REPORT OF THE SETTLEMENT OPERATIONS OF THE RA'I BARELI DISTRICT.

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60001 827gX

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REPOJ^T

OF XHE

<&■■

SETTLEMENT OPERATIONS

OF TH8

HAI BAREtd WSTRICT.

By J. F. MACANDREW, Majpk> B:S.C.,

^ettlevient Offixer,

I41JCKNOW:

1.872,

22I.

a. .

■2S).

o

No. 1902R. OF 1877. NL"^- W- ^^-^^

RESOLUTION.

Revenue Department.
Dated Naini Tdl, the Sth September^ 1877.
Read —

The final settlement report of the Bae Bareli district, with the remarks of the Com-
missioner, Mr. P. Carnegy, communicated in bis No. 2998A., dated 13th
May, 1872.

Read also —

The Commissiitner's letter No. 2415, dated 19tb October, 1876, and its enclosare.

Resolution. — The district, as assessed and now
reported on, consisted of 15 parg^anas. Of these seven were
transferred to the district of Unao on the re -adjustment of
district boundaries in 1869, and one to Bara Banki. The
present district is constituted of the seven pargauas remaining,
four made over from Sultanpur and two from Partabgarh.
The pargauas transferred to neighbouring districts were, how-
ever, small, and three-fourths of the area under report (651,817
acres out of 858,935) remain in the district of Rae Bareli ai^
it now stands.

2. The settlement was commenced in the end of 1862,
and closed in the beginning of 1872. It raised the land reve-
nue of the area reported on from Rs. 8,24,041 to Rs. 10,27,094,
nearly 25 per cent., and during its progress there were
decided in the settlement courts 22,693 claims to rights in
land. The total cost of the settlement was Rs. 4,83,216 — a
little more than two years of the increase to the revenue.

3. The final report on the settlement is furnished by
Lieutenant-Colonel Ouseley, latterly OflSciating Settlement
Officer. But two tahsils of the three were assessed by
Colojael MacAndrew, now Commissioner of the Sitapur Divi-
sion. The third was assessed by Lieutenant-Colonel Ouseley
mainly on the same principles.

4. Before leaving the settlement Colonel MacAndrew
prepared and submitted a most interesting report, to which

2 RAE BARELI SETTLEMENT BEPORT.

constant reference is made throughout Lieutenant-Colonel
Ouseley's, and which, as regards the principles of assessment,
is the real subject of criticism in the present resolution. This
report has been added as appendix K. to the final settlement
report.

5. The field survey preliminary to assessment was
effected in the years 1862-64 at a cost considerably in excess
of the average for the province, but it would appear that the
portion of total cost put down for survey had not been sus-
ceptible of accurate discrimination.

6. The details of the Settlement OflScer's survey agree
closely with those of the revenue survey. The percentages
of the total area represented by cultivated, culturable, and
barren soil, as shown by the two surveys respectively, are : —

Revenue Bnrrey. Field sarvey.

Cultivated ... 508 49-5

Culturable ... 25*7 29*4

Barren ... 234 210

It is noticeable thiit, unlike the other districts of the division,
the field survey in Rae Bareli returns a larger area of cultur-
able land than the revenue survey. No explanation of this
is given. The assessment proceeds on the culturable area as
returned by the Settlement Officer's staff, and it is on all
grounds desirable that the assessable limits should not be
strained. But the difference in this case is not very large,
and the assessment on culturable, but uncultivated, land, pro-

* Para 97 of Lieutenant. feSSCdly *4ight,"* doCS UOt appear in

Colonel ougeiey*8 report. any Way to havo cmbarrasscd the suc-
An^^i'/rVport"'""'"*"' «««« Of ^^^ Settlement.

7. It is more noteworthy that the survey statements

t See .tatement No. IV., Revenue Report for I »7i, ^^'OV & Smaller propor-

page zii , thtM :— tion 01 Cultivation and

Lucknow 53 7 19*6 able wastomKae Bareli

l;^^''" ::: ::: 2U Ifo thanlnanyoftheother

suUanpur 600 17-0 districts m soutbem

C'Ba?:i? ::: ;;: «■] «:5 oudh.t. The drcum-

stance is one of much
importance in view of the high revenue-rate imposed upon the

RAE BARELI SETTLEMENT BEPORT.

* Para. 77.

cultivated lands of the district. It may be explained by the
position of exceptional security which this tract has attained
under its hereditary talukdars before annexation, and the ten-
dency of the landlords, described by
Colonel MacAndrew,* rather to have
old lands improved and the rent raised than to have new land
broken up. The details of survey support this by indicating
a very high standard of farming in the cultivation of the dis-
trict. The following statistics are taken from the assessment
returns of the district and of its neighbours : —

W • A_ • A

Percentagt of the cuUivation,

District.

Irrigated.

Manured.

tlDao

••t

*■•

47

ISO

Lncknow

...

••.

,44*0

180

Bara Bank!

•••

•••

29

•••

Snltanpur

•••

..•

78-0

17-0

Fartabgarh

»••

•••

76-0

35

Kae Bareli

•••

•*•

720

32

It is noticeable that the two districts — Rae Bareli and Par tab*
garb — which show the smallest proportion of total area under
cultivation, also show in the cultivated area the highest pro-
portion of irrigation and manure. Compared with neighbour-
ing districts, Rae Bareli shows a very high standard of manure
and irrigation. Colonel MacAndrew says of the district —
" the fertility of- the soil is remarkable, and the cultivation
high class" (para. 10). Colonel Ouseley describes the part
of the district he assessed as ** a richly productive hollow "
fpara. 52).

8. The district is purely agricultural, ^'without any

t Para 18, Colonel Mac- P*^^® ^^** ^^^ ^® Called a tOWU in it," f

Andrew's report. and ^' its manufactures are almost niL^*X

t Para. 202, ditto. ff j^^ population is almost entirely Hindu.

Idahammadans are fewer than in any other part of the pro-
vince. They are in the proportion of only 1 to 22. There
is on the other hand a very high proportion of the higher
castes, thus: —

RAE BARBLI SETTLEMENT REPORT.

District.

PopulfttloQ per
square mile.

Pkoportio"* of

Brahmans.

R&jputB.

Kurmis.

Otliers

Bae Rareli
Sultanpur ..«
Partabgarh •••
Lucknow •••

•••
•••

•••

679
696
54a

601

17

14
14

8

9
9
7
8

9

6

15

U

66
71
64
78

9. The tenure statement No. IV. shows that of the
1,482 vilhiges of the district, 1,029 are held by taliikdars,
and that in only 69 of these has any sub-settlement been
given. It is not without interest to compare the conditions of
proprietary tenure in the southern districts of Oudh:—

Diatrict.

Percentage of Til-
lag eB held in tallik-
darl tenure.

Rie Bareli

Partabgarh

Sultanpur

Lucknov

Uoao

•••
•.«
■•«

••
...

#••

•••
*••

■ a.

• ••

• •*

• a.

• ••

69
69
58
26
82

Percentage of taluk-
dari Tillages sub-
settled.

6
14
12
14

9

Rae Bareli and its neighbour Partabgarh are the districts in
which the taliikdari tenure is the most prominent ; and in Rae
Bareli the tenure is so strong that a holding in sub-settlement
is almost unknown a

10. The settlement statistics then indicate an exception-
ally fertile district in a high state of cultivation, under land-
lords whose power had maintained exceptional security under
native rule, with a population still more dense than in most
of the neighbouring districts, and yet less largely composed of
the poorer and more industrious castes of the people.

11, The district, as reported on, consisted of three tah-
sils. Of these two were assessed by Colonel MacAndrew and
one by Colonel Ouseley. Colonel MacAndrew in his report
of 1867 (appendix K.) gave the details of his method of as-
sessment in the area he assessed ; and in the final report
Lieutenant-Colonel Ouseley, in so far as it concerns the

RAE BARELI SETTLEMENT REPORT. 5

assessment of Rae Bareli, confines himself to a description of
his process in the third tahsil. Lieutenant- Colonel Ouseley
made little variation in the principles and practice of his pre-
decessor. The system pursued by Colonel MacAndrew was
probably the most rigid adherence to existing rent-rolls that
was adopted in Oudb, or that has been followed of recent
years. He commenced his assessment in 1864, at the time
when most of the Oudh assessments were begun. He speaks
of the absence of any definite rule for guidance.* So little,
• Para. 128, Colonel howevcr, was actually known at that
MacAndrew's report. ^jj^e of the positiou of rcnts in the

different parts of Oudh, that it would have been difficult
to prescribe any definite rules for assessment ; and indeed at
that period, as he mentions, the process of assessment had
become the subject of definite and precise instruction in no
part of Upper India, and each Settlement Officer was a law
unto himself, his procedure based on his experience, and his
system the application of his personal views.

12. In Eae Bareli Colonel MacAndrew found rents so
developed, and the rent-rolls so trustworthy, that he made his
assessment entirely upon them. The only variation made in
the village rent-rolls was an adjustment at the village in-
spection of the rents paid on the privileged holdings of the
proprietors and high caste tenants, and an assessment of the
rental due on lands held rent-free, and on the cultivable waste
of the village. These rent assessments were made on the
basis of a most laborious and admirable analysis of the actual
rent-rates of the several classes of cultivators in the village
in the several classes of soil. The specimen assessment pa-
pers attached to the reports by Colonels MacAndrew and
Ouseley show in only one instance any enhancement, for the
purposes of the revenue assessment, of the rents of the higher
caste cultivators ; and it would appear that the case was rare
in which this part of the village rent-rolls was altered. The
result has been a ^' village by village" assessment, so pure
that pargana rent- rates, although compiled, were almost en-
t Para. 143, Colonel tircly d]scarded,f and the analogies of
^p^VsTcoiSnero'uBe- neighbouring lands followed only for the
ley's report. asscssmeut of the sir and rent-free lands

in the bounds of the same village. The principle was follow-
ed fearlessly ; and Colonel MacAndrew, confident that in the

6 RAB BARELI SETTLEMENT REPORT.

circumstances of the district it was a sound and politic one, has
not hesitated to illustrate the extreme to which i( was iu one
case carried. In para. 146 the example is given of two ad-
joining villages of similar quality of soil and similar advan-
tages tor irrigation. The one was cultivated on a marwati
tenure in the most slovenly and apathetic fashion by the Rdj«
puts, to whom it had been assigned ; the other was in the
holding of a community of active Brahmans who had no pri-
vileges. The one was assessed at 9 annas a bigha, the other
at Rs. 2-14-0 a bigha. Such startling discrepancies were, he
allows, exceedingly rare, but the illustration was given to
challenge criticism.

13. It can hardly be argued that the principle should
be adopted as a sole and permanent maxim under a steady
system of Government. It is and has long been an axiom in
the administration of the land in every country in the world
that it is under a fair rent that the most successful tillage is
attained, and the farmer raised to the surest comfort. A fair
rent is what an ordinary cultivator can afford to give. A rack-
rent blights his hope, and with it his industry. A rent in the
other extreme as privileged has enervating influences which
are not seen in the harvests alone. The perpetuation of an
unreserved obedience to this principle of the Rae Bareli assess-
ment would probably be in no sense successful.

14. In the correspondence on the permanent settle-
ment of the North- Western Provinces there is abundant
illustration that even peppercorn rents are no safeguard for
the maintenance of the renters ; and the concession would,
while it directly lessened the just dues of the State, add
another to the reasons which deteriorate cultivation at every
revision of assessment. At the same time no assessing officer
can overlook in a village the existing state of rents ; and
where they are exceptionally below an average, there are
ordinarily other causes at work, besides the possible lethargy
of the owner or his tenants, which demand exceptional consi-
deration. And the more the Lieutenant-Governor has seen
the details and the results of assessments in other districts,
the more he has recognised the dangers of averages and rent-
rates in their ordinary application. The Oudh Government,
in such instructions as it gave for assessment, clearly

BAE BARELI SETTLEMENT REPORT. 7

contemplated the general use of rent-rates. In its first orders
(Settlement Circular No. 14 of 1861), after quoting sections
55-62 of the Directions to Settlement Officers, it expressly
directed that the assessments were not to be based on the
sums hitherto paid to the talukdars or others, but on what
was deemed to be, after due consideration, the average gross
rental of the mauza, merely cautioning the Settlement Officer
against the adoption of a too minute classification and a mul-
tiplicity of rent-rates. Later in 1863 (Settlement Circular
No. 26 of 1863), the Government circulated with its approval
a recent order of the Board of Revenue, North- Western
Provinces, in which detailed instructions were given for the
explicit statement of the manner in which the Settlement
Officer's rent-rates were arrived at.

15. It was on a basis of rent-rates that the whole
revision of the revenue assessment in the North- Western
Provinces proceeded ; a basis of rent-rates was practically
commanded by the Oudh Government ; a basis of rent-rates
was very generally framed by the Settlement Officers of Oudh.
The system of Colonel MacAndrew was a daring and perfectly
uncompromising departure from these orders.

16. There can be no doubt that in Rae Bareli he carried
his principle to an excess ; and that in probably any other
district its unfaltering application would have led to consi-
derable and unnecessary loss of revenue. His Honour
believes, indeed, that he now frankly admits this, and agrees
that in ordinary circumstances the existing assets of a village
should be compared with the assets suggested by the rates
on other similar lands before being finally accepted for
assessment. Butit is too plain that in many other districts in
Oudh the principle of rent-rates was carried to an excess ;
and that in that is to be found one at least of the causes of
the revenue difficulties in the province. There was no want
of warning as to the dangers of these averages. The instruc-
tions of 1861 speak of the risk of deception. The orders of
1863 repeat that the most carefully prepared rates are no
more than a merely approximate standard, from which actual
details will and must vary to an indefinite degree. But the
experience of the actual working of the rent-rate system in
many districts has shown the practical uselessness of mere

8 KAE BABELI SETTLEMENT REPORT.

general advice, and the fatal facility with which assessorgr,
who had once made average rates, surrendered themselves
blindly to their guidance. The system is so easy ; so much
minute labour can be avoided ; if only certain areas are right,
the rental of the village should be a certain sum ; if it is not,
it ought to be, and it can be made to be, and out comes the
revised assessment.

17. The Lieutenant-Governor deems it unnecessary in
a mere review of the operations of a past settlement, and
while a re-settlement is still in the distant future, to describe
in detail the method of assessment he would prescribe. It
will suffice to say that it seems to him that a perfect assess*
ment has its basis in two points, the ascertained actual pre-
sent assets, and the assets indicated by the prevailing rates
of the neighbourhood for similar land, and that neither matter
ought to be wholly neglected. But unless some such labouri-
ous investigation of the condition of the actual rents as was
made in Rae Bareli be required from the assessor, there is
the gravest risk that he will not make it. When it is made,
two results of the highest importance are attained. In the
first place, the assessor is in a manner forced to discover the
reason of any lowness of actual rental, and in the second he
can be compelled to declare in detail his reason for prefer-
ring the assumed one, or any intermediate sum he may select.
Then the Government can really secure that the assessor,
^' holding all these results in his mind, has exercised a sound
discretion in his final judgment as to the Government demand' '
(page 106, Oudh Settlement Circulars).

18. Such cases as that described by Colonel Mac Andrew,
of inordinately low rental must have been quite exceptional
in Rae Bareli, for on a review of the whole report there need
be no hesitation in conceding that, in the circumstances of
this district, the principle which the Settlement Officers un-
reservedly adopted was without injury to the public revenue,

19. The revision of the assessment conducted on this
system, which practically accepted the declared assets of the
landowners, produced a revenue of Rs. 10,27,094. This
was an increase of upwards of two lakhs on the demand of

• DUtriet.

Revenue'rattm

Rs. a. p.

Bae Bareli •••

•••2 6 4

Unao

••• 2 5 10

Lucknov .,«

.•.2 6 4

Saltanpur ••«.

... 2 2 9

Fartabgarh ...

... 2 3 3

Allahabad .••

... 2 8 7

Faiehpur ...

•-276

Cawnpor9 M»

M. 2 9 1

demur.

&AE BABBLI 8ETTLISMBKT BCFOBX; 9

the summary settlement, and falls at a rate of Rs^ 2-6«4 per

acre of cultivation —a rate equal-
led in Oudh in the district of
Lucknow alone, and only slightly
exceeded in the long settled
adjoining districts of tne North-
western Provinces.* A rent-roll
assessment, which gives so high
a rate, may be accepted without

20. There is sufficient evidence further that it is not
too hiffh« The Deputy Commissioner has officially reported
that there is no difficulty in realizing the revenue. The

t These are balances of the district balances of laud-reveuue at the

as it now 8tands-i.e.. mcluding par- ^Iq^ ^f ^^y^ ^f j]j^ J^g|. g^^ y^^^.^
ganas receiy ed from Sultanpur and ^rV. • ** ^ ^ J v*** i^

Fartabgarh, and excluding parganas WCrO aS lOllOWS IJ"^
given to Unao and Bara Banki.

The precise figures for the settle- lo^o t> iisjr'7

ment district for the years 1874-76 Xo/^ .., „, lis. ld,407

and ime are— 1873 .«• «.. j, 15^983

1874 BaUinc^ ... Bs. 9,443 1874 ••• ... .. 17.632

^*^^ " - ^ ^'^^^ 1876 „ 1,912

21. Besides the statistics given by the Commissioner in
his review, the Lieutenant-Governor finds the following in the
last report on the revenue adnunistration of the district.
There are ten encumbered estates in the management of the
Deputy Commissioner, the gross annual rental of which is
Rs. 3,24,582. The percentage of the revenue to the actual
collections of th€i last year in these estates was 42*4.

22» There are also two wards' estates in his char^e^
with a rental of Rs. 74,159, one of which is very heavily
charged with under-proprietary tenures. The proportion
home by the laud revenue to the collections of the year was
49' I per cwt,

23, The very circumstaaces, however, which led Colo-
nel MacAndrew to adopt a rent-roll system of assessment
were diose which made the system successful. The greater
portion of the land was in the airect and exclusive possession
of powerful hereditary taliikdars. Their power had given

10 SA£ SABSLI :ftE'mBMBIfX S8P0BT.

security to tile, ooontry, but enabled t^eiD akK> to impose reuts
ou a naturally fertile district, which could be paid, and were
pais, in no other part of the prorince at the close of native
inile. To a degree, which was approached in probably no
other district of southern Oudh but Partabgarh, the rents in
the village jamafaandis were unaffected by the privileges of
coparcenary sir and under-proprietary tenure. The political
history, the characteristic tenure, ana the natural fertility of
the district, each helped to this result. In Partabgarh, its
nearest counterpart, the assessing officer found the rent-rolls
of this district to a large extent complete and trustworthy,
and he followed an almost similar procedure in his assess-
ment. The very varying circumstances of the different dis-
tricts on our assumption of the government furnish some jus*
tification of the very great discretion given by the Oudh
Administration as to the system of assessment.

24. The rent-roll system has had in Oudh the high merit
of success. In the two districts^ ia which circumstances
permitted it to be most extensively used, not only has a good
revenue been raised, but it is in them that the revenue imposed
has been collected with the least difficulty. There was
in the fii st place the least room for mistake ; and in the
second, wher^ it happe^ed that a jlandowner was behind his
neighbours in th^ ap^rieultural energy of his tenantry, or in
his personal activity ^o the adjustment of r«nts> he was start-
ed without a disadvantage of any sprt. In the early days of
British rule there were perhaps justice and expediency in
this cffUQession,

25. The system, it is not denied, did not always make
an equal valuation of equal lands. Much of the statistical
information compiled according to order, and now appended
to the report, was wholly valueless for an assessment on these
principles. The detailed assessment statement, No. Y. of the
appendix, is full of examples that rent was not always in
accordance with natural advantages. Pargana BhagwantnagMr
has 80 per cent, of irrigation, 39 per cent, of nianure, 2^
acres per cultivator ; pargana Ohdtampur, which adjoins, has
72 per ceAt. of irrigation, 33 percent, of manure, 3| acres per
cultivator ; but its revenue-rate upon the accepted rent-rolls
is Rs. 3-4-3 per acre of cultivi^tion, while the rate in Bhag*
wantnagar is only Rs. :^-13^11.

JUB BABBLI SETTLEMIBT BEPOBT, 11

26. The Commissioner in hiis review (para. 7) quotes
from a minute by Lord Majo in the papers on the perma-
nent settlement of the North- Western. Provinces, the remark
based on an unpublished memorandum of Sir John Strachey,
that ^^ an assessment, sueh as was made in the settlement of
the Bae Bareli district in Oudh, upon the basis of actual ren-
tal,^ is, as a test of value, comparatively worthless." His
Honour does not understand that G<Honel MacAndrew main-
tains it to be a test of actual value ; but actual value cannot
be in aU circumstances reached, and in the special circum-
stances of this district, the assessment so made approached it
as closely as could safely be done.

27. In the assessment of the last tahsll by Lieutenant-
Colonel Ouseley, average rent-rates were framed (para. 7S
of his report) as a preliminary, but there does not appear to
have been any attempt made by the Settlement Officer himself
to check on the spot the details from which they were com-
piled by his sadr munsarims, and, indeed, he admits that they
were laid aside and were made use of in no fashion for his
assessment (para. 78).

28. Indeed, in the later portion of the assessment it
would appear that the Settlement Officer ceased to examine
the statistical details of his settlement survey. The single
specimen of his assessment procedure, which Lieutenant-
Colonel Ouseley has attached to his report, is full of matter,
which an assessing officer would ordinarily have examined
minutely, but which is passed over without remark. In ap-
pendices A. to £. are the assessment papers prepared for him
m village Mainahdr Katra. Appendices A. and B. are extracts
from the khasra (or detail of the settlement survey), and the
village rent-roll. In both are entries of goind (1st class
manured land) returned as unirrigated, and even as cultivated
on a rent in kind. It is of course possible that these entries are
correct. But in a tract so highly farmed as Rae Bareli, in
which money rentis are so universal (para. 129, Colonel Mac-
Andre w^s report), a strong suspicion of their correctness is
justified. But in the assessment notes made by Lieutenant-
Colonel Ouseley on his inspection of the village (Appendices
D. and B.), not a word is said of any examination of the sur-
vey areas ; and ef en where he discusses the rent-rates of the

12 BAB FABBtr 8BTTMMBNT BKF0B7.

several classes of tenants in classes of soU returned as similar
by his survey officials, he records the result of his comparison
as an '« impression." It would not have been too much to
expect that an officer, entrusted with all the powers and respon-
sibilities that attach to the charge of a settlement, should have
thoroughly satisfied himself on such points before closing his
inspection of a village. When the officer selects a case like
that of Mainahdr Katra as a specimen of his work, it is not
reassuring to find in it such evidence of defective investiga-

tion.

29. There is, however, abundant evidence that under
his predecessor the exploration of the rent-rolls and the rent-
rates was made with the patience and thoroughness which
characterizes Colonel MacAndrew's work ; and for the reasons
that have been given, the Lieutenant-Governor accepts the
assessment as a whole with satisfaction.

30. It is unnecessary to follow the writer of the final
raport through the lucubrations with which he has relieved it.
The theories and views interspersed have occasionally th^
merit of originality.

51. On the condition of the people Colonel MacAndrew's
report is full of information and thoughtful interest, and it
shows more thorough knowledge of the past and present of
the people than perhaps any of the settlement reports now
under consideration of the liieutenant-Govemor. He speaks
hope^lly of the condition of the tenantry. His hopes are,
His Honour believes, being attained. The district continues
m agricultural prosperity, and its people show an intelligent
readiness to avail themselves of the advantages ofiered to the
adventurous in Southern India. The last report on the reve-
nue administration of this district mentions that in 1^76,
23,155 cultivators were on the roll of the Opium Department
lU Rae Bareli; and that the sum paid them for ther opium
amouuted to Rs. 5,80,036, half the land revenue of the dis-
trict; that Rs. 1,34,012 has been paid at the treasury during
the year to the recipients of money orders from relatives in
Bombay, the Central Provinces, and Lower Bengal j and that;
this sum w*s independent of sepoy remittances, the very con»
giderabl^ remittances in cash aad ornamenbi by parcel post,

RAK BARELI SETTLEMENT REPORT. 13

and the savings brought by these remitters on their return
home.

32. Of the 90 taliikdars of the district 11 availed them-
selves of the provisions of *the Encumbered Estates' Act.
Ooe estate has since been released on the discharge of its
debts, and there are only three, vrhich are in truth deeply
ijmbarrassed.

33. In para. 47 Colonel MacAndrew mentions that
the revenue payable under Saadat Ali Khan in the pargana
of Rae Bareli was Rs. 1,87,908, and that the kanungos con-
curred in representing the increase of cultivation between the
time of his reign and the annexation of the provinces as 75
percent. If these figures are correct, the revenue payable
per acre of cultivation in the beginning of the century was
Ks. 2-10-2. The revenue payable in that pargana under the
present revision of the assessment is Rs. 2-0'4.

34. The Lieutenant-Governor and Chief Commissioner
is pleased, subject to the final confirmation of the Govern-
ment of India, to sanction the assessment for a period of
30 years from the date of its introduction into the several
parganas of the district. In doing so, he records his hearty
appreciation of Colonel MacAndrew's thoughtful, practical,
and unsparingly labourious work in this assessment — qualities
which he has not ceased to exercise for the assistance of Gov-
ernment in the supervision of the other settlements placed
under his charge as Commissioner.

By order, &c.,

G. E. ERSKINE,

PersL Asst. to His Honour the Lieut. -Oovr.^

and Chief Commr/or Oudh.

From

Major EALPH OUSELEY,

AssT. Commissioner, 1st Class, in Oudh.
To

R CARNEGY, Esquirb,

Officiating Commissioner,

Ell BarelI

Ddted Rdi JBareli, 8th January 1872.
Sir,

In forwarding herewith the two concluding paras,
of the completion report of settlement operations in this dis-
trict, submitted with Rdi Barell Settlement OflSce docket
No. 800, dated 30th ultimo, I beg to bring prominently to
your notice the valuable services of Sheikh Najaff All, Bahd-
dur. Extra Assistant Commissioner, in connection therewith.
His judicial work shows the most laborious conscientiousness,
and exhibits in my humble opinion ability of a high order.
His industry never tires, his zeal never flags. He is most
precise in carrying out orders, and whilst exercising complete
control over his subordinates he possesses the happy power
of enlisting their willing co-operation in his endeavours. It
is a source of the utmost gratification to me to have it in my
power thus to acknowledge the able assistance and cordial
support I havB always received from him, and I trust that
you may consider that his merit and services entitle him to
be recommended for the favorable recognition of Government.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient servant,

KALPH OUSELEY, Major,

Asst. Commissioner, 1st Class, in Oudh.
Late Officiating Settlement Officer, Rdi BareU.

-T

EEPOBT ON THE SETTLEMENT OF THE
SAI BABELI DISTRICT*

Introduction,

1. The tract of oountiy at present administered as the

Rdi JBareli district differs somewhat
from the tract to which this report
relates. Whereas it now comprises

Bifltrict aa at j^eseat aoa-
stitutecL

the parganahs of-

1 Khiron,

2 Saraini,

3 DalmaUy

4 Bareli,

5 Bachrdwan,

6 Kdmrawan,

7 Hardui,

Aji foimerly.

1 Daundia Kherd,

2 Ghatampur^

3 Magraier,

4 Bhagwantnagar,

5 Patan,

6 Panhan,

7 Behdr,

8 Khiron,

8 Parshadipur,

9 Salone,

10 Simrautd,

1 1 Jais Bokha,

12 Mohanganj^

13 Inhauna.

It formerly consisted of ps^rganaha
of— .

9 Saraini,

10 Dalmau,

11 Bareli,

12 Haidargarh,

13 Kiimrdwan,

14 Bachrawan,

15 Hardui.

Transfers.

Of these —

5 Patatiy

6 Panhan,

7 Behdr,

1 Daundia Kherd,

2 Bhagwantnagar,

3 Ghatampur,

4 Magraier,
have been transferred to the Undo district, and

1 Haidargarh,
to the district of Bdxa Banki, whilst —

1 Salone,

2 Parshadipur,

have been received from the Pratdbgarh, and

1 Simrautd, 3 Mohanganj,

2 Jais Bokha, 4 Inhaund,

A

2

nil barelI settlemekt reiport.

from the Sultdnpur district. TheM
Map of district m it wm transfers have been made recently,

during settlemexit operations. . ^ ^ -■•^•.^ a*i .i-

A map of tlie digrtirtct to which this
report relates is annexed.

2. On the re-occupation of the province of Oudh after
the mutiny, the district of Rai Barell was divided into four
Tahsils named : — *

Conslstfng of par gaftahs,

Daundia Khera.

Ghatampur.

Magraier,

Panhan.

Patan.

Bhaonvanlnaocan

Behan

Khiron.

Saraini.

Dalmau,

Behdl-,

%•»

« w

V •

1

X)almau,
Barell,

%*• m

\-% •

■■■{

%*■*

Barell.

Haidargaxh>

f

> • a

Haidargarh*
Kumrawan.
"^ * ' ^ Bachravvan*
\ Hardui.

After a time the number of Tahsfls
was reduced to three, viz : — "

€ltibseqtf6nt alteratiofblk

1 Behdr,

2 Bareli,

3 Haidargarh,

The par^anah of Saraini was added on to the Behdr
Tahsil, that of Dalmau to the Bareli Tahsil, and the Haidar-
garh Tahsil remained unchanged.

3. Operations preliminary to settlement in this district

were commenced in the year 1860 by
ConuneBcement of operations ^^ E. O. Bradford, Demarcation

V)reliininary to settlement. r\£r* ' it- i i/^i ^ l^

(Jmcer, and l^ieutenant Colonel then
Captain Anderson of the revenue survey. In the year 1862a
little judicial work was done by Mr. Glynn, the Officiating

* This distribution came into operation at re-occupation. Before the mutiny there
was no such district as Rai Bareli, itis area being then included in the Unao and Salono
districts.— P. C.

%il SAITEli 8ETTLSMENT REPOSfT. $

Btepuij Commissioner, and by Captain Mackenzie; Assistant

Settlement Officer5 who resigned the appointment about October

, „ ^ 18 62, but actual Settlement operations

Settlement really commenced^ .1 -xji -i*

cannot be said to nave commenced m
the district till the end of 1862, when Major now Lieutenant
Colonel MacAndrew, Deputy Commissioner, was appointed
Settlement Officer and Mr. G. Lang, c. s., Assistant
Settlement Officer. Theae twa gentlemen, together as-
sessed the Tahsfl of Behdr and a

hi^TS^''^^*^"^*'^^' P^^^i^^ ^f *^® Bareli Tahsil, Mr.

Lang took furlough in April 1865

and was succeeded by Captain Ralph Ouseley. In the cold
weather of 1865-66 Major Mac Andrew assisted by Captain
Ouseley assessed the remainder of the Barelf Tahsil, and in
March 1866 went to officiate as Secretary to the Chief Com-
missioner. Whilst SQ employed he completed an elaborate
and interesting reporion assessment proceedings kithe above
named two Tahsils. Captain now Major Ouseley was appomt-
ed to officiate as Settlement Officer when. Majpr MacAndrew

left, and stilt so officiates. In the
AssesamfintofTahaaoiHai^ cold Weather of l-86ff-67 he assessed

^^"^ theremainmg Tahsil of Haidargarh

and submitted a. report of the proceedings connected therewith
■ ^- ^ on the 7th December 1868. This re-

port was returned with Commissioner s
docket N,6. 216, dated. 14ith Jantiary 1&!^1^ with instructions
to complete and resubmit it with the completion reports

4. Besides those already men-
Iv^f^x^^^^x^TS.^^.'^^^x** tioned the foHowine: Officers worked

the Settlement of the district. , ,, rn i ,^ i e^-ii • v- i •• j

at the Settlement oi this afettict r —
Captain Erskine, from. 6th August to 5th. November 1866,
as Officiating Settfement Officer.

Mr. O. Wood, fcom 7th December- 1868 to 3rd January
1871, as Officiating Settlement Officer.

Mr.. M. L* Eerrar, from. 2nd July to Tst October 1869,
as Officiating Settlement Officer. . .

Mr. W. C. Benett, from 8th April to 1st July 186»,
as Assistant Settlement Officer.

Mdnshi Ikram-dl-lah Xh&a from 1st. February 18J62 to
10th November 1863, as Extra Assistant Commissioner.

Sheikh Najaff AIL from 17th November 1863 up to*
date, as Extra Assistant Commissioner.

4 nil BABKLf nTTLSMIKT RCPORT.

Mr. W. O'B. MacMahon, from 16th March 1866 to 7th
April 1869, as Extra Assistant Commissionen

Mdnshi Ghtilam Hyder, from 20th March 1866 to
24th July 1866, as Extra Assistant Commissioner.

Miinshi Safdar Hoosein, Khdn, from 1 1th Febniary to
2ad October 1869, as Extra Assistant Commissioner.

Mdnshi Harpershad, from 24th February 1870 to 25th
March 1871, as Extra Assistant Commissioner.

Mdnshi Chhadami JM, from 26thDecember 1862 to 22nd
February 1866, as Sadr Mdnsarim.

Mdnshi Nizdm-dd-din from 5th March 1862 to 12th
March 1866, as Sadr Mdnsarim.

Mdnshi Ghdlam Hyder from 17th July 1862 to 13th
July 1864, as Sadr Mdnsarim.

Moulvi Abdl Hoosein, from 20th August 1863 to 30th
September 1866, as Sadr Mdnsarim.

Moulvf Mahomed Askari from 6th Februajry 1863 to
20th August 1863, as Sadr Mdnsarim.

Mdnshi Khizr Mahomed Khdn, from 16th March 1866
to 1st March 1870, as Sadr Mdnsarim.

Mdnshi Dhanpat Kdi from 1st October 1866 to Ist No-
vember 1870, as Sadr Mdnsarim.

Moulvi Ghdlam Hyder from 16th March 1866 up to
date, as Sadr Mdnsarim.

Description op the District.

5.' A very good description of the district has been
T^ x.. * XV J. x... X given in Major MacAndrew's report

DMoripuoB of the oittnct. v-r\ ^\ i i xi. xj

( Page 2 ) and need not be repeated
in this one.

History.

6. The Rai Bareli district teems with traditions out
TT. X * xv :i. X.-X of which perchance the student of

History of the district. -rr, , -^ a i i v 11

History or Archaeology may be able
to extract some sparks of light,but nothing further will be

rIi BABSli SETTLEMEKT REPORT. 5

attempted in this report than to abstract the information

that has been collected with much
^amiation coUected for ^^^ ^^^ trouble for the purposes of

the Provincial Gazetteer by Sheikh
Naiaff All Khan Bahddur. Extra Assistant Commissioner,
in this department.

Divisiona.

7. This district was * divided during the greater part

of the time that Settlement was in
progress into three Tahsfls viz : —

Behdr,

Bareli,

Haidargarh,

Tahsil Beh^.

TahsaSarelL

Tahsil HaicUirgarli.

The Tahsil of Behdr contained 9
parganahs —

Daundia KherA,

Ghatampur,

Bhagwantnagar,

Behar,

Patan,

Panhan,

Magraier,

Khiron,

Suraini,

The Tahsil of Bareli contained
2 parganahs —

Barelf,
Dalmau,

The Tahsil of Haidargarh con-
tained 4 parganahs —

Haidargarh,
Ktimrdwan,
Bachrdwan,
Hardui,

* Although this inf onnstion and some of that which follows has already been given
in the introduction it is reiterated here not on account of its intrinsic value, but as a guide
to the locality of places, the information regarding which may appear to the interested or
curious to be (tf more than ordinaiy value.

6 nil Jl&BEli SBTTLBMSNT BSPOBT.

8. It is impossible to write a history of this district

^ as if it were or ever had formed an

thSifSi^L^'J^tote" ""* integral estate or domimon. On the

contrary the most perfect account of
it that could be compUed would be the history in detaU if
procurable of each family of note, that has flcnurishjQd in it
since first mankind set eye upon it, but the nearest approach
that can be made to such an effort, is an endeavour to ascer-
tain what families or races of men made such an impressipn
on their generaticxis as to become celebrated through tradition,
or were so powerful as to be able to construct edifices or other
conceptions of art so durable in their character that their ori-
ginators may be said to be made , manifest to us by their
works; or were so fortunate as to possess friends who erected
for them after death lasting memorials of their worth in life.
And what is true as regards the district itself is applicable to
the separate portions, known as parganahs of it. That is to
say that any attempt to write an account of say parganah
Dalmau as of a well defined or recognized estate or dominion
would be impossible, and the same as regards the other par-
ganahs, for although there is very often some town, village or
spot in a parganah, from which its name has been derived
and which has some kind of connected, if it be even but
traditional, history of its own, still there will be found many
in it whose traditions indicate a closer connection with the
interests of other parganahs than the one in which it is situ-
ated. That this was inevitable will be evident from a brief
consideration of the account given by the inhabitants of the
constant changes of rulers to which the district has been sub-
jected. The endeavour will therefore be to give first a brief
sketch of the invasions to which this disla-ict has been sub-
jected ; then an etymology of the names of the parganahs ;
and lastly an account of places, whose traditions appear to be
interesting.

9. It is said that more than fifteen hundred years ago,,

one Eidmdeo Kdjah of Kanouj, gave
tJ3%l^^^"'^ the sovereignty of territory which in-

eludes a great portion of what is now
the Rdi Barell district to his brother Daldeo and a simi-
lar estate in the Pratdbgarh district

onllandeo^*^^^^ ^^""^ *^ another brother named Mandeo

for their maintenance, but the Bhara
who are said to have been the aborigines are credited with

issue.

nil BARELI SETTLEMENT REPORT. 7

iaving regained within a couple of centuries the sovereignty

of which they had been deprived by

tu^r^^"^ ^^^ '""^"^ Daldeo. They succumbed, however,

in 423 H. to the Mahomedan con-

^querors under the leadership of one Syad SalAr Sahu, who

^. , ^, ^ , . is said to have invaded the country

First Manomedan invasion. , i-iiyr'i • ii_ t^ a ^^ i

about Manikpur m the Pratabgarh
district from Satrakh a town in the Bara Banki district,
and to have appointed a Governor named Abd-iil-lah over the
conquered territory, of which Dalmau in this district had

been considered a portion after the

Daldeo deceased without ^^^^^^^ of Daldoo who died childleSS.

It is quite possible that the Syad
here mentioned was an officer of the great Mahmtid of
Ghuzni, for we find that soon after this irruption Mahome-
dan authority came to an end, and was not reinstated till the
^ . , ^ , . time of Shams-lid-din Altamsh, who

Second Manomedan invasion. /%.n . -mir i i /

was 01 the same persuasion as Makdum
Badr-iid-dinBadri Alam, a resident of Dalmau, and a descend-
ant of Syad SalAr Sahii, and owing to the above happy coin-
cidence the fortunes of the Mahomedans of Dalmau were
once more in the ascendant. It is a remarkable fact, if true,
that the descendants of the Mahomedan invaders were able
unaided to maintain for so many years a footing in the heart of
a hostile Hindii dominion and at such a distance from their
homes and co-religionists:

10, The reign of AM-iid-dfn Khuljfis credited with
^, ^ an increase of the land revenue, a re-

Increase of land rerenne. j x* • xt_ /• i j ir •

auction m the pay of troops, and the
introduction of prices current into the Dalmau bazaars.

11. The Bhars appear to have regained supremacy in
. ,^ _^ these parts during the fourteenth cen-

Bhars regain anthorxt j. , ^jxi.t. ± -ii

tury * and to have been exterminated
or nearly so at th^ very beginning of the fifteenth by Siiltdn

Ibrahim Shurki of Jounpur, who

J^J^^A^^ °^«4« *^« fi"^* distribution of the coun-

try into parganahs or tappahs. He
appointed Collectors of Hevenue under the title of Tappahddrs

» ■ ■ ■ . ■ I

* There is some inconsistency here, for in para 9 it is said that the Bhars gave place
to the Kanouj Khattris 1500 years ago^ but regained power after a couple of cen^
fairies.— P. C

8 nil BAREli SETTLEMENT REPORT.

and maintained the old system of collecting revenue per plough.

This district followed the fortunes of
pi^^'** eoiiection per jounpuT and was reanncxed to the

throne of Delhi in 1476 A. d. and
again divorced from it in 1517 A. d. by the brother of
Ibrahim Lodi, Emperor of Delhi, Jaldl Khdn by name,
who had, however, to succumb to the authority of Sdltdn
Bdbar shortly after that conqueror ascended the throne of
Delhi in 1526 A. d. The tappahs or divisions fixed
by Ibrahim Shah and the method of collecting revenue
,,, ^, ^, ^ according: to plousfhs were retained

tul the tmie of Akbar ohah, who
assessed the revenue on the land and appointed Collectors
for each million of dams the dam being the fortieth
part of a rupee. The Umits also of the present parganahs
were then fixed, and these with slight alterations are the
limits of the parganahs to this day. There is no doubt that
the Mahomedans were at one time in absolute possession of a
great portion of this district, and the descendants of the pro-
prietors are to be found in the parganahs of Dalmau,
Barelf, Hardui, Bachrdwan, Ktimrdwan and Haidargarh,
but their estates are now mostly in the possession of Hindus.

12. But besides the Mahomedans all castes and denomi-
nations of Hindtis have been resident
tri^oHifSl^hldSJd ye^: in this district according to local tradi-

tions from the time of Daldeo, or for
fifteen hundred years at the very least. Daldeo is said to
have brought with him Gahrwdrs, Pounwdrs, Chowhans,
Brahmans &c. The Bais Ghattris date their advent into

Oudh vid Daundia Kherd at only

Ou^^'^*''^**'''^*^''^^*^ seven and a half centuries ago, but

they have so increased and multiplied
in this district since then that it has long been known as
Baiswdrd. This clan is credited with having introduced
forty three other clans of Chattris into tiiis district, of which
nine are comparatively recent shoots from older parent stems.
An ofl^hoot of the clan named Sakkal Singh, from village
^ . _ . ^ . Sainbassl in the Khiron parganidi,

Sambasai Ba«. estabUshed himself in 1088 F. in vU-

lage Khajdrgaon of the Dalmau parganah, and his descen*
dants who go by the name of Sainbassfs gradually spread

«Xl BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT. 9

tkemselves over it, some of them becoming proprietors of
large estates now known as t^alukds. They have property
also in the Bareli parganah which they entered about
eighty years ago. Kam Rdi in the fourth generation from
^^ . ^, ^ . Tilok Chand founded the village - of

JNaistha m the Khiron parganah, and
his descendants spread from thence into the Beh^r, and less
than a century ago into the Bareli parganah, in which
three parganahs their estates are chiefly situated. The

Kaiths came with the Baas clan into

Oudh but attained to proprietary

rights in the time of Rdjah Tilok Chand. They are to be found

chiefly in the Bareli parganah. The Gour Chattrfs en-

„ ^ , tered this district from the Lucknow

direction about three and a halt cen-
turies ago, and are located chiefly in the northern portion
of the district under the name of Amethlas*. The Junwdr
, ^ , Chattris got a proprietary footing in

Junwar Gnattris. .r- i* i • i r j. j r j j

this district about two hundred years
ago, when the Delhi Emperor granted an estate and the office
of Kamingo to one Narrind Sdh in the Khiron parganah,
which estate was much increased by the father of the present
holder. This family held the office of Kamingo or Chowdri
till annexation. The Kanptireah Chattris- came from the
^ , , ^ , Sultdnpur district about one hundred

years ago and are to be found, chiefly
in the Hardui parganah. The Ktirmis, who are to be

found in the Bachrdwan parganah,

are said to have entered this district
four hundred and seventy-fiva years ago, having emigrated
from Kanouj owingto a famine. They hold proprietary posses-
sion of some estates in the Bachrdwan parganah derived, it
is Qaid, from one of their ancestors named Kaishii Dass who
was the Agent or Manager of one Bachrdj Pandey who was
killed in a conflict with Government Officials ; after which
catastrophe Kaishii Dass was admitted to engage for the

* Major Onseley here brings the Amethia claa from the Lncknow direction. Mr.
Benett thought they may have come from Hardui, but that '* tradition discovered them
first at Shinpuri, and afterwards at the celebrated fortress of Kalinjar." But the Rdjah
of Kumrawan, one of the Local Chiefs of the clan, assures me that his family came from
Seppur near Dwarka, to Narkajijil in the Cawnpur district where there is stiU a Gour
KAj, and from thence his ancestor Bal Singh came on into Oudh. I have ascertained that
the Cawnpur family still recognize the Oudh branch. — P.O.

B

10 RAi parblI sbttlememt report,

revenue of his iQaster's estate. The date, approximately even,
of this circumstance cannot be satisfactorily ascertained.

13, This district was called the district of Bdi Barelf
vttrmiA f thA f subsequent to the mutiny after the

tUe Sri^f^ ''*''** ^ »maU town of the same ^ame situated

therein, and a portion of which it is
said existed in the time of the Bhars under the name of
Bharowlt The prefix of B&i is supposed to have been taken
from the name oi a large village called Bahi adjacent to it,
and in which formerly the Amil and other functionqfies of
the native Govermi^ent had their offices. It was known
between annexation and the mutiny a^s the Scjone district
ofter a village of the san^e name, which after the mutiny
W^ included in the Pratibgarh district. Under the Oudh
Government it was ki^own as the chakla ot Dalmau and
Barelf in the ni2;dn^at of Baisward, and under the Empire as
parganah D^miau sark&r Manikpur stlba«h Allahabad.

14. The parganc^h of Daundia il^herd is said to
„ , , , have been so cc^lled by Rao Marddn

Etymoloffy of name^ of par- o* i. xjl m rxi.

^. ^ Singh after a village of the same name

DaTc^ Kheri situatod therein, and which appears to

"^ have been in e:^stence at the time otthe

Bais invasion. It was formed by the amalgamation of three
parganahs known imder the rule of Akbar Shah by the names
of—

Saidhupur,
ITnchgaon,
and Tara Singhour,

Ghatampur was so called after a village of the same name
Ghatam r therein which was lounded by Rdjah

^^^' Ghatamdeo, a Bais chieftain, who

flourished in the sixth generation from Tilok Chand.

Bhagwantnagar was so called after a bazaar of the same

gj^^ ^ name situated therein, and which was

*^ '*^' founded a hundred years ago by Bhag-

want Koer, wife of Rao Marddn Singh, T'alukddr ot Morarmau.

Beh^ was so called from a village of the same name
^^, situated therein, and which was founded

by Bir Bhan, a Bais, who called it
Birhar or Bir's cultivation or portion.

nil BABELf SETTLEMENT REPORT. 1 1

Patan was so called after a village of the same name

situated therein, the origin of which

Patan. -a 1 ^

is not known.

Fanhan was so oalled after a village of the same name .
^■y^ near which a momid is pointed out,

which is said to have been the site of
a fort which Was built by a Bhar Rajah named Pan seven
and a half centuries ago*

Magraier was so oalled after a village of the same name

situated therein, the origin of which is
not known.

Khiron was so called after a village of the same name

situated therein, which was founded by
Narrind Sdh, a Junwdr Chattrf , about
two hundred yeafs ago. It was formerly known by the name
of parganah Satunpur so called after a village of the same
name which was founded by Rdjah Satna in the eighth genera-
tion from the Bais advent into Oudh, In the time of Asuf-
ti-dowlah, something within the last hundred years, Ktishal
Singh Tahsllddr moved his office to Khiron in consequence of
the deserted condition of Satunpur caused by the exactions of
the troops of the Ndzim,

Sarainf was so oafled after a village of the same name
. , dtuated therein, and which was fotlnd-

ed by Saning SAh a Bais chieftain.
It was formed by the amalgation in the time of Sddat Alf
Khdn, of two pjarganahs known previotisly by the names of
Daoruk and Khanjur, which latter is the name of a village in
the parganah and the former Was the name of a hamlet now
ealled Daorahhdr. Near the village of Rdlpur, in this par-
ganah, the river Ganges flows for a few miles in a northerly
direction^ which circumstance invests it with peculiar sanc-
tity in the mind of the susceptible HindtL

Bareli takes its name from a small tow^ so called situat-
_ J, ed therein, and which it is said was

known in the time of the Bhars as
Bharowlf . The proprietors belong mostly to the clan Bais.
Twenty eight villages known by the name of Athaisd are
chiefly held by KaiihSy descendants of Nabh Rdi, son of
Sispdl Kaith, DewAn of Tilok Chand Bais, who at a time
when he was childless adopted Nabh Rai as his heir, and

12 nil barelI settlement report^

to this Jay the chief members of the Kaith community in this
district are styled by members of the Bais clan Thdhur Saheb,
and they address the Bais as Bhaya Saheb. These Kaiths
are of the Sribaisth clan and claim descent trom one Rdm
Doss who they say came as Dewdn with Abhai Chand
from Srinagcur near Mungi Patau. They claim Thdhur
Bijai Singh Dew^ ot Aurangzaib S^ Alamgir and his
brother Kisserri Singh" who received the title oi Khwajah
from the Emperor,, as of their family.

Dalmau was so called after the small town of the same

name situated therein, and which it is
said was founded fifteen hundred years
ago by one Daldeo, brother of the then rfeigning sovereign of
Kanouj.

The parganah of Haidargath is called after a village

of the same name in which one Hai-
^ *^^*^ ' dar Baig Khdn, a Ndzim, estabhshed a

market in 1194 p. or about eighty-five years ago, previous to
which together with parganah Kumrdwan and an estate
called Bhilwal, it formed a portion of parganah Nalgrdm so
called after a town of that name which now belongs to the
Lucknow district, and which it is said was founded by a Bhar
of the name of Nal and called after him Nalgrdm or Nafs
village. It is said that Grdm' in Sanskrit means village,
from? which it would appear that Sanskrit or possibly a dialect
based on Sanskrit was the language of the Bhars. Bindapershad
and Majlis Rai, Kamingoes of this district, relate that before
the mutiny a Bhar who came from the Gorakpur direction
submitted a claim to twenty eight villages situated somewhere
about the Pairamau t'alukd in the Ba^eli parganah,
supported by a firmAn or royal order by Rdjab Jai Chand of
Kanouj which was engraved on copper. This relid which
tiie Kantingoes say was in Sanskrit, but was not translated,
partly because no one could read it and partly because on his^
own showing whatever right the claimant might have formeriy
possessed it had lapsed by the efflux of time, was destroyed with

the Government records during the mutiny.*^

■» ■ " - ' ■ I.I '

* A Copper Sanad i9 said to have been found m N^sir-tid«-dm'Haide]*'& reign iii
monzah Kainowli parganah Salone in this district of 1247 Sambat Bikramajit or 1190
A. D. which set forth m Sansloit that Rdjah Jai Chand havins visited Kasi to bathe
on the occasion of a lunar eclipse had met with Doun Gokoli Brsuiman to whom he gave
the village Kamowli in Shankallap tenure, which all his successors were to respect under
the usual penalties. It is said tne King named, searched for the representatives of
Doun, but in vain. The inscription is said to have borne an octagonal seal with the
words "Sri Rajah Jai Chand Deo Bijai."- P. C.

RAX BARBLf SitTLEMENTf REPOR'T.' 13

Itiimrawan so called after a village of the same name
Kiimriwan situated therein. It was formerly a

portion of parganah Nagrdm but
was separated from it in 1201 f. or seventy-nine years ago, at
the instance of the Amethla Chattris who held and still hold
proprietary possession of the greater portion of it.

BachraWan so called after a village of the same name
Bachriwan founded by one Bachr^j Pai^iey, re-

garding whom nothing further is known
than that he Was killed in a conflict with Government troops-r
Up to annexation it was returned in the official records as-
parganah Thulaindi, after a village of the same name said
to have been founded by one Thulla a Bhar. In the time of
Naw^b Asuf-u-dowlah, Rajah Niwdz Singh moved his office to
Bachrdwan on account of the exactions ma^de by the army
upon the people, since which time it has been generally called
parganah Bachrawan, although known to the official returns
as pargan!ah ThiHaindi.

Hardui was so called after a village of the same nume
HarduL founded, it is said, by Hardeo a Bhar

about one hundred years ago. Bd,z
Bahddur Kanpiireab having quarrelled with his brother
Rdjah Am4n Singh, a T'alukddr of the Sultdnpur district,
settled in a village named Atra in this parganah, and his
descendants have* nranaged to get possession of a small estate
in it.

15. The little^ country town of Dalmau is situated on

Town of Daimau. the left bank of the river Ganges. A

metalled military road made just after
the mutiny, perhaps with the view of connecting Rdi Bareli
and Fattehpur, runs past it, and the fnounds and ruins in and
about it indicate that here should exist legends withoiJt num-
ber, and perhaps material fit for the attention of the historian.

Founded fifteen hundred ^^cording to local tradition Dalmaii
y«arsago; ^BB touuded about 1500 years ago by

one i)aldeo,, son of Bailee and brother
of Ramdeo, Kings of Kanouj, and brother of Mandeo founder
of Manikpur, in the Pratdbgarh district. Daldeo having
died childless, the Daimau property went to the owner of
Manikpur and was held as a portion of that property till the

14 Ail BASihi smumiT bxpoot^

reign of the last of the Delhi Emperors. The place as named
by Daldeo was Dalmau, and it is frequently called to this
day D&ldmau by the yiUagers, but in the records of the late
native Goyemment it was written Dalmau,

16. It is said that one Syad SaI4r Sahti invaded these
^ ^ ^ ,, ^ J parts over ei^^ht hundred years afifo.

Taken by Mahom^dant. *, , i.- v^* tj- i. i i

about which time Mahomedans who
claimed descent from noble famiUes in Ghuzni settled here,
and have left records of themselves in the shape of masonry
buildings and sepulchres, in some of Which are to be found in-
scriptions. On the tomb of one Makddm Saheb the Arabic
words turn hudru or the moon is full give the year 646 Hijrf.
A book called Chandain written in a Hindi dialect by one
Mullah Daiid of Dalmau in the year 779 Hijri, about 1375 a.d.
gives an account of the sj^endours of the place in those days,
in which it is said that King Feroz Tiighlak established a
Mahomedan college, and although the ruins of the building
cannot now be traced, the site on which it stood is still
called Khait Muddrassa or the Seminary Jield. Below
is given in the vernacular a specimen of the historical and
poetical powers of Miillah Daiid. The following inscription
which is on a stone now lying in two pieces in the grave yard
of Makdum Saheb, teUs of tiie construction of a Mahomedan

?lace of prayer on the site of what was a Hindi temple,
'his building still exists and some cultivated fields about it
are enteired in tiie village records under the name of '' Nimdz-
gah/'

'' The year in which this hsf^ of Bards dotb sMne"
" Is seven hundred and seventy-nine,"
« And Feroz Shah of Dfelhi is SdltAn/'
« Whilst Jewna Shah his Wazfr is a Khan.'*
** Above, 'neath Gungft flows, ttfe Fort is Bei&a^
** Of Dialmau city decked in colored sheen,''
** Where blessed men of piefty, in mind"
Most mighty, patrons too of art, we find"
King, who governs e*en the mind profound"
" Where such a monarch reigns is happy ground."

nil BAftfiLf SETTLEMENT BEPORT. 15

" Nimdzgdh,'' or " Place of Worship.''

%\S

•U; vr-JJa. ^^ ts^l^ ^^ ^U <u«f L^^ L-i-^ i3^ ^.V4«;

« Built by Yusiif Yakiib Kaba like"
A place for prayer where stood a Hindu temple,"
In the year seven hundred fifty and nine,"

" Its minarets the moon overtops."

17. The Bhars are said to have regained ascendancy in
, ^ ^ , these parts about the close of the

Bnars retake Dalxnaa. /»jii_ j. ix i

lourteenth century, but were nearly

exterminated by Sultdn Ibrahim Shah Shurkf, ruler of the then

, _^ . ^ , independent kingdom of Jounpur, who

Andareneftrlyextenmiiated. ip^ii /•xi'^i

deieated a large army 01 them under
jKoior, brother of one Dal, a Bhar, who had brought on
his race the vengeance of the true believers by aspiring to
the hand of a daughter of one Syad Babd Hdjl. The battle
took place near the village of Stidamapur, about fourteen
miles east of Dalmau, and is described by the writer of the
Latif Ashrafi as the most memorable engagement since
the time of the Arabs. The women of the " Bhardattia'*
tribe a race of Ahlrs, or cowherds, who are found in small
numbers in the villages of the Dalmau district, have since
that time left off wearing nose rings and bracelets of glass, the
meaning of which is probably that so many females were on
that dreadful day made widows (and orphans), that their
descendants refuse to be comforted, the outward and visible
sign of their grief being borrowed from the custom of all
Hindti widows, who, it xs said, eschew glass and shell lac
bracelets. Ahirs to this day make an offering of milk in me-
mory of the famous Dal at a small temple, two miles east of
Dalmau, in the month of Sdwan or about July, which may
indicate that the battle was fought at about that time of the
year.*

* Thia roofless mandir in mauzah PakrauH contains idols of stone, which are called
images of the sainted Bhar chiefs Dal and Bal. The only image that can be identified is
clearly a representation of the g^oddess of destruction, locally known as Debi. In this
"^cinity the Bhars of old are universally considered to be the same as the Ahirs of to-day.
In para. 14, page 24 of this report, Major Ouseley shews that the Bhars were of Sanskrit
speaking origin and produced Sanskrit deeds in our Oourts. Here we have Ahirs and
all other classes of Hindi!LS, including Brahmans, revering an idol of Debf, set up at the
shrine of the well known Bhar chief Dal. All this is strongly confirmatory of what I
have so of ten found and recorded in the Faizabad reports, viz., that Bhars are neither
more nor less than the progenitora of the pre-ref ormation period of the innumerable sects
of Hindus that we now see about ns. — P.O.

16 RAi barelI settlement report.

18. The conquerors then settled down to enjoy the fruits

MahomednnB consolidate * ^^ ^^^^ victoiy and established them-
their Empire. selves at Dalmau, Barelf, Bhaon,

Jaldlpur, Dhai, Thtilaindi, and other villages. Those who
by special royal mandate were ordered to remain in Dalmau
founded new mohallahs, or districts, near the forts and south
of the old ones, which in course of time were completely
deserted. Some bazaars and a serai, or resting place for travel-
lers, were also founded, but have been all deserted with the
exception of the bazaar of Charhai Mandii which still exists,
and so do a well and a grove which are said to have been
made and planted by Sultdn Ibrahfm Shurki himself. In this
grove is the tomb of his grandson Mahomed Shah who essay-
ed to establish a throne for himself in Dalmau in the year
1457 A. D., but who was murdered in the fifth month of his
reign by his brother Hoosein Shah, Governor of Kanouj.*
The fort which was partially destroyed in the conflict with the
Bhars was rebuilt by order of Siiltdn Ibrahim Shurki, who at
the same time ordered fifty-one forts to be constructed at Rdi
Bareli, Bhaon, Thiilaindl, &c. This fort has been dismantled
since the mutiny, but the ruins shew that there must have
been high masonry walls and an arched gateway. Besides the
ordinary native local officials, many others who are not usual-
ly found, except as appanages of royalty, held appointments in
Dalmau, and grants of land in jaghir or rent-free near it for
the performance of their respective duties. Among these
may be mentioned : —

" Ailchl " or Ambassador,

" Nasakchi" or Comptroller, as of a household or of an
army.

Darbdnl, or gatekeeper, and Gharrialll, or person whose busi-
ness it is to strike the hours, whose descendants still hold the
villages of Darbfinlhar and Nasirpur Gharrialli in virtue of
their former occupations and long continued possession.

19. There are two masonry tombs in this fort, the one
of Ghalib Shahfd already mentioned and the other of Mallik
Mobdrik Shahid. Up to annexation the Oudh Government
sanctioned some small expenditure for the service of these

* The last of the Kings of Jounpur, would have been more a appropriate
title.— P. C.

Ril BARELf SETTIiEMENT REPORT. 17

tombs and Tahsllddrs on occasion of their periodical visits to
the fort for collection of the revenue before setting to work
were wont to make oflferings of sheets of cloth and sweetmeats
on the tombs, and of buffaloes on a pillar erected near the
fort gateway to the memory of one Chand Mamtin Shahld.
In 986 Hijri, half of the rent-free lands were resumed by
order of Akbar Shah Badshah, and Sheikh Hoossein and Abtil
Khabbar were appointed as supervisors of rent-free holdings.
About this time Mirza Shiikr-iil-lah, who also superintended
the repair of the sepulchre of Makdtim Badr-ud-dfn,
Badri Alam was Magistrate and Collector of Dalmau. His
tomb built of stone is still to be seen and bears a tablet with
an inscription in which the word ddgh or sorrow, gives the
year 1005 Hijri, in which he died.

^ t^ u/r'5 '^ J^ d^ ii^3 . (S'**5 ') '*''** ^' >^ *^/

" Bid Shtikr-ul-lah to this world adieu,"
" His soul to heavenly mansions flew,"
" And thus to many hearts was sorrow brought,"
" In sorrow's self his date of death is wrought."

In the time of the Emperor Shahjehan Nawdb Sar Anddz
Khdn, Faujddr of Dalmau, founded therein a division
and called it Sar Andazpur, in which he built an Im&mbdrah
and large Mosque, both of masonry. From a Chronogram
in the latter the date of construction was 1005 Hijri.

20. During the reign of Aurangzaib Alamgir, the
- -. , . ^ Hindus and Mahomedans indulged

in the luxurv oi a tree tight on the
occasion of the procession of the tdziahs in the month of
Moharfam, in which engagement Sheikh Kabtil Alim, one of
leaders of Mahomedan society in Dalmau in those days, and
seven of his followers attained to the dignity of martyrdom,
whilst twenty-two true believers were wounded. The
Mahomedan traditions from which this narrative has chiefly
been compiled do not appear to relate how many infidels bit
the dust on that eventful day.

21. Shujd-ii-dowlah, Nawdb of Oudh, had a masonry

residence built and a garden laid out
BMipiace of Nawab s^dat about two miles north of Dalmau.

This house which is the reputed birth
place of Nawdb Sddat Ali Khd,n has fallen to ruins, but the
garden is still the property of Government.

c

18 bJU BAREli SETTLKMBNT BEFOBT.

22. The year 1176 Hijri is credited with three terrible
^ , .^ . ,,^^ calamities. Nawdb Shujd-ti-dowlah

CahunitoiiB year of 1176 h. j h ii_ i /> "^ i_ i i*

resumed all the rent-free holdings
granted by former rulers ; a dreadful famine visited the land ;
and Pandit Gopal Bao a Mahratta chieftain having crossed
the Ganges devastated the city with fire and sword, from this
period the respectable inhabitants reckon the decline and fall
of ancient Dalmau, and the commencement of their own
wretchedness which according to them has never since ceased
growing,

23. About thiriy-five years ago in a dispute about a
,, ^ , ^ mosque between some troops and the

Mabomecuui martyrs. •ir*i i n t^ '%r i i

inhabitants, one of the Mahomedan
community attained martyrdom and a few persons were
wounded.

24. A Hindti masomy temple to Patwiri Dabeii bears
* . X TT- j^ X 1 the reputation of great a^, and among

Ancient Hmd^ temple. ,, *t_t i® t. j.- 3

the pubnc works may be mentioned

a mosque and a serai or resting place for travellers built

^^,. ^ in* 1006 H. by Hdji Zahid the latter

PnblioworkB. , . ''i •' c^ • -xiri

bemg now known as Serai Mir
Shtijat Ali. Three Gh&ts or bathing places of stone and
masonry built in 1203-10-15 Hijri by Mahdrd}ah Tikait
Kii, Bdjah Newdz Singh and Baoti B&m respectively. The
last named made also a kacha road from riik !^arel£ to
Dalmau which is still used. Since annexation Th4ktir&in
Darriaw Koer has built a large masonry temple here.

25. Daundia Kherd is the name of a village situated
^11 *Tv. ^ xri. ^ OEL the same bank of the river Ganges

Village or Daundia Kheri. -rx , i i . < x /*

as Dalmau and about twenty-tour
miles to the north-west of it. It is famous as being the spot
at which the Bais Chattris entered Oudh seven hundred and
fifty years ago^ and as having been the residence of the elder
branch of that clan till re-occupation or till 1858 a. d.

26. The Bais Ghattrfs claim descent from B&jah Sdlbd-

The Bais Chattits. *^' ^^^ ^^^7 ^^7 . ^.^ ]>^™ ^ ^^%

years ago of the virgin dauffnterot
a Baniah or trader, whence they derive their ramily designa-.
tion of Bais which is one of the many names by wmch traders
are known. This B4jah being endowed with ^eat good for-
tune through the prayers of a Hindd divimty known as^
Saisji overthrew Bikramajit Bdjah of TTjain, and substituted

^My information gives the y«w as- 554 H.-^. C.

nil BARELf SETTLBHENT REPORT. 19

an era called the S^bdhan Sdkd for that of the Sambut
established by Bikramajlt. In 1191 Sambat in the twenty-
second generation from Kdjah Sdlbdhan two brothers named
Abhai Chand and Nirbhai Chand having proceeded irom their
home at Mtingl Patan* to bathe in the Ganges at a place
called Shur^jpur in the Cawnpur district, there rescued the
queen and daughter of Kdjah Argul a prince of the Gowtum
clan from the attack of a local potentate. Nirbhai Chand was
killed in the encounter and Abhai Chand having escorted the
presumably dark ones to the residence of their spouse and
parent, was rewarded by the grateftil Argul with the hand
of his daughter and with the sovereignty of five estates in
this district as her dowry. From this it wotild appear that
EdjaJi Argul wished to impress upon his son-in-law the idea
that his sovereignty extended to this district, but, Abhai
Chand's subsequent career goes to prove that his father-in-
law's pretensions were of the most shadowy description. He
first estabUshed himself on the right bank of the Ganges
when he founded the village of Abhaipur in the Fattehpur
district from which basis of operations he invaded this dis-
trict and defeated the Bhars in a battle near Daundia Kherd,
and founded a village which he called Sangr^pur in comme-
moration of his first battle.t

27. The conqueror and his descendants did not allow
the grass to grow beneath their feet in regard to extension
of their conquest. Kdjah Saidhii Rdi founded the village of
Saidhtipur; Bajah Ghatamdeo that of Ghatampur and
Rdjah Rambhlr Singh the village of Rambhfrpur alias
Piirwah in the Undo district, and in the eighth generation
from Abhai Chand in the time of Kdjah Satna, the Bais do-
minion extended from Salone to the confines of Lucknow.
This chief constructed a fort of masonry at Kakori in the
Til k Child Lucknow district, and was slain there.

His son Tilok Chand is said to have
been a most famous and fortunate prince, and from him the Bais

* In the map which accompanies the Settlement Report of certain t'aluk& in the
Ahmadnagar collectorate (1871) I find ** Mikigi " entered on one bank of the Godavery
in the distriot just named and ** Patan " on the other bank in the Niz&n'a dominions
and about six miles distant therefrom. In the report "Patan "is said to have been
the capital of the great Hindu £lin^ Shaluvaham who is no doubt the Salivahawa of
"Mi^zi Patan" of our Baishistones and the Salv^haw of Jassalmir mentioned by
Liepel Griffin as the ancestor of the Swidhan Walia Sikhs and founder of SeaJkote who
left his mark in the traditional history of the Punjdb. He was also the founder of the
S&k& era, in the 146th year of the era of Vikramaditya whom he overthrew. — P. C.

fThe Growtums of Argul were formerly one of the most influential clans in the
I>oab. They have since dwindled to insi^uficanoe. — ^P.O.

20 bIi RARELi SETTLEMENT REPORT.

families of this district, or Baiswdrd, claim descent, and
some families of Chattris such as the Mahror, the BhSay
Sultdn &c., claim their origin.* It is t related of Tilok
Chand that on a hunting excursion when, separated from his
followers, and sufiering from great thirst, he drank from the
vessel of a man who was watching a grove, and it becomini
known that the man was a " Lodh " or of a low caste, Tilol
Chand transformed him into a Brahman under the title of
jfrrUdrdh-kd'Pdthak by which his descendants are ac-
knowledged to this day. This story proves that Tilok Chand
was sufficiently powerfiil to be able to ignore the authority
of, and to insult with impunity the character for sancftity of
life and personal purity so long enjoyed and so jealously
guarded, by the Brahmanical fraternity ; the tendency of ite-
rance and weakness to acquiesce in any theory of infallibility
boldly asserted and vigorously maintained ; and if the word
Amt&rih is but a corruption of Amtarrah or " under the
mango tree " that Tilok Chand was gifted with the power of
humour, as well as endowed with the faculty of common
sense.

