Full text of "Reports"
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115
v.b
REPORT
OF THE
CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION
1913-18
VOLUME VI: FISHES AND TUNICATES
PART B: ASCIDIACEA
By A. G. HUNTSMAN
SOUTHERN PARTY 1913-16
OTTAWA
F. A ACLAND
PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY
T93S
Issued Nov. 29, 1922.
Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18.
VOLUME I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION, NARRATIVE, ETC 1 .
Part A: NORTHERN PARTY, 1913-18. By Vilhjalmur Stefansson (7n preparation).
Part B: SOUTHERN PARTY, 1913-16. By Rudolph Martin Anderson (7n preparation).
VOLUME II: MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Part A: MAMMALS OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA.
By Rudolph Martin Anderson (In preparation).
Part B: BIRDS OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA.
By R. M. Anderson and P. A. Taverner (In preparation).
VOLUME HI: INSECTS
INTRODUCTION. By C. Gordon Hewitt (Isgued December 10, 1920).
Part A: COLLEMBOLA. By Justus W. Folsom (Issued Jul, 10, 1919).
Part B: NEUROPTEROID INSECTS. By Nathan Banks (Issued July 11, 1919).
Part C: DIPTERA.
Crane-flies. By Charles P. Alexander.
Mosquitoes. By Harrison G. Dyar.
Diptera (excluding Tipulidie and Culicidae). By J. R. Malloch (Issued July 14, 1919).
Part D: MALLOPHAGA AND ANOPLURA.
Mallophaga. By A. W. Baker.
Anoplura. By G. F. Ferris and G. H. F. Nuttall (Issued September 19, 1919).
Part E: COLEOPTERA.
Forest Insects, including Ipidse, Cerambycidse, and Buprestidae. By J. M. Swaine.
Carabidae and Silphidse. By H. C. Fall.
'Coccinellidse, Elateridse, Chrysomelidse and Rhynchophora (excluding Ipidse).
By C. W. Leng.
Dytiscidte. By J. D. Sherman, Jr (Issued December 19, 1919) .
Part F: HEMIPTERA. By Edward P. VanDuzee (Issued July 11, 1919).
Part G: HYMENOPTERA AND PLANT GALLS.
Sawflies. (Tenthredinoidea). By Alex. D. MacGillivray.
Parasitic Hymenoptera. By Charles T. Brues.
Wasps and Bees. By F. W. L. Sladen.
Plant Galls. By E. Porter Felt (Issued November S, 1919).
Part H: SPIDERS, MITES AND MYRIAPODS.
Spiders. By J. H. Emerton.
Mites. By Nathan Banks.
Myriapods. By Ralph V. Chamberlin (Issued July 14, 1919).
Part I: LEPIDOPTERA. By Arthur Gibson (Issued January 10, 1990).
Part J: ORTHOPTERA. By E. M. Walker. (Issued September 4, 1990).
Part K: GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON INSECT LIFE IN THE ARCTIC.
By Frits Johansen (Issued November 7, 19,21) .
VOLUME IV: BOTANY
Part A: FRESHWATER ALGAE AND FRESHWATER DIATOMS. By Charles W. Lowe.
(In press
Part B: MARINE ALGAE. By F. S. Collins (In preparation
Part C: FUNGI. By John Dearness (In preparation
Part D: LICHENS. By G. K. Merrill (In preparation).
Part E: MOSSES. By R. S. Williams (Issued February 8, 1921).
VOLUME V: BOTANY
Part A: VASCULAR PLANTb. By James M. Macoun and Theo. Holm (Issued October 14, 1921) .
Part B: CONTRIBUTIONS TO MORPHOLOGY, SYNYONMY, AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIS-
TRIBUTION OF ARCTIC PLANTS. By Theo. Holm (Issued February 10, 1928) .
Part C: GENERAL NOTES ON ARCTIC VEGETATION. By Frits Johansen. (In preparation)
VOLUME VI: FISHES, TUNIC ATES, ETC.
Part A: FISHES. By F. Johansen (In preparation),
Part B: ASCIDIANS, ETC. By A. G. Huntsman (In press).
VOLUME iVII: CRUSTACEA
Part A: DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS. By Mary J. Rathbun (Issued August 18, 1919).
Part B: SCH1ZOPOD CRUSTACEANS. By Waldo L. Schmitt (Issued September 82, 1919).
Part C: CUMACEA. By W. T. Caiman (Issued October 15, 1990).
Part D: ISOPODA. By P. L. Boone (Issued November 10, 1990).
Part E: AMPHIPODA. By Clarence R. Shoemaker. (Issued September 7, 1990).
Part F: P Y( 'NOGONIDA. Leon J. Cole (In press, January S. t 19SI).
Part G: EUPHYLLOPODA. By F. Johansen (Issued May 10, 1929).
Part H: CLADOCERA. By Chancey Juday (Issued June 9S, 1990).
Part I: OSTRACODA. By R. W. Sharpe (In preparation).
Part J: FRESHWATER COPEPODA. By C. Dwight Marsh (Issued April 91, 1990).
Part K: MARINE COPEPODA. By A. Willey (Issued June 95, 1990).
Part L: PARASITIC COPEPODA. By Charles B. Wilson (Issued August 6, 1920).
Part M: C1RRIPEDIA. By H. A. Pilsbry (In preparation).
Part N: THE CRUSTACEAN LIFE OF SOME ARCTIC LAGOONS, LAKES AND PONDS.
By F. Johansen (In press) .
REPORT
OF THE
CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION
1913-18
VOLUME VI: FISHES AND TUNICATES
PART B: ASCIDIACEA
By A. G. HUNTSMAN
SOUTHERN PARTY 1913-16
OTTAWA
F. A. ACLAND
PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY
1922
Issued Nov. 29, 1922.
