalina and Santa Rita
mountains, Arizona (Pringle, Lemmon) ; on the Sierra Madre, near Saltillo, and Gaudalupe island, Mexico (Palmer).

A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rocky canons and ridges ; on the
New Mexico and Arizona mountains, forming extensive forests between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, generally
on northern slopes; local.

Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good jjolish ; bands of small
summer cells, broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, gray, often faintly streaked with
yellow, the thick sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4843 ; ash, 0.44.

336. — Juniperus Californica, Carrifere,

Eev. Hort, iii, 353 & f. ; Trait. Conif. 58 ; 2 ed. 41. — Gordon, Pinotum, 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — Engelmann in Trans. St.
Louis Acad. Iii, 588 ; Wheeler's Kep. vi, 375. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 593. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113.

J. tetragona, var. osteospervia, Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Eep. 28.

J. tetragona, Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263 [not Schlechtendal].

J. Gerrosianus, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, u, 37.

J. OCCidentalis, Gordon, Pinetum.Suppl. 38; Pinetum, 2 cd. 16-2, in part.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 245, in part.—
Hoopes, Evergreens, 299, iu part. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prcdr. xvi", 489, in part.

J. Galifomica, var. osteosperma, Engelmann ; Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 119 .

JXTNIPEB.

California, San Francisco bay, south through the Coast ranges to Lower California.

A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter In diameter, or more often a tall
shrub, sending up many stems from the ground ; sandy barrens and dry, rocky soil.

Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer
cells thin, dark colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown slightly
tinged with red, the s.ap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.0282 ; ash, 0.75; in southern California largely used
for fencing and fuel.

Var. Utahensis, Engelmann,

Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 588 ; Wheelcr'.s Eop. vi, 2C4. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — Sargeut in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 scr. xvii, 418. —
Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. —Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113.

J. OCCidentalis, W.itson in King's Bep. v, 330, in part; PI. Wheeler, 18 [not Hooker].

J. occidental^, var. Utahensis, Veitch, Manual Conif. 289.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 181

JUNIPER.

Western base of the Walisatch mountains, Utah, to eastern California, south through the Great Basin to
southeastern Califoruia {Pringle) and the San Francisco mountains, eastern Arizona [Greene).

A small, contorted tree, C to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often a
tall, much-branched shrub; very common through the elevated valleys and along the lower slopes of all the ranges
of central and southern Utah and Nevada, and the most generally-distributed arborescent species of the region.

Wood light soft, close-graiued, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; color, light brown, the thick
sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5522 ; ash, 0.49; the common fuel and fencing material of the region,

337. — ^Juniperus pachyphloea, Torrey,

Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 142; Bot. Mex. Bouiidary Survey, 210 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelhcilz. 247.— Cirriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 56.— Parlatore in De Candolle.Prodr. xvi^490.— Gordon,Pinetun),2 ed.
164.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 589; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 264.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 593.- Veitch, Manual Conif.
289.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 184.

J. plochyderma, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 173, t. 16.

J. Sabina pachyphloea, Antoine, Kupress. 39.

JUNIPEE.

Eagle and Limpia mountains {Havard), west along the ranges of western Texas, southern New Mexico and
Arizona south of latitude 34° ; southward into Mexico.

A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, stony slopes and ridges,
generally between 2,000 and 3,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing and largest juniper of the mountains of western
Texas.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish ; bands of small
summer cells very thin, dark colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear light red,
often streaked with yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5829; ash, 0.11.

338. — ^Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker,

Fl. Bor.-Am.ii,166.— Endlicher, Syn. Couif. 26.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202.— Carrifero, Conif. 42, in part; 2
ed. 40, in part.- Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Gordon, Pinetum, 117 (excl. syn.); Suppl.
38 (excl. syn. ) ; 2 ed. 162 (excl. syn.). — Henkel & Hochstctter, Nadelholz. 345, in part. — Nelson, Pinaceoe, 142. — Hoopes, Evergreens,
299 (excl. syn. Californica). — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 489, in part.- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — Macoun in Geological
Hep. Canada, 187&-'76, 211.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 289.

J. exceha, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 245.

J. Andina, Nnttall, Sylva, ui, 95. 1. 110 ; 2 ed. ii, 157, 1. 110.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 55.

Chamcecijparis Boursierii, Decaisne in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, i, 70.

J. Hermanni, Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 141 [not Sprengel].

J. occidentalis, var. pleiosperma, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 590.

J. pyriformis, Hort.

JUNIPER.

Blue mountains and high prairies of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, Cascade mountains of Oregon,
valley of the Klamath river, California, and south along the high ridges of the Sierra Nevada, between 7,000 and
10,000 feet elevation, to the San Bernardino mountains {Parish Bros.).

A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or often a low, much-branched
shrub; dry, rocky ridges and prairies, reaching its greatest development in the California sierras.

Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer
cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light red or brown, the sap-wood nearly
white; specific gravity, 0.5765; ash, 0.12; largely used for fencing and fuel.

Var. monosperma, Engelmann,
Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, .590 ; Wlieclcr's Rep. vi, 2G3.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 289.— Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.

182 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

JUNIPER.

Ea.stci'u base of Pike's peak, Colorado, to the mountains of western Texas, and through New Mexico and
southern Arizona to southern California.

A small, stunted tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a tnink sometimes O.CO meter in diameter, or often branching
from the ground with many stout, contorted stems; dry, gravellj' slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet elevation.

Wootl heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often eccentric; specific gravity, 0.7119;
ash, 0.78; largely used for fuel and fencing.

Var. COnjugens, Engelmann,
Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 590. — Vcitch, Maunal Couif. 289. — Watsou in Proc. Am. Acac].xviii,158.

JUNIPER.

Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river (Austin), west and north.

A tree 11 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, covering with extensive
forests the limestone hills of western Texas; its range not yet satisfactorily determined.

Wood light, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of
small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown, often
streaked with red, the thin sap- wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6907; ash, 0.4G; largely used for fencing,
fuel, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc.

339. — ^Juniperus Virginiana, Linuffius,

Spec. 1 od. 1039.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. il, 180.— Mar.shall, Arbustnm, 70.— Wangenheim, Amer. 9, t. 2, f. 5.— Walter, ¥\.
Carolinian,'v,24rf.— Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii, 414; 2 cd. v, 414.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 627.— Willdonow, Spec. iv,853; Enum. 1025; Berl.
Baumz. 193.— Porsoou, Syn. ii,f>32. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 539. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 42, t. 5; N. American Sylva,
3ed. 173, t. 155.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 647.— Nonveau Duliamel, vi, 49, t. 16.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelpli. 96; Compend. Fl.
Pliiladclph, ii, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 118; 2ed. 194.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii, 97; 2 ed. ii, 159.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii, 49,
t. 45 ; Fl. Boston. 3 od. 398.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 205.— Elliott, Sk. ii,J17.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 167 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 377 ;
Fl. N. York, ii, 235 ; Maroy's Rop. 284 ; PaciBc R. R. Rep. i v, 142 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 211 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Sprengel, Syst.
iii, 908.— Richard, Conif, 37, t. 6, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 43.— Rafinesqne, Med. Bot. ii, 13. —Beck, Bot. 337.— Lindlcy, Fl. Med.
55G.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 249."), f. 2357.— Forbes, Piuetura Woburn. 199.— Ponn. Cycl. xiii, 147.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 288.—
Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 102; 2 ed. i, 118. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 27, iu part. — Schcele in Rcenier, Tex.as, Appx. 447. —
Liudloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202.— Parry in Owen's Rep. GIB.- Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. -295.- Knight,
Syn. Conif. 12.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1355, 101.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R R. Rep.
ii, 130, 175.— Carrifcre, Trait. Conif. 43 ; 2 ed. 44.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. 20.— Gordon, Pinetum, 112 ; 2 ed. 154.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257 ; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii', 48; Manual N. States,
5 ed. 474 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii-, 302. —Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860,
iii, 71 .— Lesqucreux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.- Wood, CI. Book, 663 ; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 510.—
Eugelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,209; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 591; Wheeler's Rep. vi,263.— Lyall iu Jour.
Llnua^an Soc. vii, 144. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 335. — Nelson, Pinacea;, 153.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 291.— Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 488.— Young, Bot. Texas, 517.— Koch, Dendrologio, ii^, 1.38.— Watsou iu King's Rep. v, 335.— Rothrock in PI.
Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 10.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132.— H.iyden in
Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakot.-i, 2 ed. 122.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii,242.— Broadhesd
iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ill, 60.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 183. — Veitch,
Manual Conif. 282.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52''.- Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67.— Hemslcy, Bot. Am.-
Cent. iii, 184.

J. Caroliniana, Marshall, Arbustnm, 71.— Dn Roi,Harbk. 2 ed. 497.

J. arborescens, Mrouch, Moth. 699.

J. Barbadensis, Michaux, Fl'.Bor.-Am. ii,246 [not LinnKus].- Pursh, Fl.Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva,
iii, 96; 2cd.ii,1.58.

J, Virginiana, var. Caroliniana, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 198.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 205. —Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2495.

J. Virgi7iiana, vai". Hermanni, Persoou, Syn. ii,632.

J. Hermanni, Spreugel, Syst. iii, 908.

J. fmtida, var. Virginiana, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi , 298 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 3lb.

J. Virginiana vulgaris, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 28.

J. Sabina, vjir. Virginiana, Antome, Kupress. t. 63, 64.

I

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 183

RED CEDAR. SAVIN.

Southern New Bruuswick to the northeru shores of Georgian bay, uortbern Michigan, Wisconsin and
Minnesota, south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, west to
eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about the one hundi'edth parallel of west longitude; in
the Pacific region. Rocky mountains of Colorado to Vancouver's island, British Columbia; not extending to
western Texas, California, or. Oregon; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona rare and local.

The most widely distributed of North American Coniferae, a tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60
to 1.35 meter in diameter, or toward its northeru and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub;
dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf states, especially near the coast, in deep swamps; in
northeru Montana, borders of streams and lakes; common; andreaching its greatest development in the valley of
the Ecd river, Texas.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable iu
contact with the soil ; odorous; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure ; color, dull red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4926 ; ash, 0.13 ; largely used for
posts, sills, railway ties, interior finish, cabinet-making, and almost exclusively for lead-pencils.

A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for savine cerete, and an infusion of the berries
as a diuretic ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 529. — Xat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 795).

340. — Taxodium distichum, Richard,

Ann. Mus. xvi, 298; Conif. 52, t. 10. — Nouveau DuLamel, iii, 8. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 525. — Lambert, Piuus, 2 ed. 25 & t. — Torrey,
Compend. FI. N. States, 361 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210. — Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182. — Loudon, Arboretum,
iv, 2481, f. 2335-2339. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 177, t. 60.-— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68, iu part. — Engelmaun & Gray in ,Jour. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234.— Scheelo in Eoeiuer, Texas, Appx. 447. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Knigbt, Syn.
Conif. 20.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 143; 2ed. 180 ; Rev. Hort. viii, 62& f.— Morreu in Bolg. Hort. vi,
74 & t.— Gordon, Pinetum, 305 ; 2 ed. 382.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1857, 549. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl.
S. States, 435.^Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 29. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, CI.
Book, 603; Bot. & Fl. 315.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 258.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 473,— Hoopes, Evergreens, 364, f.
58. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 440. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 305, f. 1-9.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle,
1872, 1526. — Young, Bot. Texas, 518. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii=,195. — Bertrand in Bull. Soo. Bot. France, xviii, 127.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 36.— Bruadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 214.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 87.— Watson
in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 158.

Cvpressus disticha, Linna:us, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.— Dn Roi, Harbk.i, 201. —Marshall, Arbustnm, 39.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 244.—
Wangenbeim, Amer. 43.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, 323.— Bartram, Travels, 2
ed.88.— Michanx,FI. Bor.-Am. ii,208.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 567.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,512; Eunm. 991; Berl.
Baumz. 111. — Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 288.— Micbanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 4, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 154, t.
151.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 151.— Nuttall,
Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne,Dend. FI. 178.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 317, 318.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 642.— Beck, Bot. 238.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 116.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 215.— De Cbambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 349.— Dickson & Brown
in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 scr. v, 15. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 508.

Cttpressus disticha, var. patens and var. nutans, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 323.

CupreSSUS disticha, var. imbricaria, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224; Traus.Am.Phil.Soc.2 ser.v, 163.— Croom in Am. Jour. Sci.
1 ser. xxviii, 166.

Schuhertia disticha, Mirbel in Mem. Mus. xiii, 75.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 890.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 349.

T. microphyllum, Brongniart iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Couif. 68.— Lindley it Gordon iu Jour.
Hort. Soc. London, V, 207.— Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 148.

T. adscendens, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 69.— Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort.
Soc. London, V, 207. — Garriere, Trait. Conif. 148.

T. distichum, var. patens and var. nutans, Eudlicher,Syn. Conif. 68.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2481.

T. distichum fustigiatum. Knight, Syn. Conif. 21.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 145; 2 ed. 181.— Gordon, Pinetum, 307; 2 ed.
383. — Honkel & Hochstetter, Nadelbiilz. 260. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 367.

r. distichum, var. microphyllum, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 261.— Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 441 (T.
Sinenae pendulum, Forlies, Pinetum Woburu. 180.— Glyptoslrobus jycndulun, Endlicher, Conif. 71.— Bot. Mag. t. 6603.—
Carrifrre, trait. Couif. l.'JS. — T. Sinense, Gordon, Piuetum, 309. — Ctqireseus Sinenee, Hort.).

Cupresptnnata disticna, kelson, ymaeesa.ai.

184 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

BALD CYPEESS. BLACK OYPEESS. BED OYPKESS. "WHITE CYPRESS. DEOrDUOTJS CYPEESS.

Sussex connty, Delaware, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet and cape Romano, Florida, west through the
Gulf states near the coast to the valley of the Nueces river, Texas, and through Arkansas to western Tennessee,
western and northern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southern Illinois and Indiana.

A large tree of great economic value, 24 to 4G meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter;
deep, submerged swamps, river- bottom lands, and pine-barren ponds; common and forming extensive forests in
the south Atlantic and Gulf states.

Wood light, soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with
the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullai-y rays numerous, very obscure; color,
light or dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4543; ash, 0.42; largely manufactured into
lumber and used for construction, cooperage, railway ties, posts, fencing, etc., often injured, especially west of the
Mississippi river, by a species of Dwdalia, not yet determined, rendering it unfit for lumber.

Two varieties of cypress, black and white, are recognized by lumbermen, the wood of the former heavier than
water when,green, rather harder and considered more durable than the other; the unseasoned wood of the latter
lighter than water and rather lighter colored than black cypress.

341. — Sequoia gigantea, Dccaisne,

Bull. Bot.Soc. France,!, 70; Kev. Hort. 1855, 9, 1. 10, f. L— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, iii, 94; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xvii. 440; xviii, 150,
286.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140.— Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 42.— Blake in Pacific R. R. Rep. v, 257, t. 13.—
Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 166.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 90.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Wood, Bot. & FI. 315.—
Bloomer in Proc. California Acad, iii, 397. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 239, f. 29. — Parlatore in De CandoUe Prodr. xvi', 437. — Koch,
Dendrologie, ii', 194. — Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 114.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Mnir in Proc. Am. Assoc, xxv,
242.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 117.

Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley in London Gard. Chronicle, 1853, 819, 823 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4777, 4778.— C. Lemaire in lU. Hort.
1854, 14 & t.— Nandin in Rev; Hort. 1854, 116.— Fl. des Serres, ix, 93 & t. 903 & t.— Flor. Cabinet, 1854, 121 & t.—
Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 22. — Gordon, Pinetum, 330 ; Suppl. 106 ; 2 ed. 415. — Murray in Ediuhnrgb New Phil.
Jonr. new ser, xi, 205, t. 3-9 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 330, t. 6, f. 8, 9).— Henkel & Hochstetter, NadelhiJlz.
222.— Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 217.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 4 15.

Wellingtonia Californica, Winslow in California Farmer, September, 1854.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. & Kew Misc. vii, 26.

Taxodium Washingtonianum, Winslow in California Farmer, September, 1854.

Taxodium giganteum, Kellogg & Behr in Proc. California Acad. i. 51.

S. Wellingtonia, Seemann in Bonplandia, ii,238; iii, 27; vi,343; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 1859, 161.— Lawson,
Pinetum Brit, iii, 299, t. 37, 51, 53, f. 1-37.

Gigantahies WdJlW^/OWia, Nelson, Pinacese, 79.

BIG TREE.

California, western slopes^ of the Sierra Nevadas from Placer county (Calaveras Grove) south to Deer creek on
the southern borders of Tulare county.

Tlie largest tree of the American forest, 76 to 119 meters in height, with a trunk 6 to 11 meters iu diameter;
valleys and moist swales or hollows between 4,000 and 0,000 feet elevation, growing in small, isolated groves,
exceiJt toward its southern limits, here mixed with the sugar pine and red and white firs, covering large tKactS,
often several hundred acres in extent.

Wood very light, soft, weak, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, remarkably durable in contact with tbo
soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, con.spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright
clear red, turning much darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood white; specific gravity, 0.2882; ash, 0.50; in
Fresno county formerly somewhat manufactured into lumber and locally used for fencing, shingles, construction, etc.

342. — Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicber,

Syn. Conif. 198.— Decaisne in Rev. Hort. 185.5, 9, tt 11, f. 2.— Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 164 ; 2 ed. 210.— Bigelow in Pacific R. K. Rep. iv, 23.—
Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 57, 90, f. 23.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210 ; Ives'
Rep. 28. — Gordon, Pinetum, 303; Suppl. 97; 2 ed. 379.— Cooper in Smithsouian Rep. 1858,263. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil.
Jour, new ser. xi, 221 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 346).— Seemann in Ann. & M.ag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 1S'>9, 165.— Wood, Bot.
&F1.315. — Bolandcr in Proc. California Acad, iii, 231. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 244. — Parlatore iu De Caudolle Prodr. xvl', 436.-
Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 193.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Stearns in Am. Nat. x, 110.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 116.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 212.— liawson, Pinetum Brit, iii, t. 52 & figs.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 185-

Taxodium sempervirens, Lambert, Pinus, 114;-2 cd. ii, 107, t. 52.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2487, f. 2340, 2341.— Hooker, p'l.
Bor.-Am. ii, 164; Icon, iv, t. 379. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beecliey, 1841. — Fremont, Geographical Mem. California, :56,.
37.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 262.

Taxodii species, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150.

Sequoia gigantea, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 190, in part.— Beutbam, PI. Hartweg. 33a

Abies religiosa, Hooker & Amott, Bot. Boechey, 160.

Sehubeftia sempervirens, 8pach,H'mt.\og.x^i, 353.

8. religiosa, Pr^l,Epimel.Bot.357.— Walpers, Ann. iU, 448.

Oigantabies taxifoUa, Nelson, PinaceB, 78.

EEDWOOD.

California, from the northern boundary of the state, south through the Coast ranges to "Veers creek" near the-
southern border of Monterey county.

A large tree of great economic value, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 7 meters in diameter, sending
up from the stump when cut many vigorous shoots ; sides of canons and gulches in low, wet situations, borders of
streams, etc., not appearing on dry hillsides; generally confined to the western slopes of the Coast ranges,
and nowhere extending far from the coast; most generally multiplied and reaching its greatest average density
north of cape Mendocino.

Wood light, soft, not strong, very brittle, rather coarsegrained, compact, susceptible of a good polish, easily
split and worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored,^
conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, clear light red, the thiu sap-wood nearly white ;^
specific gravity, 0.4208; ash, 0.14; largely sawed into lumber; the prevailing and most valuable building material
of the Pacific coast, and in California almost exclusively used for shingles, fence posts, telegraph poles, railway
ties, wine-butts, tanning- and water-tanks, coflQns, etc. ; forms with curled or contorted grain are highly ornamental.

343.— Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall,

Sylva, iii,86, 1. 108; 2ed. ii, 149, 1. 108 (T. occidentalis on plate).— Torrey in Pacific R. K.Eep. iv, 140.— NewbeiTy in Pacific E. R. Rep,
vi, 60, 90, f. 26.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 203; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii'', 26, 69; Am. Nat. iii, 414.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. .
316. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 229. — Carrifcro, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 742.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 383. — Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 501. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 40'i. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii^, 95.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 2 ed. 392. — Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, .35. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Hall in Coulter's I3ot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Watson. Bot.
California, ii, 110. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 305.

T. baccata, var. CanadewstS, Bentham, Pi. Hartweg. 338.

T. baccata, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 167, in part.

T. Boursierii, CarriJire in Rev. Hort. 1854,228 & t. ; Trait. Conif. 523 ; 2 ed. 739.

T. Lindleyana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, now ser. i, 294 ; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, I860.— Lawson, Cat,
1855, 15.— Gordon, Pinetum, 316 ; Suppl. 99.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 360.— Nelson, Pinacete, 174.

T. Canadensis, Bigelowin Pacific R. R.Rcp. iv,25[notWilIdenow].

YEW

Queen Charlotte islands and the valley of the Skeena river, south through the Coast ranges of British Columbia,
through western and the mountain ranges of eastern Washington territory and Oregon to the western slopes of
the Rocky mountains of northern Montana (Ganby <& Sargent), through the California Coast ranges to the bay of
Monterey and along the western slopea'of the Sierra Nevadas to about latitude 37° IT.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in
Idaho and Montana much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; rai'e; low, rich woods and borders of streams,
reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washington territory, and British Columbia.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable
in contact with the soil; bauds of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin,
numerous, very obscure ; color, light bright red, the thin sap'wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6391 ; ash,
0.22 ; used for fence posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast for paddles, spear handles, bows, fish-hooks,
etc.

186 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

344. — Taxus Ploridana, Nuttall,

Sylvo, iii,92; 2 ed. ii, 155.— Groom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xivi, 334. — Chapman, FI. S. States, 436.— C8^T^^^o, Trait. Coiiif. 2 ed. 741. —
Hoopes, Evergreens, 3tj4.— Vasey. Cat. Forest Trees, 36.

T. montana, Nuttall, Sylva,iii, 92; 2 ed.il, 155.

YEW.

Western Florida, banks of the Apalachicola river from Bristol to Aspalaga, Gadsdeu couuty, aud Watson's
Landing? (Curtm).

A small tree, 3 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; rare and very local.

Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; bauds of small summer cells very thin, dark colored, not
conspicuous ; medullary rays iiumerous, obscure ; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly
white; specific gravity, 0.C340 ; ash, 0.21.

345. — Torreya taxifolia, Arnott,

Ann. Nat. Hist, i, 134; Hooker, Icon, iii, t. 232, 233.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 454.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 91, t. 109; 2 ed. ii, 153, t.
109.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 298.— Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 241.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 226.— Darby, Bot.
S. States, 516.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 514 ; 2 ed. 726.— Gordon, Pinetum, 329; 2 ed. 412.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 436.— Wood, CI. Book, 664; Bot. & Fl. 316.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 387, f. 62.— Parlatore in De Candolla,
Prodr. xvi', 505. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii'^, 100. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 311.

Caryotaxus taxifolia, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 367.
Fcetataxus montana, Nelson, PinaceiB, 167.

STINKING CEDAR. SAA^N.

Western Florida, eastern bank of the Apalachicola river from Chattahoochee to the neighborhood of Bristol,
Oadsden county; doubtfully reported from the shores of a small lake west of Ocheesee and at Wakulla Springs,
Wakulla county {Curliss).

A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up when cut many
vigorous shoots from the stem aud roots; borders of swamps on calcareous soil; very rare and local.

Wood light, rather hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very
durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells very thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure; color, clear bright yellow, the thin saj)- wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.5145; ash, 0.73;
largely used locally for fence posts, etc.

346. — Torreya Californica, Toney,

N. York Jour. Pharm. iii, 49; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140. — Bigelowin Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 24. — Kellogg iu Proc. California Acad. 1,
35. — Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rej). vi, 61, 90, f. 27. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 185S, 263. — Bolauder in Proc. California
Acad, iii, 229. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 335. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi'^, £06. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii'', 101. — Gordon,
Pinetum, 2 ed. 410. — "Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 110.

T. Myristica, Hooker f. iu Bot. Mag. t. 4780.— Van Hontto iu Fl. des Serres, ix, 175 & t.— Carritre, Conif. 315; 2 ed. 727.—
Gordon, Pinetum, 1 ed. 327. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. x, 7, t. 3. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 311.

Caryotaxus Myristica, Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 368.

Fcetataxits Myristica, Nelson, Pinacese, 168.

CALIFORNIA NUTMEG. STINKING CEDAR.

California, Mendocino county, and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, between
3,000 and 5,000 feet elevation.

A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up from the stump when
cut many vigorous shoots; borders of streams, in moist soil; rare.

Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a flue polish, very durable in contact
with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, uot conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, ol>>cnrc; color,
clear light yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.47C0; ash, 1.34.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TRfeES. 187

347. — Pinus Strobus, Linuteus,

Spec.led. 1001; Du Koi. Ilarbk. ii,57.— Waagenhoiin, Amor, i, 1. 1, f. 1.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 309; 2 ed. v, 318.— Swartz, Gbs. 363.—
Mcench, Meth. 384.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. il, 205.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 341 ; 111. iii, 369, t. 780, f. 2.— Lambert, Piuus, 1 cd. t.
22; 2ed. i, 27, t. 35; 3ed. i, 51, t. 32.— Willileuow, Spec, iv, 501; Kuum. 93'J; BerlBamnz. 213.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Dcsfoutaines, Hist.
Arb. ii, 612.— Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 104, 1. 10 ; N. Americau Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 120, 1. 145.— Non veau Duharael, v, 249, t. 70.- Smith
in Kees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 17.— Pursh,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 644.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 cd.265.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223; Sylva, iii, 118;

2 ed. ii, 176 (excl. syn. var. monticola). — Hayne, Deud. H. 175. — Elliott. Sk. ii,638. — Spnngel, Syst. ii, 887. — Tnrrey, Conipend. Fl.
N. States, 360 |VF1. N. York, ii,229.— Richard, Conif. 60, 1. 12, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 39.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv,
2280, f. 2193-2106.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburu. 83.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.— Eaton & Wriglit. Bot. 359.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston.

3 ed. 385. — Antoine, Conif. 43, t. 20, f. 3. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 173. — Link in Linuaja, xv, 514. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 394. —
De Charabray, Trait. Arb. Res. Couif. 262. t. 4, 5, f. 8.— Emer.sou, Trees Massachusetts, 60; 2 ed. i, 73 & t.— Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 147. — Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 35, t. 5. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 34. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 915. — Carrifere,
Trait. Couif. 302 ; 2 ed. 398.— Buckley in Am. Jotir. Sci.2 ser. xiii, 398.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 290.— Darby, Bot. S. States,
515.— Gordon, Pinetum, 239; 2 ed. 322.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1853,257.— Fescali,For8t.Pfi. 56, 1. 11, f. 7-13. —Chapman, Fl.
S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 25.— Wood, CI. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 312.— Porcher, Resources
S. Forests, 505. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 92. — Nelson, Pinacea;, 130. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 136, f. 19. — Gray, Manual N.
States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatoro in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 405. — Schuizlein, Icon. t. 77, f. 10. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 319.— Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 32. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 187. — Voitch, Manual Conif.
183.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80. 49'^.

P. Strobus, var. alba, var. hrevifolia, var. compressa, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2280.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour.
Hort. Soc. London, v, 215.

P. Strobus, var. nivea, Hort.

WHITE PINE. WEYMOUTH PINE.

Newfoundland, northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence to lake Nipigon and the valley of the Winnipeg
river, south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of lake Michigan, " Starving rock,"
near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa (Parry), and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia.

A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 52 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3.50 meters in diameter;
sandy loam upon drift formations, forming extensive forests, or in the region of the great lakes often in small
bodies scattered through the hard-wood forests, here reaching its greatest development ; north of latitude 47°
N. and south of Pennsylvania, central Michigan, and Minnesota much smaller, less common and valuable.

Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful
polish; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages small, not numerous nor conspicuous;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ;
specific gravity, 0.3854; ash, 0.19; more largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any
other North American tree ; the common and most valuable building material of the northern states ; largely used in
cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the manufacture of matches, woodenware, and for many domestic purposes.

Conifcrin, a glucoside principle, has been discovered in the cambium layer of this and several other species of
Goniferce [Jour, fur Prakt. Cliem. xcvii, 243. — Am. Jour. Pharm. 1867, 261. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 901).

348. — Pinus monticola, Douglas;

Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 27, t. 35.— Loudou, Arboretum, i v, 2291, f. 2208, 2209.- Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 81, t. 31.— Antoine, Conif. 40, t.
18, f. 3.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 148. — Lindley & Gordou in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215. —
Carrifere, Trait. Conif 305; 2 ed. 401.— Gordou, Pinetum, 233; 2 ed. 314.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262; Pacific R. R. Rep.
xii',27; Am. Nat. iii, 410. — Lyall in Jour. Linnroan Soc. vii, 141.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 94. — Nelson, PinaceiB, 120. —
Hoopes, Evergreens, 135.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. — Parlatore in De Candollc, Prodr. xvi=, 405. — Gray in Proc.
Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Fowler in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 322. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. —
Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.- Engelraann in Bot. California, ii, 123.— G.
M.Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 328. — Veitch, Manaal Conif. 181, f. 41.- Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 69, f. 1-6.

P. Strobus, var. monticola, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 118; 2cd.ii,170.

P. Orozelieri, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1869, 126.

P. porphyrocarpa, Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 83, f. 1-8.

AVHITE PINE.

Vancuovc'r's island. Coast and Gold ranges of southern British Columbia, through the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter
Boot mountains of Idaho to the valley of the Flathead river, northern Montana [Canhy <& Sargent), south along
the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon and the California sierrsis t<> Calaveras county.

A large tree, 30 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; r.i.ist common and reaching
its greatest development in the Pend d'Orcille and Clark's Fork regions of Idaho, lierc a valuable and important
timber tree; in British Columbia generally below 3,000 feet, and in California between 7,000 and 10,000 feet
elevation; not common.

188 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, close, straiglitgrained, compact; bauds of small summer cells thin, resinous,
not conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,
light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3908; ash, 0.23; inferior in quality, althougI»
resembling that of the eastern white pine (P. Strobtm) ; in Idaho and Montana somewhat manufactured into lumber.

349. — Pinus Lambertiana, Dougins,

Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 92, 106, 107, 130, 152 ; Trans. Liunican See. xv, 500. — Liinibert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 157, t. 6S, 69. — Loudon, Arboretum,
iv, 2288, f. 2i03.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobnrn. 77, t. 30.— Hooker, FI. Bor.-Ain. ii, 161.— Antoinc, Conif. 41, 1. 19.— Liudley in Penn. Cycl.
xvii, 173.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Spach, Hist. Veg. .\i, 397.— Nutt.ill, Sylva, iii, 122, 1. 114; 2 ed. ii, 180, t. 114.— De
Chanibray, Trait. Arb. Ees. Conif. 346. — Endliclier, Syu. Conif. 150. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215. — Carritsro,
Trait. Couif. 307 ; 2 ed. 403.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 21.— Torrey in Pacific R.R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
210; Ives' Rep. 28.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 42, 90, f. 14.— Gordon, Pinetum, 228; 2 ed. 307.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
185^,262. — Murray in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 369. — Law8on,PinetUBi Brit, i, 47, t.7, f. 1-7. — Bolandcr in Proc. California
Aond. iii, 226, 317. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 95. — Nelson, Piuacese, 115.— Hoopes, Evergrjeens, 134. — Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 402. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071. — Koch, Dendrolrfgie, iP, 323. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
32.— A'^oitch, Manual Conif. 179.

SUGAR PINE.

Oregon, Cascade and Coast ranges, from the head of the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Eogue river
south along the western flank of the California sierras, through the Coast ranges to the Santa Lucia mountains,
and in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca mountains.

A large tree, 46 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 3 to 7 meters in diameter; most common and reaching its
greatest development upon the sierras of central and northern California between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation;
in the Oregon Coast ranges descending to 1,000 feet above the sea-level.

Wood very light, soft, coarse, straight-grained, compact, satiny, easily worked; bands of small summer cells
thin, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, very large and conspicuous; medullary rays numerous,
obscure; color,light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3684; ash, 0.22; now laigely manufactured
into lumber and used for interior finish, door-blinds, sashes, etc., and for cooperage and woodenware; less valuable
and less easily worked than that of the eastern white i)ine {Pinus Strobus); its quality injured by the larger and
more numerous resin passages.

A saccharine exudation from the stumps of cut or partially-burned trees sometimes used as a substitute for
sugar.

350. — Pinus flexilis, James,

Long's Exped. ii, 27, 34.— Torrey in Ann. Lyc.N. York, ii, 249; PaciUc R. R. Rep. iv, 141.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 359.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 107, t. 112; 2 ed. ii, 167, 1. 107.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 220.—
Carrifere in Fl. des Serres, ix, 200; Rev. Hort. 1854, 228; Trait. Conif 310; 2 ed. 392.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 0, 20.—
Gordon, Pinetum, 224; 2 ed. 302. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262. — Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 121. — Engelmanu iu
Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser, xxxiv, 331 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 208; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 257 ; Bot. California, ii, 124.— Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadelholz. 126. — Nelson, Pinacese, 112. — Bolandcr iu Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 131, t. 18. — Parlatore in
De Candoile, Prodr. xvi=, 403.— Porter in Haydeu's Rep. 1871, 494.— Watson in King's Rep. v, xxviii, 332 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Eothrock,
PI. Wheeler, 27, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden, Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130. — Murray in
London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 106. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 420 — Lawson, Pinetum
Brit, i, 35, f. 1.

P. Lambertiana, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.

p. Lambertiana, var. brevi/olia, Endlicher, Syu. Conif. 150.— Lindley &, Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215.—
Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 404.

P. flexilis, var. serrulata, Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 258.

P. flexilis, var. macrocarpa, Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 258.

WHITE PINE.

Eastern slopes of the Eocky mountains, Montana, and probably much farther north, south to New Mexico, on
the Guadalupe and Limpia mountains, western Texas {Havard), on the high mountain ranges of Utah, Nevada,
and nortlicrn Arizona, Inyo mountains and mount Silliman, California.

A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter iu diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges
between 4,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; common along the eastern slopes of the Kocky mountains of northern
Montana, forming open, scattered forests, here low, round-topped, and the prevailing forest tree; in central Nevada
the most valuable lumber tree of the region.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells narrow, not cousincuous, resin
passages nnmerous, large; medullary rays numerous, conspicuou.s ; color, light clear yellow, turning red witli
exposure, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0,4358; ash, 0.28; in northern Montana, Nevada, and Utah
aometimes sawed into inferior lumber and used in construction and for various domestic purposes.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 189

351. — Pinus albicaulis, Engelmann,

Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 209; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4. — Gray iu Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Hall
in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Lawson, Piuetum Brit, i, 1, f. 1-4.

P. flexilis, Murray, Rep. Oregon Exped. i, t. 2, f. 1 [not James]. — Lyall in Jour. Linnseau Soc. vii, 142. — Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 403, in part.

P. ceynbxoides, Newberry in Pacific E. R. Rep. vi, 44, 90, f. 15 [not Zuccarini].

P. Shasta, Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 2 ed. 390.

P. flexilis, var. albicaulis, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 124.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new. ser. ix, 328.

Coast ranges of British Columbia, from the valley of the Lltasyonco river (O. M. Dawson) south along the
Cascade and Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, extending east along the high ranges of
northern Washington territory to the eastern slope of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana (Old Marias
pass, Canby & Sargent) ; California, Scott's mountains, mount Shasta, and on the high peaks of the Sierra Nevadas
to mount San Bernardino.

A small alpine tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter iu diameter, or at its highest
elevation reduced to a low, prostrate shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges at the extreme limit of tree growth, reaching in
the San Bernardino mountains an elevation of 10,500 feet.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous,
resin passages numerous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly
white; .specific gravity, 0.4165; ash, 0.27.

352. — Pinus reflexa, Engelmann,
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Rusljy in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 80.
P. flexilis, var. reflexa, Engelmann in Wheeler's Kep. vi, 258.

WHITE PINE.

High mountains of southwestern New Mexico {Greene, Bvsby) to the Santa Rita mountains {Rothrock, Engelmann
<& Sargent) and Santa Catalina mountains (Lemmon, Pringle), Arizona.

A tree 2i to 30 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; rocky ridges and
.slopes of almost inaccessible canons between 6,000 to 8,000 feet elevation.

Wood 'light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not
XM)n8picuous, resin passages large, not numerous; medullary rays numerons, obscure ; color, light red, the sap-
wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4877; ash, 0.26.

353. — Pinus Parryana, Engelmann,

Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxiv, 332, note ; Bot. California, ii, 124.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 402. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.

P. Haveana, Torroy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 208. t. 55 [not Scliiede & Deppe].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,
262. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318.

PiSON. NUT PINE.

California, Larkin's station, 20 miles southeast of Campo, San Diego county ( Vasey), and southward into Lower
California.

A small tree, 6 to 9 meters iu height, with a trunk 0..30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; very rare within the limits
of the United States; south of the boundary forming extensive open forests upon the high mesas and slopes of
Lower California (Pringle).

Wood light, soft, close grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages
very numerous, large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood
much lighter, nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5075; ash, 0.54.

The large seeds edible.

190 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

354. — Pinus cembroides, Zuccanni,

Flora, ii, 93.— Enrtliclicr, Syn. Conif. 18-2.— Fl. des Series, iv, 344C, t. S>7.— Nelson, Pinacese, 107.— Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr.
xvi", 337.— Eugi-Imaim iu Truns. St. Louis Acad, iv, 176. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 158.

P. Llaveana, Scbiedo & Dcppo in Linniea, xii, 488.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobnrn. 49, t. 17.— Antoine, Conif. 36, t. 16, f. 1. —
Spacb, Hist. Vcg. xi, 401. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, ai6. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 405; 2 ed.
461. — Gordon, Pinetum, 199 ; 2 ed. 274 (excl. syn. edulw). — Hcukel & Hochstetter, Nadclbolz. 64 (excl. syn. e<iH<i«). —
Hoopes, Evergreens, 143.

P. OSteOSperma, Engelmaun in Wislizenus' Rep. No. 3. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216. — Carriiiro iu
Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 ; Rev. Hort. 1854, 227.

NUT PINE.

Santa Cataliua uiouutaius, Arizoua (Pringle) ; through northern Mexico.

A small tree, in Arizona 6 to 7 meters in height^ with a trunk hardly exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; dry
ridges aud slopes at 3,500 feet elevation.

Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin
passages few, small; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light clear yellow, the sap-wood nearly white;
Bpeciflc gravity, 0.G512 ; ash, 0.90. .

The seeds edible.

355. — Pinus edulis, Engelmann,

Wislizenus' Rep. No. 4 ; Wlieeler's Rep. vi, 260. — Lindley &, Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v. 216. — Carrifere, Fl. des Serres, ix,
201 ; Rev. Hort. 1854, 227 ; Trait. Conif. 408.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173, t. 20 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140 ; Ives' Rep. 28.—

Bigelow iu Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 3, 19. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1853, 261. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 142. — Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 398.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Haydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.—

Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9. — Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106. — Veitch, Manual

Conif. 172.

P. cembroides, G»rdon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 236 & f.; Piuetuni, 192; 2 ed. 265 [not Zuccarini].- Fl. des
Serres, iv, 324'', 325'>, t. 331, f. 97.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 404 ;
2 ed. 460.

P. futilia, Roezl in herb, fide Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 76; 2 ed. 265.

PINON. NUT PINE.

Eastern base of Pike's peak, Colorado, south through New Mexico to the mountains of western Texas.

j^ small tree, 6 to. 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry mesas and slopes, generally
on lime or sandstone, reaching in Colorado an elevation of 9,000 feet.

* Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil; bands of small
summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light
brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6388 ; ash, 0.62 ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, fencing, etc.,,
and in western Texas occasionally manufactured into inferior lumber.

The large edible nuts supply the Indians with a valuable article of food.

356. — Pinus monophylla, Torrey & Fremont,

Fremont's Rep. 319, t. 4.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318.— Hoopes, Evergreens^
142. — Parlatore in 0e Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 378. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 65, t. 9, f. 1-12 (P. TVemoHtiana on plate). — Watson
in King's Rep. v, 330 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii=, 271.— Bertraud in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 81, t. 5, f. 81.—
Rothrock iu PI. Wheeler, 28, 50. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. — Engelmann iu Wheeler's Rep, \'i,
259,374; Trans. St. Louis Aoad. iv, 178; Bot.-Califomia, ii, 124. — Sargeut in Am. Jour. SCi. 3 sor. xvii, 419. — Masters in London
Gard. Chronicle, 1883, p. 48, f. 8.

P. Fremontiana, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 1831, in part.— Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, iv, 293 & f. ; Pinetum, 194 ; 2 ed.
235.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 28.— Liudley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif 194 ; 2-
ed. 462.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 62.

PINON. NUT PINE.

Near Utah lake, Utah, to the eastern foot-hills of the California sierras, south along the mountain ranges of the
Great Basin to the San Francisco mountains of eastern Arizona.

A small, bushy tree, 4 to 6 meters iu height, with a trunk sometimes 1 meter in diamet«r; dry, gravelly slopes
aud mesas between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 191

"Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous,
resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow or light brown, the sap-wood nearly
white; specific gravity, 0.5658; ash, 0.68; largely used for fuel and charcoal.

The large edible seeds furnish the principal food of the Indians of the Great Basin.

357. — Pinus Balfouriana, Mmray,

Rep. Oregon Expe?V. i, t. 3, f. 1. — Gordon, Pinetiim, 217 ; 2 ed. 293. — Henkel & Hoohstetter, Nadelholz. 109. — Bolander in Proc. California
Acad, iii, 318. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 425. — Nelson, Pinaccte, 104. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 149. — Fowler in London Gard.
Chronicle, 1872, 973. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 179; Bot. California, ii, 125. —
Veitch, Mamial Conif. 175. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 11, f. 1-5.

California, Scott's mountain, Siskiyou county {Jeffrey, Lemvion), mount Whitney, and about the headwaters of
King and Kern rivers.

A small tree, 15 to 19 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and
ridges, forming upon Scott's mountain a broad belt of open forest growth between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation.

Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; bands of
small summer cells very narrow, dark colored, resin passages few, not conspicuous; medullary rays uumerons
obscure; specific gravity, 0.5434 ; ash, 0.41, -

Var. aristata, Engelmann,

Wheeler's Rep. vi, 375. — Bot. California, ii, 125. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 175.

P. aristatcij Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 331'; Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 205, t. 5, 6; iv, 179; Bot. California,
ii, 125.— Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 123.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Regel, Gartenflora, 1863, iii, 91.— Henkel &
Hochatetter, Nadelholz. 417. — Nelson, Pinacete, 103. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 424.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr.
xvi'', 400. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle,
1875, 106.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 291.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Brandegce in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, 32.—
La-wson, Pinetum Brit, i, 5, f. 1.

P. Balfouriana, Watson in King's Rep. v, 331 ; PI. Wheeler, 17 [not Murray].— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50.— Sargent-
in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 419.

FOXTAIL PINE. HICKORY PINE.

Mountains of southeastern California, Nevada, northern Arizona, and southern Utah to Colorado, above 7,500
feet, or in Colorado reaching 12,000 fe€t elevation.

A tree 15 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 2.40 meters in diameter ; dry, gravelly ridges ; not
common.

Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-giained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, not
conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, red, the thin sap-wootl
nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5572 ; ash, 0.30 ; in central Nevada largely used for the timbering of mines, and
now nearly exterminated.

358. — Pinus resinosa, Alton,

Hort. Kew. iii, 357; 2 ed. v, 316.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. t. 14; 2 ed. i, 20, t. 14 ; 3 ed. i, 17, t. 13.— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 490; Euum.
98S; Berl. Bauraz. 267. — Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, v, 339. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 578. — Desfoutaiues, Hist. Arb.ii, 612. — Smith in Rees'
Cycl. xxviii, No. 3.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 642.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 264.- Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.
173.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 883.- Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360; Fl. N.York, ii, 227.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Loudon, ArborQtum, iv,
2210, f.2094-2097.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 19, t. 6.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow,
Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 384. — Liadley in Ponn. Cycl. xvii, 170. — Autoine, Conif. 7, t. 4, f. 1. — Link in Linnfea, xv, 501. — Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 178.— Knight, Syn. Conif, 27.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 219.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Carriferc,
Trait. Conif. 401.— Gordon, Pinetum, 183(excl.9yn. LoiseZeuriana) ; 2ed.256. — Richardson Arctic Exped. 441. — Cooperin Smithsonian
Rep. 18.58, 2.'>7.— Wood, CI. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 45 (excl. syn. ioiscJeitriana).- Hoopee,
Evergreens, 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 388.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii'^, 286.^
Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — M.acoun in Geological Rep. Can.ada, 1875-'76, 211.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 179. —
Soars in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 18.').— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 50".— A^eitch, Manual Conif. 159.

P. rubra, Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 46, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 91, t. 134 [not Lambert].— De Chambravr
Trait. Arb. Res. 344.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 27.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 496.

\

i' P. Laricio, var. resinosa, Spach, Hist. Veg. 385.

./

192 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

BED PINE. NOEWAY PINE.

Newfouiiclland, northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence and lake Nipigon to the valley of the Winnipeg
river, south through the northern states to Chestnut Hill, Middlesex county, Massachusetts, the mountains of
northern Pennsylvania, Isabella county, Michigan, and central Minnesota.

A large tree, 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.37 meter in diameter ; light sandy loam or dry,
rocky ridges, forming scattered groves rarely exceeding a few hundred acres iu extent; common and reaching its
greatest development through northern Wisconsin and Minnesota ; rare in the eastern States, except iu the extreme
northern portions of New England.

Wood light, not strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, dark
colored, very resinous, resin passages few, small, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light
red, the sap-wood yellow or often almost white; specific gravity, 0.4854; ash, 0.27; largely manufactured into
-lumber and used for all purposes of construction, flooring, piles, etc.

359. — Pinus Torreyana, Pany,

Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210, t. 58, 59 ; Proc. San Diego Nat. Hist. Soc. Nov. 1883.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 326 ; 2 ed. 423.—
CJordon, Pinetum, 241.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 117.— Bolander in Proc.
California Acad, iii, 318. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 150. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. — Engelmann in
Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 181 ; Bot. California, ii, 125.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 173.

P. lophoaperma, UqAUj in London Gard. Chronicle, 1860, 40.— Gordon, Pinetnni, Suppl. 69; 2 ed. 310.— Henkel <t
Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 112. — Nelson, Pinacea;, 117. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi'^ 391.

California, month of the Soledad river, San Diego county ; doubtfully reported from one of the islands oft"
'Santa Barbara and from Lower California.

A low, shortlived, gnarled, crooked tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0:23 to 0.33 meter in diameter ;
•crests of sandy bluffs immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local and fast disappearing.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather close-graiued, compact; bands of small summer cells broad,
■resinous, conspicuous, resin passages small, few ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the sap-wood
.yellow or nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4879; ash, 0.35; locally used for fuel.

360. — Pinus Arizonica, Engelmann,
Wheeler's Rep. vi, 260; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 181; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.

YELLOW PINE.

Santa Rita mountains (Bothroclc, Engelmann & Sargent), Santa Catalina mountains {Lemmou, Pringle), and
probably upon other ranges of southern Arizona.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk O.dO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; high rocky ridges between 6,000
and 8,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing forest tree over large areas near the summits of the Santa Catalina
mountains (Lemtnon).

Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, close grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, very
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, large ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light red or often
yellow, the sap-wood lighter yellow or white ; specific gravity, 0..5038 ; ash, 0.20 ; sometimes sawed into inferior
Jumber.

361. — Pinus ponderosa, Douglas,

Companion Bot. Mag. ii. 111.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2243, f. 2132-2136.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburu. 44, 1. 15.— Antoine, Conif. 28, t. 8,
f. 1. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172. — Link iu Linuiea, xv, 306. — Nnttjill, Sylva, iii, 114 ; 2 ed. ii, 173. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 339. —
Endiicher, Syn. Conif. 163. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 30. — Lindley &. Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carrifero, Trnit. Conif.
340; 2ed. 445.— Gordon, Pinetum, 205; Snppl.67; 2 ed. 281.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 36, 90, t. 4, f. 12.— Cooper iii
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, 27, 68 ; Am. Nat. iii, 409.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Snrvoy,209; Ives' Rep.
28. — Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 332; Proc. Am. Phi). Soc. 2 ser. xii,209; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 261 ; Trans. St. Louis
Acad.iv,181; Bot. California, ii, 125. — Lyall in Jour. Linnman Soc. vii, 142. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 226, 317. —
Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 71. — Nelson, Pinacea), 125. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 117. — P.irlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi*, 395
(excl. syn. Sinctairii). — Watson in King's Rep. v, 331 ; PI. Wheeler, 17. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Fowler in London G.iid.
Chronicle, 1872, 1326.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii", .310.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9.— Porter & Coulter, FI.
Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, l'i9.— Ilayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 cd. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 30.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Cana<lii, 1875-'76, 211.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, iii, 32. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 326. — Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Hot. Club, ix, 106.

OATALOaUE OF FOREST TREES. 193

P. Benthamiana, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 189; iii, 223.— Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 212 & t.;
(Fl.des Serres, vi, 85 & f.); Pinetum, 188; 2 ed.2Hl (cxch »yn. Sinclairii). — Knight, Syn. Conif. 30. — Lindley & Gordon
in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif, 350 ; 2 ed. 452. — Mnrray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new'
ser. i, 287, t. 8. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 84. — Nelson, Pinacese, 104.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle
1872,973.

P. resinosa, Torrey in Ann. Lyo. N. York, ii, 249 [not Aiton].— Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 126.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii, 161, in part.— Wlnchell in Ludlow's Eep. Black Hills, 68.

P. brachyptera, Engelmann in Wislizenus' Eep. No. 4.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carrifere
in i'l. des Serres, ix, 201 ; Eev. Hort. 1854, 227 ; Trait. Conif. 356 ; 2 ed. 454.— Bigelow in Pacific E. K. Eep. iv 18.—
Gordon, Pinetum, 190; 2 ed. 263. —Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 85. — Nelson, PinacesB, 454.

P. Beardsleyi, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 286, t. 6.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 359.

P. Craigana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 288, t. 7.

P. macrophylla, f Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 173 [not Engelmann].

P. Ungelmanni, Torrey in Pacific E. E. Rep. iv, 141 [not Carrifere].

P. Parryana, Gordon, Pinetum, 202; 2 ed. 277 [uot Engelmann].— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 88.— Carrifere, Trait.
Conif. 2 ed. 446.

P. ponderosa, var. Benthamiana, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.

p. ponderosa, var. SCOpulorum, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 126.

YELLOW PINE. BULL PINE.

Interior of British Columbia, south of latitude 51°, south and east along the mountain ranges of the Pacific
region to Mexico, the Black hills of Dakota, Colorado, and western Texas ; not detected in central or southern Nevada.

A large tree, 61 to 91 meters in height, with a trunk 3.60 to 4.57 meters in diameter, or throughout the Eocky
Mountain region much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meters in height (var. scopulorum) ; dry, rocky ridges and
prairies, or in northern California rarely in cold, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development along the western
slope of the sierras of northern and central California; in western Washington territory and Oregon rare and
local; after Pseudotsuga Bouglasii the most generally distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific forests,
furnishing the principal lumber of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, western Montana, Idaho, the Black
hills of Dakota, western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Wood, varying greatly in quality and value, heavy, hard, strong, brittle, not coarse-grained nor durable,
compact; bands of small summer cells broad or narrow, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, pmall;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the very thick sap-wood almost white ; specific gravity, 0.4716 ;
ash, 0.35 ; largely manufactured into lumber, and used for railway ties, fuel, etc.

Note. — A form with purple cones and long glaucous foliage, approaching P. Jeffreyi in habit, is the prevailing tree of the valley of
Flathead lake, Montana {Canby ^Sargent).

362. — Pinus Jeffreyi, Murray,

Eep. Oregon Exped. 2, 1. 1 ; Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi, 224, t. 8, 9 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 350 & t.) ; Carrifere, Trait.
Conif. 388; 2 ed. 439.— Gordon, Pinetum, 198; 2 ed. 272.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 87.— Nelson, Pinacese, 115.— Hoopes,
Evergreens, 115. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 393. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 45, t. 6, f. 1-4. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii*,
314. — Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vli,4. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 165.

P. deflexa, Tojjey in Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209, t. 56, in part. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1860, 442. — Ht>nkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz, 416. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 455. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. — Parlatore
in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*,431. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1070. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle,
1875, 106.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 289.

P.ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi, Vasey, Cat. Forest Tree8,31.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv,181 ; Bot. California, ii, 126.

BULL PINE. BLACK PINE.

California, Scott's mountain, Siskiyou county, south along the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and San
Jacinto mountains.

A large tree, 30 to 31 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 4 meters in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes between
6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the eastern slope of the Sierra
Nevadas, here generally replacing the allied P. ponderosa, from which it may be distinguished by its more deeply-
cleft bark, glaucous branchleta and leaves, much Jarger cones, and by the strong, pungent odor of oil of orange
of the freshl.ycut branchlets.

13 FOE

194 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Wood Ufiht, stroiij?, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bauds of small summer cells not broad, very resiuous,
conspicuous, resin psussages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light red, the sap-wood pale
yellow or nearly white; specific gravity, 0.520G; ash, O.L'f>; largely manufactured into coarse lumber.

Abietinc, a volatile carbo-hydrogen possessing powerful anaesthetic properties, is probably obtained by distilling
the resinous exudation of this species, and not of P. SaMniana ( WatVs Diet, Chemistry, 2d Suppl. 1. — Am. Jour. Pharm.
1872, 97.— IT. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 900).

363. — Pinus Chihuahuana, Eugelmano,

Wislizciiiis' Rep. No. 26; Wheeler's Bep. vi, 262; Trans. St. Loais Acad, iv, 181; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Liudlej' & GordoD
in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 2-20.— Carrifere in Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 ; Rev. Hort. 1854, 227 ; Trait. Conif. 357 ; 2 ed. 455.— Gordon,
Piuctuiu, 193; 2 ed. 266. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.1860, 442. — Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadelliolz. 86.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 143. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 397. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.

Santa Rita mountains, Arizona {Rothrocic, Engelmann & Sargent), San Francisco mountains of southwestern
New Mexico and Arizona [Greene); in Chihuahua.

A small tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, Wth a tfunk 0.45 to O.CO meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges ajid
slopes between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation; not common.

Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous,
conspicuous, resin passages few, rather large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, clear light
orange, the thick sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5457; ash, 0.39.

364. — Pinus COntorta, Douglas ;

Loudon, ArboretniD, iv, 2292, f. 2210, 2211.— Nnttall, Sylva, lii, 117 ; 2 ed. ii, 176.— Endllcher, Syn. Conif. 168.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 164 ;
2 ed. 474.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141.— Gordon, Pinetnra, 165 ; 2 ed. 232.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Lyall in
Jonr. Linncean Soc. vii, 133, 141, in iiart. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 24. — Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 433. — Hoopes,
Evergreens, 81, in part. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr, xvi'', 381, in part. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 330.— Fowler in London
Gard. Chronicle, 1372, 1070.— Gray lu Proc. Ara. Acad, vii, 402.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 301.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.—
Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76,211. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv,
182; Bot. California, ii, 126; London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 351. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. 2 ser. ix, 327, in part. — Veitch,
Manual Conif. 145. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 45, f. 5.

P. inops, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 163 [not Aiton]. — Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 161, in part. — Ledebonr,,
Fl. Rossica, iii, 676 [not Alton].

P. Boursieri, Carrifere in Rev. Hort. 1854, 233 & f. ; Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 & f. ; Trait. Conif. 398; 2 ed. 475.

P. Banlcsiana, Lindley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 218, in part.

^ P. muricata, Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 227, 317 [not Don].

P. Bolanderi, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 379.

SCRtTB PINE.

Alaska, south along the coast to Mendocino county, California, extending inland to the western slopes of th©
Coast ranges.

A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0 60 meter in diameter; sandy dunes and
exposed rocky points.

Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells very broad, resinous, conspicuous,
resin passages numerous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, th&
thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5815; ash, 0.19.

365. — Pinus Murrayana, Balfour,

Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 3, f. 2. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi, 226 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 351).

P. inops, Bentham, PI. Hartwog. 337 [not Alton].

P. COntorta, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 34, 90, t. 5, f 11 [not Douglas].— Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2. ser. xxiv,
'Xii. — Lyall in Jour. LiuDieau Soc. vii, 141, in part. — Cooper in Am. Nat. iii, 409. — P.arlatore in De Candolle, Prodr.
xvi^ 381 , in part.— Porter in Haydea's Bep. 1871, 494. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 27,
50. — Parry iu Am. Nat. vii, 179.

P. COntorta, var. lati/olia, Engelmann in King's Rep. v, 331 ; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Snrv. Misc. Pub.
No. 4, 129 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 262. — Brandogee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new
aer. ix,3i8.

P. Contorta, var. Bolanderi, Vaaoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 19.5

TAMARACK. BLACK PINE. LODGE-POLE PINE. SPRUCE PINE.

Valle.y of the Yukon river, Alaska (Fort Selkirk, Ball), south througli the interior of British Columbia, along-
the inouutaiu ranges of Washington territory and Oregon and the Sierra Nevadas of California to mount San
Jacinto; on the high plateau east of the Rocky mountains in about latitude 56°, and south through the mountains of
Idaho, Montana, Wjoming, Colorado, and Utah to New Mexico and northern Arizona.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; reaching its greatest development in
thfe California Sierras; in the interior regions in dry, gravelly soil, here the prevailing tree, covering immense areas,
and generally replawng other species destroyed by fire; western Washington territory and southward only along
the borders of moist alpine meadows between 0,000 and 9,000 feet elevation ; generally confounded with the closely-
allied P. contorta of the coast, from which it may be distinguished by its longer, broader leaves, very thin, scaly
bark, thin sap-wood, and less resinous and finer-grained wood, resembling that of the Tvhite jnnes ; the distribution
of the two species in northern British Columbia and Alaska still undetermined.

Wootl light, soft, not strong, close, straight- grained, easily worked, compact, not durable; bands of small summer
eel 5 narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light yellow
or aearlv white, the thin sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4096; ash, 0.32; occasionally manufactured into
lo vber, and used for fuel, railway ties, etc.

366. — Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas,

Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150. — Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 137, t. .58. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2246, f. 2138-2143. — Forbes, Pinetum
Woburn. 63, t. 23,24.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162.— Liudley in Pcnn. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Antoiue, Conif. 30, t. 11.— Hooker &
Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Liuk in Linnaea, xv, 509.- Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 110, t. 113; 2 ed. ii, 169, t. 113.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,
390.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. 347.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 159.— Kniglit, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr.
Hort. Soc. London, v,216.— Fl. des Serres, ix,275,t. 964.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif 334; 2 ed. 435.— ToiTey & Gray in Pacific R. E.
Eep. ii, 130. — Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep, iv, 25. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210 ; t. 57 ;
Ives' Rep. 28. — Newberry in Pacific R. K. Rep. vi, 39, 90, f. 13. — Gordon, Pinetum, 208; 2 ed. 284. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.
1858, 261. — Walpers, Ann. v, 799. — Bolandor in Proc. California Acad, iii, 226, 318. — Henkel & Hochstettcr, Nadelholz. 75. — Lawson,
Pinetum Brit, i, 85, t. 11, t. 1-3. — Nelson, Pinacese, 129.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 121. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi",
391. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1323. — Koch, Dendrologie, ip, 312. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmann in
Wheeler's Rep. vi,:J75; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Veitch, Manaal Conif. 169.

DIGGER PINE. BULL PINE.

California, Portuguese Flat, Shasta county, south along the foot-hills of the Coast ranges and the western slope
of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation.

A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; very common through all
the foot-hills region.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, compact, not durable; bands of small summerMells
broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color,
light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4840 ; ash, 0.40 ; largely used
for fuel.

The large edible nuts furnish the Indians an important article of food.

367.— Pinus Coulteri, D. Don,

Trans. Linuiean Soc. xvii, 440. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2250, f. 2144-2146. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 67, t. 25, 26. — Antoine,
Conif. 31, t. 12, 13. — Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172.^Link in Linniea, xv, 510.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 393. — Nuttall, Sylva, iii,
112; 2ed. ii, 171.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif 160.— Carri&re in Fl. des Serres, ix, 275 & t. ; Trait. Conif 334; 2 ed. 435.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Torrey in Ives' Rep. 23. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 76. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad,
iii, 318. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi, 392. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 266. — Engelmann in
Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182 ; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i,23, f. 1-5.

P. niacrocarpa, Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 61.- Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc.
London, v, 216. — Gordon, Pinetum, 201. — ^Nelson, Pinacese, 117. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 115. — Veitch, Manual Conif 166.

P. Sabiniana Coulteri, London, Eucycl. Pi. 985, f. 1839-1841.

p. Sabiniana macrocarpa, Hort.

California, Monte Diablo, south through the Coast ranges to the Cuyamaca mountains, and jnobably in Lowet
California.

A tree 24 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes between
3,0(10 and 6,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the San Jacinto mountains.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarsegrained; bauds of small summer cells broad, very resinous,
conspicnouH, resin passages few, large; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color, light red, the thick sap woo<l
nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4133; ash, 0.37.

196 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

368. — Pinus insignis, Douglas;

tioudoa, Arboretnoi, iv, iK;43, f. 2132-2137.— FoiUes, Fiuetum Wobtim. 51, 1. 18.— Lindley iu Peuu. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Antoino, Conif. 37, t.
8, f. 1.— Hooker & A::iott, Bot. IJoechoj-, ;t03.— Sp.acb, Hist. Veg. xi, .•J89.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 115; 2 ed. ii, 174.— Beuthatu, Hot.
Snliihiir, 55. — Kndlii'ior, Syii. Conif. l(i:!.— Knigbt, Syn. Conif. 30. — Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 217. —
Carrihre, Trait. ConiC. :!39; 2 td. 440.— liigclow in Pacific R. E. Rep. iv, 25.— Torrey iu Pacific R. E. Rop. iv, 141; Bot. Mox.
Boundary Survey, 209, t. 55; Ives' Rep. 2rf. — Newberry in Pacific E. E. Rep. vi,90.— Gordon, Pinetum, 197; 2 ed. 270.— Cooper iu
Smitlisouian Rep. 1S58, 261. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi, 222 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 347).—
Heukel & Hochstettcr, Nadel!iolz.C9.— BolanderinProc.Califomia Acad, iii, 262, t. 317. — Nelson, Pinacea^, 114. — Hoopcs, Evergreens,
143. — Parlatore in Ue Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 395. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 37 t. 1,5, f. 1-14. — Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle,
1872, 1070. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 128. — Veitch, Manual
Conif. 1C3, f. 30.

fP. Galifornica, Loiseleur in Nonveau Duhamel, v, 243.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2268.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 162.—
Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 117 ; 2 ed. ii, 175.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 253.

P. adunca, Boso in Poiret, Suppl. iv,4I8.

P. Sinclairii, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 392, 393, t. 93, in part.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 141; 2 ed. ii, 198. -Carrifere,
Trait. Conif. 2 ed. ii, 198.

P. radiata, D.Don in Traus. Linnseau Soc. xvii, 442; Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 133, t. 86. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2270, f.
2182.— Antoine, Conif. 33, t. 14, f. 3.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 392, 393, in part.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, UC; 2 ed.
ii, 175. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 161. — Hartwcg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 226. — Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London,
iv,214 &f.(Fl.desSerres,vi,434 &t.); Pinetum, 206; 2 ed. 282.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 37.— Lindley & Gordon iu Jour.
Hort. Soc. London, v, 216. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 337.— Nelson, Pinaceie, 127. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 118. — Koch,
Dendrologie, ii", 307.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.

P. tuberculata, D. Don in Trans. Linnaeau Soc. xvii, 441 [not Gordon]. — Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 131, t. 85.— Loudon,
Arboretum, iv, 2270, f. 2181.— Antoine, Conif 33, t. 14, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Endlicher, syn.
Conif. 162. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 338 ; 2 ed. 441, in part. — Nelson, Pinacese, 137. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 123 (excl. syn.
CaZi/ornica).— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 394, in part.

P. rigida,? Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 160 [not Miller].

P. insignis maerocarpa, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 226.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 440.

MONTEREY PINE.

California, Pescadero to Monterey and San Simeon bay.

A tree 24 to 30 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; sandy soil, iu immediate
proximity to the sea-coast; rare and local; now widely cultivated on the Pacific coast for shelter and ornament. A
form of Guadalupe island, off the coast of Lower California, with leaves in pairs, is var. hinata (Engelmann in Proc.
Am. Acad, xi, 119; Bot. California, ii, 128).

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous,
conspicuous; color, light brown, the very thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4574; ash, 0.30; locally
somewhat used for fuel.

369. — Pinus tuberculata, Gordon,

Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv,218&f.(Fl.des Serres, v, 517<: & f. ) ; Pinetum, 211; 2ed.288 [not Don].— Eep. Oregon Exped.2, t.2,f.2.—
Henkel & Hochstettor, Nadelholz. 78, in part. — Bolander iu Proc. California Acad, iii, 262,317.— Lawson, Piuetura Brit. i,93, t.
13, f. 1-9. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 441, in part.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. svi', 394 (excl. bib.). — Koch, Den-
drologie, ii=, 309.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 183; Bot. California, ii, 128.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 170.

P. Galifornica, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 189 [not Loiseleur].

KNOB-CONE PINE.

Valley of the Mackenzie river, Oregon, south along the western slope of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada
mountains, and in the California Coast ranges from the Santa Cruz to the San Jacinto mountains.

A tree 18 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub,
fruiting when not more than 1 meter in height; dry, gravelly ridges and slopes from 2,500 (San Bernardino
mountains) to 5,500 (mount Sliasta) feet elevation; not common.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells very broad, not
conspicuous, resin passages numerous, large, prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the
thick sap-wood nearly white or slightly tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.3499; ash, 0.33.

y

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 197

370. — Pinus Tseda, Linncens,

Spec. 1 ed. 1000, in part. — Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 63. — Wangonheiin, Amor. 41. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368 ; 2 od. v, 317. — Moenoh, Meth. 365. —
Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 205.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 23, 1. 16, 17 ; 2 ed. i, 26, t. 17, 18 ; 3 od. i, 30, 1. 15.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 498 ;
Berl. Baumz. 269. — Peisoon, Syn. ii, 578. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 612. — Michaux f. Hist. Aib. Am. i, 98, t. 9; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 123, 1. 143. — Nouvcau Duhamel,v, 245, t. 75, f. 2. — Smith in Eces' Cycl. xxviii, No. lo. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 644. —
Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dendi Fl. 175.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 636.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,887.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 265.— Lawson,
Ag. Manual, 351 ; Pinetum Brit, i, 89, t. 12.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2237, f. 2118-2122.— Forbes, Pinetnm Woburn. 43, t. 14.—
Antoino,Couii.25,t.7,f.l.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Link in Linnsea.xv, 503.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 391.— Griffith, Med. Bot.
609. — Gihoul, Arb. Eesiu, 32. — Jlndlicher, Syn. Conif. 164. — Scheele in Ecemer, Texas, Appx. 447. — Knight, Syu. Conif. 30. —
Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 344 ; 2 cd. 448 — Darl)y, Bot. S. States, 515.—
Gordon, Pinetnm, 210 ; 2 ed. 286. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433. — Curtis in Eep. Geological
Surv.N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 22.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 660; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Porcher,
Eesonrces S. Forests, 506. — Henkel& Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 65. — Nelson, Pinaceae, 136. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469; Hall's
PI. Texas, 21. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 122. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 393. — Young, Bot. Texas, 516. — Koch, Dendrologie,
ii», 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 259, t. 259.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, i v, 183.—
Veitch, Manual Conif. 172. ^

P. T<xda, var. tenuifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 366.

LOBLOLLY PINE. OLD-FIELD PINE. ROSEMARY PINE.

Soatheni Delaware, south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, generally near the coast, through the
Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and north through southern Arkansas to the valley of the
Arkansas river.

A tree 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter ; low, wet clay or dry sandy
soil ; springing up on all abandoned lands fi'om Virginia southward, and now often replacing in the southern pine
belt the original forests of Pinus palmtris; in eastern North Carolina rarely on low, rich swamp ridges, here
known as rosemary pine and attaining its greatest development and value.

Wood light, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown,
the very thick sap-wood orange, or often nearly white; wood of the rosemary pine close-grained, less resinous,
lighter, with much thinner sap; specific gravity, 0.5441; ash, 0.26; largely used for fuel and manufactured into
lumber of inferior quality.

Turpentine is occasionally manufactured from this species ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 901. — FlUcMger & Hanbury,
Pltarmacographia, 545).

371. — Pinus rigida, Miller,

Diet. 7 ed. No. 10. — Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 60. — Marshall, Arbustum, 101.— Wangenheim, Amer. 41. — Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 25, 1. 18, 19 ; 2ed.
i, 28; t. 18, 19; 3 ed. i, 32, t. 16, 17.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 498; Enuni. 988; Berl. Baumz. 268.— Porsoon, Syn. ii, 578.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 612. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 89, t. 8 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.iii, 118, t. 144. — Nouveau
Duhamel, v, 244, t. 74.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 317.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 14.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.—
Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Eaton, Manual, 110 ; 6 ed. 265.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 183.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.—
Hayne, Dcnd. Fl. 175.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 635.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 227.—
Beck, Bot. 339.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2239, f. 2123-2126.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 41, t. 13.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 358.—
Antoine, Conif. 26, t. 7, f. 2.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 cd. 385. — Lindley in Pcnn. Cycl. xvii, 172. — Link in Linnrea, xv, 503.—
Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 388.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 604.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin, 31.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 164.— Knight, Syn. Conif.
30. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 342; 2 ed. 447. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3
f. ed. 29ftr-r»arby)s^ot. S. States, 514.— Gordon, Pinetum, 207; 2 ed. 283.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl.
8. States, 433.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 21.— Wood, CI. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz, 67. — Nelson, Pinaceae, 128. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 119. — Parlatore in
De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 394. — Koch, Dendrologvp, li^, 307. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad,
iv, 183. — Sears in Bull. Essex In.st. xiii, 186. — Veitch, Manual Couif. 169.

P. TcB^a, var. rigida, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, .368.

P. Tceda, var. a. Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 340.

P. Fraseri, Loddiges, Cat. cd. 1836, 50 [not Pursh].

P. Loddigesii, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,2269,

198 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

PITCH PINE.

Valley of the Saint Joliu's river, New Brunswick, to the northeru shores of lake Ontario, south through the
Atlantic states to northeru Georgia, extending to the western slope of the AUeghanj' mountains In West Virginia
and Kentucky (Pineville, Bell county, De Friese).

A tree 12 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry, sandy, barren soil, or less
commonly in deep, cold swamps ; very common.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, very
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown
or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5151 ; ash, 0.23 ; largely used for fuel,
charcoal, and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.

Note. — Upon the island of Nantucket, Massachusetts, this species is now greatly injured by the attacks of the destmotive
caterpillar of the pine moth {Relina finialrana, Scudilcr in Pub. Mcusaclmseiti Ag. Soc. 1883 & t).

372. — Pinus serotina, Michaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 205. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 499. — Persoon, 8yn. ii, 578. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am i, 86, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3
ed. iii, 117, t. 142.— Nouveau Duhamel, v,246, t. 75, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 64.'5.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Nuttall, Genera,
ii, 223.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 35, t. 18.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 634.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 360.—
Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2()5.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2242, f. 2127-2131.— Forbes, Pinetnm Wobum. 47, t. 16.—
Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359. — Antoine, Conif. 27, t. 8, f. 2. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172. — Link in Linniea, iv, 504. — Spach,
Hist. Veg. xi, 389.— Gihoul, Arb. Besin. 32.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 163.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort.
Soc. London, v, 217.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 341 ; 2 ed. 449.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.— Gordon, Pinetum, 209 ; 2 ed. 285.—
Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 21. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 70. —
Nelson, Pinacese, 129. — Parlatoro in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 394. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 305. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.

P. Tcedd, var. alopecuroidea, Aiton, Hort.Kew.2 ed.v, 317.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2237.

P. rigida, var. serotina, London, Encycl. Pi. 979, f. 1824-1887.— Cooper in Smithsonian E«p. 1858, 257.— Hoopes, Evergreens,
120. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iy, 183.

POND PINE.

North Carolina, south near the coast to the head of the Saint John's river, Florida.

A tree 12 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; inundated borders of streams
and ponds in low, peaty soil ; not common.

Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, forming
fully one-half the annual growth, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, large ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark orange, the thick sap-wood pale yellow ; specific gravity 0.7942 j ash, 0.17.

373. — Pinus inops, Alton,

Hort. Kew. iii, 367 ; 2 ed. v, 316.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 cd. i, 18, 1. 13 ; 2 ed. i, 21, t. 14 ; 3 ed. i, 25, t. 12.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 496 ; Enum. 933 ; Berl. Baumz. 266. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 578. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 58, t. 4 ; N. American
Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 103, t. 139. -Nouveau Duhamel, v, 233, t. 69, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 641.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxviii, No.
10.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93.— Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 183.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 173.—
Elliott, Sk. ii, 633.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.— Audubon, Birds, t. 97.— Beck, Bot. 3.38.— Eaton,
Manual, 6 ed. 26.5.— Bon Jard. 1837, 976.— Loudou, Arboretum, iv, 2192, f. 2068-2071.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 1.5, t. 4.— Hooker,
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3.58.— Antoine, Conif. 17, t. 5, f. 3.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Link in
Linniea, xv, 500.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 386. — Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 167. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort.
Soc. London, v, 217.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2ed. 471.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 290.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.— Gordon,
Pinetum, 167 ; 2 ed. 238. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 2.57. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.
Carolina, 1S60, iii, 20.— Wood, CI. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 22.- Nelson, Pinacea?, 113.— Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 84. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi'^, 380 (excl. syn. varidbilw). — Vasoy,
Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Veitoh, Manual Conif. 158.

P. Tirginiana, Miller, Gard. Diet. 7ed. No. 9.— Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 43; Harbk. 2 cd. ii, 35.— Marshall, Arbustum, 102.—
Waugenheim, Amer. 74. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 299.

P. Tceda, var. Virginiana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet. V, 340.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 199

JERSEY PINE. SCKUB PINE.

Middle Island, Long island, Tottenville, and Clifton, Staten island, New York, south, generally near the
coast, to the valley of the Savannah river (Aiken, South Carolina), and through eastern and middle Kentucky to
"the knobs" of southeastern Indiana.

A tree 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states generally
much smaller; sandy, generally barren soil, reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany mountains.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad,
very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange,
the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5309; ash, 0.30 ; largely used for fuel, and in Kentucky and
Indiana preferred for and largely manufactured into water-pipes and pump-logs.

374. — Pinus clausa, Vasey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 30.

P. inops, var. clausa, Engelmann iu Traas. St. Louis Acad, iv, 183.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 650.

SAND PINE. SCBXTB PINE. SPRUCE PINE.

Florida, shores of Pensacola bay, south, generally within 30 miles of the coast, to Pease creek, and occupying
a narrow ridge along the east coast south of Saint Augustine.

A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter, or on the west coast rarely 6 to 9
meters in height ; barren, sandy dunes and ridges ; most common and reaching its greatest development about the
head of Halifax bay.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin
passages numerous, prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange or yellow, the thick sap-wood
nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5576; ash, 0.31; occasionally used for the masts of small vessels.

375. — Pinus pungens , Michaux f.

Hist. Arb. Am. i, 61, t. 5 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 105, 1. 140. — Nouveau Duliamel, v. 236, t. 67, f. 4. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v,
314.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 635.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.
265.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii,34, 1. 17.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2197, f. 2077-2080. —Forbes, PinotumWobnrn. 17, t. 5.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 359.— Antoine, Conif. 18, t. 5, f. 4.— Lindley iu Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Nutt.all, Sylva, iii, 125; 2 ed. ii, 184.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. xi, 287.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 166.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 27.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. —
Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 359; 2 ed. 470. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 515. — Gordon, Pinetnm, 181; 2 ed. 254. — Cooper in Smithsonian
Kep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 432.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 20.— Wood, CI. Book, 660;
Bot. & Fl. 313. — Henkel & Hoohstetter, Nadelholz, 21. — Nelson, Pinacese, 127.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469. — Hoopes,
Evergreens, 9d. — Parlatore iu De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 379.— Koch, Dendrologie ii^, 304. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Meehan in
Eep. Penu. Fruit Growers' Soc. 1877 & t.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis. Acad, iv, 183.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 158.

TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE. HICKOET PINE.

Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to Tennessee.

A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 meter in diameter; most common and reaching its
greatest develop ment upon the high mountains of East Tennessee, here often the prevailing species and forming
extensive forests.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous,
conspicuous, resin pa.ssages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light brown, the thick
8ap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4935; ash, 0.27; in Pennsylvania largely manufactured into charcoal.

376. — Pinus muricata, D. Don,

Trans. Liuneean Soc. xvii, 441. — Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. iii, t. 84. — Loudon, Arboretum, i v, 2269, f. 2180. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechoy,
393.— Antoine, Conif. 32, 1. 14, f. L —Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 113; 2 ed. ii, 172.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 161.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.—
Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 216 & f (Fl. des Serrea, v, !yl7^ &(.); Pinetum, 173; 2 ed. 246 (excl. syn. Murrayana).—
Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.— Carri&re, Trait. Conif. 359 ; 2 ed. 470.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey,
209, t. 54 (P. Edi/ariana on plate).— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Henkel <& Hoohstetter, Nadelholz. 60.— Nelson, Pinacese,
121. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 92. — Parlatore iu De Candollo, Prodr. xvi', 379. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1164. — Kooh,
Dendrologie, ii», 302.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 183; Bot. California, ii, 128.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 151.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1884, 49, f. 7-9.

P. inops, var. Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337.

P. Edgariana, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 217, 226.

P. contorta, Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 227, 317 [not Douglas].

200 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

OBISPO PINE, bishop's PINE.

California, Meudociuo couuty sonth tUrough the Coast rauges to San Luis Obispo county.

A tree 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often not exceeding ID
meters in lieight; cold peat bogs or barren, sandy gravel; always exposed to the winds and fogs of the ocean, and
not found above 2,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in Mendocino county; rare and local.

Wood light, very strong and hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad,
resinous, resin passages few, not prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood
nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4942; ash, 0.26.

/ 377. — Pinus mitis, Michaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 52, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 96, t. 137.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph
93. — Poiret, Snppl. iv, 417. — London, Arboretnm, Iv, 2195, f. 2073-2076. — Antoine, Conif. 16, t. 5, f. 1. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii,
171.— Spach, HUt. Veg. xi, 386.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 229.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 167.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.— Lindley 4.
Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2 ed. 472.— Gordon, Pinetum, 170; 2 ed. 243 (excl. syn.
Soylei). — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 275. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina,
1860, iii, 19.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 660; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadelholz. 23. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 88. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 380. — Young,
Bot. Texas, 516. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 300. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. —
Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 184. — Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 88.

P. echinata, Miller, Diet. 7 ed.No. 12.— Marshall, Arbustum, 180 T—Wangenheim,Aiuer. 74.

P. Virginiana, var. echinata, Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 38.

P. TcBda, var. variabilis, Alton, Hort. Kew. Iii, 368.

P. variabilis, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. i, 22, 1. 15 ; 2 ed. i, 25, 1. 16 ; 3 ed. i, 29, 1. 14.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 498.— Persoon, Syn. ii,
578.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 235, t. 69, f. 2.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 316.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Smith in
Eees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 12.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 183.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Elliott, Sk.ii,633.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Forbes,
Pinetnm Woburn. 35, t. 11. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358. — Antoine, Conif. 15, t. 5, f. 2. — Link in Linneea, xv, 502. —
Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 168 (exol. syn.).— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.

P. rigida, Porcher, Resources S. States, 504 [not Miller].

YELLOW PINE, SHOET-LBAVED PINE. SPEUCE PINE. BULL PINE.

Stateu island. New York, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, through the Gulf states to
Tennessee and eastern Texas, and through Arkansas to the Indian territory, southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri,
and in Union county, Illinois.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 meter in diameter; light sandy soil or, less commonly,
along the low borders of swamps ; forming west of the Mississippi river, mixed with oaks and other deciduous
trees, extensive forests; the onlj^ species of northern Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri, reaching its greatest
development in western Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and eastern Texas.

Wood, varying greatly in quality and amount of sap, heavy, hard, strong, generally coarse-grained, compact j
bands of small summer cells broad, often occupying half the width of the annual growth; very resinous, resin
passages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, orange, the sap-wood nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.6104; ash, 0.29; largely manufactured into lumber, especially in the states west of the
Misoissippi river, and among yellow i)ine8 only inferior in value to that of P. palustris.

378. — Pinus glabra, Walter,

t.v,342.— 1

sens, 82.— Ai

fP. mitis, \&T. paupera. Wood, CI. Book, 660.

Fl. Caroliniana, 237. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 342.— Eavenel in Proc. Elliott Soc. i, 52.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433.— Porcher^
Beeoarces S. Forests, .lOO. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 82. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 184.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 201

CEDAR PINE. SPRUCE PINE. WHITE PINE.

South Carolina, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, generally near the coast, and through
the Gulf states south of latitude 32° 30' to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana.

A tree 24 to 30 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich bottom lands and hummocks
in dense forests of hard-wood trees, reaching its greatest development in Alabama and Mississippi ; not common
and local.

Wood light, ioft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad,
not resinous, resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood
nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3931 ; ash, 0.45.

379. — Pinus Banksiana, Lambert,

Pinna, 1 ed. i, 7, t. 3 ; 2 ed. i, 7, t, 3 ; 3 ed. i, 9, t. 3.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 578. — Desfontaines, Hist. Art. ii, 611. — Nonveau Dnbamel, v, 234,
t. 67, f. 3. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 315. — PursU, Fl. Am. Sejjt. ii, 642. — SmitU iu Eees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 4.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,
223; Sylva, iii, 124; 2 ed. ii, 182.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compond. Fl. N. States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6
ed. 265.— Loudon, Artoietum, iv, 2190, f. 2004-2067. —Forbes, Pinetura Woburn. 13, t. 3.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.— Eaton &
Wright, Bot. 358. — Antoine, Conif. 8, t. 4, f. 2. — Lindloy in Penn. Cycl. xvii,171. — Link in Linnsea, xv, 491. — Spach, Hist. Veg.
xi, 379. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 177. — Knigbt, Syn. Conif. 26. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 218 (excl. syn.
eontorta). — Parry in Owen's Eep. 618. — Carridre, Trait. Conif. 381 ; 2 ed. 485. — Gordon, Pinetum, 163 ; 2 ed. 230.— Richardson, Arctic
Exped. 441. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linuiean Soc. xxiii^, 301. — Wood, CI. Book, 661. — Henkel
& Hochstetter, Nadclholz. 44. — Nelson, Pinace», 104. — Gray, Manujil N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 78. — Vasey, Cat.
Forest Trees, 29. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iv, 184. — Sears in
Bull. Essex Inst, xiil, 186.— Bell iu Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46<:.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 158.

P. sylvestris, var. divarieata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 366.

P. Hlldsonica, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 339.— Parlatore iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 380.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Koch,

Dendrologie, ii", 298.

P. rupestris, Michaux f. Hist.Arb. Am. i,49, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.iii, 95, t. 136.
GRAY PINE. SCRUB PINE. PRINCE'S PINE.

Bay of Chaleur, New Brunswick, to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake,
the valley of the Mackenzie river, and the eastern slope of the Eocky mountains between the fifty-second and sixty-
fifth degrees of north latitude; south to northern Maine, Ferrisburg, Vermont (B. JB. BoMnson), the southern shore
of lake Michigan, and central Minnesota.

A small tree, 9 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 meter in diameter; barren, sandy
soil or, less commonly, in rich loam ; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its
greatest development in the region north of lake Superior, here often forming considerable forests ; toward its
extreme western limits associated and often confounded with the closely allied P. eontorta and P. Murrayana of the
Pacific region.

Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact: bands of small summer cells not broad, very
resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear light
brown or, rarely, orange, the thick sap-wood almost white ; specific gravity, 0.4761 ; ash, 0.23; largely used for fuel,
railway ties, etc,
•

380. — Pinus palustris, Miller,

/Met. 7 ed. No. 14. — Marshall, Arbustum, 100. — Wangeuheim. Amer. 73. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 237.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368;
2 ed. V, 317. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 42. — Dii Eoi, Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 66. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204. — Lambert, Pimis, 1 ed.
i,27, t.20; 2od. i, 30, t. 21; 3ed. i,41, t. 24, 25.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 499.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 341.— Persoon, Syn. ii,578.—
Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 612.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 644.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 15.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223 ; Sylva,
iii, 126; 2 ed. ii, 185.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 174.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 637.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,g87.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 266.- Forbes,
Pinetum Woburn. .59, t. 22.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Antoine, Conif. 23, t. 6, f. 2.— Link in Linnrea, xv, 206.— Griffith, Med. Bot.
604.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257.— Wood, 01. Book, 660.— Porchcr, Eesonrces S. Forests,
495. — Michaux f. N. American Sylva, 3 ed. Iii, 106, 1. 141 (the plate as P. australia).

P. australis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 64, t. 6.— Nouveaii Dahamcl, v, 246, t. 75, f. 3.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2255, f. 2156-
2160.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 392.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 165— Carson, Med. Bot. ii, 43,
t. 87.— Gihoul, Arb. Eesin. 33.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 217.— Carrifere,
Trait. Conif. 345; 2 ed. 450.— Gordon, Pinetum, 167; Suppl. 03; 2 ed. 260.— Chapman, Fl. S. State8,434.— Curtis in
Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 24.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 65.—
Nelson, Pinacca;, 103.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 109.— Parlatore iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 392.— Yonug, Bot. Texas,
517.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 3L— Bentloy & Trinicn, Med. PI. iv, 268, t. 258.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad,
iv, 185.— Veitch, Manual Couif. 172.

202 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

LONG-LEAVED PINE. SOUTHERN PINE. GEOBGIA PINE. YELLOW PINE. HARD PINE.

Soiitheastern Virginia, south to cape Cauaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and tbrough tbo Gulf states to the
valley of the Red river, Louisiana, and the Trinity river, Texas, rarely extending beyond 150 miles from the coast.

A tree of the first economic value, 18 to 29 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry,
sandy loam of the maritime plain, generally of Tertiary formation, and forming, outside of the river bottoms,
extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or toward its extreme interior- range, esi)ecially in the
Gulf states, occupying rolling hills, here mixed with oaks and various deciduous trees; rarely along the borders
of 8wami)S in low, wet soil.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable; bands of small summer
cells broad, occupying fully half tlie width of the annual growth, very resinous, dark colored, resin passages few,
not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light red or orange, the thin sap-wood nearly
white; specific gravity, 0.G999; ash, 0.25; largely manufactured into lumber and used in construction of all sorts,
for shipbuilding, fencing, railway ties, etc.

The turpentine, tar, pitch, rosin, and spirits of turpentine manufactured in the United States are almost
exclusively produced by this species ( TJ. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 709, 899. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. — Flilckiger &
Hanhury, Pharmacographia, 545).

381. — Pinus Cubensis, Grisebach,

Mem. Am. Acad. viii,530; Cat. PI. Cuba, 217.— Parlatore iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi»,396.

P. Tceda, var. heterophylla, Elliott, Sk. ii, 636.

P. Ulliottii, Engeljnann; Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 166, t. 1, 2, 3.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
Suppl. 650.

P. Cubensis, var. terthroearpa, Wright.— Grisebach, Cat. Pi. Cuba, 217.

SLASH PINE, SWAMP PINE. BASTARD PINE. MEADOW PINE.

South Carolina (Bluffton, Mellichamp), south near the coast to the southern keys of Florida, west along the
Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana, not extending beyond 50 or 60 miles inland; in the West
Indies.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; light sandy soil along the dunes
and marshes of the coast, or wet clay borders of ponds, abandoned fields, etc., and now rapidly taking possession
of ground from which the forests of P. palustris have been removed ; the only species of Florida south of cape
Canaveral and bay Biscay ne.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer
cells very broad, occupying fully half the widtli of the annual growth, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages
few, not large; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent; color, rich dark orange, the sap-wood lighter, often
nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7504; ash, 0.26; hardly inferior in value to that of P. palustris, although rarely
manufactured into lumber.

Turpentine is occasionally manufactured in southern Florida from this species.

NoTB. — Specimens collected upon the southern keys of Florida by A. H. Curtiss connect the forms of South Carolina, Georgia, and
northern Florida with the West Indian tree.

382.— Picea nigra, Link, *

L/ Linnaea, XV, 520. — Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 241; 2cd. 323. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linumau Soc. xxiii", 301. — Brunet, Hist. Picea, 10 & t. f.

B. — Peck in Traus. Albany Inst, viii, 283. — Eugelmaun in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 185.

Abies Mariana, Miller, Diet. — Wangenheim, Amer. 75.

Pinus Mariana, Uu Boi, Obs. Bot. 38 ; Harbk. ii, 107.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 24.

Pinus Abies Canadensis, Marshall, Arbustum, 103.

Pinus Americana nubrn, Wangenheim, Amer. 75.

Pw«« ntr/ra, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2ed.v, 319.— Lambert, Pinus, led. i,41, t. 27 ; 2 ed. i, 45, t. 27; 3 ed.i,64,t.37.—
Willdeuow,Spcc.iv,506; Enum.990; Berl. Baumz. 278.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640. —Smith
iuRees'Cycl. xxviii,No.20. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 182. — Nuttall, Genera, ii,223. — Hayne, Dond. Fl.
177.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 640.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, S-W; Fl. N. York, ii, 230.— Beck,
Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6cd.2{)4. — Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 163. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston.
3 ed. 386.— Antoine, Conif. 88, t. 34, f. 3.— Eudlichor, Syn. Conif. 115.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Porcher, Resources
8. Forests, 505.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 413.

1

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES 203

PinUS Americana, Gsertner, Fruct.ii,60,t.91,f. l.

Pinus rubra, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 48, t. 28 ; 2ed. i, 47, t. 30 ; 3 ed. i, 66, t. 38 [not Michaux f. ].— Pereoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Alton,
Hort. Ken-. -2 ed. V, 319.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith ia Recs' Cycl. xxvlii, No. 23.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.—
Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States,359.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoiue, Conif. 87, t. M, f. 2.— EudUcher, Syn. Conif. 113.— Gihoul,
Arb. Resin. 44. — Parlatorc in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 413.

Abies denticulaia, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 206.— Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.

Abies nigra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vl, 520. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii,.580. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 124,t. 11; N.
American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 139, t. 147. — Nouveau Duhamel, v,292, t. 81, f. 1. — Lindley iu Penn. Cycl. 1,32. — Loudon,
Arboretum, Iv, 2312, f. 2225-2227. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 410, in part. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 81 ; 2 ed. 11, 96. —
Griffith, Med. Bot. 606. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 36. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211. — Parry In Owen's
Rep. 618. — Gordon, Pluetum, 11; 2 ed. 17. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. —
Chapman, Fl. S. State3,434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Caroliua, 1860, Hi, 27.— Wood, CI. Book, 662; Bot. &
Fl. 313. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 507. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 191. — Nelson, Pinacese, 50. — Gray,
Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 169. — Viisey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed.
ii, 247.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Bell in Geological Bep. Canada, 1879-'80, 44':.—Veitcli,
Manual Conif. 74.

Abies rubra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580.— Loudon, Arboretum, Iv, 2316, f. 2228.—
Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 101, t. 35. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211.—
Gordon, Pinetum, 11 ; 2 ed. 17.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 189.— Nelson, Pinacese, 51.

P. rubra, Link iu Linnsea, xv, 521.— Carrlfere, Trait. Conif. 240; 2 ed. 322.

Abies nigra, var. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. 1, 123; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 141.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xl, 411.—
Hoopes, Evergreens, 170.

f Abies rubra, var. arctica, Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211.

Abies alba, Chapman, Fl. S. states, 435 [not Poiret].

Abies Americana, Koch, Dendiologie, ii», 241.

P. nigra, var. rubra, Engelmanu in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334.

Abies arctica, Hort.

Abies Marylandiea, Hort.

BLACK SPBTJOE,

Newfoundland, northern Labrador to Ungava baj-, Nastapokee sound, cape Churchill, Hudson bay, and
northwest to the mouth of the Mackenzie river and the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains; south through the
northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains
to the high peaks of North Carolina.

A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; light, dry, rocky soil, forming,
especially north of the fiftieth degree of latitude, extensive forests on the water-sheds of the principal streams or in
cold, wet swamps; then small, stunted, and of little value (P. rubra).

Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin,
resinous, resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color, light red or often nearly white, the
sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4534 ; ash, 0.27; largely manufactured into lumber, used in construction, for
ship-building, jnles, posts, railway ties, etc.

Essence of spruce, prepared by boiling the young branches of this species, is used in the manufacture of spruce
beer, a popular beverage ( TJ. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 901).

204 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

383. — Picea alba, Liuk,

Linnma, xv, 5X9.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 238 ; 2 ed. 319.— Fl. des Serros, xxi, 157, t. 2251.— Brunei, Hist. Picea, 4 & t. f. A.—
Engolmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst.xiii, 184.

Abies Canadensis, Miller, Diet. No. 1.

Pinus Canadensis, Da Koi, Obs. Bot. 38; Harbk. ii,124 [not Linnaeus].- Wangcnheim, Amer. 5, t. 1, f. 2.

P. laxa, Ehrhart, Beitr. iU, 24.

P. glauca, Moeuch, Weiss. 73. «

Pimis alba, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 371 ; 2 ed. v, 318.— Lambert, Pinus, led. i,39 t. 26; 2 ed. i, 43, t.28; 3 ed. i,61, t. 35.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 507 ; Enum. 990 ; Berl. Baumz. 280.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 641.— Smith
in Kees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 21.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 204.- Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dond. Fl. 177.— Elliott,
8Ii.ii, 640.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 231.— Mej'er, PI. Labrador,
30.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 386.—
Antoine, Conif. 86, t. 34, f. 1.— Endlicber, Syn. Conif. 112.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Tuinbouw Flora, 1855, 1,
1. 14, 15.— Walpers, Ann. v, 799.— Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 414.

Pinits tetragona, Mconcb, Meth. 364.

Abies alba, Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 521. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580. — Michaux f.
Hist. Arb. Am. i, 133, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 144, t. 148.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 291, t. 81, f. 2. — Loudon,
Arboretum, iv, 2310, f. 2224.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 95, t. 33.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 129; 2 ed. ii, 189.- Spach, Hist.
Veg. xi, 412.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 84 ; 2 ed. i, 99. — Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 43. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 36. — Lindley

6 Gordon in Jour. Hort.Soc. London, v, 211.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 618.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2; 2 ed. 3. — Richardson,
Arctic Exped. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii', 301. — Engelmann
in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 330.— Wood, CI. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 507.—
Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 188. — Nelson, Pinaceae, 47. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471. — Murray in Seemann,
Jour. Bot. V, 253, t. 69, f. 2-7.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 157, f. 20.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues,

7 ed. ii, 247.— Macoau in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 44":.

Abies rubra, var. COerulea, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2316.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211.

Abies ocerulea, Forbes, Pinetum Wobum. 99.

P. CCerulea, Link in Linnsea, xv, 522.

Pinus rubra, var. violacea, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 114.

P. nigra, var. glauca, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 242.

Abies arotica, Murray in Seemann, Jour. Bot. v, 253, t. 69, f. 1, 8-13.

Abies laxa, Koch, Dendrologie, ii«,243.

Abies alba, var. coerulea, Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 320.

Abies alba, var. arctica, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 414.

WHITE SPRUCE.

Newfoundland, northern shore of Labrador to Ungava bay, cape Churchill, and northwestward to the mouth of
the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south to the coast of Maine, northeastern Vermont
(West Burke and Elnnvood, Pringle), northern Michigan, Minnesota to Moo.se lake and the White Earth Indian
reservation, the Black hills of Dakota {R. Douglas), along the Eocky mountains of northern Montana to the valley of
the Blackfoot river [Ganby & Sargent), Sitka, and British Columbia,

A tree 15 to 50 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of
ponds and swamps ; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest
development along the streams and lakes of the Flathead region of northern Montana at an elevation of 2,500
to 3,500 feet; the most important timber tree of the American subarctic forests nortli of the sixtieth degree of
latitude, here more generally multiplied and of larger size than the allied P. nigra, with which it is associated;
its distribution southward in British Columbia not yet satisfactorily determined.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin, not
conspicuous, resin passages few, minute; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light yellow, the sap-wood
hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4051; ash, 0.32; largely manufactured into lumber, although not
distinguished in commerce from that of the black spruce (P. nigra).

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 205

/ 384. — Picea Engelmanni, Engelmann,

Trana. St. Louis Acad, li, 212; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 256; Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334; 1882, 145.— Carriftre, Trait. Conif. 2 ed.
348. — G. M. Dawsou in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 325. — Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 80.

J.Wc« a/6a, ? To rrey in Fremont's Rep. 97.

Abies nigra, Engelmann ill Am. ,Jour. Sci. 2 scr. xxxiii, 330 [not Poirct].

Abies Bngehnanni, Pan-y in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 122 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 1863, 1035; Am. Nat. yiii, 179; Proc.
Davenport Acad, i, 149, — Regel, Gartenflora, 1864, 244. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 418. — Hoopcs, Evergreens,
177, f. 22.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 332; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 494.— Porter & Coulter, Fl.
Colorado ; Hayden's Sury. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii'', 242. — Hall in
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle, 1877, 631. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,
1875-'76, 211.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56=.— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 68.

PinUS Engelmanni, Engelmann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209.

PinUS COmmutata, Pariatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 417.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 5.

WHITE SPKUOB.

Peace Eiver plateau, iu latitude 55° 46' N. (G. M. Dawson), through the interior of British Columbia and along
the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon to the valley of the Mackenzie river; along the
principal ranges of the Rocky and Wahsatch mountains to the San Francisco mountains, Sierra Blanco, and mount
Graham, Arizona.

A large tree, 24 to 46 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at its extreme elevation
reduced to a low, prostrate shrub ; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 11,500 feet elevation ; the
most valuable timber tree of the central Eocky Mountain region, here forming extensive forests, generally above
8,500 feet elevation; rare and of small size in the mountains of Washington territory, Oregon, and Montana.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells
narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, pale yellow
tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.3449 ; ash, 0.32 ; iu Colorado manufactured
into lumber and largely used for fuel, charcoal, etc.

The bark rich in tannin, and in Utah sometimes used in tanning leather.

Note. — Forms of northern Montana too closely connect this species with the allied P. alba. The two species occur here, however,
only at different elevations, in different soils, and never mingle.

385. — Picea pungens, Engehnann,

London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334 ; 1882, 145.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 725, f. 130.

P. Menziesii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 214 [not Carrifere].

Abies Menziesii, Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 330 [not Lindley].— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1803,
76. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 333, in part. — Parry in Am. Nat. viii, 179 [not Lindley]. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871,
494. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 166, in pari. — Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 10 [not Lindley]. — Porter &
Coultor, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Lindley]. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33, in part. —
Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.

Abies Menziesii Parryana, Andr^ in 111. Hort. xxiii, 198; xxiv, 53, 119.— Roezl in 111. Hurt, xxiv, 86.

Abies Engelmanni glauca, Veitch, Manual Conif. 69.

WHITE SPRUCE. BLUE SPRUCE.

Valley of the Wind river, south through the mountain ranges of Wyoming, Coloriido, and Utah.

A tree 30 to 4(5 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; borders of streams, in damp Oi
wet soil, generally between 6,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, never forming forests or reaching as high elevations an
the allied P. Engelmanni ; rare and local.

Wood vei-y light, soft, weak, clo.sc-grai ned , compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous',
resin passages few, small ; medullary rays uumerou.s, prominent ; color, vei'y light brown or often nearly white, th>'
«ap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.3740; ash, 0.38.

206 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

386. — Picea Sitchensis, Cuniire,

Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 360; Eogelmanu in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 344; Bot. California, ii, 122.

Pinua Sitchensis, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser.il, 104.— Hooker, V]. Bor.-Ain. ii, 164.— Endlioher, Syn.
Couif. 123.

Abies Menziesii, Liudley in Penu. Cycl. 1, 32.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2321, f. 2232.— Forbes, Piuetum Wobum. 93, t.32.—
Nattall, Sylva, iii, 131, t. 116; 2 ed. ii,189, t. IIG.— Kniglit, Syn. Conif. 37.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Ilort. Soc.
London, v, 211.— Newberry iu Pacific R. E. Rep. vi, f>6, 90, t. 9, f. 21.— Gordon, Pinetum, 6; 2 cd. 12.— Cooper in
Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii'', 25, 69, in part. — Wood, Bot. &FI.314. — Lyall in Jour. LinnteanSoc.
vii, 131, 133, 144.— Henkcl & Ilochstettor, Nadelholz. 187. — Nelson, Pinaccic, 148. — Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep.
1867, 433. — Hoopcs, Evergreens, 166, in part.— Watson iu King's Rep. v, 333, in part. — Vcitch, Manual Conif. 73.

Pinus Menziesii, Douglas in Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 161, t. 71.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162.— Antoine, Couif. 85, t. 33, f. 1,
2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Endlioher, Syn. Couif. 112.— Parlatore iu Do Caudolle, Prodr. xvi», 418.

f Abies trigona, Ratjnesque, Atlajit. Jour. 119.— EndUchor, Sjyi. Conif. 124.— Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 1 cd. 264.

t Abies falcata, Raflnesque, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 124.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London,
V, 213.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 268 ; 2 ed. 314.

Pinus Menziesii, var. cri^a, Antoine, Conif. 85, t. 35, f. 2.

Abies Sitchensis, Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 212.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 247.

P. Menziesii, Carrifere, Man. lies PI. iv, 339 ; Trait. Conif. 237 ; 2 ed. 318.

? Sequoia Rafinesqiiei, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 213.

TIDE-LAND SPRUCE.

Alaska, south to Mendocino county, California, not extending more than 50 miles inland from the coast.

A large tree of great economic value, 46 to 61 meters in height, with a trunli 2.40 to 5.19 meters in diameter;
gravelly ridges and swamps, reaching its greatest development in Washington territory and Oregon near the
mouth of the Columbia river, here forming a belt of nearly continuous forest growth 50 or, farther north and south,
rarely more than 10 or 15 miles in width.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not
conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent; color, light brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4287 ; ash, 0.17; largely manufactured into lumber and
used for construction, interior finish, fencing, boat-building, the dunnage of vessels, cooperage, woodenware, etc.

387. — Tsuga Canadensis, Carrifere,

Trait. Couif. 189; 2 ed. 248.— Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 184. — Eugelmanu in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 224.

Pinus Canadensis, LinnsBUS, Spec. 2 ed. 1421.— Wangenheim, Amer. 39, t. 15, f. 36.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 23.— Alton, Hort.
Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 320.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 206.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. 50, t. 32; 2 ed. i, 56, t. 35; 3 ed. ii, 79,
t. 45.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 505; Enura. 989; Berl. Baumz. 277.— Poiret iu Lamarck, Dict.vi, .521.— Persoon, Syn.
ii, !i79.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 29.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph.
ii, 182.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 176.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 639.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey,
Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. Now York, ii, 230.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 2ed. 548.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 386.—
Antoine, Conif. 80, t. 32, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 86.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 46.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.—
Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi", 428.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 3.— Bentley
& Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 264, t. 264.

Pinus Americana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 6.— Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 41 ; Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 151.

Pinus Abies Americana, Marshall, Arbustnm, 103.

Abies Canadensis, Desfontaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 5S0.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 138, t. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii,
146, t. 140.— Nonveau Dubamol, v, 293, t. 83, f. 1.— Eaton, Manual, 111.— Richard, Conif. 77, t. 17, f. 2.— Audubon,
Birds, t. 197.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2322 & t.— Forbes, Piuetum Wobum. 129.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 133; 2 ed. ii,
190.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 424.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 77 ; 2 ed. i, 92 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 606.— Knight,
Syn. Conif. 37.— Liudley & Gordon iu Jmir. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl.
Cestrica, 3 cd. 291.— Gonlon, Pi;-.eluui, 14 ; 2 ed. 22.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States,
434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 27.— Wood, CI. Book, 601 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Porcher,
Resources S. Forests, 50(5. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 153 (excl. syn. ncoma/ica).— Nelson, Pinacese, 30.— Gray,
Manu.al N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Hoopes, Evergreen-^, 184, f. 23.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 249.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
23.— Fl. desSerres, xxii, 203.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, ii, 247.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, ]879-'80, 51^— Veitch,
Manual Conif. 114, f. 29.

Picea Canadensis, Link in Liumea, XV, 524.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 207

HEMLOCK.

Nova Scotia, southern New Bruuswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the shores of lake Temiscamiug,
and southwest to the western borders of northern Wisconsin ; south through the northern states to New Castle
county, Delaware, southeastern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and along the Alleghany mountains to Clear Creek
falls, Winston county, Alabama (Mohr).

A tree 21 to 33 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.15 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges, generally
facing the north aird often forming extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or, less commonly,
borders of swamps in deep, rich soil; most common at the north, although reaching its greatest individual
development in the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake and
splinter, not durable; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color, light brown tinged with red or often nearly white, the sap wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.4239;
ash, 0.40; largely manufactured into coarse lumber and used in construction for outside finish, railway ties, etc.;
two vai'ieties, red and white, produced apparently under precisely similar conditions of growth, are recognized by
lumbermen.

The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used in the northern states in tanning leather, and yields
a fluid extract sometimes used medicinally as a powerful astringent.

Canada or hemlock pitch, prepared from the resinous secretion of this species, is used in the preparation of
stimulating plasters, etc. {U. 8. Dispensatory, li ed. 709, 903. — Nat. .''ispensatory, 2 ed. 1109. — FUickiger & Hanbury,
Pharmacographia, 552).

388. — Tsuga Caroliniana, Ei . inann,

Conlter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 223.

Abies species, Gibbs in Proc. Elliott Soc. i, 286.
Abies Caroliniana, Chapman, Fl. 8. States, Snppl. fwO.

nEMLOCK.

Southern Alleghany region, Bluff mountain, North Carolina {A. Gray), "Saluda mountain," South Carolina {L.
8. Oibbs), Pinnacle mountain, North Carolina {Curtiss), New river. North Carolina, and CfBsar's head. South Carolina
(Canby), Whitesidcs mountain and Devil's Cour^House peak, Jackson county, North Carolina [J. Donnell 8mith).

A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges between
4,000 and 5,000 feet elevation; rare and local; long confounded with the closely allied T. Canadensis, from which
it may be distinguished by its larger, glossier, blunter leaves, and larger cones with wide-spreading scales.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity,
0.4275 ; ash, 0.40.

389. — Tsuga Mertensiana, Caniferp,

Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 250.— Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 121 ; Conltei-'s Bot. Gazette, vi, 224.-6. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new
ser. ix, 324.

t Abies heterophylla, Rafinesquc, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 124.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 265.

Pinus Mertensiana, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. iii, 163.— Hooker, El. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 111.— Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 668.— Parl.atore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 428.— McNab in Proc. Boyallrish
Aca<l. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 4.

Pinus Canadensis, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. iii, 163 [not LinnajUR].— Douglas in Companion Bot.
Mag. ii, 127.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164, in part.— Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 668.

Abies Mertensiana, Lindley & Gordon in Jour. H«-rt. Soc. London, v, 211.— Carriiro, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 2.32.— Gordon,
Pinetiim, 13 ; Snppl. 12 ; 2 ed. 29.— -Lyall in Jour. Linuican Soc. vii, 133, 144.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 152.- -
Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 433.— Cooper in Am. Nat. iii, 412.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Heopes,
Evt-rgieen?, 192.— Koch, Dendrologie, il^, 250.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada
1875-70, 211.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.

Abies Canadensis, f Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262 ;. Pacific E. R. Kep. xii^ 69 [not DesfontuinesJ.
Abies BridgCHti, Kellogg iu Proc. California Acad, ii, 37.

208 FORESl' TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Abies Albert iana, Murray iu Proc. Holt. Soc. Londou.iii, 149 &. f.—Lawson, Piuetum Brit. ii. Ill, t. lG,f. 1-18.— Nolaon,
PinacoiB, 31. — Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872,75.

Abies taxi/olia, Hart weg, ined. {fide Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 148).

Pinus Pattoniana, McNab in Proc. Boyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 2 [not Parlatore] (fide Engelmann in London
Gard. Chronicle, 1882, 145).

Abies Pattoniif McNab iu Jonr. Linnasan Soc. xix,308.

HEMLOCK.

Alaska, south aloug the islauds aud coast of British Columbia, and through the Selkirk, Gold, and other
interior ranges to the Bitter Root mountains of Idaho, and the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana
(valley of the Flathead river, Canby & Sargent), extending south along the Cascade mountains to southern Oregon
and in the Coast ranges to Marin county, California, between 1,000 aud 4,000 feet elevation,

A large tree, 30 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 meters in diameter; low, moist bottoms or rocky
ridges ; very common and reaching its greatest development in western Oregon and Washington territory, often
forming extensive forests, especially along the western base of the Cascade mountains.

Wood light, hard, not strong, rather close-grained; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous;
medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific
gravity, 0.5182; ash, 0.42; occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.

The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used on the northwest coast in tanning leather.

390. — Tsuga Pattoniana, Engelmann,

Bot. California, ii, 131 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 145.

Abies Pattoniana, Jeffrey in Rep. Oregon Exped. i,t. 4, f. 2.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 291, t. 9,
f. 1-7. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 157, t. 22. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii,402. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 252. — Hoopes,
Evergreens, 172. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 30. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Veitch, Manual Conif.
116, f. 31, 32.

fPicea Galifornica, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 261; 2ed.346.

Abies HooJceriana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 289, t. 9, f 11-17.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 153, t.
21,22, f. 1-22— Nelson, Piuaceje, 31.— McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 1.— Veitch,
Manual Conif 115, t. 32.

Abies Williamsonii, Newberry iu Pacific E. R. Rep. vi, 53, 90, t. 7, f. 19.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Cooper in Am. Nat.
iii, 412.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33.

Pinus Pattoniana, Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 429.

Abies Pattonii, Gordon, Pinetum, 1 ed. 10 (excl. syn. trigona).

Abies Pattoni, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 12.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 151 (excl. syn. trigona).

Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia, and probably much farther north, south along the Cascade
mountains and the California Sierras to the headwaters of the San Joaquin river, extending east along the high
mountains of northern Washington territory to the western slopes and summits of the Coeur d'Aldne and Bitter
Root mountains of Idaho (Lolo trail, Watson), and the divide between Thompson and Little Bitter Root creeks,
northern Montana {H. B. Ayres).

An alj)ine tree, rarely 30 meters iu height, with a trunk 1.60 to 2.10 meters iu diameter ; dry slopes and ridges
near the limits of tree growth, ranging from an elevation of 2,700 feet in British Columbia to 10,000 leet iu the Sierras
of central California.

Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; bauds of small summer cells
thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.4454 ; ash, 0.44.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 209

391. — PseudotSUga Douglasii, Carrifere,

Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 256. — Engelmanu in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 257 ; Bot. California, ii, 120. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 323. —
Eichler in Monatsb. Acad. Berl. 1881, f. 18-22.— Rusby iu Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.

Pinua taxifolia, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 51, t. 33; 2 ed. i, 58, t. 36; 3 ed. ii, 82, t. 47.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Eees'
Cycl. xxviii, No. 28.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.

Abies tcmifolia, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 523.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 293.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific E. R. Hep. ii, 130.—
Cooper iu Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 262 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii'', 69.

Abies Douglasii, LindleyinPeun. Cycl. i, 32. —Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 2230.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 127, t. 45.—
Benthara, PI. Hartweg. 57.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 129, 1. 115 ; 2 ed. ii, 187, 1. 115.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 423.— Knight, Syn.
Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. — London Gard. Chronicle, 1854, 163. — Bigelow in Pacific
E. E. Eep. iv, 17. — Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Eep. 28. — Newberry in
Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 54, 90, t. 8, f. 20.— Gordon, Pinetum, 15 ; Suppl. 10 ; 2 ed. 24.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 262 ;
Pacific E. E. Eep. xii^, 24, 69; Am. Nat. iii, 411. — Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313. — Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 330 ;
Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — Lyall in Jour. Liunsean Soc. vii, 131, 133, 143. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz.
155.— Nelson, Pinaceai, 32.— Eothrock in Smithsonian Eep. 1867,433; PI. Wheeler, 28, 50; Wlieeler's Eep.vi, 9.—
Hoopes, Evergreens, 189. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 115, 1. 17, 18, f. 1-23. — Porter in Hayden's Eep. 1871, 494. — Watson
in King's Eep. v, 334 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 75. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. —
Koch, Deudrologie, ii^, 255. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131. — Murray in London
Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 106. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33 — Hayden in Warren's Eep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122. —
Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot.
Gazette, iii, 32. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 119, f. 35.

Abies mucronata, Eafinesque, Jour. Atlant. 119. — Endlicher, Syn. C onif. 126.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London,
V, 213.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 268 ; 2 ed. 312.

t Abies mucronata palustris, Eafinesque, Jour. Atlant. 129.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 268; 2ed. 313.

Pinus Douglasii, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 163, t. 21.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162, 1. 183.— Antoine, Conif. 84, t. 33, f. 3.—
Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 87. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 173. — Parlatore in De
CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 430.— McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 703, t. 49, f. 32, 32», 32''.

Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 2231.— Gordon, Pinetum, 16; 2 ed. 25.— Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 156.

Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata, Antoine, Conif. 84, t. 33, f. 4.

Picea Douglasii, Link in Liunaea, xv, 524.

Tsuga Douglasii, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 192.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iu, 232.

Tstiga Lindleyana, Roezl, Cat. Grain Mex. 8.

BED FIR. YELLOW FIB. OREGON PINE. DOUGLAS PIE.

Coast ranges and interior plateau of British Columbia south of latitude 55° N. (not reaching the coast archipelago
north of Vancouver's island), east to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains in latitude 51° N. (Bow Eiver pass,
Macoun) ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington territory, Oregon, the California Coast ranges, and the
western slope of the Sierra Nevadas, through the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the
Guadalupe mountains of Texas ; iu the Wahsatch and Uintah mountains, the ranges of northern and eastern
Arizona, and southward into Mexico; not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the
Wahsatch mountains, south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, and north of Arizona.

A large tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.83 to 3.66 meters iu diameter, or in the Eocky mountains
much smaller, here rarely 30 meters in height; the most generally-distributed and valuable timber tree of the
Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to an elevation in Colorado of nearly 10,000 feet; often forming extensive
forests, almost to the exclusion of other species, and reaching in western Oregon and Washington territory its
greatest development and value.

Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and conditions of growth in density, quality, and amount of sap ;
difficult to work, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of the annual growth,
dark colored, conspicuous, soon becoming flinty and dillicult to cut ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, varying
from light red to yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5157 ; ash, 0.08 ; largely manufactured into
lumber and used for all kinds of construction, railway ties, piles, fuel, etc.; two varieties, red and yellow fir, are
distinguished by lumbermen, dependent probably upon tlio age of the tree; the former coarsegrained, darker
colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir.

The bark is found valuable in tunning leather.

14 FOR

210 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Var. macrocarpa, Eug. Imann,
Bot <:aliforDia, U.liM).

Abies Douglaaii, var. macrocarpa, Torrey in Ives' Eep.28.—Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33.

Abies macrocarpa, Vasey in Ganl. Monthly, Jan. 1876.

HEMLOCK.

Oalifornia Coast ranges; San Bernardino mountains to the Cuyamaca mountains.

A tree 30 to 54 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and canons between
2,500 and 4,000 feet elevation.

Wood heavy, hard, strong, cross-grained, very durable, dilQQcult to work ; color, rather darker red than that of
the species ; specific gravity, 0.4563 ; ash, O.OS ; somewhat manufactured into coarse lumber and largely used for fuel.

392. — Abies Fraseri, Lindley,

Fenn. Cycl. i, 30.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. iii.t. 38.— Link in Linnsea, xv, 531.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 139, t. 119; 2 ed. ii, 196,t. 119.—
Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 200; 2 ed. 270. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,
257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 26.— Wood, CI.. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 314.—
Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadclholz. 169. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 472, in part. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 202. — Bertrand in Bull.
Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 216. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii,
596; London Card. Chrouicle, 1877, 147.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 96.

Pinus Fraseri, Pursh,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxviii,No. 27.— Poiret, Snppl. v, 35.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,
884.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eatou, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 74, t. 42.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.—
Antoine, Conif. 76, t. 29, f. 1.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 91.— Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 419.— McNab in Proo.
Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 684, t. 47, f. 10.

A. balsamea, var. Fraseri, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 422.

Pintis balsamea, var. Fraseri, Toft-ey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.

Picea Fraseri, Loudon, Arboretnm,iv,«340,f. 2243, 2244.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 148; 2 ed. 205.

BALSAM. SHE BALSAM.

High mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; moist slopes between 5,000
and 6,500 feet elevation, often forming considerable forests.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells rather broad, light
colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white;
specific gravity, 0.3565; ash, 0.54.

393. — Abies balsamea, Miller,

Diet. No. 5. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 579. — Nonveau Duhamel, v, 295, t. 83, f. 2. — Richard, Conif. 74, 1. 16. — Lindley, Penn. Cycl. i, 30;
Fl. Med. !w4— Forbes, Pinetnm Woburu. 109, t. 37.— Link in Linnaa, xv,530.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 421.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 605,
f. 268.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carri&re, Trait. Conif. 217; 2 ed. 292.— Richardson, Arctic Exped.
441.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 291.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Wood, CI. Book, 661; Bot. & Fl. 314.—
Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 506. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 176. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471. — Hoopes,
Evergreens, 197. — Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii'-, 214. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. —
Gaibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 246. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 597. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76,
211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 184.- Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46<'.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 88.

Pinus balsamea, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 1002.— Wangenbeim,Araer. 40.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 319.— Moench,
Meth. 364.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. 144.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 48, t. 31; 2 ed. i, 52, t. 33; 3 ed. i, 72, t. 41.— Willdenow,
Spec, iv, 504; Ennm. 989; Berl. Baumz. 276.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Eaton, Manual,
111; 6 ed. 204.— Nuttttll, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne,Dend. Fl. 176.— Elliott, Sk. ii,639.-Sprengcl, Syst. ii,884.— Torroy,
Compend. Fl. N. States, :J59; Fl. N. York, ii, 229.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, iv,59,t. 246.— Woodville, Med. Bot.
3 ed. v, 1, t. 1.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed.
385.— Antoine, Conif. 66, t. 26, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 103.— Gihoul, Arb. Kesin. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.—
Parlatore in De CaudoUe, Prodr. xvi», 423.— MeNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 684, t. 47, f. 11.— Beutley &
Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 263, t. 26.3.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 211

PinUS Abies Balsamea, Marshall, Arbnstum, 102.

A. halsamifera, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207, in part.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 145, t. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.
iii, 150, t. 150, in part.

Ficea balsamea, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,2339, f. 2240, 2241.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 143; 2 ed. 200.—
Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 176. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 85; 2 ed. i, 101, — Nelson, Pinaceae, 37.

Picea balsamea, var. longifolia, Hort.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2839.

Picea Fraseri, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 88; 2 ed. i, 104 [not Loudon].

BALSAM FIR. BALM OF GILEAD FIR.

Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear
lake and the eastern base of the Rocky mountains; south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central
Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of Virginia.

A tree 21 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter, or at high elevations
reduced to a low, prostrate shrub {A. Rudsonica, Hort.); damp woods and mountain swamps.

"Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells not
broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, often streaked with yellow,
the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3819; ash, 0.45.

Canadian balsam or balm of flr, an aromatic liquid oleo-resin obtained from this and other species of Abies by
puncturing the vesicles formed under the bark of the stem and branches, is used medicinally, chiefly in the treatment
of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 898, 900. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. —
FlUcMger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 552).

394. — Abies subalpina, Engeimann,

Am. Nat. x,554; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 597; Wheeler's Eep. vi,255. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette,
ii,91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. newser.ix, 326. — Masters in London Gard.
Chronicle, 1 881 , 236, f. 43, 44, 45.

fPinus lasiocarpa, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163 [not Hort.].— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 105.— McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish
Acad. 2 ser. ii, 682, t. 46, f. 7, 7»; t. 47, 48, 49 (excl. syn.).

tA, lasiocarpa, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 138 ; 2 ed. ii, 195.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carrifere, Trait.
Conif. 1 ed. 221.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 262.— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 313, f. 27-31.— Henkel
& Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 161 (excl. syn.).

fPinuS species, Torrey in Fremont's Eep. 97.

Picea amdbilis, Gordon, Pinetum, 154, in part; 2 ed.213, in part.

A. bifolia, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 320, f. 51-56; London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 465, f. 96, 97.— Eegel,
Gartenflora, xiii, 119. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 420.

A. grandis, Engeimann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 310 [not Lindley]. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 296, inpart. — Watson
in King's Eep. v, 334, in part. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402 [not Lindley]. — Porter & Coulter, PI. Colorado;
. Hayden's Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Lindley].

Finns amabilis, Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 426, in part.

Picea bifolia, Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105.

A. subalpina, var. fallax, Engeimann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 597.

BALSAM.

«

Valley of the Stakhin river, Alaska, in latitude 60° N. (Muir), south through British Columbia and along
the Cascade mountains to northern Oregon {Collier), through the Blue mountains of Oregon and the ranges of
Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado.

A tree 24 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.GO meter iu diameter; mountain slopes and
canons between 4,000 (British Columbia) and 12,000 (Colorado) feet elevation; generally scattered and rarely
forming the prevailing forest growth.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells very narrow,
not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood lighter;
specific gravity, 0.3476; ash, 0.44.

212 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

395. — Abies grandis, Lindloy,

Peon. Cyol. i, 30.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobnrn. 123, t. 43.— Spaoh, Hist. Vog. xi, 422.— Nattall, Sylva, iii, 134; 2 ed. ii, 192.— Lindley A
Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v, 210. — Cnrri6ro, Trait. Conif, 220; 2 cd. 296 (exr.l. syn.). — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.58,
202; Pacific B. E. Kep. xii«, 25, 69; Am. Nat. iii, 410.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 314.— Lyall iu Jour. Liuucpan Soc. vii, 143.— Bolaudei
in Proc. California Acad, iii, 232. — Hcnkel & Hochstetter, NadelhiJIz. 160. — Nelson, Pinaceas, 38. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 211. —
Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 378. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Eugelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 593; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684; 1880,
660, f. 119; Bot. California, ii, 118. — O. M. Dawson iu Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 326. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881,
179, f. 33-36.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 97, f.23, 24.

Pinus grandis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. li, 147.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Antoine, Conif. 63, t. 25, f. 1.— Hooker
& Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 105. — Parlatore in Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 427 (excl. syn.).—
McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 678, t. 46, f. 4, 4".

fA. aromatica, Rafinesque, Atlant. Jonr. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 125.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc
London, v, 213.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 266; 2ed.310.

Picea grandis, London, Arboretum, iv, 2341, f. 2245, 2246, in part.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 155; Snppl.
5 (excl. syn. Parsonsii); 2 ed. 216. — Newberry in Pacific E. E. Rep. vi, 46, 90, f. 16, t. 6, in part. — Murray in London
Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 135, f. 28.

.4.. Oordoniana, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 298 (excl. syn. ParsoMwi).— Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379.

A. amabilis, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 310, f. 22-24 [not Forbes].

WHITE FIE.

Vancouver's islaDd, south to Mendocino county, California, near the coast; interior valleys of western
Washington territory and Oregon south to the Un)pqua river, Cascade mountains below 4,000 feet elevation,
through the Blue mountains of Oregon {Gusick) to the eastern slope of the Cceur d'Alene mountains {Cooper), the
Bitter Root mountains, Idaho ( Watson), and the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana
(Flathead region, Canby <& Sargent).

A large tree, CI to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; most common and reaching
its greatest development in the bottom lands of western Washington territory and Oregon in rich, moist soil; or
moist mountain slopes, then much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meters in height.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broader than in other
American species, dark colored, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown,
the sap-wood rather lighter; specific gravity, 0.3545; ash, 0.49; in western Oregon manufactured into lumber and
used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc.

396. — Abies concolor, Lindley & Gordon,

Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210. — Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 204. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ill,
600; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 255; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684, f. 114, 115; Bot. California, ii, 118.— Brandegee in Coulter's Hot
Gazette, iii, .32.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684, f. 114, 115.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 93.

Pinus concolor, Engelmann in herb. ; Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 426.— McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Aead. 2 ser.
ii,681, t.46, f.6.

Picea concolor, Gordon, Pinetum, 155; 2 ed. 216.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 135, f. 26.

Pinus lasiocarpa, Balfour in Rep. Oregon Exped. i, t. 4, f. 1 [not Hooker] .-Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 314, f.
25.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 429.

tA. balsamea, Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 18 [not Miller].— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 141.

Picea grandis, Newberry in Pacific R. E. Eep. vi, 46, in part.

Abies grandis, Carrifere, Trait. Conif.; 2 ed. 296, in part.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17 [not Lindley].

Picea Lowiana, Gordon, Pinetum, Snppl. 53; 2 ed. 218.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 419.

A. Lowiana, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 317, f. 38-41.

A, amabilis, Watson in King's Eep. v, 333 [not Forbes].

A. grandis, var. Lowiana, Hoopes, Evergreens, 212.

Pinus grandis, Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 427, in part.

Picea concolor, va'r. violacea, Murray in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 464, f. 94, 95.

Pinus Lowiana, McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 680, t. 46, f. 6.

A. lasiocarpa, Hort. [not Nuttall].

A. Parsonsii, Hort.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 213

"WHITE FIR. BALSAM FIR.

Nortliern slopes of the Siskiyou mountains, Oregon, and perhaps farther north in the Cascade mountains,
south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mouu'nins, California;
along the high mountains of northern Arizona to the Mogollon mountains, New Mexico, northward to the Pike's
Peak I'cgiou of Colorado, and in the Wahsatch mountains of Utah.

A large tree, 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter ; moist slopes and canons
between 3,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in the California sierras, varying greatly
in the color and le/igth of leaves, habit, etc., and perhaps merely a southern form of the too nearly allied A. grandis,
from v.'hich it cannot be always readily distinguished.

Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells narrow, resinous, not
conspicuous; medullary rays, numerous, obscure; color, very light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat
darker; specific gravity, 0.3633 ; ash, 0.85 ; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used for packing-cases,
butter-tubs, and other domestic purposes.

397. — Abies bracteata, Nuttall,

Sylva, iii, 137, t. 118; 2 ed. ii, t. 118. — Harfcweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, iii, 225. — Liadley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Londoii,
V, 209.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 193; 2 ed. 235.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1853, 435; 1854, 459; 1859, 928.— Bot. Mag. t. 4740.--
Lemaire in 111. Hort. i, 14, t. 5. — Fl. des Serres, ix, 109 & t. — Naudin in Rev. Hort. 1854, 31. — Cooper in Sinithsoniau Eep. 1858,
262. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. x, 1, t. 1, 2 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 211, t. 1, 2). — Henkel &
Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 167. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 199.— Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
35. — Engelmanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 601 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684 ; Bot. California, ii, 118, — Veitch, Mannal
Conif. 89, f. 14, 15.

Pinus vennsta, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 152.

Pinus bracteata, D. Don in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xvii, 443.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 169, t. 91.— Antoine, Conif. 77, t.
30.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Hooker, Icon. t. 379.— Endlicher,Syn. Conif. 89.— Walpers, Ann. v, 798.—
Parlatore in De CaudoUe, Prodr. xvi', 419. — McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 674, t. 46, f. 1.

Picea bracteata, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2348, f. 2256.— Gordon, Pinetum, 145; 2 ed. 202.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 171,
t. 25, 26, f. 1-7.— Nelson, Pinaceae, 37.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 286.

A. venmta, Koch, Deudrologie, ii«, 210.

Santa Lucia mountains, California, from the northern boundary of San Luis Obispo county about 40 miles
northward.

A tree 40 to Gl meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; moist, cold soil, occupying
4 or 5 caiions between 3,000 and G,000 feet elevation, generally west of the summit of the range {G. B. Vasey).

Wood heavy, not hard, coarsegraiued, com jjact; bands of small summer cells broad, resiaous, conspicuous ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood not seen ; specific gravity,
0.6783; ash, 2.04; probably more valuable than the wood of the other North American Abies.

398 — Abies amabilis, Forbes,

Pinetum Woburn. 125, t. 44.— Lindley &, Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 219 ; 2 ed. 296. — Cooper
in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,262.— Lyall in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, vii, 143. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 159.— Nelson,
Pinaceaj, 36.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 209 (excl. syn. Jaaiocarpa). — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— Koch, Dendrologie,
ii», 211 (excl. syn. lasiocarpa). — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76,21I. — ^Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1880,
720, f. 136-141 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 86.

Pinus amabilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 93.— Antoine, Conif. 63, t. 25, f. 2.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey,
394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 104. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 426, in part.

Pinus grandis, Lambert, Pinus, l ed. iii,t. 26 [not Douglas].

Pi^;ea amabilis, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2247, 2248.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 154 ; 2ed.2I3(exoL
syn.). — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,51, 90, f. 18.

A. grandis, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 308, f. 18-21 [not Lindley].

A. grandis, var. densiflora, Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 599.

Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia (Engelmann & Sargent), and probably farther north, south along
the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon.

A tree 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 meter in diameter, forming extensive forests on the
mountains of British Columbia, between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, and upon the mountains south of the Columbia river
between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, here reaching its j^reatest development; its northern range not yet determined.

Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark
colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific
gravity, 0.4228; ash, 0.23.

214 FOREST TREES OF KORTH AMERICA.

399. — Abies nobilis, Lindley.

Penn Cycl i 30 -Forbes, Pinetum Woburo. 115, t.40.-Linkm Linn»a,xv,532.-Spach,Hi8t. Veg.xi,419.-Nnttall,8ylva,iii,136,t.
117 • 2 ed ii 193, 1. 117.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 209.— Cai-rifcre, Trait. Conif. 198 ; 2 ed. 268.— Jour. Bot. &.
Kew Gard. Misc. is, 85.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 185j?, 262.— Henkel & Ilochstetter, Nadelhijlz. 168.— Hoopes, Kvergreena,
203.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 209.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 601, in part; London
Card. Chronicle, 1879, 8&5; Bot. California, ii, 119, in part; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii,4.-Veitch, Manual Conif. 101.

Pinus nobilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 147.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 167, t. 74.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. u,
162.— Antoine, Conif. 77. t. 29, f. 2.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— EndlicUer, Syn. Conif. 90.

Picea noUlig, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2249, 2250.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc.

Louden, v, 209.- Gordon, Pinetnni, 149; Suppl. 48; 2 ed. 207.— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Rep. vi, 49, 90, f. 17.—

Lawson, Pinetum, Brit, ii, 181, t. 28, 29, f.1-18.— Nelson, Pinaoeio, 39.
Pseudotsuga nobilis, Bortrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 86.— McNab in Proc. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 699, t. 49, f.

29, 29«.

A. magnifica, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 119, in part.

■red PIE,

Oregon, Cascade mountains from the Columbia river south to the valley of the upper Eogue river, and along the
summits of the Coast Eange from the Columbia to the Nestucca river [Collier).

A large tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming, with A. amabilis,
extensive forests along the slopes of the Cascade Eange, between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation; less multipUed in
the coast ranges, here reaching its greatest individual development.

Wood light, hard, strong, rather close grained, compact; bands of small summei; cells broad, resinous, dark
colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown streaked with red, the sap-
wood a little darker; specihc gravity, 0.4561 ; ash, 0.34.

400. — Abies magnifica, Murray,

Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 318, f. 42-50; London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 134.— Eegel, Gartenflora, xiii, 119.— Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadclholz. 419.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii% 213.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 601; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 885, f.
116 ; Bot. California, ii, 119 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 99.

A. campylocarpa, Murray in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 370.

A. nobilis robusta, Hort.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 269.

Picea magnifica, Goi-don, Pinetum, 2 ed. 219.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105.

Pinus amabilis, Parlatore in DeCandolle, Prodr. xvi», 426, in part.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 677, t. 46,
f.3, 3»f

A. amabilis, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34 [not Forbes].

Pseudotsuga magnifica, McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 700, t. 49, f. 30, 30*.

.4.. nobilis, Engelmann, Bot. California, ii, 119, in part.

EED PIE.

California, mount Shasta, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to Kern county.

A large tree, 61 to 76 meters iu height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming about the base of
mount Sbasta extensive forests between 4,900 and 8,000 feet elevation ; farther south less common and reaching
an extreme elevation of 10,000 feet.

Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, satiny, durable in contact with the soil, liable to
twist and warp in seasoning; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.4701 ; ash, 0.30; largely
used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 215

401. — Larix Americana, Miohaux,

Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 203.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 37, t. 4; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 167, 1. 153.— Audubon, Birds, t. 4.— Loudon,
./^rboretnra, iv, 2399.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 89; 2 ed. i, 105 & t. — Gihoul, Arb. Eesin. 51. — Parry in Owen's Eep.
618. — Richardson, Arctic. Expod. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnaean Soo. xxiii, 302. —
Wood, CI. Book, 602; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Nelson, Pinacese, 8G.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 247.—
Eegel, Gartenflora, xs, 105, t.684, f. 7,8 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 105, t. 10,f. 2, 3).— Bertrand in Ann. Soi. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 90.— Vaaey,
Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 185.

Pinus laricina, DuEoi, Obs. Bot. 49; Harbk. ii,83.— Wangcnheim, Amer. 42, 1. 16, f. 37.— Moench, Meth. 364.

Pinvs Larix rubra, alba and nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 103, 104.

Pinus intermedia, Wangenheim, Amer. 42, 1. 16, f. 37.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 114.

Pinus pendula, Alton, Hort. Kew, iii, 369 ; 2 ed.v, 320.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 55, t. 36; 2 ed. ii, 63, t. 39; 3 ed. ii, 86, t. 49.—
Willdenow, Spec, iv, 502.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 32. —
Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 365.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Audubon, Birds, t.90, 180.— Beck,
Bot. 339.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 232.— Parlatore in De
Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 409.

Pinus microcarpa, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 56, t. 37 ; 2 ed. ii, 65, t. 40 ; 3 ed. ii, 88, t. 50.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 5f2; Ennm. 989 ;
Berl. Baumz. 273. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 579. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 321. — Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645. — Smith in
Eees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 33.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 365.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 175.— Sprengel,
Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 30.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 387.— Antoine, Conif. 54, t JJl, f. 1.— Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 132. .^-^

Abies pendula, PoLret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 288.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London,
v,213.

Abies microcarpa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514.— Nouveau Dahamel, v, 289, t. 79, f. 2.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. i, 33.—
Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, 213.

L, tenuifolia, Salisbury in Trans. Linusean Soc. viii, 313.

L. pendula, Salisbury in Trans. Linnsean Soo. viii, 313.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 137, t. 46.— Canifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed.
272. — Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2ed. 177.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii, 302.

L. niicrocarpa, Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 597.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 139, t. 47.— Spaoh. Hist. Veg. xi, 436.— Link in
Linnaja, xv, 536.— Carrlfere, Trait. Conif. 275; 2 ed. 355.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2 ed. 175.— Henkel & Hochstetter,
Nadelholz. 137. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii, 302, 341. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 180.

L. intermedia, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836, 50.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 141.— Link in Linnsea, xv, 535.

L. Americana rubra, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 40.

L. Americana, var. pendula, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 356.

L. Americana, var. prolifera, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2401.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 356.

L. decidua, var. Americana, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 133.

LARCH. BLACK LAECH. TAMARACK. HACKMATACK.

Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the eastern shores of Hudson bay, cape Churchill and northwest to
the northern shores of the Great Bear lake and the valley of the Mackenzie river within the Arctic circle ; south
through the northern states to northern Pennsylvania, northern Indiana and Illinois, and central Minnesota.

A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; moist uplands and intervale
lands, or south of the boundary of the United States in cold, wet swamps, often covering extensive areas, here
much smaller and less valuable.

Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil; bands of
small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure; medullary rays
aumerou!*, hardly distinguishable, color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6236 ; ash, 0.33;
preferred and largely used for the upper knees of vessels, for ship timbers, fence posts, telegraph poles, railway
ties, etc.

The inner bark of the closely-allied European larch is recommended in the treatment of chronic catarrhal
afiections of the pulmonary and urinary passages; probably that of the American species would be equally
eflBcacious.

216 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

'402. — Larix occidentalis, Nultall,

Sylva, iii. 143, 1. 120; 2 e<l. ii,199,t. 120.— NewbeiTy in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 59, f. 24, 25.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262;
Am. Nat. iii, 412. — Lyall in Jour. Linuicao Soc. vii, 14.3. — Nelson, Pinaceffi,91. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 253. — Regel, Gartentlora,
IX, 103, t. 685, f. 8-10 (Bolg. Hort. xxii, 101, t. 8, f. 3-5).— Vasey. Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 176.— Macoun in
Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,329. — Veitcb, Manual Conif. 130.

Pinus Larix, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 109 [not Linunus].

L. Americana, var. brevifolia, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 357.

PintlS Nuttallii, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 412.

TAUABAOE.

British Columbia, Selkirk and Gold ranges, south of latitude 53° N., extending west to the head of
Okanagan lake ((?. M. Dawson), south along the eastern slopes of the Cascade mountains to the Columbia river,
through the mountain ranges of northern Washington territory to the western slopes of the Kocky mountains ot
Montana, and in the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon.

A noble tree of great economic value, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter;
moist mountain slopes and benches between 2,500 and 5,000 feet elevation ; scattered among other trees and never
exclusively forming forests; the thick bark long resisting the action of forest fires; very common, and perhaps
reaching its greatest development in the region north of the Big Blackfoot river and in the valley of the Flathead
river, Montana, here the largest and most valuable timber tree.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish,
very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of annual
growth, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color, light bright red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7407; ash, 0.09; occasionally
manufactured into lumber, but principally used for fuel, posts, railway ties, etc.

403. — Larix Lyallii, Parlatore,

Enum. Sem. Hort. Reg. Mus. Flor. 1863; London Gard. Chronicle, 1863,916 (Regel, Gartenilora, xlil, 244). — LyaU in Jour. Linnaean
Soc. vii, 143. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadolholz. 417. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 361. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 256. — Regel,
Gartenflora, xx, 103, t. 685, f. 11-13 (Belg. Hort. xxii', 102, t. 9, f. 1-3).— Bertraud in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest
Trees, 35. —Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 187&-'76, 211.— Veitoh, Manual Conif, 130.

Pinus Lyallii, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 412.

"Cascade mountains, 6,500 to 7,000 feet, forming an open belt of trees mingled with P.flexilis (P. albicaulus)',
oh the Galton range at 6,000 feet and in the Rocky mountains at 7,000 feet, growing with P. flexilis^' (Lyall);
mount Stewart, Washington territory {Bratidegee & Tweedy, August, 1883); Grave Creek pass, northern Montana
(fl. B. Ayres, September, 1883).

A low, much-branched, straggling, alpine tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes
1.50 meter in diameter; dry, rocky soil, generally upon northern exi)osures, and associated with Pinus albicaulis
and Tsuga Pattoniana along the upper limits of tree-growth between 6,500 and 7,000 feet elevation (Brandegee).

The wood not collected.

Note. — A well-marked species, distinguished from L. occidentalis by its alpine habit, the larger green oi purple deoidnoos cones with
ciliated scales, and by the dense tomentnm covering the young shoots and leaf buds.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TEEES. 217

PALMAOE^

404. — Sabal Palmetto, Loddiges;

Bcemei & Schult i, Syst. vii, 1487. — Croom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 315. — Martins, Hist. Palm, iii, 247. — Ennth, Ennm. ill, 247. —
Spach, Hist. Veg. xii, 107.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 438.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 64.— Wood, CI. Book,
666 ; Bot. & Fl. 317.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.

Gorypha Palmetto, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 119.

Ghamcerops Palmetto, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 206.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb.-Am. ii, 186, 1. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.
iii, 5, 1. 101.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 490.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 231.— Elliott, Sk. i,431.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 137.—
Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 89. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 191. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 546. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 258. —
Porcher, Kesonrces, S. Forests, 526.

CABBAGE TREE. CABBAGE PAXMETTO.

Smith island, off the mouth of Cape Fear river, North Carolina, sonth along the coast to Key Largo, Florida,
and along the Gulf coast to the Apalachicola river.

A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; sandy maritime shores; very
common and reaching its greatest development upon the west coast of the Florida peninsula south of Cedar
Keys.

Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to work, dark colored ; color, light brown ; specific
gravity, 0.4404 ; ash, 7.66 ; impervious to the attacks of the teredo, and very durable under water ; largely used
for piles, wharves, etc.

405. — Washingtonia filifera, Wendland,

: . es.— Watson, Bot. CaUfornia, ii, 211, 485.

! duleiSff Coopei- in Sraithsonian Eep. 1860, 442 [not Martins].

Pritchardla fOvn>'>^iosa^ Wendlai .. ' -xxiv, 807.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Fenzi in Bull Soo. Toso.

Ort. j, 116 4. f .~Palmer i., .* t.

Brahea Jilaflimiom, Hort.— William!-, ic j.on . iroiiiele, 1876, *'.

i^AM-LV\Jf VAZ.TS..

San Bernardino county, California, from the eastern base of the Sau B^raardino ml>anta'n8 to the valley ot
the Colorado river. ^~~— -^._^

A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 meter in diameter, forming grovteo . 2.">0 to 5^""
plants in the depressions of the desert, in moist alkaline soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of suiiii ■
ravines formed by water-courses ; often stunted and greatly injured by fire.

Wood light, soft ; flbro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to cut, dark colored, conspicuous ; specific gravity
0.5173; ash, 1.89.

406. — Thrinax parviflora, Swartz,

Prodr. 57; Fl. Ind. Ooo. i, 614.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 614; 2 ed. ii, 307.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 202.— Persoon, Syn. i, 383.— Poiret in
Lamarck, Diet, vii, 633.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 112.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 20.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. vii, 1300.— Martins, Hist.
Palm, iii, 255, t. 103.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 253.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpers, Ann. v, 818.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies,
515.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651.

T. Oarberi, Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651.

SILK-TOP PALMETTO.

Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from Bahia Honda to Long's Key ; in the West Indies.

A small tree, 9 meters in height with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter in diameter, or in pine-barren soil
often low and stemless {T, Garberi).

Wood light, soft ; flbro-va.scular bundles small, hard, not conspicuous; color, light brown; specific gravity,
0.5991; ash, .'3.99; the trunk used in making sponge- and turtle-crawls.

218 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

407. — Thrinax argentea, Lojldiges;

Desfontaines, Cat. 3 ed. 31.— Roemer & Schnltes, Syst. vii, 1300.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 256, 1. 103, f. 3, 1. 163.— Kunth, Ennm. iii, 253.—
Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpere, Ann. v,818.— Grisobacb, Fl. Britisli West Indies, 515.— Cliapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651.

Palma argentea, Jaoqnin, IVagm. 38, No. 125,t.43,f.l.— MSrterin Bom. Physik. Arbeiten. ii, 76.
SELVBB-TOP PALMETTO. BBIOEXEY THATCH. BRITTLE THATOH.

Semi-tropical Florida, on a nameless key 10 miles west of Key West, Elliott's Key, Key Largo, Piuey Key,
Boca Cbica Key, Key West, Gordon Key, and on the small keys south and west of Bahia Honda Key {Gurtisa); in
the West Indies.

A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter.

Wood light, soft ; flbro-vascular bundles small, very numerous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter
than the exterior ; specific gravity, 0.7172 ; ash, 3.01 ; used for piles, the foliage in the manufacture of ropes, for
thatch, etc.

408. — Oreodoxa regia, HBK.

Nov. Genera & Spec, i, 305.— Martins, Hist. Palm, iii, 166, t. 156, f. 3-5.— Eichard, Fl. Cuba, 348.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 182.— Spach,
Hist. Veg. xii, 68.— 111. Hort. ii, 28 & t.— Walpcrs, Aun. v, 807.— Grisebacb, Fl. British West Indies, 327.— London Gard. Chronicle,
1875, 302, f. 66.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651.

(EnotMrpus regia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 140.

0. oleracea, t Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 440.

BOYAL PALM.

Semi-tropical Florida, " Little and Big Palm hummocks," 15 and 25 miles east of cape Bomano {Ourtiss), near
the mouth of Little river, and on Elliott's Key; in the West Indies.

A tree 18 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 meter in diameter ; rich hummocks, often forming extensive
groves ; in Florida rare and local.

Wood heavy, hard ; fibro-vascular bundles large, very dark, conspicuous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much
lighter than the exterior ; color, brown j specific gravity, exterior of the trunk, 0.7032, iiiterior. 0.2128 ; ash, 2.54.

LILIAOE^

409. — Yucca canaliculata, Hooker,

Hot. Mag. t. 5201.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 1217.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 43.

r. TreculiOMa, Carrifere in Rev. Hort. vii, 280.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 828.— Engelmann in Trans. 8t.
Louis Acad, iii, 41.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— London Garden, xii, 328, t. 94.

SPANISH BAYONET.

Southern Texas, Matagorda bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe rivers south into Mexico.

A small tree, 5 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.75 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly, arid soil.

Wood, like that of the whole genus, showing distinct marks of concentric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy,
diflBcult to cut and work ; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.6677 ; ash, 6.27.

The bitter, sweetish fruit cooked and eaten by the Mexicans; the root stock, as in the whole genus, saponaceous
and largely used by the Mexicans as a substitute for soap.

410. — Yucca brevifolia, Engelmann,
, 47.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 141, 351.— Va

T. Draconia, f var. arborescens, Torrey iu Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 147.

King's Rep.v, 496; Tran8.8t. Lonis Acad, iii, 47.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 141, 351.-Va8ey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Watson, Bot. California,
ii, 164.

CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 219

THE JOSHUA. JOSHUA TKEE.

Southwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona to southern Nevada, and the valley of the Mohave river, California.

A tree 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly soil, forming
upon the Mobave desert at 2,500 feet elevation an open, straggling forest.

Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color, very light brown or nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3737 ;
ash, 4.00; occasionally manufactured into paper -pulp.

411. — Yucca data, Engelmann,
Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 17.

Y. angustifolia, var. radiosa, Engelmaun in King's Rep. V, 496.

T. angustifolia, var. elata, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 50 ; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 270.

SPANISH BAYONET.

Western Texas to southern Arizona and Utah; southward into Mexico.

A small tree, 3 to 5 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly mesas.

Wood light, soft, spongy; color, light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4470; ash, 9.28.

412. — Yucca baccata, Torrey,

Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 221 ; Ives' Kep. 29. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1838, 2G6. — Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 923. —
Andr6 in 111. Hort. 3 ser. xx, 23, 1. 115. — Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 23. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 44 ; King's Eep. v, 49G ;
Wheeler's Eep. vi,270. — Loew in Wheeler's Eep. iii, 609. — Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi,52. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 164.

Y, filamentosa, ? Wood in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1H68, 167 [not Torrey].

SPANISH BAYONET. MEXICAN BANANA.

Western Texas, south of latitude 32° N., west through New Mexico to southern Colorado and Ssm Diego
county, California; southward into northern Mexico.

A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.C^ meter in diameter, or often much smaller, and toward the
northern limits of its range stemless ; forming upon the plams of Presidio county, Texas, extensive open forests
(Eavard).

Wood light, soft, spongy, diflBcult to work ; color, light brown : specific gravity, 0.4470 ; ash, 9.28.

The large juicy fruit edible and an important article of food to Alexicant Mans; a strong coarse fiber,

prepared by macerating the leaves in water, is manufactured ■'^' > '-'!>e by ilit

INDEX TO CATALOGUE.

[KOTB.— In thia index the names of families are indicated by *' Small cats", of Bpeciesby "Soman" type, and of synonyms by "ItaUe$*\]

Page,

AhUsalba (Picea alba) 1 204

Abies aWaf (Picea Engelmanni) 205

Abies alba (Picea nigra) - — 203

Abies alba, var. arctiea 204

Abies aWa, var. coerulea .■--. 204

Abies Albertiana 208

Abies amabilis 213

Abies amabills (Abies concolor) 212

Abies amabilis (Abies grandis) 212

Abies amabilis (Abies magnlfica) 214

Abies Americana 203

Abies arcd'^a (Picea alba) 204

Abies arctiea (Picea nigra) 203

/ Abies aromatica 212

AMea balsamea 210

- ?Afrt«« 6aZ«am«a (Abies concolor) 212

Abxes balsamea^ var. Fraseri 210

Abies balsami/era , 211

Abies bifolia 211

Abies bracteata 213

Abies Bridgesii 207

Abies campylocarpa 214

Abies Cana<Jensis (Picea alba) - 204

Abies Canadensis (Tsuga Canadensis) -. 206

A bies Canadensis f (Tsnga Merteusiana) 207

Abies Caroliniana - 207

Abies cceruXea 204

Abie> '-■■ncolor 212

Abies denticulata 203

Abies DoufflasU 209

Abies Douglasii, var. macroearpa 210

Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia 209

Abies EngeUnanni 205

Abies Engebnanni glauea 205

t Abies faleata 206

Abies Fraseri 210

Abies Qordoniana 212

A bies grHndis 212

Abies grandis (Abies amabilis) 213

Abies grandis (Abies concolor) 212

Abies grandis (Abies subalplna) 211

Abies grandis, var, dentifiora 213

Abies grandis, var. Loioiana 212

Abies f heterophyUa 207

Abies Uookeriana 208

Abies Uudsoniea 211

Abies lasioearpa (Abies concolor) 212

Abies? lasioearpa (Abies subalplna) 211

Abies laxa 204

Abies Lovdana 212

Abies macroearpa 210

Abies magniflca 214

Abies ma^</tca (Abies nobilis) 214

Abies Mariana 202

220

Abies Marylandica

A bies Menziesii ( Picea pnngens)

A bies Menziesii (Picea Sitchensis)

Abies Menziesii Parryana

Abies Mertensiana

Abies m.icTocarpa

Abies mucronata

t Abies mucronata palustris

Abies nigra (Picea Engelmanni)

Abirs nigra (Picea nigra)

Abies nigra, var. rubra

Abies nobilis

Abies nobUis (Abies magniflca)

Abies nobilis robusta

Abies Parsonsii

Abies Pattoni

Abies Pattoniana

Abies Pattonii (Tsaga Mertensiana) ....

Abies Pattonii (Tsnga Pattoniana)

Abies pendula

Abies religiosa

Abies rubra

f Abies rubra, var. arctiea

Abies rubra, var. coerulea ^

A bies Sitchensis

Abies Bpeciea (Tsaga Caroliniana)

Abies subalplna

Abies subalpina, T&r./allax

Abies taxifolia (Pseudotsuga Douglasii).

AHes taxifolia (Tsuga Mertensiana)

f Abies trigona

Abies venusta

Abies Williamsonii

Acacia Bahamensis

Acacia Berlandiori -

Acacia biceps

Acacia esculenta

A nacia frondosa

Acacia glauea

Acacia, Green-bark

Acacia Greggii

Aca<na latisUiqua

Acacia leucocephala

Acacia pulverulenta

Acacia tephroloba ,

Acacia, Three-thomed

Acacia Wrightii

Acerbarbatum (Acer glabmm)

Acer barbatum, (Acer saccharlnnm)

Acer Cali/omicum

Acer Canadense

f Acer Caroliniana

Acer circinatnm

Acer coccineum

Acer dasycarpnm

Page.

203
205
20«
205
207
215
209
209
205
203
203
214
214
214
212
208
208
208
208
215
185

2a^

203
204
206
207
211
211
209
208
206
213
208
64

62
GO
63
64
62
63
63
59
63
48
48
51
46
50
47
60
49

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

221

Page.

Acer Douglasii 48

Acer Drttmmondii 50

Acer eriocarpum 49

Acer glabrum 47

f Acer glaucum 50

Acer ^inndidentatnin 48

Acer macrophylltun 47

Acer montanum - 46

Acer Nejundo ^ 51

Acernigrum 49

Acer palmatum 47

Acer parvijlorum - , 46

Acer Penuayl vaoicum 46

Acer Pennsylvanicum (Acer spicatum) 46

Acer rubmm 50

Acer rubnim, car. DrnmiDoiidii 50

Acer rubrum, var. pallidum. .•. 49

Acer SACcbarinum 48

Acer saccharinum (Acer daavcarpum) 49

Acer saceharxnum (Acer saccbarioum, van nigrnm) 49

Acer Rflcebarinatn, var. nigrum 49

Acer gaccharum 48

Acer sanguineum 50

Acer i'picatam 46

Acer striatum 46

Acer tripartitum 48

Acer virgatum 47

Achraa cune\folia ..'. 103

Achras mammosa 103

Achras pallida 101

Achrat Bolicifolia 101

1 Achrag serrata 69

Achras Zapotilla, var. parviJUtro 103

Adelia acuminata 112

.^aculaa Cslifomica 43

f ^sculuM camea 42

^seulus discolor 43

JEscu lus echinata 42

.£scu1d8 flava 43

-Sftcnlus flava, rar. pBrpnrascens 43

.^scalofi glabra 42

JEsculus nippocoitanum, rar. glabra 42

^sculue Uippocastanum, var. Ohioensit 42

^seulus Ilippocasianum, tot. pallida 42

^sculus hyfjrida 43

^scrduM lutea 43

£sculu» negleeta 43

^seulvs octandra 43

^seulus Ohimnsis 42

^scuUia pallida 42

Msculus Pavia, var. discolor 43

/ ^sculug Watsoniana 42

Agastianis secundijlora 57

Ageria Cassena 36

Ageria gemijuita -. 36

A geria heterophylla , 35

Ageria obovata 35

Ageria opaca ;{5

Ageria palustris 35

Alder ( Alniis oblougifolia) 163

AbVr ( Alnns rbonibifolia) ICJ

Aldrr (Alnns rubra) 163

Aldor, Black ( Alnua incana) 165

Alder. Ulack (Alnas uerrulala) 10 1

A'dor. Ilnary 165

Alder, SeiiKido 162

Alder, Smooth 164

AMer. Speckled .* 165

Ai;:aroba 62

Algnro'da glandidosa 61

Alnns Americana (Alnns incana) 164

A liK/a A mericana (Alnns sermlata) 164

Alnusarguta 162

Altivs Canaderuris 164

A Inus gfnuina 164

Alnus giauca

f Alnv^ glutinosa (Alnns rubra)

Alnu^ gluiinosa, var. rugosa

A InuB glutinosa, var. serrulata (Alnus rhombifoUa)

Alnus glutinosa, var. serrulata (Alnus serrulata)

A Inus hyhrida

Alnus incana

Alnus incana (Regel)

Alnus incana, var. giauca (Alnns incana)

Alnus incmna, var. giauca (Alnus incana, var. virescens)

Alnus incana, var. ru&ra

Alnus inoan.i, rar. virescens

A Inus Japonica

Alnus inaritima

A Inus maritiima iypica

A Inus oblongata (Alnus maritima)

Alnus oblongata (Alnus serrnlata)

Alnua oblougifolia

A Inus obtusifolia

Alnus Oregana

Alnus rbombifolia

Alnua rubi-a ,

A Imia rubra (Alnua serrulata) ,

Alnus rugosa

A Inus serrulata.

f Alnus serrulata (Pegcl)

A Inus tierndata genuina .'

Alnus serrulata, var. latifolia

Alnus serrulata, var. macrophyUa

Alnus serrulata, var. oblongata

Alnvs serrulata, var. oblongi/olia

Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnns incana, ror. virescens)

Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus rbombifolia)

A Inus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus serrulata)

Alnus serrulata, var. vulgaris

A Inus undulata

Araolanchier ainifolia

A m elanekier Bartramiansi

Amelanchisr liotryapium

Amelancbier Canadensis

Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongi/olia •

Amelanchier frz-f '7 -:*«•• var, oligoearpa

Amelanchier ' ;.^-i';' m - ... . .. -. rticnd{f<'lia

Am^anchieriiiterrmduL.,..

Amelanchier hHongifuUa,

Am^lanckix > ' ■ .r---

Amelanc^ '.M^, var. o1klon«tlfo?iA) ...

A melan chier spicaiu ...

Amelanchier Wangenheimiana

American Crab

American Crab Apple

A mericau Elm

American Holly

American Linden

Amyris cymosa

Amyris dyatripa

Amyris cUmifera

Amyris Floridana

Amyris maritima

Amyris Plumieri

Amyris aylvatica

ANACAI! DI ACK^ *-

Ano/inomis punctata

Anaquii

Andromeda arborea

Andromeda arborct-ccns

Andromeda ferniginea

A ndrom cda fcrruginea, var. arborescens .
Andromeda ferruginea, Yar./ruticosa . . .

Andromeda pluwata

Andromeda rhomboklalis

Andromeda rigida

Anona glabra

Auoua laurifolia

Anona pendula

Page.

164-

163

164

163

164

1C4

164

164

164

165

163

165

162

162

162

162

164

163

164

163

163

163

164

164

164

J64

164

164

164

164

163

165

163

164

164

164

85

84

84

84

84

84

84

85

95

M

86

123
35
27
33
33
31
33
33
33
33
52-54
88
114
98
08
96
96
06
87
96
96
23
23
23

222

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Awmaspeoln (AnonalaoTifoU*)

AmmatrOoba

AXOXACB^E

AnonymM oftioliea

AnthomeUi atUvalit

Anthomtltt DouglatU

Attthomdf flava

AnthomeUt glandulota

AnUiomelet rohindyfoUa

Anthomelag turbiiiata

Aute' "Wood

Apple, American Crab

Applu, Castard

Apple Haw

Apple, Oregon Crab

Apple, Pond

Apple, Seven-year >

Apple, Sonthem Crab

Arbol de Hierro

Arbor- vita)

Arbutus lauri/olia

f Arbutus viaerophylla

Arbutus Mcnziesii

Arbiilu3 Menzicsii (Arbutns Tez&na)

Arbuhu Ifaaieni (Arbutns Xalapensis).

Arbutttt proeera

Arbutus Texana ... ..

rArbutu* variem

Arbutus Xalapensis

tArbutua Xalapensis (Arbntns Tezana). .

Ardisia Pidseringia

Aronia arborea

A ronia arbutifolia

Aronia Botryapium

Aronia cordata

Aronia ovalis ...

A rrowwootl

Atagroea tpinosa

Ash

Asb, Black

Ash, Blue

Ash, Green

Asb, Cronnd

Ash, Hoop ,

Ash, Mountain (Pyrtis Americana) ,

Ash, Mountain (Pyms sambnoifoUa) -

Ash, Oregon

Ash, Prichly (Xjinthoxylom Americannm)

' Ash, Prickly (Xanthoxylnm ClaTa-Hercnlia) .

Ash, Bed

Ash, Sea

Asb, Wafer

Asb, Water

Asb, White

Ash, Yellow

Aftb-lcaved Maple

Asi^jiina campanijlora..

Asimina triloba

Aspen

Asp, Quaking

A viccnuia nitida

Avicennia oblonff\folia .
Avicennia tomentosa...

Bald Cypress

Bnlm of Gilead

Balm of Gilead Fir

Balsam (Abies Fraseri)

Balsam (Abies snbalpina)

B.tlsam (Popnins balsamifera) .

Balsam Cottonwood

Balsam B^ir (Abies balsamea) . . .
Balsam Fir (Abies concolor)...

Balsam, She

Banana, Mexican

IB.

Page.

23
23
23

124

82

75

82

82

77

82

103

72

23

82

73

23

96

72

56

176

97

9?

97

97

97

97

97

97

97

97

100

84

83

84

84

85

38

65

107

111

111

109

111

111

73

74

ni

29
30
109
30
31
110
107
57
61
23
23
171
171
117
117
117

184
173
211
210
211
173
174
211
213
210
219

Pace.

Bartram'sOak 163

Basket Oak 141

Basswood 27

Basswood, White 28

Bastard Cedar 176

Bastard Pine 202

Batodendron arboreum 96

Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca ba«cata) 219

Bayonet, Spanish (Yacca canaliculata) 218

Bayonet, Spanish (Yncoaelata) 219

Bay, Bull 19

Bay, LobloUy 25

Bay, Red 118

Bay, Rose 99

Bay, Sweet 20

Baj-, Tan 26

Bay, White f. 20

Bay berry 136

Bay Tree, California 120

Bean Tree 116

Bearberry 41

Bearwood 41

Beaver Tree 20

Beech 158

Beech, Blue 159

Beech, Water (Carpinns Caroliniana) 159

Beech, Water (Platanns oocidentalis) 129

Beefwood ;. 117

Bee Tree 27

Benthamidia fioridn 90

BetxUa acuminata 159

Betnla alba, subspecies commutata 160

Betula alba, subspecies occidentalis typica 160

Betula alba, sa\)speciea papyri/era 160

Betula alba, subspecies papyr\fera, var. communu 160

BetulaaWa, subspecies papyr(/ero, var. eordifolia 160

Betula alba, subspecies popul^olia 159

Betula alba, var. papyri/era IGO

Betula alba, var. populifolia 159

BetulaaWa, -var. populi/olia (Betula papyrifera) 160

Betula angvlata 161

Betula Canadensis 160

Betula carpinifblia 162

Betula eordi/olia *. 160

Betula exeelsa (Betula lenta) 162

Betula exeelsa (Betula Intea) 161

Betula grandis 160

Betula ineana 164

Betula lanulota 161

Betula lenta 162

Betulalenta (Betula alba, var. popnlifolia) 159

Betula lenta (Betula lutea) 161

Betula Intea 161

Betula nigra 161

Betula nigra (Bctnla lenta) 162

Betiilanigra (Betula papyrifera) 160

Betula occidentalis 160

Betula occidentalis (Betula papyrifera) 160

Betula papyracea - 159

Betula papyrifera 159

Betula populi/olia 159

Betula rubra (Bctnla nigra) 161

Betula rubra (Betula papyrifera) 160

Betula rugoaa 164

Betula serrulata 164

f Betula- Alnus glauca 164

Betula-Alnue marilima — .- 162

? Betula- Alnus rubra % 164

Betula- Alnus, var. ^ ineana 164

BETtILACE.E 160-165

Big-bud Hickory 134

Big Cottonwood 175

Big Laurel 19

Big Shell-bark 133

Big Tree - 184

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

223

Page.

Bigtlovia aeuminata 112

Bignonia Catalpa 115

Bignonia linearig 116

BiGXOXIACE* 115,116

BUsted 86

Birch, Black (Bctula lenta) 162

Biich, Black (Betula occldentidis) 160

Birch, Canoe 160

Birch, Cherry- _ 162

Birch, Gray (Betnla alba, vctr. popnlifolia) 159

Birch, Gray (Betnla Intea) 161

Birch, Mahogany 162

Birch, Old-field 159

Birch, Paper 160

Birch, Eed 161

Birch, River 161

Birch, Sweet ^. 162

Birch, Westlndlan 33

Birch, White (Betnla alba, rar. popnlifoUa) 159

Birch, White (Betnla papyrifera) 160

Birch, Yellow 161

Bishop's Pine 200

Bitter Nut 135

Bitter Pecan 136

Black Alder (Alnns incana) 165

Black Alder (Alnns sermlata) 164

Black Ash Ill

Black Birch (Betnla lenta) 162

Black Birch (Betnla occidentalis) 160

Black Calabash Tree 116

Black Cherry, Wild 68

Black Cottonwood (Popnlns angnstifolla) 174

Black Cottonwood (Popnlus trichocarpa) 174

Black Cj-preas 184

Black Guni 92

Black Haw 94

Black Hickory (Carya porcina) 134

Black Hickory (Carya tomentosa) 134

Black Ironwood 39

Black Jack (Qaercus Catesbaei) 15]

Black Jack (Quercns nigra) 150

Blackjack, Forked-leaf 151

Black Larch 215

Black Locnst (Gleditschia triacanthos) 59

Black Locust (Robinia Pseodacacia) 55

Black Mangrove 117

Black Oak (Quercna Emoryi) 146

BhickOak (Quercns Kelloggii) 149

BUkHc Oak (Qnercus rubra) 148

Black Oak (Quercos tinctoria) 149

Black Persimmon 105

Black Pine (Pinna Jeffreyi) 193

Black Pine (Pinns Hurraysna) 195

Clack Sloe 67

Black Spruce 203

Black Sugar Maple 49

Black Thorn 79

Black Tree 117

Black Walnnt 131

Black Willow (Salix flavescens, var. Sconleriana) 170

Black Willow (Salix nigra) 166

Blackwood .:.,,,-..,..........., ,.,. ll»

Bine Ash HI

Bine Beech 159

Blue Jack 153

Blue Myrtle 41

Blue Oak 143

Bine Spruce 205

Blue wood 40

Boiad'Arc 128

BOBUAOINACtt* 113,114

Borya acuminata 112

Borya liijuttrina 112

Bftrj/a nitida 112

Bottom Shell-bark 133

Page.

Bourreria Havanensis ..,, 114

Bourreria Havanensis, var. radnla lli

Bourreria ovata „ 114

Buitrreria radula ., 114

Bourreria recurva 114

Bourreria tomentosa 114

Bourreria tomentosa, var. Mavanejisig 114

Box Elder (Xegundo accroides) 51

Box Elder (Ncgundo Callfomicnm) 51

Boxwood (CornuB florlda) 91

Boxwood (ScliielTeria frutescens) 39

Braheaduldg? 217

Brahea filamenlosa 217

Brickley Thatch 218

Brittle Thatch 218

Broad-leaved Maple , 47

Brouseonetia secundiflora 57

Broussonetia tinctoria 128

Brown Hickory 134

Bucida Buceras 87

Buckeye, California 44

Buckeye, Fetid 42

Buckeye, Ohio 42

Buckeye, Spanish 44

Buckeye, Sweet 43

Buckthorn, Southern 103

Buckwheat Tree 3g

Bull Bay ]9

Bull Nut 134

Bull Pine (Pinns Jeffrey!) 193

Bull Pine (Pinns mitis) 200

Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193

.Bull Pine (Pinus Sabiniana) 195

Bumelia angugtifolia 103

BuTnelia arborea 102

Bumelia chrygophylloides 101

Bumelia cnneata '. 103

Bumelia ferruginea 102

Bumelia foetidissima 101

Bumelia lanuginosa 102

BuTnelia lanuginosa, var. macrocarpa 102

Bumelia lycioides 102

Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinatam 103

Bumelia macrocarpa 102

Bumelia Mastichodendron 101

Bumelia niiyrsinifolia — 103

1 Bumelia oblongifolia 102

Bumelia pallida 101

Bumelia parvifolia 103

Bumelia reclinata (Btimelia cnneata) 103

Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia lycioides) 103

! Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia tenax) 101

Bumelia salicifolia 101

f Bumelia serrata 69

Bumelia spinosa 102

Bumelia tenax 101

BuTnelia tomentosa - 102

Bumwood -• ^

Burning Bush ^8

Burr Oak W

Bursera acuminata 32

Bursera gnmmifera ^2

BURSERACE.E 32,33

Bnstic _ l"!

Butternut '^0

Button-ljall Tree ^^fl

Buttonwood (Conocarpus erecta) ^'^

Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis) 1-'

Buttonwood (Platanus racemosa) ^^

Buttonwood, White ^

Byrsonima lucida ^

C.

CabaUeria coriaeea ™

Cabbage Palmetto ^1^

Cabbage Tree ^'^

224

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Page.

Cactackm 89,90

Cmcta^GUot 00

Cagipnt 120

Calabaah Tree, Black 116

Calico Bush 98

Calioowood 104

CaUromia Bay Tree 120

Calirumia Buckeye 44

California Holly 84

California Laurel 120

California Nntmeg 186

California Olive 120

CMothyrnu Califomica 43

Calyptranthca Chytrsculla 88

Canada Plum 05

Cauellaalba 24

CaiieUa lauryfolia 24

Canella Winterana 24

Caxkllack^ 24

Canoe Birch 160

Canoe Cedar 177

Canotia holocantba 32

Cappauidack* 24

Oapparis Dreynia 24

Capparis cj/nophyllopkora 24

Capparig emarginata .- -.■ 24

Cappuiis •Fainaicensls 24

Capparis siliquoga 24

Cnpparig torulom 24

Capparig uncinata 24

Capui1'0LIacf.jj 93,94

Cardiolcpig oh'uga .- 41

Carolina Poplar 175

Carpinug Americana 158

Carpinug Beiulus Virginiana 158

CiirpiiiuR Candiuiaua 158

Carpima Ohirya 158

CnrpinuH Osirya^ \:\t. Americana 158

Carpinug trijtora 158

Carpinug Virginiana 158

Caryaidba 332

Caryaalba (Carya tomentosa) 134

Carya amara 135

Carya amara, var. myrigticctformit 135

Carya amara, var. poreina 134

Carya angustifolia 132

Carya aqnatica 135

Carya tathartiea 130

Carya eordHformig 133

Carya glabra 134

Carya lUinoengig - 132

Carya integrifolia 135

Carya microearpa 133

Carya myristicseformis 135

Car3*a oiivieformis - 132

Carya porclna 134

Carya sulcata 133

I Carya telrapUra 132

Carya tomentosa 133

Carya tomentoga, var. maxima 134

Caryotaxug Myrigtica 186

Caryntaxug taxifolia 186

Caiisada 101

C.-.Mcna 30

Castine Caroliniana 36

Caggine Peragtia 86

Caggine ramuloga 36

Cagtanea alni/olia '. 156

Cagtanea Americana 157

Cagtanea chrygophylla 156

Cagtanea ehrygophyVa, var. minor I.'i6

Cagtanea nana 156

C«Btane.i pninila 156

Cagtanea tempervireng 156

Cagtanea tegca (CaRlanea.pnmlIa) 156

Page.

Cattanea vetea (Castanea vnlgaris, var. Americana) 157

Cagtanea vegea, var. Americana 157

Caatanea vulgaris, var. Americana 157

Ca8tani>p»la cUrysuphylla 156

Cagtanopsig chrygophyUa, var. minor 156

Cattanepgig chrygophylla, vnr. pumito 156

Catalpa 116

Catalpa bignonioidOR 115

Catalpa bignonioidei (Catalpa speolosa) _ 115

Catalpa communis 115

Catalpa eordi/olia (Catalpa bignonioidea) _ 116

Catalpa eordi/olia (Catalpa speciosa) 115

Catalpa speciosa 115

Catalpa gyringeefolia 115

Catalpa, Western IIB

Catawba 116

Cat's Claw (Acacia Greggii) 63

Cat's Claw (Acacia Wrightii) 03

Cat's Claw (Pithecolobium Unguis-«ati) 6(

Ceanoth t« ferreug 3!>

Ceanothug tarvigatug 3i»

Ceanothug reclinatug 41

Ceanotlms thyrsiflorus 4!

Ccdiir, Bastard 170

Cedar. Canoo 177

Cedar Elm 122

Cedar, Incense 170

Cedar, Oregon 179

Cedar Pino 201

Cedar, Port Orford 179

Cedar, Post 176

Cedar, Bed (Janipems Virginiana) 182

Cedar, Bed (Thuya gigantca) 177

Cedar, Stinking (Torrcya Califomica) 180

Cedar. Stinking (Torreya taxifolia) ISO

Cedar, White (Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana) 17!)

Ccdsr, White (Charatecyparis sphasroidea) 178

Cedar, "White (Libocedms decurrcns) 170

Cedar, White (Thnya occidentalis) 170

Cedrug Makogoni 33

CE1.ABTHACE.E 38, 39

CeltigaWa 125

Cdtig Audibertiana 120

Celtig A udibertiana, var. oblongata 126

Celtig Audibertiana, TtkT. ovata 126

Celtis lierlandieri 126

Celtig brempeg 120

Cellig canina 125

Celtig cordata 125

Oeitig cra'^gifolia 125

Celtig craegifolia, var. eucalypti/olia 125

Celt i« cragsifoKa, var. morifolia 125

Celtig craggj/olif, var. tilicefolia 125

Celtig Douglagii 126

Cellig Floridiana 125

Celtig fugeata 125

Celtig heUrophylla 125

Celtig integri/olia 125

Celtig Iff vigata 125

Celtig Lindheimeri 126

Celtis longi folia 125

Celtig maritima (in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crlt Rev.) 125

Celtig maritiina (in Xew Fl. andBot.) 125

Celtig Mieeiggippiengig 125

Celtig morifolia 125

Celtig obliqua 125

Celtis occidtntalis 125

Celtig oecidentalig, var. cordata 125

Celtig occidevtalig,\sir.eraggifolia 126

Celtig occidcntalig, var. grandidentata 125

Celtig occidcntalig, var. integrifolia 125

Celtig occideutalig, vnr. pttmila (Celtis occident-ilis) 126

? Celtig occidmtalig, var. pumila (Celtis occidentalis var. reticulata) 126

Celtis occidentalis. rar. reticulata 126

Cdtig occidcntalig, var. gcabriugcula 125

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

225

CelHs occidentalis, var. 8«rrulata

OeUU occidentalU, var. tenuifoUa

Celiis patula

Celtispumila

Celtie reticulata

Celtic salicifolia

Celtii tenui/olia

Celtis Texann

Cerasus Americana

Ceraatts borealis

Ceratiis Capollin

Ceraeus CapuU

Ceraaus Caroliniana

Cerasus Ckicasa

Cerasus d^mUsa ,

Cerasus emarginata

Cerasus erecta

Cerasus glanduloaa

Cerasus hiem alis

Cerasus Uici/olia

Cerasus mollis

Cerasus nigra

Cerasus Pennsylvanica

f Cerasus persidfoUa ,

Ceramis serotina { Pmnns demissa)

Cerasus serotina (Prunas serotina)

Cerasus ipkceroearpa

Cerasus umbeUata

Cerasus Virjiniana

Cercidium Jtoridum

Cercis CanadeDsia

Cereis Canadensis, var. pubeseeTis

Cercis occidentalis

Cercis occidentalis, xar ,

Cereis occidentalis, t&t. Teocentt^

Cercis reniformia *

Cercocarpus betulcF/oUus

Oercocarpus hetuloides

Cercocarpus brevi/olius

Cercocarpus intricatus

Cvrcocarpas ledifoliua

Cercocarpus ledifuliua, var. intricatuB

Cercocarpna parvifclias

Cercocarpus parvifoUaa, var. glaber

Cercocarpna parvifolius, var. paucidentataa.

Cercoa gifi;anteus ,

Chapote

Ckamcecyparis Boursierii (Chamsecyparia Lawsoniana) .

Chamcecyparis Boursierii (Janiperus occidentalis)

Ohanuecyparis ezcelsa

Chamffcy paris Lawaoniaoa

Cbamaecyparis Natkaensia

Chamcecyparis Kutkaensis,Y2.T. glauea

Chamcecyparis Nutkanus

ChamjEcyparis sphferoidea

Chamferops Palmetto

Cheiranthodendron CaXifomicwm

Cherry

Cherry Birch

Cherry, Indian

Cherrj', May ,

Cherry, Pigeon

Cherry, Pin

Cherry, Ram ,

Cherry, "Wild (Pmnua Capnli)

Cherry. "Wild (Prunna demisea)

Cherry, Wild Black ,

Cherrj-, Wild Red

Cbestunt ,

Cheatnnt Oak (Qnercns denaiflora) .
Chestnut Oak (Qaercus pHnoidea)..

Cheatout Oak (Qaercoa Prinas)

Chestnut Oak. Rock ,

Chickasaw Plum

Ch'dopsis glutinosa

15 FOB

Page.
125
125
125
125
126
125
125
120
65
66
68

70

67

68

60

61

61

61

CI

61

61

71

71

71

71

71

71

71

71

71

89

105

178

181

178

178

178

178

178

177

217

26

100

162

40

84

157
153
143
142
142

Pag*.

Chilopsis linearis 116

Cbilopsis saligna 116

Chimanthus amygdalinus 69

Chiua, Wild 44

Chinqu^ipin (Castanea pumila) 156

Chinquapin (Uastanopsis cbryaopbylla) 156

Chinquapin Oak 143

Chionnnthus angustifolia 112

Chionanthus heterophylla 112

C!'ionanthii8 longifolia 112

Chionanthus maritima 112

Chionanthus m ontana 112

Chionanthus trifida 112

Cbionautbua Virginioa 112

Chionanthus Virginica, var. angustifolia 112

Chionanthus Virginica, var. lati/olia 112

Chionanthus Virginica, var. maritima 112

Chionanthus Virginica, var. montana 112

Cbittamwood 52

Chloromeles sewpervirens - 72

Cbry sobalanns Icaco 64

Chrysobalanus Icaco, var. pelloearpa 05

Chnjscbalanus pelloearpa 65

Ch rysophyllum, Barbasco 100

Chrysophyllumr Caneto, j3 100

Chrysophylluin ferrugineum 100

Chnjsnphyllum microphyllum 100

Chryst-phyllum monopyrenum 100

C hry sopbyllum oliviforme 100

Cigar Tree 115

Cinchona Caribcea 95

Cinchona Caroliniana 95

Cinchona Ja maicensis 95

Cinnamon Bark 24

Cinnamon, "Wild 24

Citharexylum villosum IIC

Cladrastis lutea 57

Cladrastis tinctoria 57

Clammy Locust 56

CliffElm 123

Cliftonia lignstrina 38

Clusia flava 25

Clusia rosea 25

Coast Live Oak J» 147

Coccoloba Floridana 117

Coccoloba Lceganensis 118

Coccoloba parvifolia 117

Coccoloba uvifera 118

Coccoloba uvifera, var. Loeganenais 118

Coccoloba uvifera, var, ovallfoUa 118

Cockspur Thorn 76

Cocoa PI um 65

Coffee Nut 58

Coffee Tree, Kentucky 58

Colubrina rcclinata 41

COMnUETACEwE 87

Condalia ferrea 39

Condalia obovata 46

Conifers 176-216

Conocarpus acut{folia 87

Conocarpus erecta 87

Conocarpus erecta, var. proeumbens 87

Conocarpus proeumbens 87

Conocarpus racemosa 87

Coral Sumach 54

Cordia Boia-sieri 114

Cordia Floridana 114

9 Cordia juglandi/olia 113

Cordia Sebeat«na 113

Cordia speciosa 113

Cork Elm 123

Corkwood 117

CORNACE^ 90-93

jComus altema 90

Comus altemifolia 00

226

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Conms florida • 00

Copnu* /on'da (CorauB Nuttallil) 01

Conius NutlaUil 01

Corypha PalTMtto 217

OotinuM Amerieanu9 62

OoHnua eoggjfgria 62

Cotton Gutn 08

Cottonwood (Popalua FremontUj 175

Cottonwood (Popalua Freraontii,v<ir.Wi8Uxeiii) 175

Cottonwood (Popalas moniUfera) 175

Cottonwoo<l, Balsam 174

Cottonwood, Bi« 175

Cottonwood, Black (Popnlua angustlfoUa) 174

Cottonwood, Black (Populaa trichocarpa) 174

Cottonwood, Kiver 172

Cottonwood, Swamp 172

Cottonwood, White 175

Cow Oak 141

Crab, American 72

Crab Apple, American 72

Crab Apple, Oregon 73

Crab Apple, Sontberu 72

Crab, Sweet-acented 72

Crabwood 121

Crataegus ffistiTalls S2

CratseguB apiifoUa — 81

Cratfiegua arborescena 75

Crataegus arbxUifolia 83

Crat«Bgue berberifoUa 82

OraUeflus Bosciana 77

Cratsegua brachyacantha 75

Cratcpgut CaroHniana 82

Cratsegus cocclnea. 77

Cratccgus eoccinea (Cratsgns tomentoea) 79

Oratcegvs eoccinea, var. eordata 79

CraUegus eoccinea, T&T.moUis 78

Cratsegna eoccinea var. oligandra 78

CratfiBgas eoccinea, var. popnlifoUa 78

Cratcegut eoccinea, v&v.typica 78

Cratffigua eoccinea, rar. viridia 78

f OraUegus eoccinea, var. viridis (Cratfegua tomentosa) 79

Crat^gua eordata 80

Oratcegus coronaria 72

Cratcegxie Ooursetiana 0 76

Cratfegna Crua-galli 76

Oratcegus GrusgaUi (Crataegus eoccinea) 77

Oratcegus OrusgaUi (Crattcgne tomentosa, var. punctata) 80

Crata}gn8 Crua-galli, uar. linearis 76

Crataegus Crua-galli, var. ovaUfoUa 76

Crat^gas Cnisgalli, rar. prunifolia 77

Cratsegua Cma-galli, uor. py racanthifulia 76

Oratcegus OrusgaUi, var. pyracanthi/olia (Crattegua arborescena) 75

Oratcegus Cntsgalli, va-T. salic^olia 76

Oratcegus Orus-galli, var. splendens 76

Crateegus eunei/olia 80

Cratagua Bouglasii 75

Oratcegus elliptica (Cratffigua teativalis) 82

Oratcegus eUipHea (Crataegus flava, van pubescens) 83

Cratsegua tlava 82

Oratcegus fiava (Cratcegus tiava, far. pubescena) 83

Oratcegus Jlava (Cratcegus tomentosa) 79

Oratcegus fiava (Cratfegua tomeutosa, var. punctata) 80.

Oratcegus fiava, var. lobata 82

Cratfegua flava, var. pubescens 83

/ Oratcegus fiexuosa 80

Oratcegus glandulosa (Cratajgaa eoccinea) 77

/ Cratcegus glandulosa (Crataegus Bouglasii) 75

Orateegus glandulosa (Crataegus flava) 77

■Oratcegus glandulosa (Cratrogus flava, var. pubeacena) 83

OraUxgus glandulosa, var. mocracantAa 77

Oratcegus glandulosa, var. rotundi/olia 78

Oratcegus lati/olia (Crataegus tomentosa) 79

Oratcegus lati/olia (Crata;gua teinentoaa, var. punctata) SO

Cratcegus leueocephalus 79

VraUegus leucophlceos 70

Oratcegus linearis

OreUsegus lobata (Crataegus flava)

Oratcegus lobata (Crataegus tomentosa)

Oratcegus lucida (Crattegua aestivalis) .'.

Oratcegus lucida (Crataegus Cras-galli)

Cratcegus macracantha

Oratcegus Michanxii

Oratcegus microcarpa

Oratcegus mollis

Oratcegus obovatifolia

Oratcegus opaca

Orata-gus ovali/olia

Cratcegus occyacantha

Cratcegus ozyacantka, var. apii/olia

Cratffigus parvifolia

Oratcegus populifolia (Cratsgna eoccinea)

Oratcegus populifolia (Crataegus eordata)

Oratcegus prunclli/olia

Cratcegxis prunifolia

Cratcegus punctata

Oratcegus punctata, var. brevispina

Oratcegus punctata, var. rubra and aurea

Oratcegus punctata, var. xanthoearpa

Oratcegus pyrifolia

Oratcegus racemosa

Cratajgus ri vularia

Oratcegus rivularis (Cratcegus Bouglasii)

Oratcegus salicifolia

Oratcegus sanguinea

Oratfegus sanguinea, var. Douglasii (Cratcegus Bouglasii) .
OrcUcegus sanguinea, var. Douglasii (Crataegus rivularis) ..

Cratcegus sanguinea, y&t. viUosa

Cratcegus apatbulata

Cratcegus spathulata (Crataegus flava, var. pnbeacens)

Oratcegus spicata ^^. , .

C ratcpgus a u b villoaa ^^

Crataegus Texana

Cratcegus tomentosa

Oratcegus tomentosa (Amelancliier Canadensis)

Oratcegus tomentosa, var. moUis

Oratcegus tomentosa, x&r. plicata

CratiEgus tomentosa, var. punctata

Oratcegus tomentosa, var. pyri/olia

Cratcegus turbinata

Cratcegus Virginica

Cratcegus viridis (Cratcegus eoccinea)

Oratcegus viridis (Cratcegus flava, var. pubescens)

Cratcegus Watsoniana

Creaccntia cucurbitina

Orescentia laiifolia

Orescentia leth\fefa

Orescentia obovata

Orescentia ovata

Orescentia toxicaria

Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acumisata)

Cucumber Tree (Magnolia eordata)

Cucumber Tree, Largo-leaved

Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved

Cuprespinnata disticha

Ouprasstis A mencana ,

Cupressus Arbor-vitce

Cupressus Arizonica

f Cupressus attenuata

f Cupressus Califomica

Cupressus Califomica gracilis (Cupressus Goveniana)

Cupressus Calif omica gracilis (Cuprcsana Macnabiana)

f Cupressus cornuta

Cttpressus disticha

Cupressus disticha, var. imbricaria

Cupressus disticha, var. nutans

Cupressus disticfia, var. patens

Cupressus fragrans

Ct'pressus glandulosa

Cupressus Gnvtuiana

Cupressus Guadalupensis

Page.

7T
82
1»
82
78
77
8»
81
78

e»

82

75

81

81.

83

78

KO

78

77

80-

75

80

80

7»

84

74

75

76

75

75

74

78

81

es

85

78

78 >

7i)

£4

78

80

80

70

82

83

78

83

76
1I»
116
116
116
116
118

20

21

21

22
183
178
176
180
178
17»

no-

180
179-
183
183
183
183
178
ir^
170-
IS.*-

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

221

Page.

Cupressus Hartwegii 179

f Cvpresg^is Barttcegiij vox* /oftigiata 179

Oupressus Lambertiana 179

Oupreesua Lawsoniana 178

Cupressns MacnabiaDa 180

CnpresBua m.icrocarpa 179

Cttprexstts macrocarpa f (Cupreaaus Cruadalupensis) 180

t ChtpresstiB macrocarpa, var. fastigiata 179

Cupres»\ta Nootkatensia -^ 178

Cupresfius Xutkaensis .*- 178

Cupressxcs thy aides 177

CUPUUFEB.E 137-159

Custan) Apple 23

C.vpreas, Bald - 184

Cypress, Black 184

Cypress, Deciduous -■ 184

Cypress, Lawson's 179

Cj-press, Monterey 179

Cypress, Ked 184

Cypress, Sitka 178

Cypress, White 184

Cypress, Yellow 178

CVRILLACE^ 37,38

CyriUa CaroUniana 37

Cyrilla fuscata 37

Cyrilla panxcxdata ,100

CyriUa parvi folia 37

Cyrilla poly»tachia 37

Cyrilla racemiflora 37

Cyrilla racemosa 37

1».

Dahoon 35

Bahoon Holly 35

Dalea splnosa 55

Darling Plnm 39

Datisca hirta 52

Deciduous Cypress 184

Vervuitophyllum 9peeio9um 57

Desert Willow 11«

Devilwood .'.... 113

Diamend Willow 170

Dipger Pine 195

Dilly, wad 103

Diogpyroa anguiti/olia -. 104

JXogpyroa ealycina. .9 104

JHogpyros cUiata 104

ZHokpyroa concolor 104

IHospyrog Guaiacana 104

IHoapyros intermedia 104

Diospyrog ludda 104

Diogpyrog Pergimon 104

Diospyrog pubegcena 104

Diospyros Texana, 195

Diospyros Virginiana 104

Diogpyrog Virginiana, var, concolor ". 104

Dioapyroa Virginiana, var. macrocarpa 104

Diogpyrog Virginiana, var. microcarpa 104

Diosrpyroa Virginiana, var. pvh^aeena ■ 104

Diphulis salicifolia 101

Doctor Gum 54

Dogwowl 90

Doywooil, Floweiing (Comns florida) 91

Dogwood, Flowering (Comus Nnttallii) 91

Doi:wood, Jamaica 57

Dogwowl, Striped 46

Douglas Fir 209

Downwaid Plum 103

Drimophyllum paucijlorum 120

Drypeteg alba, var. lati/olia 121

Dry petes crocoa 120

Dr,v petes crocea, var. latifolia 121

Drypetea crocea, var. longipea 120

Drypctea glaufa (Drypctes crocea) 120

Drifpetea glauca { Drypetcs crocea, var. latifolia) 121

Page,

Drypetea seggilijlora , , j20

Duck Oak 153'

Dwarf Maple 49

Dwarf Sumach 53

B.

HBKNACEiB 104,105

Ehretia Bourreria , 114

Ehretia elliptica \\^

Ehretia Havanenaia 1x4,

Ehretia radula 114

Ehretia tomentoaa J14

Elaphrium integerrim.um, 32

Elder (Sambucus glauca) 93

Elder (Sambncus Mexicana) 94

Elder, Box (Negundo aceroides) 51

Elder, Box (Negundo CaUfomicum) 51

Elder, Poison 54

Elemi, Gum 33

Elkwood f 21

Elm, American i23

Elm, Cedar ., j22

Elm, Cliff 123

Elm, Cork 123

Elm, Hickory 123

Elm, Moose 122

Elm, Red 122

Elm, Bock 123

Elm, Slippery {Fremontia Califomlca) 20

Elm, Slippery (Ulmus fulva) 122

Elm, Water 123

Elm, White {Ulmua Americana) 123

Elm, White (TTlmus racemosa) 123

Elm, Winged .-. 124

Emetila ramuloaa 36

Enceno 147

Endotropia ole\folia 40

Ekicack^ 96-99

Erythrina piaeipvla 57

Eugenia axillaria 89

Etigenia Baruenaia 89

Eugenia buxifolia 88

Eugenia dichotoma 88

Eugenia dichotoma, var. /ragrana 88-

Eugenia divaricaia 88

Eugenia longipea 89

Eugenia montana ^^

Eugenia monticola 89

Eugenia myrtoidea 88

Eugenia paUena 88

Eugenia procera ^ 89

Eugenia pungena 88

Eugenia triplinervia (Eugenia buxifolia) 88

Eugenia triplinervia (EugAiia monticola) 89

Euonymua atropurpureus 38

Euonymua Carolinenais 38

Euonym.ua la tifoliua 38

EUPHORBIACE^ 120,121

Exccecaria ludda 12 1

Exostemraa Caribseum 95

Exothea oblongifolia 45

Eyaenhardtia amorphoidea 55

Eyaenhardtia amorphoidea, var. orthoearpa 55

Eyaenhardtia orthoearpa 55

F.

Fagara fraxinifolia 30

Fagara lentiaci/olia 31

Fagara Pterota 31

Faffua alba 157

Fagua Americana 157

Fagua Americana lati/olia 157

Fagua Castanea , 157

FagvK Cagtanea dentata 157

Fagua Castanea pumila 156

Fagua fcrruginea 157

228

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Pajce.

t^tffw/frruffin^vhr, CJaroliniana 1*^

Foffuspumiia ^^

Fagas pumila, ruT. prceeox ^^

FaguM tylvatica ^^^

Fagua tylvatica atropunicea '57

Fagiu iylvatica, VAT. Amerieana -■ ^^"^

Fagut tyUeatrit 1^7

Fan-leaf PaJm 217

Farkloberry ^^

Fetid Buckeye *2

Ficns nurea -- ^26

Ficut aureOj yar. l^ifolia ^26

FioHsbrevlfoUa 127

Ficu* eompUeaia 127

FiciiH pedoncnlata 127

FiddUwood H*

Fig. Wild 127

Fir. Balm of GUead 211

Fir, Bidsam (Abies balsamea) 3« 211

Fir, B:dsain (Abiea concolor) 213

Fir.Doaglaa 209

Fir, Ked (Abies magnifloa) 214

Fir.Red (Abiea nobilis) 214

Fir, Red (PeeudotsugaDonglasii) 209

Fir, White (Abiea coDcolor) 213

Fir, White (Abiea grandia) 212

Fir.YeUow 209

Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) 91

Flowering Dogwood (Comus Nuttallii) W

FoBtafaxue montana ^ 180

Fcetataxus MyrisHca 186

Foreatiera acuminata 112

Forked-le^f Black Jack 151

Foxtail Pine 191

Frangula CaH/omica ^0

Frangula CcUifomica, y&t. tomenteUa 41

FrangiUa Caroliniana 40

f Frangula fragUis 40

Frangxda Purshiana 41

Franklinia r 26

Franklinia Alatamaka 25

Fraxinus acuminata 107

Fnixinua alba 112

Fraxinus alba (Fraxiuua Americana) 107

Fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, par. microcarpa) 108

Fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, «ar. Tuxensia) 108

Fr;ixinus Americana 107

Fraxinus Americana (Fraxiuua platycarpa) 110

JVoxiau* Americana, var. Caroliniana 110

Fraxinus Americana, v&r. juglandi/olia 109

F^rax^nus Americana, var. latifolia 107

Finxtnus American,'*, ran microcarpa. 108

Fraxinus Americana^ var. iruhescens * 108

Fraxinus -Americana, var. guadrangulata 110

Fraxinus Americana, \&T. quad rangulata nervosa 110

Fraxinus Americana, var. sambuei/olia Ill

Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensia 108

Fraxinus Amcrica7ia, v&r. triptera 110

Fraxinus anomnla 106

Fraxinus Berlandieriana 109

Fraxinus Canadensis ..- 107

t Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinus platycarpa) 110

t Fraxinus CaroWntaTia (Fraxinus viridis) 109

Fraxinus Carolinensis 107

Frixiuus cinerea 112

Fraxinus coriaeea (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensls) 108

>Va3:inu«cortacea I Fraxinus pistacls folia) 106

Fraxinus erispa Ill

Fraxinus Ourtissii 108

Fraxinus curvtdcns 110

Fraxinus cuspidata 112

Fiuxinus dipetala 112

Fraxinus discolor 107

Fraxinus elliptica 112

Fraxinus epipUra 107

Page.

Fraxinus excelsior 110

Fraxi nvs expansa 109

Fraxinus fusca 112

Fraxinw* grandifolia Ill

Fraxinus Groggii 106

f Fraxinus juglandifoha (Fraxinus American*) 107

Fraxinuf juglandifolia (Fraxinus viridis) 109

t Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. serrata 107

Fraainux juglandifolia^ var. suhintegtrrima 109

f Fraxinus juglandifolia, Y&T. subserrata 107

lyaxinits lancea 107

Fra.^'iiiUh loiujifolia 108

Fraxinus mixta 112

Fraxinus nervosa 110

Fi'axinus nigra 112

Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus pubcscens) 108

Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus sambucifolia) Ill

Fraxinus nigreseens 110

Fraxinus Novce-Angliof (Fraxinus sambncifolla) Ill

Fraxinus Novce-Angliat (Fi-axinus viridis) 109

Fraxinus KuUallii 110

Fraxinus oblongocarpa 108

Fraxinus Orcgaua HI

Fraxinus ovata H-

Fraxi7ivs pallida HO

Bi-axiuua ]>nnnosa H-

Fraximis paucijlora HO

Fraxinus Penngylvanica 108

Fraxinus pi.staciie folia , 106

Fraxinus pisiadafolia (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texenaia) 108

Fraxinus pistacictfolia, var. coriaeea 106

Fraxinus platycarpa 110

Fraxinus pubescena 108

Fraxinus pubesccns 110

Fraxinus 2)ube^cens, var Ill

Fraxinus puhcsccns, var. latifolia 108

Fraxinutt puhescens. Tar. longifolia 108

Fraxinus puhescens, var. suhpubescer^ 108

Fraxinus pul vcrulcnta 112

Fraxinus quadrangularis 110

Fraxinus quadrnngulatu 110

Fraxinus guadrangulata, var. nervosa 110

Fraxiuua KicbarJi 112

Fraxinus rubicunda 112

Fraxiuus rufa 112

Fraxinus sambucifolia Ill

Fraxinus samhucifolia, var. crxspa Ill

Fraxinus Schiedeana, var. parvifolia 1 CO

Fraxinus suhmUosa 108

Fraxinus tetragona 110

Fraxinus tomentosa 108

Fraxinus triaXata - 109

Fraxinus triptera Hi.'

Fraxinus velutina U l>

Fi-axinus viiidis 109

Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana 109

Frt'mout ia Californica 2(3

Frigolito ^8

Fringe Tree IK*

O.

Gardenia clusiwfolia 95

GcigerTree 113

Geuipa dusiffifolia 9 J

Georgia Bark 95

Georgia Pine 202

Giant Cactus 90

Gigantalnes taxifolia 185

(jigantahies Wellingtonia 184

G inger IMne 179

Gla mbc rry 28

Gbiucous Willow „ 169

GUditschia aquatica ^9

Oleditschia brachycarpa - 59

Glediischia Carolinensis .«- 59

Gleditschia elegans 59

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

229

Page.

eUdiUehia inermU (Gleditschia monosperma) 59

Gleditschia inermU (Gleditschia triacanthos, var. ioermis) 59

Gleditschia m-acrantha 59

Gleditschia MelHoba 59

G!editscbia monosperma 59

Gleditschia gpinosa 59

Gleditschia triacantha 59

Gleditschia triacanthos 59

Gleditschia triacanthos, var. brachycarpos 59

Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inerTus 59

Gleditschia triacanthoSt "var. monosperma 59

Goose-foot Maple 46

Gopher Plum 91

G opherwood 57

Gordonia Franidini 25

Gordonia Lasianthns 25

Gordonia pubescena 25

Gordonia pyramidalig 25

Grape, Sea 118

Gray Birch (Betnlaalba, var. popnlifoUa) 159

Gray Birch (Betula lutea) Itil

Gray Pine 201

Great Laurel 99

Green Ash 109

Green-bark Acacia 60

Ground Ash Ul

Gxtaiaeum anguttifoliwn 29

Guaiacnm sanctam 28

Guaiacum verticaU 28

Gaettarda elliptica 96

Guettarda BlodgetHi 96

Gniana Plum 121

G^iilandina diotea 58

Gum, Black 92

Gum, Cotton 93

Gum, Doctor 54

Gum Elastic 102

Gum Elemi 33

Gum, Red 86

Gum, Sour 92

Gam, Star -leaved 86

Gum, Sweet 86

Gum, Tupelo , .• 93

Gumbo Limbo - 33

Gnrgeon Stopper 88

Gl'Ttifer^ 25

Gymnanthee lucida 121

Oym nobalanus Cateshyana 119

Gy mnocladus Canadensis 58

Gymnocladus dioica 58

Hackberry (Celtis occidentaUs) 126

Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata) 126

Backmatack 215

Halesia diptera 105

Haleata parviflora 106

Halesia reticulata 105

Halesia tetraptera 106

Hahnia comi/olia 80

Ealmia JlabeUata 77

Hahnia lobata * 79

Halmia punctata 80

Halmia tomentota 79

H.VMAMHLACE^ 85,86

Hajn amelis androgyna - 85

Hamamelis corylifolia 85

Samamelis dioica 85

Hfiinaifi elis rnacrophylla 85

Hamamelis parvi/olia -- 85

Hamamelis Virginiana, var. paroifolia 85

Hamamelis Virginica 85

Hard Maple 43

Hard Pine 202

Haw, Apple 82

Page.

Haw, Black 94

Haw, Hogs* 76

Haw, May 82

Haw. Parsley 81

Haw, Pear 79

Ilaw, Purple 40

Haw, Red {Crat^gus coccinea) 78

Haw, Rod (Crataegus flava, var. pubescens) 83

Haw, Scarlet (Crataegus coccinea) 78

Haw, Scarlet (Crataegus subvillosa) 78

Haw, Small-fruited 81

Haw, Summer (Cratasgus flava) 83

Haw, Summer (Crataegus flava, var. pubescena) 86

Haw, Yellow 13

Hazel, Witch 85

Hemlock (Pseudotauga Douglasii, var. macrocarpa) 210

Heralock (Tsuga Canadensis) 207

Hemlock (TaugaCaroliniana) 207

Hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208

Heteromclea arbutifolia 83

Heterom eles Frenwntiana 83

Heyderia decurrens 176

Heym assoli spinoaa 34

Hickorea, species 132

Hickorius amara 135

Hickory, Big-bud 134

Hickory, Black (Caryaporcina) 134

Hickory, Black (Carya tomentosa) 134

Hickory, Brown 134

Hickory Elm 123

Hickory, Nutmeg 135

Hickory Pine (Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata) 191

Hickory Pino (Pinus pnngeus) - 199

Hickory, Shag-bark 133

Hickory, Shell-bark 133

Hickory, Swamp (Carya amara) 135

Hickory, Swamp (Carya aquatica) 136

Hickory, Switch-bud 134

Hickory, Water 136

Hickory, White-heaiii 134

Hicorius integrifolia 135

Hierophyllus Casstne 36

Hippomanc Maucinella 121

Hoary Alder 165

Hog Plum (Prunua angustifolia) 66

Hog Plum (Rhus Metopium) 54

Hog Plum (Ximenia Americana) 34

Hogs' Haw '^

Holly, American - 35

Holly, California ^ 84

Holly, Dahoon 35

Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) 59

Honey Locust (Prosopis juliflora) 62

Honey Pod 62

Honey Shucks . ^^

Hoop Ash Ill

Hopea tinctoria 1**^

Hop Hornbeam • 1^

Hop Tree ^1

Hornbeam ^^

Hornbeam, Hop -, ^^

Horse Plum ^

Horse Sugar ^^^

Hypelate ohlongifoUa '^

Hypelate paniculata ^^

Hypelate trifoliata ^^

Hyperanthera dioica

Hypericum, Lasianthtts

I.

37
Ilex cestivalis

37
Ilex ambiguus -

35
Ilex angustifolia

Ilex aqui/olium

Ilex Canadensis

230

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Page.

lUxOtUaena 86

HexCaeslne 86

JUx CkUfitM (X1«x Dahooni 85

Il«xCa*Hne,fi. (t) 86

Hex Castitu^ var. anguttifoUa 85

Hex Cattine, var. lat\foUa 85

JUx cas9in<nde$ 85

Ilex I>aboon 35

Ilex Duhoon, var. aognstifolU 85

Iltx Dahoon, var. myrtlfoUa 86

Ilex dccidna 37

Ttex Floritfcna 36

Hex lauri/olia 85

Ilex taxijlcra 35

Ilex liguetri folia 36

Hex Ugustrina (Bex Cassiiie) 86

HexliguMrina (Ilex Baboon, var. angnatifoUa) 36

Hcxmprtyolia 36

Ilexopaca 34

Hex prinoides 37

Hfx querc 'foUa 35

1 lex religiosa 36

Hex tosnuirifolia 36

Hex vomitoria - 36

f Hex Wattimxana 36

lUCINBiS 34

Illinois Nut 132

Incense Cedar 176

Ifid ian Bean 115

Ind ian Cherry 40

India rubber Treo 127

Inga for/ex 64

Inga GitadalupenHi 64

Inga microphyUa 64

Inga rosea 64

Inga JJnguis-cati 64

Inkwood 45

loxylon pomiferum 128

Iron oak 139

Iron wodd (Bnmelia lycioides) 109

Iron wood (Carpinns Caroliniana) 159

Irouwood (C)iftonia ligustrina) 38

Iron wood (Cyrilla raceniifloTa) 37

Ironwood (Hypelate panicnlata) 45

Iron wood (Olneya Tesota) , 56

Ironwood (Oatrya Virginica) 158

Iron wood, Black 39

Ironwood, Red. 39

Ironwood, "White 45

Islay 70

Ilea CyriUa 37

Ivy 98

Jack, Black (Qaercus Catesbfei) 151

Jack, Black (Quercas nigra) 150

Jack, Blue 153

Jack, Forked-leaved Black 151

Jncrk Oak 150

Jack, Sand 153

Jacquinia armillarU 100

Jamaica Dogwood 67

Jeraey Pine ]90

Joe wood 100

Joflhna, The 219

Joshua Tree 219

Judas Tree 01

JUGLAXDACE^ 180-136

JuglantaXba (Caryaalba) 133

Juglatis alba (Carya tomentosa) 133

Juglana alba acuminata 134

Juglant alba minima 135

Juglane alba ovata 132

Juglana amara 135

Juglane angueti/olia (Caryaamara) 136

Page.

Juglam angusHfolia (Carya oUTSformis) 182

Juglana aquaiica 185

Juglana Califomica 131

Juglana caihartiea 130

Juglana cinerea 130

Juglana eompreaaa J32

Juglana cordiformia 135

Juglana eylindriea 132

f Juglana exaltata 132

Juglana glabra 134

Juglana IlUnoinenaia 132

Juglana laeinioaa 133

Juglana mttcronaia 133

Juglana myriatieceformia 135

Juglana nigra 131

Juglana nigra oblonga 131

Juglana obeordata 134

Juglana oblonga 130

Juglana oblonga alba 130

Juglana olirc^ormia 132

Juglana oualia 132

Juglana ovata 132

Juglana Pecan 182

Juglana pordna 134

Juglana porcina, var. obeordata 134

Juglana porcina, var. piai/ormia 134

Juglana pyriformia 134

Juglana rubra 132

Jnglana rupcstria 131

Juglana rupeatria, var. major 131

Juglana aqttamoaa 132

Juglana sulcata 133

Juglana tomentosa 134

Juneberry 84

Juniper ( Junipeius Califomica) 180

Juniper (I uniperns Califomica, var. Utahenaia) 181

Juniper ( Juniperua occidentalis) 182

Juniper ( Juniperua occidentalis, var. conjugena) 182

Juniper (Juniperus occidentalia, rar. monosperma) 182

Juniper (Juniperus pachj'phlcea) 181

Juniperua Andina 181

Juniperua arboreseena 182

f Juniperua aromatica 179

Juniperua liarbadenaia 182

Juniperus Califomica 180

Juniperua Califomica, var. oateoaperma 180

Juniperua Califomica, var. Utahenais 180

Juniperua Caroliniana 182

Juniperua Cerrosianua 180

Juniperua excclaa 181

Juniperua foetida, var. Yirginiana 182

Juniperus Hermanni (Juniperus occidentalia) 181

Juniperus Hermanni (Jnnipenia Yirginiana) 182

Juniperua occidentalia 181

Juniperua occidentalia (Juniperus Califomica) _. 180

Juniperus occidejitalia (Juniporas Califomica, var. Utahenais) 180

Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugena - 182

Juniperua occidentalis, var. monosperma 181

Juniperua occidentalis, \a.r.plciospervia 181

Juniperus occidentalia, var. JJtahenaia 180

Juniperus pachyphlcea 181

Juniperua plochyderma 181

Juniperua pyriformia 181

Juniperus Sabiria pachyphlcea 181

Juniperua iSabina, var. Yirginiana 182

Juv iperua letragona (Juniperua Califomica) 180

Junipertta tetragona, tot. osteoaperma 180

Junij>eriis Yirginiana 182

Juniperua Yirginiana, var. Caroliniana 182

Juniperua Yirginiana, v&r. Hermanni 182

Junipertta Yirginiana vulgaria 182

Kalmia latifolia 98

Kampmaniafraxin\folia 80

Kentucky Coflfeo Tree '. 68

INDEX TO CATALOGUK OF FOREST TREES.

231

King Nut

Ivnackaway

Kuob-cone Pine.

I..

Lacathea Jlorida

Lagiincularia glabrifolia.
Laguncularia racemosa . .

Lanccwood

Larch

Page.
134
114
196

25
87
87
119
215

Black

leaved Cucumber Tree

Tupelo

Americana

Americana rubra

Americana, var. brev\folia .
A mericana, var. pcTidula . . .
Americana, var. prolifera ..
dccidua, var. Americana.. .

intermedia

Lyallii

mieroearpa

occidentalia

pendxila

tenuifolia

215
21
93
215
215
216
215
215
215
215
216
215
216
215
215

Larch,
Lai-ge-
Large
Larix
Lari.c
Larix
Larix
Larix
Larix
Larix
l4arix
Larix
Larix
Larix
Larix

Laukace* 118-120

Laurel ®8

Laurel, Big

Laurel, California

Laurel, Great

Laurel, Mountain

Laurel Oak (Qnercus imbricaria) . . .

Laurel Oak (Quercus laorifolia)

Laurel, Swamp

Laurel, White

Laurocera»u» Caroliniana

Lanrocerant* Uieifolia

Jjaurut Borbonia

Laurua Caroliniana

Laurut Carolinentig

Lauru* Carolinenns, var. glabra

Laurus Carolittengis, var. obiuta

Laurus Carolinenna, var. pubescent .

Launu Catetbcei

lAiurus CaUtbyana

Laurusregia

Lauru* $anguxnta

Laurua Saaaafraa

La wgon's Cypress

Leaf, Sweet.

LKGLMn«08.«

Lejjtocarpa Caroliniana..

Leucxna glanca ...

Leucnna pnlvemlenta

Leverwood

Libocedms dccnrreni

Lignum-vite ,

19

120

99

120

154

153

20

20

69

70

118

118

118

118

, 118

, 119

119

119

120

119

119

179

105

65-64

69

62

63

158

176

28

L1UACE.B 218,219

Lime, Ogcechee

Lime Tre«

Lime, Wild (Xanthoxylum Pterota) .
Lime, Wild (Ximenia Americana) ...
Lin

Linden, American

Liquidatnbar macrophylla

Liqiiiilnnibar Styraciflua

Liquidambar Styraei/lua, var. Mtccieana.

Liquidaniber ,

Liriodendron procera

Liriodendron Tnlipifera

Live Oak (Quercna chrysolepla)

Live Oak (Quercna virena)

Live Oak (Quercna Wializeni)

Live Oak, Coaat

Loblolly Bay

91
27
31
34
27
27
86
86
86
86
22
22
146
145
147
147
25

Loblolly Pine

Locust (Robinia Neo-Mexicana)

Locust (Kobinia Pseudacacia)

Locust, Black (Gleditschia triaoanthos) .

Locust, Black (Kobinia Pseudacacia)

Locust, Clammy

Locust, Honey (Gleditschia triacanthos) .

Locust, Honey (Prosopia jnliflora)

Locust, Sweet

Locnst, Water

Locust, Yellow

Lodge-pole Pine

Logwood

Long-leaved Cucumber Tree.

Long-leaved Pine

Lyonia arborea

Lyonia ferruginea

Lyonia rigida

Ly&iloma Bakamensis

Lysiloma latisiliqna

Maclura anrantiaca. .

Madeira

Madrofia

Magnolia acnminata

Magnolia auricularia

Mag-nolia auriettlata

Magnolia cordata

Magnolia De CandoUii

Magnolia fragrans

Magnolia Fraseri

Magnolia glauca

Magnolia glauea, var. latifolia

Magnolia glauca, var. longifolia

Magnolia graudiflora

Magnolia grandijlora, var. eliiptiea and obovata,.

Magnolia grandijlora, var. lancsolata

Magnolia longifolia

Magnolia macrophylla

Magnolia, Mountain

Magnolia pyramidata

Magnolia tripetala

Magnolia Umbrella

Magnolia Yirginiana, var. a. glauca

Magnolia Tirginiana, var. p./oetida

Magnolia Yirginiana, var. e

Magnolia Yirginiana, var. tripetala .

Page.

197
• 56
65
59
55
56
59
62
59
60
55

185
40
22

202

64
64

128

84

97

20

22

22

20 ■

20

20

22

19

20

20

19

19

19

20

21

20

22

21

21

, 20

19

20

21

Magkoliacb-S 19-22

34

162

71

71

28

28

72

72

73

72

73

72

78

121

64

121

87

117

87

61

49

47

48

r. 4»

48

4»

Mahogany

Mahogany Birch

Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpua ledifoUna) . . .
Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpua parvifolina) .

Malpiohiace^

Malpighia lueida

Maliia angustifolia

Malua coronaria

Mains diversi/olia

Malue mieroearpa coronaria

Malu^ rimtlaris

Malug aampervirena

Malus subeordata

Manchineel-.

Manchiucel, Mountain

Mancinella venenata

Mauyrovo — .

Mangrove, Black

Mangrove, White

Maple, Ash-leaved

Maple, Black Sugar

Maple, Broad-leaved

Maple, Dwarf

Maple, Goose-foot

Maple, Hai-d 4

Maple, Mountain

232

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

p«g<>.

lUpIe, Red SO

Maple, Rock v «

Maple, Silver «

Maple, Soft (Acer dwyoarpmn) 49

Maple, Soft (Acer rnbnuD) 80

Maple, Striped 40

Maple, Sagar 48

Maple, Swamp SO

Maple, Vine 47

Maple, Water 50

Maple, VThlte 40

Marlberry 100

MasUc 101

MattlOak 146

May Cherry 84

May Haw 82

Meadow Pine 202

Mkuace* 33,34

Meiicoeea panicuiata 45

MeKtobta heterophyUa 59

MapUui actri/olia 80

MetpUuB cettivalis 82

Metpilta apii/olia 81

Metpilut arborea 84

MespUua arbuti/olia 83

Itetpilut AzarolfU 81

MetpUtts berber\folia 82

Metpilut Botciana 77

Metpilut Calpcdendron 79

Metpilut Canadentit 84

Metpilut Caruidentit, var. eordaUl 84

Metpilut Canadentit, var. obovalit 85

Metpilut CaroUniana.., 82

Metpilut coceinea 77

Metpihu eordata 80

Metpilut comifolia 80

Metpilut Orut-galli 76

Metpilut Cruigalli, var. pyraeanthifolia 76

Metpiltit Orutgatti, var. talieifolia 76

Metpilut cunei/olia (Crattegns CmsgalU) 76

Metpilut cund folia (Cratsegns tomentoss, var, panctata) 80

f Metpilut euneiformit 76

Metpilut eUiptiea (Cratffigas Cms galli) 76

Metpilut eUipHca (Crat^gas llava, var. pubeecens) 83

Metpilut flabellata 77

Metpilut flava 82

Metpilut Jlexitpina 82

Metpilut glandulota 77

Metpilut hiemalit 83

Metpilut lalifolia 79

Metpilut Unearit 77

Metpilut lobata 79

Metpilut Iticida 76

MetpUiit lucida, var. angutt^oUa 77

MetpUut Michauxii 83

Metpilut monogyna, var. apiifolia 81

Metpiliu nivea 84

Metpilut odorata 79

Metpilut ovali/olia 76

Metpilut Phtenopyrum 80

Metpilut populi/olia 78

Metpilut pruinota 79

Metpilut pruneUi/olia 76

Metpilut pruni/olia t 77

Metpilut pubetcent 77

Metpiliu punctata " 80

Metpilut pyri/olia (Cratrogua tomentosa) 79

Metpilut pyrifolia (Cratsegns tomentosa, var. punctata) 80

Jfupi<u< ro(u7i<I</(>ita (Crata!gU8 coceinea) 77

Metpilut rotundifolia (Cratsegns Cms-galli, var. pmnifolia) 77

Metpilut taliei/oUa 76

Metpilut tpathulata 81

Metpilut tilia/olia^ 78

Metpilut turbinata .' 82

Metpilut viridit —..-...........„...,,..... 78

Page.

Metpilut Wattaniana 76

t Metpilut WendlandU ; 77

Mesqait ,. , 62

Mesqnit, Screw-pod 62

Mctopium Linncei .- 64

Mexicnn Banana • 21&

Mexicnn Mnlberry 128

Mexican Persimmon 105

Michauxia tettilit 2{V

Mimota bicept GZ

Mimota/rondota 62

Mimota glauca 62

Mimota Guadalupentit 64

Mimota latitiliqua 64

Mimota Uueocephala 62

Mimota rotea 64

Mimota Unguit-eaH 64

Mimutoi^s dittecta 103

Mimnsops Sieberi 103

Mocker Nut 134

Mock Orange 70

Monterey Cypress 179

Monterey Pine 196

Moose Elm 122

Moosewood - 46

Morut Canadentit (Lamarck and Bafinesqne) 127

Moras microphylla 128

Morut Mitiouritmit : 127

Jf ortM parri/olia (Moms micropbylls) 128

Morut pani/olia (Momsrabra) 127

Morut reticulata 127

Morut riparia 127

Moms mbra 127

Morutrubra, var. Canadentit 127

Morut rubra, var. incita .- 127

Morutrubra, var. tomentota 127

Morvs scabra 127

Morvt tomentosa 127

Mossy-cnp Oak 146

Monntain Ash (PyruB Americana) 78

Moantain Ash (Pyms sambncifolla) 79

Motmtain Laurel 120

Moantain Magnolia ^ 20

Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpns ledifolins) 71

Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpns parvifolins) 71

Mountain Manchineel 64

Mountain Maple -- 46

Mountain Plum 34

Mountaiu White Oak 143

Mulberry, Mexican 128

Mulberry, Eed 128

Myginda pallens 38

Myloearyum liguttrinum 38

Myrica Califomica 137

Myrica Carolinentit 136

Myrica cerifera 186

Myrica cerifera humilit - 136

Myrica cerifera seinpervircnt 136

Myrica cerifera, var. angutt^olia 136

Myrica cerifera, v&t. arboretcent - 136

Myrica cerifera, xar. latifolia 136

Myrica cerifera, y»T. media 136

Myrica cerifera, var. pumila 136

Myrica Pennsylvanica ^36

f Myrica Xalapentit 13T

Myricackj; 136,137

Mtesisacelb 99,100

Myrsinefloribunda ^

Myrgine Floridarm ^

Myrsine Rapanea ^

Myutackjb 88,89

Myrtle, Blue *1

Myrtle, Wax 136

Ifyrtut axillarit *°

Myrtut buxifolia •• ^

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

233:

Page.

Myrtug Chytraculia 88

?Myrtui dichotortux — ... . — 88

Myrtui monticola - 89

3Iyrtus Poireti 88

Myrtus procera . ■- — 89

W.

Naked Wood (Colnbrina recllnata) 42

Xnked Wood (Eugenia diohotoma) 88

Nanny berry -.' 94

Necklace Poplar 175

Kectandra Bredemeieriana 119

Nectandra Willdenoviana 119

Xcffundium fraxinifolium 51

Negundo aceroides 50

Negundo aceroidet (Negtindo Califomicum) 61

Negundo Califomicnm 51

yegundo Califomicum (Negundo aceroides) '. 51

Xegundo fraxinifolium 51

yegundo lobatum 51

1 Negundo Mexieanum - 51

yegundo trifoliatum - 51

Newcastle Thorn 76

Norway Pine - 192

Nut, Bitter 135

Nnt.BuU 134

Nut, Coffee 58

Nut. Illinois 132

Nut, King 134

Nut, Mocker 134

Nut, Pig .. 134

Nut Pine (Finns cembroidee) 190

Nut Pine (Pinus cdulls) 190

Nut Pine (Pinna monophylla) 190

Nut Pine (Pinus Parryana) 189

Nut, Tallow 34

Nutmeg, California 186

Nutmeg, Hickory 135

Ntctagcace^ 117

yy$ta aquatica (Nyssa sylvatica) 92

yytsa agiiatica (Nyssa nniflora) 92

Nynsa angulisans 93

Xyssa angulota 93

yyssabijlora 92

Nytsa CanadenrU - 92

Xyua candicans 91

Nyssa capitata 91

Xyua eapUata,vtLT.grandidentata 93

yytea Caroliniana 92

yy9*a coceinea 91

Nyua dentieulata 92

yysta grandidentata 93

yyina inttgrijolitl 92

yygga montana 91

Xygsa multijlora 92

Xyssa miUtiJlora, var. gyhatiea .' 95^

yyasa Ogeehe 91

yytsa paXuttrU 93

Nyssa sslvatica , 9?

Xynta tomentota (Nyssa capitata) 91

yy»»a tomentota (Nyssa oniflora) 93

Nys«a nniflora - 92

yyuavtUota 92

O.

Oak, Bartram's 153

Oak, Basket 141

Oak, Black (Qaercus Emoryi) 146

Oak, Black (Qucrcus Kelloggli) 149

Oak, Black (Quercns rubra) 148

Oak, Black (Qnercns tinctoria) 149

Oak, Bine 143

Oak, Burr 140

Oak, Chestnut (Qnercns densiflora) 155

Oak, Chestnut (Qnercus prinoidcs) 143

Page.

Oak, Chestnut (Qnercns Prinus) - 142'

Oak, Chinquapin ' 143

Oak, Coast Live 147

Oak, Cow 141

Oak, Dnck ". 152

Oak, Iron 139-

Oak, Jack 150

Oak, Laurel (Quercus imbricaria) 15t

Oak, Laurel (Qnercns lanrifolia) 153

Oak, Live (Quercus chrysolepis) 146

Oak, Live (Quercus virens) 145

Oak, Live (Quercus Wislizeni) '. 147

Oak, Maul 146

Oak, Mossy-cup 140'

Oak, Mountain White 143

Oak, Overcup (Qnercns lyrata) 140^

Oak, Over-cnp (Qnercns macrocarpa) 140

Oak, Peach (Quercus densiflora) 155

Oak, Peach (Quercns Phellos) 154

Oak, Pin 132

Oak, Possum 152

Oak, Post 139

Oak, Punk 15 >

Oak, Quercitron 149

Oak, Red (Quercus falcata) .• 151

Oak, Red (Quercus mbra) 148

Oak, Red (Quercus rubra, ror. Texana) 148

Oak, Rock Chestnut 142

Oak, Scarlet 148

Oak, Scrub (Quercus Catesbiei) 151

Oak, Scrub (Qnercns undnlata, var. Gambelii) 139'

Oak, Shingle 154

Oak, Spanish 151

Oak, Swamp Post HO'

Oiik, Swamp Spanish 153

Oak, Swamp White 141

Oak, Tanbark 155

Oak, Turkey 151

Oak, Upland Willow _ 15S

Oak, Valparaiso 146

Oak, Water (Quercus aquatica) 152

Oak, Water (Quercus palnstris) 152

Oak, Water White 140

Oak, Weeping 138

Oak, White (Quercns alba) 137

Oak, White (Quercus Garryana) 138

Oak, White (Quercus grisea) 144

Oak, White (Quercus lobata) 138

Oak, White (Quercus oblongifolia) 144

Oak, Willow 154

Oak, Yellow (Quercus prlnoides) - 143

Oak, Yellow (Qucrcus tinctoria) 149

Oak, Yellow-bark 149'

Obispo Pine 200

(Enoearpus rerjia 218

Ogeechee Lime ....... 91

Ohio Buckeye 42'

Olacii(E.« 34

Old-fleld Birch 159

Old-field Pine 197

Old Man's Beard 113

Olea Americana 1^^

OLEACK.E 106-lia

Olive, California '20

OIneya Tcsota 56

Orange, Mock 70

Orange, Osage 128

Orange, Wild (Prunus Caroliniana) 70

Orange, Wild (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30

Orchidocarpum arietinum 23

Oregon Ash m

Oregon Cedar 179-

Oregon Crab Apple 73

Oregon Pine 209

Oreodaphne Oalifomiea 120'

234

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Page.

OnoduMoteraetal ,.. 218

Oreodoxa rrgla 218

OMiee Orange ,. 128

Osmanthuii Aroericanoa 113

0$tTya Virginiana 158

Osttya Vir)^ica 158

■Ottrya Virffinica, vat. egianduloia 158

Ottrya Yirginiea, var. glanduloaa 158

■Over-Clip Oak <Qacrcn8 lyrata) 140

Ovvr-cup Oak (Qnercos macrocarpa) 140

•Oxjdomlmin arborenm 98

P.

J'adiu cartiUiginea 08

Padut drmitta 09

Padxit teroHna 08

J'adiu Tirffiniana 08

Palm, Fan leaf 217

Palm, Royal 218

J^alma argenUa 218

Palhaciob 217, S18

Palmetto, Cabbage 217

Palmetto, Silktop 217

Palmetto, Silver-top 218

Palo Blanco 126

Palo Veide 60

Pai>aw 23

Taper Birch 100

Paradise Troo 32

Parkinnonia acnleata .' 60

Parkiusonia micropbylla 60

"ParkinHouia Torreyana 00

Parsley Haw 81

Pasania dentijlora 155

Pavia Cali/vmica 43

f Pavia carnea 42

Pavia discolor 43

Pavia fiava 43

Pavia glabra 42

Pavin hybrida 43

Pavia lutea 43

Patna ntglecta 43

Pavia pallida 42

■fPavia WaUoniana 42

Peach Oak (Qaercus denslflora) 155

Peach Oak (Qaercus Phcllos) 154

Peach, Wild 70

Pear Haw 79

Pecan 132

Pecan. Bitter 136

Pepperidge 92

Peppcrwood 30

Per»ea Borhonia 118

Persea Ciirolinensis 118

Peraea Oirolinentit, var. glabriuteula 118

Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris 119

Persea CaroliruTieis, var. pvbeseeru 119

Pertea CaUibyana 119

Pertea Satta/rat 119

Persimmon 104

Persimmon, Black 105

Persimmon. Mexican 105

PluBnopynim acerifoliwn 80

Phtenopyrum arborescent 75

Phaenitpyrum Carolinianum 82

Phtmopyrvm eoecineum 77

Phanopyrum cordatum 80

JPfuenopyrvm ellipticum 82

Phtenopyrum populi/olium 78

Phcmopyru-m pruinosum 79

Phcenopyrtim spathulatum 81

Phamopitrum subviUosum 78

Phcenopyrvm Virginicum 82

JPhcenopyrum rdride 78

flumopyrum Wendlandii 77

Page.

Photinia arbutifelUa 83

Photinia salici/olia 83

Piceaalba 204

Pieeaamabilis (Abies amabilis) 213

Pieea amabilis (.Iblcs snbalpins) 211

Pieea balsamea 2ii

Picca balsamea, var. long\folia 211

Picea bi/olia 211

Pieea braeteaUt 213

t Pieea Cali/omica 208

Ptceo Canadensis 206

Pieea eoemlea 204

Pieea coneolor 212

Picea concolor, vnT.violaeea 212

Picea Douglasii 209

Picea Engeluianni 205

Pieea Fraseri (Abies balsamea) 211

Pieea Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210

Pieea glauea 204

Picea grandis (Abies concolor) 212

Piceagrandis (Abies grandis) 212

Picea laxa 204

Piceo Lowiana 212

Picea magnijlca 214

Picea Menziesii (Picea pangens) 205

Picea Menziesii (Picea Sitchensis) 206

Picea nigra 202

Pieea nigra, xa,t. glauea 204

Picea nigra, var. rtiira 203

Pieea nobilis 214

Picea pnngens 205

Pieea rubra 203

Picea Sitchensis 206

Piekeringia panieulata 100

Pigeon Cherry 66

Pigeon Plnm 117

Pigeonwood 117

Pig Nut 134

Filocereus Erigelmanni 69

Pin Cherry 66

Pin Oak 152

Pinckneya pnbens 95

PiTictneya pubescent 95

Pine, Bastard 202

Piue, Bishop's 200

Pine, Black (Pious Jeffrey!) 193

Pine, Black (Pinns Murrayana) 195

Pine, Bull (Finns JefiBreyl) 193

Pine, Bull (Pinns mitis) 200

Pine, Bull (Pinus ponderosa) 193

Pino, Bull (Pinns Sabiniana) 195

Pine, Cedar 201

Pine, Digger 195

Pine, Foxtail 191

Pine, Georgia 202

Pine, Ginger 179

Pine, Gray 201

Pine, Hard 202

Pine, Hickory (Pinna Balfonrtana, var. aristattt) 191

Pine, Hickory (Pinus pnngens) 199

Pine, Jersey 199

Pine, Knob-cone 196

Pine, Loblolly 197

Pine, Lodge-pole 195

Pine, Long-leaved 202

Pine, Meadow '. 202

Pine, Monterey 198

Pine, Norway 192

Pino, Nut (Pinus cembroides) 190

Pine, Nut (Pinna edulis) 190

Pine, Nut (Pinus monophylla) 190

Pine, Nut (Pinos Parryana) 169

Pine, Obispo 200

Pino, Old-field 197

Pine, Oregon 200

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

235

Page.

Tine, Pitch 198

Pme, Pond 198

Pine. Prince's 201

Piae, Red 192

Pine. Rosemary 1 97

Pine, Sand 199

Pine, Scrub (Pinna Banfeeiana) 201

Pine, Scrub (Pinna clausa) 199

Pine. Scmb (Pinna c^ntorta) 194

Pine, Scrub (Pinus inops) 199

Pine, Short-leaved 200

Pine, Slash 202

Pme, Southern 202

Pine, Spruce (Pinus clansa) 190

Pine, Spmco (Pinus glabra) 201

Pine, Spruce (Pinus mitia) 200

Pine, Spruce (Pinus Morrayana) 195

Pine, Sugar 188

Pine, Swamp 202

Pine, Table-mountain 199

Pine, Weymouth 187

Pine, White ( Pinus fiexilis) 188

Pine, White (Pinue glabra) 201

Pine, White (Pinus monticola) 187

Pine, Wbito (Pinus reflexa) 189

Pine, White (Pinna Strohus) 187

Pine, Yellow (Pinna Arizonica) 192

Pine, Yellow (Pinna mitia) 200

Pine, Yellow (Pinna palustris) 202

Pine, Yellow (Pinna ponderosa) 193

Pifion (Piuns edulia) 190

Pifion (Pinna monophylla) 190

PiDun (Pinus Parryana) 189

JHnus Abiea Americana .-. 206

Pinu^ AbifS Balsamea 211

J'iniis Alieu Canadensis.. \ 202

Pinua adunca 196

JHnus alba 204

Pinus nlbicatiUa 189

JHnus amabUis (Abies amabilis) 213

Pinus amabilis (Abies magnifies) 214

Tlnus amabilis (Abies anbalpina) •. 21 1

Pinus Aviericana (Picea nigra) 203

Pint« Americana (Tsnga Canadensis) 206

Piniis Americana rubra ^ 202

Pinus aristata 191

Pinna Arizonica 192

Pinus australis 201

Pinns Ualfi»ariana 191

Pinus Bal/ouriana (Pinns Balfonriana, var. aristata) 191

Pinna Balfonriana, var. aristata 191

Pinus balsamea 210

Pinus balsamea, Tar. Frateri 210

Pinus Bankniana 201

Pinus liankidana (Pinna contorta) 194

JHnus Beardsleyi 193

JHnus Benthamiana 193

Pinus Bolanderi 194

Pinus BouTsieri 194

Pintis braehyptera 193

Pinus bractcata 213

f Pinus Cali/omica (Pinns insignia) 196

Pinus Cali/ornica (Pinus tuberculata) 196

Pinus Canadensis {Vicea alba) 204

Pmus Canadensis (Tanga Canadensis) 206

Pinus CanctdCTim (Tauga Mertensiana) 207

Pinus cf'mbroides 190

JPin-us cembroides (Pinns alblcanlis) 189

Pinus cembroides (Pinna edulia) f 190

Pinna Cbibuahnana 194

Pinna clauaa 199

PinuM com muiata 205

Pinus concotor 212

Pinna cfmtorta 194

Pinus eontorta (Pinus maricata) 199

Page.

Pinus contorta (Pinus Mnrrayana) 194

Pinus contorta, var. Bolanderi ' 194

Pinus contorta, var. latiffoha 194

Pinua Coultcri 195

JHnus Craigana 193

Pinua Cnbenaia 202

Pinus Cicbenais, var. terthroearpa 202

Pinus dejtexa 193

Pinus Douglasii 209

Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata 209

Pinus echinata 200

Pinus Edgariana 199

Pinus edulia 190

Pinus Elliottii 202

Pinus Engelmanni (Pioea Engelmanni) 205

JHnus Engelmanni (Pinus ponderoaa) 193

Pinna flesilia 1&8

Pinus Jlezilis (Pinns albicanlis) 189

Pinus fiexilis, var. albicaulis 189

Pinus Jiexilis, var. macrocarpa 188

Pinus fiexUis, var. refiexa 189

P%nus fiexilis, var. serrulata 188

Pinus Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210

Pinus Fraseri (Pinua rigida) 197

Pinu^ Fremontiana 190

Pinus futilis 190

Pinua glabra 200

JHnus grandis (Abies amabilis) 213

Pinus grandis (Abies concolor) 212

JHnus grandis (Abiea grandia) 212

Pinus Grozelieri 187

JHnus Sudsonica 201

Pinns inopa 198

JHnus inops (Pinns contorta) : 194

JHnusinops (Pinna Murrayana) 194

Pinus inops, var. (Pinus muricata) 199

Pinus inops, var. clausa 199

Pinus inaignis 196

JHnus insignis macrocarpa 196

JHnus insignis, var. binata 196

Pinus intermedia 215

Pinua Jeffreyi 193

Pinus Lanibortiana 188

Pinus Lambertiana, var. (Finns fiexilis) 188

JHnus J.ambertiana, var. brevifolia 188

Pinus laricina 215

Pinus Laricio, var. resinosa 191

Pinus Larix 216

JHnus Jjarix aJha 215

JHnus Jjarix nigra 215

Pinus Larix rubra 215

JHnus lasiocarpa (Abies concolor) 212

/ Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies subalpina) 21 1

JHnus Llaveana (Pinus cembroides) ...^. 190

Pinus Llaveana (Pinus Parryana) 189

JHnus Loddigesii 197

JHnus lophosperma 3 92

Pinus Jjowiana 212

Pinus Lyalli 216

Pinus Mariana 202

Pinu^ macrocarpa 195

Pinus macrophyUaf 193

Pintts Menziesii 206

Pinus Menziesii, var. crispa. 206

Pinus Mertensi'ana 207

Pinus microcarpa 215

Pinns mitis 200

Pinus mitis, xtkr. paupera 200

Pinua monophylla 190

Pinua monticola 187

Pinua muricata l®^

Pinus muricata (Pinua contorta) 194

Pinua Murrayana 194

Pinus nigra 202

JHnus nobUis. .- 214

136

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Page.