28. Tilok Chand had two sons, Pirthl Chand and Har-

deo, Deo Rdi and Ajai Chand were

eid^'^^ "o^ti^r^^fi^^ sons of Pirthf Chand, but it is doubtful

which was the elder. According to
the family account Ajai Chand the elder, and who inherited
the title of Rdjah, removed to Morarmau, whilst Deo Rdi
the younger remained at the ancestral seat of Daundia Kher^,
but for some reason, which is not explained, the elder brother
conferred on Deo Rai the Tillak or mark of Chieftainship,
together with the title of Rao in place of the appellation of
'* Babii " by which the younger son of a house is generally
lar tradition kuowu. But there is a popular tra-

^^" ^^ dition to the effect that Deo Rdi the

elder son was absent when Pirthi Chand being at the point
of death conferred the Tillak or mark of Soverei^ty on the
younger brother ; that Deo Rdi returning whilst his father was
still instant with the breath of life, prevailed upon him with a
great and exceeding bitter importunity to aclmowledge him
as the heir of the ancestral property with the title of Rao.
Whatever may have been the cause, the facts are that Deo
Rdi remained at Daundia Kherd and that the head of his

* Vide a very interesting report on the family history of the chief clans of the
Eai Bareli district by W. C. Benett c. s.
fMajor MacAndrew's report para 23.

nil BARELf SETTLEMSNT REPORT. 21

family inherits the title of Bao, his descendants being known
as belonging to the Tillakdhdrl branch, whilst Ajai Chdnd
removed to Morarmau the head of his family inheriting the
title of Kdjah and his descendants being acknowledged as
comijig of the Grdmi or elder branch. Both Rao and Kdjah
can confer the Tillak or mark of Chiefbainshipy and without
its having been so conferred no individual is entitled ac-
cording to family usage to the title of Rdjah or Kdnd. The
last chief of the family of Deo Hdi expiated his crimes
committed during the mutiny on the scaffold, and his estate
was made over to the descendant of Ajai Chand who is known
as Kdjah Sheopdl Singh, T'alukddr of Morarmau,

29. From Harhardeo the younger son of Tilok Chand
« . , . . ^x . .,. T> . *te Sainhassi and Naistlia Bais

SambassiandNaistnaBais. -i • ji • • • ±i^ j? r •

claim their origin; the former bemg
foimd chiefly in the Dalmau and the latter in the. Bareli
parganahs.

30. The Bais clan differ from other Chattrls somewhat

' The Bais differ from other ^^ ^^^^ customs. Neither men nor
Chattris somewhat in their womeu, nch or poor will put a hand
^^^^^ to cultivation or labor of any sort; the

women wear one long cloth which is fastened about the mid-
dle round their waists, the lower folds covering the lower por-
tions of the person and the upper part being thrown over
their shoulders; they are supposed to be more addicted to the
crime of infanticide than other Chattris; and they divide
their inheritance according to a system of primogeniture by
which the three elder sons receive larger shares than the sub-
sequent ones.*

31. The town of R6i Bareli the largest in this district
,^,. ^ ,, is said to have existed in the time of

Town of Rai Bareli. ,-, -r>T. j xi^ r a -m

the IJhars under the name of " Bha-
rowU" the prefix of Rdi having been taken from the name
of a large village named Rahl, not far from it. Hoosein
Shah Shurki, grandson of Stiltdn Ibrahim Shurki, named
the town HooseinabAd but the change was never adopted.
A division of the town called ^'Moraydpur" is said to be on
the site of the portion inhabited in the time of the Bhars. In
820 Hijri, Siiltdn Ibrahim Shurki built a large fort with
masonry walls of massive bricks, the cubical contents of each

* To the Bais through their alleged ancestor Salavahan is attributed a Scythian ori-
gin^ and the serpent is their tribe deity to this day. No Bais will injure a fsa»k», and
;|hey claim in return immunity f|^om.Bnakel)ite8!— P.O.

22 bIi BABEli SEITUSMENT BIPORT.

being two feet. One of the gateways is still standing. Tra-
dition says that the foundations of this fort gave much trouble
in the laying. All work done during the day was destroyed
before the next morning, till at last the king sent for Msik'
dim Shah Adil-til-mulk Syad Jdfrf of Jounpur, a saint
endowed with miraculous powers who laid the foundation brick
with his own hand after which the progress of the work was
not again interfered with. This ruler is also credited with the
sinking of a masonry well a hundred feet in diameter, the
legend connected with which is given by Major MacAndrew
in the 17th para, of his report, and which, with similar legends
attaching to other wells in the province, tend to show that the
water bearing strata reached in their construction are connect-
ed with sources of water of higher levels.

32. The officers of Stilt&n Ibrahim's army founded dis-
tricts, or as they are called mohallahs, some of which still go
by their names or titles. Mohallah Kdzi^d was founded by
K&zl Ndsir-tid-din Hoshangi and Syad Said Kh4n of Kabdi,
an archer. Mohallah Saujud Bdjan by Syad Rdiay. Mohal-
lah Bdns Tolah by Syad Mahomed Asif of Kabdi. Mohal-
lah Serai Hamld by Sheikh Ktitb-tid-dln Bfnayd^ of Joun-
pur. Mdiallahs Khali Suhat and Stirjdpur by Brahmans.
Mohallahs £[hatr4n& Khurd and Khatrdnd Kulldn by Khat-
tris, who came with the King as treasurers. Mohallah Shah
Tolah alias Patharya Mehal, by the King's Modi or Commis-
sary General. In the time of the Emperor Shahjehan, or a
little over two hundred years ago, a Stibahdar in his army,
named Jehdn Khdn, founded the mohallah of Jehdndbdd,
which is now the largest district in the town. The invasion
of the Mahrattas during the reign of ShujA-ii-dowlah drove
many of the citizens for shelter inside the fort, which then be-
came regularly inhabited. In 1240 Hijri, or about fifty years
ago, Mir Wazfr Ali, Zeminddr of villages Karowlf and
Kht!Lndpur, parganah Dahnau, founded the mohallah of Wa-
zirganj. Close to the town a very fine masonry bridge of five
arches, each twenty-eight feet wide, spans the river Sye. It
was commenced in 1862, and completed in 1866 A. n., and
goes by the name of the Bais bridge, having been constructed
at a cost of Bs. 36,000, subscribed by the Bais T'alukd^rs of
the district. A new Tdgah or place of worship for Msdbome-
dans on occasion of their festival of Id, has lately been erected
on the site of the old Idgah close to the town by subscriptions

rAj BAREli SETTLEMENT REPORT. 23

raised from the Mahomedan community at the suggestion of
Extra Assistant Commissioner, Mtinshi Sheikh Najaff All,
Bahadur. During the native rule BAi Bareli was an ad-
ministrative centre and a garrison town, and the establishment
of a civil station and European cantonment has not compen-
sated to the inhabitants for the loss of importance caused to
the town by the withdrawal of the native officials and the dis-
solution of the army.

33. In the village of Patau, situated in the parganah of

viiiaKe of Patan *^® ^tae name, is the tomb of one

Mohabbat Shah, a faqir, who died
about seventy years ago, and who is said to have been
possessed of supernatural powers, in proof of which it is re-
lated that he caused the death of a favorite disciple named
Nidmat Shah by mere force of his will. The story is that a
Kiirml proceedmg by night to the Takfya or resting place of
the faqlr, fell into a dry well and invoked his aid, which not
receiving he called upon the name of his disciple Nidmat Shah,
who instantaneously appeared and rescued him, disappearing
immediately. In the morning the Ktirml presenting himself
at the Takiya made obeisance to the disciple only, and on
being questioned as to his reason for omitting to do so to the
faqir replied. " He gave me no aid, I have saluted hi m who
took me out of the well," on which the faqir addressing his
disciple said. " You have manifested your miraculous power
too soon : the time for so doing has not yet come, it were
better that you ceased to exist," on which the faithful dis-
ciple covering himself with a sheet laid him down and died.
According to popular belief, persons possessed by evil spirits
and afflicted with divers diseases can be .cured by fastening
their hands to trees in front of the faqir's tomb during a fair,
which takes place during the cold season.

Education.

34. The progress of education in this district is a ques-
tion of such vital interest to the people generally and to the
Government in particular, that the statistics given on the fol-
lowing page will not be out of place even in a Settlement Report.

The average of pupik to population
^^«^«^P«P>i«*<»pop«^ could not well be lower than it is at

preseat in this district, sawe may con-
fidently look for improvement in this branch of political
economy..

24

bIi BARELf SSTTLEMSNT REPORT.

Return sJiewing number of hoys learning Fnglishy Hind{,
Persian and Jfrd/d languages in the Rdi Bareli district.

^'

1

ix

1

■iforor-

Govt,
school

ichool 1
ent 1

§ .

p4 1S

8
1

•

No. learning
lish.

No. learning

•

S

1

i

1

houses.

No. of f
houses on i

£3

Parganah.

•

Sun-dried
brick.

No.ofscho
without

(My schooU.

E4iBarel(high8chool,

1

103

36

«s

103

103

1

...

.••

•••

Fort branch No. 1,

1

25

48

• ••

48

48

•••

••«

1

• • .

Bazaar branch No. 2,

1

• • •

30

7

54

54

•••

*••

1

•• •

lUupur branch No. 3,

1
4

• • •

128

20

16

50

50

1

•••

1
3

...

Total,

134

108

255

255

..•

Vi

Uage

achooU.

Daundia Kher&» •..

2

■••

31

•••

48

79

2

• • ■

•*•

Ghatampur,

1

...

20

•••

34

54

1

• • •

• • «

Bhaffwantuagar, ^,.
Behar,

1

...

14

•••

26

40

1

•••

■ • .

•••

•••

•••

■••

•«*

••.

•*•

•••

..•

Patau,

1

...

23

...

27

50

•••

§••

1

Panhan,

1

•••

17

#••

23

40

1

• • •

• • •

Mazier,
Khiron,

2

•••

98

•••

37

135

2

« • •

• ••

5

•••

55

...

154

209

••«

3

2

Saraini, .

5

••«

130

...

174

304

4

• • •

1

Bareli

12

*.•

111

...

346

457,

11

1

«• .

Dalmau,

12

...

257

...

283

540

9

1

2

Haidargarh,

13

48

195

• • .

283

526

2

• • •

10

Kumrdwan,

1

•••

3

•••

23

26

• • •

1

• • •

Bachr&wan,

6

•••

141

...

89

2:^

2

2

2

Hardui,

1
63
67

. • •
48
176

25

.••

6

31

1
2

• • •

35
35

•••
8

1

Total, _

1,120

• «•

1,553

2,721

19

Grtod total,

1,254

108

1,808

2,927

11

19

Percentage on grand

total of souls,

•••

002

016

.001

0-23

0-38

„ „ Total of boys,

»••

Oil

0-81

007

117

1-93

Trade and manufactures.

t^Xyfr"^ Z .IgStiABperetateMentof 1869.

Trade and manufactures.
35. Of trade there is not much, of manufactures there

are none, with the exception of the
making of brass and copper utensils
at Bhagwantnagar.* On the next page is a statement of
the amount of the sales at the different bazaars and fairs in
the district, and on the following one a return of the amounts
of salt and saltpetre said to have been manufactured during
the native rule. Both these returns, however, must be
received with caution, as they have been compiled from the
statements of Chowdrls and Fs^w&fIs and not from any system-
atically prepared returns.

* Coarse globular glass bottles used for holding Ganges water, are made near
Dalmau.— P. C.

RAI BARBLf SETTLEMENT REPORT. :

S5

o

to

O
CO

CO

■10

?3

I.

I*

CO

5Q

I

s

CO.

Pi

•a
P4

^

o

•c
Pi

•♦a

p;

oowoooooooooo 000

CO
CO

I— I CO »o -.
lOCOX

l'^e^»2 3j©co

i O CO 00 -^ CO p-i
> CO -^ Od CO 00 Od

its

S 1-4 1-4 iQ to O S S ei Ud C) CO c^
^ 1-4 CICO wco

.0
o

o

o»

OB

0000

eo
CO-

00000

r-Q^f-ioDSUTf-tOt^-coS

rj 00 !>. 00 CO O ^ CO W '^ <^
iO

r-»o

P4

S

0000000000 00 000

ooo^^^ooooci 00 000

oooocp^oooiooa :o©^ oc

10 N CO » cb CO --H Q CO :* looa OC

!>. CO !>• "^ 00 ^ i-< ^ »5 cfc o 10 o5

00" «" ef wlof ^.

o

C4

10

01

0000

.0000
O

oooogfloogg

Ph

8iiOopoo^c^9^^

a «

P4

OOCOOOOOOOOOOO
OOdOOOOOOOOOOOOO

80s »-H >— •
_ CO 00 CO

ooe^rto

I CO 04 04 CO

00

coo

CO rococo

C0 01 »-< 00 1» CO 01

04 04 CO t>« i-i UO --d*
CO

GO

lAXf>.-^Cp^0404COt»i-iUO
>A '^G^OoCOi-4 i-(iOCO

re ofo4'^ "

n

0000 aj 00000
CO *** vr^ "-^ C4 C4

CO
04

CO

o
o

co

OO00C0©pgj0?00NO

I

I 00 *"*
poOOOF^rJHO'TCOCOCO

0»C000C0t>*O©4i-<i— 100

'^ _7^ _ ^^ ^ W^ 0s ^

04 00 0100^ -"^TcO

o

CO

^

00000000000 o

C004OOOOOa0OO04 Ud

r-oo

cool
CO CO

lOOO

o o »o
o55o4

CO i>-
cO ^

00
O)

s

eoooco •04

CO« 0400 "-^
t^O rp CO "^

04 04

O

CO

I— »

i

of

o

od

0000

CO CO
CO »-<

rH O

OQ
<0

00 §

04 04 'P

Si

f'*'^'^

04

o

o
o*
Po

is

S.CO
CO -T

0000
0000

C0 04i-<

oococo

00 OO O i-H
CO O 00 CO

•* _ •* •* •%

04 04 CO to

• • "S-T..* • • • • •>_25 • •

.-•43

0?

I

H

26

Bif BARBli SfiTTLEMENT RSFOBT.

Detail ofFait^

1
\

Kame of Pbuse.

5S--

AnuNHit aold.

Name of moath

in which

held.

Bemarks.

'

Bk As.

R

Aboat

Beb&r (Biddiadhjur),

5,000

219 12

December, ...

Losteforoneday.

Pftten(MohabbfttS]uJi), ...

3,000

692

t)

March,

» .. s ,.

Ditto Ditto,

60,000

5,562 8

Jaauaiy, ...

i« » 5 „

Sudamapar (Kakoran), ...

40,000

7,117

July,

.. .. 7 .,

Bakaar, ...

10,000

40

November,...

„ „ 6 honn.

Ditto Ditto,

500

10

March,

» ,. 4 ..

Bareli (MoIiarTam)«

10,000

550

Moharram,

» » 8 »

Do. (Dasahra),

10,000

240

October, ...

>. .. 4 ..

Dalman (Dargah Mak-
dum), ... ... ...

900

36 4

May,

M »» 3 „

Do. (Daaahra Jaith),

6,000

240

Ditto,

,. » 4 „

Do. ( Do. K(iar),

5,000

180

October, ...

i» »f 6 „

Do. (Moharram), ...

6,000

226

Moharram,

9» »» 6 „

Do. (KatgQ,

50,000

8,296 10

Noyember,...

»» »» 3 „

Thrilaindf (Sohbat Syad
Salar Ghaa),

3,000

285

May,

„ „ 1 night.

Bhftai^gaon (XJnandi De-

K)I/|... ••, ... ...

5,000

20

May,

„ „ Shouzs.

Hardaspor (Samadh Ghedi

2,000

10

March,

»f » 3 „

17 Fairs Total,

2,15,000

23,725 2

B^I BABELt 6XTTLSHENT BEPOBT. 27

4

Statement shomng the quantity of salt and saltpetre said
to have been produced in the Rdi Bareli district

during the native rule.

■

1
o

•
CQ

1

1

Parganah.

1

C4H

o

I

Quantity
petre.

Value ol
petre.

1

Mds.

Rs.

Mds.

Rs.

Daundia Khera

• • V

• • •

21,239

42,478

Ohatampur

• • •

• t •

14,704

19,408

Bhagwantnagar

6,118

4,841

13,069

26,141

Behir

48,842

18,618

1,633

3,268

Panlian

49,042

39,028

3,901

9,803

Patau

12,275

9,682

3,268

6,536

Magraier

36,906

29,046

6,535

13,070

Khiron

85,648

67,675

50,648

1,01,296

Saraini

97,883

77,457

• • ft

• • •

Dalmau

16,573

13,260

634

1,268

Bareli

6,354

1,635

1,331

568

Haidargarh

960

600

300

525

Kumrawan

225

171

1,050

613

Hardui

250

150

300

176

Total ... (

3,61,861

2,62,423

1,18,762

2,25,381

Communications.

36. The only Communications in this district are roads
^^^^^ of which there are (17) covering 332

miles in extent. A detail of them is
given on; the next page, Of these, one from Rdi Bareli to
Fattehpur of which seven^teen miles are in this district is

28

BiCl BARELt ^£XTL£M£MT HSPOUT.

kun kured or metallei) ; all the others are mere tracks,
first rate as J&ir weather roads but very difficult for wheeled
traffic during the wet weather. The greatest traffic is on the
road which connects Bachr&wan and Mahdr^jganj. Num-
bers of carts are constantly passing to and fro in the dry
season between Cawnpore and Jais via Unao, Mohanganj,
Bachrdwan, Mahdrdjganj and Amdwan. They carry from
Cawnpore cotton, salt, spices and cloth, and return laden with
gtir, cooking utensils, rice and grain. Some official must
have observed this traffic, for a continuation of this fair wea-
ther road has been made from Bachrawan in the direction of
Unao to the bank of the river Sye, where unfortunately his
authority and evidently his power of carrying out a sensibl.e
idea, both terminated.

Details of roads.

a

10

15
17

From.

Bai B^rcli vid (Dal-
mau^
Do.,
Do.,
Da,
Do.,
Do.,
Do.,
Do.,

Do , {vid Lal-

ganj)

Lalganj {vid Bachra-

wan^ • • • ...

Dalmau ...

Drigbejaiganj vid

BachrAwan
Behar
Do.,
Chandatikur

Do.,
Liicknow via, Haidar
garh

To

Fattehpur

Unao

Allahabad

Prat^bgarh

Sultanpur

Fjzabad

Lucknow

Haidargarh

Rilpur

Haidargarh
Behar

Pfirwah

Piirwaji

Baksar

Unao

Saloue

Sultanpur

Pakka or kacha.

Pakka
Kacha

Length in

thiA
district.

Miles.

17
d8

do..

14

do..

10

do.,

8

do..

12

do.,

24

do..

28

do.,

28

do..

40

do..

18

do.,

18

do.,

6

do..

12

do.,

36

do..

10

do..

13

332 miles.

Bi^I BARELr SSTTLSMKMT REPORT. 29

EiVERS AND Streams.

37. The river Ganges forms the southern and a portion

rj^^ Q of the western boundary of this dis-

"***' trict, entering it at a village named

Ghouturi in the Ghatampur parganah, and leaving it at a

village named Dhota in the Dalmau parganah. The distance

of these villages by the river is about sixty miles.

38u The river Giimti forms the north-eastern boundary

The Gtimti ^^ *^® district, entering it at village

Lakhowra and leaving it at village
Bowni, both in the Haidargarh parganah. These villages
are about eight miles apart by land, but are probably double
that distance by the river.

39. The river Sye takes its rise in a marsh in the Har-

dui district, and flows through the
^^ centre of this district, entering it at the

north-west corner at the village of Edmpur Sadowlf, and
leaving it by the south-east corner at the village of Uttf
Nowgaon, the entire length of the river in this district being
probably over sixty miles.

40. The Lone stream issues firom a marsh known as the
Mothi jhil in the Undo district, entering this district at a
village named TJtwat, parganah Magraier, and leaving it at
village Khajdrgaon, parganah Palmau, where it falls into the
Ganges. It runs a course of about thirty miles in this district
and dries up in the hot weather.

41. The Giirdhvii is a watercourse dry in the hot
ThoCkbdhuf weather and fed from the Ganges

durin g the rains. The Sassaba is also
a watercourse dry during the hot

*^ ' weather but a rather formidable stream

duria^ hMvy raitis^. It eaters this district from the Undo
district, and after tMversfng' the Khiron and a portion of the
Bareli parganahs^ it falls intSD tii« Sye river a few miles west
of Rdi Bareli. It is apparently mainly to the discharge of
water from this stream that the heavy floods in the river Sye,
about, md below Bareli;. are attributable.

80 fii^I BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

42. The Naiya is also a watercourse dry during the hot
^^jj^ weather. It enters this from the

Lucknow district and flows in three
channels during the rains ; two streams running into the Sul-
tdnpur district, and one finding its way into the river Sye^near
village Undobar.

43. A watercourse dry during the hot weather named
^ the Sar, brings the surplus waters of a

tank in the Undo district into the river
Sye, at a village named Bardar durings the rains.

44. Besides the above there are a great number of
,^. ^ T • X. marshes and watercourses which are

Drainage and Imgation. nn-i- j.i_ix xi i

all dry durmg the hot weather, and
which all contribute towards causing floods during heavy rainy
seasons. It is more than probable that by utilizing the
natural advantages presented by these escapes and reservoirs,
agreeably to some sensible and comprehensive system of
drainage, that heavy floods might be avoided throughout the
district at a small expense, and that in deficient rainy seasons,
„ ,^ . ^ . ^, the water now wasted might be eco-

Resultsofwantof them. • n j. -i a •- • >i i

nomically stored. As it is the people
never have one-tenth of the water they could utilize in the
dry weather and in occasionally rainy seasons like the one
just past (1871 A. D.) they are homeless and houseless wander-
ers owing to heavy floods. Here and there occasionally
a dam is to be seen across some very small stream, and once or
twice since annexation, a dam has been made across the river
Sye by private enterprize, but any combined or general eflPorts
in this direction cannot be expected from the people.

^ ,. „ , . 46. The following are indigenous

Indigenous products. , . j* ii • -!> , P, °

products of this district : —

^^ ^^ Tiin (cedrela tuna)* a magnificent

^' tree with beautiful foliage and a rather

fiine grained wood which takes a very good polish. The

* The botanical names have been taken from Shakespear's Hind4st4nl dictionary.

rIi BARELf SETTLEMENT BEFOBT. 31

furniture made of it is much esteemed. The flowers are used
for dyeing a yellow color which the natives say is fast.

Sisso ( dalbergia sisso^ a magnificent tree with beautiful

fohage and a very fine grained wood
which takes a very good dark polish.

It is rather heavy for furniture, but is used extensively in

gun and other carriage manufacture.

Dhdk (butea frondosa) a tree much used for fire-
_^, ,, wood, and with the roots the natives

make rope.

BabiU (a species of mimosa) a tree of fast growth, with
. graceful foliage and a very hard wood

universally used in the manufacture
of country carts, agricultural implements, tent pegs and mallets.

Grazing grasses. — ^The most esteemed species being Dub
^ . (agrostis Unearis). It does not burn up

weather.

Tin ( andropogon muricatum ) a grass in universal use for
^ ^ ^. thatching purposes, the reeds beinsf

Thatcinnggn-B. ^^^ iSto brooms. The rootsol

it supply the " Khas, '' with which our hot weather tatties
^^ , , are made. It erows on the banks of

rivers and marshes, and is generally
strictly preserved, as it takes time to spread. Proprietors
are averse to its being dug up for the " Khas. "

Patdwar or Sarpat. — (Saccharum mumja. Saccharum
o^^L procerum. Saccharum sara). With

^"^ the thin top reed are made SirJd a kind

of mat which keeps off rain. The thin leaves below this reed
are used for thatching. With the coarser leaves below these
a string called Munj is made, and the natives use the stalks or
strong reeds, which they call Sainthd, for the ground work of
their thatches.

^ . 'K&S& (saccharum spontaneum) is

used for thatching, and making a kind
of string called Ban.

32 Ril BABEli SETTLEUKirr BEPORt.

KM.

Ktisi a kind of grass used for
thatching, and of which blacksmiths
make charcoal for their forges.

Passaie a kind of rice which
grows in many tanks and marshes.

Fish which are to be found every year in many tanks
^^ and marshes which during the hot

months are as dry as macadamised
roads.

Lac

Lah or Lahi. — ^The nest of an insect "coccus lacca"

which is found on the branches of differ-
ent trees. From it is produced, after
it has been steeped in water to carry off the coloring matter,
the " chaprah " or shell lac of commerce, the manufacture of
which is carried on at Cawnpur, where the coloring matter
is made into cakes of a deep red color like " Lake." The raw
produce is sold to Pasis, Khatiks, and other low caste
tribes who break off the twigs on which it is deposited in the
months of May and June. In this state it is knbwn as
" stick lac. " After separating the deposit from the twigs
when it is known as " seed lac," they sell it to Mannihars who
make it into " Churls " or bangles.

Ktisw^l. — The cocoon of a silkworm, pJudona paphia,

which spins on the Bair a kind of

^ yellow plum tree. The thread is like

very fine tussa silk.* The cocoon when cut spirally into a thin
long strip was used during the native rule by matchlock men
to msten the barrel to the stock of their matchlocks, and was
esteemed by them better for that purpose than iron. The
thread is used sometimes now for the end of the line employed
in fishing.

46. Exception may perhaps be taken to the " Tiin " tree

being enumerated as among the indi-
nolf *"^ '"**^ ^^^' g^^o^s products of the district. It is

very seldom seen, and is never cultiva-
ted the same as the mango, the mowha, and other trees are,

* It M tussa Bilk»--P. C.

rIi BARSli SETTLEMENT REPORT. 33

SO it is but natural to suppose that those that exist were self
soMna. It never attains in this district to the same size or
height which it reaches in the forests of Oudh, and the same
may be said of the Sisso tree, but for this there are probably,
very good reasons, independent of the prevalent idea that forest
trees will not grow outside certain tracts of country. It will
. „ , be generally admitted that these trees

And essentially forest tree. *^ x* ii x» ±± j -j. u

are essentially lorest trees, and it would
be well worth the while of Government to have plantations of
them made on true forest principles, to see whether when
grown close together and subsequently thinned, they would
not attain the same height and growth as their fellows of the
forest. No tree will attain the same height when grown far
from other trees that it will when closely surrounded by others,
.and it is natural to suppose that owing to the clearance conse-
quent on increasing population, the Sisso and Tiin trees, in this
district grew gradually beautifully less, and as nature is
always wonderfully economical of her powers lessened height
was followed by decreasing girth, till the species had dete*
riorated to the size of the specimens now extant, and probably
in a few years if left' to themselves they will become extinct.
The same reasoning applies most probably to most so called
forest trees, but there was a special reason for the extinction

of the S^ "shorea robusta" which
is called by the natives the "Sakhu"
tree. Sdl trees are to be found to the south of the Dudhi,
parganah Singrowll, south Mirzapur, probably not more than
one hundred miles from Benares, but though covering vast
tracts of waste land it is seldom that a full grown tree can be
found, because the saplings are tapped by the lessees or con-
tractors before they are eight years old for a juice which is
then called " diip," and for which they get a ready sale in
the bazaars. The process kills the saplings in a month or two
when the villagers cut down, stack, and Just before the rains
set fire to them windward of a patch oi ground which they
want to break up. The people declaring all the time that
although the seed of the S^l tree germinates, the tree cannot
attain to any age or size in those parts. No clearer proof
could be produced that it is the increase of population that
destroys the indigenous products of districts, and that it is not
the climate nor the soil, but the destructive element in man
that disagrees with these giants of the forest.

E

34 nil BARIli SETTLEHENT REPORT.

47. Babti Ajft Singh, a T'alukddr in the Pratdbgarh

district, and other Europeans and na-

«SL"Sf «L*d^ic^ *"" *ive« l>*^e made eflforts to raise the S^

tree by seed in that and other districts,
but till this year hitherto without any recorded success ; up to
the time of Ndsir-iid-din Haidar there were Sdl trees near
Char B^h in Lucknow, and some ground near there goes by
the name of Sakhd-kd-Bdgh to this day. There are now in
this station over one hundred young plants raised from Sdl
seed sown last June, many of which will doubtless attain to
maturity if not forcibly uprooted or villainously tapped, or
subjected to some other destructive treatment. A small plan-
tation of Tiin and Sisso trees was made at Government
expense in this district in the rainy seaaon of 1868, and
several of the trees had attained to a height of over twenty
feet within three years, and the general result has made it
evident that it rests with us to show why the next generatio^
should not have better timber growing at their doors than we
get now from the forest.

48. Herds of wild cattle are to be found in the par-
„.„ ^, ganah of Daundia Kher4 near the

Wild cattie. °- i^ mi n

nver Ganges. Ihey are generally
very poor small animals, but occasionally a fine bull is to be
seen among them. The natives catch the male calves, and
they grow into tolerable bullocks. There is no difficulty in
domesticating the cattle if caught young, but the females give
little, almost no milk beyond what is necessary for rearing
their offspring. The herds devastate the crops by night anq
think nothing of clearing the low walls and small ditches by
which the cultivators endeavour to check their depredations.
The existence of these herds in a populous and well cultivated
district proves the possibihty of breeding cattle on a large
scale at a small expense.

Survey.

49. This portion of the report has been so ably dealt
^1, ' ur L A » ^^ with by Major MacAndrew, that there

Major MacAndrew's report. • i /•i •'i i xi i > i i

IS lett but tne gleaner s labor m a
well reaped field. With reference to some remarks in para
117 of his report, the opinion of another officer is well worth

li
it

rAi BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT. 35

consideration.* " The outline of each village should be map-

" ped by the Surveyor on the scale
opinion. ^^ required for the Khasrah Survey.

*' This outline and the total area it contains should be made
" over to the Settlement Officer, who should proceed to fill it
" up as he wants it. The Surveyor would get his internal
" details from the Settlement Officer, who minutely ascertains
" them. The Settlement Officer would get a correct outline
" and area from a department, which is competent to give it
him. Each would work with advantage at the parts which
he can best perform, and together the two would form a
whole. Of course the Surveyor would take such other
" topographical features as are needed for a map, roads, rivers
" and Takes ; but what is the important thing is, that he
" should not waste his time in measuring roughly in blocks
*' culturable and cultivated land which the Settlement Officer
" will do over again in careful minuteness/* If it is ever
found possible to adopt any kind of average rate for assess-
ment purposes, internal measurements might be limited to

areas of squares, containing say forty-

betS^S'S^^:?^" ^^ ^r f l^^d marked by per-

manent boundary pillars, all subsidiary

measurements being made at the expense of parties as cause

of action arose. The boundaries of

exS^l^r^aZ^"'"''"*' ** cultivated patches might be shown in

the maps, and the detail and totals of
the areas recorded on them. In the event of partition of es-
tates and extension of cultivation, the minute details supplied
by this field survey must lose much of their present value.

ASSESSMENTS.

Part I.

50. Major Mac Andrew having already submitted a

,, . ^, ^ ^ , ^ report relating generally to settle-
Major MaoAnorew's report. "^ . J- ^ 11 • j« i • J. J

ment operations m this district, and

especially to assessment proceedings in two out of three of

the Tahsils of which it was formerly composed, this part,

insomuch as it relates to actual work done, will have reference

to the Haidargarh Tahsil only.

* Pratdbgarh Settlement Eeport by Mr. E. M. King b. a., c. s., page 43 para 7.

36 bIi baxdA snTLraojffT uport.

51. The Tahsil of Haidargarh is bounded on the north
- , . by the districts of Bdra Banki and

Jjucknow, a tew oi its villages being
situated on the right bank of the Gdmti^ which river forms
at this part the south-eastern boundary of the Bara Banki
district. It is bounded on the south by the Sultd.npur dis-
trict and the Bareli Tahsil. On the east by the Sultdnpur,
and on the west by the Lucknow and Un^o districts, the
•iriver Sye forming the mutual boundary of the Undo district,
and Haidargarh Tahsil,

5 2. The general lie of the country is low, though a few

villages situated on the banks of the
^ Lie of the country genendiy jiyers Sye and Gumti are on high

sandy sites> but as a rule,, the Tahsil

Boight well be described as a richly productive hollow. The

jhils or marshes spread over the face of the country are great

,, * . X. 1 x.^ 1 ill number and extent- and the means

Means of imgationplentifaL , ^ . . ,. .in i i*

^ OI imgation are tnereiore plenti-
ful.

53. Major Mac Andrew in his report above alluded to,

has fuUy explained the grounds on
.f 'il^e^ilSS't^'^"" wl^cb he based his system of assess-

ment. It is scarcely necessary to
say that the same system has been adhered to in the Haidar-
.garh Tahsil ; but a little amplification of details will not be
uninteresting,, whilst it may be of use hereafter, should the
assessment of any village prove too high by indicating how,
and where relief can be readily afforded. Some of the ex-
planations relating to the procedure adopted in assessment
work win be but repetitions of Major MacAndrew's report
inserted here, to save the trouble of constant reference to it.

54. In anticipation of the ajssessment operations to take

place during the cold weather, certain

^i^fZ^J^'''^ returns were prepared in the office

under the personal supervision of a
Sadr Miinsarim.

55. It having been ascertained that the lands of vil-
^ ,,..,,. X 1 lages throughout the district were

Land aiYiaed into classes. ^ ^i<, i* .• •it ji

very generally distmguished, and
known under the names of —

reco

«rfK

}9

rAi BARELi S£TTLSM£»T REPORT. 37

1. — Goind ;^ ' land nearest habitations.
2. — Manjahar ; further from
3. — tTparhar ; furthest from

the first thing to be done, was to fix the limits of these classes.
The process was not difficult, and its execution was entrusted
to a Sadr Mutisarim. In some villages the limits are well
known, and, in all it is easy to determine them with the aid
of the Patwi&ri and cultivators.* Of course it does not always
happen that these three classes exist in every village,, but one
of the three must, and in some villages there will be several
areas of each class. For instance in a village without any
habitation the cultivation may all belong to the 3rd class,
whilst in one with several hamlets there may be as many
patches of the 1st class as there are hamlets.

56. These limits having been determined, an entry wa»

made in the khasrah opposite each
kh^rZ. ""^ ^^ '^ ^^ ^ number of the class . to which it be-
longed . A copy of a sheet of the
,. . khasrah in English is filed herewith

Appendix A. * t j. a

as Appendix t A.

57. From the khasrah and the rentroll of the village for

A peadixB "^^^^ '** 1862-63 A. D., was then com-

^ * piled a jamabandS or rentroll, a sheet

of which in English is annexed aa Appendix B.

58. The iorm of this jam&bandi corresponds with
T ^ ,, the form laid down in Settlement

(Jommissioner s Circular No. 62 of
1863, with the addition of three columns showing the species
of soil, of which ihe crust of each field is supposed to be com-
posed. These additional columns appear to have been taken
from a form borrowed from the Un^o district and they are
indispensably necessary to ensure compUance with the orders

* Of course the line whicli separated these "hare/' as they were called, was 'an
arbitrary one ; but the main object was to draw lines which should show a difference of
rental as a decided rule ; and this was practically done ; Major MacAndreVs report
para. 134.

t Similar entries were made by the Amms who measured the villages in 1862 a. d.,
but these entries were found to be quite untrustvrorthy, and corrections of them had to
be made as above described.

38 Kit BARELi SETTLBMENT REPORr.

under which the final report of the settlement operations

in a district have to be submitted. Otherwise they are quite

Assessment not made with Unnecessary for this district at least,

reference to relative qualities aS aSSCSSmcntS haVO UOt been made

^ ' here with reference to the relative

qualities of the soil inherent or acquired, for reasons that
will be given hereafter.

59. The jamdbandi has been compiled on an excellent

plan, giving a return of the areas of
Sub-division of cultivation cultivated land in possession of differ-

into areas held by dineient . ^ ^t /* mi

classes of persons. out classos^ 01 pcrsous. ihose areas

are: —

Sir Holdings.

Shikmi Sir

Brahmans

Chattris

Ktirmis

Others

M'afi

99
99

99
99
JJ
97

The Sir holdings are those held by the party who was

engaged with at Summary Settlement,
Sir holdings. ^^^ cultivated by himself, or by his

servants.

The Shikmi Sir are those held by the same party, but

cultivated by others, who pay a rent

Shikmi Sfr holdings. j^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^j^^^^

The Kiirmis holdings a^e those held by Kiirmis, Kachfs

and Miiraos who are proverbially the
Ktenfs holdings. ^^^^^ cultivators.

Other holdings are those in possession of Mahomedans

and every caste and class of Hindti
other holdings ^^^ belonging to the .above detailed

classes.

M'afi holdings are lands on which
Ma'fi holding* ^ ^^^ names implies no rent is paid.

♦ Vide Major MacAndrew's report No. 130 and following paras.

rAi BAREli SETTLEMENT REPORT. 39

They comprise the following : —
Cultivated rent-free groves.

Cultivated rent-free patches.

„ grazing land or charf.

„ lands held for maintenance (nankar).

ff 99 hy Brahmans.

99 9$ for service.

99 99 in charity.

» M by village watchmen.

Fallow lands or lands thrown out of cultivation within
the two years preceding 1862-63 a. d.

Uncultivated knds. ,^ ^^' ^^^ t^^sc come details of

the areas of —

Groves uncultivated.

Culturable land.

Tanks.

TTsar.

Roads.

Habitations.

Division of areas of cuitiva. ^^\ Opposite each field is made

tion held by different classes an entry showinff to whioh plajaa ^P
of persons according to classes lon/1 oa rl^a^,.;k^J x ^^^^ ^^^» OI

of Uds. ^ ^^ [*^^> ^s described at para. 55, the field

belongs, as also whether it is irrigated
or unimgated.

62. In this jamdbandi is exhibited also the rent of each
Eidiibition of rental field, whether payable in cash or in
,, . . . ^^^^- ■'■f ^^ gram the out-turn of thA
Parents. g„^^ field, the valSe of the produce, tie

shares of producer, and rent-taker for the year 1862-63 are
c«^Z^*^"° "^ ^^ ^*° ^\ entered, and according to these
r .A-. entries the payments in kind have

been commuted into cash rentals.

63. To sum up, tMs return shews the number in the

contents of j«n4band£ .nm- WhSl'^t, Z^ ^^^^^^ «1^« ot land

marized. ^ wliich it belongs, the class of culti-

X • J . , , ^^^"^ ^^ -^hom holding it is and th«

rent said to have been realized from it in 1862-63 a' d The
first two Items of information were obtained from the khaar«lh
and the two la«t from the submitted rental S the yeTb

Verification and correction t^^l'ovM^^, '5^^ ^^^^ ^'"^

of submitted rentroiL vermed Or Corrected by examination

ot leases, village accounts, Patwaris
and cultivators.

40 Ril BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

64. But though this return excellent' in itself contains
_ _ ^ all the information necessary to the

Rent Btatemont. . /v» • i u i i i

assessmg omcer, it could not be made
out in a convenient form, and from it therefore was compiled

what has been called in this district,
^^*^ the Rent Statement, copy in English of

a sheet of which is given in Appendix C.

65. This statement gives in a very detailed, and at the

^. ^ same time comprehensive form, the

GontentB of Appendix G. • i» x* u j. ji'^j.\^ • jci_ j/

^^ miormation collected im the jamabandl

omitting, however, all mention of rents paid it kind, the
commutation of those rents into cash as shown in Appendix B.
being alone exhibited.

66. At the end of this statement is kn abstract of the

, , ^ rent-free lands detailed at foot of the

Abstract of rent-free landB. . /uj/i.x'x uu v.

jamabandl, but it would have been

better if the same detail given for rent paying lands had been

Better if they had been de- follo wed in the case oithese lauds also.

tailed. No mention is made in this return of

any but cultivated lands.

,. ■, ' ,, 67. The Jamdbandi, Appendix B.

Appendix B. made out by , i. "O j. i / x» 'ii

Patwaria in Hindi. was drawu up by Jratwaris oi villages

»^ t. J • xv T> • in Hindi, and translated by Kanungoes

Transcribed in the Persian i j • j '^mr r •

character by Ejmiingoes pre- present and pensioned, liie entries
Bent and pensioned. jj^ j^ wcro examined, Verified, or cor-

Examined by Sadr Mik- rocted by Sadr Muusarims as men-
"*™^- tioned at para. 63.

68. Appendix C. the Rent Statement was compiled as
Appendix c. compiled by already Stated from Appendix B. by

Moharriis drawing Govt. pay. Moharrirs in Government employ,

SnperviBedbySadrMiansarims. suporvisod by Sadr MunsarimS.

69. The object of the Rent Statement was to show in a

comprehensiye form the amount of

Object of rent statement, g^ch claSS of land in the pOSSCSSioU of

^^^ ' each class of cultivator, and the

amount of rent said to have been realized on the same in the
year of measurement, and yet at the same time to show in de-
tail the cultivated holding of each person in the village, so as
to enable the assessing officer to judge whether low rates were

RAI RARELl SETTLEMENT REPORT. 4 1

the village rule, or an accident due to the beneficiary interest en-
joyed in his holding by some favored or influential individual.

70. Appendix D. is the translation of an abstract of the

information contained in the rent state-
Appendix d. translation of mont (Appendix C.) and is the copy of

abstract of Appendix C. ^ \^ n,, ,', . i»i*''

one sheet of the books m which are
recorded the results of the assessing officers labors. These
books together with the rent statements will doubtless prove
of the utmost value to the Revenue Courts as reliable refer-
ences on many points regarding which they have to ad-
judicate.

71. Appendix K contains the same information slightly

abridged as that found in Appendix D. ^
Appendix E.8«ne as Appen- and is the copy of ouo sheet of the

dix D. slightly abridged. r.ij iii i_-i_ii.

held note book which the assessing
officer took with him in his progress through the village.

72. The next return in order for description is Appen-

dix F. which is a colored field . map
^ppendix F. a colored field marked with the limits of classes of

land. An explanation of the color-
ing is given in the Appendix, from a consideration of which it
will be apparent that a glance at the map is sufficient to tell,
to which class of holding each field belongs. How useful this
map was to the assessing officer will be apparent hereafter.

73. These returns were prepared before the Settlement
^ . J u r « X Officer proceeded into camp. He took

Returns prepared before Set- .-, 'ii i • i/» ,t ^ -ii

tieinent Officer went into camp, them With him and from them Compiled
Rent rates *^® parganah rent rates. The process

was simple, and the result satisfac-
tory.

74. It was first necessary to ascertain, to what divisions

or portions of the country to be asses-

wUctaTpSS. "' ""^ *" «ed the rent rates should apply.

Whether one rate would suffice for the
whole Tahsil or more than one be necessary. As the Offici-
ating Settlement Officer had never been in the Haidargarh
Tahsil before he was expected to assess it, he decided that
the safest plan would be to compile rent rates for existing
parganahs. The procedure adopted is shown in Appendices
G I. to G XXIV.* ^ ^^

* It was found that to give all these Appendices would increase the bulk of this
report to an inconvenient size ; therefore they have been filed with the office copy, and
those only particularly mentioned further on in the report have been attached to it as
specimens. . . .

F

42 bAi BARELf SETTLEMENT BEPOBT.

75. It was obvious that if the returns that had already

Tmstworthy rent ratesdeduci- ^^^^ prepared Were worth any thing
bie from returns if these latter they should supply ample material for
were reliable. trustworthy rent rates, and at the

same time, that there could be no better method of testing
the work done, than ascertaining whether practical rent
rates could be derived from them. And the result has been

E«nt rate determined for eminently Satisfactory, for not only
each class of land in each par- havo practical rent ratos been derived
*^*°***' from the returns for each parganah,

but for each class of land, as described at para. 55 as abo for

sub-division. of ci^ of their sub-divisions into irrigated and
land into irrigated and unirri- unimgated alludcd to in para. 61. The

gated absolutely necessary. necessity for this Sub-division mUSt

be evident to all officers who have been engaged in assess-
ment duties, but the subject, it is intended^ will be further
treated of under the head of irrigation.

76. In the parganah of Haidargarh twenty-five villages

Bent rates for irrigated lands ^ different parts of the parganah were
lying close to habitations in Selected as possossing a large quantity

parganah Haidargarh. ^^ j^^j ^f^^^ jf^ ^ ^^ irrigated

goind. Out of these seven were excluded from the calculation
vide Appendix G I. Five because the rates shown were
exceptionally low, owing it Was said to much land being
held as Sir, and two because the rates shown were exception-
ally high, owing it was said to much of the cultivation being
held by Ktirmis. In the same way six rates one for each

class of land were made out for each

re^^?ato^ ^' *^**'*^* ""^ parganah; and an abstract of rent

rates was then drawn out, vide
Appendix H.

77. A glance at this abstract will show how little these

Variation in rent raten slight ^ates Vary in the four parganahs of the
throuehout the Haidargarh Haidargarh Tahsfl. Collusiou in this

case was impossible. The detailed

CoUusion impossible. information had been in course of pre-

paration for years before, whereas this method of arriving at
rent rates was not conceived before the middle of November
1866.

78. After the abstract of rent rates had been drawn
^ , ,, , out, the papers containing the calcula-

Proof thereof. . . ' iT* i. xi. u ^^J ^^^^

tions on which they were based were
laid aside, and were not again referred to till this report was

it
it
it

ftil BAREli SETTLEMENT REPORT. 43

Doing written, more than a year afterwards, when the remarks
entered in the assessment records opposite each of the villages
excluded from the calculation were examined, and it was
satisfactory to find that some allusion was almost invariably
found in them, to the lands which had been the cause of such
exclusion on account of the rates being exceptionally low. For
instance in the case of K^pur Nairwa (vide Appendix G IX.)
in the assessment records is an entry that the rates shown in
the rentroll are low, owing to the large quantity of rice
cultivation, and with reference to the remarks at the foot of
Appendix G XII. there is the following entry in the assessment
records " village Dtindgarh, some lands returned as unirrigated
show some vBry high rents, these lands are cultivated with
lice and in many villages similar lands have been returned
as irrigated. " The effect of returning lands devoted to
common rice cultivation as irrigated, is to decrease the rate
of irrigated lands, but when returned as unirrigated, they
raise the rate of such lands.

79. The rent rates having been fixed, each village was
,,.„ . .. ^ visited in compliance with the instruc-

tions which have from time to time
been issued for the guidance of assessment officers. A des-
cription of the visit to one village will suffice for all. A spot
having been fixed on, at which the village was to be entered,
information was sent to the inhabitants and the proprietor, of
the hour at which they might expect the assessment officer,
who generally found them awaiting his arrival at the spot
indicated.

80. The Officiating Settlement Officer was invariably

Settiement Officer attended attended by his Sherishtadar and a
by Sherishtadar and a MiXnaa- Mtinsarim, to assist him in referring to
^^^' , the vernacular file, containing the

Appendices B. C. and F. and an Index showing under what
number in Appendix B. every field exhibited in the field map
was to be found.

81. Previous to visiting each village the assessing
Memorandum made of points officer studied the Statistics at his dis-

rei^i^ especial attention in posal. In OUe he fouud that the

^*' total rental exhibited exceeded far the

rental required by the rent rates. The cause of this evidently

44 RAl BARELi SETTLEMENT REPORT.

being that rents were high all over the village. In such a

Procedure when rental exhib. case, he had but to make a progress
ited was high all over the through the village, converse with the
^^^^^' inhabitants on the way, and see

whether the land returned as culturable was really so, and
what V^as the lowest rate at which he could assess it with due
regard to the instructions promulgated for his guidance in that
particular. In another case, an average high rate was caused

by a certain class, or portion of a cer-

VThen average rate waa hich, tain claSS, Or claSSCS 01 individuals pay-
though rentals were UBequal. • i*i< i-iij^i i

mg high rents, whilst other classes, or
others of the same class or classes, paid low rents. In such a^
case, the assessing officer had to discover the cause of the dis-
crepancy, and to decide whether, under the circumstances, it

„^ ,^ , ^.^., , would be ludicious to raise the assess-
when the rents exhibited . aS_'ijt.ijj.i x

were low all over. mcut ou tiie lanas Jiela at low rents.

A^ain it was found that the rents of a
village were low all over, m which case the procedure above
mentioned had to be applied to the whole, instead of to a por-
tion of a village.

82. Having made a memorandum beforehand of the

points chiefly requiring attention, the

coilJ^rfiet^r""" "■• *"* assessing officer was guided in his pro-

gress through the village, by the indi-
cation given in the field map in his hand of the position of the
lands to be visited. Were the lands in possession of Chattris
held at low rates, a glance at the map showed in what direc-
tion the greater number of them were situated, a reference to
the Index showed under what numbers of Appendix B. they
were to be found, and the latter gave the rents of each field,
whilst an inspection of the locality and an enquiry on the spot
determined whether the lands were held at favorable rates, or
whether low rates were due to soil, position, or to any other
cause.

83. The work was most laborious, but the result was

most satisfactory, as leaving a convic-

^^Result personally satisfac- ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ tj^^t nO mcailS and

no pains had been spared to arrive at
a decently reliable notion of the actual produce of a village at
the present time. To do so much was found in itself so dif-

Estinuition of probabilities a. Acult that all attempt to estimate
bandoued at outset of assess, probabilities was abandoned at the
^^^' very outset of assessment work in

this district.

kAi BARElI SETTLICMENT REPORT. 45

84. Allusion has been made at para 61 to the m'afi or

, , ,,. rent-free holdintrs. Maior MacAndrew

M'afi or rent-free holdings. -n*^ xJxi. -n i. jt j

very generally accepted the Fatwaris
valuation of these lands^ and the same procedure was adopted
at the commencement of the assessment of the Haidargarh
Tahsil, but enquiry in a very few cases showed that these

valuations were most unreliable, as a

unSk?"" ^^ ^""^"^ °''^* ^1^- ^ Sadr M Ansarim was therefore

deputed to visit each village in which
much rent-free land was exhibited, and to report on its relative
value, calculated from the rents of adjoining fields. By this
means a very iax)curate knowledge was obtained of the quan-
tity of land returned as groves which are innocent of trees,
and also of groves which though returned in our records as
cultivated have been planted bondjide with trees; also of lands,
which though returned as rent-free, actually pay rent more or
less.

85. In his progress through each village the assessing
, . ^ , oflScer entered in his field note book,

Notes taken by Settlement • « i. j. i» -l • i. •

Officer during progress through SpeCimOU OI a SUOet 01 WUlCn IS glVen

village entered in field note i^ Appendix E., memos. of all the

book. •/» i» "I'l*"!' ••

mtormation which m his opimon was
valuable or interesting, and on an early day the results

arrived at were recorded by his own
^en^rlZt^ " "• l^aud in the books, specimen of a sheet

of which IS given at Appendix D. A
copy of this record was endorsed on Statement Not II. and

the assessment of the village was com-

ou'^sTtele^fM ^'"'"'^ Pjete- . An abstrax;t of the result is

given in Appendix J.

PART II.

Principles op Assessment.

86. The principle that has been adopted throughout in
^ . . , , ^ the assessment of the Rdi Bareli dis-

Fnnciples of assessment. a • a i i iii • i

tnct, has been to determine by every
available means and by the most searching personal enquiries : —

1st. — The net assets or rental which every acre of cul-
tivated land is capable of yielding at the present time.

46 rAi barelI settlement report.

2nd. — ^Whether it waa possible to increase the assess-
ment of cultivated land held at palpably and exceptionally
low rates of rental.

3rd. — ^What rental should be put on caltivated land
held free of rent.

Uh. — At what rates should groves in excess of 10 per
cent of the total area and culturable, though uncultivated
lands, be assessed.

The productive capabilities of the land having been de-

One-iuOf of the aBsnmed termined, ouc-half of the net assets
rental taken m the Govern- or 50 per ccnt of the assumed rental
meat dem^Dd. ^^^ taken as the Government de-

mand.

87. In calculating the assets or gross rental of a vil-
r. n^ t a • 1 A A ^^S^f Major MacAndrew, as a rule.

Fronts from Sair exclnded. ^iii-n n, t* c>t • .^

excluded all pronts from Sair, the
proprietor's share of which may be translated manorial
dues. In so doing he exercised doubtless a wise discretion,
although on this, as well as on most other subjects connected
with assessment, there is so much to be said on both sides of
the question that neither party to an argument can well get
much the better of the olier m it.

88. To ascertain the productive capabilities of every acre

of cultivated land, proprietors were
caJSK^ w ^'^'^^ called on to submit their rentroUs for

several years. The actual year taken
on which to base the fabric of assessment was the year of
interior measurement of the village. The entries in the rent-
roll for this year were compared with the entries in the rent-
rolls of the preceding and succeeding years, and were fiir-
ther* tested by examination of cultivators' engagements with
landlords, and of cultivators themselves:

* The process of verification was much facilitated by an order of Mr. Wingfield's
establishing the system of giving written engagements for each man's holding, and which
seems to have been earefuUy enforced in this district ; and by the foresight of Mr. Gl3nan,
Deputy Commissioner, who had the rcntrolls for the five years preceding annexation
collected at the very commencement of settlement operations.

bAi BABBLf SETTLEMENT BEPOBT. 47

89. In the case of lands returned in the test rentroUs
T , . X . , .J as paying rents in kind, it was often

Lands paying rents in kind. o ^ f .P , i ,i . ., ' ,

lound that both in the years preced-
ing and succeeding measurement these lands were returned
as papng high cash rentals, and a reference to cultivators,
and their pattahs, generally showed that no change in the
form, or value of the rental had taken place on these lands
for very many years.

90. Major MacAndrew has explained that the pecu-

liarity of the Rai Barell assessment
Potniiiarity of sMessmentthat '^ that it has been douc village by

each village has been assessed /,, . . . . ^^ . ^

on its own basis. Village each ou its own basis alone

(145 and preceding paras). This

principle has been strictly adhered to in the assessment of

the Haidargarh Tahsll, but at the same time much attention

has been paid to the necessity for

J^rS^I:;,?]^'' having some reliable rent rates as a

general gmde to the probable value

of the different classes of land, within a certain area of

country.

91. For example when it was found that the lands
^ - ,, . held by " others" who comprising

Proof thereol "^ . , , *^ x i *^

many castes and classes may on the
whole, be considered as the most industrious, if not the most
skilful of the cultivators in a village, were held at low rates
according to parganah rent rates, such a fact necessitated an
enquiry as to whether these low rates were bondjide ones, or
the result of some families or servants holding at favored
rents. When it was fully proved that the latter was the case,
some slight advance on the holdings of the favored ones was
occasionally made, but this occurred but seldom. In the gene-
rality of instances it was either self evident that the low rates
were caused by the position of the land, or no possible reason
could be adduced why the rates should be low. In which
instances the assessment on the lands held by " others ^' was
not raised, and care was taken not to raise the assessment on
lands held by the favored classes above the rates exhibited on
the lands held by " others " in that village. In so far has the
peculiarity of the Rdi Bareli assessment, above alluded to,
been carried out in the Haidargarh Tahsil.

48 nil BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

92. The mode of commuting grain payments into cash

rentals has been described at para. 62,
Commutation of groin pay- and as the out-tum of grain appears

ments mto cash rentalB. i i. t_ r • j •± •

to have been a fair one, and its price
moderate in 1862-63 A. d., no objection can be raised to the
process, especially when it is remembered that the Patwdris
furnished all the data for the calculation. Indeed, since the
assessment of the Haidargarh Tahsil has been declared, the
commutation of grain into cash payments in some of the
t'alukds, has borne the test of the strictest scrutiny.

93. To ascertain whether it was possible to increase the

assessment of cultivated land held
Possibility of increasing the at palpably md exceptionally low

assessment of cultivated land. . ^ -Sr "^ i /»iri jiiii

rates, the rates of the land held by
the industrious classes, or " others " was tested by parganah
rent rates, and then those of other plasses. As a rule the
rents returned as paid by " others " the industrious classes
were never meddled with, and those of the favored classes
only when the low rates were due solely and palpably to
favor, or to some dormant or existing right in the soil, and
then the increase made was very slight, so that it is quite
possible that the assessment has on the whole been sufficient-
ly moderate to meet all equitable demands of this nature, and
such practically has hitherto been found to be the case.

94. This appears to be the proper place to mention,

The rights of intermediate ^J^^^ }j^J^^. assessment of the Kdi

holders have not been consider- Bareli district no allowancc has been
ed in this assessment. ^^^^ ^^ provide for the rights of in-

terniediate holders or under-proprietors, as such. One reason

for this has been that the assessment
Because assessment has pre- j^as preceded the ludicial work, and

ceded judicial enquiry, .-i . .-i n >, • -i i /•

that therefore it was impossible tor
the assessing officer to say, that the produce of the land he
assessed lightly with one object, might not by a judicial
decree, be devoted to another. It may be a question, had the
judicial taken precedence of the assessing work, whether the

In assessments should ai- Settlement Officer would have been

lowancebemadeto provide for justified in making allowAhccs to meet

"^ *^* the exigencies of judicial decrees.

bAi BARSLf SETTLEMENT REPORT. 49

The real question is, — ^is Government the original or the
residuary proprietor?* Is Government entitled to a fixed

la Govenunent the original ^\oi ihe produce ctf aU land, Or ha«

proprietor or entitled to a re- it onlv a lien on what IS left after

mainder of the produce only! ^^ ^^^ and ^rishoS of aU othOTS

have been satisfied?
95. The chief deviation in the assessment procedure of

matreatalahouldbeasaeas. ^^ Haidargajh Tahsll, from that

•d on cuitiyated land held tree adopted by MajoT MacAndrcw, was m
^* "^^^ the assessment of cultivated lands re-

turned as rent-free. A detail of these lands has been given
at para. 59 and a description of the mode of their assessment
at para. 35. It was apparent from: the firsts that the valua-
tion put by Patw&ris on this class of land, could not in the
Haidargarh Tahsil be depended upon^ and as in some villages
the quantity of land returned as rentrfree was considerame^

whilst it was said to be scattered all

co^e^wT^^"''"^''^"* ^ver the yiUage^ it was also evident,

that for the Settlement Officer to visit
each field in succession was but to squander his time without
answering a sufficient purpose. This duty was therefore im-
posed upon a Sadr Mtinsarim, who performed it conscien^
tiously and well^ In the case of some villages, and particular-^
ly in those in the estate of Seomber Singh, Talukditr of

EBpeciaUy in the estate of ^^^^ '^ ^^^^ ^® 1^^ rctumed 3^
Seomber Singh, T*alukdar of rent-free WCTC of great CXtcut, the

^**^ Settlement Officer in^^ected them

himself. In the t'alukd of ITsah he ascertained from personal
enquiry from the cultivators that r^it was paid regularly on
the greater part of those lands.

96* It may be a question, as mooted in para, 9 4y whether

Mu da held t.froe lauds hcld boud fde r^itrfree on a

Mant^by proprietoiTof esta^ twuTC adjudicaUe by law, should be

^asaessed-for Oovemmftttt assesscdfor the Gcvemment Revenue ?

The right of Government in the pro-
duce of the lajxd is in this, as in the former instance, the maii^
issue, but if Government be the original and not the residkiaay
prc^prietor, there is ariother. Has any Court the right ta

. decreea rent-free tenure in land ? That

JtZ^^^^i"" ^'^ ^^^ the power so to decree

there can be no doubt, tor it is done

constantly.

■ I I ■ ■ I ■ 1. 1 I .1 ■■ ,11. I p . I I

* T%de preamble to Begolation XXXI. of 1803.

a

50 nil BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

97. The last point remaining for consideration was^ at
,^ \, ^ , ^ ,, what rate should groves in excess of 10

AtwhatratevSnoiildflTovesm x /»j-i- j. x i j ix

excess of 10 per cent of the to- por Cent 01 txic total area, and cuitura-
tai area and cuitarabie,thoudj }y\Q though Uncultivated, lauds be as-

uncultivatedlatncuLbeasseesedt ' <, ^ ^r\n hi xi

sessed ? Of course the orders on these
subjects had to be obeyed, and where practicable were carried
out to the letter, but happily the assessments made on such
lands, were, in the very great majority of instances decidedly
light. Happily, because a recent Circular * exhibits a strong
inclination to admit the impolicy of fixing the Government
demand on land producing any kind of wood. Now apart from
groves, the fact, as regards this district, is that the waste cul-
turable land that has been most highly assessed bears either
thatching grass, or firewood. To be consistent, Government
should remit the demand assessed on all such lands. In the
case of some groves in excess of 10 per cent of the total area
in the Behdr Tahsil, the assessment has been decidedly high,
but the defect can be easily remedied.

98. Indeed under Major Mac Andrew's excellent system

of assessment and of recording the re-
^^Uence of system of as- g^^^s thereof, the remedy of any and

every defect will be a work of no trou-
ble. Should it be decided that Government's claim to a
portion of the produce must be subservient to the desires and
wants of others, that Courts have the right, as well as the
power, to decree lands free of rent and thisit the Government
demand assessed on all wood bearing land should be remitted,
the process of remission would in every case be most simple and
^ , ^^ , yet most sensible. For instance the

Proof thereof . "^ ..-i , j j i? xi.

summary settlement demand oi the
Haidargarh Tahsil without cesses was Bs. 1,71,629

The revised demand including 2^ per cent.

road, school and d4k cesses is „ 2,41,141

Total enhancement.

•••/

Es.

70,990

Details of this enhancement are : —

-

Admitted rental, ...

. • •

Ks.

46,386

Additions to Sir rental, ...

• ••

}9

2,459

Hent-free lands,

• . .

9f

14,171

Culturable waste, ... ...

...

99

7,974

* Financial CommiBsioner's Office Circular No. 654, dated &-l(Hh April 1866.,

rIi BAEEli SETTLEMENT REPORT. 51

The details of the above for every parganah^ every estate, and
every village, and in the case of the rent-free lands for every
field, are recorded in a compact but comprehensive form. The
commutation of grain into cash rentals has been made field
by field, so that remission, should remission be necessary,
can be made on a simple, and at the same time on a satisfac-
toryba^.

99. It may make matter for remark, that no men-
_-. xi V u tion has been made throughout this re-

wny no mention has been .^ . ,. -, o ,

nadtt of reduction of amonnt of port 01 rcducuon 01 demand durmg tnis

S^SS^tT'*^" ^"^ ^"^ ""^ settlement. As a fact, the demand

fixed at summary settlement has been
reduced on several villages during the revision of assessment,
but no allowance has been made for possibilities in tlie case
of a village in which the average rental is a very high
one, the reasons for which are given in para 155 of
Major MacAndrew's report, and as the principle therein
enunciated was a fundamental one of Major Mac Andrew's
system, it was adhered to in the assessment of the Haidar-
garh Tahsfl.

100» Paras 51 to 99 of tiiis report were submitted to

the Commissioner on the 7th Decem-

Reduction proposed by Com. jjej.^ jggg previoUS to which the Com-

"^^°^^' missioner in his Office No. 3787, dated

13th July 1868, addressed to the Officiating Settlement Officer,
requested to be informed "whether you see any objection to
the jamd of B&jah Hindpdl Singh's estate being reduced to
Rs. 23 or 24,000* If so, you will be good enough to give

your reasons'' to which the Officiating
jOffidatingSettiementOffioer'B Settlement Officer replied, that assess-
ments having been made in this district
on well considered and clearly defined principles, and which
were worked with much care and every endeavour to act ho-
nestly between Government and proprietors, it would be
manifestly unfair, to select an estate here or there for reduc-
tion of the demand. That if the demand was found to be
excessive ia one estate, it was almost certain to be so through-
out the district, and suggesting thai the fairest plan would be
to take off the demand on afi culturable, but uncultivated

52 EJLi BARELf SSTTLBMSNT REPOBT,

lands, not bearing at the time of assessment any income
producing product

101. In the year 1869^ the Commissioner proceeded to
Bednctions reoommeiided by reduce the Government demand on,
Communioner. the following estates : —

1. Pairamau.

. 2« Amdwan.

3. ThtUr&L

4. Ptikhrd Ansarf.

According to the procedure, specimens of which are given
below —

'^ Basfpardn. — ^The jamd has been doubled, but the assess*
" ment is not high. The soil is probably light, as it is describ-
ed as sloping gently towards a ravine. Cultivation on such
ground is improved by terracing the fields ; and the landlord
''has only to grant a rather long lease to get this done. The
"incidence of the demand is about Rs. 1-12 per acre but only
*' a fifth of the area is irrigated. On the whole I think
'' Bs. 165 will be a sufficiency high jam&, or 37 less than
" has been proposed."

" Narsdwan. — Jamd upwards of Rs. 3-2 per acre. This
"is high, though the yiUage is described a^ Lst class and
*^ no doubt cultivation may be extended somewhat. Still the
*' increase being very large and based on the rack rent, I
"propose to reduce the jamd by Rs. 53 leaving it at
"Rs. 1,600.''

" Atrd Gourl. — The assessment of the cultivated land is
" not excessive, but it was unnecessary to put any thing on
" the waste wluch is of doubtful quaUty and I propose to take
"off Rs. 50 on this account leaving the jamd at Rs. 1,590."
The tabulated statement received from the Commissioner's
Office, gives the following information regarding these
villages :—

it

fill BAREli BETrLEHENT BEFOBT.

53

'yi90 Xad 9B90J0IIX

00

■r*"

5

'praddv tn pexi^

s

'AioViAiiitta 4imp{Bag

{;

^^teitaMWa

no pmnndp |>d8oaoja oSvjdAy

9

-pio «> pntmep pdsodoia ^iBwAy

T'T^p^ifH

•©iqwni^inQ

Si

•pa^nAisuno

*!^iteo J9d emaouj

'ptremap osvojonj

I

s

04

CO

CO

CO

00

to

■lO

s

<o

C9

i

3

9
^

*pixtnxt9p pesodojj

*puvui9p Xjvnnntigi

Pi

s;

4
4

o

nnimaioA
^QdiiiBsem p oSvd pnv enmxo^

^tteqmiix

S

10

Gi

O

s

1?

I

I

^■^1

iMi<

a

CO

c«

S4 ItAl BAEBli SETTLEMENT REPORT*

These villages belong to the estate of a T'alukd&r, the grosisi
assets of which, excluding the produce of groves^ tanks,
marshes, and manorial dues of every kind have oeea estimat-
ed at Bs. 2,39^307, and the Government demand fixed on this
estate, inducUng cesses was Bs. 1,20,990. By the action of
the Commissioner this demand has been reduced by Bs. 2,258,
and in forwardmg for sanction his recommendation for this
reduction the Commissioner wrote * ** perhaps as a whole the
estate is not much over assessed." In the case of villages
Nars&wan and Atr& Gouri, the Commissioner's intention, as ex-
pressed in the above extracts, was to reduce the demand,
which including cesses was fixed by the Settlement Depart-
ment at Bs. 3,293 to Bs. 3,190, but by fixmg iAiejamd only at
the above amount he misled his office which made out a tabu-
lated statement showii^ the absurd reduction of Bs. 22t out of
a total of Bs. 3,293. The assessment books were corrected,
evidently in accordance with the data supplied in the tabulated
statement which is dated 23rd December 1869, and if the Com-
missioner's orders to submit bills for permission to refond the
excess demand collected from the T'alukd^ have been carried
out by the executive authority, the work will have to be done
over again, provided the Commissioner's opinion regarding
the necessity for reduction be upheld.

102. This estate of Thiilrdi comprises 129 villages as
demarcated at boundary settlement, out of which the Com-
missioner examined the assessment papers of one hundred
and three, and reduced the demand in twenty-six, from data
obtainable from the settlement records. Bad seasons, rack
rental, particeps criminisj and such like expressions are to be
found in the Commissioner's records, but if appHcable to the
assessment of six and twenty villages the presumption is,
that they would be so to many more m the district. No rea-
son is given, as to why the Commissioner stayed his hand

after reducing ' the demand in four
Judgment on the work done ostates ? There is uo doubt, that ac-
^^' cordingto Major MacAndrew's system

of assessment, and the means ta^ento place on record the results
of the work done, and the methods by which conclusions were
arrived at, it is a simple matter for any revising authority to
pass judgment on them, but if these conclusions are wrong in

* GommuBioner's Office No. 7042, dated 6ih December 1869.

t Upheld in Ck>mmi«sioner'a Office No. 6103, dated 19t|i December 1871.

rIi BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT. 55

the case of four estates wMch have been brought to the no-
tice of the Commissioner, the probabilities are that they are
wrong in very many which have not been brought to his no-
tice, or, what is much more probable, that if the vast majority
of proprietors in the district, and especially of those with
small estates, have readily accepted the demands imposed on
them, the small minority who have appealed, have no real
cause for complaint.

103. In the estates of Pairamau and Amdwan, one of
the reasons given for reducing the demand fixed by the Set-
tlement Department* was the indebtedness of the proprietors ;
and t another that " there are large rent-free holdings of the
T'alukddr's brotherhood which will not pay full rates"
which would make it appear that Government is but the
residuary proprietor, and not entitled to any share till the
wants and wishes of all others have been satisfied. But who
is to make good the revenue lost to Government by the im-
pecuniosity of these T'alukddrs, and has any provision been
made by which it will be possible to make these gentlemen
liable for their fair share of the Government demand in case
they ever are freed from the trammels of debt ?