Arctic Ascidians.
BY A. G. HUNTSMAN
Biologist to the Biological Board of Canada
The importance of the Ascidian material collected by Mr. Frits Johansen
of the Southern Party of the Canadian Arctic Expedition lies in the fact that it
was largely procured from a region whose Ascidian fauna was almost entirely
unknown, namely the western Canadian arctic and the arctic coast of Alaska.
The records that this material affords assist in demonstrating the actual circum-
polarity of a number of species.
By courtesy of the United States National Museum it has been possible
to include in this report the results of the study of several small lots of Ascidians
in the Museum's collection and hitherto unrecorded. In addition there is
included a single record from arctic material of the Canadian Fisheries Museum.
The data for the stations of the Canadian Arctic Expedition at which;
Ascidians were obtained by Mr. Johansen, as well as the names of the species;
obtained at each place, are as follows :
Station 20 b and c. Grantley harbour, Alaska, 2-3 fathoms, sandy mud, July
30, 1913.
Rhizomolgula globularis.
Station 20 d. Grantley harbour, Alaska, beach, July 31, 1913.
Rhizomolgula globularis.
Station 21, d, e, and g. East of Cape Lisburne, Alaska (68 48' N. lat., 165
10' W. long.), plankton tow, in surface, August 16, 1913.
Rhizomolgula globularis.
Station 22. Southwest of Point Lay, Alaska, (69 35' N. lat., 163 27' W. long.),
11-12 fathoms, rock and sand, August 17, 1913.
Chelyosoma macleayanum.
Station 23. Northeast of Icy cape, Alaska, (70 24' N. lat., 161 25' W. long.),
9-10 fathoms, mud and pebbles, August 19, 1913.
Trididemnum tenerum.
Didemnum albidum (?)
Chelyosoma macleayanum.
Cystingia griffithsii.
Goniocarpa lovenii.
Goniocarpa rustica.
Boltenia echinata.
Station 27 d. Bay at Collinson point, Alaska, 0-1 fathom, gravel and tundra
debris, September 15, 1913.
Rhizomolgula globularis.
Station 27 s. Camden bay, Collinson point, Alaska, 3 fathoms, sandy mud and
gravel, October 3, 1913.
Rhizomolgula globularis.
4131211
4B
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
Station 37 b. Inner harbour at Bernard harbour, Dolphin and Union strait,
Northwest Territories, 2-3 fathoms, sandy mud, August 25, 1914.
Cystingia griffiihsii.
Station 37 e. Inner harbour at Bernard harbour, Dolphin and Union strait,
Northwest Territories, about 2 fathoms, sandy mud, September 1, 1914.
Rhizomolgula globularis.
Station 41. Outer harbour at Bernard harbour, Dolphin and Union strait,
Northwest Territories, about 10 metres, sandy mud, July 20, 1915.
Ascidiopsis prunum.
Cystingia griffithsii.
Rhizomolgula globularis.
Station 43 a. Dolphin and Union strait, Northwest Territories, about 100
metres, sandy with pebbles, September 13, 1915.
Cystingia griffithsii.
Station 43 6. Dolphin and Union strait, Northwest Territories, 50-60 metres,
sandy mud with pebbles, September 14, 1915.
Cnemidocarpa rhizopus.
Station 43 c. Dolphin and Union strait, Northwest Territories, 20-30 metres,
gray mud and stones, September 14, 1915.
Styelopsis sp. (?).
Station 50 d. Young point, Dolphin and Union strait, Northwest Territories
0-1 fathom, rock, July 21, 1916.
Styelopsis sp. (?)
Aplidium spitzbergense Hartmeycr
1903. Aplidium spitzbergense, HAKTMEYER, p. 341.
1908 6. Amaroucium sarsi, BJERKAN, p. 92.
1912. Aplidium spitzbergense, HUNTSMAN, p. 137.
West coast of McClintock island, Franz Josef land, (80 22' N. lat.), July
1902, Baldwin-Ziegler expedition, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 6640, 2 colonies,
In the Smaller colony (20 X 15 X 8 mm.) the zooids are at most 5 7 mm.
long, and no eggs or embryos could be found. In the larger one (28 X 20 X
10 mm.) the zooids were as long as 10 mm., and both eggs and embryos were
observed. The difference in the length of the zooids appears to be due wholly
to the postabdomen, the abdomen and thorax being virtually of the same length
in individuals from both colonies.
There are four rows of stigmata with about twelve stigmata in each row,
three dorsal languets, and three gastric folds. The languet in front of the atrial
aperture varies much in length and may be either simple or forked.
There seems to be no essential difference between Bjerkan's species, which
he places in the genus Amaroucium, and that described by Hartmeyer. The
differences hitherto given as a basis for separating the two genera are not suffi-
cient for dividing the species distinctly into two natural groups, and revision is
much needed.
The distribution of this species is similar to that of a number of other
Ascidians and may be defined as being nearly throughout the Atlantic arctic
and subarctic regions.
.
Ascidiacea 5 B
Trididemnurn tenerum (Verrill)
1896. Didemnoides variable. HUITFELDT-KAAS, p. 5.
See VAN NAME (1910, p. 385) for description and literature.
Station 23, one colony.
No spicules were found in the single colony obtained. Colony 34 X 18 X
7 mm.; individuals about 1-5 mm. long; oral aperture 6-lobed; the atrial without
languet on a tubular siphon and indistinctly lobed; three rows of stigmata,
about 12 in each row; two dorsal languets on transverse vessels of left side;
testis with coiled vas deferens on outer surface.
This is an arctic species, which is doubtless circumpolar, the present record
tending to connect the known distribution in northern European seas and the
Asian arctic ocean with that along the east coast of America from Newfoundland
to Cape Cod.