Pinut A'uMoOtt 216

Pi'niu o*(«<Mi)<mia IM

FiDOB paluatris 201

Pinna Parryana 189

i^tM Parryana (Pinas ponderoaa) 183

Pinus Pattoniana (Tsnga Mertenslnna) 208

Piniu Pottoniano (Tauga PattouUna) 208

Pimu pntdtda 215

Pinua pondcrosa 192

Pinut pondtTota, xtt. Benthamiana 103

Pi'niu ponderoM, viir. Jtfrtyi 193

Pin\u ponitrota, var. (eopulonim 193

Firuu poTp\yrocarpa 167

Pinna pnngena 199

Tiiauradiata 196

Pinna reflexa 189

Pinna roainosa 191

Pioiu retiiuaa (Finns ponderoaa) 193

Pinnsrigida 137

Pimurigidat (Finns insignia) 106

Pinutrigida (Pinna mitia) 200

Pinutrigida, var. terotina 198

PiuiU rubra (Ficea nigra) 203

I'inus rubra (Finns reainosa) ,... 191

Pinut rubra, var. violaeea - 204

Pinut rtipcttrit 201

Pinna Sabiniana 195

Pinuf Sabiniana CouUeri - 195

Pinu« Sabiniana maeroearpa 195

Pinna serotina 198

Pinun Shatta ]69

Pinut Sinclairii 196

Pinus Sitchenfit 206

tPiniu speciea ( Abiea snbalpina) 211

Pinna Strobna 187

Pinus Strobui, var. alba 187

Pinus Strobus, var. brevi/olia 187

Pinus Slrobus, var. compretsa 187

Pin«* Strobvs, var. Tnonticola 187

Pinus Slrobus, vnr. nivea 187

Pinus sylvcstris, var. divaricata 201

Pinua Ta>da 197

Pinus Ttrda, var. o 197

Pimis Taida, var. aUrpeeuroidca 198

Pinui Tada, var. htterophyUa 202

Pinus Treda, var. rigida 197

Pinus Trcda, var. Unui/olia 197

Ptnus Tceda, var. variabilis 200

Pinus Tceda, var. Virginiima 198

Pinus taxtfolia 219

Pinus tetragona 204

Pinna Torreyana 192

Pinus tnbercnlata 190

PintM (ulwrcuIaCa (Finns insignia) 196

Pinus variaMlis 200

Pinus vcnusla 213

Pinus Virginiana 198

Pintu Yirginiana, var. echinata 200

Piseidia Carlhagentnsis 57

PlHcidia Erytbrina 57

Piaonia acnleata II7

Piaonia obtnaata 117

Piatacia Mexicana 54

Pitch Pino 198

Pithecolobium forftx 64

Pithecolobium Guadalupentit 64

Pithecolobium mierophyUum 64

Pitbecolobinm Unguia-cati 64

Plancra aquatica 124

Planera Omelini 124

Planera Kichardi 124

Ptanera uimi/olia 124

Plataxace^ 129,130

Piatanus Oali/omiea 129

Platanus hybridas 129

Page.

PlaUmus lobata up

Platanus Uexieana (Platouna racemosa) ia>-

Plotantu JfRrieatMi (Platanua WrightU) 180

Platanns occidentalis 12»

Platanus occidentalis (PXatstsmanoemon) 12&

Platanus racemoea 12ft

Platanus racemosa (Platanna WrightU) 130

Platanus vulgaris, var. angulosa 129

Platanus Wrightii 130

Plum, Cana<la 85

Plum, Chioliaaaw gs

Plum, Cocoa s&

Plum, Darling so

Plum, Downward 193

Plum, Goplier 01

Plum, Guiaua 121

Plum, Ho<! (Prunna angnatifoUa) 6&

Plum, Hog (Rhus Metopinm) M

Plum, Hog (Ximenia Americana) 84

Plum, Horac 6S

Plum, Monntain 34

Plum, Pigeon » 117

Plum, SafiVon 103

Plum. Wild OS

Poison Elder 64

Poison Sumach 54

Poisonwood (Bhna Hotopinm) 54

Poisonwood (Sebastiania Incida) 121

POLTGONACF.E 117,118

Polygonum uvi/cra 118

Pond Apple 23

Pond Pine 198

Poplar 172

Poplar, Carolina 175

Poplar, Necklace 175

Poplar, Yellow : 22

Populus acladesea 17J

Populus angrilata 175

Populus angulosa 175

Populus anguRtifolia — 174

Populus angusti/olia (Popnlna trichocarpa) 174

Populiis argentea - 172

Populus Atheni^nsis 17J

Populus balsamifera 173

Populus &at*ajni/cra (Populus trichocarpa) 174

Populus balsamifera lanceolata 173

Populus brtlsami/era, var 174

Populus balsamifera, vai. angusti/olia 174

Populus balsamifera, var. t Califomica 174

Populns balsamifera, tjar. candicana 173

Populus balsamifera, var. gcnuina 173

Populus Canadensis (Populus balaamifora, ear. candicana) 173

Popuh(~i Cnnndenm (Populus raonilifera) 175

Populus Canadensis, vnT. angustifolia 174

Populus candicans 173

Populus cordifolia .' 172

! Populus dcltoide 174

Populus Frcmontii 175

Populus Fremontii, ran "Wislizeni 175

Populus glandulosa 175

Populus grandidontata 172

Populus grandidenlata, var. pendula 172

Populus boteropliylla 172

Populus heterophylla (Populus balaamifeia, tar. candicans) 173

Populus heterophylla, vaT.argentea 172

Populus Ucvigala (Populus monilifera, AiUm, etc.) 175

Popwiia Iflpcijrafa (Populua monilifera, Hort,) 175

Populus lati folia 173-

Populus Lindleyana • 175

Poptdtis macrophylla (Populus balsamifera, var, candicana) 175

Populus macropbylla (Popnlua monilifera) 175

Populus Marylandiea 175

Populus monilifera 174

Populus monilifera (Populus Fremontii) 175

Populus monilifera (Populua Fremontii, tor. Wializenl) 175

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

237

Page.

Populug negleeta 175

Popidiis OntarienttM 173

PopuUis Tacamaha4:a - 173

Populus tremuliformis 171

Populua tremuloides 171

Populus trepida 171

Populus trichocarpa 174

Populujt irichocarpa^ var. cupvlata 174

PopulusvimxTiea..^ 173

Popxdus YirginiafM 175

PoTcelia triloba 23

Pork wood 117

Porliera angnstifolia 29

Port Orford Cedar 179

Poaaum Oak 152

Post Cedar 176

PoatOak 139

Post Oat, Swamp 140

Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylnm Americannm) 29

Prickly Aeh (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlia) 30

Prince's Pine 201

Prinos deciduus 37

Pritchardia filamento$a 217

Privet 112

Prosopig Emoryi 62

Prosopis glandulosa 61

Proaopis Juliflora 61

Prosopif odorata (Proeopiejaliflora) 61

Progopis odorata (Prosopia pnbeftcens) 62

Proaopis pnbeacens 62

Prunua Americana 66

Prunus Americana, var. moIliB Cj

Pranua angnstifolia 66

Pruntit borealU €6

Prunus Canaden$i» 68

Prunut Capollin 08

Prunus Capnii 08

Prunut Carolina 09

PniDn» Caroliniana 09

Prunui cartilaginea 68

Prunus Chieasa 66

Prunus coecinea „ 05

Prunus demiaaa 09

Pmnua emarginata 67

Prnnaaemarginala,i7ar. mollis 07

Primus hiemalis (Prunus Americana) 65

Prunus hienuUis (Pmnns Americana, var. mollis) 05

Pmnua ilicifojia 70

Prunus insititia 06

f Prunus laneeolata 06

Pntnus Lusitaniea qq

Prunus Mississippi fls

Primus m«Ww (Prunus Americana, tjar.moHia) 05

Prmnug mollis (Prunus emarginata, var. mollis) 07

Prunus nigra 05

Prunus Pennaylranica (J5

f Prunus peraicifolia gO

Prunus pumila 67

Prunus sempervirens 69

, Piunnsaerotina gg

Prunus serrati/olia 60

Prunus apliEBrocarpa 70

Prunus spinosa (55

Prunus nmbellata ([7

Pnjnus Vi rj^n iana gg

Prunus Virffiniana (Prunua serotina) 08

Prunus Virffiniana, VAT. demissa 69

Paeudacaeia odorata 65

Pseudopetalfm glandulosum 30

Pteudopetalf/n triearjtum 30

Pseudotsuga Douglaaii 200

Pacndotauga Doujjlaaii, uar. macrocarpa 210

Paeudotsuga magni^a 214

Pteudotsuga nobilis 214

PflidiumGuaiva gO

Page.

PtdiamoUis 31

Ptelia trifoliata 31

Ptolia trifoliata, irar. mollis 31

Ptelia vilici/oUa 31

Punk Oak 152

Purple Haw 40

Pyrus Americana 73

Pyrus Americana (Pyrus sambncifolia) 74

Pyrus Americana, van microcarpa 74

Pyrus angustifolia 72

Pyrus aucuparia (Pyrus Americana) 73

Pyrus aticuparia (Pyrus sambucifoUa) 74

Pyrus Bariramiana 84

Pyrug Botryapium 84

Pyrus coi'onaria 72

Pyrus coronaria (Pyrus augusfifolia) 72

Pyrus coronaria, var. angustifolia 72

Pyrus divergi/olia. , 73

Pyrus fusca 73

Pyrus glandulosa 77

Pyrus microcarpa 74

Pyrus ovalis 85

Pyrua rivularis 73

Pyrus sambucifolia 74

Pyrus subcordata 73

Pyrus Wangenkeimiana 84

Quaking Asp 171

Quassia dioica 32

Quassia Simaruba 32

Qnercitron Oak 149

Querens acntidens 156

Quercus acutiglandig 140

Querens agrifolia 146

Quercue agr\folia, \ar. fntteseens 147

QuercuB alba 187

Quercug alba minor 189

Quercus alba palustris 141

Quercue alba, var. 9 Gunnisonii 139

Qtiercus aUm, var. micrQcatp(^ 137

Quercus alba, vaT.pinnatiJida , 137

Quercus alba, var. pinnatiJidO'Sinu,ata 137

Quercus alba, vnr.repanda 137

Quercus alba, vnv. aimiata 187

Quercus ambigua 147

Quercus annidata 145

Qncrcua f^natica 152

? Quercus aquatica (Quercus nigra) 150

Quercus aquatica, var. attenuata 152

Quercus aquatica, var. euneata 152

Quercus aquatica. vt%r.e2ongata. 152

Quercus aquatica, var. heteropkyUa 153

Quercus aquatica, var. hybrida 152

Quercus aquatica, va.r. indivisa 152

Qiisrcus aquatica, var. lauri/oUa ■ 152

Qnei"cna aquatica, var. myrtifolia 155

Qucrcna lianisteri 155

Quercus berbeiidifolia 155

Quercus bicolor 141

Quercus bicolor, var. 3{iekauxii 141

Qtiercus bicolor, var. mollis 141

? Quercus b-iciilor, var. platanoides 141

QucTcus Brewcri 155

Quercus Cali/omica IW

Quercu.'i Caa'aiiea (Quercna prinoldes) 142

Qtiercus Caatanca (Quercna Prinus) 1^2

Qucrcna Cat eabroi 151

Quercus Chinquajdn 143

Qu' reus chrypol'-pia M6

Quercna chryaolepis, var. vacdni/olia 146

QaercuR cinerea 153

Quer<:n8 cin^irea. var. pumila. 155

Qucicus cinorea, var. acricoa 155

QutTiMia cocciui-a 148

Quereus coecinea, vax: ambigua 147

238

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Pag*'*

Qu€rcu$ coecinMi^ VMT. microcarpa 148

Qu0reus eoeeinsOtVKr. rubra ..«. 147

Qu»reu$coeein€a,Ytir.tinet4ma 149

Querew con/ertifolia 154

Quereus era*$ipocuia 146

Quereu4 euneata 150

Qu«rcu» deeipieiu 144

QaercQA deosiflora 154

i^uercru ditfcolor 149

Quercu$di$color, VAT. triloba 151

Qaercas Douglanii 143

Querent Douglatii,T or. Qambelii 139

Quereus Douglasii, var. / Ne<xi 138

tQuercu* Drummcndii 139

QnercQS dumosa 155

Qaercas dumosa, var. ballata 155

Qnercus Darandii 145

Quereut echinacea 155

Qu€rcu9 echinoidei 155

Quercue^Utngata 150

Querciis Emoryi 14C

tQuercug Emoryi (Qaercus unduiata, var. GambelU) 130

Quercns falcata 150

Quercutfalcata, var. Ludovicia/na 151

Qtiercut falcata, \ AT. pagodcefolia 151

^uerctu falcata, x&T. triloba 151

Quereus fulvcicens 146

Quereus GambelH 139

Qaercns Garrysna 138

QaercQB Georgiana 155

Qoercns j^risea 144

Quereus hastata 146

Quereus kemispfKerica 352

Quereus hemispha:riea, TOT. nana 152'

Quereus heteropbylla 153

Qitereus Hindsii 138

Quereus humilis 153

Quereus bypoleaca 154

Quercaa Uicifolia 155

Quereus imbricaria _ 154

Quereus Jaeobi 338

Qaercas Kelloggii 149

t Quereus Icevis 1 51

Queicas launfolia 152

Quereus laurifolia hybrida 152

Quereus laurifolia, var. acuta 152

Quereus laurifolia, var. obtusa .^.. 152

Quetcus lobata 138

Quereus lobata, var. fmticosa 355

Quereus lobulata 139

Quereus longiglanda 138

Qncrcas lyrata. .'' 140

Quereus macrocarpa 140

Quereus macrocarpa, var. abbreviata 140

Quereus macroearpa, var. minor 140

Qtterexu macrocarpa, var. olivc^ormis 140

Quereus Marylandiea 150

Quereus Micbaaxii 14 1

Quereus montana 142

Quereus Morekus 147

Qttereus MiihlenbeTffii 143

Qnercas myrtifolia 155

Quereus nana 152

Quereus N^eeei 1S8

Quereus nigra ir)0

Quereus nigra (Quercas aqnatica) 1.^2

Quereus nigra (Quereus tinctoria) 140

Quereus nigra aquatica 152

Quereus nigra digitata - 150

Quereus nigra integrifolia 350

Quereus nigra trijida 152

Quereus nigra, var. (Quereus heteropbylla) 153

Quereus nigra, var. latifolia 150

Queicusobloogifolia 143

t Quereuf oUongifolia 14C

I'ngc.

Quereus oblongifolia, var. hreeilobata 143

Quereus obtusa 152

Qtureus obtusifolia, var. tbrevOoba 145

Qnercus obtasiluba 133

Quereus obtusiloba, var. depressa 140

Querctis obtiUOoba, var. parvifolia 139

Quereus (Erstediana 133

Quereus oUoides 145

Quereus olivaformis 140

Quereus oxyadenia 146

Quereus palustria 151

Quereus palustris (Quercas rubra, var. Texana) 148

Quereus parvifolia '. 139

Quercns Pbellos 154

Quereus Phellot atigustifolia 1&4

Quereus PheUos X eoeeinea 153

Quereus Phellos latifolia 154

Quereus Phellos pumila 155

Quereus Phellos X tinctoria 153

Quereus I heUos, var. (Quercns heteropbylla) 153

Quereus Phellos, var. arenaiia 155

Quereus PheUos, var. cinerea 153

Quereus PheUos, van humilis 154

Quereus Phellos, \&r. imbricaria 164

Quereus PheUos, yar. laurifolia 152

Quereus PheUos, var. sempervirens 145 ■

Quereus PheUos, var. soricea 155

Quereus PheUos, var.viridis 154

Quercns prinoidea 142

Quereus Prinus 142

Quereus Prinus p. (Quereus cinerea) 153

Quereus Prinus (Quereus Miebaaxli) 141

Quereus Prinus Chinquapin 143

Quereus Prinus humilis 142

Quereus Prinus palustris 14 1

f Quereus Prinus plat anoides 141

Quereus Prinus pumila 142

Qttereus Prinus tomentosa 141

Quereus Prinus, var. acuminata 142

Quereus Prinus, var. bicolor 141

Quereus Prinus, var. discolor 141

Quereus Prinus, vor. lata 142

Querctis Prinus, var. Michauxii .: 141

Quereus Prinus, Var. monticola 142

Querents Prinus, var. oblongata 143

Quereus Prinus, var. prinoides 143

Quoieus pnmU.i 155

Quereus pungeTis 144

Quereus Ransomi 138

Qu(rcua reticulata 144

t Quereus reticulata, var. Qreggii 14 1

Quereus retusa 14 5

Quereus rubra 147

Quereus rubra p. (Quercns coccinca) 148

Quereus rubra (Qut-rcus Kelloggii) 140

Quereus rubra (Quercns tinctoria) 149

Quereus rubra maxima 147

Quereus rubra montana 150

Qttereus rubra ramosissima 151

Quereus rubra, var. dissecfa 151

Quereus rubra var. latifolia 147

Quereus rubra, var. montana 117

Quereus ^tbra, var. rttncinata 147

Qnorcus rubrii, var. Toxana 148

Qttereus San-Sabeana 145

Quereus sempervirens 145

Quircus sericea 155

/ Quereus ShumardU 149

/ Quereus sinuata 137

Qurrcttn Sonomensis 140'

Quereus f>pieata 144

Quereus stellata 139

Quereus stellata, var. depressa 14<>

QuercuH sfellata, var. Plorldana 131*

Quereus stellata, var. Vtahensis '''9

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

23^

Pago.

Quercus Texana 148

Quercua tinctoria 149

Quercus tinctoria, var. anguloaa 149

Quercus tinctoria, var. Cali/omica 149

Quercus tinctoria, var. sinuosa ■ 149

Quercus triloba 150

/ Quercus uliginosa 152

Quercas undulata 155

Quercits undulata (QuercnB Dnrandii) 145

Quercus uudulata, tfy. Gambelii 139

Quercus undulata, var. grxsca 144

Quercxis undulata, var. oblongata 143

Quercus undulata, vav. pungena y. 144

Quercus undulata, var. Wrightii 144

Quercus vaecinifoUa 146

/ Quercus velutina 149

/ Quercus viUosa 139

Qaercns virena 145

Quercus Virginiana 145

Quercus W isUzeni 147

B.

Jiandia clusiee/olia 95

l^apanea Ouyariensis 99

Rattle-box 106

Ked Asb 109

Red Bay 118

Red Birch 161

Red Cedar (Juniperua Virginiana) 183

Red Cedar (Thuya gigantea) 177

Red Cherry, Wild . .'. 66

Red Cypress ! 184

Red Elm 122

Red Fir (Abies magnifica) 214

Red Fir (Abies nobilis) 214

Red Fir ( Psendutsoga Donglasii) 209

Red Gum.|| 86

Red Haw ( Cratsgns coccinea) 78

Red Haw (Crataegus flava, car. pnbescens) 83

Red IroD wood 39

Red Maple 50

Red Mulberry 128

Red Oak (Quercus falcata) 151

Rod Oak (Quercus rubra) 148

Red Oak (Quercus rubra, var. Texana) 148

Red Pine 192

Red Stopper 89

Redbud (Cercis Canadensis) 61

Rcdbnd (Cercis renifonnis) 61

Redwood .... 185

Re.Yuosia latifolia 39

t Rhamindium revolutum 39

RhamnacB£ 39-42

Bhamnus alni/oHu* 41

Bbamnua Califomica 40

Rhaninn? Californica, var. tomentella 41

Rhamuua Caroliniana 40

Ilhamnus eUiptxeus 41

likamnus ferrea 39

/ Jihamnus Uetigatus 39

Hham nus lau ri/olius 40

Jihamnus olei/olius 40

RhaniDus Pursbiana 41

Ehamnus tomentellus 41

Rhizopkora Americana 86

Rhizopbora Mangle 88

Rkizophora racemosa 86

Rbizophobace£ 86,87

Rhododi^ndron maximum 09

Rhododendron maximum, var. album 99

Rhododendron maximum, var. purpureum ■ 99

Rhododendron maximum, var. roseum 99

Rhododendron procerum 99

Rhododendron purpureum ,90

Rhododendron Purshii , 99

Rhus arborescens 33

Page.

Rhus Canadense 52

Rhus copiillina • 53;

RhusjU'pallina, var. angustialata 53

? Rhus copallina, var. angustifolia 53

Rhus copallina , var. int^gri/olia 53

Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata 53-

? Rhus copallina, var. latialata 53

? Rhus copallina, var. lati/olia 53

Rhus copallina, var. lencantha 53

? Rhus copallina, Tar. serrata 53

Rhus cotinoides 52

Rhus cotinus ? 52

Rhus glabra 53

Rhus kypselodendron 52"

Rhus leucantha 53

Rhus Metopium 54-

Rhus Toxicodendron 54

Rhus typhina 52

Rhus typhina, var. laciniata 52'

Rhus typhina, TUT. viridijlora 9t 52

Rhus venenata 54

Rhus vernix 54

Rhus viridijlora 52

River Birch ici

River Cottonwood 172-

Robinia fragilis 55

Robinia glutinosa 56^

Robinia Nco-Mcxicana 56

Robinia Pseudacacia 55

Robinia viscoaa 56-

Rock Chestnut Oak 142

Rock Elm 123

Rock Maple ^ 48

Rosacea 64-85

Rose Bay 99'

Rosemary Pino 197

Royal Palm 21&

RUBI ACE^ 95, 96

Rum Cherry 68

RUTACE^ .•. 2D-3?

Sabal Palmetto 217

Saffron Plum 103

Saguaro 90

Salicace^ 1C5-175<

Salix ; 170^

fSalix ambigua 1G5

Salix amygdaloides 166-

Salix argophylla 168-

Salix arguta .^. 16T

Salix arguta, var. lasiandi a 167

Salix Bigelovii 170-

Salix Bigelovii, yav.fuecior _-..- 170

? Salix brachycarpa 168^

Salix brachystachys 170

Salix brachystachys, var. Scouleriana 170

Salix Caroliniana 1C5-

Saiix chlorojihylla, Tav. pellita 171

i5alix cordata 170

Salix cordata, vaT./alcata 165-

Salix cordata, rar. vestita 170

Salix crassa 169'

Salix cuneata 171

Salix discolor 109^

S.ilix discolor, rar. criocephala IGD-

Salix discolor, car. prinoidcs 169

Salix criocephala 169-

Salix exigua 168

Salix falcata 165-

Salix Fendleriana 167

Salix flavesceus 169

Salix Jlavescens (Salix Havescens, var. Scouleriana) 170

Salix flavoacens, var. Scouleriana 170*

Salix Jlavo-vir ens 165

Salix Jluviatalis 168-

240

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Page.

Salix Hartwegi 171

Balix mniUiatta 169

Salix Hindnana,T»t.UnuifoUa 160

Salix Jlofmanniana 1*^

£.Mx Hookerian* 170

JSalix Uututoniaiia 1*5

Salix hui»Uit, vnT. Hartiotgi 171

Salix iKvijpita 167

Skill Iwvigato, tiar. angnstlfollft 167

Salix terijpita, t>ar. congesta 1*7

■Salix laneifolia ^^

Salix Lisiaudra 167

Salix Ia8inii<lra,t>ar. FencUerUns 167

Salix ladiautltn, rar. lancifulia 167

Salix liiaiulepin - -..-- 170

-Salix UuioUpig, v&T. angtutifolia 171

JSalix Ufiolepis, v&r. BigeloHi 170

Salix larioUpit.viT./allax 170

Salix latiolepie, rar. lat^foKa 171

Salix liffuttrina 165

Salix longifolia 168

Salix tongi/olia, voT. anguttittima 168

Salix longifolia, tTar.argyrophvlla 168

Salix longi/iilia,T&r. arffyrophyHa a7ig\t$ti$9ima 168

Salix lungifolia, \«t. argyrophylla opaca 168

SiUix loui^ifolia. far. cxigoa 168

Salix longifolia, var. opaca 168

.Salix longifolia, Tar. pedicellata 168

Salix longipes 166

Salix longipeii, var. pubacent 166

Salix liicida, var. angustifolia, forma lasiandra 167

Salix lucida, var. macrophylla 167

Salix margiiiata 166

t Salix melanopgis 166

Salix uigra 165

Salix nigra, \&t. amygdaloiiet 166

Salix nigya,\&T. anjti8tifolia 166

Salix nigra, var. falcata 165

Salix nigra, var. latif alia 166

Salix nigra, var. longifolia •»*••• 166

Salix nigra, rar. longipes rT. 166

Salix nigra, var. longipes. snhvar. gongylocarpa 166

Salix nigra, var. longipes, suhvar. ventUota 166

Salix nigra, van marginata 166

"Salix nigra, ror. Wardii 166

Salix nigra, Dor. Wrightii 166

Salix ocridon talis 166

Salix pentandra 165

Salix pentandra, var. eaudata 167

Salix prinoides , 169

Salix Purshiana ^ 165

JSalix rubra 168

SaUx SeouUriana 170

SaUx sensitiva 169

Salix sessilifulia 168

Salix scgsilifolia, var. Hindaiana 169

Salix setsilifolia, var. villota 168

Salix Sitcbensis 171

Salix Sttclieusis, car. angustifolia 171

Sa'ix speciosa 167

Salix siibcillota 166

SaUx Wrightii 166

Samara Jloribunda 99

Samara pentandra 99

Sambucus Califomiea 93

SambucuH glauoa 93

Sambueus glauea (Sambncns Uoxicana) 03

Saroburus Mexicana 93

t Sambucus Mexicana (Sambacus glaaca) 93

Sambucus vclutina 93

Sand Jack 153

Sand Pine 199

Sandbar Willow 168

Sapindace* 42-51

Sapindvs acuminata ., 44

Page.

Sapindus Drwnmandi 44

Sapindut falcatiu 44

tSapindxuinaqutUit .-. 44

Sapindas marginatos 44

Sapindus Saponaria 45

Sapindus Saponaria (Sapindus marginatas) 44

Sapotack^ 100-103

Sarcomphalus Carolinianus 40

Sassafras 120

Sassafras officinale 119

Satin wood 31

Savin (Junipems Virglniana) 188

Savin (Torreya taiifolia) 188

Scarlet Haw (Crattegus coccinea) 78

Scarlet Haw (Crstffigns sabvilloea) 78

Scarlet Oak 148

Schceferia Inucifolia 39

Sekcefferia completa 89

Scbfiefferia frntescens - 30

Schafferia lateriflora 120

Schousbcea eommu^tata 87

Schubertia disticha 183

Schubertia sempervirens - 185

Screw Bean 62

Screwpod Hcsquit 62

Scrub Oak (Quercns Catesb»i) 151

Scrub Oak (Qnercus undulata, var. GambeUi) 139

Scrub Pine (Pinns Banksiana) .«... 201

Scrub Pine (Pinns claosa) 199

Scrub Pine (Pinns contorta) 194

Scrub Pine (Pinus iuops) t 109

Seutiaferrea (Condalia ferrea) 89

Seutiaferrea (Beynosia latifolia) 39

Sea Ash 80

Sea Grape 118

Seaside Alder .» 162

Sebastiania lucida ■ 121

Sebestena scabra 113

Seqnoia gigantea 184

Sequoia gigantea (Sequoia sempervir^ns) 185

f Sequoia Bafinesquei 206

Sequoia religiosa 185

Sequoia sempervirens - - 184

Seqiwia WeUingtonia 184

Service Tree 84

Seven-year Apple 95

ShadBu3li 84

Shag-bark Hickory 133

She Balsam 210

Sheepberry 94

SheUbark, Big 133

Shell-bark, Bottom 133

SheU-bark Hickory 133

Shingle Oak 154

Shittimwood (Bamelia lanuginosa) 102

Sbittimwood (Kliamnns Furshiaoa) 41

Short-leaved Pine 200

Shrubby Trefoil 81

Sideroxylon Oarolirtense 101

Sideroxylon chrysophyUtndet 101

Sideroxylon cuneatutn 103

Sideroxylon decandrum 103

Sideroxylon lanuginosum 102

Sideroxylon lave 103

Sideroxylon lycioides 103

Sideroxylon Masticbodendron 101

Sideroxylon pallidum 101

Sideroxylon rcclinalum — 103

Sideroxylon salicjfolium 101

Sideroxyloji sericeuvi -• 101

Sideroxylon tenax (Bumelia lanuginosa) 102

Sideroxylon tenax (Bumelia tenax) 101

SUiquastrum eordatum 61

Silk-top Palmetto 217

Silky Willow 171

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

241

Page.

*;lver-beU Tree (Halesia diptera) 105

Silver-bell Tree (Halesia totrapt«ra) 106

rilver Maple 49

Silver-top Palmetto 218

Simaruba amara ■ 32

Siinaruba glaaca 32

Siw^ruba med icinalia 32

SlMAKUBK^ 32

Wtka Cypress , 178

Slash Pine /. 202

81ippeiy Elm (Fremontia Califonuca) 26

Slippery Elm (Ulmus folva) 122

Sloe C7

Sloe, Bla«k 67

Smail-frnited Haw 81

Smooth Alder 164

Snowdrop Tree (Halesia diptera) 105

Snowdrop Tree (Halesia tetraptera) 106

Soapberry (Sapindup "larginatua) 44

Soapberry (Sapindut Saponaria) 45

Soft Maple (Acer das^'carpam) 49

Soft Maple (Acerrabrum) 50

Sophora alfiDis - 58

Sophora secundiflora 57

Sophora speciosa 57

Sorbus Americana - '. 73

Sorbus A mericana, var. ntieroearpa 74

Sorbus avcuparia (l*ym8 Americana) 73

Sorbus aueuparia (Pynis s.tmbucifolia) 74

Sorbus aueuparia, var. a. (Pyrns Americana, var. microcarpa) 74

Sorbtis aueuparia, var. p. (Pyrus sambncifoUa) 74

Sorbus aueuparia, yslt. Ameneana 73

Sorbus humifusa 73

Sorbus microcarpa 74

Sorbus riparia 74

Sorbus sambtiei/olia 74

Sorbus Sitckensit - 74

Sorrel Tree 98

Soar Gnm 92

Sour Tupelo 91

Sonrwood 98

Sonthem Buckthorn 103

Southern Crab Apple 72

Sonthf-m Pine '>02

Spanish Bayonet (Yncca baccata) 219

Spanish Bayonci (Yucca caDallcalata) 218

Spanish Bayonet (Tuccaelata) 219

Spanish Buckeye , 44

Spanish Oak 151

Spanish Oak, Swamp 152

Span ish Stopi»er 88

Speckled Alder 165

Spiff Tree 120

Spindle Tree 38

Spirtxa Calif omica 70

Spoonwooil 98

Spmce, Black ! 203

Spruce, Bine 205

Spmce Pine (Pinna clansa) 199

Spruce Tine (Pinus plabra) 201

Spruce Pine (Pinus mitis) 200

Spmce Pine (Pinus Murrayana) 195

Spruce, Tide-land 206

Spmce, White (Picea alba) 204

Spruce, Whitw (Picea Engelmanni) 205

Spruce, White (Picea pungens) 205

Stag Bush 94

Staf:horn Sumach... 63

Star-leav(;d Gum 86

Stekcumacb* 26

Stinking Cfdar (Torreya Califomlca) 186

Stinking Cedar (Torreyataxifolla) 186

Stoppf^r (E u ^enia Ion gi pes) 89

Stopper (Eugenia monticola) 89

Stopper, Guryeon 88

10 FOR

Stopper, Eed 89

Stopper, Spanish 88

Stopper, AVhite 89

Striped Dogwood 46

Striped Maple 46

Stromboearpa odorata 62

Stro mbocarpa pubescena 62

Strong Bark 1I4

Stypknolobium ajjlne 68

Styracace^ 105,106

Sugarberry 126

Sugar Maple 43

Sugar Maple, Black 49

Sugar Pino 188

Sugar Tree 48

Sumach, Coral 54

Sumach, Dwarf 63

Sumach, Poison 54

Sumach, Staghom 53

Summer Haw (Crattegns flava) 83

Summer Haw (Cratiegus flava, var. pnbeecens) 83

Suwarrow qq

Swamp Cot ton wood 172

Swamp Hickory (Carya amara) 135

Swamp Hickory (Carya aqnatica) 136

Swamp Laurel 20

Swamp Maple 50

Swamp Pine 202

Swamp Post Oak 140

Swam p Spanish Oak 152

Swamp White Oak m

Sweet Bay, 20

Sweet Birch 162

Sweet Buckeye 43

Sweet Gum 86

Sweet Leaf 105

Sweet Locust 69

Sweet-scented Crab 72

Swietenia Mahogoni 33

Sufif tenia Senepalensis 33

Switch-bud Hickory 134

Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) 129

Sycamore (Platanus racemosa) 129

Sycamore (Platanus Wrightii) 130

Symplocos ti nc toria 105

T.

Table-mountain Pine 199

Tacamah ac 173

Tallowberry 28

Tallow Nut 34

Tamarack ( Larix Americana) 215

Tamarack ( Larix occidentalis) 216

Tamarack {Pinus Murrayana) 195

Tamarind, Wild 64

TanbarkOak 155

Tan Bay 25

Taxodii species (Sequoia Bemperrirena) - 185

Taxodium adifcendens 183

Taxodium distich um 183

Taxodium diHtichum fastigiatum 183

Taxodium distichum, var. mierophyllum 183

Taj^dium c/t«(ic/mm, var. nutans 183

Taxodium distichum, var. patens 183

Taxodium fiijanteum 184

Taxodium. mierophyllum, 183

Taxodium, sempervirens 185

Taxodium Waehingtonianum, 184

Taxus baccata (Taxus bre vifolia) 185

Taxusbaccata, \a.r. Caneidensis 185

Taxus lio ursierii 185

Taxus brevifulia 185

Taxus Canadensis 185

Taxus Floridana 186

Taxus Lindleyana 185

Taxus montaTM 186

242

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Pago.

TRKXHTRtEMIACKAt 25,28

TetrantAfra Cal{fomiea 120

Thatch, Briokley 218

Thatch. Brittle 218

Thp Joshua 219

Thorn. Black 79

Thorn, CockapoT 76

Thorn, }(ewcastle 76

Thorn. Washington 81

Thorn, White 78

Threvthometl Acaota 59

Tbriuax ar];ontoa 218

Thrinax Garbtri 217

Thrinnx parviflora 217

Thuya Craigana 176

Thuya txetUa 178

Thuja Ri^antea 177

TAuya i;ii7<tnCca (Libocedma decorrens) 176

Thuya Lobbii 177

Thuya Memietii 177

Thuya obluta 176

Thuya opcidcntalis 176

Thuya occidentalia, vst.pUettta 177

Thuya udnrata 176

Thuya plicata 177

Thuya Sibiriea 176

Thuya tpharoidalit 177

Thuya sjihceroulea 177

Thuya Wareana .^. 176

Thuyop9i8 horealia 178

Thuy^'psia cupratoid£g 178

Thuyoptig TchuffaUkoy 178

Thuyoptis Tch'ujaUkoya 178

Thyiax /raxineum 29

Tiile-land Spruce 206

TUiaaWa 27

Tilia Americana 26

Tilia Amtriearui (Tilia Americana, »«r. pnlteacens) 27

Tilia Americana, var. heterophyUa 27

Tilia Americana, var. pubescens 27

TUia Americana, VAT. Walteri 27

Tilia Canadensis 26

Tilia Caroliniana 27

Tilia glabra 26

TUiaffrala 27

Tilia heterophyUa 27

Tilia heUrophylla, Tar. mtba 27

Tilia lati/olia 26

Tilia lozi/tora (Tilia Americana, var. pnbesoens) 27

TUim laxijlora (Tilia heterophyUa) 27

Tili» negleeta 26

THia nigra 26

Tilim pubeteena 27

Tilia puleseeiu, tut. leptophylla 27

t Tilia gUn&petala 27

Tilia truncata 27

TIUACK.1: 26-28

Titi 38

Tollon 84

To<ithacho Tree (Xanthoxylum Americannm) 29

Toothache Tree (Xantboxylum Clava-HercuUs) 30

Torchwoo<l ., ., 33

Tnrnill.1 62

Torieya Califomica 186

Torreya Myritttica 186

Torroya t.ixifolia , 186

ToxicoUetidron arborescent -. 83

ToxyUm Madura 128

Toyon 84

Trefoil, shmbby 31

Trilopue deniata 85

TrUopua nigra 85

Trilopua parvi/olia 85

TrUtrpua rotundyfolia 85

TriUipue Yirginiana 85

Ttnga Canadensii 206

Page.

Tanga CaroUniaoa 207

Ttuga DougUuii 209

Ttuga LijuUeyana 209

Taufia Mcrtensioua 207

Taug.i Pattouiana 208

Tulipaatrum Americanum 20

Tulipaatrum Americanum, tut. tubcordatum 20

Tulipi/era Liriodendron 22

Tulip Tree 22

Tupelo 92

Tupelo Gum 93

Tupelo, Large 93

Tupelo, Sour 91

Turkey Oak IBl

r.

nimnsalata 124

Ulmtiaalba 123

Ulmus Americana 123

Ulmua Americana (Ulmus racemosa) 123

• Ulmua Americana, var. alata 124

XJlinus Americana, var. alba 123

Ulmua Americana, var. faapera 123

Ulmua Americana, var. Bartramii 123

XTlmua Americana, var. penduio 123

Vlmua Americana, var. rubra 122

Ulmua .imericana, var. aeabra 123

Ulmua aquatica 124

TTlnius crassifolia 122

f Ulmua cri*pa 122

Vlmtia Floridana 123

Ulmus fnlva 122

Ulmua moUifolia 123

/ Ulmua nemoralit 124

Ulmua opaca _ _ 122

Ulmua pendula 123

Ulmua pubeacena 122

Ulmua pumila 124

Ulmus racemosa 123

Ulmua rubra 122

Umbellularia Califomica 120

Umbrella Tree 21

Ungnadia h^taphyUa 44

Ungnadia heterophyUa 44

Ungundiaspeciosa. 44

Upland Willow Oak 153

Uroatigma peduneulatum 127

UBTICACKiE 122-128

Uvaria triloba 23

T.

Yaccinium arborenm 96

YaceiniuTn diffuaum 96

Vaceinium mueronatum 96

Valparaiso Oak 146

Vauqueliriia corymboaa 70

Vanqnelinia Torreyi 70

Veruexace* .' 116,117

Viburnum Leutago 94

Viburnum pninifollum 94

VibumuTn pruni/olium, tot. /errugineum 94

Viburnum pyr^folium 94

VineM.iple 47

Virgilia lutea 57

Tirgilia aecundi/lora 67

W.

W.ifer Ash 31

Waboo (Enonymus atropurpureus) 88

Waboo (Tilia heterophyUa) 28

Wahoo (Ulmus alafa) 124

Wallia cinerea 130

Wallia nigra 131

Walnut 131

Walnut, Black 131

Waluut, White 130

Washingtonia fllifera 217

Washington Thorn 81

INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.

243

Page.

W»t«rA'»li 110

Water Beech (Carpinns Carolmiana) 159

Water Eeecb (Flatanas occidentals) 129

Water Elm 123

Water Hickory 138

Water Locust - 60

Water Maple 60

Water Oak (Qnercns aqaatica) 152

Water Oak (Qaercas p^astris) - 152

Water White Oak 140

Wax Myrtle 136

Weeping Oak 138

Wellingtonia Cali/omica -. 184

Wellijigtonia ffiganUa 184

Western Catalpa 115

West- Indian Birch 33

Weymouth Pine 187

Whistle^ood - . ■ — ... — ■ 46

WhiteAsh 107

White Baeawood .- 28

White Bay 20

White Birch (Betnlaalba, var. popnllfolla) 159

White Birch (Betula papyrifera) 160

White Buttonwood 87

White Cedar (CbamEecyparia Lawsoniana) 179

While Cedar (Chamsec^-paris sphseroidea) 178

White Cedar (Libocedraa decnrrens) 17

White Cedar (Thuya ocoidentalis) , 176

White Cottonwood 175

Whit« Cypress 184

White Elm (TJlmus Americana) 123

White Elm (ITlmns racemosa) 123

White Fir (Abies concolor) 213

White Fir (Abies grandis) 212

White Ironwood 45

White Laurel 20

White Mangrove .....7 87

White Maple 49

White Oak (Qnercns alba) 137

White Oak (Quercns Garryana) 138

White Oak (Qnercns grisea) 144

White Oak (Qnercns lobata) 138

White Oak (CJuercns oblongifolia) 144

WhiteOak, Mountain 143

White Oak, Swamp 141

WhiteOak, Water 140

White Pine (Finns flexilis) 188

White Pine (Finns glabra) 201

White Pine fPinns raonticola) 187

White Pine (Finns refleia) 189

White Pine (Finns Strobns) 187

White Sprnce (Ficea alba) 204

White Spruce (Picea Engelmanni) 205

White Spruce (Picea pungens) 205

White Stopper 89

White Thorn 78

White Walnut 130

White-heart Hickory 134

Whitcwood (Canella alba) 24

Wbitewood (Drypetes crocea) 121

Whitewood (Liriodendron Tnllpifera) 22

Wild Black Cherry 68

' Wild Cherry (Prtinns Capuli) 69

Wild Cherry (Frunns demissa) 69

Wild China u

Wild Cinnamon . . .... 24

Wild Dilly 103

Wild Fig 127

Wild Lime (Xanthoxylum Pterota) 31

Wild Lime (Xinienia Americana) 34

Wild Orange (Pmnus Caroliniana) 70

Wild Orange (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlla) 30

Wild IVach 70

Wild Plum 65

Wild Rtd Cherry 66

Wm Tamarind 64

Willow (Salii amygdaloides) • 166

Willow (Salii liovigata) 167

Willow (Salix lasiandra) 187

WiUow (Salix lasioiepis) 171

Willow, Black ( Salix flavesoens, var. Sconlerlana) 170

Willow, Black (Salix nigra) 168

Willow, Desert 118

Willow, Diamond 170

Willow, Glancons 169

WiUowOak 154

WiUow Oak, TTpland 153

WiUow, Sandbar 108

WiUow, SUky 171

Winged Elm 124

Wintera Canella 24

Witch Hazel 85

X.

Xanthoxylum Americanum 29

Xanthoxlyum aromaticum 30

Xanthoxylum Caribaeum 80

Xanthoxylum Carolinianum 30

Xanthoxylum Catesbianum, 30

Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis 30

Xanthoxylum Clava-EerculU (Xanthoxylum Americannm) 29

Xanthoxylum Clava-HeraUis (Xanthoxylum Caribsenm) 30

Xanthoxylum Olava-Merculia, var 30

Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. fruticosnm SO

Xanthoxylum Floridanum, 30

Xanthoxylum fraxineum 29

Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium (Xanthoxylum Americanxrai) 29

Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium (Xanthoxylum Clava-HercnllB) 30

Xanthoxylum hirsutum 30

Xanthoxyhtm lanceolaium 30

Xanthoxylum macrophyllum 30

Xanthoxylum mite 29

Xanthoxylum Pterota 31

Xanthoxylum ramiflorum 29

Xan«Aoxj/!«m (ricarpum (Xanthoxylum Americannm) 29

Xanthoxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylum Clava-Heronlla) 30

Ximenia Americana - 34

Ximenia montana 34

Ximenia multijlora 34

Yanpon 36

Yellow Ash 67

Yellow-bark Oak 149

Yellow Birch 161

Yellow Cypress 178

Yellow Fir 209

Yellow Haw 83

Yellow Locust 66

Yellow Oak (Querent prinoides) 143

Yellow Oak (Qnercns tinctoria) - 149

Yellow Pine (Pinus Arizonica) 192

Yellow Pino (Finns mitis) 200

Yellow Pine (Pinus palustris) 202

Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193

Yellow Poplar 22

Yellowwood (Cladrastis tmctoria) 57

Yellowwood (Schsefferia frutescens) 39

Yew (Taxus brevifolia) 185

Yew (Taxus Floridana) 188

Yopon — 36

Tucea angustifolia, var. elata 219

Yucca angustifolia, var. radioga 219

Yucca baccata 210

Yucca brevifolia 218

Yucca canaliculata 218

Yucca Draconis, ? var. arborescens 218

Yucca elata 219

Yucca Jilamentosa f .• 219

Yucca Treculiana 218

Z.

Zizyphus Dominigen^s 41

ZizyphuB cmarginatus 39

ZYOOPIIYLLACE.ffi 28,29

.^

I

PART II

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

245

i

^

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

A critical examination of the wood produced by the indigenous trees of North America, exclusive of Mexico,
has been matle in connection with the investigation of the forest wealth of the United States.

Mr. S. P. Sharpies, special agent in charge of this department of the investigation, has had general direction
of such experiments, and suggested the methods adopted for their execution.

The object of this examination has been to determine, first, the fuel value of the woods of the United States ;
Becond, the value as material for construction of the wood of the principal timber trees of the country. The
results thus obtained are highly suggestive; they must not, however, be considered conclusive, but rather valuable
as indicating what lines of research should be followed in a more thorough study of this subject.

The fuel value has been obtained by a determination of the specific gravity and the ash of the absolutely dry
wood, supplemented by a determination of the actual chemical composition of the wood of some of the most
important trees ; the value of our woods for construction has been obtained by experiments made with the United
States testing-machine at the Watertown arsenal. Each specimen as received was at once numbered, and this
number, designated in the following tables as "OflBce number", was carefully repeated on every fragment cut from
the original tree, and always refers to the same specimen. In a few cases in the early part of the work a
sub-number was used to designate a specimen from another tree of the same species received from the same
collector. In most cases the specimens were taken from the butt-cut of the tree, and unless it is otherwise
mentioned in the remarks, were free from sap and knots; they may be regarded as representing the best wood
that could be obtained from the tree.

The specimens used in the different series of experiments are deposited in the National Museum at Washington
and in the museum of the Arboretum of Harvard College. It was found necessary, in order to secure proper
material upon which to carry out the various experiments, to obtain a much larger amount of wood of the different
species than was actually consumed in the experiments. This surplus material has been worked into 12,961
museum specimens, of convenient size, showing as far as possible the bark, sap-, and heart-wood of each species.
These have been made into sixty sets, more or less complete, and distributed to the following educational
institutions in the United States and Europe:

Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts.

United States Military Academy, West Point, New York.

Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland.

SheflBeld Scientific School, New Haven, Connecticut.

School of Mines, Columbia College, New York, New York.

National School of Forestry, Nancy, France.

Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Agricultural Museum, Rome, Italy.

Brown University, Providence, Ehode Island.

Itensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.

Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa.

Administration of National Forests, Lisbon, Portugal.

National Forest Administration, Paris, France.

McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, New South Wales.

State Agricultural College, Lansing, Michigan.

247

248 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Massacbusetts.

Arkansas Industrial University, Fayettevillc, Arkansas.

Imperial Botanic Gardens, St. Petersburg, Russia.

American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, New York.

Portland Society of Natural History, Portland, Maine.

New Jersey Agricultural Oollege, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

State Agricultural College, Burlington, Vermont.

State Agricultural College, College Station, Maryland.

Union College Engineering Scbool, Schenectady, New York.

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

Hampton Agricultural and Normal Institute, Hampton, Virginia.

Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania.

Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Agricultural College of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

State Agricultural and Mechanical College, Auburn, Alabama.

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

North Carolina Agricultural College, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.

State Agricultural College, Orono, Maine.

Georgia Agricultural College, Athens, Georgia.

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts.

Tennessee Agricultural College, Knoxville, Tennessee.

New Hampshire College of Agriculture, Hanover, New Hampsh ire.

Illinois Industrial University, Champaign, Illinois.

State Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon.

State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kansas.

Agricultural College of Mississippi, Starkville, Mississippi.

Kentucky Agricultural College, Lexington, Kentucky.

Claflin University, Orangeville, South Carolina.

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Botanic Garden, Konigsberg, Germany.

Engineer's ofiBce, Water-works, Boston, Massachusetts.

Franklin Society, Providence, Ehode Island.

Madison University, Hamilton, New York.

Eochester University, Rochester, New York.

Colby Academy, New London, New Hampshire.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ASH.

The specific gravity and the ash of every tree of the United States have been determined (Table I) by M i .
Sharpies, with the exception of the following : Glusia flava, once detected upon the keys of southern Florida but
not rediscovered ; Qordonia pubescens, a rare and local species discovered in the last century upon the banks ol the
Altamaha river of Georgia and never rediscovered; Pisiacia Meximna and Acacia Berlandieri, economically
unimportant species of the valley of the lower Eio Grande; Cratccgus berberifolia, a little known species of the
Eed Eiver valley; Cupressus Macnabiana, a rare and local species of California of little economic importance, and
Larix LyaUii, a rare and local species of the northern Eocky mountains.

At least two determinations of specific gravity have been made for each species studied, and, in the lase of
woods of commercial importance, specimens were taken from many trees growing in widely difierent parts of the
country, and under difi'crent conditiolis of soil and climate.

The specimens used for specific gravity determinations were made 100 millimeters long and about 35 millkmeters
square, and were dried at 100° centigrade until they ceased to lose weight. The specific gravity was then obtained
by measurement with micrometer calipers and calculation from the weights of the blocks.

Two determinations of ash were made from each specimen studied by burning small, dried blocks in a muffle
furnace at a low temperature.

An average of the specific gravity and of the ash of all the specimens taken from the same tree was made, and
the average of these averages is given as the final result for the species ; equal weight is thus given to each tree in
the calculations without regard to the number of specimens r^resenting it.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

249

In the folio wiDg table the trees of the United States are arranged in the order of the weight of the dry wood:

43
44

140

20

114

147

21

220

183

115

42

80

30

162

176

26t

141

12

83

213

113

214

56

2(6

2C7

2«5

148

263

97

116

144

175

219

136

177

IGO

269

95

219

32

146

211

57

272

101

40

24

112

143

145

262

75

81

210

111

127

261

173

98

84

268

185

255

242

55

254

172

Species.

CoDdalia ferrea

Condalia obovata

Khizophora MaDgle

Guaiacum sanctum

Vauqaelinia Torreyi

Engenia longipes

Porliera an^atifolia

Scbaatiania lacida

M imusops Siebori

Cercocarpns ledifolins

Reynosia latifolia

011163 a Teaota

Amyria sylvatica

Genipa clusiicfolia

Slderoxylon Maatichodcndron

Qucrcas giiaea

Conocarpiia erecta

Canella alba

Sophora aecundiflora

Coccoluba Floridana

I'runus ilicifxlia

Coccoloba uvifera

H}T>clate paaicnlata

QacTCcs BaraDdii

Qut-rcus virens

Qucrcas reticulata

EugcDia procera

Qucrcus obloDgifolia

Acacia Wrigbtii

Cercocarpns parvifolius

Eugeuia buxifulia

Chry aoph,> Hum olivif orme

Drypetea crocea. ror. latifolia

Heteromelea arbiitifolia

Dipbolia aalicifolia

Exostenima Caribxum

Quercus Emoryi

Lcucx*na glauca

Drypetea crocea

Ximcnia Americana

Eugenia mnnticola

ATiccnnianitlda

Hypclutetrifoliata

Quercua rubra, car. Tcxana

Pilbccolobium nnguis-cati

Myginda pallcna

Xantboxylam Caribseiuii

ri-uuus spbsrocarpn

Calyplranlhca Cltytraculia

Eugrnia dichotoma

Quercus Douglasii

EyacDbardtla orlbocarpa

Pi8c;di:i try tiiiiua ,

Citharci^lum vllloanm

I*rnnns Caroliniana

Crataegus coccinea

Quercus prinoides

Ardisia Vickeringia

Acacia Greggli

Rophora sflinia

Quercus chrysolepis ,

Dioapyms Tcxana

Qmicus uodulata, tar. Gambelii.

Carya alba

Sapitidua Saponarla

Quercus obtuailoba

Myrsiue llapanea —

1.3020
1. 1999
1. 1617
1. 1432
1. 1374
1. 1235
1. 1101
1.0905
1. 0838
1. 0731
1.0715
1.0602
1.0459
1. 0316
1. 0109
1. 0092
0.9900
0. 9893
0.9842
0. 9835
0.^803
0.9635
0.9533
0.9597
0.9501
0. 9479
0.9453
0.9441
0.9392
0.93W
0.9360
0.9360
0.9346
0. 9326
0. 9316
0. 9310
0.9263
0. 9235
0. 9209
0.9196
0.9156
0. 9138
0. 9102
0.9080
0.9049
0.9048
0.9002
0. 8998
0. 8992
0. 8983
0. 8928
0. 8740
0. 8734
0. 8710
0.8688
0. 8618
0.8605
0. 8602
0. 8550
0. 8309
0.8493
0.8460
0.8407
0. C372
0. 8367
0. 8367
0.8341

Species.

Gnettarda elliptlca

Viburnum pninifulium

Ptelia trifoliata.

Pyrus rivularis

Quercus lyrjita

Ostrya Virginica

Quercus agi-ifolia

Carya tomentoaa

Carya porcina

Colubrina reclinata

Prunus umbellata

Cornna florida

Sapindua marginatus

Oamanthua Americanos

Carya sulcata

Kobinia yiscoaa

Bourreria Havanenaia

Quercua Michauxii

Robinia Keo-Mexicana

Carya myriaticasformis

Quercua bypoleuca

Bumelia cuneata

Cratjegua aubvillosa

Finns serotina

Hhns Metopium

Diospyros Virginiana

Frsxinus Greggii

Prunus Capnli

Quercua Wislizeni

Amelancbier Canadensis

Cratcegna dava

ScbjeflFeria frutescens

Madura anrantiaca

Morua raicrophylla

Cbryaobalanua loaco

Crataegus rivularis

Nectandra WilldonoTiana

Cratiegua flava, var. pubeacens

Quercus laurifolia

Quercus bicolor

Prosopis juliflora

Fiaxinua Americana, var. Texenaia

Cratspgua tomentoaa

Bctula lenta

Vaccininm arboreom

Proaopia pubescens

Carya amara

Quercus imbricaria

Cercia reniformia

Pinna Cubensis

Arbntua Texana

Andromeda ferruginea

Quercua Prinus

Ulmua alata

Coraus Nuttallii

Quercus Phellos

Quercua alba

Bumelia lycioides

Oxydendrura arboreum

Crataigus npiifolia

Quercua Garryana

Quercus macrocarpa

Parkinaonia micropbylla

Xautboxylum Ptorota

Ilex decidua

Quercus lobata

Carya aquaiica

8337
8332
8319
8316
6313
8284
8253
8218
8217
8208
8202
8153
6126
8111
8108
8094
6073
8039
8034
8016
8009
7959
7953
7942
7917
7908
7904
7879
7855
7838
7809
7745
7736
7715
7709
7703
7693
7683
7673
7C02
7652
7630
7633
7017
7010
7609
7552
7529
7513
7504
7600
7500
7499
7491
74S1
7472
7470
7467
7438
7453
7449
7453
7433
7444
7420
7409
7407

402
273

87

77
276
158
278
178
130
228
293

31
228

35
225
222
280
103
126
196
241
407
170
132

16
142
338
194
202
167
166
117
274
380

11
223
110
123
174
279

85
277

64

64
338

63
118

27
104
291
138
282
287
191
124
203

37
397

86

90
250
150
409

61
180
100

39

Larix occidentalis

Quercua coccinea

Gleditscbia monoaperma

Kobinia Paendacacia

Quercus nigi-a

Vibnmuni Lcntago

Quercua Cateabei

Bumelia tenax

Cratajgua cordata

Celtia occidentalis

Carpiuus Caroliniana

Swietenla Mabogoni

Celtia occidentalia, var. reticulata.. -

Ilex Casaine

nimus raoemosa

Ulmus crasaifolia

Quercua aquatica

Prunus Americana

Crat«gu8 Cnia-galli

I'raxinua quadraugulata

Carya olivlfcformia

Tbrinax argentea

Kalmia latifolia

Crataegus spatbulata

Fremontia Californica

Laguncularia racemoaa

Juniperua occidentalia, t'ar.monosperma

Fraxinus viridia

Cordia Sebestena

Arbntua Xalapenais .1

Arbutus Monzicsii

Pyrus coronaria

Quercus tinctoria

Pinua palnstris

Capparia Jamaicensis

Ulmua f ulva

Prunus demisaa

Crat£egua Douglasil

•Jacquinia armillaiia

Quercua paluatria

Gy mnocladna Canadensis

Quercus falcata

Acer saccbarinum, var. nigrum

Acer saccbarinum

Juniperna occidentalis, tJar. coiyugens

Acer graBdidentatum

Py rua anguatifolia

Canotia bolocantha

Prunus anguatifolia

Fagus ferruginea

Hamamelis Virginica

Quercua heterophylla

Quercns densillora

Fniximia piala* iaifolia

Crataagns bracbyacautha

Cordia Boisaieri

Cyrilla racemiflura

Ablea bracteata

Gleditscbia triacantbos

Leucaeua pulverulenta

Myrica Californica

Cornua altemifolia

Yucca canaliculata

Acer circinatum

Bumelia apinoaa

Fraxinus anoniala

Euonymus atropurpureua

.a

0.7407
0. 7405
0.7342
0. 7333
0. 7324
0. 7303
0.7294
0. 7293
0 7293
0. 7287
0. 7286
0.7282
0. 7275
0. 7270
0. 7263
0. 7245
0.7244
0. 7215
0. 7194
0.7184
0.7180
0. 7172
0. 7160
0. 7159
0. 7142
0. 7137
0. 7118
0. 7117
0. 7108
0.7099
0. 7052
0. 7048
0.7045
0. 6999
0. 6971
0.6056
0. 6951
0. 6950
0.6948
0. 0038
0. 6934
0. 6928
0. G915
0. 6912
0. 6907
0. 6902
0.6895
0. 6885
0.6884.
0.6883
0.6856
0.6834
0.0827
0. 6610
0. 0793
0. 6790
0.6784
0.0783
0. 6740
0. 6732
0. 6703
0. 6096
0. 6077
0. 6060
0. 01)03
0. 6597
0. 6592

250

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Specie!.

184

240
2t7
179
192
273

88
812
218
854
224
125
205
275
215

69
283
lOO
230
215
343
355
200

91

1

154

199

344

53
209
198
171
336

82
332
193

90
239
377
315
408
296

62

46
406

23

295
121
139
208
23.'

19
289

34
837
108

33
864
IM
221

294
48
197

CnUegus Kstlvali*

Jaglaos mpeetria

Brtola lutea

Bumclia lanngiDoaa

Fraxinaa Americana

Qncrcaa rubra

ParkiDSonia TotTcyana

Pigoola oblusata

Umbellnlaria Califomica

Pinus cembroides

Ulraus Americana

CmtiBgua arboreacena

Ebretia elliptica

Qnerios Kelloggii

Persca Carolinensis

Rhus cot ilioides

Quf reus cincrea

LvBiloma latisiliqna

Ficu8 brevifoUa

Peraea CaroltiieuaiR, var. palaaizia

Tamils brevifolia

Pinus ednlia

Cbionantbns Virginica

Cercis Cauadeuaia

Magnolia grandiflora

Nyssa sylvatica

Forest iera acuminata

Taxus I'loridana

Ungnadia apocioaa

Cresceutia cncurbitina

Fraxinus aambucifolia

Khodmlendron maximum

Juuiperus Californica

Cladrastis tinctoria

Cupn-8su8 niacrocarpa

Fraxinus pubeacona

Clil'tonia ligustrina

Larix Americana

Acer rni)rum

Partciiisonia acnleata

Juglans nigra.

Pinus mitis

Salix coidata, var. vestita

Oreodoxa regia

Botula occidentiiiis

Acer glabrum

Kbamuus Californica

Tlirinai parviflora

Xanthoxylum Clava-Heroulia, var. fru-

tiCOSUDl.

Betnia papyrifera

Pyriis samlmcifolia

Liquidnmimr Styraciflua

Cbilopsis maligna

Moras rubra

Byrsouima lucida

Caatanca puniila

Ilex Dahoon , var. myrtifolia

JunipeniH pacbyphlcea

Pruuua surotina

Ilex opaca

Pinna contorta

Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandleriana . .

Hippomanc Maucin**lla

Junipcrus occidcntalis

Betula niirra

lift ula alba, var. populifolia

Ceauothus th} rsidorus

Fraxinus Orcgana

|!

1

«

1
187

0.6564

0.6554

235

0.6353

353

0.6544

1 47

0.6543

356

0.6540

22

0.6531

249

0.6529

188

0.6517

316

0.6512

374

0.6506

288

0.6491

357

0.6440

78

0.6435

336

0.6429

45

0.6425

66

0.6420

363

0.6418

120

0.6398

370

0. 6380

357

0.6.391

313

0.6388

161

0.6372

314

0.6363

310

0. 63C0

69

0.6336

186

0.6345

5

0.6340

373

0.6332

58

0.6319

227

0.6318

71

0.0303

65

0.0282

362

0.6278

155

0.6261

71 1

0.6231

389

0. 6249

405

0.6236

391

0. 6178

371

0. 6116

345

0. 6115

156

0.6104

317

0. 6009

23

0.6034

10

0.6030

217

0.6028

360

0.6000

2

0.5991

105

0.5967

7

300

0.5955

52

0.5928

313

0.5909

376

0.5902

375

0. 5898

310

0.5888

339

0.5887

325

0.5873

60

0.6829

230

0.5822

S30

0. 5818

352

0.5815

308

0. 5780 ,

368

0.5772

333

0.5765

360

0. 5762

C8

0. 5760

301

0.5750

34

0. 5731

330

Species.

Halesia dlptera

Platflniin oocUlentalifl

PiniiB Parryana.

Khanmnn Pursbiana

Piuu8 rooDophylla

Xanthoxylum Americanam

Myrica cerifera

Halesia tetraptera

Salix lasiolcpU

Finns clansa

Caatinopsis chrysophylla

PinuB Balfouriana, car. anstata

Daloa npinosa

Juuiperus Californica, var. TTtahensis

Ehiunnus Caroliniana

Acer lubruin, rar. Brnmniondii

Piuus Chibnahuaua

Pyrus Americana

Piuus Tteda

Piuna lialfouriana

Salix flavescens, r>ar. Scouleriana

Pinekney a pnbons

Salix Hookeriana

Salix longifolia, var. exigna

Acer spicatum ,

Symplocoa tinctoria

Hagnolia macrophylla

Pious inops

Acer Pcnnsylvanicnm

Flanera aqnatica

Khna copallina

Acer dartycarpnm

Piuua Jeffrpyi ,

Nyaaa uniflora

Kbus copalliua, t^ar. lanceolata

Tsupa Mertensiana

Wasbingtonia filifera

Paeudoteuga Doaglaaii

Pinus n;:ida

Ton eya taxifolia

Sambacns glanea

Salix Sitcbeuais

Xanthoxylum ClaTa-HercuUs

Anoua laurifolia

Sassafras officinale . .

Pinus Arizonica

Magnolia glauca ,

Prunus Pcnnaylvanica

^Magnolia Fraseri

Alnns niaritima

JEscnIus Califomica ,

Salix flavesccns ,

Pinus muricata

Pinus pungena ,

Salix lon;:ifolia ,

Juuiperus Virginiana

Populua Freninntii ,

Acer macrophylhini

Plat^nus raccmosa

Piuus Torreyana

Pinna rcflcxa

Salix laevigata

Pinus resinosa

Cupressus G uadalnpcnais

Piuus Sabiuian:i

Ne^uiirln Catifomicnm ,

Alnim rubra

Jlex l)aho<m

Clianiaryparis Kntkacnsis ,

1

i

«

'3

0. 5705

379

0.5678

346

0.5675

309

0. 5672

231

0.5658

237

0.5654

14

0.5637

361

0.5628

400

0.5587

3

0.5576

333

0..5574

304

0. 5572

319

0. 5336

1 325

0.5522

331

0.5462

157

0.5459

153

0.5457

305

0.5451

309

0. 5441

382

0.5434

368

0.5412

391

0. 5330

0. 5330

399

0. 5342

309

0.5330

340

0. 5325

1 50

0. 5309

17

0.5309

290

0.5299

107

0.6294

: 307

0. 6273

6

0. 5269

206

0. 6200

411

0.6194

306

0.6184

390

0.5182

1 404

0. 5173

! 311

0.5167

72

0.5151

360

0. 5145

70

0.5087

67

0.5072

386

0.5056

388

0.5053

61

0. 3042

312

0.5038

18

0.6036

387

0.6023

8

0. .3003

398

0.4996

342

0.4980

207

0. 4969

351

0.4942

321

0.4935

4

0.4930

28

0.4926

367

0. 4914

302

0.4909

365

0.4880

320

0. 4879

238

0.4877

17

0.4872

383

0. 4854

318

0.4843

326

0.4810

303

0.4821

9

0.4813

378

0.4806

322

0. 1782

!I48

Specie

^1

3*

Pinns Ban1cslaT.a

Torreya Califomica

Salix laaiandra

Ficus pedunculata

Platanus Wrightil

G ordonia Lasianthns

Pinus ponderosa

Abies magnifica

Magnolia acuminata

Cupressus Goveniana

A Inns Htirrulata

Popnlus grandidentata

Populns Fremontii. var. Wislisenli . . .

Chameeeyparis Lawsoniana

SambucuH Mexioana

Ny ssa cipitata

Alnus incana

Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana

Picea nigra

Pinus insignia

Pseudotsuga Donglasiii var. macro-
carpa.

Abies nobilia

Salix lasiandra, var. lancifoUa

Taxodium disticliuni

.£scnlus glabra

Tilia Americana

Castanea vulgaris, var. Amerioana

Prunus cmarginata

Salix amygdaloides

Magnolia Umbrella

Catalpa bignonioides

Tuccaelata

Salixnigra

Tsnga Pattoniana

Sabal Palmetto

Salix sessilifolia

Kbus venenata

Pinna flexilia

Rhus ty pbina

Negundo aceroides

Picea Sit<;hen8is

Tanga Caroliniana

^scnlusflava

I .Salix discolor

I Tilia heteropliylla

! Tsuga Canadensis

I Liriodendron TuUpifera

I Abies amabilis

Sequoia senipervirens

Catalpa speciosa

Pinus albicaulia

Populusbalsamifera, eor. candicana ..

Magnolia cordata

Simaruba glaaca

Pinua Coulteri

Alnus rlKimbifolia

Pinus Murrayana

Populus beterophylla

Juglana cinerea

Tilia Americana, var. pubeacens

Picea alba

Populns tremuloides

Libocedrus decurrens -

Ahms obloiigifolia —

Aaimina triloba

Pinns ulabra

Populns iinguatifolia

Pinus monticola

0. 4781
0.4700
0.4758
0.4739
0.4736
0.4728
0.4715
0.4701
0.4600
0.4689
0.4666
0.4632
0. 4621
0.4621
0.4614
0.4613
0.4607
0.4598
0.4684
0.4574
0.4563

0.4561
0.45»7
0.4543
0.4542
0.4525
0.4504
0. 4502
0. 4502
0.4487
0.4474
0.4470
0.4456
0.4454
0.4404
0.4397
0.4382
0.4358
a 4357
0.4328
0.4287
0.4275
0.4274
0.4261
0. 4233
0. 4239
0.4230
0.4228
0. 4208
0.4165
0.4165
0. 4101
0. 4139
a 4136
0. 4133
0.4127
0.4096
0. 40P9
0. 40H8
0. 4074
0. 40.31
0. 4032
0.4017
0.3981
0. 3n69
0. 3931
0.31112
0.30U8

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

251

Species.

324 I Popnlus monilifera ..

347 j Pinna Strobns

393 ; Abies balaamea......

323 j Popalus trichocarpa .

328 Thuya gigantea

385 : Plcea pnngens

410 i Yucca brevifolia

349 \ Pinus Lambertiana . . .

0!8

0.3888
0.3854
0. 3819
0. 3814
0.3796
0.3740
0. 3737
0.3684

321
392
395
195
369-
394
384

Species.

Abies concolor

Popnlus balsamifera

Abies Fraseri

Abies ffrandis

Fraxiuus platyoarpa
Pinus tuborculata . .

Abies subalpina

Picea Engelmanni . .

el
■I 6

0. 3638
0. 3635
0.3565
0.3545
0. 3541
0. 3499
0. 3476
0. 3449

Speciea.

Cbamsecyparis sphsroidea.

Cereus giganteus

Thnya occidentalis

Bursera gummif era ,

Sequoia gigantea

Yucca baccata

Ficusaurea

0.3322
0.3188
0.3164
0.3003
0.2883
0.2724
0. 2616

It will be noticed that all species in which the wood is heavier than water belong to the semi-tropical region
of Florida or to the arid Mexican and interior Pacific regions. There seems to be a certain, but by no means constant
relation, as shown in this table, between aridity of climate and the weight of the wood produced by closely allied
species or by individuals of the same species. The wood of the form of Quercus rubra peculiar to western Texas is
nearly 39 per cent, heavier than the average of all the specimens of the typical speci es grown in the northern
states. Among the white oaks the wood of species belonging to regions of little rainfall, Quercus grisea, oblongifolia,
Durandii, and Douglasii, is heavier than that of allied species peculiar to regions more favorable for the growth of
trees. The average of two specimens of Quercus prinoides grown in western Texas is 19 per cent, heavier than
the average of all the other specimens of this species grown in other parts of the country. In Fraxinus, the wood
of F. Oreggii of the Eio Grande valley is heavier than that of any other species ; it only just surpasses in weight,
however, the wood of the western Texas form of F. Americana, which is 20 per cent, heavier than the average of
all specimens of the typical species grown north of Texas. On the other hand, th e wood of Texas forms of Fraxinus
viridis is constantly lighter than that of northern specimens, and the wood of Geltis grown in Arizona is lighter
than that of the average of all the other specimens of this species. In Juglans, the heavie st wood is that of J. rupestris,
a species belonging to a region of little rainfall, and a specimen of J. nigra from western Texas is 33 per cent,
heavier than the average of all specimens grown in the Mississippi basin. In the case of Platanus, the heaviest
wood is that of the Atlantic species, but wood of the species peculiar to the comparatively moist climate of
southwestern Arizona is, however, considerably lighter than that of the drier climate of southern California.

FUEL VALUE.

The relative fuel values are obtained by deducting the percentage of ash from the specific gravity, and are
based on the hypothesis that the real value of the combustible material in all woods is the same.

A number of analyses was also made of the wood of several of the principal trees of the United States (Table
11) and their absolute fuel value calculated. Mr. Sharpies describes the methods adopted by him to obtain these
results, as follows :

The carbon and hydrogen determinations were made by the ordinary processes of organic analysis, by burning the wood in a current
of oxygen. The moisture was determined by drying the wood at 100° centigrade until its weight became sensibly constant. The
calculations were then made on the dry wood. The results contain a slight constant error, arising from the fact that the nitrogen in the
wood wa.s not determined. This error is, however, vtTy slight, the nitrogen, which is included in the percentajge of oxygen, rarely
amounting, in any wood, to one per cent. The column headed " Hydrogen combined with oxygen ", is found by dividing the amount in
the column headed " Oxygen" by eight, and represents the hydrogen that may be considered as already combined with oxygen in the form
of water, and is therefore useless for fuel. The fuel value per kilogram is found by multiplying the percentage of carbon by 8,080, and
that of excess of hydrogen by 34,462 (these being the values obtained by Favre and Silberman), adding these together and deducting from
the sum the product of the total hydrogen multiplied by 4,833, wnich represents the heat required to evaporate the water produced by
burning the hydrogen. The constants used above represent the number of kilograms of water raised one degree centigrade, by burning
one kilogram of carbon or hydrogen. The fuel value per cubic decimeter is found by multiplying the value per kilogram by the speciHo
gravity. It need hardly be said that this fuel value is rarely attained in practice, and that it is never utilized. There are too many
sources of loss; the calcnlation supposes that the combustion is perfect, that no smoke is given oflf, and that the heat of the products of
combustion, with the exception of that neeessary to convert the water into vapor, is all utilized.

It appears from Mr. Sharpies' experiments that resinous woods give upward of 12 per cent, more heat from
equal weights burned than non-resinous woods; the heat produced by burning a kilogram of dry non-resinous
wood being about 4,000 units, while the heat produced by burning a kilogram of dry resinous wood is about 4,500
units, a unit being the quantity of heat required to raise 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade.

Count Rumford first propounded the theory that the value of equal weights of wood for fuel was the same
without reference to si)ecific distinctions; that is, that a i)ouud of wood, whatever the variety, would always
produce the same amount of heat (Count Rumford's Worlcs, Boston, 1873, vol. ii). Marcus Bull, experimenting
in 182G upon the fuel viilue of different woods (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, new ser., iii, 1), found a variation of only 11
per cent, between the different species tested. Eumford's theory must be regarded as nearly correct, if woods are

252 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

separated into resiuons and uon-resiuous classes. Tbe specific gravity gives a direct means of comparing heat
values of equal volumes of wood of different resinous and nou resinous species. In burning wood, however, various
circumstances affect its value; few fire-places are constructed to fully utilize the fuel value of resinous wood, and
carbon escapes unconsumed in the form of smoke. Pine, therefore, which, although capable of yielding more heat
than oak or hickory, may in i)raetice yield considerably less, the pine losing both carbon and hydrogen in the form
of smoke, while hickory or oak, burning with a smokeless flame, is practically entirely consumed. The ash in a
wood, being non-combustible, influences its fuel value in proportion to its amount. The state of dryness of wood
also has much influence uixm its fuel value, though to a less degree than is generally supposed. The water in
green wood prevents its rapid combustion, evaporation reducing the tcmperiiture below the point of ignitioD,
Green wood may often contain as much as 50 per cent, of water, and this water must evaporate during combustion ;
but as half a kilogram of ordinary wood will give 2,000 units of heat, while half a kilogram of water requires only
268.5 units to evaporate it, 1731.5 units remain available for generating heat in wood containing even a maximum
amount of water. In cases where tlie i>ressure was perpendicular to the grain of the wood it was applied on the
side of the specimen nearest to the henrt of the tree.

A factor in the general value of wood as fuel is the ease with which it can be seasoned ; beech, for example, a
very dense wood of high fuel value when dried, is generally considered of little value as fuel, on account of the
rapidity with which it decays when cut and the consequent loss of carbon by decomposition.

THE STRENGTH OF WOOD.

The specimens tested for the purpose of determining the strength of the wood produced by the different trees
of the United States were cut, with few exceptions, before Msych, 1881, and were slowly and carefully seasoned.

Those used in determining the resistance to transverse strain were made 4 centimeters square and long enough
to give the necessary bearing upon the supports. These were shod with flat iron plates, slightly rounded on the
edges and were set exactly 1 meter apart; they remained perfectly rigid under the pressure applied. Each specimen
was weighed, measured, and its specific gravity calculated before it was tested. The result thus obtained represents
the specific gravity of the air-dried wood.

To eliminate the action of their weight the specimens were placed upright, and hydraulic pressure was applied
by means of an iron rod 12 millimeters in radius, acting midway between the supports, the deflections being read
at this point.

The direction of the grain of the wood is shown by diagrams in the table (Table III), the pressure acting upon
it horizontally from the left.

The pressure was applied slowly and uniformly, a reading of tbe deflections being taken for every 50 kilograms.

When a load of 200 kilograms had been applied it was removed and the set read. Pressure was again applied in

the same way, and the readings of deflections were resumed when 200 kilograms was again reached.

P P
The formula used in calculating the coefficient of elasticity was E = . . ,3 ; I, b, d, being taken in millimeters;

3 P J
that of the modulus of rupture, ^=~2~h~^) h ^j '^ being in centimeters, P, in both formulas, in kilograms.

A few experiments were also made in the same manner, for purposes of comparison, to determine the transverse
strength of specimens 1 meter long between the bearings and 8 centimeters square (Table IV).

The specimens tested by longitudinal compression were 4 centimeters square and 32 centimeters (8 diameters)
long. They were jjlaced between the platforms of the machine, and pressure was gradually applied until they
foiled. The figures given represent the number of kilograms required to cause failure.

The specimens tested under pressure applied perpendicularly to the fibers were 4 centimeters square and 16
centimeters long. They were placed upon the platform of the machine and indented with an iron punch 4
centimeters square on its face, covering the entire width of the specimen and one-quarter of its length at the "

center. In this series of experiments the direction of the annual rings was noted, horizontal pressure being also
ai)plied from the left. Readings were taken of the pressure necessary to produce each successive indentation of
0.254 up to 2.54 millimeters, and in the case of specimens which did not fail with this pressure a further test was
made of the weight required to produce indentations of 3.81 and 5.08. The remarks (Table V) upon the behavior
of the wood of the different species under compression were furnished by Mr. James E. Howard, in charge of the
testing machine.

COMPARATIVE VALUES.

In tbe following table the number standing opposite each species represents its relative value in the column in
which it appears.

This table is purely an arbitrary one, since the introduction of one or more species would of course change the
value of all species standing lower in value, or results based on an examination of a larger number of specimens
of any species may change the relative numbers in regard to it very considerably. In other words, any twenty or
thirty si)ecies bearing consecutive numbers may change places with each other. This arises partly from the want S

of uniformity of the wood of any species, and partly from the fact that where so many determinations fall between f

comparatively narrow limits the mere order of sequence must be largely accidental. f

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

253

TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES.

20

80

33
34

38

42
43
45
47

50
62
54
CO
CI
M
04
65
M
67

Species.

^

MAGNOLIACE^.

Magnolia grandifiora

Magnolia |!laiica

Magnolia acnminata

Magnolia cordata

Magnolia macrophylla

Magnolia Umbrella

Magnolia Fraseii

Liriodendrou Tulipifera

AKOXACEa:.

Asiinina triloba

Anona laorifolia

CANELLACE^:.

Canellaalba

TEENSTECEMIACKS!.

Gordonia Laaiantbus

TII,IACE.E.

Tilia Americana

Tllia Americana, tar. pnbescens ..
Tilia heteropb^lia

MALPIGHIACE.S:.
Byraonima lucida

ZTGOPHTLLACE.«.

Guaiacom i<anctnm

KUTACEiE.

Xanthoiylnm Clava-Hereulls

Xanthoxjluni Caribsenm

8IMAEUBE.B.

Simamba glauca

BUESEEACEiE.

Barsera gnmmifera

Aroyria flylvatica

MELIACE£.
Swietenia Maliof;oni

ILICINE.!;.

Hex opaca

Ilex Daboon

CYKILLACE^.
Cliftonia lignatrina ,

EHAMNACE*.

Ecynosia latifolia ,

Cotiilalia f*?rrea

J^hHniiin.f Caroliniana

niiamniis Pnrabtana

SAPiirDACE.a:.

Ji^smUiil f^labra

^HCQlimCaliloniiea

Sujtindna niarginataa

Acer maciopbyllnm

Ac«r (-ircinatom

Acer eaccharinum

Acer Baccliiirinnm, var. nigrum ..

Acerdasjcarpnra

Acer riibrum

Xegniido arcroidea

Kegando Califomlcnm

145
205
230
265
189
249
207
259

277
220

11

228

246
372
257

169

204

27

268

298
5

167
224

152

1

184
175

245
208
47
213
126
117
118
192
154
256
221

133
127
122
119
41
207
114
124

281
278

56

187

161
183
158

272

147

217
143

121

292
65

71

244
246

74

45

208

129

243

232

1G5

194

221

9

88

69

117

260

113

135
163
201
236
184
245
179
208

293
234

50

201

241
256
248

288

219
160

252

300
2

56

188
250

262

116

85

251

152

271

222

112

190

147

18

68

53

121

263

132

■2e

•- a

115
173
189
191
104
234
182
229

298
277

214

240
195
202

206

10

148
15

300
»

20

180
252

231

3
5

154
28

273
246
122
223
136
30
57
113
133
270
155

3 g

= s
=1 ^

124
234
226
248
247
257
202

285
198

240

290
298
263

16S
18

251 I

300
6

36

149
214

4

3

187

131

282

220

58

159

119

73

66

145

161

215

221

156
159

160
161

Species.

ANACAEDlACEiB.

Ebnacopallina...
EhnsMetopinm

LEGTrMINOS.a!.

Eobinia Psendacacia

Eobinia Neo-Mexicana

Olneya Tesota

Piscidia Erythrina

CladrastriH tinctoria

Sophora aiHuis

Gymnocladus Canadensis

Gleditscbia tiiacauthos

Gleditscbia nionosperma

Parkinsonia Torreyana

Cercis Canadensis

Prosopis jnliflora

Prosopia pubescens

EOSACEiB.

Pmnns Araericana

Prunus angustifolia

Pmnns emarginata

Prnans serotina

Pmnus demissa

Prnnus Caniliniana ... .

Prunaa ilicifolia

Pyms coronaria ,

PyruB sambncifotia

Crataegus arborescena —

CratieguB Cms-galli

Crataagns subvillosa

Cratasgns tomentosa

Crataegus spatbnlata

Crataegus aestivalis

Crataegus fiava

Amelancbier Canadensis .

nAHAMELACE.X.

Liqni^anjbar Styniciflua

IIHIZ0PH0EACEJ5.

Bhiiopbora Mangle

COMBEETACE.S.

Conocarpus erecta

Lagnncularia racemosa

MTETACE.S;.

Eugenia buxifolia

Eugen ia monticola

Eagenia procera

COKNACE.ai.

Comus dorlda

Comus Nnttallii

Nyssa capitata

Kyssasylvatica

NyasauniSora

CAPEIFOLIACE.*;.

SambQcns glauca

Viburnum prunifolinra

EUBIACE^!.

Exostemma Caribssum

193
59

87

51
7

35
150

34
114
124

88
134
146

69

67

97

119

248

164

112

29

10

109

165

135

100

52

65

102

128

61

67

9
108

18
24
19

44

74
235
141
195

206 I 299
131

15

Pinckneya pubens ,...1 187 231

36

5 so

2 3
•§1

^a

M3

0"

210

74

19

43

143

154

96

102

77

64

40

264

228

259

172

161
253
149
153
199
120
212
245
248
189
240
136
213
237
256
226
34

167

89
219

176
85
234
178
275

205
208

3

81

153

151

88

121

144

77

49

259

165

273

91

103
276
194
116
186
76
138

284
228
210
162
177
268
176
167
24

214

72
264

38

15
14

85

112
210

227
73

12
16

235
34
71
48

200
93
41

184

123
40
18

39
197
124
61
84
50
63

273 I 181

220
95
169
68
153
139
153
70
19

147

1
65
17

69
22

194 I 167

65
291

125
237

287
37

289

216
109

71
62
2
24

141
27

163,

156
S3
90

142
26
28

104
190
266
114
76

74
225
140
107
63
80
99
94
31
48

19
174

20
12
9

40

77

169

127

161

184
35

7
230

254

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES— Continued.

165
1C6
167
16S
170
171

176
176
.177
178
179
181
182
183

184

186
187

191
192
192
193
191
195
19<
197
198
199
201

204
205

206
207
208

212

218

21S
215

217
218

219
219

222
223

ERICACE^.

Andromeda ferruginea

Arbutus Menzicflii

Arbutna Xnlapennis

Oiydendrum arboreom

Kalniia latifolia

Rfaodudendron inaTimum

SAPOTACE^ffi.

CbrysophyUumolivilbrme

Sideruxylou HaAtichodeQdroD .

Dipholis oalicifolia

Banielia tenax

Bnmelia laua^inosa

Bnnii-Iia lycioides

Bumelia caneata

Muuusops Sieberi

EBENACEa:.

Siuspyros Virginiana

STYRACACiE.

Syroplocoa tinctoria

Halesia diptera

OLEACE^E.

Fraxiuns pistacitefolia

Fiaxiiius Americana

Fraxiima Americana, par. Texensis

FraxiniiA pubescens

Fraxinns Tiridis - ...

Fraxiuus platycarpa

Fraxinns quad rangnlata

Fiaxiiins Ore^iana ' .....t..^

Fraxinns 8ambucifolia..-.'^'*^r?^ff*..„.*

Forestiera acuminata

Osmanthus Americanns

BORRAGIKACBiB.

Bourreria HaTanensis

Ehretia elliptica

BIGX0NIACE2E.

Catalpa bignouioides

Catalpa speciosa

C hilopsis aal'gna

VERBENACE.».

Citbarexylum villosum

NTCTAGINACE*.

Pisonia ubtasata

POLTGONACBiE.

Coccoloba Floridaca

LATJnACE.».

Pcrsea Carollnonsis

Persea Carolincnsia, ror. palnstrls .

Sassafras ofliciuale

Umbellularia Califomica

EUPHORBIACE.S;.

Drypetes crocea

Drypetes erocca. var. latifolia

t;bticace.».

Dlmus orMsi/oUa. .
Ulmnsfulva

72
107
104

179
164
251

78 : 137
101 ' 258

148

17
12
16

go

133
81
56

4

242

64
61
16
204
280
193
252
95

55 I 192

190
172

122
130

66
151
105
291

73
171
149
147

45

63
142

250
229

254

91

69

182

133

283

196

166

142

227

28

14

I

28 26

167 284

B « = a

£§ 1 J.

c~ S _:

■i^ a o«

fd^ « o

t3 g ! « g

S-^ i M^

2S0

233

241

263

176

224

161

267

247

194 I 107
81 ! 89

230 {
164 '

219 ^
205 !

107

67

18
200
294
254
265

79

98

230
107

226
106

27
101

91
261
121
203
125
175

40

97 I 71
296

296

78

138

182

88

140

162

116

202

273

235

131

70

127

30

70

182

25

168

178

99

22«

142

111

110

101

198

90

168

156

33
23
11
143
239
106
117
135

218
166

217
121

G5
162
114
296

94

80
175
199

51

45

215

238
194
278

IB

274

47
232
221

49

142

92
110
75
95
65
133

15
25
49
146
162
97
47
16

139
123

108
153
121
113

98
185
111
157
130
151

64

273
254
181

37

128
132
188
120

224
225
226
227
228
228
229
231
232
234

249
250

251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281

Species.

TTImus Americana

Ulmua racemosa

Ulmua alata

Pliin* raaquatica

Celtia occidentalis

Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata.

Ficna :inrea

Ficus peduuculata

Morns rubra

Maclura aurautiaca

PLATANACE.E.

Platanus occidentalis
Platanus rncemosa-..
Platanns Wrigbtii . .

JUGLAKDACEa^

Jnglaus ciuerea. .

Jnglans nigra

Juglans rnpestris
Carj'a olivteformis

Caryaalba .■^.:.f:thit^i:

Carya sulcata. ^.•.'l^':ffc?V^??<!*^

Carya tomentosa. . )<Tl : . A^Yifir:

Caryaporcina ..SPT-l. JSfJfrvA*.'?

Car ya amara .... M., WM<».V«^.\VA'.

Carya myriaticsformia .Jt, ; . /tfH^^MTT. .
Carya aquatica ....J^.. 6J^ HiAMZA-- ■ .

MTRICACE.a;.

Myrica cerifera —
Myrica Califomica. .

CUPtrLIFERiE.

Quercus alba

Quercua lobata

Quercua Garryana

Quercua obtusiloba

Qnercus nndulata, car. Gambelii..

Quercna macrocarpa

Qnercua lyrata

Quercus bicolor

Quercna Micbanxii

Quercua Priuus

Quercua prinoides

Quercua Bouglasii

Quercus oblongifolia

Quercua grisea

Quercus Duraudii

Quercua virena

Quercua chrysolepis

Quercua Emoryi ,

Quercus agrifolia

Qnercua Wislizeni

Quercua rubra

Quercua rubra, vrtr. Texana

Querent cocciuea

Quercus tinctoria

Quercus Kelloggii

Quercua nigra

Quercua falcata

Quercua Catesbn;!

Quercua pnluatris

Quercua aquatica

Quercus laorilblia

i
1

1

205

%

1

i

II

n

5-2

is

a o
2g

11

IS

136

110

146

138

93

62

36

38

112

80

273

167

158

67

191

266

228

203

179

94

229

135

178

101

98

143

127

160

56

300

300

298

299

296

214

292

290

281

207

163

173

141

179

148

63

114

25

4

22

173

146

222

144

168

218

249

254

269

. 246

231

286

285

267

211

270

181

238

205

244

155

63

109

46

126

132

218

236

169

143

103

239

246

164

84

36

12

11

27

60

46

78

33

52

45

43

42

26

36

51

42

92

31

43

41

71

86

30

78

78

49

8

I

25

34

86

93

96

Up

65

177

187

119

151

182

125

99

46

74

135

76

104

85

82

105

85

222

103

172

136

79

183

99

97

79

37

169

100

108

54

32

262

194

186

69

82

122

66

103

82

39

17

50

100

72

60

131

81

102

96

48

106

28

112

83

75

27

48

67

86

31

53

6

44

CI

26

197

67

63

17

20

160

175

166

10

8

209

73

110

21

21

166

57

70

38

13

49

54

59

30

33

33

4

62

33

22

247

180

176

11

41

110

75

131

81

68

148

118

72

57

129

48

63

83

150

23

83

52

42

44

84

65

38

87

116

106

81

44

92

115

137

200

145

149

152

89

102

43

98

46

113

11

12

35

117

91

80

42

137

88

115

65

32

101

134

95

29

40

91

122

62

25

13

77

70

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

TABLE OF KELATIVE VALUES -Continued.

255

282
28.i
2&t
283
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293

291
2»j
290
297
298
;D9
301
302
3«3

307
308
309
309
313
313
316
318
319
320
321
321
322
323
321
325

.lis!

Querrns heterophylla.

Quertus cinerea

Qiieicua Iij-polenca

Qnoicus imbiicaria

QiiercuB Pbellos

Qiierrns densiflora ,

Castaiiopsis chrvsophylla

Cnatiuiea patnila

Custanoa vulgaris, var. Americana.

, Fa^s ferruginea

i Ostrya Virpinica

Carpiiius CaroUuiana

121

30

144

203

54

114

68

37

77

190

123

106

180

94

160

46

247

152

120

32

40

15

92

43

BETTJXACE^.
Betalu alba, var. popolifolia...

B^iula papyriftra

Betiila occidciitalia

Beiuhilutea

B«tala ni^a

Betula leDta

Aluus rubra

Aluag rkombifolia

AluQg oblonpifolia

SALICACEiE.

Salix amygdaloides

Salix Itevigata

Salix laaiandra, rar. lancifolia

Salix laaiandra, var. Fendleriana . . .

Salii Uaveacena

Salix flaveseens, var. Scoalcriana . ..

Salix laniolepis

PopiilM tremnloides

Populus grandidentata

Fupulas heterophylla

Populus balsamifera

Populug balsamifera, var. candicans.

Populus angostifolia

Populus trichocarpa

Populus mouilifera

Populus Fremnntii

323 I Populus Fremontii, var. 'Wislizeni .

326
327
328
329
330
331
333
338
339
340
341
342
343
345
M«

CONIFEE^.

Liboccdrus dccurreos

Tbnya oiti.Ientalis

Thuya gigantea

Cbauiajcyparissphteroidea

Chanjaicvparis Nutkaensis

Chania:cy paris Lawsoniana

CupressuH Ouvcuiana

Juuiperns occidentalis, var. cotOagens.

Junipi rns Tirginlana

Tsxodiuni disticham

Sequoia gi;jantea .,

Sequoia semperrirens

TaiHB bl evifolia

Torreyataxifolia

Toireya Califomloa

274
297
284
296
223
233
232
116
212
242
299
261
139
198
227

168
159
158
127
170
64
222
267
276

251
216

243
236
209
186
181
275
234
271
288
264
280
285
281
214
238

a

«r^

a

'■a

S'

« 3

ti

tiVr

■a

'^ a

P

B2

214
18

126
3
58
10
72

IS8

198

277

280

141

298

65

22

137

180

108

220

150

215

284

57

98

73

160

157
271

81
294

87

31
279
211
238

84
287
236
202
170
294

35

190

57

150

29

279

8

36

63

211

70

119

158-

163

60

99

184

222

140

37

127

5

66

9

121

190

189

237
217
199
276
125
81
120
108
169
218
257
232
292
204
143
183

120
'64

254
109
207

29
157

31
188
244
285

291
272
267
281
192
126
216
266
243
283
271
286
29«
209
249
223

186
190

230
130

267

275

154

145 1

281

294,

130

138

93

129 ;

260

242 1

276

75

158

177

190

174

280

213

238

187

34

111

94

134

243

250

•3 -E

CO O

144
118

59

89
102

93
206
209
227
125

85
103

196
195
171
160
193
91
210
268
279

264
208
249
261
241
199
183
265
293
250
276
291
274
293
258
252
239

242
297
284
2S7
236
259
147

60
176
280
286
271

62
166
203

O

Species.

347 Pinna Strobua

348 Pinna monticola

349 Finns Lambertiana

350 Pinnsflcxilis

351 Pinus albicauUs

352 Pinna refiexa

353 Pinna Parryana

355 Pinua edulis

356 Pinua luonophylla

357 I Pinus Ilalfouriana

357 I Pinus Balfouriana, »or. aristata

358 1 Pinua reainoaa

359 i Pinua Toireyana

360 I Pintia Arizonica

361 I Pinna ponderoaa

362 j Pinna Jeflreyi

Pinna CUihuahuana

Pinna cdntorta

Pinus Murrayana

Pinus Sabiniana

Pinus Coulteri

Pinus insignia

Pinus tuberculata

Pinus Tccda

Pinus rigida

Pinus serotina

Pinus inopa

Pinus clausa

375 I Pinus pungens

376 I Pinus muricata

j Pinus mitis

; Pinua ghabi-a

[ Pinus Banksiana

I Pinus palustris

I Pinua Cubensis

Picea nigra

j Picea alba

i Picea Engelmanni

Picea pungens

! Picea Sitchensis

Tsuga Canadeuaia

Tsnga Caroliniana

I Tauga Mertcnsiana

j Tsnga Pattoniana

I Psendotauga Douglasil

Pseudotanga Douglaaii, rar. macrocarpa.

Abies Fraseri

Abies balsamea

Abies subalpiua

Abies grandis

396 [ Abies concolor

398 I Abies amabilia

389 Abies nobilia

400 Abiee niagnifica

401 Larix Americana

402 Lartx occidentalis

377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
391
392
393
394
395

405

PALM:ACE.a;.

Washingtonia filifera

279

287

253

263

215

174

143

176

185

179

217

200

203

226

201

182

166

269

219

266

230

293

183

197

50

188

178

211

210

166

278

225

110

70

237

273

295

286

254

258

255

194

252

196

240

290

283

294

292

289

260

241

229

153
83

154
112
187
235
276
j 127
297
291
289
253
223
51
270
174
140
125
216
4
198
257
46
101
290
62
261
39
269
268
186
35
13
288
118
7
5
60
90
185
263
100
135
224
13
195
20
74
104
177
201
109
130
24
21
241
23
1

S I Ml
? ' a.B

9 • ^ « 3

g £| '

tH .3 i

225
232
238
227
244
143
287
283
297
288
210
131
149
210
171
156
114
60
253
139
148
158
290
95
158
17
207
269
166
47
45
270
214
18
15

156

155

249

281

216

171

279
80

171
96

111

219

265

276

271

180

134

105

182

90

7

263 285

212

2«3
262
j 251
2C5
105
1 258
■ 253
288
260
268
140
272
204
226
185
259
54
264
261
233
183
293
170
245
86
241
228
247
85
118
280
201
20
21
193
256
292
295
248
219
196
60
224
81
132
255
236
276
208
210
127
141
161
58
14

297

ga
la

278

288
270
219
224
200
129
106
155
178
189
256
180
217
222
212
170
175
253
186
246
229
265
223
191
42
168
194

213

204

197

228

237

167

137

272

283

273

267

281

260

211

235

232

238

233

289

277

294

209

269

292
205
243
231
173

25G

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

The following table gives tlio figures from which the table of relative values was computed, and includes all
species upon which complete tests have been made.

The coefflcieut of elasticity is derived from the second deflection, the measurements being taken in millimeters
and the weight in kilograms.

The ultimate transverse strength is the force, applied at the middle of the stick, required to break a stick 4
centimeters square and 1 meter between the supports.

In the compression tests the surface exposed to pressure was 4 centimeters square. To give the pressure
on a square centimeter these results must be divided by 16.

The indentation to 1.27 millimeters, or the fifth in the series, is the one selected for comparisoii.

TABLE OF AVERAGES.

12

U

19

20

28

29

Species.

MAGN0L1ACK.«.

Magnolia gi-andiOora

Magnolia gluuca

Magnolia acuminata

Magnolia cordata

Magnolia niacrophylla

Magnolia Umbrella

Magnolia Fi-aseri

Iiiriodeudrou Tnlipifera

ANONACEJE.

Asimina triloba

Anona lani-ifolia

CANELLACE.a:.

Canellaalba

TERNSTR(EM lACE.^;.

Gordonia Lasianthus

TILIACE.*;.

Tilia Americana

Tilia Americana, var. pnbesceua
Tilia heterophylla

MALPIGHIACE.a!.

Byrsonima Incida

ZYGOPHTLLACEJE.

Gaaiacnm Banctnm

RUTACE.aE.

Xanthoxylam Clava-Herculia...
Xantboxylnm Caribffium

SIMAEtIBE.a!.

Simamba glanca

BURSEKACE.ffi.

Burflera gnmmifera

Amyris fiylvatlca

MELIACE.«.

Svictenia Mabogoni

ILICINEa;.

Uox opaca

Ilex Daboon

CYUILLACEiE.

Cliftonia lignstrina

KHAMNACEa;.

Beynosta latifolia

Condalia ferrea

Kbamnoji Caroliniana

Bhamniu Panbiana

K a

£-

p.

a.

63.26
50.11
4C.76
41.20
52.90
44.78
49.89
42.20

39.61
4a 11

97.20

46.92

45.00
40.47
42.27

57.43

113.38

50.15
88.20

40.98

29.41
103.97

72.03

67.74
47.62

62.23

108.72
119.38
64.27
S6.34

.^g

^ c *

014
929
941
1,109
744
944
926

482
501

1,117

794

840
811
846

S25

726
868

932

417
1,085

1062

643
642

783

1,050

1,143

741

913

1 =

U' H OD

■2^

« a a

313
280
256
297
249
302
280

252
239
246

181

336

273
822

241

63

557

428

293
244

225

350
380
242
320

C5 B q

Hi

7,705
6,790
6,633
6,552
7,829
6,861
6,691
5,955

167 3,395
259 4,829

438 12, 519

6,195

5,768
6,487
6,307

6,260

11,789

7,189
10,955

6,816

2,473
11,975

10,660

6,709
5,582

5,938

13, 426
12,848
7,112
9,984

\H

e c ca

3,156
1,027
1,709
1,427
1,427
1,343
1,966
1,296

1,098
2,037

9,163

1,591

1,044

950

1,296

3,475

12,689

2,548
5,904

1,383

749
8,795

4,951

2,826
1,808

2,356

9,763
10.388
2,195
3,076

Species.

SAPIKDACE.aE.

50 , .£8culaa glabra

52 ^uculna Califomica

54 ' Sapindns marginatas

60 j Acer macrophyllum.

01 I Acer circinatnin

64 Acer saceharinum

64 Acer saccbarinnm, t?ar. nigrnm . .

65 Acer dasycarpum

Acermbrum

67 Xegundo aceroides

Negundo Califomictim

ANACARDIACE.a!.

Bbns copallina.

KbusMetopima

LEGUMIirOS.a!.

Eobinia Psendacacia

Kobinia Neo-Mexicana

Olnoya Tesota

Piscidia Erythrina

Cladrastis tinctoria

Sopbora affinis

Gymnoclados Canadensis .
Gleditschia triacantbos- . .
Gleditschia monosperma. .
Farkinsonia Torreyana . . .

Cercis Canadensis

Prosopia juliflora

94 ; Prosopis pubesceos.

! E0SACE.S:.

103 I Pninua Americana

104 ' Pi-uuus anguatifolia

107 Prunus emarginata, var. mollis. . .

108 j Pronus serotina

110 ' Pruuus demiHsa

111 ' Prunua Caroliniana

113 ! Prunua ilicifolia

117 j Pyms coronaria

121 Pyi'us sanibucifolia

125 Crataegus arboresceas

126 I Cratajgua Cnia-galU

128 I CratsDgus aubvillosa

120 Crataegus tonit-ntoaa

132 Cratiegna spatbidata

134 ! Crat«giia icativalis

135 I Cratcegna fiava, rar. pabescens...
137 I Anielancbier Canadensis

j HAMAMELACEA
189 I Uqnldambar Styraoiflaa

1

ig

ill

m

45.03

644

211

49.45

683

271

80.05

837

360

48.83

780

292

66.34

718

327

68.75

1,465

400

68.66

1,027

410

52.52

1,110

435

61.65

943

346

42.82

582

226

47.95

945

340

52.42

736

283

77.28

1,050

280

72.96

1,301

543

79.86

1,149

388

103. 59

868

320

84.39

851

321

62.61

1,002

385

84.46

977

346

68.88

1,048

329

66.86

1,086

394

72.89

1,170

439

64.58

558

233

63.18

688

310

74.86

583

207

75.37

824

382

72.02

827

369

68.65

603

200

44.93

861

290

58.14

852

354

69.16

769

295

86.52

937

396

97.27

732

334

70.11

642

207

58.08

626

190

64.55

788

265

71.54

664

279

7a 98

901

315

75.90

732

303

71.12

073

216

65.27

592

304

76.13

708

309

77.95

1.197

483

58.78

837

278

B h S
5 S
.2" "
i-Ea

2 64 "

fr o a

net

5,017
5,686
7,523
6,100
7,349
9,907
a 803
7,711
7,402
5,151
7,072

6,033
8,623

11,272
10,931
5,851
9,548
8,550
0,129
C,406
8,001
0,344
6,679
7,510
9,412
10,732

419

441

507

746

165

089

709

706 !

123

909

884

612

117

280

122

437

712

1,132
1,722
4,350
2,597
3,205
4,019
4,149
2,899
2,795
1,781
1,719

1,744
3,348

4,038
4,427
10, 478
5,698
2,937
5,348
2,660
2,697
4,420
3,620
2,917
5,484
5,267

3, 405
2,132
1,280
3,269
.%937
5,090
4,888
3,999
1,715
2,9.>1
3,368
4,207
3,844
3.484
3,68.T
5,103
4,483

278 7, 462 I 2. 122

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

257

TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued.

lU

142

Sp«eje8.

BEIZOPHOKA.CKS.
Rhizopbora Mangle

COUBBETACBiE.

Conooarpoa electa

LagnnonlAria lacemoea

MTETACBiB.

144 Eugenia boxUblia..
146 i Eugenia monticoU..

145 ' Engenla prooera ...

151
1S3
1S3
154
1S5

IM
ISS

IM
1«1

1S5
16«
167
169
170
171

17J
176
177
178
17»
181
182
183

184

186
187

<«1

192

192

193

1»4 I

195

ie«

187

198 ,

199 I
201

COKNACE.B.

Comiuflorida

CornttsNnttallii

Kyaeacapitota

Nysaa sylvatica

Nysaanniflora

CAPEIFOLIACE.E.

Sambaooa glaaoa

Yibommn pmaifoliam .

KUBIACE.fi.

Exofltemma Cahbamn . .
Pinokneya pnbena

EBICACEfi.

Andromeda fermginea . . . .

Arbutus Menzieail

Arbatos Xalapensis

Oxydendnun arborenm ...

KjJmla latitoUa

Rhododendron mazimom .

8APOTACB.S.

Cbrysophyllnm oIlTifonQ*

Siderozylon Maatiohodendron

Dipholia saliafolia

Bnmelia tenaz

Bomelia lanuginooa.

Bomelia lycioides

Bomelia onneata....

Mimoaops Sleberi

EBSKACE.fi.
Dioepyroe Virgiuiaua

STTRACE.fi.

Symploooa tinctorla

Halaoia dlptera

OLEACBf.

Fraxinaa pistaciffi folia

Fraxinua Americana

Fraxinoa Americana, car.Texensia

Fraxinua pnbeecena

Fraxinua viridia

Fraxinna platycarpa

Fraxinaa qua<lrangtilata

Fraxinna Oregana

Fraxinna aambncifolia

Foreatiera acuminata

Oamantbna Americanns

BOERAGINACEfi.

^04 Boorreria Havanenais

205 I Ehretia clliptloa

3.

P.

114.06

98. 6S
70.21

92.20
89.83
82.05

8a 98
74.44
45.97
63.66
51.58

50.07

92.88
53.28

74.66
70.24
70.81
74.30
71.81
62.80

92.44
95.89
92.86
72.89
64.64
74.07
78.08
106.55

7a 82

52.88
56.81

67.68
65.16
75.83
62.35
70.71
35.16
74.60
57.12
•2.72
63.00
80.74

78.48
68.66

6 "

iai

8=3 a

1,656

1,026
724

1,675
1,085
1,191

821
1,031
681
818
518

806

907

1,194

814
838
616

58S

646

1,124

1,0«9

1,886

751

488

781

603

1,002

782

601

1,015

1,062

812

903

476

774

848

872

703

1,231

096
397

515

402
221

450
500
502

423
290
360
279

158
406

429
173

290
887
264
811
273

414
490
287
165
240
220
390

375

264

266
367
480
871
382
229
3«6
284
345
306
448

403
308

SJ>

a-Ai

m
lit

Inde

mil

ograi

1

5^3
SR-9

a

1

|ii

pi

o

13,767

7,394

206
207
208

9,693

5,926

7,190

2,886

210

14,198

5,851

8,846

6,532

212

10,760

7.089

213

8,653

4,875

10,603

3,883

215

6,895

2,484

216

7,497

8,131

217

5,848

2,575

218

4,400

2,218

219

9,474

5,009

219

12,020

7,707

222

4,856

1,678

r28
224
225

7,802

8,611

226

8,084

8,822

227

6,419

8,947

228

8,026

3,560

228

6,8M

4,196

229

7,020

8,066

231
232
234

9,571

6,108

10,410

6,682

11,680

4,480

235

7,235

2,894

236

5,790

2,664

237

7,826

3,529

7,648

4,581

288

7,360

6,001

239

240

8,045

6,192

241
242
243

6,146

2,967

244

6.940

3,153

245
246
247

6,158

3,368

248

7,535

2,745

8,664

3,177

6,960

8,272

249

7,711

3,521

250

4,014

2,209

7,980

3,322

8,320

2,653

251

6,766

3,106

252

6,418

2,717

253

8,966

4,206

254
256
266

9,197

4,702

257

6,192

3,063

268

Spsole*.

BIGNONIACE.fi.

Catalpa bignonioides

Catalpa speoioaa

Chilopais saligna

VERBENACEiE.

Citharexylom Tillosmn

NTCTAGINACE.fi.

Pisonia obtuaata

POLTGONACE.fi.
Coccoloba Floridana

LAURACE.fi.

Persea Carolinensis

Pereea Carollnenais, var. palastria

Saaaafras officinale

Umbellularia Califomica

EUPHORBLA.CE.fi.

Drypetee crocea

I>i7petea crocea, var. latifolia . . . .

URTICACE^l.

Ulmna craaaifoUa. ..«

Ulmuafulva

Ulmna Americana

Ulmus racemoaa

Ulmuaalata

Planera aquatdoa

Celtia occidentoUs

Celtis occidentalis, var. retioolata

Fioosanrea

Fiona pednnculata.^

Moroa rubra

Madura auraatiaoa

PLATANACRfi.

Platanns occidentalia

Platan na racemoaa

Platanoa Wrightii

JUGLANDACEiE.

Juglaaa cinwea

Jnglana nigra

Joglaua mpaetria

Carya oUveformia

Carya alba

Caryaanloata

Caiya tomentoaa

Carya porcina

Carya amara

Caiya myriatioffiformia ....
Carya aquatica

MTRICACE.fi.

Myrica oerifera

Myrica Califomica.

CUPUXIFER.fi.

17 FOB

Qnerona alba

Qnercns lobata

Quercna Garryana

Quercua obtnailoba

Qnercua oudnlata, var. Gam belli.

Qnercua macrocarpa

Qnercua lyrata

Qnercua bicolor

I
11

Pi

44.67
41.48
58.79

86.75

60.31

93.40

63.81
63.73
60.38
64.92

86.44
88.65

71.59
69.77
64.54
72.20
74.17
62.71
72.08
71.86
24.84
45.07
58.56
76.01

56.52
48.26
46.72

40.66
60.91
64.89
70.99
83.11
80.36
8L29
81.36
74.74
79.31
73.13

56.08
66.81

74.39
73.87
74.24
83.01
85.38
74.06
82.59
76.18

Si

|.g

682
822
544

1,257

465

1,136

849
519

704
963
747
1,096
523
552
685
868
257
407
824
844

864
624
457

812
1,092
727
666
1,390
1,039
1,150
1,014
1,030
1,465
1,013

688
992

971
717
811
833
671
929
1,334
906

262
270
247

400

127

392

385
850
257
844

340

330
371
364
455
309
265
337
344
102
98
331
483

271
240
183

255
365
256
247
512
464
482
466
470
596
376

348
442

386
369
375
372
200
419
438
388

5,821
6,521
4,753

11,034

4,962

12,337

9,173
5,874
6,110
9,095

10, 410
8,324

7,248
8,628
7,191
9,474
7,001
6,306
6,739
6,985
2,597
4,491
6,721
12,939

7,207
6,190
6,228

6,270
9,178
6,997
6,951

10,007
8,939
9,485
9,232
8,357

10,206
7,776

7,122
8,616

8,183
6,793
7,957
7,790
6,668
7,843
7,864
7,850

Js i

a Ha
Salf

1,230
1,377
2,304

4,927

1,737

6,316

3,128
3,073
2,144
3,196

6,797
6,510

4,080
2,399
2,970
3,281
4,095
2,334
3,472
4,373
989
1,905
2,805
5,£0«

2,645
1,486
1,887

1,488
3,146
2,909
3,714
4,344
4,609
4,420
4,822
3,878
5,042
4,397

2,804
8,017

3,388
3,014
3,846
4,415
4,072
3,730
4,033
3,534

258

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued.

Speeies.

2W
260
281
a<2
2<3
2M
266
2«7

270
271
272
273
273
27<
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
2%

294
295
296
297
298
299
301
"302
308

307
308
309
309
813
313
316
318
319
320
321
321

322

Spaoiee.

Qaeioiu Mlcbaoxii

QncrcDS Prinaa

Quercns priDoidea

Qnercna Douglaaii

Qnerciis oblongifolia

Qaerciia griaea

Querciia DorandU

Quercus virena

Qaercna chrysolopia

Qnercos Emoryl

Quercua agrifolia

QuercuA Wislizeni

Quercna rubra

Qnercna rubra, for. Texana

Qnercaa coccinea

Quorcaa tinctoria

Quercas Kelloggli

Qnercaa nigra

Qaercna falcata

Qnercna Cateabeci

Qaercna palostria

Qnercna aqnatica

Qaercna lanrifoUa

Quercna hetcrophylla

Qnercna cinerea

Qnercna bypoleuca

Quercua imbricaria

Qnercna Pbelloa

Qnercna densifiiora

Castauopaia cbryaopbylla

Caatanea pnmila

Castaneavnlgaria, var. Americana

Fagua ferruginea

Oetrya Virginica,

Carpinna Carolinana

BETULACE.a!.

Betola alba, var. popnlifolla
Betula papyrifera
Betnla occldentalia

Betnla Intea

Betnla nigra

Betnla lenta

Alnua rubra

Alone rhombifoUa
Alnns oblonglfolia

SALICACE^:.

Sallx amygdaloides

Sallx laiTigata

Salix laaiandra, rar. lancifolia . . .
Salix laaiandra, var. Fendleriana.

Salix flaTeacena...;

Salix flaveacena, var. Scouleriana

Salix laaiolepia

Popnlna treranloidea
Popnlua grandidentata
Popnlna hetcrophylla
Popnlna balaamlfera
Popnlna balaamlfera, var. oandi

cana.
Popnlna anguatifolia
Popnlna trichocarpa

Popnlna monilifera

Popnlua FremontU

Popnlna Frcmontii, nor. Wializenl

CONlFEKa:.

Libocedrua decurrena

Thnya occidentalia ■

Tbnya gigantea

Chaujcecyparia spbseioidea

CbamEBcyparia Kntkaenaia

Cbamrecyparia Lawaoniana

Cupreesua Goveniana

Juniperua occidentalia, tiar. coi\]n-
gena.

Juniperua Virglniana .

Taxodinm diatichum

Sequoia gigantea

Sequoia aemperrirens

Xaxua brovifolia

Torroya taxifolia

Torreya Californica

Pinua Strobus

Pinna monticola

Pinua Lambertiana

Pinus flexilia

Pinna albicanlia

Pinua reflexa

Pinna Parryana

Pinna edulia

Pinua monophylla

Pinna Balfouriana

Pinua Balfonriana, tor. aristata..

Pinua reaiuoaa

Pinna Torreyana

Pinua Arixonica

Pinna ponderoaa

Pinua Jeffteyi ■

Pinna Chibuahuana

Pinna contorta

Pinna Murrayana ■

Pinna Sabiniana ■

Pinua Coulteri

Pinua inaignia

Pinna tubercnlata

Pinna Tseda ,

Pinus rigida

Pinua aerotina

Pinna inopa

Pinna claaaa

Pinua pungena

Pinna muricata

Pinna mitia

Pinna glabra

Pinua Banhaiana

Pinna paluatria

Pinna Cubeuaia

Picea nigra

Picea alba

Picea Engelmanni

Picea pungena

Picea Sitchenais

Tsuga Canadenaia

Tanga Carolintana

Tanga Merteoaiana

49.11

45.24

28.67

42.02

63.78

61.08

46.06

38.47

38.99

36.76

43.42

41.54

48.65

66.44

63.49

66.20

54.17

55.66

48.41

60.62

50.28

46.99

50.63

64.37

58.04

40.83

4&18

41.18

45.60

84.88

64.27

61.39

79.29

52.93

55.09

49.22

49.29

60.86

39.13

47.60

69.82

74.83

45.71

40.38

33.38

37.26

42.80

42.20

42.58

51.61

670
1,032
451
676
761
821
401
851
950
794
676
512
913
378
421
435
594
715
1,132
542
824
887
925
726
1,585
771
585
1,141
979
429
1,128
581
1,170
543
643
803
1,194
1,375
448
942
1,488
1,577
1,100
1,023
808
553
990
900
713
1,375

316

291

196

255

460

378

249

267

260

255

266

249

329

182

191

123

181

279

341

323

279

807

318

355

423

241

333

326

316

175

377

316

497

281

214

810

441

443

212

278

490

500

318

319

245

194

277

307

197

888

6,750

2,376

6,771

1,166

6,210

1,091

6,650

1,242

7,734

4,223

7,364

2,523

6,625

1,962

6,219

1,194

5,349

1,071

5,382

1,244

5,691

1,727

5,296

1,716

7,825

2,002

5,420

3,126

5,679

3,388

4,389

2,713

5,398

2,350

5,209

2,140

7,274

1,353

4,548

2,309

6,292

1,740

6,037

1,719

6,679

1,850

5,398

2,470

8,868

2,382

5,328

1,379

5,387

2,202

5,874

1,475

6,680

1,687

4,207

1,372

^834

1,719

5,687

2,123

8,079

4,740

6,765

2,496

6,028

2,100

5,670

1,842

8,142

1,950

7,628

2,064

4,604

1,694

8,329

1,609

10,074

2,508

10,626

2,985

6,520

1,240

5.489

1,117

4,271

1,217

4,128

1,267

5,653

1,160

6,142

1,314

6,450

1,998

8,747

1,622

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued.

25&

391

391

392
393
394
395
396

Specie

TBuga FattoniaDft

Feeadot snga Douglasii

Pseudotsnga Donglasii, var. ma-
crocarpa.

Abiea FraBeri ,

AbicB balsamea

Abies subalpina

Abiea grandis

Abies concolor

42 ■3

MS

44.35
51.63
45.59

35.46
3&02
34.61
35.08
36.07

"3 S
"Sfeg

775
1283
1050

972
819
762
958
909

m

307
376
361

273
220
202
211
300

2J>

<c S a

£.° a
.S a «

>B o □

= &:§

ill

6,074 1,664
1,608

7,405

6,557
5,851
4,829
6,255
6,237

1,642

1,048
1,202
1,015
810
1,248

405

Species.

Abies amabilis

Abies nobilis

Abies magsiiica

Larix Americana

Larix occidentalis

PALMACE.a!,
WasbingtODia fllifeia...

c

11

42.18
45.46
46.87
62.16
74.00

60.75

•i§

I

.2-^ S

g.-aa

1260
1277

1261
1658

663

g_4
?3

«a a
I*

338

384
524

183

II

7,480
7,256
6,963
8,763
11,023

3,633

§2-9
lag

g5S

1,02»
1,917
1,545
1,075
2,395

2,550

The following table illustrates the relation between the specific gravity and the transverse strength of the
wood of species upon which a suflBcient number of tests has been made to render such a comparison valuable. The
determinations of the specific gravity and transverse strength were, in every case, made upon the same specimen,
at the same time. The table is arranged according to the specific gravity of the specimens.

It will be noticed that the strength of the different specimens closely but not invariably follows their specific
gravity. An examination of Table III will show, however, that in nearlj' every case where any wide difference
occurs it is due to imperfections in the stick disproportionately affecting its strength. Moreover, in the case ol
species where the specific gravity and strength of different specimens are nearly identical, their order of arrangement
becomes largely accidental. A slight difference in the time occupied in the strength tests, or slight variations in
the direction of the grain of the wood, may considerably affect the sequence in such a table :

TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN THE WOOD

OF CERTAIN SPECIES.

1

a
o

SpeciM.

%

a
%
§

a

li
I-

1

1

c

1
1

Species.

1.

R

a
8

1

1

It

3

If agnolift n^MiminfttA

534

1

1

66

20

1

8

534

2

2

878

2

3

246

8

3

-

878

3

1

261

4

5

1048

4

2

248

5

1048

5

4

261

8

630

6

5

8

Liriodendron Xnlinfera

818

1

530

y

6

818

2

743

8

9

i

1231

3

A

743

»

7

1236
1236

4
5

77

Bobioia Psendaoaoia

1248
406

1
2

1

2

1232

8

1248

3

5

1232

7

1247

4

3

395

8

1247

5

4

M

982

1

815

6

6

982

2

815

7

7

1023
1023

3
4

108

15
15

2

1

2

M

299
1233

1
2

127
1053

8
4

4

S

1236

3

1053

5

6

1234

4

127

6

3

1235

5

763

7

8

1234

6

763

8

7

1233

7

388

0

S

378

8

817

10

10

409

9

817

11

11

«

Acer ■accharininii, Mr. aigram

274

1

115'

12

13

213

2

2

408

13

12

767

3

3

117

1088

1

1

757

4

4

7108

2

3

260

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVrTY, ETC.— Continued.

1

Speoiea.

1

1

t

>

1

i

1

Species.

s

a
s
«

1

i

SB
■§

117

Pmu oofODAriA^^sontlniied ..........................

1088

3

2

194

Fraxintu Tiridis— coQtiiiii6d ....... ............

948

2

4

^ J • MP 4^r* VB'«BAA#V^^^kf'\f*A%.&AJIIA\'^A *■•••■•••••••• ••»«««•*■«*■

1087

t

4

^ * <■ * aaj %M^ T »ai*%4'0 \^^#tA v4A4fc4i^/^4 ....■ ........... •........•

957

3

1

US

Llonidambor StTraclfloA ............................

1173

1

2

438

4

3

^^M^^%m*^mVf^tm*^&9m ^JVJ * 9^%d^aA ^.g. ■■ .. *...*. ■......■....■■ ......

1182

2

9

57

5

7

1182

3

5

957

6

6

1183

4

8

308

7

6

1173

6

1

308

8

8

1095
1181

6

7

3
11

196

Fraxinos ooadraDinilata.. ....•......•••. >.•..........

66
66

1
2

8
2

^ mmw^mmm^^mf ^ ■■■■ fc." «'• "Q ■■ JM few ...... .*.■..«.........■.......

1181

8

10

2S6>

3

1

546

9

6

518

«

5

1095

Id

4

286»

6

6

546

11

12

•

291

6

4

1188

12

7

125

7

8

151

Corntu floridft . .......■•■•.....■■••■•......••••.......

1077
1077
1092

3
4
6

1
3
8

217

Sassafras o£Qoinale

125
814
814

8
1
2

7

e

4

812

6

4

71

3

1

812

7

5

854

4

7

761

8

7

854

5

8

B7

9

6

446

6

5

ff7

10

4

387

7

3

154

NyBsa BylTftticA ..■.?•■•••••.■■■.......■•••.•••.■*••..

750

1

2

71

8

2

835

2

9

387

9

9

760
8SS

3

4

1
6

223

TTlmTM fulTft. •••••••■••......... ..•.••••••». ..........

134
134

1
2

1
2

833
834

5
0

4

7

2e4

TTlmuB Americana. >••.......■.......••■••.

533
633

1
2

6
4

834

T

3

1049

3

2

813

8

5

10

4

1

813

9

8

19

5

3

US

KyBsa nniflora..... ••.••.•...•......•.••..••..

128

1

2

1036

6

11

128

2

1

1036

7

10

604

3

6

958

8

7

604

4

4

281

9

8

sse

5

5

281 ^

10

9

550

6

3

968 '

U

5

164

DiOftDTTOft Virgintfttift . .

426

1

1

225

nimas racemosa...... •« ,

116
314

1
2

1

^".^'^^J ^^**f r ** jB^ ■ JJ H1H*B ....... ...... •««••.■•*«.....■....

1084

2

6

1162

3

4

314

3

5

811

4

8

116«

4

3

1084

5

2

-

428

5

7

811

6

5

116»

6

4

61

7

8

116

7

6

61
1045
1045

8
1
2

7
1
4

228

Celtis ocoidentfdis

873
873
1111

1
2
3

5
4

192

Fraiiniu Americana

1

114"

3

3

306

4

6

937

4

19

306

6

7

227»

5

2

1111

6

2

130

6

7

76

7

3

431

7

6

75

8

8

114«
227'

8
9

5
10

232

l£oniB mbra..... ..................... .......... ......

132
1255

1
2

1
4

391

10

8

132

3

2

212

11

11

1256

4

6

212

12

9

1244

6

3

747

13

21

1246

6

5

551

14

14

1246

7

7

227
267

15
16

13
12

238

.Joglans cinerea ,.

1057
7««

1
2

1
2

747

17

17

16

3

7

561

18

15

16

4

4

114»

19

16

76

6

5

114

20

18

76

6

3

114

21

20

123

7

6

IM

Fraxlmns viridia..

949

1

2

893

8

8

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

261

RELATION B:j:TWEEN TKANBVEESE strength and specific gravity, etc.— Continued.

1

§

b£
1

Species.

1

a
g
s

1

1

>

li

1

1

o

Specie*.

1

a

1

1

239

Jnglans nigra -

»51
951

1

2

4
3

261

Quercus alba— continued

491
259»

19
20

15

21

766

3

1

49"

21

17

766

4

6

49'

22

24

318

6

9

8

23

25

325

0

8

403

24

28

407

7

5

895

26

29

117

8

2

261

26

4

242

(jATVft fcl nA ..— _^_ BAB^mB ^^^*^ A A ^^^M ABBABAAA ______ _ __

117

29>

539

531

531

10S6

1056

3

1097

249

9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

7
4
7
2
3
12
13
6
1
11

253

0

113»
403
251

32>
113»

49
443

82«

118

986

1027

27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
1
2

31
83

^J— J «■ ■■^■^■■B W ■•■ ••VffV# ^WW V WW *«•*•■•#>■■■■• •*•««** ■

28
20
34
22
35
22
31
1

6

118

10

14

985

3

8

249

11

10

988

4

2

118

12

16

1027

5

7

3

13

5

1029

6

4

816

14

9

988

7

5

539

IS

8

1029

8

8

C&rya nilcfttft. >.-.■••■•■•«»»•••■••■••••.■• ••.*........

816
383
1082

16

1
2

15
3
5

254

Quercus obtnsiloba

771
771
256

1
2
3

5

243

7

3

391

3

1

151

4

1

1166

4

6

151

6

2

391

5

4

fl

351

6

4

1082

6

7

351

7

4

1164
1170

7
8

2

8

256

Otuerous maorooarDft. ....•■•>>■•...>.............

137
310

1
2

1

^5*.^** ^t^m*j ■■■■•*'• f^^^MA^r^' ..•**ww«**SWa*'. ■■•■•■«..*.•. •

8

2>5

llflrVft DOTCillA .-___•_•_•>• ••••> ABaaa ••_•_•______ .

1165

88

9
1

9
1

1071
310
143

3

4

5
10

^^•»» j7 ■• ^F^*» ^^*a*^ •«■■■« ■•■■■■■VB*WV>B* »^P»»»»»«»»« *v*« ■•

88

2

2

6

13

1168

3

7

933

6

12

U68

4

4

1073

7

6

442

5

9

1072

8

7

538

6

3

933

9

11

6

7

5

79

10

8

6

8

6

432

11

9

248

Carya aqaatica .....••.•»•■■•••»•■•••■•■..•....

121
740

9'
1

8
1

831

79

646

762

12
13
1
2

4
3

740
362

2
3

5
3

257

Qaercos lyrata....

1

2

362

4

4

762

3

3

129

5

2

645

4

4

Quercus albft •■■•■■.•«««■>•••■•■>«•■■■>»•>■■•••......

917
1257

6,
1

6
18

258

Quercus bicolor. ..........•••■..••••••.■■...•>•... -..•

54
846
846

1
2

I

2SI

5

749

2

27

3

4

547

3

1

64»

4

2

547

4

11

54

6

3

1257
8

6

14
19

259

Quercus Micfaaiudi ......•.••■..■...•■•••.•...........

755
755

1
2

3

1

1060

7

10

240

3

5

749

8

8

240

4

6

259

9

9

524

5

4

238

10

6

524

6

2

748
32

11
12

3
12

260

Quercus Priuus .......■....••.>.■...■.■....>..■*......

35
925

1
2

1

^^giAVAi'wv *fc **.**i^ .................a.. .................. •

3

1050

13

2

81

3

5

49

14

13

825

4

4

250

15

7

31

6

2

895

16

29

434

6

6

238
260

17
18

6
16

261

OndTcna Drinoides .■-•..■....■..■■•■•...•■••..■>>..■••

273
287

1
2

2

«|^141./A ^lAD f* A»»*/*V»*A» ...■•■.*.*...........■..•..»■»•.■■»■

4

262

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

EELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Contmned.

1

Specie*.

1

a

1

1

1

m

Specie*.

1

1

1

sn

Qaeroas piinoldM— oontinned -

6U

8

3

291

765

7

84>

4

1

765

8

6U

5

6

443

9

10

84

6

6

44'

10

M7

Oofirciu vlreiii ...............■•••••..*.*••••........•

404

1

8

296

Betala pftpyrifet* ,

836

1

^^...i.. **.... . .* ...•■ ...............■.".■.".....■■■".......•

954

2

7

1066

2

9S4

8

6

1065

3

79J

4

2

1067

4

Sit

5

4

722

5

70B

6

1

990

6

gis

7

6

1066

7

m

QaercQS mbift .••»••■>•■>■■■•■••■•••••»•............

1043

i4e

1
2

1
10

1066
990

8
9

^^^■*^" *^%>ig » 1AW4^ *VVW«*VHVVVHB«H« ■■VB>***W*a#*« • •••• ••

11

1043

8

4

1067

10

10

217

4

6

722

11

8

215
218

6
6

7
8

297

BetolAlate*

843
843

1
2

2

8

7

7

2

1068

4

7

7

8

5

1069

6

6

140

9

8

1070

3

4

215

10

U

1068

6

5

92

11

13

1060

7

1

45>

12

9

1070

8

3

141
920

13
14

15
6

296

Betalaniffia

842

841

1
2

5

4

920

16

7

841

3

2

451

16

12

842

4

6

45«

17

14

136

6

1

374

Qaeroiu tinotoilA •••••••....

74

1

4

136

8

3

3e»

2
8

• 9
2

801

AlnniT rubra

991
901

1
2

4

3

86

4

6

1025

3

1

36

6

8

967

4

5

247

6

1

967

6

6

17

7

6

1025

6

2

247

8

3

324

Popnloe monilifera .....••■•...

309

1

3

437

9

10

754

2

2

^

17

10

7

754

3

1

244

11

11

309

1

3

444

12

12

304

5

6

377

Qaercoa &lo«tA »

648

1

3

804

6

6

265

2

1

326

Popnlns Fremontii, vor. WiaUzeni

912

1

6

648

3

2

646

2

2

131

4

5

646

8

4

181

6

7

909

4

1

*

265

6

4

912

5

6

245

7

6

900

6

3

245

8

8

327

Thuya occidon tell*.. ...•■-. •.-...••••-••••. .......

1099

1

2

380

Qaercns aqnatioft

742

1

1

874

2

1

Sll

2

8

874

3

S

742

3

9

782

4

7

611

4

2

1099

S

3

849

5

4

783

6

8

,

349

6

3

783

7

10

264>

7

6

790

8

4

264«

8

6

790

9

6

264«

0

7

379

10

9

^Q

CMtoneft Tol|^arl9, ww. AnmrioftHft . . i ■ ■ ,

18
268

1
2

2
1

379
792

11
12

11

12

516

3

8

793

13

13

18

4

4

829

Cbamffioyparis ephieroideft

350

1

7

Ml

Vftgoa form^OM .............•■•••■.•...........

119

1

2

850

2

3

9

2

1

860

8

1

863

8

4

851

4

4

X

9

4

8

851

6

2

863

5

6

862

6

5

119

6

5

360

7

6

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

263

RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVEESE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued.

1

a <

s ! Species.

S, :

li

1

C

o

.1

"S

1

k

o

Species.

1

B
g
S

1

1

330 ■ Chamaecyparis KtttAaenais

969

1

5

378

Pinns glatra— contiiiued ..............................

764

2

2

1

983

2

1

142

3

4

1000

3

8

142

4

3

983

4

3

544

5

6

1000

5

6

644

6

6

994
994

6
7

4
2

379

Pinus Banksiaiia

780
879

1
2

1

2

969

8

394

3

8

338

Jnniperaa Virginiana

1249

1

394

4

4

1250

2

879

6

6

734

3

780

6

6

800

4

380

Pinns palostris

81

1

2

1

800

5

358

7

827

6

559

3

2

327

7

858

4

8

M3

Seqaoia sexnpenrirena --......

711

1

357

5

1

710

2

81

6

10

711

8

859

7

11

713

4

_

360

8

4

713

S

361

9

8

712

6

.

861

10

(

712

7

800

11

13

347

Piniu StTobua .

222
1044

1
2

243
243

12
13

9

6

797

3

385

14

18

1

4

390

16

IS

788

5

3

*

357

16

13

788

6

5

85

17

19

797

7

6

384

18

16

1044

8

11

390

19

17

789

9

8

86

20

ao

789

10

9

384

21

21

PimurednoM.... •«

777
315

11

1

10

1

381

Pinus Cnbeiuda

483
493

1
2

6

3S«

4

31S

2

2

356

8

2

1076

8

8

356

4

1

1076

4

5

84

6

3

785

6

4

84

6

5

1074

6

6

382

Fioea nigra

231

I

1

1075

■'

7

231

2

2

785

8

8

776

3

3

Ml

632
910

1
2

3
10

880
776

4
5

4

9

907

8

11

373

6

7

689

4

1

880

7

8

619

S

4

794

8

5

-

(30

6

9

794

9

6

731
626

8

6

2

883

Piceaalba •

513

773

1
2

6

3

718

9

5

773

3

1

630

10

12

784

4

6

• 718

11

8

613

5

4

636

12

7

784

6

8

370

Fixttu Tmdm -

82
365

1
2

1
4

386

Picea Sitoheo^

791
970

7
1

2

3

355

3

6

970

2

2

388

4

2

1015

3

1

389

5

3

977

4

4

388

6

7

1026

6

8

389

7

5

977

6

5

an

PlnuB inopt

1172
1172

2

4
2

1026
1019

7
8

9

6

1169

3

6

10)0

9

7

1169

4

1

387

Tmtfa Canadensis

790

1

6

622

5

6

jb v^^^sb \y n jn t^* vajq no ....................................

793

2

2

021

0

3

772

3

1

378

Pino* glabra

76*

1

1

772

4

3

264

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVEESE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued.

i

1
1

SpeelM.

"

1

s

§

!t

i
i

a
1

Spedea.

1
1

1

lt7

Tftn^A fT&nkjlAnklB^B^vinf InnMi ._._.

1040

s

4

301

PMadotfiQira Donslasii — contiaaed

1022

36

26

XBIIKB \/»mW10Halg^"<XIU i»mnp^ ....,,,.,.,.•••••••••••-

1040

6

5

^ ^nf i*^*^# 1^ ta^ ■■ ■ Trii^imTii ^^^^m^^»mmm^m^^^m ••■ *««»p««>*>*»*Hk>

1008

96

28

775

7

18

271«

27

24

787

8

9

1020

28

■;l

787

9

8

1022

20

6

9

10

10

986

80

!8

219

11

7

1020

31

4

77S

12

15

702

32

34

1042

13

11

709

sa

22

1042

14

12

709

84

27

5

15

17

394

Abi66 anbftlDlna .....................................

449

1

2

817

16

14

A^«rmv/lf tj t^ *fl»B ^w ■ ■■« ■■*»«» *■■«««»««•*■«•** »««• Ba*** as* * • ••

449>

2

6

219

17

16

449>

8

5

817

18

18

449>

4

778

19

20

820

5

*

778

20

19

830

6

m

PMndotnun DoiUElMii ■•.••*.■■■■•■•>••■•••>>•-••>•••

708

1

1

396

Abiea oonoolor.*................................ ......

788

1

^ ^p^riBVAV^ B^«A^^ ^■'^^VA^a^^w •••■•» **■■■*■ •»••■■ »»■»»■ ■»»»--

708

«

2

d^K m^^^j^ «^^^A'4^\^««#A .■■•.#*•*.*«•* .*•... m 9 m m ..a. »■■»««. ......

689

2

704

3

3

«

788

3

1018

4

8

688

4

1018

5

10

529

5

1018

6

38

628

6

969
1016

7
8

7
18

401

Larix AmerioajOA , —

226>
226

1

2

3

705

9

14

774

3

10

827

10

5

84«

4

8

881

11

9

786

5

2

881

12

13

795

6

4

1008

13

19

774

7

5

70«

14

11

795

8

7

720

16

15

840

8

0

1011

16

17

781

10

12

627

17

12

786

11

6

720

18

30

781

12

11

1011
974

19
20

32
16

402

Lftrix oooiddD talis

1006
1006

1
2

3

4

732

21

21

084

3

1

732

22

29

984

4

2

973

23

26

719

5

5

973

24

20

719

6

6

GENERAL EEMAEKS.

An examination of the results obtained from the various tests made upon the woods of North America indicate
at least the important fact that within the limits of anj- species the weight and strength of any specimen of wood
depends upon the actual proportion of the space occupied in the layers of annual growth with open ducts to the
space occupied with compact, woody tissue, and to the size of these ducts; or in the case of the wood of
Coniferae, the proportion of space occupied with cells formed early in the season to that occupied with the smaller
cells of the summer growth. The proportion between these two kinds of growth varies not only in every individual
tree, but in different parts of the same tree. The causes which thus affect the growth of wood are not very
apparent. It is not soil, nor age, nor general climatic conditions, it appears, which produce the different proportion
between the solid and the light portions of the annual growth in any species, because in the same individual this
proportion is found to vary from year to year. It varies very irregularly ; nor does the rapidity of growth, as has
been supposed, greatly affect the strength of wood, because the proportion of open to compact growth is little
affected by rapid or slow increase of the tree's diameter. How far annual climatic variations affect the nature of
the annual layers of growth has not been demonstrated, although it is not impossible that in years in which
conditions favorable to rapid growth are extended late into the season, the proportion of the annual layer occupied
by open, weak growth to the growth of the whole year would be greater than that formed in a year during which
the season favorable for rapid growth was less extended.

It follows that while such experiments as those conducted by Mr. Sharpies are necessary to establish
maximum and relative values for any species, these being established, actual values of any given specimen of

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

265

wood may be determined by microscopic examination of its structure ; that is, two specimens of the wood of any
species to which the census tests have been applied being given, their relative values can be determined by an
examination of their structure as well as or better than by any elaborate experiments.

/

n '

TAKNDT VALUES.

The amount of tannin contained in the bark of various trees of the United States has been determined.

These determinations give the proportion of tannin. They do not indicate the real value of the bark of the
species for tanning, which can only be obtained by actual experiments made on a large scale, other properties in
the bark, beside the percentage of tannin, affecting the value of the leather prepared with it.

These determinations must therefore be regarded as approximations, which will serve, in some cases, to
indicate species not now in general use for th^s purpose, which may be looked to as possible sources of tannin
supply.

The methods adopted by Mr. Sharpies in making these determinations are described by him as follows :

The tannin in each case was determined in the rossed bark ; that is, bark deprived of the main part of the outside coating. The
method employed was that devised by Lowenthal, which may be thus briefly described: A standard decoction of the bark is titrated
with permanganate of potash, a quantity of indigo being first added to it. In a second portion the tannin is precipitated by means of
gelatine, and the gallic acid in the liquid again determined by permanganate and indigo. The difference between these two readings
gives the amount of tannin in the bark, the value of the permanganate having previously been determined by pure tannic acid, or by
oxalic acid and calculation.

The bark of the following species has been examined :

140
160
251

2se

280

261

281
2«7
289
272
274

Botanical name.

Gordonia Laaianthna .
Proeopis Jnliflora

Bhizophora Mangle

Exoatemma Caribtenm .

QaeTcosalba

Qnerona maorooarpa...

Qnercna Prhras

Qaercna prinoidea (old tree). . .

Qaercaa prinoidea (yoong tree)

Quercna vlrena

Qnercna Emoryl

Qnercna mbra

Qnercna tinotoria

Common name.

Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay ,

Ueaqnit. Algaroba. Honey

Locnat Honey Pod.
Mangrove

WUteOak

Bnrr Oak. Mo8syK>np Oak.

Over-cnp Oak.
Clieetnnt Oak. Book Cheet-

nat Oak.
Yellow Oak. Cbestnat Oak.

Chinquapin Oak.

do

Live Oak

Black Oak

Bed Oak. Black Oak

Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak.

QnercitronOak. Yellow Oak.

13.14
4.04

31.04
S.81
B.99
4.50

6.25

4.33

10.33
10. 4»
0.76
4.56
S.90

2.3S
8.71

6.70
7.16
6.11
&05

3.83

6.23
8.69
16.09
4.43
5.73

275
276
277
287

290

Botanical name.

Qnercna Kelloggii .

Qnercna nigra

Qnercna falcata

Qnercna densiflora.

Caataneavnlgaria, var. Ameri-
cana.

Ficea nigra

Picea Engelmanni

Pioea Engelmanni

Plcea Engelmanni

Tanga Canadenaia

Tsnga Mertensiana

Tanga Mertensiana

Tanga Pattoniana

Paendotenga Donglasii

Common name.

Black Oak

Block Jack. Jack Oak

Spaniab Oak. Bed Oak

TanbarkOak. CheetnntOak.

Peach Oak.
Cheetnnt

Black Spruce..
White Spmce.

...do ,

...do

Hemlock

...do

...do

Bed Fir. YeUow Fir. Ore-
gon Pine. Douglas Mr.

6.76

4.36

8.59

16.46

6.25

7.20
20.56
17.01

izeo

13.11
14.42
15.87
15.72
13.79

8.64
6.28
4.32
8.84

2.00

2.84
2.75
2.32
0.75
1.31
1.44
1.49
2.48
1.56

^tU

]'

266

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specie*.

1

p

8

SUte.

Locality.

Collector.

Son.

Diameter
of tree,

In
metera.

LATBR80F
OBOWTH.

Sap-
wood.

Heart-
wood.

MAONOLIACEA.

1. IilB|mo1i» fn^ndiflora

Big Laurel. IluU Bay.

3. Magnolia glanra

Svfel Bay. WhiU Bay. Beaver Tree.
WhiU LavreL Swamp LaureL

8. Haffnolia acnminata

(hmimbtr IVm. Movniain MofnoUa.

1. MaenoUa cordata

OueunU>er Trtt.

6. Magnolia macrophylla

Irorgw-laaved Ownimbtr Trt*.

6. Magnolia Umbrella

X^nlirMa Tre». Elk Woad,

7. Magnolia Fraaerl

&ng-leaved Oucum&M* Tree.

A. Liriodendron Tollpifera

TuiipTret. Teltow Poplar. White Wood.

ANONACB*.

S. Asimlna triloba

Papain. Ou4tard Apple.

10. Annna lanrifolla.
Porid Apple.

S4e

SM

248
261<
211'
2«1»
634

1178

632

266>
2683

260>
2M>

260»

138
165
174
177
178
187
188
895
818
1231
1232

211

47«

Alabama .
..-.do

Virginia

...do

...do

....do

Missiaeippi .

Cottage Hill .
...do

C.Mohr.
...do ....

Wytheville . .
Fancy Gap . .

...do

...do

Selvera' mill.

H. Sliriver

...do

.-.do

...do

C.Mohr....

Alabama I Winston coanty

C.Mohr.

Korth Carolina .
Miaaisatppi

Virginia .
...do....
....do....

...do.
...do.
...do.

Michigan

Ohio

Tenneesee

Ohio

— do

...do

...do

Michigan

"Weet Virginia .
Pennsylvania . -
...do

Miasonrl...
Tennessee .

Ilorida.

StatesTille .
Qaitman . . .

M. E. Hyams.
CMohr

Wytheville .

...do

...do

H. ShriTer .

...do

...do

Fancy Gi^ .

...do

...do

.do.
.do.
.do.

DansTille W. J.Beal ...

D. E. McSherry & Co. E. E. Barney .
..do

'Woodenm Machine

Company.
Barney & Smith .
Afanufactaring Co.
D.E.McSherry &Co.

J. W. Stoddard *Co.

Barney & Smith

Manufacturing Co.

Lansing

Grafton

Chester county .
...do

....do

....do

...do

....do

W.J.Beal

C.G.Prlngle..

F. P. Sharpie*.
....do

Ivich loom 0.872

Swampy 1 0.

91

20

Clay limestone.

Eich, light

--.do

...do

...do ,

Bich

Bioh, low.

Damp .
.-..do.
...do.

Sandy .

Mf^ramec river, Jef-
ferson county.
Cumberland river . .

Bay Blscayne .

G. W. Lettennan .
A. Gattinger

A. H. Cnrtiss.

Alluvial .
...do ....

Swampy.

a 198

2t

14

0.060

18

0.072

15

0.085

20

0.169
0.086

0.240

47

\

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE TOflTED STATES.

267

BPKCipic GEAvrrr detebmikatioks.

ASH DETBBIUIIATIOKB.

Weight, per
cnbiG foot,
in ponnds
(average).

Bemarkfl.

i

Kr»t.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

I

9.6040

0.5034

0.5012
0.4399
0.4562
0.421S

0.5065

0.4095

0.5375
0.6468

0.8787
0.5067
0.4(06

0.6430
a 4976
0.4602

0.3843
0.3831
a37B8
a 4475
0.4512
0.4362
0.44S6
0.8774
0.4763
0.4444
0.4199

0.3649
0.42S9

0.4913

0.66a».
0.5037
0.5413

0.6360

0.40

0.42

0.29
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.34

0.25

0.32
0.45

0.19
0.18
0.24

0.25
0.27
0.33

0.25
0.27
0.20
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.25
0.33
0.26
0.20
0.19

0.16
0.24

4.94

0.66
0.53
0.26

0.53

39.63

846

0.5035

0.47

31.38

854

0.5213
0.4399
0.4562
0.4215
0.5061

0.27
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.34

246

261'

261»

261*

0.5058

0.4184

0.4859
0.5534

0.33
0.39

(34

0.4101

Third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; fonrth sp. gr.
determination, 0.4175.

0.4690

0.29

29.23

0.4139

0.32

25.79

1178

0.5117
0.5601

0.32
0.39

22

0.34

532

0.5309

0.35

33.00

0.8787
0.5067
0.4606

0.19
0.18
0.24

266<

Growth rapid- 0.5 sap-wood

266'

2661

All sap-wood .

0.448T

0.20

27.96

0.5480
0.4976
0.4602

0.25
0.27
0.33

260*

260'

260'

0.6003

0.28

81.18

0.3843
0.3807
0.3792
0.4418
0.4477
0.4266
0.4193
0.3774
0.4793
0.4427
0.4456

0.25
0.27
0.21
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.27
0.32
0.28
0.21
0.18

138

0.3783
0.3787
0.4361
0.4442
0.4150
0.4551

0.27
0.22
0.15
0.19
0.21
0.30
0.31
0.29
0.22
0.16

0.14
0.30

4.79

165

174

177

178

187

188

395

0.4822
0.4409
0.4712

0.3810

818

1231

1232

0.4230

0.23

26.36

0.3679
0.4259

0.15
0.27

211

332

0.5199

0.5048

•

0.3969

0.21

24.74

0.5063

4.86

31.49

479

i

268

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEB CUBIC FOOT

Speoiea.

CAPPABTDACKS.
II. Ckpparis JanukioeoBia

CAirELLACK.£.

«. CvuiOaalba ...^^..

WhiU Wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild
OHHMmxm.

TBKNSTECEMIACE^.

11. Gordonla iJuUnthns

XoUolZy Bay. Tan Bay.

8TBECTTUACEJB.

IC. Fmnontia Callfornioa

Slippery Elm.

TILIACE.X.

17. Tllia AmerioanA

LimeTrtt. BattWood. American Un-
dtn. Lin. Bee Tree.

17. TUia Americana, mr. pubeaoens

U. TUla heterophyUa

WhiU Bale Wood. Wahoo.

MAlPIGHIACEa:.

IS. Bynonlma Incids

TaUowberry. Olamberry.

ZYOOPHTLLACKS.

W. Onaiamim sanctmn

Lignum-viUB.

U. Forllera asgtutifolia

EUTACE.ffi!.

S. Xanthoxylmn Americanmn

PrieUy Aih. Toothache Tree.

i

477
1186

499
llSl

2S8
414

1230

2

124

262

816

1089

745

iss'

285>
320

610
1113
1117
1190

476

1133

947

80
392

State.

Florida.
...do...

do.
.do.

South Carolina

...do

California .

Massaehnsette . . .

Michigan

Miesonri

Mioliigan

Masaaohnsetta

Georgia.

Kentnoky .

...do

..do

Tenneaaee.

Florida.
..do...
...do...
...do ...

.do.
.do.
.do.

Tezaa .

Hiaaonri..
Michigan.

Locality.

Collector.

Upper Metaoombe

Key.
...do

A. H. Cnrtiaa .
...do

UmbrenaKey .
SUiott'aKey...

.do.
do.

Bonnean'a Depot .
Aiken

H. W. Bavenel .
...do

San Bernardino
monntaina.

Arnold Arboretnm .

BigSapida

AUenton

Heraey

DanTera

C. 6. Pringle .

0. S. Sargent

W. J.Beal

G. W. Letterman.

W. J.Beal

J. Bobineon

Bainbridge .

A. H. Cnrtiaa.

CUSa Kentncky river
Mercer coonty . . .

....do

Cnmberland river . .

Boca Chioa Key .
No-Name Key ...
Boca Chica Key .
No-Name Key ...

W. M. Linney .

...do

...do

A. Gattinger ..

A. H. Cnrtiaa.

...do

...do

...do

TTpper Metaoombe
Key.

Elliott's Key.

...do

Department of Ag-

riooltnre.
A.H.Cartiii8

San Antonio .

C. Mohr

AUenten.
Lanaing .

G. W. Letterman . . .
W.J.Beal

Boa

Diameter
of tree,

in
metera.

Coral .
...do .

.do.
.do.

Wet pine-barren.
Swampy

Drift

Gravelly

AUnvial ,

Rich loam ...
Moiat gravel.

Low .

Limeatone .

...do

...do

Alluvial ...

Coral.
...do.
...do .
...do .

.do.

Coral.

Limeatone.

AUavial.
...do....

ao9e

0.620
0.120

0.380

0.470

0.270

0.800

0.060

0.074

0.178

0.066

0.087
0.066

I OP
osowm.

Sap-
wood.

84

17
5

22

28

21

19

18

81

Heart-
wood.

14

26

86

12

56

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DBY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

269

SFEcmc QBAvmr

DBTEBMIHATIOHS.

ASH DETSBMHtATIONS.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
iu pounds
(average).

Bemarks.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First

Second.

Average.

0.6690
0.7272

0.9570
1.0390

0.3852
0. 5146

0.6995

0.4626
0.3815
0.5035
0.5166
0.4272

< 0. 4103
\ 0. 4087

0.4027
0.3791
0.3074
0.4696

0.5257
0.5909
0.5681
0.6009

1.1845
1.2736
L0097

1.1230

0.6122
0.5235

0.6609
0. 7315

0.9593
1.0017

0.4659
0.5255

0.7288
0.4722

0.6649
0.7293

5.60
3.82

0.75
2.66

9.49
1.02

1.51

0.30
0.32
0.97
0.55
0.42

( 0.68
I 0.62

0.45
0.67
0.86
0.48

2.84
2.40
2.75
1.94

0.87
0.51
0.86

0.53

0.60
0.54

5.77
3.88

0.95
2.65

0.44

1.08

1.86

0.33
0.38
1.08
0.64
0.48

0.67 J
0.64)

5.68
3.85

477

1186

All sap-wood ...................... .. ... . . ...

0.6971

4.76

43.44

0.9582
1.0203

0.85
2.66

499

0.5 sap-wood ... .....

1131

0.9893

1.75

61.65

0.4255
0. 5201

0.47
1.05

236

414

•

0.4728

0.76

29.47

0.7142

1.69

44.51

1280

0.4074
0.3815
0.4706
0.5166
0.4266

0.4525

0.31
0.35
1.02
0.60
0.45

2

124

0.4378

262

316

0.4163

0.38851
0.4220)

0.4362

1039

0.55

28.20

0.4074

0.65

23.39

745

0.4927
0.3791
0. 3874
0.4620

0.45
0.67
0.86
0.60

285<

28S>

286"

0.4545

0.5360
0.6783

0. 5791
0.5964

1. 2180
L1700
1.0998

1.0843

0.5069
0.5290

0.53

2.85
1.94
2.56
2.40

0.92
0.81
0.94

0.40

0.58
0.55

320

0.4253

0.62

26.51

0.5308
0.6478
0.5782
0.5987

2.85
2.17
2.65
2.17

510

0.6743
0.5875

1113

1119

iiao

0.9563

0.5888

2.46

36.69

1.1196

1.2218

' 1.0882

0.90
0.66
0.90

476

898

L0652
1.1230

1138

1.1432

0.82

71.24

1. 1101

0.51

.69. 18

947

0.6045
0.5262

0.59

0.54

80

392

0.6654

0.67

35.23

270

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

1

Diameter

LATXBB OF
GEOWTH.

8
§

State.

Looalitj.

Collector.

SoiL

of tree,

in
peters.

SpMlM.

Sap.

TOOd.

Hearts
wood.

735

807

Florida

Cliattahoochee

A.H.Cur«8«

....do

Dry, sandy

XooOaike Tree. Pricay Aih. Sea Ath.
Pepper Wood. Wild Orange.

1086

Xexas

Paleetine

C.Mohr

Damp, sandy

Dry, calcareous . . .
Coral

0.852

20

10

28. Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis, var. fru-

938

....do

...do

0.098

33

1109
1140

Florida

Bahia Honda Key...
...do

A.H.CartiM

...do

Batin iVood.

....do

....do

0.136

4

64

25 Xanthosvlum Pteiota

481
950

do

Bay Biscayne

Matagorda bay

Bay Biscayne

A.H.Curti8s

C.Molir

Coral

WUdLime.

Texaa ............

Calcareous ...

1128

A. H. Cortiss

Coral

0.84

13

31

M I*teliatrifoliatft

768

...do

. . . do . .

Calcareous

0.94

23

Hop Tree. Shrubby Tr^tnl. Wafer
Ash.

1228

Wickenborg

SLUJ^'RVTBEX.

487

Florida

Bay Biscayne

A.H.CurtiBB

Coral

Paradite Tree.

BXJESEEACEiE.

462
903

....do

Tipper Metacombe
Key.

....do

do

Oufn Elemi. Gumbo Limbo. West In-

...do

Department of Ag-
riculture. ,

476

....do

Upper Metacombe
Key.

A.H.Curti88

Coral

0.128

61

Torch l^ood.

ilELIACBJE.

81. Swietenia Mahn^oni

452

do

....do

....do

...do

0.228

16

81

Mahogany. Madeira.

OLACINE^

472
1184

....do

...do

....do

....do

0.112

3

43

Wild Lime. Tallow Nut. Hog Plum.

....do

....do

....do

ILICINEiB.

280
902

South Carolina —
....do

Waverly Mills

W.St. J.Mazyck...

Department of Ag-
noulture.

Sand^loam

0.144

35

American HoUy.

84. BexJDAhoon

484

Florida

Bay Biscayne

A. H. Curtise

Low, damp

0.128

29

DoAoon. Dahoon HolXy.

84. Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolla

802

. do

JaoksocTille .......

do

do

0.148

28

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMEJSrS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Ooutinued.

271

BPECIFIC GKAVITT

DBTEBmHATIOKB.

.^SH DETKEMIi-ATIOSS.

"Weiglit, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Remarks.

1

i

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First

Second.

Average.

1

0.5139
0.4880
0.5392

0. 6139

0.8598
0.9090

0.7480
0.58»7
0.9C00

0.8238
0.6464

0.4100

0.2«VV
0.2823

1.0469

0.7336

0.8799
9.9838

0.C0M
0.6624

0.4791
0.5886

0.5003
0.4772
0.5153

0.5733

0.8965
0.9275

0.7666
0. 5775
0.8949

0.8400
0.7305

0.4172

0.2488
0.4022

1.0450

0.7464

0.8925
0.0506

0.6624
0.5078

0.4820
0.6860

0.5070
0.4826

0.92
0.68
0.90

0.76

L69
2.34

0.90
0.63
0.69

0.31
6.13

0.93

2.05
2.10

0.«6

1.06

0.55
0.84

0.71
1.04

0.94
0.96

0.91
0.65
0.84

0.78

2.01 .
2.15

1.00
0.59
0.89

0.27
4.54

0.92

1.91
2.07

0.51

1.U

0.69
0.82

0.66
0.71

0.88
0.84

0.91
0.67
0.87

736

0. 5272

.

0.6030

0.6056

0.82

31.51

0.5967

0.76

37.19

988

0.8782
0.9222

1.80
2.25

0.9302

0.9002

2.02

56.10

0.7573
0. 6791
0.8968

0.96
0.61
0.79

950

0.8955

1128

0.7444

0.78

46.39

0.8319

0.30

51.84

768

0.6885

5.33

42.91

1228

0.4136

0.2684
0.3423

0.8003

0.93

25.78

487

0.2687

1.98
2.09

462

903

2.04

ia71

1.0459

0.59

66.18

476

0.7047

0.7282

1.09

46.88

462

■

0.8862
0.9531

0.62
0.83

473

0.9249

1184

0.9196

0.73

57.81

0.6335
0.6301

■ 0.63
0.88

180

902

0.6818

0.78

36.26

0.4806

0.91

29.96

484

0.68178

0.90

36.60

toi

272

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
tablb I.— specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot

Speoiee.

\

State.

Locality.

Collector.

— = = ';-^;!i.

Sou.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATBB8 OF
OHOWTll.

8.P-
weod.

Heart-

TOOd.

34e

804
962

M
885
758
BiS

341
616

338

63

1078

1188

478
1201

4S4

460

041

43
521
803

1004

12S6

993
1101

Alabama

Cottage Hill

Saint John's river ..
Matagorda bay

Allen ton. ...........

C.Mohr

a07<

17

Oattma. Tautxm. Topon.

Florida

A.H.CnrtiM

C.Moht

Rirh, flftndy

Tezta

Lteht

M Ilaxde(ddo>

Klsaoori

G.W.Letterman....

J.Severohon

A-H-Cortiss

C.Mohr

Dallas

Chattahoochee rirer
KewBrannfela

Chonchula

0.08t

33

Tftxafl

Alluvial

CYEIIJ.AOBA

Alabama .........

....do

Damp, sandy

Low

0.195

'iron Wood.

Georgia.

Ogeechee river

Cottage Hill

A,H.Cnrtls8

C.Mohr

88. Cliltonla Ugnstrina

Wet

0.194

47

Titi. Iron Wood. Suekivheat Tree.
CSLASXBACEiB.

G.W. Letterman...
....do

Alluvial

Burning Butk. Wahoo. ^ndle Tree.
Arrow Wood.

Uo

....do

....d©

0.002

22

40. Mygln^A FAllfnit

Florida

UmbreUaKey

Tipper Metacombe
Key.

A.H. Curtles

....do

do

0.U0

71

YeUam Wood. Box Wood.

....do

....do

....do

EHAMNACE^.
42. Beynosia latifolla

....do

....do

....do

....do

0.112
0.166
0.100

7
22
5

SI
X

38

JM Iron Wood. DarHng Plum.
4.3. Condalia ferrea

do

do

do

...do

Black Iron Wood.

New Braunfels

C. Mohr

Dry, calcareous...

BUte Wood. Loffvoed. Purple Haw.
4(, Khainnnfl CarollaUoA

Missouri . .

G.W. Letterman...

Indian Ohtrry

Tennessee

Florida

Naeliville

....do

8a1nt John's rivor ..

A.H. Curtiss

T. B. Kitchens

Kicb hammock . . .

0.108
0.050

19
14

10

4fl RhfUDnnn CftlifornlcA

California

Santa Craz moont-
ftinn.

C G Prinffle

G-. Bngelmann and
G. aBargent.

Kich, allnvial

Bearberry. Bear Wood. ShiMm
Wood.

48. C€a3othafitbyTBiflonu

California

Santa Craz

0.090

11

1

Blue MyrtU.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OP DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

273

SPECIFIC OEAVITY DETEfiMINATIOSS.

ASH DXTEE3fI>TATION8.

iWeight, pe
cnbic Iwit,

1 inpiinnds
(average).

r

Bemarks.

1

s

First.

Second.

Third.

A verage.

First.

Second.

Average.

g

1

o

J. 7257
0.6890
0.7475

0.7976
0.7888
0. 5010
0.7060

0.n47
0.6818

0.6350

0.6240
0.6668

0.90J7

0.7487
0.7912

LOWS

1.3020

1.2049

0.5954
0.5040
0.4971
0.4894
0.4789

O.COOO

0.5C65 j

0.5805
0.5965

0. 7185 •
0. 7191
0.7619

»

0.7221
0.7041
0.7547

0.74
1.04
0.89

0.44
0.83
0.87
0.67

0.41
0.12

0.35

. 0.70
0.51

3.88

2.79
2.15

3.24

8.00

7.03

0.19
0.70
0.47

1.15

0.63
0.74
0.70

0.70
1.11
0.72

0.50
0.84
0.79
0.67

0.43
0.40

0^48

0.58
0.53

2.95

2.91
2.28

3.15

8.61

7.02

0.18
0.98
0.52

0.81

0.63
0.59
0.68

0.72
1.08
0.81

345
804
952

0.7270

0.87

45.31

0.7976
0.78S8
0.5885
0.7931

0.47
0.84
0.83
0.67

66

335
753

945

0.5861
0.7894

0.e563
0.6608

0. 6147

0. 7039

0.7420

0.70

46.25

0.6855
0.6713

0.42
0.41

0.42

341
615

0.G784

42.28

0.624S

0.42

38.95

338

0.6240
0.6943

0.64
0.52

63

1078

0.7018

0. 9039

0.7728

0. 7850

1.0825

1. 3020
1.1949

0.6592

0.58

41.08

0.9048

3.42

56.39

1188

0.7608
0.7881

Z8S
2.22

478
1201

«

0.7745

2.64

48.27

1.0715

3.20

66.78

454

1. 3020

8.31

81.14

460

•

0. 125 Ban- wood

1.1990

7.03

74.78

941

0.5954
0. 69.51
0. 5136

0.4807

0.10
0.87
0.50

0.98

0.5962
0.5301
0. 4720 1
0. 4825 5

1094

0.5462

0.64

34.04

0.6000

0.58

37.39

1256

0.5C78

0. 5604 1
0. 5625 5

0 25 sap-TTOod .'

0.5672

0.67

35.35

993

0.5760

0.69

35.83

1101

1

18 FOB

274

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specie*.

49. Colnbrinn rccUnata .
^'akfd Wood.

i

a

i

SAPlUDACEa;.

60. £0<mlus glabra

Ohio lluckef/e. Fetid Buckeye.

51. .Xftculus flava

Sweet Buckeye.

52. .Sscnliis Califomica . .

California Buckeye.

53. Ungnadia spccioaa.
Spanieh Buckeye.

bi. Sapiodas maririnatus .

fiW China. Soapberry.

K. Sapijidng Saponoria.
Soapberry.

60. Hvpelate pamcnlata

'Ink Wood. Iron Wood.

57. Hypelate trifoliata. .
WhiU Iron Wood.

58. Acer Pennsvlvanicum

Striped Maple. Moose Wood. Striped
Dogwood. QooM-foot Uaple. Whittle
Wood.

50. Acer spicatani

Mountain ilapU.

60. Acer macrophyllnm . .
Broad-learea Maple.

61. Acer clrcinatnm .
Yirie Maple.

62. Acer Riabrum . .
Dwar/ Maple.

502
1189

297
386
427

445

684

807

824

1122

463

464

372

98
371

982
J023

State.

Florida .
...do ...

Hiesonn.
...do...

Locality.

Umbrella Key .
..do

AUenton .
...do....

Tennessee ! KaghvlUe.

...do.

California .
Texas

...do

...do

Kew Mexico .

Texas Aostin

do.

Uarln county...
>rew Brannfels .

Dallas ..".

...do

Kio Gilacalion.

Florida.
...do...

do .
.do.

Vermont.
..do....

....do.
...do.

Cape Sable..
Key Largo.

Upper Metacombe
Key.

do.

Huntingdon .
...do

.do.
do.

Oregon \ Portland

do i Portland Furniture

j Companj'.

962 ...do.
1013 ....do.

1014

Washington ter-
ritory.

Colorado.

Portland..

....do

Wilkeson.

£nglemann'B ca&on

Collector.

A. H. Cutis*.,
...do

G. W. Letterman.
...do

Rich, moist .
Alluvial ....
A. Oattinger Eioh, moist .

do.

G. RVasey.
C.Mohr ....

J, Reverchon . .

....do

B. L. Greene . .
C.Mohr

A. n. Curtis*.
...do

...do.
...do.

C. G. Pringle .
...do

.do.
.do.

Soil.

Coral.
...do.

G. Englemann and C.

S. Sargcnt-
do

.do.
.do.
.do .

Rich upland .
...do

Limestone.

Kich,damp .

...do

...do

Limestone . .

Eich,sandy,damp
Coral

do.
..do.

Gravelly.
...do....

do .
do.

Rich, alluvial .

Hoist, alluvial .

...do

...do

R. Dougla* ! Dry, gravelly .

LATEB8 OF

Dlameterl obowth.
of tree,

in
meter*. Sap- Heart-
wood, wood

0.128
0.100

0.250
0.124

0.134

0.262

0.224

6
U

26

24

41

0.229

0.048

28

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

275

SrECIFIC GBAVnj DETKBMINATIONS. 1

ASII DETEBMINATIOKS.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds

(average).

Bemarks.

1

First. Secontl.

Third.

Average. '

First.

SeconJ.

Average.

1

1
0.8100 o.sAi

0.8046 ' 0.81C6

0.4270 ' 0.4358
0. 4787 0. 4625

0.8308
0. 8108

1.29
2.91

1.01
0.83
0.77

0.99

0.06

1.15

1.42
1.86
1.44
1.64

3.82
5.00

1.23

1.35

0.32
0.44

0..42
0.48

0.59
0.49

0.39
0.35
0.41

0.31

l.U

2.26

l.CO
0.85
0.68

1.00
0.73
1.19

1.27

1.52

1.21
2.29

502

0. 8112

0.8208

1.75

61.15

0.4314
0. 4706
0.4606

1.01
0.84
0.73

0.4606

427

0.4542

0.86

28.31

1
0.4241 1 0.4307

0.^921 0. 5038

0.0392 0.6272

0. 7520 0. 7930
0. 8324 0. 8616
0.7978 0.8345
0.7550 0.8522

1
0.6595 1 0.8763

0. 7940 0. R0!!4

0.4274

1.00

27.24

0.49S9

0.70

31.04

0.6332

1.17

39.46

0.7750
0.8470

1.35
1.69
1.44
1.53

307
589

0.8162
0. 8123

1

0.8296

1.52

3. .10
5.25

1.27
1.41

•

0.35
0.30

0.37
0.41

0.57
0.49

0.39
0.37
0.44

0.29

9'*8

0.8126

1.50

50.64

0.8679
0.8056

3.66
5.13

568

0.8204

0.9600
0.9656
0 5111

0.9465
0.8548

0.8367

4.34

62.14

0.9533

1.25

69.41

463

0.9102

1.38

66.72

464

0. 5115
0.5484

0.34
0.37

99

0.5554 ' 0.5iro

0.5780

372

0.5299

0.36

33.02

0. 5198 0. 5205
0. 5490 0. 5528

0. 5057 0. 5029
0.4323 : 0..5087

i

0. 6*24 : 0, 6720
0. 6587 1 0. 6060
0.0370 0.0800

(

1
P. 6032 0. 6023

0.6202
0.54OT

0.40
0.45

98

0.5353
0.5254

371

0.5330

0.42

33.22

0.5113
0.4705

0.4909

0.58
0.49

982

1022

0.64

30.59

0.6772
0.6624
0.0585

0.39
0.36
n.43

962

1018

lOU

0.66C0

0.30

41.51

0.6028

37.57

529

276

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
tablk I.— specific geavity, ash, and weight per cubic foot

BpcoiM.

Acer grandidrotiitiun

Acer saccharinam

Sugar Maph. Sugar Tru. HardMapU.
BeckUapU.

M. Acer ftaccbarinniu, var, nl^ram.
Bla»k Sugar Mapl

66. Acer dasycarpnm

SqflUapU. WhiU Maple. SUvtr Maple.

M. Acer rubrmn

Bed Maple. Haamp Maple. Sqft Maple.
Wattr Maple.

n. Aeer mbriun, «ar. DnunmondU.

•f. Heenndo acoroides

B9X Elder. Aeh-leaved Maple.

AS. KefoindoCalifomlcain.
Box Elder.

ANACARDIACEiB.

RhtiB cotinolde« .
OhMam Wood.

i

106
203
2»8
299
376
409
1233
1234
1235

213
274'
274'
399
440
757
1167

103
307
448
1032

20

630

743

878

1048

1239
1240

290
811

645

U76

SUte.

Utah .

Voimoiit

Ohio

Missomi

...do

Yermoiit

Now England.

Vermont

...do

...do

.uo .

MiBsoari...

...do

...do

Tennoasee .

Florida

IlisBonri...

Vermont

....do ,

Missouri

M.issacbasetta. .

...do

Mississippi

Georgia

Massaohoaetts.
..do

Missouri.
...do

Missouri.
Texas ...

CaJifomla.

Locality.

City Creek raQon .

Woodsnm Machine

Company.
AUenton

...do

Charlotte .

Cbarlestown Navy.

yard.
Ctaarlolte

do .
.do.

...do

AUenton

...do

...do

Nashville

Chattahoochee.
AUenton

Charlotte .

..do

AUenton..
Topsfleld .

Arnold Arboretum.

Kemper's mill

Baiobridge

Danvers

North Beading . . . .

Poplar Blnff.
...do

AUenton.
Dallas....

Contra Costa county

Alabama HtmtaviUe.

CoUector.

M. £. Jones .

C.G. Pringle

B.E. Barney

G. W. Letterraan.

..do

C.G. Pringle

8.n.Pook

F.II. HorsforJ...,

..do

..do

C. G. Pringle ,

G. W. Letterman.

.. do

...do

A. Gattinger

A.H.CnrtiS8

G. W. Letterman.

C.G. Pringle

...do

G-W. Letterman.
J.Kobinson

C.S. Sargent..

C.Mohr

A. H. Curtiss .
J. Bobinson...
.. do

G. W. Letterman .
...do

SoO.

Uoist, graveUy .

Gravelly.

Bich aplanda .

.. do

Gravelly

CUy

Low, alluvial .
Bich, alluvial .
Low, alluvial .

Rich

Clay

Rich, aUuvial .

Swampy .
...do....

Low mtadow .

Drift

Rich, swampy.

Low

.. do

.. do

G. W. Letterman. . .
J. Beverchon

G. R Vasey.

C. Mohr .

Bich bottom .
...do

Rich, muist .

Bich learn .

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

0.268

0.285
0.222
0.252
0.168
0.204

uLTaBB or

QBOWTB.

Sap-
wood.

13

51

Heart-
wood.

54
3

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OP DEy SPEGIiMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Contiuued.

277

1

SPECIFIC CnAVlTT DKTKBMIKATIOXB.

ASH

DETBEMINATIOSS.

Weight, pe
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

r

Bemarks.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

a

0. 7012

0. 6139

0.6363

t 0. 7697

j 0.7828

j 0.0538

0.6242

I 0. 7105

0.6993

0.7239

0. 7319
0. 7249
0. 7214
0. 7117
0.6410
0.6868
0.6814

0.4889
0.4860
0.4760
0.6247

0.6761

«. 5770

i 0.S288

{ 0.6307

; 0.0374

1

!

0.5563
0.5355

0.4332
0. 4217

0.4786

1

0.G196

0. 6791

0.6003
0.6300
0.8098
0.7689
0.0783

4

0.6902

0.6G

0.44
0.51
0.54
0.60
0.93
0.36
0.91
0.33
0.48

1.48
0.56
0.52
0.70
1.81
0.S5
0.42

•

0.31
0.30
0.40
0.29

0.24
0.43
0.49
0.32
0.38

0.31
0.36

0.76
1.01

0.61
0.48

0.81

0.40
0.45
0.59
0.67
1.10
0.44
0.33
0.29
0.35

1.01

0.64

43.01

88«

0.6071
0.6332
0. 7898
0.7759
0.6661
0. 6242
0.7106
0.6896
0.7239

0.42
0.48
0.57
0.59
1.02
0.40
0.62
0.31
0.42

105

203

298

299

376

409

1233

1234

1235

0.6899

0.6935
0.6980
0.7002
0.6799
0.6429
0.7008
0.6840

0.6254
0.4828
0.5062
0.0163

0.0845
0.6064
0.5510
0.6496
0.6185

0.6639

0.6912

0.64

43.08

0.6964
0. 7115
0. 7108
0.6958
0.6419
0.7014
0.6827

1.25
0.66
0.52
0.63
1.17
0.44
0.39

213
274»
274«
399
440
757
1167

0.56
1.02
0.33
0.36

0.32
0.31
0.42
0.27

If. 25
0.42
0.49
0.33
0.32

0.31
0.36

1.22
1.30

0.57
0.61

0.7105

-. ................ — ............... ...^... . .. — .... — .

0.6915

0.71

43.09

0.6072
0.4844
0.4911
0. 6251

0.32
0.31
0.41
0.28

103

367

448

1052

0.6344

0.3269

0.33

0.25
0.43
0.49
0.33
0.35

32.84

0.6803
0.6917
0.5466
0.6433
0.6273

20
630
7-43

0.6601
0.6406
0.6260

Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood

878
1048

0. 6178

0.37

38.60

0.6563
0.6365

0.31
0.36

1239
1240

0.4288
0.4474

0.4866
0.0393

0.5459

0.4310
0.4^46

0.34

84.02

0.99
1.10

290
811

0.4328
0.4821

1.07

26.97

0.54

30.04 .

646

0.e68«

0.6425

0.50

40.04 .

1

278

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
tablk I.— specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot

Spedca.

70. Rhna typltina

SUtgiiom Sumach.

71. Rhns copallina

Dtoarf Sutnaeh.

71. Bboa oopallma, var. laDceolntA

72. Rhus venenata

Poiton Stmach. Poiton Elder.

78. Hhns Metopium

Poiaon Wood. Coral Sumach. Mount-
ain Manchini^l. Bum Wood. Hog
Plum. Doctor Gum.

LEGTJMINOSJS.
76. Bjsenhardtia ortbociirpa

76. Dalea spiuosa

77. Bobinia Pseudacacia

Loaut. Black LoeuH. Teiiou Lomtt

78. Robinia vlnoosa

Olammif Locu*t.

n. Bobinia Neo-Mexicana

Locutt.

80. OlneyaTesota

Iron Wood. Arbol dt Hierro.

81. Piscidia Brytbrina

Jamaica Dogwood.

82. CUilraiitis tinctoria

TcUovWood. TeUowAth. QopJierWood.

n. Sopbora socandiflora

rrigolilo.

I

ISS

loeo

70
610
736

878

1037
1041

467

1147

1070

405
441
815
845

1061

1031

650

664

33
439

Rtote.

Vermont

Massacliiuetta

Mis.soaii.
Georgia. .

Locality.

Hinesbnrgb.
Sanvers

Alienton .

Lower Altamafaa
river.
Floiida Cbattahoocheeriver.

Texas .

Maasachasetts. . .

.do .
.do.

Florida .

Arizona .

Califoraia.

Tennessee

West Virginia...
Uassacbnsetts

do.

Colorado.

Califomia.

Dallas .

Danvers .

.do .
.do.

Upper Mctacombe

Te

ey.

Santa Rita monnt*
ains.

Agna Caliente.

Collector.

C.G.Pringle.,
J. Bobinson...

G. W. Lettcrman .

A. H. Curtis*

...do

J. Beverchon .

J. Robinson.

.do.
.do.

A. H. Cortias .

O.G. Pringle.

Cbarlestown Navy-
yard.
Nashville

Grafton..
Danvere .

.do .

Trinidad.

Florida .

Eentncky .
Tennessee .

040 Texas .

Lower Colorado
valley.

Upper Metacombe

'W;

Mercer county.
Nosbviile

.do .

W. B. Strong .

SoiL

Gravelly.
...do....

Moist limestone.

Dry, day

...do

Dry, gravelly .

Wet, swampy.

.do.
do.

Coral .

Dry, rookyj.

Parish Brotlicrs Dry. n.)ndy

S. 11. Pock . . .
A. Gattin^er
C. G. Pringle .
J. Robinson . .

G. Bngelmaun and
C. S. Sargent.

A. n. Cm1is.s.

Limi'btone .

Gravelly .

Loam .

Low, muist .

Dry, jn'.Tvelly

W. M. Linney .
A. Gattingor .

New Brauntcls I C. Mohr .

Coral .

Limestone .
Alluvial ..

Limestone .

Diameter
of tree.

0.120

0.176

0.070

0.085
0.067

0.222

0.184

LAYEBB OF
OBOWXU.

Sap-
wood.

39

He•r^
wood.

84

19

20

16
27

35

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

279

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

DETERMINATIONS.

ABH DETEEMISATI0K8.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bemarks.

i

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

Fiist.

Second.

Average.

0.4476
t 0. 4079
\ 0. 3912

0.4907
0.5478
0.5472

0. 5131

( 0.4383
( 0.4192
C 0.436S
\ 0.4535
0.4259

0.8106

0.8691

( 0.5714
I 0. 5285

0.7550
0.7908
0.6490
0. 7410

< 0. 8130
( 0. 7942

0.7988

( 0. 8953
( 1. 1542

0.8779

0.0072
0.C277

1.0310

0.4593

0.48551

0.3869>

0.5080
0.5579
0. 4910

0.5236

0.43621
0.4368 5
0.43221
0.4449)
0.4511

0.VV28

* 0.8884

0.59041
0. 5241 )

0.7904

♦*

0. 4535
0.4179

0.43
0.52

0.62
0. C3
0.55

0.89

0.90

0.49
0.50

2.31

1 29

3.41

0.22
1.26
0.35

0.22

0.22

0.62

( 1.85
\ 2.75

3.42

0.21
0.39

1.44

0.54
0.52

0.62
0.56
0.60

0.80

0.88

0.49
0.00

2.47

1.28

4.68

0.20
1.12

0.49
0.52

158

1060

0.4357

0.50

27.15

0.5039
0. 5529
0. 5250

0.62
0.60
0.57

IV

010

0.5367

736

0.5273

0.60

32.86

0. 5184

a85

i

32.31

330

0.4326

0.4418
0. 4403

0.89

0.49
0.55

876

i

1037

0.4440

1041

0.4382

0.S4

27.31

0.7917

2.39

49.34

467

0.8646

0.8740

1.28

54.47

1147

First, second, and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-
wood i fourth sp. gr. determination made on 0.1 sap-wood.

0. 6536

4.04

34.50

1079

0.7727
0.7908
0.6430
0.7259

0.24
1.19
0.35
0.24

405

441

0.6387
0.7279

0.8017 J
0.8287$

0.7865

0.96001
1.1542)

0.E689

0. 0485

815

0.7087

0.25

0.19

0.58

2.151
2.43)

3.34

0.17
t 36

1.74

Third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. Cultivated

845

0.7333

0.51

45.70

0.8094

0.20

50.44

1061

0.82S8
1. 1374

0.8034

0.60

60.07

1031

1. 0602

2.29

1
1

06.07

650

0.8734

3.38

54.43

564

.

0. 6278
0. 6277

0.19
0.38

33

439

0.9890

0.9325

First and second sp. gr. determination-s made on sap-wood ... .

0.6278

0.28

.•)9. 12

0.9M2

1.89

01.34

940

280

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

SpeciM.

i

State.

Locality.

Collector.

SoO.

Dluaetor
of tree,

Id
meters.

LAnBB or
OKOwni.

8»^
wood.

Heart-
wood.

329
932

296
402
519

53'
63'
444

760

678

1258

829
1208

59
436
1089
1090
1091

1142

561
590
680
927

600
658
998

1224
1222

Texas

...do

Missouri

...do

Tennessee

Missoud

...do

Dallas

J.Beverchon

C. Mohr

Austin

....do

0.084

10

16

!

G. W. Lettcrman . . .
...do

Kentueley Cofee Tres. OofM Au«.

....do

Alluvial

Nashville

A. Gattinger

G.W. Letterman ...

8*1 Gleditscbia triacanthoa ..-.-..

Allenton

Eoney Tfocust Black Loctut Thres-

... do

....do

Honey Shucks.

Tennessee

Florida

Arizona

do

Kashrille

A. Gattingei

A.H.CurUss

G. EnfTclmann and
C. S. Sargent.

C. G. Pringle

Dry, sandy barren
Alluvial

Chattahoochee river.

Lower Colorado
river.

Valley of the Gila
river.

0.294

21

26

Water Locu4t

Green-bark Acacia. Palo Verde.

1

i

Department of Ag-
riculture.
S. B. Buckley . ...

Texas

G. W. Letterman

A. Gattinger

G. W. Letterman

....do

0.260

•

5

35

Jx'edbud. Judas Tree.

Tenoeaaee

Nashville

Rich '

....do

do

do

....do

do

.. do

. do

92. Cercift reiiiforiii!^

t
Texas

Aaatin . - -

S.B.Buckley

B.L.Baldridgo

C. S Sarcent

•

Redktid.
93. ProBopU juliflora

—..do

Arizona

..do

Texas

California

Fort Stockton

Mesqvit. Algaroba. Boney Locust.
Honey Pod.

do

do

C.Mohr

94. I'r»80pia i)aI>C6Cena

Screw liean. Screwpod Mesquit. Tor-
nilla.

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Siirgent.
do

....do

do . ...

....do

...do

do

0.064

8

93. Leiirtrna glauca

Lam paftasmouu tains

<5 B Bucklev

96. X(Onc;pna i>ulrcnilenta

Texas

do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

281

6PECIFIC ci:av:tt

DETSBMIK.i.TIOKS.

ABB DETEBMINATIOKB.

Weipht.per
cubic foot,
in ponuds
(average).

Eemarks.

i

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

A. verago.

1

0.8019
0.85J0

0. 6700
0.6063
0. 7395

0.7330

•
0.8161 '

0.9316
0.6786

1*

0.8090
0.8928

0.42
1.04

a 70
a45

0.98

0.55
0.69
1.29

0.66

1.23

4.20

2.32
2.17

0.59
0.67
0.80
0.82
0.67

0.70

3.35
1.67
1.45
2.09

1.02
0.91
0.95

3.27
0.90

0.34
1.13

0.57
O.SO
0.82

0.61

0.38
1.09

329
032

0.8509

0.73

63.03

0.6743
0.6663
0.7395

0.64
0.48
0.90

296
402
519

0.7359
0.6275

0.6934

0.67

43.21

0.7345
0.6346
0. 0528

0.58
0.69
1.14

1 0.6418

53«

0. 6328

0.98

0.79

l.CO

3.08

2.26
2.51

0.66
0.C7
0.77
0.74
0.84
•

0.77

2.69
1.71
2.49
2.00

0.98
0.90

0.7245
0.6732
0. 7722

0.7272

0.6740

0.80

42.00

0. 7509

0. 7342

0.73

43.76

766

Second up. gr. determiDation made on sap wood

' 0.6330

0.6531

1.12

40.70

678

0 7176

0.7449

3.64

49.75

1258

0 6325

0.6325
0.5908

2.29
2.34

829

0. .>848

0.5968
0.6070

1208

0.6157

9. 6116

2.32

38.11

0 6104

0.6110
0.7098
0. 6107
0.6289
0.G213

0.58
0.67
0.79
0.78
0.76

59

I 7098

436

').e254
■1 6493
■) 6000

0.7392

6.8322
0.7137
•). 7247
0. 7478

0.!>9.=I9
0.6084
0.6417

0.7045

0.8664

0.6997

1 0. 7726

0.7620

0. 7910
0.7930
0.7278

0.9205

0.G80I

1089

*

109O

1091

0.7502

First and second sp.gr.deteiminations made on half sap wood..

0.6363

0.72

89.63

0. 7.513

0.77

46.82

1142

0.8493
0.7067
0. 7487
0.7562

3.02
1.69
1.97
2.05

561

500

C80

0.7587

0. Oj sap-wood

927

0.7052

2.18

47.13

0. 777:.'

0.7841
0.7729
0.7258

0.7609
0.9235
0.6732

1.00
0.91
0.95

600

0. 7527

ec8

0 7':37

998

8.31
1.13

47. 43

57. D5

1 9-J0-,
■J. Cli",

0.96

3.29
1.01

1224

41.95

1222

282

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

•;. Acacia WrightU.
Oat'i CUne.

«e. Acacia Greggii .
Cat't Ola».

100. Lysiloma latlsiliqna .
wad Tamarind.

101. Pithecolobiam Unguis^»ti .
Cafi Claw.

KOSACEiE.

102. Chrysobalanos loaco .
Cocoa Plum.

108. Pninus Americana

WUd Plum. Canada Plum. Borse
Plum.

8

s

1200

see

CS7

State.

Texas .

Arizona .
.. do....
...do....

104. Pmnns angustifolia

Ohickataw Plum. Hog Plum.

105. PniDus Pennsylvanica

Wild Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon
Cherry.

509
1112

465
1108

480

220
334

106. Pmnna nmbcllata

Sloe. Maek Sloe.

107. Pinnns emarginata, car. mollis .

108. Pranus aerotina

wad Black Cherry. Sum Cherry.

109. FmnoaCapuli.
Wild Cherry.

233

COO

9G8

15
106
116
127
148
198
317
BUS
400
725
763
1053

291

418

Florida .
....do...

...do.
do.

Locality.

Austin

Santa Kita monnt-

ains.
...do

Clifton.

Boca Cbica Key .
Key Largo

Uppe
Kei

ler Metacomlie
Ley.
Babiii Honda Key .

Collector.

Soil.

S. B. Buckley .

G. Engeimann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

E.L. Greene

A. H. Cortiss .
...do

.do.
.do.

.do.

Missouri.
Vermont.
Texas ....

Tennessee .
Vermont. . .

Georgia

Bay Biscayne A. H. Cnrtiss .

AUenton G. W. Letterman.

Charlotte CO. Pringie . . .

Dallas J. Revercbon . . . .

Dry, gravelly.
...do

Coral.
...do.

do.
do.

Swampy .

Nashville A. Gattinger

Charlotte .

Altamaba river

"Washington ter-
ritory.

Massachusetts

Vermont

Michigan

Missouri

Illinois

Ol.io

Michigan

Vermont

"Wilkeaon.

Roxbury

Charlotte

Dansvillc

Allenton

"Waukegan

Barney & Smith

Manufacturing Co.

Hersey

C.G. Pringie.

Virginia or Mid-
dle states.
Pennsylvania

Chailolte

Cbarlestown Navy-
yard.
WilUamsport

Florida

Massachusetts

Chattahoochee river.
TopsBekl

A. n. Curtiss

G. Engnlmann and
C. S. Sargent.

C. S. Sargent

C.G. Pringie

W.J.Beal

G. W. Letterman . .

II. Douglas

E. E. Bamoy

W.J.Beal

C.G. Pringie

S.H.Pook

C.G.Pringle

A. H. Curtiss

J.Bobinson

lUcb uplands .

Gravelly

Rich

laverblnff ...
Cold, gravelly.

Clay

Low, rich .

Gravelly...

...do ,

..do

Rich loam .
Gravelly. . .

Rich

Gravelly.

Clay

Gravelly

New Mexico Pinos Altos mount-

I ains.
do do

E. L. Greene Alluvial .

do do .

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATKBS OF
GEOWTH.

Sap-
Tood.

0.202

0.100

0.216

».205

0.218
0.320

Heart,
wood.

14

47

29

24

31

15
11

48
33

12

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Contiuued.

283

SFKCIFIC GEAVITT DBTEBMDCATIONS.

A6H DETEUM1NATI0X8.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

BemarkB.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

1

0.9380

0. 8703
0.8162
0.8558

0. C033
D.C901

0.8829
' 0.8885

0.7290

0.0750
0. 7035
0.7876

O.Cfl75
0.5014

0.8162

0. 4310

0.7047
0.5525
0.5809
0.6730
0.0473
0.5675
0,5373
0. 5131
0.4C80
0. 5734
0. !)753
0,0833

0.7282
0 8459

0.9404

*>

0.9392

0.68

0.68
0.95
1.00

2.00
1.98

2.48
3.00

0.87

0.11

0.17
0.33

0.28
0.36

0.14

0.18

0.13
0.13

0.57
0.89

0.63

58.53

•

1209-

0.8703
0.8389
0.8558

0.79
0.95
1.00

598

0.8616

697

893.

0.5663
0.7159

■^

2.44
2.07

2.25
2.09

0.87

0.09
0.21
0.21

0.28
0.43

0.10
0.23
0.14

0.11

%

0.8550

0.91

53.28

0.5848
0.6987

2.22
2.03

509

0.6001

1112

0.8349
1. 0135

0.8129

0.6745
0.6800
0.8079

0.6418

2.12

40.00

0.8589
0.9510

2.87
2 55

465-

1108-

0.9049

2.46

56.39

0.7709

0.87

48.04

480-

0.6748
0.6918
0.7978

0.10
0.19
0.27

68

220

334,

0.7215

0.18

44.96

0.7092
0.5031

0.8242
0.4004

0.6884

0.28

42.90

435

0.5023

0.10

31.30

233

0.8202

0.12

51.11

C06

0.4S02

0.21

28.06

068

0 7079

0.7063
0.5532
0.5321
0.6486
0.S491
0.9667
0.5280
0, 5'4l

0.14
0.12
0.14
0.18
0.12
0.12
0.18
0.16
0.08
0.10
0.25
0.16

15

0.5539

106

0.4832
0.0235
0.6508
0. .IBSS
0.518C
0. 5351

0. 12 0- 1.";

115

0.19
0.11
0.13

0.17
0.13

0 11

127
148
198
317
308.
406.
726.
703

0. 19 n 17

0.14
0.06
0.C9
0.17
0.15

0.16

0.28,

0.17
0.09
0.10
0.34
0.17

0.12
0.2G

0. 4C80

0. 5777
0.5221
0. 0857

0.6940
0.8837

0.5756
0.5488

1053

0.8822

0.15

36.28

0.7111
0.8648

0.14
0.27

294.

418.

a 7879

0.20

49.10

284

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AS^, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Species.

110. Pmnns demlam ■
Wild Cherry.

111. Pmnns Caroliniana

Wxld Orange. Moek Orange. Wild
Peaeh.

112. Frnnns spluerooaipa .

113. Prunna illclfolia .
Jslay.

tl4. YaaqmeliniaToTTeyi.

115. Coroocarpns Icdifolins. .
ilountain Mahogany.

116. Cei'oocar]>u8 parrifolma .
Mountain Mahogany.

U7. Pyma eoranaria

American Orab. Sweet-scented Orab.

118. PjTUB angastifoUa

American Crab Apple. Southern Orab
Apple.

lis. PymsrivuUiriB

Oregon Orab Apple.

I

120. Pyms Americaua.
Mountain Ath.

121. Pyma aambucifolia . .

Mountain Ash.

122. CroUegns Tivolaria ..

123. Crategua Doaglaaii .

124. CratiBfnia bracbyacantba .
Hogs' Haw.

128. CraUrgaa arboreaf ess .

637

(49
800
916
1032
1062

1217

1168

1152

883
904

State.

California.

Alabama .
Florida ...

...do

...do....
Texas

Florida .

California .

Arizona .

Utah.

808
1087

313

214

410

999
926

303>

863»
607

Califoraia.

DeLlwaro

Pennsilvania.
.. do

SonthCaroliDa.

Oregon .

Vermont.
.. do..'..

.. do.
Utah.

Oregon —
Louiaians..

South Carolina

...do ...
Georgia.

Locality.

Strawbeixy valley .

Mobile

Jacksonville

Chattahoochee.
JackaonviUo. . .
Victoria

Edgo of Everglades.

Santa Cmz .

Santa Eita moont-
^ins.

City Creek caDon.

Siskiyou connty

Kiaraonsi .
Nazareth .
...do

Aiken .

Portland .

Charlotte

Hontlngdon .

Mount Mansfield .
City Creek caBon .

Cascades of the Co.
lumbia river.

Webster parish

Aiken n. W. Ravcucl

Collector.

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

C. Mohr

A.H.Cartis8 ..

C.Mohr

A. H. Cnrtiss.
C.Mohr

A. H. Cnrtiss

C. L. Anderson.

C.G.Pringle.

M. E. Jones

Dcparfraent of Ag.
riciUture.

G. Engclmann and
C. S. Sargent

W. M. Canby .

J.Henry

...do

Sou.

Low, rich .

Sandy

...do

Alluvial... .

Sandy

Rich, moist .

Kocky .

H.AV. Kavencl.

G. Engclmann and
C. S. Sargent

C.G. Pringle.
...do

..do

M.E. Jonea.

G. Eu;:elmaun and
C. S. Sargent.

C. Mohr

...do

Ogeechee .

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss .

Eocky .

Clay ..
Moist.
...do .

Eicb, damp .
EichhUls...

Gravelly .
...do....

...do .
...do.
Itich..

Clay.

Uich .

...do .

IX)W ..

I LATEItS 0#

Diameter growth.
of tree.

in
meters.

0.171
0.302

0.180

0.206

Sap.
wood.

0.062

0.130

0.1S6

0. IOC

0.200

a 168

Heart'
wood.

8 61

12 SO

26

25

4«

34

27

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

285

SPECIFIC OBAVTTT DETKBiflKATIOKB.

ABH DETEBHIKi.TIONS.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bemarks.

•

1
S
3

First.

Second.

Thira.

Average.

First

Second.

Average.

m
o

0. 7025

0. 9515
0 8874
0.7766
0.8670
0.0030

0.9OC2

0.9885

1.1340

1.0608
1.0950

0.9365

0.6973
O6640
0.7402

0.6945

0.8266

0.53iS
0. 5512

0.5893

0. 7672

O7025

0.6750

( 0. 6306

( 0.6093

0.6263

0.6934

0 0937

0 9855
0.8227
0.7797
0. 8721
0. 8610

0.8934

0. 9720

1. 1408

1.0332
1.1080

0.6890

0.0951

0.51

0.32
0.39

o.a

0.46
0.43

0.97

0.80

1.44

1.27
1.09

0.45

0.52
0.60
0.49

0.33

0.41

0.98
0.56

0.39
0.33
0.29
0.37

O03

0.38
0.62

0.48

0.33
0.37
0.44
0.49
0.43

0.76

0.76

1.46

1.12
0.69

0.50

43.32

0.9685
0.8472
0.7782
0.8691
0.8810

0.33
0.38
0.44
0.43
0.43

0.8314

91&

1032

0.8790

1062

0.8688

0.41

54.14

0.8998

0.87

56.07

0.9803

0.78

61.09

1158-

1.1374

1.45

70.88

•

1152

1.0400

1.M47
1. 1015

1.19
0.89

004

'

1.0731

1.04

66.87

0.9365

0.45

0.50
0.44
0.62

5a3«

825

0.7228
0. 6762
0.7260

0.6845

0.8360

0. 5»29
0.5410

0.5963

0.7734

0.6928

0.6K15

0.62301
0.0225 5
0.6590
0.6699

0.7320
0.6788
0. 7057

0.48
0.38
0.75

0.33

0.41

1.23
0.56

0.31
0.37
0.36
0.46

O70

0. 7174
0.6730
0.7240

808-

1087

108»

0.7048

0.62

43.92

0.6895

0.33

42.97

313

0.8316

0.41

61.82

1002

0.5539

0.5438
0.5464

0.56

214

0.25 Bap- wood

365-

0.5451

0.83

33.97

0.5028

0.35

36.94

410

0.7703

0.35

48.00

SR,").

0.6898

0.6950

0.33

43.31

999

0.6793

0.42

42.33

026

•

0.6228

0. 6»27
0.6817

0.67

0.38
0.65

303'

363»

0.68

607

40.45

0.6491

0.57

286

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Species.

J

State.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

Ditmeter
of tree.

in
meters.

LATEBS or

OUOWTH.

Sap-
wood.

Heart-
wood.

126. Cratiegas Crus-galli

CoeUpur Thorn. NevocattU Thorn.

"127. Cratffigns cocciuea ■

Scarlet Haw. Bed Bav>. White Thoni.

128. CraltBgus BubTilloea .
Scarlet Bate,

129. Crataegus tomentosa

Black Thorn. Pear Saw.

130. Crataegus cordata.
wm'n

Wathingtori Thorn.

131. Crataegus apiifulia

Farsley Hav>.

132. Crataegus spathnlata .

Smatt-/ntited Haw.

134. CraUegns aestivalis

May Haw, Apple Haw,

135. Crataegns flara

Summer Haw. Tettow Haw.

135. Cratregns flava, t>ar. pabescens.
Summer Haw. Hed Haw.

136. Heteromeles arbutifolia

Tof/on. ToUon. Cali/omia HoUy.

137. Aiuelanchier CanadenRis

Juneberiy. Shad Biuh. Service Tree.
May Ohtrry.

HAMAMELACE.S.

188. Haroatnolis Virginica .
TFtteA HazA.

328
1093

ICO

949
1081

154
426

447
759

300
614

239

301
569

Massachusetts.
Missouri

Verniout.

Texas ...
Missouri

Vermont. . .
Tennessee .

..do...

Florida .

South Carolina.
(Jeorgi*

South Carolina.

....do...
Florida .

787 ....do

1160 Califomiii.

156
241
849

867

87S
1269

139. Liqnidambar Stj raciflua 546 Alabama ' Kemper's mill ,

Swett Oum. Star-leaved Oum. Li<ju!d- I
amber. SedGum. llileted. U'"' Arltansas Little Rock

Vermont

Kentucky

Massachusetts.

....do .

....do

Tennessee .

Brookline.
Allen ton..

Monkton .

Vittoria

Saint Lonis .

Charlotte .
Nashville -

.do.

Chattahoochee.

Aiken

Ogeechee rivor .

Aiken ..
Tampa .

Aspalaga ...
Santa Cruz .

Beverly.,

Danvers ..
Montvalo .

1181

New Jersey ' Mount Holly

Mississippi Yazoo River bottom .

J. Boblnson

O. W. Letterman .

C.G.Pringle.

C. Mohr...
H.Eggert .

C.G.Pringle.
A. Gattinger.

...do

A. H. Curtiss .

H. "W. Bavenel .
A. H. Curtiss . .

Bonncau's Depot

H. W. Eavenel.

..do

A.H.Cui'tiss .

...do

C.L.Anderson.

Charlotte

Bmmfield Station. . .
Danvers

C.G.Pringle..
TV. M. Linney.
J. Robinson . . .

.do.

..do

A. n. Curtiss .

C.Mohr

G.W. Letterman.

S. P. Sharpies

E. Abbey

Loam

Low, wet.

Gravelly.
Alluvial .

Clay

Limestone .

Low

Alluvial.

Rich, damp .
Low

Damp, rich .

Dry, fertile .
Sandy

Dry clay.

Gravelly

Waverly shale.
Loam

Rocky.
...do..

Rich, alluvial .

Clay

Alluvial .

0.180

0.180
0.106

0.080

0.880

0.224

0.142

0.184

0.140
0.190

0.208

61
28

27

38

58

41

21 34

34
43

30 17

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

287

1

SPECIFIC GHAVITT

DKTBRMniATIOKS.

ASn DETEEMJNATIOSS.

Wciglit, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bemarks.

s

First.

SecODd.

Third.

Average.

First.

SeooDd.

Average.

s

1

0.6590
0. 7781

0.8654

0.7909
0.8376

0.7649
0. 8059

0.7105

0.7506

0.7524
0.6716

0.6625

0.7724
0.8172

0.7770

0. 9610

0,6074
0.7904
0.8600

( 0.7087
( 0.7081
( 0.6662
I 0. 7028
0.6099

0.6415
0. 5773
0.5841

0. r>aos

o.erik

0.7667

0.8582

0.7144
0.8382

0. 7712
0. 7110

0.7481

0.7400

0.7698
0.6700

0.650,1

0.7620
0.7718

0.7396

0.9042

0.7642
0.T944
0.9028

0.73931
0.7826
0.78281
0.0985)

0.6632
0.7791

0.6642
0.7746

0:57

0.49

0.36

0.77
0.54

0.50
0.53

0.48

0.72

0.71
0.60

0.57

0.82
0.65

0.91

0.62

0.61
0.42
o!65

0.43

0.27
0.32

0.47
0.48
0.29
0.07

0.55
0.60

0.40

0.78
0.68

0.44
0.51

0.44

1.22

0.67
0.63

0.56

0.94
0.73

0.01

0.46

•
0.64

0.53

0.45

0.44

0.33
0.39

0.49
0.73
0.34
0.60

0.56
0.55

328

1093

0.7194

0.56

44.83

0. 8618

0.38

53.71

100

0.7527
0.8379

0.78
0.61

949

1081

0.7953

0.69

49.56

0.7681
0.7585

0.47
0.52

154

426

0.7033

0.50

47.67

0.7293

0.46

45.45

447

•

0.7453

0.97

46.45

739

0.7611
0.6708

0.69
0.62

300

614

0.7159

0.66

44.61

0.6564

1

0.57

40.91

239

0.7672
0.7945

0.88
0.69

301

569

0.7809

0.79

48.67

0.7683

0.91

47.88

767

0.9326

0.54

58.18

1164

First 8p. gr. determi nation made on 0.75 sap-wood; second ep.
gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood.

0.6858
0.7924
0.8733

0.63
0.48
0.55

156

241

0.8570

First and third ap. gr. determinations made on 0.9 sap-wood;
second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood.

849

0.7838

0.55

48.85

0. 7342

0. 7126
0.0099

0.44

0.30
0.36

807

875

1?5»

M78

:.l
0. 5549

0.6836

0.37

42.72

0.6i95
0. 57J9
0.5916

0.5615

0.48
0.61
0.32
0.67

54A

1095

All sap-wood

1173

0.5692

1181

283

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. '
Table I.— SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Species.

1

a
a

1

sut«.

Localiiy.

Collector.

Soil.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATRBS or

oRowrn.

Rap-
wood.

Hfart-

WOtHl.

U8l Uqnidmmbar Styraciflna— oontinaed . . .

1182
1183

485

489

507

1265

456
1118
1120
1198

566

1200

1115
1135
1189

1197
1127

603

860
861

67
761
812

1077
1092

DOO

do

Taioo River liottom
do

R. Abbey

AUoTbd

....do

. ..do

KHIZOPHORACBa.

Florida

Bay Bisoayne

....do

A.H.Ciirtla8

....do

Salt-marsh

....do

0.250
0.164

31
15

50
3-1

ilangrove,

COM BRET ACE.K.

....do

do

Button Wood.

142. La^uDeuIaria mcemosa

White Button Wood. WhiU Mangrove.

MYRTACEiE.

Sngar-loaf Sonnd . . .
Kev Lareo

....do

do

do

...,do

Coral

....do

TTpper Mctaconil)e

Key.
Lost Man's river. . . .

...do

do

0.084

43

Qurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper.

. do

...do

Hnmns and coral . .

...do

....do

Elliott's K«y

...do

Coral

Upper Metacombe
Key.

....do

... do

1

■ •

do

...do

0.084

5

S3

NcUcedWood.

do

Palm Hammock . . . .

....do

Coral

do

TJiubrcUa Key

do

....do

0.150

15 ^

mopper. WhiU Stopper.

do

...do

....do .;

....do

do

....do

. do

...do

No.Kame Key

....do

...do

Mopper.

....do

Miami

....do

... do

0.141

87

Med Stopper.

CACTACE^.

6. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

J. Robinson

....do

Suwarrow. Saguaro. OxarU Oactui.
CORNACE^.

MassacbBsettB

....do

Dogwood.

...do

....do

IM. Comus florlda

Missonri

Allen ton

G. W. Lelteiinan...

A. H. Curtiss

C. G. Pringle

G. 'W. Letterman . . .
....do .,

0.143
0.128

47
72

Flowering Dogwood. Box Wood.

Chattahoochee

Grafton

Calcareous

Dry

WertVlrgiiila....

0.122

44

7

...do

....do

Flinty

1*2. Conmn TS"nttallii

OreffOD

Portland

G. Engelmann and
C. S.Sargent.

Flowering Dogwood.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

289

SPECIFIC GBAVITT DKTERMINATIOSe.

AgH DETSBUmATIOICB.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

BemarkB.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First

Second.

Average.

1

0. 6125
0.5825

1.1391

0.0939
0.7100

0.8930

0.8753
1.0625
0.8645
0.8857

0.8526
0.9542

0. 8910
0.9180
0. 9140

1.1450
0.9425

0.3259

0.6572
0.6987

0.8264
0.7599
0.7892
0.8690
0.8114

0.7487

0. 5891
0. 5765

1.1842

0.9860
0 7174

0.9282

'' 0.6256
0. 5878

0.6091
0.5823

0.72
0.85

1.80

0.32
1.69

3.04

LU
1.19
2.23
1.66

0.85
0.58

2.05
1.60
1.83

3.36
2.44

8.89

0.43
0.39

0.51
0.75
0.73
0.66
0.62

0.48

0.77
0.77

1.83

0.32
1.54

3.59

1.26
1.05
2.15
1.38

0.91
0.60

1.95
1.95
1.99

3.60
2.79

8.01

0.41
0.43

0.60
0.84
0.83
0.58
0.60

0.52

0.75
0.81

.

1182

1183

0.5910

0.61

36.83

1/1617

1.82

72.40

485

0.9900

0.32

61.70

489

0. 7137

1.62

44.48

507

0.8765

0.8992

3.32

56.04

1205

0.8753
1.0513
0.9128
0.9045

L19
1.12
2.19
1.52

456

1.0400
0.8540
0.9232

0.8392
0.9472

0. 9U0

0.9340
0.9295

1.1020
0.9482

0.3116

0. 6748
0. 6932

0.8264
0. 7710
0.7663
0. 8916
0.8215

0. 7474

1.0200

1198

0.9360

1.50

58.83

0.8459
0.9507

0.88
0.69

566

1200

0.8983

0.74

55.98

0.9010
0.9241
0.9217

2.00
1.77
1.91

1115

0.9202

1135

1189

0.9156

1.89

57.06

1.1235

8.48

70.02

1197

0.9453

2.62

58.91

1127

•

0.3188

3.45

19.87

693

0.6048
0.6893

0.6456
0. 6937

0.42
0.41

860

861

0.6696

0.41

41.73

0.8264
0. 7655
0. 7878
0.8803
0.8165

0.56
0.80
0.78
0.62
0.61

67

761

812

1077

1092

0.8153

0.67

50.81

0.7481

0.50

46.62

M*

19 FOB

290

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Speoiei.

S

Stat*.

Locality.

Collector.

Sou.

Diameter
of tree,

LATISS OF
GUOWTU.

WOud.

Heart-
wood.

153. Nysna capitata

OiteehK lAmt. Sour Tupelo. Oopher
Plum.

1C4. Nyssa sylvatica

Tupelo. Sour Oum. Pepperidg: Black

Ifift. Nyeaa nniflora

Large Tupelo. Cotton Qum. Tupelo
Qum.

CAPEIFOLIACEiB.

150. Sambncaa glanca

JiUier.

157. SambacQs Moxicana

£Uer.

168. Vibnrnum Lenta^fo

Bheepberry. Xanrtyberry.

100, Vibnranm pruuifulium

Black Haw. Stag Bueh.

BUBTACBaS.
IM. Kxoetemma Caribeam

lU. Pinckneyapabens

Otorgia Bark.

US. Qenipa olnaiaefolia

Seven-year Apple.

IM. Onettarda elliptioa .*

605

235
517
608
750
813
833
834
835

128
235
550
604

Georgia.

Ogeechee river .

A. H. Cnrtiss.

Swampy .

0.220

South Carolina.

TeDncssee

Georgia

Florida ,

West Virginia .
Massachusetts.

... do ,

do .,

South Carolina .

...do

Alabama

Georgia

1220

108
370

42
110«
739

466

257
381

457
1132
1105

471
112S
1194

California .
Arizona ...

Vermont.
...do

Kentucky .

....do

Georgia ...

Florida .

South Carolina.
...do

Florida.
...do ...
...do...

do.
.do.
.do.

Bonneau^s Depot .
Cumberland river.

Ogeechee river

Chattahoochee

Grafton

West Newbury . . .

...do

Chobacco pond . . .

H. W. Kavenel .
A. Gattinger ...
A. H. Cnrtisa...

...do

C. G. Pringle...
J. Hobinson —

...do

...do

Muck.

Muck.
Clay..

0.220
0.214

Kich

...do

Low, rich .

0.256

Bonnean*8 Depot .

...do

Stockton

Ogeechee river

H. W.Ravenel.

...do

C. Mohr

A. H. Cnrtiss..

Swampy .

Alluvial.
Swampy .

0.188
0.320

ContraCosta county.

Santa Catalina
mountains.

G. E. Vasey . .
C. G. Pringle .

Gravelly.

0.320

Charlotte . .
Hinesburg.

do.
.do.

Huck....
Swampy .

Mercer county.

...do

liainbridge

W. M. Linney .

...do

A. E. Cnrtiss. .

Shale

Trenton limestone.
Clay

Upper Metacombe
Key.

...do.

Coral .

BlnfftoB .
...do....

J. H. Mellichamp..
...do

Sandy, swamp . . .
...do

0.108

Upper Metacombe

Key.
Elliott's Key

UM)er Metacombe

A. H. Cnrtiss.

...do

..do

Sandy
Coral ..
.i.do.

tcy.

.. do

Umbrella Key .
...do

.do.
.do.
.do.

do.
do.
.do.

27

49
49

67

28

34

32

28

25

34

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continned.

291

SPECIFIC GEAVITY

DETEBMINATIOKB.

ASH DETEBMISATIOKB.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
rn pounds
(average).

Eemarks.

1

B

a '■'

Fiist.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

s

0.4680

0.5636
0. 5650
0.6079
0.6436
0. 0198
0.6849
0. 7467
0.7429

0.5589
0.6656
0.6002
0.4424

0.5076

0.4588

0.7285
e. 7519

0.8108
0.9140
0.7749

0.9200

0.5528
0.6126

1.0219
1.0425
1.0705

0.9375
0.8409
0.7490

0.4546
0.5649

•■

0.4613

0.35

0.66
0.89
0.49
0.49
0.52
0.41
0.38
0.32

0.72
0.66
0.68
0.76

1.60

1.83

0.27
0.29

0.46
0.47
0.60

0.24

0.28
0.49

0.71
1.00
1.48

0.88

0.94»

1.33

0.33

0.61
0.79
0.43
0.49
0.53
0.40
0.39
0.34

0.76
0.81
0.59
0.66

1.55

2.17

0.28
0.30

0.49

0.34

28.75

605

0.6652
0.6650
0.6092
0.6559
0.6031
0. 6M9
0.6974
0. 7026

0.74
0.84
0.46
0.49
0.53
0.41
0.38
0.33

235

517

0.6104
0.6682
0.5865
0.6787
0. 6748
0.6626

0.5700
0.5(U9
0.-5525
0.4002

0.6098

0.4668

0.7075
0.7332

603

750

813

0.6881
0. 6708
0.7022

833

834

835

/

0.6353

0.52

39. 59

0.6645
0. .W.S3
0.6264
0.4213

0.74
0.74
0.69
0.71

128
236
650
604

0.5194

0.70

32.37

0.5087

1.57

31.70

681

0.4586

0. 4614

2.00

0.28
0.30

28.75

0. 7180
0. 7426

108

\

0. 7303

0.29

45.51

0. 8106
0.9140
0.7749

0.48
0.47
0.60

4**

739

0.9419

0.5613
0. 5131

0.22

0.27
0.58

0.60
1.02
1.55

0.79
1.03
L32

0.8332

0.52

61.92

0. 9310

0.23

58.02

466

0.6571
0.6129

0.28
0.54

257

381

0.6360

0.41

33.41

1.0219
0.9957
1. 0772

0.66
1.01
1.52

457

1.0270
1.0840

0.8933
0.8598
0. 7217

0.9175

Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.2 sap-wood..

1132

1195

1.0316

1.06

64.29

0.9154
0.8504
0.7353

0.84
0.99
1.32

471

1129

1194

0.8337

1.05

51.96

292

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

Speolea.

Stote.

Locality.

Collector.

SoiL

Diameteri
of tree,

in
metm.

LAnuOF

GBOWTB.

wood.

Heart-
wood.

EBICACSA.

IM. Taccioinm arborenm

Farbieberry,

Mi. Andromeda fermginea

IM. Arbntaa Menziesil

MadTofitt.

197. Arbutus Xalapenala

US. Arbntai Tezana

leo. Oxydendmm arboreum

Sorra Trtt. Sour Wood.

ITO. Kalmla latifolia

Laurel. Ottlico JBtuA. Spoon Wood.
Ivy.

171. Bhododendron maximam

Great Laurel. Rose Bay.

MYRSDrACZ.S.
1T2. HfTslne Bapanea

173. Ardisia Pickcringia

Uarlberry. Cherry.

ITi. Jaoqninla armOlaris

Joe Wood.

SAPOTACEiE.
175. Chrysopbyllum oliTiforme

1T(. SideroxyloQ MaaticbodeDdron

U—Ue.

343
812

103S
1034

643
67*

696

1085

Oeorgla..

Florida.
...do...

California .
...do

Arizona .

Texas .

Alabama ..
Tennessee .

262»

Virginia.
....do....
....do....

2631
2«3>

1123

404
1136
1192

498
1130
1199

..do.

Florida .

...do.
...do.
.. do.

Citronelle

Altamaha rirer .

C. Mohr

A.H. Cnrtiss .

Sandy ...
Swampy .

JaoksonTlIle.
...do

.do.
.do.

Hammock .

Contra Costa coonty
Marin coanty

G.E.Vasey.
...do

Gravelly.
...do.....

Santa Bita monnt-
ains.

Hays county.

Cottage Hill .
Kashville

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

a B. Buckley .

Booky .

Limestone .

C. Mohr

A. Gattinger. .

Light, rich . . .
Sandy, rocky .

Fancy Gap .
...do

.do.

H. Shriver .

...do

...do

Moist.
...do.
...do.

.do.
.do.

do.
do.

do.
.do.

Bay Biscayne.

A.H.Cartlss Coral

...do

...do

Palm c»ek .

do.
.do.
do.

.do Key Largo.

do Elliott's Key..

do ; Umbrella Key .

do.
.do.
do.

461

.do.
do

Bay Biscayne.

do.

Upper Metacombe

Jpper
Key.

do.

do.
.do.
do.

do.
do.
do.

.do.
.do.

0.127

0.216

0.086

0.130

0.082

0.078

0.080

65

22

28

74

52

15

0.105 18

0.266 29

26

49

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

293

BFXCIFIC GRATITT DETBS1IIH.1TI0KB.

ASH DETSSHINATIOKB.

Weight, per
cable foot,
in pounds
(average).

Remarks.

— i ■■

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

R

8

1

&78U
0.7740

0.7766
0.7037

0.6452
0.7482

( 0.7202
( 0.6842

0.7535

0.7920
0.7114

0.7536
0L7Z14
0.6730

0.6266
0.6841

0.8491

0.8154
0.8800
0.8770

0.5693
0.6437
0.8300

0.8986
1 KM

0.7479,
0.7405

0.8021
0.7174

0.6939
0.7332

0.6955
0.7397

0.7674

0. 7574

0.7647
0. 7573

0.42
0.35

0.45
0.56

0.42
0.42

< 6.21

0.54

0.42
0.27

0.61
0.31
0.32

0.43
0.29

0.74

1.81
1.74
1.75

4.09
3.47
2.85

1.36
4.90

0.45
0.32

0.37
0.46

0.38
0.39

0.241
0.30)

0.48

0.49
0.31

044
0.34

843

612

0. 7610

0.39

47.42

0.7894
0.7106

0.41
0.51

0.7500

0.46

0.38
0.41

46.74

0.6696
0.7407

«

0.7052

0.40

43.95

0.7099

0.25

596

0.7292
0.7916

0.7500

0.61

46.74

1085

0.7803
0.7114

0.46
0.29

353

Ut

0.7458

0.37

46.48

0.7536
0. 7214
0.6730

0.61
0.31
0.82

262<

262'

262»

0.7160

0.41

44.62

0.6266
0.6341

0.43
0.29

263>

263«

0.8541

0.8412
0.8532
0.8942

0.7990

0.88

1.84
1.95
1.95

8.82
3.74
2.73

1.11
S.VI

0.6303

0.36

39.28

0.8341

0.81

51.98

1123

0.8283
0.8666
0.8856

1.83
1.85
1.85

494

1136

1192

0.8602

L85

53.61

0 6500 <^ AU»

0.6258
0.6456
0.8132

8.96
3.61
2.79

496

0.6475
0.7966

0.9431
l.«149

1136

1189

0.9660
1.0052

a6948

3.45

43.30

0.9360

1.24

58.33

402

1.0109

5.14

63.00

4«

294

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Species.

177. Dipholis salicifoUa

Suatie. Oatfada.

178. Bnmelia tenaz

179. Bumelia lannf;inoaa

Gum Elattie. Shittim Wood.

ISO. Bnmelia gpinosa.. «...

181. Bamelia lycloides

Iron Wood. Southern Buckthorn.

182. Bnmelia caneata

Jinit' Wood. J>o%mward Plum. 8<^f■
fron Plum.

188. Himasopa Sieberi

WUd DiUy.

EBENACE.ffi.

184. Diospyros Yirginiana

Persimmon.

185. Diospyros Texana

Black Pereimmon. Mexican Pereim-
tnon. Ohapote.

STYRACACE^.

ISO. Symplocos tinctoria

Borte Sugar. Sweet htnf.

187. Halesia diptera

Snov.4rop Tree. S%lter.beU Tree.

488

SOO

llSl

746

1083

1146

llSl

333

S03
1124

458

61

425

811

1084

1162

936

347
560

788
822

State.

Florida.

..do...

...do...

Georgia.

Missoori..
Texas ...
Missouri.

Arizona .

.do.

Tennessee .

Florida.
...do...

...do.

Missonri

Tennessee

West Virginia .

Missonri

....do

Texas .

Alabama .
Arkansas.

Oeargia.
Florida .

Locality.

Bay Bisoayne..
Umbrella Key .
Ho-Kame Key .

Bainbridge .

AUenton .
Austin...
Allenton.

Santa Catalina

mountains.

do.

Kaabville.

Long Key

Boca Chica Key .

Upper Metacombe
Key.

Allenton..
Nasbville .
Grafton...
Allenton..
...do..^.

Austin .

Cottage Hill .
Texarkana...

Bainbridge . . .
Apalachicola .

Collector.

A.E.Cnrti8s .

..do

...do

.do.

Q. W. Letterman .

C.Mobr

G. W. Letterman.

C.G.Pringle.

do.

A. Gattinger..

A. H. Cnrtiss .
...do

...do.

G. W. Letterman . . .

A. Gattinger

C.G.Pringle

G. W. Letterman . . .
...do

C.Mobr.

...do

a. W. Letterman.

A. H. Cnrtiss .
C.Mohr

Soil.

Coral.
...do.
...do.

Low .

Limestone .

...do

...do

Rocky.

do.

AUnvial.

Coral .
...do.

.do.

Rich npland .
Rich loam . . .

Rich npland .
,...do

Calcareons.

Sandy .
...do..

LOTT

AllaTial .

Diameter
of tree,

is
meters.

0.170
O.ISO

0.128

0.286
0.237

0.170

0.158

0.134
ai23

LATSBSOr
OBOWTH.

Sap-
wootl.

3«

7

29

12

66

87

26
47

Heart-
wood.

40

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OP DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

295

6PECIFIC OIIAVITT DETBEMINATIONS.

ABH DETKBMINATIOKB.

Weight, per
cnbic foot,
in pounds

(average).

■ .lie

i

First

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

1

0.9813
0.9737
0.9312

0. 7106

0.7541
0.5947
0.6221

0.6580
I 0. 6392
( 0.6,T«5

0.7467

0.7567
0.8420

1.0525

0.7639
0.8352
0.7962
0.7790
0.7710

0.8325

0.6265
0.5079

0.5481
0.5999

0.8887'

0.9233

0.8912

0. 7479

0.7299
0.5997
0.6386

0.6991

0.60631

0.6658)

0.9350
0.9485
0.9112

0.34
0.26
0.37

0.71

1.10
1.44
1.27

1.19
1.32

0.81

2.29
1.60

2.89

1.03
0.95
0.83
0.86
0.97

3.34

0.72
0.62

0.67
0.35

0.32
0.31
0.33

0.84

1.02
1.28
L27

1.04
L43

0.81

2.31
1.43

2.32

1.03
1.12
0.70
1.02
1.05

3.32

0.81
0.57

0.42
0.35

0.33
0.29
0.35

481

600
U91

0. 9316

0.32

58.06.

0.7293

0.78

45.45

746

0. 7420
0.5907
0.6304

1.06
1.36

1.27

60

930

1083

0. 5777

0.6544

1.23

40.78

0.0786
0.6419

1.11
1.37

1151

0.6603

1.24

41.16

0.7467

0.81

46.53

33t

0.748S
0.8384

1.0989
0.7465

0.7516
0.8402

2.30
1.51

508

LIOOO

0.7959

Lgo

49.60

1.0838

2.61

67.54

468

0.7552
0.8552
a 7913
0.7855
0.7667

1.03
1.04
^ 0.77
0.94
1.01

61

•

425

0.7864
0.7920
0.7722

0.8391

0.5593
0.5360

0.5381
0.5957

811

0.7570
0.8664

Wood with black streaka .....

1162

0.7908

0.9«

49.28

0.8460

3.33

62.72

936

0.5429
0.5220

0.77
0.60

84T

SCO

0.5325

0.68

33.18

0.6431
0.5978

0.50
0.35

738

923

0. 6705

0.42

36.66

•

296

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Speda*.

MS. Halesik tetraptera -■••

BatlUbox. Snow-drojp Tree. SUv$r-
Mi Tret. Oalieo iTood.

OLBACEiE.
189. FnxlnnB OreggU

IM. Fnsinaa »nomaU .

in. Fraxinns pistaobefoU* .
Ath.

193. FnxinDS AmeiiOMik .
WkUtAth.

192. FnudnoB Americuia, var. Texenaia .

193. Fraiinns pabescens .
Xed Ath.

I

275
618

1221

State.

Virglnta.
Georgia..

882

25

391
39"
39'
114'
114"
li4«
114»
130
144
170
173
175
190
191
212
227'
227«
297'
267'
267«
431
551
728
747
1045

364
937

139
220>

Mexico .
TTtah ...

Locality.

691 I Arizona .

Eastern Arizona..

Masaachnsetts. .

Uissonri

...do

...do

Michigan

...do

...do

...do

Sontb Carolina . .

iQinoia

Ohio

...do

...do

...do

...do

Virgin!*

Vermont

...do

Virginia

...do

...do

Tennessee

Alabama

Pennaylvania

Georgia

Masaachnaettc. .

Texas .
...do.

Michigan .
Vermont .
.. do

Carter's feny...
Altamaha river .

Lampasas monnt-
ains.

S. B. BncUey .
Kane county A. L. Siler . . . .

Collector.

H.ShriTer

A. H. CuTtiu .

SoiL

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

Bocky .
CUy...

Santa Rita monnt-
ains.

San Francisco monnt- E. L. Greene .
ains.

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Acashnet. .

Allenton

...do

...do

BansTille

Hudson

Lansing

Dansville

Bonneau's Depot .

Waulcegan

Pineo, Daniels Sc Co.

Fanners' Friend

Manufacturing Co.

J.W. Stoddard & Co.

Woodsnm Machine

Co.
B. E, McSherry &

Co.
Wytheville

Charlotte

...do

Wytheville

...do

...do

Nashville

Kemper's mill

Williamsport

Bainbridge

Beading

E. A. Dana .

Dallas..
Austin .

Lanaing ..
Charlotte .
... do

G. W. Letterman

...do

...do

W.J.Beal

...do

...do

...do

H."W.Bavenel...
Eobert Douglas..

E. B. Barney

...do

...do

....do

...do

H-Shriver

C.G.Pringle

...do

H.Shriver

...do

...do

A. Gattinger

C.Mohr

C.G.Pringle

A.H.Cnrtiss —
jr.Bobinson

J. Bevercbon .
CMohr

W.J.Beal..
C. G. Pringle
...do

Sandy .

Low .

0.088

LJITEB8 or
OBOWTH.

Sap-
wood.

Siliceona hilla .

AUuvial

...do

Clay

Clay.
Wet.
Clay.

Heart,
wood.

Gravelly.
Swampy.

Limestone .
AUuvial...

Biver-bottom .

Dry, calcaieoas . .
Rich, calcareous .

0.260
0.215

0.S84

Poor..
Clay..
...do.

79

95
64

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UIHTED STATES— Continued.

297

SPKCinC QHAVITY DETUBMIItATIONS.

ABH DETXBiaHATIOIIS.

|Weight,per

1 cubic foot,

in pounds

(average).

Bemarka.

1

Krst.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

1

0.5617
0.5569

0.7778

0.6708

( 0.6336

I 0.7267

0.6868

0.5911
0.6253
0.6223
0.6771
0.5265
0.7225
0.6606
0.6086
0.6744
0.7631
0.7449
0.7179
0.6470
0.6383
0.6116
0.6157
0.6253
0.6489
0.6097
0.6329
0.6763
0.6449
0.6176
0.6423
0.5599
0. 9131

0.8252
0.7095

0.5066

0.6619

1 9.6455

0.5460
0.6864

0.8030

0.6485

0.62431
0.6656)
0. 7120

0.6682
0.6481

0.5539
0.5717

0.38
0.48

0.97

0.81

( 0.84

( 0.44

0.51

0.29
0.33
0.61

0.36
0.38

0.89

0.88

0.88)
0.69)
0.54

0.32
0.34

0.37
0.43

276

0.5628

0.40

85.07

' 0.7904

0.93

49.26

1221

0.6597

0.85

41.11

0.6626
0.6994

0.71
0.53

591

892

0.6810

0.62

42.43

0.8297
0.6367
0.6223
0.6771
0.4988
0.7225
0.6506
0.6086
0.6875
0.7616
0.7449
0.7148
0.6472
0.8385
0. 6116
0.8185
0.6290
0.8738
0.6097
0.6329
0.6763
0.8449
0.6329
0.6184
0.5786
0.8429

0.31
0.34
0.51

25

"Wnnd from hil]i| not o^nsider^Mt valnaWe

891

All sap-wood . . ............ .

89*

39>

0.4711

0.53
0.60
0.38
0.32
0.36
0.45
0.35
0.39
0 81

0.53
0.60
0.38
0.32
0.38
0.45
0.36
0.39
0.30

114"

114«

114*

114*

0.7005
0.7600

0.89
0.45
0.37
0.39
0.29

130

144

170

0. 7116
0.6473
0.8387

178

175

190

0.24
0.45
0.30
0.26
0.43
0.35
0.44
0.74
0.55
0.37
0.68
0.47

0.56
0.86

0.26
0.21
0.22

0.24
0.42

0.24
0.44
0.30
0.26
0.43
0.85
0.44
0.72
0.52
0.33
0.70
0.43

191

0.8213
0.6326
0.6987

212

227'

227"

267'

287'

267*

0.69
0.48
0.28
0.71
0.39

0.49
0.87

431

0.6481
0.5944

0.5972
0.8141

0.8530

0.6667

I

0.6529

551

728

747

0.8016

1045

•

0.6543

0.42

40.77

0.8391
0.6881

0.53
0.87

864

987

0.6779

0.7636

0.70

47.59

0. 6125
0.6619
0.6455

0.26
0.21
0.22

189

229>

229*

298

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specie*.

a

SUte.

LocaUty.

Collector.

SoU.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meter*.

LATVRs or

OBOWTH.

Sap- '
wood.

Heart-
wood.

193. FrsxionB palwsceDS— continaed .

IM. Fraiinua rlrldia.
OrunAth.

IM. Fraxinns Tiridis, var. Berlandieriana.
Aah.

105. Fraxinnsplatyrarpa.
Water A.th.

106. Fraxinns nuadrangnlata.
Bliu Aih.

1ST. Fraxinns Oregana .
Ongon Ath.

US. Fraxinns ■ambaclfoUa

Black A$h, Hoop Ath. Orownd A$li.

IW. Foreatlera aenmlnata..
Privtt.

200. Chionanthns Yirginica

Fring* Trt. Old Jlan'i Stard.

10S9

67
308
438
M8
S57

1211

G36

66
125
286'
286'
2863
291
423
S18

964
1001
1024
1030

102
122
147
376

616
737
955

276
761

Vermont

Uaaaachnsetta . .

Uissonri . . .

Texaa

Tennesaee .

Texas

...do

do.

Alabama.

Missonii...
Michigan . .
Kentucky .

...do

...do

Missoari . - .

.- do

Tennessee .

Oregon .
...do ...
..do..
...do..

Vermont

Michigan

Illinois

Vermont

Massachosetts

Georgia.
..do...
Texas ..

Virginia.
Florida..

Charlotte .
Topsfleld .

Allenton

Dallas

NashTille

Victoria

Matagorda bay .

Austin

Stockton.

Allenton

Lansing

Mercer county.,

...do

...do

Allenton

...do

Nashville

Portland

We idler's saw-mill

Portland Furniture
Company.
do

Charlotte .
DansTille . .
Waukegan
Charlotte . .
Danrers —

Ogeechee river .

Bainhridge

Matagorda bay -

Carter's ferry..
Chattahoochee . .

C.G.Pringle.
•T-Kobinson..

Clay

Biver-bottom .

G-W. Letterman.

J. Eeverchon

A. Gattinger

C-Mohr

...do

Bich, wet

...do

Bich upland .

Rich, wet

...do

S.B. Buckley

C. Mohr .

do.

Rich, allnvial .

G. W. Letterman ..

W.J.Beal

W. M. Linney

.. do

...do

G- "W. Letterman . . .

...do

A.Gattinger

Dry upland —

Rich loam

Limestone

...do

..do

Sandy loam —
Bich upland ...
Bich limestone -

G- Engelmann and

C. S- Sargent.
...do

Low, wet .

do.
.do .

C.G.Pringle..
W. J. Beal....
Bobert Dongla
C- G. Pringle. .
J.Bobinson...

■VTet, peaty .

...do

Low, wet . . .
Wet, peaty .
Bich, loamy.

A. H. Curtiss .

...do

C.Mohr

Bich, moist .

AUnvial .

H. Shriver....
A. H. Cnrtiss .

Bich, moist .
Clay upland .

0.612

45

0-144
0.184

31
34

0.090

0.138

35

0.355

46

0.236

0.075
0.150

55

0.141

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

299

SPECIFIC GKAvrrr deteemisatioxs.

ABH DETKRMIKATIONB.

Weight, per
cable foot,

Kemarks.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

in ponnds

(average).

S

0.6459
1 0. 5957
i 0.5685

0.6640
6.5947
0.7350
0.7728
0.7198

0.5774

0.3567

0.8246
0.4929
0.7789
0.8131
0.7489
0.5967
a6897
0.7960

0.6432
a 5314
a4S53
0.6317

0.8209
0.5034
0.6859
0.6485
0.7020

a 7067
0.5629
0.5988

0.6476
a 7160

1

0.52601

0.5489)

0.6701
0.6277

f

0. 64j<»
0.5598

0.20
0.42

0.47
0.54
0.82
0.63
0.82

0.51

0.69

0.63
0.96
0.74
0.81
0.82
0.88
0.78
0.60

0.11
0.73
0.12
0.21

0.62
0.89
0.84
0.77
0.46

0.75
0.65
0.88

0.63
0.39

0.20
0.42

229*

0.41

0.62
0.57
0.80
0.56
0.76

0.56
0.76
0.67

All sap-wood

1059

0. 6251

0.26

38.96

0.6671
0.6112
0. 7350
0.7949
0.7503

0.65
0.58
0.81
0.00
0.79

57

308

All sap-wood

438

0.8217
0.7807

0.5786
0. 3515
0.8440

0.7902

Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood

948
957

0.7117

0.65

44.35

0.6780

0.64

30.02

1211

0.3541

0.73

22.07

636

0.8343
0.4929
0.7789
0.8131
0.74C9
0.6027
0.6822
0.7960

0.65
0.96
0.74
0.81
0.82
O.M
0.76
0.61

66

125

286^

286>

286<

0.6086
0.6746

0.90
0.74
0.61

0.43

291

423

518

0.5947
0.6123
0.4736
0.6425

0.6338

0.7184

0.78

46.78

0.6189
0.5719
0.4645
0.6371

0.27
0.73
0.14
0.23

964

1001

0.16
0.24

0.57

Brash

1024

•

1030

0.5731

0.34

35.72

0.6274
0.5034
0.6836
0.6207
0.7243

0.60
0.89
0.86
0.80
0.47

102

122

0.6812
0.5928
0.7465

0.7500
0.5681
0.6002

0.4628
0.7165

0.88
0.83
0.48

0.72
0.72
0.60

147

378

839

0.6318

0.72

39.87

0.7284
0.5756
0.5995

0.74
0.69
0.74

616

737

955

0.6345

0.72

89.54

0. 5552
0. 7191

0.53
0.48

278

0.7259

0.56

751

0.6372

0.51

39.71

300

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Speoles.

I

s

I

SUte.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meteia.

LATKB8 OF
OBOWTH.

Sap-
wood.

Heart-
wood.

201. Oanumthos Amerioanns .
Devil Wood.

BOKRA GINAC££.

202. Cordla Sebestena

Geigtr Trtt.

203. Cordia BoiBsieri

2M. Boarreria HaTanenaia

Strong Bark.

205. Ehretia elliptica

Ktittekavray. Anofua.

BIGUOXIACEiB.

200. Catalpa bignonioidea

Oatalpa. Catawba. Bean Trtt. Cigar
Tree. Indian Bean.

207. Catalpa speciosa

Weetem Catalpa,

208. ChilopsU saligna .
Detert Witlow.

209. Creaoentia oncarbitiiia .
Blaek CalalMth n'et.

Y£RBBNACEJC.

210. Citbarexvlam TillosiuD
Fiddle Weod.

288
844
684

1202
1218

1223

455

1137

827
»42

167
540
744

160
166
171
180
181
182
188
184
210

556
595

1216

488

Loniaiana.
Alabama..
Florida ...

...do.
...do.

Texas.

Florida .
....do...

Texaa.
...do..

Ohio

Alabama.
Georgia. .

Miasoori...

Ohio

nUnois ....
Indiana —
Tennessee .
Missoari...
niinoU....
Miasonri. ..

...do

Indiana

New Mexico.

Arizona

...do

riorlda.

....do.

Amite

Cottage Hill

Saint John's river .

Key West .
...do

Brownsville .

Upper Hetacombe

Key.
Key Largo

NewBrannfels .

Alexandersville .

Stockton

Bainbridge

Charleston

Dayton

Cairo

Wabash river .

Obion river

New Madrid...

UUin

New Madrid . . .

...do

Vincennea

Valley of the TJppor

Gila river.
Tacson

.do.

Bay Biscayne

do.

C.Mohr

...do

A. H. Cnrtias .

Sich, allnvial.

Low, rich

Sandy loam . .

0.190

45

19

.do.
.do.

Coral .
...do.

S. B. BacUey .

A. B. Cnrtias.
...do

Limestone .

Coral .
...do .

0.092

45

Department of Ag-

ncultnre.
C.Mohr

Blob, allavial.

0.170

25

& H. Binkley and £.

£. Barney.
C.Mohr

A. H. Cnrtias .

Clayey loam .

Low, wet

Clay

G. S. Sargent .
E. E. Barney .
D.Axtell ....
£. E. Barney .

Wet clay.

CUy

— do ..,-

0.238

0.288

17

51

E. P. Hynds and E.

E Barney.
E.E. Barney

Low, alluvial bot-
tom,
...do

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.
..do.
.do .

E. L. Greene

G. Engelmann and

C. S.lSargent.
...do......

Allnvial

Moist, gravelly .
...do

A. H. Curtiss .

Coral .

..do.

.do.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

301

■FBCmC ORAVITI DETKBMIHATIOIIS.

ASH DETEBMI1IATI0N8.

"Weight, per
cnbic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bemarka.

First

Second.

Third.

Average.

Piret.

Second.

Average.

9
U

§

0.8156
0.8606
0.7100

0.7740
0.6008

0.6710

0.8280
0.7708

0.6636
0.6274

0.4293
0.4694
0.4426

0.4601
0.4586
0.3897
0.3850
0.4156
0.3900
0.3968
0.4493
0.4535
0. 39U

0.6059
0.5631
0.6003

0.6270
«.877i

0.8652

0.8404
0.8606
0.7322

0.68
0.26
0.43

0.65
0.29
0.43

4.09

4.28

•

3.39

3.20
2.27

1.27
1.41

0.41
0.34
0.37

0.41
0.39
0.34
0.30
0.50
0.42
0.43
0.37
0.34
0.39

0.37
0.41
0.32

1.23
0.64

0.67
0.28
0.43

344

0.7544

First sp. gr. detertnination made on sap-wood ; second Bp. gr. de-
termination made on 0.75 sap-wood.