104. The Ofiicer who as Commissioner recommended

Animadvemononthe aBsess. ^ AugUSt 1869, the reductions in
meat of the Haidargarh Tahsil. the OStatcS of —

Pairamau,
Amdwan, and
Piikhrd Ansari,

sanctioned I this recommendation in October of the same
year as Financial Commissioner notwithstanding that he had
previously recorded his opinion§ with regard to assessments,
that '^ as far as concerns the Haidargarh Tahsil, the simple
principle adopted appears to me to have been the rule of
thumb." At any rate he has reduced the assessment of
one estate Piikhrd Ansari in that Tahsil solely on informa-
tion derived from assessment records, and has not thought

* Commissioner's Office Kos. 4922, dated 25th Augast 1869, aad 5047, dated Slst
August 1869.

t Village Kliairfina, t'aluka Fainuuau.

t Financial Commissioner's Office No. 9196, dated 7th October 1869.

§ Financial Oommissioner'j Annual Beport on Settlement for year ending 90th
September 1868 inura 74.

56 fJd BAsni snrunHT upost.

fit to interfere with the revised demand fixed for the rest of
the TabgH, although the report rdating to it was in his office
from December 1868 to January 187L

105. One Talukdir has asked for reduction of assess*

ment on the ground that on two hund-

iJ!?S^T«^.JiS£^ red and eighty-«x a.^ of bad he

receives but eight hundred and sixty*
nine Rupees rent. He admits at the
same time that the actual cultivators of that land pay B& 3,243
rent for it^ but he says the balance is intercepted by interme-
diate holders. As it hsffeas, the only decree for a sub-tenure
in the village to which this application relates is for a holding
of fifteen acres at a rental of Bs. 67, but still it is quite possible
that it is practically out of the Talukd^'s power to eject the
persons to whom he alludes or to raise thmr r^its^ but he haa
always the option of resigning his proprietary lig^t in that
land^ and the persons who houl direct from him can follow
suit if they are aware that they can sodally or otherwise en-
force their claims as against the Talukdar easier than they
can as against the Government, which cannot fail in the end
to reach the man who will he satisfied with holding the land
in his possession on the half assets prindple. It is occasional-
ly asserted that ''the revenue of an estate is assessed on the
whole of it as one unit and not proportionally cm every acre-
of it." The fidlacy of such a theory must be evident from the
&ct that the term unit is more applicable to an acre than to
an estate, and although doubtless it may be but one revenue
which is derived from many incomes regard must be had to
the sources of those incomes. In fact without detail to ab-
stract is as impossible as it would be to construct an universe
without a proper adjustmmit of atoms.

PART III.

106. The land revenue of the Indian Government being
^^ ^^^ mainly derived from the proceeds of

agriculture, the chief dements on
which it is dependant are well worthy o( consideration in a
Settiement Eeport. These are broadly speaking earth, air,
fire, water, intelligence and power and are techincally termed
soil, climate, heat, moisture, cultivation and labor.

nXl BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT 57

107. With regard to the first of these it is laid down in

the Directions to Settlement Officers
(para. 53, Section IV., Assessments),
that among others an accurate return of the different kinds
of soils is to be prepared, to enable the Settlement Officer to
come to a correct opinion as to the net produce of an estate,
and in furtherance of this object, the measuring officer had
in this district to enter in a separate column of the khasra,
or list of fields, the kind of soil of which each field or patch
of ground was composed. As the person to make the entry
worked by contract and his informant was a village patwdri
or resident, it was clear that no crucial classification of the
soils could be attempted, so the entries were limited to matt-

^ ydr, bhiir, and ddmat, which mean clay,

^ ^" ^ ^ sand, and mixture. Now as the sand

of the sandiest of deserts by constant impregnation with
organic matter in the shape of manure must sooner or later
become mixture, there is no village in this district but can
boast of its patch of ddmat, but examination proved that
the soil styled mixture in one village was called sand in
an adjacent but better manured one. For this and other
reasons, assessments have not been made as stated at para. 58
with reference to relative qualities of soil. But it must not

be supposed that this decision was
Practicabifity of aflBeeament lightlv arrived at, or that the idea of

hy soils decided against after .^^ x- i.»Ti. jf • ± i

careful enquiry: the practicability of asscssiug toler-

ably cultivated lands according to
nature of soils was dismissed without careful investigation of
the subject. On the contrary the minutest enquiries were
instituted on this point, and it was not till after many search*
ings and much re-search that the opinion was deliberately
arrived at, that examination of the soil might be useful for
assessing a waste tract on which cultivation was contemplatedj
but that in a densely populated and tolerably cultivated coun-
try it was idle to speculate on possibilities when the result
depended on realities.

108. The general appearance of the Edi Bareli district
conveys the impression of its being a highly favored and richly
productive tract of country, and as a rule the crops where
there has been been careful cultivation are heavy and

dd nXl BARBLf SETTLEMENT BEPORT.

probably up to the average of production in the province,

„ . but the absence in any quantity of

^STtii"dLtS:L ''^ ""* the heavy black, loamy, bog like Joil.

found in large quantities in the south-
ea^m portion of Oudh is a remarkable feature of this district.
Not that this want affects the general fertility of the country,
and the reason is obvious* The agricultural implements in
local use are few in number, light, quickly worn out, and
easily broken, the lighter therefore the material to be worked
upon the lefts is the expenditure. Nor are the returns less

in light than on heavy soils, the sue-
i.^:;i^rL,^^^ °' cessful cultivation of which requires

the possession of capital. The chief
growth on the heavy clay soils of the south-eastern part of
Oodh is of rice, which is first sown thickly in small beds, and
aft6r it has attained a height of about a foot the tops of the
plants are cut off and they are planted out in fields which
are surrounded by mud walls to retain the water, with which
they are flooded soon after the rains commence till long after
they have ceased. But efforts are seldom made to cultivate
these lands for the spring crops, because the clay on them
after a short exposure to even a November sun becomes as
hard as a rock and as dry as a bone, and it is only when
thoroughly saturated with water, as during the rainy season,
that they can be even roughly worked. The chief advantages
of clay over light soils are that they require but little manure,
as they contain large quantities of the substances required
by plants, and that they retain these substances which in
lighter soils would be washed down by heavy rain into the
Fiubstratum ; and the disadvantages of light soils are that
Water washes out the valuable portions of manure before the
roots of plants have had tiine to take them up, and that con-
sequently they have to be frequently manured.

109s In a country blessed as this portion of British
India is for the greater part of the year, with the nearly
vertical rays of an almost tropical sun, and still raised suffi-
ciently above the water level to escape remaining a perpetual
swamp, the advantages above described as appertainmg to
day soils are nullified, whilst their disadvantages are intensi-
fied. No amount of clay in a soil will do away with the ne-
cessity for irrigation except during the rainy season when the

RA'I BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT. 59

more valuable kinds of crops cannot be grown, and when the

lightest description of soil becomes

Light soils easily fertiHzed. ^^^^.j^ ^^.^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ j^^^j ^^^^

the whole country remaining for some months high. On the
other hand light soils are adapted to the means at the dis-
posal of, and the mode of agriculture familiar to, the people
of this province. They require the expenditure of but little
capital to make a good return. Manure is added in small
and frequent doses. The cold weather crops are generally
well above ground before they are visited with showers which
are seldom heavy, and the local system of irrigation by beds
prevents the washing away of the valuable portions of any
manure that may have been supplied to the soil. It is a

Difference between condition remarkable fact, and wcll iUustrates
of agriculture in England and the difference between the condition
^ ^^' of agriculture in England and in Oudh ,

that there sandy are called by cultivators " hungry'* whilst
here they are styled ** thirsty" soils.

110. Sut practically the assessment officer has no

Assessment officer need not OCCasiOH tO txouble his head about the
enter into question of nature of nature of the SOlL The lauds that

^^' bear the best crops in a village, and

therefore that pay the bulk of the rental, are those that have
been manured and irrigated for generations, and that have now
arrived at such a state that whatever might have been their
original organization, they may well be classed under the head-
ing of best or manured soils. These lands must get the same
quantity of manure and water according to a fixed rotation of
crops from year to year, though all the remainder of the village
lands starve and thirst. After these come lands further away
from habitations, and which get manure and water if it can
be spared after the best lands have been satisfied, and it
is chiefly dependant upon the redundance or scarcity of
population whether such lands pay high rents or not. Beyond
these again come lands lying farthest away from habitations,
and as a rule, these lands pay the lowest rental in the village.
But although the above classification of the lands, not the soil
of a \illag6, may be accepted as ruling very generally through-
out the south-eastern portion of the province, and as regulat-
ing in some measure the rental of the land, the disturbing

60 Ril^I BABEtr SSTTLEMlirr REPORT.

causes affecting the latter in most probably every village
One Tillage cannot be atMM- will be SO numorous as in effect to

ed on data procured in another. make it impossible tO aSSeSS OHO village

by the ascertained data obtained in another though adjacent
to it.

111. There is but little doubt that to the native agriouU
^ ,. ^ ,. u . « turist himself is due the impression

Natives beliere much in Boilfl. ,i . , j xi i- • -ji

that much care and attention is paid by
him to the nature of the soil in which he raises each different
kind of crop. A peasant in one village will say that such and
fiuch land will grow only one crop in the year, and that the
cost of manuring and irrigating would be so great that no pro-
fit could ever accrue from such a process, and still in the
adjoining viillage the very same description of land is found
manured and irrigated and producing valuable crops. But
perhaps this is never more apparent than in the case of the

rice crop already mentioned as grown
^ °"^ extensively in the south-eastern por*

tion of Oudh, where it is known by the names of lain and
jarkan. Lands bearing such crops which are reaped in Novem*
ber generally fetch a high rent, and are invariably looked on
as irrigated lands. In some villages the whole of the rice cul-
tivation is of this character, whilst in adjoining villages all the
rice cultivation will be of the common kind known as dhdn,
and which is reaped in September and October. The native
will almost invariably tell the European enquirer that the fault
lies in the soil though such is evidently not the case. This
depreciation of the character of the soil is due of course to the
desire to evade taxation, which failing, if it is a failing, also
leads the native to deny the existence of water in his village,
though whilst speaking he may be sinking ancle deep in the
soft mud of his own irrigated fields.

112. Very few officers engaged in assessment duty have

my fallacy of attempting had an Opportunity of Studying agrioul-
aflsessments by spiis has not turc either practlcally pr theoretically,
sooner been recognized. to whichcausc may possibly be asoribcd

the fact, that the faUacy of the idea that assessment can be
based on the relative qualities of soils has not sooner been
recognized. Every well-educated man must have a fair idea
of the general constitution of soils, but the more he knows^ the

ti

RXr BABELf SETTLEMENT RBPOllT. ©I

.clearer becomes his conviction that the praclical application of

Agricultural chemistry's teach- s^ch knowledge IS attended with
ings. much difficulty. Agricultural che-

mistry teaches that **thegeneral composition of a soil and its con-
** nectiou with one or other of the different classes of soils may
" in some measure be judged by examining it in the ordinary
manner ; by its color, texture, the characters of the stones it
may contain, the quantity of organic matter, &c. To be able to
" speak positively on this subject, it is necessary to ascertain the
'** precise composition of the soil and this can only be done by a
** chemical analysis. But a chemical analysis is of very littfe
" use unless it is complete, and the more valuable parts of the
*' soil are accurately determined, and this operation requires
** much care even in the hands of an experienced chemist.^
** With a great amount of labor and expense, clay soils become
** exceedingly fertile and return a good profit to the cultivator,^
•* since they I'equire less in the shape of manure than most other
•* kinds of soil. Sandy soils are light, porous, deficient in re-
** taining moisture, soon suffer from drought, and by heavy
*' rains are deprived of the little valuable matter they may
** originally contain : lime soils are a most extensive class ; soils
*' of every degree of fertility are included in this division. The
" greater number of lime soils are poor thin soils; some of
** them however are exceedingly good soils and remarkable^ for
*' their fertility"* under such circumstances who can recom-
mend that classification of soils sliould be one of the basis of
tho assessment system.

113. Of course practical experience bears out the

scientific theory, as is fully exempli-

tifi^Xe'c^""^^ ^^" °'** ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ '^® startling discrepancies in
^°^" the item of waste lands shown in the

returns made out by the surveys conducted severally by the
Revenue and Settlement Departmentst and even when the
returns made by these surveys-agree it is impossible to say that
the land described by them as barren is unculturable. Tho

ruins of the city of Manikpur in the
Lands returned as barren turn Pratabgarli district are a strikinof

out to be excessively fertile. • j • • j. t% a i i

' mstance m pomt. Returned by

* Agricultural chemistry by Alfred Sihson pages 67, 68, 69, 71,

t See Heport upon the Revenue Administration in the province of Oudh for the year
ending 80th September, 1870, Part II. Settlement Return No. III. Comparative Stjitement
of result of revenue and khasra surveys of the several distriets in the province of Oudh
for the year ending 30th September, 1870.

62 BJl^I BABELt SttTTLKHEKT BEPOBT.

both surveys as barren, a few years found them interspersed
with the most luxuriant growth, not only of cereals but also of

garden crops, such as tobacco, car-
waates that now appear bar ^ots, &c. On the othcr hand mauv

ren recently coTered with lungle. • , « «i i ''

a now and and apparently barren
waste was within the last thirty years covered with dense
jungle. There are lands within the area of what was the Rdi
JBareli cantonment fetching this year 1871 A. d. four and
five rupees per acre, which the men now cultivating them say
will not fetch four and five annas an acre in half that number
of years. Their knowledge is that of experience ; they know
what the lands were worth fifteen years ago and they predict
their return to their normal condition. But what Settlement
Officer has not essayed " in vain, in vain " to gather some
information regarding soils from cultivators themselves, and
who call now boast a higher range of knowledge on this sub-
ject than that contained in the almost stereotyped reply to
the oft repeated enquiry as to what kind of crop would such
and such waste land produce ^Hhis would be ascertainable by
sowing a crop on it," honi se malum hojdejfgd.

114. There can be no reasonable doubt that assessing

by classification of soils i» an im-
Asseflitment by soils impossible, possibility, and that in vcry many

cases the lands said to bear inferior
crops are inherently in no way different in composition to the
lands which give heavy crops, but that their position with
regard to facilities for manuring and irrigation is against them.
It cannot be urged in the case of assessments in Oudh that
the instructions regarding soils were meant to apply to large
tracts of country only, or where was the use of defining the
quality of soil of each field. Parganah maps such as describ-
ed in the Directions to Settlement Officers (para. 55, section
IV. Assessments) may make pretty pictures, but they do
not aid an officer in assessing a tolerably well cultivated
tract of country.

115. The following extract will serve to show how little

the inherent quality of the soil need

Dry earth system of manuring. ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ productioU of

crops, when once the science of the application of manure

» ■

nil BABEIif SETTLEMENT REPORT. 63

comes to be properly uiiderstoocL* " At the commencement
of 1859, just I hadJully satisfied myself of the digestive
capability of dry earth, I received by post, I believe from

" Captaili Hallet's office, 57 grains of his pedigree barley.

" These grains I sowed (January 6th) in a pot of common
earth standing in my garden; and (February 13th) I trans-
planted the 57 plants, produced by them, into a patch of
ground rather less than one-fifth of a rod or perch. Into
each hole (10 inches deep) I poured, 1 ounce of the earth
which had passed through the closet four times, the
strength of which I consider not more than equal to that
which may be formed in an ordinary vault or chamber dur-
ing three months. Of the 57 plants the sparrows

" destroyed 15. But by the subsequent division of soine of

^' the stronger plants I raised the whole number on this one-

'^ fifth of a rod or perch to 50 plants. The smallest of these
produced 15 stalks, and the larger had each from 40 to 45

'' stalks with ears measuring 6 inches and some 7 inches in
length ; and in some of them there were counted 40 or
even 44 grains. The produce from those 50 plants on one-
fifth of a perch of ground is ^ peck of grain* Now this
gives a yield of no less than 25t sacks per acre ? and as the
^ peck weighed 5^1bs. this would make the weight of each
sack 8^ score. The inquiry of almost every one of the
many farmers and others who saw these beautiful plants in
their growth was, ' can this be done on a large scale V
And my reply was ' yes on any scale for which you can find,
and are willing and able to employ labor.' ''

a

€1

It

4(

41
U

€i
4(

«

ii
U

i(

116. The element of climate is one to which the atten-
^. ^ tion of Settlement Officers has not

Climate. i i- i i • ji

been directed, nor is there any ap-
parent reason why for the purposes of assessment it should be.
Every body knows that India is generally a very hot country,
and the variation of a few degrees of temperature more or
less has not probably much effect on produce, but now that
a department of agriculture has been constituted the study of
this subject may be within its province. It is a very generally
accepted opinion that vegetation has an effect on climate, and
^ ^vaooeV knowledglin thh dir«=ti... may poaribly M t,

* The science of manure as the food of plants, by the Revd, Henry Moule, A. m..
Vicar of Fordington, Gassell, Patter and Galpin.

t About 56 maands.

64 nil BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT^

results which are scarcely contemplated (it present. The
climate in dense forests is known to be peculiarly hurtful to
human life at certain seasons of the year> but clearances effect
a wonderfid change in a marvellously short space of time. It
is said that owing to the general rise in the level of water in
districts irrigated by canals, the noxious gasses exhaled by the
earth in the process of evaporation act deleteriously on the
human constitution. Is it not possible that extensive and
intelligent arboriculture might aid in absorbing these
gasses?

117. Neither is heat an element in the calculations
„ made for arriving at the net assets of

an estate, although the excess or defi-
ciency thereof affects seriously the yield of crops. Much
cloudy weather between January and March produces a kind
of rust on wheat, called by the natives girud, the lower the
land the greater is the blight caused by it. Much bright *
weather between July and September is sure to result in a
light rain weather crop ; the plants being burnt up before they
have gained sufficient strength to stand the action of the sun's
rays. The means of controlling either temperature or climate
on a lar^e scale are at present unknown, and are seldom if ever
applied m Oudh for the purposes of horticulture, or in the
endeavour to improve the indigenous or imported fruit pro-
duced all over it. The following table shows the result of an
experiment made at Rdi Bareli m April 1868, and relates to
the temperature, inside and outside, of a . small wooden frame
work attached to the eastern wall of a housC; and covered at
both top and sides by common oil cloth : —

1
•j
^

nil BARSLi SETTLEMENT BEPOBT.

65

■Si

1i

t

©pifiK^ttO

CO ^ ^

fH fH fH •

.1

i.
I

: :

i-H A GO

o a> o

O) ^ CO

1-4 »-< »-<

• ■

•epinno

I

I

ss =! §

■epi«(nO

00

d

to

d

•apia^nO

•

'T3

d

d

c

ft

»4

-s

O

• ^4

CO

•

d

d

o

O

■epne^nO

•I
3

d

d
o

O

tb

I

•i[Oop.o

: 9

i
I

•

00 i-H G4 0>
t^ O •-• •-*

^-1 fH 1-4

IQ IQ ^ ^ CO

^ fH fH f-4 i-l

S . S

3 S S : S S

ei 00

O OS

00 to ^

OS O) A

oS 00 ; ^

"^ ss s

s s s

FN 1-^ 1-4

B

oo

CO ^ ^
H-l rH i-H

^ fl s s s'

i-l fH 1-4 l-H

go <o
n oo

CO CO e»
r* i^ 00

^ d> S o> A

» S S S SS S :

8 04
o»

04 01 r« CO GO CO

s s

^ O CO O

O O ^ QO ; ;

» • - •

: t : s

• * CO ■ *

o
• GO •

GO

h

2-. o„

• S ' • 'SI f

^

o • *

: «>

;0 t^ oo 0> Q

I

«» •» d

^ lO <0 t« 00

€6 rXi BARBli SSTTLSHINT RV0R7.

118. The next element for consideration is moisture, and

MmBtare. ^^^ enters very largely into the calcu-

lations of assessment officers. It is
perhaps the subject of all others that is best understood by
the most ignorant of Indian agriculturists. Ask any villager
why one field bears a better crop or pays a higher rent or is
better manured or more carefully cultivated than another, the
invariable reply is '^ this is an irrigated that an unirrigated
field." He would not hesitate as to his choice between a san-
dy waste with the me^is of irrigation and a firm soil withputi
He can improve the soil, he cannot do without the water ; he
naturally prefers the scarcity caused by floods, to fisunine the
sure attendant on drought. Floods in the rainy season mean,
to him well filled marshes and over flowing tanks from which
to irrigate his spring and summer cropa Excessive rains

could no more cause a famine in India-

faSj^'^ST''^'*^ than a dry summer could in EngknA

Indeed in both countries there ar^
provwbs to the above effect. The local one in the patois of
this district is pania dubhuh nahi hotL On a sufficient supply
of moisture depends the existence of the population, witnout
it, it ceases to exist.

1 19. No wonderthen that the Settlement Officer quickly

learns that the Government demand

d.S*:SSLi^r^ ^•*** ia very much dependent on the supply

of moisture, which in Oudh means the

ay^lable sources of urigation, and were the expenses attendant

on irrigation throughout the province, <^ in a^rict, or even

inadja^cent villages, a constant quantity,his labor would be much.

lessened and his work would show much more equal results.

But few things vary more than the expense of irrigation. The

least expensive form known in this dis->

«£r?n^Stkr^''^ "^ trict, where there are no canals, is that

means of izngatum. /••ita./» xi "l

of a single hit from a tank or marsh.
This costs from 8 annas to one rupee per acre, accordin^^ to
distance of field. Well irrigation and irrigation &om
marshes by several lifts costs from one to two rupees per
acre. In some years one or two waterings suffice^ for
crops in others as many as seven and eight are given.
Hence the cost of irrigation of a single crop varies from^
one to sixteen rupees per acre. To assess all irrigation

Rill BARELY SETTLEMENT REPORT* 67

at an uniform irate would necessitate the adaptation of the

demand to meet the requirements of

inauspicious year, but this can be
avoided as regards the system by a careful study of trust-
worthy and elaborate statistics^ which among other minutiae
would have to show the volume of water raised within a certain
time, the width of channel and the absorptive qualities of the
soils irrigated. With regard to seasons, meteorology does not
teach more than what the average rain -fall of the next thirty
years may be. But to obtain such statistics would be impos-
aible, to be guided by meteorology would be rash, and after
all, the people among whom the Settlement Officer works have
« XX, X /vi« X J either already solved or are quite capa-

Settlement Officer must de- . * ^ i • xi_ r i t»/i_

lire his information from the Die 01 SOlvmg tlie problem. Wiiere

P^P^®- rents are paid in money they are

often a correct index to the yield, and where in kind the
produce of an admitted average year is not a bad standard
to go by.

120. The total area of the Rdi Bareli district is 1,350
Area of district. squaro miles

or ... ... ... ••• ... ... 864,386 Acres

Of cultivated. Qf these are cultivated,428,366

Of uncultivated. Uncultivated, ,.. 436,020

Of the cultivated area there are —

9f
ff

Of irrigated. Irrigated, 308,624

Of unirrigated. Unirrigated, ... 119,742

or nearly 72 per cent, irrigated, which is a higha verage and

would in itself account, if quite reliable, for the high rents

,. ^, , paid in this district ; but all returns

Betums liable to error. '^fiii i*^ 11

are liable to error, and it would require
many years of patient and intelligent investigation to test
these thoroughly.

121. One of the chief sources of irrigation in this district
o r . . X- ftre the marshes with which it is boun-

Sources of urigation. i«/* 11 1 1 ^ n 1

tiiully covered, but as these ar^ depen-
dant on the rainy season for their supply of water, if that fails

f8 BiCi BARKLf SBTTLSHSNT REPORT.

tboipeople are badly off indeed. To remedy this defect in the
^ , , ^ ^ v^aXer supply a system of canals on a

C&nalB projected. if •/• i ir t

Bomewhat magnificent scale has been
projected Tor Oudh. These when once completed^ and if pro-
perly looked after, will doabtless be an immense boon to the
people, but whilst waiting for them we are apparently need-
lessly neglecting the utilization of the immense wastes of water
as, • *!.• ^z^ .^ that annually flow unfruitfully away.

To instance this district alone. — On its
northern boundary runs the river Gdmti, through the heart of
it the river Sye, and smaJler streams and rivulets are not want-
ing in it Still no effort has been made by Government to dam

any one of these streams. There are
^^n^c^^A^^asmm^i^ points in the river Sye that could most

oertainly be dammed for less than
Ra 10,000 and the level of the water thus raised by twenty
or thirty feet. Low lands would of course be flooded by the
process, but what would the compensation that Government
would have to pay be, to the benefit it would confer, and the
profit realizable from it. The channel diverging from the
dam would regulate the flow of the water, and inundations
during the rains would flow over the dam without seriously
injuring it. The river Thames appears to be larger than
either the Sye or the Gtimti, but weie it not for its system of
locks and weirs it would scarcely preserve its present beautiful
appearance between Richmond and Henley.

122. Mr. Peppe, an enterprising landed proprietor in the
r,Tx. . . . ^ Bust! district has succeeded in dam-

mmg at his own expense the Siswah
ndla, a stream twenty feet wid^, and the Mirwi river about
fifty. In 1 862, the first year of the experiment, he dug a canal
three miles from the former and irrigated therefrom fields dis-
tanttwelvemilesfromlliedam, andhe writes — "I believe I saved
^' about 15,000 bfghasof rice in that one season. And again
*' in 1866, when the rains made a long break in August, I was
*' able to flood lands seven miles distant from the bund, and had
*' thousands of bighas planted out that otherwise would have
^'remained waste ; but the great benefit to be derived from
^' these bunds is in September and October. In many former
*' years a great portion of the jarhan (transplanted rice) crops
" were lost for want of a single shower, but now, having a con-
'' stant supply of water^I consider myself safe from such misfor-

,%il BARBlI settlement BEFOkT'. £9

•< tunes. It also enables the people to irrigate their Kabl
" (Spring) crop, a thing that was not dreamt of three or four
*' years ago ; now every one irrigates and the diflference in the.
^* crops proves the benefit."

123^ The Financial Commissioner of Oudh, in circulat-
. ^. . , ^ , ing* Mr. Peppe's letter wrote. — "The

Financial Commissioner 8 ^, r- -■ ^ ^ "ixj n

•pinion. " tmio has uow arrived to drop all

" general reports on this subject, and
** for district officers to propose some really practical works.
'* I believe inexpensive ones will be best at present, and we
*' are more likely to carry the people of the country with us if
'* we adopt the plan of storing water as has been proposed^
" without resorting to very expensive canal works in the first
" instance." This was indited in May 1868, but does not
•,, , . ... ..,.. seem to have borne much fruit. If

Works of practical utility ^ ^ i t i i t '

not yet commenced. any works have been proposed by dis-

trict officers they have not been comr
menced in this district, unless indeed Takitvi advances and the
effort to relieve the estates of impecunious T'alukdto from
incumbrances come within the category, but from these even
any practical benefit to the district is not yet so apparent as to
be obvious to the general understanding. It is one thing to
^ ^ ^ , 3 ^ suffffest the storing of water, and ano-

Water must be procured be- , i ^^ . j xv j. i^ xi.

fore it can be stored. thcr to get the Water tor the pur-

pose, and this latter is impossible in a
deficient rainy season unless the rivers and streams are pre-
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ viously dammed. A good dam tlurty

Cost of a mud dam. /• x i • i_ •j.t. "l r • ± /• j.

feet high with a base ot sixty leet
would cost at a very liberal estimate, viz. Rs. 5 per thousand
cubic feet, Rs. 450 per hundred running feet. If the earth--
work of the dam were properly puddled the water could not
soak into it and therefore it would not burst, and if attended
to, no amount of water running over should injure it..

124. It is said that the river Sye takes its rise in a marsh.
.^ ^„ in the Hardui district near a Bargadt

tsource 01 oye. . i /• /» -n ii j

tree, not tar trom a. village called
Gopdmau Pihdni^ six miles to the west of what was formerly a
royal abode.. It is there known by the name " Bhaisattd,'*
and is not more than twenty feet across. A few miles above

* Financial Commissioner's Circular No. 36-2577 of 1868, dated 4th August 18C8.
t Ficas Gloriosa.

70 Jtil RAREli SETTUEVENT REPORT.

jB^ BareU it receives the drainage of a rather extensive tract
of country and carries off the surplus waters of several marshes,
and some streams to the west of it which cannot find an escape
by any other channel to the Ganges which flows still further
,..,«. . ^. t^ ^ west. If to commence with, the river

. nutuJ effort might be made q «,v:«V :« r^^^^lA^ :^ •«1«4. ^I^^^a

on the Sye. bye wnicn IS lordabie m most places

in this district from the end of Octo-
ber till the rains set in or till July were to be simply danuned in
« few places without making any attempts at canal irrigation,
the result would be that even in the worst rainy seasons the
marshes and tanks could be filled with water early in the sea^
son, and kept filled throughout it by channels cut above the
dama When the tanks at a higher level were filled the sur-
plus water would flow over the dam, and after filling tanks, &c.
^ , _ , _ would again seek lower levels. The

Safety of aataiiiii crops en* • ?i.i_ - - i^

onncL savm^ oi the nee crops m such seasons

would be ensured, and the preparation
of land for the spring crops put bevond doubt, whilst the cer-
' ,. . . . . , tainty of being: able to irrifi^ate through*

And irruntioii of ■pnng and ,.t u jij.j

tammer oiopa secuiedtibLereby. out the summer would assurodly tend

to the extension of cotton and sugar-
cane cultivation. There is not any reasonable doubt as to the
practicability of the scheme.

125. About November 1864, in which year not much

A local da ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ Oudh, Ganga Bishun^ TV

lukddr of Mainahar Elatra, of this dis-
trict, and Sheon&th Bdjpai, T'alukddr of Kardaha, district
Un&o, dammed the river Sye between the villages of Mainahar
and Kardaha in the two districts. The river was dammed at
the request and with the consent of the villagers of both villa-
ges who engaged that the proprietors should not thereby be
losers. Five hundred men did the work in four days. Villagers
who were to benefit by the work got refreshments in the shape
of parched gram, whilst regular laborers got hire. Say that
each man of the five hundred got six annas, or full wages for the
four days, the cost was Rs. 187. The water in the river was
from three to four feet deep, the dam was twelve feet high,
twenty feet wide at top, and made of sticks, stones, mud, grasi^,
sand, and anything and everything that came to hand, but it
was not made of puddled mud, nor was the down stream face of
it sloped, so of course when the rains came it was washed away^
but, it lasted sufficiently long to permit the irjigation of the

nil BABELf SSTTLEIIENT REF0R1V 71'

June or summer sowings of sawan and dhdn kinds of rice, and
the rent on such lands rose in that year from Ks. 4 to Bs. 12'
per acre. But the course of innovators never runs smooth. To-
prevent the river rising over and bursting the badly construet-
ed dam, the surplus water of, in the hot weather, this insigni-
ficant fordable stream had to be let off by cuttings made above,
the dam to a ravine which communicated with the bed of the^
river lower down. The water managed to cut through the
bank of this ravine, and some low lands belonging to Sheon^th
Bdjpai in village Lordmau becoming flooded in consequence,
he repented him of the part he had taken in the construction of
i&e dam, and desired that it should be cut and the stream al-
lowed to trickle unmolested on its course, but to this Ganga.
Bishun who profited greatly by the enterprise objected. They
flew of course to the Courts, and the latter had to pay the former
Bs. 600 damages caused to crops by the construction of the
dajn. This account of the dam and how it was made and how
it fell, and how the T'alukddrs fell out about it, was given byj
Chabndth, Agent of Bhagwin Bux,T'alukddr, who took no part
in the construction beyond sending men to work at it, and who
were paid full wages. Chabndth said he was present one day •
when the dam was being made, and crossed the river on horse^
back below but close to it, the water then reaching to hia
saddle girths. -

126^ After theabove was recorded Ganga Bishun or somo;

one belonging to him, supplied the fol-
^^oUimr aeooont of the same lowing information regarding the* same

dam. The dam was constructed in
Ktiar 1272 Fusli, October 1864 a. d. at a cost of Bs. 1,000, (»Eier
mate and six coolies were employed for six months to look after
the dam which was constructed and maintained, entirely at the

expense of Ganga Bishun. Subse*
jndi<w OTooeediflgsoonnect. quentlv the file of the compeusationt

case was procured from TJnao, and the
following agreem^it was found in it.-^'^ I Chandi Pershad, am
Agent for Sheon&th B^pai, Zeminddr of t'aluk& Kardaha^
^ parganah Mordwan and Siikhnandan &c.,&c.^ arehkculti-
^ vators. Inasmuch as a suit was instituted by my client and
<' his cultivators against Gan^a Bishun, Zeminddr^ Katra, di&.
^ trict Bii Barelf, to have a dam cut and to obtaih compensa- '
«f tioa for crop* destroyed by flooding of the riw Sye, andby
^} consent <^ bpth parties a channel baa been cut by whit^ thoi;

72 bIi BAREli SErriiEMEKT REPORf.

'< flooded crops have been drained and the waters once mord.
" flow, it is now unnecessary to cut the dam and my client has
" received compensation in full for damage done, together with
" costs of suit agreeably to assessment made by" (here follow
means of assessors) '^ hence this agreement has been executed"
(signed by both parties). This agreement was drawn up in
March 1865.

127. In the cold weather of 1274 Fuslf, about Novem-
^ ^ , ,, ber 1866 a. d., Bhagw^ Bux and

Another local dam. Sheondth dammed the river Sye be-

tween Pistour and Lordmau situated in the same two districts,
the dam cost BrS. 850 to make, and it lasted till the rains came
and the floods swept it away. No dams have since been made^
because the latter rains have been sufficient to fill the tanks

Dams made under presauro marshes Jcc, It is Only Under the pres-
of bad rain-faiia. gurc of bad rainy seasons that dams,

are constructed, and they are not as remunerative as they should

Why otherwise unremonera* be, bccause the people cndeavour to
^▼e. irrigate from them lands on the same

and on higher levels than the dams. From the dam made in
1864 A.D., lands were irrigated to which the water was brought
by eight lifts, which at three and a half feet per lift gives nearly
thirty feet. Neither proprietors nor people have yet realized
it as a fact that by supplying water to villages at lower levels,
they could afford to leave their own uncultivated ; but for this

they can scarcely be blamed. Blinded

Impossible to blame the peo. \yj passion and prejudice, fettered by

^ ®* ignorance and poyerty, what wonder if

they never act in concert, if they fail to avail themselves of the
inestimable sources of comfort and prosperity provided bounti-
fully to their hands by an all powenul and beneficent Creator^
when we, who possess light and knowledge, prestige, and power
unlimited except by good intention, have taken thirteen years
thinking over what should be done, and shall take doubtless at
least as many more in doing what has been decided on, and at
an expense which makes it a matter of serious consideration
whether the remedy is not worse than the disease. Whereat
Possible to irrigate the dis^ it Can scarccly be a matter of conjee*-
trict by rOTiuiierative works turo that the wholo of this districfc

easily constructed. u r • • j. j i. x*

could be irrigated by remunerative*
works, by the construction of dams in the rivers Giimti and S^e,
of a permanent character though made of the simplest material.

i

' nil BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT. 73

. 128. The length of the old bridge at RAi Barelf is just
400 feet, the level of the water from the top of the centre of the
parapet at the driest time of the year is 25 feet. The river has
never been known to rise more than a foot over this part of the

parapet. Any native district surveyor
Native district swrveyor can can take the levels uecessarv for one

take the neceaeary levels. •■ ••, ..•, . i a i

dam easily within a week. A dam
commenced early in November* should together with the chan*
nels leading from it be completed in two months at the outside,
and the cost should be well within Rs. 5 per thousand cubic

feet. The cost of excavation to natives
Cost of earthwork to tia. in the district is from fifteen hundred

to two thousand five hundred cubic
feet per rupee, so the above is a most liberal estimate. The
difference of the water level in the river Sye in two and a half
miles in a direct line, as taken by the Bdi Bareli native district
surveyor in the month of August 1871, was 2 feet. On the

next page are sections of the river a
Sections of river Sye and of little above the Mdnshlgani bridge,

imaginary dam. j /• j i j i» . ^^ . •' 7^ '

and 01 the centre of an imaginary dam
crossing the river at that spot, and on the following one is a
rough estimate of the cost of constructing such a dam. The

river seldom rises above the level A. B.
Height to which Sye rises throughout the raius, but wheu in
danng «... heav/flood it rises several feet above

it. For instance on this day the 21st September 1871 the ri-
ver is seven feet above that level. It has risen since the 16th
instant about twenty feet, and has reached the height it at-
tained in 1867. It will now most probably subside as rapidly

Submersion does not injure a ^S it rOSC. A SubmcrsioU of eight Or

dam made of weU puddled ten days, or of eveuamouth would uot
^^ ' damage a good dam made of well pud-

dled mud if care was taken to prevent all scouring.

129. One of the chief objections raised to the construc-
tion of these dams is the terrible ex-
Bugbear of compensation. pgnse to Government in compensation

for lands submerged, but this objection
has been made a great deal too much of. A good round sum
would doubtless have to be paid during the first year, and

* Portions of this report were submitted to the Commissioner on the 4th October
1871.

74

RAI BARBLf SETTLEMENT HEPOKT.

Sections of (he river Sye a UUU above the MUnahiganj btidffe and of (lie centre of an

imaginary dam cromng the river at that spot.

*9

«

«

? /

i^

22

^

52

»* - /

•

'^i

Highest flood

«^

425

level.

*^

/

1^. M>

250

Hot weather level.

<2v

9S-SS

E

rAi BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

75

Rough eatiifncUe of cost of constructing a dam in the river 8ye at the
spot of which a section is given on the preceding page.

Description of
work.

J

t

IS

.a
1

Height in feet.

1

•M
6

Aaonnt.

Causeway, . . .

50

25

•

7-65
2 -

4,718-9

Slope,

50

32
2

7-55
2 "

3,045-0

Causeway, . . ,

25

25

7 55+13 15
2 ~

6,468-9

Slope, • . .

25

52
2

7-66+1S15
2 "*

6,727-6

i

Causeway, ...
Slope,

250
250

25

100
2

25-3 =
25-3 =

1,57,812-0
3,15,625-0

-

Causeway, ...

50

25

1315+7-3
2 -

12,781-3

Slope,

50

52
2

1315+73
2 -

> •

40,662-6

Causeway, ...

50

25

7-8
2-

4,662-6

Slope,

50

21

2

7+7-3_

a

2,620-0

^

5,27,653-3®
6 per 1,000 =

2,638-4-3

•

76 nil BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

as stated elsewhere the entire expense of construction, main-
tenance for the year, and compensa-
PotnbiecostofonedAm. ^ion of one dam might come to

Ks. lOyOOO, but ten thousand acres of
land could be irrigated from that dam during the year, and at
a charge ot one rupee per acre the entire cost would be recovered
within that year. But further than this the greater portion of
the land taken up by Government, and for which it would have
to pay compensation, would be most easily reclaimable, and

Government has but to set the way and
Landa flooded bjdaiiiB ewdiy ahow the people how this Can be done

to make all such land a valuable com-
modity in the market ; but it would perhaps be better for Go-
vernment to retain portions for grow-
Which might be preserved as ing timber trees ou, the possibility of

timber plantations. . ^ j i • > ^ m , ^^t

transport bemg an important item
in calculating the returns of such undertakings. The dam
would look nicer and hold better if it were turfed, and for
purposes of traffic when well consolidated, a viaduct with
plenty of waterway might be constructed on it, but these are
details attention to which would follow as ' a necessary
consequence on the controlment of the stream.

130. Another subject connected withirrigationisthepracti-

cability or otherwise of sinking artesian
Artesian springs. wells in Oudh. The traditions of the

province tend to confirm the idea of
their success. In Kai Barell itself, in more than one place
in the district, and near the Hooseinabad in Lucknow, wells
are pointed out in which it is said the water rose to the surface
necessitating the stopping up of the springs. Boring apparatus
is not very expensive, and India teems with Engineers. It
may be possible to increase the supplyofwaterin the local streams
by sinking wells in the marshes in which they are said to take
their rise ?*

131. The local methods of irrigation have been described

by Major Mac Andrew at paras. 196
Local methods of irrigation, and 197 of his report. Everybody is
^ „ familiar with the sight of the long rope.

From weUs. , ii^ ± ±i_ r h

passed over a pulley, to the tormer ot
which are attached a leather bag at one end and a pair of

* Malaria is believed to result from stagnant water and from a water-logged soil.
These proposals would not interfere witii the most efficient system of drainage, and
Ottdh suffers very severely during heavy rains from want of such a system.

rjLi baeelI settlement report. 77

bullocks at the other. The bags used m this district are small
because the bullocks are smsJl ; they contain about twelve
gallons of water, and if worked well are capable of bringing be-
tween 600 and 700 gallons to the surface per hour. Someofthis
falls back into the well in the effort to land the bag, and much of
it is lost by soakage and evaporation before it reaches the crop.
Hence it often takes as many as eight days to irrigate an acre
in this way. A man and a pair of bullocks can be hired in
the station of B^ Bareli for five annas per diem, which makes
the cost of irrigating one acre once Ks. 2-8-0 or from Bs. 15 to

Bs. 20 per season ; but this is hired la-
Coat of irrigation from weUs. \yQj; aj^d the COSt to CultivatorS who

From marshes and nds have their owu bullocks caunot be cal-
m es an pon . culatcd at this rate. The " bari" or

" dtigla" mentioned by Major Mac Andrew is a basket with
two strings fastened to .each end; it is worked by two men
standing on either side of a narrow cut open towards the
water supply and dammed at the other end. By a succession
of easy and consequently graceful movements one side of the
basket is swept just below the surface of the water in the cut ;
it is lifted brim full over the level of the dam, there upset by a
dexterous action of the wrist and returned to its original position
in very much less time than it takes to describe the process.
Two baskets are frequently worked at one cut, the men being
relieved regularly at intervals of from ten to twenty minutes.
The labor is really hard, and generally persevered in from early
dawn to sunset, with the intermission of about one hour at
noon. The water has often to be taken far and lifted high.
In November 1868 fifty-one men were employed irrigating
some fields near Katghar in the Dalmau parganah, in the
above manner. Supposing that there were with reliefs eight
men at each lift, and giving a raise of three feet and a half
for each, the water must have been raised about twenty feet.

This gang managed to irrigate 2^
Cost of irrigation from ponds acres per diem, and calculating their

wages at one anna and a half per man
per diem the cost of irrigation was about Bs. 2 per acre.
About seven gallons ofwater are raised about three feet and a
half at each delivery of a common sized basket, and the pro-
cess can be repeated by men working easily at least six
hundred times, which gives over four thousand gallons in
the hour.

78 RAi BARELf SBTTLKMENT RKPORT.

132. The maximum depth of water m this district is 78

feet, and to be found in village Bighapur
Depth of w.tor. Kalian, parganah Magraier ; the mmi-

mum is eight feet in village Para Khiird, parganah Hardui.
During the heavy rains of 1868 the river Sye rose to within
twelve feet of the general ground level of the station, whilst the
water in wells not far from the banks remained at their normal
level of about twenty feet from the surface. On the 2l8t
September 1871 the river rose to within twelve feet of the
ground level of a compound three hundred jrards distant, in
which is a well, the water in which on the same date was

^^jj^ twenty-five feet below the same level.

The assessment returns show 11,560

Pakka wells. kacha to 10,501 pakka wells. Pakka

wells are properly those of which the chambers are made of
kiln-burnt bricks and mortar, but wells of which the chambers
are made of kiln-burnt bricks joined with clay, are also so called.
The cost of construction of pakka wells varies from Bs. 50 to

Bs. 200. Kacha wells are properly
Kacha weiia. ^j^^^ ^j^^j^ j^^^ ^^ j^^^^^^ Support-

ing walls or chambers below the water level, but wells are also
called kacha in which there are such chambers made of Potter's
bricks, wood, or twig-fascines. The cost of making a kacha
well varies from two or three to thirty rupees and over. Potter's
bricks diflfer from common bricks, only in being of such a shape
that a certain number put together will form a circle ; some are
made in wooden frames, but the larger ones are made by drawing
two concentric circles on prepared earth when it becomes con-
sistent, and then cutting the bricks of an uniform size and burn-
ing them in a kiln. It is said that these bricks are generally
made by "Kiimhars" or Potters, hence their name.

1 33. One hundred and four pakka wells at a total cost of

Rs. 19,760 were constructed in this dis-

diS" ^^^^ °^° ^ *^'^ *™* during the year ending 30th Sep-
tember 1 870. The details are as fol-
lows: —

Wells.

Cost.

Chattrfs,

27

5,305

Brahman 8, ... -

21

4400

Bhdts,

2

300

Mt!issalmans, ...

10

2,140

rAi BAREli SKTTLKMENT RKFORT.

79

WeUs.

Cost

Klirmfs, ... 3

575

Bakkal (Baniah), 3

960

Lodhas, ... 3

300

Kaiths (writers), 4

1,000

Ahirs, ... 19

2,980

F&si, ... 2

250

Mtiraos, ... 6

950

Barhai (carpenter), 1

100

Taili (oa seller), 1

150

European (Captain Bun-

bury), ... 1

250

Total. 104 '.

.. 19.760

Impossible to determine the
probskDlo fair money valne of
water to erops.

This return has been obtained from the district records which
do not show how many of these men are proprietors.

134. Some enquiries on the subject of irrigation wore cir-
culated in this province in 1868, but
^^ Biquiriea regarding irriga- what replies, if any were made, have

not come to light. It is possible that

useful information can be obtained by

such enquiries, and the replies to the following question would

probably be interesting. — " Mention what would be the probable

fair money value of water to the chief
crops likely to require it?" The value
of any thing varies under different
circumstances even to the same man,
how much more then must it vary to different individuals
not similarly circumstanced ? Hence it would be impossible
to fix an average value for water for the purposes of irrigation.

But it is possible to say that water
But possible to tell its lowest would be worth four or five rupees ' per

▼aiite for irrigation purposes. x j i , 1 1 • • i

annum per acre to the worst cultivator
for the poorest soil, and an universal water rate must be adap-
ted to the circumstances of the individual who will derive the
least benefit from it. To guage the pockets of those who
derive greater benefit therefrom the services of local assessors
might be called into requisition, but to attempt an universal

rate and to expect that it will afiect
Uiiiversal rate impossible. nch and poor alike, that it will fall

sufficiently heavily on the one with-
out being burdensome to the other, would be like the eflort

80 bIi babel! settlement bepobt.

^ make asses and elephants Vork in the same harness^ in
the belief that what would not crush the one could hold
the other.

135. Cultivation comes next in order for consideration,

and without experience gained practi-
Cultivation. callyand theoretically in this branch

of agriculture, soils may be enriched and
water stored to little purpose, and although there are general

principles which apply to phases of all
General principles enriched asnriciJture, there is not asinfifle species,

by special knowledge necessary. ° , / • i /• ^- '- n

perhapsnotavanety of aspeciesofpro-
duce, which does not require some special knowledge for its
full development ; in proof of which may be mentioned the cul-
tivation of the esculent root '^ arum colocasia/' much esteemed
by the natives who call it ghoyan. About Shahabad and Shaje-
hLpur ea^h tree it is sai^ pLuces from forty to sixtjr pour^ds
weight of the root, whilst near Rii Barell, where it is much
grown, the average produce of a tree is estimated at from one to
two pounds in weight. This most probably is due to the differ-
ence in the way of cultivating it.

136, The following are approximate statistics. — One man

with one pair of bullocks can cultivate
Approximate statistics. fairly about four acres per annum, from

which he mav calculate on an average
annual yield of twelve maunds of grain per acre, or forty-eight
maunds of ^ain per annum. The present average value of this,
together with the straw, is about 96 rupees, and, taking
the landlord's share at one-third, the rental of the holding should
be about Rs. 32, or Rs. 8 per acre. The amount of seed for a
Seed per acre. crop of whoat averages about a maund

Hired labor. and a half per acre. Laborers are

paid chiefly in grain, and so are village servants.

Village servants. Under this denomination come— •

1. Watchers.

2. Astrologers.

3. Blacksmiths^

4. Carpenters.

5. Priests.

HAl BA'RELr SBTTLKMSKT REFORT. 81

6.

Ploughmen.

7.

Herdsmen.

8.

Barbers.

9.

Washermen.

10.

Eahdrs (Palki Biearers).

11.

Potters.

Borne of these get sometimes grants of land. The

Get BoiDetimes graats of Kahdrs are employed to draw water,

'^^^' and for other purpose. Besides the

Theb«Kar'8 rtion abovo many Brahmans and mendi-

r 8 po 10 . cants are entitled to what is called

Anjuri or both hands filled with grain before removal from

the threshing floor.

9

1.

Mirgisra comi

inen(

2.

Aradra

a

3-

Flnarbas,

>i

4.

Pukh,

)i

5.

Ashlaikha,

}i

6.

Magha^

}9

7.

Ptirba,

if

8.

Utra.

91

9.

Hast,

>1

10.

Chittra,

9i

1 37. The agricultural operations are conducted accordin
Agricuitttrai operatioas. to cerUtiu astronomical divisions of time
into which the rainy season is divided. Thus in 1871— •

20th „

4th July,
18th „
1st August.
15 th „
29th „
12th September.
25th „
9 th October.

The dates on which these divisions commence are ascer-
tained from Pandits, and the different kinds of seeds are
sown accordingly. For instance, early sowings of rice corn-
mence in Aradra and the latest can be made in Pdkh. Juar
makai (Indian corn) arhar, can be sown at the same time.
Mting, mothi, tird, are sown later till Magha. Heaping of
the rain crops commences from Utra, or about the middle of
September, and continues for two months or more. On the
„ . , , occasion of the Gtiria festival which

Festivals and superBtitiooB. ^^^ ^j^^ ^^ ^^^ g^^^ g^^^j ^23^

July, 1871), no one ploughs or weeds. On 6th Bhddon Btid-
di (6th August, 187 1), occurs Hatchat^ a fast day in this
district for womeuj on which no ploughing or weeding is

L

S2 nAl BABELr SBTTLElfENT REPOBT.

done bere. On the last day of Ashlaikha and the 1st Magha
it is in some places considered unlucky to plough or weed.

^ , People say that the land is not as

Leesened fertility of the land. j^^^.,^ ^^ .^ ^^^ ^ ,^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^

ago. Doubtless since annexation it has had less rest than it
used to have during the native rule:

138«. Last^ though not least, in the consideration of the

economy of agriculture comes the
question of labour. I ndeed so beauti-
fully blended are all the component parts and so dependent
one upon another the different elements of this comprchen«
sive wbole, that it is difficult to say which is first or wbich is
last, which greater and which less than another. What
would earth be without air, air without fire, fire without wa-
ter, water without intelligence or intelligence without labour.
Whe can say what portion of any of them is elemental and
what derivative P But there is no difficulty in describing the
,, . ,. ,. . kinds of labour available in thisdis-
Labour available mthuidistnct. trict. They are humau and animal.

The agricultural labourer of this districtis patient, hardworking,
and enduring. He exists and works well on the very coars-

est of grain and is covered with the
Agricultural impiementB. scauticst clothing. The implements

he uses to aid his efforts are : —

1. The plough, with which he prepares the ground.

2. The harrow, a wooded.bonrd about six feet long and
flat below, with which he breaks clods and covers in the
seed furrows.

«

3. A spade, the iron part of which is fastened to the
handle, at an acute angle, with which he digs up roots, makes
water- courses &c.

4. A hoe, the iron part of which is horizontal with the
handle which is but a few inches long ; the work of weed«
ing being performed in a sitting posture.

5. Rope,

6.. Leathern bag, \ with which he raises water.
7. Pulley,

rJlI BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT. . 83

8. Reaping hook with which he reaps his crops,

9. Basket of twigs with which he sometimes raises watcr^
and in which he carries earth, manure and produce, and by
means of which he sometimes separates the grain from the husk
by pouring them on the ground from as high as his arms can
reach, in a strong wind, after the former has been trodden out
by his cattle. With the bullocks he ploughs, irrigates and

^ ^ ,.^. , treads out his corn. Carts are but

Carts little used. i-m i • • ii • n • i* i • i

little used in agriculture in this district,
and Persian wheels are unknown among the people. Of labor,
such as it is, there is abundance but although the laborer him-
self can compare favorably with most of his class in the upper
Provinces the bullocks in general use are very small.

139. Having disposed of the question of production the
^. , , ^ , next in order for consideration is as to

Disposal of the produce. .•■ -i* i /• j.i i mi

the disposal oi the produce. The
theory is that Government as proprietor of the land is entitled
to a portion of the produce, and in return for this the producer
obtains protection or the power to enjoy the fruit of his labor.
This theory is easy of comprehension, and could it be carried
out absolutely the result would doubtless be as sweet as it is
simple. But in practice, in this district at least, it is difficult
to get at the actual producer and when he is got at, it is often
more difficult to say what shall be done with him. Some are
of opinion that he should be protected against everybody by
the Government, others think that he should be left to fight
his own battles, whilst others again favour the JchiisM hack
mane or *' happy medium" course, and endeavour to avoid the
rocky coast of interference on the one hand, at the same time
that they strive to steer clear of the shoals and quicksands
of the masterly inactivity principle, or want of principle as it
may be, on the other.

140. If Government is so fortunate as to have to deal

Government fortunate when ^ith the actual producer it gets Or

it has to deal with actual pro- cudeavours to get the landlord s share
^^^^^' of the produce, which much investiga-

tion has proved should never be one-half Major Mac Andrew
^ ^, ^, ^ , , has shown at para. 84 of his report,

Landlord s snare of produce. i^i^i n x-i_ • rxi. i. u*

^ that the smaller the size oi the holding

though the yield as a rule is greater, the proportion of >he

84 bIi BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

landlord's share of the produce is less. The example he
has given by way of illiistrating this theory, serves also to
prove the correctness of a native saying relating to division of
produce which is hattai Mtai, or " division of produce means
plunder." Major MacAndrew writes. — " If a man simply
Major MacAndrew'a iUua- " drovc a plough through 20 bigahs of
*ration. "land, cast in the seed, reaped the

" crop, and got a harvest of 4 maunds the bfgah, by the cus-
" torn he would pay his landlord half, that is 40 maunds,
" having 40 maunds for himself. Let us further suppose that
"40 maunds was just enough for the subsistence of one family.
" Now suppose this man begat four sons, and they divided the
"holding among them, married and had children; as 40
" maunds each was the least they could live on, they would
" have to produce 320 maunds to carry on at the old rate of
" rent. An increase of fourfold is, however, too large an es-
'* timate, as watering and manuring was all they could do;
" and if we suppose, that by expending all their skill and
" labor they produce three times as much as their father, and
" it is a full estimate, the yield would be 240 maunds, leaving,
" by the custom, only 30 maunds to each family, on which
" they could not live. But suppose, as would be the case,
" the rent was changed from kind into money and the cus-
" tom thus be got rid of, the sons would enjoy the same sub-
" sistence as their father, 40 maunds each, the produce would
" have been trebled and the rent doubled; but the produce rate
"of rent would have fallen from a half to a third."

141. Although the mere supposition of a man continu-
. ^ . , .^. inff to attempt unaided to cultivate

A strained supposition. . ^ . ,. t^ / t* ilm- > -»/r

twenty bigahs (or course Major Mac-
Andrew means the standard blgah which is f ths of an acre) of
land after a couple of years experience is a very strained one,
his figures will be accepted for the purpose of continuing the
illustration. The supposition is strained, because twenty bi-
gahs of land over which a plough has been lightly run, would
require twenty maunds of wheat seed, whereas eight maunds
would produce as much if not more sown in eight bigahs of
well prepared land. Because, more of the seed would ger-
minate, and it would be impossible for one man or a man and
woman to weed, irrigate, watch and reap twenty bigahs of
land.

Ril BARELt SETTLEMENT REPORT. 85

142. But allowing for the sake of argument Major

MacAndrew's figures to be good, it is

ar^entr^ ^""^ *^' "^^ ""^ evident that the family consisted orir

ginally of man and wife, for whose

43upport 40 maunds or 1^600 seers of grain per annum is not

a too liberal allowance.

For example —

Seers. Maunds.

Seed, .^ 800 = 20

Grain unground at 3 seers

per diem to cover cost of

food, clothing and every .

thing for two persons,... 1,095 =» 27

Pa do. at 2 seers

per diem for one pair of

oxen, independent of

course of ohaff» straw,

and any grazing they

can get off the twenty

bigahs of land, ... 730 = 18

Total, ... 2,625 = 65

'Now by the supposititious case put by Major MaoAndrew
the yield of the holding was 80 maunds per annum, and this
wouldbe a very good outturn indeed for twenty bfgahs of all
but uncultivated land, subject to the depredations of birds of
the air by day, and beasts of the field by night. So that from
the ver^ start the family lived beyond it means and ma)iaged
to make both ends meet, most probably, partly by plundering
their lord and partly by getting advances of grain from him for
sowing and to support existence till the crop in the ground
could be reaped. As the family increased and multiplied
so did their wants, and also, after a time their power of
increasing-: the yield of the land and better securing ita
fruits. As long as the landlord was able to exact a full
half of the produce the difficulties of the family increased^
and alongside of them the plundering of the landlord was
systematically carried on« The family eat the umipe pro^
duce, :the cattle were grazed on the crops at night, and the
grain was removed from the threshing-floor by stealth. If
the landlord was powerful he resented the family ingrati-^

86 Bll BABELf BETTLSHKNT BSPOBt.

tude, burnt their dwelling places, slew their men, carried
their women and children into captivity, and began over
again. But if the encroachments of the family had been suc-
cessful, if they had waxed strong and mighty, they first ar-
ranged from year to year with the landlord to take a cer-
tain amount of produce, and then a fixed amount of the
same or its equivalent every year, till he became at length
a mere annuitant on the land and at last lost all interest is
it altogether.

143. This might be the work of generations or take
place within the lifetime of the original man, and before any
partition had been spoken or even thought of. But still
Major MacAndrew's conclusion (para. 148) that the denser
an agricultural population is, as a rule, the poorer they are,,
appears to be a correct one as applied individually, but
their aggregate power of paying revenue increases. Hence^
is the landlord happy whose estate is full of cultivators, pro*
vided he deals with them directly, and not through inferior
proprietors or middle men.

144 When Qovernment deals with proprietary com*

munities of the lower castes and
. J^^V:^'^^6Zra^ classes, or with men who Uve by their

own labor it gets a higher rate <tf
revenue per acre than when dealing with Brahmans, Chattris,
and others who hire labor to cultivate their lands. Oovern*
ment is careful not to trench on the cultivator's share of the
produce and claims a share in the proprietor's portion only, and
this must always increase with population if proprietors are
not allowed to increase at the same time. For instance an
owner of a square mile of land of which he was the sole oc-
cupant could afifbrd to pay perhaps eight annas revenue on

the same per annum, but by the time
u.^^^i^'T:^n:t'^ '^'''' the population increased to the num-

ber of 640 per square mile, he would

doubtless be receiving at least one rupee per acre or Bs. 640

per annum rent of which he, on the half-and-half principle,

would pay Bs. 320 as revenue. But if proprietors increased

^ proportionally with population and 640 men were receiving

rIi BABELf SETTLEMEKT REPORT. 87

Rs. 640 as rent, half of which Rs. 320 had to be paid to
Government as revenue they would be badly off indeed.
In most countries and communities a proprietor of but a
few acres of land with no other means of support would cul-
tivate the land himself, and be thus able to pay the Govern-
ment demand of eight annas per acre without distress, at the
same time that he pocketed the additional eight annas that a
tenant would have to pay as rent, but in this country poverty
appears to strengthen pride, and hunger is scarcely an incen-
tive to labor.

145. A consideration of the statistics given overleaf

shows that in eight parganahs of this
th^dTt^^^^^ P^^P^«*<^" '^ district there are 1,152* proprietors

of 5,281 acres of land of which 3,270
only are cultivated and 2,646 are irrigated. They pay as
revenue on this land Rs. 8,289 which gives per acre : —

. Rs. A. P.

* Total area, 19 2

Cultivated, 2 8 7

Irrigated, ... ... ..• ... ... 3 2 2

The statistics of the seven parganahs made over to Undo
could not be compiled in time for this report, but it is believed
that in them the number of proprietors of very small estates is
very large indeed. The above number of 1,152 are men who
hold engagement direct from the State, and it does not include
under-proprietorst of any shade or denomination. On the
other hand sixteen persons own between them 311,000 acres,
one owns over 40,000 and another is proprietor of over 92,000
acres. In the latter estate nearly 47,000 acres are cultivated
and 33,000 irrigated, whilst the Government demand is
Rs. 1,18,727 giving per acre : —

Rs. A. P.

OnTotalarea, ... ... 1 4 7

7f

Cultivation, 2 8 6

,, xrrigatieci, ... ... ... ... o u o

* These have share-holders also.

t Of whom there are 3,823 vide Statement No. IV.

88

bAi baeelI settlembnt report.

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I

rAi BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

89

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90 rIi BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

146. The above statistics plead so eloquently the cause of
the small proprietor that they need no comment. They prove

Cesses imposed according to mcontestibly that cesscs imposcd ac-
Govemment demand fall im- cordiug to the incidence oi the Govem-
^^^^' ment demand, fall unfairly on the pro-

prietor who has the smallest margin and is least able to meet
the demand. But there is no poison for which there is not
an antidote except, according to an eminent medical authority,
the poison of some snake-bites ; no hardship that cannot be

_ . ,, , , remedied. The statement given on

Rateable taxation of estates. . •■ i ijur

next page shows how land could be
rateably taxed in this district without any loss of revenue.
There can be little doubt that the man who receives Rs. 640
rent, can better spare Rs. 400 out of it than the man who gets
but one rupee can afford to give a fourth of it.

147. The conclusions derivable

Preceding argaments sum- i* xi t_ j. r i_ • /»

marized. from the abovc arguments Can be brief-

ly stated as follows : —

1st. When Gk)vemment deals direct with cultivators,
it does them no injustice in taking a fair rent from them.

2nd. When to create large estates and encourage the
estabhshment of wealthy proprietors Govemment abandons a
portion of the rent, where population is equal, the greater the
area of the estate, the larger should the Government share of
the rental be, or in other words the fewer the idlers between
Govemment and the working man the better.

3rd. Where population is sparse although the landlord's
portion of the produce is greater, his actual receipts are less
than where the population is dense, simply because as popula-
tion increases produce increases, although hitherto not in an
equal ratio.

148. The statistics given at pages 88, 89 and 91, and
the data from which they have been compiled are suggestive of
many interesting questions. From the latter it has been as-
certained that the share of some proprietors who have share-
holders also, does not amount to one acre of cultivated land.

How do these men live ? do they aid
How do very smafl proprie. in the cultivation of their lands ; do

tors carry on? .•• •■• ,1 • /» • j i-

they live on their iriends, connections
or relations; by begging, borrowing or stealing or how; and

RAI BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

91

Adaptation of a graduated rate per acre to properties in the

parganahs Bareli, Dalmau, Khiron, Saraini,

Haddargarh, Bachrdwan, Ktimrdwan and

Hardui, district Rdi Bareli.

Area
of estate*.

13

15 Up to 10

20

^ „ 30

10 1 40

60

60
70

110^,, 80

90
100

200
300
400
500
< .. 600
700
800
900
1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

, „ 5,000

\ .. 6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
,,1,00,000

15

16

»

»
9>
99
»

)9

>9

I

2.787

1,635

1,171

914

762

661
558
605
450
421

382

216

154

126

108

97

88

75

68

64
43
35
31
29
26
22
22
19

18
8
2
2

Jamd.

Remarks.

21,631

13,929

10,441

8,335

7,124

6,124
6,317
4,790
4,332
4,007

2^559

.17,945

13,797

11,755

10,453

9,188

8,181

7,226

6,712

49,908
39,813
32,236
29,985
26,348
23,222
22,000
19,898
18,385

1,34,402
56,432
20,000
10,457
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
2,260

7,24,192

21,631

39,829

20,279 1

39,829

24,570

1,12,816

2,61,795

26,105 10

1,33,969

The first lino
includes every

Sroprietor in
tie dietriot.

The next do.
lees 1,152 or
the number
who each hold
estates of only
ten acres or
less.

The third do.
less 1,162 +
464=1,616 who
each hold es-
tates of only
twenty acres
or less.

The fourth
do. less 1,152
+ 464 + 257=
l,878,whohold
eistatesofonly
thirty acres or
less.

And soon.

3,43,605 15

2,63,551 3,62,382 10

9,26,171 4

9,19,944 14

6,226 6

Revised Govt,
demand.

Increase.

93 rIi RxVrelI settlement report-

how many belong to each of the above classes ? But these are
actual proprietors who are admitted to direct engagements
with the State for their revenue ; there must be at least *as
many more whose rights are recognized by our Courts and by
their landlords, the revenue on whose holdings is paid £hrough
superior holders, and there must be very many more quasi
proprietors whose imaginary rights have not been recognized
at all. How do all tl\ese people live ? Another very interest-
ing question is whether breaking up large estates into very
small properties would reconcile the higher castes to labor for

their living, or whether by using indi-
Can the higher classes be .yiduals of their owu classes as buflers

reconciled to labor? t^ i i • • i i • i .

they can be driven mto doing what no
other inducement will make them do? And yet another ques-

How far are proprietors jt». ^^^ ^^ ^^^ far is a large landed pro-
tified in aHenating their pro- prictoT justified in leasing, assigning or

^^^* making away with any portion of his

estate ? Every additionalidleproprietorimposed upon the estate
lessens its power of yielding revenue. If the Government de-
mand be not relaxed to meet every such imposition either the
landlord's share of the rent must be lessened or the rent must
be increased, and to admit of this latter either the produce
must be increased or the cultivator be driven to borrowing,
which if the proprietor is also a money lender suits his views
entirely. So long as his coffers overflow and his garners are
full and plenteous with all manner of store, and that during his
time there is no decay, what is the ultimate result to him?
But interesting as these subjects are in themselves, and abso-
lutely necessary as a clear comprehension of them is to a proper
adjustment of the Government demand upon land, it is
impossible to treat of them in this report, because they
require patient and intelligent enquiry based upon elabo-
rate and carefully prepared statistics. Such an enquiry by the
Settlement Department in this district, at any rate, has been
an impossibihty.

149. A comparison as far as this is possible oftheinci-
incidence of the Government donco of the Government demand upon

demand in some of the provin- land in SOmC of the prOvinCCS ot the
ces of the empire. ^^^j^^ ^jjj ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ pj^^^ j^ ^^^

report. The figures given on the next page have been obtain-

* There are 3,823 vide para 145 and Statement No. IV.

I

rAi BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT. 93

ed paxtly from published reports and partly from information
^^ kindly supplied in 1868-69, by local

Governments. It would appear from
this return that excluding Burmah, British India comprises an
area of about six hundred and forty thousand square miles, of
which less than half is cultivated and less than one tenth is

irrigated. That the population aver-
opu a ion. ^^^ about three hundred to the square

mile of total, and over six hundred to the square mile of culti-
vated area. That the annual revenue derived by Government
as land tax on this area is nearly twenty millions pounds ster-
ling, giving a rate of —

•^ 7 7 on total

10 5,, cultivated
and 4 13 3 „ irrigated areas.

It is further evident that the average rates in four out of the
seven provinces are —

4 9 on total

12 1 „ cultivated

4 5 1 „ irrigated areas.

It is probable that the cause of this is somewhat due in —

Bengal, to the permanent Settlement.

Bombay, to Scinde. — But what is the cause of low re-
venue in Scinde is not apparent from
the returns?

The Central Provinces, to scantiness of population, and

yet there are over 270 persons per
square mile of cultivation.
It is impossible to say from the returns to what to attribute
the low rates of revenue shown for the Panjdb.

150. A perusal of the provincial reports and a compa-
rative analysis of the statistics obtainable from them are sug-
gestive of many important and most interesting questions, the
most important perhaps being the practicability or otherwise

Practicability of taking afix. of taking as land revenue a fixed rate
ed or pwiuated rate per acre per acre of total area or one graduated
as revenue. ^^ showu at page 9 1 of this report ac-

cording to size of estates. It would be interesting to know
how much of the uncultivated land is held in proprietary right.

How much uncuitivatediand and how much is still at the disposal
is held in proprietary right? of Government, and whether any of

the latter is situated so as to enable Government to make the

94

rAi bareli ssttlement report.

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rIi BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT. 95

grant of a few acres of it an inducement to natives retired
from the army or civil employ to settle on it ? Are there in
Oudh, the Central Provinces or elsewhere, large tracts of
waste lands held by proprietors who have no present prospect
or intention of bringing these wastes or any appreciable
portion of them into cultivation? Considering that half the
cultivation in the Central Provinces is oi wheat and rice, and
that the average rental of the lands on which it is grown is
Rs. 1-7-0 per acre (vide Chapter XIII. and statement tables
III. D. Central Provinces report 1867-68,) it would not pro-
bably surprise most people to learn that the province has been

Central Provinces probably Very lightly aSSCSScd. How is it that

lightiy assessed. in Qudh and the North-West Provin-

ces, overrun with proprietors and bristling with rights as they
are, the rates come so near those of Madras which rejoices in a
Settlement su"J)posed to be made with the cultivators themselves?
Is it not possible to have the returns of the whole empire
made on one principle and rendered in a phraseology intelli-
gible to all educated Englishmen? From a consideration of
some of the returns it appears probable that every Govern-
ment could supply details of the incidence of the demand
within its own provinces, but it is very doubtful whether any
common or general system is adopted in applying the demand.
In some provinces or districts, details of assessment of groves,
culturable lands, and rent-free tenures are procurable, bu t are such
lands systematically assessed in all provinces, or even in all
districts of one province, and if not, what are the differing at-
tributes that cause these distinctions?