Didemnum albidum (Verrill) (?)
See VAN NAME (1910, p. 378 as Tetradidemnum albidum) for description
and literature.
Sta. 23, 3 colonies.
The very small size of the colonies in the collection has prevented a positive
identification. In the character of the spicules and in such details of the struc-
ture of the zooids as could be determined they agree with the description of this
species given by Nan Name.
This is a very definite extension of the known distribution of this species,
which hitherto has been found only in the Atlantic portion of the arctic and
subarctic from Spitsbergen and the Murman coast to Davis strait and Cape
Cod. Hartmeyer has, however, recently (1921, p. 87) reported it from the
Siberian arctic coast and Bering strait.
Ascidiopsis prunum (0. F. M tiller)
See VAN NAME (1912, p. 599 as PTiallusia prunum} for description and liter-
ature.
Sta. 41, 4 specimens. North Greenland, coll. P. H. Sorensen, U.S. Nat.
Mus. No. 6632, 1 specimen.
This is a widely distributed circumpolar form. As Hartmeyer has sur-
mised, it occurs in the northern Pacific, and I expect to publish shortty an
account of its synonymy and distribution there.
Ascidiopsis dijmphniana (Traustedt)
1886. Phallusia dijmphniana, TEAUSTEDT, p. 424.
1903. Ascidia dijmphniana, HARTMEYER, p. 293.
Aberdare channel, east of Alger island, Franz Josef land, June, 1901,
Baldwin-Ziegler expedition, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 6639, 1 specimen.
As this species has not been very thoroughly described, an account of this
well preserved specimen from Franz Josef land is desirable.
In size, 34 X 24 X 14 mm. The animal is oblong in shape and is attached
by the posterior part of the left side. The surface is extensively wrinkled and
shows scattered, minute papillae 1 mm. in diameter, and from 0-1 to 0-3 mm.
long, in which terminate many of the vessels which are abundant throughout
the test. These papillae are best developed and most numerous near the aper-
tures, but are present over the entire unattached portion of the test. The
apertures are both at the anterior end, the oral in the centre and the atrial at
the dorsal angle. The lobes are provided with many scattered, short papillae,
and number seven for the oral and six for the atrial.
6s Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
Test from 0-3 to 1 mm. thick, pliable, translucent and vascular throughout.
The main vessel enters the test on the left side near the postero-ventral angle
of the body. The principal branches take almost parallel courses toward the
anterior end, except that a large vessel proceeds along the left side dorsally,
passes between the siphons, and, turning backward on the right side, breaks up
into four parallel branches and supplies nearly the whole of the antero-ventral
half of the test on that side.
The tentacles number 66 and the prestigmatic zone is smooth. The dorsal
tubercle is in the form of a simple horseshoe, with the broad opening between
the horns directed forwards. The anterior lip of the peripharyngeal groove is
very broad near the tubercle, and partly covers the latter. The dorsal ganglion
is close to the tubercle.
The dorsal lamina is ribbed on both sides as far as the oesophageal area,
but only on the left side farther .back. Its margin is coarsely toothed or lacin-
iate, the teeth corresponding to the ribs of the left side. There are occasional
intermediate teeth. The lamina extends a considerable distance behind the
oesophageal aperture. The accessory lamina on the right side of the oeso-
phageal area is ribbed on the right side and has teeth corresponding with the
ribs. The pharynx extends about 7 mm. behind the oesophageal aperture.
There are 60 longitudinal bars on the right side, and 55 on the left. There
are small papillae at the junctions of bars and transverse vessels, and also inter-
mediate papillae in most parts of the pharyngeal wall. There are about two
longitudinal bars for each plication of the wall. The stigmata are three to six
in number for each mesh.
The intestinal canal occupies nearly two-thirds of the left side of the body
from the posterior end forwards, and is much obscured by the rather thick
coating of closely placed renal vesicles. The stomach is short, broad, trans-
versely placed, and apparently with seven folds on the right side. The intestine
takes a rather evenly curved S-shaped course to end at the base of the atrial
siphon in the anus, which exhibits a bilobed reflexed margin.
The complexly branched ovary is situated in the first intestinal loop and
extensively covers the right side of the first limb of the intestine, but extends
only slightly over the left side of the latter. Testes were not seen. The oviduct
crosses the last bend of the intestine, and then accompanies the rectum along
its dorsal side.
Hartmeyer (1919, p. 131) has expressed a doubt as to the distinctness of
this species from A. prunum, and believes individuals of the latter species which
he has seen show intermediate conditions which connect the two. To the char-
acters which have been given by Hartmeyer (1903, p. 293) for distinguishing
the two species, I would add two, namely the presence of minute papillae scat-
tered generally over the surface of the test in A. dijmphniana and their absence
in A. prunum, and the number of longitudinal bars (15 to 20 on each side in
the latter, and more than 50 in the former). Although the two species may
tend to intergrade in other characters, it is suggested that in these two respects
they may always be distinguished.
This record extends only slightly the known distribution of this species,
which has been found in the arctic seas to the north of Russia. However,
material collected by Dr. E. M. Kindle on the Labrador coast in 1921 contained
a single specimen of this species, whose distribution is doubtless fairly exten-
sive in the Atlantic portion of the arctic and sub-arctic regions.
Ascidiacea 7s
Chelyosoma macleayanum Brod. and Sow.
See HARTMEYER (1903, p. 269) and VAN NAME (1912, p. 591) for descrip-
tion and literature.
Station 22, 2 specimens. Station 23, 11 specimens.
This well known species is a characteristic arctic circumpolar form, but is
usually found in very-small numbers. The specimens here reported show the
usual large size that is attained by this species in the arctic, as compared with
the subarctic. All but two of the specimens were from 16 to 37 mm. long.