584

0.8111

0.46

50.55

0. 7740
0.6475

4.09
4.36

1202
1218

0.6942

0.6870

0.8248
0.7960

0.6548
0.6302

0.4270
0.4979
0. 4177

0.4446

0.4467
0.3829
0.3878
0.3783

4.43

3.67

3.38
2.28

1.23
1.33

0.40
0.26
0.47

0.30
0.34
0.36
0.32
0.45
0.38
0.47
0.48
0.40
0.38

0.37
0.43
0.32

1.47
0.49

0.7108

4.22

44.30

0.6790

3.53

42.31

1223

0.8264
0.7883

3.29
!!.28

0.7980

2.79

60.31

0.6593
0.6288

1.25
1.37

942

40.13

0.6440

1.31

0.4282
0.4837
0.4302

0.4474

0.41
0.30
0.42

0.38

540

744

27.88

0. 4524
0.4527
0.3863
0.3864
0.4066
0.3900
0.3068
0.4493
0.4635
0.3909

0.36
0.37
0.35
0.31
0.48
0.40
0.45
0.43
0.37
0.39

88

Gnltivated

ICO

166

171

0.4260

180

181

From a post 47 years in the ground

182

From a standing tree killed by earthquake in 1812

183

184

0.3907

210

0.4165

0.39

25.96

0.6059
0.6631
0.6015

0.37
0.42
0.32

556

595

0.6026

0.6368
0.864i

682

■

0.5902

0.37

36.78

0.6319

1.35

39.38

1216

0.8710

0.52

54.28

483

302

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

■

Diameter

LATEES OF
OUOWTR.

Specie*.

State.

I«caUty.

Collector.

Sou.

of treo,
in

o

meters.

wood.

Heart-
wood.

490
82S
828

Florida

....do

Bay Biscayne

A. H. Cartiss

Department of Ag-

rlcnltare.
...do

Coral

0.158

39

18

Statk Mangrove. Black Tree. Sltuk
Wood

....do

NTCTAGINACEiE.

1

474

do

Upper MetacoDibe
Key.

A. H. Curtis*

•

Pigeon Wood. Beef Wood. Cork Wood.
Fork Wood.

POLTGONACE^.

«

473

....do

... do

....do

... do

0. 150

48

27

Pigeon Plum.

214. Coccoloba uvifera

453

....do

do

do

0.214

17

29

Sea drape.

LAUKACE.E.

685

do

Sflrint John's river ..

do

Sandy loam

0.188

12

45

Bed Bay.

215. Tcrsea Carolinensis, var. palostris

216. Neclandra Willdenoviana

340

Alabama

Mobile county

Upper Metaoombe

C. Mohr

Damp, sandy

Coral ......

0.372

119

47»

Florida

A. H. Curtiss

Lance Wood.

1138

....do

...do

....do

0.086

27

118<

....do

Upper Mctacombe
Key.

....do

....do

217. Sassafras officinale

71
387
446

G. W. Lettermnn...
do

Katea/rat.

....do

....do

Alluvial

Nashville

A. Gattinger

C G Prinffle

Bich

814

West "Virginia. . . .

Massachusetts

Missouri

'

854
1163

Danvers

Alienton

Kichloam .'

Low alluvial

0.232

11

68

G. W. Letterman

218. TTmbellnlaria Caliromica

703
887

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sarpent.

Department of Ag.
ncoltare.

Mountain Laurel. Oat\fomia Zaurel.
Spice Tree. Cagiput. Oalyfomia
Olire. California Bay Tree.

California

EUPHORBIACE.E.

/

210. Drypetes crocea

468
1185
1103

Florida

Upper Metaoombe

Key.
No-Name Key

A. H. Curtiss

do

Guiana Plum. WhiU Wood.

....do

do

do

Upper Metaoombe
Key.

do

do

'

210. Drypetet erooea, var. ]*tifolia

450
1187'

... do

do

do

0.292

112

52

do

. ..do

do

do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

303

BPKCIFIC GBAVITT

DETKBMISATIONB.

Afill DETBRMINATIONg.

"Weifiht, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(aveiage).

Remarks.

1

Finit.

Second.

Third.

ATcrage.

First.

Second.

Average.

1

1. 0919

0.9066
0. 7074

0.6475

0.9629
0. 9149

0. 6373
0.5977

0.8206
I 0.7980
\ 0.8148

0.7222

0.5030
0.4900
0.4542
0.5266
0.5765
0.4558

0.6326
0.6697

0.9195
0.8918
0.9690

1.0069
0.9048

1.0485
1.8522
0.6762

0.6582

1.0040
0.9998

0.6485

0. 6815

0.7650
0.84821
0.7980$
0.6787

0. 5210
0.4828

^

I. 0702
0.9794
0. 6918

1.99
1.71
4.54

7.44

5.25
LU

0.66

0,46

0.82
0.52
0.48

•

0.11
0.08
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.12

0.36
0.55

8.68
3.19
7.07

8.69
7.70

1.12
1.72
4.01

7.79

4.81
1.63

0.85

0.27

0.68
0.59
0.47

9.09
0.09
0^05
0.07
0.23
0.16

• 0.27
0.36

8.16
3.26
6.58

9.09
7.70

1.56
1.71
4.27

First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood; second sp.gr.

determination made on 0.5 sap-wood.
All sap-wood

82S

0.9138

2.51

56.95

0. 6529

7.62

40.69

474

0.9835

5.03

SI. 29

0.9759

First sp. ffr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood ; third sp. gr.
determination made on 0.25 sap-wood.

0.9035

1.37

60.04

453

0.6429

0.76

40.07

0.6396

0.37

39.86

0.7928
0. 8147
0.7005

0.75
0.66
0.48

470

1138

1196

0.7693

0.60

47.94

0.5120
0.4864
0.4542
0. 6315
0.6769
0.4644

O.iO
0.09
0.05
0.07
0.15
0.13

71

387

446

0.5363

814

0. 5773

•

0.50S5

854

0.4319

0.6202
0.6840

0.8448
0. 9119
0.9882

0.9390
0.8878

1161

0.9042

0.10

SI. 42

0.6264
0.6769

0.32
0.46

70t

897

0.6517

0.39

40.61

0.8821
0.9019
0.9786

8.37
3.23
6.83

4«8

1185

119*

0.9209

6.14

S7.39

0.9730
0.8903

8.89
7.70

458

nsr

0.9340

8.29

58.24

304

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

Speoi««.

1

a

sut«.

T.oftaUty.

Collector.

Son.

Diameter
of tree.

iB

meten.

UlTBBS OF
OHOWTH.

wood.

Heart-
wood.

469

1126
1206

lUO

324
929

80>
S0>
30«
101
120
134
366
369
429

869

19
202
281>
281'
958

1036
1049

116'
]16«
116»

lie*

314
428

183
380
S33

Florida

Upper Metacombe
Key.

A.H.Curti8s

....do

Coral

0.U6

30

40

Crab Wood. Poison Wood,

....do

....do

...do

....do

...do

....do

Key West

...■do» -

....do

0.129
0.484

36
52

76

Manehinetl.

UKTICACE>a:.

Texas

....do

Dallas

J. Severchon

C. Mohr

Ctdar Elm.

....do

Kentucky

Mercer county

do

W.M.Linney

. do

Limestone

BedElm. Slippery Elm. Moote Elm.

do

do

....do

....do

...do

....do

CG.Pringle

W.J.Beal.-!

G.W.Lettennan....

CG.Pringle

..do

Michigan ... .

Dansville

Missouri

Kich, alluTlal ....

Vermont

Charlotte

Gravelly .....

do

do .

do

Tennessee

Massachnaetts . .

... do

Nashville

A.Gattinger

J. Kotiinson

•

C.S. Sargent

E. E. Barney

G.W.Letterman....
... do

Clay

224. TTlmnff Amf^ri^^ftTiH .. .

Amold Arimretnm .
S. M. Brown & Co ..

Drift

0.561

19

38

WMUElm. AmerieanElm. WaUrElm.

Oliio

Missouri

Alluvial

.. do

...do

Texas

Colorado river

DanTers

C.Mohr

do

0.230

0.160
0.216

17

7
21

5

17
10

■

Massachusetts

...do

Gravelly

North Reading

Danavillle

...do

...do

W. J.Beal

do

Bock Elm. Cork Elm. Biekory Elm.
WMUElm. OlifElm.

....do

...do

...do

do

do

do

... do

Hudson .. . -

do

Alluvial

...do

...do

Tennessee

South Carolina ...

Tennessee

Mississippi

Kashville

A. Gattin&rer

do

226. Ulmns alata

Bonnean's Depot . . .
Davidson county . . .
Kemper's mill

H. W. Ravenel

A. Gattinger

C. Mohr

do

Wahoc. WiJiged Elm.

Alluvial

0.244

82

38

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UI^ITED STATES— Continued.

305

SPECIFIC OUJlVITZ dktebhimations.

ASH DRTKKMUIA

:

First. Second.

1

TI0K8.
Average.

"Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bemarks.

i

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

1

1. 1195

1. 0855
1.0765
1. 1010

0.5600

0.7185
0.7640

0.8358

1.0640

1. 1025
1.0708
1.0921

4.96
1. 82
1.65

5.20

1.05
1.41

1.30
0.79
0.60
0.86
0.82
0.68
1.24
0.12
1.22

1.07

•

0.86
0.40
0.93
0.86
1.04

0.75
0.75

0.42

4.48
1.06
1.82

5.11

I. 03
1.30

1.00

4.72
1.89
1.74

469

1.0900

1126

1.0832

0.5945

0.6286
0.7867

0.8363
0.7062
0.6499
0.5699
0.6769
0.C841
0.6540
0.7330
0.6706
t 0. 7613
I 0. 7978

0.5462
0. 7459
0.6221
0.6299
0.6495

0. 6382
0. 7173

0.8144
0.6846
0.6803
0. 7345
0.7290
0. 7414

0. 8710
0.5979
0.7632

1206

L0906

2.78

67.98

0.5772

5.16

35.97

1110

Aah of a knot, 1.85

0.6736
0.7754

1.04
1.36

324

929

0.7245

L20

45.15

0.8361
0.7062
0.6499
0.5619
0.6769
0.6841
0.7065
0.6817
0.6706

0.7823

1.15
0.79
0.60
0.84
0.82
0.74
1.04
0.12
1.27

0.88

30>

30"

30<

0.5538

0.81

101

120

0.6841
0.7589
0.6303

0.79
0.84
0.11
1.31

0.70

0.82
0.56

'

134

366

369

420

0.75221
0.8180)

0.5309
0.7287
0.6054

809

0.6966

■

0.83

43.35

0.5386
0.7373
0.6207
0.6299
0.6413

0. 6742
0. 7124

0.84
0.48
0.93
0.86
1.02

0.88
0.60

19

202

0.6346

281'

281'

0.6480

0. 7102
0.7085

0.6265

0. 6742
0. 7116

0.09

1.01
0.45

First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood ; second sp. gr.
determination made on 0.75 sap-wood ; tliird ap. gr. determina-
tion made on sap-wood.

958
1036

First sp. gr. determination made on 0.25 sap-wood j second and
third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood.

1049

0.6506

0.80

40.54

0.8144
0.6846
0.6400
0. 7345
0. 7430
0. 7414

0.42

116'

116>

0.5996

0.34
0.79
0.59
0.90

1.02
1.14
0.76

0.34
0.79
0.64
0.81

116'

116'

0.7570

0.69
0.72

1.12
1.17
0.72

3H

428

0.8t44
0.0220
0.7860

0.7263

0.60

45.26

0.8627
0. 6100
0. 7746

1.07
1.16
0.74

133

380

533

0.7491

0.99

46.69

20 FOB

306

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT I'ER CUBIC FOOT

1

Diameter

LATGIS OF

onowTii.

SpeoiM.

s

a

SUte.

LooaUt;.

Collector.

Sou.

of tree,
in

S

S

meters.

Sap.
wood.

Heart-
wood.

758

Florida

Chattahoochee

A. H. Curtiss

Rich, alluvial

0.246

38

918

....do

....do

C.Mohr

...do

328. CeltlB occidentalis

69

75'

•

Missooil

....do

CW.Lettennan....
....do

Limestone

0.108

50

Sugarttny. HoMmry.

do

75»
306
375

....do

....do

....do

Alluvial

Texas

Dallas

.. do

Davidson county . . .
Plnm Island

A. Gattinger

J.Robinson

864

Massacbasetts —

Sandy

4

30

873
1111

....do

Salem ,.

...do

Uissonri

Saint Lonis . . .

Henry Eggert

O. Enpelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

0 132

23

228. Celtia occidentAlis, var. reticxUata.......

652

Arizona

Santa Rita mount-
ains.

Drv

Saakberry. Palo Blanco.

229. TicnH anrwi

486

Florida

Bay Biscayne

A H Cnrtiss

Coral

230. Fleas brevifolia

1204

308

...do

... do

....do

....do

...do

....do

Wild Fig. Jndia-Tubber fru.

132
433

G. TV. Letterman...

Rti Mulberry.

Nashville

....do

450
1106

New Mexico

Silver City

E. L. Greene

S.B.Buckley

J. Reverchon

S. P.Sharples

MoUtclay

0.078
0.008

7
4

25
25

Mexican MUberry.

231. Maclantanrantiaca.-..

253
421

... do

Dallas

Otage Orange. Boil i'Are.

Pennsylvania

Westchester

Clay loam

0.710

3

44

PLATANACE.a;.

235. Platanns occidentalis

21

126

Massachusetts

Missouri

Arnold A 'boretum. .

C. S. Sargent

G "W Letterman

Dilft

0.680

35

S3

Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball
Tree. Water Beech.

Rich alluvial

195

Ohio

Miami valley

Carmel river

...do

686

California

Clay

0.280

20

Sycamore. Button Wood.

237. Plauniu 'WrlghtU

648

Santa Kita mount-
ains.

G. Encclmann and
C. S. SarRcut.

Sycamore.

JUGLANDACE.E.

rf

16
76'
76«

Massachusetts —
Missouri

Anioid Arboi-c'tum . .

C. S. Sargent

G. W.Lctttrman...
do

Drift

0.560

5

50

Butltmut. WhiU Walnut.

do

.. do

Alluvial

123

MicbiKan

Dansville

AV.J. real

Gravelly clay

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITlfco STATES— Continued.

307

BPECinC GEATITY DBTBBMIKATIOXS.

ASH

DBTEBMINATIOKB.

■Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Kemarks.

1

Firat.

Second.

Third.

Average.

Krat.

Second.

Average.

a

s

i

0. 5735
0.4674

0.7802
0.68.18
0.6592
0. 6910
0.8384
0.7784
0. 7999
0. 6070

0.7400

0.2537

0. C321

0.4680

0.6242
0.5679

0.7169
0.8270

0.7841
0.8551

0.6000
0.C073
0 4986

0.5631
0.5137

0.7419

-

0.5683
0.4906

0.48
0.42

1.89
0.74
0.68
1.70
0.97
1.05
0.89
0.89

1.32

5.17

4.55

4.83

0.77
0.69

0.57
0.79

0.87
0.38

0.35
0.47
0.40

1.17
1.34

0.35
0.49
0.69
0.79

0.48
0.42

1.89

0.48
0.42

All sap. wood

768
US

C. pnmila......

0.5294

0.45

32.99

0.7611
0.6858
0.6592
0. 7274
0. 8170
0.7452
0.7837
0.6504

1.89
0.74
0.68
1.65
0.94
0.90
0.«8
0.92

69
76«
76»
306
875
86*
873
1111

0.7637
0.7956
0.7186
e.7908
0. 6.147

0.7150
0.2605
0.6475
0.4798
0.5993

1.60
0.90
0.75
1.07
0.94

L12

4.88

4.18

5.00

0.60
0,78

0.54
0.82

0.88
0.59

0.32
0.67
0.57

1.05
1.36

O.SO
0.43

0.7385
0.7604
0.6396

0.7287

1.09

45.41

0.7275

L22

45.34

652

0.2616

5.03

16.30

488

0.6388

4.36

39.87

1204

0.4739

4.92

29.53

608

0.6118
0.5679

0.68
0.74

133

433

0. 7157
0.8262

0. 7495
0.7054

0.6111
0. 5748
0.5091

0.4609
0.468S

0.4343
0.4005
0.4355

0.5898

■ 0.71

36.76

0.7163
0.8260 :

0.7715

0.56
0.81

460

1106

•

0.68

4a 08

'

0.7668
0.7803 i

0.88
0.43

47.78
48.63

253

Cultivated. First sp. gr. determination made on limb-wood;
second sp. gr. determination made on root-wood.

421

0.7736

0.68

48.21

0. C086
0.5911
0.5038

0.33

0.57
0.48

21

126

195

t

0.6678

0.46

35.38

1
0.4880

1.11

30.41

686

Grown at 4 000 feet altitude

0 4783

0.4730

1.35

29.51

648

0.4183

II. 4014

0 4t;;3

0. 4':t3

0. 4o;o

0 .jj$4

0.33
0.46
0.C9

0.70

16

781

76*

1 II ,,',:;■:

0. so.og

12.3

508

Specie

J3S. Jnglaas oinore*— contlnned .

Joelans nigra ...
Black Walnut

MO. JuelnnsmpestrU.'
Walnut

Ml. Carya olivg-formis

Pecan. Iltinoi* Kut.

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.-SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

i

M2. Carya alba

ShcWbarkllickoTy. Shag hark Hickory

State.

14S
176
383

1057

112
117
140
209
318
325
407
430

766

034
951

415
872
1227

32i'
322»
328

3

29'
29»
29>
48
118>
US'

lis*

162
240
422
531
539
816
1058
1097

nUnois

Ohio

Michigan

Mass^ichusetts

Hiasonri..
Michigan .
Illinois ...

Ohio

Michigan .
Texas

Tennessee .

Florida .

Texas .
...do.

Kew Mexico .

California

Arizona

Mississippi .

...do

Texas

Locality.

Waulcegan

Barney & Smith

Manufactaring Co.

Lansing

Topsdeld ,

Massacbusetta ..

KentHcliy

...do

...do

Missouri

Michigan

...do

...do

Missonri

Virginia

Missouri

Mississippi

...do

"West Virginia . .
Massachnsetts. .
Missouri

Collector.

Robert Douglas.
E.E. Barney —

W.J.Beat

J. Uobinson

Allenton —
Dansville . .
Wanliegan.

Barney & Smith

Manufacturing Co.

Lansing

Dallas

Charlestown Navy-
yard.
Nashville

Aspalaga .

Austin

New Braunfels .

G. W. Letterman Alluvial

Soil

Alluvial .

Grr.velly loam ,
Drift

■W.J.Bonl

Robert Douglas

E.E. Barney

W.J.Beal

J. Keverchon ...

S.H.Pook

A. Gattinger

A. H. Curtisa

C.Mohr.
...do...

Finos Altos mount-
ains.
ContraCosta county.

Santa Catalina

mountains.

Greenville .

...do

Dallas

E.L. Greene ..
G.R.Va»ey...
C. G. Pringle..

Arnold Arboretum

Danville

...do

..do

Allenton

Hudson

...do

Lansing

Allenton

Wytheville

Allenton

Kemper's mill

...do

Grafton

TopsBeld

Allenton

C.Mohr

...do

J. Beverchon .

Gravelly.
Loam

LAYKRS OF

Diameter! UROWTII.
of tree,

in
meters.

0.152

Sap-
wood.

Loam

Alluvial .

Limestone .
Clay

Moist, calcareous .
...do

C. S. Sargent

W. M. Linney

...do

...do

G. W. Letterman . . .

■W.J. Beal

.. do

....do

G. W. Letterman . .

H. Rhriver

G. W. Letterman . .

C.Mohr

...do

C.G. Pringle

J. Robinson

G. W. Letterman . .

lloort.
wood.

29
87

0.272

0.266

AUavial

...do

Allirvial .
...do....
...do ....

Drift

Shale

..do

..do

Upland

Clay

...do

....do

Rich upland .

Cbiy

Alluvial

...do

..do

...do

Rich loam . . .
Alluvial

0.207
0.313

24

84

23

15
11

25

32
18

37

0.288
0.360

0.250

81

102

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES-Oontinued.

309

SPECIFIC GEAVm DKTEBMniATIOMB.

ABB

DBTEKlinjAnOSS.

Weight, per

cubic foot,

in pounds Eemaika.

(average).

1

i

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First

Second

Average

0.4394
0.3941
0. 3379
0. 4538

0. 5778
0.5807
0. 5579
0.5025
0.6313
0.5608
0.S75O
0.0376
e 0. 6415
( 0.6435
0.7830
0.6609

0. 6789
0.6260
0.7258

0.7390
0. 7020
0. 7314

0. 7618
0.9680

0.43S8
0.4023

--,

0. 4391
0. 3982
0.3379
0.4530

0.51
0.44
0.43
0.41

0.63
0.48
0.12
0.63
0.62
1.92
0.60
0.93
( 0. 78
( 0.51
1.22
0.71

0.57
0.86
1.15

0.96
0.93
1.33

0.61
0.73
0.86
0.65
0.37
0.28
0.86
1.14
0.87
0.83
0.92
0.79
0.78
0.76
0.54
0.90

0.51

0.44

0.44
0.43

145

178

0.4355
0.5881

0.4698

0.53

0.47

393

. 1057

0.4086

0.51

25.46

0.5830
0. 5807
0.6669
0. 6145
0.0262
0. 5721
0. 5750
0.6376

0.0403

0. 7916
e.6499

0.63
0.48
0.12
0.56
0.62
1 1.96
0.66
0.99

0.68

1.43
0.64

113

0.5559
0.5265
0. 6191
0.5S33

0.12
0.49

1.99

0.69

1.05

0.85^

0.77)

1.64

0.57

1.09
0.97
1.42

1.18

117

149

208

313

325

407

0.6363^
0.8400)
0.8002
0.6388

0.6460
0.5611
0.6848

0.6925
0. 6982
0. 7445

0. 7814

First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood

430

76«

934

0.6753

951

0. 6116

0.79

38.11

0.6670
0.5939
0.7063

0.83
0.91
1.28

67J
1227

Second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood

0. 6.5,54

1.01

40.85

0.7158
0.7001
0.7380

1.07
0.93
1.40

3231

1.46
0.68

32J»
'828

44. 7S

All sap- wood

#.7180

1.13

0. 7716
0.9680
0.9205
0.9970
0.8255
0.8028
0.7974
0. 8019
0.7871
0.7974
0.7523
0.9033
0. 8711
0.7523
0.0O27
0. 7443

0.60

0.73

0.88

0.65

0.40

0.28

0.66

LU

0.77

0.78

0.91

0.79 .

0.83

0.71 .

0.62

0.90

8

0.9203

29>

0.0859

1.0080
0.8260

29»
48
US'

0.8249

0.43

0.8028

0. 7974

0.8019

0.66
0.93
0.90
0.78
0.88
0.66
0.69
0.00

118>

152

249

42a

531

53»

816

1056

1097

0.80&t

0.7677
0. 7477 .
0. 7756 .
0. 9370 .
0.8692 .
0. 7505 .
0.9035
0. 8051 .

0.8470

0.7289

0.8696

0.8729

0. 7470

0. 8800

0.9245

0.6835

0.8372

0.73

62.17

810

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

BpeolM.

Stt. CaryaaolcaU

Big ShtU-bark. Bottom SheU-bart.

M4. Carya tomcntosa

IfoekerXut. Black Hickory. BuUKut.
Biff^bvd Hickory. White-heart Hick-
ory. King Nut.

MS. Carya poToina

Pig Nut. Sreum Hickory. Black Hick-
ory. Switch-bud Hickory.

MS. Caryaaman

Bitter Nut Swamp Hickory.

MT. Carya myriaticsfonnla.
Nutmej/ Hickory.

MS. CarvB aqnatica

Water Hickory. Svimp Hickory. Bit-
ter Pecan.

I

i

a

s

s
o

state.

27

91«

91»

336

383

391 I

I

10S2 I

1161

1165

1166

1170

52

72

254

289

348

6
SI
88
121
288
442
538
1051
1098
1168

153
401

871

237

129
362
740
917

Kentnoky .

...do

...do

Tennessoc .
Missouri...

..do

..do

. do

..do

..do

..do

Loeality.

Mercer cooDty.

...do

.. do

Nashvlllo

AlleiitoD

...do

.. do

...do

...do

...do

.. do.....

Collector.

do do

Kentucky j PeiTy villo .

Missouri [ Allonton...

do do

Alabama ; Citrocelle . .

Has»acbu5tetts. . .

Missouri

...do

Michigan

Missouri

Teunessee

Alabama | Kemper's mill .

Massacbuactts .-. ' North Reading

Missouri \ Alleuton

i
do I do

...do

.. do

MassflcbnsetTS. .
...do

South Carolina .

...do

Mississippi .

GeorKia

Florida

...do....
...do....
Danvers .
...do ....

Bouneau's Depot . .

...do

VickHburg

Bainpridge

Chattahoochee.

\V. M. Ltnuey ....

...do

...do

A. Gatfinger

G. W. Lettenuan

.. do

...do

... do

...do

.. do

... do

SoU.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

Limestone .
Alluvial...

...do

...do

do

.do

do

do

do

do

do

Arnold Atborrtoni .

Allcnton

.. do

Dansvillo

Alleuton

NasUvillc

do Bich nplaod .

"W. M. Linney i Utica shale . .

G. "W. Lettennan ' Bicb upland .

...do...
C.Mobr.

...do..
Sandy .

0. S. Sargent Drift

G.W. Lettenuan.... Flinty

. . .do ! Bicb loam

W.J.Beal I Gravelly clay.

G. W. Lettfrman.

A.Gattiuger.

C.Mobr.....

J. Bobiuson

G. VT. Lettennan ...
...do

I

Bich loam .

Upland

ALuvial . . .

Drift

Flinty

...do

....do

...do

J. Bobiuson.
...do

Bicb upland .

...do

Bicb loam . . .
...do

H. W. Eavenel .

...do

C.Mobr

A. H. Curtis* ,
C.Mobr

Bich, swampy .

Swampy .

Alluvial .
...do ....

LATEBa or

OKOWTII.

Sap. Heart-
wood, wood.

0.200

0.317

0.364
0.228

0.402

0.277

0.262

47

83
31

18

28

31

55

19

107

18

28

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

311

1

( SrECinC GIL,\TITT

1
DETEBMntATIOKB. j

1

A8II DETKKMIKATIOXS.

WoiRht.per
cubic foot,
in poiiud»

(average).

Bemarlu.

1

First.

Second.

Tliinl.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

s

0. 8791
0.7527
0.7345
0.7654
0.9020

c. aii2

6.8911
0.8827
0.7054
0.8508
0.8024

0.8524
0.8610
0.8334

0.8707
0.68,59

0. 8779
0.7193
0. 7345
0.7654
0. 8815
0.84GS
0. f 934
0. 8840
0. 7122
0. 8470
0.7503

0.72
1.C9

1.04

0.70

0.71
1.09
1.04

27

91»

91*

836

0.8010
0.8424
0.9061
0.8854
0. 6898
0.8432
0.7275

0.8168
0.8709
0.8500
0.7279
0.8462

0.8139

0.89
0.91
0.83
0.81
0.73
0.90
0.84

0.97
1.02
0.72
1.29
0.99

0.60
1.25
0.85
1.68
0.83
0.68
0.82
0.74
1.27
1.15

1.00
0.97
0.94
1.42

1.07

1.31
1.05
L32
0.91

0.92
1.24
0.90
0.84
0.72
0.95
0.71

0.84
1.06
1.05
1.65
1.03

0.60
1.40
0.85

0.96
1.07
0.87
0.83
0.73
0.93
0.78

383

391

0.8831

All sap-wood ^

1082

0. 7414

1165

1166

0. 7389

1170

0.8108

0.90

50.53

0.8346
0.8660
0.8417
0.7279
0.8389

0.91
1.04
0.89
1.47
1.01

62

72

Second sp. gr. determination made on sap- wood ; second growth

289

0.8316

0.8157
0.8827
0. 9189
0 6803
U.8554
0.7926
0.8530
0.8842
0.8990
0.7470

0. 7814
0.5927
0.7530
0.9208

0.7919

0. 7039
0.7719
0.8248
0.6422

First sp. gr. determination made on 0.6 sap-wood ; second sp.
gr. determination made on sap-wood.

348

0.8218

1.06

51.21

0.8148
0.8827
0. 9?40
0.6803
0.8542
0.7926
0.7841
0. 8620
0.8315
0. 7913

0.60
1.33
0.85
1.58
0.77
0.69
0.84
0.75
1.28
1.17

0

61

0.9290

Second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood j second growth

68

121

0.8530

0.71
0.70
0.86
0.75
1.29
1.19

0.97
0.93
1.03
0.92

1.05

2.03
1.32
1.05
1*17

First ap. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second sp. gr.
determination made on 0.9 sap-wood.

288

442

0.7IS2

0.8481
0.7640
O.'SSS

0.7830
0.5754
0.7142

First 8p. gr. determination made on 0.8 sap-wood ; second sp.
gr. determination made on sap-wood.

688

0.8537

1051

1098

0.8913

1168

0.8217

0.99

61.21

0.7822
0.5841
0.7336
0.9208

0.99
0.95
0.99
1.17

153

401

838

871

0.8112

0.7332
0.7700
0.8244
0.6313

0.7552

L03

47.06

0.8016

1.00

49. 90

237

0. 7486
0.7710
0.8246
0.6185

1.67
1.19
1.19
1.04

129

1
1

362

740

0. 5821

917

[

0.7407

1.27

i 46.16

i

312

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specie*.

1

State.

Locality.

CoUector.

SoiL

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATKBS OF
GBOWTH.

wood.

Heart-
wood.

HYRICACEiS.
M>. Mjrica oorifera

S8<

66S

8
20
32'
32»
32»
49'
4»»
49»
113'
113»
U3«
ISO
160

loe

228'
228»
228»
238
2S0
251
259'
2593
269>
403
443
547
748
749
895
1050
12S7

tno

985

988
1027
1029

87«
37»

Florida

Saint John'a river . .
Santa Cms

A.H.Cnrtisa

Or. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent

C.aSargent

V A Dana

Sandy loam

0.198

18

22

iai/berry. Wax liyrtt*.
no. Uvrica Californica

ColifoTBia

CDPULIFERB.
m. OnfMTTia alba

Hassachnsette

... do

Arnold Arboretom .

Acnshnet

Mercer county

Boylo county

Drift

0.660

12

88

WhiU^Oak.

Kentacky ....

....do

■W.M.Linney

do

Limestone

Shite

. . do

.. do

do

Shale

Missoari

do

Rich upland

....do

...do

...do

.. do

. do

* do

...do

Big Rapids

"W J Beal

Gravelly

0.374

34

16

... do

do

..do ...

do

Tllinnia

Robert Douglas

E.B.Barney

do

Gravelly clay .

•

Ohio

Pineo, Daniels & Co.

Barney St. Smith

Manufacturing Ca

Champlain valley...

Charlotte

... do

C.G.Pringle

do

Clay

... do

Gravelly loam

. do

. . do

do

. do

South Carolina —
Virginia

Bonnean's Depot . . .
Wytheville

H.'W.Ravenel

H.Shrivor

do

Clay

do

do

0.225

•

56

....do

... do

do

Gravelly

....do

....do

do

.. do

....do

. do

do

do

Maryland

Tennesaee

Alab.ima

Charlestown ITaTy-

yard.
Nashville

S. H. I'ook

-

A. Gattinger

Kemper's mill

Chattahoochee

....do

Alluvial

A.n. Curties

d.0

Clay

0.236

0.248

8
13

48
74

....do

..do

M f! Beedio

....do

North Beading

Charlestown Navy,
yard.

Redding

\reWler's saw.mill. .

0.203

7

U

S n Pook

California

Gravelly loam —

0.356

15

17

WhiU Oak. Wteping Oat.
S6S. Qaercus Garryana.........

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

WiiUOak.

...do

Rich loam

0.393

30

82

. do

Portland Furniture
Company,
do

do

...do

Kentucky

...do

do

IA4. QaeroQS obtimiloba-

BatTOdabi^g

...do

*

W.M.Linney

...do

Shale

PoMl Oat. Iron Oak.

... do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

313

BPECmC GHAVITT

DKTEEMIHATIOKS.

ABH DKTEBMIKATIONS.

Woight.per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bemarks.

i

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

i

I 0.5639
( 0. 5723

0.6793

0.7165
0.7970
0.8480
0.6328
OiCSOS
0.««S
0.7826
0.6829
0.6006
0.6852
0. 7017
0.7892
0.7672
a«203
0.8304
0.8670
0.8091
0.7830
0.7874
0.6848
0.7556
0.7069
0.8056
0.7390
•.6549
0.8566
0.7V32
0.8066
0.7672
0.8065

0.55921
0. 5519 )

0.6613

0.7093
0.8012
0.8451

0.57U

0.5637

0.33

0.37
0.30
0.45

0.51

35.13

588

0.33

0.31
0.25
0.47

0.6703

0.33

41.77

665

'

0.7129
0.7991
0.8299
0. 6328
0.6305
0.6746
0.7826
0.7107
0.6006
0.6932
0. 7017
0.8314
0.7672
0.6234
0.8304
0.8670
0.8091
0. 7611
0.7647
0.6916
0. 7556
0.7069
0.8056
0. 7414
1.6549
0.8180
0.7647
0.8147
0.7703
0.7669
0.8439

0.34
0.28
0.46

Q

26

a 7965

321

32»

8e>

0.6528

0.37
0.45
0.30
0.37
0.41
0.24
0.47
0.21
0.57
0.39
0.33
0.37
0.43
0.35
0.21

0.43

0.40
0.45
0.30
0.37
0.41
0.21
0.45
0.22
0.01
0.39
0.33
0.37
0.43
0.34
0.23

49i

49^

0.7385

49*

113'

0. 7012

113*

113*

0.S735

0.42
0.23
0.65

150

169

0.6305

198

228"

228*

228*

0.7391
0.7419
0.6984

0.42
0.33
0.25

238

250

251

2591

0.30
0.37
0.49
1.37
0.45
0.47
0.34
0.33
0.26

0.30
0.37
0.47
1.51
0.37
0.49
0.33
0.35
0.24

259*

259>

0.7437

0.44
1.64
0.29
0.50
0.31
0.37
0.22

\

403

44S

0.7794
0.7562
0.8228
0.7734
0.7584

547

748

749

Taken from beam in old coort-house at Cambridge, built in 1757.

S95

0.7358

1050

1257

0.7849

0.7814
0.6549

0.7478
0.6698

0.8200
0.8768

0.7672

0.8425
0.7600
0.7574
0.7369

0.8008

0.6706

0.25

0.33
0.33
0.37
0.62

0.83
0.74

0.34

0.25
0.33
0.41
0.49

0.7470

0.41

46.35

0.7409

0.30

46.17

670

0.8120
0.7075
0.7585
0.70M

0.29
0.33
0.39
0.56

08&

988

0.7704

1027

102»

0.7458

0.39

46.45

0.8104
0.8765

0.62
0.74

37'

0.5 sap-wood

37»

su

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I,— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

Species.

1

e

State.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATsns OP

OHOWTH.

Sap-
wood.

Heart-
wood.

2S4. Quercu obtoailoba— continued

37>
151
250
351
771

293
417
525

ii:o

791

79«

79»

7»«

137

143

168

204

310

400

412

432

683

831

832

933

1071

1072

1073

424
545
762
953

12
S4>
64«
64«

840

Kentncky

Suutli Carolina . . .

HJHSonri

Alabama

Floiida

Xew ^loxico

ilo

Harroilsburg

Bonnean's Depot —

W.M.Linuey

H. W. Ravenel

G. W. Letlerman

C.Mobr

A.H.Curtiss

Shale

Clay

Citronolle

Aspalaga

I'indS Alios mount-

ains.
do

do

0.244
0.:64

0.100

38
32

18

88
115

87

365. QniTcna nndnlata, ror. Gambelii

Senib Oak.

Gravelly barrens .

do

Engelraaiin's cation .

Santa Eita mount-
ains.

Mercer county

do

Eobert Douglas

Rocky

Kentucky

do

W. M. Linney

do

Alluvial . --.

Burr Oak. Mofayeup Oak, Over-cup
Oak

do

... do

... do

do

.. do

..do

do

do

... do

Missouri

Illinois

G. AT. Letterman...
Uobert Douglas —
E E. Baniev

"Waukegan

WoodsiiTu Machino

CompaDy.
Barney & Smith

Manufacturing Co.
Dallas

Rich

Ohio

...do...

m

.. do

J. Eeverchon

G. W. Letterman

C.G. Pringlo

A. Gattinger

Rich, moist

Alluvial

0.528

13

120

Charlotte

Clay

Tennessee

Alluvial

do

Winnebago county .
do

M S Bebb

....do

.. do

... do

Texas

C. Mohr

Alluvial

C G Prinffle

.. do

. do

. do

.. do

do-

do

tSl. Qaercus lyrata

Tennessee

Mississippi

Florida

Xasbville

A. Gattinger

C.Mobr

Overcup Oak. Swamp Post Oak.
Water WhiU Oak,

Kenipoi's mill

CIiattabo(tcliec

Matagorda bay

Arnold Arboretum..

feUuvial

0.339
0.2BC

19
20

73
70

. do

C.Mobr ....

268. Quercns blcolor

Massachusetts

C.S.Sargent

G.W. Letterman....
do

Drift

a 305

' 8

60

Swamp ^\'hiU Oak.

Alluvial .. ..

....do

....do

do

....do

..do ..

do

do

Massachusetts

West Xewbury

Low, swampy

0.206

6

80

♦

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

315

BPKCIFIC GRAVITY

DETKUUUrATIOSS.

ASH DKTERMINATIOXS.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
iu pounds

(average).

Bemaiks.

2
a
g

Firet,

Secoud.

Thinl.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

o

0. 8439
0.8920
0. 8522
0.7888
0.8543

0.8382
0.8080
0.7684
0.9487

0. 7070
0.7205
0.7275
0.6426
0.8469
0.8280
0.C440
0.0458
0.7722
0.6183
C.8630
0.7271
0.9229
0.6842
0.6107
0.7605
0.7740
0.7845
0.7598

0.8060
0.7802
0.8050
0.0790

0. 7552
0. 8616
0.6833
0. 7114
0.8404

1

fc^

0.8459
0. 8991
0. 8359
0. 7702
0. 8187

0. 8367

1.56
0.79
0.46
0.52
0.63

1.50
0.79
0.49
0.53
0.76

37'

0.8882
0.8190
0.7516
0.7942

0.8362
0.7748
0.7894
0.9052

0. 9170

0.79
0.52
0.53
0.88

151

256

351

0.8072

771

62.14

0.79

0.8472
0.8097
0. 7789
0.9270

295

0.7862

0.78
1.08
1.10

0.96
0.66
0.70
1.18
0.41
0.60
0.31
0.37
1.08
0.60
0.26
0.74
1.18
0.78
0.98
Lll
0.45
0.32
0.44

0.59
0.22
0.23
1.72

0.20
0.39
0.98
0.98
0.27

0.79
1.37
0.80

0.79
1.23
0.95

417

525

1130

0.8407

0.99

52.39

0.7070
0.7205
0.7275
0.6363
0.8469
0.8278
0.6416
0.6318
0.7944
0. 6297
. 0. 8363
0.7271
0.9387
0.6977
0.6591
0.8018
0.7729
0.7929
0. 7515

0.96
0.66
0.70
1.18
0.39
0.70
0.32
0.40
1.00
O.CO
0.27
0.75
1.32
0.74
0.96
1.15
0.46
0.39
0.40

79'

79»

0. 7275
0.6300

79»

79*

0.37
0.9i
0.32
0.43
1.03
0.60
0.27
0.75
1.46
0.70
0.93
1.18
0.46
0.45
0.35

0.50
0.23
0.18
1.44

0.28

137

0.8276
0.6383
0. 6177
0.8106
0.6411
0.8496

143

168

204

810

400

412

432

C.9S43
0.7112
0.7075
0. 8402
0.8087
0.7924
0.7630

0.7863
0.7502
0.7649

0.9390

583

From fence-post 6 years in the ground

831

Old fence-post ■.

832

0.8047
0.7360
0.8018
0.7317

933

1071

1073

1073

0.7453

0.71

46.45

0.7962
0.7652
0.7850
0.9790

0.58
0.23
0.21
1.58

424

643

702

953

0.7315
0.8628

0.8313

0.65

51.81

0.7434
0.8622
., 0. 6833
0.7114
0.8307

0.27
0.39
0.98
0.98
0.29

12

64<

54>

S4«

0.8186

0.8330

0.31

846

0.7662

0.58

47.75

316

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPEOIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Species.

I

SUte.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

I LATXBS OF

Diuneter, ohowtb.

of tree,

In
meter*. | Sap

I wood.

Heart-
wood.

259. Qncrcns Michanxii

Batbrt Oak. C<na Oak.

200. Qnercns Prinns

Chulnut Oak. Bock Chettnut Oak.

Wl. Quercus prinoides

Tetlow Oak. Chettnut Oak. Chinqua-
pin Oak.

202. Qaercns Douelasil

Mountain WhiU Oak. Blue Oak.

203. Qnercns obloo gifolia

WhiU Oak.

"04. Qoorcns erisea

White Oak,

iU Qnercna reticulata

SM. Qnercns Pniandii ,

M7. Qnercns Tireoa ,

Lire Oak.

240
S24
765

81 ■
Sl»
31»
35
434
92i

28

34'

34>

34'

58

'273

287

323

514

588

850

088

(01
700

Sonth Carolina .

Alabama

Florida

Eentncky .

...do

...do

...do

Tennessee .
Alabama . .

Kentacky

...do

....do

...do

Missouri

...do

... do

Texas

Tennessee

Texas ,

Hasiachusetts.

California .

.. dc.
....do.

419 Ifew Mexico.

I
098 I Arizona

1146 ....do

1148

935
1103

404
79B

....do.

Texas .
...do.

Florida .
...do...

Bonnean's Depot

Kemper's mill ...

H. W. RaTcnel .
C.Mohr

Chattahoochee A-H.Cnrtias

Boyle county .

.. do

...do

...do

Nashville

Cullman

W. M. Linney.

..do

.. do

...do

A.6attinger..
C.Mohr

Harrodsbnrg . . .
Mercer county.
Boyle county . .
Mercer county..

Allcnton

...do

...do

Dallas

Nashville

Dallas ' J. Eeverchon

Boxford ' J. Kobinson. .

W. M. Linney

...do

...do

...do

G. W. Letterman .

.. do

...do

J. Beverchon

A. Gattinger

Contra Costa county, G. E. Vasey

Ban Disf o ooumty.
San Gabriel

...do

G. Engelmann .

SilverCity E.L.Greene.

Santa Bita mount-
ains.
...do

do.

Austin.
...do..

Charlestown Navy-

yard.
Saint John's river. .

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent
C. G. Pringle

.de.

C.Mohr

S. B. Bucldey.

Alluvial.
...do...
...do....

0.322
0.200

Shale

...do...".

...do

Limestone

Bocky upland..
Dry.rooky 0.430

Limestone

"Waverly shale.

trtica shale

Poor, hilly

Limestone

Flinty

Calcareous

Alluvial

...do

Damp

Clay.

Dry, gravelly .
...do

Dry, rocky.
...do......

...do

.do.

Damp, calcareous.
..do

8. H. Pock....
A. H. Curtiss.

0.220

0.304

0.212

a 101

Sandy I 0.238

22
12

32

34

84

10

s»

10

38

40

39

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Ot? DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

317

enSCIFIC OBA VIT7

DETKBMIMATION8.

ASH DETBBMINATI0N8.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pnnnds
(avemge).

Kemarks.

a

a

First

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

-J

0 7674

0.8312
0.7704
0. 8090

0.7102
0.6C59

-.

0.7993
0.7979
0. 8145

0.33
0.67
0.38

0.36
0.33

0.48
0.57
0.35

0.40
0.57
0.37

240

0 S'^SS

524

755

0.8039

0.45

50.10

0.7126

0.7114
0.6604
0.7726
0.8308
0.6870
0.8368

0.36
0.33

31'

0.6549

. 31'

0 7726

31«

0.70
1.94
0.40

1.60
1.49
0.39
1.62
1.39
1.16
0.64
1.25
1.43
1.38
0.43

0.80

C 4.62

( 2.28

0.99

1.22
2.57
1.32

0.51

\ 1.80S
1.82-

1

0.87
1.93
0.49

1.40

0.79
1.94
0.45

0 687U

434

0 8550

0.8185
0.8419

926

0.7499

0.77

46.73

0 8401

0.8410
0. 7951
0.8712
0.9643
0.6546
0. 8893
0.8446
1.0484
0.8671
0.9294
0.7605

1.45
1.49
0.44
1.62
1.32
1.24
0.61
1.17
1.46
1.30
0.43

28

0. 7951

34<

0.8712

0.49

•

34'

0 9643

34'

0 6366

0.6525
0.8548
0.8644
1.0728
0.8760
0.9405
0.7458

0.7898

■ 1.0790
1.1660
0.8374

0. 9S)5

*

1.25
1.31
0.57
1.09
1.49
1.22
0.43

0.88

4.68)

1.31

1.26
3.33
1.19

0.53

58

0 9237

273

0 8*^48

287

1.0210

823

0.8392

614

0 9163

588

0. 7652

0.7706

868

0.8805

1.14

63.03

0 9958

0.8928

0.84

55.64

688

1.01691
1.0882)

First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood

C 1.0078

1.0486
0.8397

4.07
1.15

601

( 0. 9493

700

0. 9171
0.9807
1.1340

0.9430

0. 9762
0.8648

0.8703

58.84

0. 5 sap-wood

0. 9441

2.61

0.9236
0.9897
1.1143

1.24
2.93
L26

419

698

1.0945

0. 9538

0.80001
0.869o5
1.0835

1143

1.0092

1.82

62.89

0. 9479

0.53

59.07

1148

0. 5 sap-wood

0. 8775
1.0238
0.9607

1.75
1.82

935

'

1103

59.25

X.035C
0. 9005

1.78

1.033C
0. 8977

404

0.8949

.

1

1.23

1.21

1.22

7U'J

318

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

Species.

287. Querciu Tinns— continued

2«8. Qiiercus cbryaolepis

Lice Oak. Maul Oat. Valparaito Oak.

269. Qnercas Emoryi

Slack Oak.

270. QnercUB aprifolia

£»«a>o Coait Live Oak.

271. Qncrcns WlBlizenl

Live Oak.

272. Qnercns rubra

Std Oak. BUuk Oak.

272. Quercos rubra, ror. Tezuia

lied Oak.

278. Qnercns cocciuea

SearUt Oak.

274. QunrcuK tinctoria

Black Oak. Tettow-lark Oak. Qutr.
dtron Oak. TeUovi Oak.

i

019
tit

574
649
653

5S4

663

677

7
45'
45'
89
92'
92*
149
141
146
197
215
216
217
218
653
866
920
1043

931

23
752

17
36'
."itP

SUte.

Alabama.
Texas....

Oregon

California .
....do

Arizona .

California.

..do.

Massacbusetts.

Eentnoky

...do

Locality.

Mobile county ..
Matagorda bay .

Collector.

Soil.

C. Mohr .
...do....

Saw-mill, Asbland .

San Bernardino

Marin connty

Santa Kita mount-
ains.

Marin county .

Auburn.

Arnold Arboretum

Mercer county

...do

Missouri Allenton

Kentucky Mercer county .

. . do do

Michigan Dansville .

.. do

Illinois

Ohio

Vermont

.. do

.. do

...do

Alabama

Massachusetts. .

Mississippi

Massachusetts .

Texas .

Massachusetts.
Florida

Massachusetts.

Kt-ntucky

.. do

...do

Waukegan.

Barney & Smith

Manufacturing Co

Charlotte

...do

...do

...do

Kemper's mill ..

Dan%'ers

Entorprise

Murth Reading .

G. Engclroann and

C. S. Sargent.
W. G. Wright

G. R. Vnsey

G. Engolmann and
C. S. Sargent.

G. R. Vasey .

G. Engelmann .

Aostin.

Hingliam .
Aspalaga .

Arnold Arboretum
Danville Jtmctiou .
...do

C. S. Sargent

■W. M. Linney ....

...do

G. W. Letterman ,
W. M. Lhiney ....

.. do

W. J. Beal

...do

Robert Douglas. . .

E. E. Barney

C. G. Pringle

...do

..do

...do

C. Mohr

J. Kobinson

C.Mohr

J. Robinson ,

C. Mohr .

T. T. BouTd..
A. H. Curtias.

C. S. Sargent ..
W. M. Liuncy .
...do

Rich, sandy.
Sandy loam

Gravelly.

Dry, rooky.

Loam.

Drift

Shale

...do

Rich loam .
Alluvial ...
Limestone .

Sandy

...do

Gravelly...

Gravelly.

...do

.. do

.. do

AUuvlal.,
Drift ....
Alluvial.
Drift

Calcareous.

Light, sandy .
Clay

Drift .
Shale .
.. do

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

0.247

0.534

0.149

0.368

0.230

0.118

0.230

0.630

LATiBs or

GBOWTU.

Sap.
wood.

Heart-
wood.

73

40

38

13

IS

97

27

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES-Coutinued.

319

BFECIFIC GBAVrrr DBTBRMISATIOSS.

1 Aeii

1

DETEEMlSATIOiS.

Weight, per

riihic foot, _
in pounds Remarks,
(aveiajje).

■
1

rirst.

Second.

! Thirf.

j

Average.

First.

Second.

Average

s

0.8225
1.0090

0.7888
0.8830

1 0. 8787

C 0.9975
\ 0.9201

0.8290

( 0.7936
\ 0.8018

0.S381

0 5186

0.5169

0.7480

0.5809

0.7516

0.6410

0.59J2

0.7481

0.6316

0.6423

0.6807

0.6669

0.C7C5

0.6:i89

0.6636 1

0.5244

U.7130 !

0.9142

1

0.7111 i
a7C67

0. 73tM
0.G863

1

0.9330

0.9709

0.7592
0.8827
0.9033

0.90191
0.8855)

0.8216

0.77881
0.7657)

0.6440
0.5910
0.6251

0. 8778
0.9900

i 1.25
1.09

i

0.80
0.33
0.73

( 1.86
} Z61

1.21

( 0.94
( 0.96

0.14
0.46
0.43
^ 0.27
0.47
0.15
0.20
0.23
0.22
0.16
0.27
0.20
0.20
0.33
0.37
0.07
0.25
0.14

0.93

0.11
0.22

0.13
0.21
0.31

1

1.30

0.76

0.62
0.34
0.79

2119
2.78

1.34

0.981
1.18)

0.10

1.27
0.93

919
954

'

0.9501

1.14

59.21

0.7740
O.R«l>9
0. 8910

0.71
0.34
0.76

1 574
1

649

653

Second sp. gr. determiiULtiou made on sap-wood

0.8493

0.60

52.93

0.9263

2.36

57.73

594

0.8253

1.28

51.43

0.7855

1.02

48.95

0.6411
0.5548
0.5710
0.7480
0.5899
0. 7515
0.6410
0.5952
0.7498
0.6366
0.6710
0.6994
0.6768
0.6807
0.6489
0.6487
0. 5424
0.6952

0.12
0.46
0.43
0.27
0.47
0.15
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.17
0.25
0.22
0.23
0.33
0.36
0.11
0.23
0.17

451

453

89'

0.47

02'

0. 7512

0. 7510

92<

0.21
0.24
0.31
0.17
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.32
0.34
0.14
0.21
0.19

0.78

0.16
0.28

0.08

140

141

0.7514
0.6615
0.6997
0.7090
0.6867
0.7029
0.6589
0.6252
0.5604
0.6806

0.9018

0. 7079
0. 7762

0.730S

146

197

215

216

217

218

653

0.6573

866

920

0.6920

10431

0.6 sap-wood

0.6546

0.28

40.75

0.9080

0.85

56.59

931

0.7095
0. 7715

0.14
0.25

23

75»

0.7405

U. 19

46.15

•

0. 7335
0. 0863

0. 7205

0.11

0.21
0.31

17

3C1

II.-205 !

'

3«»

820

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specie*.

State.

Locality.

Collector.

Soa

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATKM OF
OBOWTH.

Sap- Heart-
wood, wood.

S74. Qnerciu tinctoria— oontinued-

376. Qnercns KelloggU

Slack Oak.

276. Qnercns nigra

Black Jack. Jack Oak.

277. Qnercua falcata

Spanith Oak. Red Oak.

"378. QoprcxiB Catesbgei

Turkey Oak Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf
Black Jack. Black Jack.

279. QiiercuH paluatris

t'in Oak. Swamp Spanith Oak.
Water Oak.

280. Qnercus aqnatica

Water Oak. Duck Oak. Pottum Oak.
I'unk Oak.

281. Quercua laarlfulia .
Laurel Oak.

282. QnercaB heterophylla-
BartratrCt Oak.

283- Quercus clnorea

Upland Willow Oak. BlutJaek. Sand
Jack

a**

41
74
86
244
247
437
921

628
963

268
339

131

245

265'

265'

265»

548

342

Kintacky .
Miasoari. . .

...do

..do

Virginia...

...do

Tennessee .
Alabama . .

Danville Junction .

Allenton.

...do

..do

WythevlUe

...do

Nashville

Cullman

Oregon .
...do...

Missonri..
Alabama .

Allenton . .
Citronelle .

South Carolina -
Virginia

....do

....do

...do

Mississippi

Bonneau's Depot. .

■Wytheville

Carroll county

..do

..do

Kemper's mill

47
282

349
511
742

756
801

1171

Alabama .
Florida . . .

Missonri .
..do....

Alabama . .
Tennessee .
Georgia

Florida .
.. do...

New Jersey .
Alabama

Cottage Hill .
Aspalaga

Allenton.
...do....

Cottage Hill .
TuUahoma...
Bainbridge . .

Saint John's river .
.. do

Mount Holly .
Citronelle

"W. M. Linncy.. ..
G. W. Letterman.

.. do

..do

aShriver

.. do

A. Gattinger

C.Mohr

Slate

HUly

Bich upland .

...do

Clay

... do

...do

Sandy

Saw-mill, Ashland . .
Engene City

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
G.H.Collier

G. W. Letterman.
C.Mohr

H.'W.Eavenol

H. Shriver

...do

...do

...do .#.

C.Mohr

...do

A. H. Curtiss .

G.W. Letterman.
...do

C.Mohr

A. Gattinger..
A. H. Curtiss .

do.
do.

S. P. Sharpies .
C.Mohr

CUy...
Sandy .

Bich loam

Clay

...do

Bich loam .

Barren, sandy .
...do

Rich, allnvial
...do

Sandy loam.

...do

Alluvial

Sandy loam .
..do

CUy

Pine.barren.

0.165

0.224

0.301

0.350

0.310

0.240

0.329

17

62

18

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

321

SPKCIFIC GEAVITI DBTKHMDCATIOSS.

ABH DETEEMINATI0N8.

■Weight.per
cubic foot,
in ponnds
(average).

Bemarks.

re

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

a

0.7749
0.7596
0.8014
0.7192
0.5070
0.7164
0.6765
0.6622

0.6565

iV

0.7749
0. 7474
0.8014
0.7192
0.5123
0.6875
0.6765
0.6898

0.18
0.17
0.22
0.28
0.44
0.14
0.35
0.59

0.18
0.33

0.96
1.41

0.27
0.27
0.15
0.22
0.25
0.29

0.85
0.90

0.65
0.92

0.45
0.82
0.35

0.48
0.93

0.19
1.27

0.18
0.16
0.21
0.23
0.54
0.15
0.36
0.65

36>

0.7352

0.14
0.19
0.18
0.63
0.15
0.37
0.70

0.21
0.30

0.92
1.32

0.27
0.33

41

86

0.5175
0.6586

244

247

437

0.6972

0.6582
0.6322

0.7492
0.7192

0.7003
0.6780

0.7100

921

(

0.7045

0.28

43.90

0.6573
0.6297

0.20
0.32

628

0.6273

963

0.7304
0.7309

0.6892
0.5701
0.6613
0.7334
0.6556
0.8052

0.6679
0.7906

0. 6917
0.7480

0. 7167
0.7084
0.7237

0.7474
0.8146

( 0. 6818
\ 0.6882

0 6502

0.6435

0.26

40.10

0. 7398
0.7261

0.94
1.37

268

All sap-wood .. .-

339

0.7324

1.1.

45.64

0.6948
0.6241
0.6613

0.7334
0.6556
0. 7874

0.27
0.30
0.15
0.22
0.25
0.29

131

245

265'

265'

265'

0.7696

0.6736
0.7854

0.6465
0.6890

0. 7149
0.7202
0.7624

0.7076
0.7995

0.68341
0.6802)

0.6337

0.28

0.80
0.90

0.57
1.07

0.39
0.84
0.19

0.46
1.41

0.14
1.15

548

0.6928

0.25

43.17

1

0.6708
0.7880

0.83
0.90

342

770

0.7294

0.87

45.45

0.6691
0.7185

0.61
1.00

47

Second growth •

282

0.6938

0.81

43.24

0.7158
0.7143
0. 7431

0.42
0.83
0.27

349

511

742

0.7244

0.61

45.14

0. 7275

0.47
1.17

756

0.8071
0.7673

801

0.82

47.82

0.6834

0.17

42.59

1171

0.6420

1.21

40.00

S62

1

21 FOR

S22

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

BptdM.

i

a
g
8

I

Stftte.

Locality.

Collector.

Boa

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATKB8 or
OBOWTH.

wood.

Heart-
wood.

at

40>
40«
40»
SO
135

S12
687
T2»

678

18
258'
258»
258»
616
727
868

«
44*

ts>

5S«
119
765
853

U

87
870
877
1047

46
78'
78«

New Mexico

Finos Altos mount-
Santa Blta mount.

Earrodsbnrg

....do

E.L. Greene

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent

W. M. Linney

....do

DTy,Tooky

....do

0.203

49

20

Eentaoky

....do

ntica shale

ShingUOak, Lawrtl Oui,

do

...do

....do

....do

do

UiBsouri

Allen ton .........

G.W.Letterman....
....do

Rich, moist

....do

....do

Tennessee

California

...do

Tullfthoma

A. Gattinger

G. R.yasey

Moist, siUceooa...
GnTelly

0.184
0.400

15

25

85

WiOovi Oak. Peach Oak.
287. Qnercns densiflora

Marin county

Mendocino county . .

Hot Springs

Arnold Arboretum .

Tanbark Oak. ChatmU Oak. Peach
Oak.

A. KelloesF

Chinquapin.
289. Castanea pamila «..,.. ......

Arkflnnas

G.W.Letterman....

C.S.Sargent

H.ShriTer

Sandy loam

Drift

0.615
0.666

Chinquapin.

200. Castanea vnlgarU, rar. Americana

Che$tnuL

Massachusetts

Virginia

34

42

Moist

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

.. do

Tennessee

Pennsylvania

Masaachnsetts

... do

KaahTille

A. Gattinger

C. G. Pringle

■WUliamsport

O.UO
0.1tO

4
9

21
26

281. Fainu fetmcdnea

Arnold Arboretum .

Mercer county

....do

C.S. Sargent

'W.M.T.inney

do

Drift .

'^_^«""K""

Kentucky

...do

Hudson Kiver
shale,
do

...do

....do

do

do

...do

....do

....do

... do

Michigan

DansTille

W.J.Beal

Florida

Chattahoochee

Hamilton

A.H.Curti8S

do

0.272

82

Massachusetts

do

do

202. Ostrya VirfonicA

Arnold Arboretum. .

C.S. Sargent

G.W.Letterman....

Drift

0.285
0.085

26
35

M

Hop Hornbeam, Iron WootL Lever

Wood,

Massachusetts —
....do

Eich loam

Eocky

Danvers

...do

do

Riohloam

...do

North Heading

....do

0.190

62

14

Missouri

G.W.Letterman....

W.MLinney

....do

Hornbeam. Blue Beech, Water Beeeh,

Iron irood.

Kentucky

....do

Mercer county

...do

Trenton limestone.
...do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DKT SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

323

BPECmC GBATITT

DKTBBIUKATIONB.

ABU DETSBHIIIATIONS.

"Weigat,per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bemaiks.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

JFiret.

Second.

Average.

O

0.7826
C 0. 7774
( 0. 8208

0. 7402
0.7234
0.8332
0.7517
0.7200

0.7532

0.6650

0.5520

0.5698

0.3829
0.4720
0.4718
0.4494
0.4693
0.4663
0.4613

0.6663
0.6200
0.C343
0.799S
0.7150
0.7619
0.6897
0.7017

0.7608
0.8919
0.8512
0.8491
0. 7818

0.7657
0.7264
0.7526

0.8304

•

0.8065
0.7952

1.27
C L21
\ 1.64

0.23
0.85
0.79
0.22
0.23

0.51

1.55

0.35

0.12

0.10
0.26
0.21

1.27
1.35 J
1.42^

1.27
1.41

416

»

0.5 sap-wood

0. 7735
0.7394

0.8089 5

599

0.8009

1.34

49.91

0.7398
0.7234
0.8332
0.7439
0.7243

0.23
0.65
0.79
0.28
0.21

40*

40*

0.7360
0.7285

a 7412
0.7004
0.5627
0.6078
0.3827

0.34

0.18

0.48
1.41

50

135

0.7529

0.43

4&92

0.7472

0.50

46.56

612

0.6827

1.49

42.55

687

0.6574

0.35

34.74

729

0.11
0.12

0.5887

0.12

36.69

578

0.8828
0.4720
0.4716
0.4494
0.4693
0.4455
0.4621

0.11
0.26
0.21

18

258'

258*

258'

0.18
0.18
0.14

0.34
0.75
0.70
0.57
0.54
0.31
0.47
0.29

0.34
0.49
0.63
0.65
O.Sl

0.78
0.80
1.34

0.21
0.17
0.12

0.33

0.20
0.17
0.13

618

0.4247
0.4594

0.6556

727

0.4656

888

0.4504

0.18

28.07

0.6610
0.6200
0.6343
0.7992
0.7175
0.7112
0.8729
0.6904

0.34
0.75
0.70
0.57
0.54
0.35
0.47
0.34

9

Bed beech

44>

Bed beech

44'

■White beech

55*

0.7200
0.6605
0.6560
0.6825

0.7638

White beech

65<

0.38

119

765

0.6870

0.38

0.37
0.67
0.86
0.51
0.39

0.80

0.79

First and second sp. ^. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood ;
third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood.

853

0.6883

0.51

42.80

0.7622
0.8919
0.8690
0.8440
0.7842

0.36
0.58
0.60
0.63
0.46

11

87

0.8402
0.8296
0.7940

0.7711

0.8870
0.8534
0.7768

870

877

1047

0.8284

0.60

51.62

0.7684
0.7264
0.7516

0.78
0.80
1.34

40

73'

0.7604

78'

324

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

SpMle*.

i

1

State.

LooaUty.

Collector.

Soa

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATSRS OF
OROWTH.

wood.

Heart-
wood.

VS. CaipiuQB Cmolintaoa— continaed

77
872
1038

10
848

223

224

226

722

836

990

1065

1066

1067

528
629

155
230'
230'
843
1068
1069
1070

18«
398
841
842
1184

4
221
844

Miaaonri

G.W.Lcttennan....

Eioh, alluvial

Xkjw, ricli

0.052

22

Maaaaehosetta —
...do

T*RnT4*rs

....do

....do

BETULACEiE.

....do

Arnold Aiboretam . .
Danvers -

C.S. Sargent

J. Aobinson .......

Drift

0.170
0.196

10
16

28
33

White Sireh. Old-field Birch. Gray
Birch.

....do

Gravelly

<fK, Bfftnin pnT>vriforA

Vermont ...

Charlotte

C.G.Pringle

do

Canoe Bireh. White Sireh. Paper
Bireh.

...do

....do

do

do

...do

... do

....do

Montana..

Sereno Wataon

'W'et

Maaaachnaetta

Alaska

0.234
0.188

20
67

Chilcoot inlet

Charlotte ...

Vermont

C. G. Pringle

... do

do . . .

. .do

...do

....do

....do -'

306. Bi^tnlft oocidpntallfl

Colorado

Engelmann's canon.
Strawberry valley . .

Charlotte

Bobert Douglas

G. Eogelmonn and
C. S.Sargent,

C.G.Pringle

....do

Wet, sandy

Black BircK

California

Wet. neatv ^

Sn. Betalalntea

TeWna Bireh. Gray Birch.

... do

do

Clav

..do ...

do

do

Gravelly

Maasnchaaetta

....do

0.160

34

C.G.Pringle

....do

do

do

do

do

....do

....do

...do

....do

Miaaoori

...do

G. W. Lettetman ...
do ...

Red Bireh. River Bireh.

. do

Alluvial

MassacliuBetta

....do

North Andover

....do

0.192
0.214

30

32

8

....do

....do

G. W. Letteiman ...

C.S.Sargent

C.G.Pringle

J.Bobinson

TM. Betolalenta

Maaaachnaetta —

Arnold Arboretam . .
Charlotte

Drift

0.362

12

61

Cherry Bireh. Block Bireh. Sweet
Bireh. llahogany Birch.

Maaaaehosetta —

...do

0.118

41

22

I

/

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

325

SPECIFIC GKATITT

DETEBMIXATIOKS.

ABH DETBBMIHATIOXB.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in poonds
(average).

Bemorks.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First

Second.

Average

1

0. 7691
0.7014
0.7080

0.5361
0.6330

3.4594
0.6021
0.6G86
0.6240
0.6290
0.6081
0.6801
0.0002
0.6894

0.5880
0.6543

0.5759
0.7647
0.6416
0.7032
0.6468
0.6380
0.6697

0.5608
0.3654
0. 5910
0.6049
0. 65.56

0.7656
0.7344
0. 8115

0.6907
0.7085
0.6804

0.7137
0.6896

0.7249
0. 7079
0.6927

0.60
0.88
0.65

0.32
0.28

0.24
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.26
0.26

0.18
0.44

0.29
0.33
0.60
0.16
0.28
0.28
0.27

0.30
0.27
0.38
0.38
0.44

0.16
0.25
0.26

0.62
0.93
0.65

0.27
0.28

0.24
0.31
0.22
0.22
0.19
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.22

0.18
0.37

0.20

0.56
0.91
0.60

77

872

loss

0.7286

0.83

45.41

0.5361
0.6160

0.30
0.28

10

0.6088

0.4757
0.5979
0.6207
0.6096
0.6260
0.6060
0.6227
0.5665
0.5908

0.6183
0.5777

0.6237

0.S061

First and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood

All sap-wood .

8W

0.5760

0.29

35.00

0.4676
0.6000
0.6297
0.6168
0.6316
0.6070
0.6380
0.5837
0.5849

0.24
0.31
0.24
0.24
0.20
0.25
0.27
0.25
0.24

2»
224
225
722
83«

sm

10«»
1068
lOCT

First sp. ffr. detei-mination made on 0.5 sap- wood; second sp.
OT. determination made on 0.75 sap-wood.

0.6395

All sap-wood

0. 6112
0.5843
0.5745

All flftp-wood

0.6955

0.26

37.11

0.6032
0. 6028

0.18
0.41

528

0.67W

0.5 sap-wood -

0.6030

0.30

37.68

0.5998
0.7047
0.6416
0.7101
0.6445
0.6369
0.6494

0.26
0.33
0.60
0.20
0.27
0.25
0.27

161^

230*

230>

0.7200
0.6283
0.6472
0.6543

0. 5721
0.5508
0.5759
0.6976
0.5836

0.7604
0.6945
0.8160

0.7080
0.6573
0.6256
0.6382

0.25
0.25
0.22
0.27

0.31
0.31
0.38
0.38
0.40

0.20
0.32
0.33

8a

1068

106^

ma

a6S53

0.31

40.84

0.6665
0.6531
0. 5827
0.5996
0.5793

0.31
0.29
0.38
0.38
0.42

188

All sap-wood

From butt : Sap-wood

S98

0. 5811
0.5965
0.6988

811

From top of trunk: Sap-wood

842

1184

0.6762

0.35

35.91

0.7979
0.7145
0. 8128

0.18
0.29
0.30

4

221

0. 8109

BM

0.7617

0.26

47.47

326

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AWD WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

I

St«ts.

Loaality.

Collector.

Son.

iDirmeter

oftne,

iB

I meten.

LATKU OF
OBOWTB.

wood.

Heart-
wood.

SOO. Alnna maritiisa

BtuideAUir.

Ml. AIniurabra

Alder.

302. AIniu rbombifoUk

Aldtr.

303. Abas oblongifolia

Alder.

tM. Alnas semlsta

Black Aider. Smooth Alder.

106. Alniu incana

SpetOed Alder. Hoaru Alder. Black
Alder.

SAIIOACKJt.

too. Salixnien

Black waUm.

307. Salix amygdaloide*

WiUev.

308. Salix Isvigata

WUltnc.

3001 Salix lasiaodis

waiou.

309. Salix lauaodrs, nir. lanclfoUa

too. Seliz iMiaadra, var, Fendleriuia

ao. Salix longifoUa

.Sand.lMr WaUnc.

310. Selix loDgifoUa, vor. exiffoa .

800
810

on
lags

m
vn

fill
oil

374

233
8S6

toe
ni

\P»

tm

U74

Delaware .
... do

Adger'smin..
Pepper'* mill .

W.lLCaobT .
...do

Uoiat. sandy loam.
..do

0.106

a

Wasbiiigtan ter-
ritory.
Oregon

Sitka..;

Pnyallnp

Portland Fnmitare
Company.

PaolSchnltM ..

O. Enpelmann i

C. S. Sargent
do

Uontana.

Miaaoola.
Drain

Sereno Wataon .
C. 8. Sargent...

Califotn^.

SanBemardino W.G. Wright

Alabama..
Georgia..

Stockton

Altamaha river.

Vermont

Maaaaebnaett*.

Hineabnigb.
Danrera —

C.Uohr

A.H.CDrtiaa .

Vet

Moist loam .

Wet..
Damp.

CO.Prbigle : Wet

J. Bobinaon do

Vermont Sbelbome | C.G.Pringle.

Maaaacbnaetts

I Topsficid I J. Bobinson

I

Wet, sandy .
AlhiTial ....

Utah

Colorado.
...do....

Salt Lake City.
Ca&onCtty....
...do

California | Santa Cnu.

do do

M- E. Jones ; Clay .

S. Weston — ......

O. Engelmann and ' Moist, sandy.
C. a Sargent.

C.L Anderson.

...do...
Oragon .

UWi.

Texaa .

Strawberry valley .
Portland

G. Engelmann and Moist, rich.

C. S. Sargent
F.Skinner Alia vial ...

City Creek cafion .
Bockford

M.KJonea Gravelly.

M.&Bebb

Matagorda bay ' C. Mobr .

Moist, saline .

oiioe

0.202

0.130

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STAlTES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

327

trmcTWJC OBAvm DETEBJasATioiig.

Ata I>CTBBiaiIATI0X8.

Weight, pel
cabio foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bemarlu.

i

i

a

FbnU

Second.

TUrd.

Arerage.

Fll»t

Second.

ATCTSge.

a 4988
0.4923

0.4922
0.4855
0.4829

( 0.4560^
0. M27 5
0.4172

0.4138

0.4714
0.4573

a4029
a4860

0.4327
0.4790

a4aM

0.4689
0.4612

o.4<ni

0 4810

0.450^
0.5063

0.4678
0.4901
0.5221

0.5186
0.4889

0.4851
0.4847
0.4565

0.3722
0.4183

0.8823

0.4635
0.4738

0.4842
0.4642

0.4102
0.4621

1

0.5087
0.4906

0.34

0.37

0.39
0.58
0.36

( 0.39

( 0.43

0.19

0.42

0.82
0.47

0.47
0.88

0.62
0.65

0.65
I L38

0.56

0.60

0.6X
1.09

0.53
0.46
L02

0.35
0.47

0.40
0.49
0.28

0.45^
0.30]
0.26

Ol4S

0.84
0.39

0.40
0.40

0.79
0.71

0.89

aoi)

1.085

0.60

0.59

0.73
0.72

0.58
0.49
1.09

0.35
0.42

809
810

0.4996

0.39

81.13

0.4887
0.4856
0.4697

0.4813

0.39
0.54
0.32

0.3604

Krat sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second sp. gr.
determination made on 0.5 Bap-wood.

0.42

29.99

0.4077
0.4178

0.30
0.22

979

a4I27

0.31

25.72

0.3981

0.42

24.81

604

0.4675
0.4656

0.33
0.43

541
611

a4666

0.38

29.08

0.4436
0. 4778

0.44
0.89

374
862

a 4732

28.71

0.4607

0.42

0.4216
0.4606

0.71
0.68

232
855

0.4676

rirat and second sp. gr. determinations made on 0.66 sap-wood;
third sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 aap-wood.

0.4466

a 70

27.77

0.4530
0.4488

0.72
1.11

884
908

0.4448)
0.4201)

0.4828

0.4702

a4536
0.4573

0.4619
0.4950

O.S39»

One tree

t

911

0.4509

0.92

28.10

0.4872

a58

80.36

0.4756

0.60

29.64

0.4519

0.4S75

0.67
0.91

640

0.4089

981

0.4547

0.79

28.34

0.4598

0.66

28.65

889

0.4930

0.48

30.72

1174

0.5482

0.5342

LOO

33.29

95S

328

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECEFIO GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Spedei.

311. Salix scMlUfolia .

nX Salix discolor

Olattanu WiUow.

31S. Salix fiaTescens.

313. Salix flavesoeos, var. Sconleriana. ,
Black Wittow.

314. Salix Hookeriana.

319. Salix coidata, var. Testita .
Diamond WiUov).

318. Salix lasiolepia .
WiUow.

317. Salix Sitchensls .
Silky Wiltov).

318. Populus tromuloides

A»p«n. Quaking Atp.

819. Fopnlns grondidontata .

fopolns (
Poplar.

320. Fopolus hcterophylla

Siver CaUonwooa. Swamp Cottonwood.

281. Fopalaa balsamlforn

Baltam. Taeamahac. Balm q/ Oiltad.

1143

859
1225

841
721

972

988

1175
1180

1181

272 >
272 «
272'
4U

1035

157
847

622
554

159
981

State.

Oregon .

Maasachnsetts.
New York

yew Mexico .

Montana

XTtah

Waslungton terri-
tory.

Oregon .

Nebraska .
Iowa

California .

Oregon .

Colorado.
...do....
...do....
Vermont.

Maasachaftetts .

Teimont

Massachnsetts.

Tennessee .
Alabama. . .

Vermont.,
Alaska . .

Locality.

Month of Willam-
ette river.

Topsfleld..
Ellenburg .

Finos Altos moant-
nins.

Fattee's ca&on, Mis-
soula.

City Creek oa&on . .

Seattle.

■Winchester bay .

Brownsville .
Sioux City...

Santa Cmz.

Sanvie's Island .

Alpine

...do

...do

Charlotte .

Danvers .

Charlotte .
Danvers . .

Nashville.
Stockton..

Shelbnme

Chilcoot inlet.

' Collector.

Joa. Howella.

J.Bobinson..
J. H. Sears...

E. L. Greene .
S. Watson . . .
M. E. Jones . .

6. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

.do.

E. W. Pumas .
W.G.Wright..

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Jos. HowoUs .

T. S. Brandegee.

....do

...do

C. G. Pringle...

Sou.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

Alluvial.

Loam —
... do....

Bich, moist

Moist, gravelly .

Moist, sandy.
Sandy saline.

AUuvial.
...do....

Sandy loam .

Alluvial.

J. Bobinson ■

C. G. Fringle .
J. Bobinson . .

A. Gattinger .
C. Mohr

C. G. Fringle .
FauiSchultze.

Damp .
...do.

...do .
Moist. .

Gravelly.

Sandy loam .
Gravelly

Alluvial.
...do....

Sandy loam .
Alluvial

a 091

0.080

0.160

0.148
0.117

0.128

0.187

0.220

LATBB80F
OBOWTU.

Sap-
wood.

22

18

17

41

Heart-
wood.

10

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

329

SPECIFIC GEAVITT EETEEMIHATI0N8.

ASH DETKRMIKATIONS.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in poands
(average).

/
Bemarks.

1

Fiist.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

s

0.4326

( 0.4930

\ 0.4434

0.3974

0.4912
0.5234
0.4923

0.5320

0.5471

0.5750
0.6393

0.5704

0.5011

0.3785
0.S579
0.3569
0.4880
C 0.4184
\ 0.4227

0. 5119
0. 4205

0.4023
0.4115

0.3524
0.3843

0.4545

0.41841
0.4643)

0.4319

0.4397

0.49

0.48
0.36

0.79
0.36
0.67

0.43

0.33

0.49
0.72

LOl

0.67

0.76
0.72

0.50

0.49
0.37

0.68
0.42

0.72

\

0.34

0.32

0.44
0.71

0.95
0.52

0.50

27.40

1148

0.4548
0.3974

0.49
0.37

859

1225

0.5081
0.4953
0.4707

0.5.504

0.5229

0.5683
0.6450

a5323
0. 5133

0.4261

0.43

26.55

0.4997
0.6094
0.4815

0.74
0.39
0.70

641

721

888

0.4969

0.61

30.97

0.5412

0.39

33.73

972

0.5350

0.32

33.34

966

0.5716
0.6422

0.47
0.72

1175

1180

0.5734

016069

0.59

37.82

0.5587

0.98

34.82

669

0.5072

0.59

31.61

1161

0. 3785
0. 3579
0.3569
0.4951

0.4278

0.76
0.72

272'

272'

272 »

0.5021

0.42551

0.4446)

0.4872
0.4416

0.4113
0.4106

0.3404
0,3768

0.31
0.43

0.31
0.39

0.43
0.47

0.70
0.00

0.72
0.40

0.31
0.41

411

1035

•

'

0.4032

0.55

25.13

0. 4996
0.4268

0.43
0.46

157

0.4182

0.45

0.74
0.90

1.12
0.39

847

0.4632

0.45

2&87

0.4068
0.4110

0.72
0.90

522

554

All sap-wood

0.4089

0.81

25.48

0.3464 1
0.3806

0.92
0.40

159

061

0.3635 i

1

0.66

22.65

330

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specifts.

state.

Locality.

CoUeetor.

Soil.

LATKBS OF
Diameter] obowtu.
of tree,

in
meter*.

Sap
wood.

Heart-
wood.

(21. Popnlns balsamifera, var. oandioaos . .

822. Fopnlna aninistifoltB.
Jttaek Cottonwood.

823. Popnlns tricbocarpa 1012 [Oregon.

Black Cottonwood. Baltam Cottonwood. 1

1028 ....do...

1054

&62

Massacbnsettfl .
Colorado

824. Popnlns monilifera

Cottonvmod. Necklace Poplar. Caro-
lina Poplar. Big Cottonwood.

325. Papains Fremontii .
Cottonwood.

825. Popnlns Fremontii, var. Wlslizeni .
Cottonwood. White Cottonwood.

CONIFEE.a;.

326. Libocedms decurrens

White Cedar. Baetard Cedar.
Cedar. Incente Cedar.

Pott

827. Thaya ocoidentalis
WTUte

Cedar. Arbor-vita.

328. Thnya eigantea

Bed Cedar. Canoe Cedar.

829. Cliamiecyparls sphfflroldea .
WhiU Cedar.

1S9
234
255
304
309
764

646

579
634
662

104
379
782
783
790
792
796
874
1099

Ohio

Vermont.
Missouri..
...do...
Texas ....
Florida . .

Topsfleld

Maniton Springs —

Saint John's Barrel
Factory, Portland.

Portland Fnmitnre
Company.

Barney and Smith

Manufacturing Co.

Chorlotte

J. BobinFon

BobertBoaglas.

Giavelly . _ .
Sandy loam .

0.208
0.098

F.Skinner f...

G. FnKelmann and
C. S. Sargent

Allen ton

...do

Dallas

Chattahoochee .

E. E. Barney

C. G. Piingle

G. W. Letterman.

...do

J. Eeverohon —
A.H.Curtiss ...

Altavial .
...do ....
...do ....
...do....
...do ...

California..

do.

Sacramento valley . .
San Bernardino . .

G. E, Vasey . . .
W.G.Wright.

.do
do.

0.806
0.250

0.444

do.
do.
.do.

Saw-mill, Straw-
berry valley.
do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

Saw-mill, San Ber.
nardino monntaine.

W. G. Wright.

Vermont

....do

ITew Bmnswiok
...do

Province of Quebec

...do

....do

Maine

Wisconsin

Monkton .
...do

C.G.Pringle.
...do

Cold, peaty.
...do

1017 Oregon .
102r ....do...

350
850
851

Alabama

Massachusetts .

...do

...do

Bridgeton .
Amqui

Intercolonial rail-
way.
Ed. Sinclair

A. Grant

Grand Tmnk rail-
way.
do

Mattawamkeag .
Ean Claire

J. Bobinson...
H. C. Putnam

Weidler's saw.mill,

Portland.
Portland Fomitore

Company.

Cottage Hill .

Beverly

...do

...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S.Bargent.
...do

Drift

CMohr

J. Robinson.

...do

...do

Sandy, wet .

Swampy

...do

...do

0.172

0.298

11
10

5
20

16

19

11

19

71

20

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPEGIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

331

BPBCnnO OBAVITT DBTBSUIHATIOKS.

ABH DBTIBJnXATIOMB.

Weight, per

cubic foot, ^ . . .

in ponnds Eemarks.
(average).

1

Krat.

Second.

Third.

Average .

First

Second.

Average.

1

0.3859

0.3942

0.3511
0.4163

0.3817
0.3939
0.3315
0.3201
0.4706
0.4355

0.6490
a48Sj7

0.3891
0.3428
0l4S8«

013048
0.2847
0L3284
0.3163
0.3016
0.3452
0.3108
0.3584
a 3121

0.3090
0.3460

0.3337
0.3105
0.3038
0.2990

0.4221

0.3881

0.3656
0.3937

0.3946
0.3302
0.3444
0.3231
0.4778
0.4632

0.4655
0.4176

0.3830
0.3769
0.4596

0.3021
0.2870
0.3275
0.3275
0.3007
0.2880
0.3104
0.3529
0.3232

0.4178
0. 3.M1

0.3447
0.3644
0.3036
0.3091

0.4301

0. 4161

j

0. 48

0.82

1.47
1.66

1.34
0.68
1.18
0.83
1.09
0.69

0.77
L17

0.03
0.13
0.08

0.29
0.29
0.49
0.39
0.29
0.36
0.43
0.39
0.37

0.12
0.24

0.94
0.17
0.13
0.11

0.43

0.75

0.87
LIS

1.43
a94
0.92
0.79
0.96
0.60

6.46

25.93

Cnltivated. First and second sp. gr. determinations made on
sap-wood.

1054

0.3912

0.79

24.38

0.3567

0.3578
0.4050

1.17
1.37

1012
1028

0.3814

1.27

23.77

0.3882
0.3621
0.3.180
0.3216
0.4742
0.4494

1.39
0.81
1.05
0.81
1.03
0.65

199
234
256
304
309
754

0.4597
0.4860

All sap-wood

0.3889

0.9«

24 24

0.4914

0.77

30.62

659

L09

0.04
0.17
0.05

0.25
0.29
0.51
0.44
0.31
0.44
0.37
0.34
0.38

0.14
0.19

0.90
0.16
0.11
0.13

0.4621

1.13

2^80

044

0.3861
0.3599
0.4591

0.04
0.15
0.06

679
634
662

0.4017

0.08

25.03

!

0. 3035

0.2859

0.3280

0. 32:17

0.3012

0.3166

0.3106

0. 3603 '

0.3177

0.27
0.29
0.50
0.42
0.80
0.40
0.40
0.37
0.88

0.3272

783

790

79'>

796

0.3697

874

1099

0.3164

0.87

19.72

1
0.4087

0.3506

0.13
0.22

1017

1021

0.3796

0.17

23.66

0.3892
0. 32';7
0.3085
0. 3536

0.92
0.16
0.12
0.12

350

0.3081
0.3182
0.4527

850

851

852

0.3322

1

0.33

20.70

332

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPEOITIO GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Species.

Chamieojnparis Nutknensis

Tettow Cypren. Sitka Cypreu.

831. Gbamfficy paris Lawsoniana •...

Port Or/ord Cedar. Oregon Cedar.
White Cedar. Lawton't Cypreu.
Ginger Pine.

332. Copressna macrocarpa. ,

Monterey Cypren,

333. Cnpressua Goveniaiia .

335. Cnpressas Gnadalnpensla .

I

836. Jnniperus Callfomioa

Juniper.

338. Juniperns Callfomlca, var. TJtahensis .
Juniper.

337. Jnniperus pachyphlcea .
Juniper.

338. Jnnipems oooidentalis

Juniper.

338. Jnniperus occidentalis, var. monospenna
Juniper.

338. Juniperns occidentalis, tar. conjagens.
Juniper.

339. JuniperusYirginiana.
lied Cedar. Savin.

Mi
1000

701
707

675

691
1100

798
1149

1220

887

655
592

624

420
527

U02

14
327
734
800
837
024

loss

State.

Alaslsa

BriUsli Columbia

Alaska

...do

Oregon .
...do...

California .

Locality.

...do.
...do.

Eastern Arizona.
Arizona

California .

Utah .

Kew Mexico..

Arizona

...do

California .

New Mexico.
Colorado

Texas .
...do..

Sitka

Saw-mill, Victoria .
Peril strait

Woidler's saw-mill,
Portland, Oregon.

Bean & Co.'s saw-
mill, Marshtleld.
....do

Monterey .

Marin comity.
Calistoga

Massachusetts.

Texas

Florida

...do

Massachusetts.

Florida

Massachusetts

San Francisco mount-
ains.

Santa CatiUina
mountains.

San Bernardino
county.

Lewiston .

SilverCity

Santa Bita mount-
ains.
...do

Treka plains .

Collector.

Paul Schultze

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent
Paul SchuTtzo

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

.do.
do.

.do.

G.ILVasey..
W.F. Fisher.

E. L. Greene . .
C.Q.Pringle.

...do

M. E. Jones .

E. L. Greene

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

soa

-do.

SilverCity

Manitou Springs. ■ .

Austin .
...do...

Arnold Arboretum .

Dallas

Chattahoochee —
Saint John's river

Danvers

Chattahoochee

Topsfield

E. L. Greene

Bobert Douglas.

C. Mohr

S. B. Buckley .

C. S. Sargent .
J. ReTerchon .
A. H. Curtiss.

...do

J. Robinson ..

C. Mohr

J. Bohinson . .

Gravelly loam .

Dry ridges.
...do

Bocky .
...do..

Gravelly.
...do....

Stony

Gravelly.
...do....

.do.

Stony

Gravelly.

Limestone .
...do

Drift

Calcareons .

...do

Sandy loam .

Drift

Alluvial ....
Drift

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

0.283
0.234

LATSRB OF
aBOWTH.

Sap-
wood.

95
36

0.072

0.175

0.134

0.230
0.484

0.203

Heart-
wood.

55

22

19
16

12

64

28

49

37

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

333

BPKCIFIC GRAVITY

DETEKMINATIONS.

ASH DETEEMIHATI0N8.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in ponnds
(average).

Bemarks.

i

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

0. 4011
0. 4987
0.5356
0.4555

0.43S6
0.4380

0.«2fl0

0.4492
0.4620

0.4648
0.4826

0.O09

0.5504

0.5744
0.5085
0.5185

0.9724

0.7329
0.6768

0.448« '
0. 5010
0.5166
0.4686

0.4487
0.5259

0.6263

0. 4733
0.4910

0.4643
0.5272

0.6255

0.5539

0.6965
0.5619^
0.5321 J

0.5807

0.7440
0. 6935

0.6967
0.6840

0.6046
0.4493
0.5310
0.4727
0.4693
0.4705
0.4937

0.4248
0.4999
0. 5261
0.4621

0.30
0.29
0.29
a 39

0.07
0.08

0.55

0.41
0.54

0.43
0.41

0.77

0.47

O.U
( 0.07
\ 0.08

0.12

0.68
0.89

0.45
0.39

0.15
0.12
0.16
0.13
0.16
0.16
0.09

0.37
0.34
0.34
0.36

0.12
0.09

0.59

0.34
0.32
0.32
0.38

969

983

994

1000

0.4782

0.34

29.80

0.4422
0.4819

0.10
0.09

701

707

0.4621

0.10

28.80

0.6261

0.67

39.02

976

0.4613
0.4765

0.35

0.38

691

0. 47 i 0. 51

1100

0.4617

0.4689

0.38
0.61

0.73

0.51

0.16

0.071

0.09$

0.12

0.68
0.86

0.47
0.63

0.14
0.14
0.17
0.08
0.14
0.12
0.09

0.45

29.22

0.4636
0.5049

0.41
0.46

798

1149

0.4843

0.44

30.18

0.6282

0.75

39.15

1229

0.5522

0.49

34.41

887

0.6355
0.5302

O.U
0.08

555

692

692

0.5829

O.U

36.32

0.5765

0.12

33.93

624

0.7385
0.6852

0.68
0.88

420

627

0.7U9

0.78

44.36

0.6967
0.6846

0.46
0.46

939

0.6750

0. 5112
0.4585
0.5455
0.4901
0.4804
0.4838
0.5290

0.6948

1102

0.6907

0.46

43.04

0.5079
0.4539
0.5433
0. 4814
0.4743
0. 4761
0. 5111

0.14
0.13
0.16
O.U
0.15
0.14
0.09

11

327

0.5533

734

800

0.4733
0.4740
0. 5107

837

924

1065

0.4926

0.13

30.70

334

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

8p«cle<k

i

State.

Locality.

Collector.

soa

Diameter

of tree,

in

meters.

LATXBS or
OnOWTH.

Sap-
wood.

Heart-
wood.

835
542
543
581
582
741
894>
8S4>

S23

1212
1218
1214

«57
066

878
710
711'
711«
712
713
714
715

878

805

«2
277

661

1
164
208
222
723
777

C.Mohr

Alluvial

£ald Cypru: Black Cyprtu. Bed
Oypra: WhiU Cyprtu. Oteida-
eiu Cypru:

....do

Otia&Co.,Baw-mill.
....do

.. do

....do

....do

... do

.. do

Little Bock

O. W. Letterman ...
....do

...do

....do

....do

....do

Florida

Chattahoochee

A.H. Curtiss ...

0.514

55

230

Department of Ag-

ricnltore.
do

1

Alahama

Stockton

C.Mohr

AlIuTial

do

....do

BayoQ La Battery . .

Tulare county

do

...do

AJlnvlal

341. Seqnoja gigantoft

CaUfomla

....do

G. Eugolmann and
C. S. Sargent.

do

Granite

BigTru.

...do

U2. Sequoia Bemperrixeiia

do

Santa Cmz

....do

C. S. Sareent

Bedwood.

do

. .do

Turner, Kennedy

iShaw.
do

do

do

do

do

Mendocino county. .
. do

...do

do

do

do

do ....

do

....do

do

343. Tazos brerifoUs

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

A.H.Curtiss

C.S.Sargent

A. H. Curtiss

G R "Vasey

Moist, rich

0.279

8

45

844. Taxua Floridana

Florida ...........

Slat Creek

Yew.
US. Torreya taxifolla

do

Chattahoochee

do

AUnvial

'

Stinking Cedar. Savin.

do

Calcareous

Stony

0.284

0.361
0.516-

12

20
19

78

1

73
51

341. Torreja Californica

Califorziia

Maaaacliasetts —

Marin county

Arnold Arboretum .

"Woodsum Machine

Company.
Bamoy &. Smith

Manu facturing Co.
Charlotte

Oalsfomia Nutmeg. Stinting Cedar.
847. Piniu Strobns

C.S. Sargent

Drift

White Pine. Weymouth IHne.

do

do

...

C.G.Pringle

do

"Wet BwamnT

Pennsylvania

WiUiamenort

Intercolonial rail-
way.

t

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

335

8FBCIFIC QaiVlTT DETEBMIKATIOKB.

ASa DETEEMIMATIOHS.

Weight, pei
cnbio foot,
in poands
(average).

Bemarks.

[

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First

Second.

1
Average.

0.4559
0.5114
0.6017
0.4682
0.4683
0.4159
0.2444
0.2362

r 0.3442
0.4282
0. 4599

( 0.4112
0.3860
0.4123
0.4878

( 0.3234

\ 0.3236

0 W24

0.3788
0.4242
0.3063
0. 4912
0.3015
0.3610
0.5226
0.4827

0.6390

0.6340

0.6034
0.4728

0.4823

0.3946
0.3481
0.3400
0.4880
0.3690

0.3600

1

0.4442
0.4896
0.5224
0.4545
0.5031
0.4094
0. 2013
0.2394
0.3656
0.3705
0.5022
0.4336
0.3750
0.4957
0.4904

0.32021
0.3289$
0.2523

0.3965
0.4281
0.4444
0.4562
0.2982
0.3612
0.4714
0.5181

0.65S3

0.4501
0.5005
0. 5121
0.4614
0.4857
0.4020

0.44
0.35
0.66
0.38
0.34
0.27
0.56
0.55

f 0.39
I a48

0.50
0.51
0.36

( 0.64

( 0.41

0.50

0.12
0.16
O.U
0.14
0.06
0.18
0.17
0.10

0.22

0.20

1.08
0.25

1.27

O.U
0.13
0.22
0.23
0.18
0.23

0.40
0.31
0.52
0.45
0.29
0.36

0.42
0.33
0.69
0.42
0.32
0.32

635
542
643
681
682
741
894>
8S4>

''

0.3808

Tod of knpA

0.4072

0.3805
0.4540
0.4801

0.44

0.50
0.52
0.37

l^ext ontside of precedini;

■ One tree.

•

do

0.50
0.53
0.37

0.501
0.33)
0.64

0.23
0.19

0.3492

Outside of tree

SOnetroe: White cyprese <

Heart-wood ) (

Black cypress . . .

1213

1213
1214

0.4543

0.42

27.65

0.3240
0.2524

0.44
0.67

657
666

All aap-irood

0.2882

0.60

ia20

0.3877
0.4262
0.4204
0. 4737
0.2099
0.3611
0.4970
0.6004

0.17
0.18
0.U
0.14
0.09
0.17
0.17
0.12

073
710
711'
711"
712
713
714
71S.

Wood from tou of tree

O.U
0.15
0.16
a 13

0.22

0.22

1.38
0.21

1.40

0.10
0.17
0.20
0.21
0.12
0.30

0.6230

0.4208

0.14

26.22

0.6391

0.22

39.83

978>

0.6340

0.21

39.51

305

0.536*
0.4447

0.4690

0.4106
0.3459
0.3418
0.6461
0.3850
0. 3140

0. 6702
0.4588

1.23
0.23

62
27T

0.5145

0.73

32.06

0.4760

1.34

29.66

651

0.4026
0.3470
0. 3409
0.5670
0.3770
0.3373

0.16
0.16
0.21
0.23
0.15
0.26

J

164

208

222

723.

777

1

336

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I,— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specie*.

1

State.

LooaUty.

Collector.

Sou.

Diameter

of tree,

in

LATERS OF
OBOWTH.

1

metem.

Sap-
wood.

Heart
wood.

788

Bridgeton

Ed. Sinclair.

789

FroTince of Que-
bec.
do

A. Grant

797
lOM

Orank Trunk rail-
wa.v.

Drift

0.215

15

16

975
987

British Colnmbia .

Hasting's saw-miU,
Bnrrard inlet.

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent
C.S.Sargent

Q. Engelmann and
C.S. Sargent.

White Pint.

638
668

Saw-mill, Straw-
berry valley.

Sugar Pine.

....do

780

.. do

Lassen's peak

Sierra Lumber Com-
panj', San Fran-
cisco.

819
913

Forest City

T. S. Brandegee

A. Triple

0.S02

38

120

WhiUPine.

Monitor range

Silver Mountain val-
ley, Fraser river.

. do

351 Piniifl ftlbioanlis »

992

British Colnmbia .

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

0.484

60

160

352 Pinns reflexa ... ...

697
602
661

Santa Bita mount-
ains.

Pinos Altos mount-
ains.

Santa Eita mount-
ains.

...do

Rockv

WhUe Pine.

New Hexlco

ArizoDa

G. Engelmann and
C.S. Sargent

65G

San Diego county. . .

Pinm. ifutPine.

1226

Santa Catalina
mountains.

C. G. Pringle

Nut Pine.

365. Pinna edulis

397

Cafion City

Gravelly

0.284

30

79

Fifum. Nut Pine.

823
882

Eastern Arizona. .
Utah

San Francisco mount-
ains.
Lewiston

....do

Pifum. Nut Pine.

H.E. Jones

Bockv

0.104

19

66

881
900
91S

Eastern Arizona..
California

San Francisco mountr
ains.

Department of Ag-
nctilture.

Danville

677
631

California

Scott mountains

G. S. Sarf^nt.

0.368

76

309

821
914

Forest Citv

T S Brandecee

0.460

44

136

FoxtaUPine. Hiekory Pine.

Nevada

Prospect mountain . .

Barney &■ Smith
ManufacturingCo.

A, Triple

Rooky

SSS. Finoa reainosa

194

Michigan

E.£.Bamey ...... .

lUd Pine. Norway Pine.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OP DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

837

8PKCIFIC GKAVITI

DETBEMINATIOSS.

ASH DETERMINAIIONS.

Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Eemarkfl.

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

a

0.3991
0. 3624
0.3903
0.3503

0.4291
0.3684

0.4066
0.3782
0.3153

0.4965
0.4209

0. 4233

0. 4729
0.4986
0.4869

0.5628

0.6695

0.5813

0.6000
0.4499
0. 6140
0.5715
0.5585

9.M34
0.5580

0.4997
0.6149

0.4872

22

0. 3970
0.3463
0.3725
0. 3513

0.4102
0.3554

0. 4014
0.3889
0.3201

0.4031

.

0.3980
0.3543

0.3815
0. 3485

0.20
0.19
0.21
0.10

0.26
0.15

0.17
0.29
0.22

0.20
0.35

0.30

( 0.24

(0.27

0.30

0.54

0.88

0.57

0.78
0.67
0.72
■ 0.89
0.41

( 0.41
( 0.38

0.18
0.42

0.33

0.20
0.19
0.21
0.12

788

0.19
0.22
0.13

0.28
0.21

0.16
0.25
0.24

0.20

789

797

0. 3438

1044

0.3854

0.19

24.02

0.4197
0.3619

0.27
0.18

975

Cut at 3,800 feet elevatiom

987

0.3908

0.23

24.35

0.4040
0.3835
0.3177

0.17
0.27
0.23

638

668

730

0.4526

Second sp. gr. determination made on sap. wood. Cot at elevation

of 10,000 feet.
All sap-wood

0.3684

0.22

22. 9«

0.4507
0.4209

0.20
0.35

819

913

0.4097

0.5253
0.4961
0.4696

0.5721

0.6330

0.8963

0.3563
0.4644
0. 7617
0.5230

0.23

0.241
0.20 5
0.27

0.4358

0.28

27.16

0.4165

0.27

25.96

992

0.50521
0.4847 5

First sp. gr. determination made on aap-wood <

0.4971
0.4783

0.24
0.28

697

«02
661

0.4877

0.26.

30. 39

0.6675

0.64

35.37

656

0.92

0.68

U.65

.■ 0.77

0.72

0.76

0. (.512

0.90

40.58

1226

0.6388

0.62

39.81

397

0. 5781
0.4572
0.6878
0.5473
0. 5585

0.5658

0.71
0.72
0.72
0.83
0.41

823

882

891

900

915

0.5409
0.5476

0. 3319

0.52731

0.411
0.42)

0.18

0.68

35.26

0.5434

0.40

33.86

677

Third sp. gr. determination miide on wkp-wood

6.U

0. 4671

0.4996
0.6149

0.18
0.42

821

914

0.4838
FOB

0.18

0.5572

0.30

34 72

0.4855

O.20

194

r

333

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

^Mles.

i

B

0
a

State.

Locality.

CoUector.

SoiL

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LAYKBB OF
OBOWTB.

Sap-
wood.

Heart-
wood.

315
413

779
785
1074
1075
1076

996

1144
1154
1155
1156

619
026
630
632
636
689
718
731
907
910
1007

578
633
867

/

693
664

097

293
563
625

571
644

Michigan

Hersey

W. J. Beal

Charlotte

C. G. Pringle

Intercolonial rail-
wa.v.

Clay

....do

Vermont

Charlotte

....do

C G. Prinele

....do

... do

....do

...do

do

CaUfomia

San Diego connty. . .

Santa Kita mount-
ains.
....do

G. Engelmann

C.G. Pringle

....do

0.234

82

8

360. Pinas Arizonloa ........................

Rooky

XeliowlHne.

....do

... do

....do

....do

....do

do

do

...do

do

do

Eobert Donglns

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Yellow fine. Bull Fine.

Oregon

Saw-miU, Ashland..
Str-awberry valley . .
....do

California

....do

Low, wet, swampy

...do

Oregon

Saw-miU, Ashland . .

....do

California

Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.
Saw-mill, Missoula..

Lassen's peak

Cafion City

"W. G. Wright

California

Sierra Lumber Com-
pany.
E. Weston

Colorado

....do

....do •

....do

California

....do

Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.

Scott monntains

do

W. G. Wright

G. Engelmann and
C. S. S-.irgent.

BuU Pine. Black Pint.

....do

....do

California

S.'vw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.

Santa Kita monnt-

aina
do

W. G. Wright

1M3i Pinntt OhihnftYiTimift

Arizona

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Dry, gravelly

...do

0.610

102

53

do

864. PiBos contorta .,

BritishColumbia..

VancouTcr's island

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

T. S. Brandegee

....do

Scrub Pine,

Moist, sandy loam.
....do

0.269

43

23

Tamaraek. Blaek Pine. Lodge-pole
Pine, iSprueePine.

....do

....do

California

Scott monntains —

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

G. E. "Vaaov

. ..do

tM. Plnns Sabiniana

do

l>iggtr Pine. BtM Pine.

do

Contra Costa county

Gravelly

0.312

43

I

\

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMEJfS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

339

SPECIFIC GEAVITr

DETEBMINATIONS.

A8H DETEBMINATIONS.

Weight.per
cubic foot,
iu pouuds
(averaRO).

Bemarkii.

1

g

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

i

0.5450
0. 5121
0.4555
0.4250
0. 4627
0. 4931
0.4892

0.4650

0.5360
0.5066
0.4567
0.4168

'0.4877
0. 4552
0. 4571
0.5264
0.4184
0.5144
0.3972
0.4284
0.4676
0.4376
0.5521

0.4561
0.4985
0.5982

e.U84
0.5226

0. 5709

0.3550
0.4291
0.4204

0.4528
0.4988

0.5416

0.4537
0. 4911
0.4631
0. 4752
0.4922
0.4582

0. 5119

0.5079
0.7844
0.4204
0.3864

0. 4813
0.4419
0.4152
0.5350
0.4240
0. 5265
0.4479
0.4437
0. 5305
0.4459
0. 5412

0. 4520
0.5075
0.5274

U. 5780 1
0.5239$

0.5985

0.3551
0.4267
0. 4711

0. 4531
0. 5312

♦

0.5433
0. 4829
0. 4733
0.4441
0.4869
0.4899
0.4777

0.4854

0.20
0.24
0.28
0.39
0.28
0.26
0.24

0.38

0.14
0.21
0.19
0.25

0.27
0.38
0.38
0.31
0.34
0.23
0.40
0.28
0.58
0.45
0.30

0.22
0.23
0.29

C 0.37
( 0.41

0.21

0.36
0.26
0.37

0.43
0.40

0.24
0.24
0.29
0.34
0.27
0.29
0.31

0.33

0.15
0.20
0.26
0.24

0.26
0.41
0.36
0.30
0.43
0.23
0.36
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.33

0.20
0.36
0.24

0.37^
0.40$

0.16

0.29
0.25
0.37

0.41
0.35

0.22
0.24
0.29
0.37
0.27
0.28
0.28

815

413

779

785

0. 5227
0.4845
0.4858

0.4860

1074

First and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood;

second sp. gr. determin:ition made on sap-wood.
Second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood; third sp.

gr. determination made on sap-wood.

First and second sp. gr, determinations made on sap-wood

1075

1076

0.27

30.25

a 4879

0.35

30.40

996

0.5220
0.6455
0.4461
0.4016

0.14
0.20
0.23
0.24

1144

1154

0.4611

1155

1166

0.5038

0.20

31.40

0.4845
0.4485
0. 4362
0.6307
0. 4212
0. 5204
0.4225
0.4360
0.4990
0.4417
0.5466

0.27
0.40
0.37
0.30
0.39
0.23
0.38
0.27
0.49
0.45
0.32

619

626

630

632

636

"

689

718

731

i

907

910

lOOT

>Ono tree. Fonrthsp.gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. <

0.4715

0.35

29.45

578

0.4785
0.5628

0.25
0.27

633

667

0.6206

0.26

32.44

0.6467

0.39

34.01

593

0.5760

664

0.5815

0.19

36.24

997

0. 3551
0. 4279
0.4457

0.33
0.26
0.37

293

563

025

■

0.4006

0.32

25.63

0.4530
a 5150

0.42

0.37

571

644

0.4840

0.40

30.16

340

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT

Speoies.

1

State.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATCB8 OF .

oKovrra.

Sap-
wood.

Heart-
wood.

387. Finns Conlteri

1157

878
896

676

82
355
888
389

13

1046

83

621

622

U68

U72

279

321
396

671

278
319
B57
558
559

142
544
764

Colifomla

....do

San Bernardino

W. G. Wright

Q. E. Vasey

Department of Ag-
riculture.

Or. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

A. H. Curtiss

C. Mohr

Gravelly loam —

0.644

85

ItonUrey Pin».

do

do

Honnt Shasta

Dnval county

Cottage Hill

WUmington

...do

Gravelly

Moist, sandy

0.418
0.034

35
27

18
6

Knobcont Pint.
870. Finns Tieda

Florida

LobloUy Pin*. Old-flOd FiM. Bote-
maryPine.

North Carolina...
. do

Edward Kidder

....do

....do

871. Finns rigida

Massachnsetts —
. . do .

Arnold Arboretom. .
North Reading

Duval county

Aiken

C. S.Sargent

J. Hobinson ... .

Drift

9.267
0.230

0.312

0.206
0.164

21
26

33

8
28

15
8

19

42
34

Pitch Pint.

....do

372. Finns serotina... - ..

Florida

A. H. Curtiss

H. W. Eavenel

....do

Moist, sandy loam.

Dry, sandy

....do

Pond Pine.

Sonth Carolina....
. do

Jartey Pine. Scrub Pine.

....do

New Albany

Hoont Holly

Wytheville

M. J. Kobinson .

Ifew Jersey

Florida

874. Finns clansa

A. H. Curtiss

H. Shriver

Dry, sandy barrens
Clav

0.238

0.264
0.010

0.243
0.015

•

20
14

29
33

86
35

Sand Pine. SenbPine. Sprue* Pine.

Virginia

Tabls-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.

Pennsylvania

California

Florida

Colerain Forge

Matin county

Chattahoochee

J. B. Lowrie

G.B. Vasey

A. H. Curtiss

C. Mohr

Slate

Obispo Pine. Biihop't Pine.

Clay

Yellow Pine. Short-lemei Pine.
Sprue* Pin*. BuUPine.

Texarkana . . .

F. li. Harvey

. do

do

.. do

do

do

....do

... do

...do

....do

Sonth Carolina ...
Mississippi

Bonnean's Depot ...

Gaineavillo

Chattahoochee

H. W. Kavencl

C Mohr

OedarPim. Sprue* Pine. WhiUPin*.

A. H. Curtiss

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OP DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

341

BPSCIFIC GBATITT DETEBHINATIOKS.

ASH DETERMINATIONS.

1

i

"Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Bemarka.

1
a

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

First.

Second.

Average.

a

0.4272

0. 4952

0. 4082

0.3469

0.5010

0.5788
0.5458
0.5045

0.5597
C 0. 4065
t 0. 4131

0.7904

0.4905
0.5571
0. 5149
0.5778

0.4606

0.5235
0 4851

0.3994

0.5244
0.4018

O.S.'iM

0.S609
0.5466
0.5654
0.4898

0.5669
0. 4154 ■>
0.6323$

0.7J31

0.4830
0.5680
0.4603
0.5841

0.6456

0.5050
0.4602

0.4831

0.4550
0.7669
0.6129
0.7232
0.4689

0. 4235
0. 8741
0.4002

^

0.4133

0.34

0.25
0.34

0.36

0.26
0.25
0.28
0.27

0.19
C 0.32
t 0.19$

0.15

0.24
0.32
0.32
0.29

0.30

0.30
6.24

0.26

0.35
0.22
0.23
0.33
0.32

0.40
0.53
0.35

0.40

0.20
0.37

0.30

0.29
0.26
0.2«
0.23

0.21

0.37

25.76

1157

0.5098
0.4050

0.23
0.36

676

896

0.4574

0.30

28.50

0.3499

0.33

21.81

578

0.5609
0.5627
0.5556
0.4971

0.27
0.26
0.27
0.25

82

355

388

389

0.5441

0.28

33.91

0.5633
0.4668

0.20
0.26

1

13

4 First ap. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second and
^ third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood. Fourth
( sp. gr. specimen very resinous.

1046

0.7990

0.18

0.27
0.31
0.23
0.34

0.31

0.30
0.22

0.25

0.35
0.22
0.17
0.31
0.41

0.61
O.ii
0.36

0. 6151

0.23

32.10

0.7942

0.17

49.49

83

0.4867
0. 5628
0.4876
0.5870

0.26
0.32
0.28
0.32

621

1

622

1169

0.5991

1172

0.6309

0.80

33.09

• 0.5576

0.81

84.75

279

0.5143
0.4727

0.30
0.23

1

321

396

0.5054

0.4935

0.27

30.75

0.4942

0.26

30.80

671

1 0. 5739

0.5144
0. 7333
0.6107
0.7247
0.4689

0.35
0.22
0.20
0.32
0.37

278

0. 7098

319

0 6086
0.7262
0.4689

0.4358
0.3232
0.401«

557

1

558

659

0.6104

0.29

38.04

0.4297
0.3487
0.4010

0.50
0.49
0.35

142

644

764

0.3931

e.45

24.50

■

J

342

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Speoiea.

379. PinuB Banksiana

0rayPine. SerubPine. Frinec't Pint.

Pinus paluf tris

Long-leaved Pine. Southern IHne.
Georgia Pine. TeUoto Pine. Hard
Pine.

SSL Pinna Cnbensis

Siath Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard
Pine. Meadow Pine.

Piceaniptra ,

Blbck Spruce.

883. Plceaalba

White Spruce.

384. Picca Knselmaiml .
White Spruce.

894
780
879

81
85
172
243
302
357
358
859
360
361
384
385
390
562
1096

84
356
493

109
231
373
776
794
880

513

620
773
784
791

292
676

905

State.

Michigan

New Brunswick .
...do

Florida ,.

....do

Mississippi

Florida

Sontli Carolina . . .

Alabama

... do

...do

...do

...do

Florida

...do

Uortli Carolina

Texas

Alabama

Locality.

Collector.

Baldwin.

Florida...
Alabama.
Florida ...

Province of Qae-
beo.

Colorado.
...do....
...do....
...do....

trtah....

Duval connty.
...do

Barney &. Smith

Manufacturing Co

Sawmill, Saint

John's river.
Aikon

Cottage Hill .
Citronelle ...
Chnnchula. . .

...do

...do

Saw -mill.

Keys.
do

Cedar

Vermont

...do

.. do

New Bnmswiok
Province Quebec .
New Brunswick .

New Hampshire .

Dakota

New Brunswick .
..do

"Wilmington . . .
Sabine county .
Mobile

Duval county.
Cottage Hill . .
Bay Biscayne.

Charlotte

...do

Huntingdon ...
Bay of Fnndy .

Danville

Bridgeton

Stratford

TeiTy's peak . .
Bay of Fundy .

Bridgeton

Amqni

Forest City .

...do

...do

W.J. Beal

Intercolonial rail,
way.
...do

soa

{ LAT»Rg OT

I Diameter! OBOWTH.
of ti-ee, {

Low, sandy.

A. H. Cnrtiss

...do

E. E. Barney

A. H. Curtiss

H-W-Kavcnel....

C. Mohr

...do

...do

...do

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss

...do

E. Kidder

G. W. Letterman.
C.Mohr

Sandy loam . .
Moist, sandy.

A. H. Curtiss .

C.Mohr

A. H. Curtiss .

Sandy loam.

...do

...do..

...do

..do

...do

Moist, sandy .

....do

Coral

C.G.Pringle.

...do

...do

Intercolonial rail.

way.
Gnirid Trunk rail.

wav.
Ed. Sinclair

C. G. Pringle...

Robert Douglas.

Intercolonial

way.
Ed. Sinclair. .

rail.

A. Grant .

T. S. Brandegee . . .

C. S. Sargent

T. S. Brandegee . . .

Depart ni on t of Agri.

culture.
...do

Gravelly

Cold, peaty.
Gravelly ...

Gravelly.

Damp .
Peaty.
...do.

meters. Sap.
wood.

0.353
0.356

25
46

Heart,
wood.

119
51

0.186

0.320

0.318

68

22

76

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DET SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

343

SPECIFIC GRATITY DBTKEMDtATIOSS.

i

ASH DETERMINATIONS.

"Weight, per
cubic foot,
in pounds
(average).

Kemarks.

1

a

a

First

Second.

Third.

Average.

Plret.

Second.

Average.

8

0.4622

0.4965
0.4588
0.5065

0.7284

-*

0.4794
0. 4588
0.490O

0.28
0.20
0.19

0.26
0.16
0.26
0.28
0.39
0.27
0.28
0.15
0.21
0.23
0.32
0.28
0.29
0.17
0.19

0.31
0.16
0.30

0.23
0.25
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.38

0.26
0.42
0.34
0.32
0.24

0.36
0.35
0.29
0.32
0.43

0.33
0.19
0.18

0.26
0.17
0.26
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.20
0.16

0.30
0.20
0.19

394

780

0.4778

0.7551
0. 7117
0. 6927
0. 7569
0.6139
0.6602
0.8652
0.8509
0.6673
0.7590
0.6163
0.6349
0.4602
0.7744
0.6415

0.6533
0.7881
0.8529

0.4576
0. 5289
0. 4:85
0.4730
0.4065
0.4830

0.4074
0.3848
1 0. 4231
0.3809
0.3737

0. SO-W
0. 3:!C5
0.3r,«7
0. 3717
0. 3195

0.4857

879

■

0. 4761

0.2?

29.67

0.7418
0. 7117
0.6950
0. 7199
0.5665
0.6609
0.8989
0.8479
0.7294
0.7663
0.5938
0.6236
0. 5734
0.7245
0.6453

0.26
a 17
0.26
0.25
0.31
0.27
0.24
0.16
0.21
0.23
0.32
0.28
0.32
0.18
0.22

81

85

0.6974
0.6829
0. 5191
0.6616
0.9325
0.8450
0. 7914
0.7736
0. 5714
0.5924
0.6186
0.6745
0.6490

0.6506
0.7340
0.8389

0.4715
0.5256
0.4486
0.4593
0.4290
0.4098

0.4194
0.4034
0.4375
0.4188
0.4020

0.3561
0. 3217
0. 3.528
0.3725
0.3137

172

243

302

357

Boxed for turpentine, 1852 ; chipped 10 years ; abandoned, 1861.

Boxed for turpentine, 1876 ; chipped 4 years ; specimen taken

along chip.
Boxed for turpentine, 1876 j chipped 4 years ; specimen taken

above chip.

358

359

360

0.23
0.32
0.28
0.34
0.18
0.26

0.31
0.15
0.31

0.17
0.27
0.29
0.27
0.25
0.28

0.21
0.38
0.38
0.31
0.29

0.29
0.35
0.24
0.33
0.26

361

384

385

0.6413

390

562

Tree boxed for tameutinelS or 20 vearaaeo

1096

■■•■;

0.6999

0.25

43.62

0.6520
0.7611
0.8379

0.31
0.16
0.31

84

356

0.8220

493

[P. mhra]

0.7504

0.26

46.76

0.4648
0.5272
0.4386
0.4662
0.4087
0.4431

0.20
0.26
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.33

109

231

(P. mhra]

373

776

0.3907
0.4425

794

•

880

0.4684

0.27

28.57

0.4134
0.3941
0. 4303
0.3999
0.3879

0.24
0.40
0.36
0.32
0.27

513

620

773

784

791

0.4051

0.32

25.25

0.3551
0.3291
0.3518
0.3721
0. 3166

0.33
0.35
0.27
0.33
0.34

292

575

Tree with gray bark

822

899

905

.

0.3449

0.32

21.49

J4-i

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table L— SPECIFIO GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Speda

386. Flcca pnngeiM

WhvU Spruce. Blue Spntee.

. Pice* SltchensU

Kde^und Bpnue.

tt7. Ttagtt Canadenils .
Hemloek.

(88. Tsnga CaroUniaoB..
Hetnlock.

tS9. Xsn|;!>Mert<
Hemlock,

MO. TsagaPattonlaiuk.

m. Pgendotong* DonglMii ,

Bed Fir. TeUoto Fir. Oregon rint.
Dougtete Fir.

B
I

s

269
270
SOI

too

070
977
1015
1019
1026

5
219
726
772
775
778
787
793
817
1040
1042

971
995

980

271

627
702
704
TO*
706
T08
709
720
732
881
973
974
986

State.

Colorado.
...do....
...do....
Utah

Alaslca

British Colombia .
Oregon

....do

....do

Locality.

Alpine.
...do..

UiueachuMtti. . .

Vermont

PemuylTania —
New Bronswiob .

....do

...do

...do ,.

Province Qnebeo
West Virginia...
IlaRsachusetts —
...do

North Carolina .

■Washington terri.

t»ry.
Alaska

British Colnmhia

Colorado

California

Oregon

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Kentana

California

Utah

British Colnmbia

...do

...do

Oregon

Sitka

Saw.mill, Bnrrard
inlet.

■Weidlcr'smill, Port-
land.

Saw.mill, Astoria...

Portland Famitnre
Company.

Arnold Arboretnm.

Charlotte

Williamsport

Collector.

Bay of Fondy .

Bridgeton

Danville

Grafton

Danvers

North Reading..

HendersonTille .

Wilkeson .
Sitka

Silver peak, near
Fraser river.

T. S. Brandegee .
...do

Departmentof Agrl.

culture.
... do

Paul Schultze

O. Xngelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

....do.
....do.

Alpine

Saw.raill, Strawberry

valley.
Saw-mill, Uarshfleld

do.

K B. Dean's saw.

mill, Marsbfleld.

...do

..do

...do

Saw-mill, Uissonla.

Lassen's peak

Salt Lake

Saw-mill, Bnrrard

inlet.
...do

Saw.mill, Victoria .
Saw-mill, Portland .

C. S. Sargent .
C. G. Pringle .
--.do

Intercolonial rail.

way.
. . .do

8oU.

Damp .
...do.

Diameter
of tree,

In
metera.

Drift

Gravelly.
Damp....

...do

Ed. Sinclair. .

Grand Trunk rail.

way.
C. Q. Pringle

J. RobinsoH .
...do

A. H. Cnrtiss.

G. En^zelmsnn and

C. S. SarKent.
Paul Schoitze

G. Engolmann and
C. S. Sargent.

T. S. Brandegee ....

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

...do

....do

...do

...do

....do

S. Watson .

Sierra Lamber Com.

pany.
M. £. Jones

C. S. Sargent.
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

Moist, loam.

Dry, rocky.
Rich loam .

Gravelly loam .
Moist

Rocky.

U^TKBBOV
OBOWTH.

Sap-
wood.

0.382

0.230
0.260

0.228

0.276

37

Heart,
wood.

67

16

61

40

92

14

155

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OP DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Coutinued.

345

gPECmC GKAMTJ DETEEKINJ nOKS.

ASH

UETEBMIMATIOKS.

Weij'ht.per

cubic foot, Tj -

in pounds Bemarlra.

(average).

1
i

n

u

S

Mrat.

Second.

Third.

Average.

rii»t.

Second.

Average

0.3480
0.3540
0.4309
0.3764

0.6029
0.3658
0.4280
a 3520
0.3661

0.3880
0.4633
0,3817
0.3963
0.4839
0.3418
0.4538
0.«)33
0. 3719
0 4213
0 4112

••_

0. 3480
0.3549
0.4292
0.3641

0.22
0.32
0.49
0.69

0.23
0.16
0.16
0.22
0.13

0.24
0.73
0.43
0.45
0.34
0.54
0.44
0.46
0.45
0.51
0.62

0.39

0.41
0.43

0.34

0.16
0.10
0.08
0.02
0.03
0.10
0.02
0.04
0.09
0.12
0.18
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10

0.29
0.51
0.28

0.24
0.17
0.13
0.13
0.12

0.25
0.67
0.86
0.46
0.42
0.56
0.48
0.46
0.51
0.60
0.31

0.41

0.45
0.39

. 0.63

0.22
0.31
0.50
0.48

269
270
901
906

0.3558
0.4274
0.3517

0.6485
0. 3974

0.3740

0.38

23.31

0.6257
0. 3816
0.4280
0.3463
0. 3619

0.24
0.17
0.16
0.18
0.13

970

977

1015

1019

1026

,

0. 3423
0.3576

0.3896
0.4624
0.3823
0.4704
0.4707
0.3343
0.4538
0.5191
0.3500
0.4554
0.4080

0.4260

0.4833
0.4975

0.4396

0.4«74
O.SfWS
0.4364
0. 6769
0.525C
0.5937
0. 5785
0.3859
0. 5215
0.4941
0.5855
0.4679
a 4648
0.4504
0.6922

0.3446

0.4287

0.17

26.72

0.3888
0.4629
0.3820
0.4333
0.4773
0. 3381
0.4538
0. 5112
0.3610
0.4443
0. 4097

0.26
0.70
0.40
0.46
0.38
0.65
0.48
0.46
0.48
0.56
0.42

5
219
726
772
775
778
787
793

•

1

White hemlock

817
1040

0.4561
0.4098

0.4239

0.46

26.42

».42«»

0.4275

0.40

26.64

623

0.6671

0.6252
0.6122

0.43
0.41

0 4981

0.5411
0.4503

971
995

0.5182

0.42

32.29

04462

0.4454

0.44

27.76

98C

0.4461

0.4568
0.5612
0.4214
0. 6551
0. 5233
0. 5715
0.6987
0.4067
0.6242
0.4918
0. 5553
0.4744
0.4968
0. 4508 j

0.16
0.08
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.11
0.13
0.18
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.11 .

a. 6570

0.06
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.12
0.13
0.18
0.06
0.04
0.08
0.11

0.4063

702
704
705
706
708
709
720
782
881
973
974
986
989

0.6332

0. 6215

0.S493

0.6189

0.4254

0.5269

0.48M

0 5251

0.4800

Red fir

0. .W28

Tellow fir

0. 4511

0.5990

0.6956

346

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Bpetif.

State.

Looality.

Collector.

Soil.

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

LATER8 OF
OBOWTH.

Sap- Heart-
wood, wood.

Wl. Paendotsnga DooslasU— eontiimed .

891. PscndotsDgaDoDglasiifVar.maorocarpa
Semloek.

892. Abies Fraseri

Saltam. Sh* Balaam.

393. Abies balgamea

Sattam Fir. Balm of Qilead Fir.

894. Abies Bnbalpina .
BaUam.

1008
1011
1016
1018
1020
1022

642
523

107
377

449'
449*

British Colombia

Oregon

...do

...do

.do.
.do .

California

North Carolina .

Vermont..
...do....

Colorado.
...do....
...do ....

39B. Abies grandis .
WhiU Fir.

896. Abies concolor

WhiU Fir. BaUwmFiT.

Oregon .

Colorado. . .
Califumia .

...do

...do

397. Abiea bracteata .

898. Abies amabilis .

399. Abies nobilia .
SedFir.

400. Abies magnifloa .
Sed Fir.

401. Larix Americana

Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack.
Hackmatack,

672

1004

965

647

226>

226>

226<

774

781

786

79S

840

...do

British Colombia
Oregon

California .

Vermont

...do

..do

If ew Brunswick .

.. do

...do

...do

Massachosetts . . .

Saw-mill, Bonard

inlet.
Oio;;on Rnilway and

Navigation Co.
Wt'idler's saw-mill,

Poitland.
Saw-mill, Astoria . .

Portland Furniture

Company.
Portland Fumitore

Company.

Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino.

Boan mountain .

Q. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do ,

..do .
..do.

...do.
...do.

Green moontains . .
Monkton

■W. G. Wright.,

WalcottGibbs..

C. G. Pringle..
...do

Peaty loam .

0.180

Cold,gt«Tellyloi
Peaty

Forest City.

...do

...do

T. S. Brandegee .

...do

...do

Hoist, sandy loam

...do

....do

Portland.

Engelmann's cafion
Strawben-y valley .

..do

Lassen's peak

G. Bngelmsnn and
C. S. Sargent.

Bobert Douglas.

Bich, alloTlal.

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
. . do

Eooky...
AlluTlal.
...do....

0.344

0.735

0.106

Sierra Lumber Com-
pany.

Santa Lncia moont.
ains.

Silver peak, near
Fraser river.

Cascade mountains

G. E. Vasey .

G. Bngebnann and
C. S. Sargent.

..do

Bioh, sandy loam
Elch

0.584

Soda Springs .

.do .

Gravelly loam . .

Charlotte

... do

.. do

Bay of Fnndy .

C. G. Pringle.

...do

.. do

Cold, swampy.

..do

...do

Intercolonial rail-
way.
...do

Bridgeton .
Danville...
TVenham ..

Ed. Sinclair

Grand Trunk rail-
way.
J.Bobinson

Swampy.

46

17

29

50

71

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DET SPECIMEIfS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES-Continued.

347

^ — -^

■

'

BFECmC GEAVrrr DBTEEMIKATI0K8.

ASH

DETEEMINATIONB.

Weight, per
, cubic foot, „

in pounds Remarks,
(average).

1

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

FirslL

Second.

Average

a

0. 5266
0.4902
9.5831
0.5660
0.4331
0.4362

0.4CM

0.3699

0.3388
0. 4248

0.3446
0.3442
0.3475

f 0.3416
0.3643
0.3390

0.3613
0.3059
0.3286
0.4242

0 /082
0.4297
0.4625
0.4752

fc

0. 5266
0. 4885
0.5715
0.5692
0. 4377
0. 4575

0.03
0.03
0.11
0.05
0.07
0.06

0.08

0.47

0.63
0.33

0.66
0.33
0.34

r 0.38

■ 0.63

0.56

0.87
1.12
0.56
0.70

2.09

0.25

0.27

0.30

0.26
0.27
0.32
0.30
0.47
0.35
0.36
0.27

0.04
0.03
0.07
0.04
0.11
0.07

0.08

0.60

0.49
0.35

0.04
0.03
0.09
0.05
0.09
0.07

0.4867
0.5599
0. 5725
0.4422
0.4588

0.4463

0.3431

0.3342
J. 4299

!

0 3515
0 8641
0 3397

0.3371
0.3842
0.3625

0.3717
0.2910
0.3780
0.4500

0.6483

0.4159

0.4497

0. 4614

0. 7075
0.7779
0.6069
0. 6765
0. 5740 .
0. 5570
0.5864 .

- Eailroadtie

1008

1011

1016

,. ... . «

1018

. 1022

0. 5157

0.08

33.14

0.4563

0.08

28.44

642

0.3565

0.54

22.22

523

0.3364
0.4273

0.56
0.34

107

377

0. 3819

0.45

23.88

0.3481
0.3541
0. 3405

0.66
0.33
0.34

449>

0.3342

0.33

0.321
0.57 •
0.47 J

0.89
1.12
0.48
1.04

1.99

449*
820

Onetree I

0.3476

0.44

21.66

0.3545

0.49

21.97

0.3531

959

1009

I

1010

0.3665
0. 2985
0.3533
0.4371

0.88
1.12
0.52
0.87

.

733

0.3638

0.85

22.67

0.6783

2.04

42.27

0.4228

. 0.21

0.23

26.35

0.4561

0.41

0.34

28.42

0.4738

* 0.4701

0.30

0.30

. 29.30

647

0.6973

0.7024
0.7362
0.6452
0.5870
0.5833
0.5479
0.5873
0. 6000

0.26
v«.27
0.32
0.28
0.48
0.33
0.34 .
0.38 .

0.6M5

2261

0.6835

226"

0.5975

0.27
0.49
0.30
0.32
0.48

226>

0.5925

774

0.5389

781

0.5882

786

0.6000

795

840

0.6236

0.33

38.86

'

348

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AIJID WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT

Specta*.

1
1

State.

T^Kiallty.

Collector.

SoiL

Diameter
of tree,

in
meters.

UlTRRSOF
OBOWTH.

wood.

Heart-
irood.

402. Larlz occidenUUs

719

984

1006

242

1169

604
1107

506
1116

565
1U9

1063

695
696

699
1003

Montana

Miswmla

S. Watson

Tamarwi.

Wasbinston ter-
ritory.
do

Fnlda

...do

•WiiliamN.Slksdorf.
....do

Moist

PALMACE^
404. Sabal I'almftto

Florida...

California

Florida ...

....do

Sister island

AgnaCaliente

A.H.Ciirti8S

W.G.Wright

A.H Cartiss

do

Shell

Cabbage Tru. Cabbage Palm*Uo.
408. Washingtonia filifen ,..

Fan-leaf Palm.
406. Thrinax parriflora

Coral

Silktop Palmetto.

Bahia Honda Key . .
Sngar-loaf Sound . . .

....do

407. Thrinai arpentea

... do

do ..

....do

Sih'er-tr^ Palmetto. Sriekley Thatch.
BrittU Thatch.

....do

do

do

408. Oreodoxa regia

....do

Biff CvDress

....do

Richhiuuiu ......

Royal PaXm.

do

do

....do

I/IILIACEM.
409. Yucca canaliculata

C. Mohr

Spanith Bayonet.
410. Yucca trevilblia

California

do

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargeut.

The Jothua. Jothua Tree.

....do

do

411. Yucca elata

Tnuon...^

SsnDl*f»

.do

....do

UpanUh BayontL
412. Yucca baccata

CalifomlB

do

Spanish Bayonet. Mexican Bium*.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

349

BPECIPIC GBAVITT DKTEEMINATIONS.

ASH

DETEEMISATI0N8.

■\VeiKht,per

' cubic foot, .„
in pounds Eem»rkB.
(average).

■

1
i

First.

Second.

Third.

Average.

! First.

1

Second.

Average.

0.6663
0. 7717
0.8340

0.5002

0.5897
0.7839
0.7984

i

; 0. 4020

.%

0.6280
0. 7778
0. 8162

1

j

' 0.08
0.09
0.07

7.51

1.80

2.65
5.73

1.71
3.90

2.96
1.31
2.79

7.03

5.53
2.M

8.50

a»4

0.09
0.09
0.12

7.80

1.98

2.79
4.81

2.19
4.25

2.52
L14
2.53

5.52

4.75
3.08

10. 0«

0.09
0.09
0.09

719

984

1006

! 0.4191

0.7407

0.09

46.16

0.4404

7.66

27.44

242

(0.5597
\ 0. 4700

0. 7014
0.4539

0.7357
0. 6775

0.2370
0.8178
0. 7451

0.7162

0.3473
0.4002

0.2327
0.1990

0.4942
0.5453

0.7258
0.4957

0.7468
0.6907

0.1887
0.8807
0.7513

0.5875

0.3472
0.4002

0.6511
0.3458

a 5173

1.89

32.24

U59

0.7136
0.4845

2.72
5.27

604
1107

0.5039

0.5991

3.99

37.34

0.7412
0.6933

1.95
4.07

606
1116

0.7118

Pith.. J

>0n« tre«

0.7172

a 01

44.70

0. 2128
0.8492
0.7482

2.74
1.23
2.6«

565

'

Bind..)

Bind

1119

0.6994

0.6034

2.21

37.60

0.6677

6.27

5.14

2.87

41.61

1063

0. 3472
0. 4002

695
696

0.8737

4.00

23.29

0.4572

0.4470

9.28

27.86

«09

0.2724

a«4

ia97

1003

i

350

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table II.— ACTUAL FCEL VALUE OP SOME OP THE

•a

S

S

o

452
2T«
84S
927
883
1182

128
1084
227
180
533
126

209
322

291
539 5

72

1051

838
237
362
1050
988
424

31

92

247

548
511
868
55
848
225
272
754

874
701

627

711
1044
638
900
194
632

671
389
1046
83
621
821
657

Botanical name.

8
29
31
S4

77
93
115
139

155
184
192
207
224
235

241
242
244

245

•246
247
248
251
253
257

260
272
274

276
277
280
290
291
294
295
318
324

827
331

840

342
347
340
356
358
361
365

366
370
371
372
373
375
377

Uriodendron Tnlipifera

Bnroera gammifera

Swieteoia Mahogoni

Acer saccharinnm, uor. nlgnim .

Robinia Psendacacia

Prosopis juliflora •

Ccrcocarpus ledifolios

liquidanibar Styiaciflna

Nysaaaniflora

Diospyroa Virginiana.
Fraxinas Americana .

Catalpa apecioaa

tJlmus Americana

Platanus occidentalls .

Juglans nigra

Carya olivaeformis .

Caryaalba

Carya tomentosa .

Carya porcina .

Carya amara

Carya myriaticfiefonnis .

Carya aquatica

Quercixa allia

Quercns Garryana

Qaercaa lyrata

Qnercns Prinns . . .

Qaercns rubra

Quercoa tinctoria .

Qaercns nigra

Quercns falcata

Quercus aquatica '.

Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana. .

Fagua ferruginea

Betula alba, var. popuUfoUa

Betula papyrifera

Populus tremuloides

Populus monilifera

Thuya occident^is

Cbamsecyparia Lawsonlana .

Junipema occidentaUa, var,

sperma.
Taxodium distichum

Seqnoia aempervirena .

Finns Strobua

Pinns Lambertiana —
Pinua monophylla ....

Pinua reainoaa

Pinua ponderoaa

Finns Murrayana

Pinna Sablniana .

Pinus Tojda

Pinua rigida

Pinua aerotina . . .

Pinua inopa

Fin"5 pungens...
Pinns mltls

Common name.

Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. THiite Wood..
GumElemi. Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch

Mahogany. Madeira

Black Sugar Maple

Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust

Mcsquit. Algaroba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod

Mountain Mahogany

Sweet Gum. Star-leaved Gum. Liquidamber.

Bed Gum. Bilsted.

Large Tupelo. Cotton Gnm. Tupelo Gum

Persimmon

White Ash

Western Catalpa

White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm

Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree.

Water Beech.

Black Walnut

Pecan. HlinoisNut

Kegion.

Atlantic

Semi-tropical Florida .

...do

Atlantic

...do

Mexican boundary . . .

Interior Pacific

AUantio

Southern Atlantic .

Atlantic

....do

....do

...do

....do

.do .
.do.

SheUbark Hickory. Shag-bark Hickory

Mocker Nut. Black Hickory. Bull Nut. Big-
bud Hickory. White-heart Hickory. KingNnt
Pig Nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory.
Switch-bud Hickory.

Bitter Nut. Swamp Hickory

Nutmeg Hickory

Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan

White Oak....-

....do

Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White
Oak.

Chestnut Oak. Bock Chestnut Oak

Bed Oak. BlackOak

Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak.
Yellow Oak.

Blackjack. Jack Oak

Spanish Oak. Bed Oak

WaterOak. DuckOak. PossumOak. PnnkOak

Chestnut

Beech

White Birch. Old-fleld Birch. Gray Birch

Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch

Aspen. Quaking Asp

Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Pop-
lar. Big Cottonwood.

WhiteCedar. Arbor-vitffi

Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Ce-
dar. Lawaon's Cypress. Ginger Pine.
Juniper ■

....do .
....do-

-do .

...do

Southern Atlantic .

..-do

Atlantic

Northern Pacific...
Southern Atlantio .

...do ....
Atlantio .
...do....

...do

Southern Atlantic . . .

..do

Atlantic

...do

Northern Atlantio . . .

...do

Atlantic and Pacific .
Atlantic

Northern Atlantic .
Northern Pacific . . .

Pacific.

Bald Cypress. Black Cypress. Red Cypress.

White Cypress. Deciduous Cypress.

Redwood

White Pine. Weymouth Pine

Sugar Pine

PiOon. NutPine

Red Pine. Norway Pine

Yellow I'ino. Bull Pino

Tamarack. Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine.

Spruce Pine.

Digger Pine. Bull pine

Loblolly Piue. Old.field Pino. Rosemary Pine .

Pitch Pine

Pond Pine

Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine

Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine

Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine.

Bull Fine.

Southern Atlantic .

California coast

Northern Atlantic .

Pacific

Interior Pacific

Northern Atlantio .

Pacific

....do

California

Soutbom Atlantio .

Atlantic coast

Southern Atlantio .

Atlantic

Alleghany

Atlantio

fihl VAum.

Per cubic
decimeter.

1425. 67
997.32
2769. 31
3091. 37
2822.99
3291. 21
4234. 06
2255.24

2332. 41
2970. 45
2652. 34
1582.42
3247. 02
2406.89

1984.56
2768. 72
3851.17
3319. 79
3380.57

3392. 12

2863.42
3108. 27
3140. '33
3197.41
2594. 31
3268.92

2843. G9
3062. 08
2595.04

2692. 51
3193. 28
2655. 82
1868. 25
2795. 34
2509. 00
2582. 06
1624 04
1906. 42

1411. 57
2327. 52

3143. 57

1935 71

1985. 50
1489. 03
1785. 40
224a 13
2051. 75
2141. 24
1791. 32

1804. 29
2031. 75
3472. 26
3980. 96
2008. 20
2054. 78
3091. S2

Per kilogram.

3744.61
2913.se
3802.95
4345.48
3890.02
4352. 30
4052. 90
4016.46

4131. 83
3781. 61
4217. 42
3936. 38

4191.87
4071.83

3857. 26
3954. 75
4078. 76
3811. 48
3904.11

3922. 89

3903. 25
3877. 58
4073. 59
4187. 83
3667. 39
4105. 65

3997. 32
4075. 16
3774. 60

3713. 81
4055.48
3718. 07
4042. 96
3895. 04
4073. 05
4101.41
4292. 31
4242.15

3917. 77
5263. 50

4739. 73

4191.47
4272. 69
4419. 31
4107. 68
4226. 05
4000. 04
4019. 12

3982. 97
4087. 20
5491.47
5012.54
4126. 15
3995.30
5062.75

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
MOEE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

351

RELATIVE FUEL ViLUE. I

By volnme.

32
23
29
14
3
45

43
25
36
65
16
42

53
33
7
13
11

10

27
21
20
17
3»
15

28
24
37

34
18
35
S«
31
40
39
63
65

44

54

52

66
50
46
40
41
58

57
SO
0
8
51
48
22

By weight.

70
62
19
58
18
42
46

30
63
24
52
26
40

60
50
36
61
55

53

56
S9
38
28
69
33

47
37
64

41
67
43
57
39
34
20
22

54

3

11

8

27
21
13
32
23
9
45

40

35

1

6

31

48

6

FEBCEKTAOE IK DBY WOOD.

Ash.

0.27

2.09

1.09

0.66

0.23

2.05

1.20

0.48

0.74

0.77

0.30

0.47

0.74

0.57

0.66

0.93

0.73

0.83

1.04

0.74

1.03
1.06
1.19
0.24
0.33
0.58

0.34
0.15
0.15

1.37
0.29
0.83
0.13
0.54
0.29
0.23
0.74
0.65

0.37
0.10

0.88

0.13
0.12
0.19
0.83
0.20
0.31
0.37

0.42
0.25
1.12
0.17
0.26
0.30
0.20

Hydrogen.

6.43
6.02
6.69
6.61
6.17
6.61
6.45
6.86

6.97
6.44
6.93
6.92
6.57
5.83

6.00
6.15
6.49
6.13
6.03

6.28

5.91
6.37
6.60
6.59
5.73
6.75

6.33
6.62
6.09

5.73
6.14
6.75
5.70
6.11
6.49
7.12
6.58
6.26

6.37
6.28

6.64

6.01
6.08
6.40
6.39
6.07
7.02
6.22

6.04
6.23
7.10
6.80
6.30
6.78
6.91

Carbon.

47.29
40.80
46.76
51.55
49.19
61.08
52.14
50.99

49.28
49.51
49.67
48.45
49.69

49.71
48.26
49.16
50.44
48.56
49.22

49.59
49.49

48.78

48.58
50.58
48.73
61.74
49.27
49.77
48.28
51.13
61.64

48.80
60.07

64.97

52.10
52.55
52.83
50.48
52.18
52.60
60.05

50.22
50.60
59.00
56.53
50 74
51.07
56.64

Oxygen.

46.01
51.09
45.46
41.28
44 41
40.26
41.21
42.68

48.78

43.61

47.37

46.42

49.73

43.04

47.44

45.17

50.35

42.34

5L45

42.15

44.16
43.39
43.12
44.59
43.34

43.29
44.31
43.05
42.73
45.38
43.46

43.74
43.74
44.98

44.32
42.99
44.69
42.43
44.08
43.46
44.37
41.65
41.45

44.46
33.65

38.12

38.08

41.70

41.25

40.56

43.30

41.55

40.07

43.30

43. 32

42.92

32.08

36.48

42.70

42.83

36.25

Hydrogen

combined -with

oxygen.

5.75
6.39
5.68
6.16
6.55
5.03
5.16
5.33

5.44
5.67
5.38
5.65
5.29
5.27

5.52
5.42
6.39
5.57
6.42

5.50

5.41
6.54
5.38
6.34
5.67
5.43

5.47
6.47
6.62

5.54
5.37
5.58
5.30
5.51
5.43
6.54
5.19
6.18

5.56
4.21

4.76

5.22

5.15

5.07

5.41

5.19

6.01

5.42

5.41

5.36

4.08

4.50

6..i!4

5.33

4.53

Excess

of

hydrogen.

0.68
0.36
1.01
1.45
0.62
1.58
0.30
0.62

1.53
0.77
1.55
1.27
1.28
0.56

0.48
0.73
1.10
0.56
0.51

0.78

0.50
0.83
1.22
1.25
0.06
1.32

0.86
1.15
0.37

0.19
0.77
0.17
0.40
0.00
1.06
1.58
1.39
1.08

0.81
2.07

1.27

1.78

0.79
0.93
1.33
0.98
0.88
2.01
0.80

0.63
0.87
3.11
2.24
0.90
0.43
2.38

Specific
gravity.

0. 3807
0. 3423
0. 7282
0. 7114
0. 7257
0. 7562
1.0447
0. 5615

0.5645
0. 7856
0. 6289
0. 4020
0. 7746
0. 5911

0. 6145
0. 7001
0. 9442
0. 8710
0. 8659

0.8647

0. 7336
0.8016
0. 7709
0.7635
0. 7074
0. 7962

0. 7114
0. 7514
0. 6875

0. 7250
0. 7874
0. 7143
0. 4621
0.7175
0. 6160
0. 6297
0. 3785
0. 4494

0. 3603
0.4422

0. 6852

0. 4084

0. 4737
0. 3485
0. 4040
0. 6473
0.4855
0. 6307
0.4457

0. 4530
0.4971
0.6323
0. 7942
0.4867
0.5143
0. 6107

Weight of

cable foot, in

pounds.

23.72
21.33
45.38
44.32
46.22
47.12
65.10
34.99

53.88

45.71
49.95
48.04
46.58
44.08
49.61

44.32
46.72
43.84

45.18
40.07
44.61
28.80
44.71
38.05
39.24
23.69
28.00

22.46
27.56

42.70

29.52
21.72
25.18
34.11
30.26
33.07
27.78

28 28
30.98
39.40
49.49
30.33
32.05
38.06

35.17

128

48.95

1084

39.19

227

25.05

180

48.27

533

36.83

126

32.06

209

43.63

322

68.84

29

54.28

539

63.96

72

165

903
452
274
845
927

237
362
1050
988
424

31
92

247

338
548
611
868
55
848
225
272
754

874
701

527

923

711
10*4
638
900
194
632
625

571
389
1046
83
12!
321
557

352

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table n.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OF THE

§

Botanical name.

Common nama.

Begion.

FDIL ▼iXDS.

Per cubic
decimeter.

Perldlognun.

879

a 359

81

38S
»358

358

356

794
1042

ro9

228

242

.665

<(H9

879

881

382
387
391
401
404

^408

PInns Bankslana

Pinna palnstiia

Pinns Cabensts

r

PIcea nigra

Tsaga Canadensis

Pseudotsnga Doaglasii

Larix Americana

Sabal Palmetto

Oreodoxa regia

OiayPine. ScrabPine. Prince's Pine .

Ifortbem AUantio .

! Long-leaved Pine. Sonthem Pine. Georgia ;
! Pine. XellowPine. BardPijie. ;

Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine.
Meadow Pin*.

Black Spruce

Hemlock

Red Fir. Yellow Fir. Oregon Pine. DonglasFir.
Larch. Black Larch. Tamamck. Hackmatack.
Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto

Sonth Atlantic coast.

....do.

Koyal Palm .

Northern Atlantlo

...do

Pacific

Northern Atlantic —
Sonth Atl.intic coast. .

Semi-tropical Florida .

2152.66
4346.88
4064.77
2810. 20
4129. 95
4319. 67
3363.40

1614. 11
1724.25
1766. 32
2937. 46
1053. 35
859. 07
370a 48

4^18
5126.61
5480.35

4506.42
4594.97
4806.05
4418.55

3949. 37
420a58
4354 84
4182. 04
S7J4. 21
4037. 01
4367. 03

• Boxed for turpentine 1876 ; chipped 4 years ; specimen taken along chip.
b Boxed for turpentine 1852; chipped 10 years; abandoned 1861.

«Pith.

d Biod.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
MOKE IMPORTA:^fT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES -Continued.

353

BILATTVK FUBL TALUB.

PEBCENTAOB IK

DRT WOOD.

Specific
gravity.

Weight of

onbic foot, in

pounds.

By Tolnme.

1 By weight.

Ash.

Hydrogen.

Carbon.

Oxygen.

Hydrogen
combined with

Excess
of

1

!

oxygen.

hydrogen.

1

47

15

0.19

&29

62.93

40.59

5.67

1.22

0.49*0

30.64

879

1

4

0.15

7.26

56.19

36.30

4.64

2.72

0.8479

52.84

369

i

2

0.26

7.41

58.61

33.72

4.21

3.20

0. 7417

46.22

81

3»

12

0.28

6.70

62.70

40.32

6.04

L66

0.6^6

38.86

385

4

10

•.28

6.85

52.99

39.88

4.89

1.86

0.8988

65.96

358

2

7

0.24

6.83

54.78

38.15

4.77

2.06

0.8988

55.98

358

12

14

0.16

6.22

53.33

40.29

5.03

1.19

0. 7612

47.44

356

(4

51

0.30

6.58

48.45

44.67

5.68

1.00

0.4087

25.47

794

«l

25

0.48

6.91

52.38

41.23

5.15

0.76

0.4097

25.63

1042

M

17

0.03

a 42

62.32

41.23

6.16

1.27

0.4056

25.28

709

2<

29

0.27

6.03

51.91

41.79

5.22

0.81

0.7024

43.77

226

«3

65

7.««

7.06

43.35

41.93

6.24

1.82

0.4404

27.45

242

70

44

2.74

6.82

47.73

42.71

6.34

1.48

0.2128

ia26

605

1

16

L24

<.9g

50.46

4L32

6.16

1.82

0.8492

62.92

S<5

23 FOB

r

354

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table m.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Speetes.

MAGNOLIACE^.

1. Ifa^olia grandiflora

Big Laurel. IluU Bay.

2. Magnolia gUncft

Stcect Bay. While Bay. Beaver
Tree. White Laurel. Swamp
Laurel.

3. Magnolia acnminata ,

Cucumber Tree. Mountain Mag-
nolia.

4. Magnolia coidata

(Mcumber Tree.

5. Magnolia macropbylla

Large-leaved Cucumber Tree.

6. Magnolia Umbrella

Umbrella Tree. Elk Wood.

T. Magnolia Fraaeri

Limg-Uaved Cucumber Tree.

8. Liriodendron Tulipifera...

TiMpTree. TeUow Poplar. White
Wood.

AlfONACBa:.

9. Asiniina triloba

Papaw. Outtard Apple.

10. Anona lanrifolia

Pond Apple.

CANELLACEiE.

12. Canellaolba

White Wood. Cinnamon Bark,
Wild Cinnamon.

TEENSTRCEMIACB^.

14. Gordonia Lasiantbns

LoMotty Bay. Tan Bay.

348
346

3M
354

we

246
261I
2611
534
534

1178
1178

532
532

2661
266«

260
2601

395
818
818
1231
1231
1231
1232
1232
1232
1236
1236
1236
1287
1238

211
211
332

479
479

1131
1131

236
236
414
414

Stote.

Alabama .
...do

....do.
...do.

Virginia

....do

....do

....do

Mississippi .
....do

Alabama.
....do

Mississippi .
...do

Virginia .
...do....

..do .
..do.

Michigan

West Virginia . .
...do

Pennsylvania . . .

....do

....do

...do

...do

...do

Tennessee

....do

...do

....do

...do

Missonti...

...do

Tennessee .

Florida .
...do ...

-do .
.do.

South Carolina

...do

...do

...do

Locality.

Cottage Hill .
...do

.do.
.do.

Wytheville . .

...do

Fancy Gap . .

...do

Selvers' mill.
...do

Winston county .
...do

Quitman .
...do....

Wytheville .
...do

Fancy Gap .
...do

Lansing

Grafton

...do

Chester county .

...do

...do

...do

..do

...do

Saw.mill at Nash.

ville.
...do

.do.
.do.
.do.

Meramec river, Jef-

ferson county.
...do ....!..

Cumberland river . .

Bay Biscayne.
...do

Elliott's Key.
...do

Bonnean's Depot .

...do

Aiken

...do

Collector.

CMohT.
...do....

.do.
.do.

H. Shriver.

...do

...do

...do

C.Mohr....
...do

.do.
.do.

.do .
.do.

H. Shriver .
...do

.do.
.do .

W.J.Beal....
C.G.Pringle..,

...do

P. P. Sharpies.

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

A.E.Baird ....

...do

...do

...do

...do

G. W. Letterman

...do

A. Gattinger

A. H. Curtiss .
...do

.do.
.do.

H. W. Bavenel .

...do

...do

...do

Soa

Bich loam .
...do

Swampy .
...do....

Clay limestone. .

...do

Rich, light

...do

...do

...do

Bich, low.
...do

Damp .
....do.

Alluvial .
...do....
...do....

Swampy .
...do....

Coral .
...do.

Wet pincbarren.

...do

Swampy

...do

3 a

„ s

11

0. 7051
0.7006

0.5222
0.5028

0.5000
0.4755
0.4862
0.4564
0.5682
0.5852

0.4318
0.4625

0.6807
0.5580

0. 4170
O.SOSl

0.5688
0. 5103

4174
4930
4809
4704
4911
4019
4381
4511
4550
4614
4697
4501
4386
4463

3634 I

3575

4323

0. 5705 !

i
0.5794 ■

!

1. 1286 '
1.0857

0.4844
0.4729
0.5470
0.5605

COETFICIBNT OF
ELABTICITT.

~ o
1-

1061

887

976
976

904
939
788
729
1061
1109

888
976

1191
1252

800
6G9

939

887

610
1085
1085
976
921
976
970
976
904
888
872
888
857
976

444

542

530

1085
1085

718

787
888
751

9 4>

957
849

930
8M

1061
S21
734
723
1050
1085

864
1017

1085
1252

814
673

976
012

610
1176
1050
976
1007
957
848
1028
921
834
888
849
849
976

407
315
723

514

488

1085
1148

723 I

1
763 j

921

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
CTNITED STATES UNDEE TRANS VEESE STEADY,

355

DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETERS, UNDER A FRE6SUHB, IN KILOGRAMB, OF —

SO

4.6
5.5

5.0
5.0

5.4
5.2
&2
0.7

lOO '■ ISO 300

10.2
11.5

10.5
10. B

9.2
10. C i
13.3

13.5 I

I

4. 6 9. 3
4. 4 9. 0

S.5

5.0

4.1
3.9

6.1
7.3

5.2
5.5*

11.3
9.6

16.0
16.7

14.5
17.0
21.0
21.0
14.5
13.7

17.3
IS. 2

9. 0 13. 8
7.8 I 11.6

12.0 19.4
14. 5 23. 0

10.0
10.7

&0 16.0

I

4.5
4.5
5.0
5.3
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.4

ao

5.6
5.5
5.7
5.0

11.0
13.5
7.0

9.0
9.2

4.S I
4.5

as

9.3
10.0

9.7
10.2
11.5

9.5
10.6
11.7.
11.0
11.5
11.5
10.0

24.0
31.0
13.6

19.0
20.0

9.0
8.5

14.4

16.4

26.0
12.0
14.3
15.0
14.4
15.2

lao

14.0
13.7
l&O
16.0
17.5
17.2
15.2

22.8
23.4

21.7
24.0

20.0
24.0
34.3
3L8
20.0
19.2

26.1
22.0

10.2
15.8

30.8
34.8

19.6
?4.7

las

20.0
20.6
20.0
20.6

19.2
2L5
22.0
23.0
26.6
27.0
22.2

O |300

(Bet.) I

1.6
2.0

1.0
2.3

1.0
1.9
4.8
3.4
1.0
0.7

2.0

1.4

1.0
0.3

4.5
4.0

1.0
2.0

a4

0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5

22.6
23.6

22.0
24.0

20.0
25.0
35.0
33.0
20.0
19.2

27.0
23.0

19.5
15.8

32.4
36.2

20.0
25.5

16.9
20.2
20.7
20.5
20.6

0.5 19.4

0.6 22.0
1. 0 I 22. 4
1. 4 23. S
2.0! 27.0

2.5 1 28.0

I

1. 5 22. 4

31.0
32.5

13.7
12.5

6. 8 13. 5 ; 21. 5
6. 2 12. 8 ! 20. 0

5.5 I 10.6

I

6.5 ; li7

16.8
19.5

S0.S
61.5

18.5 '
17.6

32.0
29.2
23.5
27.0

I

10.0
10.0

1.0
0.8

3.0
2.5
1.2
2.0

55.4
64.3

19.5
17.8

32.5
30.0
23.7
28.2

330 300 3SO

30.5
3L2

30.0
3L5

28.8
33.7

27.0
26.0

32.4

20.8

66.0

2a 3
36.8

39.5
40.5

44.5
50.8

4ao

35.0

37.2

24.5
28.8
28.0
25.8
27.0

25.4
30.0
31.6
33.0

31.6

94.0
83.0

25.0
22.0

40.0
31.0
37.0

34.0

37.7
34.2
37.7

3ao

31.0
28.0

44.0
58.0

54.0

60.0

38.0
34.0

400

4SO

300

550

II
S 9

350
325

321
306

300
284
245
224
306
358

240
272

220
374

236
261

346
257

202
322
288
317
350
322
195
308
282
296
275
249
249
271

133
123
245

268
250

386
490

213
290
330
311

Semarka.

Broke saddenly with long splinters .
do

Crushed at center bearing ; broke saddenly and sqnarely, splitting

to the end.
do

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters.

do

do

do

do

do

Crushed at center bearing ; square break

Crushed at center bearing ; splintered break .

Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot .
Broke with fine splinters

Splinters started at small knots .
do

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters .
Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long splinters . ..

Square break

Broke with long splinters

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long splinters

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with large splinters

do

Crushed at center bearing; square break

Crushed at center bearing ; square break at large knot

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters

Crushed at center bearing-; broke with long splinters at knot .

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Specimen cross-grained ; broke with the grain

Specimen cross-graiued ; started at the angle of two faces

Square break

do

Broke with large splinters

do

Broke with splinters at knot.

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with splinters.
Square break

Specimen defective, 0.75 sap-wood ; square break .
0.75 sap-wood; broke with long, coarse splinters .

Sap-wood ; broke at knot with large splinters

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long, fine splinters .

do

Broke with long, coarse splinters

346
846

364
364

248
246
261>
261>
534
534

1178
1178

532
532

266"
260>

260
260'

395
818
818
1231
1231
1231
1232
1232
1232
1236
1236
1236
1237
1238

211
211
332

479
479

1131
1131

236
236
414
414

856

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

BpMi6S-

•nUACEA

IT. TlUk Americana

I/MM Trte. Bau F«od. Ameri-
etm Linden. Lin. Be* Tree.

11. Tllla Americanik, var. pubeseens .

U. Tai»heterophvIla

WhiUBati Wood. Walie*.

ILA^LPIOHIACEA.

U. Bmonima Incida

iMUncbeTTy. Qlamberry.

ZTGOPHYLLACE^.

M. Goaiacnm sanctum

Liffnum-vitcB.

RXJTACSM.

28. Xanthorvlnm ClaTa-Hercnlia

Toothache Tree. Prickly Ath.
SeaAeh. Pepper Wood. Wild
Orange.

34. Xanthoxvlmn CaribiDum

Satin tfood.

SlMARUBEiE.

96. Siniamba ;rlauca

Paradite Tree.

BUESERACEiB.

St. liarsera pimniifera

Bum £lemi. Oumbo Limbo. We$t
Indian Bireh.

80. Am^ris sylvatica

Torch Wood.

MELIACE.X.

n. Swietenia Mahogoni

Mahogany. Madeira.

1LICINE.B.

SI. Hex apnea

American HoUy.

M. nezDalioon

Dahoon. Dahoon HoUy.

CYElLLACEiE.

Wt. Cyrilla racciniflora

Iron Wood.

t& CU/tonia lignfttrina

XM. Inn Wood. Buchcheat Tree.

2
2S2
252
316
1039
1089

Stet&

Kaaaaebnsstts.

Hiiwmri

...do

Hicbigan

Maasacbosetts

...do

745 I Georgia.
745 ....do...

285>
285«

820

1113

476
1138

735
735
1086
1086

1140
1140

4S7
487

462
462

475
475

452

452

280
280

484
484

341
338

Kentucky .

...do

...do

Tennessee .
...do

Florida.

....do..
....do..

...do..
...do..
Texas .
...do..

Florida .
...do...

....do.
....do.

...do.
....do.

....do .
....do.

...do.
....do.

Sontb Carolina .
...do

Florida .
...do...

Alabama .

...do.
....do.

Locality.

Arnold Arboretum.

All en ton

...do

Hersey

Danrers

...do

Bainbridgo .
...do

Cliffs Kentncky river
Mercer connty . . .

...do

Cumberland river. . .
....do

Ko-^ame Key .

Upper Metacombe
Elliott's Key

Cbattaboochee .

...do

Palestine

...do

Babia Honda Key.
...do

Bay Biscayne .
...do

Upper Metacombe

Key.
..do

do.
.do.

do.
do.

Waverly Mills.
...do

Bay Biscayne .
...do

Cfanncbnla.

Cottage HiU .
...do

Collector.

C. S. Sargent —
6. W. Letterman

...do

W. J. Boal

J. Bobinson

...do

A. H. CuTtias.
...do

W. M. Linney .

...do

..do

A. Gattinger ..
..do

A. E. Cnrtiss.

...do.
...do.

...do ...
...do...

C.Mohr .
....do...

A. H. Curtiss .
...do

.do.
do.

.do.
do.

..do.
.do.

.do.
do.

■W. St. J. Mazyck
.. do

A, H. Curtiss .
...do

C.Mohr.,

.do.
.do.

Soa

Drift

Alluvial

...do

Ricb loam . . .
Moist gravel.
.. do

I,

^

i! 2

0.4601
0.4668
0.5496
0.4517
0.4492
0.4237

Low : 0.4702

...do ! 0.4555

Limestone .

...do

...do

Alluvial ...
...do

Coral .

do.
.do.

0.4017
0.3944
0.3920
0.4750
0.4924

1.1430
1.1582

Dry.sandy 0.6240

.. do 0.5353

Damp, sandy 0. 5898

...do 0.5545

Coral .
...do.

.do.
do.

.do.
.do.

do.
do.

do .
do.

0.9833 llljilj
0 0545 ,^

j

0.4.')00 ^
0.4104 'Wi

0.3060
0.3096

1. 1140
1. 1273

0.8364
0. 82'Jl

Sandy loara

...do I 0.7018 '^

Lovr, damp .
...do

Damp, s.iudy.

Wet..
...do.

0.5307^
0.5333 ;^

0.0916 IfM

0. 0002
0. 0762

coKrnciEXTop
RLASTicrry.

i

3

fit
3

c,

0
«

1

i

814

781

i
SCO

976

970

C16

U38

1027

804

888

888

525

098

720

553

608

638

469

842

831

569

814

788

548

697

634

403

751

723

5f5

827

814

541

1085

1085

703

976

976

712

542

525

424

800

814

628

856

912

947

651

698

628

C69

688

708

857

888

7.W

659

630

469

814

814

820

814

021

687

688

888

586

1061

976

544

417

183
112

1038

1085

1244

970

1085

1366

!>-6

976

895

1109

1148

1111

051

622

703

707

664

670

610

610

5S6

097

678

658

465

488

314

608

751

t>7+

814

814

478

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANS VERSE STEAIN— Coutiuued.

857

DEFLECTION, « MllLUJETEKS, USDEB A PRK8BUKE, IK KILOOEAMS, OF-

50 I lOO 150

5.0
■4.7

.'i.g
(J.O

12.5
10.0
9.5
11.0
13.4

11.7
12.4

7.0 I 15.4

I
a. 5 13. 5

5.9 : 12.0

i
4.5 9.0

5.0 i 10.0

j
9.0 < 18.S

G.l : 12.0

i
5.7 . 10.7

7.5 ! 14.0
7.3 14.2
5. 7 IL 0

7.4

8.0
0.0

IS. 5

12.0
10.6

5w5 11.0

4. 6 i 10. 0

11.7 I

4.7 , 9.0
5. 0 9. 0

5.0
4.4

' C. 9

20.3
16.5
14.0
17.3
22.3
2&4

las

18.8

24.6
20.3

ia4

13.7
15.3

31.0

18.0
15.9

2L6

22.5
17.5
23.8

18.0
15.5

lao

15.5

300

32.0
24.2
19.4
27.6
31.3
50.5

28. G
28.5

O

(set.)

3L0
29.6
19.0
21.2

4.0
2. 2
LO
3.5
4.0
1&0

3.5
3.0

3.5
3.5
0.7
1.5

i I i

300 I 330 .-too 350

34.0
25.5
19.8
29.5
36.0

30.6
30.1

33.6
3L3
19.6
22.0

37.0
25.9

26.0
29.0

400

33.5

10.0
8L5

15.7
14.7

13.3
13.6

14.6
13.2

35.0
24.0

-.0 i 16.0 26.0

". i> I 14. 5 I 23. 5

25.0
21.2

31.0
SL5
2S.3
35.5

24.0
21.2

26.5
21.7

1.2
I.O

3.0

2.5
2.3

23.7 ,33.0
22.0 27.6

1.3
1.0

4.0
2.0

l&O
18.0

20.4 I
18.4 I

40.0
37.7

39.2 I

34.3 I

0.3
0.3

1.0
0.9

5.0
5.3

5.5 j

5.0 !

32.3
33.0
2?.0

24.5
21.7

28.0
23.5

18.2
18.2

22.0
18.6

43.0
43.5
36.0

31.0

2ao

39. S
41.0

450 ; soo

34.0 41.2

70.5
58.0

19.0

22.7
23.0

27.0
24.1

42.0 1 38.0
39.0 ; .17.1

41.0 ;
36.3

' lit. J uu. 'J

t ^

I 7. 0 , 13. 0

I 0.0 12.0

ai.o

19.8

2«.8
27.9

2.3
2.5

30.0 :
2a 8

28.0
27.7

32.0
30.0

84.5

33.2
32.0

49.0

S30

38.8

sao

35.5 41.4 50.5

4a 3
44.0

53.0
51.0

61.0

9 «

Xamark*.

243
263
343
224
236
200

243
234

172
224
231
300
304

181

268
404

268
302
323
200

350
203

250
232

78

48

531
583

382
474

300
28C

250
238

CmBhed at center beaiing; broke with fine splinters.

do

do

Crashed at center bearing ; broke suddenly

Broke suddenly with large splinters

Broke, on reloading, with large splinters

Crushed at center bearing; square break.
do

.do .
.do.
.do.
do.
.do.

Specimen cross-grained ; split with the grain.

.do.
.do.

Long fraotnr* with one large splinter . .
Long fiactore with two large spUaters .
do

Specimen cross-grained ; square break.

t

252

25S

3ie

1»3»

1039

745
745

28&>

320
329

1U3

478
U33

735

735

10S«

108<

Broke in three pieces I 1140

1140

Square break on tension side with large flake on compression
side; broke at knot.

Square break with large splinters .
Sqnare break, the ends splitting. . .

Square break .
do

Broke with long splinters

Broke with long splinters on compression side .

Broke suddenly ; stick shattered 452

do 452

487
487

462
482

476
47S

Specimen cross.^rained ; broke with long split .
Square break

240
204

Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long split

Squnre break on tension side with large flake on compression side

Sperimcn cross-graiucd ; broke through small knots

I5ro\e at knot

Specimen cross-grained ; oblique fracture.

280
280

484

484

341
338

358

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Speoio

KHAMNACEa;.

42. Beynoda latlfoUa

Rtd Iron VTood. Darling Plum,

43. Condalia ferrea

Blaek Iron Wood.

4S. Bhamnas CaroUniana.
Indian Cherry.

47. Rbamnns Pnrshiana

Bearberry. Bear Wood. ShitUm
Wood.
49. Colabrina reclinata

Naked Wood.

SAPINDACE.S;.

50. Aftculns glabra

Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.

^scolag (iaiifomica . .
California Buckeye.

54. Sapiodus margiDatus

Wiid China. Soapberry.

Se. Hrpelate paniculata

Ink Wood. Iron Wood.

00. Acer macrophyllam . .
Broad-leaved ilaple.

01. Acer circinatnin .
Tine Maple.

04. Acer gaccharinum

Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Hard
Maple. Bock Maple.

04. Acer aaecharinam, var. nigmm.
Black Sugar Maple.

454

400
400

803
1094

1139

297
297
427

684
084

307
307
928
928

403
463

982

982

1023

1023

1013
1014

299
376
409
1233
1233
1234
1234
1235
1235

State.

riorida .

...do.
...do.

...do

Arkansas.

Oregon .
Florida .

Hissonri

...do

Tennessee . .

California ,
...do

Texas .
...do..
...do ..
...do..

Locality.

TJppeT Hetacombe
Key.

.do.
.do.

Saint John's river .
Jonesboro*

Forttand

Umbrella Key .

Allenton..

...do

Nashville.

Harm coanty.
...do

Dallas .
....do-..
Austin.
....do..

Florida Upper Metacombe

Key.
...do ...do

Oregon .
...do..,
...do..
...do..

..do.

Washington ter-
ritorv.

Missouri ,

Vermont

Kew England.

Vermont

....do

...do

...do

...do

...do

213 ...do

2741 1 Missouri...
440 Tennessee .
757 Florida....
767 1... do

05. Acer dosvcarpum 1052

Sqft Maple. White Maple. SUvcr
Maple.

06. Acerrubmra 20

Bed Maple. Swamp Maple. S^ I

Maple. WaUr Maple. 530 Mississippi.

Hnssachusetts

do .

Portland.
...do...

Portland Furniture

Company.
...do

Portland..
Wilkeson.

Allenton..
Charlotte .

Charlestown Navy.

yard.
Charlotte

do.
.do.
.do.

do.

do.

...do

Allentoni

NashTillo . .

Chattfliioochee.
...do

Topsfiold .

Arnold Arboretum.
Kemper's mill

Colleotor.

.H.Cnrtlaa.

.do.
.do.

...do

T.B. Kitchens.

G. Engelmannand
C. S. Sargent.

A. H. Curtiss

G. W. Letterman

...do

A. Gattinger

G. E. Vasey.
...do

J. Eeverchon .

...do

C. Mohr

...do

A. H. Curtiss.
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
— do......

...do.
...do.

do.
.do.

G. W. Letterman .

C.G.Pringle

S.H. Pook

F.H.Horsford...

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Sou.

Coral.

.do.
.do.

Bich hummock .

Bioh, alluvial.
Coraf ,

Bich, moist . .

...do

Bioh, moist ..

Bich upland .
...do

Kich, damp .

...do

Limestone . .
...do

Coral .
...do.

Blob, alluvial.
...do

Hoist, alluvial .
...do

Bich upland .
Gravelly

C.G.Pringle Clay

G. W. Lettermay. . Low, alluvial

A. Gattinger , Bich

A. H. Curtiss ! Clay

.. do '... do

J.Bobinson ' Low meadow...

C.S. Sargent i Drift

C.Mohr : Bich,8wam]iy.

a*.

pi

L2012

L8540
1.3430

0.5309
0.5066

0.5943

0.8721

0.4053
0.4602
0.4970

0.5034
0.5228

0.7681
0.7784
0.5243
0.5310

1.0405
1.0123

0.5445
0.5341
0.4907
0.5053

0.6928
0.7001

0.8381
0.0852
0.6775
0.7447
0.6986
0.706R
0. 7108
0. 7137
0. 7188

0.7241

0. 7355

0.0973 j

0. 0979

0.0824 i

i

0.6G41 ;

0.7148 I
0.01.16 '

■a I ELA8TICITT.

976

U91
1191

814
718

776

921

751
687
610

697
678

888
857
842
688

1135
939

697
751
697
729

626
634

1526
888
783
1683
1878
1220
1305
1028
1436

1039
1085

888

857

010

970 I

827
671

1050

1109
1176

794
687

912

976

707
651
574

948

814
697

1206
1017

734
751
842
704

718

723

1457
976
930

1953

1149

1221

1149

930

688

820

1127
680

618
616

750

1210

466
468
649

548
649

663
949

820
703

1261
1118

696
696
691
656

712
818

1219
816
675

1404

1808 1289

1395 1235

1480 I 1284

1575 I 1242

1575 1104

1056
1055
1024
933
743

1109 1019

864 I 7;

I
1039 Mi)

I

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
TINITED STATES UNDER TRAlfSVEESE STRAIN— Continued.

359

DEFLECTION. IM MILLIMETEES, UNDE« A PBEBBUBE, IN KILOGBAMB, OF—

SO lOO

4.1
4.1

6.0
6.8

&3

6.3

6.5
7.1
&0

7.0
7.2

5.5
5.7
5.8
7.1

4.3
5.2

7.0
«w5
7.0
6.7

7.8

7.7

3.2
5.5
6.4
2.9
2.6
4.0
3.S
3.0
3.4

4.7
4.5
5.5
5.7
8.0

5.0

5.9

8.8
8.3

12.3
14.2

10.7

10. 0

13.8
15.0
17.0

14.6
14.0

11.0
10.3
12.0
14.0

8.1
9.6

13.3
13.0
11.6
12.3

13.7
13.5

6.7
10.0
10.5
5.0
5.4
7.0
6.6
6.2
6.2

8.5
8.0

as

10.5
14.2

8.8

11.3

S.6 I 9.4

ISO

11.5
12.1

18.0
22.1

16.5

15.0

22.4
24.0
27.6

23.0
21.7

16.6
15.5
19.0
22.0

12.0
14.5

21.0
19.8
17.8
19.4

21.5
21.0

10.2
15.0
15.5

7.7

a4

10.3
10.0
9.6
9.1

13.5
12.0
13.0
16.5
21.0

14.0

17.2

300

15.5
16.0

26.5
33.0

22.0

19.6

30.5
29.5
25.0
29.0

30.5
29.5

13.5
20.0
20.5
10i2
11.2
13.6
13.0
13.0
12.2

18.2
15.5
17.6
23.0
30.0

19.0

24.5

O

(set.)

0.6
0.6

2.4
2.5

1.0

0.5

14.2 19.5

7.5

1.8
2.3

1.5
1.5
3.0
4.2

0.7
1.0

3.4
3.0
2.0
2.5

2.0
2.0

0.3
0.7
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0

0.5
0.5
0.6
1.5
2.0

1.3

{.e

1.2

300

16.0
17.0

27.5
34.0

23.0

19.5

4a 6

32.0
31.8

24.5
23.4
29.7
34.2

17.0
19.0

32.0
31.0
26.0
30.0

31.4
30.0

13.8
20.3
21.3
10.2
11.2
13.6
13.0
13.0
12.5

lao

16.3
18.0
24.0
30.7

10.2

26.0
20.0

9SO

20.0
21.2

2ao

24.5

44.0
44.2

32.0
30.7
37.0
45.0

21.5
24.0

43.0
42.0
35.0
41.0

40.3
39.0

17.0
2a 0
27.0
12.6
14.0

lae
lao

15.8
15.4

23.5
20.0
22.5
30.7
40.4

300

30.0
24.5

3a6

29.0

42.0
42.0
53.0

27.0
30.5

50.5

21.5
35.0

15.2
17.0
20.2
19.5
19.7
19.0

30.6
2a 0
29.5
41.5
54.0

25. 0 32. 0

39. 0 4a 5
2a 0 , 39.5

350

30.0

34.5

59.0
58.0

33.2
3a5

25.8

ia2

20.2
24.6
23.4
24.7
22.6

38.0
32.0
37.0
63.0

400

33.7

4a 0

90.0

39.5
44.5

32.0

21.7
25.3
30.0
27.7
30.0
27.6

4S.5
43.5
52.0

41.0

58.0

4SO

40.0

67.0

48.5

5ao

39.0

25.4
30.0
3a 0
33.0
36.8
34.5

65.0

soo

31. 4
39.0
47.0
42.0
50.0

sso

3a 3

50.0

P
IS

350

481
290

221
263

320

519

199
200
234

265
277

383
405
350
300

538

477

297
297
295
280

304
349

551

348

288

599

550

527

548
I
530

i 471

450
450
437
398
317

435

315
350

Bemocks.

Specimen cross-grained .

Long, shattered break . .
Specimen cross-grained.

Long break, starting at small knot..
Shattered

Long, shattered break with large splinters.
Specimen cross-grained ; shattered

Crashed at center bearing .,

do

Crushed at center bearing; broke at knot on tension side .

Long fracture ; large splinters.
Longfractnre

Long, splintered fracture .

Splintered fracture

do

Long, splintered fracture .

Shattered .
do...

Short break, splitting in axis of stick

Slightly crushed at center bearing

Slightly crushed at center bearing; splintered.
Short break with long. Urge splinter

Long, shattered break.
do

Long splinter on angle of two faces

Splintered

Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain.

Broke with fine splinters on back

do

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

do

do

Specimen cross-grained ; shattered on angle of two faces .

Broke with long splinters

Crushed slightly at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters

Broke with flue splinters

Splintered on angle, starting at small knot

Broke with long, flno splinters

Broke with lon,^. ihil^pliuters

Specimen sap-wood, cross-grained; broke at knot

Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters-

454

460
460

803
1094

993

1139

297
297
427

684
684

807
807
928
928

463
463

1023
1023

1013

1014

299

376

400
>

1233

1233
1234
1234
1235
1236

213
274'
440
767
757

1052

20
530

360

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

H, Ami mbmm— oontinaed .

(7. Kegando aceroldea

Soz Elder. Aih4eaved MapU.

9f, Negucdo Calif oiTdcum.
BoxEUer.

ANACAEDIACE^.

State.

'tl* Bhus copalUna ...
Duar/ Sumach.

Ti Bhus Metopiiun

Poison Wood. Coral Sumach.
Mountain Manchineel. Jium
Wood. Hog Plum. Doctor Gum.

LEGUMINOS.S:.

77. Bobinia Pseudacacia

Locutt. Blact Locutt.
Locust,

Yellow

70. Bobinia Keo-Mexicaoa

Locust,

80. Olncya Tesota

Iron Wood. Arbol de Bierro.

•

81. Piscidiii Eiythrina

Jamaica Dorjwood.

92. CladrastiH tinctoria

TetiotcWood Yellow Ash. Gopher
Wood.

M. Sophora afUnia

6b. GymDocladiift Canadensis

Kenluel-i/ Coffee Tree. Coffee Nut.

I*. GleditscMa tilacantlios

Honey Locust. Black Loevst.
Thrutliomed Acacia. Sweet
Locust, Honey Shticks.

743

743

878

878
1048
1048

200
2!)0
811
311

645
645

736
786

467

I
467 I

405
406 I
405 I
815
815
1247 i
1247
1248
1248

Miasisslppi

Georgia

...do

MassBchnsetta.

...do

...do

.. do

MisDOori.
...do....
Texas ...
...do....

California.
...do

Florida .
...do ...

Florida .
...do ...

West VirgiBia . . .

...do

New York

...do

...do

...do

1031 Colorado.

650 j

650 I.

I

\

604 I
564 i

California.
...do

Florida .
..do ...

33 j Kentucky
33 ! . . . do

320
032

510
1241
1242
1243

53'
53»
444

Texas .
...do..

Tennessee .
Missouri...

...do

...do

..do

Tennessee .

Locality.

Kemper's mill . .

Bainbridge

.. do

Danvers

...do

Korth Beading .
...do

AUenton.
...do....
Dallas . . .
...do....

Collector.

CHohr

AE.Carti88 .

...do

J. Bobinson . . .

... do :...

... do

...do

G. W. Lettennan.

...do

J. Bererchon

...do

Contra Costa county, G. B. Vasey .
.. do '....do

Cbatta):oocbee ; A. H. Curtiss .

— do do

Upper MotAcombe

Key.
...do

Cbarlestown Navy.

yard.
do

A. H. Curtlaa.
...do

...do...
Grafton.
...do...

S. H. Pook ...

...do

...do

C. G. Pringle .
...do

Long Island { M. C. Beedle .

— do do

...do I do

...do do

!
Trinidad ; W. B. Strong

j

Lower Colorado i G. Engclmaiin and

valley. C. S. Sargent.
do do

TTm)er Metacombe A. H. Curtiss..
Jvey.
.do do .

Mei'cer county W. M. Linney .

, . . do do .

Dallas J. Beverchon .

Austin C. Mobr

Nashville.
A lien ton..

..do

.. do

...do

..do

NashTiUe.

A. Gattinger Limetttone

G. AV. Lettennan . Alluvial . . .

Soil

Bich, swaaipy.

Low

.. do

...do

.. do

..do

..do

Bich bottom .

..do

..do

...do

Bicb, moist .
...do

Dry clay .
...do...

Coral .
...do.

Low, moist .

Dry, gravelly .
..do

Coral .
..do.

Limestone .
..do

Dry, calcareous.
...do

.do.
do .

...do

...do

A Gattinger.

do.
do.

III

ID

Low, ricb

...do

Dry, sandy barrens

0.5000
0.5524
0.5500
0.6818
0.7102
0.6699
0.6710

0.4750
0.4585
0.4773
0. 4614

0.5227
0. 5227

0.4888
0.5054

0.7967
0. 8105

I

0.8205
0.8148
0.6433
0.6433
0.7956
0.7769
0.8069
0.8456

0.8019

0.0841
1.1066

1.0308
0.0466

0.7852
a6444

a 8697
0.0591

0.7143
0.6066
0.6875
0.66T0

0.6250 I

0.6381

0.6969

cOErFicniiT or
ELASTicmr.

076
688
976
888
775
888
842

610
626
452
514

030
021

634
763

021
021

1305
857
1221
1030
814
1526
1627
976
1320

1061

076
659

740
812

842
1150

872
1061
1221

076

976
1164

£'

1028
030

1085
888
835
904
013

618
607

478
536

086
904

638
835

1050
1050

1302
1302
1268
1050
076
1627
1627
1123
1436

1140

1030
697

814

sss

976
1028

857
1007

840
1110
1149

1085

i

600

707
037
880

820
087

4tt

S72
500
501

785
800

633

616
604

1481
1362
1514
1041
861
1387
1355
10U9
1307

942

558

§20
675

820
790

703
813
7l»

8U2

1149 968
1221 907

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
mflTED STATES UNDEE TRANSVERSE STEAItr_Continued.

361

DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMKTKES, UNDEB A I-EESBUKE, IN KIL0GBAM8, OF-

30

5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
6.3
5.5
5.8

ao

7.8

lOO

9.5
10.5

9.0
11.0
1L7
10.8
1C.7

15l8
14.0

ISO'

10. 8 ] 20. 6
9. 5 i 18. 2

14.5
16.5
14.5
17.0

las

16.0

30O

O j300

(set.) I

!3.5
20.0
24.0
28.0
22.0

15. 5 I 21. 5

0.5
2.0
0.7
1.2
3.0
1.1
1.0

3SO

300

5.2
5.3 {

7.7
6.4

5.3
5.3

3.5

5.7

4.0

4.7

6.0

3.2

3.D|

5.oi

3.7 I

9.9
10.8

15.3
11.7

9.3
9.3

28.3
22.0
31.0
30.0

14.2
16.8

23.2

lao

14.5
14.5

a 0 11. 0

7.5
7.7
9.3
10.0
6.0

ao
a 7
as

4.6 as

ao

7.4

a6

5.8

as
ai

as

4.4

a 6

4.6
4.0

ao

5.0
4.2

as

9.4
14.0

IZO

11.0

10.0

as

11.4

a9

11. s
as
as

9.0

as

12.0
11.5
1X8
14.5
9.0

ao

12.5

lao

12.4

14.2
2L0

las

17.3

las

14.5
17.0

lao

las

13.0
14.0
13.7

12.6

ao 12. 9
11.0 ! 10.4

33.5
41.5
42.0

21.2
21.0

32.3
27.0

21.3
21.3

14.5

las
las
lai

19.0
12.0
11.6

lae
ia2

ia2

las

29.9

2ao

24.0

21.6
20.2

23.0
ia2

29.0 i
ia4
19.2 I
20.0

las

17.0
22.5

as

ao
as

LO

as

2.6

ai

1.6

i.s

as
as
a 2

ia2

24.5
20.5

2a 0
2a 4
2a 0

21.8

35.0
47.0
44.0

21.2
22.0

sas
2ao

23.0

2ao

14.7

las
las

2ao

32.0
27.0

3a 0

37.5
31.5

2a 0

350

4O0

sas

a 3 la 0

as
ao
a 2
a 4
as

a 4

as

1.4

1.8
1.4

1.1
LO

1.6

1.2

ao
ao
i.s

1.4

a 6

1.0
I.O i

las

12.0
ILS

ia£
las

ia7

2a 0

31.0

27.1
24.5

2a 0

sao
4a 5

37.3

30.6
30. S

lao
lao
lao

23.7
24.0

lao

14.5
20.8

ia4

20.6

2as

3a 0

42.0
62.5
42.0
37.0

6L0
90.0

450

50.0

37.5
3a S

300

SSO

fg

P ee

S

0

Bemarks.

SS
= 9

3a 5
3a 5

22.0
2X5
23.9
30.0

3a 0
lao

17.8
2a 5
20.1

2a 0

33.7

43.0

22. S I 29. 0
20. 6 I 2a 0

2a 0 3a 0

la 7 24. 0
2a 0 i 37.3

la 8 2a 0
2a 0 I 2a 7

20.6

lao
ia7

23.5

2«.3
24.0

2a 0

31.7

37.0

42.0
31.0

62.0
37.5
4a 5
44.0

81.0
3X0

2a 8

2a 7

28.0
38.0
4a 0
21.0
21.2
31.0
24.3

31.0

42.0

345
256
340
400

Broke with long splinters

Specimen 0. 76 sap-wood; cross-grained

Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing j broke with fine splinters. .

do.

358 j Sap-wood; broke with long, large splinters.

3a 2
3a 0
32.0
47.7

61.0

24.9

25.4
3a 5

2ao

35.6
40.0
37.0

41.6
47.0
44.6

54.8

2a3
31.2
4a 6
33.5

34 7

3ao

47.8

sao

61. S

42.5
46.5

350
400

189
244
217
252

335
345

296
270

263
296

632

-do.
do .

Broke at knot near center bearing

Crashed at center bearing; square break

Square break at knot

Flaked on tension side ; broke at small knot .

Crushed at center bearing ; broke into long splinters

Crushed at center bearing; broke into long, fine splinters.

Shattered, splitting to the end.
do

Square break .
do

60.2 milliaieters deflection with 600 kilograms; specimen cross-

681 I Broke with fine splinters
646

4a4

47.0

41.0
47.0
6a 5

57. 0

444
363
592
578
456
696

402
238

354
288

422
347

350
341

300
347
328
842

64.3 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms: broke with fine

spuuters.
Broke with coarse splinters

.do.

Splintered on comers

Broke with fine splinters

Broke with large splinters on comers.
do

Broke with long splinters .

Cross-grained ; spUt with grain .
Square break

Broke with long, large splinters .
do

Long, large splinters on angle of two faces . . .
Started at 8m.ill knot ; Ion;?, oblique fracture .

Broke at large knot with Ions splinters.
Long, oblique break

743
74^
878
878
1046
1048

290
290
3U
3U

645
645

738
738

467
467

40S

405

405

815 '

815
1247
1247
1248
1248

1031

650
650

664
664

Squaie break on tension side, splitting in axis of the stick .

Splintered on angle of two faces

Broke with fine splinter

do

413 j Ciusbed nt ccuter beiuiug; broke with fine splinter .

387 I Broke with flueai>llnttr

381 Broke with loug splinter

619
1241
1242
1248

53>

53 «

362

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

IT. Oleditoobia monospermit

WaUrLocurt.

88. Purkiosonia TorreTana

Oree7i-bark Acana. Palo Terd^.

91. CcrciB Cauadensis

Sedbud. Judo* Tree.

93. Progopis juliflora

Mesquit. Algaroba. Boney Lccutt
Money Pod.

94. Proeopispabescens

Screw Sean. Screw-pod Mesquit
TomilXa. ,

98. Acacia Greggii

CaVe Claw.

100. Lyailoma latiailiqaa

Wild Tamarind.

KOSACE^.

102. ChrysobDlaDQB Icaco

Cocoa Plum.

103. Prunua Americana

Wild Plum. Canada Plum.
Horee Pluvu

104. PruDus aDgustifoIia

Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plum.

107. Pionua emarginata, var. mollis

108. Pmnns aerotina

VUd Black Cherry. Rum Cherry.

110. Pmnua demiaaa .
Wild Cherry.

111. Pmnua Caroliniana

Wikt Orange. Mock Orange.
Wild Peach.

7<0
760

878

678

436
1089
1090
1011

680
680
927

658
658

697

509

480
68

State.

Ploilda.
...do ...

Arizona.
...do....

Xenneaaee .
Miaaoari...

...do

...do

Arizona .
...do...
Texas ...

California.
...do

Locality.

Collector.

Chattahoochee.
...do

Lower
river.
...do...

Colorado

KaahvUle.
Allenton..

...do

... do

Tncaon .
...do...
Auatin .

Fort Ynma .
...do

Arizona .

Florida .

do.

Miaaouri.
.. do ....
Toxaa ....

Santa Kita moont-
aina.

Boca Chica Key

Bay Biacayne .

Allenton.
....do....
Dallaa ...

435 Tenneaaee i Naahville.

968 "Washington ter-
ritory,
-do

15

15

115>

I
US'

127

127

148

317

317

868

406

763

763

1053

1068

637

1032
1062
1062

Wilkeson.
....do

Maaaachoaetta Koxbary . .

...do • — do

Michigan ! Lansing..

do Danaville.

Miaaouri Allenton..

...do

Illinois . . .
Michigan .

...do

Vermont. .

Virginia or Mid*

die Statea.
Florida

...do

Maaaachaaetta . . .
...do

California.

Florida .
Texaa . .
....do...

...do

■Waukegan

Heraey

...do

Charlotte...

Charlestown Navy-

yard.
Chattahoochee

...do

Xopafield .
...do

Strawberry valley . .

JaokBonville.

Victoria

...do

A. E. Curtiaa .
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

A.Gattinger

G. W. Letterman .

.. do

...do

C. S. Sargent.

...do

C. Mohr

G. Engelmaun and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

...do

A. H. Cortiaa .

.do.

G.W. Letterman.

...do

J. Keverchon

A. Gattinger.

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

0. S. Sargent

.. do

W.J.Beal

...do

G. W. Letterman

...do

11. Douglfta

W.J.Beal

...do

C.G. Pringle

S.H.Pook

A. H. Cnrtiaa ....

...do

J. Robinaon

...do

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

A. H. Cnrtiaa .

C.Mohr

...do

Sou.

Alluvial.
...do....

Sandy .
...do..

Limeatone .

Rich

...do

...do

Rich, calcareoua .

Sandy .

Dry, gravelly.
Coral

Swampy .

Rich upland .

...do

Rich

River blnff .

Low, rich . - .
...do

Gravelly.-

...do

...do

..do

Rich loam

...do

Gravelly..

Rich

...do

Gravelly..

" " ®

Is-

on

CUy...,.,
...do....
Gravelly.
...do....

0.7028
0.7748

0.6705
0.6727

0.7323
0.6341
0.6534
0.6250

0.7818
0. 7614
0.7750

0.8068
0.8568

0.8714

0.5670

0.7763

0.6003
0.5916
0.8045

0.6538

0.4699
0. 4750

0.7438
0.7386
0. 5315
0.5048
0.6790
0.6670
0.6471
0.5315
0.5493
0.5648
0.5028
0.6105
0.6244
0.6751
0.6716

COIFnciEKTOV
ILA8TICITT.

Low, rich | 0.7636

Sandy 0.8785

Rich,moi8t I 0.8698

...do I 0.8481

1061
1221

514
568

814
588
452
651

542
596
509

814
787

488

814
651
921

634

751
751

775
1017
651
814
976
1221
976
775
842
764
651
976
888
740
688

814

697
1191
976

1149
1191

614
602

904
610
514
723

618
630
501

835

814

1085
461

1110

769
734
976

849

872

849
888
673
849
976
1028
930
800
828
857
718
958
976
760
775

718
1097

1073
982

511
579

1003
734
649
516

469
574
412

902
886

792

553

961

640
703
1240

603 , 469

687
670

1171
1084
579
724
905
996
937
689
691
769
042
797
792
820
820

691

586
1266
930

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
CWITED STATES UNDER TRANSVEESE STRAIN"— Con tiuued.

363

DEFLECTION, IN MILLIUETEBS, USDEIl A PRESSURE, IN KIL0GBAM8, OF—

SO

lOOllSO

300; O 300

(set.)

350

300

3S0

400

450

SOO

SSO

tig
n a

to •^

0)

« ?

ii

Semaxks.

4.6
4.0

9.5
8.9

6.0
8.3
10.8
7.5

0.0

9.6

&0
6.2

4.7

10.0

5.1

8.5
8.2

19.0
16.2

10.8
16.0
19.0
13.5

15.8
15.5
19.5

11.7
12.0

9.0

21.2

8.8

6.0 12.7

7.5
6w3

7.7

0.5
6.5

6.3
4.8

13.3
10.0

16.2

13.3
12.8

28.4
25.4

15.8
24.5
29.7
20.0

23.0
22.5
31.5

17.7
17.3

14.0

32.7

43.-%. 0.6
18. 5 1. 0

43.2
35.2

22.9
35.0
43.0
2a4

30.7

6.4
3.0

1.6
2.5
6.0
1.5

24.3
24.5

18.1

5L3

13.0 17.8

21.0
'14 9

26.0

11.5 I 17.7
11.2 I 17.0

11.5
11.0

7.5 , 14.5
6.0 U.S

17. S
16.9
21.7
17.6

5.0 10.0 15.2

4.0 I 9.6 : 15.0

i 1

5.0 10.5 16.0

6.3
5.8
6.4
7.5
5.0
5.5
6.6
7.0

6.0

7.0
4.1
G.0

12.2
11.8
1L4
13.6
10.2

10.0
16.7
16.7
21.5
15.2

10.0

15.5

12.7

19.5

12.6

19.5

12.7

19.5

13.6

22.0

8.9

13.5

9.8

14.0

28.9
20.7

38.5

25.2
24.7

23.6
22.0
32.0
24.6
21.5
21.0
21.3
28.8
23.0
22.6
30.7
2L0
20.8
27.0
26.5

28.4

32.3
18.4

las

18.0
19.5

46.0
37.7

22.7
37.0
45.5
30.0

23.5
25.5

29.0
33.0

42.0
52.5

29.7
48.0
61.0

38.0
74.5

50.0

68.0

L3
2.2

0.6

ao

0.9

19.3 27.4 1.7

1.6
0r5

l.S
1.7

1.0
0.6
1.6
1.0
1.3

25.0
25.6

lae

55.3

lao
2a 0

29.0
20.6

32.0
3a5

24.0

41.0
42.0

29.0

53.0

23.0

37.0
36.5
27.0

31.6

34.0

41.0

50.0

61.5

84.0

26.0
26.0

24.2
22.0
32.5
25.0
22.0

36.0
36.5

30.0
2a 0

3a 5

3&7

4a 5
44.0

57.5
55.0

78.0

1.2 I 22.0
1. 0 22. 5

1.1
0.6
1.0
1.7
0.6
1.0
1.5
1.5

1.6

4.0

0.2
0.6

27.5
24.0
23.0
31.6
21.8
21.5
28.0
27.0

2a3

84.0
19.0
10.0

32.5
2a5
2a 0

2ao

36.0
30.0
30.0
43.5
2a 5
27.0
36.0
3t.0

36.S

78.0

23.5

j 24.5

45.0
3a 5
36.0
3a 5

47.0
45.0
45.5.

40.5

34.0
35.0
46.0
46. 0 I 59. 5

29. 2 35. 7
32. 0 ! 37. 5

53.0

74.0

458
419

218
247

428
313
277
220

200
245
176

385
378

338

410

277
300
529

200

293
286

500
467
247
800
386
425
400
294
295
328
274
340
338
350
350

^5

260
540
397

0.66 sap-wood ; broke with long, fine splinters .
Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain

Specimen cioss-grained ; broke at knot .
Long, obliqne fracture

Broke with long, large splinters .

do

do

Broke at knot near support

Specimen cross-grained I short, oblique fracture.
do

Specimen cross-grained ; shattered

Specimen cross-grained; short, oblique fracture -
do

Broke at knot near the end .
Specimen (Toss-grained

Broke with long splinters, starting at knot.

Broke with long splinters

Broke with long, large splinters .
Broke with fine splinters

Specimen cross-grained, defective ; square break on tension side .

Broke with long, coarse splinters -
Shattered

-do.

Broke with fine splintf^rs .

Long, oblique fracture

do

Broke with long splinters

Shattered ; long splinters

Broke with fine epUnterg

Shattered; long splinters on comer

Broke with long splinters on comer

Broke with coarse splinters

Specimen cross-grained ; single &acture -

Broke with fine splinters

Broke with long, large splinters

Specimen cross-grained ; long ftacture - .
do

760
760

678
678

436
1089
lOOO
1091

680
680
927

6SS
658

697

S0»

480

68
68
334

435

068
968

15
15
115

115
127
127
148
317
317
368
406
763
763
1053
1053

Specimen gross-grained ; split with the grain 637

Specimen cross-grained

do

Specimen cross-grained ; shattered.

1032
1062
1062

.3G4

FOREST TRI<:ES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table lU.— BEHAVIOR OF TBE PRINCIPAIi WOODS 01< THE

BpaeiM.

4U. Praana lUrifolia

117. Pyrus corunaria

American Crab. Svectscented
Crab.

431. Pyrus sambucifoUa

Mountain Ath.

128. Crataegus arborescens

IM. Cntegus Cnis-galli

C»ektpurThom. NewcatlUTham.

-Its. CraUBicas subTilloaa

ScarUt Haw.

130. Cratjpgu8 tomentosii

Black Thorn. Pear Baw.

152 Cratjegus spathulala

Smali/ruited Uaw.

134. Cratsgns aiativalw

May Haw. Apple Haw.

135. Crataegus flava, var. pabeaceus —

Summer Haw. jUd Haw.

,Jd7. Amelancbicr Canadensis

Juneberry, Sliad Bush. Service
Tree. May Cherry.

HAMAMELACE.S:.

. .M. Liguiilambar Styrociflua

Sweet Own. Star-leaved Oum.
Liquidamter. Red Oum.
Bated.

RH IZOPHOEACEA.

140. Rbizopbnra Mangle

Mangrove. ^

COMBEETACE.S.

141. ConocarpiiR crecta

Buttm Wood.

442. Laguncnlaria raccmosa

WhiU Button Woo<l. WhUeilan-
grove.

1158
1158

1087
1087
1088
1088

410

60"
607

328
328
1083
1093

949
1081

426
426

926

241
849
849

S46
646
1095
1«9S
1173
1173
1181
1181
1182
1182
U83
1163

483

485

489
480

507
507

State.

California .
..do

FcnnsylTania.

...do

-.do

...do

Vermont.

Georgia...
...do

Hassachasotts

...do

Missonrl

...do

Texas ...
Missouri.

Tennessee .
...do

Louisiana

South Carolina. . .
Florida

Kentucky

Massachnsetto . . .
...do

Alabama

...do

Arkansas

...do

New Jersey

...do

Mississippi . .

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Florida .
...do...

.. do .
. . do .

..do .
..do.

Locality.

Santa Croz .
...do

Nazareth .

...do

...do

...do

Mount Mansfield . . .

Ogecchoe

...do

Brookline.

...do

AUenton...
...do

Victoria

Saint Louis .

NasbTillo...
...do

Webster parish

Bonnean's Depot

Aspalaga

Brnmfield Station..

Danvers

...do

Kemper^smill

...do

Little Sock

...do

Mount Holly

...do

Yazoo Klver bottom

...do

...do

..do...

...do

...do

Bay Biscayne.
...do

do.
do.

Sugar-Loaf Sound .
...do

Collector.

C.L. Anderson.
...do

J. Henry..
...do....

....do

...do....

C.G.Pringle..

A. H. Cnrtiss .
...do

J.Bobinson

...do

6. W. Letterman
. = .do

C.Mohr....
H.£ggert.

A. Gattinger.
...do

C.Mohr

H. Vr. Kavenel .
A. H.Curtiss...

W. M. Linney.
J. Bobinson.--
....do

C.Mohr

....do

G. W. Letterman.

...do

S. P. Sharpies ....

...do

E. Abbey

...do

...do

...do

..do

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss .
...do

.do.
do .

.do.
.do.

Soil.

Moist.
...do.

...do.
...do.

Gravelly.

Low ..
...do.

Loam

...do

Low, wet .
...do

Alluvial .

Limestone .
...do

Clay

Damp, rich.
Dry clay...

Waverly shale.

Loam

...do

Eicb, alluvial .
...do

CUy

...do....
Alluvial .
...do....
...do....
...do....
...do....
...do....

Salt-niartth .
...do

.do...
.do ...

.do.
.do.

COBFFICIKKT OP
ELASTICITY.

0.9734
0.8678

0.7857
0.7228
0.7340
0.7382

0.6727

a 6818
0.7126

0.6940
0.7100
a 7767
0.7946

0. 7565
0.8G70

0.7166
0.7527

0.7102

0.7239

0.7973

0.8312
0.8472
0.8410

0.5448
0.5796
0.6012
0.5765
0.6080
0.6477
0.5864
0.6001
0.6250
0.8375
0.5409
0. 6159

1.1480
1.1335

1.0240 ;^

1.0232 W^

0.7384 j^
a 7239 {Wl

Si.

- o

751
007

751
729
508
651

814
788

543
508
761
751

921

842

740
651

718

695

740

1191
1085
1163

976
751
697
751
787
976

1163
814

1017

1027
1027

814 I

I
1062 ;

Bo

I

751
7J2

751
723
465
630

814
783

575
514
775
704

913

888

740
in

074

592

708

1221
1149
1221

610
674
830
996
769
490
781
849
1017

inoi

888 I

820
74.>

441

422
452
623

445

799
443

619
58S
703

708

860
610

506

712

72S

1256
1085
1064

776
703
750
738
553
641
070
814
601

970 ' 610

1627
1684

1308
U0«

913 K30
use i 1055

698 I 634 27;
775 ! 814 I 7B4

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
trsriTED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESB STEAIN— Continued.

365'

DITLECTIOK, IS MlLLniKl-Bng. UKDEE A PBKB»UEB, IK KILOGRAMS, OF—

it
II

li

Remarks.

SO

lOO

150

300

O

(«et.)

300

iiSO

300

330

400

4SO

500

sao

1

s

1

4.5
7.0

&5
8.7
9.0
7.5

as

6.0
6.2

9.0
9.0
6.5
6.5

&3

5.8

6.6

7.5

C8

&2

6.6

4.1
4.5
4.2

8.1
7.1
5.6
5.0
6i6
7.0
6.5
6.2
5.0
4.2
6.0
4.8

13.0
13.7

13.0
13.5
21.0
15.5

15.6

12.0
12.8

17.0
10.0

20.0
22.3

21.5
21.3
33.5
24.6

2.5.5

las

20.5

28.0
28.5

2D.»,
32. »'

3.0
. 4.5

30.0
35.0

3a 0
4a 0

5a 0

67.0

gao

350
318

188
180
193
266

190

341
189

264
250
300
302

367
263

298

307

216
304
309

536

463
450

222
283
331
300
320
315
236
232
286
262
282
263

658

472

354
450

116
326

list

lis*

108T

1087

1083

3&5
2a 5

4.8

37.0

51.5

108»

41*

1.5

27.1

3a 0

47.0

607

607

39.0
42.3
29.0
26.0

22.0
25.5

29.0
30.3

33.0

39.0

34.0

14.6
17.0
17.0

3a 2
34.5
22.5
20.6
31.0
29.0
32.2
28.7
20.4
22.0
25.0
23.7

U.O
11.5

21.6
17.5

4.9

5.0
2.1
2.0

1.0
2.1

2.2
3.0

2.5

5.0

4.3

0.0
0.8
0.7

3.4

4.5
1.0
0.9
a 5
2.7

a 6

4.0
1.0
1.2
1.4
2.4

a 2

0.2

0.9
0.0

41.0
44.0
29.0
2a 5

23.0

2a 0
3a 5

32.0

34.0

41.7

35.0

14.0
17.4
17.7

37.0
3a 2
2a 2
21.0
32.0
30.4
35.0
31.0
21.2

2ao

25.6
2a 0

11.0
11.6

22.5
17.5

58.0

328

328

li 6 ' 20. 0

38.0
34.2

29.0
34.0

39.2
41.0

1098

12.3

10.7
11.0

13.2
13.5

14.5

16.5

13.8

8.0

as

ao

16.0

14.5

10.5

9.8

12.7

12.0

12.5

11.5

9.6

9.2

U.O

in. n

lai

lao
ia6

20.2
21.0

22.5

2a 0

23.5

1L5
12.6
IZ*

24.5
2a 5
18.0
14.5
20.5
19 7
19.0
17.6
14.6
14.7
17.6
\^ r.

4a 6

37.0

1096

4a 5

•

949

1081

436

5a 0

426

do . .

921

57.0
44.6

ia5

22.0

2ao

83.0

7a 0

22.3
29.0
3a 0

... . do

767

2ao
sao

87.0

32.5
47.6
57.0

40.5

5L6

Broke with fine splinters

. . . do

241

84»

.. . do

849

/
Sap-wood ■ split lengthwise without breaking

546

52.5
3a 2
28.5
45.0
42.0

546

45.0

lOOi

do

1095

7a 0

67.0

1173

do

1173

Broke with long splinters.-- •-

1181

do

1181

29.2
3a 0
35.0
4a 0

13.6
14.5

2a 3
22.0

Crushed at center bearing • broke with one long splinter

1182

1182

1183

do

1183

1

17.0

lao

35.6

2a 5

2a 0

21.6

47.5
35.0

24.0

2a 7

2a 0
2a 6

32.2

3a 3

48»

3.0

J 6.0
4.6

V

7.0
6.3

5.8 ! as

10,7 i ic n

do

486

48»

a 6

W.4
IZO

12.7

4a 0

t

480

607

19.5

25.7

1.2

2at

3a 0

61.0

507

1

3GG

forp:st trees of north America.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpeolM.

MTKTACKJ5.

144. Eneenia buTifotU

Gurgeon Stopper. Spanith Stop-
per.
146. Knennia innnticoU

Biopper. White Stopper.

148. Biiccnia procen

Xei Stopper.

CORNACEM.

151. Cornns floriila

Flowering Dogwood. Box Wood.

152. Cornns KuttallU

Flowering Dogwood.

153. NyRsa cnpitata

Ogeechee Lime.
Gopher Plum.

Sour Tupelo.

IM. Nyflsa aylvatica

Tupelo. Sour Oum. Pepperidge.
Black Oum.

155. Kysan nnifloni

Large Tupelo.
Tupelo Oum.

Cotton Oum.

CAPRTFOLIACBffl.

1D6. Sanit>iiciia glaaca .
aider.

159. Vibiirinim prunifolium

Black Haw. Stag Bulk.

KDBIACEa;.
ICO. ExomeiiimaCaribaouin.

SUte.

161. Pinckneyaptibons.
Georgia Bark.

U18

1185

1127
1127

67
67
761
812
812
1077
1077
1092

960
960

605

605

235
235

617
750
760
813
813

834
834
836

128
128
650
560
604
604

681

110»
110*
739

466
466

381

Floridjt.
...do...

....do.
....do.

Hissonri

.. do

Florida

West Vlrninia . .

..do

Kisaouri

...do

...do

Oregon .
...do...

Georgia.
...do...

South Carolina.

...do

Alabama

...do

Georgia

...do

California..

Eentncky .
...do......

Georgia

Florida .
...do...

I^ocallty.

lAXt Man's river

Umbrella Key ...

Miami.
...do..

Sonth Carolina. . .

...do

Tennessee

Florida

...do

West Virginia ..

..do

Massactinsetts. . .

...do

...do

...do

...do

AUenton

...do

Chattahoochee.

Grafton

...do

Allenton

...do

...do

Portland.
....do....

Ogeechee river.
...do

Bonnean's Depot . .

...do

Cumberland river. .

Chattahoochee

...do

Grafton

...do

West Newbury

...do

...do

...do

Chebacco pond

Sonth Carolina —

Bonnean's Depot .

...do

Stockton

...do

Ogeechee river

..do

Collector.

A. H. Cnrtlsa .

...do

Soil.

.do .
.do.

G.W.Letterman..

...do

A.H.CnrtiB8 ...

C.G.Pringle

...do

G. W. Lettennan
...do

Homns and coral
Coral

.do.
do.

Upland

..do

Calcareons.
Dry

...do

Gravelly...
... do

It

1.0635

0.9405

0.9966
1.0023

.do Flinty .

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

A. E. Curtiss .
...do

H. W. Eavenel....

...do

A. Gattinger

A. H. Curtiss

...do

C.G.Pringle

..do

J.Kobinson

...do

..:.do

...do

...do

Contra Costa county .

Mercer county.

...do

Bainbridge ....

er Metacombe

Jiey.
do .

Bloffton .

H.W.Eavenel...

...do

C.Mohr

...do

A. H. Curtiss ....
...do

Swampy .
...do ....

Mnck
...do

0.5966
0. 5735
0.5979
0.7885
0.7936
0.6222
0.6447
Kich I 0.7364

Clay.
...do

8937
8904
7795
7980
7947
8647
8490
8387

7763
7807

0. 5739
0. 6170

do .
do .
do.

G-E-Vasey.

W.M.Linney.

...do

A. H. Curtiss .

A.E.Curtias Coral.

do do .

Swampy .
...do ....
Alluvial .
...do ....
Swampy .
...do...

Gravelly.

Hudson Biver

shale.
Treuton limestone

Clay

J. H. Melliohamp .' Sandy swamp.

0.7634
0.7233
0.6800
0. 7914

0.6648
0. 6135
0.5455
0.5228
0.5739
0.6841

0. 5216

0.8352
0.9034
0.8270

0.9554
0.9524

0.6425

COIFFICIKIITOr
ELABTICITT.

■=3

s|

1627 1576

1017

1191
1163

787
787
787
787
763
827
888
610

814
976

610
697

687
888
814
800
763

740

1085

1206
1177

814
849
794
849
814
849
957
647

976
1085

638
723

781
849
814
849

781
888
1039

651

1
814

660

713

814

872

642

651

542

682

661

664

444

471

595

665

456

444

488

444

348

305

976

967

904

1028

708

734

1136

1085

1221

1302

660

683

1055

1172

1179
1172

872
1012
820
051
886
1016
966
710

930
1052

694
668

783
745
689
996
952
783
899
912
736
827
924
717

701
724
628
687
635

370

729
1228

956
1055

406

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued.

367

DEFLBCnOlC, ra MILIJMKTEEB, UMDEB A PRESSUEK, IN KIL0GEAM8, OF—

if

el

BemarkB.

SO

lOO

150

ilOO

o

(set.)

300

330

300

330

40O

!
i

450

soo

S50

1

3.0

4.8

4.1
4.2

6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.4
5.9
5.5
8.0

6.0
5.0

ao

7.0

7.1
S.S
6.0
6.»
&4
5.2
6.5
6.6
7.5
7.4
6.0
7.6

9.0
8.7
11.0
&2
10.7
10.0

14.0

5l0
5.4
S.9

4.3
4.0

7.4

6.2
9.0
8.1

as

12.0
11.5
12.3
11.5
12.0
11.5
10.2
15.2

10.0
9.0

15i3
1X5

12.5
11.5
12.0
1L5
12.5
11.0
9.4
12.7
12.0
13.7
11.2
15.0

las

17.3
20.7

ia7

22.0
22.0

32.0

10.2
9.5
13.3

9.0

7.5

14.3

9.5

13.5

12.5
12.5

ia2

12.5

ia5

17.0
16.8

26.9

0.3

0.7

0.9
0.8

lao
las

17.9
17.5

16.5

2a 5

23.0
22.4

36.0
32.7
40.5
3a 5
39.0

21.0

30.3

2a 5
29.0

50.0
43.1
56.0

sao

55. 0

4a 0
4a 5

7ft 0

32.0
29.0

2ft 0

37.0

3ft 0
35.0

70.0
5a2

sao

4ft 5

4ft 5
46.0

4a s

61.5

62.0
61.5

450

500

503
' 500

372
432
350
406
378
433
412
303

397
449

296
28S

334
318
294
425
408
334
388
389
377
353
394
306

299
309
288
293
271
236

158

311
524
383

408
450

173

Shattered

1113

Splintered

1135

Specimen cross-grained ; splintered

1127

Broke with coarse splinters

1127

2.2 27.6

67

87

781

17.0 ! 24.5

2.0

as

2.2
2.5
1.5
1.6
a 6

0.9
0.4

as
a2

1.6
1.5

ao

2.0

0.4

•

a 4

2.S

ao
as

2.2
5.5

7.2
7.5

as

5.0
11.5

ia2

25.5
31.2

2a S
2a6

84.5

Maximum deflection, 120 millimeters ; broke with large splinters. . .
Broke with larf'e splinters

20.0

ia2
ia7

16 7

ia3

24.5

14.5
13.2

25.0
20.3

19.6

lao

19.5
17.7
19.0

ia2

13.5

19.7
19.0
21.6
17.0
26.0

29.0
2a7
33.0
26.7
36.5
36.5

55.0

14.7
14.6

20.7

11.5
11.4

22.2

29.0
2a 7
27.0
2a 6
24.0
35.3

20.3
17.5

87.3
29.5

27.5
25.5
28.7
26.7
26.5
22.5

lao

28.7
29.0
32.0
25.0
38.5

44.5

4a 0

4a 5

39.0
67.5

5ao

68.0
87.0
60.5

57.0

iiao

Square break on tension side with long splinters

812

24. S 1 32. 0

81.5

Broke with long, coarae splinters

1077
1077

1092

960
960

24.6
37.0

20.3

lao
sao

30.5

2a2

24 3
29.5
26.0
27.5
23 0

laz

29.7
30.0

3a 5

25.2
40. C

46.0
45.5
53.0
40.8
62.5
60.5

32.0

4a 5

25.5

2a 0
sao

41.0

37.5

34.7

sao

34.0
37.0
29.0
22.0

sao
4a 0

45.0

3a 5
sao

60.0
66.2
8a 0
SO. 5

loao

Shattered one end . -

4a 5

34.0

"

Broke with long splinters

4a 0

do

Sroke short and split in axis

605
605

235
235
517

Shattered

51.0
54.5

do

do

4a 0
4a 5

38.0
27.5
53.0
57.5
66.0
44.0
100.0

63.0
74.0

9a 0
12a 0

Deflected 150 millimeters and slipped from the bearing

Shattered

750
813
813
833

35.0
84.0
95.0

iiao

64.0

do

do

. . do

834

834
835

128
128
550

Crumpled on compreBsion side at knot; square break with fine
splintorfl.

loao

do

550
604

do

604

881

110»
110*

20.6

ia7

29.0

15.5
15.2

as

0.9

ao

0.4

as

21.0
21.0
31.0

15.7
15.4

27.0
2ft 0
40.0

2a 0
lao

34.0

3a 5

53.0
23.7

2a 0

do

41.0
71.0

28.0
2a 5

51.0

68.5

9a 0

Broke at knot with ono large splinter

739

466
466

381

sas
sao

Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain

3a 0

!

i

3G8

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THIE

Special.

State.

Looalitj.

Collector.

8oU.

111

OOBPVICIK.fT OF
■LABTICITT.

a I

§1

ERICACEa.
1A&. Andromeda ferrugioeft

16(. Arbatns MeDiieail

MadTona.

107. Arbntas XolapensU

199. OivdendraBi arboreinn

iSorrfJ Tree. Sour Wood.

ITO. Kalmia latifolia

Laurel. Calico Bush. Spoon
Wood. Ivy.

171. KbododendrOD maximiini

QrtaX Laurel. Sote Bay.

SAPOTACEa;.
178. Cbrynopbyllnm oliTiforme

176. Sideroxy Ion Uaatichodendron

Mattie.

177. Dipholis snliclfolia

hustic. Oatftada.

178. Bnmelia tcnaz

179. Bnmelia l.innginosa

Qum Elaetie. Shittim Wood.

181. Bnmelia lycioides ,

IronWood. Southern Buckthorn.

182. Bnmelia onneata ,

Anl^' Wood. Downward Plum.
Saffron Plum.

183. Miranaops Sioberi

Wild DUly.

EBENACE.«.

184. Diospjrros Virglniana ,

Persimmtm.

8TTKACACK.B.

18(. Synploeoa tinctoria

Borte Sugar. Sweet Leaf.

IW Halesia diptpra

Snowdrop Tree. SUver-bell Tree.

Florida .

643
643
679
679

683
683

3S3
353

262'
262>

263'
263>

492
492

461
461

488
488
500

746

930
930
1083

California .

....do

... do

...do

Arizona .
...do....

Alabama .
...do

Virginia.
...do ....

...do.
...do .

Florida.
..do...

...do.
...do.

..do

..do.

..do.

Creorgia..

Texas ...
...do....
Uiaaonri.

Tennessee .
Florida ....

458
468

61
61
425
8U
811
1084
1084
1162

347

738
738

...do.
...do.

Missoari

...do

Tennessee

West VJrglnia.

...do....

Uissoori

...do

...do

Alabama.

Georgia...
...do

Jacksonville .

A. H. Cortiss .

Hummock .

Contra Costa oonnty

...do

Marin county

...do

Santa Rita mount-
ains.
..do

Cottage HiU .
...do

Fancy Gap
...do

do.
.do.

Bay Biscajne.
...do

Upper Metacombe
Key.

iey.
.do ..

Bay Biscayne..

...do

XTmbrella Key .

Bainbridge .

Austin...
..do....
Allonton .

XashTille

Boca Chica Key.

TTpper Metacombe

ley.
do .

Allenton . .

...do

Kasbville .
Grafton...

...do

Allenton . .

...do

...do

Cottage HUl .

Bainbridge . .
...do

G. R Vasey .

.. do

...do

..do .'

G. Encelmann and

C. & Sargent.
...do

C. Mobr.
...do....

H. Shriver .
...do

.do.
.do .

A. H. Curtiss .
...do

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.

.do.

CMohr

...do

G. W. Letterman.

A.Gattlnger..

A. H. Cortiss .

...do

...do

G.W. Letterman..

...do

A. Gattinger..^. ..

C.O.Pringle

...do

G. W. Letterman . .

...do

...do

C. Mohr .

A. H. Curtiss.
...do

Gravelly.

...do

...do....
...do...

Ligbt, rich
...do

Moist .
.. do.

do.
.do.

Coral .
...do.

do.
.do.

do.
.do.
.do.

Low .

Limestone .

...do

...do

Alluvial .
Coral ....

.do.
do.

Eich npland .

...do

Bioh loam . . .

Bich npland .

...do

Eiob

Sandy .

Low ..
...do.

0. 7273 I

7200
7000
74M j
7546

7670
7501

7386
7501

7642
6901 I

621G j
6403

!

96C3

9583

I
9872

9827

I
9602

9173

8823

0.7914

6847
5903
7148

8061

8630

0786
0191

0.7633
0.7362
0.8716
0. 8176
0. 8119
0. 8125
0.8410
0.8240

0.5580

0.6704
0. 6577

740
610
970
842

651
531

787
939

651
465

651
610

1136
921

976
976

1356
1395
1191

751

488
478
488

697

660

814

751
1395
610
610
751
574

610

642
600

814

791

626
1062
872

683
549

800
970

670
500

673
618

1252
996

1149
1060

1436
1395
1177

761

496
432
522

781

1028
976

794
751
1337
622
603
814
603
734

622

673
607

680

827
1015

546

4«9
979

584

691
633

947
1237

919
1022

1263
1171
1008

673

5«7
265
330

E62

516

952
874

483
818
1289

932
846
888

619

881
832

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

369

DEFIECTION, IN M1LLIMETKE6, UNDER A PRESSURE, IN KILOGRAMS OF—

5

is
U

P

51

Bemarks.

SO

lOO

ISO

300

O

(set.)

SOO

3SO

30O

3S0

400

430

soo

S50

1

a

6.0

6.6
8.0
5.0
5.8

7.5
9.1

6.2
5.2

7.5
10.5

7.r
ao

4.3
5.3

5.0
5.0

3.6
3.5
4.1

«.S

10. 0
10.2
10.0

7.0

7.4

4.S
5.2

8.0
•.S
3.5
8.0
8.0
6.5
8.5
7.0

8.0

7.6
7.4

12.0

12.3
15.6
9.2
11.2

14.3
17.8

12.2
10.0

14.6
19.5

14.5
15.8

7.8
9.8

8.5
9.3

6.8
7.0
8 3

13.0

19.7
22.6
18.7

12.5

1«.2

9.5
10.0

12.3
13.0
7.3
15.7
16.2
12.0
16.2
13.3

18.7

14.5

14.0

24

las

19.5
24.0
14.0
16.3

22.0
29.0

19.0
15.0

22.4
31.0

22.8
25^0

12.0
15.5

12.8
13.6

10.0
10.6
12.3

20.0

31.5

26.0

27.0
33.2
19.0
22.5

31.5
43.5

31.5
21.0

31.2
44.0

32.5
34.2

16.4
21.0

17.6

ia3

13.0
14.0
16.6

29.5

46.0

2.0

1.8
2.8
0.6
1.0

2.5
5.5

27.5

28.0
35.0
20.0
23.5

32.8
46.0

35.0

35.0
44.5
25.5
30.0

43.0

290

381
353
433
383

294
233

200
422

297
249

205
270

404
328

392
436

539
600
430

287

242

113
141

240

220

406
373

206
349
550
382
377
398
361
377

264

376
366

1033

47.5
59.0
32.5
3a 2

62.5

643

.do

643

41.5
51.0

53.0

679

679

683

683

353

1.2

2.6
4.8

2.3
2.8

0.0
1.6

0.6
0.9

0.3
0.3
0.4

2.8

7.0

21.5

33.6
47.0

33.5
35.6

17.4
22.0

l&O
19.0

13.7
14.5
17.0

31.5

49.2

2ao

44.5

3a 0

47.0

65.0

353

262'

262'

44.0
46.0

21.8
3&6

24.0
23.6

17.0
18.0
21.6

41.6

263'

263'

28.2
37.2

30.0
30.0

20.0
22.0
27.0

35.0

46.0

492

do

492

41.0
38.0

25.0
27.0

3a 5

461

49.0

30.0
31.6
40.0

461

37.0
37.5

45.0
49.0

488

do

488
500

746

930

930

.

1083

19.6

26.7

14.7
15.0

18.0
19.4
11.0
24.3
25.7
19.3
26.0
21.0

25.6

23.0
22.5

28.5

40.6

19.7
20.2

26.2
29.0
15.0
35.3
38.0
23.5
38.0
30.4

40.0
32.0

2.4

7.6

1.0
0.8

2.0
3.2
0.2
4.0
4.5
2.5
5.3
3.0

6.5

2.5
2.6

29.7

43.6

20.0
21.0

28.0
29.7
15.0
37.9
30.0
30.0
40.2
31.8

42.0

33.0
33.0

333

1124

25.2
26.5

36.0
39.0
19.0
50.0
52.5
38.0
55.0
40.6

63 0

32.0
33.2

51.0
55.0
24.2
70.6

39.7
42.5

48.7

458

458

Specimen cross-prained; short break on tension side, flak« from

compiL'Saion side.

01

61

30.0
lll..ii

36.2

43.0

56.0

75.0

425

do

811

i

79.0 11. 'i. 5

Deflected 170 millimeters before breaking ; broke TVith fine splinters

Sqnaie break on tension side, large flake on compression side

do

811

52.0
78.0
58.0

73.0
135.0
78.0

1084

1084

do

1162

347

44.0

KO n

82.0
96.5

738

43. 0 60. 0

733

1

FOB

372

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TUB

Spade*.

US. Frazlnna qoAdnuignlata— cont'd .

IV7. Frszlnns Oregana .

198. FrsTinns sambncifolia

Black Ash. Hoop Ash. Ground
Ath.

109. Forefitiera acnmlData

FnveL

201. Osmanthtis A mericanas

Devil Wood.

BOREAGIKACBiE.

204. Bonrreria IlavuiensiB

Strong Bark.

205. Ehretla cUiptica

Knackaieay. Anaqua,

BIGNONIACEiE.

206. Catnlpa bigDonioides

Calatpa. Catawba. Bean Tree.
Cigar Tree. Jiidian Bean.

207. Catalpa Bpeciosa

Wentem Catalpa.

208. Cliilopsis fia11<]^a

Deeert WiUnw.

VEKBENACE.«!.

210. Citharpxvliiiii villosam

Fiddle Wood.

NYCTAGINACE^.

212. Pisouia olitiiRata

Pigeon Wood. Ite*} Wood. Cork
Wood. J'ork Wood.

1'OLTGON'ACE.a;.

213. Coccololm Tloridana

IHgeon Plum:

LAURACE.E.

215. Pereea Carolinensis

Ued Bay.

215. PerHpa Cai-olinonsis, var. polua-
tri*.

2(!6'
28(S»
291
518

964
964
1001
1001
1024
1024
1030
1030

122
147
839
839

737
737

283
283
584

1137
942

540
744
744
744

38
38

682
682

490
490

474

473
473

685
585

340

SUte.

Kontuoky .

...do

Missonri . . .
Xeimcssee .

OrcRon .
...do...
...do...
.. do ...
..do...
...do...
...do...
...do...

Michigan ,

Illinois

MansachuBetts .
.. do

Georgia.
...do...,

Louifiiana.

...do

Elorida

do.

Texas .

Alabama .
Georgia. . .

.. do

.. do

Hissonti.
...do....

Arizona .
.. do ...

Florida .
.. do...

...do .

...do.
.. do .

.. do
.. do.

Alabama .

Locality.

Mercer county.

...do

Alleuton

Nashville ,

Portland

..do

Weidler's saw-mill.
...do

Portland Furniture

Company.
. . do

.do.
do.

Dansville.-
Waukegan.
Danvers ..
.. do

Bainbridge
...do

Amite

...do

Saint Jolm's river .

Key Largo

KeTT Brannfels .

Stockton —
Bainbridge .

...do

...do ,

Charleston.
..do

Toscon .
...do...

Bay Blscayne .
...do

Upper Metacombe

jpper
Key.

do.
do .

Saint John's river .
...do

Mobile county.

Collector.

W.M.Linney..

...do

G. W. Letterman . .
A. GatUnger...

G. Enselmann and

0. S. Sargent.
...do

.do.
.do.

do.

do.

do .

do .

W.J.Beal

Robert Douglas.

J.Robinson

...do

A. H. Curtiss.
...do

C.Mohr

...do

A. H. Curtiss.

.do.

C. Mohr.

...do

A. H. Curtiss

...do

...do

C. S. Sargent .
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

Soil.

Limestone

...do

Sandy loam

Rich limestone .

Low, wet

..do

■Wot, peaty..
Low, wet —
Rich, loamy.
...do

Rich, alluvial .

...do

Sandy loam . . ,

Coral .

Rich, allavial .

Low, wet.

Clay

...do

...do

Wet clay .
...do

Moist, gravelly .
...do

A. H. Curtiss .
...do

...do .

do .

.do.

.do.
do.

C. Mohr .

Coral .
...do.

.do.

do.
do .

Sandy loara .
...do

Damp, sandy.

u

o.!3

1.5 i

0.7980
0. 7914
0.608O
0.7923

0. 6182
0. 6057
0.6285
0.6001
0.4894
0.4832
0.6430
0.6419

0. 5215
0. 7371
0.7365
0. 7575

0.5875
0. 5814

0. 8762
0.8455
0. 7330

0.6649

0.4816
0.4U3
0. 4352
0.4583

0. 4915
0.4915

0. 6193
0. 6716

1. 0323
1.0360

0.6884

0.9718 !
0.9752

i
0.6427

0.6489
0.6216

cOEmcifXT op

KLASTICITT.

i.

5

e

e
o
a

1

1.-

976

1028

1104

697

697

715

651

697

734

610

051

731

939

948

820

842

939

757

888

913

803

740

781

729

478

474

349

425

425

351

1062

1085

738

1220

1220

766

814

814

612

076

1062

977

888

849

820

814

763

811

610

592

698

872

814

734

1221

1328

1202

1062

1221

1015

1085

1136

937

888

996

945

425

397

722

669

697

682

674

610

523

567

.■JSl

469

814

888

691

787

849

673

763

794

595

514

514

469

555

574

689

1163

1177

703

1320

1338

1170

465

465

298

1163

1221

937

1017

1050

898

814

864

921

814

814

883

814

839

820

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

373

UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued.

DHFLECTIOX, IX HILLIMETEKB, UNDEH A PliEgSUBE, IS KILOGRAMS, OF —

SO

lOO

5.0
7.0
7.5
8.0

ISO

9.5
14.0
14.0
15 0

5. 2 10. 3

5.8
5.5
6.C
10.2
11.5
4.6
4.0

6.0
5.0
5.5
6.0

8.0
5.6

4.0
4.6
4.5

5.5
1L5

7.3
&5
8.6
6.0

6.2
6.4

9.5

8.8

4.2
3.7

10.5

4.2

4.8

8.0

I

10.4
10.7
12.5
20.6
23.0
9.0
8.0

14.3
21.0

21.4
23.4

15.0
16.0
16.2
18.7

13.0
12.5

12.0 19.0
9. 2 14. 0

11.5
12.8

16.5
12.0

7.3
8.0

&e

9.8
24.6

14.0
16.0
18.4
11.0

11.5
12.3

19.0
17.0

8.3
7.3

21.0

lao

22.0
26.5

lao

11.2
12.7

lao

14. C

36.0

21.5
26.0
3L0
18.0

17.0
20.4

3L6
26.0

12.5
11.4

300 O ,300 3SO 300 > 350 I 400 ! 450

(set)

ll»
29.6
30.6
33.0

20 8
22.0
21.6
25.7

8.0 , 12.4

I
9.3 13.5

11. a

6. 0 12. 0

6.0

18.0
17.6

II.S 16.6

lac

17.0

20.5
20.6
26.0
31.2

38.7
27.0

15.3
17.8
18.0

19.8
53.0

31.0
37.6
63.0
25.2

23.5
30.0

SO. 5
37.0

17.5
15.0

0.6
2.7
2.3
3.5

20.0
32.0
32.0
35.0

0. 7 2L 5

0.9
0.5
1.0

0.6
0.4

1.6
1.7
2.5
3.9

4.5
2.0

0.4
1.0
1.0

0.5
6.9

2.4
4.5
17.5
1.4

1.2
2.6

6.0
3.0

0.7
0.4

22.5
22.5
26.0

18.5
17.3

28.7
21.0
27.5
34.0

42.0
28.2

17.7

lao

1&2

20.0
56.0

32.5
41.0

26.0

24.3
30.7

38.0

18.0
15.7

16.8
19.0

24.3
24.3

23.6

0.4
0.8

1.0
1.2

1.3

17.5
18.7

25.0
24.2

24.0

25.0
44.2
41.0
46.5

28.0
30.0
2a 0
34.0

23.5
21.8

31.2
66.0
59.0
6a5

39.0
41.0
36.0
45.5

30.2

39.0
2a 0 36.0
35. 7 . 53. 0
48.0 71.0

61.0
3a 0

2«.0

2a s

23.5

25.0
77.5

44.0

64.5

24.5
30.0
30.0

32.0
131.0

35.0

33.2
53.0

54.0

2a 0
20.0

25.0

21. 5 I 26. 5
24.0 31.0

31.0
30.2

32.0

40.0
40.0

42.0

49.0
81.5

31.0
87.0
39.6

40.0

74.0

37.0
46.0
65.0

30.0 i 37.0

32.0
39.0

50.0
51.0

61.0

500 350

46.0

60.5

471
305
313
312

350
323
343
311
149
150
315
327

261
417
350
346

298
313

613
433
400

403
308

291
223
200
296

2S7
254

200
294

Semarks.

Specimen cross-grained i split

Failed at knot

Broke witli coarse splinters ; shattered .
Shattered

Square break on tcusiuu side with split in axis.
Shattered

noo

499

Specimen cross-grained; square break on tension side, flake on

compression side.
Specimen cross-grained

.do

Specimen cross-grained ^ flake on tension side ..
Specimen cross-grained ; break started at knot .
do

Square break on tension side with coarse splinters.

Square break with two largo splinters

Square break on tension side with co.arse splinters . .
do ....

Square break on tension side ; shattered.
do

Square break on tension side, splitting in the axis with flne splinters.

Sap-wood ; specimen cross-grained ,- broke with long splinters

do

Specimen cross-grained ; splintered .^..

Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side ; split in axis

Broke with coarse splinters

Crushed at center bearing i broke with coarse splinters .

do

do

Crushed at center bearing; splintered.

.do .

Splintered on comer ....
Specimen cross-grained

Specimen oross-graint^d; broke at knots .
Broke with fine splinters

Specimen cross-grained; failed from large splinters on comer .

400
383

377
350

Shattered ; large flakes on tension side .
Broke wiih coarse splinters

Shattered .
do...

Broke with coarse splinters .

286 >
286"
291
518

964

964
1001
1001
1024
1024
1030
1030

122
147

737
737

283
283

584

1137
942

540

744
744
744

38
38

682
682

400
490

473
473

585

583

340

37-1

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCEPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

State.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

t

COEjnCTKKT OF

ELASTicirr.

o

s

1

««
s

4,

5 9

t

587

561

886

674

626

708

443

465

861

eio

651

703

651

673

658

567

542

800

488

501

673

348

337

368

325

315

464

1085

1149

937

888

086

675

976

1039

797

842

872

591

751

800

825

751

781

809

814

888

733

C26

610

787

519

531

762

970

976

783

888

930

937

1017

1062

937

814

939

973

814

857

712

976

976

989

921

939

1050

718

718

794

751

800

813

729

835

895

400

391

574

542

514

649

828

849

1010

814

857

023

1136

1190

1361

8U

921

888

1136

1221

1055

996

1073

1094

1220

1302

1165

1163

1268

1036

651

697

869

452

479

745

574

568

703

610

651

820

697

687

900

217. SaaM&as officinale .

218. TrmbellnL-vria Californioa

Mountain Laurel, Cali/omiaLau-
rel. Spice Tree. Cagiput. Califor-
nia Olive. California Bay Tree.

EUPHORBIACEA.

219. Drypetea croooa

ihiiana Plum. White Wood.

219. Drypetos orooea, var. latifolia

TTKTICACEa;.

222. Ulmos cnissifolia

Cedar Elm.

223. TJImus fnlva

Red Elm. Slippery Elm. Moote
Elm.

224. Xnmiis Americana

White Elm. American Elm.
Water Elm.

. XJlmaB racomoBa

Bock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory
Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm.

220. Ulmnfialata

TToAoo. Winged Elm.

71
71
887
887
446
814
814
854
854

703
703

468

459
459

324
324
929
929

UlBsouri

..do

...Go

...do

Tennessee

West Tirginla. .

...do

Mkssacbnsetta. .
...do

Oregon .
.. do ...

Florida .

.. do...
.. do...

Texas .
...do.
...do.
.. do.

30> Kentucky.
134 I Missoorl...

134
369
429

19
10
281
958
958
1036
1036
1049
1049

116'
116»
116»

.. do

Vermont...
Tennessee .

Hassachnsetts .

.. do

Mlst^ouri

Texas

...do

Massachusetts .

..do

...do

...do

Michigan .

...do

...do

116»i....do

314 ... do

314 |....do

428 Tennessee .

133
380
533
S33

South Carolina .

Tennessee

Mississippi

....do

AUenton..

..do

...do

...do

Na8h\-ffle.
Grafton...

...do

Danvers . .
..do

G. TV. Lettennan

..do

..do

...do

A. Gattinger

C.G.Pringle....

...do

J. Bobinson Bich loam

do do

Low.iich 0.6288

...do I 0.4509

Allu-rial j 0.4546

...do i 0.4818

Kicb ! 0.4824

0. 5849

Coosbny.
... do....

G. Engelmann and ; .

C. .S. Sargent. |

do

Upper Metacombe A. H. Curtiss ; Coral .

Key.

...do do ' — do .

...do do do .

Dallas J. Bevercbon .

, .. do do

Austin.
...do..

Mercer county

AUenton

...do

Charlotte

Nashville

C.Mohr.
...do...

"W. M. Linney

G. W. Letterman.

...do

C.G.Pringle ,

A. Gattinger

Arnold Arboretum - 1 C. S. Sargent

— do do

AUenton. I G.W. Letterman..

Colorado river . .