151. On what basis are the statistics of irrigated lands

On what basis are statistics Compiled? In 1867-68, there were in

of irrigated lands compiled? the Central Provinces, 6,620,007 acres

bearing : —

• • •

Rice,

Wheat,

Sugarcane,

Cotton,

Opium,

Tobacco, . .

Vegetables,

• • •

• • • • • •

• • •

2,532,328

3,313,677

56,228

644,271

6,147

17,497

49,859

Total, ... 6,620,007

^*\

96 rXi BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

Whereas the total irrigated area is given at 2,172,251 acres.
In this district none b.ut the coarsest kinds of rice can be
raised without irrigation, and that only in good rainy seasons,
and no one would think of attempting to grow any of the
other crops above detailed without the certainty of being
able to irrigate them. The heavy black loam of Bandil-
kund is proverbial, but is it possible that anything approach-
ing a renumerative crop of wheat can he grown on it with-
out irrigation. These enquiries lead to the remark that
the rate per acre on cultivated land in the Central Provinces
is less than one-foi rth, whilst the rate on irrigated lands is
more than one-half cf the rate on the same lands in Oudh.

152. Take the v hole of British India from Cape Coma-
rin to Peshawur, from Moulmein to Kurrachl, and the probabi-
lities are that the averi ge fertiUty of the soil of any hundred
thousand square miles does not vary so much from that ot
any other hundred thou and, as to cause any appreciable differ-
ence in rent were it n^ t for the difference in density of popu-
lation, and calculating the capacity of the total area to bear
an annual burden at the rate of eight annas per acre, and of
the population at the rate of one anna per individual, the gross
revenue of Government should approximate —

.On land over, Rs. 21,00,00,000

Population * over, ... ... „ 1,20,X)0,000

Total over, ... „ 22,20",00,000

and this should be quite independent of provincial and local
taxation. The poll tax under the name of Poundharl or
*' footing*' is familiar in name at least, to the people of more
than one province.

Records and Returns.

153. The records that are being made over and that will

be made over to the district office by
Records made over to dia- the Settlement Department in this
*^^* ^^'^- district are :—

I. — In all villages not held on a
mnon.VaiukdiriviUages. t^alukddri tenure.

A. — File of proceedings con-
Of the boundary settlement. ^^^^^^ ^^ boundary settlement de-
partment viz : —

•

*

RAI BAREli SETTLEMENT REPORT/ ' 97^

i\..l. Amin's petition. •

- 2. Proprietor's deed of agreement.

3. Security given by proprietor to abide by order.

4. Ditto for boundary marks entrusted to his care.

5. Boundary map (ShajW

- 6. Detail of map (Khasrah),
.7. Testing by Munsarim &c., &c., &c.

r,t\i. 1 ^xT i. B. — File of proceeding's by regu^

. Of the regular settlemezit. , ,,, ,i^, i '' °

lar settlement department.

1. Village map (Shajrah).

2. Detail of map (Khasrah).

3. .Map of village site.

4. Detail of village site.

5. List of wells.

6. Khationi No. I. or abstract of each man's holding.

7. Detail of rent.

8. Abstract of assessment Form No. II.

9. Khewat, Begister of shares of each proprietor, FomL

No. III.

10. Engagement for revenue by proprietors.

11. Wajib-ul-arz or administration paper.

- 12. Conclusion.

II. — In villages held on a t'alukddri tenure the docu-

' In t'aiukdirf viiiaces ments are the same as abov0, except

that No. 9, File B. is omitted entirely,
and that an addition is made to No. 6, File B. in which is
fihown the holdings of all men to whom have been decreed any
land in under-proprietary right.

154. The above documents have been bound together,

Records have been bound. ^^ ^^P^ being placed in a pocket.
. Maps. In a separate volume have been bound

. Jndieiai records in separate together the proceedings in all the
;;'°^^°'*^- cases ^ decided by the Settlement

Courts, those in English being put together at one end, and
'ihose in Vernacular at the other end of the volume. A third
:- • ^ J , volume contains an exposition of the

Assessment records Tolume. i/» i -11 --t;! ^^ 1

V . assessment of each village m Eingiish.

Of these records Volume I. is made in duplicate, one copy
being for the use of the district Courts and the other for the
T^ilddr's use.

98 nil BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

155. In some villages in this district are situated fields
r. > K.. ^r « ^A which belong to the proprietor of an-

/TAo^emi/ or partition fields. ,, .,, o \.* #• ,i

other village or of portion ot another
village, and the fields so situated are styled khatebat or
*' partition fields" of the village in which they are situated.

„ ^ , . , The area of such fields has been de-

How entered m recorcU. 1 1 1 A ,1 t* ,1 -ii

ducted from the area of the village m

which they are situated, and added in the khasrah or detail of

fields to the area of that in which is included the proprietor's

^ ^ . . , original holding. This is inconve-

Procedure inconvenient. • ^ . -• ^ i j j i

nient m many ways, and at the same
time likely to lead to mistakes. In the No. 2 Statements it
causes discrepancies between areas shown by the Kevenue
and Settlement Surveys. In the khasrah it shows different
fields bearing the same nimaber. In assessment work it is
likely to result in such fields escaping assessment altogether.

The agreement taken for the Govem-
Agreement for Government ment demand boars signatures of the

demand bears signatores of all . , ^ ,. mi ^ -i i/> i i*

the proprietors. proprietor of the Village itseli, and ot

the proprietor of the fields Ukewise,
and the demand on the village and on the fields has been se-
parately shown in the said document, just the same as is the
case with regard to villages owned by more than one pro-
prietor.

156. The origin of these khatebat holdings is various.
r^_. . rii. X V XV ij- Sometimes a Brahman or Paqlr gets

Ongm of khatebat holdings. , ^ ,. ^, ■, /Tii^*

grants of patches of land or fields m
different villages, he names the first one he gets Ptird Debt
Ddss or Mat Gosdin, or some other name, and all the subse-
quent acquisitions are named after the first. The division of
property has doubtless much to say to the creation of these
TTi. X u * 1. ij- 1 holdings, but however created they

Khatebat holdings an evil, t t i n -i -x x

are undoubtedly an evil, necessitate a
double proprietorship in the same village, and however excel-
lent the soil or produce of such lands may be, can never bring
to the proprietor the same rent that they would to the party
who has control over the tenants and general management of
the village in which they are situated. And yet it appears
unfair to let such lands off with a lower assessment than other
lands of equal capabilities in the same village. The owner
would never think of parting with these fields so long as they
made him a return for his money, for independent of the ques-

bIi BARElI settlement REPORT; 99

tion of property, the fact of having even a little footing in a
village may lead to proprietorship of the same. If such lands
Were assessed at the full rental they should pay according to
the rates of surrounding fields, the owner would probably have
to work them at a loss, and would then doubtless be glad to
part with them to the proprietor of the village in which they
are situated at a fair price, which the latter would always be
ready to give, not only because he could make such lands pay,
but also because he would be glad to be rid of the adverse
possession.

157.. Of all the documents contained in the first volume
,---..,, perhaps the only one that can be safely

done away with, imder the present
system of Settlement is No. 11, File B. the Wajib-ul-arz or
administration paper. It contains a lot of statements which,
as not having been given in evidence in any case, or not having
been taken on oath, are absolutely useless to the well informed
and may possibly aid in misleading the ignoraat.

158. It has been drawn up agreeably to the instructions
contained in Settlement Circular No. 20 of 1863, dated 6th
March 1863.

Part I. contains the history of the village^

Part II. is a transcript of the KJhtewat or record of shares,
and shows the distribution of the Government demand on each
separate tenure, and the terms on which any loss occasioned
by or compensation received on account of the req[uisitions of
Government for land are to be distributed.

Part III. contains a description of the customs and usages
relating to collection of rents ; rendition of accounts ; pay-
ment of the Government demand ; the rent of sir land or in-
dividual holdings of share-holders ; rights to bring waste land
under cultivation ; saer or manorial collections or dues ; and
village expenses.

Part IV. deals of the right of succession. Under instruc*
HaCHJS received in Settlement Circular No. 1 of 1864, dated 14th
January 1864, no enquiry has been made into any -right of
transfer, and as a consequence the right of pre-emptioa

100 Bi.1 BARELi SETTLEMENT BXPOBT.

is to be found recorded intheWajib-ul-arzes of two villages*
only in this district. On the other hand it sometimes ap^
pears from the Statements t recorded in Part I. and from the
files J of judicial enquiries that the right of pre-emption
does not exist as an universal custom in this district.

Part V. relates to the appointment and removal of Lam*
berddrs.

Part VI. gives adetail of groves, and of the shares of diflfer-
ent parties in them, and also of the terms on which they have
been and are to be held.

Part VII. relates to rent-free tenures, and th^ terms on
which they are held.

Part VIII. relates to rights of irrigation from tanks,-
marshes, wells, &c. Inthe event of two or more villages claim-
ing rights from the same source and disagreeing in respect of
them, the points in issue were tried and the result recorded. ••

Part IX. relates to village sites, habitations, inns and
bazaars. The terms on which parties can build, and transfer
• buildings ; reside in the seraies or inns ; and on which traders
are allowed to expose their wares for sale.

Part X. deals of the rights of grazing and manure. On
what lands and on what terms tenants can graze their flocks,
and what are the rights of proprietors and tenants in ihff-
village manure heaps.

Part XI contains a description of the arrangements made
for the appointments and remuneration of village Patw^is and
Chaukiddrs.

Part XI. A. is about the arrangements to bemade in con-:
sequence of the increase or decrease of the village area from
fluvial action.

Part XII. gives a detail of all persons who have been vo"-
luntarily admitted or judicially declared entitled to under-pfo^

prietary rights, and the nature and ext^it of those rights-.

- •* —

* Ghandpar, parganah Saraini, and JaUlpur Dhai, pargaaah Dalmau. ': : i

t Village Dharamdaspur, parganah Dalmau,
:*: Village Birampur, parganah Haidargarh.

BXl iARELf SETTLEMENT BEPORT. lOI

Part XIII. contains a record of the privileges of culti-
vators with regard to trees and thatching grass growing on the
borders of their fields and in front of their dwellings. In
some villages the right of cultivators to cut such trees is ad-
mitted ; in others mahua trees are excepted y in some culti-
vators are to lose all rights on relinquishing their cultivation ;,
in others they are to retain them under all circumstances.

158. As far as the above entries relate to the persons^

who made the statements that have

Fwroe of the reooro. -i . •i_j ji_t. • ■»

been transcribed, and who have signed
the wajib-ul-arz they may be binding but they cannot be
binding on any others. For instance, the proprietors of a vil-
lage may state, and no one deny the assertion, that the right of
transferring a grove rests with the proprietary brotherhoocl
only, whereas the fact may have been that during the native
rule groves were freely sold and mortgaged by others ; or pro-
pritors may uncontradicted say that no one has a right to cut
or plant a tree without their permission, while the reverse may
have hitherto been the case. The assertion of rights by pro-
prietors is often regarded by the people as merely /agon dc
parler necessary to satisfy some requisition of the Government,
and the poorer classes in this district have not yet learnt to
say " prove it " to every statement made by their betters.

159. Regarding this record Major MacAndrew writes
',.„,, , at para. 125 of this report — " I cannot

Major MacAndrew 8 opinion. ^^i"*'i • iJii». t

" help expressing regret that it was de-
'^ termined to prepare this paper in Oudh. It was devised
''for the North- West Provinces, where the settlement pro-
" ceedings were a record of possession only, and every entry
"was liable to be contested in the Civil Court. For its
'* guidance in matters of village custom at the time of set-
*' tlement, the " wajib-ul-arz " was prepared. But in Oudh,
"where the procedure is Act VIII. of 1859, and the Settle-
" ment Court is a Civil Court, where no right is recognized
" unless there is a decree of such Court to show for it, and
" where such decree, as a matter of course, defines the rights
" it awards, there appears to be no necessity for anything
*' recorded in the " wajib-ul-arz," except the manner in which
" the revenue or the rent is to be collected from coparceners
"aiidas6mis by the lumberddrs, and that would be most
" apprppriately recorded at the foot of the khewat, which is

102 Bill BARELt SETTLEMENT BEPORT.

/' the record of the proprietary shares. The " wajib-ul-arz"
*'oii the face of it, is a paper the tendency of which is te
*' stereotype the customs of the village, which, probably at
'* the time when its preparation was first ordered, seemed
'likely enough to endure as far as men could then see; but
*' which, under the progress the country is now making, are
" certain to change, and render the paper a source of future
*' trouble only."

160. Although this report has to be submitted on or

before the 31st December, 1871, the

Becord still incomplete. , i-i, i^'xaJ

records which are now being treated
of cannot possibly be completed for some months after that
date, but there is no doubt that Extra Assistant Commis-
sioner Sheikh Najaff All will finish the work most satisfac-
torily. He has already taken much pains about it, and
being a well informed aud intelligent gentleman, a conscien-
tious worker and intimately acquainted with the science of
settlement in all its branches, there is no fear that if com-
pleted by him, the Settlement Department will have any
reason to be ashamed of the Rdi Bareli records. The Judi-
cial fi.les have always given much

Bou"cfo"^ie.'"" """ " trouble owing to the want of system,

elsewhere also alluded to, which has
prevailed from the commencement of settlement operations
in this district. Petitions have always been taken person-
ally by the Settlement OflGlcer, but when hundreds of these
were presented in a day he could do no more than order that
^. , ^ ,.,. they should be filed with the classes

Disposal of petitions. *»«aa I'l ii-i •■ •»

of suits to which each belonged, and
docketed with the name of the village to which each related.
This work had of course to be done by a hard worked poorly
paid oflScial, and no wonder that petitions found their way
into wrong bundles and turned up afterwards to the conster-
n f • r /», nation of officers and the confusion

Confusion of files. ^. ^ ^ j -j j i •

of files. Some officers decided claims
on the backs of petitions which for years did not find their
w^ay into their proper places. In the hurry of work the
same fields were decreed by different officers to different
parties, and when returns were insisted on of the number
of pending suits of each class of claim, confusion became
worse confounded.

nil BARELi SETTLEMENT REPORT. 103

161. It sometimes turned out that the man who pe-
.«_ , . titioned for half an acre of land in his

^Erroneous claims. .-,1 i i-i ■ i

own Village actually wanted a proprie-
tary right in another village. The boundary settlement
proceedings were nothing to him. All he cared about was
that somebody had possession of half an acre of land which
he said at some peri<^ or other formed a portion of a hun-
dred acres of land of which he was the proprietor. The defen-
dant denied the proprietorship in toto, and at last it came out
that the actual claim, instead of being possession of half an
acre of land in his own village A. was to proprietorship of
one hundred of acres of land in another's village B. One man
would claim proprietorship when he wanted a share, an-
other sir when he wanted a grove, and the same man would
submit a dozen petitions for the same claim. * It was there-
fore impossible to have even an approximate idea of the num-
ber of pending claims in a classified form, but, these returns
were insisted on and had to be made up somehow. And then
„. . , . , ^ again owing: to constant ministerial

Ministerial changes. P t-i » , /» ii t/¥» j.

changes the registers oi the diiierent
Courts were not kept correctly, and it will therefore be impos-
sible to prepare a perfectly accurate return of cases decided
until every Judicial file, as is now being done, has been
carefully examined.

JUDICIAL.

Part I.

PROCBDURB.

162. At the commencement of settlement operations in

this district, oflScers with different

Courts. • X J i» j.i_ 1 • •

powers were appomted tor the decision

of claims of each degree. The Settlement OflScer had full

^^ . powers, and after a time the Assistant

^ ™ ^^ ' Settlement Officer was invested with

the same, and both officers were directed to devote their

attention to the decision of claims to superior proprietary and

sub-settlement rights, as all such claims were to be decided

before the assessment was declared. Then came changes in

, , ^^, ^, the terms on which sub-settlement

In sno-settlement law. -i* iii*ii ^ /v*

claims were to be decided, and omcers
were ordered to push on the assessments, which were to be

104 rIi BARSLt SSTTLBUSNT BEFQRT.* '

declared as speedily as possible without reference to What
cases had been decided. Subordinate Courts were from time
to time instituted in which claims of small value only were
decided. The oflBcers of some of these Courts had power to
conduct investigations only, the decisions being given by the
Settlement Officer on their records. These officers in course of
time got powers to decide claims to subordinate rights, and the
officers of some of the lower Courts got eventually full powers.

163. The consequence of all these changes, which were

spread over a period of six years viz.

Want of syatem the conse- from 1863 to 1868 A. D. WaS that it
qnence of conatant changes. ^^ impossible to COUduct the Judicial

_ , , , . ^ ^ ^ work on any system. The officers

Work of higher Courts.. .j. "^ ,-r t • -i ^ j i j

presiding over the higher Courts had
to decide as many as possible of the proprietary and sub-
settlement claims all over the district, to make way for the
declaration of assessments. The officers of the lower Courts
had to follow over the same groimd deciding subordinate
claims, and were often thrown out of their course pending
• ^ . ^. , ^ _, appeals which were not decided for

Of sabordinate Courts. ^^ rni ii j • ^ii

years. Ihey could not remam idle,
^d had to take up claims in other portions of the district,

Circ«kr46ofi863. returning from time to time to the

old ground. Ihen officers were
ordered to hunt up* and. force into Cqurt everybody who had
a shadow of a claim to anything, and then came revision of

„ _,. - , , , . claims, and from time to time orders

Particular classes of claims i i . i • i i pi* h

to be decided at once. that particular classcs 01 claims all

over the district were to be decided
. ' . , ^. ofihand, whilst at the same time

Assessment to be expedi- ' . •, < i i*

tiousiy made. asscssmcut work was to be expedi-

tiously carried on and appeal files kept
A ini X V 1. ^ t clear. Under these circumstances

Appeal files to be kept dear. , - .,1 xt j -i -l '

system was impossible. Had it been
possible to adhere to any pohcy once declared, or even had any
regular system for the entertainment and decision of claims
been prescribed from the commencement and rigidly adhered,
to, there can be but httle doubt that settlement operations in
this district would have been concluded long ago.

* Circular 46 of 1863 not carried out in this district, vide Major MacAndrew's
Report para. 162.

Hifl BARELr SETTLEMENT REPORT. 105

164 For instance had the enquiry into rights been

taken up by one Tahsfl at a time, and
^n^huT '^'''^^ ^""^ notice given, as has recently been done,

that after a certain date all claims ia
that Tahsil would have to be instituted on Stamp paper of the
full value, Settlement Courts could have calculated pretty
accurately the probable date of the completion of the Judicial
work in each Tahsil. And there seems to be no suflBcient
reason why/had their Judicial staff been sufficiently strength-
ened, Deputy Commissioners should not have been able to
assess and supervise the settlement operations in their own
districts. If special knowledge and above all special local
information is necessary for assessment work, who so likely to
possess that knowledge as the Deputy Commissioner of the
district, and to whom is it more essential to know what is
going on in the Settlement Courts than to the chief executive
authority in the district? Whereas in this district the
settlement and executive departments have for years worked
. A. y.. nnp entirely independently the one of the

Asaeesments made by one ^ 0x1.1 x r\ai j

officer, revenue collected by other. 1 he Settlement OiTicer assessod
^^^^^^' the land to the Government demand

which the Deputy Commissioner collected, and the former
has had no opportunity of observing how' his assess-
ment worked. Claims to enhancement of rents, to rent
for groves, grazing lands Ac, are all now decided in the district

Courts, and doubtless they are all well

coSlSt.ll^t^"^"' <i««>ded, but an intimate ac<|uaintance

with the detailed information to be
found in the Settlement, both judicial and assessment, records
would assuredly much lighten the labour of the presiding
officers, and enable them to arrive promptly at the just deci-
sion, which, unacquainted with, they cannot hope to attain to
without a troublesome and tedious enquiry.

106 KXI BABELt SETTLEMENT BEPORT.

PART II.

ENQriRY IMO BiQHTS.

165. Everybody in proprietary possession of land in
xProprieiary right had to be this district had to prove his right
proved. thereto in the Settlement Courts.

Government was sometimes plaintiff and sometimes defend-
ant according to the rules in force for the time being,

166* Proprietary possession is of different kinds. T'a-

Proprietary poBscssion of dii- lukddrs and loyal grautees hold

ferent kind*. estatcs undcp Sauads granted by the

British Government after the mutiny, and which on certain

„ ^ ^ „ conditions created an indefeasible and

Sanad holders. . . < • i i * i_ ^ * ^i. j*

mcontestible right in them tor ever
and ever. These estates as far as the T'alukddrs are concerned
contain not only whatever they could claim by ancestral right
but also lands held by them in mortgage, acquired by them at
any time during the native rule in any way, and sometimes
land to which they have very little right at all. In the case
of T'alukddrs and loyal grantees, the production of the Govern-
ment Sanad in the Settlement Courts was sufficient to com-
mand a decree in their favor. This policy has without doubt
been productive in some instances of at least hardship, but as
it was an imperial measure it may not be discussed in a local
report. The following is a very mild example in point : — A
few years before annexation Rdjah Arjdn Singh of Benares,
«<«.*./ o. ,. « . / formerly head gardener to the king of

R&jah Anun Singh, BanarsL /^■it''i °-ii ii^'xi.

Oudh, purchased a large estate m the
Haidargarh Tahsil belonging to the T'alukddrs of Bhilwal,
which was sold by public auction on account of arrears of re-
venue. The necessary forms were duly gone through and the
purchaser obtained a Bdmdmd Sultdni or royal deed of sale.
Chotvdri Sarfrdz Ahmed was allowed to engage for the bulk
of this estate after the mutiny and got a Sanad confirming
him for ever in the proprietary right thereof, but nine villages
were settled with other members of the family. The Rdjah
has established his proprietary right to seven out of these nine
villages in the Settlement Courts, but his claim to the bulk of
the estate has been barred by the Sanad.

nil BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT. 107

167. AH parties without Sanads were liable to have

other ro rietors 9^^^^ ^g^* ^ hold possession Contested

er propne ore. .^ ^^^ Settlement Courts, and in the

case of villages mortgaged to T'alukdArs within twelve years
before annexation, the mortgagors were enabled by post sa-
nadial legislation to recover possession on payment of the
mortgage money. Parties without Sanads had to establish
their right to hold possession by the production of deeds of
purchase, mortgage or gift, or by proof of long proprietary
possession. All parties who had been out of possession during
the twelve years preceding annexation were held to have lost
all rights, but in the case of old proprietors Settlement Courts
had the power to conjfirm possession obtained at Summary
Settlement, and were empowered to recommend the grant of
proprietary right, subject to the payment of two or three years
revenue, to old proprietors who had not held possession within
twelve years previous to annexation, and who were still out of
possession, provided always that no other party showed a valid
claim to that right.

.—- - *

168. The right of confirming possession was given in

Settlement Ruling No. III. para. 3,
^ * which was cancelled by Financial

Commissioner's Circular No. 47, dated 4th June 1868, and
other rules promulgated under the operations of which the pro-
prietors of two villages* have been deprived of the proprietary
right which they held for twelve years under our rule, because
they had not held direct engagements from the native Govern-
ment for twelve years before our rule, and it was given by the
Financial Commissioner, who reversed the concurrent decisions
of two lower courts, to a T'alukddr who could not show a sha-
dow of right to it, because he had held engagement direct from
the State during a few years of the native rule, although he
was not in possession at annexation. The proprietors were
compensated by a sub-settlement and have to pay to the T'aluk-
ddr 25 per cent, of the assumed rental in excess of the Gov-
ernment demand formerly paid by them. The question was
not mooted whether the provisions of Act XXVI. of 1866,

Banipur and Barawan, parganah Hardui.

108 RAi barelI settlement report.

had been satisfied in this award. The T'alukddr can scal^cely
be bound by such a decree I*

169. On the next page is a statement of proprietors,
showing their possessions according to castes. Their numbers
could not be obtained in time for this report, owing to the
records of seven parganahs having been transferred to the
Undo district.

170. The right to hold proprietary possession of villages

Sub-settiement. f ^^^"^^^ ^^ pa3anent of a rent fixed

tor the currency oi the present settle-
ment, or as it is provincially termed the right to hold a sub-
settlement, was granted to old proprietors who could prove
that they held actual possession of the village under the pre-
sent T'alukddr's family for one year more than half the period
during which the said family held engagement for the village
from the State during the twenty years preceding annexation,
provided that the old proprietors held within the twelve years
preceding annexation, under the present T'aliAdar's family for
one year more than half the period, during which they, the
T'alukddr's family, held engagement of the village from the
State within that period, and provided also, that the old
proprietors could prove that they absorbed twelve per cent, of
the gross assets during the whole of the period during which
they held such possession. For instance the old proprietors
might prove fulfilment of the necessary conditions for eight
years between 13th February 1836 A. n., and 13th February
1844 A. n., but if the T'alukddx's family held engagement from
the State for four years only, between 13th February 1844
A, D., and 13th February 1856 A. d., the old proprietor had to
prove possession under the necessary conditions as to profits,
for three of those years. This is a supposititious case meant
merely to illustrate the rule. Seven hundred and two claims
to sub-settlement have been preferred in this district of which
10*9 percent, have been decreed, viz.

* Neither party was found to liave a good legal title, the village was therefore
decreed to Government, and under the rules in force the superior right was given to the
R&jah who had engaged within limitation, and the subordinate right to the old proprie-
tors who had been at least 20 years out of possession. These latter would have nad no
legal cause of complaint if they had received nothing. The arrangement was an equi-
table one, and I do not see how the T'alukdar can avoid being bound by it. — ^P. 0,

nil BARBLf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

109

Statement showing the possessions of proprietors in the
Rdi Bardi district according to castes.

1

X

.^

No. of

No. of propi

Caste of proprietors.

villages.

Area.

Bevenac

1.

Remark.

Bais Tilok Chandi,

779J

4,48,938

5,71,148

1

Amethia,

118

78,594

1,09,018

Kanptireah^

11

7,230

9,586

9

Brahman,

109

58,153

36,330

4

Mtissalman^

152

79,482

92,841

Bengali,

16

5,310

8,211

Kaith,

69

28,955

36,029

4

Junwar,

37

24,516

32,418

7

•

Khattrf,

32i

24,347

81,544

Sikh,

48i

33,294

39,380

12

*

European,

80

25,681

34,264

^

Govt, property, ...

6

3,427

2,602

Pounwdr,

3

2,200

2,904

Bakkal and Dhu-

sar,

2

2,814

2,678

Agarwala,

2

599

725

Katbais,

1

260

455

Chowhan,

2

1,043

1,801

Kachi,

4

1,377

1,848

Kfirmi,

19

14,960

20,870

Kalwdr,

3

8,179

8,376

Taili,

3

1,072

1,321

11

Pdsi,

1

225

290

Bissain,

10

6,091

7,529

Ahif,

5

1,638

2,042

Gos&in,

3

1,001

1,390

Lodha,

1

586

834

,

Sanbassi

5

5,817

7,262

Faqir Ndnak

•

Shahf,

1

156

283

Ragbansi,

...

77

170

Bhdt,

1

248

860

Mtirao,

Total, ...

71J

6,319

5,994

«

1,482

8,64,389

10,95,506

hadL
be ^

111

iz l-^UT.f

ca

«j_i.#« • •* »

^•-•> •»

u .sn:::imitl ja «:'u

- -•'^- - -"^ -*■■ * ^Trmi. . wa ..* c <v jto. A .^x -«- ^* -I f^*-* p^ «&

^»*f* ■**** ^ * 1.T"** "•-'♦if* '■ ll' l~lll.ll ' •« — ^__^

con-
such

:a zr

«20

I

iri Tie

1^>K >t .1.

CuF^

to bea

to

iT.v iiaa ill? Flr^iiacuu O ciL2iJ?«>t«'aer cv
CMS '^ Ijiirti* Aid **3Ij;sCi;Tt" iaI<e«fi»R«w c\?

'**'^ oc A ;c 3lXV L oc 1 5tf «L — '

Tisions
expounded

Appellate
wuader is

-^ that the

juns-
ADid troa*
dis-

•■*■ •»

Financial

^e working

■^ The polio V

it was Lord

to
* *

M ^ ^-2101 t yiaii JLr:;^

riOjF taKw cucabted with

-RJLi BABlELr SETTLEMENT REPORT. Ill

** claimants to status of mere tenants is as unjust, as it was,
" after all the promises ms^de to decree sub-settlements with
V a five per cent, malikand allowance to the T'alukddr, which
•'procedure led to Act XXVI. of 1866." There is little
doubt that Lord Canning meant that all were to be main*
tained in the rights enjoyed by them during the native rule,
and it ia not clear why such a decree as a sub-settlement with
five per cent, malikdud should not be given if the right to it
was established ; indeed such a decree can be given under the
Act itself. , But there is no doubt that the tendency of the
Act has been to render a decree for sub-settlement more dif-
ficult to obtain than before the Act was fii^amed; Perhaps
the most objectionable part of the Act is that which lays down
that to entitle them to a decree, claimants must prove that
they enjoyed a certain amount of profit from the manage-
ment of the village during the native rule. Before the pro-
mulgation of tie Act the procedure in this district was to
decree a sub-settlement at a rental proportional to the rental
formerly paid with reference to the then asserted, and to the
at present admitted, asi^ets of the village. This gave the
decree-holder the option of holding on and endeavouring to
increase the yield, or of throwing up the sub-settlement and
making terms with the T'alukddr. But now the old proprietor
has no option, and because he cannot or will not show that he
absorbed a certain amount of profit many years ago, he is
told that he may have a few acres of land in lieu of his pro-
prietary possession, and he is assured at the same time that
this mess of pottage is the full equivalent of his abstracted
birthright.

174. The Financial Commissioner in the above quoted
letter goes on to say — " The fact is, in order to maintain
'* what was the real policy in Oudh, we require some modified
** plan for giving leases to these claimants. Under existing
*' rules they have too much to prove before they can get a sub-
*' settlement, and on the other hand, when a sub-settlement
'^ is decreed the proprietor in turn gets more than he had a
'* right to under the Native Government, so that in neither
** case is the real policy carried out, and it is to meet this that
** some effort is requisite. The T'alukddr, it seems to me, can-
^' not reasonably object to our re-establishing the status quo,
^' and the lessee should not demur at getting something less

112 Rjtl BARELr SETTLEMENT REPORT.

" than what a suh-settlement decree carries with it under
" existing rules; so long as each gets the measure of his for-
*' mer rights neither should hesitate to agree. If the claimant
" was relieved too from provinsf too much, that is, his pro-
'* prietary right when the village was incorporated in the
" t'aluk, and that he held in virtue of that proprietary right
Reaaon for committing for- after that evcut, there would no lon-
^^' ger exist the same reason for commit-

'' ting forgery ****»**»»

&<* • * • * * * • * • *M

175. It dees not require more than a very superficial
acquaintance with the subject to understand why each party
so much desires to hold the actual management of the village.

The Act lays down that a decree of
J^/J^^r"'"' '^ *"" "" sub-settlement carries with it a right

to enjoy at least 25 pfer cent, of the
ascertained gross assets of the village, which has been inter-
preted to mean that if the Settlement Officer has assessed a
village as capable of yielding Rs. 1,000 per annum rental,
the sub-settlement holder shall not have to pay more than
seven hundred and fifty rupees per annum to the T'alukdar,
who out of that sum will have to pay five hundred as the
Government demand, so that he, the T'alukddr, is the actual
enjoy er of the 25 per cent, of the ascertained assets probably
intended by the Act for the sub- settlement decree-holder, who,
independent of the share that he is supposed to get, absorbs
during the currency of the present settlement everything over
and above the declared assets that he can lay his hands on.
The position of the parties is reversed when the old proprie-
tor's claim to sub-settlement is disallowed.

*

176. In furtherance of the view promulgated by the

Financial Commissioner in the letter
Farming leases. ^^^^^ quoted, the proccdurc has been

adopted of substituting in appeal what are termed heritable
but not transferrable leases at enhanced rentals during the
currency of the present settlement for the sub-settlements
decreed by the Courts of original jurisdiction. Without the
right to transfer, the possession of a lease carries with it a
property of the most and description and unless it be granted

bAi BAREli S£TTL£H£KT REFORT. 113

on very easy terms whicli is not the rule with these leases,
there can be no doubt that the lessee will be forced before
long to abandon it. Few old village proprietors were in af-
fluent circumstances at annexation^ long continued litigation
has not added to their means, and unless they can raise money
there is no hope of their being able to pay the heavy rent
imposed on them. But once they hypothecate an acre of the
estate, they infringe the terms of the decree xmder which they
hold. In the same way no member of the brotherhood can
sell or purchase his own or another's share. Truly in these
cases have stones of the most adamantine description been
given in lieu of the bread soUcited.

r>^ ^- *-.« A' 4^^ 177. Out of the total

Proportion of entire district , n ^^^ /» n •

held by T'aiukdira. number ol Villages of this

district amounting to ... 1,482

There belong to T'alukddrs, 1,02»

Ajrxv- i.i.j ^ Of these latter there have

And of their estates decreed ^ ., , . t x

to under-proprietors. Doe^n deCreecl m suD-set«

tlement —
Entire villages,^ ... ..... ^ 56f

Portiona of villages^ .... 8

And there have been given on a fiaxming tenure 12 viz. —

3 at a ten per cent, and less share of the gross assets^
5 at fourteen to twenty per cent. ,j „

4 at over twenty per cent. ,,. ,,,

The gross: assets of the estates of Talukddrs^^

have been estimated at ... ... Bs. 1 5 , M , 1 9 1

Andoftheportion decreed away from them as

above, ... ... .,,. ^ ^ l,0%ilT

Of which sum —

Government takes> ... .^ Rs. 55,393

The T'alukd&rs take, ... „ 26,477

The old proprietors take^ ... ^. 27,547 1,09,417^

Eleven hundred and forty four persons are recorded as
T>^ ^ t hj, • ^. holding shares in these assets, which

Proportion of profits enioTed . ^ /•-!-* ^i.

by under-proprietors. ffives an average of Rs. 24 per annum

for each recorded share-holder. In
other words the ^hare of the assumed profits of their own vil-
lages absorbed by the old proprietors holding on a sub-set-
tlement tenure and on famung leases is 50*41 per cent, to a.
share of 49*59 per cent, awarded to T'alukddrs.

p

178. Settlement Officers wdre oi'defed not to entertain

claims to share in t'aliikds. At the
commencement of Settlement proceed-
ing such a claim was entertained in regard to the t'fdukd of
Fairamau, and the proceedings resulted in tiiie names of four
persons being entered in the Sanad. Three thousand three
hundred and oHe claims to shares in non-t'alukd4rl villages
have been submitted in this district, and fifteen hundred and
twelve or 45 '8 per cent have been decreed, viz. —

158 have been decreed by consents
2 f, ,f „ ex parte.

1,352 ,, „ ^ „ on trial

1,550 ,, „ dismissed ^,

109 ,f „ ,, in default.

130 were withdrawn.

3,301 total

Besides these numbers of shares have been determined by
mutual consent of the parties interested, but these have not
been shown in any returns, although in very many instances
disputes arose, but having been settled out of Court, and by
the advice and assistance of presiding officers it was not
thought in this district correct to enter them in returns,
which it was supposed were meant for cases which involved
CM. -VI, XT • #r Av ^^^ judicial procedure only. Extra

Assistant Commissioner, Sheikh Na-
jaff All, decided the majority of these cases shown in the re-
turns, and prepared most of the khewats or records of shares
in this district. It would be difficult to find a more able,
zealous and conscientious officer, anywhere in the service of
any Government, and if the out-turn of work performed by
him shows badly in comparison with that of officers of his
grade iti 6ther districts, the cause must be owing to the want
of system in preparation of returns. The rules relating to the
division ofproperty are childish in their simplicity, but the
decisioii ofthese cases is often rendered an arduous utider-

Euie. «i.to« to divM«« M *«^°g ^y^^ difficulty bf arriving at
iHt>periy. lacts, and ascertaining under what

rules divisions were formerly made,
and by what Subsequent custom former rules have been
abrogated, ♦

RA'I BAKELt SETTLEMKNT REPORT. 115

179. In t'alukas in the case of old proprietos of vil-
. , , , , laches, and of proprietors of all kinds.

Sub-tenures in t alukas. Pit ^ ^ iii^-i

who could not show that the proprie-
tary possession held by them within twelve years previous to
annexation, related to more tlian patches of land, cultivated
or otherwise, the custom in this district has been to decree
"Whatever they proved themselves to have been possessed of
within limitation on the best terms on which they held in
any one of those years.

This has been the general principle adopted throughout
the settlement operations in this district ; but there basibeen
diversity of practice owing chiefly to the antagonistic rulings

of Appellate Courts, which to this

peittS^! "^-"'^ °' ^'' day seems to differ in opinion as to

what is proof sufficient to entitle to a
decree for a sub-proprietary tenure, as the following recent
decisions will show : —

One Appellate Court wrote on 12th July, 1871— "iThe
" sole ground for appeal is, that the Extra Assistant Com-
** missioner gave plaintiff the sir on the ground that he had
"held it since 1268 f. = 1861 a. d., and that this does not
"satisfy the law of limitation (1846 to 1856 a. d.) But to
"this it may be replied, that all that the Extra Assistant
"*• Commissioner said was, that the plaintiff had no pattah
"showing what he held within limitation, nor was his hold-
"ing specified in the available village papers, and therefore
" the Court confirmed him in possession of what he held
"in 1268f. Considering that the plaintiff held the whole
" village, he had held whatever wajs his share, and in the
" absence of more reliable data, it was not an inequitable
"way of determining plaintiff's sir, to go by what he holds ;
*' indeed Mr. Davies ruled, that it is a fair presumption that
" the lands which the old proprietor holds at favored rates
are his sir." Early in June of the same year, another Ap-
pellate Court, after finding that the claimants were old pro-
''prietors, wrote. — The pattah of 1275 f. on which the res-
" pondents based their claims, and on which the Lower Court
*' passed its decrees is by Scomber Singh, T'aliikddr of Usah,
'* who casually farmed the appellant's T'alukd from Goverii-
" ment in the absence of the owner for that single year. His
'' possession as regards appellant'19 was adverse possession,

116 RAI BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

^* and consequently the appellant is not bound by his acts *
ti* Ik m m Ik \ fiQ(j that their land and rents always
" varied* but that thoy seemed to have enjoyed no favor
" whatever in these rents. •••••••••♦

'^ The respondents are not entitled to sir under the existing
'* rules.** By consent of the T'alukddr the Eiirmf old pro-
prietors were decreed right of occupancy in the lands and
rent entered in the rentroll of 1271 f. (1864 a. d.) subject to
the provisions of the Rent Act. These Kdrmfs were late in
submitting their claims, and had to do so on Stamp paper of
full value ; and their right to sir was, according to the con-
ditions of Mr. Davies* ruling, established primd facie by the
fact, that they calculated the value of their holdings on rents
of a most favored nature, and these valuations and conse*
quently rentals were not disputed by the T'alukddr.

180. Altogether 10,623 claims to subordinate rights,

excluding sub-settlements of all kinds
J^r^i^ cuima to ij, t'alukds, ha ve be«i preferred in this

district, of which —
4,673 related to sir and nankar.

831 ,, to shankallaps.
5,619 „ to all other claims.
--, - , rsi. Of the sir and nankar

Bir and nankar. •. .

claims —
2,004 were decreed on trial.
348 „ „ by consent.
1 „ „ ex parte.
1,917 „ dismissed on trial.
192 „ „ on default
211 „ withdrawn.

4,673 total.

These cases include claims to lands held : —

(1) by virtue or in consideration of former proprietary
rights.

* Within limitation.

TSLAt BABElir SETTLEMENT BEPOBT. 117

(1) by virtue or in consideration of fornieT proprietary
tight,

(2 ) by reason of having established a hamlet,

(3) broken up culturable land,

(4) made a well, or

(5) performed some service or other to whoever was
the proprietor at the time of the grants

and which were held by the claimant within limitation.

They also include cases coming under the provisions of
Book Circular No. IV. of 1867, in which compensation was
awarded to sufferers, by the rules under which Sanads were
granted, and who were thereby debarred from obtaining
rights which but for the Sanads they would undoubtedly
have enjoyed under our rule. They include also all cases
♦ ^ . ^, decided under the provisions of seo-

Occupancy rights. ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ jj ^^ ^^ ^IIX. of

1868.

The number disposed of has not been separately esti-
mated, but the results of the claims decreed have been tabu-
lated and shown in a return which was submitted with the
last annual report.

Prom this it appears, that out of all the
t'alukddri estates in this district, amounting
to villages ... ... 1,029

Decrees for sir and occupancy rights have I 4411.

been given in villages ... ... j *

Having a total area of acres ... ... 184,899

And a total estimated rental of Rs. ... 8,66,221

The actual area shown as decreed is acres . . . 21,619

The estimated rental of which is Rs. ... 1,38,122

And the rent acti^ally paid by \ gg qoq

the decree-holder is ...} '' '" '

Leaving a balance for 2,679 > p,- -^^

shareholders of— ) '' ^^- ^^''^*

Or a profitof Rs. 19-5 per recorded shareholder per annum.

This and the result recorded at the foot of para. 177 may

118 RAf BARELf SETTLEMENT RfiPORT.

be satisfactory in cases in which, if there are any such, the
proportions of assets decreed to all proprietors represent
real profits over and above the question of support, otherwise
they do not legitimately furnish matter for congratulatory

paeans. The majority of the above
^^Decree.hoiders as a rule pay ^ecrees, provide for the payment by

the decree-holders of rent equivalent
to at least the amount assessed on tbe lands decreed as Gov-
ernment demand ; but some of them affirm the vicious prin-
ciple of permitting land to be held by an award of Court
^ ,^ , , • free of rent, or at a rent less than the

Some hold rent-free. . /» ■■ it r^ j. j

amount fixed as the Government de-
mand. The principle is vicious because there is nothing in

our laws to prevent a proprietor ali-

hofdiS'''' '*'' "^"''^'^ '"'^ enating such lauds ; and if the pur-
chaser or pretended purchaser defaults,
Government must come on the holder for the revenue. Por
example if A. is decreed 25 per cent, of the gross assets of a
village, the custom in this district has been to put him in pos-
session of land paying rent equal to half the estimated gross
assets, and making him liable for the payment of the Govern-
ment demand on that land, or 26 per cent, of the estimated
gross rental. But in some cases B. and others have been de-
creed lands absolutely rent and revenue free, the superior
holder being liable for the Government demand on that land.
If the portion of the superior holder's estate which is to be
considered liable for this Government demand were defined
in such decrees^ there would be no objection to them, but
this has nowhere been done.

shankaiiap '^^^' ^hrce huudrcd and thirty one

claims to shankallaps were submitted,
of which —

12 were decreed by consent.
149 „ „ on trial.
141 „ dismissed „

13 „ „ on default.
16 „ withdrawn.

331 total.

BiCr BABELI SETTLEMENT RSPOBT. 119

Paras. 20 and 26 of the Record of Rights* Circular lay down,
that shankallap ktisfaast is a pure ma'jK tenure given by t'a-
lukddrs, and therefore liable to resuniption by them at regu-
lar settlement. Grants by shankallap were probably in
existence long before the word f alukddr was invented. They
were originally grants of land, money, or property of any

^ „ kind, made to Brahmans of esteemed

^ '" hohness by pious or superstitious per-

sons. A ceremony has to be gone through which is called
ktishast, from the fact of grass being placed on the grantee's
hand during it, and a formula is repeated from which the grant
takes its name of shankallap. To resume a grant of shan-
kallap is, by the Hindti religion, the deadliest of sins ; and is

Enormity of reauming a Bhan- vlsited by transformation in a future
'^^^^p- state into a worm in the nethermost

Hindti hell, the nearest approach to which state of existence
is, in this world, the life of a maggot in an urinal, whatever
that may be like. The natives have a story of a Rajah, who,
in knocking down some mud buildings, to dear a site on
which to build a palace, was on the point of destroying the
nest of a bird, which was endeavouring to rear some young
ones, and who in the agony of her despair, threatened to drop
one grain from out of some grant of shankallap made by the
Rajah into his food, to the end, that by eating it he might
commit the unpardonable sin. It is to be hoped that the
Rajah spared the nest, and escaped the punishment.

183. This was the true original sl^q,n]i:a}lap, and it was
and still is granted for no other consideration than the love
of god (Bishun-py^t,) which however is supposed to lead to
beatitude in a future state. But in the course of time, another
species of shankallap came into fashion. Brahmans who ob-
, , „ tained possession of land for other

Other snankallaps. • j x^ xi. ai. ^ i. u

considerations than the above, such as
the lending of ijao^ey and the like, hit on the principle of
having the bargain clenphed by leaving the ceremony of
shankallap performed on the occasion of the transfer, and as
many claims submitted to the Settlement Courts to hold
land by right of shankallap are found to be based on a trans-
action in which valug^ble consideratipn had been given for

* Circular No. 2 o£ 1861, dated 29th January, 1861.

cc

120 HAr BARELI SETTLEUEKT REPORT.

the land claimed, it became evideafc that such cases did not
<5ome under the category of grants made by favor of a t'aluk-
ddr, and instructions were issued by which a holder was
entitled to a trial on the issues* whether *'what was given to
** him perhaps as &, favor in the first instance has not by cus-
^^tom and prescription become a right, and whether the
^' tenure was created with the intention that it should be
^'maintained only during the pleasure of the granter; or
during the performance of some specific service (religious
or secular) or as a permanent right whether of property or
occupancy/' It was further laid down in para. 6 of the
same proceeding that — *' A claimant who cannot prove pos-
session of his shankalls^, holding in 1262-63 Fasll has no
locxis standi in Court." With reference to the other species
of shankallap, which is also in some places called birt, it wasf
declared that a religious grant made for a consideration
<;ould not have been resumed during the native rule, nor can
it in certain districts be redeemed. '^ The argument, that the
*' policy of our revenue system is adverse to the legalizing of
^^ perpetual leases, should not hold good with regard to lands
" granted for a consideration, or for religious purposes. With
*' reference to the safety of the Government demand and the
'* difference between former and present assets, the Court
'^ should not be bound by the letter of the terms specified
" regarding payments, but should determine the terms on
^' which these tenures are to be held on equitable grounds."
184. Besides these claim to sir and shankallap, 5,619
ciaimB of other sorts. claims of *'other" sorts were sub-

mitted in t'alukds, of which —

197

were

> decreed by

consent.

6

9f

;>

ex parte.

3,263

ff

)y

on trial.

1,736

9f

dismissed

3f }>

226

99

»

„ default.

191

5>

withdrawn.

5,619 total

•

* Selected case No. V. dated 5th June, 1868.
t Selected case No. VII. dated 5th June, 1868.

RaI BAREli SETTLEMENT REPORT. 121

These include craims to —

Groves.

Grazing lands.

Jungles.

Waste.

Barren.

Ponds.

Wells.

Village sites.

Proprietary dues.

185. The rules under which claims to groves have been
^ decided, are contained in Settlement
^^^ Circular No. 63 of 1863, and were ful-
ly discussed in the Settlement Report ot this district for the
year ending 30th September 1867, in consequence of which
the opinions of different officers in the province were called
for, and published in a pamphlet form, but no change in the
rules resulted therefrom ; wherefore it is unnecessary to go
over the whole subject again ; but a passing allusion must be
made to the terms on which groves have been decreed to
cultivators pure and simple, as they may possibly lead to trou-
ble in the future ; and indeed the Commissioner has lately had
a case before him which shews the direction in which they
tend. The rule under which these decrees have been given
is as follows : — " The grove may have been planted by a com-
" mon cultivator by permission of the proprietor and such culti-
" vator may or may not have paid rent for the land. In such
*' cases, theoccupancyofthetreesmustfoUowtheoccupancy of the
" land and if the cultivator is turned out of the latter, he will
*' lose all interest in the former." The only interpretation,
that can be put upon this rule, is that, " the land " first men-
tioned is that on which the grove was planted, whilst " the
land " subsequently alluded to must be that held in cultivating
occupancy. The result has already been in at least one in-
stance in this district that a proprietor having turned a tenant
out of his holding, has claimed a right to deprive him of his
groves also. This, he has a right to do under the local law, but
such a procedure is opposed to all local custom by which a
cultivator's grove is the property both heritable and transfer-
rable^ of his family.

* Case F. village Satawan, parganah BarelL'

122 RAi barelI settlement report.

It is probable, that the term property did not carry abso-
„ . ,, _^ lutely the same weight during the

Meaning of term property. ,. *> , ii_ i -i j i ®

native rule, that it does under ours,
but relatively it had the same meaning whether applied to the
T'alukddr's estate or the tenant's grove. During the native
rule, the proprietor could, and sometimes did, deprive ten-
ants and others of their groves, and of all their other property
including eve a their lives, but then the T'alukddr was liable
to similar treatment from the Government, or from more
powerful neighbours. Now, we not only recognize the
proprietor's rights to his own property, but we have actually
increased his power with regard to the property, always ex-
cepting violent attempt upon life, of tenants-at-will.

186. Claims to grazing lands are similar in many of

their features to claims to groves.
'^^^"^^ ^ * The local name for them is " charl"

whicli means laoad kept for the purpose of grazing cattle on,
or of growing fodder for them on ; it may be bare or have trees
on it. Small patohes. are occasionally preserved. Chari
\^ sometimes cultivated after a rude fashion, and the crops
are either grazed by cattle on the groimd, or cut up for their
food. It is generally held rent-free, but there is no doubt,
that all land ploughed or sown should be classed as cultiva-
tion and considered liable to rent. Allowing it to be held
rent-free confers no real benefit on any body, but leads to a
careless style of cultivation and to the deterioration of the
breed of cattle, which is owing much to the delusion that they
can be sufficiently maintained on what can be raised without
effort.

187. The term jungle is applied in this district to land
J - ' bearing trees of indigenous growth,

such as the Babul, Dhilk and some
others. Old proprietors always lay claims to these lands but
have seldom obtained decrees for them.

188. Many claims to waste and TTsar, or culturable and

Waste barren barren lauds, have been made by old

proprietors but generally unsuccess-
fully. The right to break up new land was exercised as a
rule by permission, specially accorded through its function-

rXi BARELf SKTTLEHENT REPORT. 123

aries, of the State, so that it was ahnost imposeihle for old
proprietors to prove any independent right of property in
such land. Under our rules, Government waiving its claim
to everything but a share of the produce, the T'alukddr ob-
tains whatever others fail to prove a right to.

189. Many claims to ponds and wells have been put

^ ^ ^ „ forward by and decreed to old pro-

Ponds and wells. . , in t i

prietors and others. In such cases
they must have been excavated or made by the claimants
themselves or by their ancestors, and must have been held by
them within limitation. The right generally to the water of
jhils or marshes for irrigation purposes has been recorded in
the administration paper as mentioned at para. 158, but very
few claims to the individual control of a water-supply have
been submitted in this district. In the case,^ however, of a
Faqlr who claimed the right to charge certain cultivators for
the water of a well from which they had irrigated certain
fields, because the proprietors had claimed rent from him on
land which he had held rent-free for the same time, the Courts
of original jurisdiction and appeal dismissed the claim on the
ground that it was barred by the law of limitation, the latter
Court fortifying its position by a long argument showing how
the Government demand must sufter, if everybody who can
establish a right to a water-supply were allowed to impose a
rate on the water. In special appeal the Financial Commis-
sioner upheld the orders of the lower Courts, but on other
grounds and wrote. — " I do not admit that the cultivators
" who have by his permission watered their fields from his
" well have had possession of a right adverse to that of the

" proprietor of the well I cannot agree that

*^ because a field has been assessed as irrigated by the Settle-
*' ment Officer, that therefore the owner of the well or tank
*' from which it was watered at the time of settlement cannot
" stop the supply." This appears to be a most dangerous theo-
ry. A proprietor can drive any tenant from his holding by
stopping his supply of water for one year ; he can represent
and teuly represent his rents at so much and take a water
rate besides. He can favor tenants who pay him a low rent
but a water rate as well, at the expense of those who pay him

* ,. ■ ■■ ^ .1 ■ ■ I

* Case F. village Bela Bhcia, parganah Barelt

124 HAI SAREti SETTLEMENT REPORT.

high rents but no water rate. Under-proprietors, who have had
wells decreed to them may seriously damage the property of
the proprietor of the village.

190. A few claims to village sites have been decreed to

old proprietors who could establish clear-
ViUage sites. j^. ^^^jj. fundamental right to, and posses-

sion of them within limitation.

191. Proprietary dues, comprise the fish of tanks ; passaie,

an indigenous rice that grows in marsh-
ropne ry ues. ^^ ^ amouut paid foT appointment of

weighman ; two pice and some pawn, given on occasion of the
birth of a son ; one or more goats given to whoever fires off
a gun near a dwelling in which a son has been lately born ;
the material of the house of, or manure collected by an
absconded tenant, and parjot which is the generic name
derived from "parja" a subject or tenant given to the yearly
offerings made by the residents on an estate to the proprietor.
The shepherd gives a blanket, the cobbler a cured skin ; the
blacksmith a knife, the tailor a cap, the carpenter a pair of
wooden shoes, and the Pandit a blessing and a cocoanut or a
flower. The right to the greater number of these and other
dues is not recognized by our Courts, but in a few instances
claims to fish, indigenous rice, manure and material of
abandoned dwellings have been decreed.

192. The general principle on which the "other"
.... ^. ^ claims have been decided in this dis-

General principle on which . • . i i n n ^ j

•* other" claims have been tnct has been proot 01 somo louncia-
<^^<^^^®^- tion in right and of possession within

limitation, but this principle did not up to the end of 1868
meet with the approval of the Appellate Courts.

193. The contention of the Settlement Courts in this
district was that in the case of old proprietors, who had alien-
ated all their rights in a village even generations ago, but had
retained undisturbed possession of some groves, grazing lands,
&c., the fact of this long continued possession was proof suf-
ficient for the inference, that they had been allowed to retain
these holdings for maintenance and in recognition of their
former proprietary right, and the more so because such a

RiCl BARBLf SBTTLBHBKT BBP(^T. 125

ooBcessioDr was in aoeordance with prevailiDg custom. The

Appellate authority was of opinion*
AppeUate Court's opinion. that old proprietors who had sold

their Tillage, were never allowed to
sell or transfer any rights which they held after such sale,
although they had been known to mortgage them, the pur-
chaser being occasionally himself the mortgagee. And the
Court of ultimate appeal ruled,! that the burden of proof
that any under-proprietary rights, had been reserred when
the village was sold rested on the old proprietors; at the same
time long possession was not admitted as proof sufficient

194. In the case of persoi^ who had not sold but had

V 1. . , . V . *^®* **^®^^ proprietary rights, the pro-

had^r^id^^ 4?hr "'^^ cedurein thisdistrict has been to decree

them under proprietorship of grazing
lands, tanks, village sites, and whatever they could prove
possession of within . limitation, ao matter by what name it
may be known, or to what purpose it may hitherto have been
applied. The land now occupied for grazing, tanks, and vil-
Ifkge sites, may some da,y be ouUiva^ted or devoted to other
purposes, which will be^soutceis of profit to the holder. The
Appellate Courts held, that it is almost impossible that a man
not in proprietary possession of a village can have a ri^^ht in
tanks, sites, or grazing lands> and that in t'alukds and nants
such rights can only exist when derived from gift of the
Sanad-holder. That speci&t appeals in suits relating to rights
inabddi (village habitations) wells^ water, fish, &c., which must
protraot litigation come up from the Bai Bareli district, that
are perhaps not heard of in other districts, and that it would
suffice if such rights were recorded in the Wajib-ul-arz. It is
difficult' to undwstand how, when ai claim is made and con-
tested, a reoord of rights can be made in the Wajib.ul-ar2r or
in any other papw, untiil the requirements of* the Code of Pro-
cedure which provide for the suhmiasion of special appeals

have been satisfied. Subsequentlyt
;^^Recent ruling* oi> the «iV flings worc published under which
^"^ parties: who had sold their proprie-

tary rights, could obtain decree for rights of occupancy,

* Village PakFaulii pargana Dalmau, 16ih- June, lB68r

t Satnaxida verttu lUaaShiinkar Mux,. Tillage Qagttutn, paigaoa Dalmau.

t Selected case No. VL ot WO.

126 HAf BABKLf SBTTLBMENT BBPOBT.

heritable but not transferrable at favorable rates in lands held
by them since the sale of their rights.

195. Three thousand five hundred and fifty-one claims

to sub-tenures of all kinds in estates,

th^ t^ukSri! "" ''^*^ '*^'' . tl^® proprietary right in which is not

secured by Sanad, have been decided ;
of these — «

89 were decreed by consent.
3 ,, ,, ex parte.

1,567 „ „ on trial.

1,647 „ dismissed „

118 ,, „ in default.

127 „ withdrawn.

3,651 total.

The same general principles were adopted in the decision
of these cases as were followed in the settlement of similar
claims in t'alukas, but in the latter a great number were made
by old proprietors, whereas the majority of the former emana-
ted from persons who laid no claim to proprietorship of an
estate.

196. On the next page is a return showing the number

of officers engaged in the Settlement
Return of work done and Qf t^is district, the time they were
'''° "^ '*• employed and the work done by each,

from which it will be seen that nineteen officers -assessed 1,482
villages and decided 22,755* cases within a period of nine years
and eight months; the total time during which they were all
employed being equivalent to 37 years and one month, which
gives an average monthly out-turn of work for each officer of
three and one-third villages assessed and fifty*six cases decided.
On the following page is a return^ of appeals decided.

197. As far as it is possible to judge of the condition of
^ . , , , a people regarding whose domestic
Condition of the people. economy WO kuow absolutely nothing,

they appear to be steeped in ignorance, overwhelmed with

' * This total does not tally with that given in. Return No. 6, because this one is taken
from the monthly returns and the other from an examination of files*

RAI BARELf SETTLKMEXT REPORT.

127

Return showing the number of officers* ivho have worked

at the Settlement of the Rdi Barell district,

the time each was ai work and the

work done by each.

Time at

® s

°4

"^1 1

T> l J XT_

work.

"•ll*

umber

appeals

cided.

u-^

Refmarka.

Rank and Names.

J8

Yrs.

Mths.

if i

p O 0)

Jzi

JZi

'&

Mr. W. Glynn, Dy. Comr.

and Set. Officer,

...

11

...

...

13

Major MacAndrew, Dy.

Comr. and Set Officer,

3

2

621

69

1,305

Major Ouseley, Asstt Set.

Officer and Offg. Set.

•

Officer,

4

4

673

1,334

1,686

Capt. Erskine, Offg. Settle-

ment Officer,

«..

3

• • •

108

40

Mr. 0. Wood, Offg. ditto.

1

10

• • •

786

1,259

„ M. L. Ferrar, ditto.

...

3

• • •

179

117

Capt Mackenzie, Asstt

Settlement Officer,

...

5

• • •

320

Mr. G. L. Tjang, ditto.

2

1

288

1,987

.

„ W. C. Benett, ditto,

• • •

3

...

214

Sheikh Najaff Ali, Ex.

Asstt. Commissioner, ...

7

3

...

5,027

Mr. W. O'B. McMahon,

Ex. Asstt, Comr.,

3

1

. • •

1,065

Mtinshi Ghfilam Hyder,

Ex. Asstt, Comr.,

...

4

...

673

Munshi Safdar Hoosein

Kh4n, Ex. Asstt, Comr.,

...

7

...

748

Munshi Harpershad, ditto.

1

1

...

1,409

Munshi Chhadami Ld,], Sadr

Mtinsarim,

...

2

...

71

Moul vi Gh filam Hyder, Sadr.

Mdnsarim,

5

2

• . •

3,481

Mdnshi Khizr Mahomed

Khdn, Sadr Mtinsarim,

3

10

« • .

2,164

Mtinshi Niz4m-6d-din, ditto.

...

1

...

7

„ Dhanpat R&i, ditto^

2

...

« • .

1,269

Total,

37

1

1,482

2,493

22,755

rAi barelI settlement report.

I

-eoiRi«g

; : ; ; ; :« I : i'' i~

"3

!

Q

TVl

: "fe S : '2S : :S2S

1

■pwjopnnui

: : : w ; ;*~ : : : : : :

.

■iiSMpipiM

■linBjsp

; 1 ; ; i ; ; i : :- ; i

-

irajinOTa

J

s

■pauBAB^

:" IS : J" i :§ i^

F9!P»W

;a S : :!"• : ;«"*

^

■pswugooo

, "S 1 : -"SS ; :|S|

■p»»ninini

: "S S : '2S : igSS

i

■5

liiffiiiijjfiL

wa ^K -Sk 3 = 3 ao<!
II 1 j| If . ^

i

bAi BARBLf SBTTLBMKNT EIPORT.

129

•*>»

C4H
O

o

o

OQ

I

a

WOX.

•pajj8jsra«xj,

•uAtupiii^T^

•yuiyuizw'a

•paSJ8A9'a[

•pagipopi

•ponugnoQ

g

o

I

o>

CO
CO

00

CO

o
00

a>

CO

CO
<M

o

G^

kO

cq

CO

CO

CO

C4

CD

I— I

CO

c^

CO

CO.

CO

'^J*

Ud

CD

cq

CD

.a

I

•T3

o
o

o

o

I

130 rIi BARBlI finBTTLSUENT BEPOBT.

debt^ and bordering on destitution, while they never seem to
want money to meet the exigences ol caste rites and ceremonies,
so it is rash to attempt to form any judgment on the igno-
rance of which we are in possession,

198. A feeble endeavour has been made in this district

RiU Bareu poor fuud admmi*- ^ penetrate the thick darkness which
temi by natiTe gentlemen re- lies between the efforts of the charita-
Bidents of the city. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^f ^.j^^ indigent. It

has for years past been the custom of the European communi-
ty of Rai Bareli to subscribe to a poor fund, which was distri-
buted by some minister of religion, but during the present year
no one sufficiently acquainted Wh the peopll and their wants
could be found who would take charge of it. An eSoxt is now
being made to get the fund administered by native gentlemen,
residents of the city, noaninated by the community generally,
aud ihe experiment has been so f^ successful that luring the
month of August 1871, over one hundred rupees were cfistri-
buted in alms to the poor through the agency of the Commit-
tee so nominated. Thesubscriptionsamouutto Rs. 1 47 per men-
sem, of which Ra 61 are given by Europeans and Rs. 86 by na-
tives, chiefly Government servants and pleaders^ The natives
who have attended the three or four preliminary meetings have
shown a lively interest in the proceedings, and a thorough
appreciation of the object and probable benefit of the under-
taking. They have imfortunately at their fingers ends eVery
possible objection or impediment that could mar the success of
the scheme, but understanding that their connection with it is
of a purely voluntary character, even those who do not believe
that it will succeed are not active in their opposition,

199, The result of enquiries as to the number of abso^
Tha number of absolute pau- luto paupcrs was somewhat disheart-
pers somdwhat disheartening, eniug. The retums ori^ually Sub-
mitted by local committees showed for, four or five out of
fourteen divisions of the city over one hundred naxnes, at
which rate Ra 1,000 per mensem would not have satisfied the
requirements of charity. There is, no doubt that among the
names so submitted were many who had no claim on publio
benevolence, but still the actual result of the distribution for
the month of August is far from encouraging. Over one
hundred rupees have been distributed and not one recepient
has been awarded more than one rupee, the greater nimiber

]til BARBLf SSTTLBMEirr REPORT. 131

having received fi*oin four to twelve annas each. And still it
is wrong to sa^ that in this there is not cause for encourage-
mentw Even If it could be^ that three-fourths of the dona-
tions had been absorbed by objects undeserving of chaaritj, it
is surely an encouraging fact, that it has been possible to reach
even a few of the really destitute who as a rule are beyond
European cogiadxance or aid, and it is a sign full of hope for
the future of a district, when a community composed oi such
incongruous elements as the population of a native town can
be brought to work harmoniously for the common weaJL
Without doubt, much care, foresight and tact will be required
for the full development of the scheme, but who without pro-
per culture expects aught but a crop of weeds.

Classes into wMek ^apahtt- 200. The population SCemS to

lioiinsy be divided. }^q divided into four classes mz.—

Masters and dependants^
* Borrowers and lenders*

Not a man who has the slightest mean's of support but has
one dependant at least ; no vagrant without ostensible means
of Livelihood but has at least one patron. Almost every man
appears to be in debt, and he who saves a rupee puts it out
upon interest. The penalties for infringement of the provi-
sions of the Stamp Act have no terror for the petty lender,
for he lends on such security as no well to do man will take,
and if he turns rusty, his debtor has nowhere else to look for
food, for raiment, for life. Natives say that systematic evasion
« , ^. * ,. V. of liabilities is having a serious effect

Systematic evasion of liabi- x i -l x j. j^

iities not general in tkis dia- upou commcrce at the great contrcs Ot
*"^- trade, but the cancer has not yet

spread to retired spots such as the district of Rai Barell

201. Any scheme by which it would be possible, *' to

emancipate cultivators from the
Emancipation of eoitivatora thraldom of the Village mahdjans,

fnmi thraldom of villMEe mnhi- ,j .» .__i_i • tIj'^

Jans. ^^ would causc qmtc a revival m India,

but the evil lies too deep in native
nature, habits, and ignorance to be easily eradicated. The
true remedy is probably education. An experiment to effect

* Major MacAudrew's repwt para. 202.

if
'it
<t

132 fill babel! settlement report.

the above desirable object has been set on foot in the
Lucknow district, the chief characteristic of which appears
to be, that the proprietor is to get a percentage of the in-
terest of the loan advanced to the cultivator sufficient to in-
duce him, the proprietor, to become security and hypothe-
cate his land for the debt. It would be scarcely fair to at-
tempt to judge of the practicability or otherwise of the
scheme, till some land has been sold under a decree of a
Court in satisfaction of the claim of the judgment cre-
ditor.

202. In relation to this subject the following sentence

in a pubhshed report,* is calculated to
Transactions between mahi- mislead any who have little coffnizance

lans and cultiyators generally. t*^. ,../< •. * i i_ j x-l x

of it *' for it must be remembered that
if the native money 4ender does lend grain at 50 per cent
interest paid in kind, the loan is made when grain is dear
and repaid when it is cheap, and the result, calculating
" the money value of the loan and repayment at the times
" when they are effected, is far more in favour of the borrower
'' than 1 8 per cent, charged on money accommodation. ''

203. Enquiry shows that the practice of different money-
. , . ., . ,. ... lenders varies in different parts of this

And in tms oistnct. -r>j'i i ii*/y* xi

district, and as regards dmerent classes
of borrowers. Reliable men who do their utmost to satisfy
their demands get comparatively good terms from the frater-
nity ; others who systematically endeavour to evade their ob-
ligations are treated without any kind of consideration. No
general hard and fast rule can therefore be laid down on the
subject, but the following are some of the more prominent fea-
tures of these transactions^ To begin with the commencement
of the cultivating year, or about the month of June, rice
takes about a maund of seed per acre, and if advanced in June
has to be repaid in November, or when reaped, at an advance
of 50 per cent. If any of this demand, principal or interest,
remains unpaid, it has to be made good with an advance of 25
per cent, at reaping of the spring crop, and wheat or mixed
wheat and barley are often the only grains taken in payment.
The other kinds of grain sown for the autumn crop require but

* Report upon the Reyenae Administration in the Province of Oudh for the year
ending 30th September 1870, Part I. Revenue, para. 37-

rIi BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORl^. 133

a few sers per acre, and are kept by cultivators themselves or
procured from their relations and friends, or if got from the
money-lender they go down in the food, &c. account which is
always kept separate from the seed account. Grain given for
seed for the spring crop has to be repaid with an advance of 5
per cent. When the crop is reaped any balance remaining due is
converted into cash and bears interest at half an anna per rupee
per mensem, or fully 40 per cent, per annum on the property
advanced. The food account as above mentioned is kept separate
from the seed account. Some money-lenders supply grain to
some cultivators from June to November, or from sowing to
reaping of the autumn crop, and take as payment in November
the amount actually supplied, together with 25 per cent, in excess
as interest on it, whilst others again, or the same, give to other cul-
tivators grain which they enter in their accounts as money lent,
the conversion taking place at the selling rate of the grain at
the time it was supplied, and take when the crop is reaped
grain equivalent at the then selling rate to the amount of the
debt, principal plus interest, at half an anna per rupee per men-
sem. There are numberless purely local methods of making
up accounts which are however all, more or less, in favour of
the money-lenders. Money for subsistence repaid within
thirty or forty days is accompanied with grain at the rate of
five sers per rupee instead of interest money, cash borrowed
in October to pay the rent, bears interest at the rate of half an
anna per rupee per mensem till January, after which the cash
interest stops, and instead of it five sers per rupee of grain is
given when the crop has been reaped. Repayments of grain
are often made from day to day and are thus spread over the
whole of harvest time, or perhaps two months ; the money-
lender calculates the value at the lowest rate prevailing du-
ring that time. If repayment is made in one lump, the money-
lender takes a ser per rupee over and above the prevailing
rate, the cultivator must give it, or carry his grain to another
market.