Their growth has been studied (Huntsman, 1921).
Molgula septentrionalis Traustedt
For literature references on this species see VAN NAME, 1912, p. 478, and
Redikorzew, 1916, p. 94.
Aberdare channel, east of Alger island, Franz Josef land, June 1901,
Baldwin-Ziegler expedition, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 6639, 1 specimen.
This species has previously been recorded from Spitsbergen, as well as
from other points in the Atlantic portion of the arctic from Novaya Zemlya
(Redikorzew, 1916, p. 94) to Hudson bay (Huntsman, 1922).
Cystingia griffithsii MacLeay
1825. Cystingia griffithsii, MACLEAY, p. 541.
1842. Clavelina chrystallina, MOLLER, p. 95.
Per a, Molgula, s. Caesira crystallina, auct. var.
Station 23, 5 specimens. Station 37 b, 14 specimens. Station 41, 4 speci-
mens. Station 43 a, 1 specimen (test only).
.In 1825 MacLeay described three species of Ascidians that had been col-
lected by W. N. Griffiths at Winter island in Fox channel on Capt. Parry's
second arctic voyage. Two of these are well known arctic forms (Boltenia and
Dendrodoa) . The third, which he called Cystingia griffithsii, has not since been
recognized among arctic or other material of Ascidians. It has been considered
as belonging to the family Tethyidae (Cynthiidae) , and to be near the genus
Fungulus. Hartmeyer has, however, (1903, p. 188) called attention to the
fact that an organ of this species described and figured by MacLeay resembles
the renal organ of Caesirids (Molgulids). As this form was obtained in the
same general region as that explored by the Canadian Arctic Expedition, it
seemed probable that Cystingia might be found in the material brought back by
that Expedition. After working over that material, I turned to MacLeay's
figures and description of Cystingia, and it was at once apparent that MacLeay's
Cystingia griffithsii was none other than a somewhat unusual specimen of the
now well known Caesira (Molgula) crystallina, first described by Mb'ller in 1842
from Greenland.
MacLeay's description and .figures were not sufficiently clear and accurate
to have prevented error concerning the systematic position of this species.
The unusual structure of the stalk of his single specimen has perhaps contributed
to the failure in the identification of his species with C. crystallina. One of the
specimens collected by Johansen has a similar stalk, with the attached area
and "roots" along one side instead of being, as is usual, at the distal end. Indi-
viduals with intermediate conditions were also brought back by Johansen.
SB Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-18
Of the characters given by MacLeay, the following show the Caesirid
nature of his species. Semi-pellucid test, with viscera showing through ; muscles
only (?) near apertures, and crossing at right angles and not obliquely, as in
Boltenia for example; branchial meshes irregular (as compared with Boltenia
and Dendrodoa); a renal organ "diaphanous longitudinal pouch" containing
"two blackish nodules" present and on right side; and left gonad above intest-
inal -loop. Two characters given by MacLeay do not agree with those of Caesi-
rids. These are the 4-lobed oral aperture and the absence of a liver. In this
species the oral aperture has three lobes on each side, and of these the posterior
is the most prominent, after that the anterior, while the middle one is relatively
small. In a certain state of contraction, the middle lobe is distinguished with
difficulty, and the four atrial lobes are at the same time equally indistinct.
This is sufficient to explain MacLeay's description of the "branchial orifice" as
quadrified and the "anal orifice" "apparently without rays." While MacLeay
states that his species "has no liver very distinct," the structure that he described
and figures as the heart is doubtless the liver. The latter is well depicted
(although not named) in position, form, and shade, in his figure 4.
In favour of the identification of MacLeay's species with C. crystallina, we
have the general shape, the size, the character of the surface, the presence and
character of the stalk, and the positions of the two apertures. Also the two
vascular processes (one is broken) which pass into the stalk, are represented
in his figure 4. He states, however, that "the branchial pouch has about fourteen
folds," whereas C. crystallina has been described as having only ten. The
condition of MacLeay's specimen apparently did not permit of accurate determ-
ination of the number. Nevertheless, in support of MacLeay's view as to
the indefiniteness of the number, we have in this species what appears to have
been overlooked, namely that there are in reality more than ten folds. In fact
there are fourteen rows of infundibula, and therefore fourteen folds. The
most dorsal and most ventral of the left side entirely lack longitudinal bars,
which renders them insignificant in comparison with the others, which possess
from three to four. On the right side the most ventral is without bar and the
most dorsal with one only. The formula of one specimen is:
Left. Dors. (0) (4) (4) (4) (3) (3) (0) Vent.
Right. Dors. (1)^0 (4) (4) (4) (4) (3) (0) Vent.
Another point worth noting is that MacLeay refers to the branchial folds
being transverse in position rather than longitudinal, and this is indeed their-
position.
In view of these facts there can be no reasonable doubt as to the identity
of MacLeay's species. The name he has given must, therefore, replace M oiler's
name chrystallina.
The position of the testes in this species deserves consideration. Both
Van Name (1912, p. 495) and Oka (1914, p. 444) figure them as grouped along
the anterior half or two-thirds of the ovary. The latter also describes a new
species (Molgula redikorzevi) similar to this one, except that the testes are separ-
ated from the ovaries and lie, those of the right side below the renal organ, and
those of the left side in the intestinal loop, as in retortiformis. Redikorzew
(1916) figures the testes in crystallina (p. 62) at the anterior end of each ovary,
and in redikorzevi (p. 67) on the right side from the anterior end of the ovary
around the anterior end of the renal organ and below it, and on the left side in,
below, and on the inner side of the intestinal loop. I have found that in one
large and nine small specimens from Bernard harbour, the testes are almost
invariably at or near the anterior end of the ovary, but tend to extend down in
front of the renal organ on the right and the intestinal loop on the left. In one
specimen on the left side they are on the outer side of the oviduct, that is at
Asddiacea 9fi
the posterior end of the ovary, while on the right side they are at the anterior
end. In four large specimens from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Bay of
Fundy the position of the testes varies, but in no specimen have I yet found
them alongside the ovary or near its posterior end. They are at the anterior
end of the ovary or distributed more or less around and under the renal organ
on the right side, and into or below the intestinal loop on the left, the extreme
condition being similar to the condition figured by Redikorzew for redikorzevi.