...do

Danvers

...do

North Reading .
...do

Dansville . . .
Big Rapids .

...do

Hudson

Horsey

...do

KashviUe . . .

Bonneau'a Depot . . .
Davidson county . ..

Kemper's MiU

...do.

C. Mohr....

...do

J. Robinson.

...do

...do

...do

V.J.Beal...

.. do

...do

...do

...do

...do

A. Gattinger..

H. W. Bavenel .
A. Gattinger. . .

C. Mohr

...do

Rich loam .

...do

...do

..do

Limestone

Rich, alluvial . .

...do

Gravelly

Chiy

Drift

...do ....
Alluvial .
Alluvial .

...do

Gravelly.
...do....
...do...
...do

.. do

...do

Low, gravelly . . .

AUuvial

Bich loam

...do

...do

...do....

Loam

AUuvial .
...do....

0.5828
0.4829
0.5034

i
0.6813

0.6755

0.9304

i
0.9391

I
0.9218

!

0.6708 i

0.7348 j^ ,

0.8375

0.8682 !

I
0.5875

0.7200 ;
i
0.6933

0. 0767

0.6821

0.6920
0. 7080
0.6477
0.6596
0. 6168
0. 7370
0. 7359
0. 7660
0. 7159

0.8662
0. 6245
0.6839
0. 7461
0.7677
0.7466
0.7442

0.8768
0.6615
0. 8243
0.7883

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued.

375

DKFLBCnON, IN MILUMETKB8, UKDBE A PKBSeUEE, Di K1L0GBAM6, OF—

SO

8.6
8.5
11.0
8.0
7.5
8.6
10.0
14.0
15.0

4.5
5.5

.'i.O

6.5
6.0

lOO

17.4
15.6
21.0
15.0
14.5
18.0
19.5
29.0
31.0

8.5
9.9

11.2
12.2

12.5
11.0
16.0

ia2

ISO

28.0
23.4
35.5
23.2
22.0
29.6
30.0
47.0
52,0

12.5
15.7

17.3
19.6

20.0
16.8
27.5
31.0

5.0 10.0 15.2 23.3
5. 6 10. 5 I 16. 0 22. 8

300

4orj

33.8

34.0
32.5
43.0
42.0

17.0
21.0

24.5
27.2

29.0
23.5
40.5
44.0

4.8
6.0
&0

5,0
5.3
6.8
6.8
6.S
6.7
12.2
9.0
5.9
6.0

4.3

e.0

4.3
4.9
4.0
4.2

7.6

10.8
8.5
8.0

9.2
10.4
11.4

10.0
10.4
13.6
13.0
12.2
11.7
25.0
19.0
It 5
11.4

8.2
10.6
8.0
9.1
7.6
7.7
14.0

14.0
15.5
17.0

15.0
14.7
21.2
21.0
19.5
17.0
41.5
31.0
17.6
17.6

12.0

I
16.1

12.2 !
I
13.7

ILO

1L7

22.4

20.4 ^32.0
17.2 I 28.8
15.6 23.7

7.0 ! 14.2 23.0

20.0
20.3
24.2

20.8
20.4
31.0

3o!o

28.0
29.0
69.2
46.2
26.6
24.0

16.7
22.0.
1A.5
18.2
14.9
15.8
33.2

45.6
43.6
34.0

32.3

O

(set.)

4.5
2.7

3.1
2.0
6.2
4.9

0.6
1.1

1.6
2.0

2.2
1.3
6.0
6.6

200

44.0
35.5

36.0
34.0
46.0
45.7

18.0
21.5

20.6

25.0
27.5

30.0
24.5
42.0
47.0

1.7 23.6
L 6 23. 5

1.0
1.0

1.2

1.0
0.5
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.2
14.4
6.2
2.0
1.9

0.5
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.6
3.5

5.6
7.2
3.3

2.4

20.8
20.3

25.2

31.3
21.0
31.0
31.0
29.0
2&6
73.0
49.2
26.2
24.0

17.0
23.0
lOiT
18.4
15.0
16.0
35.0

47.0
45.5
35.3

3SO

66.0
47.5

47.0
74.0
63.0

22.5
27.5

26.0

32.5
36.5

42.0
31.0
57.0
65.0

30.5
31.5
27.0
26.9
32.6

2a 5
27.0
41.0
41.8
40.0
84.6

71.3
33.2
31.5

22.0
29.0
21.0
23.0
19.0
20.3
45.0

64.5
59.3
48.0

33. 5 44. 5

300

80.0

33.6

46.5

56.0
39.2
84.0
97.0

47.0
43.0
36.0
36.0
50.0

35.0
34.7
60.0
61.5
56.6
47.7

45.6
44.0

26.5
38.5
26.5
30.0
24.0
26.0
64.0

94.0
85.5
6t.0

330

61.0

59.2
51.2
47.6

45.8
45.7

9.5

63.0
60.0

34.0
53.3
340
38.0
29.4
32.0
91.6

96.0

40O

112.0
86.0
60.0

64.0
60.0

9a2

40.8

46.0
48.5
38.7
44.0

4SO

49.0

(5.0
67.0
62.0

500

SSO

85.0

ss

IS

378
302
154
300
281
256
287
157
108

400

288

340

252
352

343
313
336
325

334
400
400
415
304

422
448
339
344
847
382
245
277
431
394'

681
378
450
467
497
442
371

318
300
360

Bemarkg.

Broke short and split

Broke with fine splinters .
Shattered

.do.

Coarse splinters

Shattered ,.

do

Square break on tension side with large flake on compresdion side.
do

Specimen cross-grained j split .
do

Shattered .

Sap-wood; shattered

Specimen cross-grained ; sap. wood ; shattered .

Broke with coarse splinters .
Short break on t«nsion side..

Sap-wood; shattered

do

Cmshed at center bearing ; bent and splintered without breaking.
do

-do .

Thin scale on tension side

Broke with coarse splinters ; started at knot.

0 . 5 sap-wood ; splintered on comers -
do

Broke with coarse splinters

do ,

Broke with fine splinters

Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis..

Specimen cross-grained

Broke with fine splinters

do

Buckled on compression side ; fine splinters —

Broke with fine splinters

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters .

Broke with fine splinters

do

do

do

do

Sap-wood; failed at knot

0.75 heart wood ; splintered at comers .
Broke with coarse splinters

a

384 i Slipped from bearings; buckled large splinter on comer..

7]
71
387
387
446
814
814
854
854

703
703

468

459
459

324
324
929
929

30»
134
134
369
429

19
19

281

281 '

958

958
1036
1036
1049
1049

1161

116'

1163

116»

314

314

428

133
380
533
533

;7G

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table HI.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

3X7. PUoen aqoctioa .

128. Celtia occidentalla

Sugarberry. EacVmry.

128. Celtisoccidentalia, nor. reticulata..
Hackberry. Palo Blanco.

229. Fioiuaarea

231. FicuB pednncnlata

Wild Fig. India-nMer Tree.

232. Moras rubra

Rtd MuUterry.

234. Maclnra anrantlaca

Otage Orange. Boit SArt.

PLATANACK^.

235. Platanns occidentalls

Sycamore. Button Wood. But.
ton-ball Tree. Water Beech.

230. Platanas raceniosa

Sycamore. Button Wood.

287. Platanns Wrightil

Sycamore.

JUGLAia>ACS.S.

238. Juclans cinerea

Butternut. WhiU Walnut

239. JuKlana otfrra . .
Blaek WMnut.

758
758
918

75
75
306
306
306
873
873
1111
1111

652
652

486
486

508

132
132
1244
1245
1246
1255
1255

253
253

21
126
126

16

16

76

76

76»

123

893

1057

112
117
149

State.

Locality.

Florida.
.. do...

...do...

Missonri

....do

Texas

...do

...do

Hassachusetts.

...do

Missonri

...do

Arizona .
...do....

Florida .
..do...

do.

Missonri. .

...do

...do

...do....

...do

....do

...do

Texas .
...do.

Massacliasetts.

Missouri

...do

686 California..
686 i....do ,

648 Arizona .
648 ...do....

Massachusetts.

...do

Mi8so«ri

...do ,

...do

Michigan

Michigan

Massachusetts.

Mittsoiiri

Michigan

Illinois

Chattahoochee..

...do

...do

Allenlon

...do

Dallas

...do

...do

Salem

...do

Saint Lonis.
...do

Santa Bita monnt-

ains.
...do

Bay Biscayne.
...do

Boca Chica Key .

Allenton.
...do....
.. do....
...do....
...do....
...do....
...do....

Dallas.
...do..

Arnold Arboretnm

Allenton

...do

Carmel river.
...do

Santa Rita monnt-

aius.
...do

Arnold Arboretum . .

..do

Allenton

..do

...do

DansTille

Lansing

Topstteld

Allenton

Dansville...
Waukegan .

Collector.

Son.

A. H. Curtiss .

...do

C.Mohr

G. W. Lettennan

...do

J. Beverohon

..do

...do

J.Bobinson

...do

Henry Eggert —
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

A. ILCnrtiss .
...do

do.

G. W. Letterman

...do

...do

...do..

...do

...do

...do

J. Eeyerchon .
... do

C.S. Sargent

G. W. Lettennan.
...do

G.E.Vasey.
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent
, . . do

C. S.Sargent

...do

G. W. Lettennan.

...do

....do

W. J.Beal

...do

J. Bobinson

G. W. Letterman .

W.J. Beal

Bobert Douglas. .

Bich, allavial .

...do

...do

Low, rich ...

Alluvial

...do

...do

...do

Loam

...do

Moist loam .
...do

Dry ..
...do.

Coral.
....do.

.do.

Bich loam .

...do

Upland

...do

...do

Bich

...do

Bottom .
...do...

Drift

Bich, allnvial .
...do

Clay..
...do.

Bich, gravelly . .
...do

Drift ....»

...do

Moist, alluvial

...do

Bich, moist up.

land.
Gravelly clay

Gravelly loam . . .
Drift

Allnvial .
Gravelly.
Loam....

1-8

p.- s

CO

I

0. 5761
0.5926
0. 5113

0.5887
0.6023
0.7239
0.7568
0.7706
0.7727
0.7920
0.7613
0.7154

0.7920
0.7882

0.3215
0.3061

0.6085

0.6876
0.6784
0. 6516
0.6506
0.6312
0.6875 j
0.6646 I

0.8011
0.7027

0.5724
0. 6125
0.6295

0. 5170
0. 4812

0. 6170
0.5369

0. 4829
0. 4570
0.4318
0.4375
0.4943
0.3864
0. 3205
0. 5284

0. 5852
0.5f52
0.6031

COBFFIC'UIIT OF
EUAHTICITT.

•OS

609
697
407

610
787
555

478
761
542
626
787
976

669
976

317
222

407

1039
814
939
718
697
761
634

•03

488
751
416

665
849
552
528
697
564
610
763
939

651
1085

257

1062
904

814
723

857

930

1111

939

957

1150

407

454

468

888

976

792

1136

1190

642

626

622

586

595

626

537

407

425

468

531

488

887

634

651

368

763

787

668

814

888

687

976

1017

649

1136

1221

696

697

697

560

488

424

328

814

- 814

818

904

1039

1029

904

970

766

872

976

728

674
820
489

712
808
738
755
846
771
762
891
820

686

1024

278
199

230

937
848
766
738

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEKSE STEAIN— Contiuued.

377

DKFLICTiex, IN MILI.UlKTKnS, L'NDEE X ri!K6KUKE, IX KILOfiRAMS, OF—

11

-II

£S

is

Kemarlu.

■

so

io<

i

1
> 13«

>|S04

}| O
(set

30<
)

> »sc

> 30O j 354

i

1
> 400 450 SOO SS<

1

.a

a

9

a
o
o

9.6

7.0

12.0

ao

6.2

a8

10.2
6.5
9.0
7.8
6.2
5.0

7.3
5.0

15.4
22.0

12.0

4.7
6.0
5.2
6.8
7.0
6.5
7.7

5.7
5.2

12.0
5.5
4.3

7.8
8.2

12.0 j
9.1 i

7.7
, ..4|
6.0
5.0
4.3
7.0
10.0
6.0

5.4
5.4
5.6

20. C
13.0
23.5

14.7
11.5

33.6

mg

39.0

23.0
17.5

27.2

1.7

49.6
29.6

. 245

. 350

200

3U4
345
315
322
361
329
32S
380
3.'50

250
437

119
86

98

400
362
327
315
297
318
298

474
491

200

338

274

i
250 j

229

200 :
165

157

285

293

277

297

239

140 .

349

439
327 .

37.2

51.0

80.0

Specimen cross-graiijed

33.0
25.3

40.5

1

1 42.7

i 30.0

I 42.0
1
37.6

2ao

2L7

37.0
20.0

ao

1.9
4.5
5.5
2.5
5.7
4.8
2.3
1.1

5.3
1.5

34.4
25.0
41.5
44.5
32.0
44.0
39.0
29.0
22.3

38.0
20.2

45.5
33.5

sao
6a 0

42.0

sas

53.0
37.3
30.0

7a 0
4a 0

82.0
87.0
57.5
91.6
82.5
51.0
3a2

918

17.7 27.5
las 29.5
14.0 21.5

-

1 Specimen cross-grained; splinters on comers at knots

Broke witb large splinters

306
306

87.0

Bioke with large scale

17.3
16.0
12.8
10.4

15.0
9.0

3ao

29.0

25.2

20.0
1
16.0

25.0
14.3

Square break on tension side with coarse splinters

Broke with coarse splinters

873
1111

nil

74.0

' Broke at knot ■ coarse splinters

26.5

35.4

60.0

7a 5

Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters. . .

652

Square break

do

1

9.2
10.8
11.0
12.0
13.5
14.0
14.4

10.5
10.2

23.0
10.0

a 2

15.7
15.6

23.0
20.0

15.0
12.4
11.0
9.0

ao

14.0
23.0
12.0

9.4
10.0
10.0

14.0
16.4
15.8

las

20.0
2L4
22.2

15.2
15.2

38.0
14.5
12.3

24.4
24.6

3a7
34.2

23.0 '
19. 0
16. 8 '

14.5!
12.4

las

20.5
23.0
22.6
2a 6
29.0
32.4
32.5

20.2
20.4

55.7
19.6
17.0

3a 8
39.0

1.3 20.7

2a 0

31.0
32.3

3a 2

42.0
43.2
44.3

27.0

2a 4

4a 0
4a 0
4a 0

57.0

55.0
61.0

Broke witb coarse splinters

508

132
132
1244
1245
1246
1255
1255

253

1.0
2.0
2.3

2a 5
2a 5
27.0

do

Broke with thin flakes

2. 6 30. 3

2.6

ao

0.7
0.4

9.2
1.0

a 6
as

4.9

82.2
33.5

20.6
21.0

7a 0

do

31.5
32.0

3a 5
3a 5

47.0
47.8

56.4
5a 0

Broke with fine splinters

do

253

2a 8

17.5

38.3
41.0

25.0
22.6

63.0

sao

126
126

686
686

.-- do

648

27.5
22.8
20.3
17.0
27.0

2.0

0.9 '
0.6!
0.9
2.0

28.0
24.0
21.0

lao
2a 0

38.2
31.7 .
28.4
24.3 .

Square break on tension side; split in axis

.... do

76

76

76«

123

393

1057

112

do

17.7

14.0
14.8
15.4

24.0

19.0
20.4
21.6

1.0

a 3
a 6

1.3

24.0

ia2
2a s

21.8

31.0

24.0
25.5
29.7

4a 0 .
2a 5

32.3 .
42.0 .

35.6

44.0 .

Specimen cross-grained; shattered

do ...

117
149

310

1

:73

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table HI.— BEHAVIOR OF TDE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

BpeolM.

SS7. PUoen aqostlos .

S28. Celtis occidcDtalls

SugartieTr]/. Baelcberry.

228. Celtia occidentalU, var. reticulata. .
Badberry. Palo Blanco.

228. Ficusaarea

231. Ficna pednncnlata

Wild Fig. Ituiia-rubber Tree.

232. Moras rubra

Red Muiberry.

234. Maclnra snrantisca

Otage Oraitge. Boit XArt.

PLATANACKJ5.

235. Platanns occidentalia

Sycamore. £uUon Wood. Bttt-
ton-ball Tree. Water Beech.

230. Platanas raoeinoBa

Sycamore. Button Wood.

287. Platanns Wrlghtii

Sycamore.

JUGLAUDACia.

238. Juclans cinerea

Butternut. WKiU Walnut

239. JuelaDB Dlffra . .
Black TToinuC.

768
758
918

75
75
80«
306
306
873
873
1111
Ull

652
652

486
486

508

132
132
1244
1245
1246
1255
1255

253
253

21
126
126

086

086

648

648

16
16
78
76
76»
123
393
1057

112
117
1411

State.

Florida .
.. do...
...do...

Misaonri

...do

Texas

...do

..do

Hassacliaeetts. . .

...do

Misaonri

...do

Arizona .
...do....

riorida .
..do...

.do.

Missouri. .

...do

...do

...do

..do

...do

..do

Texas
...do.

Massacliasetts.

Miaaouri

...do

California.
...do

Arizona .
..do....

Massacbusetts.

...do

Missoari

...do

...do

Micliigan

Michi};an

Massachusetts

Minsouri..
Michigan .
Illinois ...

Locality.

Chattahoochee..

...do

...do

Allenton

...do

Dallas

...do

...do

Salem

...do

Saint Lonis.
...do

Santa Kita mount-
ains.
...do

Bay Biscayne
...do

Boca Cliica Key .

Allenton.
...do....
.. do....
...do....
...do....
...do...
...do....

Dallas.
....do..

Arnold Arboretum

Allenton

...do

Carmel river.
...do

Santa Kita monnt-

ains.
...do

Arnold Arboretnm.

...do

Allenton

...do

...do

DansTillo

Lansing

Topsfleld

Allenton

Danaville..
Wanlcegan .

Colleotor.

A. H. Cnrtiss .

...do

C.Mohr

6. W. Letterman

...do

J. Beverohon ....

...do

...do

J. Bobinson

...do

Henry Eggert

...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

A.H.Cartiaa .
...do

.do.

Q. W. Letterman.

...do

...do

...do

...do ,

...do

...do

J. Keverchon .
... do

C.S. Sargent

Cr. W. Letterman.
...do

G.E."Va8ey.
...do

Q. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
, . . do

C. S. Sargent ....

...do

G. W. I/etterman.

...do

...do

W. J.Beal

...do

J. Bobinson

G. W. Letterman .

■W.J. Beal

Bobert Dooglas. .

Boa

Bioh, allavial .

...do

...do

Low, rich . . .

Alluvial

...do

...do

...do

Loam

...do

Moist loam .
...do

Dry ..
...do.

Coral.
....do.

.do.

Bich loam .

...do

Upland

...do

...do

Bich

...do

Bottom .
...do...

Drift

Bicli, allnvial .
...do

Clay..
...do.

Bich, gravelly

...do

Drift....,

...do

Moist, alluvial .
...do

Bich, moiat np-

land.
Gravelly clay

Gravelly loam . . .
Drift

Alluvial .
Gravelly.
Loam....

t-

1^

k S »

1.5 s

(0

0.6761
0.5926
0. 5113

0.6887
0.6023
0.7239
0.7558
0.7706
0.7727
0.7920
0. 7613
0.7154

0.7920
0.7882

0.3215
0.3061

0.6086

0.6876
0.6784
0. 6516
0.6506
0.6312 I
0.0875 I
0.6646 i

0. 8011
0.7927

0.6724
0. 6125
0.6295

0.5170
0.4812

0. 5170
0.5369

0.4829
0.4579
0.4318
0.4375
0.4943
0.3864
0. 3205
0. 5284

0.5862
0. 5852
0. G031

COBFPIC'IKIIT OP

EijurriciTT.

609
687
407

610
787
656

478
761
642
628
787
976

669
976

817
222

407

1039
8U
939
718
887
761
634

857

407
888
U36

626
695

407
631

634
763
814
976
1136
697
488
814

904
904
872

gs

488
761
416

665
849
652
528
697
604
610
763
939

651
1086

267

1062
904
888
814
723
697
678

930
957

454

976
1190

622
626

425
488

661
787
888
1017
1221
697
424
814

1039
970
976

674
820
488

712
808
788
756
846
771
762
891
820

588

1024

278
198

280

837

848
706
738
096
745
698

1111
1160

468
792
642

586

637

468
887

087
049
696
660
328
818

1029
766
726

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Oi

imiTED STATES UIsDEE TEANSYEKSE STEAIN— Continued.

DKFLICTieN, IN MIU.IMETKCB, UNDEE A PUE6SUKE, IN KILOfiRAMB, OF—

SO

9.6
7.0
12.0

&0
fi.2

as

10.2
6.5
».0
7.8
6.2
5.0

7.3
5.0

15.4
22.0

lOO

130 300j O |300

1 |(set.)i

20.0
13.0
23.5

14.7
11.5
17.7

las

14.0 !
!

17.3 '

16.0
12.8

10.4 I

15.0 '
0.0 !

3&0

I

33. S i 48. »i 6. 0 ' 49. 6

! M I
19.9 27.2 i 1.7 I 29.5

39.0

23.0
17.5
27.5
29.5

21.5

i
29.0 ,

2S.2 I

20 0

16.0

25.0
14.3

9.2
& 0 10. 8

5.2
6.8
7.0
6.5

7.7

5.7
5.2

12.0
5.5
4.3

7.8
8.2

II. 0
12.0
13.5
14.0
14.4

10.5
10.2

23.0
10.0

a2

15.7
15.6

12.0 23.0

1
9. 1 I 20. 0

7.7 I 15.0

I a4 ! 12.4

* I

6.0 I 11.0

5.0
4.3
7.0
10.0
6.0

5.4
5.4
5.6

14.0

ia4

15.8

ia5

20.0
21.4
22.2

15.2
15.2

3ao I

14.5 I
12.3

33.0
25.3
40.5
42.7
30.0
42.0
37.6
28.0
21.7

37.0
20.0

3.0
1.9
4.5
5.5
2.5
5.7
4.8

34.4
25.0
41.5
44.5
3a 0
44.0
39.0

2. 3 29. 0
1. 1 i 22. 3

5.3
1.5

I

20.5
23.0
22.6
26.6
29.0
32.4
32.5

20.2
20.4

55.7
19.6
17.0

24.4 3a 8
24. 6 I 39. 0

38.7 I.
34.2 .

3a 0
20.2

»30

37.2

45.5
33.5

5ao

60.0
42.0

sas

53.0
37.3
30.0

26.5

1.3
1.0
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.6
3.0

0.7
0.4!

!

9.2 ;

1.0

0.0

20.7 I 2a 0
23. 5 ! 31. 0

23.6
27.0
30.3
32.2
33.5

32.3
3a 2
42.0
4a 2
44.3

20. 6 27. 0
21.0 2a 4

20.8
17.5

3.5 -38.3
4. 9 41. 0

9.0

ao

14.0
23.0
1210 I

9.4
10.0
10.0

23.0

19.0] 27.5 2.0 28.0

10. 8 ' 22. 8 0. 9 i 24. 0

14. 5 I 20. 3 0. 6 I 21. 0

12.4 17.0 0.9 laO

ia5 27.0 2.0 29.0

17.7

14.0
14.8
15.4

24.0

10.0
20.4
21.6

25.0
22.6

1.0

0.3
0.6
1.3

24.0

10.2
20.5
21.8

31.7
28.4
24.3

I
300 { 330

7a 0
4a 0

82.0
87.0
57.5
91.6
82.5
51.0
3a2

35.4

40.0
43.0
4a 0
57.0

70.0

31.5
32.0

sao

31.0

24.0
25.5
29.7

40.0

29.6
32.3
42.0

87.0

74.0

50.0

55.0
61.0

400 1 4SO I SOO

70.5

3a 6 ! 47. 0
3a 5 47. 8

5&4
58.0

S50

Is

245
350
200

304
343
315
322
361
329
325
380
3.'>0

250
437

119

85

Kemarks.

Sap-wood ; broke through knot

Specimen cross-pra iued

Broke -with large spUuters ; shattered .

327
315
297
318
298

474
491

200
338

274

Broke "with coarse splinters

Failed by bending ; fine splinters

Specimen cross-grained ; splinters on comers at knots .

Broke with large splinters

Broke with large scale

Square break on tension aide with coarse splinters

Broke with coarse splinters

Shattered ; large, coarse splinters

Broke at knot; coarse splinters

Square break .
do

Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain .

Broke with coarse splinters

do

Broke with thin flakes

Failed from splinters on the comer

Failed from thin scales on tension side .

Broke with large splinters

do

Broke with fine splinters .
do

Specimen cross-grained; split with grata .

Square break with coarse splinters

do

250 j Broke with fine splinters

229 ' Broke with thin Hakes from tension side .

200
165

157
285
293
277
297
239
140
349

439
327
310

Specimen cross-grained; split with grain.
Specimen cross.gruined

Specimen cross-drained; broke at small knots

Square break on tension side ; split in axis

do

Crushed at center bearing; broke with long splinters

Crashed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters

Square break

do

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered .

Specimen cross-grained; shattered

do

Specimen crosS'grained; long break started at small knot.

758
758
918

75

75

306

306

306

873

873

1111

1111

Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain 652

Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters 652

486
486

608

132
132
1244
1245
1246
1255
1256

253
253

21
126
126

648
648

16
16

76

76

7««

123

393

1057

112
117
149

G78

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF TDE PRmCIPAL WQODS OF THE

BpcoiM.

239. JagUms nigra— oontinned. ,

240. JusIansTupeetris.
Walnut

241. Carya olivsefonnls

Pecan. lUinois Nut.

242. Carya alba

Shell-bark Hickory. ShagAmrk
Sickory.

MS, Carya sulcata

Sig SheO-bark.
bark.

Bottom Stiett-

318
325
407
430
766
766
951
931

415
415
672

State.

Miohigan .
Texas ....

Tennessee .

Florida

...do

Texas

...do

Locality.

Now Mexico .

...do

Califomia ...

672 ...do.

322
322
326
326

8
3
29»
118>
1183
152
248
249
249
E31
631
531
539
539
816
816
1056
1056
1097
1097

91
91»
383
383
383
391
391
1082
1082
1164
1154
1164

Uississippi .

...do

Texas

...do

Massachasetts —

..do

Kentnoky

MicUgan

.. do

MisBonri

Virginia

..do

...do

Mississippi

...do

...do

...do

...do ,

"West Virginia —

...do

Massachnsetts —

...do

Missonri

...do

Kentucky .
... do

Missouri ..

...do

...do

....do

.. do

... do

... do

....do

....do

....do

Lansing .
Ballas...

CliarleBtown ITavy-

yard.
Nashville

Aspalaga

...do

New Btaonfels.
...do

Finos Altos monnt-

ains.
...do

Contra Costa county
...do

GieenviKe .

...do

Dallas

...do

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Danville

Hudson

Lansing

Allenton

Wythevllle

...do

...do

Kemper's mill

..do

...do

...do

,.;.do

Grafton

...do

Topsfleld

...do

Allenton

...do

Mercer county .

...do

Allenton

.. do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Collector.

W. J. Beal....
J. Reverchon .

S.H. Pook

A. Gattinger .
A. H. Curtiss.

...do

C. Mohr

...do

5. L. Greene .
..do

6. E. Vasey .
...do

C.Mohr

...do

J. Keverchon .
....do ,

C.S.Sargent

...do

W. M. Linney

W.J.Beal

...do

G. Vf. Lctterman

H.Shriv6r

...do

...do

C.Mohr

...do

...do

...do

....do

C. G.Pringle

...do

J. Bobinson

...do

G.W. Letterman.
...do

W.M. Linney....

...do..: ,.

G. W. Letterman .

...do

...do

...do

..do

...do

.. do

.. do

...do

...do .'..

SolL

Loam

Alluvial .

Limestone

Clay

...do

Moist, calcareotu
...do

AUuvlal.
...do....
...do....
...do....

.do.
.do.
.do.
-do.

Drift

...do

Shale

Clay

...do

Kieb upland .

Clay

...do

...do

Alluvial

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

..do

Rich loam . . .

...do

Alluvia

...do

: 2 i ?>

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

do .
.do.
.do.

0.6619 ;
0.6455
0.5981
0. 5724 j
0.6933
0.6949
0.7483
0.7386 j

0.6125
0.7297
0.5977
0.6063

0.7444
0.7489
0.7181
0. 6250

0.8295
0.7955
0.9716
0.8085
0.8036
0.8217
0. 8108
0.8041
0.8163
0.8835
0.8829
0. 8746
0.9148
0. 7698
0.7669
0.7947
a 8614
0.8439
0.8261
0. 7522

0.7130
0.6603
0.9376
0.9333
0.9421
0.8886
0.8648
0.9000
0.8834
0. 7927
0.8481
0.7762

COETFICIEXT OF
BLAanciTT.

878

ST6
976
857
1221
1627
1221
939

697

660

775

' 626

642
904
470
542

1395
1320
1163
1356
1576
1627
1221
1085
1221
1320
1356
1526
1285
1479
1526
1628
800
888
1395
1221

976
729
761

872 !

939

740

660
1221
1356
1221

1136
921
1221
1627
1191
1017

688
679
842
097

651
076
496
542

1356
1356
1220
1395
1550
1627
1191
1163
1320
1479
1395
1601
1526
1575
1627
1628
976
921
1502
1356

1062

781

842

729

1085

957

1007

849

835

1191

1526

1395

586
668
923
898
820
1137
923
937

462
949
468
520

467
675
581
600

1245
1249
1266
1057
1036
1132
1144
1160
1242
1289
1289
1444
1242
1237
1041
1216
1137
1073
1331
1172

1022
755
1223
1055
1160
1172
1116
1087
1083
1144
1352
1287

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UN^ITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

379

DBFLECTIOH, JS MILLIMETEBB, UKDEB X FBEeSCBE, IK KILOORAUB, OF —

SO

lOO

ISO

200

O

(set.)

300

3S0

300

3SO

400

4SO

500

550

ti

go S

n

Bemarks.

5.0
5.0
5.0
6.7
4.0
3.0
4.0
5.2

7.0
7.4
6.3
7.8

7.6

5.4

10.4

9 0

3.5
3.7
4.2
3.6
3.1
3.0
4.0
4.5
4.0
3.7
3.6
3.2
3.8
3.3
3.2
3.0
6.1
5.5
3.5
4.0

5.0
6.7
&5
7.4
5.2
5.6
5.2
6.6
7.4
4.0
3.6
4.0

10.0
10.5
8.6
10.6
8.0
6.0
8.2
9.6

14.2
14.4
11.8
14.0

IS.O
10.0
19.7
18.0

7.2
7.2
8.0
7.0
6.3
&0
8.2
&4
7.4
6.6
7.0
6.1
6.4

e.2

6.0
6.0
10.0
10.6
6.5
7.2

9.2

12.5

11.6

13.4

9 0

10.2

9.7

11.5

11.7

&2

6.4

7.0

15.0
16.0
13.0
16.0
12.6
9.8
12.7
15.0

23.0
21.5
17.2
21.5

23.0
15.7
32.0
29.3

11.4

10.8

12.2

10.6

9.0

9.2

13.0

1Z7

11.2

10.0

10.2

9.0

9.6

9.2

9.0

a6

14.6
16.0
9.6
10.5

14.0
18.5
17.6
21.5
13.2
15.0
14.7
16.1
16.0
12.0
9.5
10.2

21.9
17.5
22.0
18.0
13.2
17.5
21.0

29.0
24.0
30.0

I

21.4
51.5
43.0

16.0
14.4
17.0
14.0
12.1
12.5
18.2
16.8
15.3
13.0
13.2
12.0
12.5
12.6
12.0
11.5
20.0
22.6
12.5
14.2

18.5
26.2
25.0
30.5
18.3
20.5
20.0
22.2
21.3
16.5
12.8
13.6

0.6
1.0
0.2
0.7
1.2
0.2
1.0
1.5

21.7
21.7
17.7
23.0
18.7
13.5
18.0
21.2

2a 0

22.7
28.2
24.0
17.0
23.0
28.0

28.5
37.0
32.0
21.0
29.5
36.0

38.0
49.5
41.6
26.0
39.2
49.5

32.0

40 0

I

2.0
1.0
1.6

29.4

68.5

112.0

31.2

0.9
8.8
5.3

0.4
0.4
0.9,
0.6
0.2
0.2
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.9
1.9
0.3
0.5

0.4
1.4
2.0
3.2
1.0

21.6
54.4
44.0

16.2
14.5
17.6
14.2
12.4
12.8
19.0
17.3
15.4
13.2
13.5
12.2
13.0
13.0
12.5
11.5
20.4
23.0
13.0
14.4

10.0
27.0
26.1
31.0
19.1

28.0

1.1 21.0

1.0
1.0
1.1
0.6
0.4
0 4

20.6
22.6
22.0
16.6
12.7
14.0

61.0
20.8

ia2

23.0
17.6
15.5
16.0
25.0
2L5
19.2
16.6
17.0
15.3
15.8
16.2
16.0
14.2
26.2
30.3
16.0
18.0

24.2
36.0
33.6
40.0
25.0
28.0
26.5
30.0
27.5
21.0
16.0
17.4

27.3
23.5
29.5
21.7
19.0
19.5
33.' 0
28.5
25.7
21.0
21.0
19.0
20.2
20.0
19.7
18.2
35.0
40.2
20.2
22.5

30.8
50.0
45.2
53.0
31.4
36.0
34.0
40.0
36.0
27.6
20.0
22.0

34.5
30.0
36.0
26.5
23.0
24.0
43.0
36.6
33.5
25.6
26.0
23.5
24.0
25.0
24.5
22.5
43.0
54.0
25.0

2a 9

41.0

43.0
37.0
44.0
32.0
29.5
29.0
66.0
46.0
45.0
33.0
33.0

2a 4

29.5
31.5
30.5
2a 5
58.0
74.6
30.7
37.0

55.6

58.0
50.7
60.4
46. 0

87.0
76.0
82.0

37.0
7a 0
64.0
57.0
41.0
40.6
35.0
39.0
40.0

84.0
56.0
55.0
44.5
54.0
59.5

100.0

59.0

36.0
81.0
105.0
3a 0

4a 0

49.5

49.5
70.0

71.2

60.0
7a 5
41.4
46.0
43.0
54.0
47.0
35.0
24.6
27.4

85.0
102.5
54.5
50.0
61.5
77.0
63.0
45.0
30.8
33.2

132.0
194.0
75.0
91.0
84.0
130.0
03.0
66.5
37.0
42.6

186.0

Specimen cross-grained ; shattered

Specimen croBS-grained ; split at comer .

250
285
394 Crushed at center bearing ; broke in long splinters-

46.0
66.0

65.0

383
350
485
394
400

197
405
200
222

195

288
248
266

531
633
540
461
442
483
488
495
530
550
550
616
530
528
444
519
485
458
508
500

436
322
470
430
495
500
476
464
462
488
677
649

Sqnr.re break ; split from end to end ,

Square break on tension side; split in axis -

do

Specimen cross-grained

Shattered

Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot

Failed fiom splinters on corners

Specimen crose-grained ; broke at knot

Cross-grained ; broke with large splinters .

Defective specimen ; square break on tension side

Split; did not break

Specimen cross-grained; square break on tension side; split in axis.
Square break on tension side; long splinters

Sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters.
do

Broke with fine splinters

Broke with long fiakes frcm tension side..

Broke with long, fine splinters

Broke with large, coarse splinters

Sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters

do

do.

Crushed at center bearing ; fine splinters.
do

Defli'ction of 88 millimeters under pressure of 600 kilograms ; some

crushing at center bearing.
Crushed at center bearing ; fine splinters

0. 6 sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; fine splinters .

Broke with long splinters

do ;

Broke with fine splinters

Sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters

do

0.5 sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters.

Broke with two large splinters on tension side

Failed from thin flakes ou back

Slipped from beai-ings ; splintered

Sap-wood ; slipped from bearings ; did not break.

Failed from thin flakes on back

Broke with fine splinters

0.5 sap-wood; broke with fine splinters

Bid not break ; pushed through the bearings

Broke with fine splinters

do

.do .

.do.

318
326
407
430
766
766
951
951

415
415
672
672

322
322
326
328

3

3

29»

118«

118»

152

249

249

249

631

531

631

539

539

816

816

1056

1056

1097

1097

91
91"

383
891
391
1082
1082
1164
1164
1164

380

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

state.

Locality.

Collector.

SoU.

JS COBmCIKKT OF
g 1 RLABTICITr.

to

2iS. Carya anloata— oontlnoed .

244. Caira tomentosa

iloeker A'ut JSlack Biekory.
Bull Xut. Big-lmd Biekory.
While-htart llickory. King
SuU

245. CaryapoTcina

Pig Nut. Brawn Hickory. Black
Hickory. SwitcKbud Hickory.

246. Caryaamara

Bitter Nut. Stoamp Biekory.

247. Carya myriirticieformia

Sutmeg Hickory.

248. Carya aqnatica

"Water Hickory . Swamp Biekory.
Bitter Pecan.

MTEICACEiE.

249. Mvrica ccrifera ,

itayberry. Wcue MyrOe,

250. My rica Californica

CUPULIFBRE.

251. Qaercus alba

WhiU Oak.

1165
1166
1170

72

72

254

348

Massacbnsetta . . .

..do

...do

Korth Beading .

..do

...do

Kentucky Perryville .

do '....do

Missouri ; Allonton...

Alabama I Citronelle .

121"
288
442
538
638
538
1051
1051
1098
1098
1168
1168

153
838
838
838

237
287

129
362
362
362
740
740
740
917

S86

Massachusetts

...do

Missouri

...do

Michigan

Missouri

Tennessee ....

Alabama

.. do

...do

Massachusetts.

...do

Missouri

..do

...do

...do

...do

Massachusetts..

...do

.- do

South Carolina

...do

...do

Mississippi .

...do

...do

Georgia

ilo

....do

Florida

.do

! California ,

865 I.... do .

8 i Uassachosetta

8 I

do.

32 Kentucky .

32* do

82» ....do

Arnold Arboretum

...do

All? nton

...do

Cansville

Allenton

S^ashville

Kemper's mill

..do

..do

North Keading

...do

Allenton . . .,

...do

...do

...do

.., do....
Danvers .
.. do....
...do....

Bonneau'B Depot ..
...do

...do

Vicksbnrg

...do

...do

Bainbridge

...do

...do

Chattahoochee..

Saint John's river .

Santa Cruz

...do ...

Arnold Arboretum .

..do

M<'rcor county

Boyle county

...do

J. Bobinson .

..do

...do

Drift.
...do.
...do.

■W.M.Llnney....

...do

O. TV. Letterman
C. Mohr

Utica shale ..

...do

Kich upland .
Sandy

C. S. Sargent . .

...do

G. W. Letterman .

...do

W.J. Beal

G. "W. Letterman .
A. Gattinger . . .

C. Mohr

...do

...do

J.Robinson

...do

G. W. Letterman

...do

...do

...do

Drift

...do

Bich loam

...do

Gravelly clay .

Bich loam

Upland

AUuviiil

...do

...do

Drift

Flinty.
...do..
...do..
.. do..

...do

J. Bobinson .

...do

.. do

Bich upland .
Bich loam . . .

...do

...do

H. W. Baronel .
...do

Bich, swampy .
...do

...do

C. Mohr

...do

..do

A. H. Curtiss.

..do

...do

C. Mohr

Swampy .

Alluvial .
...do....
...da....
...do...

A. H. Curtiss .

G. Entielmann and

C. S. Sarjreut.
...do

Sandy loam .

Bich loam . .
...do

C.S. Sargent ..

...do

W. M. Linney.

.. do

...do

Drift

.. do

Limestone .

Shale

Slate

0.7181 I
0.8881 I
0.7636 I

0.7587 (]
0.P058 I
0.8693
0.8658

0. 8161
0.7818
0.9668
0.9369
0.6659
0.8473
0.8452
0.8183
0.6932
0.7463
0.8636
0.8750
0.8614
0.8113
0.8580
0.8500

0.8153 j
0.7864
0.8040
0.8080

0.8636
0.8336

0.7386
0.7546
0. 7727
0. 7813
0.8198
0. 8470
0. 8199
0. 6415

0.6227

0. 6511
0.6623

0. 7432
0.8358
0.8006
0.7068
0.6534

1221
939
1221

604

976

1476

814

888

976

1252

1030

1085

976

751

1062

1062

1085

525

718

703
957
1085

1221
1479

1062
651
976
976
976
1221
1085
729

814

904
976

1136
814

904

I

1221
1007
1395

948
1085
1628

980

976
1002
1395
1149
1221
1085
814
1221
1097
1221
734
1097
814
751
713
880

1085

814

1085

1136

1302
1628

1163

697

948

976

1085

1375

1028

848

976
1607

723
888
1136
930
948

780
1085
1020

919
1041
1411
1146

1054

1054

1354

1171

876

1146

806

1092

928

1110

1164

1108

963

935

911

1054

1132
935

1122
1214

1296
1492

1064
921
937

1099
787

1235
468
562

955

1055
1017

782
918
1028
911
818

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued.

381

UEFLECTIOX, IX MILLIMETEES, IKDER A rilESBUBE, IX KlI-OCRAMS, OF—

ii

'

Eemarks.

SO

lOO

ISO

300

O

300

3SO 30O 330 400 4S0

30O

S50

1

(set.)

i

ei

4.0
6 2

ao

9 7

11.5
15.0

90.8

( 0.5
1 3

16.0
21.0

20.0 : 2S-0

1

333
463

1105

2a 0

37.2

50.0 I 69.5

137.0

1166

4 0

7 0

10 5

13 5

0 5

14 0

18.0

24.0

34.0 ' 50.0

435

1170

5.4

10 3

15.3

22.0

1.4

23.0

29.6

41.5

sao 1

392

Sap-wood; foiled with two thin flakes on back

72

5.0

9.0

13.8

19.6

1.1

20.0

26.0

33.0

44.0 ! 62.0

444

72

3.3
C 0

6.0
10.4

9.0
15.6

12.2
21.4

0.3
1.1

12.2
22.0

15. 0 19. 1
2aO ' 37.1

22.7
47.0

27.4
61. 0

33.0
89.0

40.0

50.0

602
489

254

348

5.5

10.0

14.5

20.4

1.0

20.5

i
27. 0 • 34. 0

44.0

57.5

73.7

450

'

6

5.0
3.9

9.3

7.0

14 2
10.9

20.0
14.2

t.l
0.5

20.7
15.0

2a 2

las

35.0
23.6

44.2
31.0

60.0

sao

450
578

do

6

4a 0

60.2

7a 0

Broke with fino aplintors

88

4.7
4.5
5.0

8.5

ao

' 9.0

12.5
12.0
13.7

17.5
16.2

lao

1.1
0.6
0.9

lao

16.6
19.0

22.5
21.3
23.6

30.3
2a 0
30. G

37.5
3a 2
40.0

49.0

66.0

600
374
489

do

88

.. do ,

121'

62.0

65.0

Broke with fine splinters

288

fi.5

12.0

19.0

2a 7

2.0

28.0

36.0

47.0

344

442

4.6

ao

11.9

16 0

0.6

21.0

27 n

35.0

44.0

60.0

466

638

4.6
4 5

a 9

8 0

12.7
11 6

17.1
15.7

0.0
0 9

17.0
16 4

"3.0 ! ann

39.5
36.4

396

474

....do

638

21.2

28 6

49 0

6ao

638

9.3

13.3

18.0

22.6

6.0

23.3

2a 4

3fl.O

4a 5

CI. 0

84.0

497

1051

4.9
6.5

ao

I'.O

13.4
18.8

las

27.5

1.3
3.0

19.0
28.5

24.5 ' 31.0

37.6 1 52.5

42.5
70.0

sao

110.0

75.6

473
411

do

1061

1008

6.8

1.1.0

10.2

2a 0

2.6

2a 8

37.5 51.6

73.0

399

1098

7.4

13 7

21 0

31 5

6 0

32 5

41.4 R7. 0

85.0

389

1168

C 1

11,1

lai

23.0

2.2

24 2

3L6

41.0

55 0

73.0

105 0

450

do

1168

4.7

9.0

1X3

19.0

1.0

ia4

24.0

21.3

41.6

56.4

84.0

483

153

6.4
S.1

12.0
9.0

ia6

14.0

28.3
19.0

2.2
1.1

27.6
19.0

87.0
24.7

50.5
32.5

70.6
42.5

899
479

838

50.7

74.6

do

838

4.5

ao

13.7

ia4

0.0

ia7

24.0

30.8

39.0

51.0

6a 5

loao

518

R3«

4.0

7.5

11.2

14.6

0.3

15.0

19.0

23.7

30.0

3ao

4a 0

68.5

77.0

553

Broke with fine splinters

237

3.3

6.0

9.0

11.6

0.1

12.0

14.7

lai

22.0

2a 0

31.2

38.6

4a 0

637

DeflectioD 63 millimeters with a pressure of COO kilograms; broke
with line splinters.

237

4.6
7.S

a4

14.0

12.0 16-6

1.0

ao

las

31.2

22.0
41.2

29.0
57.2

37.6

sao

52.5

72.0

454
393

129

21.0

30.5

0.5 sap-wood; failed frora flakes on back

362

5.0

10.3

15.2

2L6

1.2

22.0

30.0

42.0

56.5

82.0

400

862

S.0

10.0

14.7

20.2

1.1

21.0

27.6

3a 6

49.0

6ao

109.0

469

862

5.0

9.0

las

lao

0.7

ia2

23.5

30.2

336

740

4.0

7.1

10.8

14.4

0.4

15.0

lao

22.2

27.0

33.0

40.0

47.2

627

740

4.S

9.5

1&6

26.5

4.0

200

740

0.7

11.8

17.0
17.4
14.4

23.0

0.9

23.6

917

6.0
&4

11.0
10.0

24.0
19.0

1.3
LO

24.0

20.0

31.6
25.2

42.0
32.0

348
450

586

40.0

50.0

662

5.0

7.2

9.7
13.6

14.7
21.2

20.0
30.7

1.0
3.1

20.4
32.0

2a 0
42.0

33.0
69.0

42.4

60.0

434
334

do

666

8

6.4

11.0

16.7

23.5

1.5

24.0

31.0

40.0

52.0

70.0

392

Broke with hirge splinters

8

4.3
6.0

ao

10 6

13.0
15 0

17.6
20 7

0.4

1 0

lao

21 5

23.0

2a 2

30.5
37 0

38.6
47 5

4a 6

439
389

.. do

32

32«

5.4

10.3

15.6

21.5

0.7

;i.«

28. C

37-0

849

82«

382

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA,

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Species.

2S1. Qoercus alba— oontinned .

252. Qnercua lobata

lF/i«(e Oak. Weeping Oak.

253. Qaorons GarryaBa.
^ ir/uVe Oak.

254. Qaercas obtn ailoba

Poet Oak. Iron Oak.

State.

I

4»

49>
4S>

Miafionri.
...do*....
...do....
..do...

4»»;... do

113
113»
US'
113'
238
238
250
250
251
251
259'
259S
403
403
443
547
647
748
748
749
749
895 I
895 I
lOSO
1050 1
1257 I
1257 j

670
670 ,

Hicbigan

..do

..do

.. do

Sontb Carolina.

..do

Virginia

...do

.. do

...do

.. do

...do

Maryland

...do

J
Tenneanoe | Uashvillo

Aliibama ! Keniper'a mill

... do ... do

Locality.

Allen ton

...do

...do

..do

.. do

BiglUpids

Dansville

.. do

Hudson

Bonnean'a Depot . . .

..do

Wythevillo

.. do

.. do .

...do

.. do

...do

Chailcstown NaTy.

yard.
.. do

Collector.

Soil.

G.W. Lettermao .

...do

...do

...do

...do

■W.J.Beal

..do

..do

...do

n. W. Bavenel j Kicb, damp loam .

Eich upland .

...do

...do

..do

...do

Gravelly

Sandy

...do

CO

0.7927
0.7060
0.7784
0.7501
0.7614
O.GOOl
0. 7149
0.7060
0.7480
0.8085

do .

.do 0.7797

H.Shriver CUy .

...do ' do

...do

...do

.. do

...do

S. H. Pook . . .

... do

A. Uattiuger.

C.Mohr

... do

Gravelly.
...do....

Florida Chattahoochee I A.H.Cnrti8S.

do I do 1 do

I"

...do

..do

Massachusetts

.. do

...do

.. do

California .
....do

985 Oregon
985 '....do ...

988 l....do ...

I

988 j....do ...
1027 I... do...
1027 ....do ...
1029 '... do ...
1029 ...do ...

37«
151
151
256
351
351

do .
do.

North Keading

..do

Charleatown Navy.

yard.
..do

.. do

.'..do

M. C. Bcedle .

...do

J. Kobiuson..

...do

S. H. Pook . . .
...do

Reddins G. K. Vasoy .

. . do do

WeidliT's saw.mill .

.. do

Portland

...do

Portland Furniture

Company.
...do .

do .
.do.

G. En^clmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

.do.
.do.,
.do.,
.do..

do..

do . .

Kentucky Harrodsburg

South Carolina . . . ! Bonneau's Depot'. . .

— do do ..-•.

Missonti I AUenton.

Alabama | Citronello

... do do

W. M. Linney

H. W. Eavenel...

...do

G.W. Letterman.

C.Mohr

...do

Bioh bottom .

Alluvial

...do

Clay

...do

...do

...do

Gravelly loam.
...do

Kicb loam .
...do ,

Shalo

Kicb upland .

...do

<nay

...do

...do

0.787G
0.7796
0. 7102
0.7170
0. 8091
0.7631
0.7364
0. 7143
0.66J0
0.8475
0.8579
0. 8075
0.8099
0.8233
0.8655
0.7300
0. 7818
0.8001
0.8343
0.8460
0. 8773

0.7443
0. 7557

0.7550

I
0.7142

0.7548

0.7745

0.7535

0.7420

0. 6753

0.8795
0.e0!!5
0. 8913
0.8943
0. 7*14
0.7688

coRFFiciKirr or

SLASnClTT.

I

11

976

740

872

814

872

679

814

857

ff76

1356

1221

1163

1061

814

1163

976

872

976

842

66T

996

976

1221

1320

751

814

740

697

1110

787

1252

1061

679
763

964
814
751
814
697
610

763
763
976
763
610
751

1028 1024
751 817

930

937

814

813

913

921

697

684

896

686

776

585

876

977

1356 1055
1221 ! 1056
1221 ! 1047
1191 I 928

842

764

1221

1059

976

1043

921

844

976

722

849

053

592

487

1017

1031

1177

1282

1252

1125

1302

1153

775

1043

781

750

842

703

723

703

1191

1158

751

1040

1208

1005

I

1085 919

665

842
787
857
814
673
930
697

876
831

1048
045
919

1022
820
703
921
059

751 ' i055

I

849 1005

1017 I 1048

781 912

630 677

888 893

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. /
UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued.

383

DEFLECTION, IN MILUMETEKB, UNDER A PKE6SURE, IN EJLOGRAMS, OF-

so

lOO

150

200

O

(set.)

StOO 350

300

350

400

450

500

5SO

p 00

Bemarks.

5.0
6.6
5.6
6.0
6.6
7.2
6.0
5.7
5.0
3.6
4.0
4.2
4 6
6 0
4.2
6.0
5.6
5.0
6.8
8.6
4.9
6.0
4.0

a.7

9.6
13.0
10.5
12.0
10.7
14.0
10.9
12.6
10.9
7.2
8.0

ao

8.2
11.6
8.0
10.0
10.6
10.0
11.5
16. S
9.6
8.3
7.8
7.6

6.5 12.6

6.0
6.6
7.0
4.4
6.2
3.9
4.6

7.2
6.4
5.4
6.0
6.5
6.0
7.0
8.0
5.6
7.0

6.4
6.4
5.0
6.4
8.0
6.5

12.5
11.8
13.6
8.2
13.0
7.7
8.0

14.7
12.7
11.0
11.6

14.4
20.4
17.0
19.0
16.5
23.0
16.2
20.0
16.5
11.0
12.0
12.0
12.7
18.0
12.0
16.0
16.3
15.3
17.8
26.0
14.5
12.2
11.6
11.0
18.8
20.0
17.5
20.0
12.7
10.5
11.7
13.3

23.5

18.7
15.5

lao

12.4 19.0
11.4 : 16.7

12.0

14.5

18.0

23.0

10.5 1«.0
14. 0 22. 0

13.0
11.5
9.6

19.6
17.5
14.5

12.5 I 19.6
15. 5 i 23. 0
II. 0 i 17.7

20.0
30.0
24.0
28.0
23.4
33.2
22.7
30.8
24.3
15.3
16.0
16.3
17.5
2&0
16.0
22.8
23.2
21.8
25.3
41.6
20.7
16.0
16.0
15.0
25.5
29.0
24.7
29.0
17.1
28.0
16.0

ia6

33.0
27.3
21.5
25.0
27.0
23.0
25.6
32.3
22.3
3L0

27.5
24.0
19.5
28.2
32.5
24.7

1.0
3.2
2.5
3.3
1.8
4.0
1.5
3.0
2.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
2.2
0.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.2
5.6
1.3
0.6
0.5
0.6
2.2
3.0
1.0
2.0
0.7
2.4
0.4
0.9

4.0
2.5
1.1
1.7
2.0
1.2
1.5
2.5

20.0
30.5
25.4
28.7
24.0
34.5
23.3
31.5
25.0
15.4
16.3
16.6
17.7
26.5
16.1
24.0
24.0
22.2
27.0
43.6
21.3
16.2
16.3
15.6
27.5
30.0
25.0
29.6
17.6
28.6
16.6
18.7

34.0
28.4
21.5
26.0
27.3
23.5
25.6
33.5

26.2
41.0
33.6
37.0
31.0
49.0
32.5

1.0 I 22.3
2. 2 31. 0

2.0
1.1

1.0
3.0
2.7
1.7

28.0
24.6
10.9
29.2
33.7
25.0

32.0
20.6
21.0
21.2
22.5
36.8
21.0
30.6
32.0
29.6
36.5

28.5
20.7
20.5
19.6
34.5
42.0
33.5
30.0
22.3
36.0
21.0
24.0

45.6
37.0
28.5
33.0
34.7
30.0
33.6
43.5
29.0
40.7

36.0
32.0
26.0
38.0
43.5
32.0

34.0
57.5
46.0
48.0
42.5

43.5

67.6

69.5

42.0
26.5
27.5
28.5
30.0
55.0
27.0
39.5
42.2
40.8

6a 0
33.0
35.0
36.0
36.5

85.0
46.5
46.5
49.2

63.0

33.5
53.5
59.5

44.5
70.0

37.5
26.0
27.0
25.0
45.5
73.0

49.5
32.5
33.5
32.0
65.0

69. 0
40.7
43.0
41.5
92.0

4a 7
56.0
51.2

67.6

2a 5
50.0
26.5
32.0

62.0
50.6
37.0
44.0
45.6
40.0
14.0
59.5
36.5

37.0

eas

33.5

3ao

90.0
75.0
47.0
57.5
62.0
52.5

47.0
100.0
40.6

66.0

49.0

46. 7 62. 0

40.0 I 50.6

33. 6 43. 0

50. 8 64. 0

43.0

66.0

60.5
75.6

70.0

76.6
67.5
60.0

105.0

437
349
400
347
393
293
294
250
417
450
450
447
396
326
452
445
360
308
279
208
440
547
480
492
445
320
300
300
494
444
420
392

374
363
447
403
392
436
350
300
393
281

450
429
447
389
289
381

Broke with fine splinters

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis.
do

.do.
.do .
.do.

Broke with small splinters ; sliglitly crashed at bearing.

Broke with fine splinters

do

.do.
.do .
.do.

Broke with large flakes

Broke with fine splinters

Broke with large splinters

Broke with fine splinters

Broke with large scale

Broke with fine splinters

Broke with large scale

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .

Broke with fine splinters

do

do

.do.

do

Broke at knot

Specimen cross-grained

Broke with fine splinters . .

do

do

Broke with large splinters .
do

Specimen cross-grained ,' splintered on both comers .

Splintered on corner

Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis

Specimen cross-grained

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

do

.do.
.do.

Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long splinters .
do

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis
do

Broke with coarse splinters

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis.

do

do

49
49
491
49>
49
113
1132
1132
113'
238
238
250
250
251
251
259'
259'
403
403
443
547
547
748
748
749
749
895
895
1050
1050
1257
1257

670
670
985
985

1027
1027
1029
1029

37'
151
151
256
351
351

384

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table in,— BEnAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SM. Qaereosobtasilobft— oontiimed...

265. QiierciiB nndnUta, var. GambelU ..
Scrub Oat.

2S6. Qaercns macrocarpa

Butt Oak. Mouy^etip Oak, Over-
cup Oak.

267. Qnercns lyrata

Over^cup Oak. Swamp Po$t Oak.
Water WhiU Oak.

258. Qnercns bicolor

Swamp WhiU Oak.

250. QuercQR MIcbaaxU

Satket Oak. Cow Oak.

960. Qaercns Priniis..
OhfHmU Oak.
Oak.

Eoek Ohettnut

261. Quercns prinoidea

TellowOak. 0?ieilnutOttk. Ohin-
qitapin Oak.

771
771

417
417
625
625

79

79»

137

143

310

310

432

831

033

033

1071

1072

1073

545
545
545
762
762

54
54
64'
54>

846
846

240
240
624
524
766
766

31
31'
85
434
925
926

34
34«
273
287

State.

Florid*.
... do...

New Mexico .

...do

Colorado

...do

Kentacky .

...do

Hissonri...

□linois

Texas

...do

Tennessee .
nilnois ....

Texas

...do

Vermont...

...do

...do

Mississippi .

...do

...do

Florida

Missouri

....do

...do

...do

Massaclinsetts .
.. do

Sonth Carolina .
...do

Alabama

...do

Florida

...do

Kentucky .

...do

...do

Tennessee .

Alabama ..
...do

Kentucky .

.. do

Missouri...
...do

Locality.

Collector.

Aspalaga .
...do

Pioos Altos monnt-

ains.
..do

Engelmann's cation
...do

Mercer connty

...do

Allen ton

Wankegan

Dallas

...do

Nashville

Winnebago county

Austin

...do

Charlotte

...do

...do

Kemper's mill .

...do

...do

Chattahoochee.
...do

AUenton

...do

...do

..do

West Newbury

A mold Arboretum .

Bonnean's Depot . .

...do

Kemper's mill

...do

Chattahoochee

...do

Boyle county .

.. do

...do

Kasbville

Cnllraan

..do

Mercer county.
Boyle eountj' . .

AUcDton

...do

. H. Cnrtiw .
..do .^..

K.L. Greene

...do

Bobert Douglas.
..do

W. M. Linney

...do

G. W. Letterraan.
Robert Douglas..

J. Revercbon

...do

A. Gattinger

M.S.Bebb

C.Mohr

...do

C.G. Pringle

...do

...do

C.Mohr ,

...do

...do

A. n. Curtiss .
...do

G. W. Letterman.

...do

...do

...do

J.Eobinson

C.S.Sargent

H. W. Kavenel . .

...do

C.Mohr

...do

A. H. Curtiss ...
...do

W. M. Linney .

.. do

...do

A. Gattinger . .

C. Mohr

... do

"W. M. Liuney . . .

... do

G. W. Letterman
...do

Sou.

Gravelly barrens
...do

Eocky .
...do..

AUuvial

...do

Moist npland .

Rich

Bich, moist . . .

...do

Alluvial

Loam

Alluvial

...do

Alluvial.
...do....
...do....
...do....
...do....

AUuvial

...do

..do

..do

Low, swampy.
Drift

Alluvial .
...do ....
...do ....
...do....
...do....
...do....

Shale

...do

Limestone

Rocky npland .
Dry, rocky . ...
.. do

Limestone

Waverly Hbale.

Limestone

Flinty

Si

I

,£a

0. 9172
0.8958

0.8489
0.8092
0.7996
0.8073

0.7636
0.7358
0.9418
0.8368
0.8580
0.8466
0.7507
0. 7456
0.7864
0.8313
0.8523
0.8153
0.8163

0.7784
0.7972
0.7898
0. 7955
0.7955

0. 9102
0. 7182
0. 7443
0.7580
0. 8752
0. 8689

0.8432
0.8687
0.7898
0. 7710
0.9199
0.9289

0. 7313
0. 7528
0.83D2
0. 6552
0.8267
0. 7523

0.7983
0. 8949
0. 9»Ct
0. 9125

i

I

cOErFicmrr or
BLAjmcmr.

1^

814

610
751
443
614

1221

1085
872
678

1017
939
976

1039
697
729
814
904
783

1039
1221
1285
1627
1744

763
976
976
1062
543
651

1085
957
976

1110
828

12'a
1039
1628
681
1628
1221

970
1479

976
1221

-sa

930
814

610
718
430
628

1221

1163
^8
079

1028
967
930

1149
723
712
835
913
814

1073
1221
1302
1550
1526

835

1085

1085

1149

592

693

1085
939
930

1112
849
857

12.12
1149
1684
695
1628
1221

976
1526
1030
1221

581

820
998
323
679

1065
1092
1226
696
068
919
926
1055
914
803
1052
1029
1034

865
1146
1041
1020
1055

1106
998
937

1036
581
792

1064
1099
1116
1144
1153
1127

1219
930

1305
546

1130

1050

1146
1455
1201
1277

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE TEA^sSVEESE STEAIN— Continued.

385

IIEFLKCTIOX, IN UILLIHETEBS, USDEK A rilESSLBE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF—

SO

5lS
6.0

8.0
6.5
11.0
9.5

4.0
4.5
5.6
7.2
4.8
5.2
5.0
4.7
7.0
6.7
6.0
5.4
6.4

4.7
4.0
3.8
3.0

2.8

6.4
6.0
5.0
4.6
9.0
7.5

4.5

S. 1
6.0
4.4
5.S
5.5

4.0

4.7
3.0

a4

1.0
4.0

5.0
3.3
5.0
4.0

lOO

10.5
12.0

16.0
13.6
22.7

ia5

8.0

8.4
10"3
14.4

9.5
10.1
10.5

H.5
13.5
13.7
11.7
10.7
12.0

9.1

8.0
7.5
6.3
6.4

1L7
9.0

9.0
8.5
1&5
14.1

9.0
10.4
10.5

8.7
11.5
U.4

7.8
8.5
5.8
1G.4
«.0
8.0

10.0
6.4
9.3
8.0

130

15.7
18.7

25.3
21.7

30.3

13.0
12.6
15.4
22.4
14.0
15.3
15.5
13.4
20.6
21.3
18.6
17.0
18.2

U4
12.0
1L7
9.5
9.4

18.2
14.0
13.7
12.7
24. S
22.0

13.5
15.4
15.6
14.0
17.5

n.i

11.4
13.0

8.5
26.2

9.0
12.0

14. S
10.0
14.0
12.0

300

2l4^
2^.4

30.0
31.0

43.5

17.0
17.2
21.5
32.0
19.0
21.6
21.4
17.6
29.0
31.4
25.6
23.4
2al

18.0
16.0
16.0
12.5
12.5

25.7
19.0
10.2
17.0
35.0
3L6

1&5
21.0
21.5
18.7
24. S
24.0

14.7
17.3
11.0
37.5
12.6
1«.0

20.4
13.0
19.0
It. 3

O

(set.)

1.5
2.5

4.0
2.7

25 FOR

t

3.2

9.3
0.5
1.5
3.4
1.0
1.5
1.4
0.6
3.3
3.3
2.5
2.^)
2.5

0.8
0.5
0.5
0.4
O.S

1.4
1.0
1.0
0.t
3.7

as

0.9
LO
1.1
1.0
1.8
2.0

0.3
0.5
0.3
4.0
0.6
0.6

1.4
0.3
1.0
0.6

300

21.7
27.0

37.0
31.9

45.0

17.0
17.5
22.0
33.0
20.0
21.6
21.2
17.9
29.7
S3.0
2a 8
23.6
26.3

19.2

lai

16.0
12.9
12.5

2ao

19.5
19.0
17.2
3a 0
32.1

19.1
21.6
22.3
19.0
25.5
24.5

15.0
17.7
11.6
39.0
12.7
16.6

20.8
13.3
19.3

ia4

350

2a 0

4a 0

41.5

22.0
22.5
2a 0
44.0
25.7
2a 2
29.0
23.0
40.2
45.0
34.0
30.8
34.4

24.0

20.4
20.5
16.0
l&O

33.5
26.0
25.3
22.5

41.5

24.2
27.6
28.0
24.0
32.3
32.0

10.0
21.5
14.0

lao

20.7

26.8
10.5
25.0
21.5

36.0

66.0

5a 0

29.0

2a 7

36.5

33 5
38.0
39.5
30.5
56.0
61.0
4a 0
40.5
47.0

31.0
27.0
26.0
21.0
20.0

45.0
34.5
33.0
29.5

59.0

3L6
37.0
37.0
3L5
43.7
42.5

24.4
30.0
17.6

22.0
26.0

85.0
20.6
32.5
27.6

300 350 400

84.0

37.0

sao
4a 0

41.5
49.6
54.3
40.0
73.2

62.0
54.6
62.5

41.0
3a 0
34.0
2a 2
25.0

58.0

45.0
42.6
35.5

40.0
49.5

4a 5

42.5
64.0
68.0

30.0
3a 7
2L5

27.6
33.3

4a3

25.0
42.0
35.0

145.0

47 0
4a 5
60.0

4r>0 300

64.0
64.0
79.0

54.5

79.0
73.5
8a5

43.0
44.6
32.7
31.4

7a 0

62.0
57.5
47.5

62.2
64.5
65.0
66.0
7a 0
7a 0

37.6

2&2

34.6
4L0

58.0
30.0
51.5
43.0

7a 0

66.0

39.0

109.5

73.0
90.0
87.0
75.5
99.0
135.0

47.5

31.6

7a 5
3a 2

60.6
65.6

sso

110.0

61.5

43.0
92.5
79.0

55.5

54.0
135.0

5S

O CO

a "

345

248

350
426
138

247

450
466
523
297
413
392
395
450
390
343
449
439
441

369
489
444
435
460

472
426
400
442
248
338

454
469
476
488
492
481

620
397
567
233
482
448

489
621
S.'jl
645

Bemarks.

Splintered on comer .
Square break

Broke with coarse splinters

Sap'Wood; drew off bearings ; fine splinters...
Specimen rotten ; squ-are break '.

Split at one end ; square break on tension side.

Broke with long splinter on comer

Broke with fine splinters

Bn»ke with large splinter on comer

Specimen cross.grained ; started at knot.

Specimen cross-grained ; split

Splintered at comers

Typical

Broke with fine splinters

do

Squai e break on tension side

Failed from small splinters on comer .

Failed from tliin fiakes on back

Failed from fine splinters on comer. . .

Square break; crushed

Broke with fine splinters

Failed from long splinters on tension side .

Broke at knot in center of stick

Square break on tension aide

Broke with small splinters ; drew off bearing. .

Broke with long splinters

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .

Broke with fine splinters

Broke at knot near the end

Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain

Broke with fine splinters .
do

.do
do.

Failed from large splinter, starting at knot .
Did not break ; drew from bearing

Broke with fine splinters

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis.
Crnshed at bearing; broke with fine splinters. .
Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .

Square break with largo splinters

Failed from large splinter on comer

Broke with fine splinters

Dtflection with a pressure of 600 kilograms, 68 millimeters; broke

with fin« splinters.
Broke with largo splinters

Broke with fine splinters

771
771

417
417
525
625

79

79"

137

143

310

310

432

831

933

933

1071

1073

1073

546
545
545
762
762

54
54
64>

54«
846
848

240
240
624
524
765
765

31
31'
35

434

925

926

34
34»

273

287

386

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

TABLE IIL— BEHAVIOR OF THE PlllNCIPAL WOODS OF IHE

BpedM.

S6I. Qaerens prinoidoD— continued.

262. Qnorcns Doiiplasii i;.----^--.-

ilountain White Oak. Blue Oak.

263. Qoercoa oblongifoUa.
WUte Oak.

264. QiiercQB jn'iaea

White Oak.

260. Qnercns Oarondil .

267. Qaerens virens .
Lice Oak.

UK. QaeroUB ohrysolepis

Live Oak. Maul Oak. Talpa-
rai40 Oak.

Stt. Qnercns Emory! .
JSlaek Oak.

270. Qnercns agrifoUa

Eneeno. Ooatt Lice Oak.

2/1. Qaerens Wisllzenl.
Lice Oak.

tni, Quercas rubra

JUdOak. Slack Oak.

State.

Lbcality.

323
514
614

688
668

6S6
655

1103
1103

404
799
799
910
919
954
954

649
649
653
653

Texas Dallas

.do do

Tennessee j Kashville.

...do 1 do

Collector.

SoU.

California .
...do

...do .
...do.

Arizona .

Texas .
...do.

Florida . . .

...do

...do

Alabama .

....do

Texas

...do

California.

...do

...do

...do

Arizona. .

California.
...do

685
685

7
7
7
7
45>
45«
45«
93
140
141
146
215
216
217
218
218
920
920

...do.
do.

Hassachusetts .

...do

...do

..do

Kentucky

...do

...do

Kentucky

Ulobiigan

...do

Illinois

Vermont

....do

...do

...do

...do

MifisiBSippi —
...do

J. Berercbon .

...do

A. Gattinger. .
....do

ContraCostaconnty
...do

San Diego county.
...do

Santa Bita mount-
ains.

Austin .
...do..

Charlestown Navy.

yaiil.
Saint John's river .

..do

Mobile county . .

...do

Matagorda bay .
...do

San Bernardino .

.. do

Uarin county.. -
...do

Santa Rita mount-
ains.

Marin connty.
...do

Auburn.
...do ...

Arnold Arboretum.

...do

...do

...do

Mercer county

...do

....do

Murcer county

Dansville

...do

Waukegan ,

Charlotte

..do

...do

....do

...do

Enterprise

....do

I

Calcareous.

...do

Alluvial...
do

1|

U3

G. R. Vascy .
...do

.do.

.do.

G. Eucclmann and
C. b. Sargent.

S. B. Buckley.
...do

S. H. Pook ....
A. H. Curtiss.

..do

C.Mohr

..do

C.Mohr

...do

Clay..
...do.

Dry, gravelly.
...do

Dry, rocky .

Damp, calcareous
...do

W. G. 'Wright.

...do

G.E.Va8ey...
...do

6. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

G. E. Vasey.
..do

G. Engelmann .
...do

Sandy

...do

Rich, sandy.

...do

Sandy loam.
...do

Gravelly.
...do....

Dry, rocky.

Loam.
...do.

C.S. Sargent

...do

...do

...do

■W. M. Linney

,. .do

...do

'W.M. Linney —

'W. J. Beal

...do

Robert Douglas..

C.G. Pringle

...do

....do

....do

...do

C.Mohr

..do

Drift

...do

...do

...do

Shale

....do

...do...
Alluvial .
Sandy —
...do ....
Gravelly.
...do ....

...do ....

...do....

...do...

...do ....

Alluvial .

...U....

coKPnciKfTorl

I ELASTtCITT. I

0.9206
0.0966
0.9069
0.8756

1.0023
1.0284

1.1408
1.0474

0.9821

1.0023
1.0420

1.0469
0.9127 I
0. 9307
0. 9114
0.8972
I.OIU
1. 0193

0.8835
0.8989
0.9386
0.9204

1.0264

0.8602
0.8508

0.8676
0.8653

0. 7011
0.6872
0.C364
0.6500
0. 5528
0.6159
0.5432
0. 6'JOl
0. 6787
0.6987
0.7164
0.7293
0.6763
0. 7310
0.7254
0.6955
0.5841
0.5852

2

1>76
976
1085
076

888
610

697
1017

718

888
800

1436
1285
1221
1221
1163

697

751

976
1039
1221
1285

612

1061
976

901
857

1953

1285

1136

1356

076

976

857

814

1221

763

1221

1356

976

888

1221

1221

857

976

1007 I 1230
1007 j 1090
1149 ! 1280
1062 I 1120

921
622

607
1017

740

888

7R7

1502
1395
1252
1191
1122

740

751

1085
1140
1221
1338

638

957
948

849
872

1627

1366

1149

1320

096

1007

1302

814

1252

769

1221

1356

1028

888

1302

1268

814

921

1048 '■
9S7

t68
469

937

987

1055
1322
1212
1010
1054
816
649

1308
1268
1284
1212

703

937 I
930

769
877

1282
1171
1048

1057 '

i

855 :
902 I
787 '
787
919
780
896
1057
877
1071
1242
1172
680
762

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVERSE STRAIN-CoutiDued.

387

DEFLKCTIOX, LN MILL1METKH8. LSUEK A PKE66LKE, IN KILOGKAMB, OF—

- §£

•II

Remarks.

=■■ ■=

SO

IOC

> 15C

> 30«

> 0

[ (set,

i

i20«

)

> 25«

I 1
• 300 350 400 430 SCO 55(

1

a
0
0

5.0
5.0
4.5
5.0

5.5
8.0

7.0
48

t.8

5.5

e.1

3.*
3.8
4.0
4.0
4.2
7.0
6.5

5.0
4.7
4.0
3.8

7.6

4.6
5.0

5.4
8.7

2.5
3 8
4.3
3.6
5.0
6.0
6.7

9.7
9.7
&5
9.2

10.6
15.7

14.0
9.6

13.2

11. 0
12.4

6.5
7.0
7.8
8.2
8.7
13.2
13.0

».o
as

8.0
7.3

15.3

10.2
10.3

11.6
U.2

6.0

7.2

8.5

7.4

9.8

9.7

11.5

12.0

7.8

12.7

8.0

7.2

9.6

11.0

7.5

7.7

12.0

15.4
15.3
12.7
14.0

16.0
23.2

21.0
14.5

20.7

16.5
19.3

10.0
10.7
1L6
12.3
12.5
20.6
20.0

13.5

12.2
12.0
11.2

23.7

15.6
15.0

17.5
16.8

9.0
10.7
12.3
11.3
14.7
15.3
17.0
18.0
U.5
19.2
12.5
11.0
14.5
17.0
11.0
11.2
18.0
16.0

20. «
21.0
17.3
19.0

22.0
32.3

30.0
20.5

29.0

23.0
27.0

14.0
14.0
15.6
16.3
17.1
29.6
29.2

18.2
16.6
16.4
14.7

33.2

21.8
21.3

25.4
23.3

12.0

14.4

16.6

15.2

20.5'

21.7

23.7

24.5

15.4

2614

16.8

14.5

20.0

24.0

14.6

16.4

27.0

1.5
1.1
1.0

1.0
2.3

2.5
1.2

2.5

1.5
2.0

0.2
0.4
0.9
0.5
0.2
3.0
3.1

0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6

3.5

1.6
1.5

1.7
1.3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.5

1.2

1.3

0.3

1.3
0.8
0.3
0.6
2.0
0.2
0.3
2.3

20.5
21.5
17.5
19.2

22.0
33.0

31.0
21.6

29.8

23.4
27.3

14.0
14.5
15.7
16.2
17.0
30.0
30.0

18.2
16.6
16.5
15.0

34.7

22.7
21.9

25.8
24.0

12.2

14.7

16.8

15.3

20.7

20.7

24 7

24 6

15.7

20.7

17.0

14 6

20.0

24 5

14 7

15.5

27.7

24.5

26.5
28.0
22.3
25.0

28.0
42.5

40.0

33.5
36.0
29.0
32.0

36.0
55.3

52.5

43.0
45.5
36.0
41.0

46.0
72.0

70.0

64. 0 1 68. 0

91.0

. 525
465
550
478

447
400

413

200

400

426
421

430
664
517
431
450
348
277

558
541
548
617

300

400
397

324
374

547

500

447

451

365

385

336

336

392

333

382

4,51 .

874

457

630

500

290

325

Broke with long splinters

323

59.5
45.0
61.5

56.0

93.0
56.0
64.0

do

Broke with fine splinters

71. C

93.0

323

Shattered ; cross-grained . .

514

688

Specimen cross-grained ; sjilit with grain

688
655

90.5

39.0

29.5
35.0

17.0
18.0
20.0
20.6
22.0
39.0
40.7

23.0
20.0
21.0
19.0

45.5

29.8
29.0

35.0
33.0

15.3
18.0
21.5
19.5
27.6
27.0
32.5
32.0
20.0
35.0
22.1

ia7

26.2
31.0
18.5
19.7
30.5 .

33.0 ;

51.0

3a3
46.0

21.4
22.7
25.7
26.6
28.4
61.7

65.5

48.5
61.5

26.5
28.0
32.0
33.0
35.0
69.2

63.0
80.0

38.0
34.0
40.5
55.0
43.0

0.75 sap-wooil ; heart defective ; typical break

608

Specimen cross-grained- split with grain

1103

.

do

48.0
43.5
50.2

1103

404
799
799
919

55.5
66.7

73.5

Broke with fine splinters

do

do .*

do .

28.0
25.5
27.0
245

62.4

39.2
38.0

47.0
39.5

19.0

22.5
27.5
25.3
37.6
31). 0
47.5
42.6
26.0
47.0
28.3
23.5
34.5
41.0
23.0
25.0

35.5
32.0
33.0
30.6

43.0
38.0
40.0
36.5

54.2
46.5
49.0
45.0

73.0
59.0
66.0
59.0

120.0

Broke with fine splinters

954

649
649

Failed from large splinter on corner

Specimen cross-grained ; largo splinter on comer

Broke with coarsn aplintera

653

52.0
51.0

75.0

Broke with fine splinters; hackled on compression side...

Broke with long scale

66S

51.5

23.2
28.0
35.0
32.0
63.5
46.0

Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side, splitting in
axis. *

Broke with fine splinters

2a2
35.0
46.0
43.0

34.2
45.2

59.0

45.2
67.0

685

7
7
7

.... do ,

Broke with thin scale and fine splinters

do

7

6.0

0. 5 sap-wood ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis

4.0

33.0

92

6l4

4.0

85.5

29.0

46.0 .

62.5

28.5

30.7

3.6
5.0

36.0

48.6 .

do

Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters I

215

68.0
34.8
88.0

92.0 .

43.0

46.0

54.0 .
60.0 .

5.5

Broke with coarse splinters ''

217
218
218

4.0

Broke with thin scale and fine splinters

4.0

Broke with fine splinters !

5i7

5.0 1 10.6

24.0 2.0

49.0 .

Broke with loniT coarse RnlinfAm

920

'

1

388

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tablk III— behavior of THE PKINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Species.

. 5

173. Qnercna Tnbr»— contliiaed

872. Qucrcns rubra, var. Texana

Bed Oak.

173. Quercna coccinea

Scarlet Oak.

274. QuemiR tinctoria

Jilack Onk. TelUm.bark Oat.
Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak.

276. Qnercns KoUoggil

Slack Oak.

270. QnercnB nipra

Slack Jack. Jack Oak.

277. Qiiercns falcata ,

SpanUh Oak. Bed Oak.

278. Qncrcns Catesbsei

Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked-
lea/ Slack Jack. Slack Jack.

279. Qncrcns paliistris

Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak.
Water Oak.

280. Qacrcns aqnatica

Water Oak. puck Oak. Pouvm
Oak. funk Oak.

1043
1043

931
931

752

17
17
36'

74
74
86
244
244
247
247
437

628
628
963
963

268

131
131
24S
245
265»
265<
648
548

342
342
770
770

282

264>
264'
264>
849
349
611
611

Sute.

Massachaeetts.
..do

Texas.
...do

Florida .

Massachosetts.

...do

Kentucky

...do

...do

Missoori

...do

...do

Virginia

...do

do

...do

Tennessee

Oregon .
...do...
...do...
..do ..

Missouri.

Soatli Carolina.

...do

Virginia

.. do

...do

.. do

Missssippi

.. do

Alabama .
...do

Florida .
..do ...

Missouri .
...do....
...do...

Virginia ...

...do

..; do

Alabama...
...do

Tennessee .
....do

Locality.

North Beading .
...do

Austin.
..do..

Aspalaga .

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Danville Jonction . .

...do

...do

Allen ton

...do

...do

Wytheville

...do

...do

...do

Nashville

Saw.mill, Ashland .

..do

Fngene City

...do

Allenton.

Bonneaa's Depot.

.. do

Wytheville

.. do

Carroll county

..do....

Kemper's mill

...do

Cottage Hill .

..do

Aspalaga

...do

Allenton .
...do . ..
...do....

Carroll county .

...do

...do

Cottage BUI...

..do

Tnllahoma

...do

Collector.

J. Bobinson.
..do

C.Mohr.
...do...

A. H. Cartiss .

C.& Sargent

.. do

W. M. Linney

...do

..do

G. W. Lettennan .

...do

.. do

H. Shriver

...do

..do

...do

A. Gattinger

G. Engolmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

G. H. Collier .
...do

Or. W. Letterman.

H. W. Bavenel . . .

...do

H. Shriver

...do

...do

...do

C.Mohr

...do

...do

...do ,

A. E. Curtiss
...do

G.W. Letterman.

...do

...do

H. Shriver ...

...do

...do

C.Mohr

...do

A. Gattinger
...do

SoU.

Drift..
..do.

Calcareous.
...do

Clay.

Drift

...do

Shale

...do

Slate

Bich upland .

...do

...do

Clay

...do

...do

..do

...do

Clay.

Bich loam..

...do

Clay

...do

...do

...do

Bich loam .
...do

Barren, sandy.

...do

.. do

...do

Bich, alluvial .

...do

.. do

Sandy loam .

...do

...do

...do

^1

11

I- a

0.7580
0.7426

0.8580
0.8926

0.7654

0. 7102
0.6847
0.7284
0.7619
0. 7932
0.8405
0.8408
0. 7519
0.5432
0.5026
0.7102
0.7046
0.6949

0.0CJ2
0.6841
O.C960
0. 6875

0.7688

0. 7521
0. 7421
0. 6307
0.6767
0.7837
0.6933
0.7875
0. 7614

0.6875
0. 7193
0.8395
0.8442

0.7148
0.7671
0.7534

0.6523
0. 6170
0. 61.58
0. 7142
0.7313
0.7660
0.7411

COEFFICIENT OF

KLASTicmr.

1221
1221

076
1017

976

1221
1085
976
1221
697
921
814
888
842
561
1479
1395
1136

814
872
660
525

976

1393
1320
1221
1320
1520
1221
1526
1628

888
1017

976
1163

1526
957
904

1085
1136
11C3
1163
1221
976
1221

1320
1302

1039
1028

1085

1221

1149

1028

1221

723

030

814

930

820

558

1479

1436

1136

849

921

' 651

558

976

1302
1394
1221
1894
1502
1221
1601
1576

948
1062
1007
1122

1479
976
913

1122
1191
1149
1285
1285
1028
1338

1282
1172

1252
794

1055

1151
1054
1043
1270

954
1181

930
1120

794

551
1284
1261

937

869
844

1043

1172
1071
1041
1172
1334
1172
1266
1317

990
1027
1113
1055

1233
1055

1052
932

1155

1120
919

1170

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UKDEE TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

889

DEFLECTION, IN UILLIMETEKS, L'NDEB A PBESSUBE, IN KILOGEAIIB, OF—

t|
II

i|

Eemarks.

SO

lOO

ISO

300

O

(set.)

30O

350

300

3SO

400

430

soo

330

s

a

i

4.0
4.0

5.0
4.8

5.0

4.0
4.5
5.0
4.0
7.0
5.3
6.0
5.6
5.8
8.7
3.3
3.5
4.3

6.0
5.6
7.4
9.3

5.0

3.5
3.7
4.0
3.7
3.2
4.0
3.2
3.0

5.5
4.8
5.0
4.2

.1.2
5.1
S.4

4.5
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.0
6.0
4.0

7.4
7.5

9.4
9.5

9.0

8.0
8.5
9.5

ao

13.5

10.5

12.0

10.5

11.9

17.5

6.6

6.8

8.6

n.s

10.6
15.0
17.5

10.0

7.6
7.0
8.0
7.0
6.5
8.0
6.1
6.2

10.3
9.2
9.7

8.7

6. C
10.0
10.7

8.7

a2

8.6
7.i
7.6
9.5
7.3

11.0
11.4

14.0
14.7

14.0

12.0
12.2
14.5
12.0
21.4
15.8
18.5
15.7
18.0
28.5
10.0
10.0
12.8

17.3
16.0
26.0
27.5

15.0

10.5

10.2

12.0

10.0

9.5

12.0

9.0

9.3

15.4
14.0
M.6
13.0

10.2
15.0
17.0

13.0
11.8
13.0
11.6
11.5
14.6
10.9

14.6'

15.4

19.0
20.4

20.1

16.1
16.5
20.2
16.5
81.0
22.6
25.8
21.7
26.0
43.4
14.0
13.4
18.0

23.6
22.0
54.3
41.5

21.0

14.0
13.7
16.0
13.7
12.7
16.0
12.1
12.0

20.6
19.0
20.2
18.5

13.7
21.0
24.0

17.7
16.0
18.0
16.6
15.8
20.4
14.3

0.3

0.3

0.5
1.2

1.4

0.3
0.4
1.0
0.6
3.5
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.5
5.0
0.6
0.4
1.0

0.9
0.8
10.5
4.8

1.2

0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.2

0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0

0.3
1.8
2.1

0.7
0.2
0.9
0.6
0.6
1.2
0.5

15.0
15.6

19.2
21.0

20.5

16.4
16.5
20.4
16.4
31.5
23.6
26.3
22.1
26.5
44.0
14.0
13.4
18.2

23.9
22.1
57.0
43.5

21.4

14.0
14.0
16.0
13.7
13.0
16.0
12.4
12.0

21.1
19.0
20.0
18.9

14.2
22.0
24.4

lao

16.5

18.3
15.6
16.0
20.7
15.0

19.0
20.0

25.0
27.2

27.0

21.0
21.1
27.2
20.7
42.0
30.6
34.0
28.2
37.0

24.0
26.0

32.0
38.0

36.0

27.0
27.0
35.0
27.0

5ao

40.0
46.2
36.7
55.0

30.3
31.7

40.0

37.0
40.0

50.7

46.0
51.5

63.0

63.5

547

500

534
339

450

491
450
445
542
407
604
397
478
339
235
548
538
400

371
360
283
298

445

500
457
444
500
569
500
540
502

423
438
475
450

026
450
419

422
449
398
493
478
392
409

1043

Failed from splinter on each corner

1043

86.5

Specimen cross-grained; broke witli large splinters

931

Specimen affected with dry rot ; broke at knot near the end

Broke with fine splinters

47.0

34.0
34.5
45.5
32.5
80.0
51.6
60.5
47.0

62.5

42.0
44.0
58.2
41.5
135.0
64.0

90.0

56.5
55.0

752

Broke with scales and fine splinters

17

361

51.7

6ao

36>

36*

8a5

140.0

Broke with fine splinters

74

74

67.7

75.0

86

244

do

244

17.7
16.7
24.5

31.0
28.5
88.0
61.5

2a 0

17.5
17.4
20.2
17.0
16.2
20.0
15.4
16.0

27.0
25.0
26.0
24.2

17.5
29.0
32.5

24.0
21.0
24.2
20.0
20.4
26.6
10.0

22.1
20.5
33.0

40.3
36.0

27.0
25.6
44.0

61.6
46.7

33.0

31.7
65.0

4a 5

40.5

60.6
61.6

247

do

247
437

«

628

. ... do

628

963

Shaky

963

36.0

22.0
2L6
25.7
21.2
20.7
25.2
19.0

las

34.5
31.3
33.0
31.2

22.5
3a 5
44.0

32.0
26.7
32.5
24.7
26.6
34.3
24.0

45.0

27.6
26.6
33.0
26.3
25.5
31.5
23.0
23.0

44.0
39.0
41.6
39.0

2a 0

49.5
60.0

44.0
34.0
44.2
31.0
34.0
44.0
30.0

6ao

83.0
32.6
42.0
33.0
30.5
40.0
2a 0

2a2

55.5
50.2
61.6
50.0

35.5
66.0
01.0

5a 6
44.6

268

40.6
41.0

540
65.0

do

131
131

245

43.6
88.5
48.3
34.2
35.5

60.0
4a 0

65.5

245

do

26.5»

■

265«

40.0
46.0

63.2

548

648

342

342

66.2

770

770

44.0
105.0

63.0

47

282

282

264'

264'

264'

37.0
44.5

47.0
6a 5

349

do

349

511

3a 5

47.0

Broke with coarse splinters _,

Ml

300

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

ta^le in.— behavioe op the principal woods of the

Spedas.

280. QncTons nqnatics— oontlnned

281. Qtifrcns lanrifoUk

Laurel Oak.

282. Quercns hetorophylla

Bartram'$ Oak.

*

283. QiieiTU3 cinciva

Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack.
Sand Jack.

284. Qncrcns hypolenea

285. QuorcoB imbrioaria

Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak.

288. Qnercns Phellos

WiUow Oak. Peach Oak.

287. Qurrous deaaiflora

Tanbark Oak. Chettnut Oak.
Peach Oak.

288. Ciiatanopnia chryaophylla

Chinquapin.

189. Gastanea pumila

Chinquapin.

290. Caataneavnlgaris, vor. Americana
Cheitnut

291. Fai

agus foiraginei

282. Ostrya Virsinica

Hop Ilombeam. Iron Wood.
Lever Wood.

State.

742
742

756
750
801
801

1171
1171
1171

674
674

40'
60

512
512

687
687

720
729

573
573

18
18
18

2r)8»

2583
516

9

9

44»

44>

119

119
765
765
853
853
853

11

11

877

877

1047

1047

OeoTgia.'.
...do...

Florida .
.. do...
...do...
...do...

Alabama.

Arizona . .
..do....

Kentucky .
Missouri...

Tennessee .
... do

CaUfomia.
...do

California.
...do ,

Arlcausas .
...do

Maesachnsetts .
...do

...do ,

Virginia

...do.' ,

Tennessee

Massachusetts -

...^o

Kentnclcy

...do ,

Hichigan

....do

FlorWa

....do

Massachusetts .

...do

....do

...do.
.. do.
...do.
...do.
...do .
...do .

Locality.

Bainbridge .
...do

Saint John's river .

...do

,..do

...do

New Jersey Mount Holly.

...do '....do

. . . do ' do

Citronelle.

Santa Bita moont-

ains.
...do

HarrodsVmrg .
Allenton

Tnllahoma
.. do

Mai iit county .
.. ilo

Mendocino county . .
...do

Hot Springs
...do

Arnold Arboretum .

...do

.. do

Fancy Gap

..do

Nashville

Arnold Arboretum.

...do

Mercer county

...do

DansTiUe

...do

Chattahoochee

... do

Hamilton

...do

...do

Arnold Arboretum.

...do

Sanvets

...do

North Beading

...do

Collector.

A.H.Cnrtla8 .
...do..

.do.

.do .

..do.

do.

S. P. Sharpies.

.. do

...do

C.Mohr.

G. Engelmann and

0. S. Sargent.
do

Soil.

AlluTlal.
...do....

Sandy loam .
...do

Clay..
...do.
...do.

Pine- barren.

Dry, rocky.
.. do

W. M. Linney j Utica shale .

6. W. Letterman . . Rich, moist .

A. Gattinger . .
...do

Moist, siliceous .
....do

G. R.Vasey.
..do

A. Kellogg
.. do

G. W. Letterman .
...do

C.S.Sargent.

.. do

...do

H. Shriver . .

...do

A. Oattinser.

C.S.Sargent..

...do

W.M. Linney.

...do

■W.J.Beal....

...do

A. H. Curtiss .

...do

J.Robinson —

...do

...do

C. S. Sargent .

...do

J.Robinson. .

...do

...do

...do

Gravelly .
...do...

Sandy loam .
...do

Drift..
...do..
...do .
Moist . .
...do..
Sandy .

Drift

...do

Hudson River shale

...do

Grav^y

...do

...do

..do

...do

...do

....do

COEFFICIENT OF
m..tKTICITY.

2*a

go ! P

i .£

0. 7415 \
0.8006 \

0.8034 '

0.7980 '
t
0.8105

0.8204

0.7023
0.6818
0.6898

0.7159

0. 8710
0.8325

0.7440
0.7477

0. 7693
0.7557 !g

r

0.6910 I

0. 7205 l|

p

0. 5739 I
0. 6909 : 1

0.6017 :|
0.5960 ll

0.4123 Id
0.5330 I
0.4568 ""
0.5050
0.5053
0.4939

0.7333
0. 7148
0.6352
0.6416
0.7671
0.6945
0.6892
0.6770
0.7000
0.7324
0.7260

Drift 0.7784

...do ! 0.7614

Rich loam I 0.8460

...do i 0.8691

0.8068

0.8182

1221
1350

1221
1320
1356
1221

]! 1395

l\ 1110

^i 1221

I

^j 904
939

1136
1252

751 ;

703 I

I

872.

976

1285
1062

498

3 679

^^ 1085

Wi 872

1| 1221
g[ 1221

1039
1221
1221
976
1163
1221
1285
1395

1628
1305
1395
1320
1110
1136

1285
1366

1177
1221
13D0
1820

1338

lob

1252

751

967
921

1085
1302

781
787

842
1085

1007 j
1017 j

625
872
651
1163
1039
888

1302
1221
1050
1122
1302
1302
1007
1136
1221
1252
1395

806
1334

1055
1111

12S9
1266

1166
947

nil

994

1120
1106

1153
1284

923
1056

846
1048

846
635

1221 1031
1062 ' 949

416
703
619
898
867
675

1312
1236
1026
937
1284
1180
1024
1048
1106
1221
1256

1628 1446

1479

1289

1395

820

1396

984

1163

1209

1177

1057

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UjSTDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

391

DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETERS. UNDEK A PRESBL'BE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF-

30

4.0
3.6

4.0
3.7
3.6
4.0

3.5
4.4
4.0

7.0

5.4
5.2

4.3
3.9

6.5
6.4

5.6
5.0

4.9
4.8

3.8
4.6

9.8
5.5
7.2
4.0
4.S
5.6

4.0
4.0
4.6
4.7
4.0
4.0
&0
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.5

3.0
3.6
3.5
3.7
4.4
4.3

lOO ISO

7.6
7.2

12.0
10.3

8. 3 12. 2
ao 11.6

7.4 ! 11.0
7.4 I 11.0

7.3
9.0

7.8

13.0

10.1
10.6

9.0
7.5

12.6
12.4

11.6
9.0

9.7
9.6

8.0
9.2

18.6
11.2
15.0
8.4
9.4
ILO

7.5
8.0
9.3
8.7
7.6
7.6
a.7
&<
8.0
7.8
7.0

7.0
7.0
8.4
8.3

11.0
12.0
11.0

19.5

15.0
16.0

13.5
11.2

19.4
19:2

17.5
13.6

14.8
14.6

12.0
14.0

30.4
17.0
23.5
13.0
14.4
17.0

11.6
12.2
14.0
13.6
11.0
11.2
14.2
13.2
11.6
11.6
10.0

6.0 8.6
6.6 10.0

10.4
II. 0
13.0
12.6

200

13.7

17.0
16.0
14.5
15.0

14.7
16.5
14.7

28.6

20.8
22.7

18.5
15.3

28.0
27.0

24.5
1&2

20.0
20.2

16.2
19.0

23.6
33.0
17.6
19.6
23.2

16.7
16.2
19.0
18.0
14.7
14.7
19.4

lao

16.0
15.4
13.8

11.6
13.5
14.0
14.6
17.5
17.5

o jiioo aso .100 3SO

(set.) I

1.0
0.4

0.8
0.5
0.5
0.6

0.5
0.6
0.5

1.0
1.2

0.5
0.5

2.1
1.9

1.0
0.5

0.4
0.5

0.5
L2

0.7
1.7

ai

0.4
0.6

0.6
0.2
0.4
0.5

a4

0.5
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4

0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
1.0
1.0

17.0
14.0

17.0
16.0
15.0
15.5

15lO
17.0
15.3

27.0

21.0

22.7

lae

16.0

29.0
27.6

24.4
1&4

20.2
20.3

16.2
19:2

24.0
33.2
17.6
19.6
24.0

15.8
18.3
19.0
18.2
15.0
15.0
19.5

lae

16.5
15.5
14.0

12.0
13.7
14.0
14.5
18.0
18.0

21.8
V.5

22.5
20.6

ia7

19.0

29.0
21.3

2a 7
27.0
23.5
24.5

19. 2 23. 7
20.9 26.0
19.0 24.0

35.0

27.0
30.0

24.4
19.8

39.0
38.0

31.0
23.5

25.6
2a 0

20.6
24.6

30.7
45.0
22.0
25.0
31.5

20.0
21.0
25.0
23.7
19.0
'19.0
25.0
23.6
19.7
20.0
17.5

15.0
17.0

lao
las

23.7
23.5

4&0

35.5
37.0

2a 0

sao

33.2
29.5

400 ; 4SO

3L0

46.3
42.5
36.5

30.5 : 37.5

i

29.5
33.0
30.6

59.0

44.3
47.0

31.5 40.0

25.0 31.5

52.6
47.0

40.5
29.5

32.0

26^7
31.6

4a6

29.0
33.0

2ao

2a 7
31.6
30.5
24.0
24.5
32.0
30.0
25.0
25.5
21.7

ia5

22.0
22.3
23.4
30.5
31.0

37.0
42.0
3a7

7a 0

55.7

5ao

49.6
40.0

69.0
83.0

55.0
37.0

40.5

32.2
41.0

3ao

4L0

30.7
32.6
41.0

81.5

4&0

4a7
82.0

3&6
42.0
52.5

SaS 52.0

30.6
30.0
40.0
89.0
31.0
31.0
27.0

22.0
28.0
28.0
30.0
40.0
40.0

37.0
37.6
53.0
51.5
40.0
40.0
32.5

27.0
34.0

37.5
51.5
52.0

37.0

60.0
58.5
4a 0
46.7

4&0

49:0

72.5
73.0

60.7

sao

uao

46:0
54.0

47.0
4&7

49.5
50.0
42.0

33.6
43.0

07.5
73.5

500 SSO

4a 5

58.0

Sa 5 80. 0
58.5

62.0

65.5
76.0

65.5
7a 0

7a 5
56.5

40.0
60.0

102.0

52.0
76:0

.S8

PS

450
474
560
540

497
404
474

424

478
472

492

548

394

450

361
447

361
271

441
405

Bemarks.

560
527
438
400
548
504
437
447
472
521
536

Specimen cross-grained

Broke with coarse splinters

Broke ^ith large splinters

Broke with large splinters and scale on tension side. .

0.5 sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters

do

Crashed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters.
Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters . .
Broke with fine splinters

Cross-grained ; broke with coarse splinters.

Broke with coarse splinters .
do

0.5 sap-wood i broke with large splinters .
Broke with fine splinters

Broke with large splinters, starting at knot.
Broke with coarse splinters

Broke with scale; started at Icnot ■
Broke with coarse splinters

Specimen cross-grained; shattered

Specimen cross-grained; splinter on oomer.

Scale on tension side; broke with ooarss splinters

Crashed at center bearing; broke with scales on tendon side.

177 Shattered

300 ' do

264 Square break; split at end

383 Crashed; sqnarebreak

370 Specimen cross-grained; shattered.
Broke with coarse splinters

-do.

Crashed ; coarse splinters

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis...

Scale on tension side

Broke with coarse splinters

Broke with fino splinters ; scale on tension side .

Broke with coarse splinters

Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot

Failed from long splinter on comer

Crushed with fine splinters

Crashed with long splinters

617 Sap-wood; broke with fine splinters; deflection with 600 kilograms

jtresHure, t»4 millimeters.
550 Sap-wood; broke with fine splinters

350

Broke nt knot.

420 Square l)rcak on tension side, splitting in axis .
616 Specimen cross-grained ; splintered on comer- .
451 Failed from scale on back

742
742

756
756
801
801

1171
1171
1171

352

674
674

40>
60

512
512

687
687

729
729

5T.I
678

18

18

18

258»

258»

518

44'
44«

119

119

765

765

853

853

853

11
11

877 ■

877
1047
1047

392

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Speola

CwiiiiiQS Carol'niana

Bombtam. Bhu Buck. WaUr
B—eh. Iron Wood.

BETTTLACEA.

2M. Betiila alba. car. popnlifolia

White Birch. OUt-fiOd Birch.
Oran Birch,

MS. B«ta1a papTTifen

Canoe Birch. White Birch. Pa-
per Birch.

296. Betnla occldentalls .
Black Birch.

297. Betnla Intea

TeUow Birch, dray Birdu

Me. Setnia nlfrn

Bed Birch. Biver Birch.

299. Betnlnlenta

Cherry Birch. Black Birch.
Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch.

•01. Afamambnk.
AUer.

46
73
731
73»
73'
1038

10

10

848

722

722

836

900

990

1065

1065

1065

1066

1060

1067

1067

528
629

843
843
1068
1068
1069
1069
1070
1070

136
136
841
841
842
842

4

4

221

844

844

967
967
991
991

SUte.

Locality.

Missouri

Kentacky

..do

...do

...do

Massacliaaetts.

AUenton

Mercer conn ty.

..do

...do

...do

Banvers

...do.
...do.
...do .

Arnold ArlKnretDm

...do

Danvera

Montana

...do

Massachusetts.

Alaska

....do

Vermont

....do..

...do

...do

... do

....do

....do

Uisaoola

..do

Townsend

Cbilcoot inlet .

...do

Charlotte

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Colorado...
California .

Massachusetts.
...do

Engelmnnn's caSon.
Strawberry valley . .

DanTere

...do

Vermont ■ Charlotte .

...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do .

Missonri

...do

Massachusetts

...do

...do

.. do

...do

...do

Vermont

Masaaclinsetta.
.. do

Alaska .
...do ...

Washington terri-
tory.
...do

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
-do .

AUenton

...do...v

North AndoTer .

.. do

...do

...do

Arnold Arboretnm .

...do

Charlotte

Danvers

...do

Sitka

...do

Payallap .
...do

Collector.

Soil.

^■5

CO

O. TV. Lctterman.

W. M. Linney

...do

.. do

...do

J.Bobinson

Damp, alluvial

Trenton limestone

...do

...do

...do

Gravelly

C.S.Swrgent.

...do

J. Kobinson..

Drift ....
...do....
Gravelly.

Sereno Watson .

...do

J. Bobinson

Faul Scholtze. . ■

...do

C.G.Pringle....

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Wet..
...do.

Eobert Douglas. . .

G. EDgf Imann and
C. S. Sargent.

J.Kobinson

...do

C.G.Pringle.....

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Wet, sandy.
Wet, peaty .

Gravelly

...do

..do

...do

...do

...do.

...do

...do

G. W. Letterraan.

...do

J. Bobin^n

...do

...do :....

...do

Moist loam .

...do

Alluvial

...do

...do

...do

C.S. Sargent.

...do

C.G.Pringle.
J. Kobinson . .
...do

Drift ....
...do....
Gravelly.
...do....
...do....

Paul Schultze
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

0.7798
0.770?
0.7862
0.7641
0.7983
0.7307

0. 6121
0.0168
0.5949

0.6244
0.5948
0.7034
0. 6136
0.6239
0. 6921
0.6653
0.6614
0. 6136
0. 6136
0.6409
0.6028

0.5998
0.5905

0. 7147
0. 7215
0.6579
0.6647
0. 6573
0.6647
0.6710
0.605C

0.5835
0.5815
0.6335
0. 6273
0.6346
0. 6149

0.7393
0.7454
0. 7002
0.8579
0.8215

0.5000
0. 5017
0.5199
0. 5244

COKFnCIFHT OF |

KLABTICITT. i

921

1221
1395

888
1285

857

814

465
872

1110
1221
1221
1039
1221
1526
1628
1395
1085
1320
1356
1285

888
976

1628
1575
1575
1628
1479
1628
1479
1953

1039
1221
1030-
1221
921
1039

1395
1479
1356
1395
1575

976
1017
842
842

■0-3

B O

O O

937
1285
1395

939
1395

921

814
503
872

1149
1149
1320
1085
1191
1502
1575
1526
1191
1338
1356
1285

872
976

1550
1526
1601
1628
1628
1084
1550
1775

1085
1221
1085
13olS
904
1028

1436 1289
1502 1282

1134
1355
U72
1055
1436
773

909
586
837

1088
1008
1181
816
994
1165
1099
1228
10«9
1017
1134
982

738
874

1202
1289
1216
1219
1320
1212
1245
1282

1041
975
954

1005
937

1302

1294

1415

1052

1502

1165

1028

701

1017

703

888

830

807

820

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
DNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

393

DEFLECT10>

, IX MILUMETERB, USUEK A rBESBUBE, IX KILOGRAMS, OF—

!

i

i

O 00

Kemarka.

s

so

lOO

ISO

•iOO\ o

soo

itSO

»oo

3SO

400

4SO : soo sso

a

(set.)

P2

o

S 3

10.2

15.2

2L^

1.2

21.5

28.0

36.4

48.0

60.5

80.0

484

46

4.0
3.5

7.6

7 0

11.0
10 5

15.0
14 0

0.4
0 6

15.0
14 4

19.0
18 6

24.0
23.5

29.7
29.0

35.6
34.3

45.0
41.5

66.0

68.0

578
500

73

Specimen cross-grained ; failed from large splinter on comer

73'

6.5

10.4

ir> 7

21.7

1.5

.22.4

29.0

37.0

50.5

64.0

93.5

450

73*

3.8

6 7

7.0 j 10.0

13.7
24.0

0.4
2.2

14.0
24.8

17.7
33.0

21.7
45.0

27.2

33.0

38.6

4a 0

59.0

600
330

Deflection with 600 kilograms pressure, 82 millimeters ; broke witli
lino splinters.

73>

6.0

12. 0

18 0

25 4

0 4

26.0

34 2

48.6

67.0

388

10

10.5

19.4

30.6

46.0

6.5

47.8

250

10

25 5

2.5

26.8

36.2

50.0

82.0

357

4.4

13.0

17.2

0.5

17.5

22.6

28.4

35.7

46.0

65.0

462

726

1.4

19.0

1.0

19.2

25.0
19.0

33.0

44.0

68.5

430

4.0

7.4

11.0

15.0

0.5

15.0

24.0

30.0

37.5

49.0

6a7

504

836

4 7

9 0

14 0

19 5

1 0

20 0

26 3

35.0

348

990

4 0

8.2

12 4

17 0

0 5

17 0

22.0

28.0

36.0

50.0

424

Broke with coarse splinters

990

3.2

6.5

10.0

13.0

0.5

13.4

17.0

21.0

26.6

33.0

43.0

497

3.0

6.2

9.5

13.3

0.7

13.3

17.0

21.5

26.5

33.0

43.0

460

Crushed at center bearing ; b:ol:e with large splinter on comer

1065

3.5

a4

10.0

13.4

0.6

13.7

17.0

22.0

27.0

33.0

39.0

51.5

524

Square break on tt-nsion aide ; broke with splinters

1065

4 5

8.2

12.6

17 0

0 4

17.3

21 7

27.6

35.0

44.0

436

^1066

3 7

7 3

11 2

15 0

0 4

15 5

19 7

25.0

32 0

41.6

434

Crashed at center bearing ; liruko with fine Bcales

Failed from scales and coarse splinters

1066

3.6

7 2

10 7

14.3

0 3

14 3

18.0

23.0

28 0

35 5

43 0

484

1067

3.8

7 6

12.0

16.5

0.5

16.5

21.5

28.0

36.0

52.0

419

1067

5.5

11.2

18.0

27.0

2.9

27.4

37.5

54.0

315

628

5.0

10.0

15.5

21.4

0.9

21.6

29.2

40.5

60.0

373

Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting
in axis.

629

3.0

6.3

9.3

12.7

0.5

12.7

16.2

20.0

24.5

30.5

36.5

50.0

513

843

3.1
3.1

6.4
6.1

9.2
9.4

12.6
12.4

0.4
0.3

12.6
12.2

15.7
15.4

19.6
19.2

24.5
23.2

30.0
2».0

36.0
37.5

47.5
57.0

60.0

550
619

Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; broke with coarse splinter on

comer.
Sap- wood ; cmshed at center bearing ; broke with coarse scales —

843

1068

3.0

6 0

9.0

11.5

0.3

11 5

14.5

IRO

21.7

27.0

34.5

49.5

520

1068

3.3

6.0

8.7

11.6

0.2

11.6

14.0

17.0

20.7

25.0

31.0

40.0

65.0

563

0.5 sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. .

1069

3.0

5.8

8.8

11.6

0.3

1L7

14.6

17.7

21.7

26.5 i 33.0

45.6

517

0.7r> sap-wood ; crashed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters.

1069

3 3
2.S

6.3
5.5

9.4
8.3

12.4
11.3

0.3
0.1

12.4
11.4

15.6
14.5

19.5
18.0

24.0
22.0

30.5 ' 38.0

1
27.0 33.7

45.5

531
547

Sap-wood; crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splintcrson

ciniier.
Hean-wood; crushed at center hearing; broke with fine splinters ..

1070
1070

4.7

9 0

13 3

18.2

0.5

18.6

23.5

30.0

39.0

64.6

444

136

4.0
4 7

8.0
9 0

12.0
14.0

15.9
19 0

0.7
0 9

16.3
19 4

21.0
25.0

27.0
32.5

35.5
45.0

■61.0
66.0

416

407

Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing; broke with coarse splinters

at corners.
Sap wood; crushed at center bearing i splintered at comers

Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters on
tension «ide.

136

841

4.0
6.3

7.2
10 8

11.0
17 0

14.7
23 6

0.0
1 5

14.7
24 0

19.0
82 0

24.0
45.0

31.0
61.5

41.0

100.0 1

429
400

841

842

4 7

9 5

14.0

19 2

0 5

19 4

25.0

33.0

46.0

395

842

3.5
8 3

6.8
6.5

10.0
10 0

13.5
13.0

0.4

OH '

13.5
13 6

17.5
16.7

21.6
20.8

27.0
20.0

34.0
32.0

40.7
40.0

61.5
51.0

72.0

550
547

Sap-wood; cruHhed at center bearing; square break on tension
bule, splitting in axis.

4
4

3.6

7 5

10 4

13 3

v.o ^
0 2

13 6

16.5

19.7

24.0

28.5

34 6

43.7

60.0

552

221

3 6

6.9

10 0

13 6

01 '

13 5

17 2

22.0

27.0

34.0

448

844

18.0

1
22.6

28.0

35.5

844

9.5

19.5

26.6

299

967

4.8

9.6

14.6 1

19.8

0.5

20.0

26.0

300

do

967

5.8

1
5.8

11. 0
12.1

16. r

19.0 j

2-J.5
27.0

0.7 ;
1
1.9

22.7
27.5

30.0
37.0

37.5
50.0

50.0
72.0

334
350

do

do

091

991

n B J

394

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

801. Alnus rubra— continned.

802.

Alniis rhombifoUa .
AUtr.

303.

305.

306.
307.

Aliins oWongifolla.
Alder.

Aluim iucana -.

Speckled Alder. Hoary Aider.

Black Alder. •

SALlCACEiE.

Salix nipra

Black WiUau).

Sallx nmygdaloide
Willoui.

102S
1025

635

717
717
979
979

Sftlix la3vigata .
Willow.

809. Sallx lasiandra, var. landfolia .

309. Sallx Usiandra, var. Fendleriana .

313. Salix iluTeecens

313. Salix flavescens, var. Sconleiiana .
Black Wiilou).

855

908
908
911

640
981
981

721

972
072

818.
318.

Salix laaiolepls .
Wiltow.

Popnlus treranloides

Avpert. (faking Atp.

I

319.

820.
821.

Populns grandldentata .
I'oplar.

272«

272*

1035

1035

847
847

PopiiloH Lcroroi)bylla 522

J{Uer CoUonwuod. Swamp Cot-
tonwood.

PopuluH InilsMiiifera 961

Balsam. Tacamahac. Balm of
GUead.

State.

Oregon .
...do...

...do....
Hontena.
.. do....
Oregon ..
...do....

California.
..do

Masaachnsetts

do.

Colorado .
...do....
..do....

California
...do

...do...
Oregon .
...do...

Locality.

Utah

Montana.

Wafihington ter-
ritory.
...do

California.

Colorado

...do

Maasachusetts..
...do

...do.
.. do.

Tenneaaee .

Portland Famltore,

Company.
...do

Agliland . .
Miaaouia .

..do

Drain

...do

San Bernardino .
...do

DanTera .

Topafleld .

Ca&on City .

...do

.. do

Sant.'v Cruz .
...do

Strawlierry valley .

Portland

...do

City Creek cafion .

Patteo'soafion, Mia-
souia.

Seattle.
.- do.

Santa Cmz .

Alpine...
...do...
DanTera
.. do ...

.do.
.do.

NaahTllle.

821. PupuluBl>aleaiuifcra,t;ar. candlcana

322.
323.

Poptilus angnstifolia .
Black Cottonwood.

Pppuliia tricbocarpa

Black Cotfonivood. Balaam Cot.
tontoood.

961

1054
1054

552

1012
1012
1028
1028

Alaaka ' Chllcoot inlet .

. . do ' do

Maasacbasetts.
.. do

Topafleld .
...do

Colorado ManitoaSpringa..

Oregon Saint Jobn'R Barrel

Fnctory, Portland.
— do I do ...'.

do.
do.

Piirtliind Fnmiture

Company.
...do

Collector.

Soil.

Q. Sogefanann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

...do

Sereno Wataon . . .

...do

C. 8. Sargent

...do

Wet

...do

Moist loam .
...do

TV. G. Wright.
...do

J. Bobinson .

.do.

E. Weston .

...do

.. do

G-. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

....do

F. Skinner .
...do

Wet loam.

AUnvial .

Moist, sandy.
...do

Moist, rich.

AlluTial

...do

M. E. Jones

Sereno Wataon .

G. Engelmann and

0. S. Sargent.
do

do.

T. S. Brandegee .

...do

J. Bobinson

...do

.do.
.do.

A. Gattinger.

Panl Scbultze .
...do

J. Robinson .
...do

Bobort Donglas .

F. Skinner

...do

G. Engelmann and

C. aSi

.do.

. Sargent.

QraTelly

Bicb, moist .

Moist, sandy.
...do

CO

e

COEFPICIEXT OF

I KLAsTicrrr.

0.4739
0.5084

0.4857
0;4545
0.4S86
0.4465
0.4375

0.4170
0.4049

0.6005

0. 6330

0. 4675
0.4676
0.4670

0.5341
0. 5284

0.4705
0.4375
0.4614

0.4198

0.5057

0. 5719
0.6278

Sandy loam i 0.6760

Damp

...do...
GraTelly.
...do....

.do.
.do.

AUuTiol.

do.
.do.

Gravelly.
...do ....

Sandy loam .

0.3935
0.3885 '
0.4580
0.4828

0.4443
0. 4386

0.4080
0.4034

0.4085
0.4506

0.4488

0.3750
0. 3898
0.4108
O 4108

1320
1221

904
679
729
904
888

7S7
787

1163

407

610
488
554

479

609

642
1163
976

1221

128S
1221

921

740
651
976
888

976

904

740

857
888

740
751

488

1062 I

i

§i

048
669
751
948
913

751
787

1085

•3

900
905

738
667
701
698
703

696
977

820

424

514 511

476

514 ! 609

488
488

525
1085
1028

305

1085

1375
1140

842
872

7S4
553

584
701
743

928

813

781

662

651

541

913

720

913

881

996

696

930

748

W3

642

574
527

626
763 { 693

1050 ! 882

1085

1062

637

1221

1221

694

'163

■ 136

145

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES U^STDEE TEAXSVEESE STEAUST— Continued;

395

DETLBCTION, IN MILLIMETEES,' UKDBR A PBEB8UBK, IK KILOGEAMB, OF—

ti

**

Bemarks.

ti

]

%

50

JOO

ISO

30O

O

ftOO 350

300

330

400

450 ' SOO

SSO

(set.)

14 7

0. 1

20.0

25.2

33.0

384
386

1026

4 0

7 3

11 0

0 0

14.8

18.5

23.5

30.0

1025

5.4

0.5

21.2

27.0

35.7

635

7.2

11 «

23;.0

34 0

3.5

35.6

24'>

717

S.7 13.0
6. 4 10. 3

20.4
in 1

30.0
21.8

3.0
0.9

31.0
22.0

44.0
30.2

299

717

979

1
5 5 10 7 T* -"^

22.2

1.0

23.0

sae

50.0

300

Specimen cpoBB-grftined ; square break on tension side, splitting in

axi.s.

979

t 0.2 la n

19.6
19 0

28.3
27 3

1.3
1 5

29.0
28.0

39.0
38.7

297
289

Cruslicd at center bearing; square breali on tension side, splitting
in axis.

694

e.2

12.4

694

4.2

9.0

14.0

19.6

0.8

19.8

2&0

35.0

350

Broke with coarse apliuters

862

12.0

25.0

an

181

855

8.0

1

1Q n 1 9A n

64' 5

18.2

73 0

218
228
260

908

10.0 '20.5 36.0

.•Ra

11.0
11.5

63.0
57 0

do

908

a 8 1 19. 0 39 R 1 .IS n

Crushed at center bearing ; splintered on tension side

911

10.2 20.0

31.2

46.0

6.0

47.5

64.0

110.0

313
236

690

9.6 ' 20.0

32.0

46.0

4.8

48.5

690

j
9.0 1& 6

31.0

46.0

6.0

4ao

249

640

1
4.2 i 9.0

14.2

210

1.2

21 6

29.5

45.0

209

981

5.0 9 6

1
14 3 i 19.5

0.5

20 0

:i6.0

38.0

317
200

981

14. 8 ' 32. 0

57.0 125.0

32.6

889

i -
4.0 9.0

i

1

14. 0 IB- 0

1.1

20.0

26l5

38.5

345

Cmshed at center bearing; splintered; square break on tension
side, splitting Jn axis.

721

«

a. 8 ' 7. 1

10.5

14.2

0.6

14.7

18.3

24.0

31.6

972

4.0 j 8.5

12.6

16.8

0.3

17.2

22.0

28.0

35.0

379

972

I
5.3 1 11.0

18.6

24.5

1.6

25.0

33.0

48.0

347

669

6.6

12.5

19.3

27.7

2.4

28.7

240

272'

7.5

15.0

23.2

33.0

3.8 ' 37.2

231

272»

5.0 1 10.7

17.0 1 24.0

1.5 i 24.5

32.0

50.0

309

1036

5.5 10.7 ' 17.0 ! 26.0

29

26.0

86.0

48.0

71.6-

376

1085

5.0

1

9. 8 15. 0

21.4

1.6

22.0

30.0

297

847

5.4

10.6 I 16.6

21.7

1.0

22.0

28.7

41.0

319

847

6.6

5.7

13.5 J 21.4

11. 6 17. 4

30.7
25.0

3.3
1.3

32.0
26.2

47.0

274

622

961

5.5

11.2 ! 17.6

25.6
34.2

1.7
4.1

26.2
36.8

226
267

do

961

1
1
6. 6 ' 14. 0 22. 4

62 0

1054

6. 5 12. 8 1 21. 0

34.8

5.9

36.0

82.0

253

do

°°

1054

10.0 21.8 35.2

552

4. C 9.3 : 14.0

20.8

1.0

20.8

911 1

291

Sonare break with small snlintera

1012

4.5 9.'Z 14.0
4.0 8.0 1 12.0
4.2 1 8.6 12.6

19.6

i
18.0

0.9
1. r

20. 0 1 27. 6
17. 6 i 24. 0
17.8 26.0

272
296
275

1012

do ,

1028

17.6 0.6

.do

1028

396

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOE OP THE PEINCIPAL "WOODS OF THE

Speoiea.

KM. Fopniua monlUfera

Cottonwood. NeekUut Poplar.
Carolina Poplar. Big Cotton-
voad.

325. Popnlns Fremontii ■
Cottonwood.

825. Fopulne Fremontii, var. 'Wielizeni
Cottonwood, White Cottonwood.

CONIFER^:.

326. Libocpdnis decurreos

White Cedar. Baetard Cedar.
Pott Cedar. Incense Cedar.

327. Thnya occidentalia

WhiU Cedar. Arbor-vita.

8. Tbnyacieantea

lied Cedar. Canoe Cedar.

820. CbamsDcvparis 8ph»roidea .
WhiU Cedar.

255
804
304
809
309
754
754
754

659
659

646
646

909
909

634
634
662
662
662

379
379
782
783
783
790
790
792
792
792
874
874
1099
1009

1017
1017
1021
1021

350
330
850
850
851
851
862

State.

Misgoarl.
....do....
....do ....,

Texas ...
....do

Florida...

....do

.do

Califoioia.
...do

...do....
...do....
Colorado.
...do ....
...do ....
.. do...

Californlft .

...do

....do ......

..do

..do

Vermont

...do

New Bmnswick

...do

...do

Province of Quebec

....do

...do

...do

..do

Maine

...do

Wisconsin

...do

Oregon .
...do...
...do...
...do...

Alabama

...do

Massacbasetts.

....do

..do

..do

..do

Locality.

AUenton

...do

...do ,.

Dallas

...do

Cbattaboocboe.

...do

...do

Sacramento valley .
...do

San Bernardino.

...do

Gallon City

...do

..do

...do

Saw.mill, Straw-
berry valley.
.. do

Saw.iulll, San Ber.
nardino niouniaina.
...do

do.

Monlcton .
...do

Bridge ton.

...do

Amqui

...do

Mattawaralceag.

.. do

£au Claire

...do

"Weidler's saw-mill,

I'oi-tland.
...do

Portland Famlture

Company.
...do

Cottage Bill .

.. do

Beverly

...do

...do

.-do

...do

Collector.

O. W. Lettcrmsn . .

....do

...do

J. Roverchon . .

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss . .

...do

...do

G. R. Vaaey.
...do

W. G. Wrigbt.

...do ,

E.TVeston

...do

...do

...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

■W. G. Wrigbt.

...do

...do

C.G. Pringle.
...do

Intercolonial rail.

way.
Ed. Sinclair

.. do

A. Grant.
...do....

Grand Trank rail-
way.
do

...do

J.Robinson...

...do

H. C. Putnam .
...do

G. Enpelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
. . .do

..do.
..do.

C.Mobr

...do

J. Robinson.

...do

...do

...do

...do

Sou.

Alluvial.
...do....
.. do....
...do....
. .do....
...do....
...do....
...do...

do.
.do.

do.
do.

Cold, peaty .
..do

Drift.
...do.

Sandy, wet.

...do

Swampy —

...do

...do

...do

...do

fl

u £ <

ft- 1

0.3552
0.3824
0.3477
0. 5136
0.4858
0.6001
0.4909
0.4925

0. 4977
0.5000

0.5079
0.5023
0.4867
0.4451
0.4499
0.6107

0. 3748
0.3979
0. 4818
0.4989
0.4869

0. 3025
0.2902
0.3580
0.3439
0.3413
0. 3216
0.3336
0.2714
0.2612
0.2805
0.3835
0.3902
0.3560
0. 4121

0. 4312
0.4256
0.3623
0.3783

0.3628
0. 3153
0.3625
0. 3602
0. 3523
0. 3407
0. 3324

COKPFlCIEHTOr
ELASTICITY.

m

751
1136

842
1221
1221
1221

1017
1085

904

872
703

814
872
872
828

488
444
519
•651
626
588
610
331
279
2C9
763
609
542
514

1221
976
872

1017

271
841
498
425
444
519

857
723
1140
842
1302
1221
1191

1017
1085

665
679
1149
939
835
794

751
814
896
888
888

514
452
542
610
651
610
581
337
204
26«
781
729
558
542

1149

1028

930

1028

257
334
488
415

444
514

376

548
661
COS
803
7a»
002
037
851

584
813

743

687
795
703
579
642

619
70?
781
t54
654

455
441
544
627
448
584
586
394
352
354
586
666
586
654

818
820
635
722

328

380
483
551
469
509
460

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Coutinued.

397

UEFLECnOK, IN MILLIMETKR6, UNDBK A PEE88UBE, IN KIL0OEAM8, OF—

fi

-4

•Is

Bemarka.

'1

SO

lOO

ISO

300

O

(set.)

SOO

350

300

3SO

400

430

SOO

550

7.3
5.5
6.5
4.3
5.8
4.0
4.0
4.0

4.8
4.5

7.5
7.3
5.4
5.0
5.6
6.4

7.0
6.0
5.6
5.6
5.9

10.0
11.0
9.4
7.5
7.8
8.3
8.0
14.7
17.5
1&2

e.*

7.3
9.0
9.5

4.0
5.0
5.6
4.8

18.0
14.3

9.8
11. S
11.0

9.4
12.6

14.6
11.4
13.5
8.5
11.6
7.5
8.0
8.2

"

9.0

14.7
14.4
8.5
10.4
11.7
12.3

13.0

12.0
10.9
11.0
11.0

19.0
21.6
18.0
16.9
15.0
16.0
16.8
29.0
33.2
37.5
12.5
13.4
17.5
18.0

8.5
9.5
10.5
9.5

sao

29.2
20.0
23.5
22.0
19.0
!!6. 0

23.0
17.2
21.0
13.3
18.0
12.0
12.5
12.8

14.8
14.0

22.0
23.0
13.4
16.4
18.4
20.0

20.7
18.0
16.5
16.5
16.6

30.0
34.6
28.0
24.0
23.2
24.5
26.0
50.5

33.5
^2
30.0
18.8
25.6
16.0
16.8
17.2

21.4
19.4

32.4
32.6
19.0
23.0
26.7
31.0

28.0
25.0
23.5
22.0
22.0

234
282
258
381
324
385
400
363

249

347

317
293
339
300
247
274

264
300
334
279
279

194
188
232
225
191
249
250
168
150
151
250
284
250
279

849
350
271
308

140
162
206
235
200
217
200

Crushed at center hearing; square break on tension side, splitting
in axis.

255

1.4
2.0
1.1
3.0
0.4
0.3
0.6

1.7
0.9

2.4
2.5
1.3
1.5
2.1
6.5

L2
0.6

0.5
0.7

25.3
30.7
19.1
26uS
16.0
17.0
17.5

21.8
19.4

33.0
34.0
19.5
23.2
27.2
30.4

29. U
25.5
23.0
92 n

33.2
41.5
26.0
36.0
20.7
21.5
22.4

304

do

304

35.2
48.5
25.8
27.5
29.0

51.5

309

Crushed at center bearing ; shattered

309

33.0
35.5
39.0

754

Shattered ...

754

do

754

659

25.3

43.0
47.0
25.5
31.0

33.3
62.5

659

Specimen cross-gained - split

646

Crnahed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting

in axis.
do

646

34.6
42.5

909

909

•
Shattered

909

4a5

41. S
32.5
29.0
29.0
28.5

Broke with fin© splinters

909

634

45.0
35.5

do

634

662

do

662

0.4 22.5

do

Square break; splintered

do

662

379

_

379

3a7
33.5

2.0
1.2

40.7
34.6

782

do

783

783

35.5
36.2

2.0
1.6

37.0

37 9.

Square break; splintered

790

790

•

792

792

63.0
19.5
20.5
27.0
78.5

13.0
14.0
15.6
14.5

792

27.5
28.5
38.0
39.0

17.8
19.0
21.7
20.0

1.6
1.4
2.4
2.1

0.4
0.5
0.8
0.8

28.7
29.0
40.5
40.8

18.0
19.0
22.2
20.0

do

874

39.0

. do

874

do

1099

55.0

23.0
24.0
81.0
26.7

1099

30.0
31.0

1017

1017

1021

37.0

1021

do -.

350

50.5
32.5
36.0
33.2
29.6

35C>

47.5
54.0

5.2 60.2
5.6 ' 55.0

850

Square break

8S0

851

4B.0

S. 2 40. s

851

3K.0 (EI 0

a2

do

852

I 1 i

398

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA-

Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Species.

Chnmsecypaiia Kutkaensis

TMow Vnpreu. Sitka Oyprea.

331. Cbftmrecvparis LawBoniana ,

Port Or^ord Cedar. Oregon Ot-
dar. White Cedar. Lawon't
Cypreet. Ginger Pine.

332. Cnprossaa macrocarpa

Monterey Cyprett.

333. Cupreasns GoTeniana

337. Junipoi U3 pacbyphlosa

Juniper.

338. Juuiperas 4iccidentalis, var. cod-

jucens.
Juniper.

830. JuuiperiiB Virginiaoa

•Red Cedar. Savin.

340. Taxodiam dialichum

Bald Cyprett. Slack Oypreit.
Red Cyprett. Whitt Oypreti,
Deeidumu Oyprett.

341. Seqaoia pgantea .i

Big Tree.

342. Segnoia aemperrirens

Redvood.

State.

960
983
983
994
994
994
1000
1000

701
707
707

675
«75

1100
1100

692
692

1102

14

14

327

327

734

734

800

800

924

1249

1290

1251

1252

1253

1254

535
535
741
741

657
657
666

873
678

Alaska

....do

British Columbia
....do

Alaska

....do

....do

... do

..do

Oregon .

...do-..

....do ...

CaUfomiA .
...do ,

..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.

Arizona .
...do....

Texas .

Hiusachasetts.

.. do

Texas

.. do

Floiida

...do

...do

...do

...do

Tennessee

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Alabanut .

...do

Florida . . .
...do

California.

...do

...do

.do.
.do.

Locality.

Sitka

...do

Saw.miU, Yiotoiia .

...do

Peril strait

...do

...do

Weidler's saw.miU,

Portland.
...do

Dean &. Co.'s saw.

mUl, Marsliiield.
...do

do.

Uonterey .
...do

llarin county.

....do

Calistoga

...do

Santa Bita monnt-

ains.
..do

Collector.

SoiL

Panl Sobultze .
...do

Q. Engelmann and

0. S. Sargent.
....do

Paul Scboltze .

...do

...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

....do.
...do.
....do.

.do.
.do.

Gravelly loam .
...do

G. E.Va«ey..

...do

W. F. Fisher .
...do

Dry ridges.

...do

...do

...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

Grarelly.
...do....

Austin ! S. B. Buckley

Arnold Arboretam

...do

Dallas

...do

Chattahoochee

...do

Saint John's river .

..do

Chattahoochee

"Wilson county

...do

...do

...do

.. do

..do

Stockton

...do

Chattahoochee.
...do

Tulare county .

...do

...do

Bossian river.
...do

C. S. Sargent .

...do

J. Keverchon .

...do

A. H. CurtisS.

...do

...do

...do

C. Mohr

A.£.Baird...

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

C. Mohr

...do

A. E. Curtiss.
...do

Limestone .

Drift

....do

Calcareous. •

...do

...do

...do

Sandy loam .

...do

Alluvial ....

Alluvial.
....do....

G. Engelmnnn and Granite .
C. S. Sargent.

.do.

C. S. Sargent .
...do

.do.
.do.

J?.

M

l"a

u s
&^

OQ

O.Se97
0.4229
0.6267
0. 6114
0.6074
0.4913
0.6267
0.6078
0.B159

0.5239
0.4682
0.6335

0.6307
0.6512

0.5580
0.5563
0.4834
0.6078

0.5630
0.5419

5316
6302
5357
5239
5723
5354
5558
6385
4997
7373
6029
5671
6398
6670
5307

0.4907
0.4923
0.4167
0.4334

0. 3426
0.3606
0.2687

0.4103
0.4211

COIFFICIKNT OF
BLABTICITT.

i

814

888
1221
lUO
1163
1085
1320
814
763

904
1221
1628

976
1085

452
514
610
457

610
595

751

609
614

595
610
787
814
787
904

488
718
581
661

1103
1110
904
939

5*5
426

359

674

814
976
1221
1191
1149
1122
1221
842
723

930
1221
1502

1062
1086

456
542
592

407

861
696

1020
930
872
937
930
698
281

820
818
1029

1041
1062

620
659
636

342

630 783
695 ; 738

734 469

601
614
610

701
743
851
662

787 i 1052
849 1031
781 1 766
806
888
750
474 394
542

595
603

1122
1163
904
939

695
444

315

558
751

520
703

675
666
687
698

611

637
703

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued.

399

DKFLECTIOK, IN MILLIMETEKB, UHDElt A FBEBSURE, CI KILOGRAHB, OF-

so

lOO

130

jsooj o

(set.)

300

330

300

350

400

4SO

SOO

3S0

a cc

Bemarks.

6.0
5.5
4.0
4.i
4.2
4.5
3.7
6.0
6.4

5.4
4.0
3.0

5.0
4.5

10.8
8.5
8.0

10.7

ao
a2

6.5

9.6
9.5
&2
8.0
&2
6.0
6.2
5.4
5.5
8.3
11.0

12.0
10.0
8.0
8.2
&5
&7

ao

11.6
13.5

10.5

ao
a5

9.2
9.0

21.4

lao

16.5
24.0

15.5
16.4

13.3

lao

15.0
12.0
12.5
12.5
13.5
U.5
17.5

zf 0

16.0
17.0
17.2
1J.6
15.4
24.2

1.0
1.0

0.4
0.5
0.4
0.2

ao

1.0

24.6
21.2
16.0
17.5
17.0

lao

15.0
24.4

31.5
29.5
20.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
19.0
31.5

41.0

25.5
2a 0
28.5
29.0
24.0

31.7
36.0
39.5
37.0
3L5

42.0

33.0

15.6

lao

9.6

13.6
13.5

35.0
27.8
25.5

24.0
25.0

20.5

19.5 I 29.0
19. 0 I 29. 0
16.0 25.0

15.5
12.4
11.5
12.5
ILO
11.0
14.2
20.6

10. 0 .. la 0
14.0
16.4
16.2

a 7
a4

10.8
10.4

16.4

22.0
31.0

17.6

lao

6.8

a4

a7

4.2

4.4

5.4

5.2

9.2

11.5

18.6

a5

6.3

24.0

ia2

17.0
19.2
16.5
16.1

2ir4

31.0

2a 0

21.5
25.6
26.0

12.9
13.0

ia7
lao

21.6

ia4

12.7

lao

17.6

49.0
40.0
35.0

0.6
0 4
0.2

1.0
0.3

5.0
3.4
1.5

22.4
ia5
13.0

lao
lao

49.0
41.7
35.7

29.0
21.0

lao

22.5
22.5

37.0

2ao

20.0

2a 0

27.6

25.4

sao

34.0

32.0

40.0
42.0

5ao

4&4

32.5
34.0

28.0

40 6
40.0
3a2
31.0
24.5
23.0
26.5
2L7
21.5
28.0

1.0
1.1

1.9
2.0
1.2
0.8
0.7
0.4
1.1
0.3
0.-2
0.8

32.4
34.0

42.5
44.0

55.0
6a5

40.0
40.5
33.6
32.0
24.5
23.0
2a 7
22.0
21.8
29.0

52.0
53.0
43.0

70.0
S6.0

3L7
29:0
35.0
2a 2
27.7
34.7

3a 5
85.7
43.5
35.0
34.S
4a 5

34.0
28.7
37.0
36.0

17.5
17.9
23.3
22.8

25.0 34.0
34. 0 49. 0
54.0

27.0
19.0

1.5
1.3
4.1
2.4

0.5
0.6
1.0
1.1

L2

a 6

30.0
39.0
37.0

ia2

ia2

24.5
23.0

35.6

45.2

48.0

24.5
24.0
33.0
30.8

eao

38.0
26.2

2.0
0.5

38.6
2a5

52.5
84.5

73.5

47.2
45.5

59.5
54.5

sao

363
297
435
397
372
400
397
298
120

350
349
439

444
449

222
281
271
146

334
315

200

299
317
363
240
449
440
322
344
379
320
168
200
381
222
300

288
284
293
298

218
20*
171

272
300

Square break; splintered

Crushed at center bearing; square break

Crashed at center bearing; square break, splitting in axis.
do

do

Shattered

do

do

Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot .

Square break; shattered

Crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting

in axis.
do

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; sbatt«red from end

to end.
do

Shattered

do

Specimen cross-grained ; sbattered

Specimen cross-grained ; splinter on comer .

Shattered. .
do....

Specimen cross-grained; sbattered.

Shattered .

-do .
.do.

.do .

0.25 sap-wood ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis.

0.5 sap-wood; square break; split end to end

Square break at knot; split t^ end ■

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Square break; split parallel to pressure - —

Specimen not seasoned; sbattered

Specimen not seasoned ; cross-grained

Specimen not seasoned ; cross-grained ; split to end

Specimen not seasoned ; sbattered

Specimen not seasoned ; square break on tension side, splitting in

axis.
Specimen not seasoned; shattered

Square break

Crushed at center bearing with flakes on tension side .

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Broke with coarse splinters

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis.

Square break

Sap-wood ; shattered

Square break ; split to end.
do

983
994
994
994
1000
1000

701
707
707

675
675

691

691

UOO

1100

1102

14

14

327

327

734

734

800

800

924

1249

1250

1251

1232

1253

1254

535
535
741
741

657
657
666

673
673

400

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF TUB

Species.

M2. Sequoia semperrlxeiia— oontinaed

M3. Tbxhs breTifolia

Tea.

M5. Torreyatnxi folia

Stiriking Cedar. Savin.

tie. ToiTPya Californica

Cal\fomia Nvtmeg. Stinking
Cedar.

U7. PlnnB Strobns

White Pine. Weymouth Pine.

S4S. Finns monticola.
White Pine.

U9. Finns Lambertlaiia. ,
Sugar Pine.

UO. Plnns flexilis .
WhiUPiTte.

<5L PlDos albicaolls .

710
711
711
712
712
713
713
714
714
715

978
878

62
277
277

651
651

1
1
222
777
777
788
788
789
789
797
797
1044
1044

975
987
987

668
730
730

819
819
819
913

State.

California.

...do

....do

....do

...do

...do

....do....

...do

...do

...do

Oregon .
...do..

Florida .
....do...
...do...

California
...do

Maseachnsetts..
....do

Vermont

New Brunswick

....do

...do

....do

Province of Quebec

....do

....do

....do

Mossachnsetts .
....do

Brittsh Columbia .

Oregon

.. do

Locality.

Santa Cnu

...do

...do

Mendocino county . .

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Portland.
...do....

Chattahoochee. .

...do

...do

Marin county.
...do

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Charlotte ■.

Bridgeton .

...do

Amqni

...do

Reading .
...do....

Hastings' saw.mill,

BuiTard inlet.
Cascade mountains

California.

.. do

--do

...do

.. do.....

Colorado.
...do....
...do...
Nevada --

British Colombia
-do

do.

Saw.mill, Straw,
berry valley.

Lassen's peak .
...do

Forest City .

.. do

...do

Danville

Silver Mountain val.
ley, Fraser river.

Collector.

Turner, Kennedy

& Shaw.
.. do

..do

J. Kentfleld St, Co

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

O. Engelmann and
C. ST Sargent.

...do r.

C. S- Sargent .
A. H. Curtiss.
...do

G. B. Vasey .
...do

C. S. Sargent

...do

C. G. Pringle

Intercolonial rail-
way.
do

Ed. Sinclair .

...do

A. Grant

...do

Grand Trunk rail-
way.
..do

J. Bobinson.
...do

G. Bngelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
C. S. Sargent

-do.

G. Engelmann and

C. S- Sitrgent.
G.E. Vasey

do.

Sierra Lumber

Company.
do

T. S. Brandegee.

..do

.. do

A. Triple

G. Engelnlann and

C. S. Sargent
...do.............

Soil

Moist, rich ,
...do

Alluvial...
Calcareotu.
...do

Stony.
...do.

Drift

...do

Wet, swampy .

Drift .
...do.

Moist loam .
..do

Gravelly .
...do ....
...do...
...do....

■p

O.- B

0.4443
0.4525
0.4410
C.3239
0. 3239
0.3841
0.3648
0. 5289
0. 5243
0.5533

0.6743
0. 7110

0.5993
0.4693
0.4639

0.5003
0.6135

0.4301
0.4090
0.6204
0. 3671
0.3932
0.4022
0.4088
0. 3698
0.3671
0. 4092
0.3938
0. 3710
0.4549

0.4323
0. 3682
0.3699

0.4301
0.3027
0.3971
0.3363
0.3307

0.4602
0.4642
0.4733
0.4664

0.6066
0.4687

COBPFICIEST OF
ELASTIRITY.

13

697
751
542
512
651
814
751
751
651
651

814
697

651
872
939

407
444

751
921
574
651
1085
1085
1039
763
775
976
842
688
872

1163

751
957

888
740
814
763
740

751
651

787
381

370
679

f =

697
751

5S8
568
651
849
708
751

849

673

651
921
913

4:^0
4U

849
930
592
638
1039
1062
1039
751
751
970
849
697
888

1191
740
921

888
740
814
787
740

835
381

348
073

i

654
581

591
394
580
558
633
734
804
295

1148
1010

945
844
873

623

682
804
424
635
654
687
!70
J27
«30
621
390
684

684
627
616

687
577
656
541
530

687
635

770
306

464 I

701 I

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
XnJTITED STATES TJNdEE TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

401

DEFLECTION, IN HILLIUETEEB, UNDEB A PBESSUBE, IK KIL0GBAU8, OF-

50

7.0
6.5

ao

9.0
7.5
6.0
6.5
&5
7.5
7.5

6.0
7.0

7.6
5.6
5.2

12.0
U.0

6.5
5.3
8.5
7.5
4.5
4.5
4.7
6.4
6.3
5.0
S.8
7.1
5.6

4.2
6.5
5.1

5.5
6.6
6.0
6.4
6.6

lOO ISO

14.0
13.0
17.5
17.2
15.0
11.5
13.8
13.0
14.7
16.0

11.5
14.5

15.0
10.6
10.7

22.7
22.0

11.5

10.5

16.6

15.3

9.4

9.2

9.4

13.0

13.0

10.0

11.5

14.0

U.0

8.2
13.2
10.6

11.0

13.2
12.0
12.4
13.2

6.5 : 12.4

I
7. 5 j 14. 0

6.2 U.7

12.8 25.6

18.2
7.2

28.0
14.5

26

21.2
19.4
26.6
26.6
22.4
17.2
20.0
20.0
22.0

17.8
21.6

22.5
16.5
16.0

34.5
33.0

17.2
16.4
25.0
22.6
14.0
14.2
14.8
20.7
20.0
15.4
17.8
22.4
17.0

12.5
20.2
16.2

17.0
20.3
18.2

ia7

20.6

18.9
21.6
17.6 24.
41.5

S)00

29^«

26.0
36.3

32.0

23.5

27.7

«

26.6

29.5

24.0
29.7

3L0
22.3
22.6

50.5
46.5

23.8
22.8
34.3

20.0
19.8
20.5
30.0
32.3
21.6
25.2

24.0

17.1
32.1
23.6

46.0
22.6
FOR

31.0

O

(set.)

2.4
0.4
0.5

1.2
0.5
2.3

1.0
0.6
0.3
2.0
3.6
1.0
1.3

1.3

0.7
3.8
1.3

0.6
1.2
1.0
2.4
8.0

1.0
2.0
0.8

t2

300

30.0
26.4
37.0

33.5
24.0

2&4
27.0
30.0

24.0
30.0

31.0
22.6
22.2

49.5

24.2
23.2
35.0

20.4
2t0
21.0
31.0
33.5
21.8
25.2

24.6

17.5
34.2
24.0

23.0
29.0
26.0
29.5
32.8

27.0
31.4
24.2

330

39.0
33.5

38.0
340
38.0

3L5
39.0

4L0
28.7
28.6

32.0
31.0
46.5

29.0
20.0
28.0

30.0
36.0

24.0

35.0

30.1

35.0

35.0
46.2
32.0

300 350

50.0

4a 0

38.0
49.0

52.0
35.5
35.5

62.0

43.0

42.0

47.0
6L6

66.5
47.0
46.2

400 4SO

84.0

92.5

75.0

SCO

sso

8 00

If
el

279
248
252
168
250
238
270
313
343
126

490
431

403
360
372

200
298

266
291
343
181
271
279
293
243
226
397
265
167
249

292
225
263

293
246
280
231
226

293
271
331
169

198
299

Semarkg.

Square break

Square break; shattered

Square break

Shattered with flakes on tension side

Square break

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Square break

Shattered from end to end

Square break

Specimen with curly grain ; square break on tension side, splitting
in axis.

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered

do

Shattered

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered

do

Broke at small knot at point of compression

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; also broke at knot
near the end.

Square break with scale on tension side

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered

Square break; shattered

Cross-grained

Started at knot

Crushed at center bearing ; square break

do

Square break

do

Square break; split to one end

Square break

Specimen cross-grained; broke at large knot

Cmshedat center bearing; splinter on comer

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters

Square break

do

Square break on tension side, splitting In axis

Shattered

Square break

Cmshedat center bearing; sqnare break

Square break

Square break; shattered

do

Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side, splitting in

axis.
Square break at knot

Square break; shattered

do

710
711
711
712
712
713
713
714
714
715

978
978

62

277
277

651
651

1
1

222
777
777
788
788
789
789
797
797
1044
1044

975
987
987

638

730
730

819
819
819
913

9!)2

402

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpeoiM.

Stote.

Locality.

Collector.

Sou.

0-3
o « S

COKFPICntXT OF
KLASTICITT.

i I

t

S52. Pinna reflexa

WhiU Pine.

853. Finns Farryona

Pinon. Xut Pine.

355. Finns eduUs

Pinon. ti'ut Pine.

356. Finns monophylla . .

Pinon. IiutPine.

357. Finns Balfomiana ..

357. Finns Baironmua, var. aristata.
Foxtail Pine. Bickory Pine.

358. Finns resinosa

Bed Pine. Norway Pine.

359. Finns lorteyana .

300. Finns Arizonica .
Yelloa Pine.

361. Finns ponderosa ...

Tellow Pine. Bull Pine.

862. FlnnsJeCfreyi

Bull Pine. Black Pine.

661
661

656
658

397

882
915

631
631

821
821
821
9U

815
315

785
785
1074
1075
1076
1070

1154
1154
1155
1155
1166

619
626
630
630
632
636
689
718
718
731
731
907
910

667
667

Arizona .
...do....

California .
...do

Colorado.

Utah ...
Nevada.

California .
...do

Colorado.
.-do...

...do

Xerada . .

Micliigon

...do

New Brunswicl^ .

...do

Vermont

...do

...do

...do

California
...do

Arizona .
...do....
...do....
...do-...
...do....

Dakota

Oregon

California .

...do

...do

...do

...do

Montana...

...do

California..

...do

Colorado...
...do ,

California .

...do

..do

...do

Santa Rita mount-
ains.
...do

Q, Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

San Diego comity.
...do

CaBon City .

Leviaton .
Danville..

Scott raonntains .
...do

Forest City

...do

...do

Frospect mountain.

Heraey

...do

Bridgeton

...do

Cliarlotto .

...do

...do

..do

San Diego county.
...do

Santa Kita mount*

ains.
...do

.do.
.do.
.do.

Deadwood

Saw.miil, Asliland.
Strawberry valley .
...do

Saw-mill, Straw-

Lerry valley.
...do

Sawmill, San Ber-
nardino.
Saw.mili, Missoula.

...do

Lassen*8 peak.

...do

CaSonCity ...
...do

Scott mountains .
...do

Saw.miil, San Ber-
nardino.
...do

G. E. Vasey.
...do

£. Weston .

Gravelly .

U. £. Jones.

A. Triple ....

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

Bocky . . .
Gravelly.

Bocky ...
...do....

T. S. Brandegee.

...do

...do

A. Triple

Kocky .

W.J.Beal....

...do

Ed. Sinclair..

--.do

C. G. Fringlo.

...do

...do :

...do

G. Engelmann .
...do

Sandy .
...do..

C. G. Fringle.

...do

...do

...do

...do

Kooky.
...do..
...do..
...do..
...do..

Robert Douglas . . .

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
— do

Gravelly.

.do

....do

...do

W.G.Wright.

S. Watson

...do

Low, wet, swampy
...do

SierraLnmberCom.

pany.
do

B. Weston .
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Snrgent
...do....:.

W.G.Wright.
...do

Dry, gravelly .
....do

0.6261
0.5392

0.6862
0.6342

0.6894
0.6579

0.5623
0. 5714

0. 5113
0.4987
0.4811
0.6240

0.5482
0. 5511
0.4951
0. 4191
0.4886
0.4789
0.5221
0.5164

0.5471
0.5800

0.6570
0.7913
0. 4749
0.4696
0.4260

0.5034
0.4788
0.4814
0. 4748
0.5502
0.4429
0.5079
0.4502

0.4750

I
0.4795 j

0.4863 i

0.6206

0.6277

0.5678
0. 5758
0. 6948
0.6329

814
939

390
444

429

421
619

642
651

668
888
842
651

1356
1320
1039

888
1221

976
1039
1163

634
542

763
814
814
872
729

1221
1356
191
266
1221
814
1285
1085
1163
1221
1163
813
271

498
417
1221
1627

849 I 689

976 j 851

849 347

407 I 604

421 448

4lS
454

528

574

281
295

291
558

469
771
763 680

1395
1376
1039
849
1110
1007
1062
1221

630
454

746

835
857
888
794

1285

1262

190

264

1221

814

1302

1110

1163

1221

895
736
806
070
773
708
813
799

809
703

703
553
593
769
647

881
930
443
382
905
780
1041
766
818
783

1163 t 795

306
247

506
394
1320

391
438

585
310
902

1479 1171

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

403

DEFLKCTION, IS HILUHETSBS, UNDER A FRESSUKE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF—

SO

6.0
5.2

12.5
ILO

11. C

a.i

9.0
7.5

8.6
5.5
S.8
7.5

3.6
3.7
4.7
S.S
4.0
5.0
4.7
4.2

7.7
9.0

6.4
6.0.
6.0
5.6
6.7

4.0
3.6
25.6
18.4
4.0
6.0
3.8
4.S
4.2
4.0
4.2
15.6
18.0

•.8
11.7
4.0
3.0

lOO

11.5
10.0

28.0
24.0

23.2

23.5
21.5

18.6
14.8

17.0
ILO
12.8
15.4

7.0
7.1
9.4
11.5
8.8
9.7
9.2
&0

16.5
21.5

13.1
11.7
11.4
11.0
12.3

7.6
7.8
51.5
37.0

ao

12.0
7.5
8.8
8.4
8.0
&4
32.0
39.5

19.3
24.8
7.4
6.6

ISO

17.5
15.0

37.2
39.2

23.2

25.7
17.3
19.0
24.0

10.7
10.6
14.0
16.8
13.0
15.0
14.0
12.8

22.4
34.6

20.0
17.9
16.6
16.6
19.0

11.5
11.6
80.0
57.0
12.0
18.0
11.2
13.3
12.7
12.5
12.4
54.0
71.0

300

24.^
20.0

32.5

36.0
23.5
26.3
34.2

14.5
14.0
19.2
23.5
17.6
20.0
19.5
16.6

30.8
50.2

27.5
25.0
23.2
22.1
26.5

15.6
15.5

16.0
24.8
14.7
18.0
17.0
16.8
17.0

30. 0 40. 0

11.0 15.0
9. 6 13. 0

O

(set.)

,1.0
0.8

7.0

3.2

2.5
0.9
1.1
3.0

0.3
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.3
0.6
0.7
0.5

1.9

7.6

1.0
1.5
1.1
0.8
1.1

0.3
0.3

0.4
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6

0.5
0.4

300

25.0
20.2

34.5

23.5
27.0
35.7

14.6
14.0

ia5

24.0
17.6
20.3
19 5
17.0

31.6
51.7

28.2
25.3
21.0
22.1
27.0

15.3
15.5

16.2
25.3
15.0
18.0
17.0
18.7
17.5

41.8

15.0
)3.2

'iSO

32.0
25.6

3L0
36.0
46.2

las

17.8
25.7
32.0
23.0
28.0
25.0
21.5

41.5
78.0

36.0

31.0
29.0
35.0

19.5
20.0

20.0
33.5
18.5
23.0.
22.4
21.5
21.5

55.5

19.0
16.0

30O

33.0

24.0
22.5
36.0

30.0
40.2
33.0
28.4

55.5

39.0

25.0
24.2

26.0
44.0
23.0
30.7
2a 0
28.5
27.5

24.0
20.0

350

43.0

3L0
28.5

31.5
30.5

31.6

28.0

32.5
24.6

400

4SO

SOO

S50

bcog
q *

294
363

148
215

191

120
126

124

238

200
329
290
296

882
399
344
286
330
300
347
341

345
300

300
236
263
328
276

376
397
180
163
386
333
444
327
340
334
339
167
187

260
136

385
500

Remarks.

Specimen crosB-grained; failed with long split..
do

Broke at knot near end .
do

Broke at knot.

Specimen cross-grained; broke at knot .
do

do

Squai'e break .

.do.

0.25 sap-wood ; specimen cross-grained.

Square break with split at end

Shattered

Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting

in axis.
Crushed at center bearing; square break

Specimen cross-grained; shattered

Square break

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; crushed at center

Dciring.
Square break ; crushed at center bearing

Broke with long scale ^

Shattered .
do...

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Specimen cross.grained; broke at knot

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Square break on tension side, splitting in ails; shattered .
Square break; split to one end

0.75 s.ip-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension

side, splitting in axis.
Square break; shattered

Broken at end ; shattered

Short break; shattered

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .

Square break

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis.
do

Square break ; split to one end

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Specimen cross-grained

Sap-wood; specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot.
Cross-grained

Square break on tensiou side, splitting in axis ; shattered .

Square break at knot

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with iinc splinters

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

661
661

882
915

631
631

821
821
821
914

315
316
785
785
1074
1075
1076
1076

1154
1154
1155
1165
1156

619
026
630
630
632
636
689
718
718
731
731
907
910

638
633
667
667

404

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TUE

Species.

SUte.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

If

III

COEFFICIKST or
ELASTICITY.

SO. Pinna Cbihaaliaana

'M. Pinns contorta

SeruhPint.

865. Plnas Mnrmy.ina

Tamarack. Slack Pin*. Lodgt-
pole Piit*. Spruct Pine.

368. PinoB Sabiniana

Digger Pine. BuU Pine.

867. Pinos Conlteri

368. Finns insignia

Monterey Pine.

3C9. Pinna tnbercnlata

Knob-cone Pine.

378. Pinns TiBda

Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine.
Soaemary Pine.

871. Pinns rigida

PiUhPine.

872. Pinns serotina

Pond Pine.

373. Pinns inops

Jeriey Pine. Scrub Pine.

874. Pinns clansa

Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce
Pine.

375. Pinna pnngons

ToMe-mounlain Pine. Biekory
Pine.

876. Pinns mnricata

Obiepo Pine. Biihop't Pine.

664
664

997
997

293
293
663
625
625

644
644

1167
1157

676
676

576
676

355
365
388

389

13

13

1046

1046

83
88

621
622
1169
U0B
1172
1172

279
279

321
821

671
671

Arieona .
...do....

Britisli Colnmbia
....do

Colorado. .

....do

...do

California.
...do

...do.
.. do.

...do.
...do.

...do.
...do.

....do.
..do.

Florida

...do

Alabama

...do

Korth Carolina .

...do

...do

...do

Uoesaohnsette.

...do

....do

....do

Florida .
....do...

Sooth Carolina .
....do

Indiana

....do

THevJeney

....do

Florida .
.. do...

Virginia .
....do...

California .
....do

Santa Bita mount.

ains.
...do

VanooaTer's island
...do

Forest City

...do

...do

Soott monntains .
...do

Contra Costa connty
...do

San Bernardino.
...do ,

Monterey.
.. do

Honnt Shasta .
..do

Dnval connty.

...do

Cottage Hill . .

...do

'Wilmington ..

...do

...do

...do

Arnold Arboretnm .

...do

Korth Beading

...do

Dnval connty.
...do

Aiken

...do

New Albany.

...do

Mount HoUy.
..do

Apalaohicoln .
...do

■Wjrtheville .
...do

Marin connty .
...do

G. Sngehnann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

.do.
do.

T. S.Srandegee..

...do

C.S.Sargent

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent
...do......

G.R.VB«ey.
...do

W.G.Wright.
...do

G. E.Vaaey.
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent
do

A. H. Cnrtias .

...do

C.Mohr

...do

E. Kidder ....

...do

...do

...do

C. S. Sargent .

....do

J. Kobinson . .
...do

A. H. Cnrtiss .
...do

H.W.EaTenel.

...do

M. J. Robinson .

...do

S. P. Sharpies..
...do

Dry, gravelly .
..do

.do.
.do.

Moist, sandy loam.

...do

...do

...do

...do

Gravelly.
...do....

Dry, gravelly.
...do

Gravelly
...do...

Gravelly.
...do....

Moist, sandy.

...do

Low, rich

...do

Loam

...do

...do

...do

Drift.
...do.
...do.
...do.

Moist, sandy loam
...do

Dry, sandy .
...do

Clay..
...do.

A. H. Cnrtiss .
...do

Dry, sandy barren .
...do

aShriver .
...do

Clay..
...do.

G. K. Vasey .
...do

Gravelly.
...do....

0.5801
0.5983

0.6456
0.0198

0.4561
0.4265
0.4546
0.4600
a 4618

0.5460
0.5426

0.4443
0.4322

0.4835
0.5095

0.4071
0.3901

0.6068
0. 0147
0. 5914
0.5840
0.5600
0.4306
0.4675
0. 4937

0.5670
0.5943
0. 4371
0. 6140

0.7592
0. 7518

0.5403
0.6537
0.5610
0.6703
0. 5920
0.7088

0.6341
0.5218

0.6160
0.5300

0.5678
0.5883

626

872

1808
1395

542

625
976
887
976

514
651

1221
1062

354
519

1627
1744

1395
888
921

1136

697
775
542
376

1136
1221

405
697
751
542
452
373

542
596

670
976

1039
1221

051
800

IT75
1396

601
614
976
888
976

528
642

1221

1062

872
1085

S62
496

1627
1684
638
804
1302

1085

651
769
637
368

465
697
781
526
428
358

528
568

630
976

905
759

1048
937

286
347
743
676
709

738
820

818
703

670
809

293
525

998
1462
790
666
1012
562
773
795

797
861
647

1163 1168
1177 ; 1172

662
855
499

722
637

429
574

1006

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

• 405

DBFLECnOS, IN MILLIMETERS, CKDEK A FBESSUBB, Di KILOOBAKS, OF-

90

7.8
5.6

2.7
3.5

9.0
9.3
5.0
5.7
5.0

9.5
7.6

4.0
4.6

5.5
4.3

13.8
9.4

3.0
2.8
7.1
5.S
3.5
5.5
5.3
4.3

7.0
t.3
9.0
13.0

4.3
4.0

10.5
7.0
6.5
9.0
10.8
13.1

9.0
8.2

7.2
5.0

4.7
4.*

lOO ISO

15.0
12.2

5.5
7.0

19.5
19.0
10.0
11.0
10.0

18.5
15.2

ao

9.2

U.2
9.0

27.0
19.7

6.0

5.8
15.3
It 3

7.5
ILO
10.4

9.0

15.0
12.7
18.2
26.5

23.0
1&2

&2
10.2

15.0
16.8
15.0

29.0
22.6

12.2
14.6

300

26.7

11.5
14.0

20.7
23.7
20.2

43.0
32.0

1&2
20.0

14.3 19.6

30.6

46.0

9. 0 12. 0

8.7 11.7

23.3

17.6
11.0
17.0
16.0
13.0

23.6
20.0
27.5
40.0

O

(set.)

1.6
1.3

0.2
0.3

0.5
1.0
0.6

4.6
2.0

0.2
0.5

1.0
0.4

24.0
15.0
24.0
22.4
18.0

33.6
2&5
41.6
60.0

8.4 12.3 17.0
8. 3 12. 6 17. 0

49.0
31.0
27.0
43.0
60.0
60.0

21.0

32.3

14.0

22.0

12.5

19.5

18.5

29.5

22.8

36.0

27.3

4L0

18.5

32.0

17.6

28.0

15.5

24.0

10.0

16.5

9.0

13.2

7.5

11.8

86.0
23.2

18.6
15.0

0 4
0.2
2.6
1.5
0.3
1.1
1.0
0.5

3.0
2.4
4.0
8.0

0.6

0.5

6.0
0.5
1.6
5.3
6.0
6.3

3.6
1.2

0.3
0.0

itOO

32.0
26.8

11.6
14.0

21.0
23.6

aso 300

42.0
32.4

14.4
18.0

27.0
32.0

20. 6 27. 6

44.5
33.0

16.6
20.0

23.7
19.8

4&0

12.3
11.8
33.0
24.6
15.0
24.0
22.5
18.0

34.0
29.2
42.7
63.0

17.0
17.4

51.0
33.0
27.6
46 0
52.6
83.5

41.2

35.6
23.2

18.0
15.2

61.e
44.0

21.3
27.0

31.0
26.0

15.6
14.5
44.0
82.6
18.6

29.4
23.0

56.0
43.7

18.0
21.3

37.6

35.5

95.0
62.6

27.5

19.0

17.6
57.5

23.5

38.5

45.8 63.5
37.6 ' 50.0
60.0

8ao

21.5
22.2

71.0

35.8

71.0
8&0

47.0
30.8

23.2
19.0

27.0
27.5

47.6

64.0

29.0
24.0

3SO

71.0

21.6

27.0

23.0
21.3

29.2

33.0
34.5

63.6

36.0
28.5

400

29.0
25.7

39.0
42.5

47.0
36.0

4SO SOO

0.2

48.5
62.6

44.0

37.2

sso

I

Is

447
400

122
148
317
288
328

315
350

286
345

126
224

426
624
337
284
432
240
330
339

340
363
276
283

494
600

291
240
365
213
308
272

183
245

329
290

429
452

Bemaiks.

Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis .
Failed from large splinter on tension side

Cmslied at center bearing; &iled from tension side .
Failed from large splinter on comer

Broke at knot.

Square break at knot

Sqnare break; splintered.

Sqnare break

do .-

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered .
do

do

Broke at knot .

Specimen cross-grained; shattered .
do

Sap-wood; sqnare break.
do

Cmshed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting

in axis.
do

Long split at one end

Long split

0.33 sap-wood ; sqnare break

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered.

do

do

Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis .

do

Shattered

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis.

Broke with coarse splinters -
do

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .

Oblique fracture; started at knot

Shattered

Square break

Specimen cross-grained ; shattered

do

Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot.
Shattered

.do.

Specimen cross-grained ; broke near end.

Square break .
do

664
664

997
997

293
293
563
626
625

644
644

1157
1167

676
676

676
676

82
82
355
356
388
388

13

13

1046

1046

83
83

621
C22
1169
1169
1172
1172

279
279

321
321

671
671

406-

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Species.

State.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

n

H

0.5

111

I

COEFFlCmNT op
F.LASTICITT.

577. Finns mltlH

Yellow Pine. Short-Uaved Pine.
Spruce Pine. Hull Pine.

878. Pinns glabra

Cedar Pine. SprueePine. White
Pine.

879. Pinns Banksiana

Oray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince't
Pint.

880. Pinns palnstria

Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.
Georgia Pine. YeUow Pine.
Hard Pine.

881. Pinns Cubensis

Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bat-
tard Pine. Ueadow Pine.

278
278
319

142
142
544
544

544
764
764

394
394
780
780
879
879

81

81

81

81

85

85

86

'85

243

243

857

857

858

358

359

359

860

360

361

361

384

384

385

1096
1096

84

84

64

356

356

Florida ....

...do

Lonisiana .

Sonth Carolina . . .

...do

HissisBippi

...do

...do

Florida

..do

Michigan

...do

New Bmnswick .

...do

...do

...do

Florida

...do

...do

...do

...do

..do

...do

..do

...do

...do

Alabama

...do

...do

...do

... do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Florida

...do

....*>

North Carolina .

... do

Alabama

...do

Florida . .

...do

... do

Alabama..
...do

Chattahoochee.

.. do

Amite

A. H. Cnrtiss.

...do

C.Mobr

Clay.

...do

Sandy loam .

Bonnean's Depot . . .

...do

GaineariUe

-..40

...do

H. W. Bavenel.

... do

C. Mohr

...do

...do

Chattahoochee ' A. H. Cnrtiss .

...do I. ...do

Eioh upland .

..do

Low, sandy . .

...do

...do

Low, wet

...do

Baldwin .
...do....

Dnval county.

...do

...do

...do

..do

..do

...do

...do

Saw-mill, Saint

John's river.
...do

Cottage Hill .

...do

Citronelle ...

...do

Chnnchula ..

!...do

...do

...do

....do

...do

Sawmill,

Keys.
. . . do

Cedar

...do

■Wilmington .

...do

Mobile

...do

Davnl county .

..do

...do

Cottage HUl..
...do

W. J. Beal.
...do

Low, sandy .
...do

Intercolonial rail.

way.
do

.do.
.do .

.1.

A. H. Cnrtiss.

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

C.Mobr

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss .

...do

....do

E.Kidder....
...do

C. Mohr

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss.

...do

...do

C.Mobr

...do

Sandy loam..

...do

...do

...do

Moist, sandy.

...do

...do

...do

Sandy loam.

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Moist, sandy.

...do

...do

...do

...do

0.6524
0.6490
0.6516

0.4650
0.4035
0.3535
0.3500
0.4268
0.6089
0.4713

0.4912

I
0.4917

0.6191

0.4297 ■

0.4839

0. 5129 j

0.9375 j

0.8125 I

0.6950 <

0.9822

0.6164

0.6632

0.7568

0.8800

0. 7087

0.7066

0.6643

0.8410

0.8906

0. 8706

0.7988

0.8728

0.7664

0.7242

0.7585

0. 7480

0.600S

0.6438

0.7038

0.6739

0.6293

0.6375

0.6862

0.6934
0.6046
0. 8314
0. 7716
0.7710

1221
1895
1479

634

642

220 \

244

244

561

595

574
814

1320
872
976

1039

1628
1526

976
1628

814
1628
1039

642
1953
2123
1628
1628
1436
1628
1628
1628
1684
1221
2035
2035

957
1628
1221
1808
1628
1085
1479

1479
1163
1479
1878
1953

1252
1416
1458

660
660
208

542

1356

1085

1713
1395

874
1065
1188

469
570
262
840
431
766
633

574
649
947
570
448
722

1628 I 1160

1575

1266

1062

820

1628

1240

888

820

1575

1036

1085

937

630

935

1775

1266

1713

1289

1550

1172

1472
1289

1775 : 1392
1684 1233
1628 1397
1770 I 1386
1302 1170
1053 1287
2035 1322

967

642

1656

1064

1221

1045

1776

1137

1550

1062

1163

1165

1469

1095

1302

1170

1191

1048

1479
1953
1953

1181
1270
1465

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UJIITED STATES UNDEE TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

407

DEFLECTIOS, ]S UILLIMETEKS, UKDEE A FKES8UEE, IK KILOQBAUS, OF-

50 lOO ISO

4.0
3.5
3.3

7.7

7.6

22.2

7.8
S.9
6.7

14.8
14.8
47.0

20. 0 ; 41. 0

20.0 i 42.0

8.7 18.0

a 2 16.5

8.5
6.0
8.7
5.6
5.0
4.7

3.0
3.2
5.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
4.7
7.6
2.5
Z3
3.0
3.0
3.4
3.0
8.0
3.0
2.S
4.0
2.4
2.4
5.1
3.0
4.0
2.7
3.0
4.5
3.3

3.3
4.2
3.3
2.6
2.5

17.0
12.7

7.2
10.4
10.5

9.0

6.0
6.2
9.2
6.0

11.0
&2
9.0

15.5
5.5
5.7
6.3
5.7
7.0
S.5
5.8
6.0
5.S
7.6
6.0
4.8

10.1
6.9
8.0
5.6
6.3
&4
6.7

7.6
8.2
6.6
6.0
6.0

11.2
10.8
10.0

23.2
22.5

70.5
29.0
26.0

27.0
19.6
10.8
16.4
17.0
13.7

9.0
0.3

14.0
9.0

17.0
9.2

13.7

23.5
8.0
8.2
9.2
a5

10.0
8.6
9.0
9.5
8.4

11.0
7.2
7.3

15.2

as

11.4

as

9.2
12.6
9.6

11.2

12.4

10. U

7.8

7.3

300

15.1

14.2
13.1

32.0
32.0

42.0
37.0

39.0
27.5
14.3
20.5

(set.)

0.2

0.3
0.0

3.0
2.4

5.2
3.8

5.0
1.4
0.3
1.0

ia4

12.4
12.4

ia2

12.6
23.2
12.3

ia8

32.6
10.7
11.0
12.3
11.3
13.4
11.4
11.6
12.6
11.4
14.6
10.0
9.8
20.3
11.6
16. 6 I 0. 4

11.0 I 0.0

1
12.4 I 0.2

0.4

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
1.5
0.3
1.0
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.2

300

15.2
14.2
13.2

33.2
32.2

43.0
3a 0

40.2
27.6
14.3
21.0

16.8
13.0

15.3
16.6
13.0
10.3
10.0

0.6
0.3

ia4

12.5
12.7

ia2

12.3
24.0
12.3

ia8

33.0
10.9
11.0
12.5
11.4
13.7
11.6
12.0
12.6
11.4
It. 6
10.0
10.0
20.5
11.6
15.4
11.2
12.8

ia8

13.2

350 300

3SO

19.0

lao

16.5

60.0
51.0

38.0

ia2

0.2 16.5

0.4 ia4

0. 2 , 13. 2
0.2 ' 10.2
0.3 I 10.0

30.0

15.6
15.5
23.0
15.6
31. S
16.5
24.0
42.3

lao

13.6
15.6
14.0

las

14.0
14.5
15.6
14.0

ia4

12.5
12.0
26.7
14.2
19.6
14.2
15.6
21.5
16.5

19.5
20.8
16.2
13.0
12.0

24.0
22.0
20.2

89.0

23.0

37.0

19.0
19.0

2ao

19.0
41.5
19.0
31.0
55.0

lae

16.6
19.0
17.0
20.6
17.0
17.5
19.0
17.0
22.6
15.0
15.0

29.2
27.0
25.0

400

32.0
29.5

•I-

28.6

22.6
23.0

17.5
24.0
17.0
19.2
26.5
20.5

24.5
26.3
20.0
15.6
15.0

22.0
55.7
23.6
37.2
70.0
19.2
20.0
23.0
20.6
25.6
23.0
21.0
23.0
20.0
2a 0
17.8
17.0

20.8
29.2
21.0
23.7
32.6
24.6

30.0
3L0
24.0

3ao

27.0
27.2

2a 2

2a2

23.0
23.0
27.0
23.6
30.3
27.0
26.0
27.0
23.0
33.0
20.7
20.2

24.6
36.0
26.0
2a 5
39.0
29.0

35.7
36.6
28.6

450 300 S90

45.0
34.0

32.5
31.7

2a 7
27.6
31.0
2a 3
3a 0
32.0
29.0
31.5
27.0
40.0
24.0
23.6

29.0

ia2 ' 21.3
17. 5 I 21. 0

30.5
38.0
4a 0
36.4

44.0

33.0
25.0
24.0

43.6

37.5

39.0

32.3
32.5
37.6
33.0
46.0
38.0
34.0
37.0
31.5

28.0

2ao

36.5

39.0
30.0
2a 0

■fis
If

39.6

as

46.8

44.0
87.0

34.0

373
450
607

200
243
112
145
184
327
270

245
277
404
243
191
308

496
540
350
629
350
442
400
399
540
550
500
628
560
594
526
596
589
499
649
6«4
274
I 454

i 446

i
).485

I 453

! m

467

Semarks.

Specimen cross-grained ; started at ]mot

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .
do

Specimen cross-grained j brolie "with long split with grain.

Sqaare break on tension side, splitting in axis

do

Shattered

Square break at knot ;

Shattered

do

Sqnare break

Long, shattered break

Broke with small splinters

Broke at small knots

Broke at knot

Broke at small knots ; shattered .

Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis

Crushed at center bearing ; sqnare break

Square break with large splinters

Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis with large splinters .

Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis

Crushed at center bearing ; sqaare break

0.6 sap-wood ; splintered break

Shattered; split to one end

Broke with large flakes on back

do

31.5

Sqnare break with flakes on back

45 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; broke with flakes on

bock.
Sqnare break, (a) Boxed 1852 ; chipped ten years; abandoned 1861

Shattered, (o) IBoxed 1852 ; chipped ten years ; abandoned 1861 —

Sqnare break with largo flakes on comers, (o) Boxed 1876 ; chipped

four years ; specimen t'lken along chip.
Square break on tension side, splitting in axis, (a) Boxed 1876;

chipped four years: specimen taken along chip.
Broke with thin tiakos on back, (o) Boxed 1876; chipped four

years; specimen taken altove chip.
Square break, somewhat shattered, (o) Boxed 1876; chipped four

years; specimen t;ikcn above chip.
Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis, (a) Boxed 1878;

chipped two years.
Broke with many splinters, (a) Boxed 1878; chipped two years —

Specimen cross-grained ; split

Broke with flakes on back

Broke with thick flakes on back .
do

-do.

Shattered, (a) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty years ago

Broke with large flake, (o) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty years ago

499 I Specimen cross-grained ; split

447 Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters.

504 Sqnare break

542 SUghtly splintered ,

625

1.2 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; broke with large
flat splinters on corners.
a In the mann&ctnre of turpentine.

278
278
319

142
14»
544
544
544
764
764

394
394
780
780
879
879

81
81
81
81
85
85
85
85
243
243
357
357
358
358
359
359
360
360
361
361
384
384
386
300
390
1096
1096

84

84

84

356

356

408

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

881. Pinna CabeoBis—ooDtinned.,

882. Plcea uifct&

Black Spruce.

383. Piceaalba

White Spruce.

887. Tsnga Canadensis.
Hemlock.

384. Picea Engelmanni

White Spruce.

386. Picea pongens

White Spruce. Blue Spruce.

886. Picea Sitchenels

Tideland Spruce.

493
493

231
231
373
776
776
794
794
880
880

513
513
773
773
784
784
791
791

575

270'
2702

970
970
977
977
1015
1019
1019
1026
1026

5
S
219
219
772
772
775
776
778
778
787
787

Bute.

Florida.
...do...

Vprmont

...do

..do

New Brunswick .
...do

Province of Que-
bec.
.. do

New BruDswiclc . .
...do

Locality.

Baj Biscayne.
...do

Charlotte

...do

Huntington

Bay of Fundy .

..do

Danville

.. do

Brfdgeton

...do

New HampsUie . - Stratford .

— do I do

New Brunswick . . | Bay of Fnndy .
...do do

.do.
.do.

Province of Que-
bec.
...do

Colorado.

...do

...do....
...do....

-do.
.do-
.do-

Aloska .

...do

British Columbia

...do

Oregon

...do

...do

...do

...do

Massachusetts...

...do

Vermont

...do

New Brunswiolc . .

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Bridgeton

....do

Amqni —
...do

Forest City .

...do

...do

...do

Alpine.
...do..
...do ..

Sitka .
...do .

Sawmill,

inlet.
.. do ....

Burrard

TVeidler's saw-mill,

Portland
Saw-mill, Astoria...

-do.

Collector.

Portland Famitnre

Company.
do

Arnold Arborehim.

..do

Charlotte

...do

Bay of Fundy .
.. do

Bridgeton .
...do ,

A. H. Cnrtiss.
...do

C. G. Pringle .

...do

...do

Intercolonial rail-
way.
do

Grand Trunk rail-
way.
...do

£d. Sinclair.
...do

C. G. Pringle .
...do

Intercolonial rail-
way.
do

Ed. Sinchiir..

...do

A.Grant

...do

T. S. Brandegee..
...do

C. S. Sargent...
T. S. Brandegee

.do.
.do.
.do.

Paul Schultze-
,...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S: Sargent.
...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

C. S. Sargent .

...do

C.G. Pringle..
...do

Intercolonial rail-
way.
...do

...do

..do

..do

...do

Ed. Sinclair.
...do

Sofl.

Coral .
...do.

Cold, peaty .

...do

Gravelly

Gravelly .
... .de-

Damp..
...do.
Peaty..
...do.

Damp.
...do.
...do.

Drift

...do....
Gravelly.
...do

1^

u

COBFFlCnilT OF

BLAJiTicrn.

0.8406

1
0.8942

5604

5429

4587

4698

4919

4296 J

4153

4425 '

4785

4455
4983
4579
4596
4411
4530
4319
4163

IE

0.4326
0.3642
0.3411
0.3805

0.3939

i
0.403G

0.3810

0.4676

0.4568

0.4038 i

0.3882

i
0.4398

0.3517 ■

0.3888

0.3891

0.3810

0. 4210
0.8989
0.4716
0.4699
0.5124
0.5129
0.4922
0.4458
0.3496
0.3675
0.4811
0.4805

1479
1744

1526
1221

904
1062
1221

996
1221

976

939

787
679
1285
1163
939
976
1221
1136

976
654
751
888

542
444
610

921
1062
1085
1039
1221

996
1110

642

610

763
787
1086
1017
1136
1136
488
432
679
669
976
1085

i

1479
1684

1479

1221

921

1062

1221

1062

1085

888

872

769

688
1252
1136
976
976
1236
1149

1028
688
751
864

574
444
642

957
1085
1149
1062
1802

976
1085

651

S42

814

781

1062

1007

U36

1177

479

432

688

665

976

1085

1064
998

930
002
608
504
834
717
701
687
741

736
703
813
792
689
731
811
703

757
420
548
577

441

387
539

734
741
682
635
776
614
6T3
663
431

674
686
738
797
900
1031
677
635
541
630
745
790

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued.

409

I

DEPLECnOK, IN MILLIMETERB, UNDER A PRESSURE, IN KILOGRAMS, OP—

II

■■S9
Pi

Remarks.

u

80

lOO

130

300

O

(set.)

soo

3SO

30O

3SO

400

430

soo

S50

s

s

0

s

3.3

2.8

3.2
4.0
5.4
4.6
4.0
4.9
4.0
5.0
5.2

6.2
7.2
3.8
4.2
5.2
5.0
4.0
4.3

5.0
8.8
6.5
5.5

0.0

11.0

8.0

5.3
4.6
4.5
4.7
4.0
4.9
4.4
7.6
&0

6.4
6.2
4.5
4.8
4.3
4.3
10.0
U.3
7.2
7. 1
6 »
\.i

6.6
5.8

6.6
8.0
10.6
9.2
8.0
9.2
9.0
10.0
11.2

12.7
14.2
7.8
8.6
10.0
10.0
7.9

a5

9.5
16.6
13.0
U.3

17.0
22.0
15.2

10.2
9.0
8.5
9.2
7.5

10.0
9.0

15.0

15.2

12.0
12.5
9.2
9.7
8.6
&3
20.4
22.6
14.2
14.7
10.0
0.0

10.0
8.9

10.0
12.5

ia4

14.5
12.0
13.8
13.6
15.0
17.4

19.2
22.4
12.0
13.0
15.5
15.3
12.0
13.0

14.0
26.4
19.0
17.4

28.0
35.2
24.7

15.2
13.4
13.2
14.3
11.4
14.8
13.6
24.4
24.7

17.8
19.2
14.0
14.3
12.8
12.5
34.0
36.5
2L8
22.7
15.0
13.6

U.6

«r«

13.5
16.5
22.7
21.0
16.4
19.0
19.0
21.2
23.6

27.0
32.7
16.0
17.6
21.3
21.3
17.0
17.5

19.0

1.0
0.5

0.3
0.4
1.0
1.2
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.9
1.0

1.6

4.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.6
0.7
0.4

0.6

14.1
12.6

13.8
17.0
23.0
21.5
16.5
19.1
19.5
21.5
24.4

27.4
33.5
16.2
18.0
21.8
21.5
17.0

lao

19.0

18.2
16.0

17.0
22.0
30.0

22.0
20.6

21.2

28.7

26.5
25.0

28.0
39.5

31.5
29.2

37.0

454
426

397
385
298
215
356
306
299
293
316

314
300
347
338
294
312
346
30O

323
179
234
246

188
165
230

313
316

291
271
331
262
287
236
184

245
250
315
340
384
440
289
271
231
226
318
337

493

493

231

231

373

Square break at large knot....

776

22.0
26.0
27.0
30.0
31.5.

37.5
45.7
21.0
23.0
29.6
29.5
22.5
24.0

25.0

29.0
41.0

45.0

776

794

794

do

880

47.0
55.5

880

513

513

29.2
31.5

Crnsbed at center bearing; failed from flakes on tension side

773

773

do

784

43.2
29.5

.do

784

Crushed at center bearing ; failed from thin scale on tension side. . .

791

791

36.0

292

292

28.0
26.0

2.4
2.2

29.6
27.2

575

822

269

do

270'

30.5

22.0
18.2
19.0
2L0
15.4
22.0
19.7
36.4

5.5

1.6
0.7
1.0
1.5
0.4
1.5
1.0
4.3

41.2

22:5
18.7
19.0
21.8
15.8
22.6
20.0
38.0

270»

81.0
25.0
27.0
32.5
21.0
35.3
28.0

46.0
34.0

970

do .

970

977

977

28.5

1015

1019

1019

Rhfl.t,f,prMl -

1026

1026

25.0
27.0
19.0
19.5
17.0
17.0
49.0
53.2
32.8
34.5
20.5

ID S

1.0
2.0
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.4
7.2
7.8
4.0
3.0
0.6
0.8

25.4
27.9
19.0
19.8
17.3
17.2
51.0
54.0
33.0
30.0
21.0
18.7

Shattered .. .- --

5

5

24.8
25.0
22.0
22.0
69.5
72.0

34.5
33.0
28.5
27.0

219

219

36.4
36.0

772

do

772

775

Shattered .-

775

778

778

27.5
24.0

35.7
82.5

787

787

1"-

410

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Bpeole*.

987. Tsnga Canadenais— continned . . .

783
793
817
817
1040
1040
1042
1042

State.

Tsnga CaroUniana «23 Xorth Carolina...

Bemloek. I

Province of Qnebeo
....do

West Virginia . .
...do

Massachnsette..

...do

....do

...do

Tsnga Mertensiana..
Bemloek.

300. Tsnga Pattonlnna .

301. Fsendotsnga Doaglasii

Bed Fir. Teltow Fir. Oregon
Pine. Douglae Fir.

971
995
995

271«

271«

■271>

627

627

702

704

705

706

708

708

709

709

720

720

732

732

881

881

973

973

974

080

989

1008

1008

lOU

1011

1016

1016

1018

1U18 I

1020

1020

Wasliington tor.

ritory.
Alaslf a

..do.

^ritisli Colnmbia
...do

Colorado

...do...

...do

California

...do

Oregon

...do

...do

...do

....do

...do

...do

...do

Montana

...do

California

...do

Utah

....do

British Colnmbia

...do

...do

..do

Oregon

Britinh Columbia
...do

Oregon

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

..do

...do

Locality.

Danxille

...do

Grafton

...do

Danvers

...do

North Reading.
...do

Hendertonville .

Will^eson

Sitlca

...do

Silver peak, near

Ftsser river.
...do

Alpine.
...do .
...do..

Saw-mill, Straw-
berry valley.
...do

Saw-mill.Marshfleld
...do

E. B. Bean's saw-

mill, Marshfleld.
...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Saw-mill, Mis.oon1a.

...do

Lassen's peak

...do

Salt Lake

...do

Sawmill, Barrard

inlet.
...do

...do

Saw-mill, Victoria . ,

Saw-mill, Portland .

Saw-mill, Burrard

Inlot.
...do

Oregon

pegon Railway a
Navigation Co.
do

and

Weidler's saw-mill,

Portland.
.. do

Saw-mill, Astoria .
...do

Portland Fumltnre

Company.
...do

Collector.

Grand Tmnk rail.

way.
...do

C.G.Pringle.

...do

J. Bobinaon . -

...do

...do

...do

A. H. Cortiss .

G. Dngelmnnn and

C- S. Sargent.
Pani ScbnTtze

.do.

G. Engolmann and

C- S. Sargent.
— do

T. S.Brandegee-.-
.-.do

— do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

...do

...do

..do

...do

...do

...do

...do

-. do

S. Watson .
...do

Sierra Lnmber

Company.
— do

H. E. Jones . .

...do

C. S. Sargent .

...do

..do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent-
... do

...do-
...do -
...do.

o .

...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do-
...do.

Soil.

Moist loam .
...do

Dry, rocky.
Rich loam .

Gravelly loam .
...do

Moist -
— do.
.. do-

Rocky -
...do.-

0.5264
0.5248
0.4041
0.3748
0.5096
0. 5114
0.4248
0.4244

0.5335

0.5318
0. 5902
0.5472

0.4590
0. 4715

0.4852
0. 4786
0. 4874
0.5735
0.5382
0.4373
0.6590
0- 5795
0-5477
0.6687
0.6802
0.4375
0.4448
0.5345
0.5448
0.5227
0.6090
0. 5G01
0. 5705
0.5005
0.4909
0.5306
0.4506
0-6016
0.4879
0.5501
0-5386
0.5325
0.5960
0.6085
0. 6129
0. 6133
0. 4632
0. 4485

a—

S '^ a
« 2 ffl

OOKmCDDtTOFI g
KLA8TICITT. | S

1 E

' o
S3

is

IISS
1221
957
814

763 !
751
1062
921

697

1017
1628
1526

751
775

814

857
1110
1744
1221

888
1526
1136
1395
1575
1808
1085
1163
1062
1221
1221
1163

996
1163
1221
1163
1356
1085
1221
1252
1628
1221
1191
1628
1628
1628
1808
1110

1177
1285
986
814
746
763
1028
896

713

1017
1628
1479

763
787

842

888
1149
1628
1356

930
1628
1221
1396
1628
1808
1085
1085
1062
1221
1252
1163

976
1110
1221
1149
1436
1122
1191
1838
1628
1356
1191
1713
1628
1628
1744
1085

976

1024
849
558
848
858
703
703

462

570
1104
1055

720
720

776
666
848

1050
937
572

1181
933
937

1249

1317
766
80i
703
921
820
703
933
975
771
820
902
787

1008
764
898
900
696
900

1048
1065

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

t

UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued.

411

DEFLECTION, IX MILLniBTEKS, UKDKH A PEKSSUBE, IN KILOGEAMB, OF—

SO

1.3
(.0
5.1
6.0
6.4
6.5
i.«
S.3

7.0

4.8

ao

.H.2

A.5
6.3

ao

5.7
4.4

2.8
4.0
5.5
3.2
4.3
3.5
3.1
2.7
4.5
4.2
4.S
4.0
4.0
4.2
4.9
42
4.0
4.2
3.fl
4.S
4.0
3.0

ao

4.0
4.1

ao
ao
ao

2.7
4.4

5.0

lOO

as

7.6
9.9
12.0
13.1
12.8
9.5
10.9

ia7

9.6
6.0

e.6

ISO 200

13.0 ; ]f»

i

11.5 i 15.3

i
15. 4 I 22. 0

la 2 I 27. 0

20.4 2a 0

la 7 25. 8

14.4
16.4

21.2

14.4
9.3
9.6

12.8 j 19.5
12.4 lao

U.6
U.O

a 5

6.0
7.2
10.5
6.0

ao

7.0

ao

5.4
9.0
9.0
9.2

ao

7.8

a4

10. 0

17.0

las

1.3.0
9.2
ILO
17.0
9.0
11.6
10.4
9.0

a 2
lao
las

14.0
12.0
11.7

lao

15.6

a 8 ia4

a 0 12.2
as j 12.7
6.8 I 10.1

a7 1 ia2

a2 12.5
7.3 11.0

20.3

2a2

21.0
12.6
ia2

27.0
2a'4

23.3
24.0

17.5
12.6
14.5
22.5
13.1

iSOO

(set.; j

0. 5 i la 0

0.2 ! 15.6

0.8
1.5
2.0
1.3
0.7
1.3

1.4
0.4
0.2

1.1
1.4

0.9
LO
0.6
0.0
0.2
1.5
0.3

22.2

2a 0
2a 0

26.0
20.5
2a7

3SO

23.0
19.5
30.5

36.0
3a 5
27.5
32.0

15.8 I 0.5
lao 0.3

1

6.0

7.2

9.0

U.O

a2 12.3

5.7
6.0

ao

5.6

D.O
10.0

as

9.0

as
ae

13.3
16.2

12.3
11.0

ia7

17.8
19.8
16.2

lao

17.8
22.0

lao

17.0
17.0
13.5

lao

17.0
14.7
13.5
14.5

las

12.0
11.6
11.8
11.6

lao

21.2

0.2
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.0
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.7

21.5
12.9
ia2

27.9
26.7

23.7
24.0

lao

12.6
14.6
23.0
12.2

lao

14.0
12.5
11.2
19.0

lao

20.4

las

16.0

lao

22.0

las

17.5
17.5

lae
lao

17.2
15.0
12.2
14.8

lao

12.3
12.0
11.8
12.0

lao

21.5

l&O

las

36.0
35.5

32.0
33.0
23.0

300 ! 3SO 400 4S0 SOD

29.5
24.3

47.0
4a 0

19.7
20 5

55.6
4a 2

44.0

29.5

16. 0 19. 5

ia2 2ao

15.0
20.3
17.0
15.0
14.0
24.7
23.5
2a5
21.0
20.8
2a4
29.0
24.6
22.0
22.5
17.5
24.2
2L5
19.0
15.5

ia7

22.2
15.0
14.8
14.6
14.5
24.0
2a5

ia6

25.5
22.0

lao

17.0
32.2
30.0
3S.8
27.5
2a 5
30.5
3a 0
30.6
29.2
2a7
22.2
31.0
27.6
25.5
19.5
24.0

19.0

ia4
lao
las

34.0

39.0
30.0

64.0
61.0

24.5
25.0

41.2
240
29.6

23.0
3L5
27.8
22.7
20.0

34.2

3ao

•45.7
3a5

2ao

35.0

26.6
31.5

42.4

30.5
340

27.0

39.0

3ao

39.6
27.6
24.5

5L6

24 0 32.0
23.4 32.5
22.0 2a 0

23.0

31.0

sas

34.0
29.0

46.6
34.5

5SO

446

MS

a Eo

Is

Si

358
437
273
238
362
366
300
300

243
471
450

307
307

331
284
362
448
400
244
504
398
400
533
662
327
342
300
393
350
300
398
416
329
350
385
336
430
326
383
384
297
384
297
404
426
447
450

Remarks.

Craslied at center bearing with thin flake on tension side .

Square break ; long split in center

Square break

do

Broke with flakes on tension side

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Crushed at center bearing ; failed with flakes on comer . . .
Squ.are break; shattered

Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot. .

Started at knots

Crushed at center bearing ; failed from flakes on back .
Crushed; splintered

Square break .
do

Square break and split at end

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .

Did not break ; split through the center

Square break ; slightly splintered

......do

Flaked on tension side

Square break; large splinters

Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain

Crashed at center bearing ; square break

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .
do

Failed from large splinter on comer

Specimen cross-grained ; splintered

Specimen cross-grained ; shattered

do

Failed from large splinters on comers

Failed from large splinters on one comer

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Failed from large splinter on comer

Square break

do

Failed from large splinter on each comer

Square break on tension side, splitting in axis

Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . -
Crushed at center bearing ; broke with flakes on back .
Crushed at center bearing ; square break; splintered..
Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . -

Started at knot; splintered on comer

Crashed at center bearing; broke with flne splinters . .

Cracked at knot

Crushed at center bearing and scaled on tension side . .

Splintered

do

do

a

793
793
817
817
1040
1040
1042
1042

971
995
995

271»

271>

271'

627

627

702

704

705

706

708

708

709

709

720

720

732

732

881

881

973

973

974

886

989

1008

1008

1011

1011

1016

1016

1018

1018

1020

1020

412

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

«

Table ni.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Species.

Sn. PsendoteogaDonglaaU— cont'd....

891. Psendotenga DoaglasU, var. ma-
crocarpa.
Hemloek.

Abies Fraseri

Saltam. She BaUam.

393. Abies balsamoa

BaltamFir. Balm of Qilead Fir.

894. Abies subalpina.
Baltam.

395. Abies grandis .
IVA<(« Fir.

396. Abies concolor

Tffttte Fir. Baltam Fir.

398. Abies umabilis .

399. Abies nobilis .
SedFir.

400. Abies magnlflca .
Bed Fir.

401. Larix Americana....

Larch. Black iMreh. Tamarack.
Mackmatack.

Stikte.

1022
1022

642
642

523

377
377

449'
4491
4^
449'
820
820
820
820

1009
1010
1010

529
529

738
733

1004
1004

965
965

647
647
647

226»

226»

774

774

781

781

786

786

795

795

840

840

Oregon .
do ...

CalUbmla.
...do

Korth Carolina . .

... do

..do

Vermont .
...do

Colorado..
... do

..do...
...do....

....do

...do...
....do.....

...do....

Oregon .
...do...
...do...

Colorado...
... do

Califomia .

...do

....do

... do

British Colombia
... do

Oregon .
...do...

Califomia .

...do

....do

Vermont

... do

Kew Branswick .

...do

...do

...do

....do

do

.do

....do

Massachnsetts . . .
...do

Locality.

Portland Fnmitare

Cominny.
do

Saw-mill, San

nardlno.
...do

Ber-

Koau mountain .

...do

...do

Monkton .
...do

Forest City .

...do

...do

...do

...do

..do

...do

...do

Portland.

...do

...do ....

Engelmann's caBon

..do

Strawberry valley .

...do

Loasen'speak

...do

Silver peak, near

Fraser river.
...do

Cascade mountains
..do

Soda Springs .

...do

...do

Charlotte

... do

Bay of Fundy.

...do

...do

...do

Bridgeton .

...do

Danville

...do

Wenham

...do

Collector.

O. Fngelmann and

C. S7 Sargent,
do

W.G.Wright.
...do

Walcott Gibbs.

..do

...do

C.G.Pringle.
...do

T. S. Brandegee...

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

.. do

...do

G. Fugelmannand

C. S. SM-gont.
...do

do.

Bobert Donglas.
. .do

G. Engelmannand

C. S. Sargent.
...do

Sierra Lumber

Company.
...do

G. Engelmannand

C. S. Sargent.
...do

.do.
.do.

C. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

.do .

C.G.Pringle.
...do

Intercolonial rail-
way.
...do

...do

...do

Ed. Sinclair .
..do

Grand Trunk rail-
way.
...do

J. Kobinson .
..do

Soil.

Peaty loam .

..do

...do

Peaty.
...do.

Moist, sandy loam

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Bicb, alluvial .

...do

...do

Kocky ...

..do....

Alluvial .

...do....

Bioh, sandy loam . .
...do

Rich..
...do.

Gravelly loam

...do

...do

Cold, swampy.
...do

Swampy .
...do....

0.4899
0.4735

0.5357
0.5397

0.3602
0. 3323
0.3636

0.4455
0.4419

0.3941
0.3750
0.3682
0.3807
0. 3358
0.3350
0.3673
0. 3622

0.4002
0.3597
0.3C41

0.3GO2
0.3801
0. 4019
0.4744
0. 4989
0.4504

0.4754
0.6168

0.5074
0.4932

0.4608
0.6134
0.49C5

0. 7381
0.7295
0. 6147
0.6336
0.5973
0. 5742
0.596(
0.6204
0. 6170
0.6030
0. 5988
0.6272

COEFFICIBMT OF
EUiOTIClTI.

1221
1163

1062
1085

976
976
976

740
651

775
775
872
679
688
751
787
976

763
976
976

660
775
688
651
1285
1252

1221
1221

1221
1221

542
976
542

2325
1526
1221
1395
697
688
1436
1285
1479
1526
842
814

u

1221
1136

1050
1050

1017
976
921

734
638

787
723
849
642
679
740
787
888

761
1085
1039

697
787
655
673
1320
1320

1252
1268

1286
1268

514
939
534

1953
1628
1366
1479
734
688
1396
1356
1436
1395
872
842

769
698

783
909

654
621
642

445

584

648
370
586
347
518

469

333
627
621

656
499
703
764
904
796

769
816

903
820

586
816
703

1169
1055
937
790
703
717
923
1066
937
870
820

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued.

413

DEFLECTION. IN MILLIMBTKBS, UNDEB A PKES8UBE, IN KILOQKAMS, OF—

it

•

■go.

« 00

Bemarks.

ti

i

SO

too

ISO

3O0

O

300

3SO

300

3SO

400

4SO

SOO

sso

II

El

a

4 0

(set.)

1

8 0

12 0

16. #«
17.0

0 4

16 5

22.0

31.0

328

1022

4.2

ao

12.5

0.4

17.1

22.0

29.0

298

Square break

1022

4.6

9 3

14 0

19 0

0 ^

19.3

25.2

3''.0

334

612

4.5
5.0

9.3
9 6

14.3
15 0

19.4
21.0

0.4
1.0

19.7
21.5

25.7
31.0

33.0

42.8

388
279

do

642

523

S.0

10.0

15.0

22.0

1.5

22.2

33.5

265

do

523

S.0
6.6

10.6
13.3

15.5
21.0

22.6

1.1

23.7

34.0

274
190

do

523

Square break . . ^

•
377

5.8

10.8

16 8

22.6

0.5

22.5

249

377

6.3
6.3

12.4
13.5

19.5
21.5

29.0

2.5

29.3

234
158

Crashed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting
in axis.

449>

449>

5.6

11.5

16 7

24.5

1 •>

25.6

39.2

250

449>

7.2

15.2

148

449>

7.1

14.4

22 0

32.0

2.4

35.5

221

820

6.5
6.2

13.2
12.4

21.0
20.5

197
210

do

820

32.5

4.4

35.0

820

5.0

11.0

17 0

200

820

6.4

13.0

142

1009

5.0

9.0

14.0

20.5

LO

20.7

225

1010

5.0

9.4

14.5

2L0

1.6

22.0

32.0

265

1010

7.4
6.3

14.0
12.4

21.6
20.0

32.0
29.0

2.5

2.0

345
30.0

237
213

Shattered . .... -

529

Square break ; shattered

529

7.1

1€9

23.0

32.2

L9

33.4

44.7

64.0

300

639

7.5

14.5

22.4

31.5

2 2

32.5

43.7

63.5

326

639

3.8

7.4

11 0

14.9

0 4

15.0

18.5

23 4

29.6

386

733

3.9

7.4

11.3

16.0

0.2

16.0

21.0

28.0

340

733

4.0

7.8

12.0

16.4

0.6

16.8

22.0

32.5

328

Square break

1004

4.0

7.7

11.9

16.2

0.5

16.8

22.0

30.0

348

1004

4.0

7.6

11.4

15.4

0.4

16.0

21.0

27.0

38.0

386

963

4.0

7.7

11.7

16.0

0.4

16.2

21.8

29.0

47.0

350

965

9.0

19.0

30.7

46.0

5.6

49.4

94.0

250

647

5.0

10.4

15.7

22.0

1.0

22.5

30.0

41.0

348

647

9.0

18.3

29.5

40.8

4.0

43.5

62.0

300

647

2.1

5.0

7.4

10.0

0.1

10.2

12.7

16.0

19.0

24.0

29.0

499

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters

226>

3.2

6.0

9.2

12.0

0.2

12.0

15.0

18.5

23.0

20.0

38.0

450

226'

4.0

7.2

10.8

14.5

0.8

14.6

18.0

23.5

30.0

46.0

400

774

3.5

6.6

10.0

13.2

n.4

13.5

16.5

25.0

337

Large scale on tension side

774

7.0
7.1

13.3
14.2

21.0

22.4

29.7
32.0

2.8
2.9

30.6
32.8

40.4
44.0

65.6
63.5

300
306

781

781

3.4

7.0

11.0

14.5

0 5

14.6

18.2

23.7

30.0

394

Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters

786

3.8

7.2

10.8

14.6

0.4

14.7

18.6

23.4

29.0

36.0

46.0

455

786

3.3

6.8

10.0

13.2

0.3

13.5

17.0

21.5

28.5

40.0

400

795

3.2

7.0

10.3

14.0

0.4

14.5

18.8

24.2

32.5

371

796

5.8

11.2

18.2

2&3

8.0

27.0

35.0

49.0

350

840

6.0

11.8

17.8

25.7

2.0

26 5

35.5

47.0

76.0

351

840

414

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Species.

State.

liocality.

Collector.

Soil.

fl

lis

Is a

COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY.

•2»

402. Lailx occidentalU .
Tamarack.

PALMACE.ai.

405. WashinKtoniafllUera..
, Fanlei/ Falm.

719
719
984
984
1000
1006

1159
1159

Montana.
...do

■Washington terri-
tory.
do

...do.
...do.

Mlssonla.

...do

Fnlda....
...do....
...do....
...do....

S. Watson . . .

...do

TV. Siksdorf .

...do

....do

...do

i

California .
....do

Agna Caliente.
....do

W.G.Wright.
...do ,

Moist.
...do.
...do.
...do.

Dry, gravelly .
...do

0.6255
0.6966 j
0.8130 I
0.83C4
0.84lk
0.8376

0.6012
0.6807

1221
1356
1628
1628
1878
1953

460

1221
1395
1713
1713
1953
1953

403
723

914
1106
1289
1481
1287
1287

271
686

TABLE IV.— BEHAVIOE OF SOME OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES

1

i
g

State.

•
Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

1

o
S

1

COEFFCIEKT OF
ELABTIcmr.

2 :

(0

d
"a

1

Species.

MAGNOLIACE.ffi;.

346
354

307
1248

646

364

38
38

19
806

961

362

8

Cottage Hill

do

C. Mohr

Sichloam

0.7347
0.6262

0.7838
0.8476

0.6637

0. 8198

0.4783
0.4757

0.7634
0.7491

0.7108
0. 7739

0.6058
0.6820

H
11

n

d
d

m
m

M

1191
1135

1109
1221

939

1221

957
939

1085
888

970
976

708
763

1097
1028

1062
1221

921

1191

840
888

1050
800

096
057

787
060

974
816

861
1169

983

1172

coe

703

1118--
916

936
958

892

658 1

mg Laurel. Bull Bay.
2. Magnolia glanca

. do

do ...;..

Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver
Tree. White Laura. Swamp
Laurel.

SAPINDACE.*;.

Dallas

J. Eererchon

M. 0 Beedle

Elch, damp

Wild China. Soapberry.
LEGUMIXOS.aE.
77. Kobinia Psendacacia

New York

Long Island

Kemper's mill

Dallas

Locust. Black Locust. Yellow
Locust.

HAMAMELACEff;

C Mohr

Rich, alluTial

Dry, calcareous...

Sweet (him. " Star-leaved (Turn.
Liquidamb&r. lied Cum. Bil-

OLEACE.!;.

Texas

J.Eeverohon

C. S. Saigent

do

BIGNONIACE.*;.

Western Catalpa.

...do

....do

,lo

tJKTICACE^

Massachusetts —

Arnold Arboretum .
Dallas

. ..do

Drift

White Elin. American Elm.
Water Elm.

J. Keverchon

C.Mohr

Sugarberry. Hackberry.
JTIGLANDACE^.

....do

New Brannfels

Moist, calcareous.

Black Walnut.

248. Carya aqnatica

Waterllickory. Swamp Hickory.
Bitter Fecan.

CTJPULIFERa:.

Mississippi

Massachusetts

....do

....do

Arnold Arboretum .
....do

C. S. Sargent

....do

Drift

Wtdte Oak.

... do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

415

I.NITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEALSf— Continued.

I -

DKFLKCTIOS, IK JIILUMETEH8, UNDER A FBESBUBE, IN KILOGBAMB, OF—

SO

4.0
3.6
3.0
3.0
2.6
2.5

10.6
7.0

lOO

8.0
7.0
5.7
5.7
5.0
5.0

24.2
13.5

ISO j 300

12.0
10.5
&4

a2

7.6

7.6

10.2
14.0
11.0
11.0
10.4
10.0

o

(aet.)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2

300

16.5
14.0
11.4
ILO
10.4
10.0

33.5

330 300

21.0
18.0
14.0
13.6
13.0
12.6

27.5
22.5
17.5
16.5
16.0
15.5

3SO

400

36.0

2a 0

20.6
19.6

34.0
24.7
23.0

19. 0 I 22. 7

la 5 i 22. 0

450 : 50O

■ I

28.5 I 36.7

I'

26.8
27.2
26.5

32.0
34.0

550

47.6
36.5

-I

bjDoD

II

390
472
550

Bemaiks.

Crushed .it center bearing; broke with fine splinters .
do

-do.

Deflection -with 000 kilograms = 45.5 millimeters; broke with fine
splinters. »
549 Crashed at center bearing ; flaked

549

116
250

Failed from large splinter on comer .

Twisted and split.
Square break ...:.

719-
719
984
S34
1006
1006

1159
116»

UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE.

DEFLECTION, IN ULLIUETSBS, DNDEB A FBBSSUIU:, IN KILOOHAUg, OF-

400

I300

1600

O

(set.)

1600 2000

3400

3800

3300

3000

■§1

Bemarks.

2.0
2.2

2.0

2.9

2.2

2.5
.2.8

2.3
2.9

2.6
2.5

2.5
3.1 '

4^1
4.3

4.4

4.0

5.2

4.0

6.1
5.2

4.6
5.5

5.0
6.0

6.9
6.4

8.9
9.6

9.2

7.7

7.8
7.9

10.6

a2

11.0
11.0

6. 8 ». 3

8.6 I 12.2

7.6
•(.4

9.8
10.0

9.8
10.2

12.4
14.8

0.2
0.3

0.4

0.0

0.3
0.4

0.4
0.5

1.2

9.0
9.6

8.1

10.7

a 2

11.0
11.0

0.2 9.4

0. 8 12. 3

10.0
10.3

1L2
12.4

i. 2 12. !

10.2

14.2

10.2

15.6
15.7

12.0
17.0

12.5
13.6

16.6
21.0

16.1
16.2

16.0

12.6

19.8

13.0

29.6

15.2

15.6

ia2

19.2

15.2

26.0

16.5

las

33.0

19.5
24.4

26.0

19.2

20.6

25.0

36.0

25.0

2a 5

35.0

3325
2785

3184

2361
2400

3815
3125

3193
8270

3043
2245

Broke with large splinters on back

Broke with large splinters

Broke with large flake on back

Broke with large splinters on back

Bioko with many fine splinters

Broke witu luige spimters

Crushed and split to the end

Broke with fine splinter on one comer.

Broke with fine splinters ■

Broke with large splinter on one comer

Broke with large splinters on corners. . .
Broke with large splinters

Broke with large spimters on back

do

346
354

1248

364

38
38

19
306

961

362

416 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table IV.— BEHAVIOR OF SOME OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES UNDER

SpeoiM.

259. Qaercus Michaaxii

Battel Oat. Oow Oak.

2«0 Quercus Prinns

OhettnutOak. JtoetOhettnutOak.

275. Qaercns Kelloggii

Blact Oat.

280. Quprcus aquatica

Water Oat. Dvek Oat. Pottum
Oak. Punk Oak.

BETULACEa;.

301. Alnus rubra

Alder.

CONIFEEiE.

329. ChamEecyparis sphseroidea

WhiU Cedar.

370. Pinna Taeda

LobloUy Pine. Old-fiOd Pine.
Botemary Pine.

372. Finns seroUna

Pond Pine.

380. Finns palnstris

Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.
Georgia Pine. Yelloio Pine.
Sara Pine.

381. Finns Cnbensis

Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bas-
tard Pine. Meadow Pine.

524
521

925

349

991

350

82
82

83
83

81

85

243

243

84

Stete.

Alabama .
...do

...do... .
Oregon ...

Alabama .

Washington ter.
ritory.

Alabama .

Florida .
., do ...

...do .
.. do .

.. do .
...do.
...do
..do .

..do

Locality.

Kemper's mill .
...do

Cullman

Eugene City.
Cottage Hill .

Pnyallnp

Cottage Hill .

Duval county.
...do

do.
.do.

do.
do .

Saw-mill, Saint

John's river.
...do

Duval county .

Collector.

C. Mohr .
...do....

...do

G. H. Collier .
C. Mohr

G. Engelmannand
C. S. Sargent

C. Mohr .

A. H. Curtiss.
...do

.do.
.do.

...do.
..do.
...do.
.. do.

.do.

Sou.

Alluvial .
...do....

Dry, rocky..

Sandy loam.

Sandy, wet .

Moist, sandy.
...do

Hoist, sandy loam.
...do

I

o

S

I

Sandy loam ..
Moist, sandy.

Moist, sandy.

0.8107
0.8348

0.8168

0.7625

0.7253

0.5381

0. 3719

0.5802
0. 7614

0. 7614
0. 8271

0.8609
0. 7213
0.6788
0. 6193

0.7633

COEFFICIENT OF

i

ELASTICITT.

1

"S

ao
d

1

i

t

775

697

884

800

745

984

1085

1028

582

026

564

736

1866

1320

1144

^

610

524

364

876

1061

1017

792

1285

1302

820

939

921

933

787

751

904

1436

1550

1057

1085

1007

940

1221

1252

820

1163

1221

949

1163

1221

1029

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
TRA]srsVEESE STEAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETEES SQUARE— Continued.

417

DBFLBCTION, IN HILUUSTBBS,

[JKDEB A

FBESSUBB, IN EILOGBAMB, OF— -gjg

.

■So.

.

1

Bemarks.

.a

400

800

1300

1600

O

IttOO

2O0O

3400

3800

3300 3600

i>

s

(set.)

^9

3.2
3.2

6.3
tl

9.3

14.0
13.1

1.5
1.3

14.5
13.3

19.6

18.0

26.5
24.2

39.0
33.0

3016
3393

A large season crack at one comer; splintered on oppo-
site comer.
Splinters on comers

624

49.0

624

2.S

4.5

7.0

9.5

0.6

9.5

13.3

1987

Split lengthwise witli small spUnteis on cor-

ners.

925

4.0

7.8

12.0

17.3

1.4

17.5

24.0

40.6

2513

963

2.0

3.5

5.5

7.4

0.2

7.3

9.3

11.8

14.6

19.0

25.5

3905

Crushed at center hearing ; hroke irith fine splinters . . .

349

3'2

6L7

10 7

16.0

2.0

16.7

1789

991

6.8

13.4

21.0

1284

350

2.3
2.0

2.7

4.6
3.8

5.2

7.1
5.(

8.0

9.6
7.6

10.6

0.2
0.2

0.4

9.7
7.6

11.0

12.6
10.0

13.6

17.0
12.0

17.3

2703
2800

3184

Shattered

82

21.5
22.0

do

82

0.75 sap-wood ; hroke with large splinter on corner

83

3.0

6l2

9.5

13.0

0.9

13.4

18.0

23.0

30.0

3085

83

1.9

3.4

6.1

e.3

0.0

7.0

8.7

10.5

12.5

14.6

17.5

3600

81

2.1
2.0
2.2

4.5

4.0
4.2

7.0
5.9
6.0

9.7
7.8
8.0

0.3
0.0
0.4

9.9

7.9
8.0

12.6

10.0

9.8

16.4
12.2
12.0

20.5

27.5

3207
2799

86

Broke with large splinter on corner ; somewhat shat-
tered.

243

16.0

23.5

243

2.3

4.2

6.0

&0

0.4

8.0

1
10.2

1Z«

15.5

10.5

!

3513

Split between rings at one end

84

27 FOB

b

418

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS

SpeoiM

Stats.

Loealit):

Collector.

Sou.

Itenukrks.

MAGXOLIACEiE.

1. Mamiolia {crandiflora

Big Laurel. Bull Bay.

2. Magnolia glaaca

HurettBay. While Bay. Bea-
rer Tree. White Laurel.
Swamp LaureL'

8. Mnunolia acnminata

Cucumber Tree. Mountain
Magnolia.

4. Maenolia cordata

Cucumber Tret.

5. Uagnolia macropbylla

Large-leaved Cucumber Tree.

6. Uat;Dolia iTTmbrella

VmbreUa Tree. Elk Wood.

7. Mn:;iiolia Fraaeri

LongJcaved Oucumitr Tree.

8. Liriodendron Tnlipifera

l\ilip Tree. Teliou) Poplar.
WhiU Wood.

ANONACE^.

9 Aaiinina triloba

Papaw. Ouelard Apple.

10. Anona lanrifolia

Pond Apple.

CANELLACEa;.

12. Canella alba

White Tl'ood. Cinnamon
Bark. Wild Cinnamon.

TERNSTR(EMIACEiE.

14. Gordonia T.afliantbns

Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay.

TILIACE£.

17. Tilla Americana ,

Lime Tree. Bait Wood.
American Linden. Lin.
Be* Tree.

346
846

354
354

746

246
201»
261>
S34
634

1178
1178

532
632

266'
266'

260
260

395
818
818
1231
1231
1232
1232
1236
1236

211
2U

479
479

1131
1131

236
236

414
414

2

2

124

Alabama .
...do

do.
do.

Virginia

...do

..do

...do

Mississippi .
...do

Alabama.
...do

Mississippi .
..do

Virginia .
...do....

.do.
.do.

Michigan

West Virginia .

..do

Pennsylvania . .

...do

...do

...do

Tennessee

...do

Missouri.
...do....

Florida .
...do ..

do.
.do .

Sontb Carolina. .
...do

.do.
do.

Cottage Bill .
...do

do.

.do.

■WythevUIe . .

...do

Fancy Gap . .

... do

Selvers' mill.
...do

Winston county .
...do

Qaitman .
...do....

Wytheville .
...do

Fancy Gap .
...do

Lansing

Grafton

...do

Chester county .

...do

..do

...do

Saw-mill at Nash-
ville.
...do

Meramec river,
Jefierson county.
...do

Bay isiscayne .
...do

Elliott's Key.
....do

Bonneaa's Depot
...do

Attec .
...do..

Massachusetts

...do

Michigan

Arnold Arboretum

...do

BigEapids

C.Mohr.
...do....

.do.
.do.

H. Shriver.

...do

...do

...do

C.Mohr

...do

do.
do.

do .
.do.

H. Sbrlver .
...do

.do.
do.

W.J.Beal..
C. G Pringle

...do

P. P. Sharplei

...do

...do

...do

A. E. Balrd . .
...do

G. W. Letterman
...do._

do.

Bich loam .
...do

Swampy .
...do....

Clay limestone.

...do

Eich,Ught

...do

...do

...do

Eich, low.
...do

Damp .
....do.

7353
8056

7212
6369

6705
6582
5126
6570
7389
8333

6577
6527

7357
8301

5647
6073

5806
7575

4663
6341
6636
6514
6169
6305
5874
5489
5606

Crushed libera at 10 millimetera

knot 28 millimeters from end.
Triple flexure

Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed at middle

Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters

from end.
Triple flexure

Crushed in vicinity of knots at

middle.
Crushed fibers at C3 millimeters

from end.
Crushed flbers at 76 millimeters

from end.
Crushed fibers at 302 millimeters

from end and on opposite side at

end.
Crushed flbers at 38 millimeters

from middle.
CniMbed libers in vicinity of knots

C3 millimeters from end.

Opened longitudinal crack be*

tween rings,
Cruahed fibers at 63 millimeters

from end.

Crushed fibers at 128 millimeters
from end.

Triple flexure; developed inter-
secting " Cooper lines ".

Failed at 6 millimeters knot 51

miUimeterfl from end.
Fibers crushed at 51 and at 128

millimeters from end.

Failed at knot at middle

Fibers cni.sbed at 51 millimeters
from end : an*5lo of cruabing, 55°.

Fibers crushed at 1"28 millimeters
from end ; an^le of crushing, 65°.

Fibers eruslied at 70 millimeters
from end : ansloof einsbing, 75°.

Fibers crushed at middle

.do.

I

Fibers crushed in vicinity of knot
.'>1 millimeters from end.

Fibers ciaished at C3 millimetei'S
from end.

do

Alluvial 3402

...do I 8388

Swampy .
...do....

do.
.do.

Coral .
...do .

H. W. Kavenel .
...cTo

Wet pine-barren.
...do

.do.
.do.

Swampy .
...do....

C. S. Sargent .
...do

Drift.

W.J.Beal Gravel

4967

12746
12292

5842
6752

6790
6396

4287

Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters

from end.
Cnished at knot 63 millimeters

from end.

Fillers crushed at 63 millimeters
from end ; ancle of crushinix, 65o.

Fri)ers ciuslieil on one side at
middle.

Fillers crushed at middle and split
along grain.

Filwrs crashed near middle; de-
flected from heart.

Fibers crusliod at knots near end

Fibers crnslied at 63 and at 127
niilliiuetors fnui) end at knots
lu niillinieters in diiimil«T.

Filier.>* erushed at 03 millimeters
from en<l.

Fibers crushed at 10 millimeters
knot near end.

Fibers ciiiKhod at 19 and at 102
millimetera from end.

4944

Fillers crushed at 127 millimeters
from end.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION.

419

B i PBKSSURB, IH Kn-OOBAHS, RSQUIBED TO FBODIICE AS CtDEKTATIOH, IH UOXIMETEBS, OF—

?, 0.9S

O.S1

0.76

1.03

1.37

1.53

1.78

3.03

3.38

3.S4

4.81

Remarks.

5.08

2041
1724

1152
1080

975
1016
1080
1157
lOie
1125

1325
1384 I

610
853

1080

loia

907
1025

749

630
1052

794

885

916

667
662

943
1034

3674
3311

035
533

1089
1134

934
703
717

1334
1329

1343
1420
1315
1379
1442
1610

884 1098 I
1111 1323

1742
1647

975
1270

1524
1615

1066
1297
1025
841
1288
1080
1012
1157
1116

894
943

6577

1125
1021 I

1519
1633

1167
880
852

' 3221
2356

1433
1433

1429
1535
1420
1465
1583
1769

1170
1402

1882
1765

1098
1388

1665
1787

1125
1388
1170
925
1397
1152
1084
1229
1166

957
1052

1610
1882

7621
8523

1243
1116

1642
1665

1297 j

925 :

894 '

3447
2076

1547
1533

1533
1651
1506
1579
1660
1833

1238
1470

2005
1887

1111
1470

1810
1914

1143
1470
1229
980
1433
1216
1120
1293
1202

1016
1111

1805
2019

8346
9458

1343
1211

1746
1760

1835
1007
857

3497
2805

1651
1603

1588
1737
1583
1665
1751
1932

1315
1538

2123
2065

1143

1542

1901 I
2032 I

1175
1533
1311
1043
1533
1257
1186
1361
1261

1039
1157

1941
2132

8573
9753

1388
1293

1807
1846

1393
1048
1034

3670
2921

1733
1667

1642
1805
1660
1715
1860
2019

1343
1606

2223
2078

1216
1619

1996
2082

1202
1606
1370
1125
1601
1302
1234
1429
1306

1075
1198

2068
2227

8822
10206

1452
1347

1932
1923

1442
1111
1043

3847
3016

1805
1742

1696
1889
1674
1774
1910
2105

1406
1660

2318
2191

2082
2146

1234
1674
1415
1152
1656
1343
1270
1479
1352

1111
1229

2159
2341

10614

1533
1433

2005
1991

1497
1157
1071

3978
3112

1846
1760

1733
1941
1758
-1824
1982
2245

1483
1719

2418
2263

1297
1742

2173
2195

1252
1737
1474
1193
1706
1379
1335
1520
1397

1116
1261

2254
2386

10886

1579

1488

2068
2059

1542
1189
1093

4078
3189

1900
1796

1753
2037
1787
1864
2068
2304

1524
1740

1329
1787

2245
2223

1297
1792
1524
1220
1746
1384
1352
1565
1^50

1129

1288

2304
2477

934<
10090

1642
1538

2146
2123

1578
1225
1120

4209
3291

1973
1673

1792
2111
1833
1901
2114
2359

1538
1819

2635
2404

1343
1855

2318
2295

1315
1846
1565
1266
1801
1442
1388
1601
1515

1152
1297

2336
2503

9571
11227

1701
1597

2218
2177

1619

1122

Began to shear fibers

Slight shearing of fibers.

Sheared fibers

•Slij^ht shearin;; of fibers .

do.

Splintered at pitli ; slight shearing of fibers.

Indented without shearing fibers

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers

do

do

Fibers sheared .

.do.
do.

34C
84<

3S4
351

24<
24«
261
261»
634
534

1178
1178

532

Indented without shearing fil>er8..
Fibers sheared

Indented without shearing fibers

Slight shearing: short specimen, 120 millimeters
long; split at Ijotb ends.

Sheared fibers.

Slight shearing of fibers.

do

Sheared fibers

do

do

do

do

do

.do.
.do.

Slight shearing of fibers.
do

Sheared fibers and opened gra'n

Sheared fibers and opened grain at middle and at end.

Sheared fibers.
do

-do.
.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.

260
260

396
818
818
1231
1231
1232
1232
1236
1238

211
211

478
478

U31
1131

238
238

414
414

2

a

12*

420

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PBINOIPAL WOODS OF THE

Spcda

SteU.

Locality.

CoUector.

Sou.

a*'

ill

Rtimarka.

IT. Till* Americana— continued . .

IT. Tilia Americana, rar. pnbes-
ocna.

U. Tilia heteropbylla

WhiU Bom Wood. TToAoa.

UALPIGHIACE^.

U. Byrsonima Incida

TalUmberry. Glamberry.

ZYGOPHTLLACE^.

ao. Gaalacnm sanctam.
Liffnum-vita.

KUTACE.ffl;.

23. Xanthoxylam Clava-Heronlis .
Toothache Tree. PricHy A sh.
Sea Aeh. Pepper Wood,
wad Orange.

St. Xanthoxy Inm Caribsenm

Satin Wood.

SIMARUBE^.

St. Simaruba glanca

Paradite Tree.

BUESEKACE.a!.

29. Barsera fnimmifera

Chtm Elemi. Gumbo Linibo.
Weet Indian Bireh.

30. Amyris sTlvatica

Torch Wood.

UELIACEiB.

31. Swietenia Mahozoni

Uahogany. Madeira.

ILICIKE.E.

3S. Bex opaca

American HoUy.

M. nexDaboan

Dahoon. Dahoon HoUy.

CTKILLACE.a!.

M. Cliftonia lignfltrina ,

Titi. Iron Wood. Buctiaheat
Tree.

124
252
2S2
316
316

745
745

285'

285«

285>

320

820

1113
1113

476
1133

735

735

1086

1086

1140
1140

487
487

462
462

475
475

452
452

280
280

484
484

338
338

Hiohigan

Uisaonri

...do

Hicbigan

....do

Maaaacbaaetts.
...do

Georgia
....do..

Eentnoky .

...do

...do

Tenneaaee .
...do

Florida.
...do ...

.do.
....do .

.. do.
..do.,
Texas
..do..

Florida .
...do...

...do.
.do.

...do.
do.

...do.
... .do .

.. do.

..do.

Soutb Carolina .
...do

Florida .
...do...

Alabama .
...do

Big Bapids .

Allen ton

...do

Heraey

...do

Danvera

...do

Bainbridge .
...do

Cliffs Eentncky

river.
Mercer county...

.-do

Cnmberiand river.
...do

No-Kame Key .
...do

Upper Metacombe
Elliott's Key

Chattaboochee.

..do

Palestine

...do

Babia Honda Key.
...do

Bay Biscayne .
...do

Upper Metacombe

Key.
do

.do.
.do.

.do.
do.

Waverly Mills.
...do

Bay Biscayne .
...do

Cottige Hill .
..do

W. J. Beal

G. W. Letterman .

...do

■W.J.Beal

...do

J. Bobinaon

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss.
..do

W. M. Linney

...do

...do.

A. Gottinger

..do

A. H. Cnrtiss.
...do

do.,
do..

...do...
...do ....
C.Mohr .
...do....

A. H. Curtiss .
..do

.do.
do .

.do .
do .

.do .
do.

do.
-do.

W. St. J. Mazyck
...do

A. H. Curtiss .
...do

C.Mohr.
...do...

Grivel

Alluvial

...do

Bieb loam . . .

..do

Moist gravel.
..do

Low ..
...do.

Limestone .

...do

...do

Alluvial ...
...do

Coral .
...do.

.do.
.do.

Dry, sandy . . .

...do

Damp, sandy .
...do

Coral .
...do .

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.

.do.
do.

.do.
.do.

Sandy loam .
..do

Low, damp .
...do

Wot..
....do.

4044

7167
7235
6314

Fibers cmshed at 114 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed at 45 milUmetors

from end.
Fibers cinsbcd at 51 millimeters

from end.

6080
4527

4917

5548
5126
7066
8278

6260

Fibers cmshed at 76 millimeters

from end.
Triple flexnre

Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters

from end.
Fibeis crushed at 127 millimeters

from end.

Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters

from end.
Fibers cnisbed at 152 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed at middle

Fibers crushed at 114 millimotora
from end.

Fibers crushed near middle in
vicinity uf sm.-ill knots.

11930
11648

7372
7698
7707
5978

11158
10761

7303
6328

2350
2595

11976

Lon[;itudinal split ; stick waiped

i>efore lest.
CruHhed libers and split aloug

grain near eud.

Triple flexure; developed inter-
secting: " Cooper lines ".

Crushed at middle; dedected fioiu
heart

Crushed fibers at 127 millimeters
from eud.

Crushed fibers at knot 6 millime-
ters in diameter; angleof crusU-
inp, 40°.

Britilo; crushing of fibers ; spliu-
It-red along jriain.

Fractured suddenly; shattered
along grain.

Fibers crushed at middle; angle

of crushing, 00<^.
Split eud to end along grain ,

Fibers crushed in vicinity of

knots.
Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters

from end.

Split along grain

11204
10115

7339
6078

5632
5512

6169
6706

Fibers cmshed nt 89 millimeters
from »ud: threw otT splinters.

Failed at 13 uuliinielcrs from end;
knot 76 miUimctors from end.

Triple flexure ; knot near end —

Failed at knot 63 millimeters
fiom end.

Failed in vicinity of kuota 76 mil-
limeters from end.

Fibers cmshed at 114 millimeters
from end.

Fibera crushed at end and at 64

millimeters from end.
Triple flexure ; fibers crushed at

127 millimeters from end ; grain

wavy.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued.

421

FBEBSUBE, IN KIL00EAM8, HEQCIBEU TO FBODUCE AN JKCENTATION, IN HILLIMETEBe, OF—

? 0.3S

Pi

472
826
544
G12
G62
612
640

612
635

481
857
798
866
749

1769
1610

4854
1769

1293
1111
2041
1179

1905
2717

861

485

2767
2926

2087
2531

1179
1551

1343
885

1338
1202

O.S1

0.76

1.02

1.37

694

,753

767

794

935

■ 916

1098

1139

794

835

862

912

749

803

857

930

857

903

948

812

839

894

925

821

862

903

944

789

866

889

907

839

889

934

993

694

767

817

898

989

1057

1071

1125

857

898

953

989

1093

1161

1216

1261

1039

lUl

1161

1207

2926

3198

3339

3475

2404

2858

3153

3257

8663

11022

12565

13562

5421

8392

10614

11817

1996

2173

2245

2259

1819

2032

2068

2164

3016

3157

3307

3429

1882

2141

2259

2341

4128

5285

5693

5987

4513

5262

5670

5942

1134

1220

1311

1315

1184

1352

1388

1452

720

753

803

812

640

662

671

685

6851

7417

8097

8699

5829

7167

8210

8890

3897

4060

4332

4559

4309

4831

5035

5343

1792

2023

2182

2363

2518

2835

8075

3289

1806

1905

1973

2032

1343

1452

1533

1583

1987

2186

2390

2576

1678

1882

2014

2136

1.S3

1.78

817
1184
953
953
1002
948
984

948
1043

889
1175
1012
1320
1247

3529
3393

14289
12565

2304
2223
3543
2363

6396
6214

1356
1520

843
708

9117
9208

4799
5534

2490
3429

2123
1087

2720 I
2254

852
1247

980

998
1034

989
1020

980
1066

898
1202
1052
1374
1297

3620
3515

14742
13245

2318
2277
3647
2395

6423
6419

1442
1569

712

9426
9435

4899
5670

2608
3602

2840
2350

3.03

871
1302
1025
1039
1066
1021
1043

1016
1120

912
1229
1080
1420
1343

3697
3652

14946
13653

2468
2322
3742
2422

6646

1456
1579

885
721

9707
9753

5035
5851

2694
3769

2232
1805

2971
2390

3.38

918
1338
1061
1080
1107
1052
1080

1039
1166

966
1275
1139
1470
1406

3765
3710

14969
14198

2522
2368
3856
2499

6895

1488
1615

903
739

5193
5974

2790
3910

2313
1846

30(!5
2586

3.S4

1365
1095
1111
1148
1071
1107

1075
1220

990
1311
1170
1504
1438

3819
3756

15105
14560

2567
2400
3919
2563

6985
6976

1501
1647

934
749

10433

6110

2980
4073

2305
1878

3166
2717

4.81

16103
15581

2880
2790
4626
3016

7892
7802

1746
1951

nil

852

11431

2744
2200

3900
3193

5.08

16194
15740

3094
2994
4786
2257

7802
8165

1928
2078

1157
903

3878
6171

2948
2449

4287
3674

Semarkg,

Sheared fibers

do

Slight shearing of fibers .

do

do

do

Sheared fibers

.do.,
.do.

do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
-do.

.do.
.do.

She«ired fibers; split along grain

Sheared fibers ; split along grain ; did not take even
bearing.

Sheared fibers.

do

do

do

Sheared fibers ; split along grain .
Sheared fibers

.do.,
-do..

Sheared fibers ; specimen worro-eaten.
do

Split along grain at ends

Split at ends; sheared fibers.

Sheared fibers.
do

Slight shearing of fibers .
Sheared fibers

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.

124
252
252
316
316
1039
1039

745
745

285>
285>
28S>
320
320

1U3
1113

476
1133

735
735
1086
1086

1140
1140

487
487

462
462

475
475

452
452

280
280

484
484

422

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tabus V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

1

State.

I.o<-.aUty.

Collector.

*
Soil. .

ill

■303

1'-

Remarks.

EHAMNACE^.
4S. SA-mofdA latifolia

4S4
454

460
460

803
803

9»3

297

297
386
386

684
684

044
944

301
307
928
928

463

463

464
464

982

982

1023

1023

1013
1014

298

298

299

376

376

409

1233

1233

1234

1234

12S5

Florida

Upper Hetacombe
Yey.

A. H. Cartiss

....do

Coral

13426

Split along grain

Std Iron Wood. Darting
Plum.

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

13290
12406

7112

Fibers crushed at knots and spUt

along gruiu.
Fibers crushed at knoU 64 milli-
meters from end.

Fibers crushed at 140 millimeti ra
from end.

Blade Iron Wood.

... do

....do

... do

do

....do

Saint John's river.
. do

... do

Bich hummock . . .
....do

Indian Cherry,

....do

do

G. Engelmannand
C. S. Sargent

G. W. Letterman.
... do

Kich, alluTial

Kicb, moist

do

9934

4531

4985
5344
5207

6328
5044

6305

Fibers crushed near middle

Fibers crushed at 76 and at 102

millimeters from end ; splitalong

grain.
Fibers crushed near middle ; grain

wavy.
Fibers crushed at 10 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed at 127 millimetora

from end.

Fibers crushed at 51 mitlimetera
from end.

Fibers crushed at middle in vicin-
ity of knot.

Crushed at knot 51 millimeters
from end.

Btarbfrry. Bear Wood. Shit-
tim Wood.

SAPESDACEiE.

Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.

.. do

.. do .. ..

do

do

.do

Allnvial

....do

... do

...do

....do

52 .^!acii1u8 CalifoiTiica

Califomia

. . do

Harin connty

...do . ..

G-R-Vasey

.. do

Hich npland

...do

Oali/omia Buckeye.

Texan

New Braonfels . . .
.. do

C. Mohr

Limestone

.. do

Spanish Buckeye.

do

... do

....do

Dallas

•
J. Beverchon

...do

Kicb, damp

...do.

7802
8641
7212
6436

10931
10387

6872
7167

6541
6418
5520
5919

Fibers crushed near middle

Triple flexure: develope<i intersect-
ing "Cooper lines" at middle, i

Triple flexure; deflected about 16 i
millimeters witiiout crushiu<^. |

Triple flexure ; split along gram.-

...do

WUd China. Soapberry.

...do

... do

....do

Austin

C. Mohr

Limestone

... do

.. do

...do .

....do

Upper Hetacombe
Key.

A. H. Curtiss

... do

Coral

Ink IFffod. Iron Wood.

do

....do

Fibers cru.shed at 102 millimeters
from end ; angle of cru&hiug, 60*^.

Deflected and split along groin - . .

.'^..do

... do

....do

...do

White Iron Wood.

.. do .

....do

....do

....do

Portland

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent
... do

Rich, alluvial

... do

Fibers cmslied at knot 76 milli-
meters from eud.
Triple flexure ; knot near end

Fibers crushed at 25 and at 76 mil-
limeters from end.

Fibers crushed near middle and
near eud.

Broad-leaved Maple.

do

...do

....do

Portland Fnmitnre
Company.

... do

... do

....do

.. do

....do

Moist, aUavial...

Vine MapU.

Washington t«r-
ritor.v.

Wilkeeon .

....do

....do .^

7349
10931

Fibers crushed at knot at middle

Fibers crushed near middle and
at 25 millimeters from end.

G.W. Letterman..
... do

Bich npland

..do

Sugar Maple. Suaar Tree.
kardMapU. Rock Maple.

do

... do

do

do

do

.do

11180
8302

Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters

from end.

Vermont

. do

Charlotte

C.Q.Pringle

... do

....do

....do

Now England

Charlestown Navy-
yard.

S. H. Pook

9063
11000
9970
9957
9707
8890

Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed at 39 millimeters

from end at 6 millimeters knot.
Fibers crushed at end ; cros.-*-

grained.

F. H. Horsford

... do

... do

...do

. ,lo

.. do

....do

do

.. do

... do

Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters
from end. j

Fibers crushed at TO millimeters
from end ; specimen split before ,
testing. !

do .

do

.. do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER GOMPRESSION— Continued.

423

o

1

n

PBESSUBE,

ra KILOGRAHB, REQUIBEU

TO PEODUCt AH

INDENTATION, IK

MILLUIKTEKS, OF—

Remarks.