204. It appears to be a recognised fact that many agri-
culturists are deeply involved in debt,

to^r^d^t!^*^™*"''^^'^ t^t in ^^ district there are no statis-
tics to show whether the majority of
those involved are mere tenants-at-will or men possessing some
kind of rights in their holdings. It is natural to suppose that

134 Itil BAfiXli SITTLEHXNt RXPORf.

the latter beingableto give better security must preponderate.
Although there can be no doubt tiiat freedpm from debt must
engender a feelii^ of independence in the most servile disposi-
tion, and which sooner or later is sure to awaken a better
spirit within it, and notwithstanding that there are fewendea*
vours more laudable, or sensations, more gratifying, especially
when unaccompanied by personal expense, than the efforts em^
ployed in releasing, and the feelings attendant on the emancipa^
tion of our fellow creatures from the trammels of a thraldom
little less severe than actual slavery, still it must be borne in

mind that no remedy is likely to have
CanM of injaiios mutt be any permanent effect till the cause of

understood to render remediei j.r "^ •* • • , -, , , i ^.

of any lasting value. tiie mjury IS Clearly understood. It

must be remembered that not only is
it to the interest of the proprietor that the tenant and money-
lender should be on good terms, but that without the money-
lender it would often be difficult to collect the Government
demand. When a tenant has any fixity of tenure the money-
lender is not only his creditor but also his banker ; through
many months of every year and in bad seasons throughout
the whole year, he is entirely dependant on the money-lender
for the means wherewith to support existence. From the money-
lender comes the seed he sows and the cash wherewithal to
pay his instalments of rent or revenue, as well as to meet the
demands of superstition and the wants of society. The money-
lender not only buys his surplus produce but advances money
on his stock. When we are prepared to take the mahajan's
place to the cultivator, we may be able to divorce parties so
cemented by necessity on the one side and by gain on the other,
but it would probably be easier to alter somewhat the rela-
tions between these low contracting parties by improving
our communications and by educating the people.

205. Paradoxical as the statement may appear, univer-
sal plenty is the cultivator's ruin. It leads to overstocked
markets which deteriorates the value of his produce, whilst the
earth refuses to increase her yield to meet the exigency. A
greater portion of the produce is required to pay off the money-
fender's demand and consequently less is left for his own con-
sumption, the result in a couple of years being that the
money-lender refuses further advances and the cultivator has
to relinquish his holding. The population of this district is
just now, September 1871, going through a crisis of this nature.

nil BARELf SETTLEMENT KEPORT. 135

Two bumper crops in succession combined with high rents have
brought many cultivators to the verge of ruin, and to add to
their trouble the Maddti sahi pice, the coin hitherto in
common use among the people has deteriorated* considerable
in value during the last few years. Formerly three of them
went to the anna, now six and seven are taken as the equiva-
lent of an anna. The reason is doubtless that the coin is not
now a legal tender. About sixty-four thousand of these pice,
the copper in each of which is worth three times the copper
in the current coin, were put up to auction at the local treasury
on the 15th November 1871, when the highest ojQTer made
was Rs. 31 for a bag containing fifty rupees worth, or
three thousand two hundred pice. If the Government demand
stands the strain of the present trial there will be little fear of
any necessity for its revision.

206. With reference to the much vexed question of salt,

the following particulars, some of which
have been kindly supplied by Mr. J.
W. Jones, Deputy Inspector of Customs, are interesting. At
annexation Act XIV. of 1843, prohibiting the manufacture of
salt was introduced into Oudh. As supplement to this was
passed Act XXXI. of 1861, to regulate the manufacture of
saltpetre and sale of salt educed in the refining process.
This Act was worked by the local Government through a
special officer till December 1863, since which date the Customs
Department has been regularly established in Oudh.

207. Some years ago the idea that salt manufactured in
_ - . ^ Oudh could compete with the imported

Local manufacture. .., •i"S /v»'iJi^+T

article, prevailed sufficiently to mduce
th^ imperial Government to sanction the experiment of opening
legalized local works. The following statistics show how
erroneous was the ide% how complete has been the failure.
The manufacture of salt was commenced in this district in par-
ganah Panhan, in March 1870, and continued to the end of the
rainy season. The total quantity—

Manufactured was, ... Mds. 24,983

Of which were sold, „ 23,666

Destroyed by inundations, „ 1,317

* As a oonsequenoe of yAddi it u iaid the price of copper vessels has fallen.

136 rAi barelI settlement report.

The sale of this sdlt took no less than sixteen months i. e^
from April 1870 to July 1871, and it sold for very much less
than its cost, in fact a large quantity could only be cleared by
letting it go on payment of the Government dues only, which
here are Rs. 3-2 per maund viz. —

Duty, ... ... ... ... ... Rs. 3

Cesses for cost of establishment, ... „ 1 0*
Landlord's royalty, ... ,,0 10:

Total Government dues per maund, ,,320

Salt cannot be manufactured in this district at less than

12 annas per maund, in some parts of
the Delhi division superior salt can
be produced for, from two to three annas per maund ; the cost
of carriage and other incidental charges to Cawnpur being
nine annas per maund. In the Rdi Barell bazaars the follow-
ing are at present the prevailing retail prices of salt per
maund : —

Rs. A. P.
Kdld (Black,) 13 5 4

Samhar, ... H 8 14 3

Lahori (Rock,) .800

!K.atfla, ... ... .,. ... ... 6 2 &

Giix'ari from 5 to, 5 11 5

Niih (Salambha,) 5

The fact that the local product did not fetch on the spot
what its manufacture cost, over and above Rs. 3-2, and in some
cases only Rs. 3-2 per maund, with such prices for the
imported article prevailing in the bazaars, shows how mistaken
was the idea that occasioned this profitless endeavour, but

"Not a moth with vain desire
"Is shriverd in a fruitless fire,
"Or but subserves another's gain."

nil BABELf SETTLEMENT REPORT. 137

and it is to be hoped, that this failure will put an end to
lamentations about the destruction of a flourishing manufac-
ture, and the serious loss entailed thereby on landed proprie-
tors.

208. The reason why the manufacture of salt may have

Why manufacture of Bait been a profitable speculation during
may have been profitable dur- the native rulo, is the Same as that

ing native rule? ^j^^j^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ locally

cheaper then than that it is now, which is that in Oudh in
those good old days, it was more than a man's life was worth
to attempt to carry produce from one village even to another.
Ample proof of this statement could doubtless be found in
the criminal records of the province, and as a grain of fact is
worth a bushel of assertions, the following narrative is appro-
priate and it serves to point more than one moral. — In the
district of Hardui about the month of November 1860, a
report was brought by a village watchman to a neighbouring
poUce station, that some cowherds had observed the remains
of a human body in the jungle and about the same time,
another report was made at the same station that a buffaloe
unclaimed was wandering about. Inspector Sewdin Diiba of
the Oudh PoUce, an OflScer of more than usual intelligence
and zeal, happening accidentally to be present, at once took
the enquiry into his own hands. The body was too much
mutilated by animals and birds to afford the slightest clue
to its identity, but by proclaiming the fact of the wandering
buffaloe in the region round about, the murdered man's
brother was discovered. The crime was ultimately brought
home to some Brahmans the incentive being a buffaloe load
of grain, which the unfortunate victim was taking to some
market.

' Kinds of salt most oonaumed 209, The kinds of Salt most

in this district. vLQed by the mass of the population in

this district are —

I.— Giirari the local name for all small grained western
salt, and which comprises Mattia, Katila and Balambha or
Paniah from Bartpur.

Salambh^ from Ntih and Sultdnpuri from Sultdnpur in
the GArgaon district.

II.— Qhattig^ or Sctltpetre salt.

s

138 rXi BARELf SETTLEMENT REPORT.

The well to do folk consume Lahori and a few use Sam-
har. The salts mentioned under class 1 vary in quality and in
price, from Rs. 5 to Rs. 5-12-0 per maund.

210. In the native army before the mutiny, individual

Sepoys who kept a running account
Expenditure on salt in the -^th the regimental Baniahs used

native army before the mutiny. , , i i • . -P - .1

to be debited with one anna per men-
sem as the price of the salt supplied to them, whether they
consumed much or little, or whether they were stationed
in Bengal or in the Panjdb. The cost to men who
messed together and who paid their way was much

less. The outside expenditure on salt
Outside expenditure of an of an adult of the labouring population

in this district is at the ^^sLt day
twelve annas per annum, and taking the cost at Ks. 5 per
maund, of which Rs. 3 are for duty, the amount that could
be saved in the expenditure of each adult on this item annu-
ally would at the outside be seven annas and two pie. Is it
natural to suppose that this amount, if saved, would go towards
supplying a better quality or a larger quantity of salt to the*
consumer, would it not rather be spent on more or better food,
clothing, or liquor, and what absolute change could such a
saving effect in the condition of the poor? This charge of
seven annas and two pie per annum is not an excessive one for
the poorest adult to pay for the protection enjoyed imder

British rule. Under the regulations
.„??i®* '^^^^K *® f®"?'® ®^ at present in force in Oudh, no seizure

ilhcitly manufactured salt. /•'i-i* ^l^ i^ ± i ii- n

of illicitly manufactured salt is allow-
ed when the quantity made for personal consumption is less
than two pounds, and it is an open question whether manufac-
turers of such small quantities do not absolutely expend more
in time and labor in procuring their salt, than they would have
to pay of their equivalent in money for a better article in open
market.

211. As Major Mac Andrew writes at para. 195 of his

report, a favorable picture of the pre-

eo^uT^^^ossibie*^^^ ^^ *^^ ^®^* condition of the people cannot
^^° ^ ^' truthfully be drawn, but the worst

that can be said about it, is that the ignorance of the multitude

rAi BABELf SETTLEMENT EEPORT. 139

creates a darkness so dense as to be actually ?PPre8sive and to

afiect malignly all hving things within

But there is no reason for its influence. So IS it alsO trUB that

despair. ^j^gj-g ig ^o reason to despair just now

of their future. They want chiefly light and axscordmgly a^
this reaches them speedily or tardily, so will their regeneration
be rapid or the reverse.

KALPH OUSELEY, Major,

Officiating Settleimnt Officer.

Conclusion.

212. In the introduction have been given the names of
all the oflScers who have labored at this Settlement. The
annual reports of the District, Division, and Province show
the opinions entertained by the heads of departments of the
industry, ability, and qualifications of their subordinates, to
repeat these would be a work of supererogation, but there is
one officer who deserves that his name should receive especial
mention in this report. Sheikh NajafF Ali, Bahddur, Extra
Assistant Commissioner, joined the Settlement establish-
ment of this district in November 1863, and he remains in it
to see the last record faired and made .over to the district
office. The work shown in returns does not represent a
tithe of that done by him, conscientious and honest, able and
industrious, obedient yet fearless, and kind though peremptory,
he unites in his own person the value of the supervisor with
the usefulness of the workman. His varied knowledge enrich-
ed by ripe experience is ever at the service of the officer who
may be so fortunate as to have him for a subordinate.

213. Almost all the officers above alluded to, and many
others who as holding less responsible positions have not been
mentioned personally in this report have been provided for by
the local and other Governments, and orders have been issu-
ed that as men come under reduction they are to be nomina-
ted to fill suitable vacancies.

EALPH OUSELEY, Major,
Assistant Commissioner, 1st Class, in Oudh.
Late Officiating Settlement Officei^ Rdi Bareli.

No. 2998A.

From

P. CARNEGY, EsQTJiRB.
Offg. Commr., Rli BarelI Division.

To

J. WOODBURN, EsQTJiRE.
Offg. Persl. Asst. to the Chief Commb., Oudh..

In the Revenue Department,

LUOKNOW.

Dated Rdi BareU, the 13th May 1872.

Sir,

I HAVE the honor to submit the Completion Settle-
ment Report and Returns of the Rdi Bareli district, as received
from the late Officiating Settlement Officer, Major R. Ouseley,
and to make the following remarks.

2, The demarcation of the district was carried out in
the seasons of 1860-61, under the supervision of Mr. E. 0.
Bradford, Demarcation Officer.

The scientific survey was conducted by Colonel F. C.
Anderson, Revenue Surveyor, during the years 1861-62 and
1862-63.

The Field Survey was eflfected in the years 1862-64
under the orders of Mr. Glynn, Deputy Commissioner, and
Colonel MacAndrew, Settlement Officer.

The assessments were made by Colonel MacAndrew and
Major Ouseley in the years 1864-67.

And lastly the Judicial, General and Record work was
completed by various hands between the years 1862 and 1872.

( 2 )

3. It is to be regretted that owing to the changes inci-
dental to official life in India, we have been deprived of any
complete and comprehensive history of the district and of the
settlement proceedings of the last ten years, but in the ab-
sence of such a work, we are fortunate in having to hand (1)
the very able report of his three years settlement operations
by Colonel Mac Andrew ; (2) the masterly sketch of the clans
of Rii Bareli by Mr. W, C. Benett, c. s., and (3) the sugges-
tive report by Major R. Ouseley, which it is now my duty to
submit.

4. Major Ouseley does not seem to have divided his
report into subjects, and for this reason it is not altogether
free from defects of method and arrangement, but the following
appear to be the main heads under which he has arrang^ed his
remarks. ^

1. Introductory and descriptive, ... from paras. 1 to 5

2. Historical,

3. Education, trade, manufactures,

and communications,... ...

4. Indigenous products, including

an)oriculture and wild cattle,

6. Assessments (Farts I. and II. of

which are devoted to proce-
dure and principles and Part
III. to suggestive specula-
tions),. .. ... ... ... „ 50 to 152

7. Records and returns, „ 153 to 161

8. Judicial (including Part I. proce-

dure, and II. enquiry into

rights), • „ 162 to 196

9. Miscellaneous, including condi-

tion of the people, miprove-
ment of the condition of culti-
vators, copper coin, salt &c.,... „ 197 to 213

5. Following the procedure adopted in forwarding the
Pratdbgarh Settlement Report, I have given such informa-
tion as I happened to be in possession of, connected with the
historical and general portion, in the shape of marginal notes,
which can be printed as foot notes, should the Officiating

}}

6to

33

ff

34 to

44

99

45 to

48

99

49

( 8 )

Chief Commissioner think fit to order the publication of Major
Ouseley's report. In the present address, I shall therefore
confine my remarks more especially to those portions of these
papers that relate to what I may call settlement work propei\

6. The Baf Bareli assessment is avowedly an assess-
ment on rent'roUs, and the peculiarity is claimed for it that
the assessment of each village has been made entirely on its
own rent roll capabilities, as revised and ascertained on the
spot, and without reference to the features of other villages
of the neighbourhood.

7. An ordinary village rent roll is one thing, a
reliable one is another, and one revised for assessment
purposes is a third. We have the high authority of the

* In India where rent is fixed under so many . ** liiayo

different considerations ; where rights of occupancy so
generally exist ; where forced lahor and service is often
recognized ; where land is let at different rates for rea-
sons of family, religioD« and caste ; where, as a rule, there
is little or no competition for the occupation of hired
land ; where the rent receirer's interest is to induce the
tenant to stay ; where the whole custom and feeling of
the country is against disturbance, and where, eyen in
some of the tnost highly cultivated districts, such as the
parganah of Baghpat herein mentioned, rents have
scarcely increased, notwithstanding a very great adrance
of agricultural improYements, and the increase of value
of produce. Where all these circumstances exist, it is
impossible to affirm that ral nation formed upon such a
basis would be reliable. Indeed a notable instance of
the truth of this is described by Mr. Strachey, clearly
showing that an assessment such as was made in the
Settlement of the Bat fiarel! district in Gudh upon the
basis of actual rental, is, as a test of value, comparatively
worthless.

against actual rent-
als being accepted
as a basis of settle-
ment in the words
* marginally quot-
ed.

8. I am not
myself favorable to
even what is called
a revised or scruti-
nized rent roll as
the main basis of

assessment, and my
reasons in detail are quoted on thefmargin from my report on

the settlement of
tahsil Dostpur, —
Still Colonel Mac-
Andrew and Mr. C.
A.Elliot, C.S., both
Settlement Officers
for whom I have
the highest possible
respect, believe in
them, and there

t Para. 70. The following are some of the di£Bcul<
ties that have presented themselves, and which led to the
relinquishment of scrutinized rent roll as the main basis
of assessment :— *

1«(.—It often happens that a good deal of land, or it
may be the entire land of a village, is held at &kFored rates
by former proprietors as a part of the transaction under
which they transferred their rights. In such case, it is
manifestly wrong that Government should be asked to
accept the half of assets thus reduced under agreement,
and to be deprived of a portion of its dues by a transac-
tion to which it was no party.

( 4 )

Sful.— Two TiUages adjoin, and are demarcated as one
because they belong to the same owner. The owners and
cultivators have their dwelling in one ylllage, which the
latter cultivate at high rates, and they also cultivate the
other villages at much lower rates, as non-residents. As
between these parties the high ratei of the one Tillage
make up for the low rates of the other, so they go on
contentedly for a time. The rent roll of the one Is high,
of the other low. In process of time, from some contin-
gency the two villages become divided ; and if the de-
mand is apportioned according to the rent roll, which
would be the case under the rent roll assessment princi-
ple, it is evident that the village with the high rates wiU
be over, and the other with the low rates, under assessed;
and the Government demand in the former would thus
be endangered.

Srd.— There are instances in which the cultirators
pay very high rates for their arable land, under a direct
understanding with the owner that they are to gather
wood and grass from the village waste. In such case, if
the assessment is made on the high rent roll of the culti-
▼ated area, and an additional sum, as is usual, is added
for the culturable waste, the proprietor would be at a
great disadvantage, for Government has Already taxed
that jungle by taking half the enhanced rents which the
cultivators pay on their arable land, for the privilege of
getting firewood, grass, &c.

4lA.— Many rent rolls have been inordinately run up
by reason of sub-proprietary disputes ; to assess upon
these would be certain ruin.

6M.— Many proprietors are in debt to their cultiva-
tors ; and pay the interest in a reduction of rent. The
Bhadoe estate is in this plight, and to assess upon the rent
rolls would be to forego the just Government demand.

fiM. — It is cnstomsry to make advances to new culti-
vators and to bring them from a distance to settle. The»e
advances are frequently not repaid at such, but are
squared in time, by the addition of an anna or two per
bfgah or per rupee in rent ; to assess this anna or two
would be to tax capital in the manner deprecated in the
latter part of para. 65 of Settlement Directions.

7lA.— It wJis a very common thing for a landlord, in
the King's time, to have in view some particular land
which was set aside, in lieu of wages of servants or re-
tainers ; the patw6ri was only instructed to enter the
rental of that land at double or treble the proper amount^
and at which nominal sum it was assigned as wages. In
many instances, these observed entries have run on to
date ; and to assess upon the rent roll in such case would
be surely folly.

Stk, — ^There is not a shadow of doubt that the pat-
w&rl's rent rolls do not by any means represent the land-
lord's collections ; and therefore to assess upon them
rather than upon the otherwise ascertained capabilities,
is to forego much revenue.

must therefore be
undoubted good in
them when carried
out by such officers.

9. We have the
word of both Colo-
nel MacAndrew
and Major Ouseley
for it, that the R^i
Bareli rent rolls as
a rule were found
very correct : and
this is attributed to
the fact that at the
beginning of the
settlement, the De-
puty Commissioner
collected all the vil-
lage papers of the
last five years of
native rule ; while
considerable atten-
tion seems to have
been paid in the
district to the early
orders of Sir 6.
Wingfield in the
passing of which I
had a considerable
share, to use every
effort to have writ-
ten leases regularly
exchanged between
landlord and ten-
ant.

10. It would
thus seem that fair-
ly reliable rent rolls
were found ready ta
hand, and the next

step was to scruti-
nize or revise them,
that is to apply pro-
per rates to favored
and rent-free hold-
ings. This was
done by dividing all
the holdings into 7
classes as per *mar-
gin, and by find-
ing the average
rent paid by each
class and then decid-
ing what average
rate should be ap-

( 5 )

Qth, — In many instances, rent rolls have been nomi-
nally run up by landlords, and their friends in the vil-
lage have agreed to absurdly high entries which were
never of course, to be realized, in order that suits might
be brought against their foes, at neighbouring rates,
which rates were those nominal ones just re&rred to.
However, much the landlord, in this, and in others of
the above cases, might deserve punishment, rent rolls so
enhanced are not a safe basis for assessment purposes.

lOth. — In Sub-proprietary villages too, the rent rolls
have frequently been found especii^y unreliable. Where
the T'alukdibr has been able to influence the village ac-
countant, the rent roll will usually be found overstated ;
where the Sub-proprietor has exercised that influence,
they will be found understated. The larger the rental,
the more will the T'alukd&r obtain ; the smaller the rental;
the more will the Sub-proprietor receive. To explain
this in detail would occupy a volume. Where rent rolls
have been found free of the blemishes which have been
above described, they have generally been confirmed by
the other checks here adopted and have been accepted.
About one-half of the rent rolls of the Tahsil under re-
port come under this category.

plied to each class.

If it was found that the sir was rated in the rent roll at an average

of Re. 1 per bigah while for similar
land the Brahmans were paying Rs. 3,
then Rs. 3 was put on the sir also in
If it was found that the rent-free land

was equal to the average of the Chattri holdings, that average

was applied to it,

11. It certainly says a great deal for the Rdi Barelf
rent rolls that the Settlement Officers certify that they seldom
had to set them aside, and this is also the conclusion I
have drawn from a perusal of the assessment books where the
modifications in rates under the above 7 heads, are mainly
confined to adding something to the sir rate, and to determin-
ing the fair rate to assume for the rent-free lands.

12. But there were instances in which the rent rolls
were found unreliable, and for this contingency it was found
necessary to provide a remedy. A limited classification of
soils was therefore made, the cultivation of the rent roll was

sub-divided geogra-

t Goind (manured) irrigated, 1

* Sfr, Shikmi, Brahman, Chat
tri, Ktirmi, others, rent-free.

assuming the rental.

nnirrigated, ...

2
3

4
6
6

phically, as per
tmargin and aver-
age parganah rates
were deduced fot

these six conven-
tional denominations of soil. By applying the deduced aver-

( 6 )

age rates to the six classes of soils of a village, as shown in
the finally approved village field book and map, the gross
rental of the cultivated area was found, and this formed the
basis of assessment in those apparently rare instances where
the rent roll was found unreliable.

13. On either of these two principles the cultivated area
of the Bdi Barell district seems to have been assessed.

13 A. In para. 135 of Colonel MacAndreVs report, a
diflference of opinion with the Settlement Commissioner is
recorded, as to the manner in which the irrigated area was re-
corded in the Rdi Bareli Field Registers. A translation of a
memo by Extra Assistant Najaff All further elucidates the
subject, and is attached to this report. The Rdi Barell plan
was no doubt necessary to the correct carrying out of the
system of rent roll assessment there adopted, but the plan
elsewhere generally followed gives the more correct estimate
of the average annual irrigated area of a village,

14. There remained the culturable waste. So far as I
have been able to gather this has been (1) sometimes relin-
quished, for sufficient reasons, which are to be found stated
in the No. II. Statements, (2) ordinarily it has been assessed
at an annual rental of 4 annas per blgah, (3) occasionally it
has been rated at 8 annas, and (4) exceptionally, where thatch-
ing grass is as profitable a crop as grain in the Ganges
islands, so high a rate as Be. 1 has been assumed.

15. Groves in excess of the 10 per cent, which Govern-
ment has released from assessment have been treated as cul-
turable waste, and no account whatever has been taken in
this Settlement of the items which go to make up the proprie-
tor s manorial dues. I estimate that no less a sum than
Rs. 50,000 has been given up here imder these two heads
of (1) groves less than 10 per cent, and (2) manorial dues, and
this sum the proprietors will annually receive, in addition to
their fair half of the assumed gross rentals.

1 6. A prominent misfortune in a rent roll assessment is
that the supervising authority is supplied with no data by
which he can really test his subordinates work. The parga-
nah rent rates were avowedly struck in this behalf, as ex-
plained in para. 143 of Colonel Mac Andrew's report, and that

( 7 )

is the sole check we are supplied with. As matters stand, we
have to rely mainly on the personal character of the Settle-
ment Officer and to this extent we are fortunate ; for the
name of Colonel MacAndrew who matured the Rdi Bareli
Settlement system and put it in force m the greater part of
the district, is in itself a tower of strength. The system de-
pended for success on the vigilant supervision and personal
bodily exertions of the Settlement Officers, and these I am
well certified were not spared by either Colonel MacAndrew
or Major Ouseley, That success attended their labors might

♦ I may mention here that Major MacAndrew'a Set- ^irly be aSSUm-
tlement of Rai Bareli is based entirely on the jamdbandis ed from the *mar-
with less allowance for error in them than I have made, rri 1 4. 4.*

and yet it is almost the heaviest assessment in India. His g^^^J- . CJUOtatlOn
revenue per acre is Ks. 2-6-4, a rate only exceeded by ^
Cawnpur and Fattehpur in the North Western Provinces.
This is certainly an argument in favor of the honesty of
the jamabandis of that district (1) that they should be
used so confidently by an officer so sound and careful, (2)
that confidence in them should bring out an assessment
not only not light, but singularly heavy compared with
others.

from one of Mr. C.
A, Elliot's Settle-
ment Reports,
which is to be
found in No. II.

Vol. Ill, of the
North Western Provinces Revenue Reports, page 70. But
inasmuch that it is necessary to demonstrate rather ' than
to assume the proprietary of an assessment, I shall now try to
do this to the best of my ability,

17. I. R^ Bareli is boimded by the districts of Lucknow,
Undo, Bdra Banki, Sultdnpur, Pratdbgarh, Fattehpur and
Cawnpur. The average revenue rates and percentage of
total area irrigated of these Oudh districts, and the rates of

the adjoining par-

B^ Bareli,

Lucknow,

Uxiio,

B&ra Banki,

Sultanpur,

Pratdbgarh,

Fattehpur,

Cawnpur,

Cultiva-
ted.

Cultu-
rable.

Total.

2 6

2 2
, 4 10
12 4

2 2

2 3

2 10 6

2 9

4
6
3

7
8
3

Irri;

mga-
ted.

1 10

1 6 3

3 8 9

1 15 1

19 4

1 11

2 2 9
2 2 9

1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1

3

4 8

6 11

7 10
1 3
1

6 4

7 10

ganahs of Fatteh-
pur and Cawnpur
are given on the
*margin, and the
result ^ shews that
there is no heavier
assessment in Oudh
than Rdi Barelf,
while all things
^ ,, _ considered, the

Uudh parganahs compare fairly with those of the North
Western Provinces.

18. II. The new assessments have now been from 4 to
7 years in operation, an over assessment has never, so far as

35 7

32 8

24 3

18 9

39 1

37

( 8 )

T'alaldL

Morarman,
KMh&r Sataon,
Kfef SMowli, *.
Kathwara,
Hardaspnr,
Amiwan,
Girdh^rpur,
Knohran,
KhajfiH,
Pairamau hissa of
Zmk&rKh&a,

Total,

NeUai
Khdm of
1278 F.

Govt,
demand
exclu-
ding
ceases.

1,44,514
59,850
58,595
10,541
19,380
31,511
15,517
14,571
8,191

4,976

I

62,266

28,412

29,983

4,161

8,891

13,768

6,531

6,365

2,869

Amonnt and per-
centage of T'fuuk
dars share.

Amonnt.

Percen-
tage.

I am aware^ been urged against them by any of the district
authorities. The land revenue as a rule is collected sooner in
Rdi Bareli than in Sultdnpur and PratAbgarh, which districts
pay a lower revenue rate, and one of which ( Pratdbgarh ) is
undoubtedly very lightly assessed.

19. III. A number of t'alukds have recently come
under the Oudh Estates Act. The details of these are given on

the*margin. These
shew in the very
first year of our
management that
in every instance
save one in which
several Sub-settle-
ments were decreed,
the share of the
rental which goes
to the proprietors
is already much in
excess of the moi-
ety taken by the
State. Govern-
ment is in fact al-
ready only receiv-
ing 45 per cent,
of the existing

82,248

31,438

28,612

6,380

10,489

17,743

8,986

8,206

5,322

1,818 3,157

66-9
52-5
48-8
60*5
541
56*3
57-9
56-3
64-9

63*5

3,67,646,1,66,064 2,02,58l| 561

*In this Valuki five villages have
been decreed in Sub-settlement, the
net profits of sub-proprietors cannot
be found.

T'alukd^ rental in these estates, while the T'alukddrs
receive 55 per cent, and this be it remembered is in addition
to what is intercepted by sub-proprietors. It may be ima-
gined what the result to these estates will be of a few years
vigilant Government management.

20. When in addition to these three substantial reasons^
it is remembered that the capabilities of the district are of the
highest order, as may be gleaned from the figures tmarginally

quoted, and when as
already explained
itiskeptmviewthat
beside half the as-
sets, all the manorial
dues have been re-
linquished to the proprietor, whHe a tenth of the well wooded
area of the district has also under the Oudh rule been released
from assessment; the impression which at one time existed

A. E. P.

t CnltiTation

per plough.

...4 8

do.

„ cultivator,

...3 8

Irrigation

„ well,

... 7 6

do.

„ pond.

... 9 3

Govt, demand

„ plough.

...11 2 8

do.

,, cultivator,

... 9 3

♦ Tahflfls.

Bate on

Total.

Percen-
tage of
increase.

Cultiva-
ted.

Cultiir-
aible.

Behar,
Kai Bareli,
Haidai^arh,

2 14 6
2 4 4
2 8 3

1 10 6
1 9
1 12

13 8
12
1 4

13*2
25-9
37a

Total, ...

2 6 4

1 10

1 3

24-6

( 9 )

that the Bii Bareli assessment was high, is found to be obvi-

ously baseless.

21. Tahslls Behdr and Rdi Batell were assessedby Colo-
nel MacAndrew,
Tahsil Haidargarh
by Major Ouseley,
The ^marffinal
figures mil liew
the revenue rate
and the percentage
of increase obtained
by these officers.

22, Itmaybe
mentioned in expla-
nation of the difference in percentage of rise in these Tahslls,
that the Summary Settlement of Behir was made at Undo,
and was notoriously heavy, while that of Haidargarh was
made at Bdxa Banki, which was as notoriously light. The
first Summary Settlement of the medium Tahsil Rdi Bareli
was made at Salone, by General Barrow, c. B., when Deputy
Commissioner of that district.

23. In paras. 100 to 105 of his report, Major Ouseley
has commented on the proceedings of former Commissioners
and Financial Commissioners in reducing the assessment in 6 1
villages. I should be out of order were I to express any
opinion on this matter, all I can therefore say is that the dis-
trict assessments generally are far from high, my reasons for
this opinion have already been stated above, and it is for the
Chief Commissioner to determine, in view of what has been
recorded, whether the original or the modified assessments are
to be maintained. A statement is appended to this report
which may aid the Chief Commissioner in coming to a conclu-
sion on the point. The amount of revenue at' stake is
Bs. 6,847 per annum.

24. With reference to the transitory remark to which
Major Ouseley has, as I think, needlessly given so permanent
a prominence in his final report, that the Haidargarh assess-
ment was made on rule of thumb principles, I think it incum-
bent on me to say that so far as I have been able to ascertain.
Colonel MacAndrew's very precise and well elaborated rent-
roll system was faithfully carried out, and if anything still fur-

( 10 )

ther elaborated in assessiiig that TahsfL The misfortune was^
as I have akeady stated, that but few checks were supplied
by which the supervising officers, without actually going to
the spot, could satisfSsictorilv test the work, and in the absence
of those checks and also of the officers themselves who made
the assessment, the officer for the time in charge of the Set-
tlement was apparently not in a position to explain or defend
the proceedings of his predecessors. Had Colonel Mac-
Andrew or Major Ouseley been in charge when the assess-
ment appeals were being disposed of, there is every reason to
siqppose that so many modifications would not have been
found necessary.

25. It will be noticed that Major Ouseley has not res-
tricted his observation or his remarks to the K4i Bareli dis-
trict alone, or even to the province of Oudh, for they in reali-
ty encompass the entire assessed area of British India. They
will doubtless be duly appreciated by the Department of Agri-
culture &c., &c., by which Department they wiU I presume be
finally reviewed. I consider it to be scarcely within my pro-
vince to follow Major Ouseley over the vast space over which
his versatile mind has travelled, but with reference to his
novel proposal of a graduated assessment according to which
the more land a man has, the higher rate of revenue per acre
he would have to pay, an opinion may perhaps be expected
from me, and I therefore proceed to oflfer it.

26. I. Things that are equal to the same thing are also
equal to one another ; and it is not therefore evident why two
adjoining acres of land of the same quality and yielding the
same return, should not be charged with the same revenue
demand, simply on the ideal ground that the one acre belongs
to a large and the other to a small proprietor.

27. II. Land will change hands ; will follow capital, and
so get into the possession of the rich and powerful. The pro-
posed scheme would not prevent this, and then what would
happen when the smaller holdings were absorbed by pur-
chase Ac., into the larger estates ? would a re-assessment have
to be made ? what becomes of the idea then ?

28. III. Again many of our large land-holders were pro-
mised a light assessment. Could an assessment be called
light under which a man was paying ever so much n^ore per
acre for his land than his neighbour ?

( 11 )

29. IV. Progress would be retarded in backward dis-
tricts by such a scheme : and the small would therefore suffer
with the large, since the latter would not be able to grant
clearing leases at low favorable rates to the former.

30. V. Those who can and who do now pay their reve-
nue easily would be disheartened, for the benefit of those from
whom the revenue always has been and always will be ob-
tained with difficulty.

31. The plan, for these reasons, seems to me to be
neither practicable in Oudh, nor would it be equitable any-
where, and in the interest o£ the State no sufficient reason has
been shewn to justify so radical a change.

32. Turning now to those paras, of the Officiating Settle-
ment Officer's report which refer to records and returns, I have
but few remarks to offer. It will be in the Officiating Chief
Commissioner's recollection that shortly after taking charge
of this Division^ I convened a meeting of Settlement and dis-
trict experts to examine and report on the Settlement records
of all three districts, and the conclusion finally arrived at,, was
that as a rule, the papers had been <^refully prepared and but
few alterations were found necessary. This result the Officia-
ting Chief Commissioner considered satisfactory.

33. With reference to the OfficiatingSettlement Officer's
remarks on the Khetibat tenure it occurred to me to enquire
whether the provisions of Financial Commissioner's Circular
No. 7 of 1865 had been attended to, for it is a noticeable thing
in the Rdi Barell reports the freedom with whichimportantCir-
culars such as No» 1 of 1863. No. 4S of 1864,&«,&c,are^said to-

have been ignoredL

♦ Under para. 38 of the directions to Bevenue Officers J find that thev have
and in accordance with Rubkdr dated 12th February j i -i "^

1862, issued by MAnshi ncram-tilJah, former Extra Assis- UOt, and the COUrSO
tant Settlement Officer, and !Rubk&r dated 24th Mareh fnllr^-oro/lia AirT^loin

1863, issued by the Deputy Commissioner and Settlement ^Uliu weu !» t5Xpiain-
<^cer Captain MacAndiinn^ Idie Khetibat papers fiavcD ed by the Sxtra
been prepared as follows : - AssistS^t Commis-

n the land of demarcated village A. is situated in SlOncr, and wiU bo

demarcated village B. it is measured and eixtered in it» found Stated in dc-^

proper place in the Shajrah and ELhasrah of B. but without i m . i ^ •

a measurement number. A different color is used to dis- vauon ine marglD.

tingiiish such land on the map from the remaining lands 34. To disCUSS

of fi. and the name of village A. is put down on this part. • i 1 -i ^r

From the total demarcated area of B. the ai^ of the Klieti. IH detaii tne paraSi.

( 12 )

^ilaV V^?*^«* ""iA^ ''^T^'^J'Si^*^ it* of Major OuseWs

|>ap«r8 for B. A copy of the field u transferred from the •' r • i . •' .
map for B. upon the map for A., and after completing the report WillCil treat
numbers of nelda in the demarcated circle, numbers are . rm i^l^A 111/11n1o1^I7rkt<1r
assigned to the outlying fields. In the Khasrah, the land onmejUOiCiaiWOrK
within the demarcation circle are first entered, and the out- of the Settleiueilt
lying fields are then added, and the total area of the orim- ^r^nlrl Ka +rk i-avi va
nal village is then put down. The Khetibat hmd is incfc- ^ OUIQ DO TO rOVlVe
ded in the Khationi, assessment papers, and Statement II. all the land COntrO-
for A. and revenue is assessed with one regard to the addi- -,^-«^ ^« ^^A l> ^^ ^.4-
tional area. Similarly if any portion of B. be situated V©rSieS ana nearX-
within the circle of A. or C. the land belonging to A. and buininfi^ whlch for
situated in B. will be deducted from B, and vie land be- -i i- i*
longing toB. situated in A. wiUbe added to it. The 80 long a time OlS-
above shows how Khetibat has been efifected in cases where turbecL the publlc
-small portions of one village have been found encircled in . i j i. * u
another village. But if a compact entire Chok or a Chok mincLy ana Wmcn
consisting of lands scattered here and there of one village haVO nOW for &
A. lie within the demarcated boundaries of B. the prac- .. ..
tice adopted at the commencement of the Settlement was COnSlderabie time
in accordance with RubldLr dated 12th February 1862. Vio-nT^iW T^aati fnr
The lands of the Cfhok were abstracted from the lihamh ^^^P^J J^T.^" . '
and map for. B. and included in A. and Ehationiand gotten. xhlS 1 Will
asseMmentpapew&c. fortheCho^ were separatdy p«^ therefore On nO ac-
pared along with A. But at the time of assessment Major •'"^^ j % iT
MacAndrew ordered the papers of such Choks to be separa- COUnt 0.0. I have,
ted from A. and filed withB., accordingly the papers have l.^^^^^^ aAApA
been separately filed with those of B. the serial numbers xlOWever, aooea
being continued from the lands in B. The revenue was SOme marginal
bIso assessed with B. the amounts being separately shown ; , /» ~* l „ ti o
and then Kabtiliats were taken, as if , there were two nOXeS OI expiana-
mehals in one demarcated village. Financial Comissioner's tion OppOslte SOmO
Circular No. 7 of 1865, could not it is urged be carried / -x/r • f\ i >
out, as the papers of Tahsfls BehAr and DiOmau had been 01 MajOr UUSelOy S
completed before receipt of that Circular. paraS. and I Cannot

refrain from expressing my regret that the Officiating Settle-
ment Officer, should have considered it incumbent on him to
parade an array of instances in which his personal views did
not finally prevail with his superiors, and to revive animosi-
ties which it would have been m every sense better and wiser
to have forgotten.

35. There are 1,482 villages in the Rdi Bareli district
of which. 1,629 are in t'alukds. The Judicial returns shew
that 56^ of these latter and portions of 8 others, have been
decreed in Sub-settlement, besides 12 which were given in
perpetual lease and 12 others in non-t'alukfis in which Sub-
settlement was decreed. Moreover in 441 other t'alukd vil-
lages sir was decreed to old proprietors.

36. In the sub-settled t'alukd villages just mentioned,
the sub-proprietors obtained more than half the profits or
Rs. 27,547 to Rs. 26,477 each of the 1,144 recorded sub-pro-
preitary co-sharers obtaining Bs. 24 per annum.

( 13 )

37. Of the 4,673 claimants of sir, 2,353 obtained it ta
the extent of 2,159 acres, yielding a profit of Rs. 51,783 to be
divided between 2,679 share-holders and yielding to each
Rs. 19-5-0 per annum.

38. 161 out of 331 shankallaps were decreed, but no sta-
tistics of area or profit are given.

39. 3,466 out of 5,619 claims to such minor rights as
groves, pasture, wa^te &c., were decreed in t'alukds. In non-
t'alukds 1,659 subordinate tenures were decreed out of 3,551
claimed.

40. It would thus seem that in t'alukds, more than half
the claimants were successful in obtaining sir, shankallap,
and minor rights, but in non-t'alukds the proportion of suc-
cess was less than half. In claims to Sub-settlement and
perpetual leases the proportion of success was considerably
less marked, but again, in the successfizl cases the sub-pro-
prietors took more than half the recognized profits, in addi-
tion to what have been called the hidden assets to wldch they
would of course be entitled.

41. Discontented as the OflSciating Settlement OflScer
seems to be with these results, I am disposed to think that
all things considered he might fairly congratulate himself on
them, for I cannot on the whole look upon these figures as
otherwise than satisfactory in the circumstances.

42. The Rdi Barell Settlement cost Rs. 4,81,945 up to
^ . -a**! 4. the end of March 1872, and a few

. Cost of Settlement. ^ ■,■, •iii..^

hundred rupees will complete the
work. The above sum represents nearly 46 per cent, of one
year's revised demand. Rs. 2,20,953 were added to the An-
nual Revenue, but the increased revenue of 2 years and 4
months were absorbed in costs. The Settlement is not per-^
haps a cheap one, but we have our consolation in the fact that
it is undoubtedly good. Pratdbgarh cost more, Sultdnpur
less, but in such a matter one district cannot with advantage
be compared with another, results being disturbed by area
and other considerations.

( 14 )

43. It only remains for me to mention the officers who
have taken a prominent part in, what I cannot but designate,
the very successful Settlement of the Kdi Bareli district, and
to recommend that the Settlement be now sanctioned for 30
years from the dates on which the new assessments were
declared

44. Of Colonel MacAndrew it is superfluous for me to
speak, for his services in the Settlement contributed no doubt
in no small degree to his early promotion to the Provincial
Secretariat.

45. Major Ouseley has creditably completed what his
predecessor so weU commenced. His sympathies with the
people have led him not infrequently into opposition to the
policy of the hour, and his excessive candour has occasionally
allowed but too much license to his pen, but these faults not-
withfltaading, Major Ouseley is an able and deserving officer,
and I therefore trust that the suspense mider which he at
present labors in respect of his future employment, may soon
be agreeably terminated.

46. Mr. Oswald Wood did hard judicial work during
the two years that he officiated as Settlement Officer.

47. Mr. George Lang, c. s., did good service in thia
Settlement in 1863-65 as Assistant Settlement Officer.
Colonel MacAndrew has spoken most highly of both Major
Ouseley and Mr. Lang in page 205 of his report, to which atten-
tion is invited.

48. Extra Assistant Ikram-til-lah and Najaff All were
also highly commended by Colonel MacAndrew, and Major
Ouseley is lavish of his praise of the last named officer. A man
who has borne the highest character both with his superiors
and with the people, notwithstanding the temptations of a
Settlement career of 10 years, can be no ordinary native.

49. Gholam Hyder, Chhadami Ldl, Niz6m-tid-dln and
E^hizr Mahomed are all officers who have made a name and
have risen in the service, through their coimexion with the
Bdi Bareli Settlement.

( 15i )

50. I may in conclusion explain that although Colonel
MacAndrew's Settlement report of eleven parganahs of Rdi
Bareli was not officially before me, it having been called for
from this office on that Officer's representation, by the Finan-
cial Commissioner, before I joined the Division, still it seemed
necessary in some respects to allude to it, especially in men-
tioning tiie officers, and as it had not previously been reviewed
by my predecessor, I have not hesitated to make such obser-
vations on it, as the occasion seemed to require.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient servant.
P. CARNEGY,
Officiating Commissioner, Rdi Bareli Division.

At the commencement of the measurement operations
in this district; the license entered that land imder the head
'' Irrigated " which, up to the time of the measurement had
been irrigated in that year, or which was to be irrigated in
that year after cultivation. This practice was in accordance
with that of other districts. By this method, the actual land
irrigated could be ascertained and this could be tested by the
existence of the wells and tanks from which a rough guess
could be made, as to the extent of land which might be irri-
gated from the said sources of irrigation.

But Major MacAndrew, Settlement Officer, altered the
above practice adopted by the Amfns, and directed that all
lands in irrigating circles (round wells and tanks) which used
to be irrigated, when necessary, should be entered under the
head " Irrigated " irrespective of the fact of irrigation in
former years.

At a cursory view Major Mac Andrew's method might
appear wrong and unreliable, as opposed to the practice gene-
rally adopted, but when the assessment papers were prepared,
and all lands were entered in detail as to quality, (irrigated or
unirrigated), and the rent of each field was written opposite
to it, and the revenue fixed ; the usefulness of the papers was
made manifest. It became then plain that Major MacAndrew
had altered the' practice for the above purpose. Had this not
been done, it was not possible to ascertain with accuracy the
nikdsi or rental of each field, irrigated or otherwise, even
with the help of the verified jamdbandls. The great thing
in favour of Major MacAndrew's method is that it shews the
exact quality of each field and the village custom regarding
payment of rent on it. The general practice (which is op-
posed to the above) does not furnish the necessary information
as to quality of soil, irrigated or otherwise.

The above may not appear very clear, therefore an

-j illustration is given, and it is hoped
that it will serve to elucidate what

has been stated above. Suppose a

village made up of three equal choks of 10 acres each, marked

( ii )

A. B. and C. An irrigation well is situated between A. and

B. and it waters the land of both the choks jointly or
separately (the land of one chok being watered one year
and that of the other in another year ; the water not being
sufficient for more than 10 acres). Chok C. is always unirri-
gated. The rent rate on lands in A. and B. is Rs. 2 per
acre, the land of each being watered in alternate years ; the
total rent of the 2 choks is thus Rs. 40. The rate on lands in
chok C. being unirrigated is 0-8-0 per acre, and the total
rent thereof is Rs. 5. The total nikd,si of the 3 choks
is thus Rs. 45. Major MacAndrew's method of preparing
the irrigation and assessment papers contain all the above
information. By the other process, only 10 acres will be
entered as irrigated in choks A. and B. the remaining 20
acres will be entered as unirrigated. Thus the nikdsi will be
(10x2/ = 20/) + (20x/8/ =10) = 30only.

If this course has been followed in calculating the rates
of an entire parganah, the jamdbandls of the whole par-
ganah must have been wrongly prepared. The jamdbandfs
of the villages would then become suspicious on comparison
with the nikdsi of the Summary Settlement, and the nik^si
of the measurement year. Forty-five would be the nikdsi by
the jamdbandi, while the Khasrah soil calculation would lessen
the same by i^ths. It will then be necessary to look for other
sources of information ; all assumptions about different kinds
of produce, number of ploughs, natural soils, &c., &c., &c.,
are at the best imaginary. Assumptions of increased rent
on the ground of irrigation, will not be correct. I cannot
explain further, but to the best of my belief, I declare that
Major MacAndrew's method of preparing irrigation papers
and assessment of revenue is very good.

NAJAFF ALr KHAN,

Extra Assistant Commissioner.

STATEMENTS.

( ii )

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( iii )

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( iv )

No.

STATEMENT SHOWING

to

-1

i

•

Cost

§

a
•s

1

:

Number of Tillage
pers.

Name of par-
ganah.

1

1

General and

Officers.

Fixed Estab-
lishment

1

2

8

4

6

6

7

Danndia
£her&, ...

101

1,879

Rs. A. P.
8,166 11 10

Bs. A.

7,474 18

P.
8

Bs. A.
8,657 6

P,
9

Rs. A. P.
2,389 11 8

Ohatampnr,
Bhagwant-
nagar,

29
63

646
997

1,355 7
2,382 8 8

2,517 6
4,245

1
8

9,592 8
6,090 11

970 12 6
1,647 8 8

Behir, „.

26

475

1,240 4 8

2,091 10 10

8,208 12

7

867 8 8

Fatiuiy „.

15

275

698 10 8

1,149 18

6

1,465 7

8

896 a

FanhaOy «•.

23

428

1,005 6

1,831 8

2,580 9

7

697 6 11

81

676

1,602 10 9

2,752 1

4

4,132 8

1,116 12 2

BarraiDi^

169

8,364

5,950 5 8

13,359 9 10

15,476 18

1

4,182 12 1

Khironi •..

123

2,550

5,887 8 7

12,472 11

2

18,805 13

4

8,731 2 6

Bareli,

863

7,488

14,882 11

82,180 7

9

52,973

8

14,342 9 8

DalmaTU •..

292

5,942

14,499 6 8

26,256 1

86,053 10

6

9,761 9 10

Haidargarh,

118

2,478

5,290 6 10

12,892 6

8

14,710 7

6

8,982 14 4

Kiimr^wan,

68

1,208

3,273 15 10

6,385 8

7

9,942 6

2

2,691 14 10

Bachr&wan,...

68

1,208

4,218 10 9

8,594 11

8

13,457 11

7

8,643 11 6

Hardttii ...

23

480

1,360 2 5

2,284 1

2

3,467 7

938 13 1

Grand Total,

1,482

29,894 66,663 14 10

1,36,487 8

7

1,89,619 13

51,310 14

A.— Ru

pees 16,

,990, as

the probable (

cost of expeni

^itu

re for fumiBhin^

* the Settlemei]

it

BaI BABBli DiSTBIOT,
SUTTIEMBNT OtFICBj

The 30th December 1871

n

COST OF SETTLEMENT.

( y )

of

a
la

7
I

1^

is:"

JndiciaL

•

Contingenciea.

TotaL

S3 ^

1

8^2

P4

J

8

9

10

11

12

13

Ba. A.P.

Ba A. P.

Ba. A.

P.

Ba. A. P.

Ba. A. P.

1,G97 4 6

12,694 6 11

23,335 15

364 10

44 11 4

704 3 10

5,267 6

9,139 13

7

351 8 6

40 7

1,19S 2 2

8,938 11 4

15,516 8

9

344 12 11

45 8 8

629 I 4

4^705 1 8

8,037

8

334 14

40 7 4

287 4 11

2,148 12 7

3,897 4

8

354 4 9

47 7 7

605 14 10

8,783 15 4

6,620 1 10

348 6 10

40 1

810 1 11

6;069 1 1

10,413 13

2

347 8

48 12 10

8,034 8 10

22,693 13

42,003 12

1

368 7 8

46 8

2,706 9 1

20,243 8 11

38,603 12

8

878 7 6

42 2 7

10,664 6 9

77,980 8

1,25,042 8

11

337 8

48 1

7,258 4

53,073 8 8

93,828 15 11

870 13 10

47 13 11

2,961 7 10

22,654 18 7

40,837 11

1

396 7 9

44 2

2,001 9 3

14,635 14 3

24^295 1

8

347 1 2

44 8

2,709 4 6

19,810 11 5

32,624 1

5

347 1

45 11 7

698 11

4,104 6

7,748 8

7

323 13 8

•

38 2 9

87,862 15 7

2,78,793 10 7

A

4^81,944 13 '

366 7 6

45 12 1

Records from Ist January to 3l8t March 1872, have been included in this amount.

RALPH OUSELEY, Major,

Offg. Settlement Officer.

( vi )

No-
census EETURN SHOWING THE CREED,

1

o

!

o

s

Number of hoates.

•
•

i

1

H

Hia

K«m« of pargftnab.

Agrioul

Adalts.

*

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Daundia Kher&, ...

•••

••«

10

7,423

7,433

6,436

6,158

Ghatampur, ...

•••

...

9

3,137

8,146

2,590

2,456

Bhagwantnagar, ...

tt*

***

18

4^639

4,657

4,534

4^362

Behar,

••t

• ••

•••

2,957

2,957

2,825

2,675

Fatan,

•••

#••

4

1,140

1,144

935

953

Panhan,

.. •

• ••

•••

1,840

1,840

1,970

1,811

Magraier,

•••

•• t

2

8,573

8,575

8,244

8»000

Sarainly

ttt

•••

6

10,018

10,023

13,542

12,839

Khiron,

...

• tt

•••

12,983

12,983

13,067

12,689

Bareli,

*••

1 .•

370

44,096

44,466

32,227

30,173

Dalmau,

•• •

•••

355

31,420

81,775

21,388

19,432

Haidargarh,

•••

....

11

15,433

15,444

11,101

10,689

Kdmr&wan,

•••

t*(

178

8,733

8,911

7,413

7,210

Bachrawan,

...

.*•

129

10,296

10,425

9,058

8,473

Hardui,

...

. • .

7

8,621

3,628

2,624

2,368

Grand Total

«•

• 1 1

1,098

1,61,309

1,62,407

1,32,954

1,25,288

( vii )

III.

OCCUPATION, SEX AND POPULATION.

Fopalation

.

>

d(i8.

tnrists.

KoQ^agrioultiirists .

Minors.

•i

•4*

o

Adults.

Minors.

•

3

1

«

1

•

1

&

•

1

1

3

o

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

8,953

2,287

18,834

8,226

8,510

1,965

1,817

10,018

28,858

1,721

1,083

7,850

1,811

1,693

1,399

783

5,686

13,536

8,050

1,734

13,680

2,728

2,923

1,678

1,144

8,473

22,153

1,751

1,111

8,362

1,414

1,530

900

582

4,426

12,788

603

392

2,883

890

1,033

527

838

2,788

6,671

1,074

707

5,562

526

655

322

217

1,620

7,188

1,923

1,278

9,445

2,065

2,189

1,223

845

6,322

16,767

9,434

6,086

41,901

6,274

6,931

3,629

2,736

17,570

69,471

8,634

5,339

39,729

4^564

6,037

2,984

2,027

14,612

64,341

19,769

12,167

94,326

23,864

24,615

14^680

9,498

72,652

1,66,978

12,854

7,713

61,387

17,181

18,194

11,787

6,941

64,103

1,15,490

6,762

4,244

32,796

9,415

9,967

6,642

3,753

28,777

61,573

4,323

2,631

21,577

8,893

4,349

2,507

1,615

12,864

83,941

4,949

3,411

25,891

6,156

5,294

8,504

2,261

16,215

42,106

1,440

1,017

7,449

1,784

1,885

1,113

723

6,506

12,954

82,2SC

61,200

8,91,672

83,791

88,705

63,860

84,775

2,61,131

6,62,803

( v"i )

No. IIL—

f

Uttmhaing,

UMBe of pargftnah.

AgricnlfciiritU.

Adnlto.

Miaon.

TotaL

i

1

1

18

19

20

21

22

Danndia Kher^

•1*

187

140

104

54

485

Ghatampor,

•••

18

17

15

8

68

Bhagwantnagar,

•••

52

48

45

27

172

BeUr,

•••

17

17

14

17

65

Fatan,

•«•

9

10

7

6

81

Fanhan,

••«

84

21

19

16

90

Hagnder,

■••

83

27

19

18

92

Baraiuf,

•••

140

121

97

68

426

EhiroD,

f*(

284

278

206

161

924

'

Barelf,

•••

817

888

505

418

2,578

Dalman,

«•!

688

607

820

815

1,880

Haldargarh,

(••

401

891

218

181

1,186

Kiimr£waD,

l*t

125

107

77

46

355

Bachr£wan,

#••

246

284

125

109

714

m

Hardui,

• ••

68

62

84

20

179

Grand Total,

• • t

3,014

2,908

1,800

1,458

9,180

(Chntinued.)

( ix )

PopaUtion.

Total.

Non-agrioaltarist8«

a

I

s

%0

Agrionltnrista

Adults.

Hinon.

Adults^

^

•

e

1

•
m

*

3

o

V4

Q

1

•
-3

&

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

174

207

115

86

682

1,017

6,573

6,298

103

94

67

61

315

373

2,608

2,473

145

142

95

88

470

€42

4,586

4,410

70

71

57

35

233

298

2,842

2,692

45

42

31

22

140

171

944

1

963.

4e

61

18

18

133

223

2,004

1,832:

101

105

69

64

329

421

3,277

3,02r

273

284

210

161

928

1,354

13,682

12,960*

664

698

dS2

293

1,837

2,761

13,351

12,962

2,880

2,930

1,741

1,296

8,847

11,420

33,044

31,006;

1,684

1,698

1,098

882

5,312

7,192

22,026

20,039'

1,005

1,030

699

878

8,012

4,198

11,502

11,080^

212

194

150

102

658

1,013

7,538

7,317

801

759

487

318

2,365

3,079

9,304

8,707

191

198

125

84

698

777

2,687

2,430

8,244

> 8,403

5,244

3,868

25,759

84,939

1,85.968

1,28,196

( X )

No. III.—

Total.

Nftme of purgftnah.

Agriealtnritti.

ITon-

Minon.

Adalta.

1

i

•

1

81

82

88

84

86

Paimdiay Eher^

4.067

2,841

19,269

8,400

8,717

Ghatampar,

1,936

1,091

7,608

1,614

1,787

Bhagwantnagai*, ...

8,095

1,761

13,852

2,878

8,065

Beh^Ti

1,766

1,128

8,427

1,484

1,601

Pataiij

610

897

•

2,914

985

1,075

1,098

728

6,652

672

606

Magraier, ...

1,942

1,291

9,537

2,166

2,294

Saraini,

9,681

6,154

42,827

5,547

6,216

Khiron,

8,840

5,600

40,658

5,128

5,685

Barely

20,264

12,585

96,899

26,744

27,545

Palmati^

18,174

8,028

68,267

18,815

19,892

Haidargarhi

6,975

4,425

88,982

10,420

10,997

Xi^r^wan, ,„

^400

2,677

21,982

4,105

4,548

Bachr&waiii

5,074

8,520

26,605

5,957

6,058

Hardui,

2,474

1,037

7,628

1,976

2,083

Grand Total, ...

84^030

52,658

4,00,852

92,036

97,108

{Continued.)

( xi )

F(ipulation*

TotaL

Average of
souls per.

agricnltarists.

Total.

•

o
M

44
5

9

1

OQ

45

467

Square of oultiyation.

Minors.

3

o

AdalU.

Minors.

i

o

•

1

i

•

O

8

•

36

37

38

89*

40

41

42

43

46

47

2,080

1,403

10,600

9,973

10,015

6,137

3,744

29,869

996

1,466

834

6,001

4,522

4,260

8,202

1,625

13,609

4

535

1,264

1,773

1,232

8,943

7,4^9

7,475

4,868

2,993

22,795

5

507

1,266

957

617

4,659

4,326

4,293

2,722

1,745

13,086

6

94

1,190

558

360

2,928

1,879

2,038

1,168

757

5,842

5

531

1,460

340

235

1,753

2,576

2,438

1,433

958

7,405

4

389

925

1,292

899

6,651

5,443

5,321

8,234

2,190

16,188

5

539

1,798

3,839

2,897

18,498

19,229

19,175

13^370

9,051

60,825

6

534

1,031

8,366

1

2,320

16,449

18,479

18,597

12,206

7,820

57,102

7

560

1,038

16,421

10,789

81,499

69,788

58,551

36,685

23,374

1,78,398

4

705

910

12,885

7,823

59,415

40,841

39,931

26,059

15,851

1,22,682

4

485

1,031

6,241

4,131

65,771

21,722

22,077

13,216

8,556

65,771

4

639

1,134

2,657

1,717

13,022

11,643

11,860

7,057

4,394

84,954

4

499

1,092

3,991

2,579

18,580

15,261

14^760

9,065

6,099

45,185

4

480

922

1,238

807

6,103

4,662

4,513

2,712

1,844

13,731

4

572

1,248

69,104

38,643

2,86,890

2,28,003

2,25,304

1,43,134

91,301

6,87,742

4

509

1,028

( xii )

No. III.—

•

Detail oreaates aod
ooci^iwtion.

19'amber of honses.

Hin

•

Aiprioa

9

1

M

Adults. 1

I

^

i
1

•

3

•s

•a

•

•3

•

SQ

2

1

a

S

o
H

i

&

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

•

Bnthman,

191

29,580

29,771

27,456

25,557

2

Maha do.,

•••

45

45

15

13

3

Gour do.,

1

11

12

29

24

4

Gangado.,

62

671

633

2

1

, 6

Balkharia Chattri, ...

• V •

21

21

38

36

6

Bachgoti do.,

• • •

28

28

47

42

7

Bhadouria do..

###

212

212

244

265

8

Bhalaj Sultan do., ...

• •a

12

12

13

8

9

Bandholgoti do.,

• • •

12

12

12

14

10

Bais do,,

3

5,876

5,879

9,543

7,076

11

Amethia do..

1 1 •

1,761

1,761

1,650

1,638

12

Bachil do.,

55

55

76

59

13

Raikwdr do.,

• • •

AAA

151

151

189

177

14

Rajput do..

V W

151

151

154

125

15

Kdithur do.,

# a #

113

113

152

157

16

Dikhat do.,

# v#

645

645

524

471

17

Parihar do..

V • i

128

128

176

153

18

Gowtnm do

• • •

538

638

818

656

19

Junwar do.,

1

825

326

690

445

20

Kaupiireah do..

t • •

219

219

247

176

21

Pounwdr do..

• • •

154

154

217

171

22

Kbachur do..

5

5

8

6

23

Sengur, do., ...

• ••

78

78

131

97

24

Gohloat do..

• • •

167

167

229

179

25

Bagbanfli do.,

• • t

380

380

612

416

26

KatbaiB do.,

1

563

564

164

107

27

Sikarwir do..

99

99

183

125

28

Kachua do..

101

101

186

151

29

Gahrw&r do..

112

112

186

151

30

Chandail do..

1

93

94

157

157

31

SombuDsee do..

• t •

411

411

413

339

32

Bissain do..

524

524

608

473

33

Porgahi do..

tea

136

136

265

201

34

Gour do.,

9 9

119

119

82

58

35

Cbowban do.,

23

1,040

1,063

1,711

1,668

36

Tonwar do..

54

54

74

50

37

Bundaila do.,

■ 90

2

2

2

1

38

Baghail do.,

• • •

• • i

24

24

29

31

39

Cbowdri do..

10

10

20

11

40

Murekhia do.,

• # V

2

2

3

3

41

Jafc do.,

9 9 i

161

161

156

153

42

Gudarha do.,

1

1

•II

43

Sulankhi do, ...

Vf #

2

2

1

1

44

Khattn,

11

26

47

•••

•1*

45

Kaith,

61

3,722

3,783

1,601

1,509

46BMt,

16

903

919

702

692

47Kurmi,

168

8,706

8,874

7,427

7,369

48MiSra£,

7

6,399

6,406

6,471

6,209

49Halwax,

17

762

781

86

65

50Kachf,

•••

3,673

3,073

2,735

2,630

61

1

Ahir, ...1

1

7

13,065

13,072

17,867

16,842

( xiii )

{Continued.)

:

Population.

du8.

tariflts.

Non-aerioulturists.

•

Minors.

Adults

Minors.

•

16

•

o
o

1

•

•5

1

o

1

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

17

11,519

10,636

75,168

13,857

15,314

8,132

4,747

42,050

1,17,218

7

8

43

18

15

15

6

54

9 9

97

19

3

75

4

3

3

1. .

10,

85

2

1

6

584

652

605

597

2,338

2,344

25

11

110

5

6

3

4

18

128

22

10

121

6

7

5

• f •

18

139

213

66

788

46

40

89

13

138

926

7

3

31

3

3

• • •

*••

6

37

7

3

36

• ••

•••

• • t

•••

•••

36

6,450

1»582

23,651

523

529

331

250

1,633

25,284

1,066

399

4,753

568

583

291

114

1,556

6,30. >

46

16

196

8

5

4

1

18

214

102

60

528

38

27

21

9

95

623

66

32

877

9

6

3

• • t

18

895

101

33

443

21

13

7

4

45

488

305

120

1,420

354

.245

137

65

801

2,221

107

76

512

11

6

3

10

8

542

449

178

2,101

254

229

180

125

788

2,889

243

152

1,430

40

41

22

11

114

1,544

114

47

584

31

19

6

2

67

641

194

103

685

34

37

4

1

76

761

1

••1

15

2

2

«.i

•••

4

19

81

16

325

3

1

• . •

1

6

330

150

50

608

27

18

9

• • •

64

662

216

133

1,277

12

6

11

1

29

1,306

91

62

424

584

663

264

117

1,528

1,952

94

44

446

6

3

2

1

12

458

107

46

490

10

10

7

2

29

519

87

43

467

15

11

3

2

31

498

82

34

430

15

14

3

2

34

464

236

132

1,120

75

69

36

16

196

1,316

331

139

1,550

92

99

69

23

283

1,833

136

55

657

20

21

9

8

58

716

53

11

210

14

10

8

2

34

244

902

382

1 4,663

124

147

86

34

391

6,054

5S

IS

I 202

3

3

4

1

11

213

1

2

1 6

2

• • •

•••

• .•

2

8

17

IS

92

3

3

1

...

7

99

8

1 S

1 41

1

1

1

...

3

44

t ••

1 1 •

6

...

• ■ •

• ••

1**

• • •

6

108

\ 66

) 483

13

16

1

40

70

663

••■

« • •

•••

1

1

• • •

*t*

2

2

]

• • •

a

...

• . 1

■ • •

•<•

i . t

3

»••

1 • •

• • •

52

46

29

18

145

145

991

74^

r 4,848

\ 2,298

2,339

1,368

699

6,704

11,552

46C

) BVi

y 2,167

814

883

451

811

2,459

4,626

3,49(

) 2,64^

Y 20,935

2.832

2,893

1,774

943

8,442

29,377

3,22]

L 2,53(

7 18,437

' 933

98G

1 620

223

2,766

21,193

64

1. 3!

> 24S

1 875

913

t 668

632

2,988

3,237

1,924

k 1,21^

) 8,502

\ 953

\ 961

662

396

2,872

11,374

13,04<

5 7,705

} 65,456

J

\ 8,473

3,463

; 1,352

1

1,20C

9,478

64^936

( xiv )

No. 111.—

•a
i

i

ir.

*4

a

a

1
2
8

4
6

6

7
8

Detail of OMtM and occu-
pation.

BrabmLn,
MahiL do.,
Qour do.,
Gar.ga do.,
Balkharia Chattri,

Bachgoti, do ,

Bhadouria do.,
Bhalay SdlUn do.,

9 Bandhalgotf do.,

10 Bais do.,

11 Amethia du.,

12 Bachil do.,

13 Raikw^r do.,

14 BAjp^t do.,

15 Raithur do.,

16 Dikhat do.,

17 Parihar do.,

18 Gowtiim do.,
id Junwar do.,

20 Kanpureali do.,

21 Pounv^r do.,

22 Khachur do.,

23 Sengur do.,

24 aohlout do.,

25 Ragbansf do.,

26 Katbais do.,

27 Sikarw&r do.,

28 Kachua do.,

29 GahrwAr do.,

30 CbandaU do.,

31 Sombunsee do.,

32 Bissain do.,

33 Pergahi do ,

34 Gour do.,
85 Chowhan do.,
36 Tonw&r do ,

87 Btindaila do.,

88 Baghail do.,
d9Cbowdr£ do., -
40 Mtirekhia do.,
41Jdt do.,
42Gtidarha do.,
43Stilankb£ do.,
44£battri,

45 Kaith.

46Bb&t,

47,£drmi,

48, Mdraf,

49HalwaJ;

SOKachf,

SlAhir,

• . •

•••

. * .

• . *

I*.
I. .

• . .

I

• * .
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•••

• • .

• • .

t . .

• . .
••«
•••
•••
•*•
•••

• !•

...
I«l

Mtmalmans.

Agrioultiirlstii.

Adalti.

I

18

•••
I.*
* .•

£

19

Ifinon.

20

• . •
•«•
*. •
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• .•
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•« •
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III

• f •

(Continued.)

( XV )

Population.

[Miissalmans.

Total.

Non-agricultttrists.

s

Agriculturiats.

1

M

Adalts. 1

Minors.

s

Adoltfl.

s

•

Vl

O

o

^

•1

1

•

1

1

o

3

o

•

2

^

£

m

o.

H

H

s

&

23

24

25

26

2\

r 28

29

30

• ••'

•••

••

27,456

25,517

•••

• •

15

13

• ••

• •

29

24

• a • ■

•••

• •

2

1

• • •

«•

38

36

*••

• •(

47

42

i«i

••

244

265

••1

• •

13

8

«

••*

ft

12

14

•••

••<

9,543

7,079

••t

••

1,650

1,638

•••

i*i

75

59

•••

■ • 1

189

177

•••

••1

154

126

t*t

••(

152

155

••«

•■<

624

477

1* •

• •

176

151

•••

■ •

818

653

•••

••

590

446

•••

* •

247

175

•••

1*

217

176

•••

••

8

1

•••

• •

131

96

•*•

••

229

177

«••

«•<

612

419

•••

••

164

106

•••

••

183

127

t* t

••(

186

155

»••

• •

186

151

•••

••<

157

151

•••

•t

413

337

•••

••

608

479

•••

t •

265

202

•••

• •<

82

61

• ••

•••

• •

1,711

1,668

*••

• • <

74

68

•>•

••<

2

•••

••1

29

81

• !•

•II

20

11

• ••

»•<

3

1

• •1

••<

166

153

t**

1 •<

•1*

•••

• ••

••<

1

1

»»•

*•<

••1

• • •

t**

••<

1,601

1,509

• ••

••<

702

692

• ••

••)

7,427

7,369

• • •

••1

6,471

6.209

181

130

"" TO

40

880 *" 380

86

65

•••

••1

2,735

2,630

••«

•••

17,867

16,824

1 1 1

( iiv )

No. 111.—

Mdaialmana.