Whether this latter condition is more typical of individuals from more southern
waters, as the facts seem to indicate, is a question deserving investigation. It is,
however, at least doubtful whether redikorzevi is to be considered distinct from
griffithsii (crystallina) . In any event the testes in the latter species are to be
considered as varying in position and as perhaps normally being more or less
separated from the ovary.
MacLeay's genus Cystingia antedates the Molgula of Forbes. It need not
replace the latter, seeing that the form on which it was based is one of a natural
group of species including redikorzevi and retortiformis, that should be separated
from the genus Molgula as formerly defined (see Huntsman, 1922).
Rhizomolgula globularis (Pallas)
For description and literature references on this species see HUNTSMAN,
1913, p. 137, and REDIKORZEW, 1916, p. 128.
Station 20 b-c, 4 specimens. Station 20 d, 2 specimens. Station 21 d, e
and g, 1 specimen. Station 27 d, 32 specimens. Station 27 s, 1 specimen.
Station 37 e, 24 specimens. Station 41, 1 specimen.
Redikorzew (1916, p. 128) has considered R. arenaria Ritter, R. r Uteri
Hartmeyer, R. intermedia Michaelsen, R. warpachovskii Redikorzew, and R.
gigantea Redikorzew, to be synonymous with Pallas' species, and there appears,
indeed, to be no sufficient reasons for considering any of them to be distinct, the
differences noted being no greater than might be due to age and individual
variation.
Material at my disposal comes from Labrador, Hudson bay, James bay,
Bernard harbour (Dolphin and Union strait), Collinson point, Cape Lisburne,
Grantley harbour, and Bristol bay, the latter four places being in Alaska and
at widely separated points from north to south. The material from Bristol bay
(Albatross sta. 3229) has been identified by Ritter (1913, p. 444) as R. ritteri.
Of the characters that have been given as distinguishing species in this genus,
none seems to be sufficiently definite and invariable to base divisions upon.
The amount of sand covering the surface depends upon the nature of the bottom,
in some places being entirely absent. The shape varies considerably depending
to some extent upon age and state of contraction. The elongation may be
parallel or at right angles to a line from the attached to the free end. There
may or may not be lateral flattening. The "root" for attachment may be
simple and small or much-branched and extensive. The musculature is perhaps
relatively more powerful in large individuals and appears heavier in contracted
specimens. Its arrangement I have already described (Huntsman, 1913, p.
137). The tentacles vary in number and size. The dorsal tubercle has the
aperture between the horns directed from directly anterior to almost directly to
the left. The pharyngeal folds are more or less prominent, depending upon the
state of contraction and the method of preservation. The number of bars on
each longitudinal fold is not more variable than is usual in Caesirids, and the
small differences claimed as important cannot be considered significant.
10s Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
We have, therefore, as yet but one species of the genus; and it is a very
characteristic form of shallow water of rather low salinity in the arctic. It is
entirely circumpolar, having been reported from the White sea and Novaya
Zemlya (Redikorzew, 1916), Franz Josef land (Hartmeyer, 1911), New Siberian
islands, several points along arctic coast of Siberia and Okhotsk sea (Redikorzew,
1916), both southern and northern Alaska (Ritter, 1901, and listed above),
Canadian arctic coast at Herschel island (Huntsman, 1913), and Bernard
harbour (listed above), James bay, (Huntsman, 1922), Baffin bay (Hartmeyer,
1903) and north east Greenland (Hartmeyer, 1910). In addition I have examined
material of this species collected by E. M. Kindle in Hamilton inlet, on the
coast of Labrador in 1921.
Johansen has made the following notes regarding the occurrence of this
species at Collinson point, Alaska (Station 27 d) : "A part of the shore is formed
by the tundra, and the gravel on the beach and an the adjoining shallow water is
covered by a thick layer of tundra debris. This particular part of the littoral
region, in depth from one-half to about three feet, seems to be a veritable 'hot-
bed* for a ball-shaped Ascidian, which has its roots attached to the debris or
among the gravel, but which I did not find in the littoral region outside this
particular bottom. Dead, shrunken individuals of the same species were
common washed up on the beach up to high-water mark, and had probably been
torn loose by the waves."
Kiikenthalia boreaiis (Gottschaldt)
1903. HARTMEYER, p. 260.
1921. ARNBACK-CHRISTIE-LINDE.
West coast of McClintock island, Franz Josef land, (80 22' N. lat.), July
1902, Baldwin-Ziegler expedition, U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 6640, 1 colony.
This species has hitherto been known from Davis strait, Iceland, Norway,
Murman coast, Bear island, and Spitsbergen.
Styelopsis sp. (?)
Station 43 c, 1 specimen. Station 50 d, 1 specimen.
The two specimens are approximately 2 mm. long and 1 mm. high. As
they are immature and their structure cannot be fully determined, it would
seem unwise to name them specifically, even though they seem to differ from
any described form.
In the first specimen the surface is covered with scattered sand grains.