*

b

0.35

0.51

0.76

1.03

l.»7

1.53

1.78

3.03

3.38

3.54

4.81

5.08

1

a

§

m
m

3016
3062

3447
2994

1338
1247

165«

490
975

6260
6396

6033
6260

1837
1860

3404

798
1107

7892
8119

7689
8097

20K
1982

2758

885
1216

8890
9617

9004
9480

2073
2073

2930

921
1247

9753
10705

10115
10660

2195
2159

3075

971
1293

10524
11885

11113
U794

2218
2214

3202

1021
1347

11158
12383

11612
12837

2304
2277

3280

1071
1397

11658
13109

12474
13789

2390
2309

3339

1116
1429

12112
13789

13245
14765

3468
2350

3352

1157
1515

12610
14470

13903
15603

2518
2386

3470

1179
1547

4.34

17237
17509

do

454

do

460 <

do

460

2880
2858

3765

1429

1778

do

803

3039
1928

Sheared fibera ... .

803

SligUtly sheared fibers • split at ends . . - .

993

Sheared fibers slightly

297

297

g

680
1066

1061
1223

1769
2073
2109
2064

1179
1433

1592
2132

3153
3103
3692
3366

1452
1569

1801
2495

3289
3348
4513
3955

1579
1651

1896
2576

3520
3320
4944
4404

1701
1742

2078
2699

3742
3701
3307
4649

1733
1810

2109
2785

3874
3874
5398
4872

1801
1892

2195
2867

4037
4037
5579
3062

1846
1973

2259
2939

4155
4241
5974
5216

1928
2068

2327
2976

4264
4356
6105
5426

1987
2127

2431
3075

4468
4518
8214
5566

2331
2540

2744

3262
5298
7190
6759

2658
2835

3166

3738
6033
7553
7439

Sheared fibers

684

do

684

do

Sheared fibers; split at ends

944
944

j

307

\m

307

w\

,do

928

'^m

do

928

m

M

m
m

2787
1796

1796
1990
1633
1338

1560
1226

2849
2359
2858
2064
2087
1724
2250
2132
2586
2540
2540

4944
3901

2313
2617
2313
1765

2578
2168

4355
3357

3157
2926
2313
3302
2767
3583
4128
3652

5715
489S

2422
2765
2495
1996

2835
2758

4944
3720
4626
3393
3239
2472
3606
3057
3792
4653
3928

6078
3489

a-)i3

2003
2563
2073

3C85
3039

5307
4060
4967
3606
3420
2613
3801
3257
4060
4745
4069

6419

5874

2604
3012
2613
215S

3252
3157

5579
1287
5262
3751
3602
2794
3983
3357
4246
4940
4200

6759
6205

2672
3116
2703
2232

3420

3280

•

6874
4513
5489
3892
3248
2849
4169
3502
4382
5149
4332

6931
6432

2812
3216
2767
2259

3574

6023
4740
5693
4060
3819
2944
4287
3611
4423
5330
4427

7158
6654

2835
3248
2838
2381

3701
3674

6101
4899
5906
4160
3983
3067
4418
3706
4495
5434
4522

7376
6895

2926
3339
2985
2440

3828
3720

6260
4967
6101
4228
4055
3107
4581
3801
4581
5330
4672

7567
7167

2980
3493
3012
2504

3747
6328

8210
8074

3289
3792
2976
2880

4854
4468

7530

8346
8641

3583
4105
3697
3129

5307
5035

8074

464

. ..do

464

982

do

982

do

1023

do

1023

do

1013

1014

293

298

6328
4364
4164
3202
4708
3969
4699
5625
4831

7485
4899
4763
3647
5448
4436
5648
C260
5379

7802
5239
6194
3901
5987
4899
6169
6736
6078

299

do

370

do

376

du

409

do

1233

do

1233

^

do

1234

IE

do

1234

do

1235

424

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

64. Aow Mccharinam — contSnoed.

Acer saccbarinmn. var. nignun.
JSUuk Sugar ilapU.

66. Acer dasvcarpum

Sc/t Maple. White Maple.

Silver Maple.

66. Acerrnbrum

Red Maple. Swamp Maple.

Sqft Maple. Water Maple.

68. Ke<riin<loCa1iforuicuin .
Box Elder.

ANACAEDIACE.E.

71. Hbu8 copallina

DicarJ Sumach.

71. Rhus copallina, rar.lanceolata.

Mountain Manchineel.

Hum Wood. Hog Plwm.
Doctor Oum.

LEGUMINOS.*;.

77. Kobinia Psendacacia

Loeutt. Slack LocuH. Tettow
Jjoeutt.

1235

213
213
274"

State.

Vermont..

1167
1167

1052

20
20
530
630
713
743
878
878

1048
1048

67. Negnndo aceroides 290

Sox Elder. Ashleaved Maple.

290

SU

3U

....do

...do

Hissonri.,

274'!.. ..do

767 I Florida..,
757 I... do....
Misaonri.
...do....

73. Kbns Uetoplnm 467

I'oifonWood. Coral Sumach.

...do

...do

MiesisHippi

...do :.

Georgia

...do

MasBachusotts.
...do

645
646

736
736

830

467

405
405
441

441
815
SIS
1247
1247
1248
1248

Uassacbnaetts.

Locality.

Charlotte .

...do

..do

Allen ton

...do

Chattahoochee

...do

Allen ton

...do

Collector.

Sou.

F.H.Hor»tord.

? 2 5

a at

9070

C.G. Pringle

...do

G. W. Lettennan.

...do

A. H. Curtiaa . . . .
... do

Clay

...do

Low, allnrial .

..do

Clay

... do

10070

G. W. Lettennan .
.. do

Kich, alluvial.
....do

Topefield J.Kobinson ; Low meadow .

Arnold Arboretnml C.S.Sargent Drift.

'..-do ' do do .

Kemper's mill .

...do

Bainbridge

.. do

Danvers

...do

.do Korth Beading .

.do do

Uiasonri.
...do....
Texas ...
...do...

California..
.. do

Florida.
...do ...

AUenton

...do

Dallas J.nevercbon

do do

C. Mohr Rich, swampy.

do '.do

A.H.CQrti8s Low

...do

J. Robinson.
...do

do.
do.

6. W. Lettennan.
...do

Contra Costa

comity.
do ,

Chattahoochee .
...do

Texas
...do.

Dallas .
...do ..

G. R.Vasey.
...do

A. H. Cnrtisa .
...do

J. Reverchon .
... do

Florida TTi

...do

West Virginia....

..do

New York

...do

...do

...do

iperMetacombe A. H. Cnrtlss.
do do

CbarlestownNavy.

yard.
...do

.do.

...do

Grafton

...do

Long Island .

...do

...do

...do

S. H. Pook .

...do

...do

... do

C. G. Pringle .

...do

M. C. Beedle .

...do

...do

..do

do.
.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.

Rich bottom .

...do

...do

...do

Rich, moist .
...do

Dry clay .
...do....

Beaiarka.

Fibers crashed at end .

Fibers crashed at 10 millimeters
knot .'il millimeters from end.

Fibers (Tnshed at 76 millimeters
from end.

8255 Triple flexnre; developed inter-
secting "Cooper lines".

6896 Fibers crushed at knot 102 milll-
moters from end.

9321 Fibers crushed at middle; devel-
oped ''Cooper lines".
Triple flexure ; " Cooper lines ".. ,

7711

Fibers crashed at 51 and at 76
millimeters from end ; knots.

7688 Fibers crashed near middle

8437
7235
6759
6903
7380

7485
7371

5080
5208
5148
5080

6613
7530

Fibers cnishod at 89 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed near middle

Dry, gravelly .
...do

6033

7666

Coial .
...do.

7847
9199

13426
12996
10229

12497
8369
9934
11294
10274
11385

Fibers crashed at middle and at

end.
Triple flexure; "Cooper lines" . ..

Triple flexure: "Cooper lines";

middle bend 115 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed at 25 and at 102

millimeters from end.

Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters

from end.
Fibers crushed near middle and

split longitudinally.
Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters

from middle.
Fibers crushed at midille

Fibers crushed at knot near mid-
dle.

Fibers crushed at 32 millimeters
from middle.

Fibers crushed at knot 76 milli-
meters from end.

Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters
from end at 3 millimeters from
knot.

Fibers crushed at knot 51 milli-
meters from middle.

Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters
from end.

Fibers crushed at end and at 76

millimeters from end.
FilxTs crushed near end aud split

along grain.
Fibers crushed at 10 millimeters

from knot and at 51 millimeters

from end.

Fibers crashed in vicinity of knots

Fiberscrushed in vicinityof small

knot at end.
Fibers crushed in vicinity of small

knot lO'J millimeters from end-
Fibers crushed at end of specimen

-do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Coutinued.

425

I

PBBSSUBI, IS KIL0GEAM8, BEQUIKED TO PBODUCB AN DtDKHTATlON, IN MILLIMETBBS, OF-

0.33

\-^:t

1941

2313
1542
2812
1860
2087
2223
3026
1951

1315

1951
2340
2073
1333
1179
1361
1706
1469

1805
1361

862
984

1179
1202

1134

1270

1111

1089

1384
1633

2926
2676
2291

2944

771
1814

2132

I
1905 I

2223 I

2495 i

0.51

2703

3357
2-99
4219
2744
3379
3243
3978
2840

2250

2518
3837
2976
1896
1633
1792
2649
2032

2259
2168

1071
1447
1352
2250

1479
1520

1397
1610

1438

1669

1928
2838

8856
3878
3343

4264
2019
2341
3257
3243
3302
3529

0.76

1.03

y

3175

3747

3924

3392

3579

4359

4844

2948

3166

3611

3837

3473

3652

4377

4599

3066

3329

2676

2790

2703

2840

1327

4500

3248

3379

2041

2123

1715

1842

1860

1932

2803

3016

2268

2427

2386

2508

2404

2563

1166

1315

1610

1624

1479

1529

2449

2486

1574

1633

1619

1674

1479

1551

1678

1805

1637

1765

1928

2028

2395

2749

3289

D529

4346

4740

4153

4436

3742

4064

4559

4808

2722

3016

2486

2622

3615

3783

3674

3878

3606

3792

4128

4219

\.V)

3379

4110
3751
5080
3334
4046
3792
4744
3479

2899

2935
4622
3479
2254
1887
2028
3121
2449

2613
2703

1332
1710
1574
2490

1683
1766

1637
1851

1878

2164

2930
3765

5126
4763
4296

4967
3103
2703
3978
4060

1.99

i.rs

3534

3656

4332

4473

3007

4028

6262

6401

3465

3616

4173

4377

3007

4019

4962

6080

3629

3797

3035

3157

3085

3252

4733

4872

3606

3742

2427

2449

1946

2028

2141

2214

3257

3384

2580

2703

2758

2794

2794

2858

1433

1483

1774

1866

1660

1683

2331

2658

1801

1806

1860

1951

1665

1733

1969

1991

1946

2059

2168

2177

3193

3293

3901

4060

«

5353

6706

5068

5416

4522

4699

5103

5307

3207

8343

2835

2894

4069

4264

4237

4377

4160

4346

4513

4626

3.03

3788

4617
4164
5543
3801
4527
4069
5239
3933

3293

338«
4985
3833
2472
2037
2254
3479
2776

2939
2971

1336
1860
1733
2672

1982
1996

1801
2046

2150

2218

3434
4095

5920
5616
4844

5421
3438
2026
4386
4482
4427
4S31

a.28

3933

4781
4336
5670
3802
4581
4300
5339
4033

3397

(i338
5203
3928
2567
2141
2350
3665
2890

107
3039

1619
1905
1774
2790

2003
2073

1805
2100

2159

2268

3525
4296

6283

5534

3094
4300
4604
4608
4967

3.S4

4037

4890
4441
6784
4028
4753
4346
5462
3724

8620

3615
6298
4024
2685
2177
2400
3760
2935

3198
3139

1678
1951
1819
2794

2082
2114

1836
2150

2159

2259

3370
4395

6396
6056
5112

5670
3620
3216
4604
4662
4672
5848

4.81

4672

5715
5262
6396
4808
6353
4944
6328
4831

4219

4264
6028
4626
3173
2531
2722
4332
3493

3632
3901

1973
2168
2064
3062

2293
2449

2087
2381

5987

4037
3765

5.08

5353

6283
6713
6849
6208
6851
5389
6782
4881

4717

4536

6568
4879

4808
3742

4037
4332

2177
2308
2223
3311

2790

2449

4346
5353

Kemarb.

Sheared fibers.

-do.
-do.
.do,
.do.
-do.
-do.
.do.
.do.

.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.

Sheared fibers; split at end .

Sheared fibers

do

do

Slight 8heariii<; of fibers

.do.
.do.

Sheared fibers .

do

do

do

Sheared fibers; split at end.
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; split at end.
do

Sheafed flbeis; split sticlf.
do

Sheared fibers ; crusbcd obliquely at each end.
Sheared fibers; split at sides

Sheared fibers ; split at end . .
Slight shearing ; split at end .
Sheared fibers ; split at end . .

do 441

do 815

Sheared fibers 816

Slight shearing ; split at end 1247

Slight shearing ; split at ends 12K

Sheared fibers ; splitatend : 124M

Slieared fibers ; splitatends 1240

1236

213
213
274«
274'
757
767
1167
1167

1062

20
20
630
530
743
743
878
878

1048
1048

290
290
311
3U

645
645

736

736

330

467
467

405
405
441

426

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PKINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Spedrs.

State.

n, BoblaU Neo-Mexioai».
Loctut,

1031
lOSl

80. OlnevaTeaota SBO

/ron Wood. Arbol d« Sierro.

«S0

81. PiscldlaErythrina..
Jamaica Uogxeood.

82. CladniRtis tinctoria

TeUow Wood. YeHow A$h.
Gopher Wood.

84. Sophora aiHnis .

Gymnooladas CanAdensis

Kentuety Coffee Tree, Coffee
Ifut

86. Oledltscbla triacanthos

Honey Loctut. Black LoeutL
Three-thomed Acacia. Sweet
Locust. Honey Shticks.

87. Gleditachia monospcnun .
WaUr Loeutt.

88, Parkinsonia TorroyaDa

Green-bark Acacia. Palo
Verde.

91. Cercia Cauadensia

Redbud. Judat Tree.

Prosopis Jnliflora

Meiquit. Alqaroba. Honey
Locutt Honey Pod.

04. Prosopia pubesvcus - - .

Screw Bean. Serew.pod Meg.
quit TorniUa.

08. Acacia Gifg^it .
Cat's Claw.

100. Lysiloma laiiniliqua.
Wild Tamarind.

ItOSACE^!.

102. ChrysobHlanus loaco.
Cocoa Plum.

108. Prunim Americana

Wild Plum . Canada Plum.
Horse Plum,

104. Prunns nngnDtifolia

Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plum.

564
564

33>

33

439

329
932

296
519
1241
1242
1243

53»
53«
444

760
760

678

678

436
1089
1090
1091

658
658

697

509
1112
1112

480

68

68

334

Colorado.
....do....

California.
...do

Florida .
...do ...

Kentticlty .

...do

Tennessee .

Xexas

...do

Missouri...

Tennessee .

If issonri . . .

...do

...do

..do

...do

Tennessee .

Florida

.. do

Arizona.
...do ....

Tennessee .
Hissoaii...

...do

...do

Arizona .
..do...
Texas ...

California.
...do

Arizona .

Florida . .
...do....
...do....

do.

Missouri.
...do....
Tisxas . . .

Looality.

Trinidad.
...do....

Lower Colorado

valley.
, ... do

Tipper Metaeombe

Key.
do

Mercer county.

*

..do

Nashville

Dallas .

Austin .

Allenton..
Nashville .
Allenton..

...do

...do

...do

...do

Nashville .

Chattahoochee.
...do

Lower Colorado

river.
...do

NashviUe.
Allenton..

...do

.. do

Tucson .
...do...
Anstln .

Fort Yuma .
...do.......

Santa Kita mount,
ains.

Boca Cbica Key . .

Key Larg^

...do

Bay Biscayne .

Allenton.
...do....

Dallas ...

435 I Tennessee Nashville.

Collector.

W. B. Strang .
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

A. H. Cnrtiss.
...do

W. M. Linney .

..do

A.Gatt!ngeT...

J. Severchon .
C. Mohr

G. W. Letterman

A. Gattinger

G. W. Letterman . .

.. do

.. do

...do

...do

A. Gattinger .

A. H. Curtiss .
..do

G. EnKolmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

A. Gattinger

G. W. Letterman.

.. do

...do

C.S. Sargent..

...do , —

C.Mohr

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Snrgent.
do

.do.

A. H. Cnrtiss .

...do

...do

do.

G.W. Letterman.

...do

J. Severohon

A. Gattinger.

Soil.

m

,•55 =

itll

-P-

Low, moist 10931

...do

Dry, gravelly .
...do

Coral .
..do.

Limestone .

..do

Alluvial ...

5851

9548

9934

Dry, calcareous..
...do

Low, lich . .
Limestone .
Alluvial . . .
..do

Low, rich

...do

Dry, sandy barren

Alluvial .
.. do ....

Sandy .
...do..

Limestone .

Eich

...do

...do

Rich, calcareous .

Sandy

Dry, gravelly.

Coral.
...do.
..do.

7167

7734
10524

9208
6169
5874
5434
5343

8119
7711
8174

8799

6078
7280

8119
8369
6704
6849

0934
10841
7462

10034
11431

11885

7053
8337

Swampy .

Bich upland .

..do

Rich

Kiver bluff .

8663

8799
10796

6441

Remarks.

Fibers omshed at 51 milUmeteni
from end.

Split along grain ; oblique fracture
Shattered one end j oro8s.grained . .

Cmshed near middle and at end ..

Crushed at end and at 102 milli-
meters from end.

Split along grain from end to end. .

Triple dcxure; took reversed
bend near middle.

Crashed at 13 and at 114 milli-
meters from end.

Crushetl and split along grain in
vicinity of knots.

Crushed at end and at 102 milli-
meters from end.
Triple flexure

do.

Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end.
Triple flexure

Crushed at 89 millimeters f'^rai
end at 10 tuiUinteters from knot.

Crushed &t ntiiidto at knot .5milli.
meters in diameter.

Crushed at 6 uiillimcters knot at

middle.
Crushed at 64 millimeters from

end.

Crushed at knot near middle ....
Crushed ijear middle

Cmshed at knot 102 inillimetors

from end.
Cmshed in vicinity of knots at

middle.

Split along grain from eud to end;

cmslieil near miilflle.
Triple flexure

Crashed near middle; opened
cracks along grain ; split jjel'ore
testing.

Crushecl at 6 millimeters knot at
midiUe.

Cmshed near end ; crossgrained . .

Split along grain from end to end.

Crusbed near middle .

Crushed at 10 millimeters knot
102 miilimcteis from end.

Cmshed at 25 millinseters from
end in vicinity of small knots.

Cru8he<l at 1 9 and at 80 milliiuetors
from end.

Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end and at end.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

427

T-RKSSUIiE, IN KILOr.BAlIS, EECJLIBED TO PBODUCK AN INDENTAI ION, IS MIUJMKTEB8, OF—

0.35 0.31

0.76

i.oa

1905
2041

2586
2313

1656
2518

3493
3357

3765
8256

4173
3992

2078
2840

3S1^
3810

5398
10387

4695
4626

22S0
3216

4155
4037

6849

11883

5126
5013

2350
3348

1.37

4427
4241

7983
12973

5353
5420

2440
3434

1.33

4614
4400

1.78

4799
4559

9526 10614
14062 14787

5693
5702

2540
3343

3920

eoio

2703
3624

3.03

5013
4786

11521
15467

6033
6237

2762
3720

3.3S

5126
4808

12474
16057

6237
6396

2849
3847

S.S4

5298
4831

13245
16510

6386
6600

4.81

5924
5602

18008

3402
4527

SMS

6192

3756
49S6

Eemorks.

I

Sbearedflbers

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Slight shearing; split at end .
do

Sheared fibers; opened seasoning orack.
Sheared fibers; split at end

Sheared fibers.

1031
1031

65»

564
5C4-

3»

2676
2041

2427
3720

4808
4581

5035
5062

5262
5434

5439
5761

5715
5874

5897
6105

0074
6359 I

6260
6655

7190
7576

«

7736

7847

Sheared fibers.

Sheared fibers ; split at end; compressed area con-
tained 3 millimeters knot.

3S»'

1610
1636
1429
1332

1796
1179
2041

2132
2019

1452
1833

1116
1769
1633
1452

2713
2132
3611

1769
2381

2926

1928

1787

3153

2114
1928

2245 I 2313

'1905
290$

3674
3447

2223
2939

17G9
2291

2327
2283

2168
2903

4219
3856

2699
3266

2132

2522
2794
2676

4219 I 451R

i

3007 4468

5874 6214

4105
3924

4604
4536

3367
2254
2232
1991

2404
2268
3071

4332
4073

2948
3479

2395
2703
3057
2767

4790
4699
6332

4967
5080

3529
2322
23C9
2082

2495
2404
3193

45T7
4264

3620
3020

2663
2880
3252
2875

4931
4990
6532

5239
5294

3607

2472
2427
2168

2654
2495
3370

4763
4468

3298
3701

2844
3026
3352
3071

5216
5103
6804

5421
5625

3847
2540
2522
2245

2812
2608
3561

5035
4638

3484
3788

3044
3184
3538
3153

5513
5330

3933
2608
2622
2318

1'939
2694
3847

5162
4799

3652
3901

3207
3298
3383
3293

5648
5425

6967 r 7067

5738 I 3860
5851 I 5965

4105
2676
2672
2390

3075
2776
3946

5252
5026

3801
4024

3357
3388
3810
3343

5802
5521
7117

6160
6114

4209
2835
2758
2434

3180
2862
4014

5380
5203

3896
4082

3538
3520
3882
3425

6028

5702
7244

6214
6314

4695
3289

3720
3357

5934
6078

4527
4717

4173
4291
4536
3765

6849
6486
8210

6940
7349

5162
3652

5512

6330
6350

5080
5035

4527
4699

Sheared fibers; split at end . . .
Sheared fibers

Slight shearing; split at ends .
Sheared fibers ; split at ends . .

Slight shearing ; split at end . .
Sheared fibers ; split at end . . .
Sheared fibers

.do.
.do.

Sbeared fibers and splintered at 6 millimeters knot.
Sheared fibers

Slight shearing, cau.sed hj uneven loading; season-
ing crack.
Sheared fibers

4105

Sheared fibers; split at end.
Slight shearing

8483

7508
7083

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

.do.
do.

(19-
li41
1242-
124»

63'
53*
444

760
760

078
678

486
1089
109*
1091

080
680
927

658
U38

1432
1497
1724

1724

1860
1796 I
2132

1184

2341
2654

2522
2449
3198

1565

1928
2685

2858

3153

2880
2703

2037
2821
2930

3484

3153
2890

3620 > 3828

i

1801 1682

2150
2967
3107

3162
3039
4014

2132

2241
3066
3252

3810

3257
3221
4150

2291

2331
3171
3357

3343
3356

3248
3456

4150

3484
8443
4527

2445
3339

4241

3579
3620
4662

2413 { 2540

2486
3438
3652

4355

4795
2608

2880
3937
4196

6038

4241
4219
6670

8130

3130
4241
4491

Sheared fibers.

do

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

4473
4672

Sheared fibers '. . . .

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

509-

ins-
ula

480

6*

08

334

Sheared at coi-uer; 6 miUimetora knot.

428

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Speeles.

105. Pninua PennsylTanica

Wild Ktd Cherry. Pin Cher-
ry. Pigeon Cherry.

106. Prnuus iimbellata..
Sloe. Black Sloe.

107. Prunnsomarginata, car. mollis.

(08. Pninua aerotina

Wild Blaek Cherry. Sum
Cherry.

109. Pmnus Capnll

Wild Cherry.

110. Prunne demiaaa

Wild Cherry.

111. Pi-nnn.s Caroliniana

Wild Orange. Mock Orange.
Wild Peach.

113. Pionus ilicifolia

Itlay.

115. Ccrcocarpns Icdifolina

Mountain Mahogany.

117. Pyrus coronaria

AmerieanCrat). SioeetneenUd
Oral.

120. Pyms Americana....

Mountain Ath.

121. Pyms sambnclfolia....

Mountain Ath.

125. Cnitogus arborescena

233
233

State.

Vermont .
...do

666 Georgia,
do...

968
968

Washington ter.

litory.
do

15 Maasachnaetta

15 ... do

115 Michigan

116 ...do

127 Missouri

127 ...do

148 niinoia

317 Michigan

317 i....do

Vermont

406
763
763
1053
1053

418
418

637

1032
1062
1062

1158
1158

883
883

808
808
1087
1087
1088
1088

214
365

607
607

Virginia or Mid-
dle States.
Florida

....do

Maasachnaetta

....do

New Mexico.
...do

Califonria.

Florida....

Texoa

...do

California .
...do

XTUh..
...do.

Delaware

....do

Pennsylvania.

...do

...do

...do...

Vermont.
...do....

...do .

Soath Carolina

Georgia

...do

Locality.

Charlotte .
...do

Altamaha river.
...do

■Wilkeson.
...do

Roxbary —

...do ,

Lansing

ITansville . .

Ailenton

.. do

■Waukegan .

Heraey

...do

Charlotte . .

Chariest own Navy-
yard.
Chattahoochee.

...do

Topsficld
...do

Collector.

C. G. Pringle .
...do

A. H. Cartiss.
...do

G. I^ngplmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

C. S. Sargent

.. do

■W.J.Beal

...do

G. W. Letterman

...do

K. Douglas

W.J.Beal

...do

C.G. Pringle

S. H. Pook

A. E. Cnrtiss

...do

J. liobinson

...do

PiuosAltosroount- F.L.Greene

ams.
..do ..

Strawberry valley

Jacksonville

Victoria

...do

Santa Cruz .
...do

City Creek cafion .
...do

Eiamensi .

...do

Nazareth .

...do

...do

...do

Charlotte . . .
Huntington .

Mount Mansfield

Aiken

Ogeechee

...do

do .

G. Engelmannand
C. S. Sargent.

A. BLCnriiss .

C.Mehr

... do

C.L. Anderson.
...do

M. £. Jones .
...do

W. M. Canby -

...do

J. Henry

...do

...do

...do

C.G. Pringle.
...do

.. do.

H. W. Kavenel.
A. H. Cnrtiss . .
...do

Boa

a •• •>'

Cold, gravelly.
...do

Clay..
...do.

Low, rich -
--.do

Gravelly...

..do

--.do

..do ,

Rich loam

... do

Gravelly. . .

Rich

...do

Gravelly...

Clay

...do ....
GravcUy.
...do..-.

Alluvial .
...do....

Low, rich -

Sandy

Rich, moist .
...do

Rooky .
...do..

Clay..
...do.
Moist .
...do.
...do-
.. do.

Gravelly.
...do

do.

Rich.
Low .

6532
6486

7960

8051
6663

10138
10256
7235
8732
9979
8890
9199
7802
8324
9095
6564
8773
9571
8029
8609

8165

7847
9503
9617

8709

10478

7485
7756
5851
6940
5874

5851

6123

6672
8346

do.

Remarks.

Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 102

millimeters from end-
Crushed at 102 millimeters from

end.

Cross-grained ; split at end

Crushed fibers near middle .

Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 25
mlitimeters from end.

Failed at knot at end and split

along ;n'ain.
Triple flexure

Cru8he<l at middle at 3 millime-

tera knot.
Crushed at 32 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 25 millimetera from

middle.
Triple flexure

Crushed at middle and at end.
Crushed at end

Crushed at 127 millimeters &om

end.
Crashed at middle

Crashed at end and split obliquely

along grain.
Cruslied at 51 millimeters from end

and split obliquely alone crain.
Crushed .fibers at 38 millimeters

from end.
CrKshed fibers near middle of one

side of specimen.
Triple flexure

Split along grain from end to end ;
knott%%

Crushed at middle ; 3 millimeters
knot.

Crushed near middle at small

knota.
Crushed at 16 millimeters knot

102 millimeters from end.
Shattered at end ; cross-grained . .

Crashed at ends; knot 4 milli-
meters in diameter.

Cross-grained ; shattered .

Triple flexure

Crushed at knot Cniillinieters in di.

aroetei;127 millimeters from end.
Crushed at knot 19milliniet<?r8 in

diameter 25 mill imeters from end.
Cfuslieil 76 millimeters from end

in vicinity of 4 millimeters knot.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from

end : cross.^xraiued.
Crushed at two 6 millimeters knots

76 millimeters from end.

Crashed at middle ; knots 3 mil.

limeters in diameter.
Crushed iit 3 millimetera knot 102

mitlinieters from end.

Triple tlexure

Crnahed at 16 millimeters knots
38 and 76 millimeters from end.

Crushed at middle; knot 3 milli-
meters in diameter.

Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued,

429

PRESeUIiE, IX KILOGBAMg, BEQUIBBD TO FBODL'CE AN IKSESTATIOX, IN HILUUETEBS, OF —

0.23

0.31

1257
1483

2699

4649

2313

3583

975

1021

612

1111

3112
3107
1973

5398
5307
2241

0.76 i.oa

^7
1597

5280
4073

1084
1216

6237
5489
2468

I

1442
1724

5851
4527

1161
1252

6646
5920
2540

1.37

1501
1796

6214
4740

1216
1343

1.S3

1538
1932

6555
5126

1306
1453

7063
6468
2749

1.78

1628
1983

6759
5285

1347
1483

7221
6646
2849

9.03

9.38

1660

2073

6872
5416

1393
1542

7326
6795

1710
2114

7145
5533

1470
1619

7372
6972
3048

3.S4

1805
2164

5276

1483
1687

7376
7112
3094

4.81

2078

8029

171B
2019

8165
7530
3620

5.08

8483

1951
2078

8618
8210
3878

SemarkB.

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

.do.

Slight shearing ; split at ends.

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
do

Sheared fibers and splintered. .

Sheared fibers

do

233
233

606-
606-

908
968-

13-
16
115'

I

2019 ,
1588

2619
2177

2880
2341

3075
2536

3202 3334
2667 2771

1837
1384
1225
1125
1588
'.542
1724
2313

2381
1588
1660
2749
2078
2123
2495
3538

3041 2708
2041 i 3311

2177

2313
2223
2132

3221 j
14;;2 .

3153

i
2948 {

3221

4060
4105
3606

4513
2676

5171
5534

2753
1656
1837
1483
2259
2850
2713
3007

4196
3738

3561

4699

4786
3674

5126
3198

6314
6804

1678 2404 ,

2395
1792
1905
2449
1588 I

1043

3357
2835
3788
3652
2699

1533

8171
4513

4128
316e

1656

1765
1969
1569
2336
2495
2812
4173

4445

420O

3792

5216
5307
8969

5625
'3C11

7122
7462

2858

3379
4831
4400
3470

1751

2880
1860
2078
1615
2390
2581
2971
4432

4241
4445

5534
5657
4191

5874
3901

7372
7983

6017
4572
3792

1869

3393

2844

3493
3026

3674
3071

3788
3166

4491
3538

2880
1941
2164
1660
2513
2713
3093
4717

2948
2019
2259
1710
2576
2853
3184
4799

4909 6126
4940

4699

4087

5793
5869
4318

6205
4128

7892
8523

3198
4191
3683
5207
4786
4056

1887

4219

6141
6106
4740

6482
4445

8460

3075
2087
2313
1760
2631
,2890
3302
4931

5376
6207

4346

4800

6769
4740

8830

3198
2173
2427
1805
2722
2939
3420
5062

5466

4477

6568
6522
4990

7021
4899

3289

3367

3856
3334
4890
4173

2019

4028
5307
5080
4318

2096

3561
4536
4173
3661
5298
4481

2223

3202
2214
2481
1851
2753
3048
3479
5203

3674

2939
2159
3107

4173
5978

5661

4531

7230
C613
5153

7235
5071

9631

3674
4649
4237
5719
6325
4563

2268

6740
5443

7892
6033

8392
6305

12247

4241
6434
4990
6396
6169
6080

2676

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end.

3901

3153
2368
3334

4581
6341

7802

9934

4753
5987

7076
6532
5693

3812

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end. .

do

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers { split at end .

do

Sheared fibers

Split at ends

Sheared fibers; split at end .

do.

Slight shearini: ; split at end; short specimen,

centimeters long.
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Slight shearing ; 4 millimeters knot .
Split at end

Sheared fibers .
Split at end ...

Sheared fibers

do

Slight shearing; split at end

Sheared fibers; 13 millimeters knot at comer of com-
pression area.
Slight shearing

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at ends ,

127
127

317
317

36»
406>
763'
763'
1053
1053

418
'419

637-

1032'
1062-
1062-

1158
1168-

1087
1087
1088
1088

214

957
1905
1343

1406

1746
2699
1982

1678

2254
3030
2369

1701

2622
3207
2567

1715

2703
3438
2713

1805

2840
8574
2830

1941

3016
3701
2985 I

2019

3116
3901
3193

2032

8248
4024
3339

2214

3438
3729
3407

I

2608

4150
4980
4128

Sheared fibers ■

4763
5398

.do.
.do.

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

410

363>
607
607

430

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Spceict.

!

Stote.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

41

Inf-
ill

III

Remarks.

III'.. CraUegnaCrns-itaUi

Thorn.

328
328
1093
1003

948
1081

42«
426

926

239

767

241
849
849

540

Uaaaachnsetta

....do

Srookline . .

J.Robinson

....do

6033
5806
7349
8348

8605
8618

7434
0795

7280

7122

8437

11294
10433
10410

6795
6486
7847
7892
6337
6306
6940
7870
8573
8210
7938
8256

13517
14016

9571
9614

7212
7167

14198

Crushed at 64 millimeters from

end.
Shattered at end

....do

....do

Uiesoari

Allen ton ,

. do

G. W. Letterman .
....do

Triple flexure; small knot*

Crushed at 127 millimeters from
end and split along fotiin.

Crushed at 19 millimeters from

end and alonz one face.
Crushed at middlo at knot 3 railU-

metcrs in diameter.

Crushed at each end and at middle.

Crushed at middle at knot 3 mil-
limeters in diameter.

Crushed at 16 millimeters knot
102 millimeters from end.

Crushed at middle on one comer. .

Crushed along one comer; de.
fleeted from crushed side.

Crushed at 115 millimeters from

end.
Sap-wood ; triple flexure

....do

. do

TeXRH

Victoria

C.Mohr

Alluvial

• SearUtHavf.

Miasouri

Saint LouiB

Nashville

H.Eirflrort

...do

A. Gattinger

....do

Limestone

..do

Black Thorn. Pear Hav.

do . .

Webster parish...
Bonnean's Depot . .

C.Mohr

H.W.Ravenel....

A.H.Cnrtiss

W.M.Lione.v

J.Robinson

....do

Clay

Samp, rich

Drv clav

Small-fruited Zfaio.

Sonth Carolina

Florida

Alay Saw. Apple Haw.

13:. CratEcgusflava, var. pnbescens
Hummer Haw. Jled Haw,

13' . ATneliiiichierCanntlensis

Jimebenry. ShadJSush. Serv-
ice Tree. May Cherry.

Eentncky

HassachnsettH

do

BnimficldSUtion.

Waverly shale

Loam

do

...do

Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.

Crushed near middle; angle of

crushing, 50°.
Tripleflexure

Crushed at 25 and at 102 millime-
ters from end.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 64 millimeters from end
and at middle on opposite face.

Crushed and split at end ; cross-
grained.

Crashed nt 64 millimet.ira from
end; 0.75 sap-wood.

Crushed at 64 millimeters from
end.

UAMAMELACE^.

189 Liquidambar Styraciflua

HweetGum. l^tar-leavedChim.
Liquidamber. lied Gum,
BihUd.

Kemper's mill

do

C. Mohr

Eich,aUaTial

....do . ...

546

do

....do

1095
1095
1173
1173
1181
1181
1182
1182
1183
1183

485
486

489
489

607
607

1118
1118
1135
1135
1127
1127

67

07

761

LltUeKook

....do

O. W. Letterman .
....do

... do

New Jersey

...do

Monnt Holly

...do

8. P. Sharpies....
....do

Clav .

....do

MissiBSippi

...do

Yazoo River bot-
tom.
do

E. Abbey

Alluvial

... do

do

...do

....do

do

....do

....do

...do

...do

....do . .

do

... do

....do

....do

do

Crushed at 25 millimeters from

middle.
Crushed at middle . . .

....do

... do

. do

do

RHIZOPHORACB^.

Florida . . .

Bay Biscayne

... do

A. H. Curtiss

....do. ..

Salt-marsh

do

Crushed at end in vicinity of knot.
Crushed at middle ; cross-grained.

Crushed at 38 miUimetera from

enil ; worm^^aten.
Triple flexure

Uangrote.

do

COMBEETAOE^.

...do

...do

...do

Button Wood.

...do

....do

....do

do

14L'. I oeiinciilaria racemosa

....do

Sagar-Loaf Sonnd
do

...do

. do

Crushed near middle; cross-
grained and worinenten.

Crushed at 70 niiilimeters from
end ; small knots.

Crushed at 127 millimeters from '
end.

While Button Wood. WhiU
ilangrove.

do

....do

do

MTETACE^.
14 J. £ii;Gnia busifolia

...do

...do ;

Lost Man's river. .
....do

do

Humus and cor.il .
do

Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish
Stopper.

I'd. Eugenia monticola

...do

...do

Umbrella Key

....do

....do

Coral

8754
8936
10931
10567

9276
9571
7031

Split along grain, opening season

eraeUs; split in seasoniji^ cracks.

Split and crushed near end

Triple flexure; devcloptMi inter-

sectmg 'Cooper lines^'.
do

.^topper. WhiU Stepper.

...do

.. do

do

118. Engenla proeera

...do

Minmi

....do

.. do

Aed Stopper.

....do

...do

....do

. . do

COENACE.«.

Miasonri

G.W. Letterman..
...do

Upland

.do ..

Triple flexure ; opened cracks at

end.
do

J ''lowering Dogwood. Box
Wood.

...do

...do

Florida...

Chattahoochee

A. 11. Curtis*

Calcareous

Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end; cross-grained.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION— Continued.

431

FBBE8UBE, IK KlVOGBiMB, RSQUIBED TO PRODUCE AH IKDBKTATIOH, D( Mn.I.TMBTEBS, OF—

1 i 0.35 0.51

1

m

m,

1315
1314
2041
1701

131S
2449

1787
1293

1315

1433

1905

2041
1860
2449

1424

1588
I
I 1334

! 771

I

! 1198

i 2078

1089

952
1384
1043

907
1157

1311

!!227

24M
{903

817
1270

2338
4691
2686

0.76

t.O»

2313
2155
3153
2676

2495
3674

3257
2359

2617

2699

3720

3221
3221
3515

1914 I
lf33 I
1996 I
1315 '
1814 '
2844
1506

1453 i

[
1792

1520

I
1452 '■

1488 :

4173
4763

4173 I
4491 I

1315 '

i

1973 ;

2495
2490
3656
3085

3130
4119

3765 ;
2948

2676
2713
3937
3379

3484
4445

i.3r

I.S3

4255
3611

3788
4626

4055 4309
3130 3379

3066': 3329

I

I
3130 ! 3402

I
4445 4831

3674
3788
3946

2019

2073
2191
1474
1996
3026
1588
1574
2000
1656
1633
1678

5800
5987

4851
5216

1796
2250

3484

5103

2976
4182
3828

3983
4922

4482
3638

3674

3742

5398

3765 j 4763

i
.Wel 5942

I
4527 i 5648

4110
4291

2100
2223
2250
1542
2096
3162
1633

1814
1923
1837

6940 I
6713

5398
5761

2050 I
2472

I
5398 I

6373

I
6033

4423 ! 4436
4491 I 4708
4536 4863

2254
2313
2277
1574
2186
3302
1715
1760
2227
1914
2041
1896

7576
7212

5751
6101

2132
2040

5851
6849
6532

2381
2395
2377
1674
2859
3438
1760
1851
2300
2019
2091
1941

8006
7689

6078
6432

2359
2708

7076
6795

1.78

3085
3071
4605
3992

4219
5013

4658
3742

3910

3856

5626

4877
4922
5098

2477
2518
2413
1719
2472
3561
1928
1887
2350
.2091
2168
2073

8464
8052

6396
.6759

2486
2844

6613
7303
7258

9.03

3.38

I

3207
3171
4859
4119

4391
S162

4781
3892

4055 I 4164

4028 I 4101

3307
3198
6035
4264

4581
5439

4944
4119

3.54

4.81

3397
3484
6171
4391

4763
5534

5036
4287

3983
4064

4806
6759

6861
4036

4287 6262

I

5874 1 6066

4990 :
6112 ;

5303

J

2536
2604
2486
1769
2531
3661
1941
1941
2449
2141
2273
2166

8337

7099

2531
2948

6963
7553
7475 ;

5194
5316
St84

2645

2703

2527

I
1860 i

2676 :

3801 '
i
1973

2028 I

2586

I
2291 I

2381 ;
i
2223

I
9140 I

4264

5334 ,
6489 I

4990

7394

6350
6646

5684 6782

2626
3036

7294
7802
7779

2717
2799
2640
1932
2708
3042
2014
2060
2649
2343
2445
2273

9463
8913

7085
7530

2790
8116

7376
8029
7983

3166
3289
2926

4445
2313
2404
3075

2708

S.08

4296
4763

6033

Bemarks.

Sheared fibers

do

Slight shearing ; Bplit at end .
Sheared flbers

6350 1 do

7212 Sheared flbers ; split at end .

6486
6625

5761

6679

7983

7349

3329
3020
3121

4881
2440
2531
3302

1

2722 : 2926

Sheared flbers .
, do

-do.

Sheared fl1>ers ; split at end

Sheared flbers ; indented on 6 millimeters knot .

Sheared flbers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

Sheared flbers; split at end .

Sheared flbers

do

do

Sheared flbers ; split at end .

do

Sheared flbers

do

do :

do

Sheared flbers ; split at end .

Sheared flbers

Sheared flbers ; split at end .

10637

Slight shearing ; split at end .
Sheared flbers ; split at end . .

9626
9026

.do.
do

Sheared flbers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

Opened seasoning oracles . . .

9763 Sheared fibers ; split at end .
9763 i Sheared flbers

328
328
1003
1093

949
1081

42S
426

767

241
849
849

646
546
1095
1096
1179
1171
1181
118!
118!,
1181.,

us;

1181

4a

481

481

481

60"

501

UK

Hit
1136

3538 I
2813

2948

I860
2833

6080
4672

4581
3720
3162

I

6761 I
5942

6432
6668

I

6716 6146
4513 4953
3493 I 3766

5180
4037

7439
7689

6764

5484

7792
8119 I

7076
5761

8119 j
8419 I

7326
5965
4563

8606

S714 i

I

7485
6192 I
4667

8786
8990

7729 <
8396 !
4844

10614
10841

7802
5625

Sheared fibers j split at end .

11930 I do

9798 ' Sheared fibers; 7 millimeters Itnot in compression

I surface.
8702 ' Sheared fibers; split at end

8169 I

do.

1127
1127

67
67
761

432

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRES'CIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpeoiM.

m. Cornns florida— oonttnoad .

Ua. Cornns ITutUUil

Flmnring Dogwood.

153. Njseacapitata

Ogetchee Lime. Sour Tu-
peto. Gopher Plum.

U4. NyaM sylvatica

Tuptlo. Sour Oum. Ftp-
ptridge. Slack Qv/m.

1A6. Nyssa nniflora

Large Tupelo. Cotton Qun%.
Tupelo Gum.

CAPRTFOLIACE^.

186. Sanibncus glanca .
Jilder.

158. Vibuniiim LcDtago

Sheepberry. Nannyherry.

159. Vibnmatn pnmifohum

Blael Haw. Stag BiuK.

KUBIACEiE.
1(0. KxoetemmaCaribaram .

161, PinckTieyapnbens

Georgia Bark.

164. Vwcininin arboroum.
FarkUberry.

Its. Andromeda femiKliie*.

106. Arbntnfl Menziesii.
Uairona.

State.

812

812
1077
1077
1092

Weet Virginia...

605
606

n7

750
760
813
81i)

834
834
835
835

128
128
550
550
604
604

681

370

110«

466
406

881

343
343

1083

643
643
679
878

...do ....
Mlssonri.
...do...

...do....

Locality.

Grafton..

...do ....
Allentos.
...do....
...do....

960 Oregon Portland.

960 ....do ; do

Georgia.,
...do...

Tennessee

Florida

...do

West Virginia —

...do

Massacbusetts . . .

...do

...do

...do

..do

...do

South Carolina.

.. do

Alabama

...do

Georgia

...do

CaliforDia..
Vermont

Kentucky .

110»[....do

739 Georgia

Florida.
...do...

South Carolina.

Alabama .
...do

Florida.

California .

...do

...do

...do

Ogeecbee river.
...do

Cumberland river

Cliattahoocbee

....do

Grafton

..do

■West Newbnry . . .

...do

...do

...do

Chebaccopond

...do

Bouneau's Depot

...do

Stockton

..do

Ogeecbee river. . .
.. do

Contra
county.

Hinesbnrg.

Costa

Hercer couuty

...do

Bainbridge

Upper Metacombe

Collector.

iey.
.do ..

C.G.Pringle.

...do

G. W. Letterman.

...do

...do

G. Engelmann and

C. ^Sargent.
do

A. H. Curtiss .
...do

A. Gattinger..
A. H. Curtiss .

...do

C.G.Pringle..

... do

J. Robinson. . .

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

H.W.EaTenel...

...do

C.Mohr

...do

A. H. Curtiss

... do

O.K. Vasey...

C. G. Pringle .

W. M. Linney .

...do

A. H. Curtiss .

do .
.do.

Blnffton I J. n. MelUchamp

Citronelle.
..do

Jacksonville .

CMohr.
...do...,

A. H. Cnrtiss .

Contra

county.
do

Marin county
...do

Costa 6. K. Vasey .

..do

...do

...do

Soil.

Dry.

.do.

Gravelly.
...do....
Flinty ...

Swampy .
...do ...

CUy..
..do.

Bich..
...do.
...do.
...do.

Swampy .
...do....
Alluvial .
...do....
Swampy .
...do....

Gravelly.
Swampy .

8732

7621
0004
8981
8210

10387
10819

7349
7892
8119
8414
8210
7689
6623
6577
7394
7022
7176

6396
6328
5035
5715
6123
5489

4400

Bemarks.

Sap-woml ; triple flexure ; inter-
secting "Cooper lines"; split at
end.

do

Triple flexure

Triple flexure ; split at ends ; in.

tersecting "Cooper lines".
Triple flexure ; split at ends

Crushed at middle

Crushed at 102 millimeters tnm
ebd.

Crushed at 114 millimeters from
end ; split along grain.

Hudson Eiver 10160

shale.
Treutou limestone. 1U329

Clay I 7938

Coral .
.. do .

Sandy swamp.

Sandy .
...do.

Hammock .

Gravelly...

...do

...do

...do

13381
10660

4355

5874
6895

7802

7303
7756
7630
9648

Crushed on one face at 25 millime*

teis from middle.
Triple flexure ; splitatcnds ,

Crushed at 3 millimeters knots

at middle.
Crushed near middle ; split along

one corner.
Croshed at 102 millimet<'rs from

end.
Triple flexure ; split at ends

Crushed at knots 64 millimeters

from end.
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 25

millimeters from middle.
Triple flexure; split at ends......

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally; split at ends.

Triple flexure; split at ends; in-
tersecting " Cooper lines ".

Crushed at 12 and at 127 millime-
ters from end on oppcsito sides.
Triple flexure; split at ends

Crushed near middle .
Triple flexure

Triple flexure 102 millimeters

from end. ,
Triple flexure ; split at end

Shattered at end ; 10 millimeters
knot.

Crashed near middle ; grain wavy,

Crushed at ends in vicinity of ;
knots; split along grain.

Crushed 38 millimeters from mid-
die.

Crashed 26 millimeters from mid-
dle; cross-grained.

split

Shattered from end to end -

Crushed at knot at middle ;
along grain.

Crushed at knot 25 millimeters
from middle; opened between
rings.

Split and crushed at end ; cross-
grained.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end; cross-grained.

Triple flexure; split at ends...

do

Shattered and crushed at ends,
Crushed fibers at middle

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITEB STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Coutinued.

433

FBESSUBE, IN KILOGKAMS, BEQUIBED TO rllODCCE AK INDESTATIOK, IK MILLIMKTKE6, OF-

0.3S

0.51

2041

3130

1951

3130

862

2291

1961

385e

2223

3833

20«8

2994

1614

3198

1406

2177

0.76

3^

<t

3606
3606
4491
4509

3343
3556

1338
1792
2291
1951
1179
1633
1724
1257
1384
1901
1837

2132
2313
1043
1343
1497
1202

1462

1796
2767
3130
3749
1352
2676
2495
2531
2215
2699
2740

2622
2948
1529
1905
2313
1610

1928

1941
3130
2329
2921
2019
2948
2744
2713
2513
3130
3130

2875
3130
1588
2(H1
2654
1783

2068

1.03

3761

3892
4418
4944
4044

1.37 1.33

3983

4069
4944
6243

515S

3615 3819
3742 3946

2522
2150

2064

3606
3075
2259
3062
2971
2899
2849
3357
3311

3003
3207
1678
2168
2803
1805

2150

2713
2254

2150
3538
3792
3243
2336
3243
3148
3030
2921
3515
3529

3148
3348
17«5
2254
3012
1923

2218

,4146

4250
5325
5552

5398

4014
4164

1.78 3.03 9.38

I t

2S45
3756
3992
3375
2404
3583
3307
3171
3107

3320
3438
1869
2381
3139
1996

2291

4355

4400
5715
5711.
5606

4132
4287

2971
2449

2331
3802
4241
3438
2495
3097
3447
3311
3193
3856
3342

I

3475
3593
1960
2472
3216
2118

23'--9

4527 :

4536
5878
6883 ;
5779

4323
4491

3085
2608

2400
4073
4423
3497
2531
3919
3556
3420
3311
3983
3946

3574
3742
2014
2S86
3348
2195.

2436

4677

4717
6146
6114
5929

4436
4572

3143
2622

2499
4219
4536
3588
2567
4055
3683
3502
3484
4105
4064

3715
3042
2059
2664
3425
2232

2486

3.54

4.81

4831

4899

5761

6987
6419 I 7599
0373 I 7394
6123 i 7212

9.08

6328

Bemarka.

Sliearcd fibers.

6396 I do

8663 do

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

1

4604
4708

3289
3039

2622
4400
4726
3670
2617
4137
3810
3615
3579
4241
4264

3823
3916
2132
2708
3493
2308

2636

5489
5579

3878
3153

3016
6307
6851
4196
3039
6126
4581
4418
4196
5035
6216

4401
4545
2436
3086
4219

7938

5829
6169

5861
6350
4391
2894
5887
5171
5013
4681
5851
6616

4944
4944
2667
3334
4401

.do.
-do.

.do.
.do.

Sheared fibers ; split at ends .
Sheared fibers

ao

do

do

Sheared fibers on one edge . . .

do

Slight shearing

Slight 8he8.ring

do

do

Sheared fibers

do

do

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; split at end.

812

812
1077
1077
1092

960
960

605
606

617
750
750
813
813
833
833
834
834
836
835

128
128
660
660
604
604

681

370

110«
110*
739

466
466*

343
343

1033

643
643
679
679

1996
1882
2449

2948
3447

590

1941
1905

1792

1315
2087
1941
1361

2019
3992
3438

5806
5761

34«2
3243

2699

2404
2685
2858
2313

4649

4854
3806

6940
6668

3833
3742

3193

2694
2980
3243
2640

28 FOB

4976
5207
4033

7439
7067

5262
5512
4264

7938
7475

4164

4432

4241

4522

3402

3611

2967

3048

3243

3443

3616

3720

2903

3075

5498
6724
4463

8142
7756

1792

4899
4749

3633

3266
3620
3861
8243

5715
6965
4690

8460
7015

1851

6171
4990

4024

3393
3828
3996
3393

6874
6232
4840

8836
8074

5398
5162

4173

3574
3992
4173
3661

6033
6441
4581

8192
1941

5512
6302

4300

3729
4119
4309

6283
6596
6162

9026
«301

6305
5469

3846

6305

Sheared fibers ; split at ends

Slight shearing ; split at ends

Sheared fibers on one edge; split at ends .

Sheared fibers ; radial split .
, do

Sheared fibers ; 4 millimotors knot on indented area

6918
6577

6216

4418
3810

6126
4491

7076
6715
6035

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing ; 10 millimeters knot at c

Sheared fibers.

Sheared fibers

do

do

Sheared fibers; split at ends..

IM

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V,— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TUB

Speeies.

i

a

State.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil

III

Remarks.

083
883

353
8S3
M5
915

262«
2«2»

203
263

4B2
492

461
461

488
488
600
500

746

930
930
1083

333

1124

458
468

61
CI
425
811
8U
1084
1084
1162

1162

847

347
788

788

660
660

ArisoDa ..........

Santa Kitamoant.
ains.
. do

6. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargeut.
do

7122
5715

7430
7847
8799

Cmsbed near middle at knots 3
millimitprH in dinmeter.

Split obliquely ftom middle to
end, crushing libers at middle.

Cmsbofl at 10 millimeters knot

at middle.
CruHbed at 10 millimeters knot

25 millimeters from middle.

do

IM. Ozydendnun arboreom

Soml Tm. Sour Wood.

Cottage HUl

....do

C.Mohr

Light, rich

....do

....do

...do

Tennessee

....do

Nashville

AGattinger

....do

Sandy rock

....do

•

... do

17*. Ealmia latifolia

Virginia

Fancy Gap

. . do

H.Bhriver

....do

Uoist

6931
6849

7462
6577

10433
8709

10932
9889

11952
12565
11272
10931

7235

5489
5012
6895

7825

7643

8913
5806

7892
7485
9095
7394
7802
8301
8029
8415

7901

6146

Cmsbed at two 6 millimeters

knots at end.
Crushed at knot 51 millimeters

from end.

Crashed at 25 millimeters from

middle.
Crashed at 3 millimeters knot at

middle.

Crashed at 25 millimeters from
middle, deflecting tliajionally.

Crushed at knot at i:^i(l<lle; split
obliquely.

Split along grain at end; slight

crushing.
Crushed at end ; oblique split

Triple flexure

Laurel. Calico Stuh. Spoon
Wood. Ivy.

. .do

....do

. do .. ..

do

....do

... do

Great Laurel. Jiote Say.

do

do

.do

....do

SAPOTACE^.
176. Chrysopbyllam oliTiforme

Florida

Bay Bisrajne

....do

A.H.CurtJ8«

...do

Coral

... do •.

....do

178. SlderoxvlonUastiohodendron.

Uattte.

...do

Upper Metacombe
Key.

...do

...do

....do. ..

....do

....do

177. Dipbolis salicifolia...

.. do

Bay Biscayne

. do

...do

....do

£uttie. Oauada.

do

... do

....do

....do

Umbrella Key

....do

...do

....do

Crushed at 64 tuillimeters from end

nod split aluu^ grain.
Crushed at 102 niilliiueters from

end iu vicinity of knots.

Split obliquely from middle to end.
Crushed at end

...do

... do

....do

....do

179. Bamelia laDogiDosa

Texas

Anstin

C.Uohr

Limestone

....do

QumEUutic. Shittim Wood.

do

... do

... do

Crushed at 102 millimeters (torn

end at 5 millinieters knot.
Deflected at middloi split at ends.

Splitatend; cross-grained; seaaen-
ing crack at middle.

Triple flexure, deflecting from
knots.

Cross-grained ; split obliquely
from end to end.

Cross-grained; split along season-
ing eracks.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-

. "'^^^-

Missonri

G.W.Letterman..

A.Gattinger

A. H. Onrtiss

....do

...do

Tennessee

Florida

NasIiTille

Iron Wood. Southern Buck-
thorn.

Boca Chica Key...

Upper Metacombe
Key.

Coral

Ants' Wood. Doumward
Plum. Saffron Plum.

....do

...do

Wiidmiy.

....do . ...

... do

....do

EBEKACEai.
184. Diospyrog Virginiana

G.W.Letterman..
....do

Eich npland

....do

Feriimmon. "

....do

....do

Tennessee

West Virginia....
....do

Nashville

A.Gattinger

C. G. Prin-le

Bich loam

....do

...do

Triple flexure, deflected diago-

uailv.
Deflected at 25 millimetora from

middle.
... do

•

MissoQxi ..

Allenton

G.W.LeUeimon..
...do

Kich upland

do

...do

....do

...do

....do

.. do

Rich

Triple floxure, deflected diago-
luiily; inlcraecting "Cooper
liuca '*.

... do

....do

...do

....do

STTKACACEiB.

Cottage Hill

do

C. Mohr

Sandy

do

1

Crashed fit 0 inilUtoeters knot 76
millimeters I'roin end and at 3
miUiraelei-H knot at eod.

none Sugar. Sweet Leaf.

do

do

lOT.' Ilalcsia diptera

Bainbridge

....do

A. H. Ciutiss

... do

64t<6

7394

6441
5874

Failed at 6 millimeferfl tnot 127
millinuters from eud and split
alon;:: liiaiu.

Snow-drop Tree. Stlver-beU
Tree.

...do

. .do

OTJEACZM.
'HI . Fraxinas pUtaciiefolia

Arizona

Santa Rita mount-
ains.
....do

G. Eneelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
. do

....do

... do

Crushed at middle on one face

Crushed at midille ia vicinity of 3
millimeters knot.

Aeh.

. do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued.

435

PBKS6URE, IS KILOGBAHB, EBQUISED TO PEOUCCB AN IKDEIiTATlON, m IdlLUMETEUB, OF—

0.35

1520
2350

1951
1211
1497
1560

2268
2223

2041
1951

4219
1860

2013
2767

2087

2177

975

007

1474

1384
975
1769

880

658

0.31

2588
3583

3062
2223
2214
2254

3289
3447

2767
2468

5579
3765

4536
4332

3420
3493
2486
2269

2155

1923
1497
2835

2522

2313

2076

4355

2359

3097

1905

3130

2041

3402

ICOO

3602

2767

4536

1905

3266

1746

3402

2670

4092

2540

4495

1837

1170
1397

0.70

3039

2008

1796
2336

2976
3983

3479
2676

2527
2586

3674
3892

6033
4626

5171
4809

4082
3983
3425
3239

2431

2055
1606
3148

2527

3720

5307
4491

3674
4060
4459
5353
3901
4204
4766
5557

4000

2744

I960
2763

1.03

3221
4250

3751
2971
2694
2767

3969
4173

3107
2830

6464
5126

6586
5307

4436
4327
3810
3833

2712

2168
1692
3425

32S9

4281

6023
5058

4001
4436
4908
5738
4341
4099
5194
60C5

4695

2871

2004
2998

1.37

3411

4482

3946
3153
2849
2921

4105
4287

3252
2880

6791
5425

5874
5489

1.53

3629

4662

4237
3284
3021
3003

4237
4432

3352
2994

7145
. 5742

6201
5761

1.78 3.03

4717

5035

4608

4844

4114

4364

4073

4400

2891

3116

2259

2381

1801

1896

3633

3042

3529

3751

4581

4799

0532

6895

6470

5851

4214

4332

4695

4971

5289

5561

6005

62C0

4604

4t'54

5035

6307

5484

6715

6323

6568

6080

5421

2967

3C03

2127

2214

3163

3300

2948

30f0

3787

3001

3801

4854

4414
3479
3193
3157

4350
4581

3434
3085

7430
6014

6382
5987

5434
4649
4604
4527

3293

2472
1978
4024

3964

4944

7235
6155

4527
6067
6869
0486
5080
5421
58f3
6736

3946
4390

4064
3033
3325
3207

4491
4699

3502
3166

7693
6250

6677
6123

6670
5398
4808

4844

3497

2572
2073
4191

4178

6207

7521
6386

4C07
5239
6083
0849
5285
5061
6042
6881

3.38 3.34

56C6 6861

2295
3407

2381
8683

4105
5112

4695
3760
3493
3393

4581
4808

3597
3252

7974
6532

6940
6296

5479

3710

2635

2177
4360

4364

7811
6713

4780
6362
6310
7049
5434
5811
6187
7049

3085

2445
3810

4219

6207

4831
3856
3611
3438

4690
4890

3674
3302

8219
6736

7117
6464

6648
5103

5207

3882

2703
2268
4518

4536

8029
6940

4890
5634
6477
7235
6315
5965
6319
7221

6246

2504
3919

4.81

4922
6123

5670
4491
4287
3010

5534
6625

4264
3810

9753
8119

S.08

7248

6441

6123

4854

3121
2703
5398

8936
8279

5625
6486
7666
8266
6668
7031
7258
8170

7417

3720

2903
4491

6350
5068
4626

4491
4150

9026

5602

3443
3085
5851

7462

9163
9026

6146
7076
8392
8799
7530
7711
7756
8663

8301

3856

3239
6171

Bemarks.

Sheared fibers.
do

.do.
.do.

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
do

do

Sheared fibers.

-do.

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

.do.
.do.

Slight shearing; split at end

Sheared fibers ; split atend; short specimen, 121 mil-
limeters long.

Split at end

Sheared fibers on one edge ; split at end

Sheared fibers; split at end

do

Sheared fibers

do

do

Sheared fibers ; split at comer .

Split at ends . .
Sheared fibers.

.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do.,
.do..
.do.
.do..
.do.,
.do.,
.do..

Slight shearing of fibers .
Sheared fibers

do.
-do.

683
683

353
353
615
675

262»
263*

492

492

461
461

488
488
500
500

746

930
930
1083

333

U24

458
458

61
01
425
811
811
1084
1084
1162

1162

347

347
738

\^

1802
21.')2

2227
3039

2522
3425

2707
3529

3212
4160

3343
4332

3301
4509

3674
4G04

4305
6443

4763

6078

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers along one edge .

6C0
66»

436

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

TABLE V.-BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

m. Fraxinns Ameiicaiut.
ithilt Ath.

ne. Fraxinns Amerlcaua.ror.Tox-

193. Fraxiima pnbpscens .
Ked Ath.

IM. Fraxiims viridia —
Green Afh.

US. Fraxlnus platycarpn

WaUr Ath.

tat. Fraxinns quadrangolata .
Slut Ath.

SUte.

S9>
114>
U4>
U4>
1U«
114»
130
ISO
212
212
227'
227»
227»

267'

267»

431

551

551

747

747

937
1045
1045

364
864

229»
2295
1059

57
308
308
438
948
948
957
957

Texas .
...do.

Missouri...

Texas

...do

Tennessee .

Texas

...do

....do

....do

536

68
66
125
125
286'

291
618

Alabama .

Locality.

Missoori

Michigan

...do

...do

...do

....do

Sonth Carolina

...do

Virginia

...do

Vermont

...do

....do

Virginia

....do

Tennessee

Alabama

....do

Georgia

...do

Texas

Massachnsetts

...do

Allenton

SansTille

...do

Hudson

Lansing

Dansville

Bonnean's Depot .
....do

WytlioTiUe

....do

Charlotte

....do

...do

Wytheville

...do

Nashville

Kemper's mill ■.

...dn

Bainbridge

...do

Anstin

Beading

.do

Collector.

Vermont

...do

Massachusetts . . .

Dallas .
...do.

Charlotte .

...do

Topsflold .

Allenton

Dallas

...do

Nashville

Victoria

....do

Matagorda bay .
....do

Stockton.

Missouri Allenton.

..do

Michigan . .

..do

Kentucky -

.do.

Missouri...
Tennessee .

...do

Lansing

...do

Mercer county.

.do.

G. W. Letterman .

W.J.Beal

...do

...do

...do

....do

H. W. Eavenel.

...do

H. Shriver

....do

C. G. Pringle . .

...do

...do

H. Shriver

....do

A. Gattinger .,

C. Mohr

....do

A.H.Curtiss..

....do

C.Mohr

J. Bobinson...
...do

Sou.

el •'
■aBa

Low ..
CU»y..
...do.

Remark*.

Clay..
Wet..
...do.

Gravelly.
...do....
...do....

J. Beverchon
...do

Limestone

Alluvial ....''

...do

Elver-bottom

...do

Rich, calcareous .

Dry, calcareous.
...do

7530
5851
5579
9526
9934
6761
9208
8709
7983
7756
7281
7485
7349
6141
6509
8346
7439
6736
6057
5080
167

9435
7892

Triple flexure

do

Triple flexure ; split at end

Deflected diasonally ; crushed at

25 millimetirs froin middle.
Crushed at 25 millimetcra from

end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from

middle; "Cooper linos."
Crushed at 04 millimelers from

end.
Crushed at 114 millimeters from

end.
Crashed at middle

Crushed at 33 'millimeters from

middle.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from

middle ; deflcctid diasonally.
Crushed at 3 raillimefor.'i knot 12

millimeters from middle.
Triple flexure

Crushed at 38 millimeters from

middle.
Deflected diagonally; maximum

bend asmillimetersfi-om middle.
Triple flexure

.do.

C.G. Pringle.

...do

J. Bobinson .

G. TV. Letterman.
J. Beverchon —

...do

A. Gattinger

C.Mohr

....do

....do

...do

Clay

...do

River-bottom .

Deflected and fibers crushed at 76

millimeters from end.
Crushed at 3 millimeters knot at

middle.
Triple flexure ; split at ends

Crushod at end and at 70 millime-
ters from end in vicinity of l:ilots.
Triple flexure; middle bend 19

milliajeters from center.
do

.do.

Allenton

Nashville

6. W. Letterman.

...do

W.J.Beal

...do

W. M. Linney —

Bich, wet —

...do

...do

Bich upland .

Bich, wet

....do

....do

....do

Rich, alluvial .

.do .

G.W. Letterman.
A. Gattinger

Dry upland.

...do

Rich loam . .

...do

Limestone . ■

..do .

Sandy loam

Rich limestone

8301
8065
4513

6186
7349
6829
8618
8097
9753
7892
7066

4014

8754
9299
6228
6327
9344

8428

6849

Triple flexure

Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 102
milliraetera from end.

Failed at knot 64 millimeters

from end ; cross-grained.
Triple flexure

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Deflected at middle

Crushed at middle on one face .
Triple flexure

Crushed at S9 millimeters from

cud, splitting between rings.
Deflected diagonally

Triple flexure; middle bend 38

millimeters eccentric.
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 51

iiiillimeters from end.
Triple flexure

Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end.

Triple flexure

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Triple flexnrc; developed inter-
secting "Ciinp.T linos".

Deflected at miuille and at 3 mllli-
meters knot 76 millimeters from
end. , , _,

Crushed at 3 millimctors knot 51
millimeters from end and near
middle.

Crushed on one face 19 milhme-
ters from middle.

Crushed at knots 102 mfllimeters
from end.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION-Continued.

437

a

o

1

£

a

P1IE88UBB, IX EILOOBAMS,

BEQUIBED TO PRODUCE AK IKDEKTATION,

IK MILLIMETEBS,

OF—

Bemarks.

•

o.a3

0.31

0.76

1.09

i.»r

1.39

1.78

9.03

3.98

9.S4

4.81

S.08

1

i

m

1

m

m
m

m

1334
1134
749
1996
1542
1315

1529
1588
1588
1588
1882
15C0
1860
2449
1551
1179
1352
1538
143.)
1905
2023
2041

1325
1K)7

1533
1384

I8Cff

1579
1033
1588
2041
2041
1860
2109
2177

1179

2880
2359
1452
1179
1542

1225

1973
1656

2078

1338

1302

2948

1882

1842

2109

2654

1769

1741

1973

2985

1619

2481

2948

2159

1642

1579

2576

1801

2468

2622

3357

1996
2944

2518
2427
2807

2767
18C0
2245
2708
3108
3402
3026
3202

1760

3901
3626
1633
1S0«

2713

2740
3171

,2400
1488
1334
3121
1982
2041
2395
2976
1987
2023
2218
3388
2708
2744
3221
2250
1801
1746
2970
1982
2694
2885
3878

2291
3384

2799
2753
3148

3243
1951
2409
2894
3638
3992
3293
3011

1932

4264
4191
1656
1574
3701

3334

2894
3819

2436

1597

1542

3298

2068

2164

2622

3148

2273

218G

2277

3611

2903

2890

3379

2463

1932

1887

3157

2014

2948

3198

4082

2608
3615

3021
2948
3334

3337
2109
2486
3175
3969
4281
3470
3842

2090

4418
4513
1705
1619
3974

3720

2939
4164

2527

1610

1619

3488

2205

2279

2717

3284

2400

2336

2440

3742

29S9

3103

3574

2579

2028

1991

3234

2214

3152

3470

4100

2685
3669

3162
3221
3434

3593
2223
2567
3379
4200
4454
3720
4028

2219

4500
4886
1724
1674
4150

3882

3071
4377

2744
1696
1619
3633
2304
2427
2939
3434
2486
2504
2536
3964
3162
3248

2708
2132
2123
3334
2313
3334
3751
4303

2866
4033

3343
3311
3620

3710
2155
2676
3647
4482
4717
3856
4164

2313

4722
7180
1842
1778
4332

4082

3202
4527

2930

1719

1724

3833

3368

2499

3075

3529

2390

2607

2631

4042

3307

3388

3842

2867

2193

2218

3425

2331

3620

4445

3116
4287

3484
3423

3774

3878
2064
2749
3828
4672
4808
3987
4309

2377

4849
6489
1896
1873

2980

1783

1787

3964

2468

2660

3162

3665

2762

2830

2776

4137

3425

3525

3946

2976

2241

2336

2436
3788
4196
4522

3207
4418

3597
3484
3837

3933
2563
2830
3910
4844
5035

4454

2459

5022
5706
1973
1932

3130

1810

1833

4033

2518

2063

3334

3860

2848

2804

2899

4230

35i3

3583

4092

3134

2400

2436

3529

2481

3901

4539

4190

3420
4473

3679
3529
3983

4037
2713
2890
4055
5121
5207
4196
4572

2522

5158
5965
2028
1982

3207

1883

1842

4128

2576

2090

3488

3937

2983

3057

3089

4359

3946

3706

4132

3221

2341

2522

3579

2531

3987

4604

4300

3529
4491

3751
3074
4073

3810
2880
2935
4205
5330
5289
4332
4072

2549

6316
6128
2105
2037
4967

4545

3615
6216

. Split at ends ; shortspecimen, 120 milUmeters long.

39»
ll*"

114»
11«»
U4«
114*

2155
2203
4944
3039
3130
4219
4491
3742
3810
3882
5171

3856
4899
3024
2926
3062
3901
2970
4990
5489
5434

4559
4763

4377
4196
4626

4717
3583
3348
5035
6237
6078
4035
5421

2912

6373
7485
2427
2381
5942

5149

4128
6123

2413
2472
5579
3130
3357

4990
4491
4296
4382
3285

6443
4300
3130
3429
3901
3089
5489
6010
5851

6333

4099
4423
5035

3035
3902
3465
5625
0940
6593
5262
6987

3157

7031
8029
2586
2367
6509

4445
6849

do

Split at corner of specimen j fibers not sheared

do

Split at comer ; slight shearing

Slight shearing; split at end

130

Sheared fibers

130

Split at end; sheared fibers

212

Sheared fibers

212

do

227»
227»
227*

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

SpUtatend

267*

Slight shearing of fibers

267*

do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

551

Slight shearing of fibers

551

747
747

M

Slight shearing of fibers

f^

Slight shearing

937

.-.._,

m

Indented Tvithout shearing

1045

do

364

Slight shearing ; split stick ,

364

Sheared fibers

22S»
229*

li ^1

do

11
m

l^ndent^d w'tbont sbeftring

1059

do

57

ii^

Sheared fibers

308

1.1

Hi

m

Slight shearing of fibers

438

do

948

Fibers did not shear ...

943

937

do

do

957
S36

6S

do

66

Sheared fibers

125

do

125

i'l

286'

11

4173

3357
4744

4296

3429
4835

4427

3479
5103

Sheared fibers ; split at end

ii

Indented section covers nnsonnd knot 10 milli-

metora in diameter.
Slight shearing of fibers

291
518

438

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAyiOB OP THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Sp«oiM.

IfJ. Frnxinna Orogana.
Oregon Aih.

1"!8. Frnxinns gnnibncifolia

R/nci A»h. Hoop Ash.
Ground Ath.

10**. Foresticra acumiDRtn

201. O^inantliMs Anicricanus

Dnil ^\'ood.

BOKEAGINACEiE.

104. Boiirreria FlaTaDfosis

Strong Bark.

205. Ehrctia cUipticn

Jknackaway. Anaqua.

BIGNOXIACE.a;.

208. Cat.^lpa Ingnonioides

Catalpa. Catawba. Sean
TrM. Cigar Tree. Indian
Bean.

207. Catalpa spcciof^a

JTCTt'i* Catalpfi.

208. ChUopfiia Hali^na

Detert tCiUow.

TERBENACE.fi.

210. CitlioroTtvInm villosam

twiddle Wood.

NrCTAGlNACE2E.

212. Pisnniu oht nsata

I'igmu Wood. Jierf Wood.
Cork Wood. Pork Wood.

POLYGOXACE.a:.

213. C*>prolol>.i Floridan<^

JHgeon Plum.

2M. Cocooloba nvifera

Hea Grape.

lat;kace.s:.

215. Persea Carolfnciisis

lied Bay.

21S. Pcniea Carolioensis, tar. pal-
UBtris.

217. SamafVaa ofBclnale .
Sauajrat.

State.

00(
WA
1001
1001
102<
1024
1030
1030

1C2
83D
830

737
737

2»3
283
584
S$4

1187

1137

042
042

540
744
744

38
38

490
490

474
474

473
473

453
453

685
585

340
340

71
71

Ort'pon .
...<Io...
...do ...
.. do ..
.. do...
...do...
...do...
..do ..

Locality.

Portlaod

|... do ...

Wcidler'H ».-.w-mlll
...do

Slichig::!!

Massachusetts
... do

Geoigia.
...do ...

..do.

...do.
.. do.

Tesas .
.. do.

Alabama .
Georgia...
.. do

Missomi.
...do....

Arizona .

Florida .
.. do ...

do.
do .

do.
do .

do .
do.

do
do.

Alabama .
...do

Missouri .
...do....

Poitlnnd I'lirniture

Company.
. . . ilo

do .
do .

Collector -

SoO.

G. Encelmann and \ Low, wet .

C. S. Surgent. \
...do I. ...do

do.

.do .

4* £.2

a .."".
aS. M

III

9 eX

llomarkA.

0733

7U3S
8799
9003

.. do C441

Cnislipd at middlu

Cnisbcd 2.' millimeters from mid-
dle on one fav-e.

Tiiplii llexuro, deflected di;igo-
naliv.

Crushed at end

I>ansvillc .
Dan vera ..
do

Crushed at niiddio; side of apoeu.
men split oil*.

do f '• 55-57 Ciu.ehed.itmiilille; an';loofcrush.

I I 1 iuj;. 7oo.

do 9208 I Ci'uslierlatmlddle;augloof crush

] I I in;;. KR

do I 9798 Cru.slied at 51 and at 114 millime-

I t* r« from cud.

Baiobridge.
...do

W.J.Bcal i Wct.pcaly | 0237 ; Crashed on one face 25 millimeters

i I I froiM midiiie.

J.Kobinson Kirh, !o:imy 7C21 Triple llcxure; niidillB bend 25

I millinietcrs eccentric.
...I'.o do ! C441 do

A.U. Curtlss 8418 Split from end to end .

-.do I

Loiiisijna. Amito C. ilohr

do i do 1 do . .,

Florida

Hich, alluvial .

L...do

Saiut John's river A. II. Curtiss I Sandy lo.-un .

...do do !... do

Key Largo

...do

New Braunfels . .
...do

.do Coral .

.. do.

C.ilohr.
..do ...

do .

Rich, alluvial . .
...do

Stockton I do

Balnbridge | A. H. Curtis* .

...do I do

Low, wet .
I Clay

....do ....

Cbadeston ' C.S. Sargent | Wet clay .

...do ' do do

Tuscon .

Bay Biscayne .
...do

TTpper Motucombe
Key.

do.

do
do .

do.
.do.

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

A. H. Curtiss .
..do

Saidt John's river
...do

do.
do.

do .
.do.

.do .
.do .

do.
..ds.

Mobile county .
...do

Allenton.
...do ....

C. Mohr.
...do...

Moist, gr.avelly

Coral
...do .

.do.
.do.

do.
..do .

.do .
.do .

Sandy loam .
...do

Damp, sandy.
..do

Q. W. Letterman . . Low, rich .
do do ......

9058 ; Crushed al.in,'; one faco .

8003
8777
8119

10614
7779

0078
C305

0827
5625
5012

6668
6373

I

Crushed at knot 01 millimeters

f I om end.
Crusheil at 76 millimeti'rs from

end.
Crushed at 102 millimetitrs from

end.

Crushed fibers at 38 millimeters

IVonicnd.
Cros8.grained ; oblique fracture

along ;;rjin.

Crushed at one comer near mid-
dle.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Crushed at end

Criished at 38 millimeters from

middle on one fjKre.
Crushed at oS millimeters from
I end.

Crushed at 19 and at 102 milli-

metets iVom end.
Triple flexure

4755 ! Failed in vicinity of 10 millimeters
I knot.

110C7
11000

Crushed nciir middle;

criii-hing, 55°.
Crushed uear middle . . .

angle of

6398 ; Split along grain from middle to

j vw\.
4527 ' CrtiHlieil at knots 102 millimeters
Ir-tm end.

12293 ' Crushed at 36 millimeters from

j niiiidh- and at end.
12383 Cnishnil at middle

4355 \ Split from end tn end; badly

craeUed in seasoning.
3900 do

9548
8799

6216
6532

6486

Crushed at 5 millimeters knot near

middle.
Crushed at end

Crushed at 64 millimeters from

end.
do

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

middle and at ends.
Crushed at 3 niilUluetors knot 38

millimeters from middle.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

439

rRESSUKE, IK KILOGIUUS, l;r.QUlKEI) TO TrOIirCK AN IXDENTATIOK', IK MII.LIMETEES, OF-

0.33 j 0.51

m

US2
1609
1C33 \
1814 !
1497
1315 '.
1579

1370 '

i

1189 :
2273 '
2132 '

930
735
717

998
703

2676

2948

749

88U

4138
2404

0.76

2200
2359
2430
2*^23
1842

2233
2277

1674
3348
2699

1

1.03

871

1837

1397

2381

2744

43SS

2449

2640

2223

2867

2041

2486

2087

3766

2132

3334

1610

2790

1542

2608

1216

848 I
1061 '

1234 !

I

1098 ;

1851

1302
1323

5398
3810

^4
2576
2593
2313
1960
2064
2472
2386

1740
3801
2849!

2205
2749

4990
2903
3021
2703

4482
3837

3339
3066

1334
871
1162

1352
1170

2105

3991
4808

1515
1533

6200 i 7031

i
4499 4980

1.37 ! i.sa

2G85
2703
2620
2440
2118
2096
2CS5
2654

1819
3983

3084 j

2331

2930

i

5398
3212
3334
3062

4877
4146

3611
3293

1429

925

1207

1429
1229

2205

4264
5153

2849
2835
2803
2622
2214
2141

2880

I
2880 i

I

1842 I

4119

3357

2308
3066

5648
3403
3506
3212

4967
4436

3878
3447

1488
944
1257

1488
1266

4491
5362

1746
1728

7303
6316

2971
2935
2980
2749
2313
2245
3094
3016

1887
4264

3383

2481
3184

5920
3742
3656
3425

5216
4681

4037
3651

130i

1551
1320

2468

4704
6561

1778
1765

7485
6625

1.78

3075
3089
3021
2694
2431
2345
3289
3212

a.o3

6123 I

3924 I

3788 !
I
3570

!

5371 j

4872 I

i

4155 !
3774

1679
1025
1347

1619
1356

2658

4895
5052

1787
1851

7621
5860

3175
3180
3121
3020
2531
2381
5857
3302

1937 i 1982
4336 , 4527
3819 ■ 39U2

2576 : 2035
3243 3375

3.38 3.54

6373
4150
4014
3710

5489
4990

4336
3901

1606
1066
1393

1660
1402

2668

5080
6942

1801
1878

8074
6123

3248
3260
3221
3130
2022
2486
3488
3438

2003
4013
4153

2717
3434

6618

4287
4110
3842

5620
6171

4477
4037

1642
1080
1402

1674
1442

2731

1790
1928

8392
6532

3379
3357
3298
3243
2634
25S0
3525
3501

2082
4713
4318

2753
3484

6659
4432
4240
3909

5702
6343

4572
4150

1728
1089
1438

1719
1488

2803
6216

1806
2005

6759

4.81

3878
3878
3629
3856
3148
2903
4128
4150

2295
J370
5283

2912
4078

7756
5489
5058
4763

6577
0237

5239
4926

2028
1302
1701

1960
1724

3375

1978
2177

10115

S.08

4128
3470
3107
4335
4708

2427
6489
5625

3583
4287

5025
5262

7076
6713

5851
5443

1433
1878

1941
3593

2064

10700

Bemaika.

Slight Bhearing of fibers ; split at end.

do

do

do

Sheared fillers

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; split at end .

Slight shearing of fibers

do

Sheared fibers .
, do

.do.

Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short specimen, 103

millimeters long.
Sheared fibers

.do.

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.

Sheared fibers; split at end; specimen 120 milli-
meters long.
Sheared fibers

-do.

Sheared fibers ; split at end.
Sheared fibers

-do.

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.
do

Sheared fibers ; split at end.
do

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing; split at end; short specimen, 120
millimeters long.

064
964
1001
1001
1024
1024
103*
1030

122
SSI
83»

73T
737

28t
281
584
584

118T
113T

S43
«4S

5M
744
744

38
3S

681

490
490

474
474

473

47S

2019
*1792

1951
1531 i

1810 I

nil

3039
2608

2880
2295

1805
1792

3230
2762

3157
2481

2019
2014

3339
2803

3339

2558

2037
2068

3429
2926

3515
2631

2127
2118

3465
2994

2717

2155
2164

3534
3075

2794

2168
2214

3624
3123

3878
2858

2218
2322

3734
3212

3937
2980

2295
2381

3788
3252

3987
3006

2318
2400

4309
3856

4491
3538

2694
2767

4522
4196

4854
3878

2835
2808

Sheared fibers .
do

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.

58»
586

34«
34*

71
71

440

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Speclei

Stats.

Looality.

Collector.

Son.

■aB5
If

Remarks.

87. Sawafruoffioliiale— contlnaed.

218. TTmbelhilaria Califomica

Mountain Laurel, California
Laurel. Spice Tree. Cagi
put. California Olive. Cali-
fornia Say Tree.

EUPHOEBIACE.*;.

219. Drypetes crocca

duiana Plum. White Wood.

21S. Drypetes crocea, car. latifolia.

UETICACE.a!.

223. UlmuB cmssifolia

Cellar Elm.

328> TTlmus fulva .,

Red Elm. Slippery Elm.
Moote Elm.

224- TTlmus Americana

Whita Elm,. American Elm.
Water Elm.

225. Ulmns mcemosa

Rock Elm. Cork Elm. Hiek-
try Elm. Whit«El)n. Cliff
Elm.

32C. XTlmnsalata

WoAoo. Winged Elm.

3K1
Kfl
U6
814
814
854
854
1183
1163

703
703

468

459
459

324
324
929
929

Missouri

...do

Tennessee

West Virginia. .

...do

Massachusetts. .

...do

Uissonri

...do.

Oregon .
.. do...

Florida .

.. do.
...do.

Texas .
...do.
...do.
...do .

30' Kentucky.
30*. ...do

120
134
134

19
19
281
281
958
968
1036
1036
1049

116
IW
1I6>
lUf
314
814
428

133
133
380
533

Michigan .
Missouri. .
.. do

Massachusetts .

..do

Missouri

....do

Texas

...do

Massachusetts.

...do

....do.:

Michigan . .

...do

...do

...do......

..do

..do

Tennessee .

SonthCarolln*..

.. do

Tennessee

Mississippi

...do

Allen ton..

...do

IfashTille.
Grafton...

...do

Danvers ..

.. do

Allenton..
...do

aw. tetterman.

...do

A. Gattinger

CO. Pringle

..do

J. Kobinson i

...do

G. W. Letterman.
...do

Alluvial.
..do....
Eicb

Bich loam . . .

...do

Low, aUnvial.
..do

Coos bay.
...d«....

TTpper Metacombe
Key.

do.
do.

Dallas .
.. do .
Austin.
..do..

Mercer county

..do

Dansrllle

Allenton

...do

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Allenton

... do

Colorado river . . .

...do

Danvers

....do

Korth Beading . .

DaBsvUle . .
Big Bapids

...do

Hudson

Hersey ....

...do

Nashville. .

Bonnean's Depot

...do

Davidson county
Kemper's mill . . .
...do

G. Engclmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do T

A. H. Curtiss .

...do

...do

J. Beverchon .

...do

C.Mohr

...do

W. M. Linney

...do

W.J.Beal

G. "W. Letterman.
...do

C.S. Sargent

...do

G. W. Letterman.

...do

C.Mohr

...do

J. Bobinson

...do

...do

■W.J.Beal ...

..do

...do

...do

..do........

.. do

A. Gattlnger.

aw. Bavenel.

...do

A. Gattinger...

C.Mohr

...do

Coral .

...do.
...do.

Bich loam .

...do

...do

...do

Limestone

...do

Gravelly

Bich, alluvial .
...do

Drift

...do....
Alluvial.
..do....
..do....
...do....
Gravelly.
...do....
...do....

...do ,

..do

Low, gravelly.

Alluvial

Bich loam

...do

...do

...do....
...do....
Loam —
Alluvial .
...do....

5751
6328
6713
6418
6659
4559
5851
6341
6033.

9435
8754

10410

8256
8392

7847
8414
5951
6781

7847
8573
9889
8437
8392

8611
8573
7698
6895
5851
4990
7022
6579
9049

11385
9571
7847
0571
10387
10206
7349

6895
7847
6260
7008
7892

Crashed at 51 millimeters ttaai
end.

Crushed at middle and at 64 milli-
meters from end.

Crushed at 3'2 and at 89 milli-
meters from end.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

do

Triple flexure ,

do

Triple flexure; developed inter-
secting "Cooper lines".
Triple flexure

Crushed at 25 millimeters from

middle.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from

end.

Crushed in vicinity of small kcota

Split suddenly from end to end. - -
Split suddenly; oblique fractuTo.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crushed in vicinity of small knots

}0i miUiraetera from end.
Crushed at end ; cross-grained —

Triple flexure.

Deflected and crushed at end and

at 102 millimeters from end.
Crushed at middle

Crushed at 102 millimeters from

end.
Triple flexure

Crushed near middle in vicinity
of knot.

Deflected; crushed at middle and

end.
Triple flexure

Triple flexure; middle bend eo-

centric.
Crushed at middle; deflected di.

agonally.
Crnshed at knot 102 millimeters

from eud.
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot

near middle.
Triple flexure, deflected diago- i

nally.
do

Triple flexure; developed inter-
secting "Cooper lines".

Triple flexure ; middle deflection

25 millimeters eccentric.
do

Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters

frxm en<l.
Triple flexure

Crushed at 25 and at 114 milllme.
ters from end.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Crashed at small knot at middle..

Crushed at 13 millimeters knot
at middle.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Crushed at 10 millimeters knot
64 millimeters from end.

Triple flexure

Triple flexure,
nally.

:1eflected dhigo-

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued.

441

PKESSUKK, IS KILOGEAMB, KEQUIKED TO PBODUCE AS IKDEKTATIOK, IS MILLIMETHB8, OF—

O.'iS

\,r~-'

m,

1111

1071
M52
1111
1542
1270
1778
1275
1665

2019
1978

3652
3130

1315
26T6
2678
2109

ie?8

1093
1565
1379
1551

0.51

1488
1442
1892
1882
1778
2068
I960
1833
2250

2699
2744

i

1592
1338
1610
1293
1610
1324
1636
1796
2096

2291
1338
1179

nil

2291
1996
1678

2586
1474
1C78
2381

233e

sero

4509

1878
3393
3856
3765

1814
1479
1932
2277
2073

2350
1905
1960
1769

2449
2835
2880

3289
1887
1987
2295
2853
2563
2875

3901
2912
2495
3030
3493

0.76

1S15
1588
1914
2109
1982
2381
2014
2068
2368

2971
2926

4854

6328
5198

2259
3620
4296

i.o^

1665
1642
1978
2195
2164
2468
2078
2164
2440

3066
3057

6768
5615

2477
3837
4635

4196 i 4482

1910
1619
2223
2386
2300

2699
2168
2041
1014
1715
1896
2744
3260
3198

3674
2041
2254
2740
3075
3016
3348

4377
3606
2617
3257
3355

2032
1765
2440
2527
2481

2875
2377
2186
2064
1787
2014
2958
3515
3434

4037
2164
2468
2971
3266
3198
3620

4677
4092
2708
3465
4264

i.2r

1.S3

1.78

1710

1760

1846

1669

1710

1765

2055

2123

2155

2254

2350

2413

2250

2377

2531

2522

2558

2621

2132

2177

2250

2259

2413

2468

2490

2531

2576

3193

3329

3198

3334

3357

5797

6092

6373

7145

7439

7756

5874

6110

6396

2640

2803

3030

4046

4237

4359

4890

4699

5353

4744

4953

5163

2223

2322

2427

1855

1969

2064

2576

2667

2758

2685

2799

2976

2658

2958

2971

3121

3212

2504

2645

2753

2336

2372

2504

2196

2313

2431

1882

1982

2118

2109

2214

2304

3139

3261

3452

3697

3810

3964

3697

3828

4028

4241

4527

4695

2268

2381

2477

2613

2794

2898

3184

3402

3583

3452

3638

3765

3366

3556

3665

3842

4073

4200

5013

5243

5557

4404

4644

4881

2869

2971

3a)0

3620

3810

3992

4522

4753

4937

».03

1873
1801
2209
2472
2672
2658
2336
2531
2622

3561
3561

7983
6509

3166
4631
5516
5380

2522
2164
2866
3112
3089

3348
2844
2567
2549
2214
2409
3556
4046
4182

4886
2576
8035
3738
3919
8747
4400

5697
5116
3202
4150
5194

S.38

1937
1801
2259
2490
2776
2699
2427
2595
2667

3674

3628

6804

8155
6749

3334
4690
5797
5611

2667
2277
2935
3207
3207

3438
2971
2663
2608
2331
2459
3697
4109
4281

5035
2658
3125
3882
4033
3946
4581

5042
5389
3293
4287
5358

3.54

1982
1887
2304
2513
2862
2744
2473
2635
2690

3756
3674

8237
6918

3484
4899
5965

5797

2744
2859
2994
3266
3334

3529
3057
2744
2720
2354
2522
3774
4281
4468

5198
2708
3243
4019
4196
4119
4672

6069
5579
3348
4400
5567

4.81

2250
2155
2608
2884
3561
3139
2858
3198
2908

4300
4037

5.08

2440

2758
3121
3946
3334
3062
3538
3026

4672
4445

8845

9480 10160
8256

4300
5851
7212
7031

2948
2858

3037
4014

4250
3674

3221
.2971
2971
4740
4907
5489

3266

4808
4808
4854
5625

7303
6895
3860
5353
6441

4808
6192
7983
8029

3163

4513
3992

3357
3266
5171
5353

6874

6123

7689
7621
4196
5806
7235

Bemarkg.

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

do

do

do

, do

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers

-do.
-do.

.do..

.do.

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

do

Slight shearing of fibers.
Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

do

do

do

do

Sheared fibers.
do

Split at ends; fibers not sheared; specimen 120

millimeters long.
do

Sheared fibers

do

Slight shearing of fibers.

.....do ,

do

Split at end ; fibers did not shear

Split at end ; alight shearing of fibers.
Slight 8hea«-ing of fibers ; split at end .

do

do

do

Slight shearing of fibers

do

do

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers.
do

387
387
44S
814
814
854
854
1163
1163

703
703

468

459
469

324
324
929
929

30*

30*

120

134

134

19
19

281
281
958
958
1036
1036
1049

116

11 6»

116»

116*

314

314

428

133
183
380
633
63»

442

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tablk v.— behavior of THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THIS

8ped««.

1

e

a

1

O

SUte.

Locality.

Collector.

Sou.

ill

HI

Remarks-

768
758
918

75
75
306
300
375
375
873
873
1111

nil

6:2

480
486

508

132
132
433
1244
1245
1246
1255
1255

253
253

21
21
126

126

080
CSfl

W8
648

16

10

76

76

76«

123

145

393

1057

inorida

Chattahoochee...
do

A.H.Curtis»

....do

Rich, alluvial

.. do

6373

0328
0214

6679
6893
5579
6169
6895
7031
5489
7303
8278
8074

0985

3198
1996

4491

8754
8483
0827
6056
6169
6987
6829
5661

14107
11771

6759
5579
8233
8256

4491

5888

5398
5058

6169
0396
7621
7006
6849
0123
5080
4150
6373

Triple flexnre

do ...

Triple flexure, deflected diago.
nallv.

Crushed at 38 and at 102 millime-
ters from end.

Cnmhed on one face at 25 millime-
ters from middle.

Crushed at knot 51 millimeters
from enil.

Crashed .tt middle, deflected di-
agonally.

Triple flexure, deflected diago*
nallv.

Triple flexure

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Triple flexure

do

do

C. Mohr

do

Missoari

Allcnton

G. W. Lette>man .
....do

Low, rich

Su^arberry. Hackhtrnj.

.. io

.. do

AUnvial

Texas

do

Dallas

do

....do

.. do

.. do

Tconosseo

do .

Daridson county . .
do

A.Gattinger

...do

....do

Massachusetts

...do.

Salem

J. Hobluson

.do

...do

Saint Louis

do

do

do .

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Deflected ; crushed at middle

Crushed at 0 mitUn>eters knot 102
millimeters from cud.

Cmshed at 12 niillimetci-s knots
at end and at 102 niillimetera
fiom end.

Henry Eggert

....do

Moist loam

do

do

228. Ccltisoccidentalia, »ar. reticu-
l:)t:t.
Uaekberry. Palo Blanco.

Santa Kiia mount,
ains.

Bay Bisoayno

do

G. Engelmannand
C. S. Sargent.

A. H. Curtiss

...do

Drv

Florida

Coral

do

do .

Crushed at middle and at 38 railli-
mcti-rs from end.

Split obliquely

...do

Boca Chica Key ..
Allenton

.. do

....do

Wild Fig. Indla-rubher Tree.

MiRSoui*!

G. W. Lstterman. .
....do

Rich loam

...do

Cmshed at middle and at 25 milli-
meters from end.

Crushed at middle and at end ; de-
flected diagonally.

Failed at 12 millimilers knot 102
millimeters from end.

Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle at 3 millimr-ters knot.

Cmshed at 19 millimeters from
end in vicinity of small knots.

Trinle flexure

Red MiMerry.

... do

... do

Tennessee

A.Gattinger

. do

G.W.Letterman..
....do

Upland

....do

....do

...do

do

do

....do

do

do

do

.. do

Eich

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

...do

...do

....do

Texas

Dallas

J. Keverchon

... do

Bottom

Crashed at middle; angloof crash-
ing. COO.

Osage Orange. Boiad'Arc.

do ....

.. do

d

235 PlatnnHB nccidrntalia

MassachuBett«

.. do

Arnold Arhorttum
....do '.

C. S. Sargent

...do

G.W. Letterman..
....do

Drift

Crushed at end .-'nd at 102 milli-
meters from end.

Crushed at end and at 127 milli-
meters from end.

Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 38 and at 127 milli-
meters from end.

Crushed at 13 and at 76 niillimetera

from end and split alou;; gr:iiu.
Croslie<l at nuddle of (»no face

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Hycatnore. Button Wvod.
Huttan-ball Tm. WaUr
lieteh.

.-..do

Rich, olluTial

do

....do

..do

California

...do

Carmd river

.. do

G.R. Va,sey

-do

Clav

Sycamore. SuUon Wood.

do

237. ria(anti9 WrigUtU

Santa Ri tamount-
aiiis.
do . ...

G. Engelinann and

C. S. Sargent.
. do

Rich, gravelly

do

liycamore.

. do

JUGLA^^DACEiE.

Massachuaetts

...do

Arnold Arborctnm
do

C. S.Sargent

. do

Drift

CruBli^l at 51 and at 127 millimc-

t^-r8 from < nd.
Cmshed ot lOJ millimettirs from

end.
Crushed at 64 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 51 mmimetera from

end.
Cniflhed at 25 millimeters from

end.
Cmshed at 19 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 13 milliraetera from mid-
dle and at 38 millimotors from eud.
Cmshed at 114 millimeters from

end and iit end.

Butternut. White Walnut.

do

G.W.Lctterman..
... do

Moist, alluvial

..do

....do

....do

.. do

. do

...do

Rich, moist up.

land.
Gravelly clay

AUuTial

Dansville .......

■W. J. Beat

Bobert Douglas ■ . .

W.J.Beal

J. Robinson

Illinois

Waukegan

Gravelly loam —
Drift

Massachusetts

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued.

443

PRESSCnK, IK HJL0GBAM8, EEQUIEED TO PKODUCK AN IKDEKTATIOK, IN M1LLIMETEE8, OF—

i>.'iS

m
m

feiji

ill;ll

m

1397
]40C
1134

MIS
14C6
2608

nil

1T24
174G
1010
1751
1606
1579

2223

0.51 0.76

1998 ! (2254
1941 I .^1
1033 j 17G9

1751
17C9

1800
2041
3493
2404
2699
3089
2703
2749
2812
2903

3493

817
907

2440
2570

]987
2245
3819
3003
3107
3583
3010
3026
3243
33:19

3946

802
980

2699
2753

I

1.0!i

2386
2350
1790

2123
2427
4037
3210
3402
3805
3175
3320
2976
3620

4200

880
1030

2840
, 2880

1.37

2549
2481
1973

2232
2576
4327
3488
3583
4073
3393
3565
3574
3910

4373

885
1075

1905

2920

1.53

2749
2622

1.78

2858
2744
2109

a.03

2341

24D9

2672

2709

4531

4735

3683

3869

3837

3951

4332

4430

3502

3715

3742

3974

3629

3742

4069

4309

4536

4699

885

894

1116

1161

2019

20G4

3062

3162

3116

3266

2286

2409

3184

3248

3003

3252

3184

3248

3060

3252

COlO

6019

6009

6214

2703

2880

2581

2527

3134

3289

2549

2035

1740

1814

1393

1479

2191

2263

1C83

17C5

1801

]8.'i3

1678

1719

1300

1343

1050

1710

1592

1037

1211

1243

1492

1088

607

C90

2078

2127

2994
2830
2182

2JC3
2*94
4899
4033
4105
4017
3924
4119
3837
4527

4994

894
1175

2123

3206
3334

S.38

3107
2971
2245

2640
3016
4980
4209
4264
4817
4064
4314
3887
4626

6071

898
1211

2191

3320
3479

3.54

3212
3C94
2313

2722
4080
5180
4341
4350
49)4
4110
4445
3940
4758

5262

903
1229

2313

3393
3543

4.81

3924
3810
2099

3052
6237
5421
5216
5S51
4877
5126
4649
5670

6078

993
1429

2694

3833

4037

5.08

4355
4273
2903

6D40
6033
5829
0396
5307
5625

6192

1039
1479

2840

4105
4518

Bemarlia.

Sheared fibers

Sliglit ebcariug of fibers-
Sheared fibers

Slight shearing j split at end .

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing c! fibers

do

Fibers did cot shear

do

do

Slight shearing of fibers

Slight shearing ; split at end .
Sheared libers

-do

Sheared fibers ; specimen 120 millimetora long .
Sheared fibers

.do.

.do
.do.

.3

a

758
758
918.

75

75
30G
300
375
375
873
873

nil
nil

052

480
486

508

132
132

m

m

m

>M\

152^

I960
1905
1960

1905

2903

2586

1678
1492
1202
1565

1039
753

1134
934

908
1C89
793
1025
839
703
749
403
1021

1973
2640
2313
2640
2313

£080
4740

2105
1982
2404
2136

1365
1071

ic.:o

1338

1542
1452
1098
1257
1293

998
1179

SOS
1701

2078
2790
2531
2790
2531

5670
5421

2331
2177
2858
2277

1501
1167

1855
1433

1588
1506
1134
1301
1361
1102
1315
699
1800

2168
2926
2076
2920
2676

5720
5000

2486
2341

1579
1257

1987
1520

1669
1542
1202
1474
1433
1134
1406
617
1946

2218
3016
2875
3016
2875

5761
6861

2622
2440
3085
2440

1665
1306

2114
1019

1742
1610
1257
1015
1479
1170
1400
035
2023

2481
3379
3515
3379
3515

6192
6390

2985
2885
3348
2708

1846
1533

2359
1842

1905
1769
1368
1751
1710
1206
1628
708
2173

2008
3334
3652
3534
3652

6328
0432

3094
2985
3429

2702

1901
1578

2404
1887

1987
1810
1393
1783
1709
1297
1009
717
2223

2681
3074
3715
3674
8715

6423
0577

3166
3066
3488
2826

1978
1628

2495
1932

2037
1800
1401
1846
1833
1302
1715
739
2268

3157
4309
4445
4309
4445

7107
6985

3107
3583
3788
3289

2313
2019

2894
2313

2381
2127
1609
2087
2168
1479
1996
866
2481

3820
4786
4944
4786
4944

7608
6895

4423
4082
3946

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

do

do

do

.do.

Sheared fibers ; split along grain from end to end .

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; split at end

2486
2200

3044
2540

2590
2291
1792

Sheared fibers
do

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.

2381
1533

934
2626

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

d»

1244
1245
1240
1255
1255

253
253

21
21

126
120

68«
080

648
648

16

18

76

76

76«

123

145

393

1057

444

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PBINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

288. Jnglans Dign . . .
Sluek Watnut.

240. Jnglans rapestrii

Walnut

241. Carja olivsefoTmis

Pecan. IlKnoit Nut

242. Caryaalba

BheUAMrk Hieiory. Shag-
bark Jlickory,

243. Carya Bnlcata

B\a SheUbaTk. Bottom SheU-
bark.

244. Carja tomentosa

Mocker Nut Blaok Hickory.
Bull Nut Big-bud Hick-
ory. White-heart Hickory.
Kvng Nut.

State.

112
117
318
32S
407
766
766
051
951

415
415
672
672

322
322
326
326

3
3

292
118^
1183
152
249
249
531
531
539
539
816
816
1056

1056
1097

91'
383
883
891
891
1082
1082
1164
1165
1166
U70

72
72

MidBOnri..
Michigan .

...do

Texas

Florida .
...do...
Texas ..
...do...

New Mexico .

...do

Califomia .
...do

Locality.

Allenton..
DansTille .
Lansing ..
Dallas....

Charles town Navy-
yard.
Aspalaj^a

...do

KewBrannfels...
...do

Finos Altos moant-

ains.
... do

Mississippi .

...do

Texas

...do

Contra

county.
do

Costa

Collector.

©.W. Lettennan..
"W.J. Beal...

...do

J. Beverchon
S. H. Pook...
A. H. Curtiss
...do

SolL

Hi

AUnvlal 9026

Gravelly 1 9957

Loam I 9095

AUnvial 8846

I 9934

Clay I 9979

...do 9684

Remarks.

Crushed at middle .

C. Mohr Moist, calcareous .

do do

£. L.Greene..

I

...do

G. R. Vasey .
do

Greenville.

..do

Dallas

...do

C.Mohr

...do

J. Reverchon .
...do

Massachusetts Arnold Arboretum C.S. Sargent

... do '. I do do

1 j
Kentucky ! Danville W. M. Linney

Michigan Hudson "W.J.Beal

do Lansing \ do

Missouri Allenton G. W. Lctterman

Virginia Wytheville H.Shiiver

do do do

Mississippi

... do

...do

...do

West Virginia

...do

Massachusetts

...do

Missonri

Kentucky .

Missonri...
...do

...do

...do..;...
...do

...do

... do

... do

.. do

...do

Kemper's mill..

..do

..do

...do

Grafton

...do

C.Mohr

...do

... do

...do

C.G.Pringle..
...do

I

TopsSeld J. Robinson.

Kentacky .
... do

Perryville .
...do

do.,
.do.
.do.,
do.,
do ..
do.,
do.,
do.,
do..

■W.M.Llnney.
...do

Alluvial .
...do....
..do....
...do....

do.
.do.
.do.
.do .

do do

Allenton G. W. Letterman . .

i
Mercer county AV. M. Linney

Allenton ' G. W. Lettennan..

...do

...do

..do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Drift

...do

Shale

Clay

...do

Rich upland .

Clay

...do

Alluvial

...do

.. do

...do

...do

...do

Rich loam . . .

..do....
Alluvial .

.do.
.do .
.do .

do^

do.

do.
.do .

do .

do.

do.

do.

ITtica shale .
...do

8301
9662

5942
6532
8256
7258

6940
8256
6033
6577

9095
8301
8868
11431
11567
10160
10478
0934
10342
8890
10660
10514
11204
11022
9020

8609
10015

Crushed at 102 millimeters from

end.
Split obliquely from end to end .. .

Crushed at 19 millimeters from

middle.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from

middle.
Crushed at small knot 32 millime.

ters from middle.
Crnshed at middle

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crnshed at 32 millimeters from

end.

Shattered stick at end

Split along grain in oblique direo-

tion.
Crashed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crui'hed at 6 millimeters knot at

middle.

Split at ends

Triple flexure; developed inter.

sectlug "Cooper lines".
Triple flexure

Triple flexure, deflected diago.
nally.

Triple flexure ; 00 per cent, sap-

woo<1 ; deflected Irom sap side.
Split at end

Failed at 10 niillimetera knot

ucar niicidle; sap-wood.
Crushed at end

Crushed at 114 millimeters from

end.
Ciushcd at 38 millimeters from

miildlo.
Triple flexure

do .

8301
7802
0707
9571
7983
8369
10592
8845

8981

Crnshed at 38 millimeters from

miildlo.
Crushed at knots ; cross.grained. .

Crashed at 38 and at 70 millimeters

from end.
Crushed near middle.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crashed at 25 millimeters from

middle.
Triple flexure, deflected diago.

nally toward heart; 80 per cent.

sap-wood.
Triple flexure, deflected diago.

nally ; 90 per cent, sap-wood
Triple flexure ; spUt from end to

end : 45 per cent, sap-wood.

Triple diagonal flexure; 60 per
cent, sap-wood on concave side.

Triple flexure ; 80 per cent, sap-
■wood on convex side.

Triple flexure ; 3D per cent, sap-
wood on concave side.

Triple d iagonal flexnre

Triple flexure ; 50 per cent, sap-
wood.

Triple flexure; 5 per cent. sap.
wood.

Crnshed at 25 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end ;ind split along grain.

Triple flexure; 95 per cent, sap-
wood.

Crashed at 6 millimeters from
end ; sap.wood.

Triple flexure ; sap.wood .
do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION— Continued.

445

&

PBE6SUEE, IN KIL0GUA>)6, EKQUIKED TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, Dt MILLIMETERS, OF-

0.35

0.51

1452
15«0

me

1769
1338
3479
2812
190S
1769

2019

953

1043

1170

1951
1928
794
1792

2200
2948
2245
2245
2205

0.76

1.03

2268
2223
2676
2740
1851
1951
3701
2903
2667

3470
1928
1941
2155

2967
3221
1882
3039

3367
4105
4042
2713
3243

2395
2894
2921
1969
2449
3969
3212
2903

3924
2245
2214
2468

3289
3878
2404
3447

3847 I
4536 I
4581
3293
3615

2672
2481
3071
3221
2073
2713
4082
3438
3175

4196
2486
2336
2376

3456
4173
2744
3874

4060
5035
5080
3620
3837

1.37

1.S9

2767
2576
3212
3388
2195
2890
4265
3638
3338

4336
2200
2440

2658

3662
4423
2971
3810

4363
5239
6353
3819
4014

2890
2740
3302
3597
2250
3003
4377
3797
3502

4500
2830
2545
2749

3765
4753
3103
4037

4569
5534
5652
3983
4150

1.78

I

2985
2776
3497
3783
2369
3121
4668
3978
3697

4604
2953
2622
2808

3905
4944
3202
4196

4717
6851
5861
4160
4346

3.03

I

3089
2849
3679
3887
2427
3253
4649
4118
3783

4740
3039
2713
2912

4028
5080
3366
4364

4677
6078
5978
4281
4482

3.38

3184
2912
3710
3955
2604
3393
4749
4264
3969

4840
3153
2762
2976

4119
5398
3447
4436

6035
6250
6260
4427
4554

3.S4

3266
2985
3869
4042
2545
3456
4799
4432
4128

4931
3289
2894
3035

4228
6667
3538
4672

5180
6419
6373
4491
4696

4.81

3561
3447
4400
4423
2980
41C8
6489
5216
4899

6626
3882
3289
3438

4990
6192
4105
5285

6078
7303
7439
5239,
5068

S.08

3924
3615
4740

3130
4536
5738
6897
5534

6078

3742

4400

Bemarka.

Sheared fibers

do

do

Sheared fibers ; split »t end .

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; indented section inelndes two 2

millimeters knots.
Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers .

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

do

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end ; shaky stick
Indented ■withont shearing fibers

5942 I Slight shearing of fibers.

6668 Slight shearing of fibers ; 60 per cent, sap-wood .

7766 ! do

7938 Indented without shearing fibers ; sap-wood

67C6
5376

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

112
117
318
325
407
766
766
951
951

415
416
672
672

322
322
328
326

3
3

29 »
118
118

1406
2812
2019
1429
2404
1666
1565
1657
2703

2994
2631

1837
3062

2699
4060
3130
2006
3302
2376
2613
2590
4014

4264
3992

3311
4626

3207
4300
3783
3171
3662
2926
2939
3016
4513

4649
4626

3765
6171

3529
4669
4173
3620
3851
3103
3103
8198
4917

4985
5071

3924
5679

3797
4717
4495
3933
3978
3293
3243
3366
5149

5353
5389

4060
5965

3955
4886
4786
4164
4287
3602
3447
3611
5421

6670
5715

4206
6250

4146
5017
4944
4364
4496
3652
3629
3661
5575

5920
6851

4341
6556

4366
5189
5167
4608
4695
3756
3662
3710
5761

6214
6033

4427
6E49

4463
6294
5394
4744
4808
3978
3765
3797
6987

6477
6123

4617
7212

4608
5462
6534
4844
4940
4106
3882
3887
6114

6704
6396

4726
7439

6398
6486

6804

6715
6679
4854
4536
4527
7417

7825
7439

5489
8437

4944
4877
8142

8754
7825

9163

Slight shearing of fibers

do

Fibers did not shear ; split along grain

Fibers did not shear ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers

do

Indented withont shearing fibers ; sap-wood .

.do.

Slight shearing of fibers ; 40 per cent, sap-wood.

Sheared fibers ; 90 per cent, sap-wood .
Sheared fibers j 85 per cent, sap-wood.

249
249
631
531
539
539
816
816
1066

1066
1097

91'
383

2132
3334
2245
1497
2200
176»
2381
2381

310',
2118

3837
4363
3697
3003
2790
2495
3810
3493

4037
3221

4346 ' 4663
4854 I 6239

4241

4569

3470

3774

4055

4382

2744

2840

4332

4626

3819

4073

4336

4527

3701

3910

4967
.';751
4817
3847
4581
3016
4831
4253

4708
4128

6243
6797
6013
4209
4872
3085
5080
4509

4976
4291

6516
6169
5162
4495
5058
3289
6271
4690

5162
4482

5670
6341
6398
4649
6203
3425
5421
4877

5294
4626

6756
6532
5525
4863
5298
3479
6579
4986

6476
4790

5987
6704
5756
3058
6280
3529
5806
5110

6652
4908

7031
7825
6895
6101
6441
4037
6940
6033

7576
8618
7530
G691
6713
4491
7570
6782

7145
6509

Slight shearing of fibers

do

Fibers did not shear

Fibers sheared ; 80 per cent, sap-wood

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers : 80 per cent, sap-wood .
Slight shearing of fibers ; sap-wood

Sheared fibers ; sap-wood .
do

391
391
1082
1082
1164
1166
1168
1170

72
72

44G

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tablk v.— behavior OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpCCiM.

St&t*.

Locality.

Collector.

Sou.

Hi
3=-

Kemai'k*.

M4. Corya tomr otoso— oontinned .

MS. Cdrya porcina

Pig Kut. Brown Hiekoru.
Black mckory. Surileh-
iud Hickory.

MO. Caryaamara

Bitter Kvit. Swamp Hickory .

247. Carya myristiceeformls

Nutmeg Hickory.

24*. Carya aqoatica

Water Hickory. Swamp
Hickory. Bitttr Pecan.

UTEICACEiB.

24ft. Myrica cerifera

Bayberry. Wax Myrtle.

324. Uyrica Califomica

CUPtJLIFBRB.

2fl. Quercns alba

• WhiU oak.

289
S48

6
6

88
F8
121
288
442
,638
1051

1168
1168

153
153

237
237

128

362
740
740
917
917

586

665
C65

32»

323

49

49

49>

48>

48*

113

113'

US'

Uiaaonrl .

....do...,
Alabama

Uassac?jusett3.

..do

MisBoai'i

.. do..

!Micbigan

Mia^sonri

Tennessee ... .

Alabama

Massachusetts .

Missonri .
...do....

Soath Carolina.
..do

.do.

Mississippi .

...do ....
Georgia..
...do...
Florida .
...do ...

do .

California
...do ,

Massachusetts . . .

..do

Kentuclcy

....do

....do

Missouri

....do

...do

...do

....do

Michigan

...do

....do

AUcntOB.

O. W. Letterman .

Itlch nplond .

do.

do.

Cilronelle C. Mohr Sandy

...do

...do

Massachusetts

...do

A mold Arboretum

...do

All( nton

...do

Dansvillo

AUenton

Nashville

Kemper's mill

North Beading. . .

Allenton

....do

...do....
...do....
Danvors .
..do....

Bonneau'a Depot
...do

do.

Vicksburg..

...do

Bainbridge

...do

Chattahoochee.
...do

Saint John's river

Santa Cruz

..do

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Mercer county.
Boyle county . .

.. do

Allenton <.

...do

...do

...do

.. do

BiglUpids

DansTill*

.. do

do.

C. S. Sargent j Drift .

do do .

G. W. Ia. ttennan

...do

W. J. Beal

G. W. Letterman

A. Gattinger

C. Mohr

J.Robinson

G. W. Letterman.
...do

Kich loam

...do

Gravelly clay .

Kich loam

Upland

Alluvial

Drift

Flinty.
...do..

.do Kich upland

...do

Bich loam . .
...do

...do

J. Kobinson .
...do

H. W. Kavenel .
...do

.do.

C. Mohr .

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss.

...do

C. Mohr

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss .

G. Enpelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
..do

C.S.Sargent

...do

W. M. Linney

... do

...do

G.W. Letterman.

...do

...do

...do

...do

W. J. Beal

...do

..do

Rich, swampy ,
...do

Swampy .

Alluvial .
...do...
...do....
...do ....

Sandy loam .

Rich loam . .
...do

Drift

....do

Limestone . . .

Shale

Slato

Rich upland .

...do

...do

..do

...do

Gravelly

Sandy

..do

0163
B36T

81G5
gC9S

10054
8889
B117
8754
8845

10424
9526

8392
8392

8210
8117
7983
8119

9253
11158

8437

7280

7439
9208
7892
6509
7666

7122

7983
8048

5579
5353
9163
8074
7779
9163
7702
8437
7823
8301
6781
8437
730?

Triple flexure ; middle deflection
'.:5 millimetei's eccentric; 0.5

KCp-WOOil.

CruHhcd at 13 millimeters l^not
102 niillimcterH from end.

Tiipio diagonal flesurc; sap-
wood.

Fiiilcd St knot at middle; 80 per

cent. Hftp.wood.
Cnmbed at 32 millimetors from

riid.
Trijilo flexure ; sap.wood

Triple flexure, diagonjl direction;

sap.Wdud.
Triple flrxitro; middl<> deflection

25 millimeiers J'roui center.

Triple floxnro .
, do

Triple flexure : middle deflection
25 miiliiijoters from ceuter ; 0.2
sa]>-wood.

Triple flexure ; sap. wood

do.

Triple flexure, deflected diago*

nuUy.
Crusbed at 3 millimeters knot 25

millir.ieters from middle.
Triple flexure.

do.

Crushed at knots near middle . . .

Crushed at 51 millimeters from
middle; cross-grained.

Triple flexure, di.igonal deflec.

tion: 80 per ccut. sap-wood on

convex side.
Triple flexure, deflected diago.

naity ; middle bend 25 ntillime-

ters from ceuter ; sap-wood.
Triple flexure ; sap-wood

Fibers crushed at 102 millimetors
from end.

Fibers cioishod Ht 6 millimeters
knots 102 millimeters from end.

Triple flexure, diagonal deflec-
tion.

Fibers crushed at 64 millimeters
from end.

Triple flexure.

Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters

from middle.
Crashed fibers at middle

Deflected and split along grain - .
Triple flexure ; split along grain.

Triple flexure

do

Crushed fibers at end

Triple flexure 19 millimeters from

end.
Triple flexure

Ti-iplo flexure, deflected diago.

n.illy.
Triple flexure

Crushed fibers at end.

Triple flexnre

do

Triple flexure, defleoted disgo-
iially.

TPIE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION-Coutinued.

447'

¥

•5 FKKEBURE, IS KILOGILAMB,

BKQmUKD TO riiODUCK AN IKDKXTATION,

IN IIILLIMETKRS,

OF—

•

Direction of

9

O.S1

o.re

1.03

1.39

1.S3

i.rs

3.0a

S.38

9.34

4.81

5.08

Bemarks.

i

a

s

^ 2404

m ='50

H 2540
^ 1905
^ 2948
^ 2971
^ 1170

378S

3243
3742

4119
3198
4400
4423
1760

424(

3347
4150

4559
3611
4990
4990
1928

4491

3766
4445

4854
3810
5376
5307
2132

466:

39M
4662

6171
4073
6661
6602
2269

4831

4200
483)

6307
4300
6924
5806
2413

6013

4332
5013

5512
4627
6106
6010
2531

514S

448e

5216

6670
4672
6386
6169
2613

628C

4604
6421

5851
4854
6577
6341

2703

6412 6306

4708

5588 6509

■ 5933 6782

4980

6759 7802
6508 7756
2849 3348

6023

7167

7167
6159
8523
8483
3583

Sheared fibers ; sap-wood

Sheared fibers ; split at end; specimen 120 miUime

ters lone.
Sheared fibers ; aap-wood .

289

Slight shearing of fibers; 40 per cent, sap-wood. ...
do

6

Fibers did not shear ; sap-wood

do

88

Slight shcariag of fibers j split at end . .

^ 2041
d 3130
d 2586

^ 2041
^ 2449

^ 1315
H ^"32
i 2.32

^ nil

^ 1792
d 2812

g 1474

u; ^«»»

gj 21C9
^' '"*

m '''"

g 1406
11 ^=»3

^ 1474

g 1343
11 2041
m 2404
§ 1384

1 «M
^ , 3542

1 WM
^ 1442

1 23,3
^ 997
1 1678

3583
4473
4173

3742
4173

2744
3130
2994
2789

3674
4082

2667

4459

3366
4028
4028
2903
2608

1073

2449
2232

1946
3239
33f8
2041
2563
2767
3357
2722
5221
3293
1774
2486

4191
5017
47)7

4281
4095

3379
3484
3311
3397

4486
4409

3089

4990

3633
4740
4572
3221
3026

2132

2767
2518

2059
3388
4042
2:91
3035
3130
34f4
30.-7
34r6
3SS6
1B32
S6E4
2513

4627
5294
6035

4527
4926

3697
3751
3475
3797

4899
4C67

3420

5285

3910
522S
5013
3465
3216

2223 1

2976
2713

2218

3468

4446

2440

32C6

3329
3761
3311
36^3
3f01
2T0
2(90
2681

4831
5525
5307

4649
5149

3828
4073
3620
3992

6194
4890

3338

5470

4057
6479
6316
3583
3339

2S04

3198
2835

2313
3570
4 808
2363
3379
3562
3C46

3.-06

1
3738

3969

2109

31.12

2C54

5058
5738
6557

4899
5262

4032
4350
3751
4296

5421
5198

3720

5851

4196
5698
5625
3738
3475

2486

3348
2926

2334
3633
5080
2699
3447
3774
4114
3701
38C5
4173
2168
3207
2713

5285
6969
5779

5067
5679

4146

4^27
3910
4527

5634
5389

3916

6023

4386
6946
6887
3819
3593

2545

8479
3057

2499

3742 i

5330

2867

3583
3837
4332
3937
3978
4309
2263
3293
2776

5516
6149
5933

5248
6770

4314

4672
4037
4681

5738
6525

3974

6101

4522
6214
6023
3910
3620

2649

3016
3130

2381

3842

5539

2980

3692
4119
4495
4105
4110
4493
2400
3397
1830

5702
63)4
6169

5512
5878

4445
4804
4150
4904

5996
5715

4223

6310

4C72

6292
3983
3697

2713

3710
3257

2672
3951
5711
3075
3729
4268
4072
4309
4200
4686
2368
3484
3030

5863
6382
6373

6606
6069

4545
4895
4219
5035

6164
5851

4296

6423

4877
6509
6419
4119
3738

2758

3797
3379

2722

4046

5906

3139 .

3819
4409
4872
4482
4298
4826
2427
3388
3075

6849

7621
7485

6509
703)

5376
6738
4980

7303
8047
8097

7054
7648

5851
0292
5489

Slight shearing of fibers

288

442

638

1051

1168
1168

153
153
838-
838

237
237

129'

362

362
740
740
917
917

586
665

do

do

dp

do

do

do

do

Slight shearinir of fiberft ■ ftnlit tLf tknA

7303
6895

4S31

7190

6693
7553
7553
4672
4219

3311

4400

3847

3166
4445
6713

8006
7394

6479

7756

6169
7892
8210
5035
4513

3706

4740
4173

3529 .
4672 .
7212 .

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; sap-wood

do

Sheared fibers

do

do

do

do

Sheared fibers; 3 millimeters knot in indented sec-
tion.
Sheared fibers

do

8

8
32
32»
32^

....do

.... do

4219

5080 .

5851

6262

4922

6670

2740

4219

3434

4633

5987
6579
6333
6050 .
2033 .
4513 .
3310 .

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

49

Sheared fibers

49

Fibers did not shear

491

Sheared fibers

49'

...do

49»
113
11.3'
113'

--. do

1

... do

^ 1515 2'41 ;'

.. -do

448

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

TAsBLE v.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Speciea.

1

State.

LocaUty.

Collector.

Sou.

•a5a
-Ceil

Bemarlu.

asi.

Qaerooa alb*— continned

Qtirrcufl lobatA

238
238
250
250
251
251
259'
259»
403
403
443
647
647
748
749
749
895

895
1050
1050
1257
1257

670
670

985
985
988
988
1027
1027
1029
1029

37'
37»
151
161
256
351
351
771
771

417
417
62S
.525

79
79»

Soutb Carolioa

... do

Bonnean's Depot .
....do

H.W.Eavenel....
....do

Rich, damp loam..
....do

10024
9617

10026
9889
7576
6940
9730
8437
8799
9049
6632
8890
9520
8663
8119
7847
7621

6396
7485
7303
9480
8392

7053
6532

7892
8266
7847
7430
8483
8483
8754
7530

7462
6541
10002
8799
8437
6078
6305
8618
7870

7439
7961
6691
4581

8392
8119

Triple flexure -.

Crushed at 89 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 13 millimeters from

middle.
Cmsbod at middle ; split porpcu-

dicular to liugs.
Crushed on odo face at 25 mllli-

nief^rs from middle.
Crushed at 10 millimctors knot

61 luillimetors from end.

Wytheville

.. do

H.Shriver

....do

Clay

do

....do

do

do

...do

. . . -do . .

....do

....do

do

...do

....do

do

....do

do

do

ChariestownNavy-
yard.

S.ILPook

Fibers crashed in oblique lines

at mid<llo and at ends.
Fibi-ra ci-ushed at 32 millimeters

from end.
Deflected at 102 millimeters from

end ; split at end.
Triple flexure: middle bend 25

millimeters from center.
do

do

...do

Tennessee

Nashvillo

A.Gattinger

C.Mobr

Bich bottom

Kemper's mill

... do

... do

.. do

...do

Florida

Cbattaboochce

do

A. H. Curtiss

do

Clay

Crushed fibers at 32 millimeteis

from end.
Triple flexure, deflected diago-

niillv-
Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally : knot at middle.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from

end; split from end to end per-

ni-ndicular to rings.
Split from end to end, opening

se.ison cracks.
Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters

from end.

do

....do

... .do

...do

....do

...do

M. C. Beedle

...do

...do

do

North Eeading...
....do

... do

....do

Cbarlestown Nayy ■
yard,
do

S.H.Poolc

do

...do .. ..

■

Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters
from end.

Crushed at 6 millimeters knots

31 millimeters from end.
Crushed at end in vicinity of knots.

Triple flexure ; bearing defective.
do

?■(?

California

....do

Bedding

G.E.Vasey

....do

Grayellyloam

....do

TMiite Oak. Weeping Oak.

...do

?53

Woidler's saw-mill
.. do

G.Engelmannand

C. S. Sargent
do

White Oat.
Qiiercns obtnsiloba -.-..

. do

,...do

....do

Bicb loam

....do

Triple flexure, deflected toward

heart.
Triple flexure, deflected from

heart.
Crushed at 127 millimeters from

end and split along grain.

...do

....do

....do

... do .

Portland Fumitnre
Company.

....do

do

. do

....do

....do

... do

do

do

...do

..do

do

?M

Kentnokj

...do

Harrodsbnrg

....do

W.M.Linney

....do

Shale

do

Pott Oak. Ir<m Oak.

Qucrcns undalata, tar. Gnm-
bclil.
Scrub Oak.

....do

Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at
middle.

Sontb Carolina ...
....do

Bonnean'sDepot..
... do

H. ■W.Eavencl....
... do

Eich upland

do

do

IVTisfmnri

G.W.Letterman..
C.Mobr

Clav

...do

....do

Triple flexure ; split along grain --

Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end and split alouK grain.

Crushed at 6 millimeters knot
]02 millimotora from end.

Triple flexure

.. do

....do

....do . ...

. do

Florida

Aspalaga

A. H. Curtiss

do

Gravelly barrens .
do

.. do

... .do

2S6.

KewKexlco

...do

Pinos Altos monnt-

nins.
...do

do

....do

Crushed at 26 millimeters from

middle at 3 millimeters knot.
Triple flexure ; split along grain . .

Crushed at knots 33 millimeters
from middle (dry rot).

Engelmann's caiion
....do

Hobert Douglas...
....do

....do

. do

ZiMI.

Eentncky

....do

Mercer county —
....do

W.M. Linney

....do

Jiurr Oak. Motty-eup Oak.
Over-cup Oak.

.. do

do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
dNITED STATES UNDER GOMPEESSION— Continued.

^9

PEES8UKE, IN KIL0GBAH8, OEQUUIED TO PRODUCE iN INDENTATION, IN UILUMETEBB, OF —

0.33

0.31

o.re

1.03

1.37

1.S2

1.78 i 3.03

3.38

3.S4

4.81

S.08

Kemarks.

I

2744
1633
2C08
1633
2313
1438
18G0
1882
2132
1483
1996
2427
1951
989
2499
1542
2109

1179
2313
1941
1438
2223

1384
1860

2313
2041
4482
1896
2214
1588
1896
885

2245
1928
3357
1619
2123
2586
1547
2250
2493

1778
I860
2032
2291

2141
2214

3574
2341
3447
2200
3085
3816
2767 [

Al4
2617
3760
2504
3311
3863
3016

29 FOE

2495

2622

2449

2753

1987

2205

2980

3071

3130

3402

2812

3134

1960

2631

3579

3974

2604

2967

3311

3311

1951

2186

3639

4001

2699

3039

2985

5212

2858

3289

2233

2581

2459

2685

3362

3615

2998

3289

3493

3742

2676

2794

3797

4119

2767

3302

3833

4110

2295

2812

3284

3515

3375

3983

4363

6017

2876

3316

3379

3842

3810

4237

2449

2767

3479

3887

3928

4400

2971

3257

2785

3112

3447

3833

3747

4146

2803

3021

3067

3334

4250
2880
4019
2703
3447
2567
3367
2849
2948
2023
3162
3633
3429
2976
4341
3248
3389

2336
4300
3284
3447
3470

2799
2862

3837
3484
3882
2980
4291
8567
4827
2912

3742
4309
5234
3765
4228
4482
2921
4110
4704

3529
3438
4042
4377

3275
3470

4545
3094
4200
2894
3488
2713
3574
3026
3021
2160
3266
3978
3683
3239
4672
3602
3561

2440
4536
3538
3574
3611

3016
3012

4028
3742
4024
3157
4491
3788
4454
3080

8992
4604
6579
4095
4477
4681
3107
4305
4899

3792
3724
4246
4627

3484

4736
3248
4468
3153
3616
2858
3751
3162
3166
2803
3343
4223
3901
3497
4881
3697
3656

2527
4763
3720
3701
3751

3230
3180

4182
3906
4246
3257
4695
3946
4613
3125

4264
4886
6823
4454
4740
4872
3316
4527
6089

4037
3933
4436
4644

3647
8747

4976
3434
4658
3329
3738
3048
3933
3334
3293
2967
3429
4445
4119
3692
5076
3842
3751

2645
5035
3906
3842
3892

3388
3307

4346
4155
4306
3426
4831
4110
4753
3261

4436
5062
6110
4763
4944
6062
3425
4658
5307

4219
4260
4559
4813

3801
3937

5153
3629
4799
3466
3833
3166
4078
3466
3411
3048
3479
4790
4273
3856
6334
3983
3833

2731
5225
4105
4010
3983

3674
3438

4495
4300
4391
3497
4990
4264
4922
3402

4581
5398
6314
6035
6144
6271
3538
4744
6466

4423
4432
4736
4963

3910
4105

5325
3765
5017

6489
3891
5194

6613
4500
6214

7031

3887
3248
4223
3583
3488
3157
3570
4990
4450

3964
3357
4296
3692
3583
3252
3633
4740
4595

4355
3901
5103

4037
6260
5625

5525
4092
3887

2817
6271
4253
4114
4042

3724
3588

4626
4427
4527
3674
5126
4427
5062
3526

4749
6570
6482
5339
5298
6398
3710
4953
4643

4581
4599
4863
6067

4033
4273

5738
4246
3960

2903
6470
4404
4246
4128

3842
3710

4758
4527
4663
3792
5252
4493
5194
3647

4890
6747
6664
6S79
6466
5489
3819
5002
6711

4704
4708
6013
6216

4101
4360

6759
4944
4645

3434
6704
5398
4890
4513

4617
4332

5670
5579
5330
4377
6123

SB56

5761
C804
7756

6396
4473
5606
6359

6398
6534
5942
6105

4763
5216

4899
4400
6625

7045
6033

7391
6380
4864

3766
7233
6942
3376
4890

4864

6214

5878
6897
4796
6600

6214
7B21
8119

4990
5860
6600

6992
6010
6305
6632

6171
6606

Slight shearing of fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

do

Fibers did not shear; split at end

Sheared fibers

do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Split at end

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Split at end

Indented without shearing fibers :

do

Sheared fibers ; split at side of stick . . ,

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers.

Fibers did not shear

Sheared fibers

do

Bid not shear fibers ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

do

do

do

Sheared fibers; specimen split into two pieces.

Sheared fibers; split at end

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Slight sheaiing of fibers

do

do

Split at end ; fibers did not shear. .

Slight shearing of fibers

Fibers did not shear; split at end .

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers

do

Slight shearing of fibers.

do

Sheared fibers

do ,

.do.

Slight shearing of fibers.

238
238
260
250
251
251
269'
259>
403
403
443
647
547
748
749
749
895

895
1060
1050
1267
1267

670
670

985
986

1027
1027
1029
1029

37
87
151
161
266
351
351
771
771

417
417
523
625

79
79'

450

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

'Table V.— BEUAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Species.

294. Qaeroos maencarpa— cont'd.

257. Qnercns lyrata

Overcup Oak. Stvamp Pott
Oak. Water White Oak.

258. Quercns bicolor

Swamp White Oak.

250. QuercaB MicbsHxii

Batket Oak. Cow Oak.

260. Quercns Prinns

Ohettnut Oak. Sock OAett-
nut Oak.

'9(1. Qaerctu prinoides

TeUow Oak. OheHntU Oak.
Chinquapin Oak.

M3. Quercna Donelasil

Mountain While Oak.
Oak.

Blue

S

A.

137
143
310
310
432
831
933
933
1071
1072
1073

424
424
545
545
762
762

12
12
54
64
64»
54>
846
846

240
240
624
524
755

755

31
81>
SS
434
925
925

34

34>
273
2t!7
323
614
514

488

state.

Mlaaoarl

Illinois

Texas

...do

Tennessee . . .

llliDois

Texas | Austin

do do .

Locality.

Allenton

Wanlcegan

Dallas

...do

Nashville

Winnebago county

Vermont.
...do ....
..do ....

Tennessee . .

..do

Mississippi .

...do

Florida

...do

Massachnsetts

...do

Missouri

...do

...do

...do

Maasacbnsotts .
...do

South Carolina .

...do

Alabama

...do

Florida

...do.

Kentucky .

...do.

...do

Tennessee .
Alabama ..
...do

Eentncky .

...do

Missouri...

...do

Texas

Tennessee .
...do

California .
...do

Charlotte .

...do

...do

Nashville

..do

Kemper's mill .

...do

Chattahoochee .
...do

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Allenton

...do ...

...do

Woht Newbury .
Arnold Arboretum

Bonneau's Depot

...do

Kemper's mill . . .

...do

Chattahoochee . . .

.do.

Boyle county .

...do

...do

Nashville

Cullman

...do

Collector.

G. W. Letterman.
Kobert Douglas..

J. Reverchon

...do

A. Gattinger

M.S.Bebb

C.Mohr

...do

C.G. Pringlo

... do

...do

A. Gattiuger. .

...do

C.Mohr

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss .
.. do

C. S. Sargent

...do

G. W. Letterman.

...do

...do

...do

J. Sobinson

C.S. Sargent

H. W. Bavenel .

...do

C.Mohr

...do

A, H. Cnrtiss . .

.do.

Mercer county.

Boyle county .

Allenton

...do.........

Dallas

Nashville

...do

Contra
county.

Costa

W. M. Linney .

....do

...do

A. Gattinger . .

C.Mohr

....do

W. M. Linn»y .

...do

6. W. Letterman

...do

J. Beverchon

A. Gattinger

...do

.do.

G. R. Vasey .
...do

SoiL

Hi

IP

Moist upland .

Rich

Rich, moist . . .

...do

AUavial

Loam

Allnvial

...do

Low

...do....
Alluvial .
...do....
...do....
...do....

Drift

...do

Alluvial

...do

...do

...do

Low, swampy

Drift

Alluvial .
...do ....
...do....
...do....
...do....

.do.

Shale

...do

Limestone

Rocky upland . . .

Dry, rocky

...do

Limestone .

Waverly shale.

Limestone

Flinty

Calcareous

AUuTial

...do

Clay..
....do.

8764
7076
8609
8709
7265
8256
7053
6613
7983
7326
7938

6511
7303
8523
8754
7756
9344

7530
7212
8596
8596
7983
8437
7022
7421

6418
7756
7847
7983
7938

8346

8777
9208
10569
6942
9299
7892

7938

11022
8663
9276
9163
9117
9253

8709
9117

Remarks.

Triple flexure

do

Triple flexure ; split at end

Crushed at middle of one face

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Crushed at 19 niillimeters from
end.

Cmabed in vicinity of 3 millime.
ters knot.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Triple flexure

Triple flexure, deflected diago.
nally.

Split obliquely across the grain ;

cross.cr.iined.
Crushed and split at ends

Crashed at middle of one face . . .

Triple flexure, deflected diago-

nally.
Crushed near middle : stick worm.

eaten.
Crushed near middle

Triple flexure; split along grain..

Crushed fibers at end

Triple flexure ; split along grain .
Triple flexure

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally'.

Fibers crushed at 64 millimeters
from end.

Triple flexure, deflected diago.
nally.

Triple flexure

Triple flexure; split along grain.

do

Triple flexure

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Triple flexure at 8 millimeters
knot 102 millimeters from end of
concave side; split at end.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.

Crashed fibers at middle .
Crushed fibers at end

Crushed fibers at 32 and at 127

millimeters from end.
Crubbed and split at end

Cnisbcd fibers at 76 millimeters

from end.
Split at end; cross-graiued

Triple flexure: middle bend 25
millimeters from center; de.
fleeted from heart.

Cruslied at 5 millimeters knot 89
millimeters from end.

Crushed and split at end

Triple flexure, deflected from

heart.
Defleeted 7ti millimeters from end

and .split .along praiu.
Triple flexure, deflected toward

heart.
do

Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters

from middle.
Crushed flbers near middle

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

451

FKEESUBS, IS KILOGBAVS, SSQUIKBD TO PKODUCK AM IKDENTATION, HI MILLIMKTEBS, OF—

0.3S

O.S1

2676

3887

749

2676

1179

2254

1G78

2790

1960,

2835

1542

2549

1769

2849

1678

2926

:078

3556

2744

3456

1996

2885

2858

4500

2481

4105

1452

1796

2078

2971

2041

2631

1461

2059

1905

2640

1343

2073

1687

2776

2921

2313

1628

2368

2091

3239

1951

3198

1946

2767

2359

3030

1896

2540

1202

2050

3057

3656

1860

2994

2155

3266

1542

2177

1860

3452

2245

3329

1452

2676

1656

2980

1688

2989

0.76

4341
3184
2654
2980
2935
2858
3148
3306
3996
3652
3280

5189
4749
2068
3320
2926
2313

2740
2322
3071
3329
3529
2586
3652
3538

3044
3402
2867
2341
4092

3434

3583
2504
3670
3397
3039
3325

3311

2613
2223

I

3166 ! 3593
3847 j 4219
3348 3697

1.09

4817
3420
2812
3134
3166
2967
3361
3574
4336
3937
3470

5606
5162
2254
3574
3180
2563

2908
2495
3311
3683
3683
2744
3919
3856

3339
3720
2948
2572
4482

3847

3674
2713
4042
3674
3270
3520

3402

3783
4495
3951

1.37

5167
3588
3080
3356
3393
3134
3484
3715
4604
4150
3701

5847
6010
2422
3833
3366
2722

3094
2676
3579
3955
3792
2935
4196
4046

3547
3978
3130
2776
4744

4173

3901
2921
4300
3842
3434
3720

3561

3992 t

4854 !
4164

1.53

5403
3792
3230
3535
3525
3248
3665
3856
4944
4341
3882

6196
5869
2617
399R
3529
2985

3230
2844
3742
41G6
3942
3094
4445
4287

3674
4150
3280
2930
4990

4409

3992
3076
4531
3983
3574
3878

3701

4196
5103
4386

1.78

5622
3933
3434
3692
3638
3456
3779
4028
5035
4518
4114

6373
6112
2790
4114
3661
3157

3370
2976
4014
4500
3983
3248
4604
4626

3878
4486
3447
3116
5171

4672

4119
3239
4626
4037
3720
4033

3842

4382
6262
4563

3.03

5915
4042
3602
3792
3792
3624
2882
4155
5252
4613
4291

6500
6364
2935
4296
3751
3329

8534,
3126
4178
4717
4237
3388
4735
4786

4028
4658
3606
3261
5416

4908

4191
3379
4886
4146
3866
4160

3928

4559
5498
5753

3.38

6033
4178
3801
3937
3919
3756
3964
4237
5430
4799
4391

6600
6559
3062
4436
3882
3438

3615
3261
4350
4944
4332
3529
4944
4971

4146
4849
3720
3375
6615

6126

4300
3479
4967
4191
3978
4287

4024

4708
6670
4904

3.34

6260
4355
3910
4028
3983
3901
4064
4314
6579
4969
4513

6722
6695
3157
4590
3933
3593

3729
3348
4554
6149
4441
3661
5098
6158

4309
6008
3842
3461
5793

5294

4366
3638
6262
4246
4073
4436

4150

4872
5838
6107

4.81

4717
4653
4881
4690
4763
5062
6577
6078
6307

7847
7666
3720
5443
4569
4336

4346

5479
6169
5035
4355
6978
6123

6080
6033
4382
4028
6849

6260

4795

5652
4990
4626
5035

4831

5706
7031
6861

S.08

7938

6126
5163
5353

5058
5307
7145

8119

8074

5806
4990

6459
5625

6459
6759

6677

4332
7394

7756
6600

Bemorks.

Slight sheariDg of &^yen

Short specizneD, 120 millimeters long ; split at ends - ■

Slight gheailDg; split at ends

Slight shearing

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of libers ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers

do ,

do

do

do

do

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers j split at end .

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Slight Bhearing of fibers; split at end .

do

ribers did not shear ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.

Fibers did not shear

do

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end.

Fibers did not shear

Fibers did not shear; split at end

Fibers did not shear

Slight shearing of fibers

do.

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end.

Split at ends

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

do

Slight shearing of fibers .

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end.
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; indented section covers 3 millimeters
knot

137

143

310

310

432

831

933

933

1071

1072

1073

424
424
545
546
762
762,

12
12
64
54
64»
54'
846
846

240
240
524
624
765

755

31

31>

35

434

925

926

34

34»
273
287
323
514
514

688
688

1170
2404

2767
1769

2767
3892

4808
3720

3425
4281

6942
4491

8765
4559

6373
4990

6713
5262

4164
5044

7008
5466

4436
5216

7248
6797

4527
5398

7512

4717
6579

7766
6214

4877
6747

7928
6396

6829
6986

9026
7666

6169
7439

9934
8392

Slight shearing of fibers .
do

do.

Fibers did not shear .

452

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Species.

State.

Locality.

Collector.

Sofl.

hi

Bemarks.

MS. Qoercaa oblongifoll* .
White Oak.

264. Qiiercns grisea

WhUt Oak.

WO. Qaerons Durandii.

M7. Qaercnsvireni..
lAve Oak,

Qnerena chrysolepis

Live Oak. Maui Oak. Tai-
paraito Oak.

269 Qnerons Emoryl .
Black Oak.

270. Qiieroas agrifolia

Enceno. Coatl Live Oak.

271. Quercus Wislizeni .
Live Oak.

272. Quercns rubra ,

KedOak. Slack Oak.

272. Qucrcna rnbra, var. Texana...
SedOak.

273. Qaercns cocclnea .
Scarlet Oak.

655
655

1103
1103
1103

404
799

799
919
019
954
954

649
649
653
653

654

663
603

685
685

7

7

45

46

45»

89

89

92

140

141

146

215

215

217

217

218

020

920

1043

1043

931
931

762

California.
...do

Arizona .

Texas .
....do..
....do..

Florida.
...flo...

...do

Alabama .

...do

Texas ....
...do

California.

...do

...do

...do

Arizona.

California.
...do

....do.
....do.

Hassacbaaetts.

...do

Kentnckj

....do

....do

Missonri

...do

Kentucky

Michigan

...do

niinoia

Vermont

...do

...do

...do

...do

Hisaissippi

...do

Massachasetts . .
...do

Texas.
...do.

San Diego county
...do

G. R. Vasey.
...do

Dry, gravelly.
...do

Santa Eita moTuit-
ains.

Florida.

Austin.
...do..
...do..

Cbarlestown Navy.

yaril.
Saint John's river.

...do

Mobile county . . .

...do ...

Matagorda bay . .
...do

San Bernardino .

...do

Marin county...
...do

Santa Kitamonnt.
aiua.

Marin county

...do

Auburn.
...do ...

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Mercer county. -

....do

...do

Alleuton

...do

Mercer county..

Dansviile

...do

Waukegan

Clinrlotte

...do

...do

...do

...do

Enterprise

...do

North Reading .
...do

Austin.
...do..

Aspalaga .

G. Engelinannand
C. S. Sjrgcnt.

S. B. Buckley.

...do

...do

Dry, rocky .

Damp, calcareous

...do

...do

S. E.Fook

A. H. Curtiss.

Sandy .

...do...
C. Mobr ,
...do....
...do....
...do....

...do

Hich, sandy.

...do

Sandy loam.
...do

W. G. Wright.

...do

G.E. Vasey...
...do

Gravelly.
...do....

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

G. B. Vasey.
...do

Dry, rocky..

Loam

...do

G. Engelmann .
...do

C.S. Sargent

...do

■W.M-Linney

...do

...do

G. W. Letterman .

...do

■W.M.Linney....

W. J.Beal

...do

Koljert Douglas..

C.G. Pringle

...do

...do

...do

...do

C.Mohr

..do

J. Robinson

...do

Drift

...do

Shale

....do

...do

Rich loam..

...do

Alluvial ...

Sandy

...do

Gravelly...

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Alluvial ...

...do

Drift

...do

C.Mohr.
...do...

Calcareous.
...do

A. H. Curtiss .

Clay.

6260
7621

7666

9140
7892
8618

10478
9707

9934
8165
8936
6577
7439

8845
9480
9072
7485

6759

6985
7847

8052
9004

9617
10093
6895
7621
6823
10705
10524
6D17
7123
7031
5625
8663
9208
9026
7802
8981
6396
5579
9957
9063

9321
9299

8074

Slick shattered at seasoning
cracks.

Stick shattered at knots and sea-
soning cracks.

Ciushed at 3 niillimetors knot 25
millimeters from end.

Triple flexure; split along gr^n..

Crushed at knots 51 millimeters
from end.

Failed iit koots 51 and 76 millime-
ters from end.

Crashed at mid die and split ; cross-
prainoil.

Crushed flbers at 25 niillimetera
fruin midiilo and at 25 millime-
ters from end.

Triple flexure; developed inter-
secting "(jooper lines*'.

Crashed fibers atend; aplitalong
side.

Cru.shod fibers at middle, 6 milli-
meters from knot.

Crushed in vicinity of knots 102
miilimcters frum'end.

Triple flexure

Cmshed fli>ers at 32 millimeters

from middle.
Crushed flbers at end

Cmshed at knot 51 millimeters

from middle.
Crushed at knot 64 millimeters

from end.

Crushed at end and split

Crushed at two 6 millimeters knots
19 nD<1 57 millimeters from end.

Ciuslied fll)er8 at 57 raiiUmeters
ixum middle.

Crushed and splintered at end

Crushed at end

Cmshed at 25 millimeters from
end; opened jn-ain.

Crushed at 32 millimeters from
end.

Triple flexure, deflected parallel
to riujxs.

Triple iiexure, deflected parallel
to rings.

Crushed at 34 millimeters from
end.

Crashed at 102 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 19 and at 89 millimeters
from end.

Triple flexure, deflected perpen-
dicular to rings.

Crushed at end; splittinffofwedge-
siiap'd piece; cross-^raint^d.

Crushed at end and at 25 milli-
meters from middle.

Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 51
miUiuieters from end.

Triple flexure, deflected toward
heart.

Crushed flbers at end

Triple flexure

Triple flexure, deflected parallel

to rings.
Crushed fibers at end

Crushed fibers at 25 millimeters

from middle.
Cruahid flbers at 51 roilliraeters

from end
Triple flexure ; middle bend 25

millimeters from center.
Crushed at end and at 102 miili.

meters fi-ora end.

Crushed at knots 114 millimeters

from end.
Triple flexure; middle deflection

25 millimeters from center.

Triple flexure, dia<anal deflection.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES UNDEE C0MPEESSI017— Continued.

453

PEK88UEE, IN KILOGRAMS, EEQUIKED TO PRODUCE AS nTDBNTATIOK, IS UrLLlMETEES. OF—

0.35

1724
2359

2472

2200
2631

0.51

4717
4309

4219

3828
3856

0.76

5171

4990

4354
4332

1.09

7349
5761

5398

4626
4667

1.97

7983
6078

4940
4904

1.53

8437
6477

5071
5216

1.78

6795

6214

5353
5466

S.03

9390
7C81

5489
5643

2.38

9707
7372

5657
S806

3.S4

9979
7566

5806
5987

4.81

7870

6377
7122

S.08

1293

7031
7666

Kemaxks.

Sheared fibers

Split at ends; sap-wood.

Split at end .

Slight shearing of fibers. .
do

!9

o

655

1103
1103
1103

404
799

799
919
919
954
954

649
649
653
653

3130
1724

1701
2449
1769
1879
1610

2563
1633
2087
1910

2758

1424
1520

2313
1415

1637
1043
1905
871
1084
1796
2109
2132
1869
1678
1778
1951

nil

1837
1769
1905
1560
1084
1565
1724

2495
2109

1120

5534
3742

2971
4468
3311
3629
2994

4001
4128
3602
3456

4672

2676
2604

3856
2685

2295
2046
2168
1651
1851
2976
2880
2540
2014
2254
2576
2404
2245
2522
2454
2631
1910
1678
2118
2409

3310
3438

2527

6441
4445

3579
5080
3856
4400
3769

4445
4922
4187
3978

5693

6782
4922

3892
5398
4146
4908
4150

4677
5421
4495
4364

6283

3393

3030 I 3212

4454
3116

2495
2395
2286
1953
1955
3393
3153
2862
2164
2372
2722
2538
2531
2699
2672
3012
1951
1787
2418
2703

4332
3882

2899

4854
3402

2C94
2622
2400
2028
1987
3683
3357
2971
2322
2518
2858
2835
2767
2753
2808
3166
2028
1833
2549
3334

4772
4146

3071

7122
5176

4259
5657
4436
5252
4391

4971
5625
4844
4877

6646

4060
3479

5058
3665

2899
2744
2440
2136
2123
3892
3543
3171
2422
2681
3026
3003
2899
2944
2989
3329
2141
1869
2767
3484

4971
4359

3234

7358
5470

4491
6851
4563
5602
4744

5289
5965
5107
4971

4377
3665

5421
3896

3157
2939
2586
2286
2232
4033
3783
3379
2626
2785
3171
3588
3075
3075
3121
3543
2209
1978
2908
3175

5252
4563

3438

7576
5706

4753
6060
4922
5874
5053

5557
6141
5280
5248

7303

4626
3797

5643

4082

3266
3075
2690
2313
2295
4359
3983
3543
2803
2944
3293
3397
3193
3166
3212
3665
2263
2041
2985
3307

5407
4844

3674

7802
5920

4999
6223
5053
6128
5339

5720
6332
5512
5570

7621

4881
3960

5851
4264

3479
3289
2785
2468
2350
4500
4209
3656
2890
3021
3420
3588
3316
3243
3343
3701
2318
2105
3134
3438

5489
5062

4291

7970
6105

5285
6332
5280
6314

5584

5878
6609
5733
5702

7870

5116
4092

6005
4482

3692
3434
2817
2536
2481
4053
4355
3851
3003
3130
3525
3736
3393
3388
3452
3797
2354
2164
3225
3570

6711
5252

4037

8265
6382

5543
6513
5362
6577
5856

6078
6745
5929
6929

8192

5312
4223

6250
4695

3783
3488
2875
2599
2536
4854
4491
3951
3075
3175
3611
3937
3461
3570
3570
3946
2440
2209
3302
3629

5856
6380

9117
7666

C340
7462

8097
7439

6985
7892
7212
7054

6577
5013

7457
5398

4445
4033
3366
3021
2958
5715
5398
4559
3774
3783
4309
5058
4164
4264
4264

2894
2622

65C8
6608

10047
8415

7066
7802

8845
8188

7621
8483
7924
8006

7258
5670

7910
6305

3674

3357

3901

5851

3166
2869

4854

7349
7439

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers .

.do.

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .

Split at end

Slight shearing of fibers

do

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end.

Slight shearing of fibers .
do

.do.
.do.

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end

do ...

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; split at end

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

do

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

Split at end

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; split at end

Split at end

do

Split at end; short specimen, 120 millimeters long .

Sheared fibers

do

Split at end

Split at end; fibers did not shear

Sheared fibers ; ^plit at end .
Slight shearing of fibers

Fibers did not shear.

685
685

7
7

45
45
45«

92
140
141
148
215
215
217
217
218
920
920
1043
1043

931
931

752

454

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOE OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Species.

274. Quep<'u« tinotoria

Blaet Oak. TelUm-bark
Oat. Quercitron Oak.
TOUni) Oak.

275. Querciis KeUoggit

Black Oak.

276. Qnercas ni^ra

Black Jack. Jack Oak.

277. Quercna falcate

Spani»h Oak. Red Oak.

278. Qnerciis Catesbtei

Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak.
Forked-leaf Black Jack.
Black Jaek.

279. Qu' rcna palustiia

Pirt Oak. Swamp Spanith
Oak. Water Oak. ■

380. Qaorcns aqnatica

Water Oak. Duck Oak. Pot-
sum Oak. Punk Oak.

281. Qncrcns laarifolla.
Laurel Oak.

17
17

ie

30«

36»

74,

74

88

244

244

247

247

437

628
628
963
963

268
839

131
131
245
245
265«
265S
548
548

342
342

770
770

State.

Haaaachasetts.

...do

Eentaoky

...do

...do

Mlsaooii

...do

...do

Virginia

...do

...do

...do

Tennessee

Oregon .
...do...
...do...
...do ..

Missouri .
Alabama.

Sonth Carolina.

...do ,

Virginia

..do

...do

.. do

Mississippi

...do

Alabama.

...do

Florida . .
...do

47 Missoari .

282

264>
264>
2e4>
349
349
611
511
742
742

766
766

...do.
...do.
...do .

Virginia ...

....do

...do

Alabama...
....do

Tennessee .
....do

Georgia

....do

Locality.

Arnold Arboretam

...do

Danville Junction

...do

...do

Allen ton

...do

...do

■Wytheville

...do

...do

...do

Nashville

Saw.mlll, Asliland

...do

Engene City

...do

A Hen ton...
Citron*^lle .

Bonneaii's Depot.

.. do

■Wytheville

...do

Carroll coanty . . .

...do

Kemper's mill . . .
....do

Cottage Hill.

...do

Aepalaga

Allenton.
...do. ..
...do....
...do....

Florida.
..do...

Carroll connty .

...do

...do

Cottage Hill...

..do

Tnllahoma

...do

Bainbridge —
...do

Saint John's river.
...do

Collector.

0. S. Sargent

..do

'W.M.Linney

...do

...do

6. W. I/etterman .

...do

.. do

H.Shriver

...do

...do

...do

A. Gattinger

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

G. H. Collier .
...do

G. W. Letterman. .
C.Mohr

H. W. Eavenel .

...do

aShriver

...do

...do

...do

C.Mohr

...do

...do

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss .

G. W. Letterman.

...do

...do

...do

H. Shrlver . . . .

...do

...do

C.Mohr

...do

A. Gattinger..

...do

A. H. Cnrtiss .
...do...

.do.
.do.

SoiL

iU

■s55

ni

Drift

...do

Sliale

...do

Slate

Sich upland .

...do

...do

Clay

...do

..do

... do

...do

Clay...
Sandy .

Barren, sandy.

...do

...do

Bioh, alluvial .

...do

...do

...do

Sandy loam .

...do

...do

...do

Alluvial....

.do .

Sandy loam .
...do

9081
7630
9617
7326

8266
6634
6103
8663
9562
7689

8233
8301
6396
6806

7766
8142

Bemarks.

Crushed at end, also at 102 milll.

meters from end.
Cmslicrt tibers near middle

Ci"oshed 51 millimeters from end

at 3 millimcterH knot.
CniRlicd fibers on one fare at 13

millimeteis from iniiMle.
Deflected and split along grain

from end to middle.
Triple flexure, deflected parallel

to rings.

Triple flexure, deflected from

heart
Triple flexure, deflected parallel

t«i rings.
Crushed and split at end ; brittle. .

Crushed at 13 and at 76 millimeters

from end.
Crushed at end

Cmshed at 19 millimeters from
end.

Cmshed at 51 millimeters tcoia

end.
Triple flexure

Cmshed and splintered at end . . .
Splintered at end

Kichloam 9208

...do 9163

Clay 9730

....do 10093

...do ' 9698

...do

Bich loam . . .
...do

9081
10006
9276

6809
7734
7212
7507

8437
8166
6896
7961

7974

Triple flexure

Crushed in vicinity of small knot«

Crusheil at 64 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 23 and at 102 milli-
meters from end.

Crushed at 19 millimeters from
end.

Cmshed at 25 millimeters from
end.

Crushed on one face ut 25 milliiiie-
ters from middle and at end.

Cru^^hed at 102 millimeters trom
end. .

Crushed :it end and at 114 milli-
meters from eiyl.

Crushed at 89 millimeters from
end.

Triple flexure, deflected diago-
nally.
Triple flexure i split along grain. .

Triple flexure; knot at middle

Crushed at end and at3 millimeters
Ijuot 51 millimeters from end.

Cmshed at end .

do

Triple flexure . . .
do

do

Crashed at 25 millimeters trom

middle on one face.
do

7802
7630
8709 Tiiple flexure

8799
7167
7371
8256
8596

Crushed at 64 millimeters from

end.
Cruslied at knots at middle and

at .M millimeters from end.
Crushed at 0 millimeters knot T6

millimeters from end.
Crushed tibers at middle

Crushed at 89 millimeters from
end in vicinitj' of small knots.

8596 1 Triple flexure

7884 Crushed in vicinity of 3 millime-
ters knot 102 millimeters from
end.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

455

PRK8SUBK, IN KILOGRAMS, BEQUIHED TO PEODCCB AN INDENTATION, IN MILUMETEBS, OF—

O.SS

2032
1542
1637
2313
2518
1769
1565
1928
1343
835
1315
2019
1547

1769
1642

2948
2767

2336
975
1987
1406
1728
1384
2436
1751

2068
1792
1597
2118

1338

O.S1

2313
2449
2522
3166
3407
2903
3266
2858
2291
1569
2313
2422
2277

2672
2495
2232
1860

4024
4110

3438
2250
2395
1814
2563
2400
2953
2867

2753
24T7
2776
3411

2268

O.Y6

2681
4150
3357
3665
.3529
3992
3130
2322
1633
2576
2667
2481

2790
2081
2840
2141

4277
4010

3701
2799
2572
1887
2790
2617
3293
3248

2890
2703
3221
3905

2640

1.03

1.37

2812
2849
3012
3543
3842
3819
4436
3230
2386
1674
2790
2867
2726

2803
2713
2967
2313

4495
4246

4042
3053
2722
2087
2885
2744
3488
3536

3066
2853
3561
4259

2821

2880
3012
3162
3674
4064
4028
4717
3383
2395
1751
297H
3035
2880

2917
2776
30C6
2372

4672
4491

4204
3284
2803
2245
3C21
2833
3638
3697

3302
3026
3756
4500

2935

1.53

3048
3134
3379
3742
4123
4300
6013
3588
2454
1842
3153
3212
2130

3003
2890
3184
2513

4854
4699

4572
3493
2958
2440
3130
2994
3828
3933

3429
3180
4060
4817

3130

1.78

3075
3348
3525
3983
4237
4518
5398
3810
2518
1878
3252
3338
3193

3026
2994
3353
2586

5028
4881

4022
3665
3098
2622
3298
3125
39(2
4110

3615
3302
3815

.5071

3202

3.03

3221
3434
3593
4037
440O
4649
5670
3892
2563
1928
3388
3443
3407

3026

3075
3453
2617

5262
5067

5044
3828
3230
2767
3102
3207
4082
4264

3751
3447
4463

5303

3316

3.38

3361

3529
3747
4110
4026
4935
5915
4064
2649
1951
3574
3366
3547

3139
3193

3.54

2694

5407
5262

5210
3933
3302
2980
3497
3339
4178
4386

3882
3579
4717

5067

3470

3470
3656
3856
4187
4886
5103
6146
4196
2085
2078
3665
3647
3683

3225
3221

4.81

4173
4346
4491
4980

2758

5579
5407

5407
4110
3425
3153
3574
3438
4327
4522

3983
3688
4831

5706

3538

7212
4944
3085
2404

4377

3710
3856

6486
6392

6214
4877

4128

5216

4786
4468
5851
6918

4287

5.08

7965

3248
2654

7021

5262

7666

Kemarks.

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

do

do

Split at end ; fibers did notshear

Fibers indented withont shearing

Split at end ; fibers did not shear

Indented without shearing fibers

Split at end

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

Split at ends

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end ■
do

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Shaky stioli ; split at ends ;

do

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .

do

Split at end

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .

Split at end ; fibers not sheared

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end ■

do

do

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .

17

17

36

36»

363

74

74

86
244
244
247
247
437

628
628
963
963

268
339

131

131

245

245

265«

265»

548

548

342
342

770
770

47
47
282
282

264>

264>

264»

849

349

611

511

742

742

1456
2359

1624
1406
1678
1769
1506
1542
1293
2858
1542

2858 '
1610 I

2068
2939

2109
1842
1955
2676
2245
2685
2313
3311
2926

3765
3039

2295
3075

2241
1932
2005
2790
2490
3130
2749
3851
3347

4219
3429

2486
3343

2369
2087
2096
3139
2744
3475
3012
4196
3429

4482
3720

2703
3484

2486
2155
2173
3311
2860
3092
3248
4495
4093

4735
3942

2880
3715

2527
2214
2296
3484
3063
3937
3393
4781
4314

5036
4164

3039
3847

2676
2341
3413
3674
3221
4128
3606
5013
4500

5262
4316

3203
4055

2753
2400
2481
3901
3S88
4191
3783
5239
4090

5461
4500

3352

4160

2840
2454
2505
4060
3538
4445
3910
5416
4790

5661
4192

4150

4327

2980
2495
2676
4173
3652
4626
4037
5615
4949

5847
4864

3511
2948
3121

4377
5534
5080
6849
5761

6736

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Fibers did not shear ; split at end

7349

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

, do

Sheared fibers ;. split at end

Fibers did not shear ; split at end

do

Indenti'd without shearing fibers

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end.

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Shearedfibers 756

Splitatend; fibers did not shear 756

766

456

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEENCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Species.

281. QnerciuUiirifolia-contljmed.

282. Qnercns heterophylla

Sartram'i Oat.

283. Qnercns cinerea

Upland rViUmo Oak. Blue
Jack. Sand Jack,

284. Qaercns bypoleuca

tSS. Qaercns imbrioaria

BhingU Oak. Laurel Oak.

286. Qnercns PhelloB

WiUow Oak. Peaeh Oak.

287. Qnercns densiflora

TanbarkOak. Cheetnut Oak.
Peach Oak.

288. Castanopsis chrysophylla

Chinquapin,

289. Castanea pnmila

Chinquapin.

200. Castanea vulgaris, var, Amer-
icnna.
Chestnut.

291. Fagns fermginea .
Seech.

292. Ostrya Virprinlca

Hup Hornbeam. Iron Wood.
Lever Wood.

Carplnns Caroliniana

Hornbeam. Blue Beech.
Water Beech Iron Wood.

801
801

1171
U71

«74
674

40»
40'
60
13S

612
512

687
687

729
729
573
573

18

18
2581
258'
516

44>
44>

119
119
765
765
853
853

11
11
877
877
1047
1047

State.

Florida.
...do...

New Jersey
...do

Alabama.

Arizona.
...do....

73
1038

Kentucky .

...do

Missonrl...
...do

Tennessee .
...do

California.
...do

...do

...do

Arkansas .
...do

Massachnsetts.

...do

Virginia

..do

Tennessee

Massacbnsetts .

...do

Kentucky

...do

Michigan

...do

Florida

...do

Massachusetts.
...do

do.
...do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
... do.

46 Missouil

73 Kentucky

...do

Massachusetts.

Locality.

Saint John's river.
...do

Mount Holly. .
...do ,

Citronelle.

Santa Rita moont-

ains.
...do

Harrodsburg .

...do

Alien ton

..do ..

Tullahoma.
...do

Marin connty .
...do

Mendocino connty

...do

Hot Springs — . .
...do

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Fancy Gap

..do

Nashville

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Mercer county..

...do

Dansville

...do

Chattahoochee. .

...do

Hamilton

...do

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Danvers

..do

North Beading

...do

Collector.

A. H. Cnrtisa .
..do

S. P. Sharpies.
...do

C. Mohr.

O. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

W. M. Linney

..do'

G. W. Letterman.
.. do

A. Gattinger.
...do

G. E. Vasey.
..do

A. Kellogg

.. do

G. W. Letterman .
...do

C.S.Sargent.

...do

H. Shriver . . .

...do

A. Gattinger.

C.S.Sargent..

...do

W.M. Linney.

...do

W. J.Beal

...do

A. H. Curtiss .

..do

J. HobinsoD

.. do

Soil.

isiii

Ills*

-I zs
! aa

Clay..
...do.

Pine-barren.

Dry, rocky.
...do

UUca shale .

...do

Bich, moist .
Bich loam . .

Moist, siliceous .
...do

Gravelly.
...do...

Sandy loam .
...do

Drift..
...do..
Moist . .
...do..
Sandy .

0. S. Sargent .

..do

J. Bobinson. .

.. do

...do

..do

Allentou G.W. Letterman..

Mercer county.

...do

Danvers

■W.M. Linney.

...do

J. Bobinson...

Drift

...do .'....

Hudson Kiver shale

...do

Gravelly

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Drift

...do

Bich lonm .
...do

Damp, alluvial

Trenton limestone

...do

Gravelly

9480
7734

5171
8029

7167

7167
2222

8029
9026
8845
9458

6987
6486

6464
8754

5651
8256
8156
7689

4137
5298
7235
7485
6373

7847
7076
7566
80O6
8822
8346
6496
6827
8278
7235

9390
9934
9707
6359
7983
8641

6963
9390
8573

Bemarka

Crushed at 29 millimeters trma

middle.
Cmehitd at 89 millimeters from

end and at end.

CruRbed at 25 millimeters knot 61

millimeters from end.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from

end.

Split at end and splintered at 102
millimeters from end ; brittle.

Triple flexure, deflected di.ngo-

nally ; split ut end.
Cross grained ; oblique split 152

millimeters long.

Crushed at end

Triple flexure, deflected parallel

to rinss.
Triple flexure

Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 10 millimeters knot at

end.
Triple flexure

Crushed at 38 millimeters from
middle at 5 millimeters knot.

Triple flexure; middle bend 25
millimeters from middle.

Crashed at end at 3 millimeters

knot.
Crushed at end

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 5 millimeters knot 51

millimeters from middle.

Triple flexure, deflected parallel
to rings.

Crushed 25 millimeters from mid-
dle at 3 millimeters knot

Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 44 millimeters from
end.

Crashed at 32 millimeters from

middle and split along grain.
Crushed at 64 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 70 millimeters from

end.
Crushe<l at 25 and at 127 millime-

teis Irom end.
Crushed at end

Crushed at middle and at end

Crushed at middle in vicinity of

13 millimeters knot.
Crushed al end

Cnished at 25 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 10 millimeters from

end.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from
mitldlo.

Triple flexure; middle bend 25 mil-
limeters eci-entric

Triple flexure

Crushed at 89 millimeters from

end.
Tiiple flexure, deflected diago.

nally peipendiculitr to rings.
Crushed itt 51 millimeters from

end ; opened grain.

Deflected at middle and split at

ends.
Triple flexure

do

Crossgrained ; split at knots

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

457

PRESBUIiK, DI KILOGBAMS, REQUIRED TO PRODUCE AS INDENTATIOX, IX MILLIMETEBS, OF-

0.3S

0.S1

16C5

2980

1438

2685

1973

2713

993

1878

2132

1610

2948

1842

3402

1851

3153

1315

2586

1270

2245

2S5S

3216

1610

2835

1143

2540

1792

2930

1860

3012

1089

1452

1325

1606

1225

1452

S75

1338

1338

1474

925

1506

889

1284

871

1461

1080

2223

2803

1452

2223

nil

2744

2631

3193

1973

2740

1860

2767

1542

2291

1379

2123

1683

2427

1452

2241

2223

3352

1678

2391

2132

3470

1973

3039

1547

2586

1315

2381

1542

2072

1702

2767

1501

2454

1247

2576

0.76

1.03

Lav

1.S9

1.78

3.03

3.38

3.S4

4.81

S.08

Bemarks.

.a

g348
3157

2021
2155

2622

3525
4128

3402
3112
2744
3402

3248
2890

3153
3366

1610
1778
1746
1524

1642
1706
1424
1637
1229

3057
2536
2971
3329
3134
3016
2513
2359
2640
2486

2713
3874
3402
2885
2740 i

2935

3012
2785
2935

3674
3438

3157
2291

2958

3700
4486

3011
3434

2921
3665

3429
3125

3384
3525

1733
1892
1774
1665

1740
1787
1524
1715
1297

3212
2713
3162
3525
3248
3293
2703
2490
2835
2686

3964
2894
4155
3720
3103
3017

3139
3266
3066
3193

3901
3647

3339
2477

3221

3978
4717

3788
3629
3139
3937

3611
3293

3583
3602

1837
1987
1960
1814

1914
1846
1610
1774
1347

3407
2858
3284
3652
3411
3493
28C6
2658
2985
2840

4146
3130
4386
3983
3348
3184

3329
3515
3438
3339

4000
3847

3493
2617

3375

4191
4944

3969
3878
3343
4205

3801
3438

3701
3806

1892
2136
2028
1914

2019
1910
1687
1860
1452

3652
3121
3470
3774
3552
3593
2994
2753
3121
2994

4327
3202
4622
4219
3536
3393

3493
3706
3593
3593

4291
3978

3652
2713

3593

4332
5153

4164
4037
3538
4414

3951
3602

3810
4001

2005
2227
2182
1978

2118
1978
1756
1901
1529

3774
3288
3583
3874
3611
3710
3121
2375
3207
3071

4527
3438
4840
4423
3729
3588

3606
3955
3801
3774

4463
4164

3828
2844

4463
5343

4341
4196

4S27
4309

4001
3007

3878

4559
5489

4513
4400

4631

4436

4137
3116

4019

4672
5643

4699
4572

6652
5262

5013

3788

5512
6623

5579
5625

4626

4078
3756

3960
4191

2073
2286
2223
2041

2204
2028
1810
1982
1597

.3905
3420
3701
3951
3697
3856
3289
3048
3338
3202

4658
3615
6080
4604
3833
3742

3665
4060
3978
38C2

4844

4205
3878

4082
4318

2105
2354
2295
21C2

2227
2073
1887
2037
1647

4037
3505
3797
3987
3015
3928
3348
3080
3443
3438

4854
3774
5252
480S
3987
3937

3792
4273
4119
4037

5035

4300
3887

4164
4436

2173
2459
2395
2214

2250
2123
1932
2091
1706

4169
3665
3874
4132
4009
4033
3456
3193
3579
3552

5080
3924
5479
4908
4119
4046

3910
4355
4246
4146

5874

5171
4831

4899
5262

2586
2994

2608

2903
2413

2227

2041

4854
4491
4391
4740
4581

4150
8720
4173
4264

6078
4854
6713
5942
4899
4900

7167

6419

6214

6D79
5398

5443
5738

3130
2554

4877
5149
4990

4581

6579
5579

Slight shearing of fibers

Slight shearing of fihers ; split at end. .

-do.,
.do.

Split at end .

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Sheai-ed fibers

Indented withont shearing fibers .

do

Split at ends

do

Indented -without shearing fibers .
Slight shearing of ilbers

Sheared fibers.
do

Sheared fibers ; sijitatend

do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
do

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; split at ends .
Sheared fibers ; split at end..
, do

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.

Sheared fibers

do

do

Sheared fibers; split at end

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. .

do

do

.do.
.do.
.do.
do.

Slight shearing of fibers .
do

5489
6307
4944

6010

6470

Split at ends

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at ends .
Sheared fibers

801
801

1171
1171

674
674

40>
40"
60
135

612
512

687
687

729
729
573
573

18

18

2581

258>

516

44>
44«

119

119
765
765
853
853

11

11

877

877

1047

1047

46

73

73

1038

453

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Speoia*.

BETULACE^.

2W. Betnia alba, var. popnllfoHa . .
While Birch. Old-field Bireh.
Gray Bireh.

395. Betula papvrifera

Canoe Bireh. Whit» Bireh.
Paper Birth.

396. Betula oocidentolls.
Black Birch.

297. Botiiln liitea

TelloK Birch. Gray Bireh.

298. Betula nigra

Red Bireh. Sivar Bireh.

399. Betula lonta

Cherry Birch. Black Bireh.
tiweet Birch. Mahogany
Birch.

100. Alntts maritlma.
Seaside Alder.

901. Alnns mbra .
Aldtr.

10
10

848

223
223
722
722
836
836
990
990
1065
1065
1066
1066
1067
1067

629

843
843
1068
1068
1069
1069
1070
1070

136
136
841
841
842
842

4

4
221
221
844
844

810

967
9«7
991
991

loss

State.

Uaasachosetts.

...do

...do.:

Vermont

...do

Montana

..do

Maasachnsetts. . .

...do

Alaska

.. do

Vermont

...do ,

...do

.. do

...do

...do ,

Colorado...
California .

Hassachusetta.

...do

Vermont

...do

.. do ;

-do

..do

...do

Missoari

...do

Uaaaaohnsetta.

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Vennont

..do

Maaeac^asetts.
...do

Delaware .

Alaska .
...do ...

Waabington terri-

tory.
...do

Oregon .

Locality.

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Danvera

Charlotte

...do

Hissonla

.. do

Townsend —

.. do

Chilcoot inlet .

...do

Charlotte

...do

-do

...do

...do

...do .....*....

Engelmann'acaQon
Strawberry Talley

Danvers

..do

Charlotte ,

...do :

..do

...do

...do....:

...do

Allen ton

...do

North AndoTer . .

... do

...do

...do

Arnold Arborettim

...do

Charlotte

..do

Danvers

..do

Pepper's mills

Sitka

...do

Pnyallup

...do

Portland Furniture
Company.

Collector.

C.S. Sargent..

...do

J. Bobinson .

C.G. Pringle....
...do

Serene Watson
...do

J. Kobinson

...do

PaulSchnltze...

..do

C.G. Pringle....

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Robert "Donglas. . .

G. Engolmann and
C. S. Sargent.

J. Kobinson..

.. do

C.G. Pringle.

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

ISoU.

ill

Drift....
...do....
Gravelly.

Wet..
...do.

6123
6307
5262

Wet, sandy.
Wet, peaty .

G. W. Letterman .

..do

J.Kobinson

...do

....•Ao

...do

C.S. Sargent.

...do

C.G. Pringle.

...do

'J.Robinson..
...do

W. M. Canby . .

Panl Sehultze
..do

G. Engelmannand
C. S. Sargent.

...do....r.

do.

Gravelly.
...do,...
.. do ...
...do....
...do....
...do...
...do....
...do ....

8346
6713
7983
8890
6486
6577
8346
7485
7485
7552
7847
9662

5670
6849

8279

'10070

I
. 9934

.10093

Remarks.

Triple floxnre parallel to rings. . .

Crushed at 6 millimrtrrs knot 102

millimeters from eud.
Crushed and split at middle

Crashed at 102 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from

middle; defiecleil diaf^onallv.
Cru.shcd at 3*J millimeters ^rom

middle on one face.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from

enil.
Crushed at middleat 3 miUimetera

knot.
Cnishetl 76 millimeters from end

at 'i millimeters knot.
Cruslicd at 8 millimeters knot at

middle.
CiUHhed at G millimeters knot at

middle.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38

millimeters from end.
Crusheil ut 76 millimeters from
• end and at end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from

middle.

Crushed at middle; opened firflin
thiee-lbui-ths 1 lie lengi li ef st iek.

Crushed at middle and split along
griiin.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
do

.do .

Triple diagonal flexure perpen-
dicular to rings.
. 10623 Crushed at 6> millimeters firom
end.
10841 I do

Moist loam .

...do

Alluvial....

...do

...do

...do

Drift ....
...do....
Gravelly.
...do....
...do....
...do....

Wet, sandy .

9208
10206

7339
7122
7249
7666

9072
8823
11022
10931
9480
10115

Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 25

millimeters frt>m middle.
Crushed at middle

6976
6033
6010
6829
6759

Crushed at 5 millimetera knot at

middle.
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot

32 millimeters from end.
Triple tiexure perpendicular to

rinss.
Crushed at 44 millimeters ftom

middle.
Triple flexure toward heart

Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38
millimeters from end.

Crushed at 31 millimeters from
middle; deflected diiigonnlly.

Trijile flexure; middle bend 32
millimeters eccentric.

Crushed at 89 millimeters ftom
end.

Crushed at middle

Crushed at 102 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 19 millimeters from

middle.

millimeters fh>m

Crushed at

middle.
Crushed at middle

Crushed at 70 millimeters from

end.
Triple flexure; middle bend 51

iiiillimetets eccentric.
Crushed at 25 nillimeters from

middle.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
CTNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued.

459

PRBSSUiOI, IN KILOGRAMS, BEQUIBED TO PBODUClt AN IKDKNTATION, IN MILLIMETEES, OF—

o.Ss

1179
1048
1406

1179

839
1S56
1189
1134
1343
1384

930
1270
1261

975
1021
1179

794

930
749

1746
1742
1529
1315
1216
1343
1842
1021

1225
1216
889
894
1547
1120

2136
1497

0.51

1619
1547
2223

1973
1978
1701
1941
2028
1470

1746
1338
1488
1S33
132S

1837
1320

2S59
2622
1987
1769
2028
1887
2495
1542

2168
1497
1343
1379
2123
1515

3561
2440

o.re

V78
1597
2332

1787
1170
2114
2223
1878
2064
2168
1583
2064
1883
1529
1633
1656
1447

2168
1424

2586
2858
2214
1987
2254
2U8
2699
1733

2472
1637
1642
1542
2254
1624

4114
2713

1.09

1846
1701
2409

1868
1325
2236
2350
2028
2214
2304
1687
2313
2005
15D2
1715
1769
1579

2340
1533

2722
30C2
2404
2168
2449
2254
2858
1851

2685
1760
1801
1669
2377
1737

4386
2894

Lsr

1955
1769
2495

1932
1356
2295
2495
2118
2295
2391
1796
2427
2077
1710
1819
1892
1683

2459
1597

2867
3139
2477
2282
2567
2368
2948
2000

2790
1851
1923
1765
2522
1851

4572
3130

1.53

2055
1877
2549

2014
1460
2391
2649
2250
2440
2531
1861
2490
2182
1796
1892
1978
1765

2509
1669

3030
3311
2576
2345
2708
2481
3107
2132

2889
1982
1982
1855
2626
1896

4753
3230

1.78

2168
1937
2604

2105
1565
2531
2740
2345
2549
2676
1941
2554
2295
1883
1951
2150
1846

2685
1751

3121
3470
2731
2504
2758
2590
3221
2241

3016
2064
2046
1910

2717
2000

4990
3397

3.03

2223
1991
2654

2150
1615
2649
2844
2431
2676
2785
2023
2676
2391
1932
2046
2209
1941

2744
1805

3243
3574
2794
2572
2894
2654
3343
2345

3085
2205
2159
1987
2803
2087

5112
3574

3.38

2322
2078
2703

2209
1696
2731
2948
2545
2771
2862
2091
2748
2513
2028
2073
2304
2023

2862
1892

3357
3661
2880
2669
2998
2749
3456
2463

3162
2308
2182
2037
2894
2141

5257
3656

3.S4

2390
2173

2748

2254
1783
2799
3016
2635
2867
2935
2177
2799
2595
2114
2200
2391
2082

2930
1937

3561
3774
2998
2778
3071
2799
3574
2567

3216
2345
2232
2082
2989
2206

5443
3815

4.81

3311

2676
2087
3334
3529
3198
3470
3543
2676
3288
3207
2563
2667
2939
2567

3348
2395

4332
4423

4241
3130

3742

2581
2563
3674
2209

6396
4626

S.08

3198

3765
3946
3629
3901
3847
2994

3357

Kemarka.

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.
.... do

Sheared fibers ; indented section covers 8 millime'

ters liDot.
Slight shearing of fibers; split at end

Sheared fibers

Slight sherring of fibers; indented section covers 3

millimeters knot.
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

do

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers; split at end

do

do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end

Sheareil fibers ; split at end .
Slight shearing of fibers

4536'
4590 I

.do.
.do.

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Split at ends ; fibers did not shear

Sheared fibers

Split at end ; fibers did not shear

4014

2880

2912

2799 j

4105

2948

6922

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Shearedflbers

Slight shearing of fibers —

do

do

do.
.do.

10
10

848

223
223
722
722
836

990
1065
1065
1066
1066
1067
1067

528

843
1068
1068

1070
1070

136
136
841
841

812
842

4
4

1665 I 2885
1179 I 2336

1270

1810

1089 1270

10C2 1724

1774 2064

975 1257

767 1361

3089
2731

1932

1347
1923
2223
1851
1515

3334
3030

2023

1397
1996
2377
1910
1616

3497
3261

2068

1474
2032
2481
2032
1669

3720
3411

2164

1492
2127
2572
2168

1756

3856
3583

2218

1547
2177
2636
2232
1896

4073
3801

2259

1619
2254
2753
2295
1946

4205
3955

2341

1628
2308
2808
2350
1987

4305
4101

2400

1665
2364
2930
2427
2078

5216
5022

2812

1932
2803
3574
2427
2449

5761 Slight shearing of fibers .
5761 ! do

3910
3198
2722

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Shearedflbers.

do

do

do

do

844
844

810

967
967
991
991
1025

460

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Speoiei

State.

Locality.

Collector.

Soil.

8.eJ

a -^

lit
5*"

Bemarks. «

Ml. Alntu robra— oentinaed .

802. AlDoa rhombifoUa .
AUer.

303. Alnns oblongifoUa

AUer.

305. AlDns incana

Speckled Alder. Hoary AUer.
Black Alder.

SALICACKaL

306. Salixnipra

Jilaek WiOm.

307. Salix nmygdaloides

Wittow.

308. Sallx Iffixigata.
Willow.

0. Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia

809. Salix lasiandra, var. Fendle-
riana.

313. Salix flavescens .

313. Salix flavescens, var. Scoole-
ii.in:i.
Black WiUow.

814. Salix Hookeriana

316. Salix lasiolepia

TTiUoio.

318. Popnlus tremnloides...
Atpen. Quaking Atp.

310. Popnlna grandidentata

Poplar.

820. Popnins heteropbylla

liiver Cottonwood. Swamp
CotUmwood.

821. FopuliiHljulsiiDiircra

Balsam. Taeamahae. Balm
of Oilead.

821. Popnlaa balsamifera, var. can-
dicans. ^

1025

635
717
717
979
979

Oregon .

...do

Montana..
...do....
Oregon ..
...do.....

California..
..do

Vermont

232
853

908
908
Oil
Oil

640
981
981

721
721

972
972

066
966

272'
272
1035
1035

847
847

522

961
961

1054
1054

...do

Massacbnsette . . -

Colorado .
...do....
...do....
...do....

California .
...do.

...do...
Oregon .
...do...

Utah.

Montana.
...do....

Washington ter-
ritory,
...do

Oregon .
...do...

California.

Colorado

..do

Massacbnsetts.
...do

...do.
...do.

Tennessee .

Alaska .
...do...

Massachasetts

...do

Portland Fnmitare
Comjmny.

Asliland

Missonla

..do

Drain

..do

San Bernardino .
...do

Hinesbnrg .

Shelbnme .
Topsfleld..

Cafion City .

...do

...do

...do

Santa Cmz .
...do

Strawberry valley

Portland

...do

City Creek caDon

Pnttee's caSon,

Missonla.
..do

Seattle.
...do..

Winchester bay .
...do

Santa Cmz.

Alpine...
...do....
Danvers .
...do....

.do.
.do.

NashTillo .

Chilcoot inlet.
...do

Topsfleld .
...do

Q. EniTPlmann and
C. S. Surgent.

...do

Sereno Wataon .

...do

C.S. Sargent....
,..do

Wet

...do

Moist loam .
...do

W.G.Wright.
...do

C. G.Pringle.

Wet loam.

...do

J. Bobinson .

Wet, sandy .
Wet loam...

E. Weston .

...do

.. do

...do

G. Engelmann and

0. S. Sargent.
do

Moist, sandy.
...do

...do

F. Skinner .
...do

Moist, rich.

Allnvlal

..do

M. £. Jones .

Gravelly..

Sereno Watson .
...do

Bicb, moist .
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

Moist, sandy.
...do

do.
.do.

Sandy saline.
...do

G. Engelmann and
S. C. Sargent.

T. S. Brandegee . .

...do

J. Bobinson ...

...do

Sandy loam .

Damp

...do

Gravelly

..do

.do.
do.

do.
do.

A. Gattinger.

Allnvial.

Faal Scbnltse .
..do

do.
.do.

J. Bobinson.
...do

Gravelly.
...do ....

7258

7022
4990
4899
5171
6396

4445
4459

4617

4545
2277

3493
4355
5171
3878

5012
5216

4373
5942
6056

4581

6532
6532

8074
6895

7031
6623

6169

4319
4717
6260
5942

6625
5829

4527

4672
5570

4527
4309

Cmshed at 102 milllmetera from
end.

Crushed at 25 millimeters from

miildle.
Cruslied at 114 millinietcra from

end at 3 millimeters knot.
Crusiietl at 102 milUojeters from

end on one faoe.
Cruslu'd at 25 millimeters from

middle.
Triple flexure

Cmshed at 89 millimeters ttom
en<l at 3 njilliraeters kuot^

Cruslit-d at 1U2 niiilinicters firom
end at 3 millimeters knot

CmsliPd at 25 millimeters from
middle.

Triple flexure perpendicular to

rmgs.
Criisneil at 5 millimeters knot 51

millimeters from end; cross-

giaiued.
Cmshed at 6 millimeters knot at

middle.
Triple flexure; split along grain

between linjrs.
Cmsheti.itSlmiilinietersfromend;

split along m'ain between rings.
Crushed at .*> millimeters knot 51

miliitneters from middle.

Triple flexure..
do

Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end in vicinity of knots.

Crushed 13 millimeters from mid*
die at 2 millimeters knot.

Crushed at 8!> millimeters from
end and at end.

Crushed at 19 millimeters from
middle at 3 milliuieters knot.

Cmshed near middle on one face..

Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 76
millimeters from end.

Cmshed at middle

Crushed at 5 millimeters knot
near middle.

Triple flexure, deflected diag-
onally.
Triple flexnre

Crushed near middle on one face..

Cmshed at 51 and at 114 millime-
ters from end ; split aJonj; cain.
Triple flexure parallel to rings ...

Crushed at 38 millimeters from

middle on one face.
do

Crn.shed at 89 millimeters &om

entl.
Triple flexure; middle bend 38

millimeteis eccentric.

Crushed at 16 millimeters knot
102 millimeters from end.

Cmshed at 6 millimeters knot 25

inilliniet4'rs It-oin end.
Tiiple flexure; nii'ldlo bend 32

millimt ters ecceHtric.

Cmshed at 76 millimeters from

end.
Triple flexure perpendicular to

rings.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UKITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION— Continued.

461

FBESSUBE, IN KILOGUAHS, KEQtilBED TO PRODUCE JIK IKDEKTATIOS, IS MILLIMETERS, OF—

0.35

O.Sl

0.76

l.O^

1.37

1.S3

1.78

3.03

3.38

3.54

4.81

S.OS

Eemarks.

916
631
499
590
667

930
«56

1243

1529
953
857
944

1030

1089
939

13»2

1665
1043
903
1052
1111

1120
998

1461

1769
1071
948
1084
1175

1202
1080

1851
1080
998
1125
1229

1257
1120

1628

1937
1120
1043
1193
1288

1302
1207

1715

1996
1152
1084
1270
1347

1361
1225

1709

2068
1179
1129
1315
1397

1402
1266

1805

2132
1234
1166
1347
1415

1443
1311

1910

2200
1279
1229
1388
1483

1489
1343

2254

2486
1442
1497
1669
1678

1765
1624

Slieared fibers ; (pllt at end .

1647
1647
1860
1878

2064
1774

Sheared libera.

do

do

do

, do

.do.

1025

635
717
717
979

979

694
694

907
644

953
1043
499
953

885
1202

1134
1030
635

671
771

862
1021

1084

1220

907

1016

1315
1851

1497

1207
880

1107

1229
1252

1021
1687

1529

1397
1143

1202
1361
1016
1080

1424
1987

1560
1270
943

1170

1379
1397

1384
1982

1569
1297

1262

1438
1075
1094

1488
2123

1619
1388
1016

1266

1479
1565

1615
2168

1628
1361

1347
1479
1166
1184

1569
2218

1674
1447

1080

1311

1565
1697

1678
2359

1769

1719
1442

1393
1547
1234
1216

1651
2286

1760
1547
1120

1384

1615
1674

1719
2486

1851

1824
1529

1447
1642
1306
1257

1719
2350

1801
1569
1170

1438

1724
1729

1810
2567

1937

1896
1574

1524
1674
1347
1306

1814
2482

1846
1624
1220

1488

1787
1801

1960
2085

1941
1642

1574
1733
1393
1352

1923
2504

1892
1674
1266

1533

1833
1855

2019
2731

2032
1733

1619
1814
1452
1624

1951
2590

1928
1715
1302

1579

1865
1928

2078
2858

2118

2395
2155

2019
2168
1774
1833

2395
3029

2214
2032
1670

1905

2132
2313

2481
3311

2541

2518

2232
2449
2005

Slight shearing of fibers;

120 miUinieters long.
Slight shearing of fibers . .

split at end; speoimen

.do.
-do.
.do.
.do.

2685
3379

2322
2232
1778

2177

Sheared fibers.
do

.do.
.do.
.do.

Slight shearing of fibers .

2C54

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.
Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

Sbe.ired fibers; split at end ; indented section cov-
ers 6 milliiueters knot.

Slight sheaiing of fibers ; split at end

232
855

908
908
911
911

640
981
981

721
721

972
972

948
658
821
803

640
658

885

817
885

1851

1134
735
1397
12C7

885
844

1089
1030

943
730

2061

1202
739
1665
1261

1125
1075

1062
807

2108

1257
758
1637
1315

980
903

1288

1179
1125

1116

852

2241

1279
771
1710
1365

1030
957

1384

1238
1166

1157
903

2291

1311
807
1756
1411

1075
998

1438

1288
1166

1198
957

2391

1352

839

1824

1470

1120
1034

1348
1179

1261
1002

2454

1388

848

1905

1524

1161
1080

1384
1220

1302
1043

2518

1393
862
1982
1569

1170
1129

1633

1320
1084

2595

1991
1578

1211
1170

1669

1415
1306

1361
1125

2971

1610
1025
2268
1860

1474
1402

1651
1488

1666
1315

3311

1746
1111
2586
2019

1656
1533

Sheared fibers.

.do
.do.
.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.

1792
1660

1883
1633

Sheared fibers ; split at end ; specimen 120 millime-
ters lung.

Sheared fibers

do

Slight shearing of fibers .
do

272»
272>
1035

1035

847
847

522

961
961

1054
1054

462

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRENCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Specie*.

3*23. Populua anf^nstlfolia

hUiek Cottonwood.

323. Popnliis ttichocarpa

Jilaek Cottonwood. JiaUam
Cottoiivood.

324. Populus moDi'lifera

Cottonwood. Neektaee Pop-
lar. Carolina Poplar.
Big Cottonwood.

325. Populus rremoDtii.
Cottonwood.

325. Populus Freroontii, var. "Wis-
lizeni.
Cottonwood. White Cotton-
wood.

CONIFEE.a;.

826. LiboccdniB decnrrens

White Cedar. JBastard Cedar.
Post Cedar. Incense Cedar.

327. Tbu;a occldentalis

White Cedar. A.rbor-vita.

328. Thnya^eantea

Sed Cedar. Canoe Cedar.

1012
1012
1028
1028

255
304
304
309
300
754
764

659
659

646
646

634
634

662

662

379
379
782
782
783
783
790
790
792
792
796
796
874
874
1099
1099

1017
1017
1021
1021

State.

Colorado .

Oregon .
...do...

do.
do.

Missouri.
...do....
...do...
Texas ...
...do....
Florida..
...do

Califomia. .
...do

..do....
..do....
Colorado.
...do ....
...do...
.. do....

California .
...do

...do.

...do.

Vermont

...do

New Brunswick

...do

...do

...do

Province of Quebec

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do....

Maine

...do

Wisconsin

...do

Oregon .
...do...
do...
....do...

Locality.

Manitou Springs.

Saint John'sBarrel

Factory, Portland.

do

Portland Furniture

Company.
do

Allenton...

...do

..do

Dallas

...do

Chattahoochee

...do

Sacramento valley
...do

San Bernardino .

...do

CaBon City

...do

...do

...do

Saw-mill, Straw.

berry valley.
do

Saw-mill, San Ber-
nardino mount-
ains.

...do

Konkton .
...do

Bridgeton.

...do

Amqoi

...do

Uattawamkeag .

.. do

Eau Claire

.. do

Collector.

Sobert Douglas .

F. Skinner.
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S'. Sargent.
...do......

G.'W.LettermBn.
...do

...do ;.-

J. Beverchon

...do

A.H. Curtiss

...do

G.K-Vasey.
...do

■W.G. Wright.

...do....

...do

...do

.--.do

...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

■W.G.Wright.

.do.

C.G.Pringle.
...do

Intercolonial rail-
way.
...do

Bd. Sinclair .

.. do

A.Grant

-..do

Grand Trunk rail.

■way.
do

...do

...do

J. Robinson...

...do

E. C. Putnam .
....do.:

Soil

Sandy loam .

AUuvial.
...do....
.. do....
...do....
. do....
...do....
...do....

do.
.do .

.do.
.do.

Cold, peaty .
..do

i||

r5 a

Drift.
...do.

Weidler's saw-mill, G. Enjrelmannand
Portland. C. & Sargent.
do do

Portland Fnmitore
Company.
..do

...do.
...do.

4332

6851
6214
6192
6713

4763
4264
4541
6260
6214
6192
7326

5987
6123

5625
6216
6759
6713
.1406
5919

.'■,618
Oil.-,

5299

4626
4545
5534
5035
6579
5398
4355
4785
2994
3221
4545
5103
5065
6532
4423
5806

6895

8301
6396

Bemarks.

Foiled at 6 millimeters knot 25
millimeters from middle.

Cruiibed at 38 millimeters from

middle.
Crushed at 51 millimeters fh>m

end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters bom

middle.
Crashed at 25 millimeters ttom

middle.

Triple flexure

Crushed at middle and opened

along grain.
Crushed at 102 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at middle

Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38
millimeters from middle.

Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.

Crushed at 38 millimeters from

middle at 3 millimeters knot-
Crushed at 38 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 25 millimeters from

middle.
Triple flexure; middle bend 19

millimi-t<-ra eccentric.
Crushed at 89 millimeters from

end.
Cruftlied at 5 millimeters knot 64

millimeters from end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from end

iuviciuityof6millimet.ers knot.
Triple flexure

Crushed at 25 millimeters from

middle.
Cniftlieil at 102 millimeters from

eud; splitwhole length of speci-

mi-n.
Ciushed at middle

opened along

Crushed at end;
grain.

Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 13 and at 57 millime-
ters from end.

Crushed at 25 and at 102 millime-
ters from end.

Triple flexure

Crushed at 13 and at 102 millime-
ters from end.
Triple flexuie; middle bend 26

millimeters eccentric.
Crushi'd at 89 millimeters from end

and at end.
Triple flexure; small knota at

middle.
Crushed at 51 millimeters fW>m

end.
Crushed at 26 millimeters f^m

end.
Crushed at 32 millimeters from

end.
Triple diagonal flexure

Crushed at 80 millimeters ttom

end.
Triple flexure

Split at knot at middle; sides

swelled.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end; split along grain.

Crushed atworm.hole51 millime-
ters from end; splitalonggrain.

Crushed at .^2 millimeters from
middle; sudden fracture.

Crashed at 63 millimeters fW)ro
end.

THE WOODS OF THE UNTfED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued,

463

PBESBUBB, IS KIL0GBAU8, BEgUIBED TO rBODUCK AN IKDKNTATION, IN MILLIMETXEB, OF-

0.35

il 504
II' 930
449

m*

m

406
1688
522
862
839

934
703

2064
653

1120
658
635
817

1071
1007

522
508
821
490
621
404
631
080
549
404
671
703
594
717
572
653

712

1080

567

0.51

0.76

1.0!<

944

ifll

1166

907

1002

1043

712

793

817

998

1093

1166

712

789

852

595

653

080

898

939

980

608

685

720

2254

2395

2436

1043

1157

1229

1320

1488

1542

1143

1220

1306

1216

1311

1352

998

1179

1252

2971

3143

3216

1125

1220

1338

1311

1411

1438

925

1061

1107

835

880

930

1052

1116

1179

1179

1216

1270

1202

1284

1447

1334

1393

1493

1805

1828

1864

703

744

785

703

717

721

1012

1098

1116

857

898

934

880

948

1007

821

975

1034

989

1018

1030

839

934

957

721

767

789

599

626

635

nee

907

962

871

898

939

789

807

866

953

993

1025

»44

1034

1075

889

953

1016

803

875

916

1089

1117

1315

685

753

803

1148

1107

1143

1080

1216

1.S3

i.rs

1306 I 1343

1120
934
1279

889

939

726

766

998

1043

780

830

2490

2567

1315

1356

1628

1687

1352

1397

1438

1515

1325

1388

3307

3375

1397

1470

1533

1637

1189

1239

975

1016

1243

1288

1315

1365

1470

1492

1533

1578

1928

2000

812

835

730

739

1161

1175

939

948

1030

1034

1071

1080

1057

1075

989

1016

812

852

649

662

1002

1043

984

1025

893

807

1039

1048

1084

1125

1057

1107

084

1034

1415

1501

844

857

1211

1266

1161
948

1338
998

807
1080

875
2622
1447
1801
1442

1569
1442

3420
1574
1719
1279
1071
1338

1402
1538

2087

875

753

1202

966

1066

1102

1107

1030

875

676

1075

1039

930

1057

1161

1152

1071
1497
898
1288

».03

2.38

1356

1397

1184

1225

993

1030

1365

1429

1043

1084

848

852

1120

1106

903

948

2703

2753

1488

1538

1851

1896

1488

1529

1619

1665

1556

1688

3479

3529

1660

1724

1756

1801

1352

1307

1120

1166

1397

1447

1438

1442

1574

1583

1669

1710

2182

2250

894

903

762

798

1225

1261

979

989

1075

1089

1116

1120

1116

1129

1043

1075

884

894

680

004

1116

1167

1057

1075

939

957

1075

1089

1193

1220

1207

1262

1093

1116

1778

1406

912

939

1334

1370

3.54

1442

1261
1039

1474
1125

875
1198

984
2807
1597
1946
1574

1728
1647

3574
1805
1869
1442
1211
1488

14C5
1597

1751

2400

984
807
1270
1007
1112
1134
1161
1008
912
708
1170
1102

4.81

1669
1474

1384

1030
1315
1179
3302
2032
2223
1837

2087
2023

4037
2177
2177
1701
1433
1760

1628
1787

1941

2622

1034
934
1420
1116
1243
1216
1311
1215
1043
794
1397
1261

1116 1216
1270 1497
1266 1447

1161
1383

1746
1116
1579

5.08

1179
1452

2495

1833
1610

1700
1306

Bemarks.

Slight Bhearing of fibers .

Sheared fibers

Slight shoaring of fibers ; split at end. .

do

do

Sheared fibers

do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.

do

do

Sheared fibers ; split atend

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
do

do

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers ; split at end

do

do

Sheared fibers .
do

Sheared fihers; split along indented face.

Sheared fibers i split at end .

1134 I
993
1542
1229
1288
1243
1488
1325
1076

1203
1610
1542

1769

Sheared fibers

do

do

Sheared fibers ; split along indented face.
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; Indented face covers 3 millimeters

knot.
Sheared fibers

do

....do

do

do

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

do

do

Slight shoaring of fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

652

1012
1012
1028
1028

265
304
304
309
309
764
764

659
659

646
648
909
909
9)2
912

634
634

879
379
782
782
783
783
700
790
792
792
706
796
874
874
1099
1099

1017
1017
1021
1021

464

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpeolM.

>29. Cb«nec3rpnris aphsroidea .
WkiU Cedar.

Chamtecjrparis Nntkaensia. ..
TeUow Cypntt. Sitia Oy-
preu.

831. ChamKcyparis Lawsoniana . . .
Port Orjord Cedar. Oregon
Cedar. White Cedar. Law-
son' 8 Cypress. Ginger Pine.

882. CopressQB macrocarpa
Monterey Cypress.

833. Cupresans Goveniana .

338. Jnnipenis ocoidentalis
Juniper.

338. Jnnipenis ocoidentalis, var.
cunjagens.
Juniper.

Janipems Virginiana.
Jied Cedar. Savin.

850
350
850
850
851
851
852
852

069

983
SD4
994
1000
1000

701
707
707

675
675

691

691

1100

1100

624
624

1102
1102

327

827

734

734

800

800

837

837

1056

1055

1249

1250

1253

State.

Alabama

...do

Massachnsetta.

...do

...do

...do

...do

..do

Alaska

...do

Britisli Colombia

...do

Alaska

...do

...do

...do

Oregun .
...du ...
...do...

California .
...do

do.,
.do.,
.do.,
do..

...do .,
...do.

Texas .
...do.
...do.
...do.

...do

.. do

Floiida

..do

...do

...do...

Mossaclinsetts. . .

...do

...do

...do

Tennessee

...do

...do

Locality. .

Cottage Hill .

...do

Overly

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Sitka

...do

Sair-miU, Tlctoria

...do

Peril strait

...do

Weidler's saw-miU,

Portland.
...do

Penn &. Co.'s saw-

mill, Marshfield.

...do

-do.

Monterey .
...do

Marin county.

...do

Callstoga

...do

Treka plains
....do

Austin.
...do..
...do..
...do..

Collector.

Dallas

....do

Cbattaboochee

...do

^aint John's river

...do

Danvers

...do

Topsfleld

...do

Wilson connty

....do

....do

C.Mohr

...do

J. Kobinson.

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Soil

til

B .. .

S~ <*
--?§

Fanl Scholtze .
...do

6. Engelraann and

C. S. Sargent.
..do

Panl Schnltze.

.do.

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do......

...do.
...do.
...do.

.do.
.do.

G. E. Vasey. .

...do

■W.F.Fisher.
...do

6. !Enge1mann and

C. 5>. Sargent.
...do_

C.Mohr

...do

S. B. Backley ,
...do

J. Eeverchon .
...do

A. H.Curtiss.

....do

....do

...do

J.Bobinson

....do....

....do

...do

A.£.Baird ...

....do

....do

Sandy, wet.

...do

Swampy

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Otarelly loam .
...do

Dry ridges.

...do

...do

...do

4400
4105
4060
3756
4014
4581
4173
4105

5897
7031
8210
7779
7711
7439
7217
6967

7235
7462
7666

7349
5253
4672

Limestone .

...do

...do

...do

Calcareotis..

...do

...do

...do

Sandy loam .

...do

Drift

...do

Gravelly

...do

9049

9662
6804

7172
7439
7915
7210
7031
6715
5126
4944
5851
7076
8256
6879
6577

Bemarks.

Crushed at 25 millimeters from

end.
do

Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end at 3 niilHmeters knot

CruKbc'l at middle iu vicinity of
3 millimeters knots.

Crusbf d at end ; opened grain —

Crnehed at 3 millimeters knot 51
millimeters from en<l.

CriiHlied at 3^ millimeters from
entl; opened between linps.

Crushed ut 25 and at 127 millime-
ters from end.

Triple diagonal llexure parallel

to rin;x8.
Crashed at 38 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 64 millimeters from

end.
Tri|de flexnre; middle bend 38

niillimeiers eccentric.
Crushed at 25 millimeters trom

end.
Ci-UBhed at 13 millimeters knot

38 milliraetets fnim midille.
Cnislie<l at 31 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 25 and at 102 millime-

tera from end.

Crashed nt 25 and at 51 inillime.

ters from end ; split alon;; ^raiu.
Crushed at end a.udatlU2milliroo-

tei'H f om end.
Crashed at 51 millimeters from

end.

Triple flexnre .
do

Crushed at middle ; end shattered ;

split aloug grain.
Spht along grain ; shattered

Shattered stick at 127 millimeters
from end and at end.

Triple diagonal flexnre perpen-

dienlar to rings.
Split obliquely ; cross-grained and

knots.

Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end and split along graiu.

Triple Hexute; middle bend 32
nnlliineu-rs eccentric.

Crushed at 25 and at 127 millime-
ters from end.

Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 25
niillimeiers from end.

Crushed nt 10 millimeters knot 13
millimeters from eud.

Opened grain at 6 millimeters
knot near middle.

Triple diagonal flexnre parallel
to rings.

do

Crushed in vicinity of 13 millime-
ters knot at middle.
Crushed at middle; deflected —

Crushed at knot at middle.
Crushed at knot near end. .

Triple diagonal flexure perpeu.
dicular to rings ; opeued grain, i

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

465

PBE68URE, IN KILOOBAH8, RXQUIBBP TO FBODVCB AS KDEKTATION, IN MILLIHZTBIIS, OF —

OJtS

340
640
«80
628
403
522
644
544

549
522
721
930
749
1125
1320
1542

SCO
090
6(0

1656
17C9

1406
1805
594
1728

1343
1610

1778
1474
1746

0.51 ' 0.76

581
084
880

953 I

i
735 j

698

1025 !

975

885
7.6
1170
1592
1247
1442
1837
2032

1429
953
989

3311
3260

2340

din

1574
2427

2431
2459

3593
3134
34C2

72«|
1034

939
1139

802

803
1193
1125

971

»g3
1302
1787
1320
1515
1982

1520
1080
1116

331]

3016
2558
2118
2558

2925
2622

4291
4046
4033

i.oa

762
1075

062
1184

871

821
1315
13)1

1012
1048
1393
1842
1393
1597
2073
2205

1529
1120
1161

8742
3620

3311
2572
2404
2022

3134
2681

4653
4359
4264

1.37

1116
993

1243
880
835

1365

1356

1025
1080
1488
1860
1442
1683
2114
2254

1579
1170
1202

3860
3724

3425
2619
2563
2771

3202
2758

4817
4513
4414

1.53

812
1166
1030
1279
894
839
1415
1411

1067
1120
1547
1919
1492
1333
2164
2400

1579
1211
1207

3951
3707

3315
2072
2626
2853

3307
2826

4944
4649
4626

1.98

848
1211
1061
1293
903
844
1474
1483,

1093
1166
1588
1960
1347
1774
2214
2334

1651
1229
1266

4051
3860

3647
2703
2681
2944

3393
2899

6103
4854
4726

3.03

857
1234
1084
1302
921
857
1506
1551

1120
1175
1642
2009
1502
1819
2259
2404

1687
1275
1311

4164
3901

3729
2739
2731
3012

3434
2953

61B8
4953
4795

3.38

875
1270
1111
1315
944
880
1565
1579

1129
1216
1724
2032
1647
1860
2400
2481

1728
1306
1325

4187
4014

3783
2803
2799
3094

3484
3010

5221
5080
4899

3.34

1270
1120
1329
962
889
1610
1642

1157
1234
1760
2087
1687
1696
2331
2513

1746
1329
1361

4214
4078

3842
2821
2817
3134

3515
3094

5294

4.81

1007
1452
1306
1429
1034
998
1805
1928

1300
1406
2028
2313
1996
2214
2586
2835

1928

4717

3166
3606

3882
3574

5987

SMS

1125
1574
1452
1429
1089
1080
1973
2132

1406
1520

2790
2994

4067

4527

3901

4001
6305

BemarkB.

Sheared fibers

do

do

do

do

do

Slight shearing of fibers.
do

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
, do

350
350

850
850
851
831
852
852

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end; 3 mUlimeters

knot.
Sheared fibers

.do.

do

Split along grain .
do

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers; split at ends .

Slight shearing of fibers; indented section covers

two 3 millimeters knots.
Slight shearing of fibers; split at comer

Sheared fibers

do ^

Sheared fibers; split at ends; worm-eaten.
do

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end . .
Sheared fibers; split at ends.

083

994

094

1000

1000

701
707
707

675
v 675

691

691

1100

1100

621

1102
1102

'327
327
734

1087
1207
1587

2014
1032
2381

2008
2132
2699

2186
2182
2841

2250
2214
2890

2304
2236
2935

2340
2259
3030

2396

2304
3066

2449
2341
3094

2504
2350
3139

2994
2586
3438

3202

Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
do

1384
1043

817
1061

2091
1700 !
1438
12T0
1928

2291
19C9
1583
1424
2245

2341
2028
1705
1511
2 50

2363
2062
1733
1533
2518

2454
2118
1765
1574
2540

2486
2159
1778
1579
2572

2349
2173
1790
1628
2617

2590
2214
1810
1051
2640

2608
2280
1824
1605
2681

2989
2527
1951
1878
3030

3221
2672
2074
1996

Sheared fibers

do

do

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

800
800
887
887
1066

1588
1202

2790
2404

3066
2694

3188
2840

3334
2985

3443
3039

3565
3153

3588
3202

3674
3293

3720
3348

4264
3001

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

1241
1260

a(» FOU

466

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PKINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpectM.

840. Taxodlum dlstichnm

Bald CvvTtti. Black Cy-
preu. Red Oypreit. Whitt
Oyprtu. Dteiduoiu Cy-
prtit.

341. Seqnoiai^gantea.
liigT

State.

'iig Tree.

S42. Seqnoia gempervirens
Xedviood.

343. Taxus brevifolia .
Tew.

S4S. Torreya taxifolia

atinking Cedar. Savin.

84C. Torrcya Californica

Cali/omia Kutmeg. Stink-
ing Cedar.

347. Finns Strobus

White rine. WeymmithPine.

348. Plnas monticoU.
Tf hUe Pine.

S35
53S
542
542
741
741

657
657

673
673
710
711
711
712
712
713
713

714
715

Alabama .

...do

.. do

...do

Florida..
...do....

California.
...do

..do..
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
..do.
...do.

...do.
...do.

978
978

62

62
277
277

651
651

1
1
222
777
777
788
788
789
789
797
797
1044
1044

975
987
987

Oregon .
....do..

Florida.

California
...do

...do

...do

...do

Locality.

Stockton

...do

MobUe

...do

Cbattalioochee.
...do

Collector.

SoU.

Tnlare county
...do

C. Mohr

...do

...do

...do

A. H. Cartisa.
...do

AlluTial .
.. do....

Gr. Encclmann and

0. o. Sargent.
.. do

Bnaeian river. .

...do

Santa Cmz —

...do

...do

Mendocino county

...do

....do

....do

C. S. Sargent .
.. do

nrm?r,
tiShAV.
. do .,

do .
.do .

.. do

J.Kentfield & Co

...do

..do

...do

Oranite .
...do...

.do.
.do.

Portland G. Engclmannand

I C. S. Sargent.
...do

Cbattaboochee.

...do ....
...do....
...do...

849. Pinna LanibertiaDS .
Svaar Pin*.

Masrachnsetta..

...do

Vennoat

New Brunswick

...do

... do

..do

Province of Quebec
...db

..do

...do

Massacbnsetta

...do

Marin county.
...do

do.
C. S. Sargent .

Moist, rich .
...do

...do

A. H. Curtiss.
...do

G. B. Vasey .
...do

Alluvial .

v. .do

Calcareous
...do

Arnold Arboretum

...do

Charlotte

BridgetoD .

..do

Amqni —
...do

British Columbia

Oregon

.. do

CalUbinia..

Beading .
..do....

C. S. Sargent .

...do

C. G. Pringle .

Intercolonial rail-
way.
...do

Ed. Sinclair .

...do

A. Grant —
...do

Stony.
...do.

Bemarka.

Diift

...do

Wet, swampy .

Grand Trunk rail-
way.
... do

J. Bobinson .
...do

Hastings' saw.mill,
Btirrard inlet.

Cascade mount-
ains.

...do

G. Encplm^nnand

C. S. Sargent.
C. S. Sargent

do .

Drift .
...do.

Moist loam .
...do

Saw.mill, Straw. , G. Enpilmanuand i.
berrv valley. I C. S. Sirscnt

7031
6759
6759
6328
S697

6341
6078

6917
7391
7122
6523
7979
5262
6307
7122
5942

Crushed at 64 millimetera from

end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from

middle.
Crushed at 25 millimeter* from

end.
do

Crashed at end.

Cmshed at middle .
do

Crushed at 25 miUimeters from

roidtlle.
Crushed at middle

Crushed at 70 miUimeters trma

end.
Crushed at middle ; shattered

Cmshed at 04 millimeters from
end; throw off I wo splinters.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.

Crushed at 38 millimetera from
middle.

do

Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle in vicinity of 2 milli-
meters knots

7340 Cru8he<l atniiddle and at 38milli
meters from «nd : opened grain.

6305 Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end ; split from cud to i nd ; grain
ctirlv.

C668 I Failed at 19 millimeters knot at
mitldlii.
Crushed near middle at 3 millime-
ters knot.

8799
7258

7349
7008
7838

0579
5670

5398
5239
6214
4427
4210
6169
6305
5806
I 4695
5842
5625
5534
4967

0123
4981
4944

6441

Crashed at 6 mfllimeters knot
51 millimeters from middle;
opened gniin.

Crushed at 19 millimeters from
end.

Triple diagonal flexure perpen-
dicular to rings.

Triple diagonal flexure

Crushed at 01 millimeters from

middle at f> millimeters knot.
Triple flexure

Crushed at 61 millimeters from

middle.
Cmshed at 04 millimeters from

end.
Crashed at 76 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 10 n)illimeters knot

38 niillimeters from middle
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot

51 millimeters from end.
Crushed at 51 rnd at 114 millimc

ters from end.
Crushed at 1U2 millimeters from

<-nd. _

Cruslied at 13 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at end

Crti'hed at 04 millimeters from

miilillo.
Crushed at end and at32 milUme-

ters from middle.
Crushed at 43 millimeters from

middle.
Cruslied lit S! millimeters from

end.

Crashed at 70 millimeters from

end.
Triple flexure panillel to rings ..

Crashed at 13 millimeters from
end.

Crashed at three places noor ends

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
C^^^ITED STATES UNDEE COMPRESSION— Continued.

467

PBESSURE, IX KILOOBAHB, BSQUIBED TO PBODCCS AK DiDENTATION, IN WLLIMSTEBS, OF

IS I

!^:

mi

494
449
885
889
463

862

O.Sl

785
767
14'J4
1:20
104S
1120

953
953

o.re

1597
1306
1325

1202

1.03

916
889
1678
1352
1452
1257

1030
1052

i.3r

921
1742
1415
1483
1320

1084
1098

1.53

1002
944
1787
1483
1529
1356

1098
1166

1.78

1066
1007
1824
1529
1569
1415

1134
1225

3.03

1093
1034
1864
1551
1610
1447

1148
1288

3.38

1139
1052
1905
1588
1619
1483

1161
1329

3.54

1175
1080
1941
1619
1642
1529

1184
1442

4.81

1334
1247
2205
1882
1796
1792

1320
1524

5.0s

1338

2087
1932
1987

1460
1701

Benurla.

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.

Sheared fi bers ; split at comer

Sheared fibers

do

.do.
do.

53S
635
542
542
741
741

6S7
6S7

Wt

563
780
626
6r7
763
857
74!l

852
1012

762

780
1048
1306

839

921
1066
880
821
IC61

nil

871

953
1075
939
866
998
1116
921

984
1080
948

1189
957

10V2
1084
998
934
975
1325
1002

1025
1107
1039
944
962
1393
1043

1030
1157
1035
962
1034
1442
1080

1034
1193
1039
984
1075
1470
1098

1061
1221
104S
1007
1098
1501
1120

1179
1370

1116
1216
1633
1266

1306
1792

Sheared fibers; split at end

Sheared fibers; split along grain

Slight shearing of fibers ; split along grain .

Sheared fibers ; split along grain

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

71*
7U
7U
713
712
718
713

2223
2.159

1650

li)21
1257
1043

1021
1071

953
640
098
521

671
789
409
526
930
531
866
590

080 I
712 '
662

2440

3052
3665

2331

2341
1923
1529

1452
1293

1135

nil

1512
885

062
930-
708
780
1075
862

I

1216
903

953 I

871 I
857 ;

, 2731

4037
3878

2013

2840
2118
1633

1628
1941

1211
1343
1883
1048

953
1043
1030

762

885
1152

944
1252

062

1052
962
925

1216

4150
4024

2835

3035
2200
1683

1710
2050

1261
1393
1950
1075

962
1080
J 075

803

912
1207

971
1302

980

1093
1025
975

1275

2926

4296
4150

2971

3125
2254
1742

1805
2118

1297
1447

2087

nil

980
1125
1120

844

944
1261

984
1328
1002

1139
1075
!I98 j

1311

3003

4360
4255

3121

3270
2313
1796

1842
2205

1347
1483
2227
1116
1012
1166
1161
852
957
1320
1025
1347
1048

1189
1120
1034

4436
4386

3266

3365
2345
1851

1896
2250

1370
1511
2304
1120
1021.
1207
1207

1361
1034
1370
1071

1234
1161 I
1075

135S

4518
4473

3456
2363
1896

1041
2269

1393
1524
2427

im

1052
1220
1247

1411
1066
1384
1076

1275
1166
1098

'388

4581
4613

3488

3515
2386
1941

2046
2304

1429
1538
2454
1152
1093
1247
1270
898
1025
1488
1116
1397
1093

1311
1184
1120

1424

4631
4726

5103
5421

5489
5851

3661
2440
1964

2087
2341

1447
1551
2563
1161

nil

1297
1293
921
1039
1520
1148
1420
1116

1347
1220
1143

1456

4287
2713
2245

2481
2686

1588
1724
2971
1270
1270
1520
1424
1043
1175
1792
1293
1529
1243

1547
1424
1293

1610

4627

2413

2676
2767

1778
1769
3130
1329
1384
1669

1157
1270
2023
1397
1601
1361

Split at ends .

Sheared fibers.
do

Split at ends .

Sheared fi1>ers ; split at ends .
Sheared fibers ; split at end . .
Sheared fibers .■

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

.do.

Sheared fibers; split at end .

Slight shearing of fibers

Sheared fibers

do

do

Sheared fibers; split at end .

Sheared fibers

do

.... do

do

do

1565
1384

172^

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

do

716

978
978

277

277

651
851

1

1

222

777

777

788

788

789

789

797

797

1044

1044

976
987
987

-do.

468

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table v.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THPi

Sp«ciM.

tU. Finns Lambertiiuia— «ODt'd

State.

780

me. Pinn» flexilU 819

WhiU nnt.

818

818

CaUfornia..
....do

851. PiDaaalbicanlis.

SSa. Pinasreflexn.
yfhiU Pine.

353. Pinus Panrona

Piilon. .Vut Pint.

855. Pinna ednlis

IHiUm. Nut Pint.

856. Finns monopbjlla...
Piiton. JVuJ Pin*

357. Finns Balfouriana.

887. Finns Balfonnana, var. aristata
Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pint.

358. Pines res'nosa

Bed Pine. Norvmy Pine.

Ml

661

656
656

397

882
916

631
631

821
821
914

315

316

785

785

1074

1075

1076

1076

996
996
996

1154
1164
1165
1155

use

1166

861. Finns ponderosa 619

TeWnc Pine. BuU Pine.

858. Finns Torreyana..

800. Finns Arizonioa.
TeOowlHne.

630
680

836

Colorado.
...do....
Kerada..

British Colnmbia
...do

Arizona .
...do....

California .
...do

Colorado.

Utah ...
ITevada .

California .
...do

Colorado.
...do...
Nevada . .

Michigan

...do

2Tew Bmnswicli: .

...do

Vermont

...do

...do

...do

California

...do

...do

Arizona .
.,..do....
....do....

...do...
...do ....
....do...

Dnicou . . . .

Oregon

California

....do

...do

...do

....dt

I.ocaUty.

Lassen's peak .

Forest City .
.. do........

DanTille

Collector.

Silver Monntain
valley, Fraser
river.

..do

G. RVasay

Sierra Lumber
Company.

T. S. Brandegee..

...do

A. Triple

Son.

ill
la ■■ ■

. 50SO
., 46:6

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent

.do.

Santa Ritamennt- j G. Engelmann and
ains. C. S. Sargent.

do.

San Diego connty.
..do

CaBon City .

Lewiston . . .
Danville

Scott monntains . .
..do

do.

Forest City

...do

Prospect mountain

Hersey

...do

Bridgeton

...do

Charlotte

...do

...do

...do

San Diego oonnty

...do

...do

Santa Rita monnt-
ains.
...do

do.
.do.
do.
.do.

Deadwood

Sawmill, Ashland
Strawberry valley
...do

Saw-mill, Straw.

bciry valley.
do

G. K-Vasey.
..do.*

E. Weston .

M. E. Jones.
A. Triple . . .

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

T. S. Brandegee.

...do

A. Tiiple

Remarks.

Cmshed at 38 millimeters from

end.
Triple flexore

Gravelly 6123 ' Cmahed at 25 millimeters from

I end.

do I 6123 Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end.

do.

4527 Crushed at 10 millimeters knot
I 76 milliiuet<.'rs from end.
I

4740 '' Triple fiexnro

5851

.do.

8029 < Crushed at 38 and at S9 millime-

' Utb fioni end ; oT'eneil pinin.
7621 I Cru8h<'<! at 32 millimeters from
end; (ipUt obliquely along grain.

j 52C2 I Cmslfed at G4 milltmeter.^ from

end at 16 millimeters knot.
. I 6570 Triple fle.iure

Gravelly ; 5579

Rocky . . .
Gravelly.

Rocky .
...do..

W.J.Beal....

.. do

Ed. Sinclair . .

...do

C. G. Pringle. .

...do

...do

... do

G. Engelmann .

...do

...do

C.G. Pringle.

...do

...do

...do

...do

..do

Robert Douglas. . .

G. Engelm.inu and

C.S.Sargent.
— do

Rocky .

Sandy
....do.
...do..

4037
4740

4763
6033

urn

5126
SOI 2

7756

raoi

7IC7
8165
602.T
5942
7349
6886

4400
4876

Cnishcd at end at 5 millimeters
knot.

Split obliquely along grain

Rocky .

--do..
...do ..
....do ..
....do ..
...do ..

Failed at 13 millimeters knots at
middle.

Failed st 19 millimeters knot 76

miliiinulers from end.
Ci'iiHlifd at 3 uiiilinietera knots

at middle.

Crnshed at 32 roillimeteis from

end; eioss-;^iained.
Crushed iit end

Crushed at middle and at 3 milli-

metei 8 knot 25 niillimeter» ficm

mi.Mle.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Cniahcd at 64 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 10 millimeters knot

25 niiUinielers from end.
Cruslied at end

Crushed at 25 and at 114 milli-

nieleiR fiimi end.
Crushed at 25 and at 76 millime-

turs fioni end.
Crnsht-d at 51 millimeters from

end.
Cm.shed at 6 millimeters knot at

middle.

Cmslietl at 25 and at 102 milli-

meters from end.
Triple floxuvo ; middle bend 51

millimeters eccentric.

Crushed at 25 millimeters from

end.
Cruslied at end

7485
7349
5330 I Shattered at end

6350 Crushed at 51 mlllimeteis from

end.
6080 , Crushed at 2^ millimeters knot

at eud.
4944 do

Saw-mill, San £er- j
nardino. I

...do

...do

...do

W.G.Wright..

Gravelly 7915

7530

Low, wet, swamp.v
...do

3029
3705
8256
5942
7756

Cmshcd at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end.
Triple flexure perpendicalar to

rings ; knots.
do .'

Triple flexure

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
do

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPRESSION— Continued.

469

i O

II

FBES6UBE, IN KILOGIUMB, REqUIEED TO FBODUCE AK mDEKTATION, IK HIUJHBTEItS, OF —

0.3S

M

! I

m^

m
m

w

OUtl 0.76 1.03 1.37

1116 1311

658 I 871

676 I 1302

I

C6J ' 1270

1008 1669

703

I
933

I
862 !

1016
930
907

C80
11D7
I4S2

998
IIM
10-Jl :

BOS

1338 1406

866

132S

1066

1642

1361

1710

im

18««

2023

2676

1497

2386

1905

2790

1792

2123

933

2169

871

2014

1211

1311

14«2

2136

1116

1506

1397

2000

671

U34

862

1170

744

1116

«H

1406

594

930 1

1243
1025

1824

1406

1796

1905
1932

8157
2608

3030

2345
2595

2459
1860

2286

is«e

2105

1157
1275
1343
1583
1025
1034
1379
1111

I

1574
1397 ;
1361

971 I
1724 I
2400
1(.98
1843 ;
1179 j
1429 I

1524

1093
18S1

24G8

1705

I
1456

I
1189 I

1.-»2

1438
984

1.33

1525 ! 1619 I 1637
1406 ' 1483 I 1529

1483
1021

1696
1574

1.78

3.03

1524
1084

1955 : 2014 2119

1»73
2005

3243
2735

2481
2744

2658
1923

2391
1619
2209

1220
1325
1433
1647
1080
1111
1420
1170

1270 2000 2177 2259

I

1338 2486 2155 : 2223

1452 2132 2291 ! 23S9

' I I

1021 1987 i 1710 ' 1796

1034 1669 1837 • 1892

1089 1365 , 1429 1488

1687 I 1724

1579
14C6

1161
1879
2618
1833
1533
1275
1C24

1501

1932

2032
2053

3411
2840

2540
2885

2713
1987

2477
1674
2268

1288
1365
1479
1706
1134
1137
1461
1234

2327
2291
2440

1864
1941
1524
1774
1507
1429

1207
1905 I
2608
1831 .
1601 !
1325 !
1687

1542

2023

2073
2118

3520
2926

3493

2654
3021

2753
2023

2576
1705
2359

1338
1424
1497
1724
1166
1202
1520
1288

2386
2350
2480

1497
1061

1728 1760

1615 1642

I
2173 2227

1583 1624

\
2073 I 2114

3123 ; 2159
2182 : 2209

3.38 3.34

I

3611
2998

2717 f

3125

1
2880

2050 j

2645 j
1751 \

2431 '

I

1379

1483 I

1651

1765

1207

1238

1569

1843

2431
2400
2527

1946 1991

1991 I 2028

1560 ' ICIS

i

1805 I 1833

1601 1010

145C ' 1497

1257

1978

2607

1883

1669 '

1343

17C0

1302
2046
2749
1932

nss

1365
1796

3679
3085

2753
3212

2921
2091

2703
1801
2527

1415
1547
1584
1787
1234
1266
1601
1370

2449

2477
2405

2041
2073
1660
1882
1637
1524

1S38
2082
3803
1946
1787
1411
1840

1547
1120 j

1774
1687
2400

1665

2159

1579
1139

1796
1724
2341

1687

2209

4.81

2821
?3U

2953
2136

2771
1833
2622

1442
1574
1624
1801
1270
1293
1633
1415

2499
2572
2518

2118
2100
1692
1896
1651
1538

2273

3738

3216 3266

4146

2894
3867

2985
2168

2799
1842
2681

1470
1619
1065
1837
1311
1329
1669
1452

2554
2595
2536

2141
2578
1719
1905
1636
1563

1837
1261

1973
1941
2667

1932

2495

S.08

2576

4400
3856

6013

1301 I 1402

I

2118

2853
1969 I
1851 [
1483 I
1896 I

2155
2903
1982
1001
1529
1032

3339
2032

3311
2168
2948

1678
1860
1901
2032
1497
1520
1923
1706

2948
3016

1973
2835
1996

1778
1805

1610
2330
3266
2214
2177
1700
2200

1982
1334

2032
2078
2858

2096

2735

2758

4854
4264

3720

3538
2676

3515
2381
3470

2023
2168

1633

2087

3160
3261

2026
2205

1892
1919

2540
3438
2381

1706

Remarks.

Sheared fibers.
do

.do.
.do.

Sheared fibers ; opened grain at end and along one
face.

Sheared fibers.
do

Split at end ; indented section covers 9 millimeters

l^not.
Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers.
Sheai-ed fibers

Sheared fibers; split at end.

do

Sheared fibers.

do

, do

do.
.do.
.do.

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

do

Sheared fibers

do

Sbeaicd fibers; split at end

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end.

do

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

do

do

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end.

Sheared fibers

do

o

730

819
819
913

992

661
661

6S6
658

397

882
916

631
631

821
821
914

315
315

785
785
1074
1076
1076
1076

996
996
996

1164
1164

1165
1155
1156
1156

619
626
630
630
632

470

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

TABLE V.-BEHAVIOB OF THE Plii^OirAL WOODS OF ^nE

BpeolM.

Ml. Pinna pondero8»— contlnned .

M2. PinnsJeCfreyi

Bull Pine. Black Fine.

State.

Locality.

M3. Pinna Cliilinahaana .

718
718
781
907
910

687
667

661
664

Montana. .
...do

CaUfornia.

Colorado..
....do

Californiii .
..do

Saw-mill, Hiaaonla
...do

Collector.

S. Watsen .
...do

SoU.

18|I

ata a
111

Lassen's peak i Sierra Lumber

Companj'.
CafionCity E. Weston

.do .

Scott monntains .
...do

..do.
...do.

Arizona .
....do....

164. Pinns contorta .
Scrub Pine.

166. Pinus Mnrrayana .,

Tamarack. Black Pme.
Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce
Pine.

Pinns Sabiniana

Digger Pine. BuU Pin*.

Un. Pinna Conlteri .

. Pinna insignis . .
MonUrey Pine.

. Pinna tnbercnlata.
Knob-eon* Pine.

170. PinnsTaida .•--

Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pin*.
Sotemary Pine.

tn. Pinns rigida..
PitettPine.

997 I
997

293
293
583
625
625

644
644

1157
1157

676
676

S76
576

82
82
355
365
388
388

13

13

1046

1046

Britisli Colnmbia
...do

Saw.mill, San Ber-
nardino.
.. do

Santa Kita mount.

ains.
..do

do .

G. Engclmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

W.G.Wright.
.. do

Remarks.

Cmshed at «sd .

6463

• I

6477 ' Cmslied at 61 milllmetera from
; end', ISniillimetera knotatend.
Crushed at middle

Dry, gravelly .
...do

Vancouver's island
...do

G. Engolmann and

C.S.Sargont.
...do

do .
do.

Dry, gravelly .
...do

Colorado. ..

...do

.. do

California.
...do

...do.
.. do.

...do.
...do.

...do.
... do.

....do.
...do.

Forest City

...do

..do

Scott monntains .
...do

Contra

county.
. . do

Costa

T.S.Brandegee.
...do,

C. S.Sarcent...

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent
... do

.do.
do.

Moist, sandy loam ■

..do

...do

...do

...do

San Bernardino. . .
.. do

Florida

...do

Alabama

...do

North Carolina .

...do

...do

...do

Monterey.
.. do

Mount Shasta .
..do

G. R. Vasey.
...do

Gravelly.
...do ...

W.G. Wright.
.. do

G.R-Vaaey.
...do

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

Dry, gravelly.
...do

7349

4173

5443
6577

6759
7938

5035
5761

7802
9934

4626
4037
6214
5648
6115

5282
5511

4808
6940

Gravelly loam .
...do

Duval county.

...do

Cottage HiU..

...do

Wilmington ..

...do

...do

...do

tn. Pinna serotina .
Pond Pin*.

178. Pinna inops...
Jertey Pin*.

Scrub Pine.

83
83

621
622
UC9
1169

Massaohusette —

.. do

...do

...do

Florida .
..do...

Arnold Arboretum

..do

ITorth Reading
...do

A. H. Cnrtiss .

...do

C.Molir

...do

E. Kidder ....

...do

...do

...do

Duval eounty.
...do

South Carolina .

...do

Indiana

...do

Aiken

..do

New Albany.
...do

C.S. Sargent.

...do

J. Robinson . .
...do

Gravelly.
,..do.:..

Moist, sandy.

...do

Low, rich

...do

Loam

...do

....do

...do

A. H. Curtiss .
...do

H.W. Kavenol.

...do

M. J. Robinson.
....do

Drift.
...do.
....do.
.do .

Moist, sandy loam.
...do

Dry, sandy .
...do

6532

4672
3742

9154
9185
4445
4876
7; 94
8437
5398
5783

6123
7070

4808
4740

7938
8219

5080
0577
5829
5480

TripU> diagonal flexure; knots
nt'.ar niiiUlle.

Trijilo <li.T.;onal flexure; 0 milli-
meters knot at middle bend.

Cmshed at middle at 6 millime-
ters knot.

Triple diagonal flexure parallel
to rinus; midille Lend 6 milli-
nietirs eccentric. ]

Oblique split 178 millimeters long,
8ep.nr.iling stick.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.

Triple diagonal flexure

Shattered end ; crushed at 102 mil-
limeters fi'om end.

Crushed at 102 millimeters from

end-
Crusbcd at .ll millimeters from

end.

Cmshed at 38 millimet«r» from

end.
Crusheil at 10 niillimetcrs knot

19 millimeters from inil.
Crushed at 89 millimeters from

end.
Cmshed at 10 millimeters knot

102 millimeters from end.
Crushed al 5 millimeters knot at

middle. '

Triple flexure; middle bend 25

millimeters eccentric.
Failo<i at 13 millimeters knot at

middle.

Crashed at 10 millimeters knot
38 millimeters from middle.

Crushed at 76 millimeters from
end.

Crashed at 38 millimeters from
end at 5 millimeters knot.

Crushed at 01 to 71 millimeters
from end.

Crushed at 102 millimeters from

Crushed at knots at middle ant
near end.

Cmshed at 76 millimeters from '

end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from ;

<nd. 1

Triple flexure

do

Crashed at 76 millimeters from

end.
Cmshed at 38 millimeters from

end in vicinitv of I- Dots.
Crushed at middle in vicinity of

J millimeters knot.
Crushed at middle in vicinity of

knot.

Crushed at 102 millimeters from

end.
Triple flexure parallel to rmgs. . .

Crashed at 64 millimeters ttom

ell.l.
Triple flexure

Triple flexure peri*ndicular to

rings.
Triple flexure parnllel to rmgs . .