4
1

AgriooltariitB.

Detail of oastet and <
pation.

DOCU-

1

1

Number

Adnltfl.

Minors.

Total.

•

1

•

1

•

1

18

19

20

21

22

1

Brahm&n,

. . .

• •V

• ■•

. V.

•.*

••■

2

Maha do.,

. . •

• ••

' .*•

...

...

...

3

Gour do.,

••.

• t •

...

...

...

4

Gar.ea do.,
Balkharia Chattrf,

. * .

• • •

...

...

...

...

6

. . .

• • •

t . .

• « .

> ...

•••

6

Bachgoti, do ,

• • •

• • •

• ••

...

«••

*.i

7

Bhadouria do..

.. .

• • •

...

...

...

...

8

Bhalay Sult£n do.,

...

• • •

...

...

•••

•• *

9

Bandhalgoti do.,

...

••• •••

...

...

...

10

Bais do.,

••

••• eat

...

...

...

11

Amethia du..

...

t ••

...

• .•

...

•.«

12

Bachil do..

•».

• ••

• ••

•••

. ...

...

13

Raikw^r do.,

• a.

• ••

• ■•

...

•«•

...

14

Rijptjt do..

...

• • a

...

•••

•••

•••

15

Raithur do.,

.. •

* ...

...

*..

...

...

16

Dikhat do.,

...

...

• . .

...

...

...

17

Pari bar do.,

. .

...

• ••

...

•••

•■•

18

Gowtiim do.,

• •.

...

...

•••

...

•••

1^

JuDwar do..

. . •

...

• ••

...

..•

...

20

Kanpureali do..

...

...

*. .

...

•*•

•••

21

Pounwfir do..

...

0»«

...

». •

•••

•••

22

Khachur do.,

...

...

...

• i .

...

...

23

Sengur do..

...

...

• ••

• .•

•••

••■

24

Gohlout do.,

• •«

...

...

.«• ...

...

25

Ragbansi do.,

...

...

...

.*• ...

...

26

Katbais do..

. • .

...

...

• *•

•••

...

27

Sikarwar do..

.. •

...

...

•••

...

•*•

28

£achua do..

. • .

• •*

...

...

...

...

29

Gahrwar do..

*. a

...

*.*

...

■••

...

30

Cbandail do.,

...

...

...

...

•••

.«•

81

Sombunsee do.,

...

...

...

• •t

...

...

32

Bissain do-,

...

..«

...

• ••

...

«.•

33

Pergahi do.,

...

• « •

•••

...

...

...

34

Gour do..

...

t .*

...

...

...

*«•

85

Chowhan do..

• ••

...

...

...

...

».t

86

Tonw&r do ,

• .•

...

* . *

...

t*«

...

87

Btindaila do.,

• *.

...

. «•

...

•••

*••

38

Bagbail do.,

...

• .I

...

...

...

...

39

Uhowdri do., ..

...

• at

• ••

...

...

40

&f6rekhia do..

...

. .*

• ••

• ••

*• •

•••

41 Jit do.,

•a.

• •■

...

...

...

*.•

42audarha do.,

...

...

...

• ••

•« •

...

43Stilankhi do.,

...

i.«

• ••

« ••

...

.. •

44Khattri,

• a.

• •

...

*..

•• .

...

45Kaith.

• ..

• •«

...

.•t

•••

•••

46 Bhdt,

•••

• ••

t.»

•••

...

».»

47.Kdrmi,

• ..

• •t

• ••

• < •

*. •

• •«

48 Mdrai,
49Halwa],

»**
• *•

• ••

• ••

• ••

• • t

• *«
tat

...

a.«

•*•

• . a

50 £achf,

...

• .«

• *•

...

...

• . •

5lAh£r,

• *.

*.i

• ••

• . .

. <«

1. *

(Ooniinued,)

i XV )

Population.

(Mussalmans.

Total.

Non-agriculturista.

s

Agricultariats.

M

Adalta.

Minors.

^

Adults.

•

%4

o

o

O

6

'3

a

p<4

•

^

•d

•a

•

'1

1

^

'3

23

24

25

26

2^

r 28

29

30

•••'

• •

27,456

25,517

t**

• •

15

13

•• •

1*

29

24

•••

• • • •

• •

2

1

•■•

• •1

38

36

•••

• •)

47

42

• • •

• •1

244

265

• ••

• • 1

13

8

•*•

• •1

12

14

!••

••<

9,543

7,079

• ••

• •(

1,650

1,638

• •>

• ••

1*1

75

59

• ••

• •)

189

177

• ••

• •1

154

126

• ••

• •1

152

155

• ••

■•<

524

477

!••

• •

176

151

• ••

• •

818

653

• t •

• •<

590

446

•••

• •

247

175

*••

• •

217

176

• ••

• •

8

1

• II

• •

131

96

•••

• •

229

177

• ••

«•<

612

419

•«•

• •

164

106

• ••

• •

183

127

• ••

••1

186

155

• ••

• •

186

151

• ••

••<

157

151

• • •

*•<

413

337

• If

*•

608

479

lit

t •

265

202

• ••

• •

82

51

• •t

• • *

• •

1,711

1,668

• ••

• • <

74

68

• ••

• •

2

• *•

• l(

29

81

• ••

• •<

20

11

• ••

»•<

3

1

• •t

• •<

156

153

• ••

!•<

•11

•••

• •1

• •<

1

1

• ••

• II

III

• • t

• ••

• •<

1,601

1,509

• ••

• l<

702

692

• •»

• •)

7,427

7,369

• t •

• II

6,471

6.209

181

*130

*" 79

40

380 *" 380

85

65

•••

»*l

2,735

2,630

••1

III

17,867

16,824

( ^vi )

No. III.—

Detail of oMtee aod occu-
pation.

Total.

.

Acricaltarietc.

Votk

9

1

1

1

1

Minort.

H

Adnlte.

1

•

7^

•

1

81

82

83

34

36

Brahman,

...

11,519

10,636

75,168

13,867

15,314

2

MabiL do.,

...

7

8

43

18

15

3

Gour do^

...

19

3

75

4

3

4

rianga do..

...

2

1

6

684

652

6

Balkharia Chattrf,

...

25

11

110

6

6

6

Barhgot£

do..

• • .

22

10

121

6

7

1

Bhadouria

do.

...

213

66

788

46

40

8

Bhalaj SiUUn do.,

...

7

3

31

3

3

9

Bandhalgotf

do.,

...

7

3

36

••«

e • •

10

BaU

do..

...

5,450

1,582

23,651

623

629

11

Amethfa

do.,

...

1,066

399

4,753

668

683

12

Bachil

do..

...

46

16

196

8

5

13

Raikw£r

do.,

...

102

60

528

88

27

14

RiLjpiit

do.,

...

66

82

877

9

6

15

R&ithtir

do.,

•« .

101

83

443

21

13

16

Dikhat

do.,

...

305

120

1,420

354

245

17

Paribar

do.

...

107

76

512

11

6

18

Gowtum

do..

...

449

178

2,101

254

229

19

Junwar

do.,

...

243

152

1,430

40

41

20

Kanpiireah

do.,

...

114

47

584

31

19

21

PounwiLr

do..

...

194

103

685

84

37

22

Khachur

do..

...

1

...

15

2

2

23

Sengur

do..

*• .

81

16

325

8

1

24

Gohlout

do.,

...

150

50

608

27

18

25

Ragbaiuf

do.,

...

216

133

1,277

12

5

26

Katbaia

do.,

t..

91

62

424

684

663

27

SikarwAr

do.,

...

94

44

446

6

3

28

Eacbua

do.,

• •a

107

46

490

10

10

29

Gahrw&r

do.

...

87

43

467

15

11

80

Chandail

do.,

...

82

84

430

15

14

81

Sombunsee

do.,

...

236

182

1,120

75

69

82

Bisflain

do..

...

331

139

1,550

92

99

83

Pergahf

do.,

..

136

55

657

20

21

84

Gour

do..

...

63

17

210

14

10

85

Cho^ban

do.,

...

902

882

4,663

124

147

86

Tonw^

do..

...

69

19

202

8

8

87

Btindaila

do..

...

1

2

6

2

88

Baghail

do..

...

17

15

92

8

• • e

3

89

Chowdrf

do..

...

8

2

41

1

1

40
41

Mdrekbia

do.,
do..

• • .
108

66

6
483

13

16

42 Gtidarha

do.,

• ••

...

...

• 99

1

1

4d;Stilankhf

do.,

...

1

...

8

44Khattrf,

...

...

...

...

• e a

62

•* (
46

45

Kaith,

...

991

747

4^848

2,298

2,839

46

Bh&t,

...

460

813

2,167

814

888

1

47

Eiirmf,

...

8,490

2,649

20,935

2,882

2,893

48

Miirai,

...

3,221

2,536

18,437

933

980

49.

Halwaf

...

64

35

249

1,006

1,048

6o:

Eaohi,

• ••

1,924

1,213

8,502

953

961

1

61.

mtmmm

ihfr,

• •*

18,046

7,703

65,458

3,473

8,468

j

( Jivii )

Poputal,

-..

Anrige of .OBli

ToUI.

p*r.

■grieult

iriiti.

Total

i

J
1

1
■3

Uiwin.

AdulK.

Mlnon.

i

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

s

1

S6

87

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

8,182

^747

42,060

41,313

4^871

19,651

16,382

1,17,218

16

6

64

83

26

22

14

97

3

10

33

27

22

3

85

606

"'m

2,338

686

653

607

2,344

8

4

18

43

42

28

16

128

6

18

53

49

27

to

139

sp

'" 18

133

290

1 306

262

79

926

'.'.'.

6

16
12

11
14

7
7

3
3

87
36

"831

'"2BO

i!633

10,066

7,605

5,781

1,832

25,284

SQl

114

Mi66

2,218

2,221

1,357

613

6,309

4

1

13

83

64

60

17

214

21

9

96

227

204

123

69

623

8

18

163

131

69

82

896

7

4

46

173

170

108

87

488

137

66

801

878

716

442

185

2,221

S

10

80

187

169

110

86

542

180

125

788

1,072

803

2,889

22

11

114

630

486

26;

163

1,544

6

2

67

278

195

119

49

641

i

1

76

4

261
10

206
8

196

1

104

761
19

1

5

134

98

81

■"l7

380

9

54

256

197

159

50

662

11

1

29

624

421

227

134

1,306

264

117

1,523

748

670

179

1,952

2

1

IS

189

128

96

45

453

7

8

29

196

161

114

48

519

8

2

31

201

162

90

45

498

8

S

84

172

]7l

85

36

464

S6

16

196

488

408

272

148

1,316

69

23

700

671

400

162

1,833

9

6

5S

286

222

146

63

715

8

2

34

96

68

61

19

244

86

84

391

1,835

1,816

416

5,054

4

1

11

77

68

20

213

2

4

1

1

2

8

1

7

82

84

18

16

9fl'

1

' 8

21

13
3

9

2

4^1

6

"" 1

■" 40

"■ 70
2

16(

1
1

1

'"109
1

106

E53
2

"m

"" 18

■■■l4B

53

46

29

18

11

1,868

699

6,701

8,899

8,818

2,369

1446

1!

461

811

2,459

1,516

1,675

911

624.

1,774

943

8,442

1(^259

10,263

6,264

3 692

630

223

2,756

7,404

7,189

8,841

2759

747

672

8,368

. 1,'>91

1,108

611

607

J 1

SGS

896

2,873

3.688

3,591

2,486

1600

1.3B2

1,200

9.478

21,340

20,295

14,398

8908

ri j(

( xviii )

No

. III.—

\

IVuDber of bouMS.

•

•

HiQ

AgTunl

»5

Detsilof castes and
patioti.

oe«u-

1

I

i

•

Adults. 1

Pi

■

1

a

1

•

•

•

o

1

^

2
52

»

9

a

&

1

8

4

5

1 6

7

8

Sunar,

•••

23

1,088

1,111

96

72

53

Thatera,

•*•

21

291

312

39

37

54

Agarwala,

• • •

Id

17

30

7

7

65

Sikh,

•• •

t«t

5

6

f*

•••

56

Eatak,

to

8

50

63

67

47

67

Tarkehar,

• • •

•••

82

82

13

10

58

Mochi,

• ••

• • •

39

39

•• •

• • •

59

Luniah,

• »•

• • •

1,696

1,696

1,232

1,050

60

Bahellia,

• ••

»••

65

65

33

87

61

Darzi,

• ••

6

870

87^

89

81

62

Taili,

• >•

8

3,234

3,242

1,073

989

63

Mallah,

• ••

1

191

192

145

127

64

Tan kash.

• • •

•••

2

2

M«

•••

65

Berya,

• ••

•••

111

111

44

61

66

Belddr,

■ • •

•• •

25

25

25

17

67

Banmanns,

• ••

•••

6

6

1

1

68

Singhear,

■ • «

• • •

1

1

•• t

#••

69

Nijaria^

• • •

•••

2

2

•••

« t •

70

Ehatik,

• • •

1

528

529

261

261

71

Hajjani,
Eanar,

• « •

8

3,621

8,629

1,511

1,530

72

• • •

2

1,471

1,473

595

520

73

Mali,

t • •

8

795

803

775

700

74

Euchbar,

• ••

!••

18

18

5

•>*

75

Jogi,

• ••

• ••

18

18

8

4

76

Jhipi,

• ••

• ••

24

24

7

4

77

Dharkar,

• ••

• • •

17

17

4

4

78

Faqir,

• • •

5

484

489

46

83

79

Ehairadi,

!• •

•••

4

4

~—

•••

80

Ehunkbuniay

• ••

•••

9

9

2

2

81

G-adaria,

• • •

•••

4,362

4,362

3,295

8,202

82

TamboljC

• ■ •

10

1,480

1,490

811

766

83

Eumhar,

• ••

1

1,322

1,323

973

1,051

84

Patwa,

1 • •

5

243

24^

21

18

85

liodba^

• ••

1

8,604

8,605

10,632

10,291

86

Josi,

• • •

2

51

53

27

28

87

Ealwar,

• ••

23

1,555

1,57^,

533

507

88

Barhai,

• • •

3

1,990

1,99J

1,434

ly407

89

Bakkal,

««t

41

2,667

2,70^

275

277

90

QoBiin,

• ••

7

617

52'i

367

293

91

Bhujwa,

• ••

10

2,316

2,326

873

303

92

Ban,

• •

&

1,063

1,068

295

268

93

Lvihar,

• ••

12

1,541

1,553

1,254

1,224

^

Chamar,

• • •

» • •

14,089

14,089

10,866

10,207

95

Doam,

• • •

1

2,289

2,290

100

100

96

Eori,

• ••

• t-«

6,017

6,017

2.899

2,752

«

97

P^Hl,

• ■•

• • •

7,511

7,511

7,979

9,516

98

Dbobi,

• ••

6

1,353

1,359

548

528

99

Sheikh,

• ••

102

831

933

t • •

• • •

100

Sjad,

*••

54

202

256

• • •

« • •

101

Muglial,

• • •

10

94

104

■ • •

» ■ •

102

Pathan,

• • f

79

1,268

1,347

• • •

• • •

( xix )

(^Continued.)

Populatioi

1.

dds.

tariats.

Non-agrioaltturists.

Minora.

•3
•8

Adults.

Minors.

■i

a

•p4

o

1

•

1^

•

1

•

.a

o

H

«^
o

3

o

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

60

37

265

1,448

1,411

789

459

4,107

4,372

24

20

120

265

258

164

125

812

932

7

5

2,Q

43

55

80

18

146

172

•••

• • •

».•

8

8

3

2

21

21

27

20

161

15

15

4

...

' 34

195

7

4

34

119

113

66

68

361

395

•••

• ••

«• •

62

58

37

26

183

183

940

512

3,734

1,231

1,230

893

699

4,053

7,787

17

11

98

64

64

27

20

175

273

60

43

273

1,070

1,069

814

485

8,438

8,711

784

471

8,267

8,419

3,753

2,505

1,422

11,099

14,366

95

57

424

208

229

136

- 98

671

1,095

•••

•• •

• « •

4

3

1

1

9

9

28

28

161

94

181

76

46

847

608

8

9

59

9

9

8

•••

26

85

1

1

4

8

11

6

1

26

30

• • •

• • •

• a •

1

...

...

...

1

1

• • •

« • •

• • •

2

2

2

2

8

8

166

196

884

333

317

330

189

1,169

2,053

960

611

4^612

3,647

4,030

2,564

1,540

11,781

16,393

878

261

1,754

2,025

2,408

1,190

660

6,283

8,037

511

366

2,352

642

645

298

217

1,802

4,154

2

3

10

24

23

16

10

73

83

4

• • t

11

27

23

12

11

73

84

5

5

21

29

29

16

10

84

105

6

3

V 17

21

18

22

12

73

90

35

22

136

82

72

42

43

239

376

•• •

...

...

9

9

3

2

23

23

2

2

8

10

12

9

2

83

41

2,538

1,457

10,492

2,693

2,494

2,244

1,279

8,710

19,202

576

368

2,520

1,377

1,427

770

564

4,138

6,658

544

360

2,928

-1,140

1,279

782

494

8,695

6,623

14

5

58

254

278

212

164

908

966

10,962

4,436

36,371

2,078

2,196

1,288

946

6,508

42,879

25

13

93

48

45

49

28

170

263

378

264

1,682

1,616

1,684

908

567

4,775

6,457

982

504

4,827

1,496

1,729

919

645

4,789

9,116

165

119

836

8,481

3,460

1,891

1,247

10,079

10,915

220

138

1,018

506

501

160

92

1,259

2,277

236

136

1,048

2,885

2,862

1,723

1,003

8,473

9,521

122

90

775

1,281

1,333

795

556

8,965

4.740

1,010

604

4,092

1,115

1,098

601

369

8,183

7,275

7,376

4,792

33,241

7,607

8,318

5,114

3,660

24,699

67,940

71

31

302

1,511

1,640

1,245

780

5,176

5,478

2,785

843

8,279

4,273

5,110

8,137

2,452

14,972

23,251

4,696

4,056

26,247

4,487

4,592

3,785

2,611

15,475

41,722

432

• • •

255

t • •

1,763

...

1,358

• * •

1,509

...

1,026

624
i . •

4,517

• • •

6,280

...

•••
• ••

• at

• • ■

...

• • •
•*•

• • .
• . • .

...

...

...

• • t
t ««

...
•*•

t*«

• ••

..•

••.

.(•

•.«

...

• t •

•.■

( « )

No. Ill—

MtiMalmans.

Agrieultiiristt.

•

]

Detail of oasteiand
pation.

occn-

r

Adolti.

Minors.

2l

o*

%M

u

^

o

«

§

1

•

•5

'3

a

•

m

5

18

19

20

21

22

52

Sun^r,

••

•••

• ••

• ••

•• •

•*•

63

Thatera,

■ •

•••

•••

• ••

t • •

•••

54

Adrarwala,

• •

*■*

• ••

• f •

•••

•••

65

Sikh,

••

• ***

•••

• • •

!••

»••

66

Katak,

••

•••

•••

• • t

• • •

f ••

*

67

Tarkehar, .

« •

»••

• • •

• • •

• ••

»••

68

Miochf,

••

• * * *

• • •

• *•

• • •

••*

69

Luniah,

1*

•*•

•• •

• t •

• • •

•••

60

Bahellia,

••

• •• •

•••

#••

• • •

•••

61

Darzi,

• •

138

139

68

35

880

62

Taili,

••

• •••

• !•

!••

• ••

•••

63

BCallah,

■ •

t ••• >

• ••

• ••

•••

•••

64

TaH kash,

• ■

• •••

!• •

• ••

■ ••

•• •

65

Berya,

*•

• * **

• • •

• !•

• • •

•••

66

Beldir,

••

• • • •

• • •

>••

• • •

• • •

67

Banm^ns,

••

• • • •

• • *

• «•

• • •

•• •

68

Singhear,

••

• !••

!••

• ••

•••

•••

69

Niyaria,

t •

• ••■

• • •

• ••

I •*

•• •

70

Khatik,

••

• t*«

• ••

• ••

lit

•••

71

Hajjim,
Kahar,

!•

4

5

8

2

14

72

t*

• •••

*••

•••

• • *

•••

73

MaH,

• «

• • • •

•••

II*

• • •

•• •

74

Kiichhar,

• •

• •••

•• «

•••

• • •

•*•

75

Jogi,

• •

• • ••

• ••

•••

■ • •

I ••

76

> Chipf,

• •

• t«i

•• «

•••

•••

• • •

77

DharkAr,

• •

• •••

!••

•••

•••

•• •

78

» Faqir,

• I

203

187

133

102

625

7S

1 Khairddi,

• <

• • 1 1

• ••

••*i

•«

•• •

80

> Khiinkhtiniay

• •

• ••

• ••

• *•

•••

•••

81

. Ghidaria,

• •

• • • •

• t •

• » •

• • •

•• •

8S

! Tambol4

• 1

• • • •

• • •

• t •

•• •

• ••

8S

\ Ktimhar,

• •

• •••

• ••

• • t

• » •

•• •

84

1. Patwa,

• ■

f •# V

• • •

t • •

• ••

•••

8€

»Lodha,

•

»• •*•

• 1 1

i « •

• • •

•••

86

) .TOBl,

•

» • •••

• • t

• » •

• • •

•• •

8*:

r Kalw&r,

•

1* •••

• • •

• ■ •

• • •

•••

88 Barhai,

1

»• •»«

• • •

• ■ •

• • •

• • •

89 Bakkal,

•

■ • • ••

• ■ •

• « •

■ • •

• • •

90 Godwin,

•

• • * **

t • •

t ■ •

• • •

%%»

91 Bhdjwa,

92 Bari,

•

■ ■ • • •

• ■ •

• • •

• ••

• • •

•

• ■ « • •

• • •

• • •

• • •

• • •

93 Luhar,

t

• • •••

• • t

• ft

• ■ •

f • •

94 Chamdr,

•

t • • • t

• ■ •

• • •

• • •

• • •

95 Doam,

•

• ■ • • •

• • •

• • •

• • •

» • •

96Kori,

•

• • • • t

• Sf

'••

• • •

• • •

97 P^i,

•

« • f • •

• • •

m

■ • •

• • •

• • •

98 Dhobi,

•

• • • • •

t • •

• • •

t • •

• • •

99;Sheikh,

•

166

143

377

850

1,035

lOO'Syad,
lOl'Mtighal,

•

86

82

48

40

256

■

72

66

37

28

203

„.

102 Fath&D,

1 '

•

1,342

1,296

498

429

8,565

( 3£xi )

{Continued.)

Population.

MikBBalmans.

Total.

Non-agrionltariBts.

■!

Agricultnrists.

8

1

Adults.

Minors.

Adults.

•

«M

o

■

.2

•

•1

'3

a

d
^

•

:5

3

o

-a

o

1

^

h

m

o

H

H

S

^

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

•1 •

• ••

• . *

aa a

aaa

aaa

96

72

•••

• • •

i • •

i a •

• • •

a a*

89

37

• • •

• • »

• . •

aa t

. • a . aaa

7

7

* • •

t • •

• . a

a aa

aaa

aaa

•••

•**

• t •

• • •

• • •

a a a

a a a

aaa

67

47

• ••

•
• • •

• • *

a a*

aaa

aaa

18

10

• • •

• • •

• • •

aaa ,

• a* • •

a a a

•••

•••

•••

•• •

• • .

a a •

aaa

a a a

1,232

1,050

• « •

•••

• • .

aaa

aaa

aaa

33

87

203

189

153

92

637

1,017

227

220

2

8

1

aaa

6

6

1,073

989

•■*»

•• •

• • •

• a«

aaa

t t V

145

127

•■•

• • •

■ • •

• aa

aaa

• • •

•••

•*•

•• •

• • *

• • t

aaa

a. a

• • •

44

61

•••

• ■ •

• • •

a . •

aaa

• ■ •

25

17

•••

•• •

• • t

a a*

aaa

• • a

1

1

•■•■

I* •

t • i

• • •

• a a" •

• • a

•••

•••

•••

* • •

• • »

a a*

a a •

a « a

•••

•••

»v

• • •

• at

• a*

aaa

t • a

261

261

122

113

70

55

860

374

1,515

1,535

• • t

it*

•• •

• a«

aaa

aaa

595

520

8

3

8

ta«

9

• aa

775

700

• ••

tt»

• • •

a**

• a •

a a a

5

•»•

• • *

• • •

• « •

*a«

• • a

• a a

8

4

• • •

t • •

• • •

• aa

• • •

• a*

7

4

• • •

t • •

• • •

tr*

• • •

aaa

4

4

408

416

285

163

1,222

1,847

249

220

• • •

1..

• « »

• a •

9 • M '

• • •

•••

•••

t • •

• • •

• • »

a • a

aaa

• ••

2

2

1

• • •

• • •

aa •

aaa

• a •

8,295

8,202

t •«

• • •

•^«

aaa

aaa

• • •

811

766

• •«

• • •

•«•

aa*

aa a

• f ■

978

1,051

• • •

• • •

a • «

aa t

aaa

• • »

21

18

* ••'

• • •

••• ^

• a a

a a*

• a*

10,632

10,291

• • •

• • •

• a •

aaa

a • •

• • •

27

28

•••

• • •

• • a

aaa

09

« ■ •

533

507

•• •

•• •

la •

• a a

aaa

• • •

1,434

1,407

•••

• • •

■ a a

aaa

aaa

• a •

276

277

• • •

• ••

• ••

• at

aaa

• • •

367

1 293

• ••

• ••

a aa

t a a

a* a

• • •

873

803

• « •

•• t

a aa

aaa

aaa

aaa

295

268

•••

••«

a a a

«a*

aaa

a « •

1,254

1,224

••■

• • •

a . a

aaa

• aa

• • •

10,866

10,207

• • •

• • •

• ■ .

9*9

. • a

• • a

100

100

« •»

• • •

a aa

t aa

aaa

« • •

2,899

2,752

•• •

•• »

f

• ••

• aa

• « •

7,979

9,516

18

13

10

6

42

42

548

528

820

765

453

421

2,449

3,484

165

1^3

187

183

127

110

607

863

86

83

79

78

40

30

227

430

72

66

1,161

1,150

642

844

8,197

6,762

lfi42

1,296

( xxii ' )

•m ^^^^gi

_

No. TIT —

1

1

ToUl.

1

•

Agricalturistt.

Non-

•s

Detail of eattes and ooon>
pation.

t

§>

Minora.

AdulU. 1

§

a

aq
62

1

i

■

•

-s

a

81

82

33

34

85

Sun&r, ••.

60

37

265

1,448

1,4)1

53

Thatera,

24

20

120

265

258

54

Agarwala^

7

5

26

43

55

55

Sikh,

• • •

•• •

t • •

8

8

56

Katak,

27

20

161

15

15

57

Tarkehar,

7

4

34

119

113

58

Mochi,

• • •

■ •

• • •

• ■ •

62

58

69

Luniah,

940

512

8,734

1,231

1,230

60

Bahellia,

17

11

98

64

64

61

Darzi,

128

98

653

1,273

1,258

62

TaiU,

734

471

3,267

3,421

8,756

63

MaUah,

95

57

424

208

229

64

Tarikash,

• • •

t*<

• • ■

4

3

65

Berya,

28

28

161

94

131

66

BeldAr,

8

9

59

9

9

67

Banm&nus,

1

1

4

8

11

68Singhear,

• t •

• • •

• • • •

1

...

69 Niyaria,

• • •

• • •

• ■ •

2

2

•

70Khatik,

166

196

884

333

317

71

Hajjdm,

963

613

4.626

3,769

4,143

72

Eabar,

378

261

1,754

2,025

2,408

73

MaH,

511

366

2,352

645

648

74

Kuchhar,

2

3

10

24

23

75

Jogf,

4

•• •

11

27

23

76

Chipi,

6

5

21

29

29

77

Dharkar,

6

3

17

21

18

78

Faqir,^

168

124

761

490

480

79

Ehairadf,

•••

• f •

• • •

9

9

80

Khiinkhiiiuay

2

2

8

10

12

81

Gadaria,

2,538

1,457

10,492

2,693

2,494

82

Tambol^

576

368

2,520

1,377

1,427

83

Kumhar,

544

360

2,928

1,140

1,279

84

Patwa,

14

5

58

254

278

85

Lodha,

10,962

4,486

36,371

2,078

2,196

86

Josf,

25

13

93

48

45

87

Kalwir,

378

264

1,682

1,616

1,684

88

Barhai,

982

504

4,327

1,496

1,729

89

Bakkal,

165

119

836

3,481

8,460

90

Gosdin,

220

138

1,018

506

501

91

Bh6iwa^
Ban,

236

136

1,048

2,885

2,862

92

122

90

775

1,281

1,333

93

Ltihar,

1,010

604

4,092

1,115

1,098

94;Chamir,

7,376

4,792

33,241

7,607

8,318

95;Doam,

71

31

302

1,511

1,640

961Kor£,

1,785

843

8,278

» 4,278

5,110

97

P&i,

4,696

4,056

» 26,247

'{ 4,487

4,592

98

IDhobL

432

255

1,763

1,371

1,522

ft

99" Sheikh,

377

35G

1 1,035

820

755

lOOSyad,

48

40

> 256

187

183

101 Miighul,

37

28

1 203

79

78

102Pathan,

498

42£

1 8,56S

1,161

1,150

»

( xxiii )

(^Qmlinued.)

^.uU

^.U.

loM.

■ 1

■s

1

Ml

or..

Ada

n.

Mi.o

«.

i

A

i

4

1

El

i

■i

1

1
1

s,

a

^

a

1

s

g

J;^

1

36

37

88

89

40

41

42

43

44 45

46

47

789

459

4,160

1,544

1,4S3

849

496

4,372

~

J64

125

812

304

296

188

145

932

80

18

146

60

62

37

23

172

8

2

21

8

8

8

2

21

4

34

82

62

, 31

20

195

66

"" 63

861

182

123

73

67

896

87

26

183

62

68

37

26

183

693

699

4,053

2,463

2,280

1.833

1,211

7.787

27

20

176

97

101

44

31

273

867

677

^075

1,600

1,478

1.096

665

4,728

2,606

1,422

11,105

4.494

4,745

3,240

1.893

14,872

136

1

9S

671
9

8S3

4

866
8

281

1

166

1

1,096
9

76

46

847

188

192

104

74

608

8

■ 26

84

26

16

9

85

6

1

2)

(

12

7

2

80

*"' 2

2

8

2

2

2

" 2

(

830

189

1,169

594

578

496

385

2,053

2,634

1.595

12,141

6,284

6,678

8,597

2,208

16,767

1,190

660

6,683

2,620

2,928

1.668

921

8,037

301

217

1.811

1.420

1,348

812

683

4,163

16

10

73

29

23

18

13

83

12

11

73

30

27

16

11

84

16

10

84

86

33

21

16

105

22

12

73

26

22

28

15

90

277

206

1,461

739

708

445

830

2,222

3

2

23

9

9

8

2

23

9

2

33

12

14

11

4

41

a,2«

1,279

8,710

6,988

E,69G

4,782

2,736

19,202

770

664

4.138

2.188

2,193

1,346

932

6,668

782

494

3,696

2,113

2,330

1.326

854

6,623

212

164

90S

275

296

226

169

966

1,288

946

6,608

12,710

12,487

12.250

6,432

42,879

49

28

170

76

73

74

41

263

908

667

4.775

S,I49

291

1.286

831

6.457

919

645

4,789

2,980

8,136

1.901

1,149

9,116

).891

1,247

10,079

8,756

8,737

2,066

1,366

10.915

160

1,259

873

794

880

230

2,277

1,728

8.473

8,268

8,166

1.959

1,139

9,521

795

8,965

1,576

1,601

917

646

4.740

601

869

8,1S3

2,369

2,322

1,611

973

7,L'T5,

6,114

24,699

18,473

18.526

12,490

8.457

r.7,;>io

1,246

6.176

1,311

1,740

1,316

811

r..i78

8,137

14,972

7.172

7,863

4,922

3.295

2:i.-m

8,785

2,6U

15,475

12,466

14,108

8,481

6,667

4l.7-iS

1,036

4,559

1,919

2,050

1,468

6.3-12

453

421

2,449

986

898

830

771

5,m

127

110

607

273

266

176

863

40

30

227

161

144

77

430.

C42

344

8,197

2.608

2,446

1,0«

773

6,762

( xxiv )

No. III.--

Knmber of hooaes.

Hin

AgrioDi

i

Detail of caitcs and occa-
patiuD.

^

Adolta.

&

•s

t

•

•

•

1

1

2
103

c

a

•

-a

o

1

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

Bhit,

...

3

3

104

Manihar,

1

441

442

105

Rangrez,

4

98

102

106

Eaagar,

•••

23

23

107

Chikwi,

4

441

445

•

108

Saikalgar,

13

13

109

Gujar,

92

92

110

Dharf,

8

8

111

^ogU

10

10

112

Chipi,

1

1

113

Atishbaz,

8

3

114

Ehanzadafa,

67

67

115

Eallaisaz,

2

2

116

Karonf,

5

6

1

117

Gandhi,

. 2

2

118

Nilband,

2

2

119

Hyr^

21

21

120
121

Dubgar,
Daffali,

3
116

3

116

122

Bhishtf,

26

26

123

BissAti,

15

15

124

Memar,

11

45

56

125

EasBai,

92

92

126

Bawarchi,

4

4

127

Naumfislimy

156

156

V a,«

128

Kalawat,

1

1

129

Jag^,

23

23

130

aaddl,

77

77

131

M^watf,

14

14

132

Mangta,

21

21

133

Bhatyarfi^
Mirdsl,

14

68

72

134

2

2

4

135

Joukhar,

•« •

19

19

136

Eamangar,

1

9

10

t

137

JoUhd,

7

234

241

138

Kunjri,

7

433

440

139

Tawdif,

6

220

226

140

Churha,

»••

1

1

141

Bhdnd,

•* t

6

6

142

Naddiff, ;;;

Total, ...

...

1,480

1,430

1,098

1,61,811

1,62,409

1,32,954

1,25,288

(Continued.)

dfis.

( XXV );

Population.

toritts.

NoB-agriooltorists.

Minors.

Adnlts.

Minors.

a

n

9

.-5
o

10

o
H

11

OS

12

'a
s

&

13

o

m

14

s

15

3

o

16

3

o
H

17

82,280

61,200

3,91,672

83,791

88,705

58,860

34,775

2,61,131

6,52,803

(

XXVI

)

No. ni.—

1

■

MAsaalmans.

Agrieoltarists.

•

•a

Detail of 0Mt«8 and occa*
pation.

1

1

1

Adolta.

Minora

£

's

9

^

i

JO

s

a

•

1

9

•

4

1

i^

103

S

f^

n

o

H

18

19

20

21

22

BUt,

2

2

2

• « «

6

104

Manihar,

42

34

23

19

118

105

Hangrez,

11

14

10

8

43

106

Kasgar,

• t • •

• • •

■ • •

■ ■ •

• • •

107

Chikwd,

65

63

40

35

193

108

Saikalgar,

6

7

5

2

20

109

Gujar,

113

110

60

89

812

110

Dbari,

. • •

• • •

• • •

1 • •

111

Jogi,

5

2

• • «

7

112

Chipa,

• • ■ «

• « •

■ 1 •

• • •

113

Atishbaz,

> • •

3

2

5

114

Khanzadali,

53

61

19

23

156

115

Kallaieaz,

t ■ • •

■ ■ «

• « •

• • •

116

Karoni,

• • • •

• • •

• • ■

• • •

117

Gbindhi,

• • • ■

■ • •

• • •

■ • •

118

Nalband,

• « •

■ t ■

• • •

• • •

119

Hijr4,

5

1

• • •

6

120

Dubgar,

• • • •

• • •

• • •

• • •

121

DafiaH,

3

3

1

2

9

122

Bhishti,

■ • • ■

■ • •

• • ■

• • •

123

Bissati,

• « ■ •

• t •

.

• • •

124

Mem&r,

15

10

17

6

48

125

Kassaiy

6

7

2

1

16

126

Bawarchi,

• • •

• • •

• • •

1 • ■

• • •

127

Naumuslim,

145

122

77

69

413

128

Kalawat,

• • • •

t • •

• at

■ • t

« • •

129

Jaga,

9

7

6

6

28

130

Ghiddi,

29

30

18

11

88

131

Mewati,

7

7

4

3

21

132

Mangti,

19

38

28

12

97

133'Bhat7ara,

2

1

1

t • •

4

134

Mir^si,

5

4

3

2

14

135

Joukhar,

13

16

3

7

89

136 Kamangar,

• • •

• » •

• • •

t • ■

• • •

lS7Jo\iU,

3

4

2

4

18

ISSKunjM,

137

133

106

60

486

139

Tawaif,

110

149

86

64

898

140

Ghupha,

1

1

1

• • t

3

141

Bh&nd,

5

5

3

1

14

142

Nadddff,

Total, ..

203

156

128

108

695

3,014

2,908

1,800

1,468

9,180

»

( xxvii )

(Continued.)

PopalatioD.

Mtissalinans.

Total.

NoQ-agricalturista.

•

■

AgrionltunttB.

AdnltB.

Minor.

«

AdoItB.

•

«M

•

o

•

-3

a

•

1

1

•3

•

1

-a
i

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

3

3

5

4

13

21

2

2

691

701

496

327

2,215

2,333

42

34

174

162

104

63

503

546

11

14

28

29

20

18

95

95

• ■ •

1 ■ ■

418

409

307

220

1,354

1,547

55

63

11

11

4

2

28

48

6

7

87

35

16

15

103

415

113

110

4

5

3

8

20

20

••«

« • •

11

11

6

4

32

39

5

2

3

4

3

1

11

11

* • •

» • •

4

4

5

4

17

22

• • •

3

13

7

2

• ■ ■

22

178

53

61

2

2

2

1

7

7

« • •

• • •

7

7

6

5

25

25

• • •

■ • •

3

2

2

2

9

9

• • •

■ • •

3

4

2

1

10

10

• • ■

• • •

47

• • •

4

• ■ •

51

57

6

1

7

5

2

3

17

17

• • •

• • ■

172

155

107

116

550

159

8

3

29

36

21

18

104

104

• ■ •

• • .

16

15

11

6

48

48

■ • • • • •

70

72

63

19

224

272

15

10

115

110

94

58

377

893

6

7

6

3

5

1

14

14

• • •

•• • '

71

101

58

41

271

684

145

122

3

2

3

1

9

9

• t •

1 1 «

31

28

27

21

107

135

9

7

78

77

41

26

222

310

29

30

14

16

12

8

50

71

7

7

21

28

8

9

66

163

19

38

68

81

33

30

212

216

2

1

6

6

2

2

15

29

5

4

15

19

21

6

61

100

13

16

12

12

8

6

38

38

••• •••

382

367

247

243

1,239

1,252

8

4

488

483

289

236

1,496

1,932

137

133

154

812

165

142

773

1,171

110

149

• • •

• • •

• • ■

• • «

• • •

3

1

1

5

6

4

4

19

33

5

6

1,895

2,040

1,323

936

6,194

6,769

203

156

8,244

8,408

5,244

3,868

25,759

34,939

1,35,968

1,28,196

( xxviii )

flHHHH

No. III.—

Total

-.

•

Detail of eaatM and occo
pation.

AgrieoltoritU.

Non.

S

1

1

Hioora.

Adaltai 1

,

"3

•

s

*:

1

•

1

i

•

3

o

1

•

1

»s

103

m

o

H

S

ec,

31

32

33

34

35

Bhit,

2

\ ...

6

a

\ 3

104Manihar,

23

; 19

118

691

701

105

Rangrez,

10

) 8

43

174

t 162

lOeKasgar,

• • •

• • •

• • •

2fl

;. 29

107Chikw4,

40

1 35

193

418

1, 409

108 Saikalgar,

5

2

20

11

11

109G6jar,
UODhari,

50

• • •

39

« ■ •

312

• • •

37
4

35
5

lllJogt

• ■ •

• • •

7

11

11

112Chfp£,

• • «

• ■ •

t • •

3

4

113'Ati8hb£z,

2

« « •

5

4

4

ll4,Khintad&h,

19

23

156

13

7

115 Kallaiailz,

t • t

• • •

• ••

2

2

lieKaronf,

■ • •

t • •

• • •

7

7

117Ghindhi,

• • •

• » «

• • •

8

2

118Nalband,

• « •

« • ■

• • •

3

4

119Hijr4,

• t •

■ ■ •

6

47

•>•

120Dubgar,

• • •

• ■ •

• • «

7

5

12lDaffali,

1

2

9

172

155

122BhiBhti,

• • •

• • •

• « •

29

36

123Bi«Bati,

• • •

• • ■

• • •

16

15

124Memir,

17

6 ^18

70

72

125 KaMai,

2

1 16

115

110

126,Bawarch{,

• • ■

•• •

• • •

5

3

127 Nail muslim,

77

6J

413

71

101

128Kalawat

• • •

• • •

• • •

3

2

129,Jdg6,

6

6

28

31

28

ISOGaddi,

18

11

88

78,

77

131;Mewatf,

4

3

21

14'

16

]32Mangta,

28

12

97

21

28

138Bhatyar£,

1

• • •

4

68

81

134Mirft9i,

3

2

14

5

6

135Joukbar,

3

7

39

15

19

136 Kamangar,

• « •

» » •

• « •

12

12

137Jolah^

2

4

13

382

367

138K(iujra,

106

60

436

488

483

139Taw£if,
140'Chiirha,

85

1

54

• • t

398
3

154

• • •

312

•••

Ul'Bhind,

3

1

14

5

6

142Naddaff;

128

108

595

1,895

2,040

Total, ...

84,030

52,658

4,00,852

92,035

97,108

KaI BlRKLl DiSTHTCT,
S«TTLK*IBNT OFFICE

The $Ot/t December IS

71. )

( xxix )

(^Concluded.)

row of

FopalatioD.

Ave

auuis per.

Total.

agricoIturiBts.

Total.

•

§

>

Minors.

Adults.

Minors.

•

9

o

1

•

•

1

"i

M

•

I

i

•

3

o

i

1

•

•

:5

•

3

O

S

O

H
44

i

B
OD

45

i

OQ

*

<

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

46

47

5

4

15

5

5

7

4

21

496

327

2,215

733

735

519

346

2,333

104

63

503

185

176

114

71

646

820

18

95

28

29

20

18

95

07

220

1,354

473

472

347

255

1,547

4

2

28

17

18

9

4

48

16

15

103

150

145

66

54

415

3

8

20

4

5

3

8

20

1

6

4

82

16

13

6

4

39

3

1

11

8

4

3

1

11

5

4

17

4

7

7

4

22

2

• • «

22

66

68

21

23

178

2

1

7

2

2

2

1

7

6

5

25

7

7

6

6

25

2

2

9

8

2

2

2

9

2

1

10

4

2

1

10

4

• •«

51

52

1

4

■ • ■

57

2

3

17

7

5

2

3

17

07

116

550

175

158

108

118

559

121

18

104

29

36

21

18

104

11

6

48

16

15

11

6

48

63

19

224

85

82

80

25

272

94

58

377

121

117

96

69

393

5

1

14

5

3

5

1

14

68

41

271

216

223

136

110

684

3

1

9

3

2

3

1

9

27

21

107

40

35

33

27

135

41

26

222

107

107

59

37

310

12

8

50

21

23

16

11

71

8

9

66

40

66

36

21

163

33

SO

212

70

82

34

30

216

2

2

15

10

10

6

4

29

21

6

61

28

85

24

13

100

8

6

38

12

12

8

6

38

247

243

1,239

385

371

249

247

1,252

289

236

1,496

625

616

395

296

1,932

165

142

773

264

461

250

196

1,171

« t •

• • •

• • •

1

1

1

• • •

3

4

4

19

10

11

7

5

33

1,323

936

6,194

2,098

2,196

1,451

1,044

6,789

4

509

59,104

38,643

2,86,890

2,28,003

2,25,304

1,43,134

91,301

6,87,742

1,028

B. OUSELEY Major.

Qfff, Settlement Officer;

( XXX )

No.

STATEMENT OE

Name of parganah.

Tenures and number of

Tillages &c., of each kind.

b.

Tftlukdiri.

Independeni

•

i

Sub-settle-
ment.

Villages not
sub-settled.

•

-a

1

5

IS3

1

1

J
1

n

9

• • •

3

Village or
fractional
parts.

Smaller
faoldiners.

1

2

3

5

6

7

8

10

Daundia Khera,

••*

2

24

26

31

44

76

Qhatampur,

• . .

• ••

...

...

...

22

7

• • •

, 29

Bhagwantnagar,

...

• • •

• . .

2

2

26

26

• • •

61

Behar,

•••

2

...

20

22

2

2

t • •

4

Fa tan,

•••

2

• . .

10

12

3

• • •

• • •

3

Fanhan,

•••

• • •

...

9

9

9

6

• • •

14

Magraier, ...

• . •

• • •

...

12

12

11

8

• ••

19

Saraini,

...

4

1

163

167

1

1

« • •

2

Khiron,

Total,
Bareli,

. ■ •
. • •
...

17

• • •

1
3

77

94

19

10

• • •

• • •

• • •

29

27

317

1

344

123

103

226

16

267

283

60

20

80

Dalmau, ...
Total,
Haidargarh,

...
« • «
•••

11

• • .
3
4

234

246

34

14

■ • •
t • •

1

48

1
1

27

601

628

94

34

128

1
1

1

60J

61J

261

30

66^

'

Kumrawan,

...

• • •

36

36

13

9

1

23

Bachrawan,

. • •

11^

• • •

36

46^

6

5J

...

llj

Hardui,

Total,

...

i
...

*••

2

• ••

4

12

14

2

7

...

2

9

14^

142i

167 1

46§

61^

lOO

»

Grand Total,

68i

8

960|

1,029

263i

188i

2

464

Eai BarblI Di^tkict,
Sbttlembvt Office
The 20th December 1871

I. J

( xxxi )

IV.

TENURE, Ac,

Number of propri*»tors
and Sub-proprietors.

Average area.

•

Proprietors.

Number of sub-pro-
prietors.

Of land per

Of su

'per

1

H

S3

12

4

Number of pro-
prietors.

II

^^

14
113

Besident culti-
Tators.

Non-resident
cultiyators.

•

1

Sub-proprietor.

Bemarks.

11

13

15

16

17

18

19

20

101

1,549

16

4-65

3*24

240

6-56

29

• • •

659

43

• • «

4-12

2-99

2*24

••t

53

2

1,327

81

• • .

310

2-68

192

. * •

26

4

52

8

110

3*88

2*68

938

6-74

15

1

19

4

29

3-71

325

938

5 72

23

2

125

20

3

2-85

2-66

8*15

4-33

31

3

452

33

5

3-31

2-30

2-31

840

169

21

68

3

688

4*52

3-73

28-78

6-53

123

13
50
42

514

46
351

88

478

3-80

2*80

5-94

5*59

570

4,765

1,329

3-96

3-5

338

6-19

363

477

1,074

3*88

3*62

121

6-79

292

34
76

7

377

47

135

69

658

4*8

3*45

12*49

547

655

854

1,732

3-96

355

12-22

5*53

118

594

123

^3-45

20

8*89

7*71

58

4

246

30

108

2*89

1-89

12-90

5*56

58

7

189

26

521

3-71

30

5*39

6-5

•

23

3

21
147

68

14
139

10

2-89

265

1113

72*10

257

1,097

762

3*6

2-25

9*31

716

1,482

«

6,707

626

3,823

3-80

39

5*62

e-7

RALPH OUSELEY, Mjljob,

. Qffff. Settlement Officer^

( xxxii )

No.

GENERAL STATEMENT EXPLANATORY

1 Number of
mehals and of
their compo-
nent parte.

Name of parganah.

Daundia Kher4;

Ghatampur,

Bhagwantnagar,

Beh4r,

Fatan,

Fanhan,

Magraier,

Sarainf;

Khirony

Bareli,

DalmaUy

Haidargarh,

Kt!imr4wan,

Bachr&wan,

Harduiy

••t

• !•

Grand Total,

4

a

59

26

51

8

3

16

22

23

38

118

75

52

26

20

11

548

o
5Z5

466

43

322

c8

I

20

90

7

134

151

100

117

51

43

39

1,590

40,821
16,937
28,744
15,130
6,910
12,168
19,484
72,976
65,097
2,37,730
1,61,800
66,017
44,619
60,395
15,561

Non-aasessable in acres.

2

pq

8,64,389

7,130

2,587

4,856

2,826

1,259

2,147

2,306

10,235

12,324

32,360

28,739

11,897

11,021

12,895

2,956

1

o

6

1,45,538

I

a
P3

1,741

1,378

1,863

1,247

604

599

1,752

4,336

4,064

14,371

8,490

3,520

1,934

3,456

953

366

50,308

224

212

37

6,589

1,395

10,683

13,123

299

3,428

83

36,439

I

8

9,237

3,965

6,943

4,285

1,863

2,746

4,095

21,160

17,783

57,414

50,352

15,716

16,383

16,351

3,992

2,32,285

( xxxiii

OF THE REVISED ASSESSMENT.

Aaseesable in acres.

Cultivators.

1

5

Cultivation.

"m

1

k
^

i

Irrigated

1
1

1

1

1

1

-3
1

1

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

' 11,924

468

6,784

3,812

e,59(;

19,192

31,584

3,972

1,368

5,340

5,204

953

3,267

1,634

1,014

6,815

12,972

1,563

662

2,125

9,535

679

6,769

2,591

9,327

11,687

21,80

3,434

1,007

4,441

3,372

542

4,025

1,336

1,57(1

0,931

10.S4.

1,229

659

1,738

3,1"

386

1,728

420

3411

2,488

5,04

418

229

647

4,057

84

3,361

860

1,054

8,281

9,42

9B8

666

1,623

7,424

1,906

4,093

780

1,1SC

6,059

15,38

1,545

611

2,166

12,551

M»s

20,101

2,697

15,079

37,777

51,81

5,671

2,290

7,961

11,660

848

11,880

14,468

8,55b

34,906

47,31

7,026

3,197

9,223

63,266

1,523

45,877

30,861

39,789

1,25,527

1,80,31

25,113

6,493

30,606

34,453

1,031

23,405

31,747

20,722

75,964

1,11,44

14,454

3,907

18,361

12,959

274

18,449

12,366

B,263

37,06?

50,30

8,4«

1,887

10,330

7,887

151

7,818

10,626

1,754

20,19E

28,23

> 5,001

1,394

6,395

12,386

422

7,675

15,547

8,014

31,23

44,04

i 7,054

1,162

8,218

4,269

75

3,952

2,8C9

404

7,22

11,66

S 1,750

293

2,043

1,93,021

10,729

1,67,274

1,41,510

1,19,570

4,28,35

6,32,10

* 87,63

1 23,624

1,11,255

( zxiiv )

No.V.

Number of

Detail of Cultivation.

Name of parganah.

i

r

6

i

4

!

4

4:

GQ

Other cultivation of pro-
prietors.

1

1
1

1

§

1
1

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

Daundia Kherfi,...

3,045

36,285

126

1,042

3,430

671

10,655

4,436

Ghatampur,

1,176

10,445

286

449

979

573

3,585

1,678

Bhagwantnagar,. . .

2,208

19,047

483

990

1,753

948

6,284

2,702

Behar,

1,478

9,390

283

597

1,264

77

4,093

1,497

Patan,

447

5,383

124

308

236

155

1,353

744

Panhan,

808

3,264

53

671

742

469

2,303

1,767

Magraier,

1,042

11,159

308

733

931

239

3,486

1,403

Sarainiy ,,.

5,861

57,060

956

4,056

7,003

136

22,095

8,543

Khirou, ,..

6,062

44^208

1,342

2,361

4,873

1,198

22,692

6,143

Barelf,

29,479

1,51,904

3,497

4,735

13,453

1,126

91,087

19,861

Dalmau,

15,169

1,02,450

2,692

2,804

7,346

660

54,480

13,483

Haidaigarh,

8,200

48,634

1,793

1,474

6,032

872

26,390

3,774

Kiimr&wan, >..

4,969

31,194

1,243

758

3,832

379

13,349

2,638

3achr6wan^

7,276

38,129

1,608

731

3,312

1,036

23,402

3,486

Hardui.

1,726

12,563

370

352

1,617

50

4,783

775

Grand Total, ...

88,946

5,81,136

15,164

22,061

56,798

8,589

2,90,037

72,930

— ( Continued. )

( XXXV )

Percentage of

s

i

I
I

27

47-02

40-23

40-65

46-81

36-01

43-40

31-09

51-77

53-62

52-80

46-95

56-14

45-26

51-72

46-44

28

29-21
30-73
3317
22-29
31-46

33-34

I

29

I
I

30

31

6-41

18-36

13-76 15-28

8-50
11-82
14-31

5-61

38-10' 18-78

17-20
17-76
22-41
21-29
19*63
17-68
20-51
27-43

49-56

22-33

7-98
7-55
6-68
5-89
5-75
4-67
6-42
6-60

17-68
20-08
18-22
17-65
12-03
23-05
21-07
18-11
25-87
18-48
32-39
21-35
19-53

22-58

16-68

22-03

22-03

25-48

19-97

19-93

22-61

23*59

24-95

26-20

28-18

24-46

21-40

J

1

O

32

34-22

42*30

44-51

41-59

39-67

50-07

41-95

49*61

51-04

52-69

50-70

49-18

48-51

49-97

1
I

33

43-25
41-20
32-76
35-48

34

55-21
71-91
80-09
77-35

s

35

34-85 86-33

28-93 j 49-16

29-96
38-12
27-78
25-37
22*36
23-1*0
22-64
22-03
28-63
I 21-91

80-04

80-43

60-08

75-48

68-30

72-72

77-71

91-32

74-34
94-41

34-25

32-78

38-79

29-75

36-37

39-16

36-76

32*36

3310

33-45

3211

26-62

30-24

29-27

30-88

I

!

i

36

3-59

3-21

2-63

3-88

3-85

3-25

2-81

4-75

3-78

4-10

4-14

3-59

3-16

3-80

3-54

37

40,275
21,107
28,593
18,267
7,560
15,626
18,399
72,670
77,780
2,06,357
1,48,442
65,129
39,923
49,334
14,579

7-06

21-05

24-46

49-52

26-02

72-09

32-24

3-85

8,24,041

( xxxvi )

No. V.

-2

Inc

Yariation.

Rata

•

;rease.

Decrease.

—

1

Name of pax^anah.

•

.

•

The net revi»

o*

1
1

s
«

d
JZ5

1

•

i

38

39

40

41

42

43

Daundia Khera,...

60,904

79

12,908

13

2,279

2 10 5

GLataxupur,

22,262

17

2,628

10

1,473

3 4 3

Bbagwantnagar,. . .

33,524

42

6,164

6

1,233

2 13 11

Behir,

19,379

16

1,837

5

726

2 12 9

Patan,

8,008

9

713

6

265

3 3 6

Panhan^

16,140

14

1,193

6

679

3 11

Magraier,

20,806

23

2,539

3

132

1

3 6 11

Sarainiy

88,102

145

16,442

10 1,010

2 6 4

Khiron,

89,296 8

102

12,067

4

560 8

2 8 11

BareH,

2,63,825

293

60,622

29

3,164

2 4

Oalmau,

1,91,445

219

43,764

15

751

2 8 4

Haidargarh,

90,281

97

26,085

16

933

2 7

K-timr&wany

63,717

45

14,140

3

346

2 10 7

Bachrawan, ...

69,607

67

20,311

1

38

2 3 8

Hardui,

19,798

20

6,277

2

68

2 11 10

Grand Total, ...

10,27,094 8

1,178

2,16,680

127

13,626 8

2 6 4.

Eai BARELi District,

Settlembnt Oppice:

The 30th December 1871.

I

(

xxxvii

)

f

r^Conduded,)

per acre on

Average parganah rates per acre.

1st Class.

2nd Class.

3rd Class.

1

•

1

1

1

i

li

t

i

t

1

t

.1

H

I

^^

Trriga

Unirr
ted.

HH

11

9

44

45

46 47

48

49 50

51

52

1 9

9

1 3 11

62,194 8 14

7 13

7 5 11

' 1

4 14

3 8

1 11

6

15

22,829 8 8

1

5 11

7 3 3 12

5 11 3 8

1

1 8

7

1 2 8

i

34,373 7 13

5 6

5 8

4

4 10 3 8

1 12

7

14 6

19,866 7 8

5 2

5 11

3 11

4 11 3 5

1 9

5

12 7

8,209

7 11

6 8

6 6

6

4 14 3 14

1 11

5

15 3

16,549 8 13

5 5

6 10

4804 11 03 11

1 5

8

1 1 1

21,338 8 9

6 1

6 6

480500410

1 11

2

1 3 4

90,332

7 6

5 2

5 14 041045 0* 3 30

1 14

2

1 5 11

91,563

8 7

6 3

5604304 10 02 14

r '

1 6

6

1 1 1

2,60,458

7 9

4 15

5 6

2 9

3 6

2 S

1 11

6

1 2 11

1,96,269

8 5

5 3

6 10

3 9

5 3 2 13

1 12

9

1 5 11

92,550

7 9 7

4 11

2

5 11 2

3 4 10

4 2 3 8

1 14

5

1 3 3

55,165

7

4 5

5 5

3 6 5

4 3 8

1 9

3

1 2 5

71,352

7 17

4 1

7

4 12 10

2 112317*200

1

1 11

5

1 4 4

20,297

7 12 10

4 11

2

5 5

3 6 5 3 4 10

2 14 5

1 10

13

1
10,53,344 7 12 11

5 2

3

5 3 8

3 9 4

4 3 9

2 14

KALPH OUSELBY, Major,

Offi

^ SeUlenu

•n< Officer.

Propfietary

SulHKUlemeiit.
I. Iiiraliiki»

IL

2. In other mehals, . . .

IIL

Shares, ...

IV.

Sub-tenures.

1. In t'aluluL
{a,) Sir or didari,
(b.) Shankallap,

•••

{c.) Birt,
{d.) All others.

2. In other mehalsy

Other kinds, ...

V.

( XKXTui )

•.• •••

••• •••

... •••

Grand total,

STATEME^n* OF

3

o

i

o

8

o

J

a

I

9

<^

4,464

i

1

2

>. . • •

702

52

3,301

4,673
331

5,619
3,551

158

348

12

197

89

18

68

109

2

192

13

226

118

3

I

^

22,6931 811 I 750 12

16

51
1

130

211
16

191
127

743

RXi Babel! Distbict,
Settlekent Office
The iOth December 1871

(71. j

( xxxix )

JUDICIAL WORK,
of

On trial.

1,648

-8
s

•a

8

78

-♦a

O

H

Disposed of by

1

2,880

72

12

1,352

506

33

1,550

9

4,428

10

4,464

S

o

i

GO

I

11

2,004
149

3,263
1,567

1,917
141

1,736
1,647

9,967 10,410

678

45

2,902

3,921
290

4,999
3,214

702

52

3,301

4,673
331

2,109

4

12

2,293

li

41

1^

13

290

35

655

62

169 243

14

202

1,793

5,619
3,551

20,377

22,693

364

11

397
417

4,178

239

19

65

133

3,134

2,911
168

2,030
1,288

8,488

14

751

1,159
143

3,127
1,713

6,893

Bemarks.

15

RALPH OUSELEY, Majob,
Qfg, Settlement Officer.

( xl )

o

o

<

525
525

52;

O
H

09

PS

El

a

E

inox

CO

Rs. A. P.
1,16,069

69,278

37,406

27,180

21,230

27,800

6,072

14,697

"UOI

1

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05,082 15 6

36,190 7 6

24,639 2 9

18,036 U

26,619 10 6

6,732 6 3

13,027 6 3

h
l\

10

Rs. A. P.
1,18,732

63,863

40,664

29,118

22,034

29,183

6,692

14,273

•

Rb. a. p.
2,34,791

1,23,141

78,060

66,298

43,264

66,983

12,764

28,870

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( xlvi )

No.

RETURN OF

Name of tahsfl.

Behar

Barelf

:..{

""^X

Name of
paiganah.

Daundia Kheri,

GhatampuTy ...

Bhagwantnagar,

Behir,

Patan,

Panhan,

MagraieTy

Sarainiy

Khiron,

Total,

Bareliy
Dalmau,

Total,

Haidargarh,
Kdmrdwan,
Bachrdwan,
Hardui,

Total,

Grand Total,

I

S3

101
29
53
26
15
23
31
169
123

570

363

292

655

118
58
58
23

257

1,482

i

64
26
45
24
11
19
30
114
102

437

371
253

624

103
70
94
24

291

1,352

i

o

5

265
57

162
81
29
54
51

326

256

1,281

980
1,071

2,051

291

240

228

75

834

4,166

S

o
M

O

7,438
3,144
4,657
2,957
1,144
1,840
3,575
10,022
12,983

47,760

44,466
31,775

76,241

15,444
8,911

10,425
3,628

38,408

1,62,409

S

I
^

29,869
13,909
22,795
13,086
5,842
7,405
16,188
60,825
57,102

2,27,021

1,78,398
1,22,682

3,01,080

65,771
34,954
45,185
13,731

1,59,641

6,87,742

I

o

o

8

105
37
73
35

18

29

42

179

168

686

548
436

984

239
137
140

47

563
2,233

Rli BarelI District,

Settlement Office

The dOtk December 1871

ri. j

vin.

RURAL POLICE.

( xlvii )

Detail of

Men.

Remuneration.

^

^

1

nS

M

'4

1

each

J

2 .

w

S

^

a

9

S.

S43

Cm

s

.9

H

No. of hoi
chaukii

No. of so
chauki

Area to
kidir.

Net proc
of.

C

<

Total of
heads.

Average
income
ehauki

1

a»

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Rs. A. P.

Rs. A. P.

Rs. A. P.

Rs. A. P.

71

284

388-77

116

750 12

1,796

2,546 12

2 4

85

376

457-75

22

185 10 6

917

1,102 10 6

2 7 9

64

312

393-75

65

497 6 6

1,309

1,806 6 6

2 1

84

374

432-29

81

621

359

980

2 5 4

64

325

383-89

78

436

12

448

2 12

63

255

419-59

60

453 6

380

833 6

2 6 4

85

385

463-90

60

365 12

554

919 12

1 13 2

56

345

407-69

340

2,691 4

1,874

4,493 4

2 16

77

340

387-48

308

2,096 12

2,465

4

4,562

2 4 2

70

331
326

404-33

1,130

8,025 15

9,666 4

17,692 3

2 2 5

81

434-0

570

3,847 11 9

10,884

8 9' 14,732 4 6

2 3 10

73

281

371-0

710

5,755 1 3

6,485

2 12,240 3 3

2 5 5

77

306

606

1,280

9,602 13

17,369

10 9

26,972 7 9

2 4 7

65

275

276-22

212

1,450 4

4,693

8

6,143 12

2 2 3

65

248

325-69

172

1,172 14 9

2,275

12

3,448 10 9

2 1 7

74

323

431-39

90

691 3 3

2,041

10

2,732 13 3

1 10

77

292
284

331-09

27

144

1,079

1,223

2 2 8

68

331-42

501

34,586

10,089

14

13,548 4

2 1

73

38

387-10

2,911

21,087 2

37,125

12 9

58,212 14 9

2 2 9

RALPH OUSELEY, Major,

Qfff. Settlement Officer,

APPENDICES.

mam

( ii )

AFFEN

Khasrah Kistwdr or detail of measurement of village Maina

Rdi

I

s§

I

(a

I

Daukh,

B.

0.

»»

o

M

o

0:0

..

A.

n

B.

C.

3

Abddi PhairA
Khera,

4

Partijadid,

5

Parti Kadim,

KXi BAREii District,
Sjettlemjent Office :
Tht 8(WA December 1871.

o a o

I LI

o § 2

o ©

C

u

d
d

a

P4 M m

s I

<8 O

r^

Ganga

Biahon,

son of

Biada
IAl,Biah-

man,
Lamber-

dar.

*9

•••

Ditto,

»f

Ditto,

Ditto,

Ditto,

If

<9 A

® d

sell

nil

Breadth, length.

East West.

6

North South.

36 Kaida

72

8

27 Amiidh

62 22

15 Kaida

7 Amiidh

7

42

42 42

15 Kaida

40

30

Gumani,
son of
Pursn,
Ahir of
Mohan
Khera,

If

18

30

4

28

7

3 Amiidh

16

13

18

17

6 Kaida

8

6
Kaida

14

8

6
Kaida

12

10

19

17

21

6

6

5

8

8

8

13 14

5 Amiidh

10 12

13 Amtidh

12 12

9 Ami]dh

14

13
15 " 12

9

9

10

40

40

40

( iii )

BIX A.

har Katra, parganah Bachrdwan, TaJistt Haidargarh, ZiVa
Bareli.

u
OQ

8

B. B. B.
2 8 12

5 5

8 8

11 14

1 10
5 4
3 12

12 7

1
I

10

•S

u

11

12

B. B. B.
3 4 10

12 7

2 14

6 10

16

13

13

s

(8

3

o
H

14

15

o

OQ

o

Bemarks.

16

:

17

B. B. B. B. B. R 1st class,
12 12 domat,

B. B. B.

B. B. B. 2nd class

2 140 2 14 bhiir,

This fl^d cont^na 1
Plpal tree, produce
being at the time
kodo and arhar, soil
goindhar.

Ooindhar. Has been
laid waste since one
year.

RALPH OUSELEY, Major,

Offg, SeUlemerU Officer.

( i^ )

APFEN

Admitted jamdbandi or rent roll of village Mainahar Katra

•

1

,

2

i
1

(d

<

i

1

Name of onltivators,
their parentage and
residence and caste.

1

1

•

N«ne •£ field*

Area of fields pei
bigah.

1

2

3

4

5

6

■!

Lalla, son of Nankii
Dichit, Brahman of
VillagaBebAa^ ...

Il 698
912

1 ^

JM,

B. B. B.

1 15 8

2 7 6

B. B. B.

1 15

2

> 918

Siamara^

1 13 17

1 14 €>

j 919

Dittos

1 14 10

1 15 01

921

Ditto,

2 6 10

2

5 fields.

.••

9 17 11

9 4

'\

AMddia, son of Neh£l
Dichit, Chattri of
this Tillage^

^ 27
95

GSangiswala^
Miirmtwala,

. • .•

; S 18
2 14

2

i 1 10

\

142

Bargadaha,

...

2 2 18

2 10

190

Dhnkhwa^

•« •

1 13 11

1 10

287

Euaw kheth,

1 •••

1 4 16

15

598

6 fields.

Towli kaie,

...

1 14 13

10

• ••

10 18

9 15

'i

Dhownka1„ son of Deo-
man, Ahir of this vil-
lage,

853
- 860

Dondeypnr,
makhw%

• •

3 18 11
»I3 13

3
»15

879r

Hpif,

•**<

&18 18

15

894

Goindy

»»■*•

1 8 16

I 15

901

Sheotorha,

...

2 1^ 9

3

5 fields.

9 19 6

9 15 0*

BXi Babel! District,
SxiTLEicEm Office
«. dOth Deeeniber 1871.

;• !

171. )

( y )

DIX B.

parqanah Bachrdwarif TahsU Haidagarh, ZiTa Rdi Bardi.

1

1 v=«

« «

KiiMl of soil

•

rate o
f grain.

■

i

■s

i

f

•

1

tttai or
ation

Glialla or grains.

1

00

T^

73

•s

^-4

1

1

10

4»

1^

' 03

■

7

8

9

11

12

13

Manjahar

Rs. A. P.

Talabi,

•tt

• ■ •

ITparliar

• t .

4

...

• • •

•*»

not irriga-
ted.

•••

4

•tt

1

»•■•

• »•

Do,,

...

2

•••

»••

•»•

Do»,

...

2

t.*

• • •

•• •

Do.,

...

• • •

2

*..

• • •

• • •

• • •

14

•••

Mctsh.

M. S. C. Rg. A. P.

Goindliar

#••

...

••■

•••

Halfbat-

: 1 26 12® 30 S. J 5 , •
^ per 1 Re. J 2 3 6

Talabi,

tai.

Ditto,

t«*

*»•

• • •

•••

Do.l 15 8 do. 1 14

Oram, M. S.