The apertures are at either end of the free surface on short siphons and seem
both to be 4-lobed. The test is thick and translucent. The musculature is
well developed and consists of the two usual layers. The oral tentacles are
simple and short. The dorsal lamina is toothed. There are five longitudinal
bars on each side. No atrial tentacles have been found. The stomach is
horizontally placed on the left side, and the intestine turns to run parallel to it,
finally ascending to end in the anus near the atrial aperture. There is a single
gonad on the right side, which is vertically (dorso-ventrally) oriented and close to
the anterior end. It consists of a central ovary and several testes along the margin.
In the second specimen the surface is wrinkled and not sand covered.
No lobes could be discerned for the apertures. The test is thin and somewhat
opaque. There are 4 or 5 dorsal languets. There are 6 longitudinal bars on
the right side of the pharynx and 5 on the left. About 20 stigmata on each side
of pharynx extending dorso-ventrally, the anterior ones breaking up into smaller
stigmata, but none of the latter elongated antero-posteriorly. About 6 gastric
folds. Anus with smooth margin.
Asddiacea 11 B
The transverse stigmata, absence of pharyngeal folds, and presence of
dorsal languets or teeth on the dorsal lamina, are believed to be merely juvenile
characteristics.
The arrangement of the parts of the gonad is similar to that in S. uniplicata
(Bonnevie, 1896, p. 7).
Dendrodoa adolphi (Kupffer)
See HITTER (1913, p. 484) and REDIKORZEW (1916, p. 297) for description
and literature.
West coast of McClintock island, Franz Josef land, (80 22' N. lat.), July,
1902, Baldwin-Ziegler expedition, U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 6640, 6 specimens.
The invariability in the number (3) of branches of the gonad is perhaps
the most striking character of this species. The strong development of the
pharyngeal folds and the large number of tentacles (about 55) are also important.
The three specimens dissected showed the following characters. The
lengths were 9, 12 and 15 mm., and the diameters 6, 9, and 10 mm. As the
specimens were considerably contracted, the shape in extension must be quite
long and cylindrical. The roughening of the surface appears to be almost
entirely due to contraction, although there may be several irregularly placed and
irregularly shaped excrescences. The area of attachment is definitely terminal
and small. 50 tentacles were counted in the second specimen. The majority
were approximately equal in size, but a few were quite small. Aperture of
dorsal tubercle crescent-shaped. Opening between horns directed forwards,
and slightly toward left.
Formula for bars on pharyngeal folds.
1. Right. Dors. (8) 1 (4) 1 (6) 1 (4) 1 Vent.
2. Right. " 1 (12) (6) (9) (7)
Left. " 1 (12) (5) (8) (6)
3. Right. " 1 (9) 1 (4) 1 (8) 1 (5) 1
Left. 1 (9) 1 (4) 1 (7) 1 (5) 1
Gastric folds from 24 to 30 in number. Intestine varying much in curva-
ture. In the first specimen it bends back to run parallel to and close beside the
stomach and continues in an almost straight but short course to the anus. In
the third specimen it takes a short S-shaped course, the final part paralleling
the oesophagus and continued into a very long rectum. In the second specimen
only does the condition correspond with that described by Ritter, that is with
the first part making an even curve around to the oesophagus, and then bending
rather sharply forwards and downwards.
The necessity for a revision of the species of this genus has been repeatedly
emphasized. No one seems yet to have had sufficient material for this purpose.
Although I have referred these specimens to Kupffer's species, it is highly prob-
able that the latter is identical with D. kiikenthali Hartmeyer (1899, p. 493)
and Cynthia pulchella Verrill (1871, p. 98). The latter has been well described
by Van Name (1912, p. 581) as D. aggregata var. pulchella. If these species
are synonymous, VerrilFs name will have the priority. The differences that
have been noted between these forms do not seem to be very important, having
to do with the numbers and sizes of the tentacles, numbers of longitudinal
bars, orientation of dorsal tubercle, number of gastric folds, and course of intest-
ine, all of which vary greatly from individual to individual. With such limited
material at my disposal, I hesitate to unite these forms.
D. adolphi has been recorded from north-east Greenland, Bering sea, and
the Gulf of Tartary; D. kukenthali from Bering sea, Siberian Arctic ocean, Kara
sea, and Spitsbergen; and D. pulchella from Newfoundland to the Gulf of Maine.
12 B Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
Cnemidocarpa rhizopus (Redikorzew)
See REDIKORZEW, (1908, p. 32 as Styela rhizopus, and 1916, p. 271) and
HUNTSMAN (1922) for description and literature.
Station 43 b, 4 specimens.
The four specimens in the collection are all very small, being only from 3 to
3-5 mm. in diameter. Each possesses a single long, much-branched root,
which is as much as 5 mm. long. In shape they are approximately spherical
and their surface is entirely covered with sand grains. They correspond in
external characters with small specimens of this species obtained in Hudson bay.
In the single specimen dissected the following characters were determined.
Musculature much reduced, scarcely extending beyond siphons.
Tentacles short and about 24 in number. Formula for pharyngeal folds
Right, Dors. (4) (1) (3) (1)
Left. " (3) (1) (3) (1)
Dorsal lamina with smooth undulatory margin. Stomach short, with about 12
folds. Anus with about 10 somewhat reflexed rounded lobes. Gonads oval,
oblong, or almost globular in shape, directed towards atrium, three on the right
side and two on the left.
The small numbers of tentacles, longitudinal bars, or pharyngeal folds,
gastric folds, and anal lobes, as compared with previous accounts for the species,
may be referred to the small size of the individual. In the number of the gonads
there is agreement with Hudson bay specimens (Huntsman, 1922).
The records of this species, though few, indicate a circumpolar distribution
with little extension into the subarctic. The species has been known from the
Siberian arctic coast, Novaya Zemlya, the Murman coast, north-east Greenland,
and Hudson bay.
Goniocarpa lovenii (Kor. et Dan.)