Triple flexure, contaiiiid 7 knots

3 to li millimeters in (liniiioter.
Crushed i;i vieinity of 3 inillinic.

tcr»Uiiot5lniillinieteislrnmciid.
Crushed at end at 13 luillinieters |

knot. „ ;

Cruslie.l nt 13 milliraelers knot if '

luillimeters Iroiu end. '■

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
•I3ITBD STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

471

PBK6SUBB, HI EILOCBAMS, BIQUmED TO FBODL'CE A^' ISDESTATIOK, IX UlLLWETZltS, OF-

o.;t3

1021

83"

a202 '

885 '

685

1261 :
1579

249 :
1021

19«5 i

I
1202 j

885 i

em I

1270

898 I
807 [

1202
14T«

1089
733

817
953

399
767

0.31

1207
1157
1243
880
862
1247
925

1828
1542
939
703

2664
265B

1520
1043
1211
1116

11«

12»
1769
1538
1492

1879
1769

0.76

1211
1302
1905
1769
1728

2023
1882

1315 I 1379
1293 1483

953 I

2177 '

1787
1996

1071
1061
1374
1266
1052

1778
2014

122S
1247

1406
1456

1093
1166

1179

1982
1447
1764
1093
1120
1433
1520

2223
2518
1270
1179

3479
42S5

2132
1678
1796
2073

].«a

1.37 1.53

I

1769
2676

1905
2341

1202
1143
1501
1438
1152

1910
2214

1352
1374

1569
1619

130S
1261

1347
^18
1529
1919
1161
1193
1497
1678

2295
2844
1343
1!70

3751
4834

2318

2023

•

2032
2330 I

1261
1323
1082
1819
1833

2173

1946 I

I

1479 j
1569

1937 '
2853 '

2000 '
2586

1229
-1170 :
1388
1492
1193

1982
2332

1397
1424

1624
1674

1379
1297

1393
2372
1592
2050
1216
1275
1560
1801

1297 I
1365 j
2023
1860 '
1901

2259 !
1969 I

1547
1624

2000
2939

2078
2685 '

1311
1402
2068
1928
1987

2309
2014

1606
1663

2105
3012

2164

2830

1.78

1252

1270
I

1198 ' 1220

1665 : 1715

1529 I 1565

1252 j 1302

2041 I 2087

2363 : 2413

1470
1479

1665
1710

1424
1820

1533
1547

1701
1746

1456
1347

1456

1520

3436

2518

1656

1706

2118

2223

1275

1347

1325

1406

1633

1674

185S

1901

2341

2449

3089

3207

1374

1393

1424

1442

3901

4019

5239

5461

?395

2477

2127

2186

2096

21M

2431

2604

2531
3302
1402
'1413 i

4130 I
6679 '

1347
1452
2114
2O00
2028 ,

2345 I
2064 I

1651
1713

2168
3071

2250
2894

1279
1243
1774
1579
1329

2168
2499

1574
1574

1715
1778

1489
1879

1674
2563
1737
2263
1442
1456
1701
1928

2595
3357
1433
1601

4230
5729

3.03

I

1361
1479
2155
2006
2091

2368
2082 >

1687 '
1755

2223 i

3116 I
I
2309

2994

1288 i
I
1232

1846

1601

1374

2200
2543

1616
1619

1737
1810

1524
1397

1637
2635
1796
2322
1497
1547
1733
1973

2658
3488
1452
1329

4359
5623

3.38

2558
2241 i

2608 2638

2277 : 2309

2195 223(1 2230

2527 2599 2649

1397
1542
2186
2123
2141

2418
2118

1751
1796

2286
3175

2372
3075

1293
1275
1910
1647
1406

2259
2399

1651
1669

1746
1833

1538
1429

1656
2672
1819
2368
1647
1697
1774
2003

2740
3579
1492
1651

4409
5534

2703
2341
2268
2600

3.54

1438
1579
2218

::i82
2182

2431

1773 I
1842 I

2354 I

3293 !
i
2440 I
3166

1311
1288
1964
1663
1433

2313
2634

1687
1713

1760

1470

1669
2713
1855
2418
1597
1637
1796
2037

2844
3692
1520
1565

4522
5552

2749
2308
2286
2731

4.81

1678
1769
2340
2493
2136

2099

2064
2087

2812
3765

1497
1407
2223
1814
1610

2667
3107

2023
1973

1969
2118

1769

5.08

1878
1928
2685
2694
2849

Bemarkg.

Sheared fibers.

do

do

do ,

do

Sheared fibers; split at end.
do

2223 do

2277 ; Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at ends

Slight shearing of fibers; split at ends .

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers ; split at end

2994

1579
2404

178T

2849

2214
2186

1905
1746

2738
1805
1996
2019
2223

3289
4219
1678
1787

5216
5761

3030
2613
2572

2182
2336

3626
4491
1796
1883

3851

3202

2635

Sheared fibers

do

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

.do.

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers.
do

.do.

Shear< d fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers
do

Split St ends; fibers did not shear

Sheared fibers ; split at ends

Split at end ; fibers did not shear

Indented without shearing of fibers.

Sheared fibers ; split at ends

Split at end ; fitters did not shear

Sheared fibers

do

.do.
.do
.do.
.do

.do.

Sheared fii)ers ; split along grain.

718
718
731
907
910

667
667

664
664

997
907

293
293
663
625
625

644
644

U67
1157

676
076

676
576

82
82
35S
366
388
388

13

IS

1046

1046

Sheared fibers ffiil

Sheared fibers ; split at end .
Sheared libers

622
1169

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end | 1169

472

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRmCIPAL WOODS OP THE

SpeoiM.

trx PlolM inops— contlnaad

tt*. Pions d«nn

Band Pint. Senb Pint.
Sprue* Pine.

ITS. PlBn4 pongens

TaiU-mountain Fine. Hitk-
vry Pine.

tJt. Pious niaricata

Ofntpo Pine. Biehop't Pine.

177. Plnus mitia

TeUov Pine. Short-leaved
Pine. Sprvce Pine. BuU
Pine.

t7S. Pisusglalin

Cedar Pine. Spruce Pine.
WhiU Pine.

170. Piuns Bankfliana

Gray Pine. Scrub Pine,
^rinee't Pine.

tSO. Pinaspalastrirt.

iMngUaved Pine. Southern
Pine. Georgia Pine. Xel-
low Pine. Hard Pine.

U71

1172

279
279

321
321

671
871

278
278

319

142
142
544
;44

764
764

394
394
780
780
879
879

81
81
85
85
243
243
302
802
357
357
S58
3Se
3S0
350
360
360
861
361
884
884
885
385

Steto.

Kew Jersey ,
...do

Flarida.
.. do...

Virginia .
...do...

California .
...do

Florida .
...do ..

LooalltT.

CoUeotor.

Soil

811

■sBa

m

Mount HoUy.
...do

aP.Sharples ! Clay..

do do .

Apalacliicola A. H. Curtlaa j Dry, bandy barrens

do do do

■Wythevllle .
...do

H.Shriver ^ Clay..

— do ; do .

Marin county O.K. Vasey GraTelly.

...do I do I do

Chattahoochee

...do

Loaiaiana | Amite C. Mobr Sandyloam

A. H. Curtioa Clay..

— do do .

South Carolina ... Bonneau's Depot ' H. W. Ruvenel.
do do ; . . - do

Misgisaippi Uainesrillr C. Mohr

..do...
Florida .
...do...

Michigan

.. do

New Brunswick .

...do

...do

.. do

Florida

...do

...do

... do

... do

.. do

South Carolina.

...do

Alabama

...do

.. do

...do

.. do

...do

...do

...do

....do

...do

Florida

...do

..do

...do

..alo

Chattahoochee.
..!do

Baldwin .
...do....

l>UTal county .

...do

.. do

.. do

Saw.mili, Saint

John's river.
...do

Aiken

...do

Cottage Hill .

..do

Cltronelle ..

..do

Chuuchula.. .

.. do

... do

...do

...do

... do

Sawmill,

Keys.
.. do....

...do

A. H. Cnrtias .
.. do

W. J. Bcal.
...do

Intercolonial rail-
way.
...do

.do.
.do.

A. H. Curtiss. .

..do

.. do

...do

...do

...do

H. \Y. Ravenel .

. do

C.Mohr

...do

...do

..do

.. do

...do

.. do

.. do

..do

...do

do.
.do.

Cedar A. H. Cnrtiss .

...do

l....do

do

I

Bich upland

...do

Low, sandy . .

...do

Low, wet

...do

Low, sandy .
...do

Sandy loam...

...do

Moist, sandy. .
...do

Dry, sandy...

...do

Sandy loam. .

...do

...do

..do

...do

...do

. do

...do....^...

.. do

...do

6033
5S79

5715
6341

5987
6353

8663
7621

4763
7983

10138

5466

5398
3130
2903
5333
6375

5104
4944
5080
7760
8188
6813

8392
10977
8618
0321
11204
lOlbO
7647
8165
10478
10047
10S69
11839
11930
10931
1 1 008
10031
10660
10931
9775
9934

Bemarks.

Crushed at middle on one face .
Triple diagonal flexure

Tiiplc flfxure pariillel to rings;

knots at middle.
Crushed at knota at middle

Triple ilexure perpendicular to

rinfis.
Crushed at 89 millimeters tnaa

end ; split at end.

Crushed at lU millimeters from
end at 3 millimeters knot.

Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end.

do.

Crushed at small 2 raillimelers
knotb 25 millimeters from mid*
die.

Crushed at 6 millimrtera knot 25
millinirters from middle.

Triple flexure

Crushed at 51 millimeters trom

end.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end at 16 millimeters knot.
Ti iple flexure

Triple flexure parallel to rings

Crushed 32 millimeters from mid-
die in viciuity of knot.

Crashed at end at 13 raillimelers

knot.
Triple flexure ; opined grain

Crushed at G millimeters knot 76

millimeters from end.
Crashed and opened between

rings at end.
Crushed at 89 millimeters from

cud.
I Crushed al 3 millimeters knot at

mid<tlc.

Split ol»li(]Ut'Iy : stick broke in

two |«ieces.
Crushed i^t 13 to 7C millimeters
! from end.
Triple flexure parallel to riiiiTo . . .

Crushed ai 13 millimeters from
I end.

' Crushed at 19 millimeters from
I end. '

Crushed at middle

Crushed near middlo

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 38 millimeters from

euil.
('rushed .it 38 millimeters f^om

miiUlle.
Crashed at end

Triple flexure

Crushed and splintered at end .
Crashed at middle

('rushed at 32 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at G-1 milliliietnM fi-oni

middle.
Crushed at 38 uiilliinctvis from

end.
Crushed nt "(< luillinielers fn-iti

end.
Crushed at 70 milltmi'terH from

end and shattoied.
Crusht d :it 51 milliinetciH from

emi.
Crushed at 38 iiiilliiiK'terrt l',oni

9017

end.
7 C rusTi'

ted at 89 iiiilliiiu'li rs Ir iii

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES,
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued.

473

PBES8UBS, IN KILOeB^lHS, BEtjUIRED TO FBOOUCE AK ntDEHTATIOK, IN MILLIMIiTEBS, OF—

0.33 O.S1

0.76

,3

m

1247
1384

1243
1134

1252
953

1429
862

1080
1393

115T

1043
1030
802
690
1043
1370

707

544
1134

807

857

1071

i
17G9 I

1388 .

1

1442 I

998 j

1588 I

1931 i

1479 !

1125

1134

1760

1406

1860

1951

2223

1551

2041

1883

1610

1406

1452

1270

1311

2404 -,2812
2082 2254

19*1
1429

1687
1452

1901
1325

1538

1769
1470
1198
1148
1515
1674

1247
1452
1442
1315
1306
1293

2268
1860
1624
1616
1060
2803
1882
1452
1442
2395
1683
2767
2296
3202
1637
2921
3048

1.03

2100
1656

1833
1615

2050
1515

1551
248t

1624

1941
1506
1311
1284
1592
1787

1393 I
1633
1501 I
1520 ,

1406 I

I
1361 j,

2499 ;

1996 i

I
1728 I

1778 I

2064 J

3012 I

1882

1515 !

1569 I

2558 '
I
1833

2971

2495

3447

2037

2971

3438

1000

1996

1642

1706

2540

2886

1905

2078

1810

2023

3075
2304

2218
1715

1910
1705

2136
1601

1624
2613

1724

2028
1565
1335
1338
1660
1864

1470
1778
1583
1628
1415
1443

2622

2087

1778

1860

2109

2994

190b

1637 :

1746 :

2622 !

I

1941 )

3039 I

I

2640 '

3484 '

2214

2812

3661

2136

1778

3026

2218

2155

1.37

1.S3

3248
2400

2400
1861

1951
1733

2232
1669

1706
2676

1810

2096
1606
1415
1393

1728
1928

1529
1851
1637
1687
1424
1529

2681
2168
1873
1910
2191
2812
2023
1710
1796
2636
2037
3139
2808
3502
2422
3153
3751
22-0
1914
3116
229S
2266

3343
2440

2377
1814

2032
1756

2286
1756

1756
2782

1864

2154
161!)
1442
1429

1760
1982

1569
1978
1710
1719
1438
1574

2799
2259
1941
1987
2273
2880
2259
1792
1892
2649
2127
3289
2890
3543
2540
2817
3887
2341
2000
3166
2359
2300

1.78

3.03

3411

3456

2513

2572

2436

2477

1846

1860

2118

2191

1787

1801

2345

2386

1787

1842

1810

1887

2781

2790

1928

1987

2209

2250

1647

1665

1479

1506

1438

1470

1810

1851

2005

2014

3.38 3.S4

1615 j
2019
1778
1760 i
1524 I
1642 I

2886 I

2313 I

1991 '

2046

2322

3076

2522

18C4

1973

'2876

2182

3388

3071

3683

2676

2994

3878

2422

2082

3216

2438

2369

1860
2064
1814
1810
1597
1687

2948
2386
2050
2150
2363
3193
2622
2431
2041
2903
2254
3484
3198
3750
2758
3193
3933
2488
2132
3298
2522
2440 I

2536 j
1869

2250
1824

2431
1901

1951
2785

2037

2295
1687
1533
1483
1901
2068

1683
2091
1882
1842
1628
1765

3021
2440

2640

2576
1923

2331
1010

2490
1946

2009
2790

2345
1701
1565
1516

4.81

2994

2880
2132

2707
2291

2767
2304

2341
3139 I

5.0P

Kemarks.

2699

I
1860

1740

1633

1941 1 2186

)
2096 2404

2236
2409
3257
2703
2486
2114
3025
2295
3529
3270
3842
2885
3316
4014
2581
2177
3357
2572
2495

1715
2146
1923
1855

3062
2486

2288
2440
3302
2903
2581
2168
3134
2350
3033

1998
2454
2336
2032
1769
2064

3221

2899

4150

3896

2998

3452

41U1 4808

2654 I 3030

2263 ' 2740

3411 !

2035 3107

2505 2813

3198

2495

2917
1951
1879
1851
2338
2785

2141
2653
2585

3866

Split at end

Shenred fibers.

Shaared fibers ; split at encs.
2359 Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split along grain .
Sheared fibers

Slieared fibers j split at end. .
do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.
Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.

Sheared fibers.

do ,

do

do

do

do

.do.
.do.

Sheared fibers ; 8 miilimeters Imot in indented section .

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

Sheared filwrs ; split at end

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

Split at end ; fibers did not shear

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers; split at end

Sheared fibers ; opened seasoning cracks .

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Split at end ; fibers did not sheai'

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

Split at end ; fibers did not shear

Split at end ; slight shearing of fibers

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

, do

Sheared fibers; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers : split at ends .

1172
1172

279

279

321
321

671
671

278
278

319

142
142
544

544

764

764

394

394
780
780
879
879

81
81
85
85
243
243
302
302
357
367
338
358
339
359
360
360
361
361
384
384
385

474

FOREST TREES OF. NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.-IiEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THB

SpeelM.

m. Pinna p«Iiutiis—c«oU]iaed.

881. Pino* Cub*n«U ••.•--

SUuh Pint. Swamp P\ne.
Battard Pine. Mtadou!
Pint.

tS2. PlceanlKra

Black Spruce.

383. Piceaalba

White SpruM.

384. PiceaEneelmanni.
White Sprvce.

i

I

O

390
890

84

84
358
85«
493
493

231
231
373
776
778
794
794
880
880

513
513
820
620
773
773
784
784
791
791

292
292
675

State.

North Candlna .
...do

Localltj-.

Collector.

Florida...
...do....
Alabama.
...do...
Florida . .
...do...

WilmingtoB 3. Kidder .

...do '• — do

Yermont

...do

...do

New Brunswick ..

...do .

Province of Quebec
...do

New Brunswick..
...do

Dnval county A. H. Cnrtlaa...

...do — do

Cottage Hill ! C. Mohr

...do !....do

Bay Biscayne A. H. Curtiaa. . .

...do I do

SoU.

UeinarkK.

Moist, ssndy .
...do

Charlotte i C. G. Pringje - . . .

...do do

Huntington do

Bay of Fundy I Intercolonial rail-
way.
....do

Danville

...do

Bridgeton ...
... do

10206 ; Crushed at middle and at 25 mllli- i

niet«!r8 Irora mitldle.
9957 I Crushed at 51 millimeters from
I end.

9063 Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end and at end.
8637 , Triiile liexure

do 12792 Crushed at 32 and at 102 millime-

I iers from end.

do 13585 [ Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end.
8550 Split obliquely along grain i sea-
soning cracks.
11136 Crushed at 25 millimeters from
middle.

Coral
.. do

CoId,peacy .

...do

Gravelly

do

Grand Trunk rail-
way.
...do

Ed. Siuclair-
...do

Terry's peak RDouglas

...do — do

Intercolonial rail.

New Hampshire . . Stratford C. G. Pringle .

...do do do

Dakota
.. do ..
New Brunswick . . | Bay of Fundy . . . . j

...do ....do I

do Bridgeton ' Ed. Sinclair

...do do

Amqni \ A.G«ant...

...do do

way.
..do .

...do

Province of Quebec
....do

385. Picea pungens

WhiU Spruce. BUuSpruM.

ns. Picea Sitchenaia . . .
Tidt-lemd Spruce.

Colorado.
...do....
...do...
...do....

187. langa Canadenaia .
Hemlock.

269
270'
270«

970
970
977
977
1015
1019
1019
1026
1026

i

5
219

...do .
...do.
..do.

Foreat City .
...do

T. S. Brandegee..
...do

do I C. S. Sargent ....

, do I T. S. Brandegee ,

GraTelly .
...do....
...do....
.do....

Damp..
...do.
Peaty.
...do.

Alpine j do .

... do ]....do .

...'do ...do .

Alaaka 1 Mtka ' PaulSchnlUe

do.

do.

Britiah Colombia . Saw-mill, Burrard

i inlet.
do; -• do

Oregon

'Weidler's saw-mill,

l^orlland
.do Saw-mill, Astoria

.do.

do

do Portland Furniture

j Company,
.do do

.do .

G. Engolmann and

C. S. Sargent.
...do

...do.
.. do.
...do.
..do.
. . do .

Damp.
..do.
...do.

Uassacbuaetta i Arnold Arboretum

...do I ..do

I
Vermont I Cbarloite

C. S. Sargent .

..do

CO. Pringle..

Drift

...do....
Gravelly.

8210 Crushed at 3 millimetera knot 76
1 millirait*-rs from end.

6668 ' Crushed at 3 millimeters knots at
1 middlii and at end.

6242 1 Crushed at 83 millimeters from
I end.

6305 Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 51
millimeters from middle.

6305 Crushed at middle at 6 millime-
ters knot.

5851 Triple flexure; middle bend 25
millimeters eccentric.

6373 Crushed at 25 millimeters from
end.

6464 Crushed at 13 millimeters from
middle.

6260 Crushed at middle on one face . . .

4872 Crushed at 5 millimeters knot 51

millimeters fiom <Bd.
6117 Crushed at 13 niiUimetors knot

at middle.
Crushed at 01 millimciers fioin

middle.
5443 Crushed at 3 millimel. is kn' t :■!

from end.
5715 Crukhed at 111 milliniiteia kunl

25 millimel em fmm midiile.
4518 Crushed at 18 m'ilimeters ku -1

102 millimeters fii>iii eud.
5987 Crushed at 45 millinii tvr.s fioiu

middle.
5978 Crushed at 51 millimetera from

end.
5670 Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end. ,

Crushed at 64 millimeters from

end.

4037 Triple flexure parallel to rings

Crushed at 10 millimeters knot
69 millimeters from end.
52eS Triple flexure

8901 Crushed at 102 millimeters from
end ; cross-grained

4046 Crushed at 102 millimeters fiom
end at 10 millimeteis knot.

3792 Cnislxd at 16 millimeters knot
76 millimeters from end.

4545 Crushed at 38 millim.tera from
end uud at middle at 3 millirae-
1 ters knots.

6668 Triple flexure paisllel to rings —

6146 Triple flexure perpendicular to

rinixs.
6715 j Crushed at 64 millimeters from

end. . .

6579 Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end. , ^ .

6486 Crushed at middle ; angle of erush-

iiip, 85°.
5216 Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end; angle of crushing. 8o°.
6625 Crushed at 78 millimetevs frum

»nd. .

5017 Crushed at 13 and at 102 millime.

ters from end.
4527 Triple flexure

6987
6706

Triple flexure parallel to rings.

Crushed at 61 millimeters from
end.
7702 I Triple flexure

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPKESSION— G-)ntiuued.

475

■g I FUE88UBB, IN KILOGRAMS, UEQUIHED TO PBODUCK AN )KI)KKTATION, IN MILLLiETEBS, OF—

m
m
m

0.35

O.S1

1

0.76 :

1315

1474"

» 1637

1542

1941

1987

1111

1406

1515

1293

1769

1846

1229

1402

1588 I

2313

3393

3783 ;

2880

3892

4400 I

WSTi

2722

3130 1

826

1261

1406 ;

925

1225

1488 1

.-90

807

944

044

1089

1225

749

1089

1238

725

962

1030 |_

671

1007

1061 '.

635

962

1039

635

939

1C34

776

1061

1152

735

1120

1257

726

11S9

1311 1

676

1084

1229

563

798

880

631

939

1061

662

817

8S4

644

916

962

817

966

1021

640

984

1043

567

1080

1170

963

1379

1515

572

835

844

590

903

984

907

1279

1402

640

912

948

1016

1148

1234

889

1184

1302

717

1325

1574

626

749

807

758

1143

1257

458

626

690

721

794

848

726

907

925

866

lOtt

1120

«31

907

980

871

1007

1684

771

817

848

558

771

866

1

1.37

1814
2141

1560
1892
1706
3983
4786
3298

1442
1542
989
12C1
1302
1071
1071
1080
1093

1179
1325
1397
1343

007
1093

989

966

I
1071 j

1071 j

1234 ;

1597

1
857 i
I
1025

1461
962 ;
1257

1415
1628
871
1320
749
898
934
1170
102S

1198
894
953

1887
2313

1592
1932
1796
4073
5080
3438

1429
15E8
1066*
1279
1352
1102
1098
1116
1125

1202
1388
1447
1393

957
1125
1007

993
112S
1139

1276
1665
8«2
1966

1524
984
1293

1479

1706

944

1347

789

957

971

1198

1052

1275
921
093

1.S3

1.78 3.03

1973 2155

2431 2583

1687 1710

1982 2078

1951 2041

4237 I 4204

5252 I 5579

3456 3710

1520
1637
1120
1302
1379 I
1125 '
1129 '

1143

1
1161 i

1225 I

1420

1488

1438

1012

1143

1560
1678
1166
1325
1402
1170 '
1161 '
1166 I
1193 I

1261
1438
1524
1488
1043
1175

1030

1080

1039

1061

1170

1220

1184

1229

1325

1361

1710

1751

866

898

1098

1120

1565

1619

1016

1034

1334

1379

1629

1606

1765

1829

966

993

1388

1406

830

866

1021

1048

1016

1048

1220

1279

1071

1111

1297

9
1306

1002

1107

1016

1052

3.38

I

2223
2654

1737
2159
2123 I
4309 j
5761
3801

icce

17)9
1202
1347 !
1438
1211 [
1202 I
12U2 :
1207

1293
1456
1542
1533
1080
1220
1098
1071
1278
1261

1393

1765

944

1162

1656
1052
1397

1660
1892
1098
1424
903
1120
1080
1325
1125

1352
1170
1129

3.S4

4.S1

2277

278B

1796

2277

2236

4418

5851 I

3887

1628

1778

1234

1370

1479

1225

1220

1225 ^

1238

1315 j

1506

1565

1574

1116 ;

1266 j

1111 I

1098

1320

1302

1415

1778

948

1176

1669
1066
1443

1728
1969
1161
1433
939
1130
1116
1356
1162

1216
U20

2350
2944

1824
2331
2304
4527
6214
3001

S.OS

4146

16(j0 I 1851

1810 I

1257 1 1452

4246

Remarks.

Slight shearing of flhers ; split at ends .
Sheared fibers ; .'iplit at ends

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends .

do

, do

Sheared fibers ; split at ends

Sheared fibers ; split at end ; indented section coTera

10 millimeters Knot.
Sheared fibers

j Sheared fibers ; split at ends

I Sliglit shearing of fibers; split at ends.

1619 I do

1397

1560

1724 I Slieared fibers..

1511 1742 ' ! Shcaied fibers; split at end .

I

1247
1243
1252
1275

1334

1542 i

1579

1637 !

1152

1302

1134

1125

1347

1325

1447
1814
953
1207

1683
1098
1470

1760
2068
1252
1456
966
1161
1161
1415
1166

1429
1388
1370
1488

1506 ! Sheared fibers.

1506 do

1488 .... do

1579 do

1588 ' I do .-.

I
1678 I 1824 j Slight shearing of fibers

}724

1267
1161

I Sheared fibers; 3 millimeters knot coTered by in-
dented section.
3132 Sheared fibers

i

1937

1325 j ; Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

1488
1379
1281
1633
1492

1679

1043
1320

1882
1276
1637

2087
2395

1716

1433
1362
1633
1302

1542
1311

1669 ! Sheared fibers

' Sheared fibers ; split at end .

1379 Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end .

Sbeaied fibers.!

1637

1733

1139

2009
1370
1778

2531

1397

1732

do.

Sheared fibers; 10 millimeters knot covered byin-

dentetl section.
Sheared fibers

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers.

do

do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.

Sheared fibers

Split at end ; fibers did not shear

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end.

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

do

390
390

84
84
356.
356
493
493

231
231
373
77&
776
794
794
880
880

513
513
620
020
773
773
784
784
791
71)1

292
293
575-
822-

209'
270''
270»

970

97»

977

977

1016

l(jl»

1019

1026

102B

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. .

476

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOB OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpeeiM.

1

SUte.

LocaUty.

Collector.

Soil.

SI —

J"

Kemarks.

MT. Trao C*DadeiMi»— continned.

219
772
772
778
775
778
778
787
787
793
798
817
817

Charlotte

C.G.Pringle Gravelly....!

7802
4049
5307
5489

Crushed at 51 miUimptpni from

midille.
Ct unhid Ht middle at 3 millimeters

knot
Triple (lexnix> perpendicular to

rings.

(^rUKhrd nt 45 niillimetei-H from

....do

way.

....do

...do

do'

do . ..

....do

middl>'.
5738 Tiipli- (Iiiurei middle bend 51

1 millimeters eccentric.
5035 Cnmheil and shattered at end in

viriniiy of kntpt^.
5058 Ci-UHbiMrat middle at Id millime.

...do

... do

....do

....do

....do

Bridgeton

do

Ed. Sinclair - ---

5851
6301
7403
8346

6101
6827
5516
6486
5120

0450

0185
7B21
0435

5800

6341

6613
9117
9390
5489
9026
8709

20550
9979

11022
7303
7212
7249
8936
8029
7802
6895
6305
7235
7779
8600
9026
7576
7689
7766

tei-M knot.
Crushed at 76 milliuif tei h from end;

(ipi'ued grain fnmi end to end.
Tiiplo (li-xuie iierpeodicuiar to

1 iucs.
Cmshcd at G millimeters knot 64

millii-.tett-rs from end.
Crushed nt 13 to 25 milluneters

fi-om €'ud.
Crushed at 19 millimetors ttom

middle.
Crushed at 32 millimeters from

midille.
Crashed at T6 niillimctcre from

end.
Triple flexure

Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from

middle.

Cmsbed at 5 millimeters knot
near middle.

Crushed at 70 millimeters from

cnd-
Crusheil at 0 millimeters knot 46

millimeters from end.
Crushed nt 51 millimeters from

middle.

Triple fle.\ure; middle bend 36
millimetPls eccentric at 3 mllli-
nieter.'* knot.

Crashed at 3 millimeters knot at
middle.

Tiipleflexure

...do

...do

.

Province of Qnebeo

...do

West Virginia . . .
do ...

. do

way.
... do

Grafton

do

C.G.Pringle

do

1040
lOM
1042
1042

623

MoDaachnsetts —
....do

Danvers

. do

J.Kobinson

....do

Hoist loam

...do

do

North Beading....
....do

do

....do

...do

388. Tauga CaroUnian*

Xorth Carolina....

Henderaonville . . .
Wilkeson

A.Ii.^wtis8 .---

G- Engelmuun and

C. S. Sargent.
Paul Schaltze

Dry, rocky

Rich loam

Bemlock.

971
905
095

980

980

271»
627
627
702
704
705
706
708
708
709
709
720
720
,732
732
881
881
973
«73
974

Washington ter-
ritory.
Alaska

nemlock.

Sitka

....do

....do

....do

S90. Tftuga Pattoniana

British Columbia .
do

Silver peak, near
Fiascr river.

do

G- Engelmaon and
C. S. Sargent.

do

Gravelly loam

. ..do .

rSii. Fseudotanga Douglaaii

Red. Fir. Tetlow Fir. Or*-
gon Pirn. DoxtgUu Fir.

Colorado

T. S. Brandegee . - .

G. Engelmann and
C. S. Sargent.

Moist

California

Saw-mill, Straw-
berry valley.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from
middle.

Crushed at end and at 102 milli-
meters from end.

I'riplo flexure perpendicular to
rings.

Crushed at 51 millimeters from
end.

....do

Oregon

Sawmill, Marsh-
field,
do

.. do ....

... do

. .do . ..

do

E. B. Dean's saw-
mill, Marsbfield.

do

•

... do

....do

Cmsbed at 69 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 45 millimeters from

end.
Crosheil nt 25 millimeters from

end at 3 millimeters knot.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 76 millimeters from

middle.
Crushed at 51 millimeters I'rom

end; shattered end.
Triple llexure; middle Ixnd 38

millimeters eccentric.
Crushed at 19 millimeters fnmi

end.

....do

....do

....do

...do

....do

... do

...do

....do

....do

....do

Montana

... do

....do

... do

Saw-mill,Mi8soula
... do

S. Watson

... do

California

Lassen's peak

...do

Siena Lumber
Conipan.v.

....do.....

tJtah

Salt Lake

.. do

M.E.Jone«

...do

Crushed at 3 millimeters kuols :I8

millimetei-s Irom end.
Crushed at 13 millimeters knot at

middle.

■•1°

British Columbia .
... do

do . .

Sawmill, Burrard

inlet.
...do

C. 8. Sargent

. do

Crushed at 38 millimeters fi-om

end.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
.... do

Triple flexure 1

Crushed at gri>up of knots 25 mil-

limeteis liom middle.
Crushed and shiittered at end

...do

....do

... do

974
986

989
1008

...do

....do

....do

..do

8aw.inm,ViolorU.

Saw-mill, Portland

Saw-mill, Bnrrnrd
inlrt.

G. EDgi'lninun and

C. S. Snrgcnt.
do

Oregon

nHtlHh Cnliimhia

...di

1

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPKESSION— Continued.

477

I

PBKSRUIiR. IK KILOGIUMe, BBQUIBED TO PBODUCE AN HIDRKTATION, IK KLLIUETERS, OF—

0.33 0.S1

\m'

m

0.76

C«7
885
707

1139
993
730
794
925
499

1338

1111
544
522
-.7?

1338
476
658

118i

S63
IH2
1406

Ki2
098
11C6
1343
1198
944
1311
1474
857
1833
1452
708
703
1034
I860
857
771

1189

848
1179
2032

1315

1438

1931
1170

739

1089

1306

2141

1338

2096

1161

1533

866

1120

1769

2291

1134

2078

1080

1207

1229

1179

1033

1198

071

1438

862

1107

J 533

2200

1833

1941

1315

1932

802

8.17

1093

1814

8<>5

1216

7«

1089

780

862

953

1320

R39

108ft

1.03 I 1.S7 1.53 I 1.78

I

I
9.03 i 9.38

' 1120
1257
1474
1288
1021
1415
1461

984
2041
1551

780

783
11:9
1837
1093

817

1842

971
1315
2132

1438

1533

2118
1279
1166
2440
2209
1656
1189
3622
2308
1247
1089
1238
1513
1220
2295
2482
2118

993
1982 I
1225
1152 '

933
1470
1207

894
1320
1315
1538
1352
1075
1411
1461

098
2218

826
1193
1937
1225

871

1928

1048
1397
2223

1501

1666

2277
1311
1221
2576
2322
1710
1257
2676
2409
1297
1293
1306
1506
1266
2313
2545
2254
916
1941
1202
1202
1U02
1547
1302

975 I
1397 .
1433
1628
1442
1107
1415
1465
1048
2241
1733

844

852
1247
2068
1306

894

1996

1093
1461
2313

1551

1002
1415
1492
1724
1547
1157
1447
1583
1089
2245
1792
857
871
1288
2141
1352
939

2032

1139
1533
2395

1592

1778 1828

I

2345
1325
1284
2*67
2391
1742
1293
2817
2499
1352
1429
1370
1515
1320
2245
2595
2300
1012
1860
12L9
1232
1048
1588
1347

2436

1361

1320

2756

2472

1778

1352

2971

2595

1370

152S

1411

1547 >

1301

2109

2635

2345

1(110

1778

1338

1302

1080

1647

1397

t

1066
1438
1551
1778
1615
1170
1479
1637
1143
2245
1833
871
898
1325
2259
1397

1170
1597
2495

1647

1910

2467
1406
1356
2799
2245
1833
1374
3094
2672
1384
1642
1447
1628
1433
2132
2713
2409
1084
1569
1411
1343
1120
1074
1452

1116
14C0
1637
1851
1687
1211
1538
1705
1170
2250
1828
907
948
1365
2309
1415
1021

1152
1511
1710
1910
1737
1234
1628
1751

3.34

921
989
1402
2354
1415
1034

2091 2123

1

1220
1656
2558

1687

I960;

2531
1447
1406
2890
2590
1896
1411
3257
2740
1406
1708
1497
1674
1483
2246
2768

1261
1733
2640

1737

1996

2576
1479
1434
2930
2645
1932
1465
3411
2821
1483
1705
1538
1719
1506
2359
2821

1179
1628
1778
1969
2096
1252
1674
1760

939
1002
1456
2381
1420
1071

2141

1302
1760
2681

1769

2068

2599
1501
1461

2731
1987
1501
3357
2917
1511
1824
1574
1774
1556
2436
2912

4.81

1220
1760
2078
2404
2313
1361
1837
1996

1034
1120
1710
2676
1320

2336

1529
2223
3053

2019

2381

2809
1715
1665

5.08

Bemark*.

2722

1497
1996
2141

1184

1687

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . . .

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers ; split from end to end . .
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. ,

do

Sheared fibers

do : :

do

Split at end

Slight shearing of libers; split at end. .

do

Sheared fibers ; split from end to end . .

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Sheart'd fibers; split at ends

Sheared fibers

2227
2593

Slight shearing of fibers; split at ends.
Slight slieuriiig of fibers ; split at end. .

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends.

.do

Sbearod fibers ; split at ends

Sheared fibers.

.do.

Sheared fibers ; split at end ,

Slight sheariu;; of fibers ; split at end.
do

2223 [
1742 L
4106 L

2359

1724
1931
1814

I

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end; 10 millime-

knot on indented section.
Slight, shearing of fibers ; split at end

1833
2023
2005

1161
1565
14C1
1305
1139
1728
1488 '

1116
1037
1524 I
1402 j
1170 j
1765 i
1533

1143 I

1733

1374

1433

1193

1801

1E69

1400
2405
1824
1588
1311
2130

Sheared fibers; split at end

do

do

do

Sheared fibers

do

do

do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

Sheared fibers; split at end

do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

1579 ! Sheared fibers

do

3561

I

2722 I

1087

Sheared fibers; split at end .

d„.f

do

do

Fibers did not shear

B

s
a

o

219

772

772

775

775

778

778

787

787

793

793

817

817

1040

104»

1042

1042

62»

971
095
995

980

271«
C27
627r
702:

'704-
705
706
708
708
709
709-
720.
720-
732-
732:
881
.981
973
973
974
974
986
989

1008

478

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V,— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

Speeie*.

Wl. P»»«dotiing«DoiagU»il— roBt'd

St»t«.

.3»1. Paeudotsuga DoaglMii, var.
macrocorpa.
Eertdock.

1008
I Oil

1011
1016
101«
1018
1018
1020
1020
1022
1022

M2

i MS

British CelombU
Oregon

...do .
...do.
...do.
...do .
...do .
..do .
...do.
.. do
...do.

LooaUty.

Collector.

Saw-mill, Borrard

inlet.
Oregon Railway

and Navigation

Company.
do

Cr. Engelmnim and

C. S. Sargent.
do

Weidler's saw-miU,

Portland.
... do

do.
do
.do .

Saw.mill, Astoria . — do .

....do ....do .

Soil.

lis

Itemarlu.

Portland Fumitnre' do .

Company. I
do do .

do !■.- do .

do '.-■ do .

8081 { Crashed at 38 mUlinirtera from

I middle.
8790 CrtiRbcd nt 3 millimeters- knot at

{ middle.

88W CniKlied at 10 millimet- , .• knot 78

millimi'tere from cnci.
8981 Crushed at 8U mi imcten. from
eud.
Cnished at Z •millimeters from

middle.
Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crnshed at 38 millimeters from
end.
do

do .

:392. Abies Frascri

BaUam. She Bdltam.

393. Abies halsamoa :„-.;"V

BaUamFir. Balm o/ Chlead
Fir.

:3»4. Abies snbalpina

Baltam.

395. Abies (trandis.
nhiU Fir.

Korth Carolina .
... do

449
449<

449'
449'
820
820

1010
1010

Vermont .

Colorado. .
... do....

9798
10002

9062

I 7892

! 7666 Triple flexure

8348 Crushid at 51 millimeters from

end.
8392 Crnshed at 51 millimetera from
I middle.

6872 - Split i.bliqacly ; pieces flew from
I machiDu.

7938 CruelH'd at 113 millimetera from
1 end ; «)pened grain.

Eoan mountain... I WalcottGibbs....! Peaty loam ! 5874 ' Crashed at 6 mUlimeters knot 31

California Sawmill, San Ber- j W. G. Wright

nardino.

..do I. ...do

...do

Monkton

Forest City .
...do

...do

C. G. Pringle .

T. S. Brandegee .
....do

396. Abies conoolor S29

WhiU Fir. Baltam Ftr.

S29

...do.
...do.
....do.
do.

Oregon .
..do..

Coloisdo.

.. do.

do.
.do.

do.
..do.

do .
..do.
..do .
..do.

do i 5239 Crushc-d at 10 millimeters knot 25

; millimeters from middle.

Poaty 5851 Crushed at 25 millimeters from

I middle.

Moist, sandy loam ' 4854 ' CrMsh.d at middle at 25 millime-
toi'H knot,
do . ..I 4400 1 Crashed nt 6 millimeters knot 38

millimetirs from middle ; split
' 1 aioiijr grain.

Crn.elu d at 10 millimeters knot at

middle; split along grain.
Crushed nt 38 millimeters from
1 end.
5398 Cinslied nt middle

Portland 1 G. Engelmann and

; C. S. Sargent.
do I do

do

do.

do.

3850
6661

do I 4808 ' Crnshed and shattered at end .

Eich, alluvial 6033 Crushed at 25 roilhmetera from

' middle.
Crushed at 19 millimeteis nom
middle.

Engelmann's calion

do .

California ' Strawberry valley

398. Abies amabilis.

399. Abies nobilis.
Ittd Fir.

400. Abies magniflca.
JUd Fir.

401. Larix Americana

Larch. Black Larek. Tama-
raek Hackmataek.

788
733

1004
1004

905
t6S

647
647

228'
228'
226>
22ff

774

774]

...do.
...do.
.. do .

do.

Robert Douglas...

.do .

...do I 6477

1

Rocky j 4309

....do 1 4967

Crushed 51 millimeters from end
(at end bearing transverse test) ;
split along rings.

Split nt lOmillimcters knots25 mil-
limeters from middle.

Triple flexure

G. Engelmannand Alluvial ! 6350

C.S. Sargent. ^^ \ 6ti^o \ Triple flexure p..rpendicular to

I rings: optned grain.
Lumber ' -.--i 8618 Crushed at middle

do .

Lassen's peak I Sierra

...do i.-'r"!^': ; '7507

British Columbia .' Silver peak, near
Fraser river.

do.

Oregon.
...do..

California .
...do

do .

Cascade mount-
ains.
...do

Vermont

... do

...do

....do.?

New Brunswick .

do .

Soda Springs .
...do

G. Engelmann and ' Rich, sandy loam.

C. S. Sargent. I
. . do do

...do .
...do.

Rich..
....do

Charlotte

...do

....do

....do

Bay of Fundy.

G. Engelmann and

C. S. Sargent.
do

C.G. Pringle.

...do

...do

...do

Gravelly loam . .
...do

7838
7122

7236
7276

7258

Crushed at 38 millimeteis from
end.

Crui>ied at 25 millimeters from

niidii.e.
Cnisheil nt middle ....

Cold, swampy.

....do

....do

....do

Crushed at 51 millimeters from

end.
Crushed at 25 millimeters from

middle.

Crushe<l at 51 millimeters tVom

Triple tiexurei middle bend 26
millimeters ee«entrii-.

12021 Crushed at 25 millimeters from

10387 Triple flexure; middle bend ZS

milliini terscccintlie.
6849 I Crushed at C milliroettiH knot at
middle; split from ouil to lud.
Crushed at middle ; split

do.

Intercolonial rail-
way.

...do

8165
7892

9096

Crushed nt 13 millimetera knot 61
roillmictiia lioni end ; upeued
between riucs.

Crushed nt ti4 millimeters Iri'm
middle at 25 millimeters knot.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued.

479

rnEssuHE. IX kilogbams, bkquibed to rnODLCE an ixcentation. in hillihetebs of-

I U I

III

1315
771

925
805
817

1043
889
730
671
817

1179

1080
11S7

540
499

780
726

794
594
590
563

631
499

769

522

749

852

1134

1134

504

680

1356
1184

844
1021

i

0.5I I 0.76

852

794

'hsi

2087

1306 I 1433

1I6G
1107

1211
1129

848
1452

1551
1520

925
821
817
826

817
617

1002

776
1134
1116
1243
1179

844

862

1565
1610

1016
1583

1270

1769

1225

1533

1039

1533

1724

2368

I

1143

1134

1216
1157
1048
1297
1188
807
953
885
1497

1633
1583

984
839

9*3

993
1080

930
894
866
957

839
669

1093

894
1189
1207
1338
1229

1701
1696

1093
1760

2087
1628
1728
2699
1247

1279

1.03

2241
1479

1275
1202
1075
1343
1229
838
930
907
1406

1610
1624

1061
975

1107

1048
1111

944
939
889

712

1125

971
1198
1270
1438
1270

1842
1778

1148
1860

2241
1778
1860
2875
1343

1362

t.-2r

1096
1520

1334
1257
1125
1393
1284

944
1002

962
1293

1615
1669

1093
1002

1093
1139

894
1007

857
762

1143

1002
1216
1320
1533
1275

988
1061

1941
1892

1175
1914

2391

1.53

1978
1556

1388
1302
1184
1456
1329
10O2

nil

993
1315

1692
1728

1125
1039

1125
1175

1007
1012

1.78

912
803

1166

1025
1247
1347
1592
1325

1080
1098

1207
1982

1960
1588

1429
1352
1234
1537
1384
1039
1157
1030
1470

1778
1746

1157
1080

1184
1211

1030
1034

2472
1869 1946
1982 ' 2073
2939 ' 3026 :
1388 1429

1447

1470

1039

962
817

1170

1062
1278
1402
1682
1470

1116
1129

2218
2050

1252
2059

2549

1987
2150
3039
1442

1474

3.03

2073
1606

1447
1393
1284
1615
1447
1071
1198
1080*
1651

1846
1760

1170
1116

1211
1247

1061
1052

9.3S

9.94

2227 1 1987
1633 i 1660

1488

1524

1429

1438

1343

1388

1669

1737

1483

1506

1102

1134

1211

1252

1107

1143

1751

1805

1052

1012
844

1179

1084
1320
1438
1769
1533

1157
1166

2263
2123

1275
2073

2581
2050
2263
3502
1470

1483

1910
1824

1193
1129

1397

1960
1842

■1202
1166

1447

1238 ; 1266

1261

1116
1080

1193

1098
1338
1465
1824
1592

1216
1183

2345
2173

1311
2118

2640
2114
2381
3506
1197

1500

1284

1116
1102

1098
885

1202

1116
1361
1511
1868
1624

1257
1234

2413
2214

1325
2141

2717
2164

4.81

2676
1452

1724
1642

2078

1361
1429
>306
1987

2177
2082

1378
1306

1442
1474

1270
1270

1170
1225

1302

1223
1610.
1746

1429
1452

2858
2586

1474
2404

2948
2440

S.08

2903
1565

2313

1442
1379

1588
1597

1225
1379

1769

1905

3221

1651
2586

Bemarlu.

Sheared fibers.
do

Sheared fibers ; split at end

Fibers did not shear ; split at end

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .

do

do ■

do

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers

do.
.do.

1006
1011

1011
1016
1016
1018
1018
1020
1020
1022
1022

642
642

.... do.
do.

Slight shearing of -fibers; split at end; 4 millimeters
IfDOt in indented section.

Sbt'.ired fibers .
do

.do

Sheared fibers ; split at end . .

Split at end

Slieared fibers ; split at ends .

do

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers ; split at end

do

Sheared fibers

do

Fibers did not'shear; split at end.
Sheared fibers ; split at end

.do.
do.

Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end .
Sheared fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers.
do

3130 Sliglit Hhearlug uf fibers ; split at ends .

3612
153H

1746

1769 ,

Sliglit alienring of fibers; split at end; specimen

120 millimeters long.
Fibers did not shear; split at end; specimen 120

millinietei-H long.
Slight shearing of fibers; shattered sfick; speoi.

men 120 millimeters long.
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

do.

449
448>

449>
449*

1010
1010

529

529

733
733

1004
1004

965
965

647
647

226>
226»
226"
226"
774

774

480

FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE

SpeeiM.

Ml. IisrlzAmerieaiut— oontinaed.

402. LarixoccidentaUa..
Tamaraeli.

PALMACE.E.

405. WuhinfrtoD'a fiUfera .
Fan-lea/ Palm.

781
781
780
780
795
795
840
840

719
719
984
984
1000
1000

1159
1159

SU<«.

New Bmnswlok . .

...do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Uaesachnaetts —
...do

Montana.
...do ....

Washington terri-
tory.
do

.do.
do.

IiOCaUty.

Bayof Fmdy.

...do

Bridgeton

...do

Danville

...do

VTenham

.. do

Missoula. .

...do

Fnlda

...do

...do

...do

Collector.

Sou.

Intercolonial rail-
way.
...do

Ed. Sinclair .
...do

Grand Trunk nil-
way.
.-.do

J. Robinson .
.. do

S. Watson . .

.. do

W. Siksdorf . ,

...do

.. do

..do

California AgnaCaliente.... W.G. Wright.

do ! do do

Swampy .
...do...

Moist .
...do.
...do.
...do .

Drj', gravelly .
...do

III

Bemarks.

8147 Triple fleznre

8142 Crushed at 25 millimeters firom

middle.
9390 do

Crushed at 51 milllBieters from

middle.
IM80 Crushed at 04 millimeters bom

middle.
8437 Crushed at middle

8907 Triple flexui-e parallel to rings;

intersecting "Cooper lines".
7530 Crushed at li>2 millimeters from

end on one face.

9807 Triple flexure

10047 Crushed at C4 millimeters from

end.
11048 I Cnisbrd at 51 millimeters from

end fit 3 millim'^ieis knot.
12033 I Ci ushi d at 3 niiJlimeters knot 19

' niillinieters from end.
11785 , Crushed at 23 millimeters from

middle.
10000 Crushed at 90 millimeters from
I end ; opened grain.

1401 ; Split obliquely; fracture 228 mil-
limeters lung.

0800 Split uliliqnely; fracture 305 mil.
limeters lung.

THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— ContiDued.

481

FBESeUBE, I» KILOGBAUS, BEQUIBED TO PRODUCE AH INDESTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF-

0.3S

O.S1

993

1270

862

703

730

1002

1315

1179

053
1211
1315
1633
1656
1-106

318
812

1125
1765
934
1202
1111
1315
1733
1769

1574
1452
1451
2336
2681

508
1207

0.76

1220
1905
1025
1270
11S9
1429
1842
1892

1774
1579
1547
2350
3134
1905

676
1325

1.08

1.27

1311

1388

2041

2159

1075

1125

1325

1347

1288

1329

1506

1551

1987

2082

1946

2028

1860

1928

1696

1796

1619

1710

2345

2400

3348

3375

2046

2159

617

658

1397

1442

1.52

1461
2254
1189
1433
1388
1656
2168
2168

2000
1860
1792
2545
3470
2300

1497

1.78

2.03

1538

1601

2345

2422

1229

1261

1533

1624

1429

1442

1769

1860

2227

2313

2259

2390

2019

2050

1946

1987

1910

1987

2681

2803

3652

3756

2391

2506

708

735

1651

1610

2.28

1674
2504
1302
1692
1461
1905
2422
2490

2118
2082
2040
2048
3901
2549

768
1628

2.34

1774
2572
1325
1778
1501
1941
2472
2536

2186
2118
2123
3694
4051
2672

776
1656

4.81

2313
3198

2087

3085
3030

2541
2449
2563

945
1932

S.08

2586

2713

1048
1996

Kemarks.

Slight sheariDg of fibers

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .

do

do

do

do

Sheared fibers; split at end; indented section

covers 6 miUimeters knot.
Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing of fibers; split at end .

do .•

do

do

Fibers did not shear

Sheared fibers

Slight shearing Of fibers.

781
781
786
786
795
795
840
840

719
719
984
984
1006
1006

1159
1159

31 FOE

P^ET III

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES

IN THEIR

ECONOMIC ASPECTS.

483

5 « *

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS.

t* GENERAL REMARKS.

The maps of relative average forest densitj' joined to this report are intended to ilhistrate the present productive
capacity of the forest covering of the country (map No. 16, portfolio). They are based, except in the case of the
extreme western states and territories, upon the returns of enumerators. In states originally wooded all land not
accounted for in the returns as cleared or treeless, or otherwise known to be destitute of tree covering, is treated
as forest. The county is taken as the unit, and is seldom divided, unless varied topography or different natural
features in different parts makes further subdivision desirable. In the western states and territories, where
topography determines forest distribution, county lines are disregarded, and the estimates are based upon special
reports of census experts, or upon the published reports of the various government surveys, maps, etc. The
condition and productive capacity of the forest covering have been carefully investigated at many points in each
county or unit region, and the area covered with forest, obtained in the manner described above, is multiplied by
the average stand of timber or other useful wood. The results thus obtained are necessarily greatly generalized to
conform to the scale of the mai)s used.

The following statement represents the value of the forest crop of the United States for the census year, so far
as it has been possible to obtain it:

Saw logs $139,838,869

Wood used for domestic purposes as fael^

(estimated) 300,950,040

Wood used by railroads as fuel 5, 126, 714

Wood used by steamboats as fuel 1, 812, 083

Wood used as fuel — _.-

In the manufacture of brick and tile 3, 978, 331

In the manufacture of wool 425, 239

In the manufacture of salt 121, 681

In the production of precious metals 2, 874, 593
In other mining operations 673,692

"'!3

Charcoal tised as fuel —

In manufacture of iron $4, 726, 114

In manufacture of precious metals . .

In the twenty largest cities

Naval stores

Southern moss

Railroad ties (29,554,694)

Fence posts (for fencing railroads)

Uncultivated vegetable substances used

in the manufacture of meuicinea

Uncultivated nuts

Hoop-poles

These returns are incomplete and often unsatisfactory

29, 306
521,310

5, 000, 000
500, 000

9, SO 6, 247
180, 000

687, 000

78, 540-

1, 947, 316

Wood used in the manufacture of—

Handles

Wheel stock

Wood pulp

Baskets

Excelsior

Oars

Shoe pegs

Hand-made shingles

$897, 170

1,300,892

1, 974, 074

314, 125

150, 800

81,000

7;>, 000

47, 952

Total 490,073,094

Manj' important items are omitted entirely. It was
found impossible to obtain statistics of the amount and value of the wood (posts, split rails, etc.) used in fencing,
with the exception of posts used by railroads. The amount of material thus consumed annually must be very large,
probably exceeding $100,000,000 in value. No returns of the amount and value of the bark of different trees used in
tanning leather have been received, and there are no statistics of the amount and value of the unsawed timber
produced — spars, piles, telegraph and other poles, hewed timber, hard wood exported in the log, ships' knees, etc. —
that is, all timber not manufactured in saw-mills into lumber. The value of the timber of this sort cut in the United
States every year must be very large. The returns include the railway ties laid down by completed roads, and do not
embrace those used in the construction of some 10,000 miles of new road built during the census year. It v>as
found impossible to obtain even an estimate of the amount and value of the cooperage stock produced outside of
regular saw-mills, and the returns of hand-made shingles only include those made from cypress at a few points
in the south Atlantic region. Maple sugar to the amount of 36,576,061 pounds and 1,796,048 gallons of molasses
were produced in the forests of the United States during the year 1879. No statistics of the value of these products
have, however, been received. Statistics of the value of material consumed in the manufacture of excelsior, wood
pulp, wheel stock, handles, shoe pegs, baskets, oars, and hoop-poles are incomplete, and do not fully represent the
value of the wood used. The statistics of the value of wild nuts and wild vegetable substances collected are
very incomplete, and it has been found impossible to separate the value of the imj)orted from that of the native
wood used in the manufacture of veneers, an industry consuming a large amount of high-imced hard wood. Could
complete returns of the forest crop of the census jear have been obtained it is not improbable that it would be
found to exceed $700,000,000 in value.

THE LUMBER INDUSTRY.

The following table represents the volume, by states and territories, of the lumber industry of the United States
for the census year, as derived from the returns of the enumerators on the schedule of manufactures, and from the
rei>ort8 of special agents for manufactures in cities having at the time of the Ninth Census 8,000 or more inhabitants.
No distinction between the different kinds of wood sawed was attempted in the enumeration :

485

486

THE FOREStS OF THE UNITED STATES.

STATISTICS OF THE LUMBEKDfG I>'DUSTKY OF THE

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

tTKITED STATES FOE THE YEAR ENDING MAY 31, 1880.

487

PBODUCTS.

Lnmber aboard
measQre).

Laths.

18, 091, 356, OW

%^)^H^yyf^:^ ^y^^^

fv

Swnber.
1,761,788,000

Shingles.

Number. Xumber.

5, 555, 046, 000 1, 248, 226, 000

Sets of headings.

Jfumher.
146,523,000

Spool and

bobbin stock

(board measaie).

34, 076, 000

Value of all
other products.

DoUare.
2, 682, 668

Rank

Total value of all ^f^P^Jjl',"?
products. to^f"*

products.

Dollan.
233, 268, 729

251, 851, 000

14, 147, 000

5, 427, 000

2, 357, 000

437,000

2, 649, 634

23

10, 715, 000
172, 503, 000
304, 795, 000

63, 792, 000
64, 427, OOO
29, 286, 000
31, 572, 000
4,000,000

a 247, 627, 000

461, 738, 000

18, 204, 000

b 334, 244, 000
915,943,000

150, 000
6, 527, 000
2, 420, 000

4, 925, 000

1, 719, 000

564,000

317, 000

1,000,000

20, 101, 000

17, 438, 000

750, 000

625,977.000

28,031,000

1, 760, 000

61, 758, 000

138,718,000

27,214,000
7,192,000
4, 823, 000 ;
506,000 i

300,000
1, 640, 000
2, 063, 000

1,010

350, 000
1,203,000

270,000
4, 510, 000

12, 000
650,000

33,000

3,000

700

12,930

500

3, 061, 000

25, 332, 000

4, 235, 000
615,306,000

26, 634, 000

791,000
2, 014, 000

110,000
964,000

4,000

24, 443, 000
283, 071, OOO

1, 385, 000
26, 389, 000

30,000
1,957,000

2,000

13,999
3,975
60,200
16,807
145, 760

215, 918
1, 793, 848
4,428,960

1, 051, 296

1, 076, 455

435, 792

411, 060

60,000

3, 060, 291

4, 875, 310
349, 635

6, 063, 037
14, 260, 830

L.

c 412, 578, 000
45, 281, 000
305, 684, 000
133, 472, 000

566, 656, 000

123, 336, 000

d 205, 244, 000

4, 172, 572, 000

663, 974, 000

168, 747, 000
1 399, 744, 000
21, 420, 000
13, 585, 000
21, 545, 000

202. 267, COO

109, 679, 000

11, 195, 000

1, 184, 220, 000

241, 822, 000

910. 832, 000

177, 171, 000

1, 733, 844, OOO

8, 460, 000

185, 772, 080

302. 673. 000
328, 968, 000
25, 709, 000
.122, 942, 000
315, 939, 000

160, 170, 000
180,112,000 j
1,542,021,000 I
2,960,000 I

c 79, 924, 000

25,000

26, 856, 000

7,745,000

184, 820, 000

7, 955, 000

d 16, 947, 000

461, 805, 000

88,088,000

7, 908, 000

« 20, 839, 000

2,620,000

c 128, 100,000

835, 000

25, 253, 000

30, 195, 000

426, 530, 000

4, 429, 000

d 19, 667, 000

2, 584, 717, 000

194, 566, 000

5, 355, 000

e 8, 832, 000

9, 627, 000

5,335,000

650,000

23, 148, 000
220,000

02, 376, 000

16, 227, 000

21, 062, 000

199, 821, 000

7, 825, 000

60,000
21, 426, 000

8, 174, 000
33,000

3, 312, 000

150, 000
383, 000

13,426,000

1, 860, 000

21,897,000

547,000

572, OOO
6, 038, 000

3,363,000

49, 454, 000

8, 948, 000

107, 000

79, 399, 000

13, 340, 000

50, 625, 000

18, 245, 000
183, 740, 000

10, 000
23, 133, 000

21, 275, 000
14, 131, 000
1, 583, 000

19, 745, 000
14, 4012,000

0, 550, 000

12, 071, 000

216, 132, 000

300,000

485, 000

67, 086, 000

10, 717, 000

722,000

305, 711, 000

8, 707, 000

24, 870, 000

5, 040, 000

288,561,000

1, 980, 000

10, 036, 000

14, 205, 000
112, 523, OOO

9,295,000
55,711,000

8,223,000

3,610,000
3, 695, 000
862,922,000 '■
805,000

38,343

8,400

76,655

16, 470

182, 618
149, 894

44,395
531,406

21, 100

5,349
7,087
1,900
1,100

31, 354, 000
40,000
20,000

62, 694, 000
46,000

214, 245, 000

3, 491, 000
156, 000

3, 072, 000
883,000

58,612
40, 385

22, 136, 000
571, 000

25,779,000

1,003,000
1,268,000

25,000

80, 062, 000
365,000
386,000

4, 342, 000

10, 401, 000

93,000

570, 000
140, 000

326,000
3, 700, 000

6,000

13, 219, 000

14, 333, 000

23, 660, 000
41, 992, OOO
86, 545, 000

1,572,000
029,000

415,000
800,000

285,263
7,195

196, 788

10,500

393,044

174

41, 700

72, 998

10,360

1,765

2,575

30,355

1, 952, 000
7,408,000

40, 105
162, 171

6, 186, 628

682, 697

4, 064, 361
1, 764, 640

7, 933, 868
1, 813, 332
3, 120, 184
52, 449, 928
7, 366, 038

1, 920, 335

5, 265, 617
527, 695
265, 062
243, 200

3, 842, 012

1,627,640

173, 930

14, 356, 910

2, 672, 796

13, 864, 460

2, 030, 463

22, 457, 359

240, 579

2, 061, 507

3, 744, 905
3, 073, 449

375, 164
3, 258, 816
3, 434, 16B

1, 734, 742

2, 431, 857
17, 852, 347

40, 990

a Incladini; 77,500,000 feet manaftictured from lo^s cat in AUbama.

6 Including 73,700.000 feet lumber, 15,041,000 laths, p.nd 11.220,000 shingles, manufactured from logs cut in Wisconsin.

« Includiug 334,199.000 feet lumber. 78.728,000 lothp. .ind ]27,-i9I.0C0 shingles, manufactured from logs cut in "Wisconsin.

(J Incliidiug 26.00^,000 feet lumber, 11,082,000 lathB. .ind 800. COO ehiugUe, nmnufaclured from logs cut in New niinipshire and Vermont.

« Including 27,000,000 feet lumber. 12.400,000 lalljh, and 5,:iOO,oliO fliiuKles, m.nuufacturcd fjom logs cut in Wisconsin.

488

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

In the following table the average importance of the saw-mills located in the different states and territories is
shown :

AVERAGE SIZE AND PRODUCT OF SAW-MILLS IN EACH STATE AND TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES.

SUtM and Territorlea.

»3
If

a

I

Tbe United states.

334

Alaaka

Arizona ..
Arkansaa .
California.

1

DolU.
7,048

NUMBKR OF

HANDS
EMFLOTBD.

8.8

7.9

a

S.8

4.6

MATKBULS AKD LABOB.

Valne

of
logs.

DoOt.
6,488

Valne
of mlU
sup-
plies.

Dotti.
24«

4,288

256

Wai
paul ;[ Lumber
during 1 (board

the
year.

DolU.
1,235

1,198

measure).

Feet
703,000

712,000

Laths. ' Shingles.

Xo.
68,000

Xo.
216,000

40,000

15,000

Staves.

2fo.
48,000

6,000

Sets of
head-
ings.

Xo.
5,700

1,000

Spool

and

bobbin

stock.

Valne
of other
prod-
ucts.

Feet.

1,300

Total
valne of
aU
prod-
nets.

2MU.

9,078

7,485

Colorado

Connecticut

Daliota

D«-laware

Dititrict of Columbia .

13
319
25J

96
300

Florida ' 135

Georgia 655

Idaho j 48

niinois I 640

Lidiana 2, 022

Indian territory .

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

L<>ui9t.ina

7,880

3,347

25,716

5,013
2,119
2,917
3,015
25,000

16,441
4,735
4,009
5,149
3,485

Value

Haryland

Massaohnsetta.

Michigan

Minnesota

Uiasissippi .
HisDouri:...

Montana

Kebraaka...
Nevada

New Hampshire .

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina . .

328
146
670
175

848
369
606
1,649
234

295

,881

36

38
9

284
26

i822

9.7
9.0
19.7

16.6
4.0

11.6
7.5

35.0

24.0
7.5
6.5
9.0
8.0

6.0
5.5
13.7

9.0
2.0
7.6
4.6
25.0

15.0
6.0
3.6
6.0
5.0

Ohio ; 2,352

Oregon 228

Pennsylvania ' 2,827

Rbo<1e Island ; 49

South Carolina \ 420

Tennessee .

Texas

tTtnh

Vermont...
Virginia...

Wnnbington

Vfent Virginia.

Winconsiu

Wyoming

765
824

107
688
907

47-J

15,080
1,801
3,418
5,165

7,475
3,354
4,003
23,808
28,936 '

3,127 j

3,255 !

5,783 '

2.4.-.7 '
14,006

5,508 :
5,836 '•
2,870
4,688
2.246

3.378
6,920
7,676
2,944
2,515

2,655
5,126
2,549
4,759
2.340
I

66,390
3,535

28. 159 j
3,814

12.6
5.7
7.7
8.6

11.6
4.8
5.0
ia7
16.0

7.0
7.6
11.0
8.0
7.0

7.0
8.7
10.8
6.0
7.0

6.5
5.0
7.5
5.0
6.6

7.0
14.0
7.9
6.5
6.0

24.0

ao

20.0
0.7

9.0
3.5
3.8
5.6

7.8
3.0
3.0
14.7
12.0

4.0
4.0
4.0
3.7
4.0

4.5
2.7
6.7
4.0
4.0

4.0
2.6
6.0
>,0
8.6

6.0
9.8
8.6
8.6
4.0

13.6
4.0

1^0
6.6

9,729
3,166
8,190

2,030
6,903
2,672
32, 000

13,064
4,655
4,452
4,624
4,600

12,267
2,888
3,341
6,321

5,607

2,823

3,015

18,700

18,839

4,037
3,534
7,148
4,048
16,865

3,176
3,319
3,851
3,057
1,921

8,658
6,«78
4,782
2,368
2,785

2,667
6,894
2,024
2,819
2,066

81,780
2,770

17,356
8.532

408
190
744

476
108
324
158
2,000

768
225
352
290
166

2,567

744

4,365

1,176
594

1,410
473

6,000

4,165
843
700

1,230

777

824,000

541,000

1, 214, 000

664,000
215, COO
751, 000
367, 000
4, 000, 000

1,834,000
690,000
380, 000
522, 000
453,000

11,000
20,000
10,000

51,000
6,000

15,000

4,000

1,000,000

150,000
27,000
16, 000
40,000
14,000

130, OOO
194,000
553,000

283,000

24, 000

124, 000

6,000

23,000
6,000
8,000

1,000
5,000

1,000

23,000
39, 000
88,000
24, 000
13,000

52,000 I 6,000

6,000
3,000

1,000
1,000

176
256
462

2S2
176
126

95

116

677

290

1,224

167
166
650
173
111

124
160
204
98
160

181
677
202
119
131

143

376

2,513

457

1,003

1,143

1,369

606

712

4,225

3,950

671
760

1,332
771

1,099

633
932
766
376

726

1,062

1.032

676

328

727
2,262
609
620
595

5,420
974

8,206
911

1, 258, 000
310,000
456, 000
762, 000

668,000
334,000
338, 000

2, 530, 000
2,410,000

672,000
453, COO
595, 000
357, 000
2, 304, 000

429,000
386, COO
430, 000
419, 000
311,000

387,000
777,000
613,000
172,000
442,000

!

400,000 i
1,015,000
240, 000
460, 000 \
348,000 I

4, 329, 000 '
381, 000

2, 190, 000 ;
428,000

244,
40,
40,
44,

218,

21,

28,

280,

370,

27,
23,
73,

000
000
000
000 I

000
000
000
000
000

000
000
000

78,000
31,000
4,000
28,000
17,000

21,000
80,000
65,000

55,000 !

390,000

6,000

37,000

170, 000

503, 000

12,000

32,000

1, 568, COO

831, 000

18, 000

10,000

' 267, COO

28,
43,
14,
28,
16,

177,
25,

305,
43,

000 I
000 i
000
000
000 j

000 :

000 ■

000

000

54,000

98,000
38, COO
27, 000
108,000
11,000

10,000
2,000
102, 000
•10, 000
24,000

18,000

347,000

87,000

80,000

9,000

97,000

8,000

1, 226, 000

128,000

38,000
140,000 !

2,000
13,000

16, 000 ; 2, 000

34, 000 12, COO
1,000

73,000 ' 4,000

44,000

35, 000 I 3, 000
121, 000 j 13, 000
33, 000 2, 000

24, 000 4, 000

46,000

22,000

91,000

28,000
7,000

8,000

11,000

3,000

5,000

19, 000 2, 000

15,000 , 1,000

J

639,000

80,000 4,000

117, COO 10, 000

77

2,000

104

6

1,254

26

72

117
23
113

215
406

73
322

90

18

8

63

29

142

101
9

46

139
3

16,609

5,623

17,615

10, 951
339
11, 174
4,780
50,000

22,668
7,443
9,346
7,9U
7,062

19,000
4,700
6,066

10,083

9,356

4,914

5,149

31,807

31, 478

6,509
6,000

14, CSS
6,973

27,022

5,650
5,731
6,690
6,087
3,443

5,893
8,005
7,944
4,909
4,837

06 , 4,960

32 I 11,338
16 j 3, 606

3 ; 4,736

33 i 3,786

216

46,886
5, '62

26,500
5,855

.<>'

ji'

TENTH CJ-;WSUS OF THE TJl-iITr_:D BTATEo

Julius r,i..r..1<'..]iHl

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

489

Michigan is tlie greatest lumber-producing state in the Union. The value of its lumber product, ^vith that of
Wisconsin and Minnesota, exceeds one-third of the total value of all the lumber manufactured in the United States.
This enormous development of the lumber business in the lake region is due to the excellence of its forests, the
natural advantages of the country for manufacturing lumber, and the easy communication between these forests and
the treeless agricultural region west of the Mississippi river.

The extinction of the forests of the lake region may be expected to seriously affect the growth of population
in the central portion of the continent. The country between the Mississippi river and the Eocky mountains, now
largely suppliedcwitli lumber from Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, must for building material soon depend
upon the more remote pine forests of the Gulf region or those of the Pacific coast. A great development in the
now comparatively unimportant lumber-manufacturing interests in these regions may therefore be expected. New
centers of distribution must soon supplant Chicago as a lumber market, and new transportation routes take the
place of those built to move the pine grown upon the shores of the great lakes. It is not probable, however,
that any one point will ever attain the importance now possessed by Chicago as a center for lumber distribution.
With the growth of the railroad system and the absence of good water communication from the great forests
remaining iu the country toward the center of the continent, lumber will be more generally shii)ped direct by rail
from the mills to the consumer than iu the past. In this way the pine of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas will
reach Kansas, Nebraska, and the whole country now tributary to Chicago. Western Texas and northern Mexico
will be supplied by rail with the pine of eastern Texas, and the prairies of Minnesota and Dakota must draw their
lumber by rail, not as at present from the i^ine forests covering the shores of lake Superior, but from the fir and
redwood forests of the Pacific coast.

FUEL.

The following table represents the consumption of forest products as fuel during the census year. The
estimates of the amount and value of the wood used for domestic fuel are based upon answers to letters of inquirj'
addressed to persons living in every town in the United States. The average amount and value of the wood used
by a family of five persons, taken as a unit, is multiplied by the number of families in each state using wood for
fuel, and the result thus obtained is taken as the total state consumption :

WOOD USED AS FUEL FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES.

Use.

Cords.

Value.

Uae.

Cords.

Valne.

140,537,439
1,971,813

787,862
358, 074
266, 771

$306, 950, 040
5, 126, 714

1, 812, 083

2, 874, 593

1,157,522
540,448
158, 208

$3,978,331
121,681
425,239

By steamboats

ious metals

Total

In miuing .nud amalgamating the prec

145, 778, 137

321,962,373

673, 692

ESTIJIATED CONSUMPTION OF WOOD FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES.
Xumber of persous Tisin^ wood for Uoraeetic fuel, 32,375,074.

States and Territories.

Cordti.

Value.

States and Territories.

Alabama

Ala:4ka

Arizona

Arkansiaa

(.'.lUfornia

Colorado

Couuet'ticut

D:ikota

T>*.'lnware

District of Columbia. .

rior^da

Geor;;ia

Idai.o

niinf'irt

Indinnu

Indiiii territory

Iowa

8,078,734 I $8,727,377

170, 017

3,923,400 ;

1, 748, 062 :

420.719 j

525,639

422,948

177,306

20.902 ]

609, 046

5,910,043 ■

99,910
5, 200, 104
7, 059, 874

724, 572
S, 093, 821

7, 693, 731

1, 638, 783

2, 371, 532

3, 028, 300
751,311

80, 700
1, 230, 412

8, 279, 245
383,086

14, 136, 662
13, 334, 729

4, 090, 640 14, Oil, 280

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine (o)

Maryland

MassacbuHi'tts (a) .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mif>sis.sippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampsliire..

New Jer.scy

New Mexico

New York

Cords.

11,

093, 439
994,813
944,858
215, 881
152, 919
890, 041
838, 904
609, 568
090, 758
016, 373
119, 947
908, 188
155, 276
567, 719
042, 598
169,946
290,975

Value.

$7, 328, 723

13, 313, 220

4,607,415

4, 078, 137

3, 170, 941

4, 613, 263

13, 197, 240

5, 873, 421

7, 145, 116

8, 633, 405

460, 038

3, 859, 843

972, 712

1, 9tU, 009

2, 787, 216
1, 063, 360

37, 509, 364

(I Including a smnll amount imported fi-om Canada.
CONSUMPTION OF CHARCOAL.

States and Territories.

North Carolina.

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . .
Rhode Island . .
South Carolina.

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Wasliington —
West Virginia.

WisconsiTi

Wyoming

Cords.

7, 434, 690

8, 101, 343

482, 254

7, 361, 992
154, 933

3, 670, 059

8, 084, 611

4, 883, 862
171, 923
782, 338

5, 416, 112

184, 226

2,241,069

7, 206, 128

40, 213

Tol.il ; 140,537,439

Douipptic ond

manufactniing ]iurpo»c».

linahcls.

Value.

4,319,194

69, 592, 091

97,687

$321,376

4,720,114

29, 300

In the manufacture of iron -

In the production of jtrcrions metals

74,008,972

6,276,736

Value.

$9, 019, 569

16, 492, 574

1, 254, 511

13, 067, 6,51

706, Oil
11, 505, 997
10, 674, 722
10, 177, 311

418, 289

2, .509, 189
10, 404, 134

490, 904

3, 374, 701
11,863,739

224, 848

306, 950, 040

490 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The forests of the United States, in spite of the great and increasing drains made npon tbem, are capable of
Yielding annually for many years longer a larger amount of material than Las yet been drawn from them, even
with our nrescnt "reckless methotls of forest management. The great pine forest of the north has already, it is true,
suffered fatal inroads. The pine which once covered ^^ew England and New York has already disapi.eared.
Pennsylvania is nearly stripped of her pine, which once appeared inexhaustible. The great northwestern pineries
are not vet exhausted, and with newly-introduced methods, by which logs once supposed inaccessible are now
BtofltablV brought to the mills, they may be expected to increase the volume of their annual product for a few
years loncer in response to the growing demands of the great agricultural population fast covering the treeless
midcontiuental plateau. The area of pine forest, however, remaining in the great pine-producmg states ot
Michi-an Wisconsin, and :Minnesota is dangerously small in proportion to the country's consumption of white
Dine lumber and the entire exhaustion of these forests in a comparatively short time is certain. The wide areas
now covered in New England by a vigorous second growth of white pine, although insignificant in extent and
productiveness in comparison with the forests it replaces, must not be overlooked in considering the pme supply of
the country. These new forests, yielding already between two and three hundred million feet of lumber annually,
are capable of great future development.

The pine belt of the south Atlantic region still contains immense quantities of timber unequaled for all
purposes of construction, although unsuited to take the place of the white pine of the north. The southern pine
forests although stripped from the banks of streams flowing into the Atlantic, are practically untouched in the
Gulf states, especially in those bordering the Mississippi river. These forests contain sufficient material to long
supply all possible demands which can be made upon them.

The hard-wood forests of the Mississippi basin are still, in certain regions at least, important, although the
best walnut, ash, cherry, and yellow poplar have been largely culled. Two great bodies of hard-wood timber,
however remain, upon which comparatively slight inroads have yet been made. The most important of these
forests covers the region occupied by the southern Alleghany Mountain system, embracing southwestern Virginia,
West Virginia, western North and South Carolina, and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee. Here oak unequaled in
quality abounds. Walnut is stiU not rare, although not found in any very large continuous bodies, and cherry,
yellow poplar, and otherwoods of commercial importance are common. The second great body of hard wood, largely
oak is found west of the Mississippi river, extending from central Missouri to western Louisiana. The forests of
Michigan especiaUy those of the northern peninsula, still abound in considerable bodies of hard wood, principally
maple Throughoutthe remainder of the Atlantic region the hard-wood forests, although often covering considerable
areas, have everywhere lost their best timber, and are either entirely insufficient to supply the local demand of the
present population, or must soon become so.

In the Pacific region the great forests of fir which extend along the coast region of Washington territory and
Oregon arestill practically intact. Fire and theaxhave scarcely made a perceptible impression upon this magnificent
accumulation of timber. Great forests of pine still cover the California sierras through nearly their entire extent;
the redwood forest of the coast, however, once, all things considered, the most important and valuable body of
timber in the United States, has already suffered seriously, and many of its best and most accessible trees have
been removed. This forest still contains a large amount of timber, although its extent and productive capacity has
been generally exaggerated. The demand for redwood, the only real substitute for white pine produced in the
forests of the United States, is rapidly increasing, and even at the present rate of consumption the commercial
importance of this forest must soon disappear.

The pine forests which cover the western slopes of the northern Rocky mounteins and those occupying the
high plateau and inaccessible mountain ranges of central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico have not yet
suffered serious damage at the hands of man. The remaining forests of the Pacific region, of little beyond local
importance, are fast disappearing. The area of these interior forests is diminished every year by fire and by the
demands of a careless and indifferent population ; and their complete extermination is probably inevitable.

The forest wealth of the country is still undoubtedly enormous. Great as it is, however, it is not inexhaustible,
and the forests of the United States, in spite of their extent, variety, and richness, in spite of the fact that the
climatic conditions of a large portion of the country are peculiarly favorable to the development of forest growth,
cannot always continue productive if the simplest laws of nature governing their growth are totally disregarded.
The judicious cutting of a forest in a climate like that of the Atlantic or Pacific Coast regions entails no serious
or permanent loss. A crop ready for the harvest is gathered for the benefit of the community ; trees which have
reached their prime are cut instead of being allowed to perish naturally, and others take their place. The
permanence of the forest in regions better suited for the growth of trees than for general agriciUture may thus be
insured. Two causes, however, are constantly at work destroying the permanence of the forests of the country
and threatening their total extermination as sources of national prosperity— fire and browsing animals inflict
greater permanent injury upon the forests of the country than the ax, recklessly and wastefuUy as it is generally used
against them.

2

tfv

TtlKTii CE.NSUS OF THE UIIITED S'ly^l'Fo

Juteu fiint X CfxIiUi

o^ ^iUf. _ -H'"

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

491

FOEEST FIEES.

The extent of the loss which the country sustains every year from injury to woodlands by fire is enormous.
An attempt was made to obtain, by means of circulars of inquiry addressed to enumerators of the census and
other persons living in every town of the United States, some estimate of the actual destruction of forest material
in this way. More than 30,000 of these circulars were sent out. The information obtained, often vague and
unsatisfactory, after a most critical examination, in which all doubtful or contradictory returns were entirely
thrown out, is presented in the following table and accompanying map. It must be borne in mind that estimates
based upon information obtained in this manner are liable to very considerable error, and due allowance must
therefore be made for inaccurate or incomplete returns. Many towns, and even counties, in which forest fires are
known to have occurred during the year 1880, made no returns whatever, and the returns of other counties were
excluded. It is therefore fair, perhaps, to assume that the following table, inaccurate and unsatisfactory as it
no doubt is in many respects, at least does not exaggerate the annual loss inflicted upon the country by forest
fires:

TABLE OF FOREST FIRES OCCURRING DURING THE CENSUS YEAR.

•

CAUSES OP FIEE.

states and Teiritoriee.

Areas

burned, in

acres.

Value of
property de-
stroyed.

p.

Mo

.a|

•3

M

5

i

>

i

B

s

a
M

1

a

O

1

i

■3

i

'ft

(A
.1

A

1

t

>

1

II
ll

1
1

i

The United States

10, 274, 089

^,462,250

197

1,152

508

628

72

35

262

12

g

32

56

10

2

2

3

3

5«»,160

121 225 M

16

4

20

3

Alaska

10,2(0
858,115
356,815

113,820

56,000
259,470
440,750

935,500

8

2

2

27
9

20
23

7

1

28
10

5

1

4
5

2

2

Dakota

4

6

2
6

2

1
2

Delaware -.

3,305

15,876

District of Columbia

Florida

105, 320

705, 351

21,000

48, 691

90,427

1,000
11, 017

7,080

556,647

64,410

35, 230

41,076

13,899

238, 271

250, 805

222, 800

783, 646

88,020

69,900
167, 620
202, 000

45, 775
130,335

11

21

2
15

2

2
16

3
27
28

3

'

Georgia

Idaho

2

10

6

Illinoia

20'

12

3

4

Indinua

52

20

I ndiau territory

Iowa

45,470

14, 700

237,635

6,800

123, 315
37,425
102, 262
985, 985
1, 395, 110

78,605

294,805

1, 128, 000

26

5

1

12

8

33
2

20
U
37
S9
14

17
29
1

7
5

3

1
10

1

2

12
27

51
2

S9

31

[

3
5

8

Marvland

Mai)8acbu8ett8

40 52
161 i ^^

19
3

3

Michigan

1
8

Mluiic-Hota

40

8

14

13

1
16

1

9

1
10

MIssmsippi t

1
1

1

1

1

8,710
5, 954

19,000

63, 010
252,240
142,075
1,210,785
357, 980

797, 170

593, 850

3, 043, 723

3

6

6

2

22

34

57
12
17

3

-v'ew Hampt4hire

J*'ew Jersey

7

7

37

37

115

04

7
129

12
28
I
43
11

27

133

1

1

7
2

71,074

6

New Mexico.

64,034
149. 491
5«,102

74, 114
13t, 320
685,73^

3

2

Xew York

10

4
3

25

11

4

102

22

Ohio

Oregon ^

4

Penoi^ylvauia

Kbodo Island ,

Hontb Carolina

431.730

291,226

2£

17

1

28

:::::: :::::t:::;:

2

492

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

TABLE OK l-QREST FIRES OCCUKRIXG DURING THE CENSUS YEAR— Continued.

Areas

bamed. in

aercs.

Vttlno of

property de-

■Utiyed.

$5,264,980

273,890

1,042,800

48,480

326,944

713,200

15D, 280

725,010

3,255,000

CAUSIS OF nBI.

State* ud Teiritorie*.

1

it
1

1

5

1

i

i
§

1

CO

a

1

i
1

1
1

1

(k

i

11

i

1

1

5

085,430

509,359

42,865

8,941

272,319

87,010
476, 775

10
10

10
3

«

14

7

8

1
2

14

16

4

4

8

t

6

20

10
26

5
22
58

5
18

7
13

2
12

8
13

15

1

1

2
6
8

1

8

/

400,298
83.780

......

3

1

I '

1

~M

The largest number of these fires of any one class was traced to farmers clearing land and allowing their
brush fires to escape into the forest. The carelessness of hunters in leaving fires to burn in abandoned camps, next
lo farmers, was the cause of the greatest injury. The railroads were responsible, too, for serious damage to the
forest from fires set by sparks from locomotives, while the intentional burning of herbage in the forest to improve
pasturage often caused serious destruction of timber.

Only the value of the material actually destroyed by fire is included in these estimates. The loss of timber by
fire, great as it is, is insignificant in comparison with the damage inflicted upon the soil itself, or with the influence
of fire upon subsequent forest growth. If a forest is destroyed by fire all trees, old and young, giants ready for the
ax, and germinating seedlings — the embryo forests of succeeding centuries — are swept away. Undergrowth essential
to protect the early growth of trees, the roots of perennial herbage, and the seeds of all plants are consumed. The
fertility, or rather the ability of the burned soil to produce again spontaneously a similar crop of trees to the one
destroyed, is lost, and the subsequent recovering of burned land with the species of the original forest is only
accomplished, if accomplished at all, through the restoration of fertility following the slow growth and decay of
many generations of less valuable iilauts. A northern pine and spruce forest when destroyed by fire is succeeded
by a growth of brambles, in time replaced by dwarf birch, poplar, and bird cherries, of no eeonomic value ; scrub oaks
and various hard woods follow these, and pine rarely reappears except upon land long mellowed in the various
ojierations of agriculture.

In the south Atlantic region a gradual change in the composition of the pine forests is steadily going on under
the influence of fire. Less valuable species now occupy the ground once covered with forests of the long-leaved
pine, through which annual fires have been allowed to run to improve the scanty pasturage they afford. Stockmen
have been benefited at the expense of the permanency of the forest. Fire, too, changes the composition of the
broad leaved forests of the Atlantic region, although its influence is here less marked than upon forests of conifers,
which, unlike deciduous trees, rarely grow from stump shoots, and must depend entirely upon the germination
of seeds for their reproduction. Still, in regions continually burned over during a long period of time and then
covered again with forests, as is the case in some portions of Kentucky and Tennessee, valuable species, like the
white oak and the yellow poplar, are rare or entirely wanting in the new forest growth.

The forests of the north Pacific coast offer an exception to the law, otherwise general, for this continent at least,
that a change of forest crop follows a forest fire. The fir forests of western Washington territory and Oregon
when destroyed by fire are quickly replaced by a vigorous growth of the same species, and the fires which have
consumed great bodies of the California redwood have not prevented the reproduction of this species by seeds and
shoots. In the interior Pacific region forests destroj'ed by fire either do not reproduce themselves, or when, under
exceptionally favorable climatic conditions, a growth of trties recovers the burned surface, poplars and scrub pines
replace the more valuable species of the original forest.

The damage inflicted upon the permanency of the forests of the country by biowsing animals is only surpassed
by the injury which they receive from fire.

The custom of turning domestic animals into the forest to pick up a scanty and xirecarious living, common in
all parts of the country, is universal in the southern and central portions of the Atlantic region and in Calitoruia.
Sheep, cattle, and horses devour immense quantities of seedling trees, the future forests of the country. They bark
the trunks and destroy the vigor and often the life of larger trees. Hogs root up young pines and other plants to
feed upon their succulent roots, and devour the edible fruit of many trees. In this way not only is the permanence
of the forest endangered, but in the case of deciduous forests their composition is often seriously .afiected. Species
with thin-shelle<l edible seeds, pines, white oaks, chestnuts, and beeches, are unable to hold their own against species
with bitter or unpalatable fruit, on account of the excessive destruction of their seeds by hogs and other animals.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. - 4d3'

In tbe central portions of the Atlantic region the general replacement of the sweet-fruited valuable white oaks in
the young forest growth by the less valuable bitter-fruited black oaks is noticeable, and seriously endangers the
future value of the forests of this whole region. The damage inflicted upon the California mountain forests by sheep
is immense; they threaten the complete extermination of these noble forests, and with them the entire agricultural
resources of the state.

The pasturage of the forest is not only enormously expensive in the destruction of young plants and seeds,
but this habit induces the burning over every year of great tracts of woodland, which would otherwise be permitted
to grow up nalMrally, in order to hasten the early growth of spring herbage. Such fires, especially in the open
pine forests of the south, do not necessarily consume the old trees. All undergrowth and seedlings are swept
away, however, and not infrequently fires thus started destroy valuable bodies of timber. This is especially true;
also, in the coniferous forests of the Pacific region.

The railroads of the country, using in the construction and maintenance of their permanent ways vast quantities
of timber, inflict far greater injury upon the forests than is represented by the consumi)tion of material. Eailway
ties, except in California, are almost invariably cut from vigorous young trees from 10 to 12 inches in diameter ;
that is, from trees which twenty or thirty years ago escaped destruction by fire or browsing animals, and which, if
allowed to grow, would at the end of fifty or one hundred years longer atford immense quantities of valuable timber.
The railroads of the United States, old and new, consume every year not far from 60,000,000 ties ; the quantity of
lumber in 60,000,000 ties is comparatively not very great, and would hardly be missed from our forests; but the
destruction of 30,000,000 vigorous, healthy young trees, supposing that an average of two ties is cut from each tree, is
a serious drain upon the forest wealth of the country and should cause grave apprehensions for the future, especially
in view of the fact that in every part of thie country there are now growing fewer seedling trees of species valuable
for railway ties than when the trees now cut for this purpose first started.

The condition of the forests of Maine is interesting. They show that forest preservation is perfectly practicable,
in the Atlantic region at least, when the importance of the forest to the community is paramount. The prosperity
of this state, born of the broad forests of pine and spruce which once covered it almost uninterruptedly, was
threatened by the i^rospective exhaustion of these forests, in danger of extermination by fire and the ill-regulated
operations of the lumbermen. The very existence of the state depended upon the maintenance of the forest. The
great forests of pine could not be restored, but the preservation of the few remnants of these forests was not
impossible. Fires do not consume forests upon which a whole community is dependent for support, and methods
for securing the continuance of such forests are soon found and readily put into execution. The forests of Maine,
once considered practically exhausted, still yield largely and continuously, and the public sentiment which has
made possible their protection is the one hopeful symptom in the whole country that a change of feeling in regard
to forest property is gradually taking place. The experience of Maine shows that where climatic conditions are
favorable to forest growth the remnants of the original forest can be preserved and new forests created as soon as
the entire community finds forest preservation really essential to its material prosperity.

The ])rodHctiou of lumber is not, however, the only function of forests; and the future extent and condition of
those of the United States cannot, in every case, be safely regulated by the general law which governs the volume
of other crops by the demand for them. Forests perform other and more important duties in protecting the surface
of the ground and in regulating and maintaining the flow of rivers. In mountainous regions they are essential to
prevent destructive torrents, and mountains cannot be stripped of their forest covering without entailing serious
dangers upon the whole community. Such mountain forests exist in the United States. In northern Vermont and
New Hampshire they guard the upper waters of the Connecticut and the Merrimac; in New York they insure
the constant flow of the Hudson. Such forests still cover the upper slopes of the Alleghany mountains and
dimijiish the danger of destructive floods in the valleys of the Susquehanna and the Ohio. Forests still cover the
upper water-sheds of the Missouri and the Columbia, the Platte and the Eio Grande, and preserve the California
valleys from burial under the debris of the sierras. The great mountain forests of the country still exist, often
almost in their original condition. Their inaccessibility has preserved them; it cannot preserve them, however,
much longer. Inroads have already been made into these forests ; the ax, fire, and the destructive agency of
browsing animals are now everywhere invading them. Their destruction does not mean a loss of material alone,
which sooner or later c<in be replaced from other parts of the country ; it means the ruin of great rivers for
navigation and irrigation, the destruction of cities located along their banks, and the ■spoliation of broad areas of
the richest agricultural land. These mountain forests once destroyed can only be renewed slowly and at enormous
cost, and the dangers, actual and iirospective, which threaten them now ofi'er the only real cause for general alarm
to be found in the present condition of the forests of the United States. Other forests maybe swept away and the
country will experience nothing more serious than a loss of material, which can be produced again if the price of
lumber warrants the cultivation of trees as a commercial enterprise; but if the forests which control the flow of the
great rivers of the country perish, the whole community will suffer widespread calamity which no precautions taken
after the mischief has been done can avert or future expenditure prevent.

494

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION.

MATN^B.

The forests of the Kortheru Piue Belt once extended over the state of Maine. Pine and spruce, witli which
irere mingled maple, birch, and other deciduous trees, covered the entire state, with the exception of the immediate
«oa8t region between the Kennebec and the Penobscot rivers, a region of hard-wood forest; hemlock was common.

The original pine and spruce forests of the state have been practically destroyed. Pine has been cut in every
township, and the largest spruce everywhere culled, except from the inaccessible region about the headwaters
of the Allaguash river. Scattered bodies of the original pine, often of considerable extent and generally connected
with farms, exist in the southern, and especially in the southeastern, counties, and fine hemlock of large size is
still an important element of the forest in the central and southern portions of the region west of the Penobscot
river. Birch, maple, and oak, too heavy for transport by raft, are still common, except in the neighborhood of
manufacturing centers and the lines of railroad. Hard-wood timber is particularly fine and abundant through the
central portion of the state; farther north the forest is more generally composed of coniferous trees.

The lumber business of southern and central Maine attained its greatest importance as early as 1850. In that
year spruce was for the first time driven down the Kennebec with pine, and the proportion of spruce to piue has
since steadily increased, until, in the season of 1879--80, only 20 per cent, of the lumber cut on that river was pine.
The lowest point of productive capacity of the forests of Maine has probably been passed. The reckless disregard
of forest property which characterized the early lumbering operations of the state has been replaced by sensible
methods for preserving and perpetuating the forest. This change in public sentiment in regard to the forests has
followed naturally the exhaustion of the forest wealth of the state. As this disappeared the importance of preserving
«ome part, at least, of the tree covering, the source of the state's greatest prosperity, forced itself upon public
attention ; for unless the forests could be perijetuated, the state must lose forever all commercial and industrial
importance. It has followed that the forests of Maine, as compared with those in other parts of the country, are
now managed sensibly and economically. They are protected from fire principally through the force of public
sentiment, and only trees above a certain size are allowed to be cut by loggers buying stumpago from the ownei-s of
laud. In the southern counties the young pine now springing up freely on abandoned farming lauds is carefully
protected, and large areas are planted with pine in regions where the natural growth has not covered the soil. The
coniferous forests, under the present management, may be cut over once in every fifteen or twenty years, producing
at each cutting a crop of logs equivalent to 1,000 feet of lumber to the acre, of which from 5 to 7 per cent, is pine,
the rest spruce.

Forest fires, which formerly inflicted every year serious damage upon the forests of the state, are now of
comparatively rare occurrence. During the census year only 35,230 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by
fire, with an estimated loss of $123,315. These fires were set by farmers in clearing land, by careless hunters, and
by sparks from locomotives.

The following estimates of the amount of pine and spruce standing in the state May 31, 1880, were prepared
by Mr. Cyrus A. Packard, of Augusta, land agent of the state. They were made up from the results of actual
surveys, and have been reviewed by a large number of experts most familiar with the condition of the forests in
different parts of the state:

Bnsln of—

Pine (Pimu Strobtu). j Sprnce (Picea nigra).

Saint John river and tribatnries

Penobscot river and tributaries

Kennebec river and tributaries

Androflooggin river and tributnrii-s.

Saint Croix, MacbiaB, Kan'ngau;in9. and Union rivers and other small streams .

Total

Cat for the census year ending May 31, 1880

Feet, board meature.

75, 000, ceo

100,000,000
50, coo, 000
50, 000, 000

200, 000, 000

475, 000, 000

13£,825,000

Feet, board measure.

1, 400, 000, 000

1,600,000,000

1, 000, 000, 000

500, 000, 000

itg, uon, coo

6,000,000,000 {

301, 020, 000

^w

n

^

DEPAFO-MENT CF THE INTERIOR

i.^A'.v:-^ TjE-i/.r-HAT-Ar '^,i-n"RT ^,TrT;i,,in,T.TT ■^-5.■^:;■;^

TENTH CENSUS OF THE "UNITED STATES

\!

<^

DE^N S I T^^ OF FORE S T S

COMPILED HNDEKTBE DIBECTIDN OF

C. S. SARGKNT, SPECIAL MXNT
1883.

\

»■

1

■'TT-^ TTp-v- -,'rt;ir i.ip-'/r IF.' ;;■'■■;.-,' T-T^TiMc-rnj/n iv

3ul ii ih^imTi^C oJilh

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 495

Quantities of logs cut in Aroostook county are driven down the Saint John river and manufactured in New
Brunswick. Diu'ing the season of 1879-'80 there were handled in this way 70,000,000 feet of spruce, 4,500,000 feet-of
piae, 2,800,000 feet of cedar, 1,500,000 feet of squared pine timber, 1,000,000 feet of squared birch timber, 110,000
feet of squared larch timber. Of this 70 per cent, of the spruce and 80 per cent, of the pine were returned to the
United States manufactured into lumber, and the whole of the cedar in the form of shingles.

Important industries dependent for material upon a supply of hard wood have long flourished in the state.
Large quantities of cooperage stock, woodenware, handles, spools, bobbins, etc., are manufactured, and more
recently the production of wood pulp and excelsior, principally from poplar and other soft woods, has assumed
important proportions. Manufacturers from nearly every part of the state report a deterioration and scarcity of
the best timber, especially oak, which is now largely imported from Canada or replaced by southern hard pine.
Birch, however, is still abundant, and is largely exported in the form of spool and bobbin stock. The manufacture
of potash, once an important industry of the state, has been abandoned as unprofitable. Several establishments
engaged in the manufacture of tanning extracts from hemlock bark are located in the state, and the numerous
tanneries upon the Penobscot river consume large quantities of the same material. The demand for hemlock
lumber is now good, and the logs, after being stripped of their bark, are manufactured into lumber and not allowed,
as in other parts of the country, to rot upon the ground. A recently-established industry is the manufacture of
kegs, barrels, and woodenware from pulp made from chiiJS, brush, and other waste material of the forest. Partial
estimates of the hoop-pole industry give a product of 5,'149,200, valued at $75,612. Daring the year 1879 153,334
pounds of maple sugar were produced in the state.

Androscoggin county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth; it
contains, however, considerable bodies of fine first-growth white pine. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report
oak exhausted, other hard woods scarce and of inferior quality, and that no second-growth timber is of sufiScient
size for use. A large amount of excelsior is manufactured, principally from poplar.

Akoostook county. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests, the clearings being confined
to the neighborhoods of the rare settlements along the river bottoms. Logs cut in this county are largely raft«d
down the Saint John river, and little lumber in proportion to the cut is manufactured within its limits. The
production of cooperage stock and other articles requiring hard wood in their manufacture is rapidly increasing,
and with abundant material such industries seem destined to great development.

Cumberland county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, principally of second growth.
Manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of material, especially hard woods,
now nearly exhausted. Spruce and poplar in large quantities are manufactured into wood pulp.

Franklin county. — Three-fourths of this county is reported covered with woods, principally confined to
the northern portion. Staves, hoop-poles, handles, and excelsior are manufactured in large quantities.

Hancock county. — Seven-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, largely composed, toward
the coast, of second growth white pine. The northern portions contain fine bodies of large hemlock. Manufacturers
of cooperage stock report deterioration of material; ash especially has become scarce.

Kennebec county. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth.
Merchantable spruce and pine have been everywhere removed. Considerable areas are again covered with pine, and
the wooded area is increasing. Next to Penobscot this is the most important lumber manufacturing county in the
state. Numerous mills located on the Kennebec river saw logs driven from its uiiper waters and from beyond the
limits of the county. Large quantities of poplar and spruce are consumed annually in the manufacture of wood
pulp, excelsior, handles, etc. The supply of hard wood is small and of infM-ior quality. The poplar now used is
nearly all second growth.

Knox county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, generally of second growth. Heavy
timber, however, still exists in the towns of Washington, Appleton, and Union. White pine is scarce, and great
deterioration in timber of all kinds is reported. Scarcity in the near future is apprehended by manufacturers. A
large amount of cord- wood is consumed annually in burning lime.

Lincoln county. — About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, nearly all second growth.

Oxford county. — From one-half to two-thirds of this county is reported covered with woods. The northern
portion still contains large areas of original forest, although pine and spruce have been culled everywhere. In the
southern part of the county there are considerable bodies of second-growth white pine, and the wooded area is
increasing. Cooperage stock, handles, and wood pulp are largely manufactured. Manufacturers report that
timber of all kinds has deteriorated in quality and become scarce, with the exception of oak, which is still abuHdant
and of good quality.

Penobscot county. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods. Tho merchantable pine
and spruce have been removed from the southern portion and everywhere culled. In the northern townships
hemlock is still abundant and of fine quality. Ponol)scot is the great lumber manufacturing county of the state,
Bangor, once the principal market in the United States for pine lumber, being still the most important sawmill
center. S{)ruce and not pine, however, except in insignificant quantities, is now manufactui'ed upon the Penobscot.
Manufacturers using hard woods report an abundant supply of excellent material.

49(5

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Piscataquis county.— From eigbt- to niue-teuths of this county is reported covered with forests, the southern
portion only being cleared of the originul tree growth.

Sagadahoc county.— Oue-half of this county is reported covered with woods, principally second growth.
Considerable second-growth white pine is now growing up upon abandoned farm lands, and the wooded area of
the county is increasing. Manufacturers report all timber of suflBcieut size for use scarce and of inferior quality,
and apprehend early exhaustion of hard woods suitable for mechanical purposes.

Somerset county. — Five-sixths of this county is rejjorted covered with woods, the southern portion only
being cleared of its forests of spruce and pine. Excelsior, handles, wooden ware, etc., are largely manufactured.
Hard-wo<Ml timber of all sorts is abundant and of excellent quality, with the exception of black ash, now scarce
and in great demand.

Waldo county. — From one-quarter to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, generally of
second growth. The wooded area is now gradually increasing by the growth of white pine on abandoned farming
lands. Manufacturers report a scarcity and deterioration of timber of all kinds of sufficient size for use.

Washington county. — From eight- to nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the
southern portion considerable areas contain scattered bodies of large pine, and through the center of the county
are large tracts of first-growth hemlock forests. No future scarcity of lumber is apprehended.

York county. — From one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods; it contains large
quantities of scattered pine. Second-growth pine is spreading on abandoned agricultural land, and the forest area
is increasing. Wood pulp, cooperage stock, and handles are largely manufactured. Timber of all sorts is reported
as depreciating in both quality and quantity. No immediate scarcity, however, is apprehended.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

The forests of New Hampshire were originally composed of a belt of spruce, mixed with maple, birch, and
other hard- wood trees, occupying all the northern part of the state and extending southward through the central
portion ; the southeastern part of the state and the region bordering the Connecticut river were covered with
forests of white pine, through which considerable bodies of hard wood were scattered. The original white-pine
forests of New Hampshire are practically exhausted, although in the northern counties of the state there still
remain a few scattered bodies remote from streams and of small size ; once of great extent and importance, these
forests have disappeared before the ax of the settler and lumberman, or have been wasted by forest fires. Large
areas, however, once covered with forests of pine, have grown up again, especially in the southern part of the state,
with this tree. No estimate of the amount of this second-growth pine standing in the state has been possible ; it
furnished during the census year a cut of 99,400,000 feet of lumber, board measure. The remaining forests of the
state, considered as a source of lumber supply, are composed of spruce, more or less mixed with hard woods, of
which the sugar maple and the birch are the most valuable. In the northern part of the state large areas of the
original spruce forest remain, although these bodies of timber are now only found at a considerable distance from
streams.

Fires, which at different times have destroyed vast areas of forest, especially in the northern part of the state,
are now less frequent and destructive. During the year 1880 but 5,954 acres were reported stripped of their tree
covering by fires. Of such fires twelve were set by sparks from locomotives, seven by the escape into the forest of
fires originally set in clearing land for agricultural purposes, six by sportsmen, one through malice, and one by the
careless use of tobacco.

The basis of the following estimate of the amount of merchantable black spruce (Picea nigra) lumber standing
May 31, 1880, in Carroll, Coos, and Grafton counties, where alone the spruce forests of the state are now of commercial
importance, was furnished by Mr. G. T. Crawford, of Boston, and verified by the testimony of other experts :

BLACK SPRUCE (Picea nigra).

, CoDllticS.

Feet, board
measnre.

Carroll

CO, 000, 000

1, 000, 000, 000

480, 000, 000

Coos

Grafton

Tstal

1,510,000,000

Cnt tor the census yenr ending May»81, 1880 (inclnding 26,000,000
feet sftweil on the Connecticut river, in Massuchueetts).

153, 175, 000

It is roughly estimated that the spruce forests of the state contain over 33,750,000 cords of hard wood and
165,000,000 feet of hemlock.

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THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 497

Partial returns of tbe Loop-pole industiy give a production during the census year of 4,225,000, valued at
$29,280. New Hampshire is fourth among the states in the importance of its maple-sugar product. During the
year 1879 it produced 2,731,945 pounds.

Belknap county. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods.

Carroll county. — Five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the northern portion
there are still large areas covered with an original growth of spruce. Large quantities of charcoal are manufactured
in this county, and the usual method of lumbering adopted here and very generally in northern New
Hampshire is tirst to cut the spruce large enough for saw-logs, taking all trees G inches in diameter 25 feet from
the ground, and then cut for charcoal all the remaining growth, hard wood and soft, even the young spruce. As
the land cleared is of little value for agricultural purposes, it is allowed to grow up again with wood. Deciduous
trees come up at first, and these are sometimes, but not always, followed by spruce. It is necessary to exercise
great care in order to prevent the newly-cleared tracts from suffering from fire, as the material for charcoal, cut
into cord- wood, is often left on the ground until the second season. Mr. C. G. Pringle, who studied the forests of
this region, iurnishes the following notes upon the forests of Carroll county :

" The forests on the mountain sides between Crawford's and Bartlett are composed principally of the yellow
and paper birch, the sugar maple, the red maple, poplars, the black spruce, and the balsam fir. About Bartlett
scattering specimensof white pine make their appearance. In the more level part of North Conway the red and
the pitch pine and the hemlock become common, while on the more sterile, sandy plains farther down the Saco
these pines with the white birch constitute the principal arborescent growth.

" The tract known as Hart's location, lying partly in the White Mountain notch, includes 10,000 acres, 2,000 of
which bear 15,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock — rather more of hemlock than of spruce ; 10,000 acres in this
tract will cut 25 cords of hard wood per acre. The town of Bartlett, partly cleared, still has 40,000 acres of
woodland, which will yield an average of 5,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock and 15 cords of hard wood,
Sargent's grant covers mount Crawford, Stair mountain, and a part of mount Washington. On this tract are 15,000
acres of timber land, carrying 20,000 feet per acre, chiefly spruce. The Thompson and Meserve purchase comprises
portions of mounts Washington, Jefferson, and Madison, and covers 12,000 acres. Two thousand acres of this will
yield 30,000 feet of spruce and hemlock per acre in nearly equal proportions. The remaining 10,000 acres will cut 25
cords of bard wood per acre. The Bean purchase lies north of the town of Jackson, and covers 40,000 acres. It is
occupied by a dense forest, amounting to 20,000 feet of spruce and hemlock and 20 cords of hard wood per acre.
Originally there was considerable pine on the streams and sides of the mountains in this vicinity, particularly on
mount Kearsafge, but now there is little left. Twelve and twenty-five years ago much of the town of Bartlett was
burned over, and a different growth has come up — white birch, poplar, bird cherry, etc."

A large amount of cooperage stock, excelsior, and an average of 1,000 cords of shoe pegs (from birch and
maple) are annually made in this county. Considerable damage to oak and poplar caused by the ravages of the
army-worm [?J are reported. The natural increase of timber is said, however, nearly to equal the present consumption
by local industries, and scarcity is not apprehended.

Cheshire county. — About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods.

Coos COUNTY. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests. The following is extracted from
Mr. Pringle's notes upon the forests of this county :

" Everything east of the Connecticut lakes and about the upper portions of Indian and Perry streams is
original forest. Such also is the condition of the Gilmanton, Atkinson, and Dartmouth College grants and the
towns of Dixville, Odell, and Kilkenny. All the eastern portions of Clarksville, Stewartstown, Colebrook,
Columbia, and Stratford are forest, and nearly all of Wentworth's location, Millsfield, Brrol, Dummer, Cambridge,
and Success. In these forests the spruce will cut 5,000 feet and the hard wood about 50 cords per acre. There
is considerable hemlock, but even less pine than in Essex county, Vermont. Not much of the region has been
burned over, and spruce comes into the soil again but slowly after clearings and fires.

" In the township of Kilkenny, in the mountains east of Lancaster, there are 16,000 acres of forest still untouched,
though a branch railroad from Lancaster into this forest has been surveyed, and may be constructed in a few years,
for the purpose of bringing the lumber down to the mills at Lancaster. Lowe and Burbank's grant is a wilderness,
three-fourths well timbered and the remainder a mountain ridge of nearly bare rock. Bean's purchase is nearly
inaccessible and but little lumbered. Stark, on the upper Ammonoosuc, is badly cut over, only about one-quarter
remaining in virgin forest. About one-half of Berlin is uncut ; also the northern half of Eandolph, the south half
of Gorbam, and the south quarter of Shelburne. Considerable land in Success was burned over some years ago, as
well as some in Stark and in the eastern part of Berlin, but fires have not lately been very destructive in the New
Hampshire forests."

A large amount of cooperage stock, handles, wood pulp, shoe pegs, etc., is manufactured in this coianty.
Abundant material, with the exception of ash, is reported.

Grafton county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly confined to the northern

and central portions. Shoe pegs, cooperage stock, wood pulp, and excelsior are largely manufactured. The amount

of material is considered abundant for the present consumption.
32 fob

498

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Hillsborough county, — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth. A
largo amount of cooperage and wheel stocU is manufactured. No deterioration in the quality of material is
reported, although at the present rate of consumption it must soon become exhausted.

Mebrimack county,— One-half of this county is reported covered with woods. Cooperage stock, handles,
and excelsior are largely manufactured. A slight deterioration in the quality of material is reported.

EOCKIKGHAM COUNTY. — From one-quarter to five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly
second growth.

Stbaffobd county. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth.
IIoop-polcs, cooperage stock, etc., are largely manufactured. Wood of all sorts is reported scarce and rapidly
increasing in value.

VERMONT.

The forests of Vermont, as compared with those of New Hampshire and Maine, are varied in composition.
About the shores of lake Champlain several western trees first appear, and throughout the state the forest is more
generally composed of deciduous than coniferous species. Forests of spruce, however, spread over the high
ri4ges of the Green mountains, their foot-hills being covered with hard-wood trees and little pine or hemlock
occurring in the valleys. A forest of white pine once stretched along the banks of the Connecticut, and great
bodies of this tree occurred in the northwestern part of the state, adjacent to lake Cliaraplain. The original white-
]>ine forests of the state are now practically exhausted. They arc represented by a small amount of second-growth
pine only, which furnished during the census year a cut of 6,505,000 feet of lumber, board measure.

The forests of Vermont now sufier comparatively little from fire, although at difi'erent periods during the last
fifty years very serious fires have laid waste great areas of forest in the Green Mountain region. During the year
1880 3,941 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $48,466. Of such fires ten
escaped from farms into the forest, five were set by locomotives, two were traced to the carelessness of hunters,
and one to malice.

Large amounts of cooperage stock, woodenware, furniture, paper pulp, excelsior, veneers, etc., are manufactured
throughout the state. Material for these industries is fast disappearing, and a great deterioration in quality,
especially of oak, ash, and chestnut, is reported by manufacturers.

Vermont surpasses all other states in the manufacture of maple sugar. During the year 1879 11,201,077
pounds were produced in the state.

The following estimate of the spruce standing in the state May 31, 1880, has been prepared fromi Mr. Pringle's
report., and is based upon the statements of numerous timber-land owners and experts in different parts of the stater

BLACK SPEUCE (Picea nigra).

Ecgions.

Green Moantain range

Valley of the Connecticut river

Total

Cnt for the censos year ending Kay 31, 1880 (excluding 16,191,000
feet imported from Canada).

Feet, board
measure.

380, 000, 000
375, 000, 000

755, 000, 000

109, 086, 000

Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of only 43,900, valued at
$470,

Addison county, — About one- third of this county is reported covered with woods. Spruce and ash are scarce
ami rapidly disappearing. Oak of sufficient size for the manufacture of cooperage stock is exhausted.

Bennington county. — Two-thirds of thiscounty is reported covered with woods. Manufacturers of woodenware
and cooperage stock consider the prospects for future local supply favorable.

Caledonia county. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly
confined to the northern and western portions.

Chittenden county.— About one-fifth of this county is reported as woodland. The following extracts are
made from Mr. Pringle's note upon the forests of Vermont :

"Except on the summits of a few of the higher peaks of the Green mountains, where black spruce and balsam
flr grow to the exclusion of other trees, the arboreal growth is composed of a large number of species. In tin;
valleys and on the foot-hills, and even on the slopes of the hijjher mountains in their lower portions, hemlocks
mingle with spruce, beech, maple, and birch (yellow birch chiefly, for there is little white birch seen in northern
Vermont) ; basswood, butternut, the ashes, red oaks, etc., are confined to the lower elevations and are less abundant
than the trees first mentioned. Between the isolated patches of simice and fir about the summits of the mountains
and the region where hemlock is found, rock maple, yellow birch, and black spruce are the predominating species.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 499

" To estimate the area of valuable original forest still standing in the Green mountains is not an easy task.
The belt extends from the Canada line to Massachusetts, and even into that state. The outlines of this belt are
made very irregular by the cleared and settled valleys which run up among the mountains, and by reason of foresfe
clearings, so that its width is constantly varying as we proceed from one end to the other.

" The woodlands of the plateau, some 10 miles broad and elevated from 200 to 300 feet above lake Champlain,
lying between the foot-hills of the Green mountains and the lower plain beside the lake, occupy, for the most part,
rocky hills, and are composed principally of sugar maple, beech, basswood, white ash, black birch, and red oak.
Certain limestone hills offer a favorable situation for the butternut, the ironwood, the slipiiery elm, and the bitter
hickory. The swamps and other lowlands yield the red maple, the black ash, the white elm, and the black willow.
The latter, especially along streams, is associated with alders and the sheepberry. The colder, sphagnous swampa
are covered with a growth, more or less dense, of yellow cedar, black spruce, balsam, and larch ; sometimes in the
higher portions the white pine mingles with these, scattered or in groves. When grown in such soil this wood is liable
to be extremely hard and brittle. The poplars occupy hillsides and ridges where the soil is a light, cold, sandy loam ;
with them the bird cherry is perpetually associated. The black cherry is scattered in a diversity of soils. White
oak and hickory attain their best development on clayey soil or glades of slight elevation ; on the red sand-rock hills
they are smaller. Certain slopes of cold clay are still here heavily wooded with hemlock, while warm clay lands are
the favored site of the burr oak. In the vicinity of the lake and its tributaries low, wet shores are scattered over
with the swamp white oak and the burr oak. The chestnut oak is common on the thin, poor soil of the red sand-rock
hills, ranging through the valley from the lake as far back in some places as the foot-hills of the Green mountains.
The red pine appears on the sandy shores of lake Champlain, and extends far up the Winooski river. The moister
and more fertile portions of the sandy plain are still occupied to some extent by white pine, the poorer portions
by pitch pine. The white birch occurs on cold, wet, sandy soil near the lake ; and in the mountains the black
spruce becomes the most common tree ; with it in stronger soil are associated the yellow birch and the sUgar maple.

" Burlington. — This place is believed to rank as third, or next to Albany, among the lumber markets of the
United States. More lumber may enter some ports, as Oswego and Tonawanda, for transshipment, but all lumber
brought to this market is stored and sold here. The kind is chiefly white pine brought up the lake from Canada,
a little of it being cut in Michigan (perhaps one-tenth) ; all the rest is of Canadian growth. A few of the lumber
companies here own lands of limited extent among the Green mountains, from which they obtain spruce for
clapboards, etc. The general direction which the lumber sent from here takes is to the older portions of New
England, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, considerable pine being sent even to Maine, which once
supplied to commerce so much of this material. Much lumber is dressed here and sent to Boston for shipment to
foreign countries. The business still enjoys the highest prosperity, and during the census year, under the stimulus
of general commercial prosperity, it was especially active. As yet no lack in the supply is felt, the loggers only
having to go farther back in the Canadian forests than formerly to obtain timber enough to meet the demand. The
proportion of lumber worked up here is small, there being merely a few factories producing doors, sash, blinds,
packing boxes, etc."

Essex county. — Five-sixths of this county is reported covered with forest. The following is extracted from
Mr. Pringle's report :

" Four-fifths of that part of the county of Essex lying north of Guildhall and Victory is still in virgin forest,
which will yield 5,000 feet of spruce per acre. The towns of Lewis and Averill are entirely unlumbered, and
so is Avery's Gore. Colton is mostly covered with forest, and so is Ferdinand. Timber-lands compose about
two-thirds of Granby and East Haven, and cover the back parts of the river towns and those crossed by the
Grand Trunk railroad. South of Guildhall and Victory the towns of Concord and Lunenburg are mostly cleared
and settled. The proportion of hemlock in these forests is not large ; there is considerable yellow cedar and a
large amount of maple, birch, and beech — probably 50 cords per acre. There is but little pine in all this region,
principallj- confined to the township of Lewis; elsewhere only occasional pine trees occur."

Fkanklin county. — From one fourth to three-tenthK of this county is reported covered with forest, mostly
confined to the hills in the northeastern and northern portions. In the village of Montgomery a large establishment
for the manufacture of butter tubs is located, and at East Eichford birch is largely manufactured into turned ware.

Grand Isle county. — About a quarter of this county is reported covered with woods.

Lamoille county. — About one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, very generally
iistributed over its entire surface.

Orange county. — One quarter of this county is reported covered with forest.

Orleans county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods. The following is extracted from
Mr. Pringle's notes :

"At Newport, situated at the southern extremity of lake Memphremagog, are several mills for cutting
veneering from birch. The product of these mills is closely packed in boxes, so that it cannot v^arp, and sent to
the manufactories near the large cities, to be used for chair bottoms and other XJurposes. Southward from Newport,
in the valleys of the Barton and Black rivers, which flow northward into lake Memphremagog, and of the
Passumpsic river, which runs southward and joins the Connecticut, are almost continuous swamps of yellow

500 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

cedar, black spruce, and larcb, from wbich tbe cedar timber is now being largely drawn to be sawed into shingles.
At Barton the hartl woods are largely cut into material for furniture, which is shipped toward the sea-board before
being put together.

" The valley of the Clyde river from Newport to Island Pond is cleared for the most part and improved for
farms. The usual species of the northern forest occupy the summits of the low hills on either side of the Aalley.
Eastward from Island Pond, down the Neipegan river to the Connecticut by the line of the Grand Trunk railroad,
we pass through the wild region from which the lumbermen have onlj' taken some of the spruce and pine. Here,
beginning 2 or ',i miles back from the railroad, or in some places much nearer to it, a virgin and unbroken forest
stretches over the sloi)e8 and summits of the hills for many miles to the northward and southward ; black spruce,
yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech are its chief component species. In a few places; where the soil is sandy,
white pine occurs iu straggling groves or isolated specimens, and the swamps, as well as those of all of northern
Vermont, are occu]iied by the black spruce, yellow cedar, and by a few scattering pines. The pine being the kind
of lumber first secured, is seldom found now in these Vermont swamps. The cedars are now cut and manufactured
into shingles, fence posts, railway ties, etc., for which purposes tbe lasting quality of tbe wood makes it eminently
suited. There is little hemlock in northeastern Vermont, and it is believed to indicate poor soil wherever it occurs.
The soil of this entire region presents a marked contrast to that of northern New York, being fertile and in other
respects well adapted to agriculture. On this account land once lumbered over is generally occupied by the farmer
and not allowed to come up again to forest, except in the more hilly portions."

Staves, tubs, pails, buckets, and hoops are largely manufactured from spruce, cedar, and ash. The quality of
the material used is said to have deteriorated, and manufacturers report that at the present rate of consumption it
will soon be consumed.

EuTLAND COUNTY. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, principally in the eastern
portion. Elm, formerly largely used in manufacture of tubs, etc., is reported exhausted, and basswood has become
scarce.

Washington county. — One-third of this county is reported covered with woods, principally situated in belts
along its eastern and western borders. The following is extracted from Mr. Pringle's report :

"Reaching Montpelier from the west we have left behind tbe Green Mountain gneiss and entered a granitic
formation. Here is an extensive burned region; the fire, in consuming the forest and vegetable mold upon the
surface of tbe land, has exposed granite bowlders thickly embedded in tbe soil. To replace tbe forest growth thus
removed there is only an occasional little spruce or balsam to be found among the thickets of bird cherry. The
hilltop and hillside forests east of Montpelier show hemlocks everywhere mingled with sugar maples, yellow liircbes,
and spruce; farther east the spruce and bircb predominate. Approaching the Connecticut river, hemlocks and
maples again appear and second-growth white pine and paper birches take the place of tbe other species."

Windham county. — Three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostlj- confined to ridges
of tlie Green mountains. Ash and white pine are reported very scarce.

Windsor county. — From one-fourth to one-third of this county is reported covered with woods, quite generally
distributed over the hills. Tubs, barrels, kegs, and buckets of white and red oak, white pine, spruce, and ash are
manufactured. Oak is reported by manufacturers to be already practically exhausted, si)ruce to be fast disappearing,
and ash very scarce and in danger of speedy extermination.

MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT.

Tbe original forest which once covered these states has disappeared and been replaced by a second, and
sometimes by a third and fourth growth of tbe trees of the Northern Pine Belt. The area covered by tree growth
in these states is slowly increasing, although, with the exception of tbe young forests of white pine, tbe productive
capacity of their woodlands is, in view of the heavj^ demands continually made upon them, esi)ecially by tbe
railroads, rapidly diminishing. Abandoned forming land, if protected from fi^re and browsing animals, is now
verj- generally, except in the immediate vicinity of the coast, soon covered with a vigorous growth of white pine.
The fact is important, for this new growth of pine promises to give in the future more than local importance to the
forests of this region.

These states sustain a considerable annual loss from forest fires. In Massachusetts during the year 1880
13,899 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $102,262. Of these fires fifty-two were set
by locomotives, forty by fires started on farms and escaping to the forest, thirty-seven by hunters, nineteen by the
careless use of tobacco, eight through malice, and three by carelessness iu tbe manufacture of charcoal. No returns
in regard to forest fires in Rhode Island and Connecticut have been received, but it is believed that in jjroportion
to their forest area such fires are not less destructive in these states than in Massachusetts. Numerous important
industries using bard wood have been driven from these states or forced to obtain their material from beyond
their limits. On the other hand, industries like the manufacture of certain sorts of woodenware, using second-
growth piuc, are rapidly increasing in volume. Tbe priucii)al forests now found in these states are situated in
Berkshire, Hampden, and Worcester counties, Massachusetts.

i

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 501

Beekshire county, Massachusetts. — From one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with
woods, largely second growth. The high ridges of the hills are still covered with forests of black spruce, their
slopes and intervening valleys with hard woods or hemlock, now often replaced by a growth of young white pine.
Cooperage stock, baskets, and wood pulp are largely manufactured. Spruce is reported to have deteriorated in
quality; manufacturers consider the supply of material, however, abundant for .all present local demands.

Franklin county, Massachusetts. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely
second-growth white pine.

"Worcester <:ounty, Massachusetts. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely
second growth white pine. Winchendon, the most important point in the United States for the manufacture of
wooden ware, small cooperage, etc., is supplied with material from the young pine forests of this and the neighboring
counties. Timber is reported to have deteriorated. The supply of pine is not equal to the demand, and is rapidly
increasing in value.

In Barnstable county, Massachusetts, numerous experiments in forest planting have been made. In South
Orleans and neighboring towns fully 10,000 acres of sandy, barren soil have been successfully and profitably planted
with pitch pine. Similar plantations have been made upon the island of Nantucket; aud many large groves of
white pine planted many years ago in Bristol and Plymouth counties demonstrate the entire practicability of forest
culture in this whole region.

The only important lumber manufacturing establishments found in these states are situated upon the Connecticut
river, in Massachusetts and Connecticut. They are entirely supplied with material from the forests of northern
Kew Hampshire and Vermont. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year
in Massachusetts of 11,507,600, valued at $95,009; in Connecticut, of 191,000, valued at $9,660.

NEW YOEK.

That portion of the state north of the forty-third degree of latitude, including within its limits the elevated
Adirondack region, was once covered with a dense forest of maple, birch, basswood, and other northern deciduous
trees, through which were scattered spruce and pine. The low hills bordering the Hudson and extending along
the southern boundary of the state west of that river were covered with the coniferous species of the Northern Pine
Belt. Over the remainder of the state the broad-leaved forests of the Mississippi basin spread almost uninterruptedly,
except where an occasional sandy plain or high elevation favored the growth of pines. The original forest still
covers large areas in the northern counties, and protects the hills through which the Delaware river forces its way
in crossing the southern part of the state. With these exceptions, however, the forests of New York are now
almost exclusivelj' of second growth.

The forests of the state, especially in the north, have at different times suffered great damage from Are. During
the census year 149,491 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $1,210,785. Of these
fires thirty-seven were set by farmers clearing land for agricultural purposes and allowing them to escape to the
forest, forty three were set by locomotives, and twenty-two by the carelessness of sportsmen.

With the exception of the spruce of the Adirondack region, the forests of the state are no longer important
as a source of general lumber supply ; and many industries depending upon hard woods have in late years decreased
in importance, owing to the want of sufficient material, or have been forced to obtain their supply of timber ftom
the west. White oak, largely consumed by the railroads, has become scarce, and has advanced at least 50 per
cent, in value during the last twelve years. Elm, ash, hickory, and other woods are reported scarce in all parts of
the state. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of 10,948,258,
valued at $155,764.

New York is only surpassed by Vermont in the amount of maple sugar produced by its forests. During the
year 1879 10,693,019 pounds were manufactured in the state.

The following extracts are taken from Mr. Pringle's report upon the forests of northern New York:

" One who enters northeastern New York at Port Kent, aud takes stage by way of Keeseville to the Saranac
lakes, finds himself, as long ;i8 his route runs up the Au Sable river, which is as far as the Au Sable forks, passing
through a region which gives evidence of having been formerly covered with pine. The white, the red, and the
pitch pine are all represented here. The pitch pine is confined chiefly to the sterile sandy plains between the Au
Sable and the Saranac rivers. The red pine mingles with this species, and grows on the rocky hills of the region
and on the river cliffs, while the abundance of white pine in nearly all situations must hav^e made this quarter of
the state, like the region of Vermont lying opi)osite, a valuable pinery in former times. But fifty or seventy-five
years have passed since the pine of the Champlain valley was harvested aud shipped to England by way of the
Saint Lawrence.

" In the valleys of the Au Sable and the Saranac rivers white pines spring up numerously whenever permitted
to do so, and I am told that farmers, realizing that much of their soil is not suitable for profitable agriculture, are
seriously considering whether it be not to their highest advantage to surrender much of their land to timber growing,
and encourage the growth of the more valuable species, such as white pine, white oak, etc. Of non-coniferous trees

502 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the white, red, and bla«k oaks are conspicuous among the pines, and in the colder and wetter sands the white birch
is common. But through all this region the trees are all of second growth, and lumber for building purposes is

largely imported.

" The forest on the upper waters of the Au Sable and of the divide between this river and the Saranac is
principally devoted to supplying fuel to numerous iron furnaces. The best butt logs only of spruce are sorted out
and sent to the sawmills as the forests are mowed down ; the hemlock bark is removed for the tanneries, but
everything else, young pine, spruce, and poplar, fall clean with maple and birch. Here and there, even far up on
the hillsides, are seeu the charcoal kilns, and around and about them, quite to the crest of the foothills of the
Adirondacks, the woods are cut down in great swaths to feed them. Lands once cut over are left to grow up to
timber again, though fires originating in the dead brushwood and consuming the sun-diied vegetable mold on the
surface of the soil generally interfere with any new growth of trees.

" Little Tupper lake is situated in the heart of the Adirondack wilderness, and is surrounded by some of the
most valuable timber lauds to be found in all this region. The woods about the lake have never heard the lumberman's
ax. The stream which connects it with Tupper lake, by way of Eound pond, is not adapted to driving, and before
lumber could be brought down it would be necessary to clear out the stream by blasting away much rock and building
a dam with flood gates at the foot of Round pond. The shores of this beautiful lake present a marked contrast to
those of any I have as yet visited. Ou other shores and river banks I had seen scattering pines, but on all the points
and bluffs of this lake throughout its entire circuit, and even following the ravines far back in the hills, are great
groves and belts of white pine with straight and clean shafts towering high above all other trees, unless is excepted
the red pine, of which a few. specimens are mingled with them ou the gravelly banks of the lake, vying with the
white pines in height and beauty of trunk. At certain places on the shores of this lake, and particularly along
the sluggish streams connecting it with Round pond below, are considerable swamps occupied chiefly by larch.
It is jileasing to observe and to learn from guides that this lake region of the Adirondack woods has suffered but
little from forest fires. It is only limited areas here and there on the shores of the lakes and ponds or along the
rivers that have been devastated by fires originally started in hunters' camps. Seldom do these fires spread far
back from the water, a fact which is to be attributed, it is believed, to the wet and mossy condition of these woods;
yet, when they have been lumbered, as is the case lower down the Racket river, and a considerable proportion of the
trees have been removed so as to expose the brushwood, etc., to the drying influences of the sun, much the usual
liability to lire exists here.

" It is safe to assume that 2,500 square miles fairly represent the area of the virgin forests of the Adirondack
wilderness. This area will average 3,000 feet of spruce (board measure) per acre, or about five billion feet in the
aggregate. Tlie amount of hemlock, variously estimated from 300 to 10,000 feet per acre, will cut at least 2,000
feet per acre, or 3,000,000,000 feet in the aggregate, or its equivalent ; when the bark alone is considered, 3,000,000
cords of bark. The pine hardly, if at all, exceeds 200 feet per acre, or 320,000,000 feet in all. The hard wood
growing over this entire region will fairly average 40 cords per acre, or 04,000,000 cords.

"Glens Falls is the great sawing center for the lumber cut upon the upper Hudson. This business here has
passed the point of maximum prosperity and begun to decline ; not that there was any necessity for a diminution
of the yearly crop of logs from this field, if the forest could be protected from devastating fires. The lumberman
leaves standing, as far as possible, the spruce trees too small ior the ax, and these, the overshadowing growth being
removed, grow with increased vigor, so that good crops of timber could be harvested from the soil every thirty or
forty years, were it not that over at least one-half of the area lumbered fire follows the ax, burning deep into the
woody soil and inducing an entire change of tree covering. Poplars, birches, and bird cherries, if anything, succeed
the spruces and firs. From this cause alone the lumbering industry of the region must dwindle. A large area utterly
unadapted to agriculture is being made desolate and nearly valueless, and its streams, the feeders of the water
privileges and canals below, become every year more and more slender and fitful. These fires are largely set by
reckless sportsmen and hunters, with whom this region peculiarly abounds in summer. They are careless in their
smoking; they neglect to watch and properly extinguish the fires lighted for camp and cooking purposes, and
sometimes they even delight to set fire to the dry brushwood of lumbeied land in lawless sport. Again, to some
extent, a class of petty pioneers follow the lumberman, obtaining for a trifling sum a title to a little land, or, squatting
without rights, set fire to the dry brushwood left by the lumberers, and allow the fire to spread at will, devastating
thonsands of dollars' worth of property for the mere convenience of saving themselves the trouble of burning
boundary strips around their fields, which might not cost th(>m labor to the amount of $10. The laws of New York
in res|)cct to the setting of forest fires are totally inadequate to protect the forests. The opinion prevails in the
forest region of northern New York that a growth of trees removed is followed by a similar growth, the result of
young seedling trees left in the soil, except in the case of pine. ' Pine once cleared oft' is never renewed,' was the
invariable remark. This of course presumes that fire is kept out of the clearing, for after a fire has consumed
the l)rushwood and much of the 'duff' or vegetable mold, and with this all the young seedling trees, and even
the seeds of trees that may be in the soil, an entirely different growth from the hemlock and spruce springs up.
Easjjberry bushes are the first to appear, the seeds of which are dropped by birds flying over the clearing. Bird
cherries generally appear among the first trees, the seeds being dropped everywhere in a new country by birds;

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 503

poplars and small willows also appear early in a burned district, their downy seeds being widely distributed by the
wind. It is only through the agency of the wind that the seeds of birches and conifers can be disseminated, and
spruces and hemlocks must needs appear, if they return at all, as tardy stragglers.

"Xot many miles above Glens Falls the Hudson flows out from among the lowest outposts of the Adirondacks
and winds through a plain which reaches from near Troy to the vicinity of the southern ends of lakes George and
Chainplain. The soil of this plain is sand deposited by the waters of former periods. The hills which bound this
plain on the northwest are piles of sand, gravel, and bowlders, evidently the moraines of a glacier which once flowed
through the cour»» of the Hudson. All this region, from Troy to Luzerne, among the foot-hills of the Adirondacks,
must formerly have been covered with pine; among the hills and near the streams white pine, and in the more sterile
«eutral portions of the plain, red and pitch pine. To-day there exists of these species scarcely more than a scanty
and scattered second growth.

"Thirty or forty years ago it was thought that all the accessible spruce in the valley of the upper Hudson had been
harvested, but there is to-day nearly as much sawed at Glens Falls as there was at that time. At that time nearly
all the timber standing near this river and its larger tributaries had been cut. Such as stood 5 or 10 miles back
from these streams and all that was growing in the valleys of the smaller streams, or higher up the mountain slopes,
would not pay the cost of hauling to the larger streams ; but it is this timber which now furnishes the present
supply. Logs are now driven out of streams which were then thought incapable of being driven. By damming
streams so small that they may almost dry up in midsummer, throwing the logs into their courses during the winter,
either above or below the dams, and in spring-time, when the dams are pouring with the floods resulting from the
melting of deep mountain snows, tipping the planks of the dams and letting loose the torrents, the logs from remote
places are got out to the large rivers where they cau be driven. All the rivers of this region, however, are steep
and rocky. The logs come down with their ends badly battered, and often with gravel and fragments of rock
driven into the ends in a manner to injure the saws. They must, therefore, be 'butted' before being sawed;
that is, a thin section is cut from each end, and on this account the logs are cut in the woods 4 inches or, for the
•worst streams, G or more inches longer than the standard length. The standard length for all logs brought down
the Hudson is 13 feet. The character of these streams is such that long logs, for spars or other purposes, cannot
safely be driven through them. Such sticks are certain to get fastened among rocks and cause bad jams. As
already stated, the lumber business upon the upper Hudson is well advanced iu its decline, and a score of years
hence it must become insignificant under the practices now pursued, and the future of this valley gives little
promise of prosperity ; the soil is inferior in quality and not adapted to agriculture, while the timber, once the chief
source of its prosperity, is nearly exhausted.

" As a lumber market Albany ranks second in the United States, or next to Chicago. White pine is the variety
of lumber most largely handled here, and two-thirds of it comes from Michigan by way of the Erie canal, the
remaining one-third coming from Canada through lake Cliamplain, the white pine contributed by New York being
an inappreciable quantity. Most of the lumber firms here are merely commission dealers, although in two large
mills considerable lumber is dressed before being shipped. The region supplied by this market includes the banks
of the Hudson, Xew York city. New Jersey, and the shores of Long Island sound. A little reaches Philadelphia,
and much is shipped to foreigu ports from the city of New York. A great deal of the lumber handled by Albany
dealers, however, does not go to Albany at all, but, sold by runners, is sent direct by railroad from the Michigan
mills to points south of New York. Q'he lumber trade here is still in full prosperity.

" Leaving the beautiful Mohawk valley at Home, the traveler by the Home and Watertowu railroad soon notes
a less improved region, and one, indeed, less capable of improvement. For a long time the road stretches over a
sandy plain ; in the higher portions of this plain, not far from Eome, the red and pitch pines are seen, and in the
wetter places hemlocks and black spruces ai)pear, with white birch, black ash, etc. On the higher, undulating
lands, 20 or 30 miles north of Eome, white pine and hemlock seem once to have been the most abundant species of
the forest ; they now exist only in broken and scattered ranks, although numerous stumps give evidence of a former
heavy growth of these two species. Northward from Albion the country gradually rises, hard wood becoming
more and more common until on the limestone banks of the Black river at Watertown the patches of woodland
are mainly composed of birch and maple. Yet the soil continues sandy, and at a little distance from the river is
favorable to the growth of pine, and I can readily believe that all this sandy tract east of lake Ontario was
originally covered with a heavy growth, principally of pine and hemlock. The pine was long since harvested, and
now the mills and tanneries are consuming the hemlock. On each of the small streams that flow into lake Ontario
are established saw-mills which cut quantities of hemlock yearly. Little, however, is sawed at Watertown,
although a limited amount of logs is driven down to Dexter at the mouth of the Black river, and there sawed;
yet once the neighborhood of Watertown and Dexter was a great center for the production of pine lumber. This
region (chiefly its swamps) still yields a little black spruce. The lumber sawed along the Rome and Watertown
railroad at Williamstown, liichmond, etc., is mostly sent southward to Syracuse and other places to meet the
demand there for coarse lumber. The lumber yards at Watertowu are mostly filled with Canadian pine.

"Cartilage, in Jefferson county, was once an important lumber center. The 'Long falls' of the Black river
furnished unlimited water power. Immense quantities of pine and hemlock lined the banks of the river and covered

504 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the plains of the vicinity ; northward lay a heavy pinery. Canal-boats laden with lumber were towed through the
river to Lyon's falls and thence by canal to Utica. Now the pine is nearly all gone from this region, the saw-mills
are rotting down and only a little hemlock is sawed here.

" That portion of the state which lies along the Saint Lawrence river as far east as the vicinity of Malone, and
extending some 25 miles back from the river, seldom exceeds 250 feet above the sea-level and is, for the most
part, clayey loam, flat and well adapted to agriculture. This tract is now pretty well settled. Proceeding to
the southeastward and rising to an altitude of 250 feet a wide region of sandy soil is entered, cold, damp, and
unfit for agricultnral purposes. This is' the region of forest lying northwestward of the mountains in the southern
portions of Saint Lawrence and Franklin counties, and has not yet been badly encroached upon by the ax and
fire. The destruction of this forest would bo a public calamity, so useless is the soil for any other purpose than
the production of timber, and so harmful to the settled country below would be the consequences resulting from
clearing it. This forest is, no doubt, capable of yielding, perpetually, an annual crop double that now drawn from
it. This estimate, of course, is based upon the supposition that fires are prevented. But this side of the forest is
less invswled by fires than the valley of the Hudson river, and fires do not burn so deeply into the soil nor consume
8o much of the vegetable matter ; they are, consequently, less fatal to the continuance of timber growth.

"At Canton, in Saint Lawrence county, and in its vicinity as far down as Buck's bridge, below Morley, is
sawed all the lumber cut on the Grass river. From this point the lumber is shipped principally to Massachusetts
and Connecticut by rail, both via Rome and via Plattsburgh and Rouse's Point.

" Colonel Colton, of Norwood upon the Racket river, explained to me at length the methods employed by him
in the lumber business, and, as nearly the same methods are pursued throughout this region, I give his account.
Several weeks of the summer he devotes to exploring the lands of his company, to decide from what tract the stock
of logs for the following year shall be drawn. In the settlements near the margin of the forest are men whose
business it is to cut and haul onto the ice of the river during winter the timber desired by the lumber companies.
Contracts are made with these men to harvest the timber above a certain diameter on certain specified tracts belonging
to the company. The contractors go to their respective fields of labor as soon as the snow is of suflBcient depth, taking
into the woods a force of men, horses, and supplies, and building camps in the vicinity of their work. When a
full stock of logs is placed on the river, and the spring floods break up the ice and set the logs going, other contracts
are made with the same or other men to drive the logs into the booms of the diiferent mills at a stipulated price
per log. If, as is usually the case, logs of several different companies are on the same river, all are driven down
in common, and the drive is called a ' union drive '. Arrived at the uppermost boom — formed by chaining together
logs floating on the surface of the water and held in place by occasional piers, strong but rude structures of logs
filled in with rocks, located above the first sawing station — the logs belonging to these mills are sorted out and
turned into the different booms, while those belonging below are sent on their way down the channel. Once within
the boom of the mills to which they belong, they are again assorted; the pine, hemlock, and the spruce are separated,
and the different grades are floated into separate booms or pockets which lead down to (he different mills or saws
which are to cut up each separate class. At the mills inclined planes lead down to the water from each gang
of saws, up which, chains being attached to the logs, they are drawn by the machinery into the mill. After
sawing, the sorting of the lumber into different grades is completed with care. The boards are run through
planingmills which smooth both sides, then through other machines which tongue and groove their edges, and finally
fine saws neatly trim their ends. This dressing of the lumber at the mills makes a saving in freight when it is
shipped, besides greatly facilitating sales. Colonel Colton invited me to accompany him 20 or 30 miles up the
river to see the ' drive ' which was just coming out of the woods. The highway by which we drove led near the
river, and we could see the logs everywhere coming down, advancing endwise with the current. In many jilaces
of still water the entire breadth of the river for some distance was closely covered with them. These were not so
small as those usually seen in the Maine rivers, but were from full-grown trees of the original forest — spruce from
1 foot to 2 feet in diameter. With the spruce logs were a few hemlocks, usually of larger size ; a few pine logs,
sometimes 2 or 3 feet in diameter, floated with the others. As the water was lowering, stranded logs were seen
everywhere along the shore. They covered gravel banks and bars in the middle of the river, and were piled in
disorder on the rocks of the rapids, or, pushing over the waterfalls, stood on end in the midst of the white, pouring
torrent.

"A few miles above Potsdam we entered upon a sandy soil; the farms appeared less productive and the farm
buildings and fences gave evidence of less thrift. As we advanced toward Colton, a region near the borders of
the forest some twenty years settled, less and less prosperity among the settlers was manifest. The tilled fields
appeared incapable of yielding even passably good crops; some of them could do no more than give a small crop
of rye once in three years. The grass lands were red with sorrel, which comes up everywhere over this region as
soon as the forest is cleared and the ground burned over. The sandy soil is cold and sour, in some places so light
as to be blown about by the wind. Above South Colton we drove over sandy plains utterly incapable of sustaining
the meager population, which ekes out a wretched existence by means of fishing and lumbering. My companion
affirmed that settlements had been pushed farther into the forest than they can be maintained, and that they must
in most places be abandoned and the land given up to forest again. All along our way the woodlands were

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 505-

straggling and sadly ravaged by the ax, fire, and ■wind. The spruce and pine had been culled out and most of the
hemlock had been cut down and barked. Half-burned stumps and logs and gaunt and blackened trunks still
standing disfigured the landscape on every side.

"The species of trees observed embraced all those common in northern woodlands. In one locality black
cherry was remarkably abundant. Formerly the saw-mills of Colton cut pine, as there was a larger proportion
of this lumber upon the Eacket than is usually found in northern New York ; now they do little busness in any
lumber.

"As we pasi¥?d up along the river I saw small squads of 'drivers' stationed in a few places where the character
of the river was such that it was liable tc' become obstructed with logs. By assisting the logs to pass such places
great jams are prevented. The main body of the men, however, worked at the rear of the drive, scrambling over
the disordered piles of logs which accumulate upon the shore or lodge against the rocks in the midst of the current.
With their cant-hooks the men pry and roll the logs into the current, springing about on the pile as the logs roll
from under their feet. Not unfrequently logs are left by the subsiding waters among the rocks at some distance
from the main channel of the river. Files of men on each side then seize them with their cant-hooks and, splashing
through the shallow water, bring them by main force into the channel. Sometimes logs become fastened among
the rocks where the current is so swift that they cannot be reached by a boat or in any other way. Then hooks
attached to ropes are thrown out from the shore; the logs are grappled and thus hauled off into the current. The
drivers work Sundays and week days, fair weather or foul; their occupation is full of peril, and men are lost every
year. Such are usually, as a driver assured me, 'men who do not know where it is safe to go.' But sometimes
the most careful men become mixed with the rolling logs or seized by the current of the waterfalls and are swept away.
"Franklin county contains 995,279 acres, and 347,500 acres are still believed to be timbered. The timbered
portion lies in the south end of the county, and because it is not watered through much of its area by streams of
sufficient size for driving out the logs, much of the timber is inaccessible, or rather, the prices of lumber do not
yet warrant hauling the logs long distances. The country across the line of the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain
railroad appears exhausted of its spruce and hemlock. Some tracts of hard wood are still standing, but the poplars,
whose young growth often conceals the stumps and prostrate trunks of dead hemlocks, really seem in many places
the most common species. But little timber land remains in Clinton county and, until the present season, lumbering
on the Saranac had been for several years nearly suspended. This year, however, a company was cutting a few
million feet of lumber drawn from the woods of Essex and Franklin counties. The lumber of the eastern side of
the Adirondack wilderness mostly comes out by the way of the Saranac and the Hudson rivers. The mountain
sides about lake George are being denuded of their spruce, which is sawed in the vicinity of Ticonderoga, and here,
as elsewhere, fires follow the ax in their usual fashion."

The forests of the Adirondack region have suffered severe loss at different times, particularly in 1878, by
the sudden death of great blocks of black spruce. Mr. Prlngle carefully studied the extent of this destruction
and the causes which produced it. In regard to these, great diversity of opinion exists among woodsmen and
others familiar with the Adirondack forests. It has been generally supposed that the trees were killed by an
unusually severe summer drought, or by the attacks of a boring insect working under the bark; but the testiraafiy
gathered by Mr. Priugle points to other causes of destruction. The spruce occupies dry mountain slopes and
ridges and deep wet swamps never greatly affected by drought. It is noticed that as many trees have died in
the swamps as upon the dry slopes. It is evidently not drought, then, which has caused them to perish. The
opinion, too, is firmly held by the most intelligent observers that insects do not attack the trees until they are
dead or nearly dead, and are never found in vigorous living specimens.

The black spruce is not a long-lived tree, and this dying out may indicate that the old trees of this forest, probably
all of nearly the same age, had so nearly reached the limits of their natural existence as to be unable to withstand
some unusual or severe climatic state, such as a period of intense winter cold or late spring frost. The following
extracts from Mr. Pringle's report will indicate the opinions of those best able perhaps to form an opinion upon
this subject :

" Mr. Mark Moody, residing at the foot of Tupper lake, a huuter and woodsman who has passed his life in the
forest, testifies as follows : ' The spruce died fearfully in his vicinity about two years ago ; he tried to learn the cause.
Sixteen years ago the spruce had died out much in the same way as it has been doing lately. It is the older trees
which die. They seem to die by crops, successively. Under the large trees were always springing up small trees
to take the places of those that perish. There seems to be a narrower limit to the life of the spruce than to that
of any other species. Other trees do not die in the same manner, by crops. The spruce does not seem to enjoy the
same green old age, long drawn out, as other trees do, but when it has reached its full growth seems to relinquish
its vitality without any apparent or sufficient cause, and before giving evidence of decay or any diminution of
vigor.'

"Mr. Wardner, of Bloomingdale, Essex county, an old huuter, woodsman, and guide, testified as follows: 'The
spruce timber on this side of the forest has failed clear through to its northern borders, in the same manner and
during the same seasons as in other portions of the region.' Mr. Wardner first noticed the leaves falling and
covering the ground in 1878; the destruction was continued through 1879, but during the past season he had met

506

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

•with very few trees that were dyiug. Spruce timber had perished in this luanuer before, aud ho pointed out a
broad valley in which most of the trees were dejvd and falling when he came into this region, twenty-five years
before. He had carefully endeavored to ascertain the cause; was positive that insects either under the bark or
upon the leaves had nothing to do with the death of the spruce trees, and he is sure that it is not due to drought,
as ho has seen the greatest destruction on the northern slopes. No active destructive agent being apparent, he
inclines to the opinion that the spruce trees die because they have reached the limit of their life, aud that it is
some i)eculiarity of the winter rather than the summer that turns the scale against them; for this reason they
perish in quantities, sometimes in sections. He has counted the rings of many trees, and considers 100 to 150 years
the average lifetime of the spruce."

Whatever has caused the destruction of these forests, the damage thus occasioned, both in the loss of valuable
timber and in the increased danger of forest fires from the presence of such a body of dead wood is enormous. It
is believed by Mr. Pringle that from one-third to one-half of the fully-grown spruce timber left in the Adirondack
region is dead.

NEW JERSEY.

The original forests of New Jersey have disappeared, except from some of the highest and most inaccessible
ridges situated in the northwestern part of the state, and these, with the increased demands of the railroads
for ties and other material, are now fast losing their forest covering. The forests of New Jersey are insufiQcient to
«upply the wants of the population of the state, and nearly all the lumber it consumes is brought from beyond its
limits. The foiests of pitch pine, which once covered large areas in the southern counties, have now generally
been replaced by a stunted growth of oaks and other broad-leaved trees.

The forests of New Jersey, especially those on the dry sandy soil of the southern part of the state, have long
suffered from destructive fires. During the census year 71,074 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire,
causing a loss of $252,2^0. Of these fires twenty-eight were set by locomotives, seven through malice, seven by
fires set on farms escaping to the forest, and six each by the carelessness of hunters aud charcoal-burners.

The manufacture of cooperage stock and other industries using hard woods have been largely abandoned,
•owing to the decrease of the local supply of timber.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Pennsylvania once possessed vast forests of white pine and hemlock stretching over both flanks ol the
-Alleghany mountains and extending from the northern boundaries of the state to its southern limits. East and
west of the Alleghany region the whole country was covered with a heavy growth of broad-leaved trees mixed
■with hemlocks and occasional groves of pines. Merchantable pine has now almost disappeared from the state,
and the forests of hard wood have been either replaced by a second growth or have been so generally culled of
their best trees that comparatively little valuable hard-wood timber now remains. Large and valuable growths of
hemlock, however, are still standing in northwestern Pennsylvania. From all parts of the state manufacturers
using hard wood report great deterioration and scarcity of material, and Pennsylvania, which during the census
year was only surpassed by Michigan in the value of its forest crop, must soon lose, with its rapidly disappearing
forests, its position as one of the great lumber-producing states.

Tbe following estimates of merchantable pine and hemlock standing in Pennsylvania May 31, 1880, have been
prepared by Mr. H. C. Putnam. They are based upon the reports of a large number of timber-land owners an.d
experts familiar with the forests of the state :

WHITE PINE (Pinus Strobus).

KegloDS.

Alleghany liver and tribntariee

WestBnuich of tbe SuaqueLanna rirer and tribatariea

ToM

Estimated amonnt cat for the census year ending May 31, 1880

HEMLOCK (,Tauga CanadensU).

Estimated amount of hemlock standing May 31, 1880

Estimated nmonnt cat for the census year, exclusive of trees cut for
their bark alone.

Feet, board
measure.

SOO, 000, 000
1, 300, 000, 000

1, 800, OOO, 000

380, 000, 000

4, 500, 000, 000

SCO, 000, 000

Of lumber of all kinds 1,848,304,000 feet, including 288,561,000 shingles and 183,740,000 laths, were manufactured
in the state during the census year; the nature of the returns, however, prevents anything beyond an estimate,
based upon extended correspondence, of the amount of pine and hemlock sawed.

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THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 507

'Numerous bodies of pine too small to be indicated on the map, of no great commercial importance and not
included in these estimates, still remain scattered over the region originally occupied by pine forest.

The forests of Pennsylvania, especially through the mountain regions, have long suffered from destructive fires.
During the census year 085,738 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $3,043,723. Of these
fires a large proportion were traced to locomotives and the escape of fires from farms to the forest.

The forests of Pennsylvania produced during the year 1879 2,860,010 pounds of maple sugar.

The following extracts are made from Mr. Pringle's report upon the principal lumber-producing regions of
the state :

" Originally the broad pine belt of northern Pennsylvania, occupying the region drained by the numerous
streams constituting the headwaters of the Susquehanna, extended from Susquehanna county, in the northeastern
corner of the state, westward through Bradford and Tioga counties to Potter county, although this county never had
as much pine as the others, and thence southwestward over Cameron, Elk, and Clearfield counties. The heaviest
growth of pine in all this region was on Pine creek, in the southwest part of Tioga county. Now there is but
little piue left in Susquehanna and Bradford counties, these counties being thickly settled; and in Tioga county,
from which one firm alone has cut four billion feet, there now remain standing but little over one billion feet. The
greatest part of the pine now standing in the Pennsylvania forests is on the upper waters of the West Branch of
the Susquehanna, in Cameron, Elk, and Clearfield counties. In some of the counties adjoining these, as McKean,
there was once, and still may be, a little pine timber.

"Active lumbering operations on the West Branch of the Susquehanna were begun in 1850, when the boom
•of the Susquehanna Boom Company was constructed at Williamsport. At this place the greatest part of the
lumber on the West Branch is sawed. At Lock Haven, 25 miles above, on the same river, advantage was taken of
the feeder-dam of a canal to construct another boom, and a few companies operating in lumber are now located
there, about one-tenth as much lumber being sawed as is handled at Williamsport. Some of the companies,
however, are removing from Lock Haven to the larger center of Williamsport. Below Williamsport no logs are
driven, but a little timber squared by the ax in the woods and left at full length is made into rafts and taken
down tlie main Susquehanna. Some of this is sawed in the towns on the river, and the remainder is taken to the
large markets to supply the demand for squared timber for ship-building, etc.

"Williamsport is situated on the north or left bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna, and for 2 or 3
miles along the river side are ranged the mills and lumberyards of the thirty-four lumber companies operating here.
We visited a large number of mills and found much the same methods employed in all. The logs are first slit up
by gang-saws; then each board or plank is put through an edger, where two circular saws cut a strip from each
side to give the board a square and straight edge ; the boards are then assorted into two or more grades, loaded
on trucks, and moved over tramways which ramify through the lumber-yards adjacent to each mill. The fragments
of boards and better portions of the edgings arc made into fence pickets and other portions into laths, and the
fragments and strips which will not even make laths are carried to one side and added to a burning pile. The
fragments thus burned (rather than thrown into the river) constitute the only waste, for the sawdust supplies the
engines with fuel. This being cut chiefly from heart-wood makes better and more easily handled fuel than the sap-
wood strips. Even these are, however, often cut and put up into bundles of kindling-wood for city use.

" In the woods the trees are sawed into logs 12, 16, or 18 feet in length, as can be done to the best advantage
and the least waste of timber.

"The West Branch of the Susquehanna must be au exceptionally fine river to drive, judging from the
comparatively unbattered condition of the logs seen about the mills. The smaller streams in the woods are
furnished with flood-dams, and from these extend throughout the timber belt numerous narrow-gauge railroads,
tramways, and slides for bringing down the logs. Little hauling is done upon wagons or sleds, the ground in the
•woods being too rough, it is said, for hauling logs with teams. It is probable that snow does not fill up the
depressions and smooth the surfaces to the same extent as in the northern woods.

"The lumbermen of this place at first were content to send their lumber to market in the simplest shape, but
of late, as the supply diminishes more and more, mills and shops are being built for the manufacture of doors,
saslies, blinds, packing-boxes, furniture, etc. Some companies have so exhausted their pine lands that they can in
future only carry on business in this way, buying the rough timber from their neighbors. As the pine lands of one
firm after another are exhausted the pine remaining comes to be held by a very few i)arties, who know its value.
Not all of these are operators, but, living at a distance, sell stumpage to manufacturers.

"The following table, giving the amounts of lumber rafted out of the Susquehanna boom at Williamsport
since the record has been kept, may be of interest as showing something of the rise and decline of the lumber
business at this important center. The greatest prosperity or fullest development of the business was attained,
as will be seen, in 1873. After that year, with the steady decrease of the supply of pine and the consequent
increase of expense in securing logs, the annual stock steadily diminished until 1877. During the past three years
the increasing demand for lumber has stimulated the operators to greater activity, but more than to this cause the
recent gain in the yearly stocks is due to the substitution of hemlock for pine, the ratio of hemlock to pine

508

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

being at present as 1 to 4, although the average for the last seven years is but as 1 to 10. As the supply of pine
timber is exhausted, hemlock will be more and more handled until it will become the most important timber of this
region. The summary is made for the last eight years only:

Tears.

18(2.
1863.
18M.
1805.
1866.
1867.
1868.
18C9.,
1870.,
1871.
1872..
1873..
1874.,

Kmnber logs.

Feet, board
measure.

196,953

405, 175

511, 549

379, 392

6:5,373

833, 3fS

853,663

1, 080, 511

1, 099, 777

842, 129

1, 484, 103

1, 582. 460

089, 586

37,853,
76,475,
96,595,
72,421,
118, 831,
163, 196,
165, 338,
223,060,
225, 180,
116,661,
297, 185,
318, 342,
180, 734,

621

826
681
468
494
511
389
305
973
ISl
652
712
382

Tears.

If limber logs.

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880 (to November 21).

1873 to 1880 (eight years) . .

L0C8 remaining in river
Kovcmber21, 1880

.Deduct hemlock

Williamsport pine, 1873-1880

1,096,897
715,087
689,827
617, 552

1, 040, 278
763,768

7.395. 455

Feet, board
measure.

210,746,956
134, 396, 293
106, 944, 257
112, 069, 602
190, 549, HI
128,558,959

1, 382, 342, 272

25, 000, 000

1,407,342,272
140,734,227

1,266,608,045

" It is proper to add that the variations in the yearly stock of logs shown above are in some measure due to a
greater or less proportion of each annual cut being left behind in the woods or in the streams, from varying supplies
of water or from other peculiarities of the season.

"The lumber manufactured at Lock Haven and Williamsport is shipped by railroad and canal to Baltimore and
Philadelphia and to iutermediate cities and stations.

" I found it more difiQcult to obtain information of the extent and limits of the hemlock woods of Pennsylvania,
and of the amount of the standing timber and the annual crop of hemlock, than I did to get the same facts respecting
the pine. Lumbermen agree that there Avas originally far more hemlock in this state than pine, and they speak of
it now as inexhaustible, which is not strictly true, for it is doubtful if it holds out to supply the increasing drain
made upon it by tanneries and saw-mills for more than twenty-five years to come. Large quantities of hemlock
have been wasted. Much that grew intermingled with the pine has died after the pine has been removed, partly
from exposure to fuller sunlight and summer drought, and partly to forest fires induced by and following lumber
operations. In the early days of the tanning industry of this region, when hemlock lumber was esteemed of little
value, and whenever of late years the lumber trade has been so dull as to offer no inducement to send to market
the trunks of the trees felled for their bark, large quantities of these have been left in the woods to decay. Now,
however, with a good market for hemlock lumber, tanning companies owning hemlock lands, or the contractors who
furnish the tanneries with bark, buying for this purpose stumpage from the proprietors of the timber-lands, often
own saw-mills in the timber region, and cut and ship this lumber to market by railroad.

" Inasmuch as hemlock, besides mingling more or less with pine throughout the pine belt, seems to have formed
a border entirely around the pine, the extent of the hemlock woods, as well as the quantity of hemlock timber, has
always been much greater than of pine. Beginning in Wajne county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the
state, the original hemlock forest extended westward through the northern tier of counties as far as Warren
county, in the vicinity of lake Erie. Thence its bounds may be traced southward through Forest, Clarion, and
Jefferson, and thence eastward through Clearfield, Center, Clinton, Lycoming, and Sullivan counties. Now the
northeastern counties are for the most part cleared, and not only have the outskirts of these woods been cut off
on all sides, but their continuity has been completely broken up throughout its whole extent by countless clearings
and settlements. Yet, however much the hemlock forest has suffered, it possesses to day greater value than did all
the pine standing in 1850. Quite neglected a few years ago, hemlock is appreciating rapidly in value and importance,
and ere many years shall have passed it will be almost the only kind of lumber known in the Williamsport market.
The best grades of hemlock bring as high a price as scrub pine, the product of the shorter and more knotty trees
grown on high land. Although as a rule Pennsylvania hemlock is of superior quality, much of it being nearly as
good as spruce, yet here, as well as elsewhere, considerable variation in quality is noticed. Lumbermen classify
hemlock into two kinds, red and white, according to the character of the wood, but the more intelligent among
them attribute the difference to soil and situation. White hemlock, being sounder, firmer, and straighter grained,
constitutes the highest grade. Eed hemlock is more brittle, more inclined to splinter, and liable to be found more
or less decayed when the trees have gained full size. In this condition trees are said to be 'shaky'. Such timber is
generally found on bottom lands, while the hemlock of high hillsides is apt to be short and scrubby. The quality
of the hemlock seems to deteriorate west from the center of the state. The Pine Creek hemlock is considered better
than that of the Siunamahoning, and this better than that on the Alleghany. Seldom more than two good logs can
be obtained from a trunk, the thiid and fourth logs being generally inferior and knotty ; 8,000 feet per acre is here
considered a good yield of hemlock, and 10,000 feet a large yield.

" From Williamsport to Lock Haven the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehanna is usually less than a
mUe in width, being bounded by abrupt and rocky ridges a few hundred feet in height. At Lock Haven we

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 509

ascended the ridge on the south side of the river, some 800 feet in altitude, in order to examine the moderate forest
growth with which it was covered. In favorable places scattering specimens of white pine indicated the crop these
hills have yielded the lumberman in former years. Hemlock, also, was scattered over the hillsides, but even as
late as the present year most of the trees in this immediate neighborhood had been felled for their bark ; their
peeled trunks lay strewn over the hillsides, being left to decay within a mile or two of the saw-mills of Lock
Haven. The summit of the ridge afforded a good view of the surrounding country. Parallel ridges of a similar
altitude, and which appeared more heavily timbered, lay back of the one on which we stood ; between them were
seen narrow valleys occupied by farms. On the north or opposite side of the river successive ridges rose higher
and higher as they receded from the river, and in the distance seemed to lose themselves in a plateau whose
altitude was equal to that of the ground on which we were standing. The gentle slopes and rounded summits
immediately above the river showed smooth, cultivated fields interspersed among woodlands of deciduous trees.
The more distant heights displayed a darker forest growth where hemlock and pines predominated.

" From Lock Haven to Warren, the county-seat of Warren county, even on the hillsides overlooking the river,
close to the banks of which the railroad crept, but especially where we were able to look into the deep runs coming
down to the river by a gradual descent from the table-lands of the divides, seldom more than a few miles back
above the river, we saw much original forest still standing and principally composed of hemlock. Some white
pine appeared as scattering trees or in groves, and some hard wood. The proportion of hard wood increased as
we ascended the divide between the waters of the Susquehanna and those of the Alleghany river.

" On the summit of this divide the forest had a truly northern aspect, except that we missed the spruce, not
seen in Pennsylvania. The dark foliage of the hemlock mingled with sugar maples, beeches, and birches. For
many miles above Lock Haven it was a second growth which occupied the hillsides, a thin growth of white oak,
chestnut, locust, etc., which had followed the lumberman and forest fires. Considerable second-growth white pine
was seen in a few places, but on this none of the present generation seem to set much value, and I have yet to
meet any one in the state who gives a thought to encouraging and preserving such growth. To consume the forests
as speedily as possible, satisfied with what can be realized from them in the operation, appears to be the si^irit
which rules this region. Alternating here and there with the original forest mentioned above were seen all along
the railroad leading through this timber belt, but especially in the vicinity of the settlements and lumbered districts,
tracts which have been ranged by fire. Sometimes the fires had spread from the clearings into uncuUed timber,
killing everything, large and small. Sometimes 'hemlock slashes' had burned over after the trees had been cut
and 'peeled'. Always the charred stumps thickly dotted the ground, and the blackened, halt-consumed trunks
strewn over the soil in confusion gave to the landscape an aspect of complete desolation. The bird cherries and
poplars, which in the forests farther north soon cover and hide from view such wastes of ruin, are wanting here.

" I learned that the best hemlock grows on the steep sides of the deep runs, and that upon the summits of the
divides were considerable barrens, the soil of which was sometimes too poor to support any arboreal growth.
Farther to the west the summits of the dividing ridges are occupied by hard wood chiefly, although hemlocks
mingle with the beeches and maples.

" Arrived at Warren, we find that we have passed through the woods and are in a long-settled and well-
improved country, and, judging from the scattered patches of woodlands occupying the low hills within view, the
region of hard- wood forest has been reached. The coniferous forest belt only extends into the southeastern quarter
of Warren county; the northern and western portions, lying beyond the Alleghany river, yield oak, chestnut,
hickory, etc. Originally there was a little pine scattered over the southeastern portion of Warren county, but this
has been mostly cut, and hemlock remains, as it ever has been, the most important timber in this i)art of the county.
In Forest county, next south of Warren, pine is local, being scattered in small quantities throughout the county.
On the highlands there is much hard wood, beech, maple, and white wood existing in belts between the streams.
This, however, may be called a hemlock couuty. In McKeau county a central table-land is covered principally by
a growth of maple, beech, etc. In the remaining portions of the county the timber is chiefly hemlock. The valley
of the Alleghany river, in the eastern part of McKean county, is mostly cleared and improved. Elk county is
oue of the best counties for hemlock. Through Elk, the southwestern corner of McKeau, and the southeastern
corner of Warreu runs the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. Along the line of this road, as it passes through this
portion of the timber belt, are located the largest tanneries of the United States. These are consuming the hemlock
of this region at an enormous rate, and, in addition to the vast amount of bark which they consume, large quantities
are 8hj[)i)ed out of the region by railroad. The first important tanneries of Warren county were established 12 or
15 jears ago, and at the present rate of consumption the hemlock of this county can hardly hold out 20 years
longer. The land, after the forest has been removed, is excellent for agricultural purposes throughout this region,
and on all sides pioneers are making themselves farms. These men prefer to begin in the undisturbed forest rather
than locate on the slashes, because they can pay for their laud with the hemlock bark which it yields; and from a
radius of 15 miles bark is drawn and sold at from $4 50 to $5 a cord to the tanneries. On an average, four trees yield a
cord or ton of bark, the equivalent of 1,000 feet of lumber, board measure. In Warren county from 5,000 to G,000
acres of hemlock were cut down in 1880, and there is no possibility of this growth being renewed, for every foot of
slashed land is eventually burned over, and sometimes the burnings are repeated until the soil is nearly ruined for
agricultural purposes. From the dry slashes the fires extend to a greater or less distance through the living

510 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

woods, ruiuing not only heavy bodies of hemlock, but also destroying the belts of hard wood intermixed with tho
hemlock. Notwithstanding stringent legislation in this state upon the subject of forest tires, they seem inevitable,
and especially so In the slashes. They spread from the clearings constantly made throughout this timber belt by
the settlers, and, as the forest abounds in deer and its streams are stocked with fish, hunters and fishermen are
always in the woods, and from their camp fires spread many conflagrations. Many fires here also arc set by a tribe
of half-civilized Indians residing in this region, to burn over the huckleberry fields in order that the bushes may
renew themselves and yield fuller crops ; or, where it is so easy to start a fire and conceal its origin, many doabtless
arise from malice.

"In this region the aspen springs up on land upon which the hemlock has been destroyed, but this tree
manifestly docs not thrive as it does in northern woods. Yellow and black birch, bird cherry, beech, maple, white
oak, chestnut, black cherry, etc., are the trees which spring up slowly among the briers, and cover burned land
with a rather meager second growth. If a few pines have been left on the hilltops they may scatter.a few seeds and
give rise to some saplings, but as regards hemlock, fires kill it out clean, seedlings and seed; and if the 'peelers'
and the fires happen to leave any scattering trees standing, these, being more sensitive to changed conditions
than pines, are seldom able long to survive as seed bearers. The bird cherry only thrives on cold, wet soils
here. There is another phase of the slaughter of the hemlock forest : As the pine forest gives out, large numbers
of laborers turn to the hemlock woods and find employment as bark peelers. In the pine woods work is mostly
suspended when spring arrives ; then larger numbers of men come into the hemlock woods than can find work at
satisfactory wages, and these sometimes set fires in the slashes, which spread into the living woods and kill large
quantities of hemlock. To save the bark it must be peeled at once, or before it adheres to the wood and becomes
injured bj' worms, and thus employment is given to a larger force of men.

" The pine now remaining in Clearfield county is mostly found in the northern and the southwestern portions
of the county. The eastern and southeastern portions are now principally cleared and improved, as tho entire
county is destined to be, the soil being principally a strong, clayey loam, excellent for farming purposes. Already
four fifths of the pine timber originally standing in the county has been removed ; most of the hemlock, which
orginally about equaled in amount the pine, remains. There are no tanneries in this region, and after the pine is
cut the hemlock is next harvested, the bark being saved and shipped to the tanneries below to the amount of from
5,000 to 6,000 cords' annually. Fires are here sometimes started by hunters in order to clear away the young second
growth, that they may be able better to see the deer. One important reason which lumbermen have for planting
their saw-mills near the woods, in preference to driving all their logs to the sawing centers below, is that they can
then work into shingles, etc., many trees which, being defective by reason of rotten spots or other blemishes, would
not be worth driving down the river. Such trees are seen standing here and there all through the woods, having
been left behind by the lumbermen. Sometimes persons buy this culled timber and erect shingle-mills, etc., to
work it up.

" With respect to the maximum yield of pine per acre, it would seem that 10,000 feet was a good yield for tracts
of 400 or 500 acres in extent, although smaller tracts of 50 acres and upward will often cut 25,000 feet to the acre,
and even a yield of 100,000 feet to the acre has been reported. The rough nature of the surface in all this region
often necessitates the use of slides to bring the logs from the forest to the streams. They are constructed by
pinning to ties of hemlock some 3 feet in length hemlock logs about a foot in diameter placed side by side,
their inner sides above the point of contact being hewn with care to form a broad V-shaped trough along which the
logs may be slid. Except where there is considerable descent logs cannot be slid unless the weather is frosty,
when the slide can be kept icy by means of water sprinkled over it from time to time. Slides sometimes are
built for 6 or 8 miles back into the woods, usually following up some run so as to get an even and gentle grade.
By this means the greatest part of the logs come down to the streams, for sleds are not used in this country. Most
of the hazard of lumbering depends upon the lumberman's ability to slide his logs successfully. They can be cut
at any time in the woods, and almost any year can be driven to the mills when once in the water, but mild weather
interrupts sliding and deep snows impede the operation ; so that in open winters lumbermen are sometimes
compelled to do their sliding in the night time, when ice will form on the slide. The logs, strijiped of their bark, are
drawn singly, by horses with chains, from the places where they have fallen to the upper end of the slide. When
a sufiBcient number — from 6 to 40, accofding to the grade and the size of the logs— have been placed end to end in
the slide, the hook of a chain is driven into the rear log near its forward end, and horses are attached which walk
a tow-pcth formed on one side of the slide, and push ahead of them the ' trail' of logs, thus bringing them do^n to
the stream.

" Only in the late autumn and in the winter is it thought expedient in Pennsylvania to fell pine; if cut in summer,
when the bark will part from the wood, the sap-wood soon assumes a blackish appearance and disfigures the
lumber. As a rule hemlock is here cut and peeled in summer, at the time when operations iu pine are suspended ;
ihus by alternating operations in pine and hemlock the hands are kept employed throughout the whole year. In
cucting trees tho several parts of the work are allotted to different men; some merely fell the trees, others measure
them off into suitable lengths and cut away the limbs as far as the upper end of the last log taken, where they
sever the top of the tree from the trunk by means of the ax ; others follow in pairs with cross-cut saws and cut
the trunk into logs."

■J^

DELAWARE, MARYLAND, WEST VIRGINIA., Y[RGINL?l,KORT

-^

TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES

.EE, INDIAl'IA, TI.Lmor

.MmsT'.l«^>RCo.IlUl

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 511

SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION.

I

*^ DELAWARE.

The northern portion of the state, comprising New Castle and Kent counties, was once covered with the
deciduous forests of the Atlantic plain. Conifers, with the exception of the red cedar, were rare. In the sandy-
soil of the southern part of the state various pitch pines flourished, forming fully one-half of the forest growth.
These pine forests were long ago consumed and are now replaced by a second growth, generally composed of the species
which originally occupied the ground ; and throughout the state the best hard-wood timber has been culled from
the forest. Large quantities of wheel and cooperage stock were formerly manufactured in the northern counties;
but of late j-ears these and other industries using .the products of the forest have, for want of material, generally
decreased in importance. The manufacturers report a general scarcity of timber.

During the census year 3,305 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $15,675. Of
such fires six were set by locomotives, six by the careless burners of brush upon farms, and two through malice.

Kent county. — About one-quarter of this county is reported covered with forest. A few small mills saw oak
from the immediate neighborhood into shipstuff and car lumber, shipping to Wilmington, Philadelphia, and even
to Ifew York.

New Castle county. — About one-quarter of this county is reported covered with woodland, mostly of second
growth and attached to farms. The large establishments for the manufacture of gunpowder, located in th&
neighborhood of Wilmington, consume large amounts of willow wood, generally grown for the purpose upon farms
in their immediate vicinity.

Sussex county. — One-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woodland. Numerous small
mills, obtaining their supply of logs from the immediate neighborhood, saw oak for shipstuff.

MARYLAND.

The northwestern portion of the state, crossed by the ridges of the Appalachian system, was once covered with
the forests of white pine, hemlock, birch, and maple peculiar to this mountain region. The central portion of the-
state, extending from the mountains to the shores of Chesapeake bay, was covered with oaks, hickories, gums, and
other deciduous trees in great variety, the eastern peninsula largely with different species of pitch pine, occupying
sandy plains, or mixed with deciduous trees.

In the mountain region considerable bodies of the original forest remain upon the highest and most
inaccessible slopes ; in the remainder of the state this, where the land has not been permanently cleared for
agriculture, is now largely replaced by a second growth, or — the best timber at least — has been everywhere culled.

A large amount of cooperage stock was formerly manufactured in this state. This industry has, however,
greatly suffered from the deterioration and exhaustion of the local supply of timber; manufacturers report the
best stock nearly exhausted and the substitution for oak, formerly exclusively used, of elm and other inferior
woods now brought from beyond the limits of the state.

During the census year 41,070 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $37,425.
These fires were traced to the carelessness of hunters, to locomotives, and largely to the escape from farms to the
forest of fires set in clearing land. The principal lumber manufacturing establishments using Maryland logs are
situated iu Garrett county ; these saw white i)ine, hemlock, and oak to supply a limited local demand and ship to
Baltimore, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Wheeling; considerable oak timber is sent to Europe from this county.
During the year 1879 the northern counties produced 170,070 pounds of maple sugar.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Tlie original forest has disappeared from the District of Columbia and has been replaced by a second and
third growth of oaks, scrub pines, and other trees. The area occupied with woods is probably slowly increasing.
A single saw-mill, situated in the city of Washington, saws logs grown beyond the limits of the District.

VIRGINIA.

The forests of Virginia, like those of the Carolinas and Georgia, fall naturally into three divisions, dependent
upon the elevation and soil of the different parts of the state. The mountains and ridges of its western border are

512 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

covered with a heavy growth of pine, hemlock, white oak, cherry, yellow poplar, and other northern trees; over
the region extending east of the mountains oaks, principally black oaks, once formed the prevailing forest growth;
through these are now mingled long stretches of various pitch pines, occupying exhausted and barren soil once
devoted to agriculture. The eastern counties are covered with the forests of the Maritime Pine Belt, generally
^Mufined to the Tertiary deposits of the coast and extending inland to the head of tide-water of the principal
streams; along the western borders of this pine belt the forest growth is nearly equally divided between the pines
and the broad-leaved species.

The inaccessible mountain region in the southwestern part of the state still contains immense quantities of the
original oak, hickory, walnut, and cherry, the scanty population of these mountains having made but slight inroads
upon the forests. Kailroads have hardly penetrated them, while the streams which head here are unsuited to carry

1 to market the hard woods of which this forest is largely composed. The most valuable hard- wood forest remaining
on the contiueut exists in southwestern Virginia and the adjacent counties of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee,
and NbTth^Carolina. From the central and eastern portions of the state the original forest has almost entirely
disappeared, and is now replaced by a second growth, in which the Jersey pine and the old-field pine are characteristic
features, generally replacing more valuable species of the original growth.

During the census year 272,319 acres of woodland were reported ravaged by fire, with a loss of $326,944. Of
such fires the largest number was traced to the careless burniug^of brush upon farms and to locomotives.

The manufacture of cooperage stock is iucreasing rapidly in the western part of the state, and gi-eat quantities
of staves are exported thence directly to Europe, as well as oak, yellow poplar, and walnut in the log. The

' manufacture of tobacco cases from sycamore lumber is an important industrj' in the neighborhood of Lynchburg
and other tobacco-distiibuting centers. Considerable quantities of hand-made shingles are produced in the

/ cypress swamps which occupy a large portion of Norfolk and other eastern counties. A large amount of second-
growth pine (Pinvs Tada) is shipped from the different Virginia ports by schooner to New York for fuel, and this
second-growth pine furnishes the principal building material used throughout the state. The grinding of oak and
sumach bark and the manufacture of tanning extracts are important and profitable industries of the state.

WEST VIRGINIA.

The forests of West Virginia, with the exception of the belt of pine and spruce confined to the high ridges
of the Alleghany mountains, are principally composed of broad-leaved trees, the most important of which are the
white and chestnut oaks, the black walnut, the yellow poplar, and the cherry. The white pine and spruce forests
reach within the state their southern limit as important sources of lumber supply.

The forests have been largely removed from the counties bordering the Ohio river, and the most valuable hard-
wood timber adjacent to the pricipal streams, especially black walnut, cherry, and yellow poplar, has been culled in
nearly every part of the state. But slight inroads, however, have yet been made into the magnificent body of
hard -wood timber covering the extreme southern counties, which still contain vast quantities of oak, cherry, and
poplar.

The black walnut found scattered everywhere in West Virginia is least plentiful in the northwestern and Ohio
Eiver counties, and most abundant along the upper waters of the rivers flowing into the Ohio through the
southwestern part of the state. Yellow poplar is found throughout the state, and is still abundant about the
headwaters of nearly all the principal streams. Large bodies of cherry are found in Greenbrier, Nicholas, Webster,
and other counties immediately west of the mountains, and a large amount of hemlock is scattered through the
valleys and ravines of the northeastern part of the state and along the western slopes of the Alleghauies. The
area still occupied by white pine is estimated to extend over 310 square miles, and to contain about 990,000,000 feet
of merchantable lumber. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are along the Kanawha river at Eonceverte,
in Greenbrier county, at Parkersburg, and along the upper Potomac.

Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry gave a product during the census year of 3,549,000, valued at $146,000.

During the census year 476,775 acres of woods were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $155,280. Of
these fires the largest number was traced to the careless clearing of land for agricultural purposes, although many
had their origin in sparks from locomotives.

The manufacture of cooperage stock is fast increasing in importance, and seems destined, with the exhaustion
of the more accessible hard wood forests of the countrj', to assume a much greater development than at present
Large quantities of black walnut, yellow poplar, and oak in the log are shipped to northern markets and to Europe.

The following notes upon the forests of West Virginia are extracted from Mr. Pringle's report:

"Entering West Virginia at Keyser (New Creek) by way of Cumberland, Maryland, we find ourselves in one
of the narrow vallejs lying among the low abrupt ridges of the northern Alleghauies, among which we have been
traveling since we reached the vicinity of Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Coming south from middle Pennsylvania,
however, the forest growth covering the long mountain chains within view from the railroad becomes heavier and
heavier, the evidences of fire and ax largely disappearing. On the hills above Keyser fewer evergreens appeared
than I had previously seen. A few slopes were principally occupied by pine in variety, but the mountains of this

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 513

region were covered with a growth of deciduous trees, white, black, red, Spanish, and chestnut oaks, hickories,
butterDuts, black walnuts, yellow poplars, locusts, elms, sugar maples, etc. At Piedmont some $200,000 have been
expended in the construction of a boom on the North Branch of the Potomac. At this point, as well as at Swanton and
Deer Park, on the Maryland side, there are mills sawing chiefly white oak, and also considerable white pine, spruce,
hemlock, poplar, white ash, etc. Some spruce which had not been seen or heard of in the timber belt of Pennsylvania
is found 20 miles above Piedmont. The market for lumber manufactured here is chiefly eastward. Much of the oak
is sent to Europe, partly in the form of squared timber, partly cut 5 by 12 inches and from 15 to 20 feet long. The
mills at Swanton and Deer Park are located on the railroad, and cut timber is hauled to them from the vicinity.
The mills at Piedmont are fed by logs driven down the river from the western portions of Mineral and Grant counties,
West Virginia. This lumber is chiefly oak, spruce, and hemlock. Great difiiculty is experienced in driving this
part of the Potomac, as it is a swift and rocky stream. Logs, especially oak, constantly lodge on the rocks or
banks, and there has been great difiiculty in maintaining the boom and dam at this point.

" Eowlesburg, in Preston county, owes its existence as a lumber depot to the fact that the Cheat river, ujion
which it is situated, as it passes through the Briery mountains, for a distance of 25 miles below this point has so
narrow and rocky a channel and so swift a current that it is not possible to get the logs farther down the stream.
Above Eowlesburg the Cheat river is a good stream to drive, and any one of its branches can be driven from a
point 125 miles above that point. From the mouth of the Black Fork, 30 miles above, the timber is brought down
in rafts rather than as separate logs; this is because there is no boom as yet at Eowlesburg to stop the logs. There
are small booms on Black and Shaver's Forks, many miles above Eowlesburg. Scattered along the river at some
distance above Eowlesburg there are a few small mills, the product of which is floated down the stream on rafts.
The timber of Preston county between Eowlesbung and the vicinity of the mouth of the river is oak, poplar,
chestnut, ash-, beech, yellow beech, hemlock, basswood, and hickory.

" The timber of Canaan valley, in Tucker and Eandolph counties, is largely hemlock on the lower lands, on
the higher situations and slopes sugar maple and beech ; and, as soon as a suitable elevation is reached, spruce is
mingled with black cherry. . In other portions of Tucker county and on the tributaries of the Cheat river, flowing
out of Eandolph county, the timber is chiefly oak, poplar, ash, spruce, cherry, black walnut', white pine, etc. This,
however, is not a black-walnut region, and there are here nowhere more than scattered trees ; a careful search has
failed to find any great body of this timber here. It is estimated that 2,500,000,000 feet of yellow poplar are still
standing in the valleys of the Cheat and its tributaries.

" Shaver's Fork is heavily timbered with spruce. A boom has been constructed at Grafton, on Tygart's Valley
river, a main branch of the Monongahela. It is a rough stream, unfavorable for lumber operations, and for a
distance only of 10 miles above Grafton is smooth enough to admit of the passage of rafts. All lumber has, therefore,
to come down in separate logs, and only such kinds as are light enough to float well can be got down. For this
reason there is very little except poplar sawed at Grafton. Oak is too heavy to be driven successfully, and as it
cannot be tied up in rafts with poplar, as is done on the Cheat, the stores of oak timber growing in the valleys*
drained by this river must wait the building of a railroad to bring them to market. The yellow poplar still standing
in this region is estimated at 300,000,000 feet, and on the higher grounds, especially about the headwaters of
streams, there are fine bodies of black cherry mixed with other trees.

"At Parkersburg are located the mill and shops of the Parkersburg Mill Company, situated on the banks of
the Little Kanawha, a short distance above its confluence with the Ohio. This is the only company operating
in lumber within the city of Parkersburg. It manufactures about 6,000,000 feet of lumber annually, mostly poplar,
some oak, and about a quarter of a million feet of beech. Little black walnut can now be obtained here, and
that of inferior quality. Eough lumber and manufactured articles of wood find a market in nearly every direction,
west, north, and east. I was astonished and delighted to see how closely the lumber was worked up and the great
variety of articles manufactured from slabs, edgings, culls, etc., which in other mills are so generally thrown into
the waste pile. Broom handles, corn-popper handles, brush handles, brush heads, tool handles of many descriptions,
and fly-trap bottoms are but a few of the articles which are turned out by millions from odd bits of wood, few of
which are too small to make something or other from. The company executes orders for articles used in
manufactories widely distributed over the country from Cincinnati and Chicago to Boston and New York. Poplar
is used for broom handles, and beech, maple, sycamore, black walnut, cherry, etc., for smaller articles. This company
does not own and operate timber lands, but buys its logs from parties who deliver rafts to its mill. Formerly
onuch lumber was wasted in this region in clearing lands for farms, but now proprietors of land find it to their
advantage to cut and save their logs, which they bring down in rafts themselves or sell to parties who make a
business of rafting. Once out of the small streams, the logs are easily rafted down the Little Kanawha during
favorable seasons.

"There are no booms on the Little Kanawha, except temporary constructions for special purposes, which are
broken up by every flood. Several years ago it was supposed that the timber on this river was nearly exhausted,
but it continues to come down in undiminished quantities to the value of some hundred thousand dollars annually,
in addition to railroad ties, staves, etc. It is only about 40 miles up the main river, and to no great distance back
from the stream, that the supply of oak is exhausted. The river is a hundred miles long, and about its upper

33 FOR

514 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

craters and those of its tributaries the oak is comparatively untouched. Much of Wirt county and the greater part
of Roane, Calhoun, and Gilmer, in the upper i)art of the valley of the Little Kanawha, are a vast virgin forest of oak
and poplar, containing a good deal of black walnut and sugar maple and some black cherry. Baxter county is
magnificently timbered, as is Webster, although the timber here is yet inaecessible.

"The Guyandotte is a good river for lumbering operations. Kafts can come down from a point 100 miles from
its mouth. There are yet no booms on this river, except strings of logs occasionally stretched across it for temporary
purposes. On its course above Guyandotte are four or five mills, doing for the most jiart a local business, their
product for export being only about 1,^00,000 feet of sawed lumber. The rafting of this sawed lumber is attended
with some risk of loss, and therefore a much greater amount is brought down in unsawed logs bound together in
rafts, which are taken down the Ohio and sold to various mills along its course. These rafts are usually made 11
logs wide, and three or four of these courses are placed end to end. White oak is made uj) into rafts with a poplar
log in the center of each course, and thus the raft is made light enough to float easily. Along the Guyandotte, in the
■lower part of its course, the oak and poplar have been cut for a distance of from 1 mile to 2 miles from the stream, the
black walnut for some 5 miles back ; but nine-tenths of the area drained by this river is still in original foresj,
composed of white, chestnut, and other oaks, poplar, walnut, several hickories, beech, sugar maples, sycamore, ash,
etc. In this region there is, in the aggregate, a good deal of black walnut, but it exists as scattered trees rather
than in groves or tracts.

" Coal river is 160 miles long, and for 30 miles, or to Pey tona, is navigable for barges. The valley of this river
is covered with truly magnificent forests, in which the trees of the several species composing them attain remarkable
dimensions. Poplar and white oak here exist in nearly equal proportions, and together constitute about a third of
the timber. Besides these there is a good deal of black cherry, lin, and locust, as well as hemlock, the latter not
being considered valuable in this country. Black walnut appears more abundant in this region than in any other
of similar extent of which I have yet heard. But little timber has yet been removed from the valley of this river,
and it is chiefly the lower portion and the immediate vicinity of the banks which have been lumbered.

" The Elk river empties into the Kanawha at Charleston. About 2 miles above its mouth are located a boom and
several saw-mills, and hfere are also a dam and lock which secure slack-water for some 20 miles. The river is about
180 miles in length ; logs have been driven from a point 150 miles above its mouth, but its valley has only been
lumbered to any great extent in the immediate vicinity of the main river, and to a distance of some 110 miles from
its mouth. Most of the original growth of the forest of the Elk basin still remains, and is composed largely of white
oak, hickorj-, chestnut, and poplar. Black walnut here, as everywhere else in this state, is scattered, although it
is estimated that 10,000,000 feet of this lumber still remain in this region. Above a certain altitude and about
the upper waters of this river considerable black cherry, sugar maple, and birch is found. Here also beech
and basswood abound, by the streams hemlock occurs, and on the mountains a little black spruce. About the
upper settlements on this river miles of fence constructed with boards of black cherry and farms fenced with black-
walnut rails may be seen. Formerly large numbers of coal-boats and salt-boats were built upon the Elk river.
Once, also, the salt-works of the Kanawha required vast numbers of barrels ; these were made of black as well as
white oak ; now but five of the sixty furnaces once boiling brine in this vicinity are in operation, and there is little
demand for black oak for staves. The country along the Kanawha between the Elk and the Gauley rivers has been
lumbered for 5 or C miles back from the streams, and about one-fourth of the timber has been cut from these valleys.
The Gauley river with its several large tributaries drains a valley which covers nearly 5,000 square miles; its length
is about 110 miles, much less than that of the Elk, which is a long, slender stream, but it occupies a much broader
valley and has twice the volume of water of the Elk. Unlike the rivers just considered, which wear out for
themselves smooth channels through the soft sandstone, the Gauley is a rough stream, tumbling rapidly over hard
conglomerate todk, its bed being full of bowlders and ledges. For the first 10 miles from its mouth the fall averages
4 feet to the mile ; above that 20 feet to the mile, while its upper waters are so swift and rough as to be unnavigable
even for small boats. For these reasons the Gauley does not admit of the passing of rafts, and it is a difiicult river
upon which even to drive single logs. Its valley is but little settled, except on Meadow river and along its right
bank below that stream . Above a point 15 miles from its mouth no timber has been touched except by the few settlers.
In the lower part of the valley of the Gauley for 15 or more miles the timber is chiefly oak, poplar, walnut, etc.
The Gauley and its large affluents, the Cherry, Cranberry, and Williams rivers, all head back in the forests of black
spruce, which sometimes take entire possession of the mountain tops; a little lower, yet often mingled with the
sjjruce, hemlocks and black cherry abound. On Cherry river the cherry trees so predominate over all others as to,
have given their name to the stream. Here are trees often 4 feet in diameter. The region intermediate between
the upper and the lower districts of the Gauley thus described contains much beech, sugar maple, and black
cherry. The white oak which abounds in the lower basin of this river disappears above an altitude of 2,000 feet.
I was informed that, although lumbering operations were but lately begun on the Gauley, nearly 1,000,000 feet of
poplar were brought out of the river in 1879, and thsit it had yielded 50,000 feet of black walnut in 1880, while
there were now in the river poplar logs enough to make 3,000,000 feet of lumber. About one-fourth of the cut of
late years has been sawed at mills near the falls : the rest is rafted to Charleston.

I

9

' f

OF THE IMTKRIQK

TKOTH CENSUg OF THE TJT-JITED STATES.

JuliUKl{icm&Co.ltth.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 515

" The valley of the New river is only lumbered for from 3 to 5 miles from the stream, although the walnut has
been gathered 10 miles farther back. This is a rough country in which to lumber, since the streams cut deep into
the earth, and New river cannot be driven.

"Eonceverte is situated on the Greenbrier river at the point where the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, first
meets this stream as it descends from the Alleghany mountains. Here is the boom of the Saint Lawrence
Boom Company, and here are located three or four lumber firms operating steam-mills. One of these, the New
York Hoop Company, uses two million hoop-poles per annum, chiefly hickory, manufacturing hoops for flour
barrrels, pork bajrels, hogsheads, and tierces, besides strips for boxes, etc. The process of manufacturing hoops
was explained to me as follows : The poles, of assorted lengths and sizes, are passed through machines which split
each of them into two, three, or four pieces, and these are put through other machines which plane flat the inner side
of each strip, leaving the bark intact. The hoops thus made are tied into bundles and shipped to New York.

" The Greenbrier river rises in the limestone sinks in Eandolph county, whence it flows southwesterly through
the fertile limestone valley between the Alleghany aud the Greenbrier mountains for a distance of 120 miles,
emptying into the New river at Hinton. Flowing through such a valley it is not a rapid stream, but from a point
12 miles below Travelers' Eest, on its headwaters, it is fine for rafting. Yet the stream needs some improvement,
especially by the closing up of back channels into which the logs are borne by high water, to be left in swamps
when the flood recedes.

" Only a small proportion of the timber of the Greenbrier river has been removed as yet, and it is estimated
that in its valley white oak, white pine, poplar, cherry, hemlock, walnut, and ash enough remain to make 1,000,000,000
feet of boards, and that there are not less than 500,000,000 feet of white pine in this region, occupying a
belt through the center of both Greenbrier and Pocahontas counties. The eastern limit of the black-spruce belt
on the headwaters of the Elk and Gauley rivers, the most extensive and valuable in West Virginia, coincides
with the western limits of the white-pine belt lying in Pocahontas county. Its southern line runs northwesterly
from the south end of Pocahontas to near the center of Nicholas county. Prom this point its western line runs
northeasterly through the center of Webster county to the vicinity of Huttonville, in Eandolph county, the northern
end of the belt covering the upper waters of Shaver's Fork of the Cheat river. Over this belt black spruce is scattered
more or less densely, sometimes occupying almost exclusively the high slopes, particularly the northern slopes
and the summits of the mountains.

" It is believed that 10,000,000 feet of black walnut, in paying quantities, could still be gathered in this part
of the state, and that there would then be left an equal amount so scattered that it could not be profitably collected
at present prices."

_ NOETH CAEOLINA.

The forests of North Carolina were once hardly surpassed in variety and importance by those of any other
part of the United States. The coast region was occupied by the coniferous forests of the southern Maritime Pine
Belt; the middle districts of the state by a forest of oaks and other hard-wood trees, through which the old-field
pine is now rapidly spreading over worn-out and abandoned farming lands. The high ridges and deep valleys of
the Appalachian system which culminate in the western part of the state are still everywhere covered with dense
forests of the most valuable hard-wood trees mingled with northern pines and hemlocks. The inaccessibility of
this mountain region has protected these valuable forests up to the present time, and few inroads have yet been
made into their stores of oak, cherry, yellow poplar, and walnut. The hard-wood forests of the middle districts,
however, have been largely removed or culled of their finest timber, although the area of woodland in this part of the
state is now increasing. These new forests, usually composed of inferior pine, are of little economic value, except as a
source of abundant fuel and as a means Of restoring fertility to the soil, preparing it to produce again more valuable
crops. A larger proportion of the pine forest of the coast has been destroyed in North Carolina than in the other
southern states. Thispartofthe state has long been the seat of important lumbering operations, while the manufacture
of naval stores, once almost exclusively confined to North Carolina, and always an important industry here, has
seriously injured these forests. The original forests have been practically removed from the northeastern part of
the state, the great region watered by the numerous streains flowing into Albemarle and Pamlico sounds; and
although some lumber, largely second-growth pine trees of poor quality, is produced here, the importance of these
forests is not great. The merchantable pine, too, has been removed from the banks of the Cape Fear and other
rivers flowing through the southern part of the state, and although these streams still yield annually a large
number of logs, they are only procured at a constantly increasing distance from their banks and with a consequent
increasing cost for transport.

Forest fires inflict serious damage upon the pine forests of the south. During the census year 540,102 acres
of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $357,980. The largest number of these fires
were traced to the carelessness of farmers in clearing land, to locomotives, hunters, and to malice.

Manufacturers of cooperage and wheel stock, industries which once flourished in the eastern aud central
portions of the state, already sufter from the exhaustion and deterioration of material. Such industries, however,
are increasing in the extreme western counties, and promise to attain there an important development.

616

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The following estimate, by counties, of the merchantable pine standing May 31, 1880, south of the Neuse
river, the only part of the state where it is of commercial importance, was prepared by Mr. Edward Kidder, of
Wilmington. It is based upon actual surveys and the reports of a large number of timber-land experts familiar
with the different counties still occupied by the forests of long-leaved pine :

LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinu« paluatris).

Comities.

Bladen

Bninswlck

Chatham

Columbna

Cninberland .'

DnpUn ;

Harnett

Johnston ,

Moore

NewHanoTer

Onslow

Bobeson

Sampson

Wake

Wayne

Total

Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880, exclnsive of
50,190,000 feet cat in the conn ties adjacent to Albemarle
and Pamlico sounds and alone the Pamlico and Neizse
rivers, which is largely loblolly pine (Pinui Tceda).

Feet, board
measure.

288,

HI,

448,

288,

806,

21,

486,

M3,

504,

96,

34,

864.

603.

48,

*»,

000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000

5,229,000,000

.108,411,000

NAVAL STORES.

Small quantities of crude turpentine were produced upon the coast of North Carolina, between the Pamlico
and Cape Fear rivers, soon after the earliest settlement of the country. It was sent to Great Britain or converted
into spirits of turpentine and rosin for home consumption. The demand for ships' stores had greatly increased
the North Carolina production as early as 1818, although the field of operations was not extended south of the
Cape Fear river, nor more than 100 miles from the coast, until 1836. The large demand for spirits of turgentine
created during that year induced manufacturers to test the yield of trees on the west side of the Cape Fear river,
up to that time considered unproductive. The result was satisfactory, although overproduction and low prices
deferred until 1840 the development of this region. Since 1840 this industry has been gradually carried southward.
Naval stores were produced in South Carolina in 1840, and in Georgia two years later. Turpentine orchards were
established in Florida and Alabama in 1855, and more recently in Mississippi and eastern Louisiana.

The naval stores manufactured in the United States are principally produced from the resinous exudations of
the long-leaved pine {Pinus palustris), and in small quantities from the loblolly pine (Pinus Twda), and the slash
pine {Pinua Cuhensis) of the Florida coast. The trees selected for "boxing" are usually from 12 to 18 inches in
diameter, although trees with trunks only 8 inches through are now sometimes worked. A deep cut or "box" is
made in the trunk of the tree, by a cut slanting downward, some 7 inches in depth, and generally 12 inches above
the ground, and met by a second cut started 10 inches above the first and running down from the bark to meet it.
In this manner a segment is removed from the trunk and a triangular trough formed 4 inches deep and 4 inches
wide at the top.

Two such boxes, or upon a large trunk sometimes four, are made on each tree. A "crop", the unit of production
among large operators, consists of 10,000 such boxes. The boxes are cut early in November with a narrow-bladed
ax specially manufactured for the purpose, and the trees are worked on an average during thirty-two weeks. As
soon as the upper surface of the box ceases to exude freely, it is "l^acked" over and a fresh surface exi)08ed, the
dried resin adhering to the cut having been first carefully removed with a sharp, narrow, steel scraper. The boxes,
especially after the first season, are often hacked as often as once a week, and are thus gradually extended
upward until upon trees which have been worked during a number of seasons the upper surface of the box is often
10 or 12 feet above the ground. For these long boxes the scraper is attached to a wooden handle, generally
loaded with iron at the lower end to facilitate the operation of drawing down the resin. Once in four weck.s, or
often less frequently, the resin cauglit in the bottom of the box is removed into a bucket with a small, sharp, oval
steel spade attached to a short wooden handle. The product of these "dippings", as this operation is called, is
placed in barrels and transported to the distillery. The first season a turpentine orchard is worked boxes are
usually dipped eight times, yielding an average of 300 barrels of turpentine to the crop. The second year the

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

517

nnmber of dippings is reduced to five, the product falling off to 150 barrels, while for the third season 100 barrels
are considered a fair yield from three dippings. To this must be added the yield of the "scrapes", which for the
first year is estimated, for one crop, at from 60 to 70 barrels of 280 pounds each, and for succeeding years at 100
barrels.

Trees can be profitably worked in North Carolina by experienced operators during four or five years, or, upon a
small scale, in connection with farming operations and by actual residents, several years longer; farther south the
trees seem to possess less recuperative power, and in South Carolina four years is given as the outside limit during
which an orchard can be profitably worked, while in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama they are often abandoned at
the end of the second and always at the end of the third year. Twenty-five men, including overseers, wagoners,
distillers, coopers, and laborers can work ten crops. The average wages of such a force is $1 a day per man, so
that the cost of labor jiecessary to work a crop during the season of thirty-two weeks is $480.

The following grades of turpentine are recognized in the trade : "Virgin dip", or " Soft white gum turpentine" —
the product the first year the trees are worked; "Yellow dip" — the product of the second and succeeding years, and
becoming darker colored and less liquid every year ; " Scrape" or " Hard turpentine " — the product of the scrapings
of the boxes.

Rosin is graded as follows: "W"— Window-glass; " N "—Extra pale ; "M"— Pale; "K"— Low pale; "I"—
Good No. 1; "H"— No. 1; "G"— LowNo.l; " F "— Good No. 2 ; "E"— No. 2; "D"— Good strain; "C"— Strain;
"B"— Common strain; " A"— Black.

Window-glass is the lightest grade, and is only produced from the first dippings of " virgin " trees — that is,
trees worked for the first time. The resinous exudation becomes darker colored.and less volatile every year, as the
box grows older, and the rosin produced is darker and less valuable. Trees worked during several years produce
a very dark brown or black rosin. Spirits of turpentine made from virgin trees is light colored, light in weight,
and free from any taste; the resinous matter yielded in succeeding years gains more and more body, and the
additional heat required in distilling it throws off some resin combined with the spirits, producing in it a strong,
biting taste and greater weight.

Tar, produced by burning the dead wood and most resinous parts of the long-leaved pine in covered kilns, is
graded as follows: "Eope yellow", or Eopemakers' tar — the highest grade, produced with a minimum of heat from
the most resinous parts of the wood; "Eoany," or "Ship smearing" — the next running of the kiln; "Black" or
"Thin" — the lowest grade, made from inferior wood, or the last running of the kiln, and therefore produced with
the maximum of heat.

The following statistics of the production of naval stores during the census year were prepared by Mr. A. H.
Van Bokkelen, of Wilmington, North Carolina, to whom I am indebted for much information in regard to the
methods used in carrying on this industry :

states.

Alabama

Florida

Georgia

Louisiana

Missiaaippi

North Carolina
South Carolina

Total ...

Turpentine.

Koain.

Oallont.

Barrelt.

2,005,000

158,482

1, 036, 350

68,281

3, 161, 500

277,600

260,000

20,000

250,000

20,000

6,279,200

863,967

4,693,200

333, 940

17, 565, 260

1, 642, 170

Eighty thousand barrels of tar were manufactured during the census year in North Carolina, and 10,000 barrels
in the other southern states.

The total value of this crop of naval stores at centers of distribution, and of course including freight from thfe
forest and different brokerage charges, was not far from $8,000,000. The net profits of the industry, even in the
case of virgin trees, is very small, and at present prices is believed to be unprofitable except to the most skillful
operators. The low price of southern timber-lands and the facility with which rights to operate tracts of forest for
turpentine have been lately obtainable in several states have unnaturally stimulated production. The result of
this has been that manufacturers, unable to make a profit except from virgin trees, abandon their orchards after
one or two years' working and seek new fields of operation ; the ratio of virgin forest to the total area worked
over in the production of naval stores is therefore constantly increasing. It is estimated by Mr. Van Bokkelen
that during the years between 1870 and 1880 an average of one-third of the total annual product of the country
was obtained from virgin trees, and that in 1880 one-fourth of the crop was thus produced, necessitating the boxing
in that year of the best trees upon 600,000 acres of forest. The production of naval stores is carried on in a
wasteful, extravagant manner, and the net profits derived from the business are entirely out of proportion to the
damage which it inflicts upon the forests of the country; the injury is enormous. Lumber made from trees

518 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

previously worked for turpentine is of inferior quality, although it is probably less injured than has been generally
supposed. Comparatively few trees, however, once boxed are manufactured into lumber. It is estimated that 20
per cent, of them, weakened by the deep gashes inflicted upon their trunks, sooner or later are blown down and
rained ; fires, too, every year destroy vast areas of the turpentine orchards, in spite of the care taken by operators
to prevent their spread. It is customary in the winter, in order to prevent the fires which annually run through
the forests of the Southern Pine Belt from spreading to the boxes, to "racket" the trees; that is, to remove all
combustible material for a distance of 3 feet around the base of each boxed tree. Fire, carefully watched, has then
been set to the dry grass between the trees, in order to prevent the spread of accidental conflagrations, and to give
the box-choppers a firmer foothold than would be offered by the dry and slippery pine leaves. In spite of these
precautions, however, turpentine orchards, especially when abandoned, are often destroyed by fire. The surface
of the box, thickly covered with a most inflammable material, is easily ignited, and a fire once started in this way
may rage over thousands of acres before its fury can be checked.

The manufacture of naval stores, then, decreases the value of the boxed tree for lumber, reduces the ability of
the tree to withstand the force of gales, and enormously increases the danger to the forest of total destruction
by fire.

Wilmington, the most important distributing point for this industry in the United States, handles 80 per cent,
of all the naval stores manufactured in Korth Carolina. Previous to 1870 Swansboro', Washington, and ISew
Berne were also large shipping points.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

The forest covering of South Carolina resembles in its general features that of the states immediately north
and south of it. The pine forest of the coast, nearly coinciding in area with that of the Tertiary deposits, covers
the eastern portion for a distance of 150 miles from the coast. The middle districts are occupied with hard-wood
forests, or forests in which pines of various species are mixed with oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The
forests of the AUeghanies, rich in species and magnificent ip the development of individual trees, spread over the
mountains and valleys, which occupy the extreme western part of the state. The streams which flow through the
Coast Pine Belt, often bordered by wide, deep swamps, are ill-suited to lumber operations, and less serious inroads
have therefore been made into the pine forests of South Carolina than into those of North Carolina or Georgia.
The merchantable pine, however, has been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the coast, from the banks
of the Little Pedee river, and from along the lines of railroad.

The most accessible hard-wood timber has been cut from the forests of the middle districts, although vast
quantities still remain remote from railroads or protected in deep river swamps, inaccessible except during a few
months of summer. The western counties still contain great bodies of hard-wood timber, yet undisturbed except
to supply the wants of the scattered population inhabiting this almost inaccessible mountain region.

The manufacture of rough red and white oak split staves and headings for the European and West Indian
trade, already an important industry in this state, is capable of large development; rice tierces and rosin barrels
are also largely made in the coast region from pine. At Plantersville, in Georgetown county, and at other points
along the coast quantities of hand-made cypress shingles are manufactured in the swamps.

During the census year 431,730 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of
$291,225. These fires were set by careless hunters, by the careless burning of brush upon farms, and by sparks
from locomotives.

BTJBNING OFF DEAD HERBAGE.

The pine belt of the coast, in South Carolina as well as through its entire extent from Virginia to Texas, suffers
from fires set every spring by grazers for the purpose of improving the scanty herbage growing among the trees
of this open forest. These fires run rapidly over the surface stripped by the fires of previous years of any
accumulation of vegetable material, without inflicting any immediate injury upon the old trees of the forest unless
a turpentine orchard is encountered, when, the resinous surfaces of the boxes being once fully ignited, nothing can
save the trees from total destruction. If the mature trees of the forest are not under normal conditions greatly
injured, however, by this annual burning of the dead herbage beneath them, the forest itself, as a whole, suffers
enormously from this cause. Slight and short lived as these fires are, they destroy the vegetable mold upon the
surface of the ground, all seeds and seedling trees, and all shrubbery or undergrowth, which, in protecting the
germination of seeds, insures the continuation of the forest. They deprive the soil of fertility and make it every
year less able to support a crop of trees, and in thus robbing the soil they influence largely the composition of
succeeding crops. Few young pines are springing up anywhere in the coast region to replace the trees destroyed,
but where seedlings protected from fire appear upon land long subjected to annual burning, they are usually,
although not universally, of less valuable species, and not the long-leaved pine which gives to this forest its principal
economic importance. These annual fires are slowly but surely destroying the value of the Southern Pine Belt.
They destroy all seeds and seedling trees, the fertility of the soil, and its power to produce again valuable species.

("

10

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TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED SIXfKS.

.I.ihiul:i.-n» ('0.11111

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

519

The following estimates of the amouDt of long-leaved pine standing in the state were made up from information
obtained from Mr. Edward Kidder, of Wilmington, North Carolina, in regard to that part of the state north of the
Edisto river, and from Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, Georgia, for the southern part of the state. They are
based on what is believed to be less accurate information respecting the northern part of the state than has been
obtained in regard to the pine forests of the other states, and allowance should be made for possible large errors.
The estimates are, however, probably largely below the actual productive capacity of the pine forests of the state
which may be expected to exceed by 25 or 30 per cent, the following figures :

LONG-LEAVED PINE (JPinu^ palustrit).

Coantiea.

Aiken

Barnwell —
Beanfort —
CharleatOD . .
Chesterfield
Clarendon ..
Colleton —
Darlington. .
Fairfield . . . .
Georgetown
Hampton ...
Horry

Feet, board
meaenre.

209,
310,
49,
458,
183,
332,
453,
337,
7,
128,
202,
380,

000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000, 000
000,000
000, 000
000,000
000,000
000, 000
000,000

Coantiea.

Kershaw

Lancaster

Lexington

Marion

Marlborongh .,;.

Orangebargh

Richland

Sumter

Williamsbnrgh

Total

Cnt for the cenans year ending May 31, 1880. .

Feet, board
meaanre.

171, 000, 000
5, 000, 000

76, 000, 000
326,000,000
191, 000, 000
465, 000, 000

88, 000, 000
380, 000, 000
536, 000, 000

5, 316, 000, 000

124, 492, 000

The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Georgetown, Charleston, and various points in Hampton and
Barnwell counties, where small railroad mills are located. Charleston and Georgetown are the distributipg centers
for naval stores manufactured in the state.

GEOEGIA.

The northern counties of Georgia are covered with the forests of the Alleghany Mountain region, here and in
northern Alabama reaching the southern limits of their distribution and considerably reduced in the number of
species composing them, the pines, firs, beeches, and other northern trees being generally replaced by the broad-
leaved species of the Mississippi basin. From the base of the mountains forests of oak mixed with pines extend
southward, occupying the central portion of the state and mingling with the trees of the Maritime Pine Belt along
its northern limits. In the southern and coast counties great areas of swamps are still covered with forests of
cypress, protected by their inaccessibility from the attacks of the lumberman.

The merchantable pine in the immediate vicinity of the principal streams and along the lines of railroad has
been removed, and serious damage has been inflicted upon the pine forests of the state by the reckless manufacture
of naval stores. Vast areas covered with pine, however, still remain, while the hardwood forests of the central
and northern portions of the state contain a large quantity of the most valuable hard woods.

The manufacture of cooi)erage stock is still in its infancy, and this and other industries requiring an abundant
and cheap supply of hard wood seem destined soon to reach an enormous development in the upper districts of
Georgia and the other states of the south Atlantic division.

During the census year 705,351 acres of woodland were reported devastated by flre, with a loss of $167,620.
The greatest number of these fires was traced to carelessness in clearing land, to sparks from locomotives, and
to hunters.

The following estimates of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the state of Georgia May 31, 1880,
were prepared by Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, in that state, a timber viewer and expert of high standing.
He obtained his results by dividing the whole pine belt into irregular regions over which the average cut per acre
could be obtained, allowance being made for clearings, farms, areas of culled forests, streams, swamps, etc. The
area in each of these regions, by counties, was measured upon a large-scale map and the standing timber computed.
These estimates include merchantable pine still standing on land partly cut over, or which has been worked in the
manufacture of turpentine. The boxed areas include nearly all the regions from which any pine has been removed,
and extend beyond them in all directions into the uncut forests and along rivers and railroads.

Similar methods, practically, were adopted in preparing the estimates of the amount of pine standing in Florida
and the other Gulf states. The results thus obtained are not, of course, strictly accurate, and are not supposed
to be so. The estimates are intended to show the average i)roductive capacity of the pine forests over large areas,
and to indicate generally in what part of the state the principal bodies of pine still occur. Liberal allowance has
been made in computing areas of swamp and cleared land, and it will probably be safe to add 10 per cent, to
these estimates of the pine standing in any of the southern states.

520

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The foUowiog is an estimate of the amount of pine timber standing in the state May 31, 1880 :

LONG-LEAVED PINE (Piniu palustrU).

Coiuiti««.

AppUac ...

Bdier

BaUwla...
Berrien —

Bibb

Brooka

Bryan

Bnllooh

Barke

Calboon . . .

Camden

Charlton...

Clay

Clinch

ColTee

Colquitt ...
Crawford..
Decator —

Dodge

Dooly

Dougherty.

Barly

Echols

Effingham ..
Emannel —

Feet,boMd
meaann.

Cut for the censas year
leaved pine and mixed

543, 000, 000
IM, 000, 000

85,000,000
410, 000, 000

38, 000, 000
281, 000, 000

60, 000. 000
733, 000, 000
208,000,000
117, 000, 000

82, 000, 000
246, 000, 000

96, 000, 000
330, 000, 000
678, 000, 000
339, 000,000

45, 000, 000
653, 000, 000
417, 000, 000
334, 000, 000

90, 000, 000

299, 000, 000

183, 000, 000

6, 000, 000

956, 000, 000

ending May
growth).

Conntiea.

Floyd...........

Glaaoook

Glynn

Hanooek

Haralson

Harris

Houston

Irwin

Jefferson

Johnson

Jones

Laurens

Lee

Liberty

Lowmdes

UcUuffie

Mcintosh

Macon

Miller

Mitchell

Monroe

Montgomery

Muscogee

Paulding

Pierce

31, 18f0 (excluding 28,

Feet, board
measure.

19, 000, 000

17, 000, 000

47, 000, 000

76,000,000

21, 000, 000

22,000,000

191,000,000

488, 000, 000

206, 000, 000

291, OOO, 000

40,000,000

1, 064, 000, 000

128, 000, 000

236, 000, 000

236, 000, 000

10, 000, 000

65, OOO, 000

62,000,000

164, 000, 000

379, 000, 000

18, 000, 000

791, 000, 000

35, 000. 000

2, 000, 000

220, 000, 00*

335,000 feet cut

Counties.

Polk

Pulaski

Bandolph

Kichmond . . .

Schley

Screven

Sumter

Talbot

Tattnall

Taylor

Telfair

Terrell

Thomas

Twiggs

TTpson

Ware

Warren

Washington .

Wayne

Webster

Wilcox

Wilkinson...
Worth

Total.

in the region of short.

Feet, board
measure.

36,
408,
126,

21,

28,
188,
191,

44,
768,

53,
598,
104,
3)1,

84,

32,
161,

80,
240,
180,

48,
292,
152,
512,

000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000

000,000

000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000

16,778,000,000

272, 743, 000

The principal centers of lumber manufacture are situated along the coast at Brunswick, Darien, Savannah, and
Saint Mary's. Logs sawed at these points are now driven down the various streams for a considerable distance from
the coast. Large quantities of pine lumber are also manufactured in different mills located along the lines of
railroad in Appling, Polk, Floyd, and other pine counties. Savannah and Brunswick are the principal points of
•'istribution of the naval stores manufactured in the state.

FLORIDA.

The forests of the Southern Pine Belt cover the state as far south as cape Malabar and Charlotte harbor. The
long-leaved pine is replaced along thejsandy dunes and islands of the coast by oaks (of which the live oak is alone
of commercial importance), scrub pines, and palmettos^ while ajdeciduous forest, largely of northern composition,
occupies the high, rolling lands in a large part of Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, and Madison counties; The pine
forests gradually decrease southward in density and value, and south of latitude 29° N. are of little present
commercial value. Forests of pitch pine (Pinus Gubensis), however, extend far south of the region occupied by the
more valuable long-leaved pine bordering the coast and covering the low ridges of the Everglades. Great areas of
swamp occur everywhere through northern and central Florida, covered with forests of cypress, red cedar, gum, and
bordered with bays, magnolias, and other broad-leaved evergreens ; while the hummocks or low elevations, covered
with rich soil and everywhere common, bear oaks and other deciduous trees, often of great size.

South of cape Malabar and Tampa bay the character of the vegetation changes, and the North American
arborescent species are replaced by the semi-tropical trees of the West Indies. These occupy a narrow strip along
the coast, cover the keys and reefs, and spread over some of the hummocks of the Everglades. This semi-tropical
forest is confined to the saline shores of the innumerable bays and creeks of the region, or to the coral and sedimentary
calcareous formation of the keys and hummocks. The species of which it is composed are here at the northern
limits of their range ; individual trees are comparatively small and the forests of the southern extremity of the
Florida peninsula are commercially unimportant, although sufiiciently extensive and varied to supply the scanty
population of this region with lumber, fuel, and material for boat-building and the manufacture of fishing apparatus.

The forests of Florida have not suffered greatly from fire. Much of the state is uninhabited and unfit for
agriculture or grazing. The danger, therefore, of fires set in clearing land for farms spreading to the forest is less
than in other parts of the south, while the numerous streams and swamps everywhere intersecting the pine forest*
and the natural dryness of the sandy ridges, thinly covered with vegetable mold, check the spread of fires
when started.

During the census year 105,320 acres of woodland were reported as burned over, with an estimated loss of
$09,900. The largest number of these fires was set by gmzers to improve the pasturage for their stock.

r^

DEPARTMENT OF THE IHTEBJOR .

TEMTH C:EH3US OF THE UNITED STATES

. MA P OK

GKORGIA

SnOMINXi THK DISTiyBUTlON OF PFNK FORKSTS.

WITH SPKCLVL UKKKIVENCF TO THK
LUMBEH INDL'STHY.

COMPILKD (INDKR TH>; UmECTION UK

C.S.SAIiOKXT. SPKnALAWKXT.

IShon Lfta\'(Klflji.lIx»blollrFri'.r(I'mitin
audTacda; int«-tinixpd witli flai-dwdod :n\\
acattrred Long Leiivpii I'mc

Ltrng LeaTed Pin*- i Pmiis palustriii) j**

.'giontroniniiudiitarliantahlehi.. I

IhasbfTPncut.

JiilnijiItitniSCa.1ilh

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

521

The following estimates, by counties, of the long-leaved pine still standing in Florida east of the Apalachicola
river were prepared by Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville; those for west Florida by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile,
Alabama:

LONG-LEAVED PmE (Pinus paluatrit).

Conntiea.

Alachua

Baker

Bradford

Brerard

Calhonn

Clay

Colombia ,

Duval

Escambia

Hamilton

Hernando !

Hillsborough

Cut for the censna year
and sawed in western

Peet, board
meastire.

525, 000, 000

144, 000, 000

138, 000, 000

63, 000, 000

81, 000, 000

77, 000, 000

455, 000, 000

67, 000. 000

90, 000, 000

311, 000, 000

142,000,000 •'

162,000,000 ■;

ending May 31,
Florida).

Counties.

Holmes

Jackson

Jefferson

Lafayette

Levy

Liberty

Madison

Manatee

Marion

Hassan

Orange

Polk.... ,

1881 (eicluding 77,500,

Feet, board
measure.

Counties.

150,000,000 Putnam

233,000,000 Saint John's

23,000,000 Santa llosa

425,000,000 Sumter

346, 000, 000 I Suwannee

75,000,000 Taylor

122,000,000 Volusia

200,000,000 Wakulla

315,000,000 Walton

104,600,000 Washington

87,000,000 Total

210, 000, 000
000 feet, estimated, grown in Alabama

Teet, board
meaaore.

121, 000, 000

66, 000, 000

213, 000, 000

103, 000, 000

622, 000, 000

218, 000, 000

69, 000, 000

72, 000, 000

409, 000, 000

187, 000; 000

«, 615, 000, 000

208, 054, 000

In this estimate no account is made of timber remaining on lands which have been cut over, or of that injured
by the manufacture of turpentine.

The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Pensacola, Millview, and Blackwater, in Escambia and
Santa Eosa counties. The logs sawed here and at other points upon Pensacola bay are driven down the streams
from the forests of Alabama, the accessible pine in this part of Florida having been long exhausted. A large
amount of pine lumber is also manufactured at Bllaville, in Madison county, upon the upiie'r Suwannee river, and
at Jacksonville, Saint Msft-y's, and at various points upon the lower Saint John river. Logs driven" from the lower
Suwannee river are sawed at Cedar Keys, where are situated the most important mills in the United States devoted
to the manufacture of red cedar into pencil stuff,

Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and Fernandina are the largest centers of distribution for the naval stores
manufactured in the state.

The following extracts are taken from Mr. Curtiss' report upon the forests of Florida :

" In visiting western Florida I have had particularly in view the examination of the timber of a part of the state
which is unlike all others in physical conformation, and consequently in vegetation. This region differs but little
from the country bordering the southern AUeghanies, and may perhaps be regarded as the southern terminus of
the Appalachian range. It commences about 40 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico, and extends northward between
the Chipola and Okalokonee rivers into southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama. North of this there is
little to connect it with the southern mountains except the rugged banks of the Chattahoochee river. The surface
is undulating, hilly, often precipitous. The soil, like that of the Piedmont region of Virginia and Carolina,
abounds in red clay, and is therefore adapted to crops which do not succeed in other portions of Florida. The
vegetation is extremely varied and interesting, comprising most of the plants of northeastern Florida, a large
portion of those found in the Piedmont country and in the rich river bottoms of the interior, and a considerable
number found only on the limestone with which much of this country is underlaid. In the river bottoms, which are
inundated at seasons, there is found a great variety of trees, some of which attain a size probably not equaled
elsewhere. In this small portion of the state of Florida is to be found nearly every species of tree growing
within the limits of the state, except those semi-tropical species found on the coast south of Cedar Keys and Mosquito
inlet. Fully fifty American arborescent species here reach their southern limit. A few species show marked
diminution in size, and all northern species which extend southward of this Chattahoochee region here attain in
Florida their largest dimensions.

"There are two trees in this region of particular interest, as they are not known to grow anywhere else; these
are the stinking cedar (Torreya iaxi/olia) and the yew (Taxus Floridana). There is reason to believe that the
Torreya occurs also along the Wakulla river, and perhaps elsewhere in the state, but there is no positive knowledge
of its occurrence except along the Apalachicola river, on the limestone hills which border it at intervals on the east

"The forests of this region are still almost intact. Some poplar and tulip wood is cut from the river banks
for northern markets, but the valuable timber on these rich shores is as yet almost untouched. The country
southwest of this region, though of very little agricultural value, contains an immense quantity of the best cypress
timber, hardly yet disturbed by the lumberman.

"Two mills have recently been established at Apalachicola, one of which saws nothing but cypress lumber.
The product of this mill is sent to New Orleans. As white-pine lumber must soon become scarce, the attention of
dealers ought to be directed to southern cypress, which will prove a good substitute for it. Although there is
plenty of valuable i)ine in this country the swamps render it somewhat inaccessible, and the mills at Apalachicola

522 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

are more easily supplied with logs rafted down the river from Georgia. Many hewed logs of large dimensionrf are
shipped from this jwint. The country near Apalachicola in surface and timber growth is mnck like that of
northeastern Florida, all the good timber having been cut.

"PENCIL OEDAB.

"The favorite variety of red cedar, of tall and straight growth, is becoming scarce, but there remains a large
quantity of quality sufiBciently good for pencils in nearly all sections of the state north of a line drawn from cape
Canaveral to the north end of Charlotte harbor. There is no red cedar in southern Florida, the Dixon mill at
Tampa having exhausted the supply within reach of that place; but new mills have been established near Webster,
in Sumter county, and at the head of Crystal river, at present the best source of supply.

"CTPEESS.

"The main body of cypress in southern Florida is located in the 'Big Cypress', a region of which I have heard
much from persons who were in an expedition which went through it during the last Indian war. They entered it at
the 'Little Palm hummock', 18 miles northeast of cape Romano. Traveling east about 12 miles they came to the
'Big Palm hummock', when they turned and traveled nearly due north for six days, averaging 12 miles a day.
Their guide then informed them that the cypress extended 12 miles farther north; so it would seem that the main
body of the 'Big Cypress' has a length of about 85 miles and a width, as they think, of about 20 miles. The cypress
grows in belts running north and south, the main central belt being about 6 miles wide and consisting of large
timber. There are narrow strips of cypress and pine alternating with prairie, although probably two-thirds of the .
whole region is covered with cypress. According to these estimates there must be at least 1,000 square miles
covered with cypress timber in this region, which in times of high water could be floated out by the numerous
creeks and inlets flowing toward the Gulf. There are also large quantities of heavy cypress on the swampy borders
of Peace creek, the Hillsborough river, the Withlacoochee, etc., many trees squaring from 2 to 4 feet.

" The long-leaved pine extends south to Prairie creek, in about latitude 27° N. The pine between Prairie and
Peace creeks, which is sawed at the mill near Ogden, belongs to this species. Timber in this region is quite shaky,
and from all reports it is evident that the yellow pine in Manatee, Orange, and Hillsborough counties is quite
inferior, being mostly of the rongh-barked, sappy variety called in this region bastard pine. The long-leaved pine
occupies nearly the whole of the interior of the peninsula north of a line drawn from Charlotte harbor to cape
Malabar. At its southern limit 1 saw trees which measured over 2 feet in diameter and which would furnish logs
30 feet long.

" Pitch pine (Finns Cubensis) appears on the west coast at Margo, 10 miles north of cape Eomano, and extends
northward to Prairie and Fishhead creeks, being the only pine of this region. From Charlotte harbor northward
it is confined to a belt from 10 to 15 miles wide, bordering the Gulf, extending to Tampa and as far northward
as Pensacola, being also scattered through the interior. This tree seldom exceeds 2 feet in diameter or 50 feet in
height, and will afiford a great quantity of framiug timber, although it will be probably generally used in the
production of naval stores, for which it is nearly or quite equal to the long-leaved pine.

"One of the most important facts in regard to the pine forests of Florida is their permanence. Owing to the
sterility of soil and the liability to inundation of most of the state, it is certain that but a very small portion of
Florida will ever be cleared of its forest covering. Taking into consideration the great area covered with valuable
pine forests, and the fact that there will be a continuous new growth if the spread of forest fires can be checked,
only trees of the largest size being cut, it is evident that Florida will furnish a perpetual supply of the most
valuable pine lumber."

The following notes upon the pine forests of western Florida were furnished by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile,
Alabama :

"The pine forests occupying the region between the valley of the Apalachicola river and the banks of the
Choctawhatchee, and from the headwaters of the Chipola to the bay of Saint Andrew's, are yet mostly in their
primeval condition and contain a vast body of valuable timber. The district between the Choctawhatchee and
the Perdido is the seat of the oldest and most active lumbering industry of the whole Gulf coast. The numerous
streams flowing through the pine forests of eastern Alabama to the large bays upon the coast of western Florida
make fully 4,000 square miles of southeastern Alabama comparatively accessible and tributary to the region from
which the lumber finds an outlet by way of the bay of Pensacola.

"The better class of the somewhat elevated and undulating timber-lauds which surround Escambia, Blackwater,
and Saint Mary de Galves bay were long since stripped of their valuable timber. These forests having been culled
time after time during the last quarter of a century, are now completely exhausted. The low, wet ])ine barrens,
with their soil of almost pure sand, which trend eastward along the shores of Santa Rosa sound and Choctawhatchee
bay, have never borne a growth of pine sufficiently large to furnish more than a small supply of timber of very
inferior quality. The ridges between the Choctawhatchee river and the Yellow river are also, for the most part,
arid, sandy wastes, never yielding more than a few hundred feet of lumber per acre.

fm-

Vi

n

V

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 523

" The well-timbered portion of west Florida commences with the southern border of Holmes county. This
region is now, however, nearly exhausted along water-courses large enough for rafting, while of late years canals
and ditches dug into the forest afford facilities for floating timber growing remote from streams to the mills.
According to those best informed regarding the amount of timber still standing in this section, there is scarcely
enough left between the Escambia and Choctawhatchee rivers, in western Florida, to keep the mills on the coast
supplied for another half-dozen years, even, if the whole of the pine standing could be made available.

" The lumber business of Perdido bay is entirely concentrated at Millview, where three large saw-mills are
established. Thf. production of lumber commenced here in 1865, increasing rapidly from 10,000,000 feet, board
measure, in that year, to three and four times that amount. All the lumber manufactured upon Perdido bay is
sent to Pensacola by a railroad constructed for the purpose. Only about 400 pieces of hewed timber are shipped
from Millview, although the railroad has carried an average of 37,000,000 feet of lumber annually to Pensacola,
the maximum annual yield of the Millview mills having been 45,000,000 feet.

" Pensacola is the most important port of lumber export on the Gulf coast. During the year ending August
30, 1879, 403 vessels, of a combined capacity of 217,487 tons, carried from the harbor of Pensacola 3,090,469 cubic
feet of hewed square timber, 3,769,527 cubic feet of sawed square timber, and 60,000,000 feet of sawed lumber,
board measure. Of the squared timber four fifths is shipped to Great Britain.

" The peninsula between the junction of the Escambia and the bay of Saint Mary de Galves is low, and, along
the shore-line, bordered with marshes. The timber needed to supply the mills located upon the shores of these
waters has during the past forty years been drawn from this region, and when new forests have replaced the
original growth they have been cut over and over again, and still furnish a small amount of timber, as the
turpentine-distiller has not followed the log-getter in these regions. The supply of timber here, however, at present
is too small to be taken into account in view of the enormously increased demands of the mills. There are three
large mills on Blackwater bay producing 40,000,000 feet of lumber a year. Three-fourths of this lumber is produced
in the establishment of Messrs. Simpson & Co., near the mouth of the Blackwater river, at Bagdad, about half a
mile below Milton. Mills sawing square timber are situated 20 or 30 miles above the mouth of the Blackwater and
use mostly water-power. The mill of Messrs. Milligan, ChafBn & Co., on this river, 20 miles above Milton, sends
28,000 pieces of square sawed timber to Pensacola, averaging 32 cubic feet each ; 5,000 such pieces are furnished by a
few very small water-mills higher up, swelling the whole amount of square timber to 33,000 pieces. The last-named
firm has acquired by purchase large tracts of public land along Black and Coldwater rivers. To reach the timber
growing on their land a canal 20 miles long, with sluices that intersect the small tributaries of these streams, has
been dug. By means of this canal a suflacient supply of logs is secured to keep the mill running through the year.
The large manufacturers of Bagdad have adopted a similar system, and by these means, and by tlie construction of
tramways tapping the more remote and isolated regions tributary to the waters of Black and Yellowwater rivers
toward the northern part of the state, the exhaustion of the timber lands througb the whole breadth of western
Florida, as far as the banks of the Choctawhatchee river, will certainly be accomplished before the end of the next
five years. A sash, door, and blind factory located at Bagdad consumes a large amount of cypress lumber. This
is procured from the mills situated along the shores of the upper Choctawhatchee bay, and is grown along the banks
of the Choctawhatchee river. The cypress lumber is exclusively used in the manufacture of sashes, blinds, doors,
moldings, and particularly in the construction of houses, of which every year a considerable number is shipped
by the way of New Orleans to the treeless regions of western Louisiana and Texas. This establishment manufactures
a large amount of fencing, the rails of cypress, the posts of red and white cedar, rounded and capped. This is
shipped to Xew Orleans and to the settlements in southern Florida. Of late years it has commenced sawing pencil-
boards of red cedar. The logs, of very superior quality, are obttiined from the hummocks and bottom lands bordering
upon the Choctawhatchee. The lumber for this purpose must be entirely free from knots, of even, close grain, the
woody fibers perfectly straight. These logs are cut in sections 6 inches in length, and the carefully-selected pieces
sawed into slabs 2 inches broad and a quartet of an inch in thickness. Fifty gross of these slabs are packed in a
case, and the establishment produces about six hundred cases annually. These are mostly shipped to a pencil
factory in Jersey City, a small number going also to Germany.

" The sawmills situated on the shores of Choctawhatchee bay extend from the mouth of Alaqua creek to
Freeport, and westward to Point Washington ; the logs sawed at these mills are for the most part brought down
by raft from the upper waters of the Choctawhatchee and its tributaries. The lumber sawed here is mostly long-
leaved pine, with a small amount of cypress. The product of these mills is mostly shipped to New Orleans in small
schooners carrying from 15,000 to 20,000 feet each. The capacity of the mills upon this bay is in excess of their
production, the difiBculty of obtaining logs causing most of them to remain shut during half the year.

" The causes which up to the present time have prevented the destruction of the piue forests about Saint
Andrew's bay, which is traversed by one fine river and bordered by another, must be traced to the. difllculty of
navigating these streams and to the want of a convenient outlet to the Gulf at Apalachicola. There are few saw-
mills upon this bay, supplying only the local demand, and even these are furnished with logs floated down the
Chattahoochee from beyond the confines of the state." ,

524

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

SOUTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION.

ALABAMA.

The northern and northeastern portions of Alabama, embracing the foot-hills of the southern Alleghany
moontains and the valley of the Tennessee river, are covered with a rich and varied forest growth of broad-leaved
trees, in which oaks, hickories, ashes, walnuts, and cherries abound. South of the Tennessee river the rolling
country is covered with oaks, through which belts of short-leaved pine occur. In Cherokee and Saint Clair
counties isolated bodies of long-leaved pine appear, while a narrow strip of the same species stretches nearly
across the state between the thirty-third and thirty-second degrees of north latitude. South of this central belt
the country is again covered with forests of hard woods, which farther south, in the rolling pine-hill region, are mixed
with a heavy growth of the long-leaved pine ; and this species occupies, or once occupied, almost exclusively,
outside of the numerous river bottoms, the sandy plain extending along the coast and reaching nearly 100 miles
inland from the shores of the Gulf. (Jreat regions of swamp covered with heavy forests of cypress occur in the
southern part of the state, especially in the region watered by the lower Tombigbee aud Alabama rivers.

The forests of northern Alabama still contain great bodies of hard- wood timber, although the demands of the
rapidly-increasing iron industry located here have already stripped of their tree covering many of the low hills of
northeastern Alabama. The best pine has been gathered from Mobile and Baldwin counties, in the neighborhood
of Mobile bay, from the lines of railroads and the banks of streams heading in the southern part of the state and
flowing to the Gulf through western Florida.

The pine forests of southern Alabama have long suffered from the reckless manufacture of naval stores.

Duriug the census year 569,160 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$121,225. Of these fires the largest number were set to improve grazing, or by careless farmers and hunters.

The manufacture of cooperage aud wheel stock, furniture, and other articles of wood is still in its infancy in
Alabama and the other Gulf states. Such industries, in view of the magnificent forests of hard wood covering
great areas in this region and the rapid exhaustion of the best material in the north and west, must in the near
future be largely transferred to the southern states.

The cypress swamps adjacent to Mobile bay yield a large number of hand-split shingles and give employment
to many persons, principally blacks.

The following estimate of the amount of pine standing in the state May 31, 1880, was prepared by Dr. Charle*
Mohr, of Mobile, who carefully examined the whole pine region of the Gulf states :

LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinuipaluitris).

Begions.

Feet, board
measure.

4, 055, 000, 000
2, 000, 000, 000
10, 000, 000, 000
1, 750, 000, 000
900,000,000
180, 000, 000

West of Perdidorirer

In the Central Pino Belt

Tn t'hA ^-nntMl Kivr^r blM^in

In the Walker CouBty dietriot

Total

18,88J,000,000

Cut for the census year ending May 81, 1880 (inolading 77,500,000
feet, estimated, grown in Alabama and sawed in western Florida).

245,89C,000

SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinu* mitU).

In the Central Fine Belt

In theCoona Kiver basin

ToUl

CSnt for the cenans year ending May 81, 1880, none reported,

1, 87S, 000, 000
432, 000, 000

2,307,000,000

,v

DEPARTMENT OF THE IKTERIOR.

TENTH CEMSUS OF THE UNITED STATES

iluluts r.icm S Co.lilf

I

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 525

In this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 1,282,000 acres which have been cut
over, and from which the merchantable pine has been practically removed, or on 600,000 acres injured by the
manufacture of turpentine.

There are fewer pine trees per acre in the region of mixed growth than in the pine belt proper, with which it
mingles on the north ; but the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing pine per acre is
greater, although generally of poorer quality. •

Mobile is stiU the priucipal center in the state for the manufacture of pine and cypress lumber ; a large amount
of pine lumber is-panufactured also along the line of the railroads penetrating the pine belt in Etowah county, and
considerable hard wood is sawed in counties bordering the Tennessee river for local use and northern shipment.
Mobile is also the distributing point for the naval stores manufactured in the state.