I/parliar

•••

•••

•••

»».

7 9 4@110 6 12 6

Tyabi,

Goindbar
not irriga-
ted,

• »•

*••

.••

•••

Ik>.A

mii,

3 13 8 @ do. 2 10 6

McUtar.

%

•••

Groin Hilar
not irriga-
ted.

••t

»»•

Do.,

2 39 14 @ 1 5 2 10 6

Mash.

16 4@030 8 9

Do -

Do..

Bajrd.

•••

•••

1

•

•»•

»»•

27 8@1 11 3

\

• ••

• • •

• »•

»•«

—

• • •

17 28 10 17 7

' Manjaliar

•••

!••

inot irriga-

t »t

4

••t

i

ted,
Goindbar not

1 8

•*»

...

irrigaitedy

•.*

...

Goindltar

• ••

•••

•••

5

••*

Talabi,

• • •

• »•

GoindbBrBot
irrigated!.

.*•

5

•.*

•••

• *•

Manjaliftr
not irrigated.

*••

3 8

•••

• •»

• m9

•••

19

...

RALPH OUSELEY, Majoe,
Ofg, Settlement Officer.

1

( ^ )

AFPEV

CldSidfied Rent rates of Village Maviahar Katra, Par

SirShikinL

H

Sir.

Klmd.
kaaht.

i

a

1

>

i

Aaaami-
w4r.

Assamf-

Other
w4r. I castes.

Rent-free land.

5

>5

1
1

Bent-free grant, •••
Chakrana or service, ...

BallalifH,

PartfjacUd, ...

Grand Total of Bent-
free holdings,

II

|l
I*

Gnnga Bishiin, son
of Hera JJl of
this village.

s

i

s

9

S

B. B. B. BS.A.F.

»••

108 5 5

55 15 9

ITdwat, son of H6-
las of Kardaha, ...

Chanda, son of
Jawahir Diibey
of Kardaha.

Jhaii, son of Hiro-
we Dichit of this
village.

4 13 14

8 15 3

••«

Meran, son of Bans
Jnnw£r of this vil-
lage,

Bhag^ son of Jha^
Kachf of Kardaha,

Baktowra, son of
Sadhua Gararia,

1

55 12 8 144 9

12 13 1

I 16 18
I 7 12 9

5 11 9

15 1 6

27 7

12 3
12 11 3

}

12 19 17

•••

4 14 10

•■•

3 4 4

•••

162 2 11

.^

173 1 2

.—

( vii )

DIX C

ganaJi Bachrdwan, Tahstl Haidargarh, ZiVa Rdi Bareli.

Goindhar.

Irrigated.

No.
Ehaarah.

Area.

Rupees.

B. B. B. Rs. A. P.

{

96-345
636-685

288-299
296

8 17 18

4 10 3

5 3 1811 8 3

Total.

B. B. B.

8 17 18

4 10 3
@0 8

...i

Not irrigated.

No.
Ehasrah.

574-577

578-585
635

160-576

212-548
586

Area. Rupees.

B. B. B.

13 2 3

6 4 14

I 4 7 4

Ba. A. P.

4 2 9

Tota

B. B. B.
13 2 3

13 14 6

6 6

259
183

1 4 3
1 11 10

4 2 9
@0 5

••.

•••

4-7'
692

I 5 14

8 10

(

VIU

)

APPENDIX

• •<

m

Sir.

Khad-
kaahi.

Sir StukuL

war.

s

3

•••

n

I

Amami I OUier

Bent-free land.

II

if

^

6iuig» BiahfiH,

■on of Hera Lai of
Tilljigey

J \ i ITdwat, son of Ha-
C I&8 of Kardaha, ...

ChandA, son of Jawi-
I hir Dubey of Kiur-
I daha,
I

! JhaaCL son, of Hirowe
Dichit of this vil-
lage,

Meran, son of Baas
2 { ! Jonwar of this vil-
• lage.

I ( Bliagii, son of J^ii
^( Kachi of Kardaha,

Baktowra, son of
Sadhfia Gararia, ...

Bent-free grant, «»•
Chakrana senrioe,

BallahH

Partfjadfd,

OrandTotal of Bent-free
holdings.

•••

•••

5

}

H. D. H.

108 5 5

I

9

O

i

I

i

]

I
!

4 13 14

8 16 3

55 12 8

12 13 1

16 18

Ba.A.P.

55 15 f

5 11 9

15 1 6

144 9

27 7

12 3

7 12 9 12 11 3

•••

12 19 17
4 14 10

3 4 4

152 2 11

173 1 2

C. — (Continued, )

( ix )

Manjahar.

Irrigated.

No.
Khaarah.

^ 242-345
348-506
524-529
669-676

I 679-718

Area.

Bnpeea,

705

119
437

I

S. S. &.

13 19

Rs. A»P.

8 5

Not irrigated.

Total.

I

13 4

3 18

B*. H. S.

13 19

8 5
Q^O 10

2 12

5 14

174

305-360
503-680

3 4 4

136 6 17

139 10 1

•••

No.
Khasn^.

628-617
637-670
720-725
727-728

Are»

s. s. s..

24 6 16

Bnpeea.

75-129
909

344-514
519

423-875

10 15 12

6 4 9

*••

6 14 8

IU.A.P.

13 6

Total.

••.

•••

13 14

16 2 6

B. B. B.

24 6 16

13 6
(^0 9

#••■

8 6 6

732-734 2 4 14

369-416

421-152

233

5 19 6

8 4

••»

SfrShikmf.

Sir.
Khud-
kasht.

I

•••

M'

sea

PQ

I
I

Assami
war.

Assamf-
war.

6

x^ ^^ \mi

e 2 «

Other
castes.

( ^ )

APPENDIX

I

-89

K|

GungaBishTSixi, son of
Hera Lai of this
village,

i

s

1

2

2

■I

Eent-f ree land,
Bent-free grant,

Chakrana or seryice, ...
Ballahfrf,

Partfjadfd,

GrandTotal of Bent-free
holdings,

ITdwat, Bonof HdUu9
of Kardaha,

Chanda, sonof Jawi-
hir Dubey of Kar-
daha,

Jhati, son of Hirowe
Dichit of this vil-
lage,

Meran, son of Bans
Junwdr of this vil-
lage,

Bhagu, son of Jhati
Kachi of Kardaha,

Baktowra, son of
Sadhtia Gararia, ...

B. B. B.

108 6 5

s

9

o
H

}

4 13 14

8 16 3

6 12 8

12 13 1

16 18

7 12 i

Ba.A.P.

55 16 9

• M

»•(

!(•

12 19 17

4 14 16
3 4 4

152 2 11

6 11 g

16 1 6

144 9

27 7

123

12 11 3

173 1 2

EXi BabelI District,
Sbttlement Office
The 30fA Decmber 1871

U

C — (Canduded, )

( xi )

UparhAr.

Irrigftted.

No.
¥hMr»h.

Area.

Rnpeesl

774-776

768-769

809

B. B. B. Ra. A. P.

4 10 12 4 10 3

Total

812

706

147-438
439-489

1 1 1 15 9

18 1

916
923

922

) 8 223 12 3

B. B. B. f

4 10 12

4 10 3
@1

1 I 6

1

1 4 17

3 12

3 12

•••

15 9

Not irrigated.

No.
Ehasrafa.

Area.

378-443
477-487
488-650
653-741
746-811
815-819
823-824
825-826

810-790

746-772
786

62-475
476

478-484
775-777
778-374

386-388

803

B. B. B.

43 8 16

Rupeee.

Total

IIs.Ab.P

B. B. B.

21 3

|43 8 16

3 12 14
6 13 18

642

473-479
754-924
770

925-926
927

.

22 6 14

2 11 8

16 18

13 4

9 11
I 2 19 8

381-458 4 3 1

16 13 9

21 3
©0 8

5

0;

3 12

11 4

75 10

5 4

12 3

3

•••

16 18

1 2 3
@1 6

RALPH OUSELEY, Major,

Qfg, Settlement Officer.

( xii )

APPEN

Assessment records of village Mainahar Katra Parganah

Wrwaa, ... ^ 4
CuUiTated. 1.399

PMguwh Baofartffran, Maaaah MMm^hw
Katra, No. 246.

ralohtf Mainahar Katra, 8um-
marjJamK Ra 1050-

Baniar,

Sit«,
U»mr,

-••• ••• ... 436

• •• ••• ... Av9

• •• •• •.•

••• ••• ..•

••• ••• .<•

Total,

194
62 '
6

ChahX.

AM, .,, ...

UnJrrigated, 1

140
S91
368

854
267

P. W.

0. w.

Deptt.

Chapperband,

Paikaaht,

154
20

2,160

Domat,
Mattjar, ...

Ooind,
Manjahar,

.. 283

.. 667

Chankidiratwo, cash Ra.
Ballahir, one land ..

36
911

Bhur, ... 078

Uparhar. .

.. 899

Detail of 4Wi68amM

it.

Old papera.

•

Area.

Jam&bandi.

Proposed

•

1

Clan.

•

K

*

•

s

Bate.

Bate.

1

86

00

a

•

I

--J

9

9

Cir

1

9

4

8

4

No. 1 83

2

18

4

6

• ■•

4

2 150

8

14

8

10

3

42

8 803

4

24

13

9

1 1 •

18

4 865

6

6

6

10

18

7

5 45

6

49

21

8

• ••

21
123

• •

' 6 353

Total

t •

108

66

8

• • •

123

Total, 1,299

«hikmi

i

t ••

• •

• ••

• ••

Bent by parga-

2

-• •

• •

• •

• •

nah ratea.

8

• ••

• •

• •

• •

Goind, 753

4

• • •

• ••

• ••

• ••

• «

Manjahar, 1,525

6
6

• • •

• ■ •

' ...

• • •

• •

• •

• • t

• •

■ • •

• •

• • •

Uparhar, 52S

Total

• •

• •

• «

3 4

• ■•

Total, 2806

Brahmaua

"T

8

9

• •

Aent for asseas-

2

• • t

• «

• ••

• ••

ment.

3

23

42

1 13

• •

Bent, 2,366

4

80

32

110

« •

Waste, 217

6

9

27

2 13

• •

Grovea,

6

102

170

1 11

• ••

t > •

• •

280

Total

■ •

167

280 1 1 11

• ••

Total, 2,588

Chattria

1

34

96 2 12

2

74

162 2 8

• •

3

64

140

2 3

4

61

106

1 12

• •

6

12

39

3 4

6

95 ' 268

2 12

• • ■

• •

800

Total

• • •

840 800

2 6

• •

• ••

ILiamin

1

• •

• ••

• ••

• •

t ••

2

• ••

• t*

• •

• ••

• •

8

• • t

• • •

• ••

• ••

• •a

4

• ••

• •

• ••

• •

• ••

6

t •

• •

• •

t ••

• t •

6

1

1

16

• ••

• •

1

Total

1

1

16

• ••

>••

Othara

1

87

98

2 a

• •

2

66

110

2

• •

• •

8

62

117

1 14

• •

4

241

342

1 7

• •

• ••

6

19

30

1 10

• •

• ••

6

95

161

1 11 6

• •

• • •

• •

858
801

Total

• •

609

868

I 11

• •

Bent-free

173

• • •

• t

i 12 0,

801

• • •

Grand Total

1,299 1,997 1 1 9 Ol

1

• • •

2,866

( ^ii )

DIXD,

Bachrdwan, Tahsil Haidargarh, District Rdi BarelL

RENT-FREE LANDS.

B.

Brahmani Ac, 11 ® S
Berrio*, ... 2 ($ t
CbaukidAr, ... 6 ($ 6 Q
Ballahir, ... S @ 3
WasU, ... 162 @ 1 8

83 9
6 7

S4

9 11

228 3

173 Bfgahs, @ Rs. 1 12 0,300 14

1271.

Cash, ... 680 6 6

Kind, ... 1,393 11 9

Kodo rice, ... 60

Mobowa, ... 27

Singhara, 00

Total, ... 2,110 1 3

1272.

Cash, ... 031 18 9

Kind, ... 1,238 16

KodoTiee,...100

Mohowa, ... 10

Singhara, 40

a^^^^H^^ MNMi^H^M WB^B^i^HP^ia ^aa^^^M^**

Total, ... 2,126 12 9

1273.
Cash, ... 037 16 t
Kind, ... 1,009 8
Eodo ric»,... 209
Mohowa, ... 40
Singhara, 06

Total, ... 2,619 2 8

The old proprietorship of this village is said to belong to
Pathdns, but the T'alukdar collects the rents direct from the
tenants. The soil is good and some little is light, the surface
is level and broken, and one-third of the cultivated area is
irrigated from jhlls, wells, and the river Sye, on the bank
of which this village is situated. The rates shown in the
rentroU are very low, owing it is said to poor light soil, to
difficulty of manuring by reason of broken ground, and to in-
undations. There are, however, plenty of good cultivation
and fine crops, and the large quantity of unirrigated land,
makes this a very improvable property. The impression made
by a careful survey of the village is, that the yield must be
much more than has been represented, but the only lands on
which it appears safe to raise the rental, are those held as
sir by the proprietor, and which have been returned at mere
nominal rates. Wherefore an addition of Rs. 68 have been
made to their rental. The culturable lands produce a good deal
of rather thick jungle, and coarse grass, and have been assessed
at 13 annas per acre or Rs. 217, and E,s. 301 have been fixed
as the rental of 108 acres of land returned as rent-free. The
above additions to the submitted rentroll give the amount at
which this village has been assessed.

Jamd, . • .

Cesses,

Total,

1,291
32

1,323

Rai BarblI District,
Sbttlbment Office :
The ZOth December 1871.

RALPH OUSELEY, Major,
Offg. Settlement Officer,

( ^v )

1^

H

1-4

P4

04

^

^

a

-a

rcJ I— <

-si

OQCQ

00

00

o
OS

o

>

i

•s

a

•a
•a

I

•a

d

a

o

«

o

»«

oo o oo

Q O O QO

sa

-s

00

6

;a

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^i

1^

o.

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00

^-9

to CO

I I

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I

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r-i rH

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c3

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to

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&■§

'^ n

rrs ©CO

^ S s

© «

e<3

o

k£d

O

CO

1— I
I

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o

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m8

<9

iT)

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6

1— I

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CO CO

CO

o
6

CO

CO
I

l-H
i

CO

C<1

CO

CO

00

Cl

CO

I

o

i

CO

o

00

6

I
CO

I— I
I

I

a>

CO

CO

CO

00

M

s

M

CO

B

1

o S

CO

•5*

PQ

*.iH

<1

■a-

J-.

^

^

a

>

^

"dj JRacZ'pTi' Ou^elej/t •M4i0or%
0^. SettZeftt/e^7V& ^j^icey.

I.

\ '

11

r

Q

(

XV

)

APPENDIX O. I.

Rent rates parganah Haidargarh, No. 1, lands or irrigated

lands lying close to habitations.

Settle-
er.

•

a

■a

1

i

.•

Name of villageB.

^1

^

4»

Bemarkf.

J

'252i

.3

1

S.

1

<

1

1

1

Kakrf,

191

324

1,592

4 15

2

Baxuapur,

27

56

233

4 2

3

Sombha, ...

161

104

591

5 11

4

Aliaspur, ...

7

169

813

4 13

5

Madnapur,

228

97

165

1 11

Excluded on a^
oount of BUT,

6

ChandrowH,

104

96

434

4 9

7

Ulmapur,

178

90

281

3 2

Ditto ditto.

8

Manjupur,

241

97

480

4 15

9

Barwal; ...

26

142

1,019

7 3

Do. Kiirmi9 oul-

tiyation.

10

Fattehpur Jamranean, . . .

180

102

447

4 6

11

Kulaidah Bahlfmpur,

192

195

959

4 15

12

Parriwan, ...

64

104

661

6 5

Ditto ditto.

13

Tirbediganj,

79

183

656

3 9

Ditto gfr.

U

Khaira Kankti, ...

205

174

882

5 1

k

15

Kanwa,

197

249

862

3 7

Ditto ditto.

16

Khwajapur,

111

119

495

4 2

17

Dundaypur,

116

89

328

3 11

18

Soimkpur,

162

159

611

3 14

19

Gurwa Usmanpur,

215

118

573

4 13

20

Bahddurpur,

12

99

444

4 11

■

21

Bohta, ... A.»* .t.

22

419

2,045

4 14

22

Keoli, ... ... «..

152

214

675

3 2

Ditto ditto .

23

Pukhra, ...

67

584

3,111

5 5

24

Ansari,

9

330

1,324

4

■

^6

Hassanpur,

106

211

1,074

6 1

Total of eighteen villages,

3,445

16,436

4 12

Seven villages eicluded as above.

Rai Babel! DisTBicTy

Settlement Offic e :
The ZOth December 1871.

}

RALPH OUSELEY, Majob,

Ofjf, Settlement Officer.

( ^vi )

AFPERDIX O IX.

Rent rates parganah Kthnrdwan No. 3, lands or irri-
gated lands lying further from, habitations.

1

1

•"1

i

i

Name of village.

H

.9

S .i

Bemarka.

1
1

11

1

<

1

1

B&jahpur,

138

73

237 3

4

2

Jarrowganj,...

88

151

404 2

11

3

Ddndgarh,

117

145

735

5

1

Excluded. Much
KtSimis oulti-
vation.

4

Ktimr&wan,

196

242

1,039

4

5

6

Surajpur,

160

148

375

2

9

Do. S£r.

6

Massapur,

230

94

218

2

5

Do. do.

7

Bdmpur Fadamnath,
Bohd!a Khfird,

133

151

402

2

11

8

44

94

441

4

11

Do. Etirmfa
caltivatioB.

9

Dehwa,

125

276

890

3

4

10

Dhdndwapur,

124

177

766

4

5

^PV 1 «

11

Aimapur,

16

192

456

2

6

Do. old pro-
prietors cttlti-
vations.

12

Pipri,

61

89

377

4

4

13

Rdmpur, Tikra,

132

123

398

3

4

14

Badawar,

23

198

584

2

15

15

Rdipur Nairwa,

136

134

253

1

14

Do. low
rate.

16

Baiti,

56

446

1,352

3

1

17

Sighon Khanpur, ...

166

264

1,295

4

14

Do. Kiinnia
ciiltivation.

18

Sfghon Pachimgaon,

164

749

2,471

3

15

19

Sewli,

173

284

818

2

14

20

Khajron,

206

353

1,104

3

2

21

Bankagarn,

36

360

1,242

3

7

22

Jagdispur,

92

332

1,070

3

4

23

Pindowli,

75

272

1,120

4

2

24

Chitwanna,

Totrfi,! of 17 villages,

101

• • •

365

1,227

3

6

4,641

15,501

3

5

Seven villages excluded as above.

Rii BABELf District,
Settlement Office
The ZOth December 1871.

RALPH OUSELEY, Major,
Offg, Settlement Offi^cer.

( xvii )

APFEKDIZ G- ZII-

Rent rates parganah Ktimrdwan No. 6, lands or unirrigated
lands lying farthest from habitations.

15

Name of viU^e.

ji

.3
-5

*j

Remarks.

1

Dliadgarh,

117

125

348

2 13

2

Siirajpur,

160

136

209

1 9

3

Rdipur Nairwa,

136

68

153

2 10

4

BaitJ,

55

32

62

1 15

5

Khajron,

206

121

255

2 2

6

PuUea,
Totalof six villages,...

68

22

41

1 14

49<

l.OCS

2 3

I am obliged to take this average as I find it, for want of
other villages to choose from, but I have every reason to doubt
the correctness of the retmns of Diiadgarh and Khajron, the
former as showing rates much above what unirrigated lands
fetch, and the latter because unirrigated show higher rates
than irrigated lands.

RAi BARELf District,
Settlement Office :
The Zmh December 1871.

BALPH OtrSELEY, Major,
Offg. Settlement Officer,

( xviii )

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APPENDIX E.
Fkom

Major I. F, MACANDREW,

Settlement Officer, Rdi Bareli,
To

The commissioner,

Baiswara Division.

Dated Rdi Barelij the 6th October^ 1866v
Sir,

In my letters Nos. 456, of 22nd August, and 511, dated
24tb October, 1865, I had the honor to report the declaration
of the revised assessment in the present tahsil of Behar,
which, in addition to the old tahsi), contains the parganah
of Saraini belonging to the old tahsfl of Dalmau. As the
old tahsil boundaries have been retained for settlement pur-
poses, I have now the honor to report the declaration of the
revised assessments in the remainder of the tahsil of Dal-
mau, and in that of Bareli, in all more than three-fourths^
of the district of Ral BareK.

2. In making this report, as I have been relieved of the-
charge of the settlement of the district^ I purpose to give it
the character of a regular settlement report as far as it goes.
I regret that my sudden removal prevents me from submit-
ting that statistical information which is usual on such occa-
sions, as I have had no opportunity of collecting it, the whole
force of the establishment having been conceutrated on the
current work ; but I have no doubt this desideratum will be
ably supplied by my successor, Captain Ouseley, to whom
will fall the task of sulHiiitting the final settlement report of
the district.

3. Before proceeding further, I desire to call attention
to a short glossary, explanatory of the meaning which has
been given to certain words used in the course of this report,,
with a view to avoid misunderstanding of any sort. The

1

( -^ )

greatest care has been taken to give the Tvords the meaning
they bear in the Kdi Bareli district. It is a matter of great
importance that these meanings should not be lost sight of, as
some of the words are used elsewhere with a totally different
signification. The words in the glossary are distinguished in
the body of the report by inverted commas.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT,

4. The district of Rdi Bareli may be said to resemble
in shape a shoulder of mutton with the shank broken and
bent backwards. The shank forms the tahsil of Haidargarh,
not yet assessed. The remainder forms the three tahsils, which
last year from motives of economy were doubled up into two,
and which form the subject of this report.

5. The number of villages of which the revised assess-
ment has been completed, is 1,225, included in 457 estates,
having a total area of 677,794 acres. The detail is as fol-
lows : —

Barren waste ... ... ... 106,835

Revenue-free and groves under 10 per cent.

of the total area ••• ••• 72,292

Culturable waste including groves over 1

per cent. ... ... ••• l,f>5,280

Cultivated .•. ... ... 332,707

Total ... 677,794

which gives a proportion of 488 per cent of cultivated land,
and one of 73*7 per cent, of land liable to assessment.

6. The river Ganges forms the S. W. boundary of the
district. On the N. E , at the extremity of the Haidargarh
tahsil, the <iumti is the boundary. Between them the Sye
runs through the very centra of the district, and between the
Sye and the Ganges, the Lone ndla, coming out of the
Unao district and running generally parallel to the course
of the rivers, falls into the Ganges near Dalmau.

7. About midway between the rivers, is a kind of eleva-
ted hollow in which there is a string of jhils, which on the
map follow the course of the rivers and are a striking feature
of the country. From these jhils lateral ndlas lead into the

( 3 )

rivers, «ii>d carry off the superfluous water. This conforma-
tion is to be found between the Giimti and the Sye, the Sye
and the Lone, and the Sye and the Ganges, after the conflu-
ence gf the Lone with the Ganges, while it also is to be
found, in a limited degree, between the Lone and the Ganges,
But the high bank of the Ganges and the Lone approach so
near to each other, at the western extremity of the district,
that the space left for the jhlls is very small, and they be-
come almost nothing.

8. The effect of this is ta make the country topographi-
cally lie in belts or zones. Beginning with the Ganges, we
have the villages on the high bank of the river much broken
and sandy, with the water a ^ood distance from the surface.
These villages are generally among the poorest in the district.
Within this belt lies a strip of villages, which, taken all in all,
are perhaps the finest in the district, as they are wholly
cultivated and are irrigated nearly altogether from wellSj
though they get assistance from small ponds. Within these
again come the villages among the large jhfls, showing,
many of them, the finest land of all, but intermixed with large
waste tracts, of which it is sometimes very hard to say whe-
ther they are barren or culturable. These villages are irri-
gated mainly from the jhfls, whence the water is thrown up
upon the fields by manual labor. Proceeding still in a N. E.
direction, we come again to the belt of fine villages irri-
gated from wells, and further on to the sandy, poorer, and
broken villages on the banks of the Sye, where irrigation is
less resorted to. The like description will suffice for the sur-
face of the country, still pursuing a N. E. line, up to the
Giimtl, but the part of the district under report stops short
anoiong the jhlls between the Sye and the Giimti, Thence
up to the Giimti, it is the tahsll of Haidargarb.

9.- To this general description there is one exception.
In the parganahs of Dhundhia Khera and Ghatinipur, ta
the west of the district, there is a large " kadir '' from the
Ganges, on which are a number of villages. This land is very
moist and is more or less subject to inundation, and it gene-
rally only produces rabi crops, though in many parts of it
sugar is grown, and on the higher parts are established per-
manent villages. The high bank above this " kadir " differs
from the high bank along the actual river^ inasmuch that the

< 4. )

villages, instead of being sandy and poor, are among the very
finest in the district. The ^^kadir" at one part is nearly
five miles broad, and its length is ten or twelve miles in the
Bdi Bareli district, beyond which it is Undo.

10, The general aspect of the district is undulating in a
slight degree, which, as the country is beautifully wooded,
chiefly with mangoe and mhowa groves, gives it a variety
which is not often to be observed in the valley of the Ganges.
The fertility of the soil is remarkable, and the cultivation
being of a high class, the beauty of the country is not to be
surpassed by any part of the real plain of Hindustan. Scat-
tered here and there, all over the district, and more especially
towards the Ganges, are noble trees, generally Burgat or
Pfpal. Trees are not, however, grown for timber. The
babul is not plentiful and the bamboo is very scarce, while
the Sissu and the Tiin, both of which thrive well and would
be a certain revenue from the lands which are too broken
for cultivation, are not to be found in the district, save
where planted as ornamental trees since our occupation of
the country.

IL The productions of the country are sugar, tobacco,
wheat, barley and gram, a little cotton and linseed, with
rice and the oil seeds, pulses, and millets sown during the
rains. Opium grows well, but the opium department has
been so irregular in its demand since the cultivation was intro-
duced, that probably the people will not feel much inclined
to sow it again.

POPULATION.

12. The population of that part of the district under
report is very dense, being 1*49 per cultivated acre, or 489*30
per square mile of total area. Nineteen-twentieths of the
people are Hindiis. The particulars are given in statement
No. 1.

13. In statement No. 2 is given an abstract of the po-
pulation according to occupations. From this statement it
appears, that 68 per cent, of the population, which includes
the first four classes in the statement, are directly connected
T^ith the land, the remaining 32 per cent, being engaged in

( 5 )

trade of all kinds. As Bdi Bareli is a purely agricultural
district, without any place that can he called a town in it,
Bareli itself only reaching the rank of a ^'kushah." These
figures show the existence of a large population which it is
but too much the fashion to ignore in discussing the questions
of production and distribution, with reference to rights in
land, on the ground of expediency.

The heading of proprietor in this statement includes
under-proprietors. The agricultural laborers are the ^^ hul-
wars" of the proprietors and hiffh caste tenants, by whom it
is considered infra dig : to hold the plough. The number of
hish caste tenants is remarkable. In some parganahs, it
will be obserted, they are the majority, and in one, Behar,
they are two and a half times as numerous as the low caste
men. Many of these were once proprietors, but all trace of
their rights has been lost, there being no beneficial interest
remaining. It is also remarkable that this process has been

J[uite as active in coparcenary as in talukddri villages,
n the parganahs of Dhundhia Ehera and Bhugwantnagar,
which chiefly consist of coparcenary estates, the excess of
high caste cultivators is very marked. A comparison of
statements 2 and 6 will show the force of the foregoing obser-
vations.

14. The attention of the Chief Commissioner was early
^ected to the crime of female infanticide, which was rife
among the Rdjput population of Oudh. In 1862 the taluk-
ddrs passed a resolution, at the instance of the Chief Com-
missioner, that they would endeavour to put it down on their
estates. The result is shown in statement No. 3, which gives
the particulars of the Rdjput population, distinguishing the
''boys and girls born before and after July, 1862, the date of
the resolution. The figures show a great improvement, but
leave no doubt that the crime is still fearfully common.

POLITICAL HISTORY.

15. All tradition concurs in asserting that the district
was anciently peopled by a race called the Bhars. Who and
what they were there is no trace of ; but, scattered over the
country, wherever there is a rising ground, are to be found
the remains of large villages which the people attribute to

( 6 )

tbem, and, if this be the case, these mounds show that they
lived in houses built of burnt brick. It is reasonable there-
fore to conclude that they had attained a considerable civiliza-
tion, but the hostility of both Mahomedans and Hindus
towards them appears to have been inveterate, and no trace
of them nt all is to be found at the present time. Mr. Capper
states his belief they were Ahirs, but gives no authority for
the assertion, and I believe that a tribe bearing this name are
now to be found in the Fyzabad district, though whether they
are of the ancient stock is very doubtful.

«

16. It is, however, the accepted belief of the district that
two Bhar brothers, by name Bui and Dal, were tiie founders
of Bareli and Dalmau, and that they built forts there, that
their descendants ruled over the parganahs bearing their
names, and that they were overthrown, in 603 Hijri, by a
Mahomedan force under Syed Uookmooddeeo and Syed
Jehangeer (founder of Jehangeerabad, the principal Muhalla
of Rai BareH), Shah Ibrahim, and Shah Iloossein All;
with these came Mulick Muckdhoomshah, ancestor of Fukhrol
Hussun, the present talukddr of Binowra, and Beekum or
Noorooddeen Khan, the ancestor of the Amawan and Pahre-
mau talukdars ; these three being all the Mahomedan
talukddrs in the parganahs under report.

17. At a later period, the country appears to have been
subjugated by tlie Sliirkee Kings of Jaunpur, and one of their
lieutenants established himself at Rai Barell, building a
fort there, one of 52 which tradition says were founded by
his master in eastern Oudh on the same day. Dalmau was
also the site of one of them, and both forts are now to be seen
in a ruinous condition. There are certain legends connected
with the fort of Rai Bareli. Within it is a most enormous
Veil, which is supposed to be connected with the sea, the
proof of which is that one day when it was bubbling up,
running over, and threatening to submerge the whole town,
a fakir recognized a stick which the water threw up as one
he had lost months before at Pooree when bathing while he
was on pilgrimage to Juggernauth. He also advised the
people to throw into the well all their brass vessels if they
wished to save the town from destruction. When this was
done, the story goes that the flow of waters subsided on the

( 7 )

condition that no more water was drawn from it. The well
is now so far filled that it is dry. There is also a story that
a demon frequents a place where an annual fair is held out-
side the fort walls, and, that unless he is propitiated; dire
calamities will happen. In consequence to this day offer-
ings are made to him at night of the days on which the fair
is held on his premises.

18. But the whole country under report is Baiswara,
and indeed, with the parganah of Bachraon in the Haidar-
garh tahsil, Nigoha in the district of Lucknow, and Mora-
wan and Piirwa in Undo, the eleven parganahs under
report form that district. With the exception of the tdluk-
dar of Hardaspur, who is a Eyeth, Chowdhri Bulbhudder
Sing, Jauwar of Kheron, and the three Mahomedan landlords
already mentioned, all the tdlukdars of the eleven parga<»
nahs are of the Bais clan.

19. The Bais are one of the 36 royal races of Rdjputs
enumerated in Tod's Rajasthan. They differ from all the rest,
who are said to have come from the west, in ascribing their
original birthplace to Munji Fhatan in Central India. Ac-
cording to tradition, the founder of the clan, Sakee Sal Bahun,
was born there 1787 years ago of a virgin Brahmin, in the
reign of Raja Bikramajit, in whose time Oojein was the seat
of Hindu Empire. His miraculous birth and conspicuous
ability gained him so large a following, that at the age of 12
he fought and overthrew Raja Bikramajit and reigned'in his
stead, according to some accounts marrying the Oojein heiress^
His twenty -first lineal descendant, Raja Bhagwant Rae, divided
the empire among his six sons, the eldest, Raja Baldeoj
retaining Oojein, and the two younger, Nerbhee Rae (or
Charid) and Ubhee Rae (or Chandj being allotted the north-
east.

20. These two latter soon came into collision with the
Gautam Raja, Urgal, whose Government was established at
Kanauj. Near that city the Bais engaged the Gautams com-
manded by Jyechand, and were victorious, N'erbhee Rae fall-
ing in action. The victor, Ubhee Rae, made terms and
received the Gautam Raja's daughter in marriage, with 22
mehpls (Baiswara) as a dowry, and the palace at Buxar on

( 8 )

the Ganges as a residence. The common tradition, however,
gives a more romantic account of the connection between
Ubhee Kae and the house of the Gautam Baja. While the
brothers Nerbhee Rae and Ubhee Rae were on pilgrimage at
Prag (Allahabad) the Gautam Rani and her daughter came
there to bathe. Struck with the beauty of the daughter, the
Governor of Prag tried to carry her off. The Rani cried
out ^' is there no good Hindu to help us" when the brothers
rushed to their assistance. Nerbhee Rae was killed in the
scuffle, but Ubhee Rae succeeded in saving the girl and wasr
rewarded with her hand and the 22 mehals as a dowry. Some
place the scene of this adventure at Buxar Ghat near Dhun-
dhia Ehera.

21. The eighth ia descent from this marriage, was Raja
Rae Tao, who acknowledged the Mussulman Emperor as
feudal sovereign, and, presenting himself at Delhi before Shah
Alamgir, was confirmed in the title of Raja, and the posses -
sion of his estates. Being ordered against a body of Afghans
and Chauhans, under Soonbur Sing, he took the fort of
Ealeegarh, killing the leader with his own hands ; and sub-
sequently dying of his wounds, his son Raja Sutua was con-
firmed in his title and estates. His son was Raja Tilokchand,
a man of undoubted ability and great influence, from whom all
the Bais talukddrs and all the true Bais zemindars claim
descent.

22. These call themselves Tilokchandi Bais, to distin-
guish them from the Eutbais, who are supposed to be the
offspring of the real Bais by women of inferior caste. The
Tilokchandi Bais will neither eat nor intermarry with them.
An instance of this was exemplified the other day when the
proposal was made that the Bais should erect a bridge over
the Sye at R&i Bareli. The Tilokchand is proposed that
the Eutbais should subscribe. The latter at once professed
their willingness to do so provided the Tilokchand is would
acknowledge them to be Bais by eating with them. Nothing
more was heard of the proposal that they should subscribe.
The Kutbais are scattered over the district, generally in con-
siderable communities, holding their villages both from Go*
vernment and from the talukddrs. There are no Kutbais
talukddrs.

( 9 )

23. Tilokchand ruled with sovereiga authority. His
subordination appears to have been merely nominal. His
possessions stretched up to Luckno\)7. A singular siory of
his influence is recorded. A Brahmin had inadvertently,
when gathering mangoes, drunk water out of the earthen pot
of a Lodh. Being put out of caste, he complained to the Raja,
who not only ordered his reinstation, but raised all that Lodh's
family to the caste of Brahmin, and the descendants exist to
this day under the name of " Am tareh ka Patuck," and
freely intermarry with the purest Brahmin families, Anotlier
account makes the gatherer of mangoes and drinker of the
water to have been Tilokchand himself

24. By a daughter of the Rewa house, Tilokchand
left a son, Pritbichand, who was the ancestor of the Rajas
of Morarmau and the Raos of Dhundhia Khera. Mr. Elliott,
in his Chronicler of Undo, states the Raos fo be the elder
branch, evidently misled by the fact that DHUndhia Khera
was the original seat of the Bais clan in Baiswarra, and the
place around which their traditions gather ; but the fact is,
that, on the separQ,tion of the sons of Prithichand, the Rao
Deorai, the younger brother, remained at Dhundhia Khera,
and the elder, Raja Ajftchand, removed to Morarmau.

25. By a daughter of the Behar house, Tilokchand had
a second son, Rana Hurhurdeo, from whom are descended
the two branches known as Symbassee and Nyestha, so called
after two contiguous villages in the parganahs of Kheron, in-
cluding nearly all the talukddrs of Baiswarra, excepting
those already mentioned, and the majority of coparcenary
communities in the district.

26. A tree of the Bais is to be found in the appendix,

fiving the descent from Tilokchand of all the Bais talukd^rs.
STith the exception of the talukddr of Purwa in Un^o,
every one of them is in the Rai Bareli district, but the
estate of Rao Rambukhsh of Dhundhia Khera was confisca-
ted for murder and rebellion, and has been given partly to
the Raja of Morarmau, but chiefly to the under-proprietors
whom we found in full possession at annexation, as Ram-
bukhsh was a fugitive in our territories at that time, he being
on bad ternsus with the Government. The estate of Rana

2

( 10 )

Banee Madho of Daudwa and Shunkerpur was also confiscated
for perBistent rebellion, and was divided among the Attaree-
walla Sikh Sirdars, SImhzada Sbadeo Sing, son of the
late Maharaja Shere Sing of Lahore, Major Orr, Captain
Bunbury, both formerly of the King of Oudh's service, and
Babii Dhukinarunjan Mukerji, a Bengalee to whom Govern-
ment was pleased to give an estate. Besides these larger
talakdars some single villages were given to men who had
distinguished themselves during the defence of the Residency
at Lxicknow.

27. Mention has been made at para : 18 of Byjnath,
Ryeth| talukddr of Hurdaspur. He is the only talukdar
representative of Nabha Rdi, who was the able and trusted
Dewan of Tilokchand. Nabha Rdi is, however, further re-
presented by a number of Eyetb coparcenary communities
scattered over the parganan of Barelii which was given
to Nabha R£ by Tilokchand, and from whom the parganah
receives its name of Ri,i or Rdi Bareli.

28. There are also a few villages held by talukddri
tenure in virtue of their sanads, by Raja Beharilal and
Raja E^shipershad, the ^eat mahdjan talukdars of Luck-
now and Undo. These villages were acquired by the default
of the zamindars in paying their arrears, either at annexation
or a year or two before.

29. From this it appears that the talukddrs of the 11
parganahs under report, with the exception of Chowdhri
Bulbhudder Sing, who has become a talukddr of late years,
and whose estate is small, are all representatives of ancient
families connected with the district from the time of the Rdj-
put occupation of the soil. This may be safely asserted, as
the grantees of Government have, at any rate, the title of the
owners of the confiscated estates, and the villages alluded to in
the last paragraph are too few for notice. It is, however, to
be admitted, as will be hereafter explained, that of late years
the march of events has led to a considerable absorption of
villages, formerly independent, into the estates of the taluk*
ddrs.

30. With the exception of this transfer, matters have re-
mained during the later years of the Nawdbi very much in

I

( 11 )

statu quo. The Bais are the strongest clan in Oudh, and
they have been able to hold their own, and the numerous
communities of Chauhans, Rathores, Biseyns, Ghurwars, Jan-
wars, Raghbansis, &c., who are settled among them, have
got there by marriage and peaceable settlement on waste
lands, and not by force at alL

FISCAL HISTORY.

31. The, fiscal history of the district begins with the
Settlement of Todur Mull, Akbar's great Dewan. In com-
mon with the whole Empire, the land of the Rdi Bateli
district was measured, and a proportion of the produce fixed
as the revenue of the State. At that time rents were gener-
ally paid in kind, and the " kaniingoes " of the district were
unanimous in estimating the actual value of the revenue,
as assessed by Todur Mull, at ten annas in the rupee of
rental.

32. It is probable that, following on a fixed assessment,
and during the time of the greatness of the Moghul Empire
from Akbar to Aurungzeb (Alamgir), a considerable breadth
of land was broken up, and that the assessment was not
felt to be heavy. That the authority of the Emperor was
fully in force in the province is shown by numerous '*mdfi
firmans'' still existing, the mdfid^rs being in possession of
their lands in virtue thereof. The kaniingoes concur in
stating that the cultivation increased 25 per cent, during the
period between Todur Mull's assessment and that of Saadat
Ali Khan ; and, having regard to the distraction of the Gov-
ernment during the latter part of this era, it is reasonable to
suppose that in all probability the increase was greater when
the province was under the direct rule of the Emperor.

33. Possibly some extra charges may have been imposed
on the people before the erection of Oudh into an heredi-
tary principality ; but from that time, Todur Mull's assess-
ment appears to have been abandoned, the Government
ceased to demand a fixed share of the produce and asserted
its claim to the whole, giving the people managing a draw-
back under the name of " nankar.*^' Saadut Khan was the
first hereditary Nawdb of Oudh, but very soon after he had

( 12 )

succeeded in having his hereditary title recognized, the terrible
invasion of Nadir Shah took place, and Saadut Khan died
by the treacherous intrigue of Nizam -ool-moolk, who wished
to rid himself of a rival. The successor of Saadut Khan was
Munsoor Ali Khan Sufdur Jung, who, being Wuzeer-ool-
moolk, had the task of the reconstruction of the empire on
his hands, and no doubt was compelled to get every penny he
could from his own province of Oudh to keep up his power
and influence at Delhi. It is in his reign that Mr. Carnegy
places the fiscal change abovementionea, and, though I have
been unable to collect any positive evidence of the exact time,
I think that all the probabihties are in favor of his being
correct.

34. At any rate it is beyond question that such a change
did take place, and that it was the theory of the Govern-
ment up to the introduction of British rule.

35. Munsoor Ali Khan and his successor, Shuja-ood-
daulah, were engaged in constant wars* It was the era of
Mahratta expansion and ascendency, and the whole strength
of the Mahomedan power in Northern India was taxed to
re«9ist the wave of Hindu conquest. After the decisive over-
throw of the Mahrattas at Faniput, Sooja-ood-dowlah en-
tered on a career of conquest and made himself master of the
whole doab ; but in an evil hour he was induced by Meer
Kassim Ally, the deposed Nawdb of Bengal, to join in a con-
federacy against the English, and having been' completely
defeated by us at the battle of Buxar in 1764, he became the
vassal of the British Government. There is no doubt that
during the whole of this time, not only was Oudh wasted by
foreign wars, but the necessities of its own Government put
the greatest fiscal pressure upon the people.

3G. From this time, the province of Oudh, under the pro-
tection of England, has never suffered from the pressure of
foreign armies, but it became charged with a heavy annual
payment for the maintenance of the British force and Resi-
dent stationed in the country for its protection. The new
Nawdb also, Asof-ood-daulah, was reckless and extravagant
to a degree, and the financial embarrassments of the State
became so great, that the expedients of the Rohilla war and

( 13 )

tlie extortion practised upon the famous Begams of OudhVere
resorted to, bringing scandal on the British name, and disgrace
on the Governor- General, Warren Hastings.

37. Notmthstanding all this, the State could not meet
its engagement to the British Government, though the great-
est pressure was put on the NawAb's miserable subjects; and,
on the death of the Nawdb, when the British Government put
Saadut Ali Khan on the musnud, they imposed upon him the
treaty of 1801, by which he ceded one-half of his territories
to the East India Company, and in return had the existing
debt wiped oflF, and was relieved for the future of all charge
on account of the British Resident and troops.

38. During the whole of this time, the people of Oudh
were sadly oppressed, and the theory of the Government,
described at para. 33, was pushed to the furthest practicable
extent, the picture being relieved by capricious acts of gene-
rosity on the part of the NawAb (Asof-ood-daulab) which only
made the general pressure greater. An instance may be
given in illustration. Tikaet Raf, w^ho was Dewan of Asoft
ood-daulah, gave two lacs of bigas, rent-free, in Baraich, to
Brahmins and fakirs. It was reported to the Nawdb. He
sent for Tikaet Rae and asked him what he meant. Tikaet
Rae denied having given the "mdfis." The NawAb sent
for the ** sanads/' and, finding they ran in his own name, he
upheld them all.

39. Saadut Ali Khan set himself vigorously to reform
the administration, The first thino^ he did was to make a
settlement of the revenue. He did not measure the land
again, but mad© the "patwdris" and "kanungoes" re-
port upon its value, and their reports were the basis of the
assessment. He upheld the Government right to the whole
assessment, which was "mouzawar,'' making an allowance
for each **mouza'' called "dihi nankar." He resumed an
immense number of " rodfis." He also looked into the
^'talukdari nankar" and resumed a good deal of it, up-
holding the rest. Besides the nankar which was originally
allowed to the malguzdr only, the proprietors enjoyed, under
this settlement, so much sir land, that is, it was calculated
in the assets at favorable rates of rent. The sir was limited

( u )

to 10 per cent, of the cultivated area ; but if the actual area
enjoyed was less, it was not raised. This profit does not
appear in the copy of Saadut Ally's settlement of Rdi
Bareli, alluded to in the glossary under the head of ^^dihi
nankar," because the assessment of the village, called the
''kutcha nikdsi/' did not, under native rule, include rent*
free land, while, under the head of s{r, only the low favor-
able rent was entered.

40. The system of collection adopted by Saadut Ali
Khan, was " aniAni/' To each *^chakladar '' was appointed a
newswriter, whose duty was to make a periodical report
to the Nawdb of all that went on in the '^chakla.'' As the
Nawdb was indefatigable in his attention to business, these
reports were regularly read to him. Of course they were
open to the abuse of collusion between the ^^chakladar ''
and the newswriter, but Saadut Ali was constantly mak-
ing tours throughout the province and looking into every
thing with his own eyes. It was his practice of attention to
business and personal supervision that made the ^' amdni "
system work.

41. The result of this administration was that the
people became contented and prosperous, much waste lan<}
was broken up, and a very general conversion of rents in
kind into rents in money took place in the more populous^
parts of the province. In the copy of the settlement of
parganah Barelf, mentioned in the last para., made at the
close of Saadut All's reign, all the rents and nankar are
expressed in money. This conversion was at once an ad-
vantage to the people and a convenience to the State. At
his death, Saadut Ali left behind him the name of the
friend of the rydt, and a full treasury.

42. The system established by Saadut Ali, however,
did not long survive him. His successor, Ghazi-ood-deen
Hyder, neglected business, and the *'jjara" system came
into use. The "nazims" and "chakladars" engaged to
pay the Government a certain sum for the year in considera-
tion of their appointments, and were left to deal with the
people very much as they pleased. From the time of the
establishment of the system, the "talukdars" began to

( 15 )

extend themselves. The " nazims '' and " ehakladars/' for
their own interest, raised their demands until the copar-
cenary communities could not meet them, and they either
put their villages into a *' taluka '' or they threw up their
management altogether. In the latter case, the ^' taluk-
ddrs^' came forward and engaged for these villages, often
for the first year or so at rates that did not pay, putting the
burden for the time being on the rest of their estates, and
trusting by the various means available under the native
government, to get better terms in future.

43. Besides these means of acquiring villages, another
very frequent one was for the zaminddrs lo take the villages
at a jama they could not pay, and a ^' talukddr '' went
security for them. The *^talukddr'' of course sent his
own "jumoghdar" to collect the rents, and, after a year or
two, got the "kabulyat " taken from himself, and became
proprietor. Mortgage also was resorted to, but not to a
great extent in Bdi Bareli, and the ousting of the old zamin-^
ddrs by sheer violence, though not unknown, was by no
means practised in Baiswara to the extent that is commonly
believed, and, indeed, was very rare. Banee Madho, for
instance, who is described by General Sleeman, at page 244,
vol. 1 St of his diary, as being "not very scrupulous in the
" acquisition, by fraud, violence, and collusion, of the lands
"of the small proprietors in the neighbourhood'' really
acquired them by being security and taking them on mort-
gage, and allowed the proprietors to redeem when they could.
Such means were considered perfectly legal in Oudh.

44. While under this system, the independent villages
became absorbed in the talukas, the zaminddrs or the
coparcenary body retained their sir lands for the most
part, and, in many cases, the "dihinankar" as establish-
ed by Saadut Ali. Their possession of this latter how-
ever, varied greatly* When they voluntarily put their
villages into a "taluka,'^ they generally retained the whole
'^nankar'' and it was according to the degree of pressure
that had been put upon the community, before the incorpora-
tion of the village with the taluka, that they retained or lost
it. It is to be observed, however, that some of these inde-
pendent villages had their origin in grants of waste lands by

( 16 )

the talukilars. This is more generally the case in the older
talukas such as Morarmau and Dhundia Khera. The resump-
tion of such villages at the will of the talukd4r, though a
harsh measure, is not illegal or beyond the talukdar's right,
as explained by Mr. Elliott in his account of the Seorajpur
estate in Cawnpore, in his Chronicles of Un4o.

45. It was under this ^' ijara '' system, moreover, that the
state of affairs, as we found them at annexation, was built up.
The whole revenue system of the country became a matter of
annual bargain between the ^^malguz^rs" and the ^^chakla-
ddrs." The demand and the payments varied with the force
at the disposal of the several parties to compel or resist pay^
ment, and matters worked themselves into a sort of custom.
The Government supplied the ^^ chaklad4rs " with a contin-
gent of troops. These were not, however, regularly paid,
and mutiny was of frequent occurrence. At such times the
^'talukddrs" would take advantage of the ^'chakladar's'' dif*
ficulties and withhold payment of the revenue, or they came
to his assistance by giving him a ''nazirana" on conditioa
of having so many of their villages released revenue-free as
^^nankar." The ultimate maintenance of these '^ nankar"
villages revenue-free depended much on the ability, address,
and power of the '^ talukddr,'' but there is no doubt that the
resources of the State were of late years much lessened from
this cause.

46. Matters remained in tliis state up to the time of the
appointment of General Sleeman to be Resident in Lucknow,
As the talukddrs waxed stronger and stronger, they became
more insolent and defiant towards the Government, and in
many estates, the revenue was never paid until a display, at
least, of military force had been made. Sometimes the
patience of the Government became exhausted, and the
talukddrs were ousted completely for the time being. They
then collected a band of followers and harried their own
estates if rent was paid to any person but themselves.

47. It was while the country was in this condition that
General Sleeman made the tour through Oudh, of which he
has left such a graphic account. I believe, however^ that
when tfie durbar, to whom the tour was very distasteful,

( 17 )

found him determined, they did their best to throw dust ia
his eyes, and, notwithstanding all his acuteness, he saw a
good deal through durbar spectacles. I have it on good
nuthority that the vei-y casual villagers with whom he coa-
versed were tutored what to say to him, and there is no*
doubt whatever that his account of the talukd^rs of Bais-
warra is a highly colored and most unfair one. Certain in-
dividual instances which he gives, such as the desolation of
Nanpara in the Baraich district, and the robbery of Bibi
Sugora in the Sultanpur district, are true. But a more
intimate acquaintance with the country, when there was no
interested Court to conceal its own delinquencies, has re<^
yealed the fact, which becomes the more apparent the more
it is looked into, that the talukddrs were the saviours of
the country, and by their power kept those below them
in such a state of security, that, though the .Government
resources were diminishing, the country was advancing both
in population and in agricultural development; for the
kanungoes of Rdi Bareli concur in stating that the cultiva-
tion had increased, between the time of Saa lut Ali Khan,
and the annexation of the province by the British Govern-
ment, seventy-five per cent. Even General Sleeman allows^
page 256, volume 1 of the diary, that the lands on Banee
Madho's estate "could never have been better cultivated
** than they are, nor the cultivators better protected or
"encouraged." (See also his testimony as to the good
management of Maun Sing's estate, page 164, volume Ist.)
The revenue assessed on the parganah of Bareli by Saadut
Ali Khan wasRs. 1,87,908, and this was the "kutcha nikasi''
less the "dihi nankar*' while the summary settlement of
annexation, upon the same parganah only, was Rs. 2,16,162,
minus the cesses, and this was one-half the sum of the average
of the payments of the previous three yeafs and an estimate
of the sir profits and naukar.

48. General Sleeman, however, probably under the in-
fluence of the remembrance of the able administration of
Saadut Ali Khan, recommended the king to return to the
" amdni " system of administration, and his views being
supported by Government, the king yielded* As neither
the king nor the minister ever gave the slightest person-
al supervision to the proceedings of the *'nazims'' and

3

( 18 )

"chakladars/^ tlic result of this measure was disastrou sin
the extreme.

49. The government demand was fixed for each
*'chakla'' at the amount of the last "ijara" lease. That was
what the '^chakladdr'' had to collect, he having a fixed sala-
ry. At Lucknow, however, the assessment was on the chak-
la in the lump ; it was not on individual villages, and if a case
did come up, the only way of ascertaining the demand upon
the individual village was tbat which was adopted when a
village or estate was made ^^ hazur tahsil,'' viz., as the re-
venue of the chakla at Saadut Ali Khan's settlement, was
to the revenue of the village then, so is the revenue of the
chakla now, to the revenue of the village now ; a propor-
tion which presumed every acre of land to have improved
equally.

50. The " chakladdr'' therefore first of all came to an
understanding with the newswriter, whose appointment be-
came one of the paost lucrative in the country. He then re-
presented that he could not collect the revenue without more
troops. Being thus strengthened he put on extra cesses on
his own account, and as there were no village accounts since
the time of Saadut Ali, there was no check upon him. If
his own dues were paid, he would often declare himself un-
able to collect the whole revenue, and perhaps by a judici-
ous bribe to the minister, get so much written off. TUe
Court was intent only on self-indulgence, and the " taluk-
dars'' became more turbulent and defiant than ever. Fight-
ing was constant all over tbe country, and the resources of the
Government steadily diminished year by year. A fuller and
more minute description of the ill effects of the return to the
'*amdni" system, under Wajid Ali Shah, is to be found, in
the blue book of 1856 containing papers relative to the annexa-
tion of Oudh, in a report of Captain Orr, of the Oudh fron-
tier police, to the Resident, General Outram.

STATE AT ANNEXATION.

51. When, therefore, we annexed the country, the state
of the Rai Bareli district may be described as one in which
the actual cultivators of the soil were sufficiently protected to

( 19 )

enable them to cultivate the land in the best native fashion,
while the proprietary classes immediately above them
suffered greatly from the exactions of the government officers
and the general want of system in the government. The
effect of this was to increase the estates of the "talukddrs,"
who were able to give the cultivators the requisite protec-
tion, for it is to be carefully remembered that the zaminddrs
of Bai Bareli are not cultivating communities. On the
contrary, they are small communities living on rents, as will
be at once seen by a glance at statement No. 2 accompany-
ing this report, where the number of proprietors is given.

52. The talukddrs held villages of three kinds. First,
their old ancestral villages in which there were no under-
proprietary rights ; these villages were called' "parganah."
Secondly, villages which they have acquired in some of the
ways described in paras. 42 and 43 ; these villages are called
^* taluka." Thirdly, the villages which they enjoyed reve-
nue-free as nankar ; these are called '^nankar" villages.

•

53. To the first class of villages the title of the taluk-
d&rs has never been questioned. It is in regard to the second
class that their title in equity is questioned, but, as far as the
Raf Bareli district is concerned, it may be safely asserted,
that had there been no sanads and no talukddri policy,
in a civil court, on a fair enquiry into the circumstances
and by the application of the law of limitation, nine-tenths of
the taluka villages would have been decreed to the "ta-
lukddrs ;" and, of the remaining tenth, about one-half would
be open to redemption of mortgage, and the other half would
have proved to be the property of the old " zaminddrs,'' be-
cause they had held them within the term of limitation. The
case of the "nankar" villages differs only, in name from that
of the ^^ taluka" villages, indicative of the way they were ac-
quired. In the estimation of the country, their grant in-.
'* nankar'* conveyed the proprietary right, and beyond all
question, such right was actually enjoyed by the '^taluk-
d^rs."

54, Assuredly, the management of the village did not
form a right in the Nawdbi. The Government resumed it .
and the talukddrs resumed it at their pleasure ; and this

( «o )

WAS not thongbt oppression. When either of those parties
assnmed direct management, made the village or estate
^' kutcha" in fact, the sir, at the fixed rate, was allowed, and
the nankar also. This was true of the " talukddri*' as well
as of the ^Mihi nankar," provided the ^^talukd^r'' was
peaceably dispossessed, that is, declined the lease on the tains
ofiered but did not take up arms against the Government.
That the management was no right is very clearly shown to
be the case in the proceedings of mouza Luchipur, par-
ganah Kheron. The zaminddrs of this village were dispos-
sessed by force by the talukddr of Simri. They made a
complaint at Lucknow, and filed in my court a Sijjil of the
king s court, in which was detailed their claim to compensa*
tion for 17 years' dispossession of their zaminddri rights.
There are many items enumerated, including " sir" profits,
'^nankar," bazar fees, ^^siwai" items, and even ^' tucka bira,"
but not a farthing is put down for loss of right to manage
the inllage.

55. In fact, such a right is incompatible with the revenue
j^stem which has existed from the time of Munsoor Ali
^ban, as has already been explained. It eiisted under Todur
Mull's settlement, it is re-created by ours, in which the position
of a person managing and engaging for the revenue is that
of a residuary proprietor ; as, the government revenue being
paid, and the specific claims of parties proving them being
satisfied, what remains belongs to him. But, imder the here-
ditary Nawdbs of Oudh, in theory, the proprietary rights of
the people, whether great or small, were acknowledged by
their '^ sir" lands and '^ nankar" allowances, but the Govern-
ment was the residuary, and all beyond these allowances
legally was government property.

56.^ The theory of the native government, therefore, at
annexation was, that no one was entitled to any proprietary
rights beyond the land they cultivated at favorable rates, and
such " nankar" as the government allowed in recognition of
proprietary right and for managing the estate. But when wo
come to enquire into the actual practice and apply a law of
limitation, we are obliged greatly to modify this position. In
truth, the government theory was impossible in practice. The
nankar was not suflScient for the people. In Saadut All's

( 21 )

settlement of Rai Bareli the "jumma" is Rs. 1,92,430 and
the ^'nankar'' only Rs. 4,522 and consequently the major pro-
prietary right must have consisted of rent-free lands or *' sir" at
low rates. Where, therefore, the nazims carried out the theory
in coparcenary villages, their absorption into talukas was the
consequence. There was no measurement, no estimate of the
value of the village. The only mode in which the nazim
could ascertain its real assets was by holding it ^^ kutcha" and
collecting the rents direct.

57. Now, where the zaminddrs were one class of people
and the cultivators were another, this was a comparatively
easy process. A single village coparcenary community, con-
sisting on an average of not ab3ve six persons, was quite
able to offer any resistance to a " nazim" or " chakladdr,"
while it mattered little to the actual cultivators to whom they
paid their rents. While, as the high caste zamindars of Bais-
warra do not themselves cultivate, it was easy to let their
** sir" lands to their own "hulwars" provided they proved
obstructive. Hence, collection under such circumstances at
once gave an insight into the actual rental, and as tliis was the
condition of the Rai Bareli district, the theory was carried out
approximately among the coparcenary independent villages,
for we find them often holding their villages at a loss. It is,
however, clear that this would be ty no means so easy a thing
to do where the cultivators were also the proprietors ; and
where this is the case, as in Fyzabad, the Government was
never able to extract the same revenue, and the communities
were far better able to hold their own.

58. It was by no means possible either to carry out this
revenue theory in talukas. The " talukddrs" were strong
and armed, and they resisted the enquiry into the real value of
their estates. They summoned their tenantry and fought,
and if worsted and driven out, they became what General
Sleeman called dacoits. They burnt and harried their own
villages if the people paid rent to the nazim's servants. The
result of this was that when the law of limitation is applied ,
the talukddrs were found to possess large beneficial interests
beyond their ^' nankar" villages and ^^ sir" lands.

59. Under the ^'talukddrs,'' proprietary communities were
found to (dxist leasing their villages, and dividing whatever bene-

( 22 )

ficial interest had been left to them, according to the old village
custom. It is manifest, however, that the superior knowledge
that the " talukddr" bad of the property enabled him to keep
the under-proprietors closer to the theory mentioned at para.
56. It was not so easy for them to deceive him, to break up
waste land without his knowledge, or to conceal the real
assets of the village; and, as a fact, when the village was
^^ pucka" the under-proprietors had little else but the ''sir"
and '' nankar."

60. The "tenures" prevailing among these coparcenary
communities are put down in statement No. 6 as chiefly
" zaminddri." I confess, however, that I do not think they
are '' zaminddri," as defined in the glossary accompanying
this report. I had left the district before these returns were
made out and had no means of personally checking them, and
I have reason to believe that villages, where all the land is in
common except the '^sir," have been so classed. I how-
ever would class such villages as imperfect '' pattiddri,"
which I believe they are.

61. The tenure which I personally found most common
is " imperfect pattfddri." The amount of the land divided
varied from the ''sir" only, to the "sir*' and whole cultiva-
ted "assnmiwdr lands. The "sir" had a fixed rent which
did not vary on a given holding, but it was not a uniform
rate on the holdings of dififerent coparceners, nor did the area
of it at all necessarily correspond with the ancestral shares.
In the village account the sir rents, as fixed, and the assa-
miwdr rental were thrown into a common stock, and the
government revenue and charges being paid, if there was any
thing over it was divided according to ancestral shares; if any
thing to pay, it was assessed on the like principle. I believe
these tenures are what are chiefly returned as " zaminddri"
in the statement. It is manifest that in such a tenure ag
this, the amount and rate on the sir has as much as the
fractional share itself to do with determining each individual's
property.

62. Under our rule, as the proportion lefl to the people
is much larger, the common lanos alone are sufficient gener-
ally to pay the demands and leave a surplus to be divided, so

( 23 )

nothing at all is collected from the proprietors on ac-
b of their *^8ir'' lands; hut it is still true, that, as each

that
count

man has for himself the profit on his own " sir," his indivi-
dual right depends upon the relative proportion of his "sir"
and share, cannot be said to be according to his share alone.
For this reason, I class such " tenures" as '* imperfect patti-
ddri," as defined in the glossary attached.

63. *'Bhyachara" tenures are almost unknown. Sixteen
villages have been put down in statement No. 6 as belong-
ing to this tenure, but I do not believe it, and ray removal
from the district prevents my personally ascertaining. One
village among them is, I know, pure " pattidAri," as defined
in thp glossary, all the land being divided and the liabilities
being according to the ancestral shares. I admit, however,
that though the two " thoks" of the village were unequal,
one being nine annas, &c., and the other six annas, &c., yet,
following the rule of limitation, and deciding according to
the custom which prevailed throughout the whole of that
term, the two " thoks ' were ordered to pay the village ex-
penses half and half, the revenue liabilities being according
to the shares. It is probably on this account the village
has been classed as " bhyachara." In defining this tenure
of " bhyachara" I have followed Mr. Prinsep, in his luminous
report on the settlement of Sealkote. The N.-W. Directions
give no exact definition of the term.

64. It is beyond all question, that, on the annexation
of the province, the "talukddrs" were really and truly the
proprietors of their estates. They actually enjoyed the resi*
duary profits of them, which the progress of the settlement
has shown to be large, and they did so, for the most part,
for terms very much longer than was necessary to constitute
them proprietors, either under our or any other reasonable
law of limitation. The rights of the under- proprietors were
secondary and postponed to theirs, and they themselves were
quite ready to admit this, and acknowledge that the '^ taluk-
ddr'' was the proprietor of the village.

65. The position of the cultivators in Oudh was that of
tenants-at-will. I have never been able to find any rights
pertaining to them except to groves, and, though I was for

( 24 )

seven years Quartermaster of my regiment, wbich was an
Oudh one, and hundreds of sepoys' petitions passed through
my hands, they invariably had reference to proprietary right
or were complaints against crimical outrage. Neither in
these petitions, nor in the course of my experience as a dis-
trict and settlement officer, had I ever heard of the existence
of a right accruing to the mere cultivator except to the groves
aforesaid, beyond that to his crops for the current year, on
condition he paid his rent.

66. At the same time the genius of the people is averse
to change, and, as a matter of fact, they remained on the land
and cultivated from generation to generation. Their rents
were regulated neither wholly by competition nor custom,
though traces of both are to be found. They were some-
times raised by the necessity of the landlord in consequence
of the arbitrary pressure of the *' nazim/' but one certain and
sure cause of enhancement was an increase of the population.

67. Cultivators in this district are divided into "chap-
perband" and " pyekasht." The former signifying resident
cultivators, the latter men residing in one village and culti-
vating in another. Generally the "pyekasht" cultivators were
" chapperband " cultivators in the villages in which they
live. So far as the right is concerned, there appears to be
no difference in their tenures, both being at the will of
the landlord ; but, in practice, the " chapperband" holding
changes with difficulty, while the " pyekasht" holding is
always doing so.

68. The general practice of the district is for rents to be
paid in money, and it is nearly universal in the " chapper-
band" holdings, though instances are found in whi<*h " chap«

Eerband" holders, paying money rents on their best lands,
old some outlying lands in their own villages at a rent in
kind ; and there are a few villages in which all the rents are
stiU: paid in kind. But the more common practice is for
^^ chapperband'^ cultivators to take '* pyekasht" holdings in
another village. In such case the rents were generally in
kind, the division of the crop being half and half.

69. "Sylabi" lands also generally paid rents in kind, and
the uncertainty attending the cultivation of those tracta will

( 25 )

probably prevent this mode of payment ever being abandoned
in such situations.

70. " Chapperband'* cultivation in this distri<it i^ high
cultivation, irrigation being invariable and manuring general.
" Pyekasht" cultivation, on the contrary, is slovenly, without
either irrigation or manure. The same general distinction
may be observed between lands paying rent in money and
lands paying rent in kind.

71. I believe that the transfer of rents in kind into rents
in money was the work of the cultivators rather than of tlie
landlords, as it is not difficult to show that such was the in-
terest of the former where population began to increase.

72. It has been already observed that rents in kind on
" pyekasht" lands are common, and that the division of tb6
crop is half and half. Now these lan<i» are generally outly-
ing and unirrigated; but, being held in addition to their high*
ly rented " chapperbancl" lands by the cultivators, they can
afford this proportion, for they bestow the minimum of atten-
tion on these lands, and nearly all they get, beyond the seed
and the rent, stands to them as profit.

73. In villages, however, in which all the rents are paid,
in kind, there rates of division are found, one- half, two-fifths^
and one-third* Here the cultivators are "chapperband'' in
respect of the lands in question, and they cannot afiford the
proportion of half and half on the poorer lands.

74. But population increased while the land did not, and^
as it was the custom of the country for the sons to divide
the father's holding, they were obliged to bring higher cultiva-
tion to bear, to produce for themselves subsistence from the
same land. Kent in kind, however, was regulated by custom,
and they found that, when they came to water and manure,
the division of the crop was too much in favour of the landloid
fay the old proportion, and therefore they had the rents
changed into money that the old proportion might be destroy-
ed in their own favour. The landlord agreed, both because of
the convenience of rent in money, and because he saw that if
he insisted on the old proportion, they must abandon the land.
The measm-e was for the interest of both parties.

( 26 )

75. The reason fur the maintenance of rents in kind on
the '' pyekasht" lands is equally obvious. Drought is the
great enemy of agriculture in India, and when it occurs
in Oudh, where well water never fails, the raising of crops
entails a great deal more labour. Of course the cultivator
had to give that to his highly money rented "chapperband"
lands and the plan of ofividing the crop, which he must
perforce neglect, left him free from anxiety as to his rent
for it.

76. The cultivator's right to groves under certain cir-
cumstances has already been nlluded to, and it came ab .ut ia
this way. The strong attachment of the Oudh peasant to the
soil on which he has been reaied is the most marked feature
of his character. Let him but have an acre or two which he
can call his own and leave to his children, and he will make
any sacrifice for it. The landlords have taken advantage of
this feeling, and frequently allowed the " chapperband'* culti-
vator to have a small plot of land^ or which they plant trees
and hold on condition they pay the rent on their "khalsa**
lands, which, in feuch cases, is always high. The cultivator's
right in these groves is undoubtedly proprietary, subject to
the abovenamed condition, though the exact nature of the
right varies according to village custom. . Sometimes it is only
to the fruit, sometimes they may if they choose cut down the
ti*ees, sometimes they may replant, sometimes not ; but almost
invariably, if they sow the laud they must pay rent for it.
Such as the right is, however, it is freely mortgaged^ and
many of these groves are so held. Should the cultivator de-
sert bis ^khasla" holding, a nice question arises as to the
right of the mortgagee in the groves, — a question which
can only be decided by a reference to the custom of the
village.

77. The consequence of this system is that the best
lands so situated pay an artificial rent, which is the result of
the universal disinclination to move, and which must fall, in
my opinion, if the culturable waste lands, which abound,
should come into free compttition with the lands of which I
have been writing. To accomplish this, however, a social
revolution must sake place among a people whose history,
habits, and religion make them perhaps the most conservative

< 27 )

people in the world, and it can only become general in our
time by a miracle. The tendency of the landlords ^as rather
to have the old land improved and the rent on it raised, thaa
to have new land broken up, because it was more easy to
conceal the increase of the assets from the ^^ chakladdr," aa^
the settlement being annual, if it came to be known that new
Jand had been brought under cultivation, an increase of the
demand immediately took place.

78. I propose to conclude this account of the state of
the district at annexation with a few remarks on the comp&ra-
live influence of competition and of custom in regulating
rents therein.