See VAN NAME (1912, p. 560 as Tethyum coriaceuni) and REDIKORZEW
(1916, p. 244, as Goniocarpa coriacea) for description and literature.
Station 23, 4 specimens. Cape Lisburne, Alaska, 5-10 fathoms, sand and
gravel, coll. W. H. Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 6647, 1 specimen.
Elsewhere (Huntsman, 1922) I have expressed an opinion on the dis-
tinctness of certain of the forms that have been united with this species by
Redikorzew (1916) and Hartmeyer (1915). They are indeed nearly related
and the majority have not yet been clearly shown to be distinct. There is
certainly very considerable individual variation in both external and internal
characters. The arctic specimens listed above do not differ essentially, so far
as examined, from specimens taken along the Canadian Atlantic and Pacific
coasts, for which I have used the names G. placenta and G. coccodes respectively.
The specific name of lovenii, given by Koren and Danielssen I use as being the
proper one for this species on the authority of Hartmeyer (1915, p. 326 as Styela
lovenii) .
This species is circumpolar and extends in distribution well into the subarctic
on all coasts.
Ascidiacea 13 B
Goniocarpa rustica (L.)
See VAN NAME (1912, p. 549 as Tethyum rusticum) and REDIKORZEW (1916,
p. 229) for description and literature.
Station 23, 1 specimen. Beach at Winter harbour, Melville island, 1909,
.coll. F. Hennessey, Canadian Fisheries Museum, 1 specimen (test only). West
coast of McClintock island, Franz Josef land, (80 22' N. lat.), July, 1902,
Baldwin-Ziegler expedition, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 6640, 2 specimens. Aberdare
channel, east of Alger island, Franz Josef land, June, 1901, Baldwin-Ziegler
expedition, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 6639, 2 specimens.
This species occurs throughout the arctic, and its distribution extends into
the subarctic in the north-western Pacific and on both sides of the Atlantic.
The present records assist in demonstrating its circumpolarity, being the first
for the region between Bering sea and Jones sound off Baffin bay (Bjerkan,
1908 a, p. 6).
Boltenia echinata (L.)
See VAN NAME (1912, p. 523 as Pyura echinata), HUNTSMAN (1913, p. 163,
as B. arctica) and REDIKORZEW (1916, p. 154) for description and literature.
Station 23, 10 specimens. South gate, northwestern Spitsbergen, (79 40'
N. lat.), 7 fathoms, coll. E. Wilkinson, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5971, 1 specimen.
These arctic specimens exhibit the characteristic spines (elongated axis and
definite whorl of short branches) of the more northern form of this widely dis-
tributed species, and differ, therefore, from the subarctic form, which has shorter,
irregularly branched spines.
.
14 B Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
LITERATURE
Arnback-Christie-Linde, A.
1921. On the reproductive organs of the Ascidian Kukenthalia borealis (Gottschaldt).
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1921, pp. 187-196.
Bjerkan, P.
1908 a. Ascidien. Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the "Fram"
1898-1902. No. 14. Kristiania, pp. 1-12, 1 pi.
1908 b. Die Ascidien des nordlichen Norwegens. Tromso Mus. Aarshefte 25, pp. 49-118,
1 pi.
Bonnevie, K.
1896. Ascidiae simplices and Ascidiae compositae from the North Atlantic Expedition.
The Norwegian North Atlantic Exped. 1876-1878. Zool. Vol. VII, pp. 1-16, pi.
III-IV.
Hartmeyer, R.
1899. Die Monascidien der Bremer Expedition nach Ostspitzbergen im Jahre 1889.
Zool. Jahrb. Syst. XII, pp. 453-520, pi. 22-23.
1903. Die Ascidien der Arktis. Fauna Arctica, Bd. Ill, pp. 93-414, pi. IV-XIV. Jena.
1910. Die Ascidien der Danmark Expedition. Dan. Eksped. til Gronl. Nord. 1906-08,
Bd. V, Nr. 3, Kobenhavn, pp. 227-236.
1911. Zur verbreitung nordischer Ascidien. Sitzungsber. der Gesell. naturf. Freunde,
Berlin, Jahr. 1911, No. 10, pp. 439-440.
1915. Alder und Hancocks britische Tunicaten. Mt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, Bd. VII, Ht.
3, pp. 303-344.
1919. Ascidien aus dem Barentsmeer. Arbeit, d. deutsch. wissenchaft. Kommiss. f.
die Intern. Meeresfors. B. Biol. Anst. auf Helgoland. Nr. 25, pp. 125-132.
1921. Studien an westgronlandischen Ascidien. Meddel. om Gronland, Bd. LXII,
pp. 1-137.
Huitfeldt-Kaas, H.
1896. Synascidiae. Norwegian North-Atlantic Exped. 1876-1878. Zool., Vol. VII, pp.
1-27, pi. 1, 2.
Huntsman, A. G.
1912. Ascidians from the coasts of Canada. Trans. Can. lost., Vol. IX, pp. 111-148.
1913. Holosomatous Ascidians from the coast of western Canada. Contr. Can. Biol.
1906-10, pp. 103-185, pi. X-XXI.
1921. Age-determination, growth and symmetry in the test of the Ascidian, Chelyosoma.
Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., Vol. XIII, No. 1, pp. 27-38, pi. 1.
1922. Results of the Hudson Bay Expedition, 1920, HI. The Ascidiacea. Contr.
Can. Biol., N.S. Vol. 1, 1922.
MacLeay, W. S.
1825. Anatomical observations on the natural group of Tunicata, with the description
of three species collected in Fox Channel during the late Northern Expedition.
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Vol. XIV, pp. 527-555, pi. XVIII-XX.
Moller, H.P.C.
1842. Index Molluscorum Groenlandiae. Nat. Tidsskrift, Vol. IV, pp. 76-97.
Oka, A.