The following notes upon the forests of Alabama are extracted from Dr. Mohr's report:

"THE MARITIME PINE EEGION.

"West of Mobile the road traversed for a distance of over 5 miles the plain, or so-caUed 'second bottom',
composed of a more or less tenacious or sandy yellow clay. It has an elevation above the alluvial of the river of
15 to 25 feet, and is bordered on the west by the ridges of the stratified drift, which extend to within 6 to 18 miles
of the shore-line. Near the coast this plain, flat and devoid of drainage, forms for many miles the low, wet savannas
sparsely covered with a stunted growth of long-leaved pines ; near the estuaries it is interspersed with tracts
covered with a black, light soil, rich in humus and bearing a luxuriant growth of broad-leaved trees associated
with a few Conifera, and with the wooded swamps which extend over the depressions about the base of the higher
land, and follow the low, inundated banks of the numerous streams. The prevailing forest tree of this plain, now
much cultivated in the vicinity of Mobile, is the long leaved pine. Situations offering a moister and somewhat
richer soil along the hummocks and gentle acclivities bordering the swamps and the bottoms of the water-courses
are occupied by the loblolly pine. With this is often associated the pitch pine {Finns Gubensis), which prefers,
however, the more or less inundated and always wet, swampy forest, where its spreading crown towers above
the gum trees and white cedars. Wherever in the plain the long-leaved pine has been cut down, this pitch pine
principally and the loblolly pine spring up to replace it.

"Many acres can be seen in this region covered with thrifty seedlings of this pitch pine, and trees have sprung
up, to my own knowledge, since 1865, which are now from 20 to 25 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of
from 4 to 6 inches ; and trees from 50 to 60 feet in height with a circumference of from 3 to 4 feet, forming quite
extensive forests, may be seen upon the shores of the bay from which the primeval forest was removed about fifty
years ago.

"Ascending the highlands of drift, with its porous soil composed of irregular strata of white or ferruginous
sands, gravels, and pebbles interspersed with layers of clay, the home of the long-leaved pine, which here arrives
at perfection and forms the entire forest growth over immense areas, is entered. Upon this formation, after the
removal of the original forest, either the long-leaved pine takes possession again of the soil or is replaced by a
more or less stunted growth of various species of oak (Quercus Gateabcei, cinerea, nigra, obtusilob.z, and falcata), the
mocker-nut, and a few other small trees and shrubs. What the conditions are by which such a rotation is
regulated is not apparent. It is no doubt much influenced by the conflagrations which annually sweep through
the woods and which are particularly destructive to the young pines, but it cannot be explained solely upon that
ground. I have, however, observed that the more broken lands with the same sandy character of surface soil, but
with a more argillaceous subsoil more or less impervious to water, are mostly covered with this second growth of
deciduous trees, and that the flat table-lands with either a sandy or gravelly soil are invariably covered again with
a second growth of the long-leaved pine. Among such young growths of this species I have never been able to
discover a single seedling of the other pines.

" Cypress swamps of the Tensas river. — The ri\ er was extraordinarily high, the lowlands being overflowed
to a depth of more than 10 feet. The torrents which had fallen during the past three weeks caused a heavier freshet
than any that had been experienced since the spring of 1875. Siuce that year no such opportunity has been offered
for getting heavy cypress timber from the depths of these swampy forests. No idle man was to be found on shore;
everybody who could swing an ax, paddle a boat, or pilot a log was in the swamp engaged in felling and floating
cypress timber. All the mill-hands worked in the swamps ; fields and gardens were left untouched, and even clerks
from the stores were sent to the swamps as overseers.

"We soon entered the deep, dark forest stocked with some fine and large cypress trees, and came upon
two negroes, each standing in his little skiff, engaged in felling a tree of the largest size. It was astonishing
to witness the steadiness and celerity with which they performed their work, considering the instability of their
footholds in the narrow boats. Every stroke of the ax told at the designated jjlace, and it took them scarcely
longer to cut a tree in this way than if they had been working upon solid ground. The top of the tree when
felled is sawed off close to the first limbs by one man working under water a single-handled crosscut saw.
Another, provided with a long pole armed with a sharp iron spike, seizes the trunk and tows it, with the aid of

526 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the slow current, to one of the lake-like sheets ol still water which, interspersed with streams, are so common
in these lowlands. Here the trunks are made into rafts and can be floated down the river to the mills along the
banks below after the subsidence of the flood. The greatest part of this large timber is only accessible during the
time of a high stage of water, so that the energies of the whole population are devoted during the times of freshets
to getting out as much of it as possible. The large number of logs harvested shows clearly with what activity the
destruction of these treasures of the forest is being pushed; and the reports, as of heavy thunder, caused by the
fall of the mighty trees, resounding at short intervals from near and far, speak of its rapid progress.

" In 1831 Mr. Vaughn found these cypress swamps untouched by the ax. At present their resources are so
diminishe4l by the inroads made upon them during the last twelve years that, with a prospect of a rapidly-
increasiug demand for cypress lumber in the near future, he judges that they will be completely exhausted during
the next ten years. This opinion is shared by all mill-owners here, who believe that in less than that time their
business must come to an end. There is no hope that the supply will be continued by the natural increase of young
trees. It is rare to find small trees among the large specimens. Seedlings and saplings are not found in these
deep, swampy forests, and only occur in the openings and upon the banks of water-courses. The fact that the almost
impenetrable shade, excluding the admission of light and air to a soil almost constantly drenched with water, is
unfavorable to the growth of a new generation of the cypress, threatens to exclude it from localities where formerly
this tree attained its greatest perfection. In swamps open to the influences of light and air, and not liable to
prolonged periods of inundation, a growth of seedlings and small trees, especially along the banks of the smaller
tributaries of the larger streams, springs up. The extremely slow gi'owth of the cypress, however, during all stages
of its existence, even if young trees spring up, destroys all hope of an adequate supply of this timber to meet the
wants of coming generations. Trees of small size are as frequently cut as large ones. Saplings from 4 to 12
inches in diameter even are cut and supply the farmer, the builder, and the mechanic with material for many useful
purposes. Logs not over 30 inches in diameter, however, are not worked up in the Tensas mills, which only use
logs of larger size, the saplings being sent in rafts with pine logs to the saw-mills of Mobile. It is rare that a
tree over 3 feet in diameter is found perfectly sound. Trees above 4 feet through are almost always invested with
signs of decay. No timber seems to be open to so many defects as that of the cypress. Many of the trees are ' wind-
shaken ' ; that is, portions of the body of the wood have separated in the direction of the concentric rings, causing
annual splits which extend throughout a great length of the trunk, and if occurring repeatedly in the same stick
render it unfit for use. A considerable number of the larger trees are rotten in sections. Logs cut from such
trees may appear perfectly sound at both ends, but are found hollow and rotten in the interior. The inspection
of cypress logs requires great experience and care to protect the buyer from loss. But there is one disease
which particularly aflects this timber, the cause of which is a perfect mystery to all interested in the matter, (a)
From the center of the tree outward, although never extending into the sap-wood, occur great numbers of
spindle-shaped, narrow excavations with perfectly smooth, rounded walls more or less tapering toward the ends,
parallel with the bundles of woody fibers and nearly regularly disposed in the direction of the annual rings of
growth. These cavities vary from one-half an inch or less to a foot in length, and are found from a few lines to
an inch in width. They are filled with a yellowish-brown powder, the result of decayed, woody substance,
although the walls of the cavities appear perfectly sound and unaftected by decay. These excavations are called
'pegs', and timber so afiected 'peggy' timber. The cavities have no communication with the surface apparently,
and remain always inclosed within the surrounding belt of sap-wood. It is only in the case of very old trees that the
larger cavities produced by the junction of the pegs sometimes reach openings produced by external decay or
accident. Undoubtedly these pegs cause the large hollows so often found in the center of large-sized and
apparently perfectly healthy trees. Some of the timber of medium-sized specimens is honey-combed with these
pegs. Such peggy stuff is useful for poles and pickets, which are found not less durable than if made from
solid lumber.

" Two varieties of cypress timber are recognized according to the color, firmness, and heaviness of the wood,
and are known as white cypress and black cypress; the latt«r has darker, closer grained, and more resinous wood
than the former, and will sink in water. Its weight makes impossible the transportation of black-cypress logs by
floating under ordinary circumstances, and the lumberman, unable always to recognize these peculiarities of the
wood in the standing tree, cuts a chip before felling, which thrown into the water indicates, by its floating or
sinking, whether it is black or white cypress. Trees of the heavy variety are deadened during the months of August
and September by cutting a deep ring through the bark, and in the spring of the second season the timber is
found sufficiently light to float.

" The cypress region of southern Alabama, which must be regarded as one of the great resources of its forest
■wealth, commences upon Mobile river, about 16 or 18 miles above its entrance into Mobile bay, extending through
the lowlands upon both banks of this river, in Baldwin and Mobile counties, where it covers an extreme area of from
76 to 80 square miles. It extends northward to the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers, covering

a This injury to the cypreas is caused by a fungoid plant not yet determined, although, widely distributed along the Golf coast. —
C. 8. 8.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 527

large tracts in the delta between tbetn, follows northward the course of these streams, and covers the extensive
swamps which border their banks and the mouths of their numerous tributaries. Upon the Alabama the cypress
swamps extend to the lower part of Clarke county. Next to the Mobile River region the largest supply of cypress
can be drawn from the extensive bottoms of the Tombigbee, about the mouth of Bassett creek, near Jackson.
Duriug the freshet of the present year (1880) a large number of logs from this vicinity will be sent to the mills on
the Tensas.

" Baldwin county. — A quarter of .a century ago a pine forest, unequaled in the magnificence of its tree growth,
and supposed atihat lime to contain an inexhaustible supply of timber, covered Baldwin county through its whole
extent. To-day this forest, from the line of the Mobile and Montgomery railroad, along the eastern shore of Mobile
bay, and along all the water-courses as far as Bonsecours bay, upon the Gulf, is entirely destroyed, and presents a
picture of ruin and utter desolation painful to behold.

" The production of naval stores has been carried on in this region without regard to any of its future interests,
and, the forest being exhausted, manufacturers have been driven to seek new fields of operation. In the old
turpentine orchards, long abandoned, no young trees have sprung up. Too far remote to make it possible to get
their timber to the saw-mills, the large trees which have sufiicient strength to withstand the effects of the barbarous
process of boxing drag out their precarious existence for years after the smaller and weaker trees have been laid low,
and shade the ground sufficiently to prevent the start of a young growth. The wood of these old boxes, as dead pines
are called, is, after the loss of their vitality, charged throughout with an excess of resinous matter, and is in that
condition sold as 'fat' or 'light' wood, being greatly esteemed as fuel for the generation of steam. For this
purpose this final product of the pine forest is carried to the city of Mobile in broad flatboats, propelled by one huge
square sail, and steered by a ponderolis horizontal beam serving as a rudder. In a few years, however, this, the least
valuable and the last product of the pine forest, will have forever disappeared, and with it the last remnant of the
original forest growth of this part of the state. Occasionally, under the shade of the trees left standing, a young
growth of pine is found, and on the high and undulating table-land between Mobile bay and Fish river, where the
soil is light and very porous, a low and scanty oak scrub has taken possession of the ground. Toward the banks of
the water-courses, however, where the largest trees were first cut to furnish timber to the mills once situated on Fish
river, thus early leaving the ground open to atmospheric influences, fine and promising groves of long-leaved pine
now often cover areas of wide extent. I measured many trees in these young second-growth pine forests, grown up
within the last twelve to twenty-five years, standing from 15 to 30 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of from
4 to 6 inches, of thrifty growth, and rapidly overcoming the small oak growth with which it had to contend for the
possession of the soil. It is the turkey and the upland willow oak alone which occur in these thin soils, too poor to
support the Spanish and black oaks.

" The banks of the North Branch of the Fish river are composed of marsh or white drift sand. The arid, sandy
ground is covered with a dwarf growth of live oak and myrtle live oak, observed here for the first time, and which
farther east formed by far the largest part of the oak scrub covering the shore-lines of the large bays of western
Florida. Two or three miles beyond the forks of Fish river a belt of pine forest is reached, not yet destroyed by
the mutilations of the 'box-cutter' nor bereft of its best growth by the log-gatherer; it covers the highlands and
declivities between Fish river and the waters which find their way into Perdido bay. This may be regarded as a
virgin forest, only slightly invaded up to the present time along the Blackwater creek, Hollenger's creek, the
Perdido river, and the bay shore. The mills situated on Perdido river and bay depend entirely for their present
and future supply of logs upon this forest of southern Baldwin county, although I learn that it is expected to supply
them during the next five years only, even if their production of lumber does not increase. This forest extends
over six townships and covers an area estimated at from 125,000 to 150,000 acres.

"THE FORESTS OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE IN EASTERN ALABAMA, MIXED FOREST GROWTH, ETC.

"The forests which once covered the wide bottom lands of the Chattahoochee in the neighborhood of Franklin,
Alabama (opposite Fort Gaines), are now reduced to small patches of woodland confined to the base of ranges of
low hills bordering the plain valley to the southeast. The tree growth was found here to differ in no way from
that found lower down, except that the short-leaved pine {Pinns mitis) occurs more frequently. The crab apple
and the cockspur thorn are frequent along the borders of the woods, but the pond pine (PiwMs serotina), which
might have been expected here, was not observed. In the sandy, wet, and deeply-shaded bottoms of a sluggish
stream winding along the base of these hills I found the spruce pine {Pinus glabra) abundantly associated with
the loblolly bay, red and sweet bays, and stately magnolias. The live oak is not found here, and it is doubtful if
it extends in this part of the Gulf region more than a few miles north of the thirty-first degree of latitude. The
low hills do not rise more than 150 feet above the plain; in entering them the second division of the sylvan
vegetation characteristic of the eastern Gulf states is reached — a forest of mixed growth, which must be regarded,
on account of its extent as well as the variety of its vegetation, as one of the important natural features of the
region. I am of opinion that the deciduous-leaved trees have an equal representation in this forest with the

528 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

coDifcrs. This certainly was the case before the settlement of the country, but as the broad leaved trees occupy
ttie best land, the areas of bard-wood forest have been more reduced by the demands of agriculture than have the
forests of pine.

" The distribution of the different species of trees throughout this region depends upon the nature of the soil
and the topographical features of the country. In general it can be stated that the marls and calcareous
Tertiary strata which form the lower ridges and more or less undulating uplands and plains are chiefly occupied
by trees with deciduous leaves, and by a few yellow pines. Here oaks, predominate, and especially the post
oak {Quercus obtusiloba), which prefers the level or gently-swelling ground with a generous, warm, and open soil;
with it is frequently found the black oak (Quercus tinctoria), the Spanish oak and black-jack upou soils of poorer
quality, the last, particularly, preferring one of closer, more argillaceous character mixed with fine sand. The
blackjack finds here its best development, rivaling often in size the post oak ; it enters largely also into the
undergrowth of the post-oak woods, forming dense thickets on lands too poor to sustain a heavier tree growth.

"The hickories are unimportant features in the forests of this region. In the dry uplands they seldom attain
more than medium size, although in the more shaded and richer situations the mocker-nut and pig-nut are not rare.

"The long-leaved pine, on account of the broad extent it covers, its gregarious habit, and the splendid
growth it attains here, must be regarded as the most important timber tree of this region. Confined to a siliceous,
dry, and porous soil, it occupies the high ridges invariably covered with a deposi^ of drift, often found widely
spread over the more elevated highlands. For this reason the pine forests crown the hills and cover the more
or less broken plateaus. They are found also toward the soutliern boundaries of this region, where the sands
and gravels of the drift of the lower pine region encroach upou and mingle with tlie strata of older formations.
Under these circumstances it is evident that the line of demarkation between this and the pine region of the coast
is diflBcult to determine. The best distinction is found in the fact that in the pine forests of the lower pine
region the growth of pines upon the uplands is never broken by patches of oak, and that the short-leaved pine
never occurs there. Another point of distinction is found in the nature of the second growth, which springs up
after the large pines have been removed. In the pine woods in the region of mixed tree growth the subsoil, of
Tertiary origin, seems more favorable to the growth of oaks than to a second growth of the long-leaved pin^. This
is replaced generally by oaks mixed with the short-leaved pine and various deciduous trees. It is safe to assert that
the southern limits of this region coincide with a line following the northern boundary of the coast drifts, along
which the lower strata have completely disappeared be iieath it.

" Pike county. — On the broad ridges which form the divide between the waters of the Pea and Conecuh rivers,
upon a purely sandy soil, are found, within the forest of long-leaved pine, tracts with strictly-defined outlines from
a half mile to several miles in width, covered with a dense vegetation of small trees and shrubs peculiar to the
perpetually moist and cool hummocks of the coast. The soil covered with this growth presents no unuaual features ;
it is as poor and arid as that covering the rest of these heights. Surrounded on all sides by pine forests, not a
single pine tree is seen within the limits of these glades, called by the inhabitants 'pogosines', an Indian name
the meaning of which I was unable to learn.

" The trees are of small growt*h, the willow oak, the water oak, beech, red maple, and black gum rarely rising to
a height of more than 30 feet among the sourwoods, junipers, hornbeams, hoUies, papaws, fringe-trees, red bays,
and other trees of the coast. These glades verge upon deep ravines from which issue large springs, and from
this fact I conclude that, below their sandy, porous soil, strata must exist perpetually moistened by subterranean
waters near enough to the surface to supply the moisture necessary to support such a luxuriant vegetation.

"FORESTS OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY.

" The character of the forest vegetation changes upon the limestone formation of the valley of the Tennessee.
This new region of tree growth extends from the northeastern confines of Alabama to a short distance beyond the
Mississippi state line with a width of from 35 to 40 miles, and reachiug beyond the northern boundary of the state.
Its prominent feature is the total absence of pine and the scarcity of other evergreen trees. A few scattered
saplings of the loblolly pine are found ou its lower borders, waifs strayed from their natural habitats, the lower part
of Morgan county, the true northern limit of this species, in Alabama at least. The red cedar is the only
evergreen tree common among the forest growth of this limestone region, and the durability of its wood combined
with its beauty places this tree among the most useful produced in this region. The red cedar forms here almost
exclusively the second growth after the removal of the original forest, covering everywhere with extensive groves
the dry, rocky hillsides and flats. The timber, however, of this second growth is only fit for the most ordinary
purposes. The trees branch low, and the trunks are consequently full of knots and unfit for anything except fence
posts. The fertile portions of this region have been largely denuded of their forest growth, although more thau
half is still covered with wood, a considerable portion with almost virgin forest. This is particularly true of
Lauderdale and Colbert counties and the mountainous portions of the counties of Madison and Jackson. The vast
quantities of oak, ash, walnut, and poplar timber contained in these counties can be sent to northern markets as
soon as the Tennessee river has been made navigable by the removal of the obstacles at the Mussel shoals.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 529

"The road from Decatur to Moulton, in Lawrence county, leads through broad and feitile valley lands, broken,
as the mountains are approached, by limestone ridges jutting out into the plain. The beautiful Moulton valley,
inclosed by the low foot-hills of the Sandy Mountain range which form its southern boundary, shows only along the
base of the mountains a remnant of its original tree covering. Here the water oak, willow oak, red oak, mulberries,
elms, and ashes were the trees found in the lower situations, and on rolling, higher land the white oak, the black
oak, ])ost oak, sassafras, and dogwood formed the x»revailing forest growth. The lower flank of the steep escarpment
of the highlands, a terrace of limestone cliffs mostlj^ destitute of soil, bears a stunted tree growth. Here the red
cedar and the jipland hickory abound, and where the surface is less broken and a deeper soil covers the rock,
chestnuts make their appearance with white oaks and the shell bark and mocker-nut hickories. The ascent is less
precipitous as the sandstone ledges are reached, and here the yellow pine (Pinus mitis) and the scrub i:'ine [Pinus
inops) are prominent among the oak forests of the mountains. When the crest of this abrupt decline is passed the
oak forest is reached. It covers the extensive table-land between the Coosa and the eastern tributaries of the
Tombigbee, and extends southward from the valley of the Tennessee to the lowlands commencing below Tuscaloosa,
occupying an area of nearly 6,000 square miles.

"General Eemaeks.

"The forests of long-leaved pine are principally confined to the following limited regions east of the Mississippi
river: 1. The Great Maritime Pine region. 2. The Central Pine Belt of Alabama. 3. The Pine Eegion of the
Coosa.

"Pine forests of more or less extent, too, mixed with woodlands composed of deciduous-leaved trees, occupy
the ridges covered with a porous siliceous soil in the region of what I have called the mixed tree growth, and which
upon its southern borders verges upon the Coast Pine Belt. Ujjon the heights of the low ranges of the metamorphic
region of Alabama are also found more or less extensive tracts of this pine, generally, however, of inferior quality
and size, while as far north as the thirty-fourth degree of latitude patches of thinly-scattered pine are met on the
brows of the mountains, and, rarely, on the plateau of the carboniferous sand.

" The pine forests of Alabama, from the Escambia to the Mississippi state line, in the counties of Monroe,
Baldwin, Washington, Mobile, and in portions of Clarke county, cover 3,500 square miles. Of these about 1,000
square miles have already been more or less destroyed in the manufacture of naval stores. Allowing 25 per cent,
for land under cultivation, or covered by a forest of different trees, by water, etc., there are still 1,875 square miles
left of this forest to supply the demands of the future.

"The whole amount of long leaved pine lumber received at the port of Mobile averages about 60,000,000
feet, board measure, representing the product of mills at that place and along the various railroad lines leading
to it. The amount of hewed square timber received is still small, but the business of exporting timber of this sort
promises to assume large proportions in the near future.

"The pine belt of central, Alabama. — This forest occupies the deposits of drift which, in a strip varying
from 10 to 30 miles in width, traverses the state from east to west. It is nearly in the center of the line connecting
its eastern and western limits that its greatest width is found. This forest is estimated to coyer 650 square miles,
no allowance being made for lands cultivated or covered by other trees. The timber, both in quality and quantity,
is unsurpassed by that growing on the best sections of the lower pine region. The manufacture of lumber and its
export to northern markets has only been carried on in this region to any large extent during the last three or four
years, and it is now rapidly assuming large proportions. The most important saw-mills in this region are situated
on the line of the Louisville and Nashville railroad, between Clear creek and Elmore, Elmore county, and produced
in the aggregate 67,000,000 feet of lumber, board measure, during the years 1879-'80. Considerable lumber is also
produced along the line of the Selma, Eome and Dalton railroad, in Chilton county.

"Naval stores are not yet manufactured in this region.

" The pine region of the Coosa. — A detached belt of drift largely composed of coarse pebbles stretches
from the eastern base of the Lookout Mountain range through the valley of the Coosa river, near Gadsden, covering
nearly the whole of Cherokee county, to the Georgia state line. This forest is estimated to cover from 400 to 450 square
miles, although much of the best timber nearest to the river has already been exhausted. Logs are driven down the
Coosa and sawed at Gadsden. The manufacture of lumber at this place has been carried on for a number of years,
and amounts to an average of 20,000,000 feet.

"NAVAL STORES.

"The manufacture of naval stores in the central Gulf states is almost entirely restricted for the present to the
forest contiguous to Mobile and to the railroad lines leading to that port and to the southern confines of the pine belt
in Mississippi. It is only during the past two seasons that turpentine orchards have been worked near Pascagoula,
Mississippi, Pearl river, and in eastern Louisiana above Covington. The first turpentine distilleries were established
on the Gulf coast a little more than a quarter of a century ago, along Fish river on the eastern and Dog river on the
western shores of Mobile bay. The bu-siness soon assumed such jiroportions as to lead to the destruction r-f the

• il I'Oll

530 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

foreste covering buudreds of 8<]uure miles, particularly in Baldwin county. The production of naval stores in this
county, as well as in the lower part of Mobile county, has at present nearly ceased, on account of the exhaustion of
the forest. It is, however, now carried on with the greatest activity on the line of the Mobile and Ohio railroad.
Between Mobile station, in Mobile county, and Quitman, Mississippi, there are at this date not less than thirty-three
stills in operation, while along the Louisville and Nashville railroad there have been during the last five years fifty-
three stills established in Alabama and Mississippi. These, with few exceptions, are controlled by Mobile capital,
their whole product being handled from that market, so that the returns contained in the annual reports of the
board of trade of Mobile fairly represent the whole production of naval stores in this pine region.

"According to the statements contained in the report for 1880, the crops amounted in the years 1879-'80 to 25,409
barrels of spirits of turpentine and 158,482 barrels of rosin. During a period of eight years, between 1873 and the
close of the business year of 1880, 160,000 barrels of spirits of turpentine and 800,000 barrels of rosiu have been
pnxluced in this same district, (a)

"The increase in prices during the last few years for all kinds of naval stores, and particularly the active demand
for the best class of rosin, have given an increased impetus to this business, in consequence of which many of the
older orchards have been abandoned and new ones started, while the number of new boxes cut during the present
season is greater than ever before. There are no returns to be obtained of the production prior to 1875, but it can
be safelj' assumed that up to that year 250 square miles of pine forest had been boxed. The production since 1875
must have involved a further destruction of 640,000 acres, or 1,000 square miles of forest. With the low price at
which pine lands are held there is not the slightest regard paid to the utilization of their resources, and under
the present system they are rapidly destroyed, regardless of the needs of the future and with the sole object of
obtaining the quickest possible returns on the capital invested.

"It may be of interest to mention here the results obtained by a practical manufacturer by submitting the
refuse of saw-mills, that is, slabs and sawdust, to a process of combined steam and dry distillation, with the view
of utilizing the volatile products of such waste. He obtained from one cord of slabs 12 gallons of spirits of
turpentine, 25 gallons of tar, 120 gallons of weak pyroligneous acid, and 12 barrels of charcoal. From one cord of
lightwood ho obtained 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 62^ gallons of tar, and 60 gallons of pyroligneous acid.
The sawdust obtained from sawing 10,000 feet of i)ine lumber, subjected to distillation during one day, produced
22 gallons of spirits of turpentine."

MISSISSIPPI.

The forests of Mississippi originally extended over nearly the entire state. Prairies of no great area, situated
in the northern central part of the state, presented the only break in its tree covering. The forest consisted of a
belt of long leaved pine, occupying the coast plain and reaching from the eastern confines of the state to the
bottom lands of the Mississippi river, and from the coast nearly to the line of Vicksburg and Meridian. The
northeastern i>ortion of this long-leaved pine forest spread over a high rolling country, and here the pines were
mixed with various hard- wood trees ; north of the long-leaved pine forest a long belt gradually narrowing toward the
north and occupied by a growth of short-leaved pine and of hard woods reached nearly to the northern boundary of
the state, while south of the Tennessee river, in Tishomingo, Prentiss, and Itawamba counties, a considerable area
was covered with forests of the short-leaved pine. The remainder of the state was clothed with a growth of hard
woods, which in the swamps of the Yazoo delta and the bottom lands of the Mississipiii river formed vast and
almost impenetrable forests, where cypresses, gums, water oaks, ashes, and other trees which find their home
in the deep, inundated swamps of the South Atlantic region attained noble dimensions and great value.

The pine forests have been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the Pascagoula and Pearl rivers and
from their principal tributaries within the southern tier of counties; the most accessible timber has been cleared
from the Biloxi, Blind, Jordan, Wolf, and Tchefuncta rivers, flowing into Mississippi sound, and from the line of the
Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad. The long-leaved pine of Mississippi is, however, still i)ractically
intact, and these forests are capable of supplying au immense amount of timber as soon as the means of
transportation can be furnished for it. A small amount of pine has been cut in the northeastern pine region from
along the line of the Memphis and Charleston railroad.

The hard-wood forests outside of the bottom lands have been largely cleared from many counties in providing
for the requirements of agriculture. Such land when abandoned is again covered in the central part of the state
with a growth of old-field pine, and in the north, and especially in the northt astern counties, by a vigorous growth
of short-leaved pine {Pinus mitis), which seems destined to becpme the most important timber tree of that region.
The forests which cover the swamps of the state are still almost intact, although the most accessible cypress, which
has long been cut in the Yazoo delta and the valley of the Pearl river to supply the New Orleans market, has
become scarce.

During the census year 222,800 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $78,500. Of
these fires the largest number was set by hunters, and by farmers carelessly starting fires in clearing land or to
improve pasturage.

a These flgores differ somewhat from those prepared by Mr. Van Bokkelen. See page 493. — C. S. S.

DEPABTMEI.T OF THE INTEBtOB..

TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.

JubtL<tl{imtllCo.lilh

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

531

Establishments for the manufacture of wagons, wheel stock, cooperage, etc., have been established at different
times in the northern part of the state. The industries, however, which depend upon the hard-wood forests for
material are still in their infancy in Mississippi, and are capable of enormous development.

The following estimates of the standing-pine supply of Mississippi, May 31, 1880, were prepared by Dr. Charles
Mohr, who carefully explored the forests of the state :

LONG-LEAVED PINE (^Finus palttairls).

Regions.

Feet, board
measure.

In rerion west of Pearl river, tributary to the Chicago, Saiut Loms,
andNew Orleans railroad.

£aat of Pearl river . .

6, 800, 000, 000

7,600,000,000
3, 800, 000, too

Segion of miied growth, exclusive of 200,000 acres injured by the
in.iDufactuie of turpentine.

Total .

18, 200, 000,000

Cut for tliecensns yopr ending May 31,1880

108, 000, 000

SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Finns mitia).

In the northeastern belt

In northern region of mixed growth .

Total .

Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880.

1, 000, 000, 000
B, 175, 000, 000

6, 775, 000, 000

7, 775, 000

In this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 2,912,000 acres which have been cut
over, and from which the merchantable pine has been practically removed.

The region of mixed growth, which adjoins the pine belt upon the north, contains a smaller number of pine
trees per acre than the pine belt proper; but, the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing
pine per acre is here greater, although generally of poorer quality, than nearer the coast.

The principal centers of lumber manufacture are at the mouth of Pascagoula river, in Jackson county, at
Mississippi City, in Harrison county, along the lower Pearl river, upon the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and
New Orleans railroad in Lincoln county, and in the northeastern counties, where are located many small railroad
mills, manufacturing in the aggregate a large amount of yellow-pine lumber {Pinus mitis).

The pine forests of the state have up to the present time sulfered but little damage from the manufacture of
naval stores. Turpentine orchards, however, have been recently established in the vicinitj' of the coast, near the
mouth of the Pascagoula river, and at other points in the coast counties.

The following remarks are extracted from Dr. Charles Mohr's report upon the foi'ests of Mississippi :

"The ptne forests of southern Mississippi. — In the vicinity of Scranton, near the mouth of the
Pascagoula river, little is left of the original pine forest. The old clearings are covered with flue loblolly pine,
from 40 to 60 feet high, upon rather close, dry soil. The pitch pine {Pinus Cubensis) forms dense groves, with
seedling trees from 20 to 30 feet in height upon lauds of lighter soil extending to the sea-shore. Oaks are not
common. Fine groves of stately live oaks, however, line the banks of the river up to Moss Point, 4 miles distant.

" The annual export of lumber during the last four or five years has averaged 45,000,000 feet from the Pascagoula
river. The largest percentage of this lumber is manufactured into boards and scantling for ordinary building
purposes, and is shipped to Cuba, the Windward islands, to Mexico, Brazil, and a small part, in the form of deals
2 or 3 inches in thickness, intended for shipbuilding, to France, Spain, Holland, Belgium, and Germany. Large
quantities of charcoal burned upon the banks of Black and Red creeks are sent to New Orleans in small coasting
schooners, which run also from the bay of Biloxi and the bay of Saint Louis. At Moss Point eleven saw-mills,
which furnish the lumber manufactured upon it, are situated on both banks of the East Pascagoula river. The
combined capacity of these mills amounts to 220,000 feet a day, although the annual production during the past
years has scarcely exceeded 40,000,000 feet. The timber manufactured in these mills comes from the Pascagoula
and its tributaries, the Leaf and Chickasawha rivers and their sources, the Bogue Homo, Tallahala, Bay, and
Okatuina creeks, as far up as the southern limits of Covington and Jones counties. A small number of logs also,
comes from the Escatawpa. The logs received at these mills average 20 inches in diameter and 40 feet in length
Sticks of such average dimeusions are only furnished from flrst-class timber-lands, which, according to the best
judges, produce six or seven trees of that size to the acre. Only lands lining the streams just mentioned, in a
belt not exceeding 3 miles in width on each bank, have been up to this time invaded by the log-getter to supply
these mills.

632 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

"The vastuess of the timber resources yet contained in the region embraced in the norlhern half of Harrit^on
and the whole of Greene and Perry, up to the southern confines of Marion and Jones counties, is astonipliing. As
18 the case in Alabama, however, trees furnishing first-class spftrs for masts are difiicult to find; they have been
cut by spar-hunters in every part of the forest which could bo reached by teams.

"Cypress lumber is not manufactured in this region, and the loblolly pine furnishes so small a part of the
timber manufactured that it need not be considered. In Jones and Covington counties, about the headwaters of
the upper tributaries of the Pascagoula, the country is rolling, intersected by numerous small, swift streams and
rivulets. This region is magnificently timbered, and devoid of the barren ridges of almost pure sand so frequently
found in the pine belt of Alabama.

"The low, flat, more or Jess wide pine lands bordering upon the marshes of the coast are sparsely covered with
pine, while the trees growing in this wet, boggy soil, devoid of drainage and overlying a subsoil impervious to
water, are stunted and of little value. The lower part of Harrison county is covered with these ])ine meadows,
which fact accounts for the comparatively small importance of the bay of Saint Louis as a lumber-producing center.

"At Pearlington, on the Pearl river, is established the large saw-mill of Poitevent & Favre, capable of
producing 100,000 feet of lumber a day; at Logton, 2 miles farther up the river, are two mills, and 5 miles above
these, at Gainesville, there is another. The largest part of the logs sawed at these mills is cut upon the banks of
the Abolochitto creek, in Hancock county, and its tributaries extending into the lower part of Marion county,
50 or 00 miles distant. The remainder comes from the banks of the Pearl and the upper and lower Little rivers,
which empty into it 10 miles above Columbia.

" The cypress is nearly exhausted from the lower Pearl river, and the 20,000 or 30,000 feet of this lumber which
are sawed annually at Pearlington are derived from the cypress swamps on the upper waters of the ]*earl and
Jackson rivers, where there is still a large amount of this timber of good size.

" The eastern bank of the Pearl river, within the Maritime Pine Belt, is sparsely settled, and forests, the
especially in Hancock county and the upper part of Marion county, are unsurpassed in the quality and quantitj' of
their pine timber. It is estimated by good judges that these forests will yield an average of 2,000 feet of lumber,
board measure, to the acre. Up to the present time a strip of land scarcely 3 miles in width, embracing the banks
of the water-courses, has been stripped of its timber growth, and fine spar timber is yet to be found here a few
miles back from all the streams. Almost the whole of these rich timber-lands supplying the mills on Pearl river
form a part of the public domain.

" The almost unbroken pine forests covering the upper tier of counties between the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers,
toward the northern confines of the pine region, are still practically intact. The wealth of these forests has as yet
found no outlet to the markets of the world. Thinly settled, they are still largely the property of the government,
but in view of the speedily -increasing demand for lumber and the profits derived from the lumber business, such a
condition of affairs must soon come to iiu end. It can be safely asserted that by far the largest part of the timber,
felled in the Abolochitto region is taken from government land. There can be no question of this when it is considered
how insignificantly small is the area of land which has been legally entered by private persons along that stream.
The necessity of adopting proper measures to protect the timber wealth upon the public domain from depredations of
such enormous extent forces itself upon the most casual observer, while to one who looks closer at the consequences
of the continuance of the existing state of affairs the urgency becomes appallingly apparent. The ever-increasing
consumption of timber at the mills upon Pearl river, of which one alone can cut 100,000 feet of lumber a day, will
prove a powerful stimulus to a people who, since the development of the lumber business in these regions, have
almost completely abandoned their former agricultural and pastoral pursuits and now depend entirely for their
support upon cutting pine logs, to supply this enormous demand at the expense of the public property. Already
plans have been made to invade this region by tramways and railroads, in order that its timber may be brought to
market. This is true, too, of the region between the Pearl and the Amite rivers, down to the marshy lands of
eastern Louisiana, a region in which the forests are also particularly good.

"In the state of Mississippi it is safe to estimate that, after deducting 25 per cent, for areas of swampy and
cleared land, 9,000 square miles are still covered by forests of long-leaved pine. The production of this region
during the census year amounts to 108,000,000 feet; of this, 60,000,000 finds its outlet at Pascagoula, 30,000,000 by
Pearl river, 6,000,000 by bay of Saint Louis, and 12,000,000 by the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad
to northern markets.

"In the northern part of Harrison county we crossed a tract from which twelve years ago a hurricane swept
a belt a quarter of a mile wide of all tree growth. It is interesting to note the growth which has since sprung up
among the prostrate charred trunks of the pines still found lying about in large numbers. Black-jack oaks, the
largest not over 12 feet in height, are mixed in almost equal numbers with stunted, thin saplings of the long-leaved
pine. These plainly exhibit the helplessness of the struggle to which these offspring of the great timber tree are
subjected under the influence of repeated conflagrations wherever the oak scrub has sprung up and added fuel, in the
abundance of its leaves, to the fires which annually sweep through these woods.

"The noutheastern counties. — After crossing the Sucarnoochee river below Scooba, in Kemper county, the
pines which had covered the ridges near the borders of Lauderdale county disappear; scarcely a stray sapling

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 533

of the loblolly pine is seen as Scooba is reached. The cold, wet, calcareous soil of the ilatwoods and prairies is
unsnited to the growth of all coniferous trees, with the exception of the cypress. Along the railroad, as it traverses
the flat prairie region, the country is sparsely wooded; large tracts of the prairie lands have always been destitute
of trees, and the woodlands with which they were interspersed were cleared at the first settlement of the country.
What remains of the original forest growth is now confined to localities too difficult of drainage to make agriculture
profitable, and to the banks of streams subject to inundation. More or less extensive patches of woods are found
also on the ledges where the limestone rock comes to the surface. In the swampy land the willow oak, the water oak,
the black gum^ sweet gum, white ash, and along the ponds willows and cottonwoods, prevail. The post oaks, white
oaks, and cow oaks are mingled more or less freely with these trees in localities enjoying better drainage. Black-jack
and black oaks, mixed with various haws, viburnums, and persimmons, occupy the rocky flats. No magnolias were
seen in this region. The red, willow, and water oaks, the sycamore, and the sweet gum abound along the streams
here, and are so common as to deserve special mention, while on the rolling uplands black oaks, post oaks, and
white oaks, with poplars^ shell-bark and pig-nut hickories, are common. From Tupelo toward Corinth the couutry
is poorly wooded. The ascent is constant, reaching the point of highest elevation between the Gulf of Mexico and the
Ohio riverat Booneville. Corinth is situated on a wide pine plain, bounded on the west by the valley of the Tuscumbia
river and east by the ridges which mark the water-shed of the Tennessee. The soil is here a deep calcareous clay, "
very stiff and heavy, hard as brick in warm, dry weather, and suddenly becoming a bottomless, stiff mire in seasons
of rain. Below the valley of the Tuscumbia river the road passes over low and undulating ridges, of which the
higher and steeper are yet covered with the remnants of the old oak forest. Here the Spanish and post oaks
predominate in numbers ; then follow the black oak and the scarlet oak, while Ihe shell-bark hickory and the mocker-
nut form but a small part of the tree growth of these uplands. The bottoms of the Tuscumbia, although subject
to frequent overflows, are covered with a primeval forest not inferior in luxuriance and variety to that of the
Mississippi river bottom lands. White-oak timber of the finest quality is found here in the greatest abundance and
perfection. The most common species is the cow oak (Quercus Michavxii). I found that this river-bottom forest
contained, by actual count, an average of from twelve to fourteen trees of this species, from 30 to 35 inches in
diameter, to the acre. It is known to the inhabitants here by the name of cow oak or basket oak, being easily split
into narrow, thin strips. The wood is extensively used in the manufacture of baskets used by the negroes in
cotton-picking. These baskets are light, and of considerable strength and durability. Next in frequency follows
the willow oak, and then the over-cup swamp oak {Quercus hjrata), and finally the red oak, found especially on the
outskirts of the forest.

"The white ash is not so frequently seen here as elsewhere in similar localities, and does not seem to thrive
on these stiff, cold soils. It is in part replaced by the green ash, which here attains the size of a large tree. The
black gum is very common, and where the soil is least subjected to overflow the true white oak is found, with fine
groups of beech, overtowered by large poplars. Among the smaller trees the mulberry, hornbeam, holly, and
abundant papaws must be mentioned.

" The pine hills in the eastern part of Alcorn county are reached at a distance of 6 or 7 miles in a southerly
direction from Corinth. Pine occurs on the dividing ridges between the waters of the Tuscumbia river and Yellow
creek, or toward the south on those between the Tombigbee and the Tennessee rivers. A short distance west of
Glendale station the Cretaceous strata disappear under the ferruginous sands, and mixed with a stunted growth of
post oak and Spanish oak, pines appear, forming vast forests on the crests of the hills. This pine (Pinus mitis)
takes possession of all the old clearings and fields thrown out of cultivation. The rapid growth of the seedlings,
which spontaneously spring up thickly after the removal of the broad-leaved trees, leaves no chance for the seedling
oaks. It is therefore a certainty that in the future the short-leaved pine will be almost the sole forest tree in this
part of the state, outside of the bottom lands, and that it will probably extend its domain far beyond the original
limits of its growth.

"The aspect of these pine woods resembles closely that of the lower pine region. The short-leaved pine
replaces here the long-leaved pine of the coast, the scrubby post and Spanish oaks take the place of the turkey and
the upland willow oaks, while the black jack is common to both these regions of identical geological formation.
The flora of the two regions also presents the same general features ; the asters, goldenrods, sunflowers, and various
leguminous plants are often the same or belong to closely-allied species. The pine-clad drift hills interspersed
between the Carboniferous and Cretaceous regions are parts of the northern interior drift belt which extends
throughout Alabama. The region of the short-leaved pine of northeastern Mississippi extends from the southern
border of the valley of the Tennessee river to the southern extremity of Itawamba county, and is on an average 10
miles in width, embracing an area of nearly 600 square miles. Of this region, after the deduction of the fertile
bottoms of the Tombigbee and Yellow Creek valleys, where no pines are found, two-thirds can be regarded as
occupied by the pine forest. As the sole supply of pine lumber in the northern part of the state, this region is of
great importance. Several saw-mills, none of which have an annual capacity of more than 3,000,000 feet, are
established on the railroad line at Glendale, Burnsville, and near luka; portable saw-mills are worked also tlirough
this forest in its whole extent, their product being hauled in wagons for miles to the nearest station on the Mobile
and Ohio and the Memphis and Charleston railroads. The largest shipments are made from Burnsville and Corinth.

534 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

"The second growth of the short-leaved pine, which is alreadj^ growing with great rapidity in northern
Mississippi upon exhausted fields thrown ont of cultivation and wherever the forest has been cut from the
ridges, should be protected and fostered by the owners of the soil. The care bestowed uj>on the natural seeding
of this useful and valuable timber tree, and in assisting it to gain a permanent foothold on lands regarded as unfit
or unjjrofitable for agriculture, of which tens of thousands of acres are now found in this state, would lead to
results of great benefit to the community. The people have it in their power to replenish their timber resources, fast
failing tlirongh the ever-progressing destruction of the original forest, without other outlay than simply assisting
nature in her efforts to recover from injuries sustained in the wholesale destruction of the forest. The restoration
of the forest over vast areas, now barren and unproductive wastes, would add vastly to the general welfare and
prosperity through the influence such forests would exert upon the climate and s.ilubrit.v of the country, by the
shelter they would offer to insectivorous birds ever busy in the destruction of insects injurious to farm crops, and
by the formation of protective screens against the cotton-worm, the most destructive of all insects in this part of
the country; for it must be admitted as an undisputed fact that the destruction caused by the cotton worm is far
less ui>on the small farms where strips of woodland divide the fields than upon the plantations in the rich prairie
lands where large areas are destitute of woods. Such forests would serve as windbreaks for crops growing in field
and orchard, and as protection against the washing away of the light soil so peculiarly adapted to the cultivation
of the great staple of the country, thus preventing the ruin of many productive fields, the debris from which,
carried away by the rain and floods, fills the rivers and their estuaries, rendering navigation every year mora
dang«n'ous.

"Central pine hills. — A Lilly region, the northern limit of which is near the center of Benton county,
covered with upland oaks and short-leaved jiines, extends eastward to the flatwoods in a belt from 8 to 12 miles in
width. Farther south, in Calhoun and Sumter counties, this pine region is much wider, embracing the largest part
of these and Choctaw and the western part of Oktibbeha counties; from Kosciusko, Attala county, it extends over
the whole of Winston and the western part of Noxubee counties, being merged, south of Neshoba in the western
part of Kemper county, with the region of mixed tree growth. This pine forest supplies a sufficient amount of
lumber for the local demand, and portable saw-mills are found near fhe large settlements from Kosciusko to the
southern limits of the region. It forms a prominent feature in the eastern Gulf states by its geographical
position, and must be regarded as one of the distinct divisions which might be designated as the region of the central
pine hills. Botanically this region differs from that of the mixed tree growth, upon which it borders toward the
south, by the more equ.al distribution of the pines among the oaks, and particularly by the total absence of the
long-leaved pine and other conifers, with the exception of the loblolly pine and of scattered cypress along the river
banks, and by the absence of the great magnolia {M. (/randiflora). The second forest growth in the northern ]iart
of this region consists almost exclusively of the .short-leaved pine, which southward is associated with the loblolly
pine. The short-leaved pine will in the future be the chief forest tree of this region.

" I have personally seen but little of the flatwoods proper, having only touched their southern limits in Kemper
county. It is a region of close, cold soil, devoid of drainage, and covered with a stunted growth of post oak; and
in its economic aspects as a timber region, or botanically, is of little Interest or importance.

"Western Mississippi. — In Copiah county, below the village of Terry, fifteen saw-mills are in operation along
the railroad, obtaining their supply of logs from the heavily-timbered hills in the neighborhood. This lumber is
shipped by rail to Saint Louis and Chicago. This business has already reached large proportions and is still
increasing rapidly, the mills running without intermission at their full capacity throughout the year.

" Beyond Crystal Springs the country loses its rolling character ; the pine hills disappear, and a short distance
above the northern boundary of Copiah county, near Terry, a different geological formation is entered, and a
strongly-marked change in the vegetation takes place. Horizontal strata of loam, inclosing layers of what appears
a whitish sand, stretch northward over a vast extent of level country, and the long-leaved jiine disappears with
the gravels and sands of the drift.

"North of the pine region a large amount of rich land between the Pearl and Mississippi rivers has been
brought under cultivation, especially along the bottoms of the Pearl river and along the principal railway line.«. At
Jackson, on the Pearl river, little is left of the original tree growth which covered its banks. Still enough is left,
however, to show that it was chiefly composed of sweet gums, white oaks, elms, white ashes, etc. The railroad from
Jackson to Vicksburg passes through a fertile agricultural country, where only small strips of forest remain between
the large plantations and farms. Pines are not seen' here, and the bliick walnut, originally so abundant among
the oak and hickory forests which covered this region, must now be regarded as entirely exterminated. Beyond
the Blackwater, in the hilly region of the bluff formation, the great magnolia covers the hillsides, although in the
vicinity of Vicksburg the hills for miles around the city are entirely stripped of their forests.

" Vicksburg is the center of a considerable lumber industry, depending for its supply of timber upon the cypress
rafted down from the mouth of the Yazoo river. Tlie first mill devoted to the manufacture of cypress lumber was
established in Vicksburg in 1865. Before that time all the timber from the Yaaoo valley was rafted down the
Mississippi river, mostly to New Orleans, as is still the case with the greatest number of the rafts. A second mill
has lately been built at Vicksburg, and the combined annual capacity of the two is ten or twelve million feet. No

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 535

manufactured lumber is shipped from here farther south than Baton Rouge, nearly the whole production being
consumed in the erection of small dwellings in the Mississippi and Yazoo bottoms. The logs received at these mills
average 25 inches in diameter, with a length of from 30 to 70 feet.

"The hillsides in the neighborhood of, Yicksburg, when thrown out of cultivation, are seen covered with a
stunted growth of locust, Chickasaw plums, and other shrubs. The original forests of the bluff hills consist of
extensive groves of stately magnolias, stretching down the slopes and mixing with large white oaks, Spanish oaks,
beeches, and towering poplars, covering the mossy ground of the small valleys with delightful shade. Many of the
magnolias are from 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter. The full-grown trees, however, show that they have already
passed their prime ; the upper limbs have begun to die, the base of their trunks being often rotten and hollow.
Small specimens and sapling or seedling trees I could not find. The large trees are cut down to supply the
neighboring city with fuel, and it is inevitable that in a comparatively short time these magnolia groves will have
disappeared, and that these delightfully-shaded hills must share the desolation which surrounds the town.

" The Yazoo Delta. — Indian bayou, one of the small water-courses between Pearl river, Deer creek, and
Sunflower river, has a sluggish current even in time of high water. As is the case with all the streams of the
Yazoo delta, its banks are elevated often to a height of 10 or 15 feet above the surface of the water, thus affording
excellent natural drainage for the adjacent countrj', which is covered with a yellow-brown loam of unsurpassed
fertility. As the land, however, recedes from the banks it gradually sinks down again toward the level of the bed
of the stream, and the water-courses, following the general direction of the Mississipjii river, inclose corresponding
lines of depression nearly level with the beds of the streams. These troughs between the bayous and rivers are one
of the characteristic features in the topography of the Yazoo delta. They are of various extent, depth, and shape;
flat and wide, they form tracts of dark, wet forest swamp, more or less dry in summer; or, narrower and deeper,
they form swamps rarely ever entirely free from water; sometimes they are inundated wooded marshes and cane
brakes, or ponds and lagoons more or less shallow and studded with the mighty trunks of the cypress. When
these depressions are of considerable depth, lakes, presenting open sheets of water sometimes miles in extent, are
formed, their margins, only, overgrown with the cypress. Upon these features depend the great diversity of the
forest growth which yet covers the largest part of the Yazoo valley. Along the elevated ridges fronting the
streams the white oak, the willow oak, the shell-bark and mocker-nut hickories, the black walnut in great numbers,
the yellow poplar and the sassafras large enough to furnish canoes of great size, the mulberry, the Spanish oak,
the sweet and the black gums are the principal forest trees, with an undergrowth in the openings of dogwood,
various haws, crab apples, wild grapes, buckthorns, etc. In the forests covering the lower lands, which slope back
to the swamps and reservoirs, the cow oak takes the place of the white oak, while the over-cup white oak occurs
everywhere in the more or less saturated soil. Here the sweet gum reaches its greatest size, and here grow also
in great perfection the bitter-nut, the elms, hornbeams, white ash, box-elder, and red maples of enormous size. The
honey locust, water oaks, and red and Spanish oaks are equally common. Here, among the smaller trees, the holly
attains its greatest development, with hornbeans and wahoo elms, while papaws, haws, and privets form the mass
of the dense undergrowth, which, interspersed with dense cane-brakes, covers the ground under the large trees.

" The region covered by these splendid forests of hard woods possesses a wealth of timber of the most valuable
kinds and in surprising variety. They occupy by far the greatest part of Sunflower and the adjoining counties
between the Mississippi river and the hills which border upon the Yazoo to the east. Most of the clearings made
in this region before the outbreak of the war, by the planters settled lower down, have since been abandoned and
are again densely covered with the young growth of the trees of which the forest was origmally composed. During
the last few years, however, this country has been entered again for cultivation by a class of small farmers, who
from being farm hands have now risen to the position of independent landholders. It is astonishing to see the
utter disregard of these settlers for the forest wealth of the country, which in a short time could not fail to be of
great commercial value. On the shores of Indian bayou may be seen clearings with hundreds of the finest
black walnuts among the deadened trees, while many of the noblest specimens of this valuable timber tree are
felled for fence rails or trifling purposes. The amount of oak and hickory timber destroyed here annually is
amazing. It is generally believed, however, that not one acre in fifty over this whole region of hard-wood forest
has yet been stripped of its tree covering. Quite different is the condition of the cypress growth in the great Yazoo
valley. This tree, confined to low and more or less inundated bottoms bordering on the Mississippi, the Lower
Yazoo, Big Sunflower, and their numerous tributaries, was once found in the greatest abundance in this region, and
immense quantities of cypress lumber have been furnished by the lower parts of Issaquena and Washington and
the western parts of Warren inid Yazoo counties. The most valuable timber has now, however, disappeared from
the immediate neighborhood of the low river bajiks easily accessible at seasons of high water during every winter
and spring. Only groves standing remote from the banks of the water courses, and which are only accessible to
the raftsman during exceptionally higli stages of water, now supply this lumber. In the upper portions of the
valley, however, in the low depressions described as extending between the elevated banks of the streams, more or
less limited areas of undisturbed cypress forest are Ibuud. The shallow lagoons, covered with water except during
seasons of prolonged drought, and called cypress creeks, present in the spring of the year a strange sight. No
object meets tlie eye between the immense trunks of the mighty trees, as in these cypress groves no other tree nor

536 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

sbrub can live iu tbe dark, shaded, water-covered soil. These reservoirs of draiuage, generally without outlet,
are called cypress lakes if the water iu any part of them, too deep to allow the growth of trees, confines the
cypress to their more shallow bordera. Here the cyi)ress arrives at its greatest dimensions and jjroduces timber
of the finest quality. These cypress lakes and cypress brakes, remote from streams, at no time of the year
connected with them, and always surrounded with a mire of forest swamp impassable to wagons, still retain their
best timber. Of late years, since swamp and overllowed lands have become the property of the state, planter*
have a«lded many of these cypress tracts to their estates by purchase ; many others have been acquired by companies
forme<l to construct artificial channels by which the timber may be floated to the nearest streams. The richest
and most extensive of these groves of cypress, already more or less in the hands of capitalists, are found along
Steele's bayou, between Deer creek and the Sunflower river, in Washington county ; between that stream and
the lower course of Bogue Phalia, and between the Mississippi river and Black creek above Greenville. There is
also a very large body of cypress inclosing the 'California brake', upon the Little Sunflower, in the counties of
Bolivar and Coahoma, extending through Tallahatchie county to the Yazoo river.

"The traflic in cypress lumber in the Yazoo region dates from 1830. In 1838 it was commenced upon the
Sunflower river and Deer creek, ten years after the flist settlements were established upon the banks of these
streams; since that time rafts have been sent regularly to New Orleans, and camps of lumbermen have been
established in every direction, the forests, particularly those upon the i)ublic domains, being regarded as the
undisputed property and lawful prey of the log-getter. In consequence the cypress groves have been, it not entirely
destroyed, largely culled of their best timber wherever it could be obtained without investment of capital, that is by
simply floating the logs to the streams at times of freshet and overflow.

"The cutting of these cypress forests is not wisely regulated under the ownership of the state. These lands
have been thrown into the market at 50 cents an acre with the condition of settlement. Beneficial as such a law
might prove in the disposal of lands fit for cultivation, it results, in the case of timber-land unfit for the plow, in
the reckless destruction of one of the surest sources of public revenue. The state thus sells for 50 cents what on
its face is worth to the purchaser hundreds of dollars, and wliich, when deprived of its value and rendered forever
worthless, will be turned back to the state again.

"Much of tbe destruction of the timber can be traced to wasteful methods practiced by the negroes. Under
present methods any one having rented a plantation will, for the most trifling wants, cut down a tree, regardless of
size, and without any effort to preserve for future use the parts not immediately wanted, so that the next quarter
of a century will probably see the entire destruction of the vast quantities of timber stored in the whole of this
gieat territory."

LOUISIANA.

The coast of Louisiana is bordered by saline marshes and savannas extending inland from 10 to 40 miles, or is
covered with a scattered growth of cypress occupying extensive fresh-water swamps peculiar to the region. In
Vermillion, Calcasieu, Saint Martin's, and Saint Landry parishes considerable treeless areas, open grassy prairies in
the borders of theforest, occur. With these exceptions Louisiana was originally covered with a dense and varied forest
growth. The Maritime Pine Belt covered the eastern i)ortion of the state nearly to the Amite river, or until checked
from further western development bj' the alluvial deposits of the Mississippi. Forests of pine, too, occui)ied the
western part of the state north and south of the Red river. Tbe pine flats of Calcasieu were covered with forests
formed almost exclusively of the long-leaved pine, which, farther north, mixed with oaks and various hard-wood
trees, extends over the high rolling country which stretches from the Sabine northeasterly nearly to the Ouachita
river. The northeastern part of the state was covered, outside of the broad bottom lands of the rivers, with a
heavy forest of short-leaved ])ine (Pinus mitis) mixed with upland oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The
bottom lands and all that part of the state bordering the Mississippi were covered with a heavy growth of the trees
peculiar to such low, rich soil throughout the Gulf region. The high bluft's which occur at diflerent points along
the Mississippi, the Atchafalaya, and other streams flowing through the western part of the state were covered
with a noble forest of evergreen magnolias mingled with beeches, water oaks, and gums.

The most valuable forests of the state are still almost intact, although the pine has been cut from the banks of
the Pearl river and some of its tributaries, and from along the line of tbe Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans
railroad, to furnish the New Orleans market with lumber. Pine has also been cut along the Sabine river, from
both forks of the Calcasieu, along the Red river in the neighborhood of Alexandria and Shreveport, and more
recently in Catahoula iiarish, along Little river. The river swamps and rolling hills in tlie eastern and northern
parts of the state still contain vast bodies of valuable hard-wood forest yet untouched by the ax.

The forests of Louisiana, uninvaded as yet by the manufacturers of naval stores, have not greatly suffered
from forest fires. During the census year only 64,410 acres of woodland were rejjorted as burned over by fire, with
a loss of only $0,800. These fires were generally set to improve pasturage, or by careless liunters (samping in the
forest.

A small amount of cooperage stock is made in New Orleans almost entirely from cy|)rcss and pine, altiiough
that city has long been an important point of export for oak staves and headings brought there from Arkansas and

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

537

Tennessee by river. The magnificent bard woods common over much of tlie state can supply abundant material for
many important industries which already at the north suffer from the exhaustion and deterioration of the local
timber supply.

The following rough estimates of the amount of the long leaved and short-leaved pine standing in the state have
been prepared by measuring upon a large-scale map areas occupied by the pine forests, which coincide almost exactly
with geological formations. From these areas the totals of clearings as returned by enumerators and all areas of
swamp, bottom lands, and prairies are deducted to obtain the extent of territory covered with pine forests. By
multiplying thii area by the average stand of timber per acre, obtained by numerous observations in different
parts of the state, the following estimate of the amount of merchantable pine standing May 31, 1880, is reached:

Farialies.

Bienville.
Bossier ...

Feet, board measure.
416, 000, 000

Caddo

CalcaMieu

Caldwell ,

Catahoula

Claiborne

De Soto

East Baton Kouge . .

East Feliciana

Grant

.Taekson

Livingston

Morehouse

Natchitoches

Ouachita

Bapides

Red River

Sabine

Saint Helena

Saint Landry

Saint Tammany

Tangipahoa

Union

Long-leaved pine
(Pinus pahuttris).

4, 219. 000, OOO

602, 000, 000

1, 558, 000, OOO

198, 000, 000

1, .574, 000, 000

493, 000, 000

300, 000, 000

1, 792, 000, COO

16, 000, 000

2, 422, 000, 000

698, 000, 000

7';9, 000, 000

579, 000, 000

1, 398, 000, 000

1, 537, 000, 000

Vernon

Washington

Webster

West Feliciana..
Winn

3, 741, 000, 000
1, 734, 000, 000

Total .

Cot for the census year ending May 31, 1880 . . .

2, 662, 000, 000

26, 588, 000, 000

61, 882, 000

Short-leaved pine
{Pinug mitis).

Feet, board measure.
1,837,000,000
1, 574, 000, 000
1, 696, 000, 000

302, OOO, 000

304, 000, 000

1, 923, 000, 000

1, 971, 000, 000

. 157, 000, 000

886, 000, 000

•

1,670,000,000

797, 000, 000

618. 000, 000

1,126,000,000

643, 000, 000
1, 974, 000, 000

2, 522, 000, 000

1,443,000,000
122, 000, 000

21, 625, 000, 000

22, 709, 000

The principal point of lumber manufacture is Saint Charles, in Calcasieu parish, on the southern border of the
western pine forest. Lumber manufactured here is shipped east and west by rail, and in small schooners to Mexican
and West ludiau ports. A comparatively small amount of lumber is manufactured at New Orleans from logs cut
in eastern Louisiana and towed through lake Pontchartrain and the canals to the city, and along the river front
from logs rafted out, of the Ked, Little, Black, and other streams of northern Louisiana. Xew Orleans, however, is
principally supplied with lumber sawed at Gulf ports, in spite of its position with reference to the most valuable
hard-pine forests upon the continent, its large local demand for lumber and all saw-mill refuse, and its facilities for
export, which would seem to indicate that it must become the most important center of lumber manufacture and
distribution in the south. Small quantities of pine lumber have long been manufactured upon the Eed river near
Alexandria; shortleaved pine {Firms mitts) is sawed at Shreveport, and in small quantities for local consumption at
other points in the northern parishes.

MOSS GINNING.

2sew Orleans is the center of the " moss-ginning" industry of the United States. The "moss" (Tillandsia
tisncoides), a common epiphyte, growing in great quantities upon the cypress, live oak, and other southern trees,
is gathered, by men known as " swampers", in the swamps of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. The
moss when gathered is piled near the swamps and allowed to rot during ten or twelve months. It loses in this
process about 90 per cent, of its weight, and is then shipped to New Orleans, where it is cleaned, dried, and ginned,
losing in this latter operation 35 per cent, in weight. -The prepared moss is used in upholstery, either alone or

538 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

mixed with hair. The product of the New Orleans factories is principally shii)pod to the western states, a
comparatively small amount being sent to Europe. Six moss factories are located in New Orieans, and there are
also small establishments at riiK]nemine and at Morgan City, Louisiana, and at Pensacola, Florida. New Orieans
received during the year ending August 31, 1881, 3,500 bales of rough moss, weighing 10,000,000 pounds, and valued
at $315,000. A considerable amount, however, is ginned in the country and shipped direct to consumers, or is
prepared by the consumers themselves. Persons most familiar with the volume of this industry estimate that the
value of the prepared mo.ss gathered annually in Louisiana, the principal region of supply, is not far from $550,000.
The amount gathered, however, varies considerably from year to year. Moss can only be profitably collected at
times of high floo<ls, when the swamps are navigable to small boats, and the moss, hanging from the branches of
the trees can be easily gathered. The wages earned by the swampers, too, are not large, and the gathering of
moss is only resorted to when more profitable employment upon farms cannot be obtained.

The following extracts are from notes of a hasty journey made through the forest region of western Louisiana
by Dr. Charles Mohr:

" For the investigation of the important pine region of western Louisiana I selected Alexandria as my starting
point. Situated almost centrally between the forests of long-leaved pine which skirt both sides of the Eed Kiver
valley, Alexandria is the seat of the actual lumber trade and the point where the lumber interests of this great
timber region must be developed in the future. Little is left of the vast cypress swamps which once covered the
alluvial lands on the Mississippi river below the month of the Eed river and the lower basin of that stream. It is
only in the most inaccessble swamps, cut off from all communication with the rivers, that patches of this timber
remain. The ever-increasing demaud for this lumber ha« almost exhausted the available cypress of the Red River
country, and cypress is now drawn from the forest farther north bordering the Black and Ouachita rivers. The
lowlands along the river front, subject to inundation and devoid of drainage, present in their tree growth the same
features as the low forests of the Mississippi and the Yazoo valleys. The bitter pecan flourishes here luxuriantly,
and with it the white ash, the swamp over-cup oak, the persimmon, sycamore, sassafras, sweet gum, and cottonwood.
The green ash is common, and in better-drained localities the willow, white, cow, and red oaks appear, with elms and
occasional pecans. Twelve or 15 miles below Alexandria the first pines are seen looming up in the forest; upon
a nearer approach they are recognized as the loblolly. A short distance farther up the river, upon sandy bluffs
fronting the western shore, fine specimens of the short-leaved pine are observed, associated with black oaks,
Spanish oak, the black-jack, and many of the shrubs peculiar to the drift of the coast pine region east of the
Mississippi. The wide bottom lands of the river upon which Alexandria is situated extend west to bayou Boeuf.
This district, unsurpassed in fertility and regarded as the garden of Louisiana, has but little left of the forest with
which it was once covered. The pecan trees alone of the original forest growth have been spared from the general
destruction. Of these, fine specimens line the roadsides and dot the fields. The unsightly honey locust occupies
the waste low places, in company with a second growth of willows, hackberries, and catalpas. The shores of
bayou Boeuf are covered with a variety of trees. Cypresses line the briuk of the water ; beyond these, sycamores,
bitter gums, sweet and white gums, pecans, water and willow oaks, red and white elms, red maple, and
ash occupy the gentle acclivities, with a dense undergrowth of smaller trees — the dogwood, several haws, wahoos,
catalpas, Carolina buckthorn, southern prickly ash, etc. Ascending the ridge to the uplands the deep alluvial
soil is left behind, and the light sandy loams of the Tertiary strata make their appearance, and with this change
of soil the vegetation changes as suddenly. Stately loblolly pines rise above the groves of post, black, and Spanish
oaks, and where the ridge descends again to what might be called the second bottom of bayou Boeuf, a forest of
white oak is entered, which contains a stand of timber seldom equaled. On the long, gentle swells these are
associated with fine Spanish oaks, a few pig-nuts and mocker-nuts, and in the depressions with red oak, elms, ash,
and other trees found on soil of good quality in the same latitude east of the Mississippi river.

"The hills formed by the sandstone drift gravels rise suddenly from the plain covered with the forest of
the long-leaved pine, comparing favorably both in the size and number of the trees with the best timber districts
in the Coast Pine Belt of the eastern Gulf states. Trees under 12 inches in diameter are rarely seen, as is the case
everywhere in these undisturbed primeval pine forests. The soil of this region is closer, more retentive of moisture,
and richer in plant-food than that in the Maritime Pine Region east of the Mississippi. The pines here are
therefore of more rapid growth and below the standard of quality for which the pine produced on the poor, siliceous
ridges of lower Mississippi and Alabama' is so highly valued. The numerous streams which cut their way through
these pine hills are fringed with many of the evergreens peculiar to the eastern Gulf coast ; and magnolias, the
red and white baj", wax myrtles, willows, and the devilwood are common.

''The pine region west of the Eed River valley spreads westward to the Sabine, forming part of the great pine
forest which extends far into eastern Texas. Southward it constantly increases in width ; and its length from
north to south, where it verges upon the lower maritime prairies of the Calcasieu, is not less than 100 miles. It
includes the whole of the parish of Vernon, the largest part of Calcasieu, and portions of the parishes of Natchitoches
and Rapides, covering an area of about 4,500 square miles. The northern portion of this belt is one vast primeval
forest The small inroads made by the scattered settlers.and the few small saw-mills which supply a small local

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 539

demaDd are too insignificaut to be taken into account. In the soutbern portion of this forest the saw-mills on the
Sabine river and at Lake Charles have already removed some timber from the banks of the principal streams,

" The region of long-leared pine which skirts the eastern confines of the Eed Eiver valley, and which at its
Bontbern extremity almost touches the river banks, may be called the central pine region of west Louisiana. The
village of Pineville, opposite the city of Alexandria, is the center of the lumber trade of this region. The high,
undulating uplands formed of the Pliocene-Tertiary strata which here front the river bear a growth of loblolly and
short-lwived pine mixed with upland oaks. A few miles to the eastward, however, upon the hills covered with drift,
the forest of iQng-leaved pine appears. The surface in this central pine region is more broken, the soil poorer,
more porous and siliceous than west of the Eed Eiver valley, and the timber produced here is of unsurpassed
quality. An average of not less than fifteen trees to the acre, with a diameter of over 15 inches 3 feet from the
ground, grow here. The production of lumber is limited to saw-mills situated 7 or 8 miles from the river. They have
been gradually removed from its banks as the timber was exhausted on a line 7 or 8 miles in length north and
south from Pineville. The production of these mills amounts in the aggregate to 40,000 feet a day. The lumber
manufactured here supplies the population of the Eed Eiver valley as far west as Shreveport.

" The rolling uplands which extend to the edge of the river at Shreveport are covered with a heavy, cold, clayey
soil almost impervious to water; they bear an open growth of oaks, among which the post oak is the prevailing
species, finding here the conditions most favorable to its growth. The Spanish oak, invariably called west of the
Mississippi river red oak, with fine black-jack makes up the larger part of the tree growth. Hickories, represented
by the pig-nut and mocker-nut, are not frequent, and are of small size. The black oak is found in localities with
somewhat rocky surface and loose subsoil, while white oaks occur along the base of declivities where an accumulation
of vegetable matter has been deposited. The undergrowth in these woods is scanty, and consists for the most part
of seedling oaks. Where, however, the forest has been entirely removed, the loblolly pine takes exclusive possession
of the soil. These oak forests reach to the northern confines of the state and extend west into Texas. In their
Bouthern extremity toward the pine region the soil is better, and the white oak becomes the prevailing forest tree.
My attention was directed to the fact that since the removal of the raft of the Eed river the drainage of the upper
part of the valley has been greatly improved, and many of the lakes and swamps formerly continually inundated
are now dry, while the swamp forest growth, including the cypress, is dying, or has already died.

"Opposite Shreveport the valley spreads out into an extensive plain from 8 to 10 miles in width, descending
imperceptibly as it recedes from the bank of the river. These lowlands are mere swamps, often deei)ly overflowed
by the backwater of the river, which finds its way through the numerous bayous and' inlets which intersect this
plain. The forest growth covering these swamps is of inferior size, and consists of but few species. The cypress
occupies the overflowed swamps, but it is always below medium size, and I did not notice a single specimen 2 feet
in diameter. The saline, gypsum soil does not seem suited to its full development. The water locust finds here its
favorite home. It is very common in moist localities not subject to constant inundation. The wood of this tree is
as hard and durable as that of the common honey locust, and is employed for the same purposes; that is, in the
manufacture of stirrups, blocks, hubs, etc. The green ash is frequently seen here growing with the wahoo, hornbeam,
holly, and privet, and forming broad clumps of great luxuriance beneath the larger trees. After i)assing Cross
bayou the land gently rises, and, with better draiuage, the trees of the swamps disappear and are replaced by a
more varied and valuable timber growth. The white ash and white and red oaks are the more common trees in the
woods which skirt the base of the ridges forming the eastern limits of the valley of the Eed river. At this point
they are separated from the low hills of the Pliocene sandy loams by a pretty, clear stream, the Eed Chute, which
runs swiftly over its bed along the base of the uplands; these form long, gentle, swelling slopes, or spread out into
broad flats more or less deficient of drainage. The ridges are all wooded with upland oaks and short-leaved pines,
while the loblolly pine, with water and willow oaks, sweet and black gums, cover the depressions and damp flats.
The tree growth upon these ridges is vigorous. I have nowhere found the short-leaved pine of finer proportions,
equaling in size and length of clear trunk the long-leaved species. This region of the short-leaved pine, with its
low, heavily-timbered ridges, is similar in character of soil and vegetation to the pine hills of central and northern
Mississippi, and might be designated ^s the region of the pine hills of northern Louisiana. Between lake Bodcau
and lake Bistineau the surface of the country is verj' often imperlectly drained, and there the loblolly pine is
the prevailing tree. A few miles back of Bellevue, in Bossier parish, the level forest is interrupted by a strip of
prairie from 1 mile to 3 miles wide, covered with a cold, soapy, gray soil impervious to water. On these natural
meadows no tree or shrub is growing, except a peculiar Cratwgu.1, new to me. («) It is a small tree or large shrub,
forming strictly-defined, impenetrable, dense thickets a few rods or of several acres in extent. In its arborescent
form it rises to a height of from 15 to 20 feet, with a more or less bent trunk G or 7 inches in diameter, spreading its
crooked limbs at a height of from 4 to G feet above the ground. The fruit is said to be as large as that of. the apple
haw, sweet and edible; it is eagerly eaten by swine, which fatten upon it. This tree is here called by the people
'hogs' haw',

a Cratagus brachyacantha, Sargent and EnKeliiiann.

/

540 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

•' On the decline which leads to the valley of bayou Dauchitta, the flatwoods give way to a fine growth of
Spanish and post oaks, elins, and gums.

"The western bank of the bayou is confronted by hills of the post-Tertiary sands and gravels which westward
form a succession of steep ridges heavily wooded with the upland oaks and short-leaved pine. The narrow creek
' bottoms inclosed between the.se ridges are watered abundantly by springs and clear streams shaded by white and red
bay, hollies, azaleas, and kalmias. The great magnolia is not seen here, and the American olive is missing. lu these
gravelly hills, extending westward to the valley of the Ouachita river, the short-leaved pine is very common and
the characteristics of the pine-hill region are prominent. These hills cover a large area extending northward into
Arkansas, and toward the south merging gradually into the oak woods which border upon the bottoms of the
numerous tributaries of the Eed river. This pine-hill region is sparsely settled, and, remote from water and rail
communication, its original stores of pine and hard-wood timber have scarcely been touched.

"An intimate knowledge of the forest growth in this section was obtained by an excursion over the hills to
bayou Dauchitta above its entrance to lake Bistineau. In the localities of the best drainage in this valley the
cow oak is very common, mixed with the white and post oaks, while sweet gums, black gums, water and willow
oaks, and hackberries occupy lower situations. On the immediate banks and in the sloughs small cypress trees
are common, mixed with the bitter pecan, the hornbeam, the water locust, and the sycamore. The loblolly pine
takes i>osse8sion of every opening in the forest, descending the high hills, while numerous haws border the edges
of the forest. In the bottoms and along the declivities, the Chickasaw and the American plum are found of larger
size than farther east. Loblollies and hickories with the black and post oaks occupy the lower declivities, and
upon the heights the yellow pine mixed with upland oaks forms fine forests."

TEXAS.

The most important forests of Texas are found in the extreme eastern part of the state, where the Maritime
Pine Belt of the south Atlantic region extends to about midway between the Trinity and the Brazos rivers. A
forest of long leaved pine occupies most of the territory between the Sabine and the Brazos south of the thirty-first
degree of north latitude, reaching south to within 20 miles of the coast. Beyond the long-leaved pine forests,
forests of the loblolly pine, mixed with hard woods, stretch westward 50 or 60 miles, while north of these two
regions a third division of the pine belt, composed of a heavy growth of short-leaved pine mingled with upland oaks,
occupies the rolling ridges which extend northward to beyond the Red river. The swamps which line the larger
streams flowing into the Gulf, especially within the limits of the pine belt, still contain large bodies of cypress.
The quality of the Texas cypress, however, is inferior to that grown east of the Mississippi river, and probably
one-third of the timber growing in the valleys of the Sabine and the Nueces rivers is "peggy" or affected by dry rot.

West of the pine belt open forests largely composed of post and black jack oaks occur, gradually decreasing
in density, and finally, west of the ninety-seventh degree of longitude, entirely disappearing. Farther west,
however, the "lower" and "upper cross-timbers", two remarkable bodies of timber, composed of small and stunted
specimens of these oaks, extend from the Indian territory far south into the prairie region, occupying long, uarrow,
irregular belts where sandy or gravelly alluvial deposits overlie the limestone of the prairie region. A belt of
forest, largely composed of post and black-jack oaks, varying from 20 to 50 miles in width extends southwest of
the Trinity nearly to the Nueces river, its eastern border following generally, at a distance of from 50 to CO miles
inland, the trend of the coast. The bottom lands east of the one hundredth meridian are lined with the deciduous
trees which occupy similar situations in the eastern Gulf states. Near the coast the bottom lands of the large
rivers, often several miles in widtJ», are covered with dense forests composed of enormous trees. Farther west the
bottoms gradually narrow, the number of arborescent species covering them decreases, and individual trees are
small and stunted.

West of the Colorado river the forests of the Atlantic region are replaced outside of the bottom lands by
Mexican forms of vegetiition ; the hills are covered with a stunted growth of mesquit, Mexican ])ersimmon, various
acacias, and other small trees of little value except for fuel and fencing.

An important tree in the forest of westei'n Texas is the cedar covering the low limestone hills which occupy
hundreds of square miles north and west of the Colorado river, in Travis, Bastrop, Hays, Comal, and adjacent
counties. West of the one hundredth meridian all forest growth disappears, with the exception of a few scattered
cotton woods, elms, and hackberries, confined to the narrow bottoms, and a shrubby growth of mesquit, which coveis
the plains of western Texas, furnishing the only fuel of the region. The mountain ranges, outlying ridges of the
Rocky mountains, which occupy the extreme western part of the state, are covered with an open, stunted forest of
western pines and cedars, with which mingle the post oak, the yellow oak, and other species of the Atlantic region.

The pine belt covering the eastern counties of the state is alone important as a source of lumber supply.
Ari'as of river-bottom land covered with trees are, as compared with the area of the state, insignificant in extent, and
these river belts of forest are entirely insufficient to sujjply even the mere local wants of the nearest settlements.
The oak forests, which stretch more or less continuously between the eastern pine belt and the treeless western
prairies and jilains, are, except along their extreme eastern borders, composed of small, stunted trees, often hollow,
defective, and of little value except for fuel, fence rails, and railway ties. The forests of the western mountains are

,ub

i

,-r

^

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

541

not luxuriant, and at the best can only supply a limited local demand with inferior lumber. It is probably no
exaggeration to say that west of the pine belt, and with the exception of the small amount of hard wood found on
the bottom lands near the coast, the forests of Texas do not contain a single tree fit to manufacture into iirst-class
lumber. The pine forests, therefore, of eastern Texas and western Louisiana are important factors in the future
development of Texas, as well as of the treeless northeastern provinces of Mexico, which must draw their building
material from these pineries. The position of these forests, therefore, with reference to an enormous territory
destitute of timber, although adapted to agriculture and grazing, and which must soon be covered with a considerable
population and ja. net-work of railroads, their richness of composition, and the fticility with which they can be
worked, give to them perhaps a greater prospective value than that possessed by any body of timber of similar
extent in the United States.

During the census year 599,359 acres of woodland were reported damaged by fire, with an estimated loss of
$273,990. Of these fires the larger number was set to improve pasturage, in clearing land, or through malice. These
returns do not include the large areas burned in western Texas by prairie fires, checking the growth of the mesquit
over a great extent of territory.

Small amounts of cooperage stock and woodenware, principally for local consumption, are manufactured in the
eastern counties from oak and cypress. Manufacturers report an abundant supply of material.

The following rough estimates of the amounts of the three kinds of pine standing in the state May 31, 1880,
were made by multiplying the average stand of timber per acre by the county areas occupied by the pine forests,
these being obtained by deducting, from total areas of the county, estimated areas covered by clearings, bottom
lands, swamps, etc. :

•

Connties.

Long-leaved pine
{Finui paltislri^) .

Short-leaved pine
(Pinus mili$).

LobloUv pine
{Pinus Tada).

Anderson

Feet, board meamre.

Feet, hoard vieasure.
336, 000, 000

Feet, board measure.
1, 763, 600, 000
1,190,400,000

Angelina

1,340, £00, 000

Bowl*

2,3^0,800,000

579, 200, 000

2, 470, 400, 000

2, 230, 400, 000

448, 000, 000

698, 400, 000

Camp

Cass

Cherokee .

585,600,000

Franklin

Gregg

Grimes

211,200,000

627,200,000

1,827,200,000

1,244,800,000

Harris

2,326,400,000
521, 600, 000
483,200.000

Henderson.

3,216,000,000

2,534,400,000

288, 000, 000

2,147,200,000

233, 800, 000

Liberty

41,600,000

Marion

1, 187, 200, 000

2,326,400,000

Morris

729, 600, 000
1,655,200,000

1, 216, 000, 000
2, 112, 000, 000
230, 000, 000
1, 193, 600. 000
2,720,000,000

35, 500, 000

33, 000, 000

518, 400, 000

1, 107, 200, 100

Pollt

473, 600, 000

Red Elver '.

272,000,000
2,492,800,000

Eusk

115, 200, 000
1, 648, 000, OCO
1,625,600,000

Sabine

San Augustine

San Jacinto

1,833,600,000

Shelby

1,884,800,000

425, 600, 000

2, 035, 200, 000

806, 000, 000

Smith

Titns

Trinity

61, 000, 000
2,550,400,000

1.987,200,000

Tyler

Upshur

1,392,006,000
20, 000, 000

VanZandt

Walker

1, 1)90, 400, 000
19,000,000

Waller

Wood

1,600,000,000

Totiil

20,508,200,000

26,093,200,000

20,907,100,000

Amountcut fortheyear ending May31, 1880

06,450,000

a 146, 420, 000

61,670,000

a Including 30,290,000 shingles.

542 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The princip.tl centers of lumber manufacture in Texas are Orange and Beaumont, on the Sabine and Nueces
rivers, above SaWiue pa^s. Long leaved pine and cypress arc sawed here and shipped east and west by rail,
and in small quantities by schooner to Texan and Mexican ports. Loblolly pine is sawed at a number of small
mills upon the line of the International and Great Northern railroad in the counties south of the Trinity river,
and a large amount of short-leaved pine is manufactured in the mills upon the line of the Texas Pacific railroad in
the northeastern counties, Longview, in Gregg county, being the principal center of this industry. The product of
these mills is shipped west by rail to supply settlers upon the prairies of northern Texas with building material.

The following extracts are derived from the notes upon the forests of Texas made by Dr. Charles Mohr, of
Mobile :

" West of Marshall, upon the Texas Pacific railroad, the surface of the land becomes more broken ; the soil is
lighter, more porous, and favorable to the growth of the short-leaved pine, which soon becomes the prevailing forest
tree in the woods extending toward the west. Longview, a small town at the junction of the International and Great
Northern and Texas Pacific railroads, is situated almost in the center of the short-leaved pine region, and is the
seat of an active lumber business. These forests of short-leaved pine, more or less interspersed with oaks, extend
to the northern boundary of the state, and southward with an easterly trend to the confines of the region of the
long-leaved pine. The short-leaved pine finds its western limits near Mineola.

At Palestine, in Anderson county, the uplands are covered with a loamy, somewhat sandy, soil underlaid with
a heavy clay. Here a more or less open oak forest is common. The black oak abounds, with the Spanish, black-
jack, blue-jack, and post oak, the last, however, always the prevailing species. Next to the post oak the black-
jack is the species of widest distribution in Texas, the two species being always found associated together from
the northern confines of the state to the prairies of the coast, and from the east to tlie treeless regions of western
Texas. The bois d'arc {Madura aurantiaca) is common along the banks of the water-courses in eastern Texas,
attaining a size large enough to be economically valuable. It is here, however, most probably adventitious from
the region in the northwest, where it forms an almost uninterrupted belt of woods from 4 to 10 miles wide, extending
from a short distance south of the city of Dallas to the northern frontier of the state, entering the Indian territory
between Sherman and Paris. This tree attains a height of from 45 to 50 feet, with a diameter of from 1 foot to 2
feet, and is of great value.

" The timber growth immediately west of the Brazos is stunted and scanty : large areas of grass land intervene
between the scrubby woods until all at once ligneous growth disappears, and the seemingly boundless prairie, in
gently undulating swells, expands before the view on all sides. Near the center of Milam county a belt of open
post-oak woods from 20 to 25 miles in width is entered. It extends from Belton, in Bell county, southward to the
upper confines of Gonzales county. Post oaks stand here from 20 to 30 feet apart, with black-jacks and blue-jacks
between them, the trees being all of small size. The soil of these oak hills is of poor quality, sandy, gravelly,
and more or less broken, arid, and devoid of vegetable mold. Toward the southern limit of this belt, near Bastrop;
a tract of loblolly pine is found covering nearly four townships, or about 90,000 acres. During the last twelve
years all the useful timber on this isolated tract has been cut down. A second growth of pine, however, has
sprung up, and is now growing vigorously under the fostering care of the owners of the laud, and promises in a
short time to afford a new supply of timber. A belt of post oak is found intersecting the prairie from the upper
part of McLennan county, near Waco, and extending to the northern frontier of the state, where it joins the cross-
timbers of the Wichita. It is known as the 'lower cross timbers'. This belt of oak wood is nearly 150 miles long,
with its greatest width of about 20 miles between Dallas and Fort W^orth. At a distance of from 20 to 40 miles
west of the lower cross-timbers another belt of oak extends from Comanche county to the northern boundary of
the state, with a long western spur following the valley of the Brazos as far as the ninety-ninth meridian. This oak
forest is known as ' the cross-timbers '.

" Taken as a whole, the country west of the Brazos river, except the basin of the Colorado, is a poorly-timbered
region. The mesquit was first met M'ith on the declivities of the prairie, which verge here upon the valley of the
Colorado. The wood of this tree is hard, fine grained, tough, heavy, and of great durability. In th§ western
portions of the state, almost entirely destitute of other timber growth, it serves, according to its size, a variety of
purposes in the economy of the stock ranch, and is there invaluable for fencing. Burning with a clear, smokeless
flame and possessing great heating powers, it is unsurpassed as fuel by any other Texas wood. It serves, moreover,
another important purpose in furnishing an abundance of wholesome and nutritious food to large herds of cattle,
at a season of the year when long-continued droughts have destroyed the grass upon the prairie. With the
increasing settlement of the treeless-prairie region during the last 15 or 20 years, this tree has spread rapidly east and
north. Near San Antonio I saw extensive districts, reported to have been, a few years ago, entirely destitute of even
a trace of ligneous growth, and which are now covered with copses of mesquit. Similar growths have sprung np
everywhere in the prairies of western Texas. The appearance of this new growth may be traced to the influence
of the vast herds of stock which range over the prairies, and which, in voiding the seeds of this tree, assist its
wider distribution, and, in keeping down the gr.oss, diminish the quantity of combustible material which feeds the
prairie fires, aiid thus check and finally prevent the spread of the frequent conflagrations which swept year after
year over these grassy plains.

19

i'

>

DEEARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Julms Ilicn &Co.tillt.

^

tx

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 543

" West of the Colorado river the pecau-uut is an important product, forming one of the staple articles of export.
Shipments of this nut from San Antonio average annually 1,250,000 pounds, obtained from the bottom lands of
the Nueces, the Rio Frio, Medina, and Eio Concho. A million pounds, obtained from the Colorado, Guadalupe,
Eio Blanco, Pierderelis, Sabinal, Llano, and San Saba rivers, are shipped from Austin, and about a quarter of a
million more from Indianola, gathered on the lower Guadalupe, San Antonio, Colorado, and other streams flowing
into the Gulf. The nuts are worth, on an average, 5 cents a pound to the gatherer.

'' On the range of low hills extending from San Antonio to Austin, which rise at some points to a height of
over 500 feet above the plain, forming the base of the terraces leading to the table land of northern Mexico, the
woods are confined to the barrens and the declivities bordering upon them. The open plains on these table-lands are
either entirely destitute of ligneous growth, or, when covered with deeper and more fertile soil, support low copses
of mesquit. The western juniper is observed here for the first time. It is a tree of low growth, seldom exceeding
35 feet in height, or more than a foot in diameter. It branches at a short distance from the base, forming a
broad, round head. The wood is of a dingy, reddish color, fine-grained, hard, and heavy, and in density and
durability is not inferior to that of the red cedar. It is knotty, however, from near the base, and furnishes no sticks
sufBciently Ibng to allow its use in cabinet-making, and can only be employed for rough construction, posts, palings,
etc., for which purposes it is invaluable. The home of the western cedar is found on the rugged highlands which
surround the channels of the headwaters of the numerous streams which flow from the eastern declivity of these
hills. Here it forms open groves, with scarcely any other woody growth among the somewhat scattered trees.
These cedar woods are particularly common upon the brows of the steep escarpments from the base of which issue
the large springs which form such a striking feature in this part of the state. In the vicinity of the settlements few
of the full-grown trees have been left. The improvidence of the first settlers in obtaining their timber supplies
and the prairie fires which ran through these cedar woods in former years have caused the destruction of large areas
once covered by this valuable tree. According to my observation, the western cedar prefers a calcareous, dry soil.
Its range of distribution seems limited to the hilly region bordering upon the upi^er part of the Colorado valley,
extending toward the south a short distance below New Braunfels. and westward to the sources of the Nueces and
Guadalupe rivers. Well-timbered tracts of this tree are still found west of New Braunfels as far as Boerne, in
Kendall county, and on the terraces of the higher ranges in Bandera and Kerr counties."

INDIAN TEERITOEY.

The forests of the Indian territory are confined to its eastern portion. West of the ninety-ninth meridian trees
are only found along the narrow river bottoms, the intervening ridges being bare of all forest growth. The extreme
northeastern part of the territory contains numerous extensive open prairies, south of which a heavy body of forest
composed of hard woods, mixed on the high ridges with the short-leaved pine, extends southward into Texas, with
a maximum width in the Choctaw nation of GO miles. In the Cherokee nation six considerable bodies of pine,
varying from 10 to 30 miles in length and 2 to 4 miles in width, occur on Spavina creek, Illinois river, Salina river.
Spring creek, and Bowman's Fork, tributaries of Grand river. A large body of pine occurs also 25 miles west of
Eeams, a station upon the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad. Smaller bodies of pine are found, too, east of
Beams, and at Stringtown, where lumber is manufactured and shipped southward by rail into northern Texas.

The bottom lands of all the streams flowing through the eastern portion of the territory are heavily timbered
with hard woods, and especially those of the Neosho, Verdigris, Arkansas, and Canadian rivers contain great bodies
of the finest black walnut now growing. A particularly fine growth of this timber extends along the Verdigris river
for 50 miles above Cofleeville.

West of the region of heavy forest the country is covered with an open growth of upland oaks, among which
the most prominent are the post oak and the black-jack. These forests are interspersed with prairies, often of
considerable extent, which gradually occupy the whole country outside the bottom lands. Farther west, between
the ninety-seventh and ninety -ninth degrees of west longitude, the " cross-timbers " enter the territory from the
south. They are composed, as in Texas, of a stunted growth of post oak and black-jack, and extend northward
across the territory in straggling patches into southern Kansas. The main belt of the "cross-timbers", about 70
miles wide at the Texas boundary, gradually becomes narrower toward the north aud northwest, disappearing, at
about longitude 99° west, upon the ridges south of the Cimarron river.

No returns of the amount of lumber manufactured in the territory have been received, nor other than the most
general information in regard to its forest covering.

AEKANSAS.

Heavy fortsts cover the state of Arkansas, with the exception of a few isolated prairies principally confined
to Prairie and Arkansas counties, north of the valley of the Arkansas river, and the western borders of the state.
North of the Arkansas river the forests are mostly composed of the deciduous trees of the Mississippi basin, through
which isolated belts occur, often of considerable extent, in which the short-leaved pine, the only species found in

544

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

northern Arkansas, is niixctl witli the hard woods. The southwestern part of the state south of the Arkansas
river and west of the broad, level plain of the Mississippi is covered outside the river-bottom lands with an almost
continuous forest of pine, in which the short-leaved species occupies the high, dry ridges and the loblolly the
moist soil above the bottoms. Great bodies of cypress cover the extensive swamps that stretch along the eastern
border of the state or line the bottoms of the White, Arkansas, Washita, and Red rivers. The hard-wood forests
of the state are hardly surpassed in variety and richness, and contain inestimable bodies of the finest oak, walnut,
hickory, and ash timber. Black walnut of large size is still widely scattered over the state, and is particularly
abundant in the valley of the Ked anil other southern rivers. The pine forests are almost intact. Settlements
made for agricultural puri)0ses have been confined to bottom lands, and only during the last few years has
pine lumber been manufiictured in the state, except to supply a very limited local demand. Recently, however,
comparatively small quantities of lumber manufactured at numerous railroad mills, principally established south of
the Arkansas river, have been shipped north and south out of the state.

The forests of Arkansas have received comparatively little damage irom fire. Pine generally succeeds pine
even on burned laud, although upon certain gravel and clay soils the second growth is largely composed of black
and red oaks, or, in the southern part of the state, the sweet gum replaces other trees on bottom lands. During
the census year 858,115 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $259,470.
The largest number of these fires was due to the carelessness of farmers in clearing land, or to hunters camping
in the forest.

Industries consuming hard woods are still in their infancy in Arkansas, although doubtless destined to attain
an important development. Rough white-oak staves are largely manufactured in the White River country and in
the northeastern part of the state for eastern and European markets.

A considerable trafiQc exists in the southwestern counties in the wood of the Osage orange, used for wheel
stock, and more recently as pavement in Saint Louis and other northern cities.

The following estimates of the amount of short-leaved pine standing in Arkansas May 31, 1880, were prepared
by Professor P. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville:

SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinw mitU).

Conntiee.

Ashley

Baxter

Boone

Bradley

Calhoim

Carroll

Clarke

Clay

Colambia . . .
Craighead..

Grogs

Dallas

Dorsey

Drew

Fanlkner ...

Falton

Garland ....

Orant

Greene

Hempstead .
Total.

Feet, board
measnre.

555, 000,
187, COO,
124, 000,
140, 000,
519,000,
1.59, 000,
280, 000,
3, 000,
866,000,

18, 000,

54,000,
659, COO,
726, 000,
482, 000,

42,000,
146, 000,
865, 000,
207, 000,

38, 000,
176, 000,

Oonnties.

Hot Spring —

Howard

Independence .

Izard

Jeflferson

Johnson

La Fayette

Lee

Lincoln

Little raver ...

Logan

Lonoke

Madison

Marion

Miller ,

Monroe

Montgomery..

Nevada

Newton

Ouachita

Feet, board
measure.

1,348,

1,254,

93,

242,

518,

248,

586,

14,

105,

690,

554,

20,

55,

207,

622,

180,

2, 281,

1,453,

707,

1,384,

000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000, 000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000, 000
000, 000
000,000

000, coo

000,000
000, 000
000,000
000, 000
000, 000
000, 000
000,000

Counties.

Perry

i'hUlips

Pike

Poinsett

Polk

Pope

Pulaski

Saint Francis.
i Saline

Scott

I Searcy

\ Sebastian

Sevier

Sharp

Stono

Union

VanBuren

White

Tell

Cot for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 57,943,000 shingles and 2,8M,000 laths) .

Feet, board
measure.

1,023,
21,

1, 695,
45,

2,592,
208,

933,

1, 516,

106,

243,

969,

35,

179,

2.384,

435,

23,

1,306,

000,000
000, 000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000
000, 000

000, coo

000,000
000,000
000,000
000,000

000,000

000,000
000, 000
000,000
000,090
000,000

000,000

41,315,000,000
129, 781, 000

TEKNESSEE.

The western counties of Tennessee are covered with heavy forests, similar in distribution and density to those
which occupy the Yazoo region of western Mississippi. The river swamps in this part of the state still contain large
botlies of cypress, while the hills are covered with oaks, hickories, and other hard- wood trees. The central portion
of the state, now largely cleared for cultivation, was once covered with forests of hard wood, remnants of which
are still found upon rocky ridges or land unfit for agriculture.- Nearly through the center of this middle district,
extending north and south, "the cedar glades" occupy an extensive region of Silurian limestone. Here the
characteristic growth consists of red cedar {Juniperus Virginiana), often forming stunted forests of considerable
extent, to the exclusion of other species, or is mixed with the honey locust, a characteristic species, also, of this
well-marked region.

r

vv

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 545

The eastern part of the state, occupied by the Oumberlaud plateau and the high ranges of the southern
Alleghany mountains, is covered with a heavy forest of oak and other hard woods, mixed at high elevations with
hemlock, pine, and spruce, and constituting one of the finest bodies of timber now standing in the United States.
It contains, besides white and chestnut oak of flue quality, much yellow poplar, black walnut, and cherry. In the
southeastern counties, especially in the valley of the Tennessee river, the hard-wood forests have been, however,
already destroyed over large areas to furnish charcoal for the iron-manufacturing industry established here.

During the census year 985,430 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with a loss of $5,254,980.
Of these fires the largest number was set in the careless clearing of land for agriculture or to improve grazing,
and by hunters, locomotives, etc.

Mr. A. G. Willey, of Manchester, Tennessee, has supplied the following statement in regard to the efiects
produced upon the forest growth by the annual burning of dead herbage to improve pasturage :

"EFFECT OF FIEES UPON THE FOREST.

" The practice of burning timber-land, said to have been of Indian origin, has been continued by the whit©
settlers. The native grasses do not die down when killed by frost; they simply die standing, and the young grass
in the spring has to push through the old tuft, which is often 6 or 8 inches high. The fires are set in the timber
and old fields to burn these tufts, that stock may graze four or six weeks earlier than if the old herbage had been
left upon the ground. In the barrens and on the Cumberland plateau the timber is principally oak of various
kinds, which do not shed their leaves at once when killed by frost, or rot when partially green, but remain dry
upon the trees and fall gradually during winter and spring. The largest portion, therefore, are on the ground in
February, the time when fires are set. The effect of these fires is to destroy all the natural sources of fertility, grass,
leaves, and fallen timber. Had these been allowed to accumulate, what are now called barren lands would be the
most fertile in the state. The practice kills, too, the young trees, so tliat some of the most valuable timber that
the land is suitable to produce is unable to stand. The black-jack, post oak, black oak, etc., however, on account
of the protection afforded by their thick bark, are able to gain some headway, and so crowd out more valuable
tree.«. The state law makes it a misdemeanor with heavy penalty for any one to set fire to and bum a neighbor's
land; but the difficulty of detection and conviction in such cases makes thi.s law non-effective. These are the causes
and effects of forest fires in this section ; they never occur here in summer."

Considerable cooperage and wheel stock is manufactured in Tennessee, but, except in the eastern part of the
state, manufacturers report a scarcity and deterioration of the best hard woods, especially white oak. In the
eastern counties the manufacture of oak staves and other industries using hard woods are capable of large
development.

The ijrincipal center of lumber manufacture in the state is Nashville, where several mills saw large quantities
of black walnut, poplar, cherry, ash, oak, etc., received by raft from the upper Cumberland river in Tennessee and
Kentucky. The local market takes about one-third of the lumber manufactured here, the remainder being sent
north and east by rail. Memphis, on the Mississippi river, is also an important manufacturing center. The mills
here are largely supplied by rafts from Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, and snw large quantities of cypress, ash,
poplar, hickory, gum, and black walnut. Considerable hardwood lumber manufactured in Dyer, Lincoln, Obion,
and Smith counties, and pine and hard-wood lumber in Knox and Jelferson, largely from logs obtained in the
vicinity of the mills, is principally consumed locally,

KENTUCKY.

The forests of Kentucky resemble in general features those of Tennessee. Cypress, gnm, and various water
oaks occupy the river swamps of the western counties. The central region, now largely cleared and devoted to
agriculture, was once covered with the oaks, walnuts, and hickories of the Atlantic region, while over the eastern and
southeastern counties the dense forests of the Alleghany mountains extended. The eastern counties still contain
great bodies of the best hard wood, especially black walnut, white oak, cherry, and yellow poplar, which are
particularly fine and abundant in Bell, llarlan, and other southeastern counties. These forests, protected by the
falls of the Cumberland river, which have prevented the driving of logs from its upper waters, and inaccessible to
rail communication, are still practically uninjured, and probably unsurpassed in the amount, quality, and value of
the timber which they contain. The destruction of forests to supply numerous iron furnaces with charcoal has been
great in the northeastern counties, and no small part of this region has already been cut over.

During the census year 55(5,647 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of
$2.37,635. Of these fires by far the largest number was traced to farmers carelessly clearing land for agricultural
purposes.

In Barren, Edmonson, and other central counties extensive tracts of prairie existed at the time of the

earliest settlement of the state. The presence of these prairies in the midst of a heavily-timbered region is

ascribed to the annual burning to which they were subjected by the aborigines. With the disappearance of the
35 FOE

546 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES

Indians trees sprang up, and this region is fiow well covered with a vigorous growth of black oaks of different
species. White oaks, however, are not abundant, and other species common to the region, such as the walnuts,
the yellow poplar, and the beech, are wanting in these young forests, indicating perhaps the effect of fires in
checking the subsequent growth or development of many useful timber trees.

PASTURAGE OF WOODLANDS.

The forests of Kentucky, as well as those of all the central and southern portion of the United States, suffer
severely from the almost universal custom of using woodlands for pasturage. The evil resulting from this practice
is only more apparent in Kentucky and Tennessee, because in these states the amount of live stock is proportionately
larger than in other parts of the south, while in the thickly-settled agricultural sections of these states the
ratio of woodland to toUil area is smaller. The pasturage of woodlands necessitates, or at least induces, the annual
burning of the dead herbage, by which underbrush, young trees, seedlings, and seeds are destroyed and the
succession and permanence of the forest endangered. What the fires spare, browsing animals devour ; hogs root
out seedlings, and by selecting the sweet acorns of the white oak in preference to the bitter fruit of the black oaks,
are gradually changing the composition of the oak forests. Comparatively few white oaks spring up in the forests
of the more thickly settled portions of the central Atlantic region, and this change of forest composition must be
ascribed to the preference of domestic animals for the palatable fruit of what, as regards their timber, are the
most valuable species. The injury, too, inflicted by the constant stamping of animals and consequent packing of the
land about the stems of old trees is very great, and all reports speak of the gradual djdng of old trees left standing
in the grazing regions of Kentucky and Tennessee.

The spread of the mistletoe {Fhoradendronflavescms), consequent upon the removal of the forest and the increase
in the number of birds (the mistletoe seems to require a certain amount of light and air for its development; it
does not flourish or increase rapidly in the dense forest, and cannot spread except by the agency of birds), is a cause
of serious injury to the forest of this whole region. It slowly but surely destroys the trees upon which it obtains a
foothold. The black walnut especially suffers from the growth of this parasite, which seems destined to destroy the
finest walnut timber left standing in the settled portions of the southern central region.

Large quantities of cooperage and wheel stock are produced all over the state, and manufacturers generally
report no scarcity or deterioration of timber, with the exception of white oak. The principal centers of lumber
manufacture are at the mouth of the Tennessee river, in McCracken county, where a large amount of cypress,
sycamore, gum, oak, walnut, and other hard wood is manufactured for the northern market from logs rafted down
the Tennessee and other streams flowing into the Mississippi ; at Frankfort, where poplar, oak, ash, walnut, pine,
cherry, hickory, and maple logs, rafted from the upper waters of the Kentucky river, are sawed, the lumber being
shipped north and east by rail ; and at Louisville, where walnut, poplar, and oak lumber is manufactured for local
consumption. The manufacture of pumps and water-pipes from logs of the Jersey pine (Pfwit* inops), at one time
an important industry at Louisville, has, since the general introduction of city and town water-works, become
unremunerative and unimportant.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. ' 547

NORTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION.

* OHIO.

The forests of Ohio were originally composed of deciduous species, among which, iu the eastern and especially
in the uortheastern counties, white piue and hemlock existed iu isolated bodies of no great extent.

The original forest has now been generally removed, except from Ottawa, Miami, Montgomery, and a few
other western counties, and from swamps and other lands unfit for agriculture ; everywhere the walnut and other
valuable timbers have been culled, and Ohio must soon depend almost exclusively for the lumber which it consumes
upon the northern piueries and the hard-wood forests of the south.

During the census year 74,114 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$797,170. Of these fires the largest number was traced to carelessness in clearing laud, to hunters, sparks from
locomotives, etc.

The production of cooperage stock has long been an important industry in the state; it has already suffered from
a scarcity and deterioration of white oak, for which elm, beech, maple, and poplar are now often substituted.
Manufacturers of wheel stock, furniture, woodenware, etc., report abundant material forpieseut consumption.

Ohio is sixth among the states in the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The business is widely
distributed throughout the state, generally in the hands of small manufacturers operating portable mills, which
threaten the rapid destruction of the remnants of ber forests.

INDIANA.

V

Indiana was once almost entirely covered with noble forests of deciduous trees. Along its western borders
these were interrupted, however, by numerous small prairies, the extreme eastern outposts of the great treeless
region which, toward the north, extended over the counties of Benton, Newton, and Jasper, and over considerable
portions of Lake, Porter, La Porte, Pulaski, White, Tippecanoe, and Warren counties. These prairies have
gradually decreased in area with the settlement of the country, and those originally of small extent are now covered
with a vigorous giowth of the forest trees of the region.

The forests of Indiana are cbaracterized by an almost entire absence of coniferous trees. Stunted white and
gray pines occupy the sand-dunes which border the southern shores of lake Michigan, and " the knobs " — low,
gravelly hills of small extent, in the southeastern river counties — are covered with a heavy growth of the Jersey-
pine. Swamps in the southwestern counties contain cypress, wliich finds here the northern limit of its distribution.
The broad bottom lands and low ridges of this part of the state are covered with a forest growth probably
unsurpassed in the development of individual trees, and rarely equaled iii the richness of its composition.

The forests of the state have been largely removed in the development of its agriculture. No large bodies
of the original timber remain. The black walnut with which the forests of Indiana once abounded has been
everj-where culled and is now rare, while the best yellow poplar, oak, and other valuable timbers have been largely
consumed.

During the census year 90,427 acres of woodland were reported injured by fire, with an estimated loss of
.$130,335. These fires were set by farmers carelessly clearing land, by hunters, and by sparks from locomotives.

The forests of Indiana have long supplied material for a large manufacture of cooperage stock, furniture,
wagon stock, woodenware, etc. The cooperage and furniture manufacturers already feel the scarcity and deterioration
of the highest grades of oak and walnut, and very generally predict the entire exhaustion at no very distant day of
the forests of the state.

Indiana is fifth among the states iu the value of iU lumber-manufacturing interests. Evansville, upon the
Ohio river, in Vauderburgh county, is an important manufacturing center on account of the capital invested there in
he lumber business and the amount of its product. The business, however, as in Ohio, is generally in the hands
of small manufacturers operating portable mills and sawing logs hauled to them by farmers. At the present rate
of destruction the forests of the state must soon lose all commercial importance.

ILLINOIS.

The forests of Illinois were originally confined to the southeru.portion of the state, the broad bottom lands of the
Mississippi and the Illinois, and the southern third of the delta formed by these rivers. The remainder of the state
was covered by broad, rolling prairies. The forest growth in this prairie region was confined to the narrow river
bottoms and occasional open park like groves of burr, scarlet, red, black-jack, or post oaks, known as "oak openings ",

548

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

throagh which the prairie fires swept, destroying all undergrowth, without doing great injury to the full-grown
trees. Prairie fires have gradually decreased in frequency and violence since the settlemcBt of the state, and
tbe«e open groves are now tilled with a vigorous growth of young seedlings and shoots ; their characteristic features
have disappeared, and the area of the forest is gradually increasing.

The shores of lake Michigan are covered with a stunted growth of white pine; the dry, rocky hillsides in the
western part of Union county, one of the southern counties of the state, bear a few yellow pines (Pinus mitis), and
cypress is found in the southern river swamps. With these exceptions, of little importance commercially, the
forests of Illinois are composed of deciduous species.

During the census year only 48,691 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
♦45,775. These fires were generally traced to hunters, and to farmers permitting brush fires to escape to the forest.

The production of cooperage stock was once an important industry in southern Illinois. The business has
greatly diminished, owing to the exhaustion of the local supply of the best hard woods. Bass, gum, hackberry,
elm, sycamore, and other woods formerly considered of little value, are substituted for oak, and Illinois now receives
most of its hard wood from Kentucky, Tennessee, and other southern states.

Illinois is eleventh among the states in the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes this position
to the fact that many large mills sawing pine logs rafted down the Mississippi river from the forests of Wisconsin
are established within its borders, and not to the extent and value of the forests of the state. The manufacture
of Illinois-grown lumber is small and totally inadequate to supply the wants of the present population of the state.

Chicago, owing to its general commercial importance and its position with reference to the great pine forests
of the northwest, has become the greatest lumber-distributing center in the world.

According to the statistics gathered by the Northwestern Lumberman of Chicago, and published in that journal
January 29, 1881, there were received in Chicago during the year 1880 1,419,974,000 feet of lumber by lake and
145,563,118 feet by rail, a total of 1,565,537,118 feet, an increase of 96,817,127 feet over the total receipts of 1879;
650,922,500 shingles were received during the same year.

Lumber was received from the lake ports during the year 1880, as follows :

Points of shipment

Ahuap«o

Alpena

Ashland

Bay deNoquet..

Bayfield

Benton

Black Creek

Black River

Canada ports . . .

CaseriUe

Cedar Elver

Charlevoix

Cheboygan

Clay Bank

Copper Harbor. .
Cross Village . . -

Depere

Dnck lake

Escanaba

Ford Elver

Frankfort

Grand Haven . . .

Green Bay

Hamlin

Hancock

Holland

Kewaunee

L'Anse

Leland

Lincoln

Lndington

Ludwig's pier ..
Mackinaw City.

Manistee

Manitowoc

Harqnette

UasonvUIe

Lombor.

FetL

150,
4, 517,
6, 200,
3, 670,

980,
3, 876,
4,825,
6,858,

755,

200,

17, 383,

1,541,

33, 250,

70,1

233, C

2.'^,(i

I, 340, C

5, 182, {

17, 850, C

9, 565, C

90, 166, C

1, 577, C

12, 822,

300, C

857,

110,1

9, 430, 1

970,1

1, 295, 1

103,713,1

125,1

275,1

165, 217, 1

70,1

2,411

1, 030, 1

Shingles.

Numher,

1, 311, 000

100, 000

650,000

oon

000

000

1,811,000

000

000

3,457,000

000

8,915,000

000

000

114, 000, 000

000

22, 502, 000

000

11,028,000

000

000

000

8,881,000

000

170,000

000

000

300,000

000

34,330,000

OOA

000

000

259, 911, 000

000

300,000

000

622,000

000

Points of shipment

Menominee

Monastiqno

Muskegon

North Bay

Oconto

Ontonagon

Oscoda

Packard's pier

Paul's pier

Pensaakee

Pentwater

Perry's pier

Pesbtigo

Pierport

Point Saint Ignace

Portage Lake

Port Huron

Port Sheldon

EedEiver

Eogers City ,

Saginaw Eiver

Saint Joseph ,

Saugatuck

Sault Ste. Marie. . .

Silver Lake

South Haven

sturgeon Bay

Snamico ,

Traverse

Whitcflsh Bay

AVhitcLake

Total

Receipts by rail —

Grand total . . .

Lnraber.

Feet.

2'25, 110, OOO

202, 000

451, 854, 000

110,000

11,003,000

2, 503, 800

739, 000

2, 681, 000
500,000

6, 866, 000

9, 596, 000

45, 000

51,600,000

3, 355, 000
12, 985, 000

735,000
344, 000
180, 000
200, 000

1, 066, 000
11,926,000

1, 662, 000

4, 014, 000
522, 000

2, 185, 000
3, 650, 000

11, 640, 000
3,065,000

23, 280, 000
730, 000

C8, 603, 000

Shingles.

1, 419, 974, 000
145,583,118

1,565,537,118

Numher.
700, 000

23, 660, 000

395, 000
2, 886, 000

3, 190, 000
25, 572, OCO

7, 920, 000

3, 857, 000

4, 000, 000

600,000

300, 000

19, 978, 000

2,480,000

24, 758, 000

583,340,000
87,582,500

650,922,600

' THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Lumber was received by rail during the year 1880, as follows :

549

Names of lines.

Lumber.

Shingles.

Feet.
9, 096, 000
988, 000
26, 799, 000

1, 500, 418

11, 727, 900
3, 716, 800

12,473,000

2, 224, 000
2, 940, 000

18, 636, 000
24, 798, 000

12, 4B1, 000
17, 567, 000

610, 000

Number.

70, 000

80, 000
44, 642, 000

Chicat'o Milwpiikee and Saint Paul railway

13, 180, 500

Chicat'o Rock Island and Pacific railway

Illinois Central railroad

1, 385, 000
8, 175, 000

50,000

Xotal . .-.. -

145, 563, 118

67, 582, 500

The following account of the early lumber trade of Chicago is condensed from a paper prepared by Mr. George
W. Hotchkiss, secretary of the Chicago lumber exchange, and printed in the Northwestern Lumberman under
date of March 19, 1881 :

" Colonel Mann, residing at Calumet, brought the first raft of lumber to Chicago. It was square building
timber, poled from the mouth of the Calumet to the mouth of the Chicago river. The value of this raft was $100,
and its owner found considerable difficulty ia disposing of it. In 1834 or 1835 Captain Carver opened a lumber-
yard on the river bank, near the present site of the State-street bridge, and about the same time a man named
Harrison owned a small schooner which went to some point across the lake and brought in white wood. This little
vessel could not enter the river, on account of the bar across its mouth, and her cargo was unloaded upon scows
and rafts, which were floated southward for half a mile or more, around the end of the bar, before they could be
headed for the deep water of the river. In 1835 or 1836 a mau named Rossiter had a small dock and yard on the
river, between Clark and La Salle streets, and by this time other yards were started on the river. About the year
1836 a man named Cammack had a pit-mill on the north branch of the.river. His son acted as pitman, the old
man being the top sawyer. It is not unlikely that the first lumber used in Chicago was manufactured by this method,
although about the same time a wind saw-mill was located not far from the present Kinzie-street bridge, wliich found
abundant occupation in sawing white-wood timber, which then grew in the immediate neighborhood, mixed with
elm, ash, basswood, and a few oak trees. History does not record, however, that the market was overstocked by
the product of this mill, or that the lumber dealers of that day hurried to issue a new price-list low enough to crush
the aspirations of their dangerous competitor. In fact, history is so perfectly silent upon the subject of this sawmill
that it is probable its work did not cut much of a figure in the lumber trade of that day, and that, in fact, it
proved a veritable windmill, of less caliber than the muscle of the Cammacks, who no doubt found greater profit,
if harder work, in driving their pit-saw. Captain Carver's lumber-yard was on the river bank, just west of the
present State-street bridge, having a light, temporary dock, upon which the small vessels bringing lumber to the
river unloaded. There was at this time (1836 or 1837) no other lumber-yard in the village upon the river.
CaptaiM Carver afterward (about 1839) sold out to George W. Snow, who occupied the same ground for a number
of years.

" The earliest lumber of which Mr. Hilliard has any recollection came from Saint Joseph, Michigan; but shortly
after his arrival at Chicago a man named Conroe built a mill at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Jones, King & Co.,
who were then doing a hardware and general business, received and handled his lumber as a side issue. A small
pocket saw-mill, built by a man named Huntoon, in 1836, was located on the river bank not far from the present
Chicago avenue bridge. It was too small to do much work, but was esteemed a very useful and really wonderful
mill at that time. The North Side was pretty well timbered with elm, oak, and white wood, and from this timber
the mill obtained its stock. After the streets were cut out the wet nature of the ground compelled one who would
visit this saw-mill to pick his way to it by jumping from log to log. It was so lar from the village to the mill that
it was seldom visited, except by those who enjoyed a Sunday walk and could find no objective point of greater
interest for their stroll. The lumber-yard of Tuckerman & Eiggiuson was located in 1843 on the north side of the
river, near the present northwest end of Clark-street bridge. Clark street above Kinzie street had been cleared
of timber, and a clear view was to be had as far as the eye could reach in a western direction, broken only by a
few scattering trees which had been left as sentinels upon the plain. At this time George W. Snow had a yard
on the river, near State street, and a Mr. Kossiter had also a yard between Newberry & Doles' warehouse, on the
south branch of the river, west of what is now Clark street. Barber & Mason had a yard a little farther west, near
Wells street. J. M. Underwood and Sylvester Lind each had a yard on the west side of the river, near Randolph

550 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

street. This was iu 1844. Mr. Higgiuson obtained his supply of luiuber iu those days from Hall & Jerome, of

Menominee, Michigan, Elisha Bailey, of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, and Fisk, of Depere. In 1845 he ha<l a

contract for 1,000,000 feet with William F. Ferry, of Grand Haven. Lumber came also from Kalamazoo river,
Saint Joseph, and Muskegon. In 1844 Mr. Higginson purchased a cargo from Mr. Kose, of Muskegon, and, as it
■was a beautiful lot of lumber, running 33J per cent, upper grades, he was willing to pay a good price, obtaining
it at $5 75 per thousand feet. The first cargo of Saginaw lumber which reached Chicago was brought by James
Fraser, one of the original proprietors of the plat of Bay City, who built two mills at Kawkawliu, in latter years
known as the Ballon mills. This was in the year 1847 or 1848, and the cargo attracted a good deal of attention,
because it was the first lot of circular-sawed lumber that had ever b^n seen by any of the dealers, and because of
its general cleanness of appearance, the attractiveness of a lot of circular-sawed sidings among it, and its excellent
quality. All these combined to make the cargo a novelty in its way, and it found a sale at $8 per thousand feet,
an extra good price for those days. Average cargoes at this time were quoted at $G 50 to $7 for mill-run lumber,
culls out, and it did not need a very coarse piece to rank as a cull. Culls were rated at half price. The retail
market held common lumber at about $8 during the summer, and $9 \yas asked for dry lumber through the
winter. Common included everything below first and second clear ; third clear, selects, picks, and finishing grades
generally, being an invention of a later day. First clear sold at from $12 to $1C, and second clear at $10 to $12 ; clear,
undressed flooring brought $12, and common flooring $10. The lath trade was mostly in what was known as board
lath, although narrow lath arrived in small quantities. The trade of the city in 1843 was about 12,000,000 feet, and
this was considered as remarkable as to us were last year's sales of 1,500,000,000 feet, or about 140 times as much
more."

MICHIGAN.

Michigan once possessed a tree covering of great density, richness, and variety. The hard -wood forests of the
Ohio valley covered the southern portion of the state, extending to just north of the forty-third degree of latitude.
North of this hard-wood belt the character of the forest> changed ; the white pine appeared, occupying the drier
and more gravelly ridges, and, gradually increasing in size and frequency, became the most important element iu
the forests of the central and northern portions of the southern peninsula. In the northern peninsula, especially
in the basin of the Menominee river, it covered the sandy plains almost to the exclusion of other species. The
forests of hard wood, occupying low, rich soil between the pine-covered ridges, were valuable in their stores of
sugar maple, birch, ash, beech, oak, and other northern trees, while the swamps common iu the northern i)art of
the state abounded in tamarack and yellow cedar of large size and excellent quality.

North of the central portion of the lower peninsula large tracts of barren plains exist. One of the most
extensive of these tracts occupies a considerable portion of Crawford county, covering an area of several hundred
square miles. A second barren region exists in Lake county, and there are others in Ogemaw and Iosco counties ;
similar barrens occur in the northern peninsula, the largest in Schoolcraft and Marquette counties. The soil*
covering these barrens is a light sandy loam, supporting a stunted growth of gray pine, birches, poplars, and scrub
oak. These sandy plains owe their existence, perhaps, to the continual burning of the forest, prostrated
possibly, iu the first instance, by tornadoes, and thus affording abundant material for a fire hot enough to consume
the vegetable mold of the surface and render the soil unfit to produce a second growth of heavy timber, or in
many instances any tree growth whatever.

Serious inroads have already been made upon the forests of Michigan. The hard wood has been generally
cleared from the southern counties, now largely occupied by farms, and the timber remaining in this part of the
state, iu small, scattered bodies, can hardly sufBce for the wants of its agricultural population. The merchantable
white pine has been cut from the banks of the principal streams and the shores of the lakes, and what now
remains is remote from water transportation or scattered in isolated bodies of comparatively small extent. The
hardwood forests of the pine belt, however, although greatly injured by fire in parts of the state from which the
pine has been cut, and invaded along their southern borders by agricultural settlements, contain, especially in the
northern third of the lower peninsula and through the northern peninsula, vast quantities of valuable timber.

FOREST FIRES. '

The forests of Michigan have long suffered from destructive fires. Thefse have generally originated in the
neighborhood of the loggers' camps or upon the farms of the agricultural pioneer, while the virgin forest has
generally, although not always, escaped serious conflagrations. The timber-prospector and the hunter are
responsible for many fires in the primeval pine forest of the northwest ; but, as a rule, fires follow and do not
precede the lumberman. The reason is obvious : The logger in his operations leaves the resinous tops, branches,
and chips of the pine trees scattered far and wide; these by the following midsummer become dry as tinder, and
afford abundant material to feed a fire started by a careless hunter, log-cutter, or farmer clearing land near the
forest. Such fires, which too often follow the cutting of pine forests of the northwest, have inflicted incalenlable
injury upon the country. They have destroyed vast quantities of hard-wood timber; they have consumed the young

21

^

^

rtFPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES

'V

Julni» Bitnt 8 Co.IlUl

s''

>

DErARrUEKT CT THT ntTERIQR

muH CEJai'.' or THi- ;)Nnt.r> states

Scalv

^

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

551

pine trees left by the logger ; tliey have robbed the soil of its fertility, and made it unfit to produce another
crop of pine until the growth and decay of generations of other plants shall have restored its lost constituents.
In the dense, unculled forest, on the other hand, fires, although often destructive, are less dangerous in the absfence
of dead material to feed the flames than when the ground is strewn with dead branches, tops, and resinous chips.

During the census year only 238,271 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss
of $985,985. Of the 267 fires reported, 161 were traced to fires set in clearing laud for agricultural purposes, and
which escaped to the forests; 59 to hunters, 43 to sparks from locomotives, 3 to smokers, while only 1 was reported
set by Indians.

The hard--*'ood forests of Michigan have long afforded abundant material for large and important industries
engaged in the production of cooperage stock, handles, oars, agricultural implements, excelsior, wood pulp, etc.
Manufacturers, especially in the southern part of the state, now report, however, a scarcity and general deterioration
of stock. The best oak timber has been everywhere culled to supply the wants of railroads or the demands of the
Canadian market. Elm, bass, and other soft woods, which a few years ago were considered of little value, are now
in great demand and are fast disappearing, except from regions remote from railroads. Much hard wood, especially
in the southern peninsula, has been destroyed by fire, or, if not destroyed, rendered almost worthless for
manufacturing purposes by partial burning.

I^ext to Vermont and New York, Michigan produces a larger amount of maple sugar than any other state.
During the year 1879 3,423,149 pounds were manufactured in the state.

STATISTICS OF GEOWING TIMBEE.

The following estimates of the merchantable timber standing in Michigan May 31, 1880, were prepared by
Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, with the assistance, in the lower jjeninsula especially, of Mr. G. W.
Hotchkiss. These, as well as the estimates of the timber resources of Wisconsin and Minnesota, were obtained
by compiling the results of actual surveys, and have been further verified by a large number of persons familiar
with the forests in the different regions of these states. It must not, however, be forgotten that the figures given
represent estimates, and not facts. Statistics of the volume of any growing crop are difficult to obtain and
always liable to considerable error, and the forest, from its very nature and the extent over which it is spread,
presents greater difiBculties to the collector of statistics of productive capacity than the more compact and more
easily studied crops of the field. The estimates of pine include all trees 12 inches in diameter 24 feet from the
ground. Since they were prepared the scarcity of white pine has changed the methods of the lumberman, and
trees are now generally estimated and cut as small as 8 inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. If the amount
of standing pine had been estimated upon the 8-inch basis it would have added (roughly) 10 per cent, to Mr. Putnam's
figures. Small bodies of pine remote from streams no doubt exist in difierent parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Minnesota, in the aggregate of some commercial importance, which are not included in these estimates. The
following figures, however, are believed to represent with as great accuracy as is attainable the productive capacity
of the northwestern pineries. They cover the entire region, and these pine forests now contain no great body of
unexplored timber, an unknown factor in the coiintry's lumber supply:

WHITE PINE (Piniw Strobus).

Begions.

Feet, board
measare.

LOWKR PENIK8ULA.

Basins of Htreams flowing into Saginaw bay, inclading Saginaw river
and tributaries.

Basins of streams flowing into lalso Huron

Basins of streams flowing into lake ^licbigan

Total

Cnt for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 2,998,600,000
shingles and 428,44.'),00O laths, but eiclnsive of 36,000,000 staves
and 3,330,000 sets lieadings).

UPI'EB PEKINSULA.

Basin of Menominee river and tributaries (Marquette and Menomi-
nee counties).

Ontonagon, Houghton, Keweenaw, Baraga, Marquette (west and
nortli of Menominee basin), and Menominee (east of Menominee
basin) counties.

Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Mackinac, and Delta counties

Total

Cnt for the census year endingMay 31, 1880 (including 106,482,000 shin-
gles and 34, 26C. OUO lath s) .

7, 000, 000, 000

8, 000, 000, 000
14, 000, 000, 000

29, 000, 000, 000

4, 068, 773, 000

1, 600, 000, 000
2, 400, 000, 000

2, 000, 000, 000

6, OOO, 000, 000

328, 438, 000

552

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

An estimated amount of 575,500,000 cords of hard wood is distributed over some 20,000,000 acres in the lower
peninsula. Of this about 20 per cent, is suitable for lumber and cooperage stpck. The cut of hard wood for the
census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of 103,821,000 staves and 18,567,000 sets headings, and including
6,038,000 feet of spool stock), was 440,944,000 feet. In scattered swamps there are standing some 5,000,000 cords
of yellow cedar [Thuya ocddentalis).

From Menominee and Delta counties the merchantable pine has been almost entirely remoA'ed. Baraga county
contains little pine, and Keweenaw county a single considerable body some 30,000 acres in extent.

The northern portion of Oatonagon and Marquette counties is chiefly covered with hard wood.

An estimated amount of 124,500,000 cords of hard wood is distributed ovi r some 10,000,000 acres in the upper
peninsula. The cut of hard wood for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of fuel and railroad ties),
was 1,145,000 feet.

The southern counties of the upper peninsula contain large areas of swamp, covered with tamarack and yellow
cedar (Thuya ocddentalis), estimated, in the aggregate, at 62,500,000 cords.

Some 7,000,000,000 feet of hemlock lumber and 7,000,000 cords of bark still remain in the state.

Michigan is first among the states in the volume and value of its lumber product. Its principal centers of
lumber manufacture are Muskegon, on the shores of lake Michigan, the shores of Saginaw bay, in Bay county, the
Saginaw river, in Saginaw county, Manistee, and Menominee, in the upper peninsula. The valley of the Saginaw was
long the seat of the most important lumber-manufacturing operations in the United States. Its supremacy, however,
has departed with the destruction of the splendid pine forest which covered its watershed, and the center of
manufacture has moved westward from the shores of lake Huron across the peninsula to the waters flowing into
lake Michigan.

Lumber was first manufactured iu the Saginaw valley as early as 1832. Three years later^a second mil!, with
an annual capacity of 3,000,000 feet, was built upon the Saginaw. In 1836 the first shipments of lumber were made
from this mill, and from that time forward great attention was given to the manufacture of lumber for shipment.
The commercial panic of 1837, however, seriously interfered with the development of this business, and it wa."*
not until 1849 that mills began to multiply. In 1844 there were 23 mills upon the Saginaw, with an aggregate
capacity of 60,000,000 feet. Ten years later the number of mills had increased to 82, manufacturing 425,000,000 feet
of lumber, while in 1873 there were 83 mills, which produced that year 567,000,000 feet. Since 1870 there has been an
almost steady decrease in the number of mills operating in the Saginaw valley ; the number finishing their " cut out"
is fast increasing, and those destroyed by fire are not rebuilt. But, although the number of mills has decreased,
their production has increased, their present capacity being estimated at 923,000,000 feet. A large part of the lumber
manufactured upon the Saginaw is transported by lake to Ohio and New York ports, and thence to the principal
eastern markets, although a considerable, amount is shipped by vessel to Chicago and Milwaukee, and thence
distributed by rail through the west. The wide market open to this lumber is due to its excellent quality. Twenty
years ago logs which would run 25 per cent. " uppers" were considered common ; 40 per cent, was the rule, and as
high as 75 per cent. " uppers " was sometimes obtained. Logs were then cut from the lower trunk of the tree below
the tops, and only the largest trees were selected. Now land which has been cut over three times is gone over
again, and lumbermen are satisfied if logs yield 10 per cent. " uppers ".

Of late years considerable changes have been introduced into Michigan lumbering operations by railroad
logging; by this means mills are able to obtain a constant supply of logs by railroads built into the forest for the
purpose, and tliis supply can be regulated almost entirely by the demand. There are sever.al roads in different
parts of the state doing this business, the principal being the Flint and Pere Marquette and the Lake George and
Muskegon Elver railroads. The growth of this business in the Saginaw valley and at Muskegon, Manistee, and ou
tlie Flint and Pere Marquette road is shown by the following table extracted from Bradstreet-s of February
5, 1881 :

Yeora.

Saginaw valley.

Mnskegon.

Manistee.

Flint and Pere
Marquette railroad.

1865

200,000,000
209, 000, 000
429, 207, 808
446, 960, 683
321,350,663
623, 307, 3,'>3
621, 796, 927
645,285,278
680, 979, 461
689.225,404
884, 843, 701
672, 229, 472
651, 567, 948
558, 079. 074
780, 182, 286
948, 174, 274

108, SOS, 700
157,408,300
288, 502, 200
213, 692, 600
267, 789, 900
108, 862, 60O
250, 000, 000
315,000.000
376, 035, 037
224, 571, 527
309,038,418
299, 52!i, 919
312,285,951
340,990,056
432,431,679
380,000,000

1866

1867

1888

1869

1870

121,221,396
142,369,817
IBS, 556, 729
179, 820, 248
182, 218, 383
168, 926, 187
147.724,241
152,221,548
178, 642, 869
211,722,030
211,971,000

1871 ..

1872

1873 . ..'. .

1874

,

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

14,357,670
87, 485, 647

1886

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 553

The following extracts are made from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Michigan:

"The southern boundary of the pine forest in Michigan may be represented by a line drawn from Samia
westward across the state nearly to the mouth of the Kalamazoo river. Originally the pine forest covered
the' northern two-thirds of the state, and estimates made in 1835 gave the amount of pine then standing as
150,000,000,000 feet. This estimate included the northern peninsula. The present estimate of the pine standing
in the whole state, the northern peninsula also included, is 35,000,000,000 feet. There are now remaining no large
bodies of standing pine in the state which have not been more or less cut into, and the timber adjacent to streams
has all been cut.' The pine now remaining is scattered generally through the northern half of the state, lying back
at a distance of from 2 to 10 miles from streams large enough to float the logs. The best pine in the state has been
cut. The belt of pine which ran through the center of the state, extending north from the southern boundary of
the original pine forest for some 75 miles, contained the best pine in the northwest. This pine was what was called
by lumbermen 'cork pine', a soft white pine, large and sound, with a thick bark. The quality of the pine of the
Saginaw valley was particularly fine, too ; that on the west shore was of smaller size.

"The standing pine on the lower peninsula of Michigan is estimated at 29,000,000,000 feet, of which there are
in the Saginaw valley about 7,000,000,000 feet, including the pine upon the Saginaw, Au Sable, and Cheboygan
rivers and their tributaries; on the streams flowing directly into lake Huron there are some 8,000,000,000 feet
more; making 15,000,000,000 feet upon the streams of the east shore. On the western shore of the state there are
14,000,000,000 feet, including the pine upon the Kalamazoo, Black, Grand, Muskegon, White, Pentwater, Aux Bee
Scies, Boardman, and Pine rivers. As before stated, the quality of the timber in the eastern portion of the state is
better than that upon the west shore; this is smaller and partakes more of the sapling nature, while that on the
east shore is largely cork pine. The pine of the east shore and Saginaw valley is largely used for finishing lumber,.
and should be transported to the east ; indeed all the pine in the lower peninsula of Michigan is wanted at the
east, and none should be sent west. The pine of the western shore is suited for fencing, flooring, and dimension
stuff, being smaller and containing more knots and sap.

"The largest bodies of pine left in the lower peninsula are in the counties of Presque Isle, Montmorenci,.
Alpena, Alcona, Ogemaw, Roscommon, Crawford, Missaukee, Wexford, Manistee, Grand Traverse, Lake, Osceola,
Clare, Giadwin, and Charlevoix. There are bodies of pine also in other counties from 15,000 to 20,000 acres in
extent which have not yet been cut. The pine left in the lower peninsula is generally scattered through hard-wood
timber, into which the settlers are now entering, clearing the hard-wood forests and exposing the pine to destruction
by fire and windfall. This destruction has largely increased with the settlement of the country, and will increase
still more unless stringent measures can be taken to protect the pine forests from waste.

"The southern part of the state outside the pine belt was originally covered with a dense forest of hard-wood
timber; this region is now largely settled and is the farming region of Michigan. There is a large amount of
hard-wood timber of commercial value still scattered through this farming country, particularly in its middle and
northern parts. Along the west shore as far north as the straits of Mackinaw the pine has been cut in large
quantities, but there is still a large amount of hard-wood timber left upon this area.

"The pine of the northern peninsula of Michigan is estimated at 6,000,000,000 feet. This includes the pine-
from the Saint Mary's river westward to the Wisconsin line and the mouth of the Montreal river, and upon the
south shore of lake Superior. It is divided as follows:

" 1. On the Menominee river and tributaries, 1,000,000,000 feet.

"2. In the western portion of the peninsula, not including the Menominee and tributaries, but including all
west of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Escanaba and Marquette, 2,400,000,000 feet.

"3. East of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway, 2,000,000,000 feet.

" The largest bodies of pine in the northern peninsula are in the counties of Chippewa, Mackinac, Schoolcraft^
Marquette, Houghton, and Ontonagon. There is also quite a large body in Keweenaw county, covering perhaps
30,000 acres. Ontonagon county, which extends along the south shore of lake Superior for nearly 100 miles, for
35 miles back from the lake is mostly covered with hard-wood timber, with a little pine along the streams, but not
in sufficient quantities to estimate. This is also true of the northern part of Baraga and Marquette counties,
extending along the southern shore of lake Superior, a distance of 125 miles from L'Anse to Onota, in Schoolcraft
county. There are here a few small bodies of pine scattered through the hard wood, but it is needed by the
settlers, and has no export value. The quality of the timber upon the Ontonagon and Presque Isle rivers and the
upper Menominee, growing among the hard woods along the south slope of the Penokee iron range, is similar to
that on the western shore of the lower peninsula. This timber is, however, somewhat difficult of access. The
streams over which it must be driven (the Ontonagon and Presque Isle) are rough, broken, and require considerable
improvement. The pine east of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Marquette and Escanaba,
on the east half of the northern peninsula, is of poor quality, and may be classed as 'sapling pine', with occasional
groves of what is called 'big sapling' scattered through the hard woods.

" In the upper peninsula of Michigan, according to the Lake Superior Canal Company's reports of examination
and estimates of cord wood, there is an average of about eighteen cords of wood per acre over the whole area of
the peninsula, of which two-thirds is hard wood and one-third soft wood.

554

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

" lu Menominee and Delta connties, the southern part of Schoolcraft county, and the extreme southern part
•of Marquette county are quite large quantities of tamarack and yellow cedar. From most of these lands the
merchantable pine has been removed, and where the fires have not destroyetf the cedar and tamarack the railroad
•companies are cutting the timber and shipping it to the prairies for telegraph poles, tie.s, and posts. It is stated
by the owners of the lauds, who long since cut the pine from them, that the cedar and tiimarack trees left upon the
land have netted them more than the original pine harvested. "What makes this timber so valuable is its close
proximity to the railroads and the ease with which it can be shipped by rail or over the waters of Green bay. This
shows the necessity of preserving this kind of timber for future use, and of not abandoning it for taxes, as has
ieretofore been done, or allowing it to be destroyed by fires and windfalls.

" There are on the Menominee river some 9,000,000,000 feet of standing pine, one of the largest bodies left in
the northwest. More than half of this, however, lies in the state of Wisconsin. About 200,000,000 feet of lumber
are manufactured annually upon the Menominee. All'the mills upon the river are located at its mouth, in the towns
of Marinette and Menomonee, in Wisconsin, and it is considered next to impossible to build more mills at that
point. The river is here narrow, and the facilities for holding logs, shipping lumber, dockage, etc., are quite
limited in i)roportion to the amount of timber left in the region tributary to this stream ; and this body of pine
may therefore be considered to a certain extent in reserve, and likely to outlast many larger ones. There is
little danger from fire on this river; the pine which is left grows upon the hard-wood ridges, interspersed with
broad areas of swamp,''

WISCONSIN.

The great prairies of the central Atlantic region once found their northeastern limits in southern Wisconsin.
The forest covering of all the southern part of the state was confined to the bottom lands or open upland groves of
stunted oaks of no great extent or of more than local importance. The central part of the state was covered with
a dense forest of hard woods, oaks, ash, maple, cherry, birch, and the other trees of the northern forest, through
which, upon gravelly or sandy ridges, great bodies of white pine were scattered. These pine forests gradually
change in character and decrease in productiveness as they reach northward. Lakes are more common, and
«wamps of tamarack, cedar, and spruce occupy in the northern part of the state a considerable proi)ortiou of the
forest area. The pine trees in these northern forests are smaller and more scattered than those farther south,
although generally less intermixed with hard woods, and affording lumber of poorer quality.

The forest area has somewhat increased in the prairie region of the state since its first settlement and the
•consequent decrease of destructive i^rairie fires. The growth of trees has gradually spread from the bottom lands
of the streams to the hills, and the oak forests upon the uplands have gradually encroached npou the prairie, losing
their open, park-like character by the apjjearance of a young growth which has sprung up among the old trees.

The pine has been destroyed along the entire southern borders of the pine belt, along the banks of the
principal streams, and from the lines of railroad, while the. hard wood has been often greatly injured or destroyed
by fire in those parts of the state where pine has been cut. The amount of pine still growing in Wisconsin is
nevertheless large, although it should not be forgotten that the best and most easily accessible has already been
harvested. What remains is generally remote from actual lines of trausiiortation, and often, especially in the
•extreme northern part of the state, of comparatively poor quality.

During the census year 406,298 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
^725,610. The largest number of these fires was set by farmers in clearing land, or by sparks from locomotives.

The manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of the best varieties of hard
woods, and the substitution of beech, elm, and other woods for oak.

The following estimates of the amount of timber standing in Wisconsin May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr.
fl. C. Putnam :

WHITE PINE (PiMu« Strobus).

Regions.

Basin of Saint Croix rivoT and tribntaries

Basin of Chippewa river and tribntaries

Basin of Black river and tributaries

Basin of Wisconsin river and tribntaries

Basin of Wolf river and triimtaries

Basin of Oconto jrivor and tribntaries

Basin of Peslitigo river and tribntaries

Basin of Menoinouie river and tributaries (in Wisconsin) .
Sbore of lake Superior

Feet, board
measure.

2,500,

15, 000,

900,

10, 000,

600,

500,

1,500,

6, 40O,

3,600,

000,000

000,000

000, 000
000,000
000,000
000,000
OOOi 000

000,000
. n

Total 41,000,000,000

Cut for census vear endinj; May 31, 1880 (inclnding l,007,O39,O(H>
shingles and 348.301,000 laths).

2,097,299,000

t

I

DEPARl-MEUT 07 THE INTE RIOR

TEBTH CENSUS OF THE LTHTED S1:ATES.

Jnliiis liu-if ,^ 'iriiUA

i

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 555

Of this amount 485,552,000 feet were manufactured along the Mississippi river in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri
as far south as Saint Louis..

The wooded region in Crawford, Richland, Sauk, and Vernon counties is estimated to contain 12,000,000 cords
of hard wood in addition to some timber of commercial value. The cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880
(exclusive of 86,545,000 staves and 7,498,000 sets of headings), was 117,041,000 feet.

Valuable oak timber exists in large quantities in Dunn, Pierce, and Saint Croix counties.

The cedar swamps scattered through the pine belt of the state cover an area of some 1,365,000 acres, and are
estimated to contain 62,800,000 posts, telegraph poles, and railroad ties, in addition to large quantities of tamarack
and spruce.

Wisconsin is the third state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The great centers of
manufacture are in the neighborhood of Eau Claire upon the Chippewa river, upon the Wisconsin river, and upon
the shores of Green bay and lake Superior. Logs cut in the forests of Wisconsin supply also mills located on the
Mississippi river in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri with material equivalent to nearly 500,000,000 feet of lumber.

The following is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Wisconsin :

"The southern boundary of the forest coincides with a line extending northwesterly from near the cifj' of
Milwaukee on lake Michigan, to the falls of Saint Croix on the Saint Croix river, and the western boundary of the
state. This includes the heavy hard-wood as well as the pine forest. There is also, or there has been, a large
amount of hard-wood timber in the southeastern part of the state, south of this line, but as no large bodies of forest
of commercial value are now standing there, it will not be considered here. Large bodies of hard-wood timber
exist in Vernon, Crawford, Richland, and Sauk counties, covering in the aggregate fully 400,000 acres and
containing at least 12,000,000 cords of wood. This region, however, is already thickly settled, and the forests are
being rapidly cleared for agricultural purposes. No estimate has ever been made of the amount of pine timber
standing in Wisconsin at the time of its original settlement; at the present time it is estimated that 41,000,000,000
feet of merchantable pine remain in the state, situated as follows, river basins being taken as the natural divisions
of these pineries :

" 1. North of the Saint Croix river and upon the lands tributary to that stream there are 2,500,000,000 feet,
covering 2,000,000 acres.

"2. On the southern shore of lake Superior, including all the waters tributary to the lake in the state of
Wisconsin, extending from the Montreal river on the Michigan line westward to the western boundary of the
state, and embracing the Wisconsin pine on the Montreal river and upon the Bad, White, Bois-BruMj Black, and
Left-Hand rivers, 3,600,000,000 feet, covering 1,800.000 acres.

" 3. On the Chippewa river and its principal tributaries, the Red Cedar, West ^Branch, East Branch, Flambeau,
Jump, Yellow, and Eau Claire, covering an area of some 6,253,000 acres, with an estimated stand of pine of
15,000,000,000 feet.

" 4. In the Black River basin, with an dreaof 1,000,000 acres, containing an estimated stand of 900,000,000 feet.

"5. In the Wisconsin River basin, with an area of 4,500,000 acres, with an estimated stand of 10,000,000 feet.

" The remainder of the state, lying east of the east line of the W isconsiu River division and north of the
southern boundary of the original forest, is divided by rivers as follows : (1) Wolf river, with 600,000,000 feet of
pine; (2) the Oconto river, with 500,000,000 feet of pine; (3) the Peshtigo river, with 1,500,000,000 feet; (4) the
Menomonee in Wisconsin, 6,400,000,000: making a total in the division east of the Wisconsin of some 7,000,000 acres,
with an estimated stand of 9,000,000,000 feet of pine. This makes a grand total of pine forest area in the state of
nearly 23,000,000 acres, still containing 41,000,000,000 feet of standing pine. This includes about 200,000,000 feet
upon the Menomonee Indian reservation, in the county of Shawano, where very little pine has ever been cut;
100,000,000 feet on the Flambeau reservation, and 200,000,000 feet upon the Court Oreilles reservation. There is
no merchantable pine standing on any of the other Indian reservations in the state.

" The quality of the pine in the state of Wisconsin varies largely with the differences in soil. The quality of
the pine growing mixed with hard woods upon the southern boundary of the forest and bordering on the prairies was
similar to that of the best Michigan pine. This is especially true of timber cut on the Wolf, Oconto, and Peshtigo
rivers. The timber originally on the Wolf and Oconto rivers was especially fine. This has been largely cut, although
there are still some very fine bodies of the best pine left on the Oconto and the western branch of the Peshtigo and
northern branch of the Wolf rivers. The Black River district contained also a large amount of the best upper quality
of pine, of which, however, more than half has been cut. The Eau de Galle River basin, in the counties of Pierce,
Dunn, and Saint Croix, also contained at one time a large amount of the upper grade of pine, now, however, all
removed. This grew among hard-wood timber, on good soil, which, when the timber is cut off, is valuable for
fanning purposes. The pine in this part of the state did not grow in extensive tracts. It was scattered through
the hard-wood timber, from 1 to 10 large pine trees growing on an acre — trees which would scale from 1,000 to 3,500
feet of lumber each. There are still small bodies of this large pine left, but the great bulk of it is gone.

" As we go north from the southern boundary of the forest we enter a lighter soil, where cedar and tamarack
swamps are interspersed between the hard-wood ridges. Many of these swamps are natural poat-bogs, covered
with cedar, tamarack, and spruce. The tree growth upon them is heaviest near the outer edges, the centers

556 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

often being covered with grass or cranberry plant:*. These swamps, originally the beds of lakes, are now filling up
and becoming gradually covered with timber. On the Wolf river the timber was very heavy. Instances are known
of 10,000,000 or 12,000,000 feet of pine lumber having been cut from one section of 640 acres in the Lower Wolf
Kiver region.

"In the i)ine forest, away from the large bodies of mixed hard wood and pine previously described, the general
character of the timber is about the same, varj'ing somewhat in difierent locsilities, but still possessing the saiiie
generiil characteristics and qualities. Where the pine grows in large solid bodies there are many young tree*
mixed with the older, and the timber is generally of inferior or lower grade. This is true of pine growing about
the head of the Flambeau and Wisconsin rivers, and the Menomonee river in Wisconsin. Large liiue cannot grow
and mature upon very poor soil, and where the soil is poor the trees, after reaching a certain size or age, decay and
are thrown <lown by wind or destroyed by fire. The white pine in Wisconsin does not mature except upon the rich
gravelly loam of the ridges.

"The principal points of lumber manufacture at present in Wisconsin are on lake Winnebago, at the cities of
0.shkosh and Menasha, which take largely the product of the Wolf and Fox River pineries ; at Green Bay and
Oconto, which derive their logs princii)ally from the Oconto river; at Peshtigo, on the Peshtigo river; at Marinette,
on the Jlenomonee river; on the Wisconsin river, at Grand Rapids, Stevens Point, Mosinee, Wausau, and Jenny,
the terminus of the Wisconsin Valley railroad, and at Necedah, on the Yellow river. Along the Wisconsin Central
railroad, from Junction City to Ashland, are mills of more or less capacity at every station, the most important being
at Ogeina, Ashland, Medford, and Unity. Upon the Black river the principal manufacturing points are La Crosse
and Black River Falls. On the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis, and Omaha railway, at Fairchild, are the large
mills of Foster & Co., who are engaged in manufacturing the timber lying between the Black river and the waters of
the Chippewa, included in the Chippewa estimate. On the Chippewa river the largest manufacturing establishment
is the Mississippi River Logging Company, composed of fifteen of the heaviest concerns upon the Mississippi river..
These firms obtain their stock mostly from the Chippewa river, the logs being driven down to its mouth into what
is called the 'Beef Slough boom', where they are separated and formed into rafts and towed to the different milla
below. This company cuts on the Chippewa about ^lt,000,000 feet a year. The principal manufacturing points
on the Chippewa deriving their logs from its basin are situated at Waubeck, Dunnville, Menomonee, Meridian, and
Eau Claire, where several large and important manufacturing establishments are located. Higher up the river
the Badger State Lumber Company and the Grand Island Lumber Company are located, and at Chippewa Falls,
the county-seat of Chippewa county, the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company has a large water-mill, with a
capacity of 65,000,000 feet a year, besides several smaller concerns. The railroad extending from Chippewa Falls
eastward through Chippewa and Clark counties into Marathon county,, and joining the Wisconsin Central railroad
at Abbottsford, passes through a hard-wood country. Several firms are already established upon this line and
have commenced the manufacture of staves and the production of hard- wood lumber for wagons, etc., and are
developing a large business. This road runs through one of the finest bodies of hard wood in the state, containing
large amounts of oak and maple growing on a fine soil suitable for farming. The Chipi)ewa River country now
contains the largest body of white pine of the best quality left in the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
It is, however, being very rapidly cut.

"It is found in going north toward the heads of the streams that the timber stands more in large groves,.
and that there is less hard-wood timber mixed with the pine. When the loggers attack these forests they cut
clean as they go, the timber being of more uniform size and age, and there being less undergrowth than farther
down the streams. It is found, also, that the pineries on the heads of the streams do not hold out as well or yield
as large an amount of timber as those farther south, where the forests border on the prairie lauds and where the
pines grow on better soil. This is true both of the Wisconsin and of the Michigan pineries. The poorer soils in
the northern portion of the state do not grow and mature the large sapling forests of pine found in the southern
portions of the pine belt. So that, while there is still a large area which has not been cut and which may appear
inexhaustible, yet, owing to the fact that the timber lies more in groves, and that there are here wide extents of
tamarack and cedar, swamps and open spaces, the ground will be cut over more rapidly than when the forest was
first entered. This is true of the pine standing upon all the streams of northern Wisconsin in the Menomonee
district — the Wisconsin, the Chii>pewa, Saint Croix — and on the southern shores of lake Superior." Commencing at
Menomonee, on the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis, and Omaha railway, and running west through the 30 miles
of ' big woods', large mills for the manufacture of hard-wood timber and of what little scattered pine there is left are
established at Knapp, Wilson, Hersey, Woodville, and Baldwin stations. The principal manufactories in the Saint
Croix district are at Hudson, on the Willow river, and at Stillwater, in Minnesota, which receives its logs from the
Saint Croix, in Wisconsin, and which, therefore, should be treated as one of the Wisconsin pinery manufactories.
At Somerset, on Apple river, there is one mill ; there is one at Osceola, upon the Saint Croix, and upon the Northern
Wisconsin railroad, which runs through the Saint Croix division; at Clayton, Granite Lake, and Shell Lake are
large mills. There are also other mills along this road on the Lake Superior shore. There are mills of small
capacitj' at Superior Citj", Bayfield, and Ashland ; the latter receive their logs by the Wisconsin Central railroad
from the Bad River pinery.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 557

" On the Eau Claire river the timber is small and sound, growing very thick and long; there are frequent
instances where 1,200,000 or even 1,500,000 feet of lumber have been cut upon a 40-acre lot. One tree was cut
on Jump river some years ago which scaled 7,000 feet of lumber. The general character of this timber, especially
upon the main Chippewa or West Brauch and a portion of the Flambeau, is called 'big sapling pine'. Of the true
cork pine very little is found in the northern part of Wisconsin, probably because the soil is not strong enough to
permit its full development. The general character of the timber upon the Wisconsin river is very much the same
as that upon the main Chippewa. There are instances of very fine pine having been cut in the hard- wood forest
upon the lower part of the river, and some fine groves are found even as far north as the Tomahawk and East
Branch. The Flambeau river, or East Branch of the Chippewa, has also, in ranges 2 and 3 east, extending from
townships 35 to 41 north, inclusive, some excellent bodies of upper-grade pine.

" On the Jump river are some fine bodies of pine, nearlj- approaching in quality Michigan cork pine and running
largely to ' uppers'. This is true also of the pine upon the Yellow river, where the timber grows largely scattered
among hard woods and is of fine quality. One of the finest bodies of pine in Wisconsin is that which belongs to
Cornell university, lying in townships 33 to 38, ranges 8 and 9, in the highest part of Chippewa county, on the
divide between the Chippewa and Red Cedar rivers. On this body frequent estimates of 1,000,000 feet to 40 acres
have been made. On the Saint Croix river are many barren areas timbered with scrub pine, patches of Norway
pine, and small black and white oak. These barrens cover about 700,000 acres of the Saint Croix region. The soil is
sandy, and fires run over the country every year. South of these barrens, in Poik, Barren, Saint Croix, Dunn, and
Pierce counties, is a tract of very valuable hard- wood land, upon which the greatest portion of the timber is now
standing, although settlements are already largely scattered through this region. This body of hard wood contains
a large amount of valuable white-oak stave timber and much timber suitable for general manufacturing purposes.
It is being, however, rapidly destroyed by settlers and by the fires incident to agricultural and logging operations.

" In Clark county, which lies i>artly in the Chippewa and partly in the Black Eiver region, are large bodies
of hard-wood timber as yet uncut and growing upon land valuable for farming purposes. This growth extends as
far north as the northern line of the county. The same body of timber extends east through Marathon and Wood
counties, and is particularly fine in the western portions. The same body of hard-wood timber continues east
toward lake Michigan, including the counties of Portage, Waupaca, Shawano, Outagamie, Winnebago, Brown,
Kewaunee, Manitowoc, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan, and Ozaulcee. Large tracts in these counties .ire, of
<;ourse, cleared and settled ; still they contain large bodies of unoccupied hard- wood timber, and the opportunities
for cheap farms are i)lenty.

" Of the forest region proper of Wisconsin, fully 5 per cent, is not covered with timber; this includes swamps,
lakes, rivers, bottoms, etc. In the extreme southern part of the forest area, over a region from 35 to 50 miles in
widtli, the hard wood predominates, only about one-fifth of the forest growth being pine. North of this hard- wood
region proper, perhaps one-half of the forest growth is pine and other soft woods and the rest hard woods. Hemlock
is scattered through the pine forest outside of the heavy hard-wood areas. A careful estimate of the hemlock timber
now standing gives the following results, the divisions agreeing with those used in estimating the standing pine :
On the Chippewa river, upon 3,000,000 acres, 2,500,0(10,000 feet of hemlock ; on the Saint Croix river, upon 1,000,000
acres, .500,000,000 feet of hemlock; on the Black river, upon 350,000 acres, 100,000,000 feet of hemlock; in the
country east of the Wisconsin River division, and including the Wolf, Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menomonee rivers
and their tributaries, upon 3,000,000 acres, 1,500,000,000 feet.

" The total area in the state on which hemlock timber grows is about 10,500,000 acres, containing, roughly,
5,-500,000,000 feet. The quality of the hemlock timber in Wisconsin is not so good as that grown in New York and
northern Pennsylvania, although it is valuable for its bark, and the timber when peeled can be driven down with
the pine and sawed at the mills into dimension stuff for use where coarse lumber is required.

"Generally, therefore, the forests of Wisconsin may be divided into the hard- wood lands already described,
along the southern borders, from which the pine has been mostly cut ; north of this, and extending northward
somewhat indefinitely, the mixed growth of hard wood and pine, growing upon soil adapted for agricultural purposes.
The open meadows in this region are covered either -with grass or cranberry marshes, alike valuable to the lumber
and farming interests. About the head of the Flambeau river are large open spaces running into groves of heavy
pine timber. These open spaces, once lakes or swamps, are drying up and the timber is gradually spreading over
them. There are bodies of timber scattered through the southern portions of the state outside of the original forest
area, but the amount of this timber is relatively so small that it cannot be considered of commercial importance,
and hardly supidies the wants of the population occupying the thickly-settled southern counties.

" Five thousand men are employed in the pineries of the Chippewa river. They are expected to cut during
the logging season about 600,000,000 feet of logs, or an average per man of over 100,000 feet. This rule is not
applicable to the northwestern pineries generally, for in Michigan, as the timber is now farther from the streams,
the average cut per man is not as great, and 80,000 feet per man would perhaps be a fair average, taking the
pineries of the whole northwest.

558

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

"The annual increase or growth of timber is counterbalanced by the annual waste by windfiills and the natural
decay of the old trees. The loss to the forest by fire is an unknown quantity, but it is quite a large amount,
probably 5 per cent, of the whole. The lumbermen waste the log which runs into the top of the tree; this is
knotty, but usually sound, and would make good merchantable lumber. It is left in the woods, however, because
there is a good deal of work in trimming the knots and cutting off the limbs. From an ordinary-sized tree four
16-foot logs are usually taken, the rest being left. Often this top log is 22 inches in diameter at the butt and will
scale from 100 to 120 feet. Loggers are paid so much per thousand feet by the lumberman, and the amount they
receive is so small that they cannot afford to spend the time to finish up and take out the fifth or last log, which is
therefore left in the woods and lost. Nearly one-tenth of the timber, therefore, is left in the woods and lost. The
fires about the old choppiugs, or where lumber operations are going on, are principally caused by the carelessness
of woodsmen in hunting up land-lines, or of driving-crews on the river in the spring who leave their fires, or by
explorers in the forest during the month of May or June leaving their camp fires burning. In all the old cuttings
the dried pine boughs and other timber left on the ground get very drj-, and fire once started bums with great
rapidity and violence.

" As a matter of fact, more than half the area from which pine forests have been cut in the northwest is sooner
or later burned over. The fire destroys the young trees and changes the nature of the surface of the ground, so that
the next crop which comes up consists of briers and poplars, and then hard woods. When pine is cut off or burned
it does not come in again, and I have never seen any old choppiugs of pine come up with pine again, even when some
trees were left and the ground had not been burned, although where a few large trees only are removed from a
pine forest growing on good soil the small trees left standing, if protected from fire, will continue to grow."

MINNESOTA.

The Northern Pine Belt finds in Minnesota its extreme western limit in the CFnited States in lolngitude 95° 30',.
and its southwestern limit near the forty-sixth degree of latitude. Along its southern and western Iwrders a
narrow territory covered with an open growth of hard wood separates the forests of pine from the prairie, which,
occupies all the southern and western portions of the state.

The same general features which characterize the piue belt o^ Wisconsin extend into Minnesota. The pine in
the southern portion, confined to gravelly ridges, is scattered through forests of hard wood. Farther north the
forest changes in character, the pine being small and of inferior quality. Broad areas of barren land covered with
stunted birch, gray pine, and scrub oak occur, while the whole country is thickly studded with lakes and with
tamarack and cedar swamps. North of the Mississippi Eiver divide the country is more open ; the forest is stunted
and of little value, and pine is only found in small, scattered clumps mixed with spruce, tamarack, and yellow cedar.
The forest growth here occupies perhaps two-thirds Of the rocky or swampy surface of the ground. Its productive
capacity is not large, and the northern parf of the state is not adapted to lumbering operations.

The pine has been removed from the principal streams of the state, and that which remains, except in the
region tributary to lake Superior and In the vicinity of Eed lake, is now inaccessible or of comparatively inferior
quality. The best hard- wood forests of the state, as in Michigan. and Wisconsin, have suffered seriously by fire*
started in abandoned pineries, or in clearing land for agriculture.

During the census year 250,805 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of
$1,395,110. The largest number of these fires was set in clearing land or by sparks from locomotives.

The manufacture of cooperage stock to supply the large flouring-mills of the state is an important industry.
Manufacturers report a growing scarcity and general deterioration of inaterial. Basswood, elm, and ash are largely
used ; oak is inferior in quality to that grown farther east and south.

The following estimates of the amount of pine timber standing in Minnesota May 31, 1880, were prepared by
Mr. H. C. Putnam:

WHITE PINE (Pinus Strobus).

Region..

Feet, Imard
measnre.

2, 900, 000, 000
300, 000, 000
600,000,000

3, 500, 000, 000
870,000,000

Red Lake river and otber tribatarles of tho Red river

Total ,

Cnt for the censna year, ending May 81, 1880 (inolodlng 187,836,000
shingles and 88,088,000 laths).

8,170,000,000

540,997,000

In the belt of hard wood extending west and south of the pine region, and consisting of white, red, and burr
oab, angarraaple, poplar, etc., it is estimated that 3,840,000 acres of forest remain, capable of yielding an average

A

DrFARTMEfrr or tbe imimoii

TZJOB CZHSTJS OT TEE ITNITED STATES.

I

JuIuisTlir-nSL'u.IiIti

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 559

of 15 cords of wood to the acre, or 57,600,000 cords. The cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of
7,825,000 staves and 547,000 sets of headings), was 36,884,000 feet.

Minnesota is the eighth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The principal centers,
of manufacture are Minneapolis, upon the Mississippi river, the Saint Croix river in Washington county, ther
Mississippi river in Anoka county, and Duluth, near the mouth of the Saint Louis river.

The following is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Minnesota:

"The great hard-wood forest of Minnesota lies to the south and west of the pine forest, extending north and
northwest from Ereeborn and Mower counties on the southeast into Marshall county, and to within 50 or 60 miles of
the boundary-line between Canada and the United States. This body of hard wood, which is some 300 miles long
by about 20 miles wide, borders upon the prairie, and is the extreme western body of timber of any commercial
value east of the Rocky mountains. This forest covers about 3,840,000 acres of land generally valuable for
agricultural //urposes, besides its timber, which will average about 15 cords to the acre. The surface of the land
is level or geutiy undulating, well watered, particularly the so-called 'park region ' which lies in Becker, Otter Tail,
Douglas, Steams, and Todd counties, and in fact extends through Wright, Hennepin, Carver, Le Sueur, Eice, and
Steele counties.

" JTorth and east of this belt of hard wood the pine forests commence at a point where the southern line of the
Wisconsin forest crosses the Saint Croix river, near Taylor's Falls. They extend northwesterlj- through the counties
of Chisago, Isanti, Mille Lacs, Benton, Morrison, Todd, Otter Tail, Becker, Polk, and Beltrami, nearly parallel to
the line of the hard-wood forest, and, crossing Red Lake river, extend round to the north of Red lake, and thence
easterly, reaching the shore of lake Superior at the Grand Portage.

" The general character of the pine in Minnesota is similar to that of northern Wisconsin, although it contains
more sapling pine and a smaller percentage of ' uppers.' It is generally somewhat scattering and in smaller groves.
Large areas of barren land within the forest proper are covered with birch, through which are scattered patches of
small pine, while large areas of swamp bear only tamarack and cedar. The pine of Minnesota is estimated as
follows :

"1. On the portion tributary to the Rainy lake and Rainy Lake river, including the Big Fork, the Little Fork,
and the Vermillion rivers, 300,000,000 feet. This stands upon streams which flow northward. This pine will
naturally be sent to Manitoba.

"2. On the northern shore of lake Superior, east of Duluth, and covering the waters tributary to lake Superior,
of which very little is surveyed and no area is given, 870,000,000 feet.

" 3. On the waters of the Saint Louis, including the Cloquet, White Face, and other small streams, 3,500,000,000
feet.

"4, Ou Red Lake river and its tributaries. The great body of pine in this division is principally upon Red lake
and Red Lake river. It is estimated to contain 600,000,000 feet, although it is nearly all unsurveyed.

"5. On the Mississippi river and tributaries above Minneapolis, 2,900,000,000 feet.

"About one-half of the pine has been cut in Carlton county ; it has all been cut in Pine county with the
exception of that growing in a few townships. It has nearly all been cut in Chisago, Kanabec, Morrison, and
Crow Wing counties. A great deal of pine, too, has been cut in Cass county, while Todd, Otter Tail, and Wadena
have all been cut over. The principal bodies of pine now remaining are located in Cook, Lake, Saint Louis, Cass,
Itasca, and Beltrami counties. There were a few thousand acres growing on the Roseau river, where it runs into
northwestern Minnesota, but this has all been cut by the Canadians. There is no hemlock or spruce in Minnesota.
There are occasional ridges of hard wood within the pine forest, as in Wisconsin and Michigan.

"A large portion of the northern part of the state is as yet unsurveyed and but little known, except that, in
the region extending from 30 toUOO miles south from the international line, there is little pine of commercial value.
It is an open country, full of bogs, swamps, rocks, and wide areas of worthless land ; this region extends from the
Arrow river clear through to the international line, south and west of the Lake of the Woods, and to the Vermillion
lake.

"Along the line of the Northern Pacific railroad and north and east of the Mille Lacs country are large swamps .
covered with tamarack timber of commercial value. Through this country are many marshy lakes containing floating
islands, lands in process of formation by the accumulation of vegetation. The timber in this district is giowing and
increasing, and if fires can be kept out of the tamarack and cedar timber the small pine will grow rapidly.

" The timber which grew on the Saint Croix river in Minnesota was tributary to Stillwater, and has all been ,
cut and manufactured there.

" The principal manufactories of pine on the Mississippi river are at Minneapolis.

"FORESTS ON INDIAN EESEEVATIONS.

"Beferiing to the Red Lake Indian reservation in Minnesota, and other Indian reservations on which the pine
remains uncut, amounting in the aggregate to 1,000,000,000 feet, it may be said that they are nearly all unsurveyed, .
and are generally covered with a heavy pine forest, and that the lands are unfit for agricultural purposes and only.

560 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

valuable for the piue timber which grows upon them. These reservations should be held as long as possible by the
government as a timber reserve. They should not be survej'ed and subdivided except so far as may be uecessarj-
for (heir protection, and they should not be offered for sale until some necessity, now unforeseen, arises for their
disposal. The 1,000,000,000 feet of pine should be held until the amount for which it can be sold is needed by the
Indians, or until a price near its value can be obtained for it. By selling the land now the value of the timber
cannot be realized, while the interest of the settlers who may hereafter enter upon the prairies would seem to
demand that some reservation of pine should be made for them, if iwssible. The proposition to bring these lauds
into market, subject to pre emption and homestead entry, is against the interest of every one except the few worthless
tramps and irresponsible i)ersons who may seek to enter and procure a title to these lands ; and even if the land
was so open to homestead and pre-emption entry, the aim and purpose of these laws could not be carried out, for
no farms will be made nor homesteads improved in this Indian country.

"The White Earth Indian reservation is largely covered with hard wood, there being no pine upon more than
a quarter of its area. The land is desirable for agricultural purposes, and may be utilized for tha settlement of
Indians, or under the homestead and pre-emption laws by whites, but the pine lands are unfit for cultivation, and
the homesteading or pre-empting of them should not be allowed."

IOWA.

Iowa lies within the prairie region. The broad bottom lands along the river of the eastern part of the state
once bore heavy forests of broad-leaved trees. Farther west the tree growth was less heavy in the narrower
bottoms. All over the state, however, forests lined the streams and often spread, especially in the southwestern
counties, over the uplands. Since the first settlement of the state the forest area has increased by the natural
spread of trees over ground protected from fire, and by considerable plantations of Cottonwood, maple, and other
trees of rapid growth made by farmers to supply fuel and shelter.

The natural forests have been everywhere largely culled of their most valuable timber, and in spite of their
increased acreage are, in their commercial aspect, in danger of speedy extermination. Manufacturers of cooperage
stock and others using Iowa timber report great scarcity and general deterioration of stock.

During the census year 11,017 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$45,470. These fires were largely the result of carelessness in clearing land.

Iowa is the ninth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes its position to
numerous large mills situated along the Mississippi river entirely supplied with logs from the pineries of Wisconsin.
The amount of Iowa-grown lumber manufactured is insignificant.

MISSOUEI.

Southern and southwestern Missouri was originally covered with a dense forest of hard woods, through which
in the southern counties extensive areas of the short-leaved piue (Finns mitts), covering gravelly ridges and the low
Ozark hills, were common. The northern and western limits of the true forest region may be defined by a line
entering the state from the southwest, in the southern part of Jasper county, and passing northeasterly through
Dade, Cedar, Saint Clair, Henry, Benton, Morgan, and Cooper counties, and then northward to the borders of the
state. West of this line the timber is largely confined to the broad bottom lands, in belts often 2 or 3 miles in
width. Farther west these become narrower and less heavily timbered. The extreme northwestern counties,
Atchison and Nodaway, are almost destitute of timber.

The forests of southeastern Missouri still contain great stores of valuable timber, although the best trees Lave
^been cut in the neighborhood of all settlements, and for a distance varying from 5 to 20 miles back from all lines
of railroad. This is especially true of the best white oak and of black walnut, once common, but now almost
exterminated in all i)art8 of the state.

Manufacturers of cooperage stock report a growing scarcity of material everywhere, and are now forced to
obtain oak from Arkansas and elm ami basswood from the rivers of southern Illinois and Indiana. The further
development, however, of the railroad system of southern Missouri will make available for mauufactming pui'poses
a large amount of valuable timber now remote from transportation.

During the census year 783,646 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$294,865. These fires were traced to careless hunters, to fires set in clearing farming laud, to sparks from
locomotives, etc.

A gratifying improvement in the condition of the forest in the parts of the state first settled has followed the
enactment of a fence law preventing the general ranging of stock through the timber-land. A young growth has
sprung up among the older trees and along the borders of woodlands protected from browsing animals, and these
young forests are valuable in their prospective yield and as an indication of the methods which must be adopted
to preserve and perpetuate the forests of the whole Atlantic region.

^4'

PEPAl-.

rut: ruTEKj^p

x»i':-;>; cknsus

DAKOTA

Mr.i^! 'ii'..\fV

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 561

Missouri is the tenth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes its position in
part to large mills located upon the Mississippi river manufacturing logs cut in the forests of Wisconsin. A much
larger amount of lumber, however, in the aggregate, both pine and hard wood, is produced in numerous small
railroad mills located along the line of the Iron Mountain and other railroads running through the southern ijart
of the state.

Saiut Louis is an important center of lumber distribution. It receives a large portion of the Wisconsin pine
crop by raft, Michigan pine by rail, and southern pine and hard woods by rail and river.

DAKOTA.

Dakota, with the exception of its river lands and the small territory between the north and south forks of
the Cheyenne river, is practically destitute of timber. The bottoms of the principal streams contain extensive
groves of hard wood. As far west as the James river timber exists about the shores of the larger lakes, and upon
the Low Turtle and Pembina mountains of the northern boundary, occasionally ascending the coteH or sides of low
tables rising from the prairie. The Black hills, an extreme outpost of the Eocky Mountain system, were once
heavily timbered. The yellow i)ine of the Pacific region is here mingled with the white spruce, the canoe birch,
the burr oak, and the elm of the eastern forests, while poplars of the Atlantic and Pacific regions grow side by
side.

Much timber has already been cut along the eastern rivers to supply the wants of a rapidly-increasing
agricultural population, and the isolated pine forests of the Black hills, separated by hundreds of miles from
any equally large or valuable body of building timber, have already suffered serious inroads. The best and most
accessible pine has been cut and manufactured into lumber or consumed as fuel in the silver mines and stami)ing
mills to which this region owes its population, and much timber has been allowed to perish in the fires which of
late years have often swept through these forests.

The principal center of lumber manufacture is Deadwood, in the Black hills, where a comparatively large
amount of pine is sawed. In the eastern counties a little oak and elm is manufactured, for the most part in small
portable mills.

The following extracts are made from Mr. H. C. Putnam's report upon the eastern portions of the territory :

" Along the whole length of the Missouri river in Dakota there is a belt of hard-wood timber in the bottoms
in bodies of from 100 to 500 acres in extent. This timber sometimes grows continuously, but more often there are
open spaces between the groves. About three-fourths of the trees are burr oak, the remainder sycamore, cottonwood,
green ash, box-elder, poplar, willow, etc. A similar forest growth lines the banks of the Eed river north of Fort
Abercrombie as far as Fort Pembina, near the international line. This strip of timber averages perhaps forty
rods in width, and consists of the same varieties of trees that grow upon the Missouri river.

"In the Pembina mountains and west of Fort Pembina, on the Tongue and Pembina rivers, there are bodies of
timber, generally of stunted growth, lying mostly along the streams or about the Pembina mountains in groves of from
ICO to 3,000 acres in extent. This timber is situated principally in the two northern tiers of townships of Pembina
county. It has no value except as fuel. The next body of timber in Dakota is in the neighborhood of Devil lake ;
it aggregates some 25,000 acres, distributed as follows : At Wood lake, some 20 miles nortli of Devil lake, there
are 1,000 acres; on Graham's island, a promontory on the north shore of Devil lake, near the northwest end, are
2,500 acres of timber; east of this, on the north shore of the lake, are two groves of about 600 acres; at Eock
island, which is really a promontory running into the lake, are 3,800 acres of timber; around the east and north
shores, and around the whole southern shore of the lake, past Fort Totten to the extreme west end, are some 15,000
acres of forest adjacent to Devil lake; at Stump lake, a lake some 15 miles in diameter on the north side of
Devil lake, there are 1,400 acres of timber; and commencing some 10 miles south of Fort Totten, and extending
down along Cheyenne river into township 140, range 56, in Traill, Foster, and Grand Forks counties, are about
10,000 acres of timber. The valley here is only 1 or 2 miles in width, and the timber is generally distributed
through it. Probably seven-eighths of all this Devil Lake timber is burr oak; the remainder is sycamore, green
ash, etc. This timber in many places grows large, sometimes 30 or 40 feet 1o the first limb, and is valuable for fuel,
for the construction of log houses, and for general use by settlers in the absence of other and better material.

"In the Turtle mountains, in Bottineau and Eolette counties, and extending into the British possessions, is
quite a large tract of timber, principally oak of short, scrubby growth, and only valuable as fire wood. A body of
timber from 1 mile to 5 miles in width extends for 150 miles along the Mouse river, in the counties of Bottineau,
McHenrj-, Stevens, and Eenville. This timber is composed of burr oak, box-elder, sycamore, green ash, etc., and
is suitable for fire-wood, house-building, atid rough construction."

Mr. Eobert Douglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, contributes the following remarks upon the forests of the Black
Hills region, of which he made a critical examination:

"From Fort Meade the stage road runs about 2 miles along the base of the hills, and then follows up through
heavy timber, gaining an altitude of over 1,600 feet above the fort when within 2 miles of Deadwood ; thence down a

36 FOR

562 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. *

steep grade of about a mile until the valley is reached, and then up the valley by an easy grade to Deadwood. Five
days' driving through the hilla from the base of the foot hills to one of the highest peaks shows little variation in the
species of forest trees. The yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa) is the only tree of much value in the hills, and composes
nineteen twentieths of the forest, generally covering the hills from base to summit. The trees are larj-er and
stand closer together than in Colorado, and grow here, too, more rapidly than farther south, as is shown by the
\ridtb of the annual rings of growth and the shoots upon the standing trees. This is the only tree used for lumber
at the saw-mills, and no other is used in the mines. The white spruce {Picea alba) grows principally near the water-
courses, and here the largest trees of that species are to be found. It is scattered, however, through the pines even
within 50 feet of the summit of Terry's peak. It is condemned by both saw-mill proprietors and miners as lacking
strength and being very knotty, which cannot be doubted, as it retains its lower branches with wonderful tenacity,
even when growing closely and in dense shade. These two species comprise all the Coniferce in the Black hills,
with the exception of a prostrate juniper and rare specimens of the red cedar. The burr oak is found in the valleys
extending into the foot-hills and along the creeks for 40 or 50 miles into the plains. It is short, gnarly, and
apparently of little value, although exceptional trees in the valley are of fair size. In the narrow valleys and along
watercourses are found the common cottonwood, black willow, narrow-leaved cottonwood, green ash, white elm,
box-elder, ironwood, canoe birch, and quaking aspen; in the hills canoe birch, mountain ash, hazel, choke cherry,
and juneberry are found growing side by side with the snowberry and mahonia of the Pacific region. The
little aspen and the canoe birch perform the same service the aspen does in Colorado, and cover the ground after
the timber is burned off", thus making a shade in which the pine seedlings find protection from sun and wind, and
finally repossess the hills. On the banks of the numerous creeks intersecting the 'bad lands' and plains from the
Missouri river to the Black hills, box-elder, white elm, green ash, black willow, cottonwood, choke cherry, wild
plum, and buflalo-berry occur, but the canoe birch is not found below the foot-hills, where it grows along the creeks
6 or 8 inches in diameter, or as a low shrub upon the hillsides.

"The region occupied by the Black Hills forests is 80 miles in length north and south, and about 30 miles wide
from east to west. Forest fires are not so frequent nor so disastrous as in Colorado, although the 'big burning' of
1865, near Custer's peak, is estimated to have extended over 400 square miles. The yellow pine is largely reproducing
itself over the whole of this area, the trees being now 3 or 4 feet high. As far as my observation went, this re))roduction
of the yellow pine over the old 'deadenings' is almost universal through the hills, although rarely or never seen in
Colorado, and even in northern Wisconsin and the Michigan peninsula scarcely a single young pine has appeared
in the whole burned district of 1871.

" The timber is disappearing rapidly in the vicinity of Deadwood, Lead City, Terry ville, and Central."

NEBRASKA.

The forest growth of Nebraska was once confined to the eastern part of the state; the broad bottom lands of the
Missouri and the lower Platte rivers contained groves of large oak, walnut, ash, and box-elder of considerable extent.
These, under favorable conditions, spread to the blufts and uplands. Westward the tree growth gradually became
more scanty and stunted, until, west of the one hundredth meridian, only the large streams were lined with a few
small cottonwoods and willows.

The best trees hav^e already been culled from the scanty forest growth of the state, and if the area of natural
T^oodland has somewhat increased along its eastern borders since the settlement of the country and the diminution
of prairie fires, these forests are, in their commercial aspect, of little importance. Many small plantations of
cottonwood and other trees of rapid growth have been made in connection with farms in the eastern counties, and
these in some cases already furnish much-needed shelter to buildings and crops, and supply domestic fuel.

The lumber-manufacturing interests of Nebraska are not important. Mills at Omaha, the principal manufacturing
center, saw cottonwood and a little walnut and oak, hauled to them from the neighborhood of the city, and small
portable mills at other points along the Missouri saw a little cottonwood and such logs as the country tributary' to
them can furnish. The i)roduct of all the Nebraska mills is consumed in supijlying the local demand.

KANSAS.

The heavy forest of the Mississippi basin just reaches the extreme southeastern corner of Kansas, covering
nearly one-third of Cherokee county. North of this, and occupying the remaining eastern border of the state, a
prairie region varying in width from 30 to 100 miles is still heavily wooded with valuable timber along the streams,
the forest growth occasionally extending and covering areas of upland. West of this region of mixed prairie and
woodland the timber is confined to the banks of streams. It is often, east of the ninety-seventh meridian, of
considerable size and value, occurring in sufficient quantity to supply the most x>ressing wants of the agricultural
population of this part of the state. West of the ninety-seventh meridian the tree growth gradually diminishes in
vigor. Trees are here confined to the immediate banks of the large streams, and are small and of little value. West
of the ninety-ninth meridian a few small stunted willows and cottonwoods, scattered at wide intervals along the
large streams, represent the only forest growth of this arid region.

jf^"^

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5G3

A large amount of lumber is manufactured in the eastern counties in proportion to the extent of their forest
area ; but much of the best timber of the state has been cut, and Kansas must soon depend, even more than at
present, upon the forests of Arkansas and Louisiana for its lumber supply.

Considerable plantations made in the eastern and southeastern counties by railroads and in connection with
farms promise abundant success. All attempts, however, to raise trees in the arid central and western parts of the
state have resulted in failure.

During the census year 7,080 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$14,700. The lafgest number of these fires originated upon the prairie.

564 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

WESTERN DIVISION.

MONTANA.

The forests of Montaua are confined to the high mountain ranges which occupy the western part of the territory
They are dense and important upon the slopes of the Coeur d'Alene and other high ranges. Farther east, along the
eastern slopes of the Eocky mountains and their outlying eastern ranges, the Big Belt, the Little Belt, the Crazy,
the Snow, and the Bear mountains, and the ranges south of the Yellowstone river, the Yellowstone, Shoshonee,
and Big Horn mountains, the forests are more open, stunted, and generally confined to the highest slopes, the
borders of streams, or the sides of caiions. A narrow fringe of cottonwood, green ash, and willow lines the bottoms
of the Missouri, Yellowstone, Tongue, Eosebud, Milk, and of the other large streams of the territory; aud a few
stunted pines aud cedars are scattered along the river blufis and the highest ridges of the Powder Eiver, the Wolf,
aud other ranges in the southeastern part of the territory. The remainder of the territory, the eastern, northern,
and southern portions, are destitute of timber.

The heavy forests of northwestern Montana, largely composed of red fir, yellow pine, and tamarack, and
containing great bodies of white pine (Pinus monticola) and considerable valuable spruce {Picea Engelmanni aud
P. alha) constitute, with those covering the adjacent mountains of Idaho, one of the most important bodies of timber
in the United States. East and west of this forest a treeless country, adapted to grazing and agriculture, and
destined to support a large population which must obtain its building material aud railroad supplies from it, extends
over thousands of square miles. The development, too, of the important mining interests of southern Montana
and Idaho is dependent upon these forests, their only valuable source of timber and fuel supply. These forests
guard the headwaters of two of the great rivers of the continent, and in regulating their flow make possible
through irrigation the devotion to profitable agriculture of a vast territory now an almost arid waste. The forests,
largely composed of the lodge-pole pine {Pinus Murrayana), which cover the outlj'ing eastern ranges of the Eocky
mountains at an elevation of from 5,000 to 10,000 feet above the ocean level with a dense growth of slender trees
or on poor soil and in exposed situations with an open, scattered forest, are, as sources of lumber supply, of
comparatively little value. These forests, however, contain valuable supplies of fuel aud abundant material for
railway ties. They guard, too, the flow of numberless small streams, and their importance in this connection should
not be overlooked.

The most important forests, commercially, of the territorj' are found along the valley of Clarke's Fork of the
Columbia river, between the Horse Plains and the Idaho line; here the westhrn white pine reaches its greatest
development, becoming an imjwrtant part of the forest growth. The valleys of the Saiut Eegis de Borgia and
Missoula rivers contain great, bodies of valuable fir and pine, which spread also in great luxuriance over the
mountains east and south of Flathead lake.

Fires destroy every year large areas of the forest covering the mountains of the western division. The long,
dry summers and tbe character of the forest, composed as it is almost entirely of coniferous resinous trees, fiivor
the spread of forest fires. They increase rapidly in number with the increase of population, and threaten the entire
extermination of the forests of the whole interior Pacific region. During the census year 88,020 acres of forest
were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $1,128,000. These fires, few in number, were traced for the most
part 10 careless hunters, prospectors, and smokers.

Little lumber is manufactured in the territory. Eed fir and spruce are sawed at Missoula and in the
neighborhood of nearly all the mining centers in the western jiart of the territory. The i^roduct of the Montana
mills is entirely used to supply the'local demand.

The following report upon the forests of the northern Eocky Mountain region was prepared by Mr. Sereno
Watson, of Cambridge, a special agent of the Census Office, in the division of Forestry:

"The territory whose forest resources I attempted under your instructions to examine includes an area of
about 150,000 square miles, extending from the one hundred and thirteenth meridian to the summit of the Cascade
mountains aud irom the parallel oC 44^° to the British boundary; or, according to political divisions, the western
fifth of Montana, the northern two-fifths of Idaho, the eastern three-fifths of AVashington territory, and the
northeastern portion (or neJhly one-half) of Oregon. It comprises a central treeless plateau of some 30,000 square
miles in extent, the great 'plain of the Columbia', surrounded by more or less extensively timbered mountain
systems. This tract is bounded on the east by the broad mountain range which separates Montana from Idaho, on

>

i-/

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 565

the north by the irregularly-broken country which lies north of the Spokane river and of that portion of the
Columbia which has a westerly course in the same latitude, and on the west by the Cascade range, while on the
south the circuit is less completely closed by the somewhat complicated system known as the Blue and Salmon
River mountains.

" With the exception of a single county (Beaver Head) in Montana this entire region is drained by the Columbia
river, since the Eocky Mountain divide, or the main central divide between the headwaters of the Columbia and of
the Missouri, forms the boundary between Idaho and Montana only as far north "as 45° 40', when it turns abruptly
eastward for 75-jniles and then again northwestward to the British boundary in continuation of the line of the
Wind Eiver mountains of Wyoming.

"As will be seen from the detailed account which is to follow, the general character of the forest growth
throughout this region is remarkably uniform, both in the kinds of trees found and in their manner of distribution. •
The trees of the most constant occurrence and that form the mass of the forests generally are, first, the red fir
(Pseudotsuga Douglani) and yellow pine {Pimis ponderosa), gradually giving place at higher altitudes to Picea
Engelmanni and Aiies subalpina or Pinus Murriiyana; while of only somewhat less extended range, though
sometimes more local in their distribution, are the larch (Larix occidentalis), cedar {Thuya gigantea), the white pine
(Pinus monticola), the hemlocks (Tsuga Mcrtensiana and, less frequently, Tsuga Pattoniana), Abies grandis, and the
balsam poplars. Abies amabilis only is confined to the Cascade mountains. No other species occur of sufiicient
size to be of importance as timber trees.

"In order to indicate more particularly the extent and distribution of the tree growth, the territories will be
taken up in order by counties, and an estimate given of the area covered in each, though necessarily of the actual
density of growth and amount of available timber (varying from square mile to square mile, and much of it never
seen) no estimate can be given of such probably approximate accuracy as to be of any value whatever:

" MONTANA.

" Beaver Head county (4,230 square miles). — This county, nearly equally divided by the one hundred and
thirteenth meridian, is surrounded on three sides, north, south, and west, by the Eocky mountains, and is divided
into two portions by a lofty spur which sets oflf in a northeasterly direction from the middle of the western side.
The valleys of Beaver Head river and Eed Rock creek to the east and south of this spur are treeless, except that
the latter stream is bordered with a considerable growth of Populus angustifolia, often 60 feet high and a foot or two
in diameter. The region to the east is scantily supplied with timber of any kind, while the northern flanks of the
Eocky Mountain range as far as the head of Horse Plains creek are only sparingly timbered on the ridges and in
some of the caiions, the trees small and mainly red fir, with some Pinus albicauUs, the summits and exposed ridges
wholly bare.

" The broad dividing spur, which includes Bald mountain and several other peaks from 10,000 to 11,000 feet high,
is abont 30 miles in length by 20 in breadth. The peaks are bare above 9,000 feet, and the western slopes have some
timber in the upper ravines alone. The trees at 7,000 feet are mainly red fir, giving place above to a small growth
of Pinus Murrayana and P. albieattlis. On the eastern side of the spur there are deep, densely- wooded valleys, the
timber said to be chiefly red fir, Picea Engelmanni and Pinus Murrayana. On Eattlesnake creek in this region
there is a single saw-mill, 12 miles from Bannock City, which sui)plies the town and neighboring mining camps with
lumber. When a better quality is needed it is brouglit across the mountains from the Lemhi Eiver district in Idaho
by a road crossing the range at the head of Horse Plains creek. The fuel used in Bannock City is hauled some
12 or 15 miles, chiefly from the Eockj' mountains. Beyond the head of Horse Plains creek (where the Bald Mountain
spur commences) the range for about 40 miles changes in character greatly, becoming higher, broader, and more
rocky, with rugged, snow-clad peaks from 10,000 to 12,000 feet high, and with high, rocky spurs to the east, separating
densely-wooded valleys difiicult of access and rarely visited. The forests here come down to the western edge of
Big Hole valley, and are continuous. The trees are said to be largely Pinus Murrayana, hat there is probably a
considerable proportion of red fir, Picea Engelmanni and Abies subalpina. The range now takes its turn to the east,
forming the northern line of the county, and rises again into some high, snowy p'-aks, but is much less densely
wooded. Where the pass crosses the range from the Big Hole valley to the Bitter Eoot, the prevalent tree is found
to be Pimis Murrayana, mixed toward the summit of the divide (at 7,000 feet altitude) with some red fir and a small
proportion of Picea Engelmanni and Pinus albicauUs. The trees are mostly young and small, evidently frequently
overrun by fires, a dense new growth immediately in most cases replacing the old. The trunks very rarely reached
a diameter of 15 of 20 inches. The timbered area of the county may be estimated at 1,000 square miles. No yellow
pine was seen or heard of within its limits.

"Deer Lodge county (0,500 square miles). — This county, also nearly bisected by the one hundred and thirteenth
meridian, is occupied by spurs of the Eocky mountains, which form its southern and eastern border, with the
intervening open valleys of Deer Lodge river, Flint creek, and Big Blackfoot river. These spurs are to a large
extent wholly bare of trees, only some of the ravines and ridges being covered by a more or less scattered growth
of yellow pine and red fir of moderate size, and the higher northern slopes by a denser growth of Pinus Murrayana.
North of the Big Blackfoot the timber is more dense, coming down into the valley, and consisting principally of

566 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

yellow pine, with some red fir and larch, and at the higher elevations (above 5,000 feet) of red fir, larch, and scrub
pine. In the higher cailons of the main range to the south it is probable that Abies subalpina and Picea Engelmanni
also occur, as I heard of a soft tamarack found at Gwendale, whivh appeared from the description to be the latter
species. Total timbered area of the county i8 estimated at 2,250 square miles.

" Missoula, county (21,000 square miles). — The Bitter Root mountains, which separate this county from Idaho,
are a direct continuation of the Eocky mountains north from the point of divergence of that range in latitude 45°
iW. While broadening out until they cover a base of 100 miles or more, they rarely reach a height of 8,000 feet.
There is nothing alpine in the character of their higher vegetation, nor do they anywhere rise above the limit of
forest growth. The summits are not often very rugged, and though the slopes may be steep they are not generally
greatly broken. For the most part they are well wooded upon both sides, with no meadows along the streams and
little grass anywhere until the foot-hills are reached. Upon the Montana side it is from 20 to 40 miles from the
base to the summit of the divides, and the Bitter Root valley, which skirts their feet for 60 miles, separates them
from the low and comparatively bare spurs of the Eocky mountains on the east.

"Upon crossing the main divide upon the southern border, between the Big Hole and the Bitter Eoot valleys,
at an altitude of 7,000 feet, the yellow pine immediately appears, of large size, and with its usual massive habit,
and is henceforth the most conspicuous forest tree along the usual routes of travel, coming farther down into the
valleys than any other tree, and more frequently attaining a large size, probably from its less liability to serious
injury from fires! The descent from this southern divide to the Bitter Eoot valley is well wooded with large trees
of the yellow i)iue and red fir (with at first some small Pinus Murrayana), which continue to be the only trees
seen bordering the vallej'. These mountains were crossed by me on the Lolo trail up the Lolo creek, and by the
Mullan road, which follows the Saint Eegis de Borgia river. In the lower canons only yellow pine and red fir are
found, of the usual scattered growth — the trees rarely much over 2 feet in diameter — with larch and Abies subalpina
coming down the side gulches, and white pine in the middle cafion. The yellow pine gradually gives place to Picea
JEnyelmanni, Abies subalpina, and A. grandis, though none of these reach the size which they attain on the Idaho
side of the range. The large timber is mostly confined to the neighborhood ef the streams, where the larch and
white pine sometimes reach a diameter of 3 or 4 feet, but it becomes much smaller upon the ridges, and iu the upper
caiions rarely is more than a foot or 18 inches through, while the mountain slopes are usually much burned over
and covered with fallen timber, largely of Pinus Murrayana. The largest and most abundant tree in the upper
canons is probably the Picea Engelmanni. Small trees of the Thuya gigantea are also occasional, but nowhere in
northern Montana does it become large enough to be of importance. The Thuya and Abies grandis extend as far
south as the Nez Perc^ creek. I think that no hemlocks were seen on the Montana side of the range, but they
may occur.

"North of the Mullan road to Clarke's Fork the eastern slopes of the range continue well wooded. On the
eastern side of the county the low spur of the Eocky mountains lying to the east of Bitter Eoot vallej' is to a large
extent bare, but has some young yellow pine (known as 'scrub pine' or 'blackjack pine') and Pinus Murrayana.
Approaching Hellgate river the timber becomes more prevalent iu the ravines ; and in the government timber
reservation near Missoula, where there is a saw-mill run for government purposes, the timber was found to be
yellow pine and red fir (not large) and considerable larch — fine trees 2 feet in diameter or more and 100 feet high.
In Granite canon, in the mountains north of Missoula, where there is also a saw-mill, the lower caQon was occupied
by yellow pine and larch, with some red fir rarely over a foot through, and in the upper canon Abies subalpina and
Picea Engelmanni a foot in diameter. On the mountain sides above the caiion the timber is, as usual, small and
worthless for lumber. In the eastern portion of the Flathead Indian reservation a very high and rugged range of
mountains extends nearly as far north as the head of Flathead lake, and parallel with the main Eocky Mountain
range, which here enters the county and continues across the northern boundary. Both of these ranges are
throughout densely wooded, though on the eastern side of the Eocky mountains the timber wholly ceases a few
miles (8 or 10) below the summit, giving place to the open grazing region of the upper Missouri. On crossing over
the lower end of the western range, from the Big Blackfoot to the Jocko river, the timber was found to be at first
almost entirely yellow pine, with red fir and larch in the gulches, the yellow pine ceasing toward the divide (at
6,000 feet altitude) and Pinus Murrayana taking its place, but reappearing on the northern side, with occasional
Picea Engelmanni and even small Thuya gigantea. Iso white i)iue was seen. The same trees probably continue
northward to the boundary (the larch is reported from about 30 miles south of the boundary).

"The remainder of the county, lying west of the Flathead Eiver valley, is wholly occupied by mountains, of
less altitude, but, so far as is known, generally densely wooded, with the exception of some of the spurs toward
the Flathead river and Clarke's Fork and some small prairies bordering the streams.

" The total timbered area of the county is estimated at 17,000 square miles."

■WYOMING.

The highest mountain ranges in Wyoming only are well timbered. The high rolling table-land which occupies
the central part of the territory is destitute of all tree growth, while the low ranges which rise from this plateau

<

THE F0RP:STS of the united states. 567

and border it on the south are either treeless or only supi)ort a few stunted yellow pines or firs widely scattered or
forming small, isolated patches of open forest upon the highest slopes of the most sheltered ravines. The most
important forests of the territory are those in the northeastern corner covering the western extension of the Black
hills of Dakota, those upon the foot-hills and slopes of the caiions of the Big Horn mountains, and the dense
forests of small lodge-pole pine {Pinus Ihirrayana) which occupy all the northwestern ijortion of the territory
studded bj' the system of mountains surrounding the Yellowstone park.

The most valuable timber of the Big Horn mountains consists of yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa), attaining on the
foot-hills sufficienlr«ize to furnish saw-logs. Probably one-third of this timber on the east side of the mountains
has already been cut to supply mills located upon the streams from Crazy Woman creek to Tongue river. The
table-land on both sides of the range between the crests of the foot-hills and the base of the Snow range is covered
with a belt, from 8 to 10 miles in width, of small white fir (Abies subalpina). The trees are small, rarely exceeding 8
or 10 inches in diameter. They afford, however, useful material for fuel and fence and telegraph poles. This forest
has suffered seriously from wind storms and fire. A heavy growth of cottonwood, with which is mingled a little
green ash, occupies the banks of all the streams of the Big Horn region, with the exception of No- Wood creek,
flowing from the western flank.

The forests of the Yellowstone region, composed for the most part of small lodge-pole pine, are confined to the
mountain slopes and high valleys, at an elevation of between 5,000 and 10,000 feet. These forests are capable of
supplying great quantities of fuel and fencing material. They contain, however, little timber suitable to manufacture
into lumber.

The forests of all this arid central region suffer seriously from fire. These increase with the settlement of the
country and inflict great damage upon the forest. In northwestern Wyoming, however, the forests of lodge-pole pine
{Pintis Murrayana) destroyed by fire reproduce themselves, and the area occupied by this species in all the Eocky
Mountain region is increasing. This is due no doubt to the fact that fire does not destroy the seeds of this species,
protected in the cones, which remain closed upon the trees for years. The heat of the fire causes the cones to open
and shed their seeds upon the burned surface of the soil, where they germinate quickly and freely.

During the census year 83,780 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$3,255,000. These fires were set by Indians, trappers, and prospectors.

A little lumber, in addition to that manufactured in the Big Horn region, of which no returns have been
received, is sawed in the Medicine Bow and other ranges in the southern part of the territory. A large amount of
fire- wood and many railroad ties are cut in the southern mountains and delivered by chutes along the line of the
Union Pacific railroad.

COLORADO.

The forests of Colorado are confined to the mountain ran ges and high valleys which cover the western half of the
state ; the elevated, rolling plateau which extends from the eastern base of the mountains to the eastern boundary
of the state is entirely destitute of tree growth, with the exception of an occasional stunted willow or cottonwood
found in the bottom lands of the large streams. The important forests of the state cover the mountain slopes
between 10,000 and 12,500 feet elevation, and are almost exclusively composed of spruce {Picea Ungelmanni), with,
which are mingled diff'erent alpine pines of little economic value. Below the spruce belt a more open forest of red
fir and yellow i)ine, occupying ravines or scattered over the ridges, extends down to the foot-hills. These are
covered with an open growth in which the nut pine and the western juniper are the prevailing trees, while the
borders of streams and bottoms of the canons are occupied by cottonwoods, willows, cherries, oaks, and other
deciduous trees and shrubs of little economic importance. Large areas upon the sides of the high Colorado
mountains are exclusively covered with a dense growth of the quaking aspen. This tree very generally takes
possession here of ground from which the coniferous forest has been removed by fire, and, as the number of forest
fires is rapidly increasing in Colorado, it seems destined i:o become the only widely-distributed forest tree of this
region. The high valleys, or "parks" as they are here locally called, when timbered at all, are covered with a dense
forest growth in which the lodge pole pine (Pinus Murrayana), also common at high elevations in the spruce forests,
is the prevailing and often the only species, disputing with the aspen the possession of the burned soil. The high
plateau of southwestern Colorado is either treeless or is thinly covered with an open growth of small, stunted
junipers.

The increase in the number of forest fires raging in the taountains of Colorado is alarming in a region where
the forest once destroyed cannot easily reproduce itself, and upon mountains where forest covering is necessary to
preserve the integrity of the channels and the constant flow of numerous important streams essential to the
irrigation of wide areas of arid territory.

During the census year 113,820 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$9.35,500. These fires were set by careless hunters, miners, and i)rospector8, and bj' Indians or whites through malice.

The forests of the Colorado foot-hills atFord abundant fuel and fencing material to supply the wants of the
present population of this part of the state. Coarse lumber, suitable for the timbering of mines and railroad

568 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

construction, ia manufactured from the fir and pines of tbe lower mountain slopes, which have also furnished
immeuise quantities of fuel and railway tics. The timber, however, of this forest most accessible to mining centers
and the lines of railroads has already been destroyed, while its productive capacity is everywhere impaired by
■wasteful methods of lumbering and destructive conflagrations. The elevated spruce forests, wliich contain the
only great bodies of heavy timber found in the central Eocky Mountain region, have thus far, on account of the
diftieulties of operating in them, escaped all serious inroads from the ax of the lumberman. Small portable mills,
however, have been established in these forests to supply the wants of some of the most elevated mining centers,
and fires every year reduce their extent and value.

Colora<lo is principally supplied with lumber from Chicago; a small amount is manufactured, however, in the
state, mostly upon the waters of the South Fork of tiie Platte river, in Jeflersou county, and in the extensive
pineries which cover the divide between the waters of the .South Platte and the Arkansas rivers. A little lumber
is also manufactured in small portable mills in nearly every county.

NEW MEXICO.

The forests of New Mexico are confined to the slopes and canons of the high mountain ranges. The elevate^
plateau which occupies the whole of the eastern part of the territory is treeless, with the exception of occasional'
willows and cottouwoods bordering the large streams, while the high mesas of the southwest and west are sometimes
dotted with an open growth of dwarf junipers and nut pines of considerable local importance as a source of fuel
and fencing supply. The high mountain ranges extending southward into the northern part of the territory are
covered with forests very similar in composition, density, and distribution to those covering the mountains of
Colorado. Engelmann's spruce is here the important timber tree at high elevations; lower, open forests of red
fir and yellow pine occupy the sides of caiions and the lower mountain slopes, and the nut pine and juniper cover
the foot hills with an open, scattered growth. The detached mountain ranges which spring from the central
plateau of the territory are less heavily timbered than the higher mountains north and south. The yellow pine i»
here the most common and important tree, mingled in sheltered canons and at highest elevations with occasional
red firs.

The most important forests of the territory cover the high group of mountain ranges west of the Eio Grande
and south of the thirty-fcmrth degree of latitude — the San Francisco, the Tulerosa, Sierra Blanca, Sierra Diablo,
MogoUon, Pinos Altos, and Mimbres. The foothills and lower slopes of these mountains, between 5,000 and 7,000
feet elevation, are covered with a heavy growth of junipers, nut pines, and diflerent evergreen oaks. The banks
of streams are here lined with immense cotton woods, sycamores, cherries, ashes, and hackberrics, while the arroyos
or depressions in the mesas contain flue groves of mesquit. Above an elevation of 7,000 feet the yellow i)iue appears,
and mingled with it on north slopes the red fir and white pine (Pinus reflexa) ; the elevated valleys contain fine
groves of cottonwood, box-elder, alder, and small oaks, while the most inaccessible slopes of some of the highest
ranges are covered with forests of cypress {Gupressus Guadalupensis).

The coniferous forests of these mountains are dense and valuable, and, although not yet accessible for lumbering
operations except at a few points, they seem destined to become an important factor in the future development of
the whole region. They can, if properly protected, supply with lumber indefinitely a larger population than will
probably occupy this part of the United States.

The deciduous trees of this entire southwestern region, often of considerable size, are generally hollow, especially
the oaks; they are of little value for any mechanical purpose, although afl'ording abundant and excellent fuel.

During the census year 64,034 acres of woodland only were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss
of $142,075.

A small amount of coarse lumber, principally yellow pine, is manufactured in the territory, mostly in the
counties of San Miguel and Santa F6. New Mexico, however, like Colorado, obtains most of its lumber by rail
from Chicago.

ARIZONA.

Northern, western, and southwestern Arizona are destitute of true forests. Ravines in the mesas of the high
Colorado plateau of northern Arizona are occasionally covered, however, with stunted junipers. Cottonwoods and
willows line the banks of the Colorado river, and the ironwood, the palo verde, the mesquit, the suwarrow, and
other .Mexican forms of arborescent vegetatio.i are found in the valley of the Gila and the deserts of the southern
part of the territory ; individual trees are, however, widely scattered, nowhere forming forests in the true meaning
of the word. The low lava ridges and arid lake beds with which the southwestern part of the territory is covered
are entirely destitute of tree growth.

The mountain system culminating south of the Colorado plateau in the San Francisco mountains, and
extending southeasterly through the middle of the territory into New Mexico, is well timbered. The high ranges
which spring from this central elevated plateau bear heavy forests of yellow pine and red fir, the plateau itself

dePj«<tment: of the tnterior.

^

lENTH CEKSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.

NEW MEXICO

jQht-ifipn&ColitK

(

DKPABTMENT OP THE rNTERlOR

TEKTH CF.NSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ARIZONA

JlHuuHimUCoUtli

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 569

being covered, over thousands of square miles, with an open growth of yellow pine of considerable size. The
streams and bottoms of the high mountains are lined with deciduous trees, of which the Cottonwood, the cherry,
the ash, the alder, and the walnut are the largest and most important. The group of short, detached mountaiu
ranges which occuiiies with a general north and south trend the southeastern part of the territory is covered with a
rich and varied forest growth. The highest slopes are covered with forests of pine, in which, in the Santa Catalina
range at least, great bodies of splendid cypress {Gupressus Guadalvpensis) are found; a little lower the red fir
and white pine {Piims reflexa), different oaiis ifiid junipers with a madroiia, are scattered over the dry, gravelly
slopes and ridges betiveen 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. These in turn are replaced below 5,000 feet with an open
growth of small evergreen oaks. The bottoms of the canons and the borders of the streams between 4,000 and
8,000 feet elevation are lined in these mountains with hackberry, sycamore, cottouwood, willows, cherries, and
ashes. The arroyos in the mesas are often covered, as in southern New Mexico, with noble groves of mesquit, or in
drier situations support a stunted growth of acacias, yuccas, cacti, and other desert plants.

The yellow pine is the only tree of Arizona of great importance as a source of lumber supply. Oaks and
other hard-wood trees are invariably defective and of little value except for fuel. The red fir, white pine, and
cypress occur only at high elevations, and are generally too scattered and too difficult of access to make their
manufacture into lumber practicable for the present at least.

The pine forests of central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico are of great importance to the development
of the treeless regions which surround them. ZSTo other body of timber of any extent or value exists near the
southern boundary of the United States between the pine belt of eastern Texas and the forests of the California
mountains. These southern interior forests have nowhere yet greatly suffered. Their inaccessibility has protected
them. Railroads, however, now either penetrate this forest region, or will soon do so, and these, with the rapid
development of the mining industry now going on in the southwest, threaten these forests with the dangers which
are fast exterminating those of Colorado and Utah.

During the census year 10,240 acres of woodland were destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $50,000.
These fires were set by careless hunters, prospectors, and Indians.

Pine lumber is sawed in Pima and Pinal counties, principally upon the Santa Catalina, Santa Eita, and Huachuca
mountains, to supply important mining centers in this part of the territory. It is also manufactured in small
quantities in jmrtable mills near Indian reservations and other centers of population throughout the forest region.
Eeturns from 13 mills onlj', situated in Pima, Pinal, Apache, and Yavapai counties, have been received. Southern
Arizona is now, in spite of its fine forests of pine, almost entirely supplied bj^ rail with lumber manufactured in
California.

UTAH,

The Uintah range, occupying with an east and west trend the whole of the northeastern part of the territory,
the Wahsatch mountains and their southern extension, the San Pitch and the Sanpete ranges, extending north
and south nearly through the center of the territory, and the mountains which bound on the east the great
Colorado plateau, bear at high elevations fir, spruce, and pine forests of considerable extent. The foot-hills of
these mountains and their high valleys are dotted with an open growth of nut pine, juniper, and mountain mahogany
{Cercocarpus). The high Colorado plateau and the arid deserts of western and southern Utah are treeless, with the
exception of a few stunted junipers and nut pines which struggle for existence upon some of the low mountain
ranges, and of willows and cottonwoods which line the banks of the infrequent and scanty streams.

The western flank of the Wahsatch mountains north of the fortieth degree of latitude has already been almost
denuded of its best timber to supply the wants of the agricultural and mining settlements of the Salt Lake region,
and the scanty forests of the territory have everywhere suffered serious loss from fire and wasteful methods of
cutting timber and railway ties and of manufacturing charcoal.

During the census year 42,805 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$1,042,800. These fires were set by Indians, wood cutters, careless hunters, and prospectors.

Small quantities of lumber — pine, Cottonwood, and a little spruce — are manufactured through the Wahsatch
region, the principal centers of manufacture being Beaver City and Cedar City, in the south, the neighborhood of
Salt Lake City, and Cache county in tlie extreme northern part of the territory. Utah is, however, almost entirely
supplied with lumber from the eastern slopes of the California sierras and from Chicago. Small tanneries in Salt
Lake City obtain a supply of red fir and spruce bark from the neighboring mountains.

The following notes u[)on Utah forests, made during the ])rosecutiou of a special investigation into the meat-
j>roducing capacity of the territory, have been supplied by Mr. E. C. Hall, a special agent of the Census, in the
division of " Meat Production in the Grazing States and Territories":

" The timber of the Wahsfitch mountains, in Cache, Rich, Morgan, and Weber counties of Utah, hardly sufBces
for the wants of the settlers. The trees from which lumber is obtained are cedar and a variety of white pine
(PinuH Jlexilis). Some fir {Pxeudotsuga Douglasii) is found, but it is not common noith of the latitude of Salt Lake
City. This tree likewise furnishes an inferior kind of lumber. In general, in Utah, north of latitude 40°. the west

570 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

base of the Walisatch mountaius bas been stripped of the available timber, so that in the accessible canons,
especially in the neighborhood of settlements, it is laborious and expensive obtaining posts and poles for fencing,
to say nothing of smooth planks, etc., for building. Cottonwood and occasionally Iwxelder are found fringing
the river bottoms of the sections described.

"The Oquirrh mountains, on the east of Tooele county, and the Onaqui mountains, 30 miles west, contain cedar
and considerable red fir, the latter a tree which I am told is not frequent in the Wahsatch range. The mining camps of
Salt Lake and Tooele counties have largely depleted the timber areas of these mountaius. More timber is standing
on tlie Onaqui hills than on the Oquirrh range. From the vicinity of the latter to Cottonwood and Bingham Caiion
mining districts the dearth of good fencing material is very noticeable throughout Box Elder, Cache, llich, Weber,
Morgan, and Salt Lake counties. Willow withes, stone walls, cottonwood poles, and sod walls flanked by ditches
are among the devices for barriers against stock incursion, all pointing to the lack and costliness of lumber.

"Lake range, west of Utah lake. — This range of low mountains contains scattered black balsam and red
fir. In winter this range is visited from the settlements of Utah valley, and the trees felled and sledded across the
lake on the ice, to be used by the railroad and by farmers'. No pifion pine was found in the Oquirrh or Onaqui
mountains.

"The San Pitch mountaius, in latitude 39° 30', longitude 111° 62', contain sparse timber — a so-called white pine
{Pimis _flexilis), scrubby cedar, and some other evergreen trees — at a high elevation and unavailable as lumber. No
good clear planking suitable for building is obtained from these cuts.

" The low ranges west of Juab valley and flanking Dog valley. Dry valley, and Feruer valley, in latitude 39°
30', longitude 112°, contain straggling cedar and some red fir diflBcult of access. The timber of the whole region
north of latitude 39° and west of the main Wahsatch mountains is meager and inadequate for the purposes of the
Mormon settlers.

"Fencing about Salt Lake City is of poor construction and costs $200 per mile of pine poles and cedar posts.
I saw some posts of white balsam {Abies concolor) 50 feet long, obtained from the canons of the San Pitch range,
used for fencing. At Springville, in Utah valley, posts of cedar were pointed out which were in good condition
after fourteen years standing. Were it not for the existence of the 'no-fence' law, which enables a farmer to
■cultivate unfenced ground and claim damages from incursions of stock, the Utah farmer would be very badly off, not
having means to purchase fencing material in a country so ill supplied with timber. The cedar which abounds
here affords a lasting supply of firewood and posts, but for poles or plank the region depends largely upon imported
lumber, especially for building plank, joists, etc.

"Upon ranges flanking East and West Tintic valleys, Juab county, in latitude 39° 50', longitude 112° 30', the
timber is not abundant; it consists of red fir and black and white balsam, from which rough lumber for the mining
<;amps of Mammoth, Tintic, and Silver City has been extensively taken. Cedar of the usual dwarfed kind grows
abundantly along the upper slopes of the foot-hills, and is used for braces and posts in shafts of mines.

" Sanpete Valley range (longitude 111° 30', latitude 39° 20'). — The Wahsatch mountains, on the east of
Sanpete valley, carry on their spurs and through the deep canons facing the valley some of the best timber found
in Utah. It is largely used by the Sanpete settlers. Yellow pine, black and white balsam, red fir, cedar, and
poplar constitute the varieties of trees found. The yellow pine, less abundant now in accessible canons, furnishes,
it is claimed, a clear and firm lumber, fit for building, and not surpassed by any variety in Utah. The range west
of the Sanpete mountains — i. e., the San Pitch mountains before spoken of — carries on its eastern slopes and canons
considerable balsam of both varieties and some red fir and poplar about the headwaters of creeks. Little yellow
pine is found on the San Pitch range ; at least, none is taken out at present, although I was told considerable had
already been lumbered from such canons as were penetrable. Fencing of cedar posts and poplar and balsam poles
is largely used in the valley ; cedar posts and pine plank are also used in fencing meadows and fields. In no other
valley of Utah are the Mormons so well supplied, apparently, with fair lumber of native growth. Except for furniture
and house trimmings, no imported wood is used here.

" Seveer Eiver mountains (latitude 38° 30' to 39° 10', longitude 112°). — The Tushar mountains and the Valley
range, on the west of the Sevier valley, are supplied with meager timber, especially the Valley range. In no jiart
of Utah have I noticed so few and so limited areas inclosed. Timber is said to exist in inaccessible places only
on the Wahsatch range to the east of the valley. This is true in regard to the ranges west of the Sevier valley,
where the character of the tree growth is inferior to even the average poor quality of Utah forests. Black balsam,
white balsam and red fir grow in both ranges, but are approached with great difficulty. The indigenous scrub
«edar prevails often in thick groves along the foot-hills, especially on the Valley and Tushar ranges to the west of
the valley. Several saw-mills at the mouths of caiion streams on the East Wahsatch range have for several years
worked up all the available lumber, but the prices asked for lumber — from $35 to $45 per 1,000 feet — place fencing
material beyond the reach of the Sevier farmer.

" All the way up the Sevier valley, and along its south and east forks, fencing is limited and lumber high, a
sure proof of the inadequate supply of trees on accessible mountains.

" Fish Lake plateau and mountains (latitude 38° 33', longitude 111° 50') contain a considerable quantity of the
}irevailing timber of Utah, as do also Thousand Springs mountains.

'7

EEPAB-TMENT OF THE XMTERIOR.

lENTH CEHSUS OF THE ONITEB STATES.

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Jultiu.Bi«^itCo.1UK

NEVADA

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. • 571

" The Aquarius plateau is said by Sevier Valley stockmen to be abundantly timbered with pine, balsam, and
«pruce, but Boulder valley (latitude 37° 55', longitude 110° 30') was destitute of standing timber, save cedar and "
poplar on its foot-hill fringe. The country was visited by fires, the Mormons told me, in 1872-'73, which
•destroyed large areas of the forests in the region southeast of the Grass Valley country. The whole section of
Utah lying east of the Sevier valley to the Eio Colorado is better timbered, butVrom its rough and impenetrable
location the timber is of no avail to most of the settlers, but only to such as penetrate the high valleys of Grass,
Boulder, Potato, etc., lying adjacent to the timber. Fencing on Grass and Eabbit valleys, western Pinto ciounty,'
IS cheaper than in Sevier valley, but farmers and stockmen are so poor that they are forced to avail themselves of
the no-fence law when breaking ground for crops.

" In the Paria Eiver region fencing is very limited and lumber expensive, as timber is hard to get out of the
mountain canons.

"In the Kanab River region fencing at the settlements of Upper Kanab and Lower Kanab, Kane county, is
said to be expensive, as material is difficult to obtain, the canons leading to the vallev affording a meager supply
of cedar and black and white balsam, while some red fir and yellow pine is said to "grow on the Sevier plateau
(latitude 370 30'); this, however, seldom reaches a market in the settlements, owing to the isolated situation of
these forests.

" Considerable scrub oak is found on the slopes of the Oquirrh and Onaqui mountains, above referred to, in
Tooele county, and many cedar thickets of considerable extent. In Tooele valley some fencing with cedar and panels
of balsam occurs. Eush vaUey contains some bull fences of trunks of cedar, costing $1 25 per rod, showing the
<iost of even poor material.

" It will be observed that outside of the Wahsatch mountains no building timber of value has been noted in
Utah. The supply in this range has been largely consumed from the easily-approached canons and slopes.

"In summing up my observations, which were made wholly with a view of investigating the fencing of pasture
areas and cost of same, it may be stated that Utah seemed very generally lacking in serviceable material for fencing
or building. The country settled for thirty years has drawn upon the near supply of standing timber, so that now
lumber is obtained by great exertion and expense in most of the valley settlements. The labor and cost of fencing
caused Brigham Young to enact the no-fence law, which enabled the destitute settlers to break ground, irrigate
and raise grain without the provision of any barrier against stock inroads, the cattleman being held responsible
for the damages of his herd. This law in itself is a commentary on the scarcity of timber in Utah."

NEVADA.

The tree growth of Nevada, except in a portion of Douglas county, in the extreme western part of the state,
which the forests of the California sierras just reach, is confined to the low ridges of the central and southern
part of the state. The most important of these-the Humboldt, Toiyabe, Monitor Creek, Timpiute, Hot Creek
Kawich, and probably others— bear near their summits, in sheltered ravines, scattered patches of stunted white
pine {Pmus flexths) of suflBcient size to furnish saw-logs. The lower slopes of the mountains of this region are
often quite thickly covered with small nut-pines and groves of the mountain mahogany (Cercocarp«s), here attaining
Its greatest development. Below the nut-pine low, stunted junipers cover the foot-hills, often extending, in the
central part of the state, across the narrow elevated valleys which separate the low mountain ranges.

The great development of the mining interests of Nevada has already nearly exterminated its scanty and
stunted forests. The white pine has been cut in the neighborhood of mines from all the mountain ranges, and
the most accessible nut-pine, juniper, and mountain mahogany have been converted into cord- wood or made into
charcoal. The forests of Nevada are nowhere reproducing themselves, and a scarcity of fuel, even for domestic
purposes, must soon be felt.

A considerable amount of lumber is manufactured in the neighborhood of lake Tahoe, in Douglas county, and
sent in flumes down the eastern slopes of the sierras to supply Carson City and Virginia City. The lumber-
manufacturing interests of the remainder of the state are necessarily small and unimportant. Their entire
extermination, with the forests which furnish them material, cannot be long delayed.

During the census year 8,710 acres of woodland were devastated by fire, with a loss of $19,000. The fires
■were traced to hunters and Indians.

IDAHO.

The western slopes of the Bitter Boot and Cceur d'Alene mountains, which form north of latitude 46® the
eastern boundary of the territory of Idaho, are covered with dense, extensive, and valuable forests of fir, pine, and
larch. The ridges of the Eocky mountains, wliich below latitude 46° occupy the eastern border of the territory
and the extreme eastern development of the Blue monntHins of Oregon, just entering it from the west, are less
heavily timbered with a scattered growth, in which yellow pine and red fir are still the prevailing trees. The
great central region occupied by the Salmon Eiver mountains is unexplored. These mountains are more or less
timbered, but nothing is known of the composition or character of the forests which cover them. Judging,
however, from the general elevation and climate of this region, its forests cannot be very important, nor capable of

572 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

supplying more tban the local wants of its wining population. The great plains south and southeast of the
Salmon Elver mountains, comprising fully one-lhirtl of the territory, are entirely destitute of tree covering, while
the Snake Kiver range and the ranges of the Bear IMver country contain in their more sheltered caiions only small
areas of open, stunted forest.

During the census year 21,000 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$202,000. These fires originated in the carelessness of hunters, prospectors, Indians, etc.

A small amount of i>ine and fir lumber is manufactured at Bois^ City and near other centers of population.
The great forests of cedar, fir, and pine, however, in the Cceur d'Al^ne region are still almost intact. These forests,
with proper care, are capable of furnishing indefinitely the treeless agricultural region of eastern Washington
territory and Oregon with an abundant supply of excellent building material.

The following extracts are made from Mr. Sereno Watson's report upon the forests of the territory:

"This territory north of latitude 44^° is occupied by the Rocky and the Bitter Root mountains, forming its
eastern boundary, with their broad, timbered, interlaciug spurs, which terminate in the high, mostly treeless
plateau which extends from near the Spokane river in a southeasterly direction to this parallel of latitude. The
southern and southwestern portions were not visited by me, and the statements regarding them are to some extent
conjectural.

" Lemhi county (5,530 square miles). — In the extreme eastern portion of this county, where the mountains
are crossed by the Utah and Northern railroad, scattered trees of red fir are first met at an altitude of G,000 feet.
Beaver canon, up which the railroad passes, is well timbered on both sides nearly to its head at G,G00 feet altitude
with red fir only, but the broad plateau at the summit (6,869 feet) is treeless. In the lateral caiions (8 to 10 miles
long), coming out near the mouth of Beaver canon, there are two saw-mills, one of which was visited. The timber
was here found to be confined to the south side of the caQon, and consisted almost wholly of red fir (here called
'red pine'), averaging from 20 to 22 inches in diameter. The largest log seen measured 32 inches at the butt. A
'white pine' proved to be Picea Engelmanni, and a ' bird's eye pine' was Pinus Murrayanttj both small, as was also
the balsam {Ahies subalpina), which was found some 3 or 4 miles up the cafion. The yellow pine did not occur here.

" It is probable that the caiions westward along the range are similarly timbered as far as the Lemhi agency.
Here the character of the range changes (as stated under Beaver Head county, Montana), becoming higher and
more rugged, and the Pinvs Murrayana is probably more abundant, at least at the higher altitudes. The yellow
pine also appears, but at what point is uncertain; it is certainly found at Gibbonsville, on the North Fork of the
Salmon river, and it probably extends still farther southward. The Salmon River mountains, lying between the
Lemhi river and Rock creek, are reported to be well timbered. The southwestern portion of the county I presume
to be much more open.

"The total timbered area is estimated at from 1,500 to 2,000 square miles.

"Idaho county (10,100 square miles). — The high and crowded spurs of the Bitter Root mountains fill the
entire northeastern portion of this county, extending to the line of the South Fork of the Clearwater, mostly densely
wooded from base to summit. The foot-hills and plateaus between the streams are more or less covered with
scattered yellow pine and red fir. The valley of the Salmon river is probably comparatively treeless, and the low
mountain range between that river and the Snake is scantily timbered.

"Estimated timber area, 4,000 square miles.

" Washington county (3,000 square miles). — I have but little information in regard to this county. The
southern portion has been surveyed, and is probably nearly treeless. The rest appears to be more mountainous,
and may be scantily timbered.

"Wooded area (say) 300 square miles.

"Nez Perc6 county (3,400 square miles).— Mainly high plateau, at about 3,000 feet altitude, in the
southeast more or less covered with scattered yellow pine and red fir of good size, on the western side nearly
without timber or with occasional yellow pine. Toward the head of Potluck creek some yellow pine and red
fir are found in the valleys, and in the northeast the spurs from the Rocky mountains enter the county, covered
in addition with the larch and Thuya giganfea. East of the Indian reservation the county extends up into the
mountains in the form of a narrow gore, and is heavily timbered. The jjortion lying south of the reservation in
the angle between the Snake and Salmon rivers is occupied by low mountains, mostlj' bare.

"Total timbered area estimated at 750 square miles.

" Shoshone county (5,950 square miles). — Wholly mountainous and covered with forests, with the exception,
of some prairies and open country near the Clearwater and lower portion of the Lolo Fork.

"Immediately after crossing the divide by the Lolo trail from Montana, at an altitude of 0,000 feet, the forest
consisted of Abies subalpina and Picea Engelmanni, with young Abies graniUs and Tsuga Mertcnsiana, and occasional
larch and red fir, and upon the creeks some small Thuya and Taxus. The trail soon ascended the ridges and
followed them for about 100 miles at an altitude of from 5,000 to over 7,000 feet, doubtless to avoid the fallen
timber which made the caiions impassable, though enough of it was found on the route followed. The timber on
these ridges was often small and scattered— A Wes- subalpina and Picea Engelmanni, with Pinvs Murrayana and P.
alhicaulis—oT on the damper northern slopes with larch and red fir, balsam, hemlock, and sometimes the mountain

DFP".HTMENT OF THE [NTERTOR.

T1,'NTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES

IDAHO

fuInmUieitACoJiUi

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 573

hemlock (Tsuga Pattoniana), the trees larger (occasionallj' 2 feet through, the Abies grandis being the largest). The .
white pine {Finus monticola) also frequently occurred. During the last day upon this ridge the trail was through
heavy timber, chiefly of hemlock sometimes 3 feet in diameter, with some Abies and rarely Finus Murrayana and
P. monticola, the ridge even at 7,000 feet being covered with the same dense growth. Descending quite abruptly from
the drier extremity of the spur, which was covered with Abies, Tsuga, and Finus (Murrayana, albicaulis, and
moniicofa), we passed through a forest of heavy balsam (Abies grandis), with a few larch and some red fir, and at about
4,000 feet came upon cedar ( Thuya gigantea) to the exclusion of everything else — the trees from 2 to 4 feet in diameter.
On the stream banKs at the base were found the TIntya, Finus monticola, Abies subalpina and A. grandis, Ficea
Engehnannij and Tsuga Mertensiana, all growing together, with an undergrowth of maple, mountain ash, Vac-
cinium, Ceanothus, Crataegus, Pachystima, Frunns, etc. With timber of this character upon the high ridges it is
evidenr, that there must be much very heavy timber in the canons.

"After crossing a low ridge covered with cedar, larch, and red fir, and following a narrow meadow frequently
interrupted by clumps of timber, the trail at length came out upon an open camass prairie 25 miles northeast of
Kamai. From this point the timber covering the jilateau is an oi)en growth of yellow pine and red fir, often quite
large, with young trees intermixed, and some Ficea Engelmanni and the two Abies in the wetter places.
Considerable timber is cut upon the Lolo Fork and Clearwater and floated down to the mills at Lewiston. It is
uncertain how far south along the main range the above large variety of trees continues. It is probable, in my
opinion, that the Thuya, Abies grandis, Tsuga, Finus monticola, and Taxus do not pass beyond the headwaters of
the Clearwater, or, at the farthest, that some of them may reach the North Fork of the Salmon river, while the
larch may possibly be found in the Salmon lliver mountains.

" At the northern extremity of the county, along the Mullan road, which from the Coeur d'Alene mission
follows up the caiion of the Coeur d'Alene river, instead of following the spurs, a distance of 37 miles, the swampy
bottoms were found heavily timbered with Thuya, red fir, Abies grandis, and Tsuga Mertensiana, with some larch
and Finus monticola. Some of the drier bottoms had been burned over, and were mostly covered with Finus
Murrayana. Some Fopulus balsamifera occurs, 3 feet through, or more (as also on the Montana side). The sides of
the ridge were also nearly bare. The Thuya, which exclusively occupies some of the swamps, attaining a large
size, ceases at the base of the dividing ridge, where also the Ficea Engelmanni and Abies subalpina come in. The
range above Coeur d'Alene canon, and bounding the county on the north, is not heavily timbered, much of its upper
Bloi)es being bare.

"Total timbered area estimated at 5,000 square miles.

"Kootenai county (5,530 square miles). — The portion south of the Coeur d'Alene and Spokane rivers
belongs mostly to the Coeur d'A16ne Indian reservation, and is timbered, with the exception of open meadows upon
the CcEur d'Alene and Saint Joseph rivers and npon Hangman creek. The timber is principally yellow pine and
red fir, with some Finus Murrayana, and fine bodies of cedar (Thuya gigantea) near the western borders of the lake.
North of the Coeur d'Alene river the road from the missiou to the fort passes through a cedar ( Thuya) swamp, with
many large trees, from 3 to 5 feet through, traversing canons filled with a mixed growth oi Abies subalpina and
A. grandis, larch, hemlock, Ficea Engelmanni^ and red tir. This latter growth continues for some miles below the fort,
where the valley opens out into the broad Spokane plain, which extends northeastward toward Pend d'Oreille lake
without trees. The mountains south of the lake are low and not heavily timbered. The portion of the county
north of Clarke's Fork and of Peud d'Oreille lake has, so far as I know, never been explored, but is probably
mountainous and for the most part well timbered.

" Estimated timber area of the county, 4,500 square miles."

WASHINGTON.

Washington territory west of the summit of the Cascade range is covered with the heaviest continuous belt
of forest growth in the United States. This forest extends over the slopes of the Cascade and Coast ranges, and
occupies the entire drift plain surrounding the waters of Puget sound. The highest mountain peaks and the sand-
dunes of the coast are treeless. The narrow valleys of -the Cowlitz and Chehalis rivers are dotted with small oaks
and other deciduous trees, and oaks and stunted yellow jiines occn])y with an open growth the barren Steilacoom
plain south of Puget sound; with these excei)tions western Washington territory is covered with a magnificent
coniferous forest. The most valuable and generally distributed tiuiber tree of this region is the red or yellow fir
{Fseudotsuga Douglasii), forming about seveueighths of the forest growth. The valuable red cedar (Thuya gigantea)
and the hemlock (Tsuga Blertensiana), often covering extensive tracts, especially near the base of the Cascade
mountains, are common ; the noble tide-land spruce adds valuer and ini]tortance to the forests bordering the coast.
The forests which cover the upper ridges of the Cascade mountains are ])rincii)ally composed of firs (Abies amabilis
and A. nobilis), spruces (Ficea Engelmanni), various small pines, hemlocks, etc. These elevated forests, often of
great beauty, are of little economic imiiortaiice.

East of the Cascade mountains the forests are less dense, and are confined to the mountain ranges. The great
plains watered by the Columbia and Snake rivers are entirely destitute of tree covering.

574 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Stevens county, which is broken and mountainous, with the exception of the narrow valleys and occasiona!
Hinall prairies, is covered with a heavy, open forest {growth. The most valuable trees of the forests of this county
are the red llr, the yellow pine {Pinua ponderosa), the white pine {Finns monticola), the larch {Larix occidentaliH),.
and the red cedar.

The forests of Spokane county are confined to the spurs and ridges of the extreme eastern part of the county^
aad consist of the yellow pine, red fir, and larch of small size and inferior quality.

The forests of Yakima county cover about one-half of its area, being confined to the eastern slope of the
Cascade range. The forests covering the eastern slopes of these mountains are only surpassed in density and
value by those extending over their western flanks. The yellow pine occupies the lowest slopes with an open
growth of large trees. Above the pine the red fir is the prevailing tree. This at a greater elevation is succeeded
by hemlock and larch, with which are mingled fine bodies of spruce {Picea Engelmanni) and hemlock, while the
forest growth below the timber-line consists of firs, pines, and mountain hemlock.

The western portion of Klikitat county is covered with heavy forest growth, similar in composition and density
to that of Yakima.

Walla Walla county is destitute of timber except in the extreme southeastern corner, where the spurs of the
mountains are thinly covered with a sparse growth of yellow pine and larch.

Columbia county is without forest except along the ridges and summit of the Blue mountains, which are
covered with yellow pine, larch, and, above 5,000 feet elevation, with a continuous growth of lodge-pole pine
(Pinus Murrayana).

"Whitman county is destitute of forest except in the extreme southeastern corner, where there is a scattered
growth of small yellow pine.

An estimate of the actual amount of timber standing in the territory is not possible with the existing knowledge
of the country, and none has been attempted. The quantity of merchantable timber, however, standing in western
Washington territory is enormous ; a yield of 200,000 feet of lumber to the acre is not at all exceptional, while over
fully 20,000 square miles a yield of 25,000 feet to the acre might be expected ; such estimates certainly would not
exaggerate the productive capacity of these noble forests.

The forests of Washington territory, especially in the more thickly settled portions west of the Cascade
mountains, have long suifered from destructive fires. The injury iutiicted by such tires is proportionately less,
however, in the humid coast region than east of the mountains, where the dryness of the climate prevents the
reproduction of the forest once destroyed. West of the mouutains young trees of the species of the original forest,
and especially the red fir, soon densely cover the burned surface and grow with astonishing rapidity and vigor. It
seems reasonably certain, therefore, that, whatever may be the fate of the forests which now cover western
W^ashingtou territory and Oregon, they will be succeeded by forests of similar composition, and that this whole
region, ill adapted in soil and topography to agriculture, will retain a permanent forest covering long after tho
other great forests of the continent have disappeared.

During the census year 37,910 acres of woodland were destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $713,200.
These fires were set by Indians, by whites in clearing land, by hunters, prospectors, etc.

The forests bordering the shores of Puget sound, the strait of Juan de Fuca, and the lower Columbia river
have been culled of their best trees for a distance inland of 1 or 2 miles to supply the important lumber-
manufacturing interests of this part of the territory. The product of western Washington territory during the
census year was 153,986,000 feet of lumber, 6,550,000 laths, 910,000 shingles, and 23,066,000 staves— by far the
largest part being manufactured in the mills located on the waters of Puget sound.

The first saw-mill built upon Puget sound was erected in 1851. It was a small water-power mill, with a daily
capacity of about 1,000 feet. Two years later a similar mill was erected at Seattle, with a daily capacity of from
8,000 to 10,000 feet.

The centers of manufactures now are Port Gamble, Port Madison, Port Blakely, Port Discovery, Seabeck,
Utsaladdy, Tacoma, and Seattle. At the last-named place there is a large establishment manufacturing sugar-barrel
staves from cottonwood for the San Francisco market.

The lumber manufactured upon Puget sound is largely shipped to San Francisco and directly to China,.
Australia, New Zealand, and Mexican and South American Pacific ports.

The population of the southeastern part of the territory is principally supplied with lumber, largely coarse
yellow pine of inferior quality, cut on the Blue mountains in small portable mills, and delivered at Dayton, in
Walla Walla county, by a flume several miles in length. No statistics, however, have been received of the amouut
of lumber manufactured in this county.

The methods adopted by the lumbermen of western Washington territory are wasteful in the extreme. Loggers
cut only timber growing within a mile or a mile and a half of shores accessible to good booming or shipping points,
or which will yield not less than 30.000 feet of lumber to the acre. Only trees are cut which will produce at least
three logs 24 feet long, with a minimum diameter of 30 inches. Trees are cut not less than 12 and often 20
feet from the ground, in order that the labor of cutting through the thick bark and enlarged base may be avoided,
while 40 or 50 feet of the top of the tree are entirely wasted.

30

.5''

I

DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR.

WASHINGTC

^

i^^

TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES

ITORY

Juluwliim S Cwlilh

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 575

The following notes upon the forests of eastern Washington territory are extracted from Mr. Watson's report:

"Wat.t.a Walla county (1,260 square miles). — This county is wholly without timber, which is supplied from-
the Blue mountains of Oregon.

"Columbia county (2,160 square miles). — A spur of the Blue mountains traverses the southern portion of
this county, occupying about a fourth of its area, which is partially timbered, chiefly with red fir (Pseudotsuga), i)ine
(Pinus ponderosa), and some Picea Engelmanni, none of it large. Elsewhere the county is nearly destitute of trees,
though some of the streams, especially the Toucbet, were at the first settling of the county bordered by scattered
pines.

"Whitman county (5,000 square miles). — This county is destitute of timber. Some of the townships along
the Idaho line were originally sparingly wooded with scattered pines upon the ridges, but tliese have nearly or
wholly disappeared, and the supplies for fencing and fuel are brought from tbe neighboring mountains of Idaho.
There is a saw-mill on the Palouse river, at Paloase, the logs for which are floated down from about 9 miles above.

" Spokane county (8,500 square miles). — The portion of this county to the west of the mouth of the. Spokane
river is wholly destitute of trees, with the exception of the high point or plateau opposite to the mouth of the
Okinakane river. Here there is a small area thinly wooded, probably with yellow pine and red fir. On the eastern
side of the county spurs from the mountains bordering Cceur d'Alene lake enter between Eock creek and Spokane
river, and are covered more or less densely with a growth of yellow pine, often small, with some Douglas spruce and
tamarack in the ravines. There is a sawmill at Eock creek supplied from its immediate neighborhood. Crossing
Hangman's creek a scattered growth of pine appears upon the ridges between Deep creek and the Spokane river,
and as far west as the head of Crab creek. Trees also border the Spokane river below tbe falls and to within a few
miles of its mouth. The region between the Spokane and Little Spokane rivers is mostly a broad, open valley, the
hills bordering it upon the north being very thinly wooded. There are two saw-mills at Spokane Falls, but the logs
for them are floated down from near Cceur d'Alene lake.

" The total area more or less covered with trees may be estimated at from 400 to 500 square miles.

"Stevtens county (14,760 square miles). — This county is broken and mountainous throughout, but with no
high ranges east of the Cascade mountains. The portion lying east of the upper Columbia and north of the Spokane
river has several small prairies upon Chamokane creek and Colville river, and there is a narrow, open valley along
the Columbia for 20 miles below the mouth of the Colville. The mountains are all low, the ridges most frequently
thinly wooded or nearly bare, with the timber becoming denser in the ravines, especially northward. The most
common tree is the yellow pine, but in the ravines red fir is frequent, with tamarack and lodge-pole pine. Near the
Colville river were seen Picea Engehnanni, Abies grandis, small Thuyas, and fine specimens of Pinus fnontieola, as well
as Populus balsami/era, Betula papyracea, and Alnus of considerable size. The hills bordering the Columbia above
Old Fort Colville are treeless. The drift-wood brought down by the river is said to be chiefly cedar {Thuya gigantea).