1914. Notizen iiber japanische Ascidien, II. Annot. Zool. Japonenses, Vol. VIII, pt.
Ill, pp. 443-458.
Redikorzew, W.
1908. Die Ascidien des sibirischen Eismeeres. Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersburg.,
VIII Ser., Vol. XVIII, pp. 1-59, pi. I, II.
1916. Faune de la Russie. Tunicies, Livr. 1, pp. 1-336.
Ritter, W. E.
1901. Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. XXIII. The Ascidians. Proc.
Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. III. pp. 225-266. pi. xxvii-xxx.
1913. The simple Ascidians from the northeastern Pacific in the collection of the United
States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, pp. 427-505, pi. 33-36.
Traustedt, M. P. A.
1886. Kara-Havets Sopunge (Ascidiae simplices). Dijmphna-Togtets zool.-bot. Udbytte,
pp. 419-437, pi. 36-39.
Van Name, W. G.
1910. Compound Ascidians of the coasts of New England and neighboring British
Provinces. Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 34, pp. 339-424, pi. 34-39.
1912. Simple Ascidians of the coasts of New England and neighboring British Prov-
inces. Proc, Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 34, pp. 439-619, pi. 43-73.
Verrill, A. E.
1871. Descriptions of some imperfectly known and new Ascidians from New England.
Amer. Journ. Science, Ser. 3, Vol. 1, pp. 93-100.
TORONTO, April 1922.
Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18.
VOLUME VHI: MOLLUSKS, ECHINODERMS, COELENTERATES, ETC
Part A: MOLLUSKS, RECENT AND PLEISTOCENE. By William H. Dall.
(Issued September 24, 1919").
Part B: CEPHALOPODA AND PTEROPODA.
Cephalopoda. By S. S. Berry.
Pteropoda. By W. F. Clapp (In preparation).
Part C: ECHINODERMS. By Austin H. Clark (Issued April 6, 1920).
Part D: BRYOZOA. By R. C. Osburn (In preparation).
Part E: ROTATORIA. By H. K. Hairing (Issued December 31, 1921).
Part F: CHAETOGNATHA. By A. G. Huntsman (In preparation).
Part G: ALCYONARIA AND ACTINARIA. By A. E. Verrill (Issued April 88, 1990) .
Part H: MEDUSAE AND CTENOPHORA. By H. B. Bigelow (Issued June SO, 1920).
Part I: H YDROIDS. By C. McLean Fraser (Issued August 4, 1922) .
Part J: PORIFERA. By A. Dendy (In preparation).
VOLUME IX: ANNELIDS, PARASITIC WORMS, PROTOZOANS, ETC.
Part A: OLIGOCHAETA.
Lumbriculidae. By Frank Smith.
Enchytralidse. By Paul S. Welch (Issued September 29, 1919).
Part B: POLYCHAETA. By Ralph V. Chamberlin (Issued November 16, 1920).
Part C: HIH UDINEA. By J. P. Moore (Issued February 4, 1921).
Part D: GEPHYREA. By Ralph V. Chamberlin (Issued June 10, 1920).
Part E: ACANTHOCEPHALA. By H. J. Van Cleave (Issued April 7, 1920).
Part F: NEMATODA. By N. A. Cobb (In preparation).
Part G-H: TREMATODA AND CESTODA. By A. R. Cooper (Issued February 4, 1921).
Part I: TURBELLARIA. By A. Hassell (In preparation).
Part J: GORDIACEA.
Part K: NEMERTINI. By Ralph V. Chamberlin (In preparation).
Part L: SPOROZOA. By J. V. Mavor (In preparation).
Part M: FORAMINIFERA. By J. A. Cushman (Issued February 6, 1920)
VOLUME X: PLANKTON, HYDROGRAPHY, TIDES, ETC.
Part A: PLANKTON. By Albert Mann (In preparation).
Part B: MARINE DIATOMS. By L. W. Bailey (In preparation).
Part C: TIDAL OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS. By W. Bell Dawson. . (Issued October 1, 1920).
Part D: HYDROGRAPHY (In preparation).
VOLUME XI: GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY
Part A: THE GEOLOGY OF THE ARCTIC COAST OF CANADA, WEST OF THE KENT.
PENINSULA. By J. J. O'Neill (Ready for press).
Part B: MAPS AND GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES. By Kenneth G. Chipman and John R. Cox.
(In preparation).
VOLUME XH: THE COPPER ESKIMOS
Part A: THE LIFE OF THE COPPER ESKIMOS. By D. Jenness (Issued January 14, 1922).
VOLUME XHI: TECHNOLOGY OF THE COPPER ESKIMOS
Part A- TECHNOLOGY OF THE COPPER ESKIMOS (To be prepared).
Part B- THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS *OF THE WESTERN AND COPPER
' ESKIMOS. By D. Jenness.. . . (Ready for press).
Part C: THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL ESKIMOS
By John Cameron (In preparation) .
VOLUME XIV: ESKIMO FOLK-LORE AND LANGUAGE
Part A: ESKIMO MYTHS AND TRADITIONS, FROM ALASKA, THE MACKENZIE DELTA,
AND CORONATION GULF. By D. Jenness (Ready for press).
Part B: COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY OF THE ESKIMO DIALECTS
OF POINT BARROW, THE MACKENZIE DELTA, AND CORONATION GULF.
By D. Jenness (In preparation) .
VOLUME XV: ESKIMO STRING FIGURES AND SONGS
Part A: STRING FIGURES OF THE ESKIMOS. By D. Jenness (Ready for press) .
Part B: SONGS OF THE COPPER ESKIMOS.
By Helen H. Roberts and D. Jenness (In preparation).
VOLUME XVI: ARCHAEOLOGY
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA.
(To be prepared) .