"The Colville Indian reservation, lying between the Okinakane and the Columbia eastward, is comparatively
little known, being crossed by but two trails, one leading directly westward from Old Fort Colville, the other following
the Kettle river, and for much of the way not far distant from the British boundary. As seen from the Columbia
and from the heights bordering the Okinakane, this portion appears to be more open and grassy than that east of
the Columbia, and, especially toward the south, more like the bare i)lateau of Spokane county. Okinakane valley
itself is narrow, with mainly a desert vegetation of sage-brush, Purshia, and other like representatives of the Great
Basin flora, which seems to find here its only passageway northward to the British boundary. The hills eastward
have thinly-scattered pines, which occasionally descend into the valley. The northern trail from Old Fort Colville
shows the lower valley of Kettle river to be well wooded, but above, opening out into grassy prairies and bordered
by grass-covered hills or with scattered yellow pine, red fir, and larch. Upon the more densely wooded ridges and
ravines were also found Picea Engelmanni, Abies subalpina, Pinus Murrayana, and Thuya.

" The main ridge separating Kettle river from the Okinakane (about 5,000 feet high and 12 miles from the latter
stream) was well grassed upon both sides with large Picea, Pseudotsuga, Pinus ponderosa, and Larix along the creeks
upon the eastern side, and on the west the Pinus ponderosa only. The ridges above the Okinakane to the north appeared
treeless, while the northern slopes of the nearer hills to the south were pretty well covered with underbrush. West
of the Okinakane, between that river and the Methow, the country is much like that to the east — high and broken,
with scattered patches of timber, which becomes more general toward the Dortheru boundary. Upon the Methow
and Similkameen creeks there are open, grassy valleys of considerable extent, but for 12 miles from the mouth of
the Methow the hills close iu upon it and are considerably wooded. The rest of the county, from the Methow to
the Wenatchee, is occupied by spurs from the Cascade mountains, which reach the banks of the Columbia ; these
are exceedingly rugged and almost impassable, being seldom traversed, even by Indians. A foot-trail leads from
the headwaters of the Methow over to the Skagit, and a trail which has been passable for horses crosses the ridges
between the upper Chelan lake and the Wenatchee, but it is described by the Indians as dangerous and long disused
by them. The whole region is probably for the most part well timbered except along the Columbia river, where the
mountains for from 10 to 15 miles back are but scantily wooded, the pine {Pinus ponderosa) and red fii occasionally
reaching to the river. Heavy timber is reported about the head of Chelan lake, commencing at about 15 miles from

576 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the foot, mostly yellow pine, bnt also red fir, some Larix, and small TJiuya. The outlet to this lake is through a
deep caiion, and is obstructed by falls and rapids. The Wenatchee flows through a more open valley, and, at least
in high water, could be used for floating timber to the Columbia. For 7 miles from its mouth the ridges on each
side are only scantily wooded, but from that point the trees (yellow pine and red fir, mostly young) occupy the
valley, and at 20 miles the thick timber begins — pine, fir, red fir, larch, white pine (Pinus nwnticola), and cedar, the
white pine sometimes 4 feet through, the cedar not large.

"Yakima county (8,900 square miles).— Immediately south of the Wenatchee the highest of the eastern spurs
of the Cascade mountains extends in a southeasterly direction to the Columbia, forcing that river to make a bend
eastward. This spur has an altitude of about 5,000 feet, and its higher northern slopes, overlooking the mouth of
the Wenatchee and eastward, are somewhat densely covered with pine, red fir, and larch. The southern slope, as
seen from Ellensburg, appeared nearly bare. I crossed the ridge about 17 miles above the mouth of the Wenatchee
and a few miles east of the high, exceedingly rocky, and suow-covered peaks called by McClellan ' Mount Stuart'.
It was found mostly well wooded, but the trees not exceeding 1 or 2 feet in diameter, and usually small red fir and
yellow pine, with at length some Abies grandis and Pintis nwnticola, rarely a small Thuya, on the higher rocky
ridges small larches, and at the summit some Pinus Mvrrayana. The same trees were found on the southern
descent, excepting the Pmw* vwnticola. Large cottonwoods (Po^uZm.s tr/cAocar/w) occurred on the creeks. South
of this range the spurs recede, leaving a comparatively level sage-brush region, wholly treeless, from 50 to 70 miles
broad, between the Columbia and Yakima, and crossing the lower portion of the latter river.

" Below the mouth of the Schwank, which is at the head of what is known as ' Killitas valley', on the Yakima,
the foot-hills of the Cascade mountains extend to the Yakima river, a distance of about 50 miles from the summit
of the range; but the lower portions of these spurs are bare, or with only scattered pines on their northern slopes,
and the chief reliance of the settlers for fencing and fuel is upon the aspens and cotton woods bordering the streams.
Following up the Yakima from the mouth of the Schwauk, the valley for. 10 or 12 miles is thinly timbered with pine
and red fir. For 17 miles more there is some larch on the ridges, and in the bottoms some Abies grandis, and
rarely a small Thuya. Timber and ties had been extensively cut here for the railroad and floated down the river.
At this point the yellow pine and tamarack ceased, and a dense, heavy growth began and continue<l for most of the
way to the summit (20 or 25 miles), consisting of red fir, hemlock, Abies grandis and A. amabilis (all these from 3 to
5 feet through and 200 feet high or more), Pinus monticola (18 inches through), and Thxiya (2 feet iu diameter).
One sijruce, not over 2J feet through, had a height of 225 feet.

" In like manner, upon the Nachess river, the open sage-brush country extended about 10 or 12 miles from its
mouth, with only cottonwood along the stream. Scattered i)iues then commence, with at length red fir, but it is
some 25 or 30 miles more before heavy timber is reached. A small grove of oak {Qxiercus Garryana) is found at
the mOuth of the Schwank, the only point upon the Yakima where it occurs. It is also frequent along thp Nachess
for 3 or 4 miles, commencing at about 12 miles from its mouth, but small and rarely over 6 inches "in diameter or 15
feet in height. In Satas valley it is abundant. Along the southern border of the county there is again along
spur extending east from mount Adams to within about 40 miles of the mouth of the Yakima. This spur has an
altitude of about 1,500 feet, and is mostly covered with a scattered growth of yellow pine, red fir, and Abies grandis.

" The entire wooded area of the county may be estimated at about 4,500 square nules.

"Klikitat county (2,300 square miles). — The spur eastward from mount Adams, just spoken of, covers
much of the northern portion of this .county and affords a good supply of excellent timber. The area may be
estimated at 750 square miles. The high ridge overlooking the Columbia from The Dalles eastward is perfectly
bare of trees."

OREGON.

The heavy forest of western Washington territory extends through western Oregon. The most valuable timber
tree of the region is the red or yellow fir {Pseudotsuga DougUtsii), which forms fully seven-eighths of the forest. The
tide-land spruce {Picea Sitchensvs) abounds along the coast, and the red cedar ( Thuya gigantea) and the hemlock
{Tsuga Mertensiana) are common and of large size. South of Coos bay an im[)ortaut forest of Port Orford cedar
{Chatnacyparis Laicsoniana), mixed with the red fir and the tide-land spruce, occurs.

Tbe valleys of the Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue rivers contain an open, scattered growth of white oak
(Quercus Garryana), now gradually increasing by the recent growth of young trees i)rotected from the fires which
formerly swept every season through these prairie-like valleys. Soutli of the Rogue River valley the sugar pine
(Pinus Lambertiana), the chestnut oak [Quercus deiisiflora), and other trees of the California forest occur iu
sufficient numbers to add economic value to the forests of the state.

The bottom lands of western Oregon are lined with a continuous growth of cotlonwoods of immense size,
willows, maples, ashes, aud gigantic alders; those in the southwest, near the coast, contain great bodies of splendid
"oard maple {Acer macrophyllum) aud laurel {Umbellularia Californiva).

East of the Cascade mountains the forests are confined to the mouutaia ranges ; they are open, scattered, and
generally composed of comparatively small treec.

It

37

DEPAFO'MENT OF THE INTERIOR

.n(>

n/

TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES,

Juliiut Utpn RCoJlth.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 577

Tbe forests of Wasco county, on the western slope of the Cascade range, when above 3,000 feet elevation
are important. The most valuable trees are the red fir, the yellow pine, and the larch. The eastern part of the
county is covered with a light growth of pine, principally yellow pine.

The slopes of the Blue mountains in Umatilla and Union counties are covered with an open, stunted forest,
consisting of red tir, yellow iiine, larch, and, above 4,000 feet elevation, a heavier continuous growth of lodge-pole
pine (Pinus Murrayana).

Lake county is destitute of timber except on the eastern slope of the Cascade mountains and the southern
part of the county, which contain a light forest growth confined to the high ridges of the mountains, and
principally composed of yellow pine.

CJrant and Baker counties are treeless except in the northern part, where the Blue mountains are covered with
a light, open growth composed chiefly of yellow pine, with some larch and scrub pine.

The forests of Oregon have suffered serious losses from forest fires. Along the Coast Range, from the
Columbia river to Port Orford and through the entire length of the Cascade mountains, fires have raged nearly
every summer since the first settlement of the state, destroying thousands of acres of noble fir, spruce, and cedar.
Forests similar in composition to those destroyed soon spring up again and cover the burned surface, but the loss
in material which the state has suffered in this way is incalculable.

Forest fires are increasing in frequency, especially west of the summit of the Cascade mountains. During the
census year, however, only 132,320 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of
$593,850. These fires were set by hunters, Indians, and by farmers dealing land.

The abundant spruce, cedar, cottonwood, ash, maple, and alder of western Oregon have developed flourishing
industries. At Portland large quantities of ash, maple, and alder are manufactured into furniture, and cottonwood,
spruce, and cedar supply numerous establishments engaged in the production of cooperage stock and all kinds of
woodenware. The sujjply of this material is large and of excellent quality.

The principal centers of the lumber-manufacturing interests are at Portland, where fir, spruce, cottouwood, and
hard woods are sawed for the local market, and at Empire City and Marshfield upon Coos bay. Port Orford cedar
and red-fir lumber are manufactured here, and shipped by schooner to Portland, San Francisco, and Mexican and
South American Pacific ports. The first mill was established upon Coos bay, at North Bend, 4 miles above Empire
City, in 1853; other mills were soon built, and in 1854 the first shipment of Port Orford cedar was made to San
Francisco. Great quantities of this timber have been cut, while fires have destroyed even more than the ax. The fire
which raged through the forests of Coos bay for thiee months in the summer of 1867 destroyed cedar estimated to
amount to between 200,000,000 and 300,000,000 feet of lumber. This tree, however, reproduces itself very rapidly,
and after the forest has been burned over it is the first arborescent species to reappear, springing up generally in
the third year.

The heaviest continuous body of Port Orford cedar now standing is on cape Gregory, extending south to and
beyond the mouth of the Coquille river. It is about 20 miles long by an average width of 12 miles, and lies along
the western slope of the foot-hills of the Coast Range, extending to within 3 miles of the coast. In this forest two-
thirds of the trees are Port Orford cedar, the others tide-land spruce and a few red firs. There is great danger,
however, that the Port Orford cedar, one of the most valuable trees of the American forest, will soon be exterminated
as a source of lumber supply, so far as this generation is concerned.

The following notes upon the forests of Wasco, Umatilla, Union, Grant, and Baker counties, the only portion
of the .state visited by Mr. Watson, are extracted from his report:

"Wasco COUNTY (17,760 square miles). — The timber of this county is confined almost wholly to the steep
eastern slopes of the Cascade range; the low spurs of the Blue mountains, which enter the county on the east,
bordering John Day's river and southward, being only partially supi)lied with pines, etc. I know nothing about
Walker's range and the Paulina mountains in the southwest, but they are probably low, with little or no wood.
Tlie trees of the Cascades are doubtless nearly the same as those to the north of the Columbia, the larch reaching
to the headwaters of the Deschutes river, the most southern locality for it that I have seen mentioned.

"The total more or less wooded area may be estimated at from 2,500 to 3,000 square miles.

•' Umatilla county (6,100 square miles). — The Blue mountains occupy the southern and eastern borders of
this county, aud are the only source of timber. They are for the most part well wooded, especially in the ravines,
the trees growing to a fair size, and consisting of yellow and scrub pine, spruce and balsam {Abies suhalpina and
A. grandm).

"The wooded area is about 1,500 square miles.

" Union county (4,300 square miles). — This county has the main range of the Blue mountains on the west
and north and the Cedar mountains on the east, separated by the valleys of the Grande Ronde and Wallowa
rivers. A large portion of these mountains is well timbered, the amount decreasing toward the east.

"The wooded area may be estimated at about 2,000 square miles.

"Gkant county north of latitude 44° (5,800 square miles). — This portion of the county is traversed by

the valley of John Day's river, to the north and east of which lie the main ranges of the Blue mountains, which

are to a considerable extent well wooded. The mountains to the south are low and probably scantily timbered.
37 for

578 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

"Fifteeu Imudrod squai-e miles is probably a liberal estimate for the wooded area.

"Baker county noktii of latitude 44° (3,800 square miles). — TLis section is bordered ou the west by a
high range of the Blue mountaius, which is well tiiabered. The remainder is almost wholly without timber.
"The ejstimated wooded area of this county is 900 square miles."

CALIFORNIA.

The heavy foi-ests of California are confined to the Coast Range, the eastern and western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada, and the group of mountains joining these ranges in the northern part of the state. They extend from
the Oregon boundary south to latitude 34° 30' north. The most imjjortant trees of the Coast Range forest are the
rc<lwood and the red fir. The tide-land spruce and the hemlock of the Northern Coast Forest extend as far south
as cape Mendocino, although less generally multiplied and less valuable than in Oregon and Washington territory.
The chestnut oak (Qucrctis demiflora), of which the bark is largely used in tanning, is still common in the coast
forests of the northern part of the state. The most valuable forest of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada is
confined to a belt between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, consisting of the sugar pine (Pinus Lambertiana), the yellow
pine, and the red fir. Small scattered groves of the big trees {Sequoia gigantea) stretch along the southern portion
of this belt. The western slopes of these mountains below 4,000 feet elevation are more or less densely covered
with various species of pine of little economic importance, and the broad valleys of the Sacramento and the San
Joaquin, lying between the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada, are covered, except at the south, with an open
growth of oaks, often of immense size, although of little value except as fuel. The eastern slopes of the Sierra
Nevada are covered with a heavy Ibrest, in which yellow pines [Pinus ponderosa and P. Jeffreyi) are the prevailing
and most important trees.

South of latitude 36° W the forests, both of the Sierra Nevada and of the Coast Range, become gradually less^
heavy and less valuable than those covering the mountains farther north. Two degrees still farther south they are
open and scattered, and have little economic value. The ])ine and fir forests, however, which cover the upper
slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges are imi^ortanton account of their isolated position in a region
<lestitute of tree covering, and supply a considerable local market with lumber.

The northeastern and nearly all the southern and southeastern portions of the state are almost entiret>' destitute
of forest covering. Oaks and occasional pines and junipers are, however, dotted over the low mountains of
sonthwesternCalifornia, and willows and cottonwoods line the banks of streams. Forests of pine crown the highest
ridges of the Inyo and other mountain ranges, rising from the desert east of the Sierra Nevada, and arborescent
yuccas (Yuccu brcvi/olia) form upon the high Mohave plateau an open forest, more remarkable in the strangeness
of its growth than in economic value.

The narrow belt of redwood which extends along the western slopes of the Coast Range from the bay of
Monterey to the northern boundary of the state is the most important forest of similar extent now standing. Few
trees equal the redwood in economic value. No other forest can compare with this in productive capacity, and no
other great body of timber in North America is so generally accessible or so easily worked. Single trees capable
of i)ro(lucing 75,000 feet of lumber are not uncommon, while a yield of from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 feet of lumber
I>er acre is by no means rare. The redwood has already been practically destroyed in the neighborhood of San
Francisco bay, both north and south, and through the entire extent of this forest the trees most accessible to
streams and railroads have been culled. Heavy bodies of redwood are still standing, however, in the Santa Cruz
region, and in Humboldt county in the valleys of Eel and Mud rivers and Redwood creek. The largest number
of mills engaged in the manufacture of redwood lumber are located upon Humboldt bay, principally at Eureka and
Areata. The logs which siipply these mills are generally cut within a distance of 1 or 2 miles from the shores of the
bay, to which they are hauled by teams, made into rafts, and towed to the mills. Attempts made to raft logs down
the mountain streams watering the redwood forests have not been successful. The rivers flowing west from the
California Coast Range are short and rapid. Floods following the winter rains are sudden and severe, breaking up
rafts and driving the logs out to sea, or lodging them far from the banks. At periods of low water numerous bars
close these rivers to the navigation of the enormous redwood logs. The general destruction of these forests must
therefore be ficcompllshed by means of short logging railroads specially constructed to bring logs to the mills.
Such a road has been built along Mad river, and there are others either built or projected near Trinidad and at
other points along the coast.

Besides the mills upon Humboldt bay, there are others devoted entirely to the manufacture of redwood lumber
at Crescent Citj-, in Del Norte county; Trinidad, Rohnerville, and Bridgeville, in Humboldt county; Westport,
Kibesillah, Albion, Little River, Caspar, Mendocino, Cufiey's Cove, Punta Arena, and Gualala, in Mendocino
county; Duncan's mills, in Sonoma county; and at Santa Cruz.

Redwood lumber is principally shipped by schooner to San Francisco, the great point of lumber distribution
upon the Pacific coast, and also direct by water to Wilmington, San Diego, and other ports of southern California,
and to Mexico and South America.

a8

.-'

•9*4««««^

mountain sides down into the \allc,\s Ih'Iow , and burying rich bottom lands in ruin. And tliis is not, 1 lie only
danger which must follow the destruction of these forests. If the suovv which supplies the mountain streams melts
slowly, a steady flow of water will be maintained late into the season; if, on the other hand, the snow melts suddenly
and rai)idly during the first warm days of spring, the unnatural flow of water in the stream must be followed by

I'™

pi
la

■WHBTy: iniiic:m's miiis, iii r^nnnmrx CDiinTy; nnn at Bnirni tjntz.

Kedwood luiiibci- is principally shipped by schooucr to San Francisco, the sreat point of lumber disirilnition
upon the Pacific coast, and also direct by water to Wilmington, San Diego, and other ports of southern Galilornia,
and to Mexico and South America.

THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

579

The following estimates of the amount of accessible redwood standing May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr!
E. L. Alien, secretary of the Eedwood Manufacturers' Association of San Francisco. They embrace only such
ixtrtions of the forest as can be reached by water, or may in the future be penetrated by railroads, and do not
include the small, isolated bodies of timber growing in inaccessible canons:

REDWOOD (Sequoia tempervirens).

Regions.

Feet, board
measure.

From tbe Oregon boundary to the mouth of Itedwood cnek

From the moutli of Kedwood creek to the mouth of Mad river

801.1, OOll, OOO
9, 000, 000, 000
2, 145, 000, 000
4,450,000,000

200, 000, 000
7, 680, 000, 000
1, 550, 000, 000

25, 825, 000, 000

From the mouth of Eel river to the mouth of Mattoli river

From the mouth of Mattoli river to the mouth of Cotonavia creek.
From the mouth of Cotonavia creek to the mouth of Kubsiau river.

Total

Estimated cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 :

125, 390, 000
25, 380, OOO
23, 265, 000
12, 600, 000

Posts etc -.

186, 635, 000

Xo estimate of the amount of pine and fir lumber standing in the state is now possible, and none has been
attempted. An enormous amount of pine of excellent quality, both white and yellow, is contained in the sierra
forests. These forests have been invaded by the lumberman at only a few points; their inaccessibility and the
cost of getting to market the lumber manufactured in these mountains have thus far preserved them, and these
sierra forests, if protected from fire, will serve as a reservoir from which the whole Pacific coast can draw its lumber
supply long after its more accessible forests have disappeared.

The forests of California suffer seriously by fire; during the census year 356,815 acres of woodland were
reported thus destroyed, with an estimated loss of $440,750. These fires were set by careless hunters, prospectors,
and by farmers in clearing land. Great injury, every jear becoming greater, is inflicted on the mountain forests by
stockmen starting fires to improve the herbage of the alpine pastures. These fires destroy undergrowth and young
trees, and often consume great quantities of valuable timber, which does not grow again upon these exposed mountain
slopes.

PASTURAGE OP MOUNTAIN FORESTS.

The permanence of the mountain forests of California is severely endangered., moreover, by the immense
herds of sheep, cattle, and horses driven into the mountains every year, at the commencement of the dry season, to
graze. From the foot-hills to the highest alpine meadows every blade of herbage and every seedling shrub and tree
is devoured. Young trees are barked and ruined, and only the most rigid and thorny chaparral shrubs are able
to resist the attacks of these ravenous herds. The sharp hoofs of sheep winding around the steep acclivities tread
out the roots of grasses and other perennial plants and loosen the surface of the stony soil, which, deprived of the
protection of its vegetable covering, is gradually washed into the valleys, choking the bottoms of streams and
preparing the way for the disastrous torrents which must follow the destruction of the sierra forests; and the
destruction of these forests is certain, if the practice of using them indiscriminately as sheep pastures is continued.
The life of any forest in which all young trees are destroyed as soon as they appear above the surface of the soil is
limited to the life of the fully grown individuals which compose it. A period of unusual climatic conditions, the
demand of an increased population for lumber, or the now unforeseen attacks of some insect enemy may at any
time sweep away the old trees of the sierra forests. There are no young trees growing to replace them, and it is
doubtful if the forest could ever regain its foothold upon the steep and exposed slopes of these mountains once
entirely stripped of the protection of their present covering of trees.

The sheep which threaten the destruction of the sierra forests threaten also the agricultural prosperity of the
state; the streams heading in the sierras and watering the great interior valleys of California are protected in
their flow by the forests growing about their upper sources. If these forests are destroyed, and the jirotection to
the surface of the ground which they aftbrd removed, the immense accumulation of the winter's snows must melt
suddenly in the .spring; brooks will become torrents, sweeping with irresistible force gravel and stones from (he
mountain sides down into the valleys below, and burying i-ich bottom lands in ruin. And this is not the only
danger which must follow the destruction of these forests. If the snow which su])plies the mountain streams melts
slowly, a steady flow of water will be maintained late into the season; if, on the other hand, the snow melts suddenly
and rapidly during the first warm days of spring, the unnatural flow of water in the stream must be followed by

580 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

it« equally sudilcn disappearance, aud the torrent will suddenly diminish to a slender brook or entirely disappear.
Irrigation, without which agriculture in a large part of the Pacific region is impossible, is dependent upon the
constant and steady flow of streams formed by melting snow, and as the forests which cover the mountain sides
are e-ssential to j)revent the sudden melting of snow, their preservation is necessary for successful irrigation on any
large or comprehensive scale.

The forests of California suffer from wasteful methods of cutting. Only the best and most accessible young
trees are cut; often a noble pine capable of producing 25,000 or 30,000 feet of lumber is felled, a few split shingles
made from the butt-cut, and the rest of the tree left to rot upon the ground. The preference of the railroad
companies of the state for split rather than sawed redwood ties causes an immense and needless waste of this
Taluable timber. A great amount of material under the most favorable conditions is wasted in splitting out the
ties, and when trees after being cut are found to split badly from any defect in the grain they are abandoned and
left to waste.

The forests of California, unlike those of the Atlantic states, contain no great store of hard woods. The oaks
of the Pacific forests, of little value for general mechanical purposes, are unfit for cooperage stock. No hickory,
gum, elm, or ash of large size is found in these forests. California i)roduces no tree from which a good wine cask
or wagon wheel can be made. The cooperage business of the state, rapidly increasing with the development of grape
culture, is entirely dependent upon the forests of the Atlantic region for its supply of oak. Woodenware and
small cooperage stock are manufactured in large quantities, however, from Cottonwood, spruce, alder, and red and
white fir. Wine-butts and water-tanks are universally made from redwood, which is probably unsurpassed for such
purposes.

The large tanning industry of the state consumes, in preference to all other material, large quantities of the
bark of the chestnut oak {Quercus densijlora), once a common tree in the forests of the northern Coast ranges, but
now becoming scarce and in danger of speedy extermination.

The principal centers of lumber manufacture outside of the redwood belt are situated along the line of the
Central Pacific railroad, upon both flanks of the Sierra Nevada mountains, in Butte, Tehama, and Mono counties,
and in the San Bernardino mountains. Lumber manufactured upon the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas is
largely shipped eastward by rail to supply Nevada and Utah. The product of the mills situated west of the
mountains is largely sent to San Francisco for distribution, or direct by rail to the mining centers of southern
Arizona and New Mexico.

ALASKA.

Little is known to me of the present condition or productive capacity of the forests of Alaska. Their distribution,
as shown on the forest map of North America, is based upon notes made by Mr. Ivan Petroff, a special agent of the
Census Office, who has traced the timber limits of the territory, aided by Mr. C. W. Nelson, of the Smithsonian
Institution, by whom the northern limits of the spruce forest are laid down.

The forests of the territory of any commercial value are confined to the islands aud Coast ranges east and
south of Prince William sound. The most valuable tree of this region is the Sitka cedar {Chamcccyparis Nuikaensis).
The hemlock, the tide-land spruce, and the red cedar ( Thuya gigantea) attain here also a considerable size. The
importance, however, of these forests, both in extent and in the value of the timber they contain, has generally been
greatly exaggerated. The Coast Forest north of the fiftieth degree of latitude rapidly diminishes in density and
quality, and there is nothing in the climate or soil of Alaska to produce a forest growth more valuable than that
covering the Coast ranges of British Columbia.

A few saw-mills of small capacity are located at different points in southeastern Alaska to supply the local
demand for coarse lumber. Alaska is, however, largely supplied with lumber from Puget sound. The treeless
Shnmagin and Aleutian islands and the southern settlements of the peninsula are supplied with fire- wood brought
from other portions of the territory.

JEPAP.TMENT OP THE INTERIOR.

TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.

F^^'^^ Standing Kedwood tSeqiUJia sempei*virciiH ( i

^^^1 StJUuiin^ Redwood averEt^m^ ZOO.OOOferttotlie act-r

&|^^^1 R#?^on Cimtainin^ scattering bodit's of inat-esHible -
fi^Sjd Redwood ofliUle commercial value

k'f^_ .i KpC'uni IrornwhirhfillTiuTchanlfiblr Redwood
Ims l>ef-n removed

• tarffe tfutrnittus pfHedwvod- Umber hu^r been, cat
ftrnn Oie.rf. nrr^utafrteraifyalont/ fJie .ttre^tms.aTtx/.
tn l>otIte.r tiyn .itnaU to be mAcO/ed. on. the rrutp ■

Julias Biea ftCalilK

^

GENERAL INDEX.

[XOTK, — In this index the names of families are indicated by "Small caps", of spncies b y "Roman" type, and of Bynonymsby "Italics".]

Page.

Abies 11,12,16,573

Abieg (Hba (Piceaalba)

Abies alba (Picea Engelmanlii)

A bieg alba (Picea nigra) .•

Abies alba, var. aretica

Abies alba, var. ccervXea

Abies Albertiana

204

205

- 203

204

204

208

Abi( 8 amabilis 213, 250, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478, 573, 576

Abies amabilis (Abiefi concolor) 212

Abies amahilis (Abies grandis) 212

Abies amabilis (Abies magnified) 214

Abies Americana 203

Abies aretica (Picea alba) 204

^6t«arch'ca (Picea nigra) 203

Abies aroTiuitica 212

Abies balsamea 210,261,255,259,346,412,478

Abies balsamea (AhieB concoior) 212

Abies halsamea, var. Fraseri 210

Abies balsami/era 211

Abies b^folia 211

Abies brae teata 8,213,249,346

Abies Bridgesii

Abies campylocarpa

Abies Canadensis {Vicwk aXhSk)

Abies Canadensis (Tsnga Canadensis) . .
Abies Canadensis (Tsnga Merteusiana) .

Abies Caroliniana

Abies catnUea

207

- 214

204

206

207

207

204

Abies concolor 9,212.251,255,259,264,346,412,478,570

Abies dentietUata 203

Abies Thmglasii 209

Abies Dmiglasii, var. maerocarpa 210

Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolxa 209

A tnes Engebnanni , 205

Abies Engelmanni glauea 205

Abies faUata 206

Abies Fraseri 210,251,256,259,346.412.478

Abies Gord&niana 212

Abies graudis 7, 212, 251, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478, 565, 566, 572, 573, 575-577

Abies grandis (Abies amabilis) 213

Abies grandis (Abies coneolor) 212

Abies grandis (Abies subalpina) 211

Abies grandis, var. densijlora 213

Abies grandis, var. Lovriana 212

Abies /leterophyUa 207

Abies Hookeriana 208

A bies ITudsonira 211

Abies lasiocarpa (Abies conoolor) 212

A^^s lasiocarpa (Abies sabalpina) 211

Abies laxa 204

Abies Ltytoiana 212

Abies maerocarpa 210 [

Abies ma^iiyica (Abies nobilis) .-,.

Abies Mariana

Abies Marylandica

Abies Menzie&ii (Picea pungens) . ..
Abies Menziesii (Picea Sitchensis) .

Abies Menziesii I'arryana

Abies litertensiana

A bies microcarpa

A bies mucronata

Abies mucronata palustris.

Abies nigra ( Picea Engelmanni)

Abies nigra (Picoa nigra)

Abies nigra, var. rubra

Page.

214

- 202

203

205

206

205

207

216

209

209

205

203

203

Abies nobilis 214. 250, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478, 573

Abies nobilis ( Abiee magnifica) 214

Abies nobilis robusta 214

Abies Parsonsii 212

Abies Pationi 208

Abies Fattoniana 2*^8

Abies Pattonii (Tsnga Mertensiana) 208

Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Fattoniana) 208

A hies pendula 215

A bies religicsa 185

Abies rubra 203

Abies rubra, y&r. aretica 203

Abies rubra, var. ccertUea 204

Abies Sitchensis 206

A6te« species (Tsaga Caroliniana) 207

Abies subalpina 211, 251, 255, 259, 264, 346, 412, 478, 564-567, 572, 573, 675, 677

Abies subalpina, v&r./aUax 211

Abies taxifolia (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) 209

Abies taodfolia {TaugA Hertensiana) 208

Abies trigona 206

Abies venusta 213

Abies Williamsonii 1 208

Acacia 6,10-12,14

Acaeia BahamenHs 64

Acacia Berlandieri 63,248

Acaeia biceps 62

Acacia csculenta 63

Acacia frondosa 62

Acacia glauea 62

Acacia, Green-bark 60,280,362,426

Acacia Greggii ...13,63,249,282,362,426

Acaeia latisUiqua 64

Acacia leucocephala 62

Acacia pulverulenta 63

A cacia tephroloba 63

Acacia, Three-thomed 69,280,360,426

Acacia "Wrightii 63,249,282

Acer

Acer barbatum (Acer glabmm)

Acer barbatum (Acer saccharinnm).
Acer Oalifomieum

10-12
48
48
51

581

582

GENERAL INDEX.

Actr Oanadtntt -

Aetr UaroliniaHa

Acer clrclnatom 47, MJ, 2S3, 258, 274,

Awr eoeeinrum

Acorilasvoarpam 48, S», 253, 258. 276,

Aetr DofigUuii

jloer X>njtnm«n(W

Jieer trioearpum . :

Acer glabrum ^T«

Acer glavrvm

Acer Kru"lidentatain 13. 48,

Aoer nuicrophyUnin 47, 260, 253, 256, 259, 274, 35J1,

Aetr montanum --..

Aetr Nejundo

Amt nigrum

Aetr palmuitum

Actr parvifiorum

Acer renuHvlvanicnm 46,

A eer Penntylnanieum (Acer sptcatam)

Aoermbmm 50,250,253,256,259,276,

Acer rubrum, ror. Drnmmondll 50,

Aeerrvbrum, var. paUidum

Acer R.iifliarinnm -. 48,249,253,256,259,276,

JnrrfaecAnWnum (Acer dftsycarpum)

Aeer taccharinum (Acer Baocbarinnm, var. oigrmn)

Acer aacchariDnm, var. nigrum 49, 249, 253, 256, 259, 276, 350,

Acer tacehantm

Acrr »anffuiiuwn 1

Acer Rpicatum 46,

AetT ttriatum

Acer tripartitum

Acer virgatum

Achrax mneifolia

Aehrxja inammosa

AchragpallicLa

AcMaa 9alici/olui

Achras gerrata

Achra^ ZapotiUa, v&t. parvijlora

Actual fuel valne of Bome of the more important woods of the ITnited

States

Adflia acutnimxta

iEHCulas

.Ssculns Califomlca 43,250,253,256,

JSsculus carnea '.

^eculut discolor

£»ctdus fchinata

^BCuIuH flava 43,

iEiiculns flava, var. pnrparaeceng

w«»oulu» Rlabra 42,250,253,256,

JEiCulus HippociuUinuin, var. glabra

.£»cuiuii Ilippoca$tanum, var. Ohiocntis

j£9culu^ flippoeastanum, v&r. pallida

.£«culua hybrida ;

JEnculu* lutca

.Xteulut neyUeta

£acuhifi octandra *

£scvXwt Ohiotnaii

.XkuIvk pallida

JE»c\dv$ Pa via .var. discolor

£»evhu Watsoniana

Agaktiani^ tecundijlora

Ageria Cassena ^

Ageria geminata **

Ageria betcrophylla

Ageria obovata

Ageria opaca ; ,

Ageria paluttri)

Alabama, ceotral, pine belt of

Alabama, cypress swamps of the Tensas river in

Alabama, eastern, foreste of the Chattahoochee, mixed forast growth, etc.,

in.

Alabama, forests of the Tennessee valley In

Alabama, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,

Alabama, Mobile the principal center of wood manufacture in

Alabama, pine forests of Baldwin county in

Page.
a

50

858,422
50

858,424
48
60
49

230,274
SO

249,276

422,576
46
51
49
47
46

250,274
46

358,424

250,276
49

358,422
49
49

358,424
48
50

250,274

46

48

47

103

103

101

101

69

103

350-353

112

10-13

274,425
42
43
42

250,274
43

274,422
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
42
42
43
42
57
86
36
35
35
35
35
529

628-527

627,528

528,529

524, ."525

525

527

P»ffc

Alabama, pine region of the Cooaa In 62*

Alabama, production of naval stores in 617,627,629.630

Alabama, rank of, according to valne of lumber prodaeta 487

Alabama, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests and the turpentine

industry of 525-530

Alabama, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., i n... 4!) 1, 524-530
Alabamu, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved

Piue standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 524

Alabama, the forests of Pike county In 52R

Alabama, the Maritime Pine Region in 528

Alaska, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .'i80

Alaska, the Northern Coast Forest in SjfO

Albany, New Tork, rank ot as a lumber market .'i03

Abler (Alnns oblongifoUa) . . . 163, 326. 3»4. 460

AliliT (Alnns rhomblfolia) 163, 326, 3W, 460

Alil.r (Alnus rubra) 163,320,392,416.458

Alder, Black (Alnns Incana) 165,326,394.400

Alder, Black (Alnns germlsta) 161.326

Alder. Hoary 165,326,394,490

Alder, Seaside 162,326,458

Alder, Smooth 164,328

Alder. Speckled .16.\326,3»«.4C0

Algaroba 62, 265, 280. 30 J, 4:6

Algarobia glandulo/ia 61

Alnus 11,12,16,575

Almtg Americana (Alnns incana)

Alniu Americana (Alnus sermlata)

Alnus arguta

Alnus Canadtntit

Alnxu gcnuina

Alntis glauca

Alnus glutinosa (Alnus mbra)

Alnus glutinosa, var. ru^o«a

Alnia glutinosa, var. serrulaia (Alnus rhombifoUa) .

Alnus glutinosa, var. semdata (Alnns sermlata)

Alnus hyhrida

J64

1C4

161

164

164

164

163

164

163

, 164

164

Alnns incana 12,164,260,326,394.460

Alnus incana (Ra^A) 164

Alnus incana, var. platua (Alnns Incana) 164

Alnus incana, var. glauca (Alnns incana, var. vireeoens) 165

Alnus incana, var. rtiftro 163

Alnus incana, ror. virescens 165

Alnus Japoniea 162

AlnuB maritima 162,250,326,458

Alnus maritima typiea 162

.<lIniMo6Io7i^<t!a (Alnns maritima) 162

Alnus oblongata (Alnus sermlata) 164

AluuB oblongifolia 163,250,255,258,328,394.460

Alnus obtusifolia 164

Alnus Ortgana 163

Alnus rhombifolia 163, 250, 255, 258, 326, 394, 460

Abiusrabra 183,250,255,258,262,326,392,416,458

Alnus rubra (Alnns sermlata) 164

Alnus rugosa — 164

Alnns sermlata 164,260,388

Alnus scmUata (Regel) .*84

Alnus strrulata genuina 164

Alnus semdata, var. lat^olia 164

Alnus serrulata, var. macrophyUa. 184

Alnus serrulata, var. oblongata 164

Alnus serrulata, var. oblongifolia 188

Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus incana, for. vireeoens) 185

Alnus serrulata, var. ru^«a (Alnns rhombifolia) 188

Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnns sermlata) 164

Alnus serrulata, var. cui^m... 164

Alnus unduZata 184

Amelanchier 10,12,14

Amelanchier alnifolia 85

Amelanchier Jiartramiana 84

Amelanchier liotryapium 84

Amclancliicr Cauadensis 84, 249, 253, 256, 364, 43«

Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia 84

Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oligocarpa 84

AmelaTichier Canadensis, vat. rotund\folia 84

Amelanchier intermedia 86

GENERAL INDEX.

583

Page.

^mtlanehier oMongi/olia 85

Amelanchier ovalU (Amelimchier Canadensis) * 84

jim«JotioAi«roraiM (AmelancMer Canadensis, nar. oblongifolia) 85

Amtlaiiehier spicnta 85

AvteUmrhier Wangenheimiana 84

American Crab 72,284,364,428

Amcricau Crab Applo 72.284

American Elm 123,304,350,374,414,440

American Holly 35,270,356,420

American Linden j,. 27,268.350,356,418

Amount and valne of ovtcoal ased for domestic and manufacturing

purpose* during the census year 489

Amount and value of wood used aa fuel in maDufactures, etc., during

the ceuHus year 489

Amount and value of wood used for domeatic purpoaea during the

census year 489

Amyris 10, 13

A myrU eynioga 33

AmyrU dyatripa 33

Amyrii clemi/era 31

Amyris Floridana 33

Amyrin ynaritima 33

Amyrig Plumieri 33

Amyris sylvatlca 33,249,253,256,270,356,420

Anacauuiackj: 52-54, 253, 256, 276, 360, 424

Anamomit punctata 88

Auaqua 114,300.372.438

Andromeda 11, 15

Andrtmieda arbfyrea 08

Andrtnneda arbore«c«ns 98

Andromeda ferruginea 96, 249, 254, 257, 292

A ndrovu^ia ferruginea, var. arboregc^nt

Andro7n^da/erruyinea,vaT.frutieota

Andromeda plumata

Andromeda rhomboidcdis

Andromeda rigida

Anona

368, 432
96
96
37
96
96
10,13

Anona glatrra 23

Anona laurifolia '. 23,250,263,256,266,354,418

Anona penduia 23

An^ma species (Anona laarlfolia) 23

Anona triloba 2i

AX0NArR.« 23,253,256.266,354.418

Anonymos aquatica 124

AnVu/metee (FtftivaUe 82

AnViometee Douglatii 75

Anthomeles Jiava 82

AnthomeUe glandviota 82

AnthameUn rotundifoUa 77

Anthormlen turbinata 82

Anta Wood 103,294,368,434

Apple, American Crsb 72,284

Apple, Custard 23,266,354,418

Apple Haw 82,286,364,430

Apple, Oregon Crab 73,284

Apple, Pond 23,266.354,418

Apple, Seven-year 9;>, 290

Apple. Southern Crab 72,284

Arboldo Hierro.., 56,278,360.426

Arborvit» 176,330,350,396,462

Arbutus 11,12,15

ArtAilue laurifolia 97

Arbulxit macropkylia 97

Arliutus Menziesii 97,249,254,257,292,368,432

ArbuluM ilemiegii (Arbutus Texaua) 97

Arbutui ilenzieni (Arbutus Xalapensis) 97

Arbutue proeera 97

Arbutus Texana 97,249,292

ArbutuM varien» 97

Arbutus Xalapensla 97,249.254.257,292,368,434

Artmtut Xalapemit (Arbatna Texana) 97

Aidisla 11.15

Ardiaia I'ickeringia 100, 240, 2U2

Areaa burned over aad value of propeiiy destroyed by forest Area during
the census year (««?, aUo, under state headings) 491,492

Page.

Arizona, lumber industry and mannfaetnrea from wood in 486, 487, 569

Arizona, ranlc of, according to value of lanibor products 4iJ7

Arizona, .statistics of forests, forest fires, standing tiraber,etc., in ...491,508,960

Arkansas, lumber indnslry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, 544

Arkansas, rank of, according to valne of lumber products 487

Arkansas, statistics of forests, forest flros, standing timber, etc., in. .481. 543, 544
Arkansas, tabular statement of the amountof Short-leaved Pine standing

in the foresis of. May 31, 1880 ,544

Aroniaarborea 64

Aronia arbutifolia 83

A ronin Botryapium 84

Aronia eordata 84

Aronia ovalis 85

Arrow wood 38, 272

Aaagrcea gpinosa 55

Ash 107,296,298,370,434

Ash and specificgravity of woods 248-251

Ash, Black 111,298,372,438

Ash. Blue 111.298.370,436

Ash, Green ' 109,298,370,436

Ash, Ground 111.298,372,4.18

Ash, Hoop -' 111,298,372,438

Ash, Sfountain (Pyms Americana) 73, 284, 428

A sli. Mountain (Pyms sambuclfolia) 74, 284, 364, 428

Ash, Oregon 111,298,372,438

Ash, Prickly (Xanthoxylum Americanum) - 29, 268

A»li, I'rickly (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) 30, 270, 356, 4 .'0

Ash, Red ' -..- 109,296,370,436

Ash, Sea ..30,270,356,420

Ash. specific gravity, and weight per cubic foot of dry specifaiens of the

woods of the United States 266-340

Ash, "Wafer 31.270

Ash. Water 110.298.370.436

Ash, White .. .- 107,296.350,370,436

Asli, Yellow 57,278,360,438

Ash-leaved Maple 51,276.360,424

Asiminn 10.11,13

Anmiyia eampanijlora 23

Asimina triloba 23,250,253,256,266.354.418

Asp, (Juakin;; 171,328,350,394,460

Aspects, economic, of the forests of the TTnited States 483-580

Aspen 171,328,350,394,460

Atlantic Plain. Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the 4

Atlantic region, the 3-6

Atlantic region, western third of the, remarks on 4

Average number of hands employed in the lumbering industry of the

United States 486

A venige size aud product of saw-mills in each state and territory 488

Avicennia 11, 1.^

Avic.nnianltida 117,240,302

Ariecnnia oblongifolia 117

Avietnnia tomentoga H"

B.

Bald Cypress 184,334,360,398.406

Balmof Gilead 173.358,394.460

Balm of Gilead Fir 211,346.412.478

Balsam (Abies Fraseri) 210,346,412,478

Balsam (Abies subalpina) 211,346,412,478,577

Balaam (Populus balsamifera) 173,328.394.460

Balsam Cottonwood 174,330,394,462

Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) 211,346,412,478

Balsam Fir (Abies concolor) 213,346,412,478

Balsam, She 210,346,412,478

Banana, Mexican 219,348

Bartram'sOak 153,320,390,456

Basket Oak 141,316.384.416.450

Basswood 27.268,356.418

Bassweod, AVTilte 28,268,356,420

Bastard Cedar 176,330,396.462

Bastard Pine 202,342,352,406.416,474

liatodendron arboreum 96

Bayom^t, Siianisli (Yucca baccata) 210, 348

Ba\ont;t, Spanish (Yucca canaliculata) 218,348

Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca elata) 210,348

Bay, Ball ; 19,266,354,414,418

584

GENERAL INDEX.

P»ee.

Bsy.LobloUr M, S«6i MS, «S4, 418

Bay, Red 118, S02, 872, 438

Bay, Rom 99, '.'W, 308, 434

Bay, Sweet 20,206,354,414,418

Bay, Tan 25, 285. :68, 354, 418

Bay Tree, California 120,302,374,440

Bay, White 20,266,354,414.418

Bayberry 136,312,380,446

Bean, Indian 115,300,372.438

Bean Tree 115,300,372,438

Bearbcrry 41,272.358,422

Bearwood 41,272,358,422

Beaver Tree 20,206,354,414,418

Beech 188, 322. 350, 390, 4,-*

Beech, Bine 159,322.392,456

Beech, Water <Oarpinns CaroUniana) 159, 322, 392. 466

Beech, Water (Plataniis occidentalis) 129. 306. 350. 376, 442

Brefwood 117,302,372,438

Bee Tree 27,268,356,418

Behavior of selected woods of the United States nnder transverse strain :

specimens eight centimeters square 414-417

Behavior of the principal woods of the United States nnder compression - 418-481
Behavior of the principal woods of the United States nnder transverse

strain 354-415

BenUiamldiaJlorida 90

Betola 11,12,15

Betula acuminata

BetuUt alba, subspecies eommutata

Betula alba, subspecies occidentalU typica

Betula alba, subspecies papyri/era

Belula alba, subspecies papyri/era, var. coTnmunis

Bttuia alba, »u}ispeciespapyr\f era, var. eord\folia .-

Betula alba, sabspecies populi/olia

Betttla alba, var. papyrifera

169

160

160

160

160

.• 160

150

160

Botula alba, var. popnlifolia 159, 250, 255, 258, 324, 350, 458

100

161

100

102

160

102

101

IGO

164

161

Betula alba, var. populi/olia (Betnla papyrifera)

Betula angulata

Betula Canadenti^

Betula carpini/olia

Betula eordifolia

Betula exceUa (Betula lenta) ,,,

Betula excelta (Betula Intea)

Betula grandit

Betula ineana

Betula lanulosa

Betula lenta 182,249,255,258,324,392,458

Betula lerUa (Betnla alba, var. jMpnllfalia) 159

BettUa lenta (Betula Intoa) 101

Betula lutea 161.250,255,258,262,324,302,458

Betula nigra 161,250,255,268,262,324,392,458

Betula nigra (Betnla lenta) 162

Betula nigra ( Be tula papyrifera) 160

Betula occiilentalis 160,250,255,258,324,392.458

Belula oecidentalit (Betula papyrifera) 160

Betula papyracea 159,575

Betnla papyrifera 12,159,250,255,258,262,324,350,392.458

Betula populifolia 159

Jlelula rubra ( Betula nigra) 101

/?ctuZa ru2n-a (Betula papyrifera) 160

Belula rugota 164

Betula serrulata 164

Betula- Alnun glauca 1B4

Betula- Alntu maritima 102

Betula-Alnut rubra 164

Betula-Alnus, var. p. ineana 164

Bktulack* 16B-165, 255, 258, 324, 392, 458

Big-bud Hickory 134,310,350,380,444

Big Cottonwood 175, 330, 350, 396, 162

^'iS Cypress region of Florida 522

Big Laurel 19,286,854,414,418

Big Shell-bark 13,3,310.378,444

H'STree 184,334,308.406

Bigelovia acuminata 112

Bignonia Catalpa 115

Bigntmia tijuarlt 110

Pag*

BlONOmACKiB UB, 11«, 254, 257, 800, 372, «38

BUsted 86,288,350,364,414,480

Birch. Black (Betula lenta) 162,324,392,458

Birch, Black (Betula occidentalia) 160,324,392,458

Birch, Canoe ...160,324,350,392,458

Birch, Cherry 162,324,392,458

Birch, Gray (Betnla alba, tor. popnlifolia) 180,824,350,392.458

Birch. Gray (Betnla Intea) 161,324,392,458

Birch, Mahogany 162,324,392,458

Birch. Old-aeld 159,324,350, .iOi, 458

Birch, Paper 160,324,3.50,302.458

Birch, Red 161,324,392,458

Birch. River 161,324,392,458

Birch. Sweet 162,324,392.458

Birch. West- Indian 33,270,350,356,426

Birch, White (Betnla alba, uor. popnlifolia) 159,324,350,392,458

Birch, White (Betula papyrifera) 100,324,350,30^,458

Birch, Yellow 161,324.392,458

Bishop's I'ine 200,340.404,472

Bitter Nut 135,319,350.380,446

Bitter Pecan 136,310,350,380,414,446

Black Alder (Alnus ineana) 165,326,394,460

Black Alder (Alnus sermlata) 164,326

Black and White Spruces thecharacteristictreeaoftheNorthemForest. 3

Black Ash 111,298,372,438

Black Birch (Betnla lenta) 162,324,302,458

Black Birch ( Betula occidentalia) 160, 324, 392, 458

Black Calabash Tree 116,300

Block Clierry, Wild 68,242,362.428

Black Cottonwood (Populns angnstifolia) 174, 330. 394, 462

Black Cottonwood (Popnlus trichocarpa) 174, 3:<0, 394, 462. 576

Black Cypress 184,334,350.398,466

Black G iim 92, 200, 366. 432

Black Haw 94,290,366,432

Black Hickory (Carya porcina) 134, 310,3.50, 380,446

Black Hickory (Carya toroentosa) 134,310,350,380,444

Black Hills region of Dakota, remarks by Hr. Robert Douglas on the

forests of the 561, 562

Black Ironwood 39, 272, 358, 422

Black .Tack (Quercus Catesba?i) 151,320,388,454

Black J-ick (Qaercns nigra) 150,265,320,350,388,454

Black .lack, Forked-leaf ; 1.51,320,388,454

Black Larch 216,346,352,412,478

Black Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) 5», 280, 360, 426

Black Locust (Robinia Psendacacia) 55,278,350,360,414,424

Black Mangrove 117,302

Black Oak (Quercus Emoryi) 146.265,318,368,452

BkickOak (Qocrcns Kelloggii) 149,265,320,388,416.454

Black Oak (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452

Black Oak (Quercus tinctoria) 149, 265, 318, 350, 388, 454, 528

Black Persimmon 105,294

Bliick Pine (Pinns Jeffreyi) 193,338,402,470

Black Pine (Pinns Murrayana) 185,338,350,404,470

Black Sloe : 67,282,428

Black Sprnce 203,266,342,352,408,474,496

Black Sugar Maple 49,276,3,50,358,424

Black Thorn 79,286,364,430

Black Tree 117,302

Black Walnut 131,808,350,376,414,444

Black Willow (Salix flaveeoens, var. Soonleriana) 170,328,394,460

Black Willow (Salii nigra) 166,326,394,460

Blackwoo<l 117,302

Blue Ash 111,298,370,430

Blue Beech 159,322,392,456

Bine Jack 153,320,390,456

Blue Myrtle 41,272

Blue Oak 143,316,386,450

Bine Spruce 205, 344, 40S, 474

Bluewood 40,272

Boisd'Arc 128,306.876.442.542

Boim-lGIXACKJE 113,114,254,257,300,372,438

Borya acuminata • 113

Borya ligustrina 112

Borya nitida 112

Bottom Shell-bark 133,310.378,444

GENERAL INDEX.

585

Page.

BonirerU 11.15

Bonrreria Havanensis 114,249,254,257,300,372,438

B^jurreria Havanensis, var, radala 114

Bourreria vvata 114

Bourreria radula 114

Bourreria recurva - 114

Bourreria tomentosa 114

Bourreria totnentosa, var. Havanertgia 114

Box Eldei (N'esundoaceiSMes) 51,276,360,424

Box Elilir {Ni'guDiloCalifornicnin) 61,270,360,424

Boxwood (Cornus florida) 91, 28S, 366, 430

Boxwood (Schaefferia frntescens) 39,272

Brahea dulcis 217

Brahea filamentoga 217

Bricklev Thatch 218,348

Brittle Thatch 218,348

Broad-leaved Maple 47,274,358,422

Drovggtmetia secundifiora 57

Brouhgonetia tinctoria 128

Brown Hickory 134,310,350,380,446

Bucida Buceras 87

Buckeye, California 44,274,358,422

Buckeye, Fetid 42,274,358,422

Buckeye, Ohio 42,274,358,422

Bnckeye, Spanish 44,274,422

Buckeye, Sweet 43,274

Buckthorn, Southern 103,294,368,434

Buckwheat Tree 38,272,350,420

Bull Bay 19,266,354,414,418

Bull Xnt 134, 310, 350, 3S0, 444

Bull Pine (Finns Jeffrey!) 193,338,402,470

Bull Pine (Pinns mitis) 200,340,350,406,472

Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193,338,350,402,468

Bull Pine (Pinns Sabiniana) 195,338,350,404,470

Bnmelia 11,15

Bumelia anflustifolia 103

Bumelia arborea 102

Bumelia ehrytopkylloides 101

Bumelia cuneata 103,249,254,294,368,434

Bumelia ferruginea - 102

Bumelia faetidiggima 101

Bnmelia lanuEinosa 102,250,264,257,294,368,434

Bumelia lanuginom, var. macrocarpa 102

Bumelia lycioides 102,249,264,267,294,308,434

Bumelia lycioides, var, reclinatam 103

Bumelia macrocarpa .......* 102

Bumelia Maaiichodendron 101

Bumelia intjrgini/olia 103

Bumelia oblongi/olia 102

Bumelia pallida .' 101

Bumelia parri/nlia 103

Bumelia redinata (Bnmelia cuneata) 103

Bumelia redinata (Bnmelia lycioides) 103

Bumelia redinata (Bnmelia tenax) 101

Bumelia galici/olia '. 101

Bumelin serrata 69

Bnmelia Bpinona 102,249,294

Bumelia tenax 101,249,264,257,294,368,434

Bumelia tomentosa -. 102

Bumwood 54,278,360,424

Burlington, Vemiont, as a lamber market, importance of 490

Burning Bnsh 38, 272

BniTOak 140,265,314,384,448

Burscra 10,13

Burgera acuminata 32

Bm-sera gnmmifera 32,251,263,256,270,3,50,356,420

BUR8KEACE* J 32,33,253,256,270,356,420

Bnstic 101,294,368,434

Bnttemnt 130,300,376,442

Bnttonball Tree 128,306,350,376,442

Buttonwooil (Conocarpns ereeta) 87,288,364,430

Bultonwood (Platanns occidentalis) 129, 306, 350, 370, 442

Buttonwood (Platanns racemosa) 129,306,370,442

Bnttonwood, White 87,288,364,430

Byrsonlma 10, 13

Byrsonima lucida 28,250,253,256,268,356,420

c.

Page.

Cabbage Palmetto 217,348,352

Cabbage Tree 217,348,352

Caballeria Ooriaeea 99

Cactack^ 89,90,288

Cactus, Giant 90,288

Cagiput 120,302,374,440

Calabash Tree, Black 116,300

Calico Bush 98,292,368,434

Calicowood 106,296

California Bay Tree 120,302,374,440

CiUiforuia Buckeye 44,274,358,422

California, economic value of the Eedwood of 579

California Holly 84,286

California, Injury by grazing cattle to the mountain forests of 579

California Laurel 120,302.374,440

Califoruia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 578, 580

California Nutmeg 180,334,400,466

Cllifornia Olive 120,302,374,440

California, pasturage of mountain forests in 579, 580

California, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

California, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in ..491,578-580
California, tabular statement of tbe amount of Eedwood standing in the

forestsof, May 31, 1880 570

Calothyraug Galifornica 43

Calyptranthes 10, 14

Calyptranthes Chytraculia 88,249,288

Canada Plum 65,282,362,426

Canella 10,13

Canellaalba 24,249,253,256,268,354,418

Canella lauri/olia 24

Canella Winterana 24

Cankllace^ 24,253,256,268,354,418

Can(5e Birch 160,324,350,392,458

CanoeCedar 177,330,396,462

10,12,13

Canotia

Canotia holocantha .
Caffariuace.£

Capparis

Cajiparis Breynia

Capparis cyTiophyllopfiora

Capparis emarginata

Cappaiis Jamaicensis 24,

Capparis giliquoga

Capparis torulosa

Capparis uncinata

Cafuifoliacile 93,94,263,257,290,

Cardiolepis obtuga

Carolina Poplar 175,330,860,

Carpinus

Carpinug Americana

Oarpinug Betulua Yirginia/na

Carpinus Caroliniana 158,249,255,258,322,

Oarpinug Ostrya

Carpinus Ostrya, tut. Americana

Carpinus tri flora

Carpinug Tirginiana

Carya

Caryaalba 182,249,254,257,281,306,350,

Carya alba (Carya tomentosa)

Carya amara 136,249,264,257,810,360,

Carya amara, var. myristiccgformig

Carya amara, var. porcina

Carya amjustifolia

Carya aquatica 186, 240, 264, 267, 261, 810, 350, 380,

Carya cathartica

Oarya cordiformxg

Carya glabra

Carya lUinoengig

Carya iniegrifolia

Oarya inicrocarpa

Carya myristicaiformlB 135,249,254,257,310,3.50,

Carya olivaiformis 132, 249, 254, 287, 308, 3.50,

Carya porcina 134, 249, 254, 257. 261, 310, 3.'iO,

Carya sulcata 133,240,254,257,261,310,

Carya leiraptera

249, 270

24,268

10,13

24

24

24

249, 2<8

24

24

24

366,432

41

396,462

11,16

158

158

392,456

158

158

158

158

4, 11, 15

378, 444

134

380,446

135

134

132

414,446

130

133

134

132

136

133

380, 446

378, 444

.180. 446

378, 444

132

586

GENERAL INDEX.

CsiykUnnmtOM I8J, M», »i. 2S7. 81», 850, 880, «4

Oatya tomtntota. ▼«. mtucimm 184

OaryoUavt Hgrittiea 18'

Caxyotaxra taxyfolia 18*

tH8««da 101, 294,868, 434

Camena 86,272

Cattiiu CaroKniana 86

Oaitine Peragua 86

(kuaine ramulota 86

CuUn«a 11. 1*

Oastanaa alni/olia 156

Oattanea Amerieana 157

Cattanea chrytophylla 156

Cattanea ekryiaphytta, var. minor 156

Cattarua nana 156

CaaUnra pumiU 166,250,265,258,822,390,456

Ckutanea ttmptrvirent 156

Ciufaiwa r«Ka (Caatanea pamlla) '. 156

CaiUtnea vt^ea (Caatanea vulgaris, ror. Americana) 157

Cattanea mtca, var. Americana 157

CasUuea vulgans, var. Americana 167, 250, 255, 258, 262, 265, 322, 390, 456

CaHtanopKlH 11,12,15

CaatanopsU chryaophylla 166,250,255,258,322,390,456

Oattanopna chrytophylia, var. minor 156

Ckutanopgis ehrygophylia, var. pumila r 156

Catalogue of Forest Trees 17-219

Catalogneof Forest Treee, Index to 220-243

Catalpa 11,15,115,300,372,438

Catalpa bignonioidea ......115,250,254,257,300,372,438

f'atalpa bti/nomotdM (Catalpa speoiosa) 115

Catalpa communig 115

Catalpa eordi/olia (Catalpa bignonioidea) 115

Catalpa eordifolia (Catalpa specioaa) 115

Catalpa speciosa 116,250,254,257,300,350,372,414,438

Catalpa tyringc^oUa 115

Catalpa, Western 115,300,350,372,414,438

Catawba 115.300,372,438

Cat's ClttW (Acacia GreggU) 63,282,362,428

Cat's Claw (Acacia Wrigbtli) 63,282

Cat'aCIaw (Pithecolobium TTngnia-nati) 64,282

Ceanothus '. 10,12,13,573

Ceanothtts /erretu 39

Oeanothut Umigatut 39

CeaTiotJiUS reclinatut 41

Ceanothus tliyrsiflorus 41,250,272

Crdar. Alaska, Tide-land Spmce, and Hemlock the characteristic and

most valuable trees of the Horthem Coast Foreat 7

Cedar an important tree in Texas 540

Ci-dar, Bastard 176,330,396,462

Cedar. Canoe 177,330,396,462

OdarElm 122,304,374.440

Cedar. Iniense 176.330,398,482

Cedar, Ore-on 179,332,350,398,464

Cedar, Pencil, of Florida 522

Cedar Pine 201,340,408,472

Cedar, Port Orford 179,332,550,398,464,676

Cedar, Poet 176,330,390,482

Cedar, Red (Jnnlpems Tirginiana) ; 183,332,398,464,544

Cedar. Ked (Thiiya gigantea) 177, 830, 396, 462, .'j73, 575, 670, .'iSO

Cedar, Stinljing (Toireya Callfomica) 188, 3.M, 400, 466

Ce<lar, Stinking (Torreya taiifolia) 186. 334. 400, 4fiB, 521

Cedar, While (Chamwcyparis Lawsoniana) 179,332.350,398.464

Cedar, White (Chamiecyparis sphaeroidea) 178,330,390,410,464

Cwiar. White (Libocedrus decurrens) 176,330,396,462

Cedar, White (Thuya ocddentalia) 176,330,350,396,462

Oedrtu Mahogoni 33

CKLASTKACK* 38,39,272

Celtis 11,12,15,2.51

CtllUatba

OeltU Audibertiana

Oeltu Atulibertiana, var. oblongata .

OeUw AudihertiaTUi, var. ovata

Cettit Berlandieri

Oeltit brmipet

Oeltitcanina

Pagfc

1»

12»

12S

12»

I»

i;«

1»

1»

12S

128

1»

!!•

IM

1»

125

IJS

125

IM

Celtis occidentalis 12, 126, 249, 254, 257, 260, 306, 376, 414, 442

125
126
126
120
126
126
125

Oettitcordata

Oeltit ercusi/olia

Oeltie eratti/olia, var. eueaiypti/olia

Cellit eraetifolia, VAT. mor^olia

C^Uie erat9\folia, var. tilia/oliu

Celtis Douglarii

Oeltit Floridiana ^

Oeltit /uicata

Oeltit heterophyBa

Oeltit integrifolia

OeUit lamgata

Oeltit Lindheimeri

Oeltit tongi/olia

Oeltit maritimu (in Am. Konthly Mag. and Crit Bev.) .

Oeltit maritima (in New Fl. and Bot.)

Oeltit ilietitiippienti*

Celtit mor^/oUa ,

Oeltit oUi^va

Oeltit oecidenialit, var. eordata

Celtit occident4Uit,vtir.erat8\folia

Celtit oceidentnlit, vkt. grandidentata

Cdiit occidentalit,\&T. integrifolia

Oeltit occidentalit, var. pumila (Celtis occidentalis)

Celtit occidentalit, var. putnila (Celtis occidentalis, ror. reticulata) .

128
126
12S
125
128
12«

Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata 126, 249, 254, 257, 306, 376, 442

12S
12S
125
12S
12S
126
]»
126
126
634
6o
66
66
6«
■ 6*
66
6*
6T
67
67
65
70
67
6.'i
66
G«
69

Celtit occidentalift^-v&T. aeahriueeula

Celtit occidentalit, var. terrulata

Celtit occidentalit, var. tenu\folia

Oeltitpatula

Celtit pumila

Celtit reticulata

Oeltit saliei/olia

Oeltit tenui/olia

Celtit Tezann

Central pine hills of Mississippi, forests of the .

Ceratus Americana

Ceratus borealis

Ceraixit CapoUin

Ceratue Capult

Ceratut Caroliniana

Ceratut Ohicata

Ceratut demitta

Ceratut emarginaia

Ceratue ereeta

Ceratut glandulaea

Ceratut hiemalii

Ceratut Uic\folia

Ceratut moUit

Ceratut nigra

Ceratut I'enntylvanica

Ceratut persici/olia

Ceratut terotina { Pmnus demissa)

Ceratut terotina (Prunus serotina)

Ceratut ipha>rocarpa

Ceratut umbellata

Ceratut Virginiana

Cercidium Jtoridum

7*

67

68

66

Cercis 10,12,14

Cercis Canadensis 61,250,253,266,280,382 426

Cercit Oanadentit,vti,r.pubetc»nt 61

Cercit occidentalit 81

Cercit occidentalit, var 61

Cercit oceideniaiit, var. Texeniit 61

Cercis rrniformis 61,249,289

Cercocarpus 9,10,12,14,560,571

Cercocarjrut bctuUe/oKut 71

Oereocnrput betuloidet 71

Cereocarput breri/oliut 71

Cercocarput intricatut 71

Cercocarpus lodifolius 18, 71, 249, 284, 350, 4M

Cercocarpus ledifolius, var. intricatns 71

Cercocarpus parvif,.lias 71, 249, 2M

Cercocarpus parvifoliua, tar. glaber Tl

Cercocarpus parvifolins, var. paucidentatus 71

GENERAL INDEX.

587

Page.

Cereas 10,12,14

Cereus gipanteaa 89,251,288

Chapote 105,294

CbamsDcyparis 11, 12, 16

Chamacyparii Boursi^rii (Cbamfecyparis Lawsonlana) 178

Chamceeyparis Bourtiirii ( Jnni perns ocoidentalis) 181

OhavuecyparU exceUa 178

Chamacyparia J-awsoniana 8, 178, 250, 255, 258, 360, 388, 464, 576

Chamiecj-paria Nntkaenaia 178, 250, 255, 258, 263, 332, 398, 464, 680

ChamacyparU Xutkaensis,-vtK^. glauea 178

Cham<vcypari8 Nutkanus 178

ChamaMjyparia, one of the characteristic and most valuable trees of the

Coast Forest 7

Chamajcyparis sphasroidea 177,251,255,268,262,330,396,416,464

Chamceropt Palmetto 217

Charcoal used for domestic and mannfactariog pnrposea daring the cen-
sus year, amonnt and valne of 489

OlieirarUhodendron Califomicum 26

Cherry 100,292

Cherry Birch 162,324,392,458

Cherry, Indian 40,272,368,422

Cherry, May 84,286,364,430

Cherry, Pigeon 86,282,428

Cherry, Pin 66,282,428

Cherry, Ram 68,282.362,428

CheiTV, Wild (Pmnus Capuli) 69,282,428

Cherry. Wild (Pmnns demissa) 89,284,362,428

Cherry, Wild Black 68,282,362,428

Cherry, Wild Bed 66,282,428

Chestnut 157,265,322,360,390,456

Cheetnnt Oak (Quercns densiflora) 155, 265, 322, 390, 456, 576, 578, 580

Chestnut Oak (Qnercns prinoides) 143,265.316,384,450

CbestnntOnk (Quercns Priniu) 142,265,316,350,384,416,450

Chestnut Oak, Rock 142,265,316,350,364,416,450

Chicago, amount of lumber and shingles received at, during the year 1880 548, 549
Chicago, commercial importance of, withrefepencetotheIuml>crlndaatry . 548

Chicago, early lomber trade of 549, 550

Chicago, the principal soarce of supply of lomber for Colorado, Utah, and

New Mexico 568,569

Chickiwaw Plum 66,282,362,486

Chllop«i8 11,12,15

ChiUpnn glutinoMi 116

Ohilopgit UtuarU 116

Chilopnia aaligna 13,116,250,254,257,300,372,438

Chimanthut amygdalinus 69

China, Wild 44,274,358,414,422

Chinquapin (Castanea pumila) 156, 322, 390, 4.W

Chinquapin (CasUnopsia chrysophylU) 156.322,390,456

Chinquapin Oak 143,265,316,384,450

ChionanthuR 11, 15

Ohionanthus angusli folia 112

ChionarUhui heterophyUa 112

Ohionanthu* Umgifolia 112

ChinnantKut marilima 112

Chionanthua montana 112

Chionantjtu* trifida , 112

Chionanthua Virginica 112,230,298

Chumantkus Virginica, var. anfftuti/olia 112

Chionanthiu Virgini^a, var. lati/olia 112

Ohionanthus Virgtnica, var. maritima .- 112

Chiorumthus Virginiea, var. moTitana 112

Chittamwood 52,276

ChloromeUt tempervirtns 72

Chrysobalanua 10,14

Chryaobalanns Icaco 64,249,282,362,426

Chryiohalanut leaco. vtcr. peilocarpa 65

Chrygobalatiug peltoearpa 65

Chryaophyllnra 11,15

Chryttophyllum Barbate^ 100

Ckrygophyllutn Caneto, fi 100

ChrynophylluTn ferrugineu-m 100

Ohryaophf/Uvm micropftyllvm 100

(^ry»/rpkyltum monopyrenum 100

ChryaophyUum oliviforme 100,249,254,257,282,368,434

Cigar Tree 115,300,872,438

Page.

GiiKftona OarHxea 95

Giiichona CarolinUma 95'

Cinchona Jamaietn$i» 95

Cinnamon Bark 24,268,364,418

Cinnamon. Wild 24,268,354,418

Citharexylnm 11, 15

Citharexylnm viUoaum 116,249,254,257,300,372,438

Cladrastia 10,11,14

Cladragtis lutf<t 57

Cla<lra,ati8 tinctoria 67,260,263,256,278,360,426

Clammy Locnst 56,278

CliffEIm 123,304,374,440

Cliftonia lignatrina 38,250,253,256,272,356.420

Clusia

Clnsia flava

Clusia ro4ea

Coast Forest in the Paclflo region

Coast Forest, Northern, in Alaska

Coaat Live Oak 147,318,

Coast Pine Bplt in South Carolina

Coccoloba

Coccoloba Floridana 117,249,254,267,302,

Coccoloba Loeganensit

Coccoloba parvi/olia

Coccoloba uvifera 118,249,302,

Coccoloba uvifera, var. Loeganensis

Coccoloba uvifera. var. ovalifolia

Cockspur Thoni 76,286,

Cocoa Plnm 65,282,

Coffee Nut 58,280,

Coffee Tree, Kentucky 58,280,

Colorado, lumber industry and mannfactures from wood in 486, 487,

Colorado, rank of. according to value of lumber products

Colorado, atatiatic^ of foreat«, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. . .491,
Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico, Chicago the principal source of supply

of Inmbor for

Colubrina

Colubrioa reclinata 41,249,

COMBRKTACE.B ■. 87, 253, 257, 288,

Comparative value of woods

Compri'ftaion, behavior of the principal woods of the United StAtes under

Condalia

Oondalia ferrea 89,249,253,256,272,

Condalia obovata ■ 12, 46,

C0SIFEB.« 4, 176-216, 255, 258, 330, 362, 396,

Connecticut, lumber industry and mannfactures from woocl in — 486,487,

Connecticut, rank of, according to value of lumber products

Connecticut, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in

Connecticut, the Northern Pine belt in

ConocarpuH

Conocarpug aeuti/olia

Conocarpus erecta 87,240,253,257,288,

CoTiocarpicg ertcta, var. procumbent

Conocarpug proctimbens

Conocarpus racemoga

Consumption of wood for domestic purposes during the census year, esti-

10,13

25

25

7

580

386, 452

518

11,13

372, 438

118

117

372, 448

118

118

364,430

362, 426

360, 426

360, 426

667, 568

487

567,568

568,569

10,18

274, 358

364, 430

252-265

418-481

10-12

358,422

249, 272

416, 525

5U0, 501

487

5G0, 601

500

10,14

87

364, 430

87

87

87

489

Coral Sumach 64,278,300,424

Cordia 11.15

Cordia Boissieri 114,249,300

Cordia Floridana .' 114

Cordia juglandi/olia 113

Cordia SobeaUtna 113,240,300

Cordia eptcioea 113

Cork Elm ; 123.304.374,440

Corkwood 117,302,372,438

COKSACE* 90-93,253,257,288,366,430

Comns 10-12,14

Comvs altema 90

Comns altemifolia 90,249,288

Coniua florida 90,249,253,257,280,288,360,432

Comug florida (Comns Nuttallil) 91

Coniua NuttuUii 91,249,253,257,288,306,432

Corypha Palmetto 217

Cotinus Amerioanug 58

mated.

C88

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

OotinuM eoggvffria 52

Cotton Qam 93,290,350,366,432

Cottonwood (Popnlus Fremontii) 175,300,396,462

Cottonwood ( Populua FremonUi, tor. WtallMol) 175, 300, 396, 462

Cottonwood (PopnlM monlUfere) 175,330,350,396,462

Cottonwood. Balsam 174,330.394,462

Cottonwood, BiK 175,330,350,806,462

Cottonwood, Black (Popnlua angnatlfoUa) 174, 330, 394, 462

Cottonwood, Black (Popnlna trichocarpa) 174, 330, 394, 462, 576

Cottnnwoo<l, River 172,328,394.460

Cottonwood, Swamp 172,328,394,400

Cottonwood, White 175,330,396,462

Cow Oak 141,316,384,416.450,533

Crab, American 72,284,364,428

Crab, Swwtscen ted 72,284,364,428

Crab Apple, American 72,284

Crab Apple, Oregon 73,284

Crab Apple, Sonthem 72,284

Crabwood 121,304

Cratffigus 10-12,539,573

CratjEgus iestivalis 82,250,253,256,286,364.430

Cratiegus apiifolia 81,249,286

Cratffgns Biborescens 75,250,253,256,284,364,428

Oratcegiti artmt\foUa 83

Cratat'"" '""rberifolia 82,248

OraUegui Eosciana 77

Cratffigus br.ichyacantha 75,249,284,539

Orattvgua Caroliniana 82

Cralie;^i8 coccinea 77,249,286

Cratcegxti coccinea (Cratffigua tomentosa) 79

Orat(egiii coccinea, var. cordata 79

Orattegus coccinea, var. moUia 78

Cratsegns coccinea var. ollgandra 78

Cratagas coccinea, var. popolifolia 78

Cratcegiis coccinea, var. tyjnca 78

Crataegus coccinea, var. viridie 78

OraUegus coccinea, var. viridia (Crataegus tomentosa) 79

Crataegus cordata 80,249,286

Oratagua coronaria ,..- 72

OraUegiit Courtetiana 76

CratJBgua Crns-galli 76, 249, 253, 256, 2«6, 364, 430

Oratcegue CrutgaUi (Crata!gu8 coccinea) 77

Orattegtts Crusgalli (Cratajgns tomentosa, var. ponctata) 80

Cratajgus Crus-galli, rar. linearis 76

Crataegua CrnsgalH, var. ovalifolia 76

Crataegus Cras-galli, var. pruuifolia 77

Crataegns Cms-galli, uar. pyracantbifolia 76

Cratcegus Crua-galli, var. pyracanthifolia (Crataegus arborescena) 75

CraUegus Crus-galli, var. nalici/olia 76

CraUxgut Oruagalli, -var. apUtidem 76

OraUegu* eunei/olia 80

Cratasgns Doaglasii 76,249,284

Oratcegm elliptica (Crataigns aestivalis) 82

Orat(^ti> eUipffca (Cratsegns flava, var. pnbescens) 83

Crataegus flava 82,249,286

CraUegua Jlava (Cratsegns dava, var. pubescens) 83

Oratcegua Jlava (Crataegus tomentosa) 79

Cratagua flaca (Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata) 80

Oratcegua flava, war. lobala 82

Crataegus flivva, ror. puljescens 83,249,253,256,286,364,430

OraUegua Jlexuoaa 80

Oratcegua glandtdoaa (Crat^gus coccinea) 77

Cratagua glanduloaa (Crataegus Douglaaii) 75

Oa(<77iM ^Ianduio«a (Crataegus flava) 77

Oratcegua glanduloaa (Cratiegns flava, var. pnbescens) 83

Cratagua glandtUoaa, var. macraeantha 77

Cratagua glanduioaa, var. rotundi/olia 78

Cratagua lati/olia (Crataegus tomentosa) 79

Cratagua lat{folia (Crataegus tomentosa, nir. pnnotata) 80

Cratagua Uueoeephalua 79

Cratagua Uueophlaeoa 79

Cratagua linearia 77

Cratagua lobata (Crattegns flava) 82

(Va(a);K/< ioftata (Cratiegus tomentoaa) 79

Cratagua lucida (Crataegus aestivalis) 82

Cratagua lucida (Cratngus Cnu-galU)

Cratagua macraeantiM

Oratcegua Miehauxii

Crata-gua microearpa

Oratcegua moUia

Oratcegua obovati/olia

Crata'ffua opaea

Crata-gua ovnli/oHa

Crata'gua oxyacantha

Oratcegua oryaeantha, var. api\folia

Cratx'gus parvifolia

Oratcegua populi/olia (Cratcegns coccinea) .
Oratcegua populi/olia (Crataegus cordata) . .

Oratcegua pmnellifolia

Oratcegua prunifolia

Oratcegua punctata

Cratagua punctata, var. breviapina

Oratcegua punctata, var. rubra and aurea ...

Oratagua punctata, var. xanthocarpa

Cratagua pyri/olia

Oratcegua racemoaa

Page.

n

77
83

81
78
80
82
76
81
81
83
78
80
76
77
80

80
79
84

Crataegus rivularis 13,74,249,284

Cratagua rivitlaria (Crataegus Douglasii) 75

Oratcegua aalici/olia 78

Cratagua aanguinea 75

Cratagua aanguinea. var. Douglaaii (Cratcegus Douglasii) 75

Cratagua aanguinea, \aT. Douglagii (Crataegus rivnlaris) 74

Cratagua sanguiTiea, var. viUoaa 78

Grata; gus spathulata 81,249,253,256,286,364.430

Craf<P£^u« ^at/iufata (Crataegus flava, var. pnbescens) r^

Crata'gua apicata 85

Crata-gBs snbvillosa 78,249,253,256,286,364,430

Cratagua Texana 78

Crataegus tomentosa 12,79,249,253,256,286,364,430

Cratagua tomentoaa ( Amelanchier Canadensis) ;

Cratagua tomentoaa, var. m^Via

Oratcegua tomentoaa, var. pliectta

I Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata

Cratagua tomentoaa, var. pyrifolia

Oratcegua turbitiata

Oratcegua Virginica

Cratagua viridia (Cratiegus coccinea)

Oratcegua viridia (Crataegus flava, var. pubescens)

Cratagua Wataoniana

Crescentia

84

78

go

80

83

* 78

83

76

11,15

Crescentia oucurbitina : 116,250,300

Oreacentia lati/olia .' 116

Creacentia Ulhi/era 116

Oreacentia obovata 118

Creacentia ovata 116

Oreacentia toxicaria 116

Crop, forest, of the TJnited States for the census year 485

Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata) 20,266,354,418

Cucumber Tree (Magnolia cordata) 21,266.354,418

Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved 21,266,354,418

Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved 22,266,354,418

Oupreapinnata diatieha 183

Cupressus 11,12,16

Oupreasua Americana 178

Oupresaua Arbor-vita 170

Oupreaaua Arizonica 180

Oupreasua attenuata 178

Cuprcaaue Cal\fomica 179

Oupreaaua Calif omica gracilia (Cupressus Goveniana) ) 70

Oupresaua Cali/ornica gracilia (Cupressus Macnabiana) 180

Oupreastta cornuta 179

Oupreaaua diatieha 1 83

Oupreaaua diatieha, var. imbriearia 183

Oupreaatia diatieha, var. nutana 183

Oupresaua diatieha, var. pcUena 183

Oupreaaua /ragratia 178

Oupreaaua glanduloaa ifO

Cupressus Goveniana 179,250,255,258,332,398,464

Cupressus Guadalupensia 180, 250, .332, 568, 569

Oupreaaua Uartwegii 179

GENERAL INDEX.

589

37
37
100
37
37

Page.

Ouprettua Bartwegii, var./attigiata 179

Oupressus Lambtrtiana 179

Cupreagtu LawsonianA 178

Cupresaae Macnabiana ISO, 248

CupressQs macrocarpa 8,179,250,332.398,464

Cvpreums macrocarpa (Cnpreasns Guadalnpensis) 180

Ou-pre98U8 macTocarpa, xar. /astiffiata 179

Oupret^us Nootkatensis 178

Oupreasui XutkaenH» ■ 178

Cupressug thyoidea • 177

CUPUUFEEJE 137-159,254,257,258,312,380,414,446

Curtiss, A. H., remarks on the forests of Florida by 521, 522

Costard Apple 23,266,354,418

Cypress, Bald 184,334,350,398,466

Cypress, Black 184,334,350,398,466

Cypress, Decidnoos 184,334,350,398,466

Cypress, Lawson's 179,332,350,398,464

Cypress, Monterey 179,332,398,464

Cypress, Ked 184,334,350,398,466

Cj-press, Sitka 178, ,332, 398, 464

Cypress, Soutbem, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree

of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4

d press swamps of the Tensas river in Alabama 525-527

Cypress, White 184,334,350,398,406

Cypress. Yeliow 178, 332, 398, 4«

CtuiLLACK^ 37,38,263,256,272,358,420

CyriUa 10,11,13

CyriHa Caroliniana

CyriUa fuscata

CyriUa panieulata

CyriVa pnrvifolia

CyriUa polyntackia

CyriUa racemiflora 87,249,272,356

CyriUa raeemoia — V 37

D.

Dahoon 35,270,356,420

D.ihoon Holly 35,270,356,420

Dakota, lamher indnstiy and maDafactorers from wood in 486, 487, 661

Dakota, rank of, according to value of lumber pioducts 487

Dakota, remarks by Mr. H. G. Putnam on the forests of the eastern

portion of 561

Dakota, remarks by Mr. Bobert Doaglas on the forests of the Black

Hills region of -■ 561,562

Dakota, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in 561, 562

Dalea 10.12,14

D.ilea spinosa 55,250,278

Darling Plum 39,272,358,422

Datisea hirta ^ 52

Deciduous Cypress 184,334,350,398,466

Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain 4

Delaware, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 511

Delaware, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Delaware, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc. , in 491, 511

Dtrmatophyllum tpeeiotum 57

Desert WiUow 116,300,372,438

Devilwood 113, 300, 372, 438

Diamond Willow ... 170,328

Digger Pine 195,338,350,404,470

DiUy, Wild '. 103,294,368,434

Diospyros 11, 15

JHogpyrog angiuti/oUa 104

IHcspyrog calyeina , 104

JHospyros eiiiata 104

IHo*pyrog concolor 104

IHotpyroa G^aiacana 104

IHotpyros intertnedia 104

• IHatpyTos lueida 104

Ihogpyrng I'ergimcm .,. .. 104

IHogpyrog puhegceng 104

Di(,«pyri)8 Tex.ana 105,249,294

Diosp^-ros Virginiana 104, 249, 254, 257, 260, 294, 350, 368, 434

I>iogpyroH Virginiana, var. r^meoUr 104

LH«gpyrog Virginiana, var. macrocarpa 104

Viagpyr'ig Virginiana, var. mi^roearpa 104

Page.

Diogpyrog Virginiana, var. pubegeeng 104

Dipholis 11,15

Dipbolis salicifolia 101,249,254,257,294,368,434

Distribution of genera '. lo

Distribution of species 12

District of Columbia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . . 486, 487
District of Columbia, original forest of, replaced by Oak, Scrub Pine,

etc 511

District of Columbia, rank of, according to value of liunl>er products 487

District of Colnmbia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber,

etc., in 511

Division of the Korth American continent with reference to its forest

geography 3

Doctor Gnm 54, 278, 360, 424

Dogwood 90, 288

Dogwood, Flowering (Comus florida) 91, 288, 300, 430

Dogwood, Flowering (Comus Nnttallil) 91,288,360,432

Dogwood, Jamaica 57, 2T8, 360, 426

Dogwood, Striped '. 46, 274

Douglas Fir 209,265,344,352,410,476

Douglas, Kobert, remarks on the forests of the Black Hills region of

Dakota by 561,562

Downward Plum 103, 294, 368, 434

Drimophyllam paucijlorum 120

Drypetes 11, 15

Drypetcg alba, var. latifolia 121

Drypetes crocea 120, 249, 254, 257, 302, 374, 440

Drypetes croce.a, var. latifolia 121, 249, 254, 257, 302, 374, 440

l>rypetes crocea, var. longipeg 120

Drypeieg glauca (Drypetes crocea) 120

Drypeteg glauca (Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia) 121

I>rypetes geggUiflora 120

Dry wood of trees of the TTuited States, weight of 249-251

Dock Oak 152,320,350,388,416,464

Dwarf Maple 48,274

Dwarf Sumach 53,278,360,424

E.

Bbbkack^B 104,105,254,257,294,368,454

Economic aspects of the forests of the United States 483-580

Ehretia 11,15

Ehntia Bourreria 114

Ehretia elliptica 114,250,254,257,300,372,438

Ehretia Havanengig 114

Ehretia radula 114

Ehretia tomcntoga 114

Elaphrium integerrimum 32

Elder (Sambuous glauca) 93,290,366,432

Elder (Sambncus Mexioana) 94,290

Elder, Box (Negundo aceroides) 51,276,360,424

Elder, Box (Negundo Califomioum) 51,276,360,424

Elder. Poison 54,278

Elemi, Gum 33,270,350,356,420

Elkwood 21,266,354,418

Elm, American 123,304,350,374,414,440

Elm, Cedar 122,304,374,440

Elm, Cliff 123,304,374,440

Elm, Cork 123,304,374,440

Elm, Hickory 123,304,374,440

Elm, Moose 122,304,374,440

Elm, Ked 122,304,374,440

Elm, Bock 123,304,374,440

Elm, Slippery (Fremontia Caiifomioa) 26,268

Elm, Slippery (Ulmns fulva) 122,304,374,440

Elm, Water 123,304,350,374,414,440

Elm, White (TJlmus Americana) 123, 304, 350, 374, 414, 440

Elm, White (TJlmus racemos.!) 123,304,374,440

Elm, Winged 124,304,374,440

Emeiila ramuloaa 36

Enceno 147,318,388,452

Endotropig ole^folia 40

ERICiCK.K 96-99,254,257,292,368,432

Erythrina piiicipula 57

Eugenia 10, 14

Eugenia axiUarig 89

Evgenia fiarftengig 89

590

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

EngBnUbuxlfolta 88,249,253,257,288,366,430

Kusenia ilichotom* 88,249,288

Kugenia Jichotoma, yti./ratnmi - - 88

£ugenia dUaricata ^

Eutenla loneipe* 89,249,288

Eugmia montana 88

Eugenia montlcolft 88,249,253,257,288,366,430

Kuffenia myrtoide* 88

Eugenia paU«ru -- 88

Kuponin procera ...89,249,263,257,288,306,430

Eugenia pungens 88

Eugenia triplineroia (Eugenia l>uxifolIa> 88

Eugenia triplinmia (Engunia moDticola) 89

Euonyniua 10,12,13

£aon3*mnfl atropurpurens 38,249,272

Euonifinus CaroUnentis 38

Euonj/nius lati/uiitu 38

EiniOBBiACKJ!.... 120,121,264,257,302,374,440

Exctrearia lueida 121

Exostemma 10, 14

Exostemina Caribtenm 95,249,353,257,265,290,366,432

Exothea obUmgi/olia 45

ExporimenUby Mr. S. P. Sharpies 247,251,264,265

Eyscnhardtia 10,12,14

Eysenhardtia amorpkndei 55

Eyaenhardtia amorphoiitt, var. orViocarpa 65

EyseDhardtia orthocarpa 13,55,249,278

F.

Fagara fraxinyfolia

Fagara lenHse\folia

Fagara Pterota 4.

Ficus auiea 128,251,254,257,306,

Ficui aurea, vAi. latifolia

PiouB brevifolia 127,

Ficua eomplieata

Ficus pednacnlata 127,250,254,257,306,

Fiddlewood 116,300,

Fig, Wild 127,306,

Fir. Balm of GUead 211,346.

Fir, Balsam (Abies balsamea) 211,316,

Fii, Balsam (Abies concolor) 213,346,

Fir, Douglas .' 209, 263, 344. S-U,

Fir, Red (Abies magsiflca) 214,340,

Fir, Ked (Abies nobilis) 214, 346, 412,

Fir, Ked(PseadoUagaDoaglasli) 209,265,344,352,410,476,

Fir, Re<l, the most important timber tree ot the Pacilio region

Fir, White (Abii-8 coucolor) 213,346,

Fir, Whiti- ( Abies grandis) 212, 346,

Fir, Yellow 209,265,344,352,410,

Fires, effect of, upon the forests of Tennessee

Fires, forest, during the census year, causes of, areas bnmed over, and

losses entailcul by (»«, al»o, under state headings)

Fires, forest, in Michigau, dustructivcncss of

Fires, forest, forests, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the —
North Atlantic division

30

31

31

Fagua 11,16

Fa(ju9 aJha

Fagujs Americana '

Fagua Americana latifolia

Fagua Caatanea

Fagua Caatanea dentata

Fagua Caatanea pumila

Fagus ferrnglnea 167,249,255,268,262,322,350,

Fagua /errtiginea, VAT. Oaroliniana

Fagus pumila

Fag ita pumila, v&r.praxtyx

Fagua aylvatica

Fagua aylvatica atropunicea

Fagua eylvatica, vtkr. Americana

Fagua ayloeatria

Fan-leaf Palm 217,348,

Farkleberry 96,

Fetid Bnclteye 42,274,

Flcus

167

167

157

167

157

156

390,456

157

i56

156

167

157

157

157

414, 480

292, 432

358, 422

11,16

376,442

126

250,306

127

376,442

372, 438

370, 442

412, 478

412. 478

412, 478

410,476

412, 478

478, 573

565,575

7

412, 478

412, 478

470. 576

54G

491, 492
.■.liO

Northern Central division .

484-510
547-5C3

Page.
Fires, forest, forests, standing timber, etc, extent of, in the— «onUnned.

South Atlantic division 611-323

Sootlieru Central division 524-.''46

Western division 564-580

Fires, forest, forests, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in —

Alabama 491,524-530

Alaska 680

Arizona 491,568,569

Arkansas 491, .■>43, 544

California 491,578-580

Colorado 491,567.568

Connecticut .ion. Tiol

Dakota 491,561.502

Delaw.ire 491,511

District of Coltunbia .''II

Florida .. 491, .M(i-.-,ia

Georgia 491, .lilt, aJO

Idaho 491,!>:i-573

Ulinois 491, 547-,150

Indiana 491,547

Indian territory 491,. 543

Iowa 491,560

Kansas 491, .'>02. .ins

Kentucky 491,545.546

Louisiana 4»l,5:i6-'40

Maine 491,494^1)6

Maryland 491, .511

Massachusetts 491,500,601

Miehig.m 491, 5.M)-.-.!>4

Minnesota 491,558-560

Mississippi 491. KiO-r.:i6

Miasouri 491,560,561

Montana 491,5C)-5fi6

Nebraska 562

Nevada 491.. 'J71

New Hampshire ". 491,496-498

New Jersey 4'.»1,506

New Mexico 491.568

New York 491, fiOl-506

North Carolina 491,515-618

Ohio 491,547

Oregon 491, .576-.')78

Penusvlvania 491,606-510

Rhode Isl.TOd 491,500, .101

South Carolina 491.51B, 519

Tennessee .- 492, .544, .545

Texas 49^540-543

Ut,nh 492.569-571

Vermont ■- 492,408-500

Virginia 492. 51 1.. 512

Washington 492, .573-576

West Virginia 4!)-.>, .512-.515

Wisconsin 492,554-558

Wyoming 492,566,567

Fires, forest, remarks respecting prevalence of and losses occasioned by 491-493

Florida, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,521-523

Florida, Pencil Cedar of 522

Florida, production of naval stores in 517

Florida, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Florida, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 622, 523

Florida, remarks by Mr. A. H. Curtiss on the forests of 621,522'

Florida, Semi-tropical Forest of 6

Florida, Southern Pine Belt in 520

Florida, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 520-623

Florida, tabular statement of the amount of long-leaved pine standing

in the forests of, May 31, 1880 521

Florida, the Big Cypress region of 622

Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) 91,288,366,430

Flowering Dogwood (Comns NnttaUii) 91,288,366,432

Fatataxus montana 186

Faitataxua iLyrUtica 186

Forestiera 11,12,15

Foreatiera acuminata 112,250,264,257,298,372,438

Forest crop of the Unite<l States for the census year, value of the 485

Forest, Deciduous, of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain 4

Forest tires during the cenans year, causes of, areas burned over, and

losses entailed by («f e, aI«o, under state headings) 491, 492

Forest fires, remarks respecting prevalence of and losses occasioned by. 491-493

Forest, Interior, in the Pacific region, extent of the i^-10

Forest, Mexican, of southern Texas, extent of the 6

Forest of Florida, Seuii-tropical 6

Fore.>.t Trees, Catalogno of 17-219

Forest Trees, Index to Catalogue of 220-243

Forests, forest Urea, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the—

North Atlantic division 494-310

Northern Central dixision .547-563

Soutli Atlantic division 611-62.1

Sonthem Central division 624--546

Woatern division 504-5i>0

Forcats, forest fir>^s, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in—

Alabama 491,524-530

Alaska 5«0

Arizona 491, .56.«, .503

Arkansas 491,543,544

California 491,578-580

GENERAL INDEX.

591

Page.
Forests, forest (ires, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in— continaed.

Colorailo 491,507,568

ConuiicUcut 500,501

Dakota 491,501,502

Dilaware 491,511

District of Colombia 511

Florida 491,520-523

Georgia 491,519,520

Idaho 491,571-573

Dlinois 491,547-550

Indiana 491,547

Indian territory !V 491,543

Iowa 491, .500

Kansas 491,562,56:1

Kcntackv 491,545,546

Lonisiani 491,630-540

Maine 491,494-406

Itiryland 491,511

Mas'sichusetts 491,500,501

Michigan 491,5.50-554

Minnesota 491,558-500

Missi?i^ippi 491, 53'»-536

Missouri 491,560,fi61

Montaua 491,564-506

Xobraska 502

Nevada 491,571

Now Hampshire 491,496-498

New Jersey 491,506

Nuw Mexico. 491,508

New York 491,501-506

North Carolina 491.515-518

Ohio 491,647

Oregon 491,576-578

Pcnnsvlrania 491,606-510

Rhode Island 491,500,501

South Carolina 491,518,619

Tennessee 492,644.545

Texas 492,540-543

Utah 492,569-571

Vermont 492,498-500

Tirginia 492,511,612

Washington 492, 573-.'>76

West Virginia 492,512-515

Wisconsin 492,554,558

Wyoming 492,566,567

Forests, mountain, of California, injury by grazing cattle to the 579

Forests of Xortb America, general remarks on the 3-16

Forests of the cintral pine liills of Missrssippi 534

Forests of the Chattahoochee, mixed forest growth, etc., in eastern Ala-
bama 627,528

Forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of Maine . 494

Forests of the Tennessee valley in Alabama. 528,529

Forests of the United States in their economic aspects 483-580

Forests of the Yazoo delta in Mississippi 535,536

Forests of western Mississippi 534,535

Forests ou Indian reservations in Minnesota 559,560

Forked leaf Black Jack 151,320,388,454

Foxtail Pine 191,336,402,468

40

41

40

40

41

2«
25

Frangula Cali/omiea

Pranffula Cali/ornica, var. tomenteUa .

FranguLa Caroliniana

Frangida fragilifi

Frangula P\tr»hiana

Franklinia

Franklinia AUttamaha

Fraxiniis acuminata

Fraxinua alba -

Fraxintu aiba (Fraxinna Americana)

Fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, var. microcarpa).
Fraximit albicans (Fraxinus Americana, ror. Texensis) ..

Fraxinus 11,12,15

107

112

107

108

108

Fraxinus Americana 107,250,251,254,257,260,296,350,370,436

^axiniM .AnKTicana (Fraxinus platyoarpa) 110

Fraxintu Americana, var. Caroliniana 110

Fraxinug Americana, VAr. juglandifolia 109

Frax^niu Americana, var. latifolia 107

Fraxinus Americana, rar. microcarpa 108

Fraxinni Am-ericana, var. ^rubeaeewi A 108

Fraxinut Americana, vxi. quadrangxilata W. 110

Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata nervosa 110

Fraxintu Ainerieana, var. sambuci/olia Ill

Fraxinus Amcricina, r«r. Texensis 108, 249, 254, 267, 296, 370, 414, 436

Fraxinvs Americana, var. triptera 110

Fraxinus anomala 13,106,249,296

Fraxinus Berlamlieriana

Fraxinus Canadensis

Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinus platycarpa) .

Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinns viridis)

Fraxinus Carolinensis

Fntxinus cincrea

Fraxinua coriacea (Fraxinns Americana, var. Texensis) .

Fraxinus coriacea (Fraxinus pistacitefolia)

Fraxinus crispa

Fraxinus Curtissii

Ffoxinug curvidens

Frasinoa cuspidata

Fraxinus dipetala

Fraxinus discolor

Fraxinus elliptica - ..

Fraxinus epiptcra

Fraxinus excelsior

Fraxinus expansa

Fraxinus fusca

Fraxinus grandifolia

109
107
110
109
107
112

Page. •

108

106

Ill

108

110

112

112

107

112

107

110

109

112

Ill

Fraxinns Greggii 106,249,201,296

Fraxinus juglandifolia (Fraxinns Americana)

Fraxinus juglandifolia (Fraxinus viridis)

Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. serrata

Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. suhintegerrima

Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. subserrata

Fraxinus lancea

Fraxinus longifolia

Fraxinus mixta

Fraxinus nervosa

Fraxinus nigra

Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus pubescens)

Fraxinus nigra (I-Yaxinus sambncifolia) -

Fraxinus nigrescens

Fraxinus Novfp-Anglife (Fraxinns sambncifolia)

Fraxinus Nova-AngluB (Fraxinus viridis)

Fraxinus Nuttallii

Fraxinus obiongocarpa

112
110
112
110

108

107

109

107

109

107

107

108

112

110

112

108

Ill

110

Ill

109

110

108

Fraxinus Oregana 111,250,254,267,298,372,438

Fraxinns ovata »

Fraxinus pallida

Fraxiuus pannosa

Fraxinus paucijlora

Fraxinus Pennsylvanica

Fraxinus pistaciffifolia 13,106,249,254,257,296,370,434

Fraxinus pistacurfolia (Fraxinns Americana, var. Texensis) 108

Fraxinua pistaciaefolia, var. coriacea 106

Fraxinus platycarpa 110,251,264,257,298,370,436

Fraxinns pubescens 108,250,254,257,206,370,436

Fraxinus pubescens 119

Fraxinus pubescens, var HI

Fraxinus pubescens, var. latifolia 108

Fraxinus pubescens, var. longifolia 108

Fraxinus pubescens, var. aubpubescens 108

Fraxinus pulvenilenta 112

Fraxinus guadrangularis - 119

Fraxinus quadrangulata 110,249,254,257,260,298,370,436

Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. nervosa HO

Fraxinns Richardi 113

Fraxinus nibicunda 112

Fraxinus rufa 112

Fraxinns sambncifolia 111,250,254,257,298,372,438

Fraxinus sambueifolia, var. cnspa HI

Fra^nua Sckiedeana, var. parvifolia 1 06

Fraxinus subvillosa 198

Fraxinus tetragona HO

Fraxinus tomentosa iOS

Fraxinus irialata 1 0'^

Fraxinus triptera H"

Fraxinus velutina 1*'®

Fraxinus viridis 12, 109, 249, 251, 254, 257, 260, 298, 370, 436

Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandierlana 109, 250, 298

Fremontia 10, 12, 13

Fremontia Califomica 20,249,268

Frigolito 58,278

Fringe Tree 113,298

Fuel in manufactures during the census year, amount and value of wowl

used as 489

Fuel value, actual, of some of the more important woods of the United

States 350-S53

Fuel value of woods, method of determining the 247, 251, 252

592

GENERAL INDEX.

Oardtnia clutria/oUa

tielgorTree

Oaoers, lUstriboUon of

General remarks on the foieeU of North Ameriea .

520

519

90,288

185

184

Page.

95

113,300

10

3-16

Oeoipa l"-"

Genipa dasiiefoUa 95,249,290

GeorgUBark 95,290.360,452

Georgia, lumber Indaatry and maonfeetorea ttota wood in 486, 487. 519, 520

GeorgiBPine 202,342,352,408,416,472

Georgia, production of naval stores iu 517

Georgia, rank of, accuiding to value of lumljor products 487

Georgia, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timiwr, etc., in . . .491, 519, 520
Georgia, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine standing

in thi> forests of. May 31,1880

Georgia, thi- Maritime Pine Belt in

Gisnt Cactus

Oigantatne* Uix\folia

Oigantahift Wettingtmua

Ginger Pine 179,332,350,398,464

Gtomlmrrj- 28,268,356,420

Glaucous WiUow 169,328

GleditRchia 10,11,14

GUdxts'ihi4x aqutttiea 59

GUdiltchia brachyearpa 59

GUdi:8ckia CaroUnenns 69

GUdiUrhia eler/ana -

GUditschia inermu (Gleditschia monosperma)

Gleditichia inermu (Gleditschia triacanthos, tior. inermis)

GlfdiUchia macrantha

Gleditschia Meliloba

Glcditscliia monosperma ...59,249,253,256,280,362,426

GUditgchia ftpinosa 59

Gleditschia triacantha 59

Gle<Utscbia triacanthos 59,249,253,256,280,360,426

Gleditschia triacauthos, ror. brachyoarpos 50

Gle<iit8chia triacanthos, var, inermis 59

Gleditschia triacanthos, var. monosperma 59

Goose-foot Maple 46,274

Gopher Plum 91,290,366,432

Gopherwood 67,278,360,426

Gonlonia 10,11,13

Gordcnia Franklini 25

GordoniaLasianthns 25,260,253,266,265,268,354,418

Gordonia pul>escen8 25,248

Gordonia pyramidalis 25

Grape. Sea 118,302,438

Gravity, specific, ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the

woods of the United States 266-349

Gray Birch (Botnlaalba, var. popnlifoUa) 159,324,350,392,458

Gray Birch (Betula Intea) 161,324,392,458

Gray Pino 201,342,352,406,472

Great Laurel 99,292,368,434

Great Plains, the 4-6

Green Ash 109,298,370,436

Green-bark Acacia 60,280,362,426

Ground Ash 111,298,372,438

Guaiacum 10,13

Ouaiaeuin angusti/olium 29

Gu.ii.icnm sanctnm 28,249,263,256,268,356,420

Guaiacum verticaU 28

Gucttarda 10,15

Guettanla elliptica 96,249,290

Guettarda Blodgettii 96

Guiana Plum 121,302,374,440

Ovilandina dioiea 58

Gum, Black 92,290,366,432

Gum. Cotton 93, 290, S.'W, 366, 432

Gum, Doctor 54,278,360,424

Gum Elastic 102,294,368,434

Gum Klemi 33,^70,350,356,420

Gum, Red 86,286,360,364,414,430

Gum, Sour 92, 290, .366, 432

Gom, Star-leaved 86,286,350,364,414,430

Gum, Sweet 86,286,350,364,414,430

Page.

Gum, Tupelo 93,290,390,366,432

Gumbo Limbo 33,270,356,420

Gurgcon Stopper 88,288,366,430

GrrriFKu* 25

Oymnanthts lueiia 121

Oymnobalanus CeUabnana lit

Gymnocladus 10,11,14

Gymnochulns Canadensia 68,249,253,256,280,360,426

Gymnocladus dimea 58

B.

Hackberry (Celtis occidentalls) 128,306,376,414,442

Hackborry (Celtis occidentalls, nor. reticulata) 126, 3o6, 376, 442

Hackmatack 215,346,352,412,478

Halesia 11,15

Halesia diptera 105,290,254,257,294,368,434

Halesia parvifiora 106

Halesia reticulata 105

Halesia tftraptera 106,250,296

Halmia comifolia 80

Halmia Jlabellata 77

Halmia lobata 79

Halmia punctata 80

Halmia tomentosa 79

Hamamklack.« 85,86,253,256,286,364,414,4.30

Hamamelis 10,11,14

Hamamelis androgyna 85

Hamamelis corylifolia 85

Hamamelis dioiea 85

Hamamelis macrophyUa 85

Hamamelis parvifolia 85

Hamamelis Virffiniana, T&r. parv^folia 85

Hamamelis Virginica 85,249,286

Hard Maple 48,276,358,422,576

Hard Pine 202,342,352,406,416,472

Haw, Apple 82,286,364,430

Haw, Black 94,290,366,432

Haw, Hogs' 75.284

Haw, May 82,286,364,430

Haw, Parsley 81,266

Haw, Pear 79, 286, 3(H, 430

Haw, Purple 40,272

Haw, Red (Crataegus coocinea) 78,286

Haw, Eeil (Cratffgus flava, var. pubescens) 83, 286, 364, 430

Haw, Scarlet (Cratagns coccinea) 78,286

Haw, Scarlet (Cratajgus subvlllosa) 78,286,364,430

Haw, Small-fruited , 81,286,364,430

Haw, Summer (Crataegus flava) 83,286

Haw, Summer (Crataigus flava, var. pubescens) 83,286,364,430

Haw, YeUow 83,286

Hazel, Witch 85,286

Hemlock and White Pine standing in the forests of Pennsylvania May 31,

1880, tabular statement of the amount of 5«6

Hemlock (Pseudotsuga Donglasii, var. macrocarpa) 210, 346, 412, 478

Hemlock (Tsusa Canadensis) 207, 265, 344. 352, 408. 474, .506

Hemlock (Tsuga CaroUnUna) 207,265,344,410,476

Hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208, 265, 344, 410, 476, 673, 576

Heteromeles 10,12,14

Heteromele^ arbutifolia 83,249,286

Heteromeles Fremontiana 83

Heyderia decurrens 176

Heymaesoli spinoea 34

Hiekorea, species — 1*^

Hielcoritu amara 1^'

Hickory, Big-bud 134,310,350,380,444

Hickory, Black fcaryaporcina) 134, 3!0, 350, 3Sfl. 446

Hickory, Black a;arya tomentosa) 134,310,350,380,444

Hickory, Brown 134, 310, 350, 380, 44B

Hickory Elm 123,304,374.44(1

Hickory, Nutmeg - 135,310,350,380.440

Hickory Pine (Finns Balfouriana, var. aristata) 101,336,402,468

Hickory Pine (Pinus pungeus) 199,340,350,404,472

Hickory, Shag-bark 133,308,350,378,444

Hickory, Shell-bark 133,308,350,378,444

Hickory, Swamp (Carya amara) 135,310,350,380,440

Hickory, Swamp (Carya aquatica) -■ 136,310,350,380,414,446

GENERAL INDEX.

593

Page.

Hickory, Switch-bad 134,310,350,380,446

Hickory, Water 136,310,350,380,414,446

Hickory, White-heart 134,310,350,380,444

Sicorixu integri/olia 135

merophyUxit Cattine 36

Hippomane 11,15

Hippomane Mancinella 121,250,304,460

Hoary Alder 165,328,394,460

Hog Plum (ProDns angnstifolia) 66,282,362,426

Hog Plum (Rhus Metopiam) .t- 64,278,360,424

Hog Pintn (Ximenia Americana) 34,270

Hogs' Haw 75,284

Holly, American 35,270,366,420

Holly, California 84,286

Holly, Dahoon 35,270,356,420.

Honey Locust (Gleditachia triacantho*) 59,280,360,426

Honey Locnat (Prosopis jnllflora) 62,265,280,350,362,426

Honey Pod 62,265,280,350,362,426

Honey Shacks 59,280,360,426

Heop Ash 111,298,372,438

Hopea tinctoria 106

Hop Hornbeam , 158,322,390,466

Hop Tree 31,270

Hornbeam 159,322,392,456

Hornbeam, Hop 158,322,390,456

Horeo Plum 65,282,362,426

Horse Sugar .'. 106,294,368,434

Hypclate 10

Hypelate oblonff\folia " 46

Hypelate panicnlata 45,249,272,358,422

Hypelate trifoliata 45,249,272,422

Hyperanthera dioiea 58

Byperieum Latianthut 2S

I.

Idaho, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,672'

Idaho, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Idaho, remarks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of 672, 673

Idaho, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 671-673

Hex 10,11,13

*
Ilex tettivalit 37

Ilex ambifjuu$ 87

lUx angu^ifolia 35

Ilex aquifolium 35

Ilex CanacUmit 35

Hex Cauena 36

IlexCassine 36,249,272

Ilex Ca«n'n« (Hex Dahoon) 35

Ilex Casrine.p 36

Hex Casitine, var. aTiffueti/oUa 85

Ilex Cansine, var. lati/olia 35

Ilex caeginndet 35

Hex Dahoon 35,260,253,256,270,356,420

Hex Dahoon, var, angnstifolia 35

Hex Dah<jon, ror. myrtifolia 86,250,270

Ilexdecidoa 37,249,272

Hex Floridana 36

Ilex lauri/olia 35

Ilex laxiflora 35

Hex liguatri folia 36

i^ {t'^u«(nna (Hex Cassine) 36

/I«x Ii<7UJt(n'n<i (Hex Dahoon, var. angustlfolla) 36

Ilex myrtifolia .* 36

Hexopaca 84,250,253,256,270,356,420

Ilex prinoides 37

Hex querci/oUa 36

Ilex religiota 86

Ilex roitmari/olia 36

Ilex vomitoria 36

Ilex WaUoniana 36

IuciXB.1; 84,253,256,270,356,420

Ulinois. lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,548-550

Illinois Nut 132,308,350,378,444

Illinois, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 548

Illinois, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 547-550

38 FOB •

Page.

Incense Cedar 176,330,390,462

Index to Catalogue of Forest Trees 220-243

Indiana, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,547

Indiana, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 547

Indiana, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 547

Indian Bean 115,300,372,438

Indian Cherry 40,272,358,422

Indian territory, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing limber, etc., in . 491, 543

India rubber Tree 127,306,376,442

Industry, lumber, commercial importance of Chicago with reference to

the 548

Industry, lumbering, of the United States, average number of hands em.

ployed in the 486

Industry, lumbering, of the United States, general remarks on 486-493

Industry, lumbering, of the United States, Bt.itistics of, for year ending

May 31, 1880 486,487

Inga /or/ex , 64

Inga Guadalupejisig 64

Inga TnicrophyUa 64

Itiga rosea 64

Inga TPnguis-caH 64

Inkwood 46,274,358,422

Interior Forest in the Pacific region, extent of the 8-10

Iowa, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 560

Iowa, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 560

Iowa, stetistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 560

loxylon pomi/erum 128

Iron oak 139,312,382,448

Ironwood (Bnmelia lycioides) 103,294,368,434

Ironwood (Carpinus Caroliniona) 159,322,392,456

Ironwood (Cliftonia ligustrina) 38,272,356,420

Ironwood (Cyrilla racemiflora) 37, 272,356

Ironwood (Hypelate panicnlata) 46,274,358,422

Ironwood (Olneya Tesota) 66,278,360,426

Ironwood (Oatrya Virginica) 158, 322, 390, 456

Ironwood, Black 39, 272, 358, 422

Ironwood, Eed 39,272,358,422

Ironwood, ■White .45,274,422

Isloy 70,284,364,428

IteaCyriOa 37

Ivy 98,292,368,434

a.

Jack, Black (Quercus Catesbsei) t 151,320,388,454

Jack, Black (Quercus nigra) 150,265,320,350,388,454

Jack, Blue 153,320,390,456

Jack, Forked-leaved Black 151,320,368,454

Jack Oak 150,265,320,350,388,454

Jack, Sand 153,320,390,456

Jacquinia 11,15

Jacqninia annillaris • 100,249,292

Jamaica Dogwood 57,278,360,426

Jersey Pine.- 199,340,350,404,470,646

Joewood 100,292

Joshua, Tha 219,348

Joshua Tree 219,348

Jud.isTree 61,280,362,428

JUGLAKDACEJE 180-136,254,267,306,376,414,442

Juglans 11,12,15,251

133

133

134

.•. 135

132

135

135

132

135

131

130

Juglans cinerea 130,260,254,257,260,306,370,442

Juglans cornpressa

Juglans cordiformis

Juglans cylindrica

Juglans exaltala

Juglans glabra

Juglans alba (Carya alba)

Julians alba (Carya tomentosa)

Juglans alba acuminata

Juglans alba minima

Juglans alba ovata :.

Juglans amara :••.

Juglans angustifolia (Carya amara)

Juglans angustifolia (Carya olivffiformis) .

Juglans aquatica

Juglans Californica

Juglans cathartica

132
135
132
132
134

594

GENERAL INDEX.

Juglaiu IMnoiiutiiii

yiytoiu iociniom

Jugkm* muennata

Juglam int/rUtia^ormit.,

Page.

1S2

1S8

138

135

Juglana nigra. 181, 280, 251, 254, 257, 260, 808, 360, 878, 414, 444

Juglana nigra oblonga 131

Juglant obcordata 134

Juglant obUmga • 130

Juglan* oblonga alba 130

JOglant oKr<^ormit 132

Jugiatu ouali4 182

Juglant ovata 132

Juglant Pecan - 132

Juglant porcina 134

Juglant porcina, var. obeordata 134

Juglant porei7ia, v&T.pitiformi$ 184

Juglant pyiiformit - 134

Juglant rubra 132

JoKlang rupcstris 18,181,250,251,254,257,308,378,444

Juglant rupettrit,\aT. major 181

Juglant tquamota 132

Juglant tulcata 133

Juglant tomentota 134

Jnnoberry , 84,286,364,430

Juniper (Jnniperas Califomica) 180,332

Juniper (Jnniporos Californica, var. Utabeuais) 181,332

Juniper (Junipenu occidentalis) 182,332,464

Juniper ( Juuiperua occidentalis, var. coAJngens) 182, 332, 398, 464

Juniper ( Juniperus occidentalis, var. monosperma) 182, 332, 350

Juniper (Juniperus pacliyphlcea) 181, 332, 398

Juniperus 11, 12, 16

Juniperut Andina 181

Juniperut arboretemt - 182

Juniperut arovuitica 179

Jwniperut Sarbadentit 182

Juniperus Californica 180,250,332

Juniperut Californica, v&t. otteotperma 180

Juniperus Californica, tar. Utaliensis 180,250,332

Juniperut Caroliniana 182

Juniperut Cerrotianut 180

Juniperut excelta 181

Juniperut /oUida,\aT. Virginiana 182

Juntp«ni« Hdrmanni (Juniperus occidentAlis) 181

Jumjxru* ffermonni (Juniperus Virginiana) 182

Juniperus occidentalis 13,181,250,332,464

Juniperut occidentalit (Juniperus Califomica) 180

Juniperut occidentalit (Juniperus Califomica, var. Utabensis) 180

Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjngens 182, 249, 255, 258, 332, 398, 464

Juniperus occidentalis, car. monosperma 181, 249,332,350

Juniperut occidentalit, v&r. plexotperma 181

Juniperut occidentalit, v&r. Utahentit 180

Juniperus pachypbloea 13,181,250,332,398

Juniperut plochyderma 181

Juniperut pyri/ormit 181

Jwniperut Sabina pachyphlcea 181

Jwniperut Sabina, var. Virginiana 182

Juniperut tetragona (Juniperus Californica) 180

Jwniperut tttragona, var. otteotperma 180

Juniperus Virginiana 12, 182, 250, 255, 258, 263, 332, 398,404, 544

Juniperut Virginiana, var. Caroliniana 182

Juniperut Virginiana, var. Jlermanni 182

Jwniperut Virginu^na vulgarit 182

Kalmla 11,12,15

Kalmia liitifolia 98,249,254,257,292,368,434

Kampmania/raxini/olia 30

Kansas, lumber indnstry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,563

Kansas, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Kansas, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 562,563

Kentucky Coffee Tree 58,280,360,426

Kentucky, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 546

Kentucky, pasturage of woodlands in 546

Kentucky, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Kentucky, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in.491,545, 5<U
KingXut 134,310,350,380,444

Page.

Knaokaway 114,800,372,438

Knob-cone Pine 196,340,404,470

K..

Laeathca florida 25

Laguneularia glai^olitt 87

Laguncularia racemoaa 87,249,253,257,288,364,430

Lancewood 119,302

Larch 215,346,352,412,478

Larcb, Black 215,346,352,412,478

Larch, Western, the largest and most valuable tree of the Columbian

Basin in the Interior Forest| 0

Large-leaved Cucumber Tree 21,266,354,418

Large Tupelo 93,290,350,366,432

Larix 11,12,16,575,576

iarii Americana 215,250,255,259,264,346,352,413,478

Larix Amtricana rviira 215

iartx Anwricana, var. brevifolia 216

Larix Americana, xar.pendula 215

Larix Americana, var. prelif era 216

Larix decidua,ya.T. Am,ericana 215

Larix intermedia 215

Larix LyalUi 216,248

Larix microcarpa 215

Larix occidentaUs 216,249,255,259,264,348,414,480,565,674

Larix pendula 215

Larix tenui/olia 215

LaukaCB^ 118-120,254,157,302,372,438

Laurel 98,292,368,434

Laurel, ftig 19,266,354,414,418

Laurel, California 120,302,374,440

Laurel, Great 99,292,368,434

Laurel, Mountain 120,302,374,440

Laurel Oak ((^uercus imbrioaria) 154,322,390,456

Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolla) 153,320,390,454

Laurel, Swamp 20,260,354,414,418

Laurel, White 20,266,354,414,418

Lauroceratut Caroliniana 09

Lauroceratut ilicifolia 70

Laurut Borbonia 118

Laurut Caroliniana 118

Laurut Carolinentit - 118

Laurut Carolinentit, vat. glabra 118

Laurut Carolinentit, var. obtuta 118

Laurut Carolineruit, var.pubeteent - 119

Laurut Catetbcn 119

Laurut Cateibyana - 119

Laurut regia 120

Ijaurut tanguinea 119

Laurut Sattafrat 119

Lawson's Cypress 179,332,350,398,464

Leaf, Sweet 105,294,368,434

LKGUMraos^ 56-84,253,256,278,360,414,424

Leguminosffi (Mexican) 0

Leptocarpa Caroliniana 69

Letter of transmittal ix

Leucasna 8,10,12,14

Leucasnaglanca 62,240,280

Leucffina pulverulenta 63,249,280

Leverwood 168,322,390,456

Libocedrus 8,11,12,16

Liboccdrus decurrens 176,250,255,258,330,396,462

Lignum-vita) 28,268,356,420

LiLIACKiE , 218,219,348

Lime, Ogeechee 91,290,366,432

Lime Tree 27,268,356,418

Lime, Wild (Xanthoxylum Pterota) 31,270

Lime, Wild (Xlmenia Americana) 34,270

Lin 27,268,358,418

Linden, American 27,268,350,356,418

Liquidambar 10,11,14

Liquidambar macrophylla 8C

Liquidambar Styraciflua 86,250,253,256,260,286,350,364,414,430

Liquidambar Styraciflua, var. Mexicana 86

Liquidamber 86,286,350,364,414,430

LiriodendroB .*. 10,11,13

i Liriodendron proeera 22

GENERAL INDEX.

595

Liriodendron Tnlipifera 22,250,253,256,259,266,350,

Live Oak (Qaercus chrysolepis) 146,318,

Live Oak (Qnercas virens) 145,265,316,

Live Oak (Quercns Wislizeni) 147,318,

Live Oak, Coast 147,318,

Loblolly Bay 25,205,268,

Loblolly, LoDg- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Texas

May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of

Loblolly Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470,

Locast (Eobinia NeoMexicSna) 56, 278,

Locust (Robinia Pscudacacia) 55,278,350,360,

Locust, Black (Gleditscbia triacanthos) 59, 280,

Locust, Black (Robinia Pseudacacia) 55,278,350,360,

Locust, Clammy

Locnst, Honey (Gleditachia triacanthos) 59, 280,

Locust, Honey (Prosopis juliflora) 62, 265, 280, 350,

Locust, Sweet 59,280,

Locust, Water 60,280,

Locust, Yellow 55,278,350,360,

Lodge-pole Pine 195, 338, 350, 404, 470, SU,

Logs rafted out of the Susquehanna boom at Williamsport, Pennsyl-
vania, from 1862 to 1880, number of

Logwood - - -

Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Alabama May 31,

1880, tabular statement of the amount of

Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Louisiana May 31,

1880, tabular statement of the amount of

Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Mississippi May

31,1880, tabular statement of the amount of

Long-leaved Cucumber Tree 22,266,354,418

Long-leaved, Loblolly, and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of

Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 541

Long-leaved Pine 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516, 519-521, 524, 531, 537, 541

Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Florida May 31, 1880, tabular

statement of the amount of

Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabular

statement of the amount of

Long-leaved Pine standing in the foresta of North Carolina May 31, 1880,

tabular statement of the amount of

Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of South Carolina May 31, 1880,

tabular statement of the amount of

Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine

Page.
354,418
3S6, 452
386, 452
386, 452
386, 452
354,418

541

516, 541
360, 426
414, 424
360, 426
414,424
56,278
360, 426
362, 426
360,426
362, 426
414, 424
, 574, 577

508
40,272

524

531

521

620

516

Belt.

Loniaiana, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,

Louisiana, moss-ginning industry in

Louisiana, production of naval stores in 517,

Louisiana, rank of, according to value of lumber products

Louisiana, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of

Louisiana, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .491,

Louisiana, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved
Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 i

Lumber and shingles received at Chicago during the yearl880, amount of.

Lumber for Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico, Chicago the principal
Bonsce of supply of

Lumber industry and manufactures from wood in —

AUbama ;..486,487,

Arizona *86,

Arkansas ♦""i

California 488,487,

Colorado 486,487,

Connecticut 488,487,

Dakota 486,

Delaware 486,

District of Columbia

Florida 486,487,

Georgia -- 486,487,

Idaho 486,

Illinois 486,487,

Indiana * 486,

Iowa 486,

Kansas 486,

Kentucky 486,

Ix>nisiana 486,487,

Maine 486,487,

Maryland 486,

Massachusetts 486,487,

Michigan 486,487,

Minnesota 486,

Mississippi 480,

Missouri 486,487.

Mi>ntana 486,

Nebraska - 486,

Nevada 486,

Xew Hampshire 486,487,

New Jersey 480,

Lumber industry and manufactures from wood in — continued.

New Mexico 486,

New York 486,487,

North Carolina 486,

Ohio 486,

Oregon iii'lo,

Penhyplvania 486, 487,

Rhode Island ^3*3

South Carolina 'IS'

Tennessee iifi is?'

Texas *™'tH'

Utah 486,

Vermont 486,487

536,537
537, 538
536,537
487
538-540
536,540

537
548,549

568,569

524, 525
487, 569
487,544
578, 580
567,568
500, .'Wl
487,561
487, 611
486, 487
521, 523
519, 520
487, 572
548-550
487, 547
487, 560
487, 563
487, .546
536. .'537
494-496
487,511
500, 501
.').51..552
487, 558
487, 631
500, .561
487, 504
487, M2
487, 571
497.498
487*506

Virginia .

.486,

Pago^

487, 568"
502-.i05
467,515
487. 547
487, 577
506-510
500,501
518, 519
487, 545
541,542
487, 569
498-500
487, 612
487, 574
512-515
554, 556
487, 567

548

552

485-493
499
503

549,650

486,487

574

98

96

96

10,14

64

, 362, 426

Washington •-- 486,

West Virginia 486,487,

Wisconsin *™' til'

Wyoming 486,

Lumber industiy, commercial importance of Chicago with reference to the

Lumber industry of the Saginaw valley in Michigan

Lumber industry of the United States, general remarks on

Lumber market, importance of Burlington, Vermont, ass

Lumber market, rank of Albany, New York, as a

Lumber trade of Chicago, early

Lumbering industry of the United States, average number of hands
employed in

Lumbering industry of the United States, statistics of, for year ending
May 31, 1880 .-

Lumbermen of Washington territory, wasteful methods of

Lyonia arborea

Lyonm/errvginea

Lyonia rigida

Lysiloma

LysUoma Bdhamenait

Lysiloma latisiliqna 64,250,282,

m.

Madura H. 15

Madura aurantiaca .'....128,249,254,257,306,376,442,542

Madeira 34,270,350,356,420

MadroOa ■' 97,292,368,432

Magnolia - 10,11,13

Magnolia acuminata..: 20,250,263,256,259,266,354,418

Magnolia aurieularis 22

Magnolia auriculata , 22

Magnolia cordata 20,250,253,266,266,354,418

Magnolia Ve CandoUii 20

Magnolia fragrant 20

Magnolia Fraseri 22,250,253,256,266,354,418

Magnolia glauca 19,250,253,250,266,354,414,418

Magnolia glauca, var. latt/olia 20

Magnolia glauca, var. long\folia 20

Magnolia graudiflora 19,250,253,256,266,354,414,418,534

Magnolia grandijlora, var. eliiptica and obovata 19

Magnolia grandiflora, var. laneeolata 19

Magnolia longi/olia 20

Magnolia mac rophylhv 21,250,253,256,266,354,418

Magnolia, Mountain 20,266,354,418

Magnolia pyramidata 22

Magnolia tripetala •- 21

Magnolia Umbrella 21,250,253,266,266,354,418

Magnolia Virginiana, var. a. glauca 20

Magnolia Tirginiana, var. p,/oetida 19

Magnolia Virginiana, var. « 20

Magnolia VirginiuTia, var. tripetala 21

Maonoliace^ 19-22,253,256,266,354,414,418

Mahogany 34,270,350,356,420

Mahogany Birch 162, 324, 392, 4.'»

Mahogany, Mountain, and the Nut Pine the most important trees of the

Interior Forest .- ^

Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 71 , 284, 350, 428, 569, 571

Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpus parvifolius) 71,284,569, 571

Maine, forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of. 494

Maine, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 494-496

Maine, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Maine, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 494, 496

Maine, tabular statement of the amount of Pine and Spruce standing in

the forests of. May 31, 1880 494

Mai.I'IGIIIace.e .28,253,256,268,356,420

Malpighia lucida -8

Malug anguUifolia 72

Mului coronari'X 72

I

596

GENERAL INDEX.

italiu dicerti/olia

Malut microearpa eoTonaria

Maltu rivriUirig

Maliu teivperviretu

Maliu tubcordabt

Mancbincvl

UaDChlnpcl, Honntain 5*1 278,

ManHnella ren^iata

Mangrove 87,265,288,

Mangrove, Black

Mangrove, White 87,288,

Maple, Ash leaved 51,276,

Maple, Black Sugar .49,276,350,

Maple, Broad-leaved 47,274,

Maple, Dwarf

Maple, Goose-foot

Maple Hani 48,276,358,

Maple. Moantain

Maple, Red 50,276,

Maple, Rock 48,276,

Maple, Silver 49,276,

Maple, Soft (Acer da«ycarpnm) 49,276,

Maple, Soft (Acerrubrom) 50,276,

Maple, Striped

Maple, Sogar 48,276,

Maple sagar and molasses produced in the United States in 1879, amount

of.

Maple, Swamp 50,276,

Maple, Vine 47,274,

Maple, Water 50,276,

Maple, White .— , 49,276,

Maritime Pine Belt in Georgia

Maritime Pine Belt in Mississippi.' ^

Maritime Pine Belt in North Carolina

Maritime Pine Region in Alabama

Marlberry .-

Maryland, lumber industr.v and manufactures from wood in 486,

Maryl.ind, rank of, according to value of lumber products

Maryland, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing tirflber, etc., in

Massachusetts, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in. .486, 487,

Massashusetts, rank of, according to value of lumber products

Massachusetts, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.,

in 491,

Massachnsetts, the Northern Pine Belt in

Mastic 101,292,

Maul Oak. 146,318,

May Cherry 84,286,

May Haw • 82,286,

Meadow Pine .202,342,352,406,

ilKUACElF, 33,34,253,256,270,

Meiicocca pankidata -

Melilobus heUrophylia '.

Mespilus aeeri/olia . ...,

ilespilus (eMivalis

ifespxltu apii/olia

Mefpitus arborea

Metjnlus arbuti/olia

Megpilug Azarolus

Mefpilus berberi/olia

Mespilus Bosciana

MMpUxut Calpodendron

MegpUus CaiiadenaU ^

Metpilus Canadengis, var. eordata

MetpUua CanadimgU, var. obovalig

Mespilug Caroliniana

ilespUui coccinea

Megpiltti eordata

Metpilus eomi/olia

3£egpilui Crug-galli

MctpUus Crutgalli, var. pyraeanthifoHa

Mesjnhu Cnta-gaUi, var. salici/olia

MespUut cunei/olia (Crata?gus Crus-galli)

Mespilut cuneifolia (Crataegus foment osa, var. punctata)

Ifespilut cunei/ormU

Uetpilui elliptica (CratH?gns Cms fallii

Page.

78

72

73

72

73

121,304

360,424

121

364,430

117, 302

364,430

360, 424

358,424

858,422

48,274

46,274

422, 676

46,274

358,424

358,422

358,424

358,424

358, 424

46,274

358,422

485
358,424
358,422
358,424
358,424
519
532
515
525
100,292
487, 511
487
491, 511
500,501
487

500, 501

500

368, 434

386, 452

364, 430

364, 430

410, 474

356, 420

45

59

80

82

81

84

83

81

82

77

79

84

84

85

82

77

80

80

76

76

76

76

80

76

76

ilapilut elliptica (Crataegus flava, var. pubeacena)

2Iapilu /labellata

Metpilus Jfava

Metpilug Jlexitpina

Megpilug glandulosa

Mevpilus hiemali*

Metpiliu lati/olia

Mapiliu linearis

Mespilut lobata

Mesjnlui Ituida -

MetpUttt liuida, var. angutt\/olia

Metpiltu Miehauxii

Meipilui manogyrta, var. apHfolia

Megpilus nivea

Mf-epiltts odorata

Megpilus ovali/otia

Meipiltig Phcpnopyrum

MetpUug populi/olia

Mftpilus pruinoaa

MegpUus pruneUi/olia

Mespilug pruni/olia

ilegpUus pubegeens

Megpilug punctata

Megpilug pyri/olin (Crataegus tomentosa)

Megpilug pyrifolia (Cratajgns tomentosa, var. punctata)

Megpilug rotundi/olia (Crataegus coccinea)

Megpilug rotundi/olia (Cratsegns Cms-galU, tor. pnmifolia)

Megpilug gaZici/olia

Megpilug gpathulata

Megpilug tiliafolia

Megpilug turbinata

Megpilug viridis

Megpilug Watg(miana

Megpiltig Wendlandii

Mesquit 62,265,280,350,

Mesqult, Screw-pod 62,280,

Mesquit the most important species in the valleys of the Atlantic-Mexi-
can region

Method of determining the fuel value of woods 247,

Method of determining the strength of woods

Metopium Linncei

Mexican Banana

Mexican Forest of southern Texas, extent of

Mexican Mulberry

Mexican Persimmon

Michauxia gegsilig

Michigan, destrnctiveness of forest fires in

Michigan, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,

Michigan, lumber industry of the Saginaw valley in

Michigan, maple-sugar product of

Michigan, rank of accordiug to value of lumber products

Michigan, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of

Michigan, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., iu--491,

Michigan, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine standing in
the forests of May 31, 1880

Mimoga bicepg

Mimosa /rondoga - '

Mimoga glauca

Mimoga Guadahtpengig

Mimoga latigiliqua

Mimosa leucocephala

Mimosa rosea

Mim.osa Vnguig-cati

Mimusops -

Mimugops diggecta .";

Mimusops Sieberi 103,249,254,257,294,

Minnesota, forests on Indian reservations in

Minnesota, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,

Minnesota, rank of, according to value of lumber products

Minnesota, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of

Minnesota, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. .491,

Minnesota, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine sUnding in
the forest.'* of, May 31, 1880

Minnesota, the Xorthem Pine Belt in

Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Phiin, Deciduous Forest of the

83

77
82
S2
77
83
79
77
79
76
77
83
81
84
79
76
80
78
79
76
77
77
80

77
70
81
78
82
78
76
77
362,426
362,426

9

251, 252

252

54

219,348

6

128,306

105, 294

25

550

551, 552

Hoi

551

487,552

553,554

550-554

S51

62

62

62

64

64

62

64

64

11,15

103

368,434

559,560

487,558

487, .W9

559, 560

5M-500

558

558

4

GENERAL INDEX.

597

Page.

Hississippi, foreata of the central pine hillaof 534

ILissiaaippi, foreata of the yazoo delta iu 535,536

Miaaiaaippl, lumber induatry and mannfactarea from wood in 486,487,531

Hiasisaippi, pine forests of the northeaatem conntiea of 532-534

Misaiasippi, production of naval stores in 517, 531, 532, 536

Mississippi, rank of, according to value of lumber prodacts 487

Mississippi, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 531-536

Mississippi, southern, pine forests of 531,532

Mississippi, atatiatics of foAsts, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . .491, 530-536
Misaisaippi, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved

Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 531

Mississippi, the Maritime Pine Belt in 532

Miaaiaaippi, western, foreata of. 534,535

Missouri, lumber induatry and manufactarea from wood in 486,487, 560,561

Mlssoori. rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 561

Missouri, statistica of forests, foreat fires, standing timber, etc., In.. 491, 560, 561

Mobile the principal center of wood manufacture in Alabama 525

Mocker Nut 134,310,350,380,444

Mock Orange 70,284,362,428

Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests and the turpentine industry of

Alabama by 525-530

Mohr, Dr. Charlea, remarka on the forests of Florida by 522, 523

Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Louisiana by 538-540

Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarka on the forests of Mississippi by 531-530

Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Texas by 542, 543

Molasses and sngar, maple, produced in the United States in 1879,

amount of ^^^

Montana, lumber induatry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,564

Montana, rank of; according to value of lumber products 487

Montana, remarks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of 565, 566

Montana, at-.tiatica of foreats, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. . .491, 664-5*6

Monterey Cypress 179,332,398,464

Monterey Pine 196,340,404,470

Moose Elm 122,304,374,440

Moosewood 46,274

Moriia Ca?»«d«>»i» (Lamarck and E»flne«que) 127

Moms microphylla 12,128,249,306

127

128

127

127

127

Mortu MUsouriennt

Morut parH/oiia (Moma microphylla) .

Jfonu pam'/olia (Moms rubra)

M(/rug reticulata

MoTU9 riparia

Moraambra 127,250,254,257,260,306,376,442

Menu rubra, vai. Oanadentit 12t

iforus rulrra, var. ineita - 127

Morus rubra, var. tamentoga 127

Morug gcabra 127

Jl&rug tomentota 127

Mosa-ginning induatry in Louisiana 537,538

Mo88y.cnpOak : 140,265,314,384,448

UonnUin Ash (Pyms Americano) 73,284,428

Mountain Ash (Pyms sambucifolla) 74,284,364,428

Mountain foreata in California, pasturage of 579,580

Mountain Lanrel 120,302,374,440

Mountain Magnolia ; . . . .20, 266, 354, 418

Mountain Mahogany and the Nut Pine the most important trees of the

Interior Foreat 9

Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpua ledifoUus) 71, 284, 350, 428, 569, 571

Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus parvifolius) 71,284,569, 571

Mountain Manchineel 54,278,380,424

MonnUin Maple 46,274

Mountain Plum 34,270

Mountain White Oak 143,316,386,450

Mulberry, Mexican 128,306

Mulberry, Red 128,306,370,442

Myglnda 10,13

Myginda pallens 38,249,272

Uyloairyvm liguttrimm 38

Myrina 11,12,15

Myrica Califomica 137,249,254,257,312,380,446.

llyrica CarolinentU 136

Myrica cerifora 136,250,254,257,312,380,446

llyrica ceri/era humilit 136

Myrica cerif era tempervlTetu 136

Myrica ceri/era, var. angiut\folia 136

Page.

Myrica eerifera, var. arboresceim i3(J

Myrica cerifera,Y&r.latifolia i3fl

Myrica eerifera, var. media 136

Myrica ceri/era, var. pumila 136

Myrica Pennsylvanica 138

Myrica Xalapengis 137

MVEICACE.E 136,137,254,257,312,380,446

Myksinacks 99,100,292

Myraine ii,15

Myrtine Jloribunda 99

Myrsine Floridana .• 99

Myrsino Kapanea 99, 24.>. 292

MTETACE.E 88,89,253,257,288,366,430

Myrtle, Blue 41,272

Myrtle, Wax 136,312,380,446

Myrtue axillaris 88

Myrtut buxifalia 88

Myrtut Chytraeulia 88

Myrtug dichotoma 88

Myrtus numtieola 89

Myrtua PoireH 88

Myrtug procera 89

Naked Wood (Colubrina reclinata) 42,274,358

Naked Wood (Eugenia dichotoma) 88,288

Nannyberry 94,290,432

Naval stores, production of, in Alabama t. 517, 527, 529, 530

Naval stores, production of, in Florida 517

Naval stores, production of, in Georgia 517

Naval stores, production of, in Louisiana 517, 536,537

Naval stores, production of, in Mississippi 517,531, 532,536

Naval stores, production of, in North Carolina ...'. 516-518

Nav-il stores, production of, in South Carolina 517

Nebraska, lumber induatry and manufacturea from wood in 486, 487, 562

Nebmaka, rank of. according to value of lumber products 487

Nebraaka, statistica of forests, foreat firea, standing timber, etc., in 562

Necklace Poplar * 175,330,350,396,462

Nectandra 11,16

Nectandra Bredemeieriana : 119

Nectandra Willdenoviana 119, 249, 302

Negundium fraxinifolium 51

Negundo 10-13

Negundo aceroides 12,50,250,253,256,276,360,424

Negundo aeeroides (Negundo Califomicnm) 51

Negundo Calif omicum 51, 250, 253, 256, 276, 360, 424

51

61

61

81

51

Negundo Califomicum (Negundo aceroides)

Negundo fraxini/olium

Negundo lobatum

Negundo Mexicanum

Negundo tri/otiatum

Nevada, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 488, 487, 571

Nevada, rank of, according to lumber products 4S7

Nevada, atatistics of forests, forest Area, atanding timber, etc., in 491, 571

Newcaatle Thorn 76,286,364,430

New Hampshire, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487,

497, 498

New Hampshire, rank of, according to value of lumber producta 487

New Hampshire, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of 497

New Hampshire, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.,

in ' 491,496-498

New Hampshire, tabular statement of the amount of Spruce atanding in

the foreata of. May 31, 1880 496

New Jersey, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 506

New Jersey, rank of, according to value of lumber producta 487

New Jersey, atatiatics of forests, foreat firea, atanding timber, etc., in . . . 491, 506

New Mexico, lumber induatry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 563

New Mexico, rank of, according to value of lumber producta 487

New Mexico, statistica of foreata, foreat firea, standing timber, etc., in.. 491.568
New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado, Chicago the principal source of supply

of lumber for 568,569

New York, lumber induatrj* and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 50:j-506

New York, niaplc-nugar product of 601

New York, rank of, iwjcording to value of lumber products 487

New York, I'auk of Albany, as a lumber market 503

598

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

Sew York, rom»rk« by Mr. C. G. Pringlc on the forests of 501-60«

New York, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 491, S01-M6

New York, the Northern Pine Bolt In 801

North American continent, division of the, with reference to its forest

geography ■ "

North American forests, general remarks on the 3-18

North Atlantic divislou, extent of forests, standing timber, forest fires,

etc., in the '•M^IO

North Canilina, grades of tar and rosin produced In 517

North Carolina, lamlxT industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 515

North Carolina, production of naval stores in 61ft-518

Nort h Carolina, rank of, according to value of lumber prodnots 487

North Carolina, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.,

(„ 496,515-518

North Carolina, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine

standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 516

North Carolina, the Maritime Pine Belt in 515

Northern Central division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber,

etc., in the 547-563

Northern Forest in the Atlantic region 3,4

Northern Forest in the Pacific region, extent of the 7

Northern Pine Belt, forests of the, once extended over the State of Maine 494

Northern Pino Belt in Connecticut 500

Northern Pino Belt in Massachusetts 500

Northern Pino Belt in Minnesota 558

Northei-n Pine Belt in New York 601

Northern Pine Belt in Rhode Island 600

Northern Pino BeHin the Atlantic region 4

Norway Pine 192,336,350,402,468

Nut, Bitter 135,310,350,380,446

Nut, Bull 134,310,350,380,444

Nut, Coffee 58.280,360,426

Nnt,nUnois 132,308,350,378,444

Nut, King 134,310,350,380,444

Nut, Mocker 134, 310, 350, 380, 4U

Nut, Pig 134,310,350,380,446

Nut Pine and the Mountain Mahogany the most Important trees of the

Interior Forest '. *

Nut Pine (Pinus cembroides) 190,336

Nut Pine (Pinus eduUs) 190,336,402,468

Nut Pine (Pinus monophylla) 190,338,350,402,468

Nnt Pine (Pinus Parryana) 189,336,402,468

Nut, Tallow 34,270

Nutmeg, California 186,334,400,406

Nutmeg, Hickory 135,310,350,380,446

NVCTAGIXACK^ 117,254,257,302,372,438

Nyssa 10,11,14

yyua angulUana 93

Nysta ungulota 93

Nytea aquatica (Nyssa sylvatica) 92

Nyi$a aqtmtica (Nyssa uniflora) 92

Nyuabiflora 92

Nysaa Canademu 92

Nyssa eandieans 91

Nyssa capitata 01,250,253,257,290,366,432

Xyisa capitata, \HT.grandidentata 93

Nyssa Caroliniana 92

Nyssa coccima 91

Nyssa denticulata 92

Nyssa grandidentata 93

Nyssa integri/olia 92

Nyssa moiiCana •' 91

Nyssa mtUtifiora • 92

Nyssa muUiflora,vaT.tylvaiiea 9^

Nyssa Ogeehe 91

Nyssa palustris 93

Nyssa sylvatica 92,250,253,257,260,290,366,432

Nyssa tomentosa (Nyssa capitata) 91

Nyssa tommtosa (Nyssa uniflora) 93

Nyssa uniflora 92,250,263,257,260,290,350,366,432

Nyssa villosa 92

O.

Oak, Bartram's 153,320,390,456

Oak, Basket 141,816,384,416,450

Page.

Oak, Black ((Jnerons Emoryi) 146,265,818,386,452

Oak, Black (Qnercus KelloggU) 149,265,320,388,416,454

Oak, Black (Quercus rubra) 148,266,318,850,386,452

Oak, Black (Quercus tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454,528

Oak, Blue 143,316,386,450

Oak, Burr 140,265,314,384,448

Oak, Chestnut (Quercus densiflora) .....155,265,322,390,456,576,578,580

Oak, Chestnut (Quercus prinoides) 143,265,316,384,450

Oak, Chestnut (Quercus Prinns) 142, 265, 316, 350, 384, 416, 4.')0

Oak, Chinquapin 143,265,316,384,450

Oak, Coast Live 147,318,386,462

Oak, Cow Ml. 316, 384, 416, 450, 533

Oak, Duck 152,330,350,388,416,454

Oak, Iron 139,312,382,448

Oak, Jack 150,265,320,350,388,454

Oak, Laurel (Qnercus imbricariii) 154,322,390,456

Oak, Laurel (Quercus laurifolia) 153,320.390,454

Oak, Live (Quercus chrysolepis) . 146,318,388,452

Oak, Live (Quercus vlrens) 145,265,316,380,452

Oak, Live (Quercus Wislizeni) 147,318,386,452

Oak, Maul 146,318,386,452

Oak, MossyKiup 140,265,314,384,448

Oak, Mountain White 143,316,386,450

Oak, Over-cup (Quercus lyrata) 140, 314, 350, 384, 450, 533

Oak, Over-cup (Quercus macrocarpa) 140,265,314,384,448

Oak, Peach (Quercus densiflora) 155,265,322,390,456

Oak, Peach (Quercus Phellos) 154,322,390,456

Oak, Pin 152,320,388,454

Oak, Possum 152,320,350,388,416,454

Oak, Post 139,312,382,448,528

Oak, Punk 152,320,350.388,416,454

Oak, Quercitron 149,265,318,350,388,454

Oak, Red (Quercus falcata) 161,265,320,350,388,454

Oak, Red (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452

Oak, Red (Quercus rubra, ror. Texana) 148,318,388,452

Oak, Rock Chestnut 142,265,316,350,384,410,450

Oak, Scarlet .148,318,388,402

Oak, Scrub (Quercus Catesbasi) 151,320,388,454

Oak, Scrub (Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii) 139, 314, 384, 448

Oak, Shingle 154,322,390,456

Oak, Spanish 151,205,320,350,388,454,528

Oak, Swamp Post 140,314,350,384,450

Oak, Swamp Spanish 152,320,388,454

Oak, Swamp White 141,314,384,450

Oak, Tanbark 155,265,322,390,456

Oak, Turkey 151,320,388,454

Oak, Upland Willow 153,320,390,456

Oak. Valparaiso 146,318,386,452

Oak, Water (Quercus aquatica) 162,320,350,388,416,454

Oak, Water (Quercus palustris) 152,320,388,454

Oak, Water White 140,314,350,384,150

Oak, Weeping 138,312.382,448

Oak, White (Qnercus alba) 137,265,812,350,380,414,446

Oak, White (Quercus Garryana) 138,312,350,382,448,576

Oak, White (Quercus grisea) 144,316,386,452

Oak, White (Quercus lobata) 138,312,382,448

Oak, White (Quercus oblonsifolia) 144,316,386,452

Oak, waiow 154,322,390,456

Oak, Yellow (Quercus prinoides) , 148,265,316,384,450

Oak, Yellow (Qnercus tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454

Oak, Yellow-bark 149,265,318,350,388,454

Obispo Pine 200,340,404,472

(Enocarpus regia 218

OgeecheeLimc 91,290,366,432

Ohio Buckeye 42,274,358,422

Ohio, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, 547

Ohio, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, .587

Ohio, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., la 491, 547

Olacinkje 34,270

-Old-Held Birch 159,324,350,392.458

Old-field Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470

Old Man's Beard 113,298

Olea Americana 1'*

OleaCK^ 106-113,254,257,206,370,434

Olive, California 120,302,374,440

I

GENERAL INDEX.

599

Page.

Olneya 10,12,14

OlneyaTesota 56,249,253,256,273,360,426

Orange, Mock 70,284,362,428

Orange, Osage 128,306,376,442

Orange, "Wild (rranns Caroliniana) 70,284,302,428

Orange, VTild (Xanthoxylam Clava-Hercnlis) 30,270,356,429

Orchidoearpum arietinum 23

Oregon Ash 111,298,372,438

Oregon Cedar ^. 179,332,350,398,464

Oregon Crab Apple .' 73,284

Oregon, lumber indnstry and mannfactnres from wood in 486, 487, 577

Oregon Pine 209,265,344,352,410,476

Oregon, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Oregon, remarks by Mr. Serene Watson on the forests of certain

counties of < 577, 578

Oregon, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in 491,576-578

Oreodaphne Oali/omiea 120

Oreodosa 11,16

Oreodoxa olereuea 218

Oreodoxa regis 218,260,348,352

Original forest of the District of Columbia replaced by Oak, Scmb Pine,

etc 511

Osage Orange 128,306,376,442

Osmanthns 11, 15

Osmanthus Americanua 113,249,254,257,300.372,438

Ostrya 11,16

Ostrya Yirginiana 158

Ostrya Virginica 168,249,265,258,322,390,456

Ostrya Yirffinica, var. eglandulosa 168

Ostrya Virginica, var. glandulosa 158

Over-cap Oak (Quercus lyrata) 140,314,350,384,450,533

Over-cnpOak (Qaercns macrocarpa) 140,265,314,384,448

Oxydendrnm 11, 16

Oxydendmm arborenm 98,249,254,257,292,368,434

P.

P.'Wiflc Coast Forest, the 7

P.icific region, the 6-10

Fadus cartilaginea 68

Padus demitta 69

Padus serotina 68

Padu» Yirginiana 68

Palm, Fan-leaf 217,348,414,480

Palm, Royal 218,348,352

Palma argentea 218

Palmace^ 217,218,265,259,348,414,480

Palmetto, Cabbage 217,348,352

Palmetto Sabal 217,250,348,362

Palmetto, Silk-top 217,348

Palmetto, Silver-top 218,348

Palo Blanco 126,306

PaloTerde 60,280,382,426

Papaw 23,266,354,418

Paper Birch 160,324,350,392,458

Paradise Tree 32,270,356,420

Parkinsonia 10-12,14

Parkinsonia acnleata 12,60,250,280

Parkinsonia microphylla 60,249,280

Parkinsonia Torreyana 80,250,253,256,280,362,426

Parsley Haw 81,286

Pasania densijlora 155

Papia Cali/omiea 43

Pavia camea 42

Pavia discolor 43

Pavia Jlava 43

Pavia glabra 42

Pavia hybrida 43

Pavia lutea 43

Pavia negUcta 43

Pavia pallida 42

Pavia Walsoniana 42

Peach Oak (Quercus densiBora) 166,265,322,390,456

Peach Oak (Quercus Phellos) 154,322,390,456

Peach, Wild 70,284,362,428

Pear Haw 79,286,364,430

Page.

Pecan 132,308,360,378,444

Pecan, Bitter 136,310,350,380,414,446

Pecan-nut, the, an important product west of the Colorado river in

Texas.

643

Pencil Cedar of Florida 522

Pennsylvania, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .486, 487, 506-510

Pennsylvania, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Pennsylvania, remarks by Mr- C. G. Pringle on the forests of 607-510

Pennsylvania, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc.,

in 491,606-510

Pennsylvania, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine and Hem-
lock standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 \.

Pepperidge 92,290,

Pepperwood 30,270,

Percent, of tannin in the bark of certain species

Persci.

506

366, 432

356, 420

266

11,16

Persea Borbonia 118

Persea Civrolinensis 118,260,254,257,302,372,438

Persea Carolinensis^ var. glabriu^cula 118

Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris 119,260,2:54,257,302,372,438

Persea Carolinensis, var. piibeseens 119

Persea Catesbyana 119

Persea Sassafras: 119

Persimmon 104,294,350,368,434

Persimmon, Black 105,294

Persimmon, Mexican 105,294

Phcenopyrxtm acerifoUum 80

Phcenopyrum arborescens 75

Phanopyrum Carolinianum 82

Phcenopyrum coccineum 77

Phcenopyru^n cordatum .- 80

Pkcenopyrum ellipticum 82

Ph(enopyrum populi/olium 78

Pht^nopyrun^ pruinosum 79

Phamopyrum spathvlatum '. 81

Phcenopyrum subviUosum - 78

Phcenopyrum Yirginicum 82

Phcenopyrum. viride 78

Pkcenopyrum Wendlandii 77

Photinia arbutifolia 83

Photinia salici/olia 83

Picea 11,12,16,575

Piceaalba 12,204,250,256,258,263,342,408,474,562,564

Picea am^abilis (Abies amabilis)

Piccn amabilis (Abies subalpina)

Pieea balsamea ,

Picea baleamea, var. longifolia

Picea bi/olia .- -

Picea braeteata

Picea Calif ornica

Picea Canadensis

Picea ccerulea

Picea concolor

Picea concolor, var.violaeea

Picea Douglasii

213

211

211

211

211

213

208

206

204

212

212

209

Picea Engolmanni 9, 205, 251, 255, 258, 265, 342, 408, 474 , 564-567, 572-575

Picea Fraseri (Abies balsamea) 211

Picea Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210

Picea glauca 204

Picea grandis (Abies concolor) 212

Picea grandis (Abies grandis) 212

Picea laxa 204

Picea Lowiana 212

Picea magnijica 214

Picea ilemieeii (Picea pnngens) 205

Picea Menzicsii (Picea Sitchensis) 206

Picea nigra 202,250,255,258,263,265,342,352,408,474,494,496,498

Picea nigra, v&r. glauca 204

Picea nigra, var. rubra 203

Picea nobilis 214

Picea pnngens 13,205,251,255,258,344,408,474

Picea rubra 203

Picea Sitchensis 206,250,255,258,263,344,408,474,576

Pickeringia paniculata 100

Pigeon Cherry 86,282,428

600

GENERAL INDEX.

P»ge.

Pigeon Plam 117,302,372,438

Figronwood 117,302,372,438

Pig Nut 134,810,350,380,446

Pikeoonnty, Alabama, theforestaof B28

Piloeertut ICngeUnanni 8S

Pin Cherry 88,282,428

PinOalc 152,820,388,4.14

Pincknoya 10,11,14

Plnokneya pubons 98,250,253,257,290,306,432

Pinekneya piibeteens 95

Pine and Sprnce standiDK in the forests of Uaine Hay 31, 1880, tabular

statement of the amount of 494

Pine, Bastard 202,342,352,406,416,474

Pine belt of central Alabama 529

Pine, Bishop's 200,340,404,472

Pine, Black (Pinus JefTreyi) 193,338,402,470

Pine, Black (Pinns Mnrrayana) 195,338,350,404,470

Pine, Bull (Pinus Jeftreyi) 193,338,402,470

Pine, Bull (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472

Pine, Bull (Pinus ponderosa) 193,338,350,402,468

Pine, Bull (Pinns Sabiniana) 195,338,350,404,470

Pine, Cedar 201,340,406,472

Pine, Digger ^ ■;... 195, 338, 350, 404, 470

Pine forests of Baldwin connty, Alabama 627

Pine forests of southern Mississippi 531,532

Fine forests of the northeastern connties of Mississippi 532-534

Pino, Poitatl 191,338,402,468

Pine, Georgia 202,342,352,406,416,472

Pine, Ginger 179,332,350,398,484

Pine, Gray 201,342,352,406,472

Fine, Hard 202,342,352,406,416,472

Pine, Hickory (Pinns Balfouriana, mr. aristata) 191, 336, 402, 468

Pino, Hickory (Pinns pnngens) 199,340,350,404,472

Pine, Jersey 199,340,350,404,470,546

Pine, Knob-cone 196,340,404,470

Pine, Loblolly 197,340,850,404,418,470,516,541

Pine, Lodge-pole 195,338,350,404,470,664,574,577

Pino, Longlcaved 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516, 519-521, 524, 531, 537, 541

Fine, Long- and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Alabama May 31,

1880, tabular statement of the amount of 524

Pice, Long- and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Louisiana May

31,1880, tabular statement of the amount of 537

Pine, Long-leaved, Loblolly, and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of

Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of tbeamonntof 541

Pine, Long-leave<1, standing in the forests of Florida May 31, 1880, tabn*

lar statement of the amount of .• 521

Fine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabu-
lar statement of the amount of 520

Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of North Carolina May 31, 1880,

tabular statement of the amount of 616

Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of South Carolina May 31, 1880,

tabular statement of the amount of 519

Fine, Long-leaved, the characteristic tree of the Soathem Maritime Pine

Belt 4

Pine, Meadow 202,342,352,406,416,474

Pine, Monterey 196,340,404,470

Pine, Norway 192,336,350,406,468

Pine, Nut (Pinns cembroides) 190,336

Pine, Nut (Pinns edulis) 190,336,402,468

Pine, Nut (Pinus mouophylU) 190,336,350,402,468

Pine, Nut (Pinns Parryana) 189,336,402,468

Fine, Nut, and the Monntain Mahogany the mmt important trees of the

Interior Forest 9

Pine, Obispo 200,340,404,472

Pine, Old-fleia 197,340,350,404,416,470

Pine, Oregon 209,265,344,352,410,470

Pine, Pitch 198,340,350,404,470, 520, 522, 52.'), 531

Pino, Pond 198,340,350,404,416,470,627

Pine, Prince's 201, 342, 352, 406, 472

Pine, Red 102,836,350,402,468

Fine region of the Coosa in Alabama 520

Pine, Rosemary 197,340,350,404,416,470

Pine, Sand 199,310,404,472

Pine, Scrub (Pinus Banksian*) 201, 34-', 3.12, 400, 472

Pine, Scrub (Pinns claosa) 199,340,404,472

PageL

Pine, Scrub (Pinus contorts) 194,338,404,470

Pine, Scrub (Pinns inops) 199,340,350.404,470,629

Pino, Short-leaved 200, 840, 850, 40«, 472, 524, 527, 630, 631, 536, 537, 54 1, 544, 6«0

Pine. Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Arkansas, May 31, 1880.

tabular st atemcnt of the amount of 544

Pine, Slash 202,342.352.406,410,474,516

Pmo, Southern 202,342,352,400,410,472

Pine, Sprnce (Pinns clauas) 199,340,404,472

Pine, Spruce (Pinus glabra) 201,340,406,472,527

Pine, Spruce (Pinns mitis) 200,340,350,406,472

Pine, Spruce (Pinns Mnrrayana) 19!;, 338, 350, 404, 470

Pine, Sugar 188,338,350,400,466,576,578

Pine, Sugar, an important tree in the Coast Forest 8

Pine, Swamp 202,342,352,406,416,474

Pine, Table-monnUin 199,340,350,404,472

Pine, Weymouth 187,334,350,400,466

Pine, White, and Hemlock, standing in the forests of Pennsylrania,

MaySl, 1880, tabular statement of the amonnt of 506

Fine, White (Finns flexilis) 188,336,400,468,569 570,571

Fine, White (Pinus glabra) 201,340,406,472

Pine, White (Finns monticola) 187, 336, 400, 466, -564, 574, 576

Fine, White (Pinns reflexa) 189,336,402,468

Fine, White (Pinns Strobus) 187, 334, 350, 400, 466, 506, 551, 554, 568

Pine, White, standing in the forests of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular

statement of the amonnt of 551

Pino, White, standing in the forests of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabnlar

statement of the amonnt of 568

Fine, White, standing in the forests of Wisconsin May 31, 1880, tabular

statement of the amount of 554

Pine, White, the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt 4

Fine, Yellow, an important, characteristic tree of the Coast Forest 8

Fine, Yellow (Finns Arizonica) 192,338,402,468

Pine, Yellow (Pinns mitis) 200,340,350,406,472,629

Pine, Yellow (Pinus 'palustris) 202,342,352,406,416,472

Fine, Yellow (Pinus ponderosa) 193, 338, 360, 402, 468, 562, 665, 574, 578

FiBon (Finns edulis) 190,336,402,468

Fiflon (Pinus monophylla) 190,336,350,402,468

FiBon (Pinus Parryana) 189,336,402,468

i Finns 11,12,16

I Pinus Abies Americana 206

Pinvs Abies Balsamea 211

Pinus Abies Canadensis 202

Pinus adunca : 196

Pinus aXba 204

Pinns albicanlis 189,250,266,268,336,400,468,565,672,673

Pinus amabiXis (Abies amabilis) 213

Pinus amabilis (Abies magniiica) 214

Pinus amabilis (Abies subalpina) 211

Pinus Americana (Picea nigra) 203

Pinus Americana (Tsnga Canadensis) 206

Pinus Americana rubra 202

Pinus aristata 191

Finns Arizonica 192,250,255,268,338,402,468

Pinus australis 201

Pinus Balfouriana 191,250,255,258,336,402,468

Pinus Balfouriana (Pinn» Balfouriana, var. aristata) 191

Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata 191, 250, 255, 258, .336,'402, 468

Ptnu* balsamea 210

Pintu balsamea, var. Fraseri 210

Finns Banksiana 201,250,255,258,263,342,352,406,472

Pinus Banksiana (Finns contorta) 194

Pinus Beardsleyi 193

Pinus Senthamiana 193

Pinus Bolanderi 194

Pinus Boursieri 194

Pinvs brachyptcra 193

Pinus bracteata 213

Pinus Cali/omica (Pinus insignis) 196

Pintis Cali/omica (Pinus tnberculata) 196

Ptni(« CanoduTMM (Picea alba) 204

Pinus Canadensis (Tsuga Canadensis) 206

Pinus Canadensis (Tsuga Mertensiana) 207

Pinus cembroides 190,250,336

Pintis crmbroides (Pinns albicanlis) 189

Pinus cembroides (Finns edulis) 190

GENERAL INDEX.

601

Page.

Pinus Chihuahnana 194,250,255,258,338,404,470

Pinusclansa 199,250,255,258,340,404,472

Pinits commutata 205

Pinus concolor 212

Pinna contorta 194,250,255,258,338,404,470

Pintw contorta (Pinng mnriijata) 199

Pinut contorta (Pinus Murrayana) 194

Pinu^ contorta, var. Bolanderi 194

Piniu contorta, \!LT. laliftita 194

Pinns Conltcri ..' 195,250,255,258,340,404,470

Pinus Craigana ^ 193

Pinna Cnbensis 202, 249, 255, 258, 2G3, 342, 352, 406, 416, 474, 516, 5^, 522, 525

PintM Oubensit, var. tertKroearpa.- 202

Pinmdeflexa 193

Pinus Douglasii ...1 209

Pinus Douglasii, rar. bremt>raeteata 209

Pinus echinaia 200

Pinus Edgariana 199

Pinna edulia 9,13,190,260,255,258,336,402,468

Pinus EUiottii 202

Pinus ETigclmanni (Picea Kngelmanni) 205

Pinu* iJnjyriTTwnm (Pinna ponderosa) 193

Pinna flexilia 13,188,250,255,258,336,400,468,509-571

Pinus fiexilis (Pinna albioanlia) 189

Pinus JUxUis, var. albitaulis 189

Pinus flexUis, var. macroearpa 188

Pinus JUxUis, var. reJUxa 189

Pinus flexilis, var. serrulata 188

Pinus Fraseri (Abiea Froseri) 210

Pinus Fraseri (Pinna rigida) 197

Pinus Frtnwnti4ina 190

Pinus futilis 190

Pinna glabra 200,250,255,258,263,340,406,472,527

Pinus grandis (Abiea amabilia) 213

Pinus grandis (Abiea concolor) 212

Pinus grandis (Abiea grandis) 212

Pinus Orozelieri 187

Pinus Kudsonica 201

Pinna inopa 198,250,255,258,263,340,350,404,470,529,546

Pintfj inop« (Pinna contorta) 194

Pinus inops (Pinna Murrayana) 194

Pinusinops, var. (Pinna mnricata) 199

Pinus inops, var. clausa 199

Pinna inaignU 8,196,250,255,258,340,404,470

Pinus insignis macrocarpa 196

Pinus insiffnis, var. binata 196

Pinus intermedia .... 215

Pinna Jeflfreyi 9,193,250,255,258,338,402,470,578

Pinna Lambertiana 8,188,251,255,258,336,350,400,466,576,578

PintM Lambertiana, var. (Pinna flexilia) 188

Pinus Lambertiana, var. brevi/olia 188

Pinus larieina 215

Pinus Laricio, var. retinota 191

Pinus Larix 216

Pinxts Larix dtba ,. 215

Pinus Larix nigra 215

Pinus Larix rubra 215

Pinus lasiocarpa (Abiea concolor) 212

Pinus lasiocarpa (Abiea anbalpina) 211

Pint** Llaveana (Pinua oembroidea) 190

IHnus Llareana (Pinns Parryana) 189

Pinus Loddigesii 197

Pinus lophosperma 192

Pinus Lowiana 212

Pinus LyaUi 216

Pinus macrocarpa 195

Pinus macTophyUa 193

Pinus Mariana 202

Pinus Mtnziesii 206

Pinus Mtmziesii, var. vritpa. 206

Pinus ilerttntiana 207

Pinus microcarpa 215

Pinns mitiH 4, 200, 250, 255, 258, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 527, 529-531,

633, 536, 537, 541, 544, 560
Pin^ismitis, vnr. paupera 200

Page.

Pinna monophylla 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,350,402,458

Pinus monticola 7, 187, 250, 255, 258, 336, 400, 466, 564, 565, 573-576

Pinus mnricata 199,250,255.258,340,404,472

Pinus muricata (Pinns contorta) 194

Pinus Murrayana 9, 194, 250, 255, 258, 338, 350, 404, 470, 564-567, 572-577

Pinw* nigra 202

PimtsnoHlis 214

Pinus Xuttallii 216

Pinus osteogperma 190

Pinus palustlia 4, 201, 249, 255, 258, 263, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516, 519-621,

524,531,537,541
Pinus palustris the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine

Belt 4

Pinus Parryana 189,250,255,258,336,402,468

Pwiti* Parryana (Pinna ponderoaa) 193

Pinus Pattoniana (Tsnga Mertensiana) 208

Pinus Pattoniana (Tsnga Pattoniana) 208

Pinus pendula 215

Pinna ponderosa 8, 9, 192, 250, 255, 258, 263, 338, 350, 402, 468, 562, 565, 567,

574, 575, 578
Pinns ponderosa an important characteristic tree of the Coast Forest. .. 8

Pinus ponderosa, var. BentJiamiana 193

Pinus ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi 193

Pinus ponderosa, var. scopvlorum 193

Pinus porphyroearpa - 187

Pinns pnngens 199,250,256,258,340,350,404,472

Pinus radiata 196

Pinna reflexa 189,260,255,258,336,402,468,568,569

Pinus resinosa 191,250,255,258,263,336,350,402,468

Pinus resinosa (Pinus ponderosa) 193

Pinns rigida 197,250,255,268,340,350,404,470

Pinus rigida (Pinns insignis) 196

Pinus rigida (Pinna mitia) 200

Pinus rigida, var. seroHna 198

Pinus rubra (Picea nigra) 203

Pinus rubra (Pinna resinosa) 191

Pinus rubra, var. violacea 204

Pimts rupestris 201

Pinns Sabiniana 195,250,255,258,338,404,470

Pinus Sabiniana CouiteH - 195

Pinus Sabiniana macrocarpa 195

Pinns serotina 198,249,255,268,340,350,404,416,470,527

Pinus Shasta 189

Pinus Sinclairii 196

Pinus Sitchensis 206

Pimts species (Abies subalpina) 211

Pinns Strobus 4, 187, 251, 255, 258, 263, 334, 350, 400, 466, 494, 506, 551, 654, 658

Pinns Strobus the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt

Pinus Strobus, var. atba

Pintis Strobus, var. brevi/olia

Pinus Strobus, var. compressa

Pinus Strobus, var. monticola

Pinus Strobus, var. nivea

Pinus sylvestris, var. divaricafa

4
187
187
187
187
187
201

Pinus Ta^da 197, 250, 255, 258, 263, 340, 350, 404, 416, 470, 512, 516, 541

Pinus Ttsda, var. a 197

Pinus Tceda, var. alopecuroidea 198

Pinus Toeda, var. heterophylla 202

Pinus Tmda, var. rigida 197

Pinus Tceda, var. tenw'/olia 197

Pinus Toida, var. variabilis 200

Pinus Tceda, var. Virginiana 198

Pinus taxifolia 2C9

Pinus tetragona 204

Pinus Torreyana 8,192,250,255,258,338,402,468

Pinus tuberculata 196,251,265,258,340,404,470

Pinus tuberculata (Pinns insignis) 196

Pinus variabilis 200

Pinus venusta 213

Pinus Virginiana 198

Pinus Virginiana, vtLV. echinata 200

Piscidia 10,14

Piscidia Carlhagenentis 57

Piaoldia Erythrina 67,249,253,256,278,360,426

Pisonia 11,15

602

GENERAL INDEX.

P«ge.

Piwnte Miilmta "^

PlaonUobtauU 117, 250, 284, 257, 802, 372, 438

PI«teol« 10-12,14

PbUeU Mexloaiu **

Pitch Pine 198,840,350,404,470,520,522,625,531

PUhtoMnumfotftx **

Pit\tcoM>\um Ouadal\ipemit •*

Pithteolobium micrqpAyUtim **

Plthecolobinm DngnU-cati 84,249,282

Planers ".l*

PlaoenaqoaUca 124,250,254,257,306,376,442

Planera Onulini 124

Plantra Itichardi 124

Plangra ulmi/olia 124

PlaTAHACBJK 129,130,254,257,306,376,442

PUtannB 11,12,15,251

PUitantu Califomiea ; 129

Platanut hybrida4 120

Platanut lobata 129

Platanut 3Iexieana (PUtanns racemoea) 129

Pijtanu* Jfftricano (Platanas Wrightii) 180

Platanus occidentals 129,250,254,257,306,350,376,442

Platanut oeeidentalu (Platanas racemosa) 129

Platan as racemosa 129,250,254,257,306,376,442

Platanxu racemota (Flatanns Wrightii) 130

Platanut vulga rit, var. angtdota 129

Platanas Wrightii 130,250,254,257,300,376,442

Plum, Canada 65,282,362,420

Plani, Chickasaw 66,282,362,420

Plam, Cocoa 65,282,362,426

Plum, Darling 39,272,358,422

Plum, Downward 103,294,368,434

Plum, Gopher 91,290,366,432

Plum, Gniana 121,302,374,440

Plam, Hog (Prunas angnstifolla) 66,282,362,426

Plum, Hog (Rhus Metopiam) 54,278,360,424

Plain, Hog (Ximenia Americana) 34,270

Plum, Horse 65,282,362,426

Plum, Moantain 34,270

Plam, Pigeon 117,302,372,438

Plam, Saflron 103,294,368,434

Plum, Wild 63,282,362,426

Poison Elder , -• 54,278

Poison Samach 54,278

Poisonwood (Ehus Metopium) 54,278,360,424

Polsonwood (Sebastiania Incida) 121, 304

POLTGONACB^ 117,118,254,257,302,372,438

Polygonum uvifera 118

Pond Apple 23,266,354,418

Pond Pine 198,340,350,404,416,470,527

Poplar 172,328,394,460

Poplar, Carolina 175,330.350,396,462

Poplar, Necklace 175,330,350,396,462

Poplar, Yellow 22,266,354,418

Popnlas 11,12,16

Populu* acladetea 173

Popului angulata 175

Populut angulosa 175

Populus anguatifolia 13,174,260,255,258,394,402,565

Populut an(;ustifolia (Populns trichocarpa) 174

Populut argentea 172

Populut A thenitntit ^ 171

Populus balsamlfera 12,173,251,255,258,328,394,460,573,575

Populut baltamifera (Populus trichocarpa) 174

Populut baltanti/era lanceolata 173

Populut baltamifera, var , 174

Populut baltami/era, var. angutt\folia 174

Populut baltamifera, var. Cali/omica 174

Populus balsamlfera. var. candicans 173, 250, 255, 258, 330, 894, 460

Populut baltamifera, var. genuina 173

Populut Cana(i«n«i> (Popnlns balsamtfora, var. candicans) - 173

Populm Canodenii* (Populus monilifera) 175

Populus Canadentit, rsa-. angutt\folia .*. 174

Populut eandicant 173

Populut tordif alia 172

Page.
Populut ddloidt 174

Populus Frcmontii 175, 250, 255, 258, 330, 396, 462

Populus Fromontll, DOr. Wializeni 175,250,255,258,262,330,396,462

Populut glandulosa 175

Popnlus grandidenUta 172,250,255,258,328,394,460

Populut grandidentata, var. perulula 172

Populus heterophylla 172,250,235,258,328,394,460

Populut heterophylla (Popnlas balsamlfera, var. candicans) 173

Populut heterophylla, var. argentea 172

Populut Uevigata (Popnlas monilifcra, AUon, etc.) 175

Populut Uevigata (Popnlas monllifera, Uort.) 175

Populut latifolia 173

Popului JAndleyana 175

Populut macrophylla (Popnlas balsamlfera, var. candieans) 173

Populut macrophylla (Popnlus moniUfora) 175

Populut ifarylandiea 175

Popnlus monilifera 174,251,255,258,262,330,350,396,462

Populut monilifera (Popnlus PremontU) 175

Populut monilifera (Popnlns Fremontil, var. Wislizenl) 175

Populut negleeta .- 175

Populut Ontarientis 173

Populut Tacamahaca - 173

Populut treviul\formit 171

Popnlas tremnloidee 12,171,250,255,258,328,350,394,460

Populut trepida 171

Poptilus trichocarpa 174,251,255,258,330,394,462,576

Populut trichocarpa, vax.cupulata 174

Populut viminea 173

Populus Yirginiana 175

Poreelia triloba 23

Porkwood 117,302,372,438

Porliera 10-13

Porlieraonguetifolia 29,249,268

Port Orford Cedar 179,302,350,398,464,576

Possum Oak 152,320,350,368,410,454

Post Cedar 176,330,396,462

Post Oak 139,312,362,448,528

Post Oak, Swamp 140,314,350,384,450

Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Americannm) 29,268

Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30,270,336,420

Prince's Pine 201,342,352,406,472

Princijial woods of the United States under compression, behavior of the. 418-481
Principal woods of the United States under transverse strain, behavior

of the - 354-414

Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of Now Hampshire by 497

Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of New Tork by 501-566

Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of Pennsylvania by 507-510

Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of Vermont by 498-500

Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of West Virginia by 512-515

Vrinos deciduut 37

Pritchardia filam*ntosa 217

Privet 112,298,372,438

Product and average size of saw-mills in each state and territory 488

Production of naval stores in Alabama 517,527,520,530

Production of naval stores in Florida 517

Production of naval stores in Georgia 517

Production of naval stores in Louisiana 517

Production of naval stores in Mississippi 517

Production of naval stores in North Carolina 317

Production of naval stores in South Carolina 517

Prosopis >10-12, 14

Prosopis Emorifi 62

Prosopis glandulosa 61

Prosopis juliflora 12,61,249,253,256,265,280,350,362,420

Prosopis odorata (Prosopis .juliflora) 01

Prosopis odorata (Prosopis pnbescens) 62

Prosopis pubesccns 13, 62, 249, 253, 256, 280, 362, 426

Prunus 10-12,14,573

Pmnns Americana. 12,66,249,253,256,282,362,426

Prunns Americana, var. mollis 65

Prunus an gustifolia 06,249,253,256,282,362,426

Prunus borcalit 66

Prunus Canadentit 68

Pruntis CapoUin ®8

Prunus Capuli 68,249,282,428

GENERAL INDEX.

603

Page.

Prunug Carolina 69

Pranas Caroliniana 69,249,253,256,284,302,428

Pruntts cartilaginea 68

Pruniis Chicaea 66

Prunu? coccinea - -. — 65

Prnnns demissa 69,249,253,256,284,362,428

Prunus emarginata 67,250,282

Prunnsemarginata.tior. mollis 67,253,256,282,362,428

Pntnus hiemalis (Prnnns .^mericana) 65

Primus hiemalis (Prnnns Americana, var. mollis) 65

Prunus iUcifolia 70,249,253,256,284,364,428

Pruniis insitHia 66

Prumts lanceolata - 66

Primus Lusitanica 69

Prtm^is Mississippi 65

Prunus TnoL'w (Prunus Americana, ror. mollis) 65

Prunus mollis (Prnnns emarginata, txir. mollis) 67

Prunus nigra 65

Prnnns Pennsjivanica 12,66,250,282,428

Prunus persici/olia 66

Prunus pumila 67

Pnmus sempervirens 09

Prunus serotina 68,250,258,256,259,282,363,428

Prumts serratifolia - 69

Prnnus sphaerocarpa 70,249,284

Prvnvs spinosa 65

Prnnus umbellata 87,249,282,428

Prnnns Virgin iana 68

Prunus Virginiana (Prunus serotina) 68

Prunus Virifiniana, Tar. demissa 69

Pseudacacia odorata : 55

Pseudopetalon glandulosum 30

Pseudopetalon triearpum .' 30

Pseudotsuga 7,9,11,12,16,575

Pseudotsnga Douglasii . . .209, 250, 255, 259, 264, 265, 344, 352, 410, 476, 565, 569, 573, 576

Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macrocarpa 210, 250, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478

Pseudotsuga rnagnifica 214

Pseudotsuga nobilis 214

Pseudotsuga the most important timber tree of the Pacific region 7

Ptelia 10,13

Ptelia mollis 31

Ptelia trifoliata 12,31,249,270

Ptelia trifoliata, car. mollis 31

Ptelia Titiei/olia 31

Punk Oak 152,320,350,388^410,454

Purple Haw 40,272

Pnrshia 575

Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on the forests of Michigan by 553. 554

Pntnam, Mr. II. C, remarks on the forests of Minnesota by 659,560

Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on the forests of the eastern portion of Dakota

by 561

Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on the forests of Wisconsin by 555-558

Pynis 10-12,14

Pyms Americana 73,250,284,428

I'yrus Americana (Pyms sambucifolia) 74

P^xus Americana, rar. microcarpa '. 74

Pyrus angnstifolia 72,249,284

Pyrus aueuparia (Pyms Americana) 73

Pyrus aufiuparia (Pjtus sambucifolia) 74

Pyrus Bartramiana 84

Pyrus Botryapium 84

Pymscoronaria 72,249,253,236,259,260,284,364,428

Pyrus coronaria (Pyms angnstifolia) 72

Pyrus eoronaria,raT. angustifolia 72

Pyrus diversi/olia 73

Pyrus /usea 73

P'/rus glandulosa 77

Pyrus microcarpa 74

Pyrus ovalis 85

Pyms rivuharis 73,249,284

Pyrus sambucifolia 12,74,250,253,256,284,364,428

Ptprus subcordata 73

Pyrus Wartgenheimia^ia 84

QoakingAsp 171,328,350,394,460

QuOMia dioica -12

Page.

Quassia Simantba 32

Quercitron Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454

Quercua 11,12,15

Qaeroas acatidens 155

Quercus acutiglandis 146

Quercua agrifolia 146,249,254,257,318,386,452

Qicercus agrifolia, vaT.frutescens 147

Quercus alba 137, 249, 254, 257, 261, 265, 312, 350, 380, 414, 446

Quercus alba minor 139

Quercus alba palustris 141

Quercus alba, var. Gunnisonii 139

Quercus alha, var. microcarpa 137

Quercus alba,v&T.pinnatiJlda 137

Quercus alba, var. pitinatijido-sinuata 137

Quercus alba, var. repanda 137

Quercus alba, var. sinuata 137

Quercus ambigua 147

Quercus annulata 145

Quercus aquatica 152,249,254,258,262,320,350,388,416,454

Quercus aquatica (Quercus nigra) 150

Quercus aquatica, var. attenuata 152

Quercus aquatii-a, v&t. cuneata 162

Quercus aquatica, var. elongata 152

Quercus aquatica, var. heterophyUa 15

Quercus aquatica, var. hybrida 152

Quercus aquatica, var. indivisa 152

Quercus aquatica, var. laur^foUa 152

Quercua aquatica, rar. mjrtifoUa 155

Quercus Bauiateri 155

Quercua berberidifolia 155

Quercus bicolor 141,249,254,257,261,314,384,450

Quercus bicolor, v&t. Michau^i 141

Quercus bicolor, var. mollis 141

Quercua bicolor, var. platanoides 141

Quercus Breweri 155

Quercus Cali/omica - 149

Quercus Castanea (Quercus prinoides) 142

Quercus Castanea (Quercus Prinue) • 142

Quercus Catesbaei - 151,249,254,258,320,388,454,525

Quercus Chinquapin 143

Quercua chrysolepia 146.249,254,258,318,386,452

Quercus chrysolepis, var. vaceinifolia 146

Quercus cinerea 153,250,255.258,320,390,456,525

Quercua cinerea, rar. pumiJa 155

Quercus cinerea, ?;ar. sericea 155

Quercus coccinea.. 148,249,254,258,318,388,452

Querctis coccinea, var. ambigtia 147

Quercus coccinea, var. microcarpa 148

Quercua coccinea, var. rubra 14?

Quercus cocciviea, var. tinctoria 149

Quercus con/ertifolia 154

Quercus crassipocula 14"

Quercus cuneata 15*'

Quercus decipiens 1^

Quercus denslflora 154,249,254,258,265,322,800,456,576,580

Quercus discolor 149

Quercus discolor, v&T. trUoba 151

Quercua Douglasii 143,249.251,254,258,316,386,450

Quercua Douglasii, var. Oambelii 1^9

Quercua Douglasii, var. Necei

Quercua DruTnmondii

Quercua dumosa

Quercus dumoaa, var. bullata

138
139
155
155

Quercua Durandii 145,249,251,254,258,316,386,452

Quercus echinacea 1 55

Quercua echinoides 155

Quercus elongata 15®

Quercna Emoryi 12,146,249,254,258,265,318,386.452

Quercua Emoryi (Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii) 139

Quercua falcata 150,240,254,258,262,265,320,350,388,454,525

Quercua falcata, var. LudovidarM

Quercua falcata, var. pagodc^olia

Quercus falcata, V ax. triloba

Quercua fulvescena

Quercua Gambelii *-

Quercus Garry ana 138,249,254,257,261,312,350,382,448,576

151
151
151
146
130

604

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

Qoerena Georgiana 155

QocKunsrisea 144, 2«. 251, 254, 258, 818, 386, 452

Qutrcut hattata 146

Quereus hemUphtrrica 352

Queretu hemisphatrica^vnr.nana 152

Quercua hcterophylla 153, 249, 255, 258, 326, 390, 456

QufTcut Uindtii 138

Qufrciis humilU 153

Quorous hypoleuoa 154,249,255,258,322,390,456

Quercas Uioifolia 155

Qa.Tcns imbricaria 154,249,255,258,322,390,450

Querent Jacobi 138

Quercas KelloggU 149,250,254,258,265,320,388,416,454

Quereutltevu 151

Quercns Uuritblia 152,249,254,258,320,390,454

Qutreut laurifolia hybrida 152

Quernu lavri/otia, var. aeuta 152

(iuercut lauri/olia, var. obtuta 152

Quorcus lobata 138,249,254,257,312,382,448

Quercas lobata, rar. fnitiooss 155

Quercu4 lobutata 139

Qurrmt Umgiglanda 138

Quprcna lyrata 140,249,254,257,261,314,350,384,450,533

QuercuH luacrocarpa 140,249.254,257,261,265,314,384,448

Qufrcut maerocarpa, var. abbreviala 140

Quereus Tnacrocarpa, var. miywr 140

Querciu macrocarpa, var. olivctformi* 140

Quernu ilarylandusa 150

Qoercus Michauiii 141,249,254,258,261,316,384,416,450,533

Quereus m(mta7ia 142

Quercut Merehut 147

Querctu Muhlenbergii 143

Qnercus myrtifolia 155

Quercus nana 152

Quereut Nuei 138

Quercus nigra 150,249,254,258,265,320,350,388,454,525

Quereut nigra (Qaercns aqnatica) 132

Quereut nigra (Quercus tinctorU) 149

Quercus nigra aquatica 152

Quercut nigra digitata 150

Querais nigra inlegrifolia 150

Quernu nigra trifida 152

Quernu nigra, var. (Quorcns heterophylla) 153

Quercut nigra, MSir. lati/olia 150

Quercus olilonglfolia 143,249,251,254,258,316,386,452

Quernu oblongi/olia 146

Quernu oblongifolia, var. brevilobata 143

Querme obtuga 152

Quercut obtunfolia, vm.bremloba 145

Qnercus obtusUoba 138, 249, 254, 257, 2«n, 312, 382, 448, 525, 528

Quernu obtusitoba, var. depressa 140

Quercut obtuiiloba, vw. pani/olia 1J9

Quercut (Erttediana ]3g

Quercut oleoidet 145

Querctu olivcfformit 140

Quercut oxyadmia 14g

Quercus paJustris 151,249,254,258,320,388,454

Quercut paliutritiQnerenatabn, rar. Texana) 14g

Quercus parvifolia ; 139

Quercus PheUos 164,249,255,258,322,390,456

Quercut PheUot anguttifolia 154

Quercut PheUatXcoceinea 153

Quercut Phellot lali/olia I54

Qnercus PhoUos pumila 155

Quercut Phellot X tinetori* 153

Quercut Phellot, var. (Qnercus heterophylla) 163

Quercus Phellos, nor. arenaria 155

Quercut Phellot, var. cinerea I53

Quercut Phellot, vnr.humaii I54

Quercut Phellot, \aT. imbricaria I54

Quercut Phellot, var. laur^folia 152

Quernu Phellot, mv. sempervireni I45

Qnercus Phellos, var. sericea I55

Quercut PhtUoi, var. riridit I54

Qnercus prinoideg 142,249,251,254,258,261,262,265,316,384,450

Page.

Quercns Prinna 142, 249, 254, 258, 261, 265, 816, 330, 381, 416,450

Quercut Prinut $. (Qnercns cinerea) mj

Quercut Priniu (Qnercus Micbanxll) 141

Quercut Prinut Chinquapin 143

Quercut Prinut humilit 142

Quernu Prinut paluttrii 141

Quernu Prinut platanoidet 141

Quernu Prinut pumila 142

Quernu Prinut tomentota 143

Quercus Prinut, \ar. acuminata 142

Quernu Prinut, var. bicolor.. 141

Quercut Prinut, var. discolor , 141

Quercus Prinut, var. lata 142

Quernu Prinut, var. 21ichauaeii 141

Quercut Prinut, var. montieola 142

Quercut Prinut, var. oblongata '. 143

Quercut Prinus, xar. prinoidet 143

Quercus pumila 155

Quercus pungent 144

Quercus Santomi 13$

Quercus reticnlata 144,249,316

Quercus reticulata, var. Qreggii 144

Quercut retuta 145

Qnercus rubra 147,250,251,254,258,282,265,318,350,386,452

Quercut rubral. (Qnercns coccinea) I4g

Quercus rubra (Qnercns Kelloggii) 149

Quercus rubra (Quercns tinotoria) 149

Quercus rubra maxima 147

Quercut rubra montana 150

Quercut rubra ramoeittima isi

Quercus rubra, var. dissecia 151

Quernu rubra var. lati/olia 147

t^uercut rubra, var. montaTia 147

Quernu rubra, var. runcinata 147

Quercns rubra, var. Texana 148,249,254,258,318,388,452

Qi:ercut Sati-Sabeana 145

Quercut tempervirent 145

Quercus tericea 155

Quernu Shumardii , 149

Quercus sinuata , 137

Quercus Sonomentis 149

Quercus spicata , 144

Quernu stellaia 139

Quercus stellata, var. depretsa 140

Quercj/s stellata, var. Floridana 139

Quercut stellata, var. Utaheruit 139

Quercut Texana 148

Qnercus tinctoria 149,249,254,258,262,265,318,350,388,454,528

Quercus tinctoria, var. angulosa 149

Quercus tinctoria, var. Califomiea 149

(Quercus tinctoria, var. sintMsa 149

Quercus triloba 150

Quercus uliginota ,,, 152

Quercus nndulata 13,155

Quercut undulata (Quercns Dnrandii) )45

Quercns undulata, var. Gambelii 139, 249, 254, 257, 314, 384, 448

Quercus undulata, var. gritea 144

Quercut undulata, var. oblongatti 143

Quercus undulata, vav. pungent , 144

Quercut undulata, var. Wrightii 144

Quercut vaecinifolia 140

Quercus velutina 149

Quercut viUosa 139

Quercns virena 145, 249, 264, 258, 262, 205, 316, 386, 452

Quercut Yirginiana 145

Quercus WisUzeni 147,249,254,258,318,386,452

R.

Randia clu.ti(efolia ; 95

Rapanea Quyattentit 99

Eattlebsx , 106,290

Red Ash 109,296,370,430

EedBny 118,302,372,438

Bed Birch 161,324,392,458

Bed Cedar (Juniperna Virglniana) 183,332,398,464,544

Bed Cedar (Thuya gigautea) 177, 330, 396, 462, 673, 575, 576, 580.

i

GENERAL INDEX.

605

Page.

, Eed Clierry, "Wild 66,282,428

EedC.ypress 184,334,350,398,466

Red Elm 122,304,374,440

Kcd Fir (Abies maguiflco) 214,346,412,478

Eed Fir (Abies nobilis) 214,346,412,478,573

Eed Fir (Pseudotsuga Dooglasii) 209, 265, 344, 352, 410, 476, 565, 575

Red Fir the most important timber tree of the Paciflo region 7

Eed Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430

Red Haw (Ciatjegns coccinea) 78,286

Eed Haw (Crata?gu8 flava, otr. pabescens) 83,260,364,430

Eedlronwood 39,272,358,422

EedMapIo 60,276,358,424

Rod Mulberry 128,306,376,443

Eed Oal£ (Qnercns falcata) 151,265,320,350,388,454

Red Oak (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452

EedOali (Quercus rubra, car. Teiana) 148,318,388,452

Red I'infe 192,336,350,402,468

Red Stopper 89,288,366,430

Redbnd (Cercis Canadensis) 61,280,363,426

Redbud (Cercis reniformis) 61,280

Redwood 'i 185,334,350,398,466,579

Redwood Belt the most important feature in the Coast Eingo of the

Coast Forest 8

Redwood of California, economic value of the 578

Redwood standing in the forests of California May 31, 1880, tabular state-
ment of the amount of 579

Region, the Atlantic 3-6

Region, the Paciflo 6-10

Remarks, general, on the forests of North America 3-16

Reynosia. 10, 13

Reynosia latifolia 39,249,253,256,272,358,422

RJtamindium revolutum 39

Rhamnace^ 39-42,253,256,272,358,422

Ehamnns 10-13

Bhamnus alnifoliua j 41

Khamnus Californica 40,250,272

Ehamnns Califomica, tior. tomentella 41

Rhamnus Caroliniana 40,250,253,256,272,358,422

Rhamnus elUpticus 41

Jikamnug ferrea ^ 39

Jihamnu8 Uevigatus 39

lihamnus tauri/oHui 40

RhaTnnus olei/olius 40

Ehanmus Pnrshiana 41,250,253,256,272,358,422

JViam nus tomenteUus 41

Rhizophora 10,11,14

Bhizophara A mtrieana 86

Rhizophora Mangle 86,249,253,267,265,288,364,430

Jihuophora racemoaa 86

Rhizophobace^ 86,87,253,257,288,364,430

Rhode Island, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .486, 487, 500, 501

Rhode Island, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Rhole Island, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.,

in 491,600,501

Rho<lo Island, the Northern Pine Belt in 500

Rhododendron 11,12,15

Ehododendron maximum 99,250,254,257,292,368,434

Rhododendron maximum, var. album 99

Rhododendron marimuin, var. purpureum 99

Rhododendron maximum, var. ro«eum . 99

Rhododendron procerum 09

Rhododendron purpureum 99

Rhododendron Purtbii 99

Ehus 10,12,14

Rhus arborescent 33

Rhus Canadense 52

EhuHCopallina 63,250,253,256,278,360,424

Rhus c^fpalUna, yav. angustialata 53

Rhus copallina, r&r. angusti/olia 53

Rhus copallina, var. inte/pi/olia 53

EhuB copallina, ror. lanceolata 53,250,278,424

Rhus copallina, var. latialata 63

Rhus copallina, var. latifolia 53

Ebns copallina. ror. lencantha 63

Mhut ecpaUina, var. serrata 53

Page.

Ehus cotinoides 62,250,276

Rhus cotinus 52^

Rhus glabra i 53

Rhus hypselodendron 52

Rhus leucantha 53

RhusMetopium 54,249,253,256,278,360,424

Rhus Toxicodendron 54

Rhnstyphina 52,250,278

Rhus typhina,vdiT.laciniata 52

Rhus typhina,v&T.viridiJlora 52

Rhus venenata 54,250,278

Rhus vcrnix * - 54

Rhus viridiflora 52

Kiver Birch 161,324,392,458

River Cottonwood 172,328,394,400

Eobinia 10,13

Robinia /ragilis 55

Robinia glutinosa 56

Robinia NeoMexicana 13,58,249,253,256,278,360,426

Robinia Pseudacacia 65,249,253,256,2.59,278,350,360,424

Eobinia viscosa 50,249,278

Rock Chestnut Oak 142,265,316,350,384,416,450

Rock Elm 123,304,374,440

Rock Maple 48,276,358,422

Rocky Mountain region, northern, report by Mr. Sereno Watson on the

forests of the 504,565

ROSACE.E 64-85,253,256,282,362,426

EoseBay 99,292,368,434

Rosemary Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470

Rosin and tar produced in North Carolina, grades of 617

Royal Palm 218,348,352

RUBIACK.E 95,96,253,257,290,366,432

Rum Cherry 68,282,362,428

RUTACE.E 29-32,253,256,268,356,420

8.

Sabal 11,16

Sabal Palmetto 217,250,348,352

Saffron Plum 103,294,368,434

Sago-brush 576

Saginaw valley in Michigan, lumber industry of 5S2

Saguaro 90,288

SALICACEiE 165-175,255,258,326,394,400

Salix '. 11,12,16

Salix 170

Salix ambigua 165

Salix amygdaloides 13,166,250,255,258,326,394,460

Salix argophylla 168

Salix arguta i. 187

Salix argula,vsii.l(ma'ndia 167

Saiix Bigelovii 170

Salix Bigetovii,\a.T./u8cior 170

Salia: brachycarpa 168

Salix brachyatachys 170

Salix brachystachys, var. Scouleriana 170

Saiix Caroliniana 165

Salix cklorophylla, var. pellita 171

Salix cordata 170

Salix cordata, var. /aleata 165

Salix cordata, ror. vestita 170,250,328

Salix crassa 169

Salix curteata 171

Salix discolor 169,250,328

Salix discolor, rar. eriocephala 169

Salix discolor, rar. prinoides .f 169

Salix eriocephala 160

Salix exigua 168

Salix f aleata 165

Salix Fendleriana 167

Salix flavescens, 169,250,255,258,328,394,460

Salix flavescens (Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana) 170

Salix flavescens, cor. Scouleriana 170, 250, 255, 258, 328, 394, 460

Salix fiavo-virena 165

Salix fluviatalis 168

Salix Uartwegi 171

Salix Uindsiana 169

606

GENERAL INDEX.

Pime.

Sal^ BindtianOy var. t*nu\f<iHa 1(18

Salix Boffmanniana 187

SoUx Hookeri»n» 170,280,828,460

Satix Bouttoniana 1^

Salix humilit.var.Bartwtifi I'l

S«Uxl«TlK«ta 187, 260, 255, 288, 368,394, 480

Sallx lasTigaU, mr. angnttifolis 1^

Saltx herigata, car. coDgeata 1"

Salix laneifotia 1*7

Salix laaiaadra 167,250,828

Salix laaiandra, rar. Fendlerlaaa 167,250,255,258,326,394,480

SaUx lasiandra, nir. lanolfalia 167,250,255,258,326,394,460

Salix lasiolepls 170,250,255,258,328,894,460

Salix laJiolepi4, v9lt. anffugt\folia 171

Salix lanolepi^, vat. Bigelovii 170

Salix latioUpit.TtT./aUax 170

Salix Ui*ioUpis,var. lat\folia 171

Salix liguttrina 165

Salix longifoUa 12,188,280,326

Salix longifolia, rar. angu^tiwma 168

SaUx longifolia, rar. argyrophTlla 168

Salix Icngifolia, var. argyrophyUa anguttiuima 168

Salix longifolia, vhT.argyrophyllaopaea 188

Salix longifolia, var. exigaa 168,260,326

Salix longifolia, T&r.opaca 168

Salix longyfolia, var, pedi^ellata 168

Salix longipa 166

Salix longipet, var. pubeteent 166

Salix lucida, VHT. angtiHifolia, tonnh Uuiandra 187

Salix lueida, var. macrophylla 167

Salix marginaia 186

Salix melanopeis 188

Salix nigra 12,165,250,826,394,460

Salix nigra, vttt. amygdaloide* 168

Salix nigra, var. anguat\folia 166

Salix nigra, var.falcata , 165

SaUx nigra, v&r. latifolia 166

Salix nigra, vtLT. longifolia 168

Salix nigra, par. loDgipes 168

Salix nigra, var. longipes, snhv&r. gongylooarpa 166

Salix nxgra, var. longipee, suhvar. venulosa 166

Salix nigra, rar. marginata 166

Salix nigra, rar. Wardii .* 166

Salix nigra, rar. Wrightii 166

Salix occidentalia 166

Salix pentandra 165

Salix pentandra, var. eaudata 167

Salix prinoida 169

Salix Purahiana 165

Salix rubra 168

Salix SeouUriarM 170

Salix gengitiva 169

Salix seiwUilblia 168,250,328

Salix 8e«8ilifolia, rar. Hindsiana 169

Salix aeggilifolia, var.rillota 168

Salix Sitcliensis 171,250,328

Salix Sitchengis, car. angustifoUa 171

SaUx speeiota ., ' 1(J7

Salix gubpillosa igfl

Salix Wrightii 166

Samara Jloribunda 99

Samara pentandra 90

SambncUH 10-12,14

Sambueui CaHfomiea 93

SambncuH glauca 93,250,253,257,290,366,432

Sambueua glauea (Sambaous Mexioana) 93

Sambncna Mexicana 12,93,250,290

Sambuetu 3{ezicana (Sambacng glanca) 93

Sambveiu velutirui 93

S»»<1 Jack 153,320,300,456

Sand Pine 199,340,494,472

SandtHtr Willow 168,326

Sapixdacb* 42-61,253,256,274,358,414,422

Sapindna 10.13

Sapindug acumiruiUi 44

Sapitidut Orvmnumdi 44

Page.

Sapindugfalcaltu 44

Sapindtu inaiqualit 44

Saplndne marglnataa 12,44,249,253,274,358,414,422

Saphidus Saponaria 48,240 274

Sapindug Saponaria (Sapindoa marginatas) 44

Sai-otack^. 100-103,254,257,292,388,434

Sarcomphalut Oarolinianu4 40

Sassafras 120, 302, .174, 438

Sassafras officinale 119,250,264,257,200,302,374,438

Satinwood 11,15,31,270,358,420

Savin (Jnniperus Virginiana) 183,322,398,464

Savin (Torreyataxifolia) 186,334,400,466

Saw -mills in each f late and territory, average size and prodnct of 488

Scarlet Haw (Cratsegus coccinea) 78,286

Scarlet Haw (Cratngos subviUosa) 78,286,364,430

Scarlet Oak 148, 318, 38S, 452

Schfiefferia ' 10, 13

Schcsferia buxifolia 39

Sehaferia compUta 39

Schfiefferia frutescens 39,249,272

Schafferia lateriflora .*. 120

SchouJtbcea commutata 87

Schxtbertia disticha 183

Schubertia gempervirent 186

Screw Bean 82,280,362,426

Screw-pod Mesqait 62,280,362,426

Scmb Oak (Quercus Catesbffii) 151,320,388,454

Scrub Oak (Quercua nndulata, rar. GambelU) 139, 314, 384, 448

Scmb Pine (Pinna ISanksiana) 201,342,352,406,472

Scrub Pine (Pinus clansa) 199,340,404,472

Scmb Pine (Finns contorta) 194,338,404,470

Scmb Pine (Pinus inopa) 199,340,350,404,470,529

Scutiaferrea (Condalia ferrea) 39

Scutiaferrea (Beynosia latifoUa) 39

Sea Ash 30,270,356,420

Sea Grape 118,302,438

Seaside Alder 162,326,458

Sebasiiania 11, 15

Sebostiauia lucida 121,249,304

Sebegtena scabra 113

Selected woods of the United States under transverse strain, behavior of :

specimens eight centimeters sqnare 414-417

Semi-tropical Forest of Florida 6

Sequoia 8,11,12,16

Sequoia gigantea 184,251,265,258,334,398,466,578

Sequoia gigantea (Sequoia sempervirens) 185

Seqrioia Rafinegquei 206-

Sequoia religioga ...t 185

Sequaia sempervlrens 184, 250, 255, 258, 263, 334, 350, 398, 466, 579-

Sequoia Wellingtonia 184

Service Tree 84,286,364,430

Seven-year Apple 93,290

Shad Bush 84,286,364,430

Shag-bark Hickory 133,308,350,378,444

Sharpies, Mr. S.P., experiments by 247,251,264,265

She Balsam 210,346,412,478

Shecpberry 94,290.432

SheU-bark, Big 133,310,378,444

SheU-bark, Bottom ' 133,310,378,444

SheU-bark Hickory 133,308,350,378,444

Shingle Oak 154,322,390,456

SliiufileB and lumber received at Chicago during the year 1880 548, 549 •

Shittimwood (Bumelia lanuginosa) 102,294,308,434

Shittimwood (Rhamnus Purshiana) 41,272,358,422

Short- and Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Alabama May 31,

1880, tabular statement of the amount of 534

Short- and Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Looisiana May

31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 537

Short- and Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Mississippi May

31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 531

Short-leaveil, Loblolly, and Loog-Ieaved Pine standing in the forests of

Texas May 31. 1880, tabular statement of the amount of .541

Short-leaved Pine 200, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 527, 530, 531, 530, 537. 541, 544, SCO

Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Arkansas May 31, 1880, tabu-
lar statement of the amount of 544

ShrabbyTrefoU 31,270

GENERAL INDEX.

607

Page.

Sideroxylon 11,15

Sideroxylon Caroliiiense 101

Siderozylon ehryaophylloidet 101

Sideroxylon euneatum 103

Sideroxylon decandrurn 103

Sideroxylon lanuginosum 102

Sideroxylon lame 103

Sideroxylon lycioides 103

Siierox ylon Mastichodendron 101» 249, 254, 257, 292, 368, 434

Sideroxylon pallidum 101

Sideroxylon redinaium 103

Sideroxylon salici/olium 101

Sideroxylon sericeum 101

Sideroxylon ienax (Bumelia lanaginoBa) 102

Sideroxylon tenax (Bamelia tonox) 101

SUiqwutrum cordatum 61

Silk-top Palmetto 217,348

Silky Willow 171,328

Silver-bell Tree (Haleaia diptera) 105,294,368,434

Silver-bell Tree (Halesia tetrapt«ra) 106,296

Silver Maple 49,276,358,424

Silver-top Palmetto 218,348

Simaroba 10,13

Simaruba amara 32

Simarubaglauca 32,250,253,256,270,358,420

Simaruba mediciTialis >. 32

SiMAEUBSX 32,253,256,270,356,420

Sitka Cypress 178,332,398,464

Size, average, and product of saw-mills in each state and territory 488

Slosh Pine 202,342,352,400,416,474,516

Slippery Elm (Fremontia Califomlea) 26,268

Slippery Elm (tHmns falva) 122,304,374,440

Sloe 67,282,428

Sloe, Black 67,282,428

Small- fraited Haw 81,286,364,430

Smooth Alder 164,326

Snow-drop Tree (Halesia diptera) 105,294,368,434

Snow drop Tree (Halesia tetraptera) 106,296

Soapberry (Sapindua marginatas) 44,274,358,414,422

Soapberry (Sapindos Saponaria) 45,274

Soft Maple (Acer dasycarpnm) 49,276,358,424

Soft Maple (Acer rubram) 50,276,358,424

Sophora 10,11,14

Sophoraafflnls 58,249,253,256,280,360,426

Sophora secundiflora 57,249,278

Sophora gpeciosa 57

Sorbus Americana 73

Sorbug Americana, ■v&r.microcarpa 74

5or5t« auc«porui (Pyrus Americana) 73

Sorbus aueuparia (Pyrus sambacifolia) 74

Sorbug aueuparia, var. a, (Pyrus Americana, var. microcarpa) 74

Sorbut aueuparia, var. i3. (Pyma sambacifoUa) 74

Sorbus aueuparia, v&t. Americana 73

Sorbus humi/usa 73

Sorbus microcarpa 74

Sorbus riparia v 74

Sorbus sambucifolia 74

Sorbus SUchensis 74

Sorrel Tree 98,292,368,434

Soar Gam -. 92,290,366,432

Sour Tupelo 91,290,306,432

Sourwood 98,292,368,434

South Atlantic division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber,

etc., in the 511-523

South Carolina, lumber industry and manafactnres from wood in. 486, 487, 518, 519

South Carolina, prwluction of naval stores in 517

Sontb Carolina, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

South Carolina, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.,

in 491.518,519

Sontb Carolina, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine

standing in the forests of May 31, 1880 519

South Carolina, the Coajit Pino Belt in 518

Sonthem Buckthorn 103,294,368,434

Southern Central diviMion. extent of forests, forest fires, standing tim-
ber, etc., in the 524-548

Page.

Southern Crab Apple 72,284

Sonthem Cypress, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of

the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4

Southern Maritime Pine Belt in the Atlantic region 4

Southern Pine 202,842,352,406,416,472

Southern Pine Belt in Florida 520

Spanish Bayonet (Yucca baccata) 219,348

Spanish Bayonet (Yucca canallculata) 218,348

Spanish Bayonet (Yucca elata) 219,348

Spanish Buckeye 44,274,422

Spanish Oak 161,265,320,360,388,454,528

Spanish Oak, Swamp 152,320,388,454

Spanish Stopper .88,288,366,430

Species, distribution of 12

Specific gravity and aeh of woods 248-251

Specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the

woods of the United States 266-349

Specific gravity and transverse strength of certain woods, relation between 259-264

Specimens of woods, where deposited 247,248

Speckled Alder 165,326,394.460

Spice Tree 120,302,374,440

Spindle Tree 38,272

Spiraea Califomica 70

Spoonwood 98,292,368,434

Spruce, a species of, the characteristic tree of the Colorado mountains. . 9

Spruce, BUck 203,265,342,352,408,474,496

Spruce, Blue 205,344,408,474

Spruce Pine (Pinus clausa) 199,340,404,472

Spruce Pine (Pinus glabra) 201,340,406,472,527

Spruce Pine (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472

Spruce Pine (Pinus Murrayana) 195, 338, 350, 404, 470

Spruce standing iu the forests of New Hampshire May 31, 1880, tabular

statement of the amount of 496

Spruce standing in the forests of Vermont May 31, 1880, tabular state-
ment of the amount of 498

Spruce, Tide-land 206,344,408,474,580

Spruce, "White, the most important tree in the Pacific region 7

Spruce, White (Picea alba) 204,342,408,474,662,564

Spruce, White (Picea Engelmanni) 205, 265, 342, 408, 474, 564, 573, 574

Spruce, White (Picea pungens) 205, 344, 408, 474

Spruces. Black and White, the characteristic trees of the Northern Forest 3

Stag Bush 94,290,366,432

Staghom Sumach 53,278

Standing timber, forests, forest fires, etc.. extent of, in the —

North Atlantic division 494-510

Northern Central division 547-563

South Atlantic division 511-523

Southern Central division 524-546

Western division 564-58#

Standing timber, fot«sts, forest fires, etc., statistics of, in —

Alabama 491,624-530

Alaska 580

Arizona 491,568,569

Arkansas 491,543,544

California 491,578-580

Colorado 491,567,568

Connecticut 500, 501

Dakota 491,561.562

Delaware 491, 511

District of Columbia 511

Florida 491,620-523

Georgia 491,619,520

Idaho 491,571-573

Illinois 491,547-550

Indiana 491,547

Indian territory 491,543

Iowa 491,560

Kansas - 491, 562, 5(S

Kentucky 491, .54.\546

Louisiana 491,536,540

Maine 491,494-496

Maryland 491-511

Massachusetts 491,500,501

Michigan 491,550-554

Minnesota 491,558-560

Mississippi 491,'530-536

Missouri 491,560-561

Montana 491,564,566

Nebraska 562

Nevada 491,571

New Hampshire 491,496-498

New Jersey 491,506

New Mexico 491,568

New York 491,501-506

North Carolina 491,615-518

Ohio 491,547

Oregon 491,676-578

Pennsylvania 491,506-510

Khode Island 491,600,601

608

GENERAL INDEX.

Facet.
Standing timber, foteata. foieat flrea, etc, atatlatica of, in— continaed.

South CnroUna 49I,51S,619

Tennreaee 492,544,545

Texaa 49-.', 540-543

. ritah " "" 492,869-571

V.rroont 492,498-eOO

Vlnriiiia 492,611,512

Washinirton 492,673-576

Weat Virslnia 49^,512-615

■WlaconalS ^*2, 554-858

■Wyoming 492,566,567

StarleavodGnm 88,286,350,364,414,430

Sutiatlcs of the Inmborlng industry of the United States for year ending

May 31, 1880 488,487

StekculiaceJ! 26,268

Stinkina Cedar (Torreya Califomloa) 186,334,400,466

SUnking Cedar (Torreya Uxifolia) 186,334,400,466,521

Stopper (Eugenia longipes) 89,288

Stopper (Eugenia monticoU) 89,288,366,430

Stopper, Gurgeon 88,288,366,430

Stopper, Red 89,288,366,430

Stopper, Spanish 88,288,366,430

Stopper, White 89,288,366,430

Strain, transverse, behavior of selected woods of the United States under :

specimens eight centimeters square 414-417

Strain, transverse, behavior of the principal woods of the United States

under - •• 354-414

Strength of woods, method of determining the 252

Strength, transverse, and specific gravity of certain woods, relation be-
tween 259-264

Striped Dogwood 46,274

Striped Maple 46,274

Strombocarpa odorata 62

Strombocarpa pvbeteent 62

Strong Bark 114,300,372,438

Stypknolobium affine 68

Stteacace* 105,106,254,257,294,368,434

Sugar and molasses, maple, produced in the United States in 1879,

amount of 485

Sugarbcrry 126,306,376,414,442

Sugar Maple 48,276,358,422

Sugar Maple, Black 49,276,350,358,424

Sugar, maple, product of Michigan 551

Sugar, maple, product of New York 501

Sugar, maple, product of Vermont 498

Sugar Pine 188,336,350,400,466,576,578

Sugar Pine an important tree in the Coast Forest 8

Sugar Tree 48,276,358,422

Sumach, Coral 54,278,360,424

Sumach, Dwarf 53,278,360,424

Sumach, Poison 54,278

Sumach, Staghom 53,278

Summer Haw (Cratiegus flava) 83,286

Summer Haw (Cratajgus flava, car. pubeacens) 83, 286, 364, 430

Susquehanna boom at 'Williamsport, Pennsylvania, number of logs rafted

oot of, 1862 to 1880 508

Snwarroir t 90,288

Swamp Cottonwood 172,358,394,460

Swamp Hickory (Caryaamara) 135,310,350,380,446

Swamp Hickory (Carya aquatica) 136, 310, 350, 380, 414, 4i6

Swamp Laurel 20,266,354,414,418

Swamp Maple 50,276,358,424

Swamp Pine 202,342,352,406,416,474

Swamp Post Oak .'..■. 140, 314, 350, 38», 450

Swamp Spanish Oak 152,320,388,454

Swamp White Oak ,.-. 141,314,384,450

Swamps, Cypress, of the Tensas river in Alabama 525-627

Sweet Bay 20,266,354,414,418

Sweet Birch 162,324,392,458

Sweet Buckeye 43,274

Sweet Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430

Sweet Leaf 105,294,368,434

Sweet Locust 59,280,360,426

Sweet-scented Crab 72,284,364,428

Swietenia 10, 13

Swietenia Mahogoni 83,249,253,256,270,350,356,420

SuntUnia SmtgalemU 33

Switch-bud Hickory 134,310,360.880,446

Page.

Sycamore (Platanua occidentalis) 129,306,360,871,442

Sycamore (Platanua racemoaa) 129, 306,376,442

Sycamore (Platanua Wrightii) 130,306,376,442

Symplocos 11,15

Symplocos tinotoria 105,260,254,267,294,368,434

T.
Table-mountain Pine 199,340,350,404,472

Tacamahac 173,328,394,460

Tallowberry .» 28,268,356,420

Tallow Nut 34,270

Tamarack (Larix Americana) 215,346,362,412,478

Tamarack (Larix occidentalis) 216,348,414,480

Tamarack (Finns Murrayana) 195,338,350,404,470

Tamarind, Wild 64,282,362,426

TanbarkOak 155,265,322,390,466

Ton Bay 25,265,268,364,418

Tannin in the bark of certain species, per cent, of 265

Tannin values of the bark of various trees 265

Tar and rosin produced in Korth Carolina, gradesof S17

Tar, turpentine, and rosin industry of North Carolina 516-618

Tozodii species (Sequoia sempervirens) 18S

Taiodinm 4,11.1<

Taxodium adscendem 183

Taxodium distichum 183,250,255,258,334,350,398,466

Taxodium distichum/aitiffiatum 183

Taxodium dUtiehum,x&T. mierophyllum ^88

Taxodium di9tickum,T&T. nutans 188

Taxodium dittieku7n,T&r. patent 183

Taxodium giganteum 184

Taxodium microphyllum 183

Taxodium, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the

Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4

Taxodium, gempervirens 185

Taxodium Waehingtonianum 184

Taxns 11,12,16,672,673

Taxuebaccata (Taxns brevlfoUa) 185

Taxus baccata,var. Oanadentii 186

Taxus Boursierii. 185

Taxus brevifolia 186,250,255,268,334,400,466

ToxiM Canadentit 186

Taxus rioridana 186,250,334,621

Taxus Lindleyana 185

Taxus monUina 186

Tennessee, effect of fires upon the forests of 546

Tennessee, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 545

Tennessee, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Tennessee, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492, 544, 545

Tennessee valley in Alabama, forests of the 528,529

TERNSTKeEMiACK^ 25,26,253,256,268,354,418

Tetranthera CaHfomiea 120

Texas, Cedar an important tree in 540

Texas, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 641, 542

Texas, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Texas, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 542, 543

Texas, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .492, 540-543

Texas, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved, Loblolly, and

Short-leaved Fine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 541

Texas, the pecan-nut an important product west of the Colorado river in- 543

Thatch, Brickley 218,348

Thatch, Brittle 218,348

The Joshua 219,348

Thorn, Black 79,286,364,430

Thorn, Cockspur 76,280,364,430

Thorn, Newcastle 76,286,364,430

Thorn, Witsbington 81,286

Thorn, White 78,286

Three- thomed Acacia 59,280,360.420

Thrinax 11,10

Thrinax argentea 218,249.348

Thrinax Garberi 217

Thrinax parvifiora .217,350,348

Thuya 7, U, 12, 16, 666, 672, 573, 575, 576

Thuya Craigana 1^6

Thuya exeelsa 1'"

Tlmya gigantea 177, 261, 256, 258, 330, 396, 462, 565, 566, 572, 573, 575, 576, 680

GENERAL INDEX.

609

Page.

176

177

177

176

176, 251, 255, 238, 262, 330, 350, 39fl, 462, 552
177

Thuya giffantea (Libocedms decnrrena)

Thuya Lobbii

Thuya Memiesii

Thuya obtuaa

Thuya occidentalis

Thuya occidentalis, var. plicata

Thuya odorata 176

Thuya plicata 177

Thuya Sibiriea ,, 176

Thuya sphtFToidalii 177

Thuya gphceroidea 177

Thuya Wareana 176

Thuyopgis borealis '. 178

Tkuyopsis cupreggoides 178

Tkuyopgig Tchugatskoy 178

Thuyopgit Tchugatgkoyce 178

Thylaxfraxineum 29

Tide-land Spruce 206,344,408,474,580

TUia 10,11,13

TUiaaaa 27

Tilia Americana 26,250,253,256,268,356,418

TUia Americana {Tilia Americana, var. pubescens) 27

THia Americana, var. heterophyUa 27

Tilia Americana, var. pubescens 27, 250, 253, 256, 268, 356, 420

Tilia Americana, var. Walteri

TUia Canade-ngig

Tilia Caroliniana ,

TUia glabra

Tilia grata

27

26

27

26

27

Tilia beterophylla 27,250,253,256,268,356,420

TUia heterophyUa, var. aXba 27

TUia lalifolia 26

Tilui {(Kn/tora (Tilia Americana, nar. pubescens) 27

TiUalaxiflora (Tilia heteropbylla) 27

TUia neglecta 26

TUia nigra 26

TUia pubegceng 27

TUia pubesceng, var. leptophylla 27

TUia gtenapetala 27

TUiatruneata 27

TILIACE* 26-28,23,3,256,268,356,418

Timber tree of the Pacific reeion, the Red Fir the most important 7

Timber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc., extent of, in the —

North Atlantic division 404-510

Northf-m Central division 547-563

South Atlantic division 511-523

Soutbcni Central division - 524-546

Western division 564-580

Timber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc., statistics of, in —

Alabama 401,524-630

Alaska 580

Arizona 491,568,569

Arltansas 491,543,544

California 491,378-580

Colorado , 567,568

Connect! cot 4 491,500,501

Dakota 491,561,562

Delaware 491,511

District of Columbia 511

Florida 491,520,523

Georgia 491, 519, 5M

Idaho 491,571-573

nUnois 491,547-550

Indiana 491,547

Indian territory 543

Iowa 491,560

Kansas 491,562,563

Kentucky 491,545,546

Loaisiana 491,536-540

Maine 491,491-496

Maryland 491,511

Massachusetts 491,500,501

Michigan 491,550-554

Minnesota 491,558-560

Mississippi 491, .5:10-536

Missonri 491,500,561

Montana 491,504-566

Nebraska 491,562

Nevada ., 491.571

New Hampshire 491,496-498

New .Jersey 491,506

New Mexico .' 491,558

New York 491, .101-506

North Carolina 491,515-518

Ohio 491,li47

Oregon 491, 570-.578

Pennsylvania 491,506-510

Rhode Island 491,500,501

South Carolina 491,518,519

TennejMwe .-. 492,644,545

.■59 FOR

Page.

Timber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc., statistica of, in— continned.

Texas 492,540,843

Utah , 492,569-571

Vermont 492,498-500

Virginia 492,511,512

Washington 492, 57:)-578

West Virginia 492,512-615

Wisconsin 492,554-558

Wyoming 492,566,567

Titi 38,272,356,420

TollOD 84,289

Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylum Americanam) 29,268

Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Herculis) 30,270,356,420

Torchwood 33,270,356,420

Tornilla 62,280,362

Torreya 11,12,16,521

Torreya Califomica 186,250,255,258,334,400,468

Torreya Myristica 186

Torreya taxifolia 186,250,255,258,334,400,466,521

Toxicodendron arboregceng 33

Toxylon Maclura ^ 128

Toyon... 84,286

Transmittal, letter of ii

Transverse strain, behavior of selected woods of the United States under:

specimens eight centimeters square 414-417

Transverse strain, behavior of the principal woods of the United States

under 354-4H

Transverse strength and specific gravity of certain woods, relation

between 259-264

Trees of the United States, weight of the dry wood of 249-251

Trees, tannin values of the bark of various 265

Trefoil, Shrubby 1... 31,270

85

85

8S

85

85

Trilopug dentata

TrUopus nigra

Tnlopug parvi/olia

Trilopug rotund\folia ,.

Trilopug Virginiana

Tsuga 11,12,16,573

Tsuga Canadensis 206, 250, 255, 258, 263, 264, 265, 344, 352, 406, 474, 606

Tsuga Caroliniana 207,250,255,258,344,410,478

Tguga Douglasii 209

Tguga Undleyana 209

Tsuga Mertensiana 207, 250, 255, 258, 265, 344, 410, 476, 565, 572, 573, 578

Tsuga Pattoniana 7, 208, 250, 255, 259, 265, 344, 410, 476, 505, 573

Tulipastrum Americanum. 20

Tulipastrum Americanum, var. gubcordatv/m 20

Tulipi/era Liriodendron 22

Tulip Tree 22,266,350,354,418

Tupelo 92,290,366,432

Tupelo Gum 93,290,350,366,432

Tupelo, Large 93,290,350,366,432

Tupelo, Sour 91,290,366,432

Turkey Oak 151,320,388,454

Ulmus 11,15

Ulmusalata 124,249,254,257,304,374,440

Ulmiig alba 123

Ulrans Americana 123,250,284,257,260,304,350,374,414,440

Ulmus Americana (Ulmus racemosa) 123

Vlmug Americana, var. alata 124

Jllmug Americana, var. alba 123

Vlmug Americana, var. agpera 123

Ulmus Americana, var. Bartramii 133

Vlnuig Americana, var. pendula 123

Tflmug Americana, var. rubra 322

Vlmug Americana, var. scabra 123

Vbnus aquatica 124

Ulmus crassifolia 122,249,254,257,304,374,440

Vlmug crihpa 322

Vlmug Floridana 323

Ulmus fulva 122,249,254,257,260,304,374,440

Ulmus mollijolia 128

Vlmus nemoralis 324

Ulmus opaca 122

Vlmus pendula 123

Vlm-its pubegceng 122

Vlmug pumUa 124

610

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

mmosTaoemoM 128, 2*», 2M, 267, 260, 804, 874, 440

Vtmut rubra 122

UmbeUaI«ri» 8,11,12,15

UmtwUiUiU-ia Califoniica 120,250,254,257,302,374,440,576

Umbrella Tree 21,260,354,418

Ungnadla 1«-81

Vngnadia heptaphytta **

Ungnadia heUrophytta *^

Ungnadla speclosa 12,44,250,274,422

Uplnnd Willow Oak 153,320,390,456

Urottigma peduneuiatum 127

Ukticace* 122-128,254,257,304,374,414,440

Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico, Chicago the principal source of anpply

oflambtrfor 568,569

Utah, lumber industry and manufactures from wood In 486, 487, 569

Utah, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Utah, remarks by Mr. E. C. Hall, on the forests of 569-571

Utah, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 492, 569-571

Uvaria triloba 23

V.

VaccineJB ^

Taccinium 11,12,15,673

Vaccinium arboreum 96,249,292,432

Taccinium diffusum 96

Taccinium mucronatum 96

Valparaiso Oak 146,318,386.452

Value and amount of charcoal used for domestic and manufacturing pur-
poses during the census year 489

Value and amount of wood used as fuel in manufactures, etc., during the

census year 489

Value and amount of wood used for domestic purposes during the census

year .

489
678

Value, economic, of the Redwood of California

Value of property destroyed and areas burned over by forest fires during

the census year («ec, aUo^ under state headings) 491, 492

Value of the forest crop of the United States for the census year 485

Values of woods, comparative 252-255

Vauquelinia 10,12,14

Taxiquciinia corynibosa 70

Vauquelinia Torreyi 70,249,284

Veubk.naCELE 116,117,254,257,300,372,438

Vermont, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 498-500

Vermont, maple-sugar product of 498

Vermont, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Vermont, remarks by Mr. C. G-. Pringle on the forests of 498-500

Vermont, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in -.492, 498-500
Vermont, tabular statement of the amount of Spruce standing in the

state of, May 31, 1880 498

Viburnum 10-12,14

Viburnum Lentago 94,249,290,432

Viburnum prunifolium 94,249,253,257,366,432

Tiburnum pruni/olium, vai. ferrugineum 94

Tiburnum pyrifolium, 94

Vine Maple 47,274,358,422

Tirgilia lutea 67

Tirgilia tecundifiora 57

Virginia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,512

Virginia, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487

Virginia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .- .492, 511, 512

W.

Wafer Ash 81,270

Wahoo (Euonymus atropurpureus) «. - 38,272

Waboo (Xilia heterophyUa) 28,268.356,420

Wahoo (Ulmusalata) 124,304,374,440

WaUia einerea 130

Wallia nigra , 131

Walnut 131,308,378,444

Walnnt, Black 131,308,350,376,414,444

Wahiut, White 130,300,376, 442

Washingtonla 11,12,16

Washingtonia filifera 217,250,255,259,348,414,480

Washington territory, lumber industry and manufactures from wood

In 488,487,574

Washington territory, rank of, according to value of lumber products . - 487
Washington territory, remarks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of. 575, 670

Page.
Washington territory, utatistlos of forests, forest fires, standing timber,

etc., in 492,673-676

Washington territory, wasteful methods of the lumbermen of 674

W.isbington Thorn 81,28»

Water Ash 110,298,370,43»

Water Beech (Carpinns Caroliniana) 159,322,392,466

Water Beech (Platanus occidentalis) 129,306,350,376,442

Water Elm 123,304,350,374,414,440

Water Hickory 136,310,350,380,414,446

Water Locust 60,280,362,426

Water Maple 50,276,358,424

Water Oak (Qucrcus aquatica) 152,320,350,388,416,454

Water Oak (Qnercus palustris) 152,320,388,454

Water White Oak 140, 314, 350, 384, 450'

Watson, E. C, remarks on the forests of Utah by 569-571

Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of certain counties of Oregon by - 577, 578

Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Idaho by 572,573

Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Montana by 565, 666

Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Washington territory by 575, 576

Watson. Sereno, report on the forests of the northern Kocky Mountain

region by 664,665

Wax Myrtle 136,312,380,446

Weeping Oak 138, 312, 382, 44»

Weight, ash. and specific gravity per cubic foot of dry specimens of the

woods of the United States 266-34»

Weight of the dry wood of trees of the United States 249-251

TVeUingtonia Califomica 184

WeUingtonia gigantea 184

Western Catalpa 115,300,350,372,414,438

Western division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in

the

West-Indian Birch 33,270,360,

West Virgiuia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .486, 487,

West Virginia, rank of, according to value of lumber products

West Virginia, remarks by Mr. C. Gr. Pringle on the forests of

WestVirginia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492,

Weymouth Pine 187,334,350,

Whistlewood

AVhite and Black Spruces the characteristic trees of the Northern Forest.

White Ash 107,296,350,

White Basswood 28,268,

White Bay 20,260,354,

White Birch (Betula alba, var. populifolia) 159, 324, 359,

White Birch (Betula papyrifora) 160,324,350,

White Buttonwood 87,288,

White Cedar (Chamajcyparis Lawsoniana) 179, 332, 350,

While Cedar (Chamaicyparis sphaeroidea) 178, 330, 396,

White Cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) 176, 330,

White Cedar (TUuya occidentalis) '. 176,330,350,

White Cottonwood 175,330,

White Cypress 184,334,350,

White Elm (Ulmus Americana) 123,304,350,374,

White Elm (Ulmus racemosa) 123,304,

White Fir (Abies concolor) 213,346,

White Fir (Abies grandis) 212,346,

White Ironwood 45,

White Laurel 20,266,3,54,

White Mangrove 87,288,

White Maple 49,276,

White Oak (Quercus alba) 137,265,312,350,380,

White Oak (QuerousGarrysna) 138,312,350,382,

White Oak (Quercus grisea) 144, 316,

White Oak (Quercus lobata) 138,312,

White O.Ik (Quercus oblongifolia) 144,316,

White Oak, MounUin 143,316,

White Oak, Swamp ;-, 141,314,

White Oak, Water 140,314,350,

White Pine (Pinus flexilis) .....188,336,400,468,569,

White Piue (Piuus glabra) 201,340,

White Pine (Pinus monticola) 187, 336, 400, 460, 564,

White Pine (Pinus roflexa) 189,330,

White Pine (Pinus Strobus) 187,334,350,400,468,506,551,

White Piue standing in the forests of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular

statement of the amount of

White Piue standing in the forest* of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabular

statement of the amount of

564-580
356, 420
512-515
48T
512-515
512-515.
400, 466
46,274
3
370, 436
350, 420
414,418
392, 458
392, 458
36 1, 430
398, 464
416, 464
398, 462
396, 462
398,482
398, 466
414,440-
374, 440
412, 478
412,478-
274,422
414,418
364,430.
358,424
414, 446
448, 576
386, 452
382, 448
386, 452
386, 450'
384, 450
384,450

,'-)70, r>n

406, 472
.■)74, 576
402, 488
554,558

561

558

GENERAL INDEX.

611

Page.
"WTiite Pine standing in the foreats of "Wisconsin May 31, 1880, tabalar

statement of the amonnt of 554

White Pine the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt 4

■White Sprnce (Picea alba) 204,342,408,474,582,664

■White Spruce (Picea Engelmanni) 205, 265, 342, 408, 474, 564, 573, 574

WTiite Spruce (Picea pnngens) 205,344,408,474

■White Spruce the most important tree in the Pacific region - 7

■White Stopper 89,288,366,430

■White Thorn ,^. 78,286

■White ■Walnut :. 130,306,376,442

White-heart Hickory 134,310,350,380,444

Whitewood (Canella alba) 24,268,354.418

■Wbitewood (Drypetes crocea) 121,302,374,440

■Whitewood (Liriodendron Tulipifera) 22, 266, 350, 354, 418

Wild Black Cherry 68,282,362,428

Wild Cherry (Prunus Capuli) 69,282,428

Wild Cherry (Prunus demissa) 69,284,302,428

Wild China 44,274,358,414,422

Wild Cinnamon 24,268,354,418

WildDilly 103,294,368,434

Wild Fig 127,306,376,442

Wild Lime (Xaothoxylnm Pterota) 31,270

Wild Lime (Ximenia Americana) 34,270

Wild Orange (Prunus Caroliniaoa) 70,284,362,428

Wild Orange (Xanthoxylnm ClaTa-Hercnlis) 30, 270, 356, 420

Wild Peach 70,284,362,428

Wild Plum 65,282,362,426

Wild Bed Cherry...' 66,282,428

Wild Tamarind 64,282,362,426

Willow (Salix amygdaloides) 166,326,394,460

Willow (Salix Isovigata) 167,328,394,460

Willow (Salix lasiandra) 167,328

Willow (Salix lasiolepis) 171,328,394,460

Willow, Black (Salix tiayescena, var. Sconleriana) 170, 328, 394, 460

Willow, Black (Salix nigra) 166,326,394,460

Willow, Desert 116, 300, .372, 438

Willow, Diamond 170,328

Willow, Glaucoua 169,328

Willow Oak 154,322,390,456

Willow Oak, Upland 153,320,390,456

Willow, Sandbar 168,326

Willow, Silky 171,328

Winged Elm 124,304,374,440

Wintera Canetla 24

Wisconsin, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 554,556

Wisconsin, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 555

Wisconsin, remarks by Mr, H. C. Putnam on the forests of 555-558

Wisconsin, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492, 554-558
Wisconsin, tabalar statement of the amount of White Pine standing in

the forests of. May 31, 1880 554

Witch Hazel 85,288

Woodlands in Kentucky, pasturage of .». 546

Wood, mannfactures from, and the lumber industry in—

Alabama 486,487,524,525

Arizona 486,487,569

Arkansas 486,487,544

California 486,487,578,580

Colorado 486.487,567,568

Connecticut 486, 487, 500, .501

Dakota 486.487,581

Delaware 486,487,511

District of Colnmbia 486, 487

Florida 4«6, 487, 521, 52S

Georgia 486,487.519, 5J0

Idaho 486.487,572

Illinois 480, 487, .548-550

Indiana 486,487,547

Iowa 480,487,560

Kansas j, 486,487,563

Kentucky 486,487,548

Louisiana 486,487.536,1537

Maine 486,487,494-490

Maryland 480,487,511

Massachnsetts 486,487.500,501

Michigan 488, 487, 551 , 552

Minnesota 486, 487, 558

M ississi ppi 488. 487, .531

Miiwouri 486,487,560,561

Montana 488,487,564

Nebraska 486,487, .%2

Nevada 486,487,571

New Hampshire 488,487,497,498

Ncw.Icrsoy 486 487, 506

New Mexico 486 487,568

New York 486 487.50^-505

North Carolina 486,487,515

Wood, manufactures from, and the lumber industry in— continued.

Ohio 486,

Oregon 488,

Pennsylvania 486,487,

Rhode Island 480,487,

South Carolina 486,487,

Tennessee 488,

Texas 488,487,

Utah 486,

■^'ermont 486,487,

■Virginia 486,

Washington 488,

West Virginia 480,487,

Wisconsin 488,487,

Wyoming 486,

Wood used as fuel in m^nfactures, etc., during the census year, amount
and value of

Wood used for domestic purposes during the census year, amount and
value of

Woods, comparative values of

Woods, method of determining the fuel value of 247,

Woods, method of determining the strength of

Woods of the United States, actual fuel value of some of the more im-
portant -

Woods of the United States under compression, behavior of the principal .

Woods of the Unii^ States under transverse strain, behavior of the prin-
cipal

Paget

487,547
487, 577
506-510
,500, 501
518, 519
487, 545
541,542
487, 509
498-.50C
487, 512
487, 574
512-515
554,556
487, 567

Woods, relation between transverse strength and specific gravity of

certain

Woods, specific gravity and ash of

Woods, where specimens of, were deposited

Wyoming, lumber industry and manufactures fVom wood in

Wj'oming, rank of, according to value of lumber products

Wyoming, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. .492,

48»
252-255
251, 252

253

350-353

418-481

354-414

259-264
248-251
247, 24»
492, 567
487
666, 567

Xanthoxylum 10, 11, 13

Xanthoxylum Americasum 29,250,268

XanthoxlyuTn aromaticum 30

Xanthoxylum Caribseum 30, 249, 263, 256, 270, 356, 420

Xanthoxylum Carolinianum 30

Xanthoxylum Cateibianutn 30

Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis 30, 250, 253, 256, 270, 356, 420

Xanthoxylum Clava'SerciUis (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 29

Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis (Xanthoxylum Caribfeum) 30

Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var 30

Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. fruticosnm 30, 250, 270

Xanthoxylum Floridanum 30

Xanthoxylum fraxineum 2&

Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 2&

Xanthoxylum /raxini/olium (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) 30

Xanthoxylum hirmitum 30

Xanthoxylum lanceolatum 30

Xanthoxylum. jnacrophyllum 30

Xanthoxylum, mite 29

Xanthoxylum Pterota 31,249,270

Xanthoxylum, ramiflorum 2&

Xanthoxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 29

Xanthoxylum tricarpum, (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) 30

Ximenia 10, 13

Ximenia Americana 34, 249, 270

Ximenia montana , 34

Ximenia multijlora 34

Y.

Yaupon 36,272

Tazoo delta in Mississippi, forests of the 535, 536

Yellow Ash 57,278,360,426

Tellow-bark Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454

Yellow Birch ? 181,324,392,458

Yellow Cypress 178,332,398,464

Yellow Fir 209,265,344,352,410,476,576

Yellow Haw 83,286

Yellow Locust ,55,278,350,360,414,424

Yellow Oak (Quorcus prinoides) 143,26.5,310,384,450

Yellow Oak (Quercus tinctoria) 149, 265, 318, 350, 388, 454

Yellow Pine (Pinus Arizonica) 192,338,402,468

Yellow Pine (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472,529

Yellow Pino (Pinus palustris) 202,342,352,406,416,472

Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193, 338. .350, 402, 468, 562, 565, 674, 578

Yellow Pino an important and characteristic tree of the Coast Forest. . - 8

612

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

ToUow Poplar 22, 266, 85i. 418

TeUowwood (Cliulnwtis tinctorU) 67, 278, 860, 42«

TellowTTOod (Schipfferia frate»o«M) 39,272

Tew <Tarn» brevifoUa) 185,334,400,466

Tew (Taxus Floridana) 186,334,521

Topon 88.272

Tnoc ".12.1«

YfUtatHtftutifoKa, var. elata *'*

Ttuca anguitVolia, var. radiota 219

TucoabaocaU 8,12,219,251,348

TuooabrevUoUa g, 1$, 218, 251, 348, 578

Pag^

Tacca oanalionlata 218,249,848

Tiieca Draeonit, var. arboreieeiu 218

Tucca elata • 219,250,348

Tueca filammtota - 219

ru«ea Treeuliana 218

B.

Zizyphtu DominigenHt 41

Zizyphut emarffinattu 39

ZyoOFHYLLACKA 28,29,263,256,208,330,420

2201