79. In the course of the recent general enquiry into te«
fiiant right, a theory was put forward from one district only,
that custom limited rent to half the produce. Probably the
total absence of any such conclusion in the reports of all the
other districts would have been a sufficient answer to this, con-
fessedly drawn from a very limited induction of facts, seeing
that the whole enquiry w-as directed towards the existence of
any such custom or rule ; but, as the conclusion was accepted
bj' high revenue authority, both in and out of the province^
I have examined the position in the Rai Bareli district, and
have to submit the following result of my enquiry.

80. If custom limits rent and that limit is half the pro*
duce, it follows, as a necessary corollary, that the yield must
be increased before the rent can be raised beyond half the ex-
isting produce. In other words, the improvement of the land
and the increase of production must depend solely on the ne-
cessity or the will of the cultivators of the soil. A right of
occupancy is the condition of cultivating tenure under such a
custom, for it is a farce to say custom limits the rent to half
the produce, if the landlord can oust the tenant and sa;;^ to the
new man **! only admit you on condition of your raising so
much ''more." This is competition, and not custom.

81. In the report in which the existence of this custom,
was alleged, it was admitted, that "the enquiries were con-
fined to a somewhat limited area;*' also that ''payments in
/'kind. are chiefly prevalent; the population is somewhat

( 28 )

•* sparse, and the want rather than the excess of cultivators is
" to be noticed." It is further stated that in changing rents in
kind into rents in money, "the money rate will, if practicable-,
•* be that of the neighbouring fields. If this be impracticnble,
" because in them also rents in kind prevail, the new rent
" ivill be adjusted on the last three or five years' average
" of the produce and its average price in the bazar." Without
the expression of any doubt as to the general application
of the principle that custom limits rent to half the produce,
it is further remarked, that *' whether such id the ease in the
^ more populous districts can be easily ascertained,'* and it is
added " that until money payments have entirely superseded
'^ payments in kind, the real due of the cultivator and the tru6
" principle on which rents should be adjusted will be kept
•* forcibly before everybody's mind ; and neither cultivator
" nolr landlord will be likely to go beyond the limits imposed by
*^ custom. It is only where payments in kind hare altogether
^ ceased that competition is likely to have come into play."

82. With reference to the verv different condition of the
Bal Bareli district, as described at para. 68, from that admit-
ted in the district from which this custom is asserted, it would
appear that in Hai Bareli are to be found the conditiooa
necessary to supplement those of the district referred to, and
to test the general applicability of the custom.

SS. The results at which I have arrived are — Firsts
though custom does regulate rent when paid in kind, it offers
no bar to its change into rent in money ; and where the rent
is in money, there is no custom regulating or limitinc; it.
Second, neighbouring fields show the most marked discrepancy
in rents, and these cases are so frequent as to destroy all belief
in the notion that rents are regulated by those of the sur*
rounding fields. Third, although I have found no rents higher
than the limit of half the produce, it is a limit imposed hf
necessity and not by custom ; the actual fact being that half
the produce is a rent only possible on badly cultivated landii
in Kai Bareli ; and the higher the cultivation, though the
money rent rises, the produce rate falls. Fourth, though dif*
f^srences of soil and facilities for irrigation undoubtedly in-
fluence rents, the main cause of their rise in this province waib
ibcrease of population ; and, where from such cause, th^
holdings become very small, the quality of the cftltivatioti

( 29 )

jaroportionally improves, and the r^tes go down as low as a
fourth of the produce sometimes, though in money per bigah
they stand at the highest figure ; and where the people pay
higher rates sometimes under these conditions, it is by haviiie;
" pyekasht'^ cultivation besides that they are able to do it
The general result may thus be stated. When a man has no
more land than what is necessary to his subsistence, when
cultivated in first-rate style, he can hardly pay more than half
the rent which custom is said to impose as the limit, though it
is under such circum^tauces (see latter part of para. 81) that
the custom is chiefly expected to come into play.

84. The real state of th« case will be best shown by k
fSuppolsitious instance. If a man simply drove a plough
through 20 bigahs of land, cast in the seed, reaped the crop,
and got a har?e8t of four maunds the bigah, by the custom he
would pay his landlord half, thut is 40 maunds, having 40 for
himself. Let us further suppose that 40 maunds was just
enough for the subsistence of one family. Now suppose this
man begot foulr sons, and they divided the holding among
them, married and had children ; as 40 maunds each was the
least they could live on, they would have to produce 320
ttiaunds to ckrty on at the old rate of rent. An increase of
fourfold is, however, too large an estimate, as watering atid
manuring was all they eould do; and if we suppose, that by
expending all their skill and labour thipy produce three times
bs much as their fathef, and it is a full estimate, the yield
would be 240 maunds, leaving, by the custom, only 30 maund:$
to each family, on which they coold not live. But suppose^
as would be the ease, the rent was changed from kind into
money and the custom thus be got rid of, tho sons would en*
joy the same subsistence as their father, 40 maunds each, the
produce would hav^ been tl'ebled and the rent doubled ; but
the produce rate of reat would have fallen from a h^lf to a
third.

^ 85. I have appended (statement No. 7) a table which Will,
I think, show that the above suppositious case really describes
what takes place. It embraces villages of all classes origi*
nally taken to form rent rates, and selected as those in which
the produce could be best compared with the rents, only be-
cause in them the rents had beeu verified with particular cax^

( 80 )

Two or three villaged have been added in which the rents are
either generally or wholly paid in kind, the patwdri's money
valuation pf them being accepted. A column has also been
appended to show how largely the best cultivated grillages, in
which the highest money rents prevail, are indebted to pye-
kasht cultivation to enable their assdmis to get on. As a
rule, the higher the rent, the more pyekaaht cultivatioa
there is.

86. It will be observed that the general share of the
landlord is two-fifths, and these tables exhibit the cultivation:
of low caste men only. The total holdings are in the upper
line, those in ihe Goind? only, below; and it will be noticed
that the produce rates are lower in the latter as a rule^
thougb the money rents are considerably higher. Indeed, aa
examination of these tables, and, more especialljr, of columns
5, 9, 10 and 11, will, I think, clearly show the higher cultiva-
tion has a tendency to reduce the produce rate of rent and
not to increase it, and thereby to dissipate the idea that
there is a rate limit imposed by custom where money rente
prtvail.

87. I would further observe, that, if there is error in the
tables, it is that the produce has been under rather than over-
estimated. The modus operandi was to ascertain the rotation
of crops in the several villages, and to examine the cultivatora
and patwdris as to a fair average yield for each crop in each
class of soil throughout the rotation. This was then valued
at the average rates prevailing in the largest bazar in the
district for sixteen years, being ten before annexation, and six,
commencing with 1859 and ending with 1866, leaving out
the years of war, anarchy and military occupation ; and the
average uf this was taken as the value of the produce for one
year, and compared with the verified rents of the village. I
am of opinion that if the produce was correctly ascertained,
the tables would show still more clearly that the produce rate
fells as the money rent rises. I do not believe we have the
real produce in the two villages in Bareli where the rent is
given at a larger proportion than the cultivators' share. The
people have an inveterate habit of concealing something ; of
keeping back the whole truth ; and 1 believe they have done
Bo in this instance.

( 31 )

88. Of the four conclusions to which I have come, stated
ID the SSrd para., the first is a negative one. It is admitted
that the custom exists under the circumstances in which it
was found (para. 81) but its applicability is denied to money
rented lands. In no second district of Oudh was the custom
observed, and the tables would indicate that it would be in*
operative, as, under high cultivation, money rents cannot
reach the limit. For praof of the second, I can appeal to the
settlement records of the district. They exist in a shape
which admits of the easy and immediate comparison of con**
tiguous fields, and I affirm that there is no uniformity in the
rent whatever. I have been personallv over half the villages,
in the eleven parganahs, comparing: the rents of contiguous
fields, my assistants, Mr. Lang and Captain Ouseley, having
done the like for the other half ; and both these gentlemen
concur with me in denying the uniformity of rent in con-
tiguous fields. For proof < f the third and fourth conclusions,
I would refer to the t-ibles (statement No. 7).

89. The result, then, is, that where rents in kind prevail,
custom regulates them, but that rents in money are estab*
lished to get rid of the custom, which is unfavourable to im-
proved agriculture iq the province ; consequently, where rent
in money prevails, custom does not regulate it.

90. With regard to competition, lands are not put up to
be bid for as farms are in Scotland or cottiers' holdings in
Irel.-md, but, with an increase of population and a subdivision
of holdings, higher rents come, as the tables in statement No.
7 abundantly show, and this is certainly competition for land.
I have already stated my opinion, that if a groat increase of
cultivation of the waste lands was to take place, the higher
tents must fall, as they exist at present solely on tlie disincli-
nation of the people to move. The population of the district
is dense, and the culturable waste is more than 23 per cent,
of the total area, so the rents might easily fall if the impulse
"were once given. To this, it may be added, that extended
irrigation and the watering of outlying lands would probably
cause a tendency towards the equalization of rents. This is
the competition of land for labour. I have also come across
•a third kind of competition the other day. In the Nawdbi
:the great Xhat(ri talukd4rs of Moraon, in the Undo dis*^

( 32 )

tTict, whose family is now represented by Raja Bebari Lall,
being wealthy ami powerful and having a band of faithful
"dewalbands" under the late talukddr, Jhubba Singh, who
was their fighting manager, gave a degree of protection to
their cultivators which enabled them to obtain higher rents
for their lands thjin any of their neighbours. No sooner wm
the British Government established, than they were obliged
to reduce their rents or lose their people. The fact is stated
on the authority of the Settlement Officer of Undo, quoted
by the Financial Commissioner in his last annual report.
This appears to me to be the competition of men to live under
a good Government.

91. 1 therefore consider that competition did to a certain
extent regulate money rents in the NawAbi, and it is evident
that, with good settled Government and facilities for travelling,
it will influence rent more and more.

92. To sum up the condition of the district at annexa^
t'on. We found the talukddrs virtual proprietors of the
bulk of their estates, admitted and acicuowledged to be so by
the people of the country. The coparcenary communities
were small and weak, and when engaging direct with the
Goyernment, in receipt of so small a portion of profit that
they were generally better off when holding from a '* taluk-
ddr" ; but when they were in the latter position, their rights
were subordinate and secondary to bis, and took the shape
of a fixed interest, not of a residuary proprietorship. The
cultivators were sufficiently protected to enable them to cul-
tivate the soil well, and as fully as their system admitted of;
but they had no rights. Their rents were regulated by a
modified competition resting on population, wiiich was so
large as, combined with their social habits, left them a subsis-
tence only. The high caste men, as a rule, held at more
favorable rates, especially the B4jputs, but these favourably
rates observed no rule whatever, they were quite arbitrary;
and the number of cases in which no favour was shown wer#
so numerous, that no conclusion that custom existed in theijr
behalf could be drawn.

ANNEXATION.

93. As the British Government was met in all its remon-
strances and endeavours to induce the king to introduce a

( 33 )

«

bettei' system of administration into his territories by a
passive resistance, in 1856 it annexed the country. The
measure was carried into effect most peaceably, a force
being sent over to strengthen the Resident's hands, which
force, however, except one regiment of foot and some artil-
lery, consisted of native troops only. No resistance was
made either at the capital or in the districts, and in a very
short time, British authority was established over the whole
province.

94. In the first instance, engagements for the payment
of the revenue were taken from the persons actually in pos-
session, in "talukddri" estates from the " talukddrs,'' but it
was given out that an enquiry into rights was at once to be set
on foot as part and parcel of the summary settlement.

95. The next measure was to fix the assessment for the
term of the summary settlement. This was done in the
following way. The kanungoes were directed to file the
last jamas of the Nazim's settlement for the three previous
years. The sir profits, village " mdfi,'' and nankar were then
estimated and added to this, and the average taken as
the assets of the village. Half of this result was assumed to
be the government demand, and the cesses at the North- West
rates were added. Orders were issued at once to enquire
into the validity of the revenue-free tenures, and, as they
were decided^ they were assessed when the decision was re-
sumption.

96. In the meantime, the promised enquiry into rights
began, and it soon became evident in what a spirt it was con-
ceived. The principle was laid down that the ^'talukdilrs*'
were interlopers of government creation, and had no right
whatever in the soil. All claims against them were encour-
aged, no term of limitation was fixed, and in more than one
instance they were stripped of villages which they had en-
joyed for a hundred years. They were much worse treated
than their brethren in the North- West, who received an allow-
ance under the name of '' malikana". In Oudh, they were
considered sufficiently provided for when left in the posses-
sion of those villages, in which, notwithstanding all the efforts
of the Deputy Commissioners and an indefinite extension of
the term of limitation, no claimants whatever could be found.

( 34 )

•

Of all villages in which people claiming to bo descended from
ancient proprietors were found, they were wholly dispossessed^
no matter what the status of the old proprietor might ac-
tually be.

REBELLION.

97. As soon as the rebellion broke out^ the ^^ talukddrs''
resumed their position everywhere, without any resistance on
the part of the people. As it was part of the policy of those
days, not only to create a tenant right, but to put persons
who had held the same lands for twelve years in the position
of residuary proprietors, for their rents were to be fixed for
the term of the settlement, and, consequently, all profit re-
sulting from the progress of society and the improvement of
the lands was to belong to them, it might have been expected
that the resumption of their position by the ^' talukddrs''
would have been followed by some manifestation of discon-
tent on the part of the cultivators. The most obvious shape in
which it might have been expected, was the abandonment of
cultivation. Nothing of the kind took place. In March,
1858, 1 marched from Tanda on the Gogra, vid Sultanpur
to Lucknow, and the country was as richly aad as fully
cultivated as ever. Instead of coming forward to claim the
rights from which the ^'talukddrs" had ousted them, the
people everywhere fled at our approach. As a political mea-
sure the system was a complete breakdown.

98. At this time every district in Oudh was covered
with forts surrounded by jungles. The '*talukd^rs" ensconsed
themselves therein, and for die most part did not pay revenue
to the native government, except in the immediate vicinity
of Lucknow. The rebel government was not strong enough
to collect, and the "talukddrs'' kept the revenue themselves,
each man acting on his own account.

99. In the middle of March, 1858, the city of Lucknow
was taken, but the rebel government, having retired across
the Gogra, was left there unmolested for the rest of that
year. In the meantime, the famous confiscation proclama-
tion was issued, and, there can be no doubt, that tiie proelama*
tion and the continued presence of a rebel government on the
soil of Oudh, by exciting, the one the fears and the other the

( 35 )

hopes of the '^ talukd^rs, " tended to prolong their attitude of
rebellion, and greatly to increase the ditBculties of the Go-
vernment of Oadh.

RE-OCCUPATION.

100. It was then announced that the object of the
Government was rather to conlSscate the rights or hope»
created by our proceedings after annexation, and that it waa
now intended to return to the state of property as it existed
on the annexation of the country. The proprietary titles of
the "talukddrs'' were to be recognized, and they were to be
put in possession of the estates they held in the beginning of
February, 1856. Certain persons who had been concerned
in the murder of Europeans were excepted, but all others
were invited to come in and receive their estates, with a title
from the British Government, unless they had been coi*-
spicuous rebels. Later, Her Majesty's Gracious Proclama-
tion and Amnesty were made public, and the exceptions
were confined to murderers of Europeans only. All others
who surrendered before the 1st January, 1859, were par-
doned.

101. Under these proclamations and promises many of
the ^'talukdirs'' came into Lucknow and engaged for tbeir
estates, and were immediately sent back to them with orders
to establish police posts in the name of the British Government.
Such revenue as tney had paid to the rebel government was
forgiven them, but they were considered liable for all unpaid
arrears. Several military columns were also sent to various*
parts of the province, and the country was partially brought
into order and a good deal of revenue collected ;. while all:
the endeavours of the rebel government to collect revenue^
except in the country actually occupied by its troops, were-
completely frustrated.

102. In November, 1858, the Conamander^in->Clhief set
out from Allahabad, and having defeated Banee Madho and
Baboo Rambukhsh, the district o£ Bai Bareli was occupied
by the end of that month, and kabulyats were taken from
all those who had been in possession at annexation, and wha
had not already engaged for their estates at Lucknow. The

( 36 )

assegsment of 1856 was imposed for a term of three years or
until a re^Iar settlement could be made ; but in every other
respect, the settlement of 1856-57, or of 1264 fasli, was
considered null and void. In December, the Commander-in-
Chief crossed the Gogra, defeated the rebel army, and drove
them into Nepaul, where they were plundered and died of
want and disease, the survivors being surrendered to the
British Government about twelve-months afterwards. The
result was the complete submission of the country.

SUMMARY SETTLEMENT.

103. The principle of the summary settlement was to
take engagements at the jamas fixed in 1856 from those
who were in possession at annexation, and to reserve the
declaration of the rights of subordinate proprietors until a
regular settlement. Where the engagement was made with
a coparcenary community, a ^^khewat" was drawn up, but it
was strictly ordered to be confined to persons in actual posses-
sion, and it was not to be binding at regular settlement. All
claims to rights of any sort on the part of mere cultivators,
beyond that to the observance of any contract they had
made, or to be maintained in their possession to the end of
the agricultural year provided they were not defaulters, were
denied and ignored.

104. These principles were, however, in practice un-
avoidably relaxed. In regard to engaging for the public re-
venue, there were arrears to be demanded, and sometimes the
rightful owners were unable to pay. In such case, the
kabulyat was usually taken from a farmer on his agreeing
to pay up, and, if he was a '^ tatukddr," his sanad gave
him the proprietary right. Sometimes, moreover, the person
in possession was only a mortgagee, and if he was a *'ta-
lukddr,'' the sanad barred redemption. These cases were
undoubted cases of hardship and injustice, but they are not
numerous and have been remedied by the good feeling of the
*' talukddrs'* to a certain extent ; in the case of the mort-
gages by Act XIII. of 1866, in consequence of a resolution
of the ^^ talukddrs," to waive their right under the sanads,
and, in the other case, by an arrangement in which the pro-
prietor who did not pay up, gets a sub-settlement, and in some
cases, even, the " talukddr/' has given up the village entirely

( 37 )

on being repaid his advance. The proviso in the new rules,
however, in regard to tiiese people, places them for the time in
a worse position than before.

This principle of settlement was also departed from in the
case of those estates confiscated for murder of Europeans, or
for persistent rebellion beyond the term fixed by the amnesty.
For the most part these confiscated estates have been con-
ferred upon persons who did good service to the State during
the mutinies.

105. With regard to the under-proprietary rights, it was
inevitable that questions of rent should arise between the
'*talukddrs" and the zaminddrs, and that suits should be
filed in the summary courts for the adjustment of the rent
for the current year. It was impossible to postpone such
cases to the regular settlement court, which might not bo
able to take them up for years. It has therefore been the
practice for the summary courts to investigate such cases on
their merits, throughout the term of the summary settlement.
Such decisions, however, go with the settlement court for
what they are worth only. They are not binding on it unless
they are decisions by arbitration.

106. Some claims to share, moreover, have been found
to be so urgent, and such manifest injustice would be done
by postponing them, that they have been taken up by the
regular revenue court. All such decisions are binding on
the settlement court.

107. The rule in regard to cultivators has not been ob-
served, chiefly owing to the want of definite instructions on
the subject. There were, of course, great differences of feel-
ing and ^opinion on this much vexed question; and, as the
Government had taken the matter up and given no orders on
the subject, the superior authorities in Oudh, in the mean-
time, left the district officers very much to themselves as far
as this subject was concerned. Rents have therefore practi-
cally been adjusted on the most arbitrary principles, or rather
upon no principles at all. But little mischief was done, how-
ever, as the decisions are binding on nobody, and of them-
selves only hold good for one year.

( 38 )

108. Sir Robert Montgomery proposed, aa a measure to
give full confidence and security to the landholders of Oudb,
whose faith was much shaken by the events of 1856-57, that
the summary settlement should be declared final and bind-
ing as far as the proprietary right was concerned. Govern-
ment however^ only accepted this recommendation in a modi-
fied form, and declared the settlement with the ^^talukddrs''
final, stipulating that all holding under them should be se-
cured in the rights which they formerly enjoyed. "Sanada''^
to this effect were issued to the " talukddrs," and in a Cir-
cular issued by the Chief Commissioner by the authority of
the Governor-General in-Council, it was laid down that the
under-proprietary rights were to be equally maintained in the
villages given to the loyal grantees, tliough it is to be remark-
ed that there is no reservation for the maintenance of such
rights in the sanads which were given to them at the Go-
vernor-General's durbar at Lucknow in October, 1859. Set-
tlement made i\itb persons who were not ^' talukddrs," that
iSy who did not receive '^ sanads/' were declared open ta
revision at the regular settlement.

109. It is to be observed that the summary settlement
"jamas'' have been collected for eight years without difficulty
or arrears.

REGULAR SETTLEMENT.

Survey.

110. The above being a sketch of what precedied the-
regular settlement of the district, I have to relate the measures-
taken to effect that object.

111, The first thing was to demarcate the boundaries
of mouzahs. This was effected in 1861, by Mr. Bradford,
and has been reported by him. Where there was no dispute,,
the demarcation was indicated by "dhooees" of mud ; where
there was a dispute, masonry " dhooees '' were put up. At
the stations, where three or more villages meet, square
masonry platforms were built, called "sehuddas." They
were used as much as possible for "^chandas/' or theodolite
stations by the revenue surveyor.

( 3J )

112. Appeals from the decision of the boundary officer
might be preferred within six months to the Commissioner.
When, therefore, the regular settlement was commenced, only
petitions in regard to boundaries were accepted where the
tampering with a boundary subsequent to the boundary
officer's proceedings was alleged.

113. The revenue survey folio w^ed in the seasons of
1861-62 and 1862-63. It was effected by Major Anderson.
Maps were furnished to the settlement department of clusters
of villages on the scale of four inches to the mile, and they
have been very beautifully executed. These maps show the
cultivated area, the tanks and jhils, the groves and the waste
lands, as well as the village boundaries. No doubt they are
very useful and valuable to the survey department, but for
the purposes of the settlement, I am of opinion that the village
boundary map is sufficient, and that it should be on the
same scale as the khasra survey map, (the shajrah), viz.^
sixteen inches to the mile.

114. The amount of deviation between the two surveys
is limited to five per cent, both for total areas and for culti-
vated land. Both are within the limit ; but, while the limit
is not exceeded in respect of the total area in one single vil-
lage, in respect of the cultivated area, -in individual villages,
the deviation is often much greater. The error, I believe,
rests with the professional survey. Every test possible has
been applied, though the small scale on which the profes-
sional survey maps are drawn renders this detail difficult of
comparison. There are, however, two sources of error,
which are plain. According to the Oudh rules, ten per cent,
of grove land is exempt from assessment. Consequently in
the khasra survey * only grove land above ten per cent, is
considered culturable and liable to assessment, while in
the revenue survey it is all sa classed. This afibcts the pro-
portions of culturable and waste. Again, the revenue sur-
vey measures the cultivated land in large patches, and in
consequence sometimes includes bits of waste lying among
the fields and excludes small fields lying among considerable
waste tracts. The khasra survey, on the contrary, measures
field by field, is not obnoxious to the above cause of error,
and yet is liable to that which is insuperable from the deter-

( 40 )

tnination of village areas by the aggregation of those of a
great number of fields.

115. The revenue survey department also furnishes
the settlement department with a book of detailed village
areas, some of which the settlement department is called on
to fill up, and so much therefore can be no check at all.
These books are compiled at great labor and expense. What
use they may be to Government in the revenue survey
department, 1 cannot say, but to the settlement officer, I
may safely say, they are no use at all. So far as the work
of this department is concerned, I am of opinion that all that
is necessary for purely settlement purposes is a boundary
map on the scale of sixteen inches to the mile, with the total
area, which might be written upon it. The rest, however
valuable additions to the topography of the country, are
really of no use whatever in determining the assessment of
the revenue. I am of opinion that the maps on the scale of
four inches to the mile are an useless expense. Besides the
boundary map already recommended, if the revenue sur-
veyor, in addition to the general map showing the boundary
of villages on the scale of an inch to a mile which he sup-
plies at present, was to furnish a second on the same scale
showing the topographical features of the country, he would
do all that is required by the settlement department, and the
latter map would probably answer all the other general pur-
poses of Government.

116. The "khasra" survey was commenced in Febru-
ary, 1862, and was finished in the cold weather of 1863-64.
It was begun by Mr. Glynn, but I took charge in December,
1862. It had been organized on the principle I bad myself
introduced into the Partabgarh district, of measuring by
ofibets from long lines, improved by th6 adoption, on the
suggestion of Major Anderson, of using the surveyor's
^^chandas" as our plane table stations for setting out the
boundary. The great advantage of this was that the. revenue
surveyor cuts lines through obstructions, and as the settle-
ment department has no authority to do so, we get our lines
much longer by following hisi

117. It was found more convenient to survey large vil-
lages in chaks ; but, if we could have had a boundary map for

( 41 )

comparison from the revenue surveyor at the time of the
khasra survey, I am convinced it would have been better to
have done all the boundary in the first instance, and at once
tested it by comparison before the fields were put in. Much
time would thus have been saved. But the revenue sur-
veyor having under the prevailing system to complete an
internal survey also, furnished no maps of any sort until our
survey was completed. The idea of making the two surveys
proceed simultaneously is, it appears to me, erroneously
based on the notion that, under the present system, as they
work together they can check one another. That check can-
not be supplied till the results are compared; but if the rev-
enue survey slightly preceded the "khasra'^ survey, and
sent its boundary maps, with the total areas, to the settlement
officer as its village surveys were completed, the said maps
being prepared in the field, the two departments would work
together and the revenue survey would be a better check.
The result of such a system would be a less outturn of work
on the part of the revenue survey in the year, and less for
them to do in the hot weather, but it would be a saving to
Government in the prompt check it would afibrd to the pro-
ceedings of tbe khasra survey, and perhaps the saving in
the abandonment of the interior survey by the professional
survey department would more than make up the difference.
In illustration of the relation of the two departments^ as they
stand at present, and how little the revenue survey department
cotisiders its work has to do with the assessment of tbe re-
venue, I may mention that last cold weather, in the midst, of
my work, I got a requisition from M^jor Anderson, acting
under the orders of the head of his department, to send him
the whole of the revenue survey maps which had been made
over to me, tbe reason being it was determined, where the
boundaries of villages were nalas or permanent jhils, to
maJke the boundary line through the centra of the water in-
stead of by a zigzag from side to side as had been done. I
found, moreover, that I could comply with this requisition
without iuconvenience, as all the practical assistance I derived
was to be found in the total areas given in the book of de-.
tailed areas.

118. Tbe work of the amins was tested by the mdn-
sarims, of whom there was one to each six amins. They

6

( 42 )

were expected to test the whole work with great minutenesa.
This was again tested by the sadder indnsariinSy who were
the tahsildars of the tahsil, and they were expected per-
sonally to test tea per cent of the work. At the head of the
whole sorvey department was an Extra Assistant Commis-
aioner, who waa expected to test here and there occasionally
to see that all was going on welL

119. Besides this testing of the field work, the measare-
ments of khasras were compared with the shajrahs by scale
and compass, by maharrirs under the superintendence of the
£xtra Assistant Commissioner at head-quarters, and the areas
were most carefully tested also. The amount of irrigated
land was also checked, as also the column of remarks iu
the khasra in which was entered the nature of the soil,
whether ^'dumat/' **matyar" or " bhdr/' and also whe-
ther it came into the category of " goind/' *' manjahar'' or
'' uparhar.'^

120. The superintendence of this work, which has been
really well done, was entrusted entirely to Extra Assistant
Mahomed EkramooUah Khan, to whose care, diligence, and
ability, I am happy to bear testimony. Neither Mr. Glynn
nor myself were able to give much personal supervision.
During the whole of Mr. Glynn's incumbency he bad charge
of the district as well as of the settlement, and could therefore
only devise the mode of survey in detail, for which he de-
serves the credit. When I relieved him, I took charge of the
district also, of which I was not relieved until November, 1863,
by which time the survey was far from the part of the district
in which I was obliged to commence the investigation into
rights. I am of opinion this plan was not judicious, and that
it is far better to relieve the officer charged with the settle-
ment from all other duties from the very beginning, though I
am bound to say that I do not believe the survey in Rai
Bareli suffered in consequence, which fact is entirely to be
attributed to the zeal and efficiency of the Extra Assistant
Commissioner.

121. Before concluding this report on the survey, I
may be permitted to point out the inconvenience which has
resulted from the adoption of the Shabjahdni ^^bigha" as

( 43 )

the staadard of measurement, instead of the English acre.
The reports are to be sent in acres and the revenue survey
areas are given in the same measure : all comparison of results
with those of other provinces are given in acres : percentages
are so calculated ; while the Shahjahdni bigah is as foreign
a measure to the people of the country as the English acre
is. It is true that the Shahjahdni bigah beftrs a regular pro-
portion to the acre, the former being five-eighths of the latter
and is therefore readily convertible; but people insensibly con-
form to and speak in the standard in which the details come
l>efore them, and when I come to write that part of my report
which treats of " assessment" and rent, I shall have to con-
vert evdry rate, for so much an acre convej'^s no idea to my
mind.

PREPARATION OF RECORDS.

122. As soon as the field survey had been fully tested,
the " shajrahs" were faired out, two copies being prepared on
tracing cloth, one for the tahsil and one for the district office.
The fairing of the ^* khasrah" was necessarily delayed until the
village had been assessed, as the settlement officer in his
visit might find it necessary to make some alteration, either
in the area put down as irrigated or in that included respective-
ly under the denominations of " goind," "manjahar'' and
* uparhar." Indeed, the former did occur extensively, as I
shall have to explain when I come to treat of *^ assess-
ment."

123. A ^' shajrah'' and '' khasra" of '' abadi'^ were also
prepared, as well as ^ list of wells. I am sorry to say I
found the latter paper very often incorrect, and I purposed
having the whole of them carefully revised which I trust my
successor will have done. As, however, the paper was not
used by me for '• assessment," I found other work more press-
ing and delayed this. It is, however, a matter of great im-
portance, as affecting both '* takdvi" advances, and the con-
sideration of the great question whether canal irrigation is
desirable for Oudh, and I take this opportunity of drawing
attention to the fact that the Ra{ Bareli lists are not to be
depended upon, either as to the depth of water or its distance'
from the surface.

( 44 )

124. The jamabmuHg were also prepared by the
kbaara Bvuerey departmeDt under the Extra Asaiitaot Com-
mumoner, and an abstract of tbem made, called tbe reot
atateoent, which I ahall have more partieolarly to describe
when I come to speak of "^ assessment." The jamabandis
were prepared in Urdu from the ^' patwdri's" statements,
and anerwards tested by the examination of the " assdmis'"
themselves* Care was taken to get the rents as correct as
possible^ and here I may remark, that 1 hare reason to
beliere that rery little fraud was attempted in this mat-
ter, and, when we found the rents exceptionally low, there
was generally some reason for it* As a rule, I belieye the
patwiris gave in true returns, and where they were 'not true
they were corrected by the '^ assdmis." It was in villages
l>elooging to small single zaminddrs only and but in a few of
them, that I had reason to belie?e the jamabandis were
false.

125. Tlie^e papers were prepared previous to the assess-
ment to which they were necessary. Tiie *' v%ajibularz" was
prepared after the assessment, and, as soon as the sadr
miinsarim could ffixe his attention to it. 1 cannot help ex-
pressing regret that it was determined to prepare this paper
in Oudh. It was devised for the North- West Provinces, where
the settlement proceedings were a record of possession only,
and every entry was liable to be contested in the civil court.
For its guidance in matters of village custom at the time of
BCttlement the **wajibularz" was prepared. But in Oudh,
where the procedure is Act VIIL of 1859, and the settlement
court is a civil court, where no right is recognized unless
there is a decree of such court to itihow for it, and where
Huch decree, as a matter of course, defines the rights it
awards, there appears to be no necessity for anythmg re-
corded in the ^^wajibalarz/' except the manner in which
the revenue or the rent is to be collected from the copar-
ceners and assdmis by the lumberddrs, and that would be
most appropriately recorded at the foot of the khewat which
is the record of the proprietary shares. The " wajibularz '"
on the face of it, is a paper the tendency of which is to
stereotype the customs of the village, which, probably, at
th« time when its preparation was first ordered, seemed likely
enough to endure as far as men could then see; but which,

( 45 )

Qtider the progi'ess the country is now making are certain to
change, and render the paper a source of future trouble
only.

126. The "khewat" and the "khatiauni" are prepared
after the judicial rights are decreed, and are merely lists of
the details of such decrees drawn up for the convenience of
reference. Of themselves they have no force whatever, as
strictly speaking, they are but copies of decrees This is
certainly a correct description of an Oudh "khatiauni;"
but in cases where there is no dispute against any entry in the
" khewat" filed by the " luniberddr," the parties concerned
are called on to sign it, and it stands as a decree of court so
far as it goes and settles the shares as between the parties
declared But of course this "khewaf is open to question
by any third party who may come forward within the term
of limitation.

127. It will be seen, from the above, that the settlement
records, usually so called, are of little comparative value in
Oudh. They are not the record of any right at all, except in
the case of the "khewut" as explained. The record of right
is contained in the judicial proceedings of the several cases
filed in court, which are in the English language for pro-
prietary right and sub-settlements, and in vernacular, with
the proceedings in appeal in English, in the case of rights in-
ferior to those. The "khasrah'* and the "shnjra" are records
of the land survey, but the other papers are judicial records
of nothing at all, and have either been prepared to enable the
settlement of&cer to assess the village, or for mere conve-
nience of reference.

ASSESSMENT.

128. I experienced great difficulty at first in determin-
ing the mode that should be adopted in fixing the ^^ assess-
ment ;" and my assistant and myself spent about two months
in collecting general information from a number of villages in
view to determine some plan of operations. The various
settlement reports, which were available to us gave but
little information on this point, which appears to me to
he the main, and might be the only duty of the settlement
officer

( 46 )

129. Two modes of procedure were open to us. We
might take either rent or produce as the ^'basis'' of the ^^as-
sessment/' but before this, when I had ascertained that the
bulk of the rents were in money, and that the Government
revenue having long been paid in money, rents in kind were
valued in money in the ^^jainabandis/' I resolved to take
rent as the basis of our '^ assessment/' for I felt it was much
surer groimd than produce. Our difficulty then was to
correct our rent rolls, so that we might have some assur-
ance we had ascertained the approximate gross rental of the
village.

130. The result of our general enquiries showed great
discrepancies in the rents of fields which came under the
same headings from the khasra description. These discrep-
ancies we traced to various causes ; they were almost always
to be explained, but these courses operated so irregularly that
the second conclusion come to was that each village must be
separately assessed on its own '^ jamabandi," which must be
corrected and explained by a personal visit and enquiry.

131. Having arrived thus far, our next endeavour was
to devise some mode of procedure by which we could best
economise our time and make the most thorough enquiry into
the comparative rental of the village. . After a good many ef-
forts we adopted the following plan.

132. We found, on enquiry, that the zaminddrs were
generally Ghattris, and that they held at favorable rates even
when out of possession of the villages ; and that the Brahmins,
though not often zaminddrs, and generally paying full rents,
yet held by virtue of caste so frequently at favorable rates as
to derange any average. The "sir" lands were of course held
at very favorable rates, but we found that, where the sir
was sublet to "shikmis," sometimes the proprietors and
sometimes the "shikmfs" rent was entered in the "jama-
bandi," so that It destroyed the "sir" average and it became
necessary to make a separate heading for that. We also
found that the "Kurmfs'^ "Kdchfs" and " Marais" paid
decidedly higher rents for similar lands ; whlie, among the
rest of the assdmis, we could find nothing sufficiently distinc-
tive to require any further classification. It was therefore

( 47 )

resolved to divide the whole cultivated area iuto the follow-
ing headings : —

Sir,

Shiknif,

Brahmins,

Chattris,

Kdrmis, &c.

Others,

Rent-free land,

the ^^ others" comprising all those assdmis whose holdings
came under none of the other headings.

133. We also found it necessary to classify the land as
well as the cultivators and their holdings, and after a careful
enquiry we rejected soil classification, but adopting the broad
distinction of irrigated and unirrigated land, we found
that the rent, as a whole, bore a pretty even proportion in
each village as the land was lying or outlying from the
'* abddi;" and therefore we adopted the following six classes
of soil : —

" Goind " irrigated, No. 1

jj anirrigated, ^^ 2

" Manjahar " irrigated, „ 3

„ unirrigated, „ 4

** Uparhar " irrigated, „ 5

„ unirrigated, „ 6

these classes will hereafter be referred to by the numbers
only, the odd numbers always indicating irrigated and the
even numbers unirrigated land.

134. Of course the line which separated these "bars,"
as they were called,(was an arbitrary one, but the main objects
was to draw lines which should show a (Ufierence of rental of
a decided rule ; and this was practically done. The table of
average rent-rates at para. 143 will show this ; and when I
come to describe the proceedings of the settlement officer in
the village, I will explain why putting a few fields, which
ought to have been classified as *^ gomd," into the ^* man-
jahar,'" and 80 on, was not productive of any inconveni-
ence.

( 48 )

135. With regard to the classificatioD of irrigated and
unirrigated land, I found that the amins had omj dassed
as irrigated the land which was watered that year. Now it is
the custom in Oudh to alternate the cereals of the rabi
crop with pulse, such as " arhar,'* which is not watered, and
a grjeat breadth of this is sown in what is really irrigated land
and pays the highest rates of rent. I therefore ordered them
to classify this land as irrigated, and had the papers altered
accordingly. The Settlement Commissioner, in his annual
report, found great fault with ine for this, and declared that
the average land watered in each year only should be classed
as urrigated. I did not feel bound, however, to alter my
practice in consequence of this, for I felt my own responsibility
for the settlement, and, as 1 was assessing on rent, the conse-
quence of thus diminishing the area of irrigated land would
have been to have increased the area of unirrigated land, and
that, too, with land bearing a very high rent Asa result, the
average rents on the unirrigated lands would have been too
high, and when I found it necessary to raise the rents on such
lands from some special cause, such as their being held by
a Brahmin family priest, &c., I should have assessed them
at too high a rate, and endangered the security of the settle-
ment.

136. The next step was to present the above informa-
tion in a collected form, and to do this the paper alluded to
at para. 124 was devised, called the rent statement. A spe-
cimen of it is given at statement No. 8 of the appendix. It
was prepared m the vernactdar. It gave each man's holding,
under each heading, in a single line, with the area aad reht
of whatever he might hold in each of the six classes of the
soil. When all of one heading was completed, as the
^^ sir" for instance, the areas and rents were totalled and the
average taken, and the result was the total atea of the *^ j^fr''
and the rate per bf^ah at which it wag( bdld. The same was
done throughout the several headings, and, when finished,
this pftper showed the areas and the rates per bigah at which
each of the headings of cultivator held his lands of each
cladi^ in the village.

137. An English abstract of this was then made in a
book of which an opening was given to each village, the left

( 49 )

page containing the classified abstract, and the right being left
blank for the remarks of the settlement officer when he had
visited the village. A specimen is given at statement No. 9
of the appendix. As all this was done before assessment and
meant Jto be used io the field, another shorter abstract was
made in a little field book, in which the diflFerent areas and
rates could be seen at a glance. A specimen of this is given
in statement No. 10 of the appendix. At first the rent-free
lands were classified as the rest, but they were subsequently
found, to be, as a rule, inferior to the other lands, and aver-
ages drawn from the other lands made their assessment too
high, the patwari's classification of them was therefore taken
in the field, and in nineteen cases out of twenty, his valuation
was accepted. His classification was : —

ury 1 ">^ f Groves^
Belagam | ^^^^^.

" Shankalap." c

" Marwat."

'^Nankar."

" Mdfi."

^^ Chakarana,.""

An abstract of such as were found in the village, with the
patwari's valuation, was added at the bottom of the settle-
ment officer's remarks.

138. The classified rent-rates deduced from the village
'^ jamabandi'' b9ing thus shown at a glance, the settlement
officer was able to compare them with each other, and to see
what classes paid less and what more for the same kind of
soil. It was, however, necessary to compare the rates with
the actual field ; and that the lands corresponding to the rates
might be recognized, the rough copy oftheshajrah was co-
loured. A thin red line marked the boundary of the " goind,"
a thin green one that of the '' manjahar," the " sir " fields were
coloured red, the " shikmi" had a red belt drawn across, the
Brahman a red ring in the centre, the Chattri fields were
not coloured, the Kiirmi, &c., fields were coloured gree»,
the others yellow, and the rent-free fields had a black belt
across.

139. With the little book showing the classified rent-
rates and the colored shajrah in his hand^ the settlement offi-

7

( 50 )

cer entered the village. His first glance was at his '* shajrah^'
to see where the ** others" lands lay. If they were pretty
fairly over the whole village, his next glance was at the gene-
ral character of the village, whether its soil was good or
sandy, what facilities it had for ii*rigation from n^s or jhils,
whether the wells were kucha or pucka, were deep or not,
and whether the soil was porous or stiff, taking much or little
water. His book also, showed him the proportion of cultiva-
tors to area. When satisfied of the character of the village,
he could see at a glance whether the " others" paid fair rates
according to the average of the parganah. If they did, and he
was satisfied, the rates of the others immediately became his
standard. If, however, he thought the rents of the " others"
low, he enquired at once who the *' others" were. Possibly
it might be a Mahomedan village or a Kaiath one, and the
zeminddri class were among the " others," or a Eaiath " ka-
rinda," might have a large holding, or the " patwari" of a
circle of a '^talukd&r's'' villages was paid by land at a very
low rent in the village then under examination. The rent
statement showed at once these lands and their rents ; they
were quickly eliminated from the total of the " others,*' and
the true village assdmiw^r rates found. Sometimes, but very
rarely, all the rates were low and no reason could be given.
This was specially to be observed in the villages belonging to
non-resident gosains and fakirs, and iu some few instances,
the " jamabandis " were false. In such cases the settlement
officer had to make use of the parganah rates and assess the
village at them if it was a very fine one, and at something less
according as its quality was inferior.

140. But in the vast majority of cases, the " other" rates
could be satisfactorily explained, and the true rates being
found, formed the standard for the village. The next step
then was to see if the privileged classes paid rents so low as
to require revision. If they did, as was very often the case,
and invariably so with the sir, a glance at the shajrah
showed where they were, and they were visited and com-
pared with the " others" lands. Usually they were better,
and their reuts were raised accordingly, but to something

A si^ecimen of the coloared shajrah of manza Rahwan, parganah Bareli, with its
rent statement numbered 8A. and its English abstract numbered 9 A. complete, will be
found in the Appendix.

( 51 )

below the "others'' standard. If they seemed fair rents, ac-
cording to the quah'ty of the land, they were accepted. The
patwdri was then examined as to the rent-free lands, and
if, from their situation in the map, the settlement officer
thought them low h6 went and looked at them and formed his
opinion upoii them. The waste land was then looked at,
and a general estimate of the capability of what was returned
as culturable made, and the settlement officer's remarks
written down in his small field book.

141. On our return to camp, we at once assessed the
villages which had been visited that day. While visiting the
village I encouraged the people to say what they liked and
carefully listened to what they had to say, but, once havinsj
decided on the assessment and fixed the government demand,
I was not disposed to listen to ordinary objections. I must,
sav however, that I have been very little troubled with them, the
people giving in their " kabulyats" readily enough. In no
case has the engagement been refused

142. The waste land has been assessed where it is found
to be culturable. Thatching grass, on the '*manjha" of the
Ganges, was assessed at one rupee a bigah. This is not too
much, for the grass is sold at a better rate than that, as it
stands on the ground, to contractors for Allahabad who cut
and carry it off. One '^mouza" on the *'manjha" *'chak
khurdaie," being separate from the parent village, was de-
marcated by itself. Its area was 250 bigahs, entirely of thatch-
ing grass. I assessed it at Rs. 250 and fixed the "jama"
at Rs. 128 including cesses, and the zaminddrs made no ob-
jection whatever. Except this, however, the usual limit has
been 4-annas a bigah, about 6-annas 5-pie an acre. Its as-
sessment varied both as to its quantity and its quality, and
had reference to the number of cultivators in the village, and
therefore to the zamindars' ability to bring it under cultiva-
tion. Some very good land, where lying in small patches,
and only awaiting the regular settlement to be broken up, has
been assessed at eight antias a " bigah," or 12-annasand 9-pie
the acre.

143. Parganah rent-rates were also struck, but they are
move for the use of the Commissioner and Financial Commis-

( 52 )

sioner in reviewing the work. I have hardly used them at
all, and only in the case of villages where I could find no
assdmiwdr rents to be depended upon. Even then I al-
ways modified them according to the circumstances of the
village. They are also required to fill up the column of
" gross rental at average rent-rates" of the No. 2 statement of
the Directions to Settlement Officers, which statements, as well
as the general parganah statements, are submitted with this
report. The rent-rates are given parganahwdr, as there was no
such marked difiference between tracts of country as to make
chaks for assessment necessary. To this there is one es:cep-
tion, the '^ kadir" land in parganahs Daundia Khera and
Ghatampur, which, being essentially different and having
quite distinct rates of rent, has been made a separate chak for
this purpose The rent rates have been prepared by the
sadr munsarim with great care from the rents of average
villages selected by myself, representing first, second and
third class villages. The rents have in all cases been verified
in the villages by the sadr munsarims themselves. They
are given for each parganah below : —

Bates pbb aobz.

Parganah.

Chak Kadir •••

Daundia Khera •••

Ghatampur

Magraier

^B^ar ... ••*

Fanhan ...

jtslv an ■ a • • • •

Behar

Khiron ...

Saralni ...

Dalmau ...

Bareli ...

...

».•

•••

•••

• a.

» • •

• ••
..*

..■

Goind.

00

5

8
8
8
7
8
7
7
8
7
4

3

14

8

9

13

IS

11

8

7

6

5

9

to

s

II

Id

II

1

6

6
8
2
3
S
3
i5

Manja-
har.

Baths peb bioah.

Ma

nja-

har.

-d

0)

73

"t*

a>

S)

■*->

^y

ee

c

Ui

c

•c

fc)

8

3
8
2
2

12
6

8

7

13 2
O'i
92
62

US

13*2
6!l

Upar-
har.

u

8
9
6

13
8

13

12
6

10
9
4

10

6

•c

M

1

9

a

14
16

1
16
14
11.2

41

■i'

o
3
3
9
3
5
7
1

13

12
G

The rates are given at so much an acre for general com-
parison, and also at so much abigah for comparison with those

( 53 )

in our English assessment books, where the areas are in bigahs
and the rates correspond.

144. Allusion has been made, at para. 134, to the arbi-
trary nature of the lines used to indicate the limits of the
"bars.*' If parganah or chak rates were used to ascertain the
fair rental, discrepancy in the just limits of these "bars'' in
different villages would be a serious matter, as those rates
would be used to equalize the rents of favoured holdings.
Indeed, the difficulty would be so patent that I am afraid it
would have been insurmountable, and the classification by
"bars" would have to be abandoned. But as our "assess-
ments" are made on a village basis, all the lands classed as
" goind" are subject to exactly the same conditions as those
"goind" lauds which are assumed as representing the true
"assdmiwdr" rents, and, therefore, more or less land being
included in the limits of these denominations does not affect
the data upon which the rental is equalized.

145. The peculiarity of the Rai Bareli assessment is that
it has been done village by village each on its own basis
alone, and I venture to anticipate that this will prove to be
the true mode of assessment. However well selected a chak
may be, as far as my experience goes, there must be great
diflfereuces between individual villages arising from various
causes, and the imposition of chak rates must therefore be on
the average, and the assessment will fall hard on the poorer
and light on the better villages. I believe this to be the cause
of so many settlements breaking down. A few over-assessed
villages will spoil a mass of careful work ; and eo convinced
am I of this, that if I had to assess a district in which rents
were paid in kind, I would follow the same main plan. I
would try to ascertain the actual produce of each village by
itself, and take that portion of it for the assessment which I
believed to represent the real rental, difficult as I know the.
operation would be compared with the comparatively easy
task, which has fallen to my share, of assessing a district
where rent is paid in money.

146. I will illustrate this difference between individual
villages of which I speak. In the N.- W. corner of the par-
ganah of Dalmau there are two villages which lie side by side,

( M )

their inner boundaries meeting and their outer boundaries rest-
ing on a horse-shoe jhil. They are called Lalpur and Awas-
thipur. Neither village has any waste land to speak of, and
the cultivated area of Lalpur is 127 blgahs while that of
Awastbipur h 149. Each has the water all along one sido,
but Laipur is the narrower and longer, and consequently its
back fields are nearer to the ^ater, wiiich is deeper on the
side of that village. The soil of both is the same rather sandy.
Lalpur is the " marwat," of certain Chattris who have all the
cultivation in their own hands. Awastbipur is a village in
which there are no under-proprietary rights, find the cultiva-
tion is in the hands of Brahmans with the exception of ten
bigahs. Here we have two villages, the one held by one of
the most respected tenures in the country, the other by note
at all, the soil and means of irrigation the same or father to the
advantage of the former, and b th cultivated by high caste
men; yet in the first not a bigah is watered, while in the other
every one is; and those who know the difference iu the produce
of irrigated and unirrigated sandy soils will understand what
that means. The rent paid by the "marwattis'' of Lalpur is
Rs. 68, at the rate of 9-annas a *' bigah/' while that of Awas-
tbipur 'is Rs. 425, or at the rate of Rs. 2-14-0 a " bigah." Now
I submit that to assess these two villages ecjually would be to
break the first down. People cannot change their nature at
the mere bidding of a settlement officer. Yet i?<rith chak rates,
it would be done. I doubled the jama of Lalpur and rather
reduced that of Awastbipur. They now stand respectively
at Rs. 64 and Rs. 228. I allow this is an extreme case and I
could not quote exactly such another, hut I would have no
diflScultyiu recalling, from memory only, at least a dozen
instances in which villages, either contiguous, or within at
most an English mile of each other, froin difference of soil,
facilities for irrigation, or sparseness and density of popula-
tion, would exhibit differences bf rent almdst as startling. Tt
may be said that with chak rates the village inspection would
indicate these discrepancies : to Mrhich I answet, that if the'
examination of the village is suflSciently minttte for that, it
may be as well assessed on its own basis. If by putting rates
over considerable areas, neither time nor trouble is saved,
there is no advantage in them ; and I think last year's returns,
in the Financial Commissioiier's Annual Report, will show
that when the Rai Bareli system had been fully matured,

( 55 ;

the turn out of work vas better than the average of the pro-
vince.

147. It may appear perhaps rather presumptuous in one,
who has been ass> ssing where rents are paid in money, to
make any observations on assessments on rents in kind, as at
first sight it would seem that it was rather the province of
officers who had actual experience of the latter sort. But, in
the course of the enquiry I made, described in paras 78 to 91
of this report, I have become impressed with the idea, that it
is only by careful comparison of produce and money rents
we can find out that due proportion which must be left
to the cultivator for his subsistence ; and, as the re&ult of
such a comparison, I have discovered that the cost of cultiva-
tion is a variable and not an invariable proportion of the pro*
duce.

148. This IS seen at once by recurring: to the example
given at para. 84. The four sons worked harder than their
&ther, and yet each produced less, and it is a notorious fact
that| with plenty of land and a rude cultivation, the peasantry
are better off* than with circumscribed land and higher cultiva-
tion. In other words, the denser an agricultural population
is, as a rule, the poorer tliey are. In the supposed case at
para 84, the four sons each only produced 60 maunds to the
father's 80, yet they worked harder and required the same
quantity, 40 maunds, for their support. The tables given in
statement No 7 of the appendix, show that this is really a
fact, and therefore it follows that, tlie higher the cultivation,
the greater is the cost of it, proportional to the produce, upon
lands of equal fertility.

149. Now at para. 52 of the Directions to Settlement
Officers and in the note in parenthesis at the foot of it, the
words ^' net produce," '' net assets" and " gross rental*' are
used to mean the same thin^- I, however^ affirm they are
not the same thing ; because the "gross rental" has adjusted
itself, by an inevitable but unwritten law, to the circum-
stances of thp village; while the *^ net produce" or *' net
assets" are found: by a process, given by Mr. Prinsep in the
247th para, of his report, in which the expenses of cultivation
are allowed (or by an invariable proportion.

( 56 )

150. But, if the cost of cultivation is really variable, the
effect of this must be similar to that of use of uniform rates
over considerable areas, as described in para. 145 of this report,
though in a contrary direction ; for while, in the cases of uni-
form rent rates, the better villages got off lightly, here the better
villages are the more hardly dealt with, because, as I have
shown, tbe main cause of their superiority of cultivation is their
greater population and consequent sub-division of holdings,
and therefore the people are obliged to apply more labour to
the soil even to produce less results per man. They absorb a
larger proportion of the produce for their subsistence, as has
been demonstrated. In other words the cost of production is
proportionally greater, and the application of an invariable
percentage of allowance for expenses of cultivation, to deter-
mine the " net produce," has a tendency towards the over-
assessment of such villages.

151. Concurring therefore in the conclusing of Mr. Prinsep
in the 246th and 250th paras, of his report, that one sixth is
a fair average proportion of the gross produce to take as the
government jama, on tlie principle that half the rent belongs
to Government, I am yet of opinion that the rate should not
be invariable, but should very with the circumstances of the
village ; and the higher the cultivation and the denser the popu-
)ation, the less the proportion should be. My enquires in the
Rai Bareli district would fix the proportion, according to cir-
cumstances, somewhere between a fourth and an eighth. I
think that on good lauds, poorly cultivated and sure to improve,
to fix the jama at a sixth is to sacrifice the just rights of the
Government without any adequate cause, while to take a sixth
from some of the villages shown in the tables in statement No.
7 of the appendix would be, if not to break them down, greatly
to curtail the 48f per cent nominally left to the proprietor.

152. The result of the assessment is given in statement
No. 5 of the appendix The process has tended to equalize, but
there are great differences shown in the parganah rates. Some
villages were much over-assessed at the summary settlement,
btit, from the mode in which it was effected, as explained in
para. 95 of the report, it was to be expected that the majority
of the assessments would prove low. The jama on the eleven
parganahs has been increased Ks. 1,63,206 on 1,005 villages,

" ^ ( 57 )

and decreased Rs. 12,569 on 107 villages, the remaining
113 villages having been left as they were. The total jama,
exclusive of the eesses, has been increased from Ra. 6,83,542
to Rs. 8,34479, being a rise of 22 per cent The rates
are; on the whole, Rs. 2-6-4 per acre of cultivated land,
Rs, 1-9-7 per acre of *' malguxari," and Rs, 1-3-8 per acre
of total area. The rate on the cultivated area, however,
varies parganawar, from Rs. 3-6-11 in Mugraier, to Rs. 2-0-7
in Bareli.

153. With reference to the very high rate on the cultiva*
ted area in Mugraier, I would observe that a comparison of
statements Nos. 4 and 5 will throw light upon the rates, for
the uncultivated assessed land is one of the elements of this
rate, equally with the cultivated land ; and, if the former bears
a large proportion to the latter it will raise the apparent rate
on the cultivated land, though not the real rate. In the par-
ganah of Mugraier the percentage of cultivated area to total is
31«1, while that of uncultivated assessed land is 47*9. Much of
this land was only awaiting the settlement to be broken up
and has since been brought under cultivation.

154. The cesses have been added to the jama payable
by the " malguzdrs." They amount to 14 per cent, of the
" assessment or 2^ per cent. " jama/^ They consist of the
road, school and district d&k cesses, the same as in the North-
western Provinces and one-eighth per cent, of the assessment
" or one-quarter per cent, of the " jama" to form a margin, at
the disposal of the Local Government for the general good. It
is to be remarked, however, that in the North- West Provinces
half the three cesses firstnamed are deducted from the assess «
ment in the first instance, as also one-half of the " chaukiddri"
cess, and of the balances only one-half is taken as the Govern-
ment demand, (vide Appendix XX., Directions to Settlement
Officers, page 146) the other half of the cesses being added to the
Government demand. In consequence, following the example
of calculation given in the North- West Provinces, Government
pays one-fourth of the cesses and the ^' malguzdr" three-fourths.
This has been modified this year, 1866, but the remark about
the schools holds equally good, for they were built in the
North- Western Provinces under the old rule. In Oudh, how-
ever, the "malguzdr" pays all, for he is bound to provide by the

8

( 58 )

t^rms or his kiibaliat for the vilbi^c police to the satis&etron
of the Deputy Comroiasioner, or the latter is empowered, by
tbat engagement, to collect the cess from him. This fact de-
seryes to be remembered, especially with regard to that rule
which reqnires one*half the coat of tlie erection of Government
school buildings to be raised by private subscription. The
payments to ^^patw&ris'' in Oudb are at the . dtiscretion of
the '^ malguz&rs/' in ^^ talukd&ri " estates no interference
whatever is exercised in regard to these officers, bat in
coparcenary estates, under direct engagements with Govern*
ment, the ^^patwdri"^ cannot be dismissed without the con-
sent of the Deputy Commissioner.

1 55. When this work commenced I was totally without
settlement experience, and, therefore, it is to be understood
that bringing the system up to the mark above described wa»
a gradual process, and the earlier ^^ assessment " books will
not show the clearness of the later ones. In the cold wea*
ther of 1864-65, Mr. Mayne, then Commissioner of the
Division, came to our camp and went out to the field with
me and thoroughly examined the details of the ^^ assessment."
While quite approving of the work, as it was then being per-
formed, bo remarked that there was an uniformity about tho
earlier work which was not to be observed in the later, and
asked whether some standard had not been then adopted.
Ostensibly none had been, but unconsciously, a mental stand*
ard had been made, and, besides this the classified ass^mi-
wdr rates had been applied to the rent-free land. I was
conscious that these parganshs should be revised, and at
Mr. Mayne's suggestion, I revised the whole of the work of
]86/i-64, with the result of a considerable reduction. The
Financial Commissioner during his tour also observed that,
in his opinion, when the rate on the cultivated acre exceeded
three rupees in a coparcenary village, and the rise in the
jama was at the same time large, he though it wise to
restrict the jama to three rupees on the cultivated acre*
This suggestion has also been followed. But, except in this,
case, 1 have not considered it advisable to lower the jama
merely because the rate in a given village rose beyond an
imaginary standard. In one village, paying a summary
jnma of Rs. 1,100, which had never been in arrears, I
reduced the jama Bs. 400, making it half the gross rental,

( 59 >

and even then the fate stood at about 4-8 the acre. Had I
reduced it lower, to reach some uniform maximum, I should
Lave been making the people a present of the Government
revenue without any justification at alL

156. With regard to the prospects of the settlement f
desire to speak with great diffidence. In the nine- first
parganahs, however, that is, all except Dalmau and Bareli, the
new jamas have been collected for a whole year without
difficulty or default, and the year was not a favourable
one. It is in these parganahs that the higher rates pre-
vail. In them, however, the increase of jama was only 1ft,
per cent, throughout the area assessed. *'Kabuliats" have
been accepted readily by the people, and it is generally
admitted by them that the jama is not in excess of 50 pec
cent, of the real rental. The first parganahs which were
declared were Dhundhia Khera and Ghdtimpur, and the
rates of both being high, and the malguzdri rate of the
former specially so, an impression got abroad that the
jamas in Rdi Bareli were too high, though this impression
only prevailed out of the district, and indeed was nothing but
the idea of the settlement officers founded on a knowledge of
the rates alone. But in truth, the western part of Rdi
Bareli is exceptionally fine, and, the summary settlement
having been higher there than was general throughout the
province, the higher ratea are not felt to the same extent that
much lower rates, coupled with a greater increase, are felt in^
other districts. The high malguzdri rate in Dhundhia .Khera
is owing to the large area of land under thatching grass.
This land, paying eight annas a bigha jama, brought up tho;
rates to the figure in statement No. 5 of the appendix.:

157. I have more than once, in the course of this report^
expressed my conviction that some of the rents are obnor-
maUy high, owing to a disinclination on the part of the people
to abandon the land on which they were born for better terms
elsewhere. It is j ust possible if the people were to forsaker
their old habits and seek land where it gave them the
most return, that in some few villages, where there is little
or no waste land, the total rental might fall. In such
case a revision of jama would become necessary, ^he
Deputy Commissioner of the day can^ kowevei', always fin^>

( 60 )

this necessity out by looking at the comparative rates of tba
Tillage, the fact whether there was an absence of culturable
waste in it at the settlement, and whether the old ^'ass&mis''^
have left it or not. That this should happen, however, a re*
Tolution in the habits of the people must take place, and
though I think there are signs of progress to be seen, long
before it becomes general, the steady rise in prices which is
taking place will have secured the rents of these villages in
the natural course of things. In the meantime, as the ''zamin-
ddrs " are not cultivating proprietors, but persons living on
rents, and as they unquestionably enjoy one-half of the pre-
sent rental, there is no reason to reduce the Government de-
mand in their favour. It has been asserted that the exten-
sion of the railway system will equalize prices, and I am
eiven to understand that it was urged on the North^West
Government to postpone the revised settlement until the
trunk system of railways was finished, as it was stated that
the cheap grains of Central India would inundate the markets
and ruin the landlords of the North- West under a settlement
made now at 50 per cent, of the gross rental. I would observe
however, that so far as railways have gone they have raised
instead of lowered prices, that in the Central Provinces the
price of grain has lately been high, that much land, formerly
under grain, has been put under cotton, and that our best
and latest news from America seems to indicate that Indian
cotton will keep a much more prominent position in the
market than it had before the American war ; while the Cen-
tral Provinces trade in grain is far more likely to go west*
wards than to seek a market in the valley of the Ganges.
Besides this, the many improvements that are going on of
various kinds tend to divert labour from agriculture, and so
far as I can see, there is no ground to apprehend a fall of
prices is likely to peril our settlement in Oudh. As the
district of Rdi Bareli mainly consumes its own produce,
there is the less likelihood for its being affected by any such
fall, should it come. With this explanation I leave the assess*^
ment to the test of experience.

JUDICIAL INVESTIGATION INTO RIGHTS,

158. In the settlement of the North- Western Provin-
ces a record of possession was made^ or of what was believed

( ei )

to be actual possession, and it was competent to any one
who felt himself aggrieven by this record, to prefer his claim
to any right in the land in thee ivil court. This was the pro^
cedure l^d down by Regulation VII. of 1822 and IX. of 1833.
Subsequently it was enacted by Act XIII. of 1848 that an
award of a settlement officer, which was not questioned
within three years, was not open to be contested in a
suit. A similar provision was introduced into the Limitation
Act XIV. of 1859. What an award is held to be by the Hi^h
Court I do not know, but if a simple entry in the record is
so held to be, this looks very like declaring the proceedings
of the settlement officers practically final.

159. In the . Fanjab a similar record of possession was
made, but if the man questioned it he had to present his
petition to the settlement officer, who proceeded to try the
case, and from his decision an appeal lay up to the Financial
Commissioner, whose decision was final. I am not aware
whether any term of limitation was laid down for the pre-
sentation of such petitions, but after the settlement of the
district was declared finished there was no power to question
either the decision or the record.

160. In Oudh, however, a totally different procedure
was followed. The settlement courts were directed to issue
proclamations calling for claims of all sorts, and try them
under the procedure of the Civil Procedure Code, beiog con-
tituted civil courts for the purpose. It is true that '^khewats"
and ^' khatiaunis" were ordered to be prepared, but not in
the first instance. They were to be filled up by decrees
only; for the uncontested "khewaf of the "lumberdar"
signed by all the coparceners whose names were entered, was
nothing but the register of a decree of court by consent :
and the procedure shows this, for the ^^khewat" was not
made in the village by a subordinate settlement officer, but
was handed into the Judy's Court by the representative of the
community, and a proclamation was issued in the village
calling on all parties concerned to come forward and dispute it.

161. The legitimate effect of this procedure would be to
crowd, by means of the proclamations, as much of the litigation
as possible into the time during which the settlement operations
were going on, but to leave the regular courts open to take

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up any cases wbich might subsequently be preferred^ under
the ordinary rules of limitation. But it was desired to
add to this the existence of a complete record of proprie*.
tary right as in the North- West and the Panjab, and
therefore, a Circular (46 of 1863) was issued, in wbich
certain principles were laid down. One of these was that
tenant right did not exist in Oudh ; a second, that all pro-
prietary right to be admitted must be claimed and decreed
before it could be recorded, and a third, that, provided any
person failed to claim his right and have it decreed within
three years of the termination of the settlement, he lost bis
right altogether. The first principle was disallowed by the
Governor- General in Council, who directed that the courts
were to be open to claims of all sorts, and that no declara-
^ tion of the non-existence of a right had any validity. To
carry out the second proposition it was provided in the cir*
cular that sadr munsarims were to find out, through ka-
niingos, patwdris, and by any other available means, who
had claims, or a vestige of them, and bring them into court
whether they wished it or not. This appears to have been
approved of by the Government of India, for they enjoined
this procedure in the case of claims to cultivating rights of
occupancy. The third proposition appears to me inoperative.
It can be only directed against men in possession who de-
cline to come into court, for which no doubt they have the
best of reasons, for all men having claims and being out of
possession prefer them. But if the superior was to say to a
man in possession ^' the three years are passed and your
right under Circular 46 cannot be recognized, therefore pay
roe double rent," the other has only to refuse, be ousted, and,
then present a petition, under section 15, Act XIV. of 1859,
to be restored to possession and to throw the whole onus of
proving his right to oust or to raise the rent on the superior ;
and I apprehend the civil court will scarcely admit au
Oudh Circular to be sufficient authority to deprive a man of
his property which he had enjoyed perhaps for a hundred
years until within a month of the trial, merely because h^
did not have his right registered in a certain court in a cer*^
tain year,

162. The second principle laid down ia Circular 46 ha^
not yet beeu acted on in Bai Bareji, because, up (q the pre?

( 03 )

sfent time, there Lave been plenty of cases filed to keep tLe
courts employed, and it is to be hoped, before the time comes
to put the principle into practice, it may be cancelled, as it
seems both impracticable and unnecessary to make a com-
plete record of right with such a procedure as exists in Oudh;
while the operation of the twelve years' limitation rule must,
of itself, give every man in possession a good title, when the
settlement is over and the civil court declared to have juris-
diction.

163. I may remark, however, that a good deal of un-
certainty obtains in Oudh as to what term of possession con-
stitutes proprietary right. Acts XVI. of 1865 and XIII. of
1866, lay down the 13th February, 1844, as the date com-
mencing the term of limtiation within which suits may be
brought, and before it was published, twelve years previous
to the re-occupation of the country after the rebellion, was
fixed as the term. It has been repeatedly declared that the
effect of Lord Canning's confiscation proclamation was to
cancel everything done towards the settlement in 1856-57,
and it has also been declared that the summary settlement
was final only with the talukddrs, and as respects all others,
was* open to the settlement officer's revision. Not only this,
but it is declared (see circular 63 of 1863) that all summary
decisions, after enquiry, are open to revision unless settled
by arbitration, and, although the circular states that these
decisions, where a proper enquiry is made, should not lightly
be set aside, it expressly excepts those in which the law of
limitation has been infringed. Yet it has been held by the
Chief Commissioner, as Financial Commissioner, that where
a settlement was made with an old zeminddr in 1858, the
possession of any one else throughout the whole term of limi*
tation does not bar the man now in possession (see select
ease, M. Bela Tikai, P. Bareli) ; and the Settlement Commis-
sioner went further and laid it down (in the case of M.
Chutter Khera, P. Dhundhia Ehera) that, where the old
zaminddr had managed to recover possession at the summary
settlement, sixty years possession by any one else, previous
to annexation, was necessary to make good his title. It is
true that the Settlement Commissioner's decision is not a rul-
ing one and binding on the lower courts, but I. have called
prominent attention to this decision in other cases where I

'( 64 )

have decreed in accordance with it, and though one, at ledfit^
has gone^ before the Financial Commissioner in appeal, and
the decision founded on it has been upheld, no opinion on the
point has been elicited from the highest courts ; while I know
for a fact that in other districts where this decision is un-
knowDi such cases are decided on different principles.

164. In two or three instances claims to ^' malikana" have
been preferred and established in the settlement courts.
The claimant in such cases has voluntarily made over the
village tQ some one else whose title, if he lias held through-
out the term of limitation, has been upheld, the original
owner obtaining a decree for such '^ malikana" as he may be
shown to be entitled to by agreement and to have enjoyed
within the term of limitation.

165. With regard to under-proprietary and tenant rights,
the new rules just promulgated by Government, and which
have received the force of law by Act XXVI. of 1866, lay
down clear principles for our guidance. As I have never
administered them, they not having been determined upon
when I was in charge of the settlement, I am not called to
make any report on them. Moreover, as they provide for
the re-trial of all cases, already decided, which may not be
in accordance therewith, it is unnecessary for me to go into
a detailed account of what was done before, beyond pointing
out what the nature of the change made by the new rules
will be.

166. With regard to the under-proprietary rights of
'^ sir" and ^^ nankar'/, no change has been made. The old
rule is, that if any old proprietor has been in possession of
such rights, even for one year, within the term of limitation,
he is to get a decree for the same, and that the terms on
which he is to hold may be the best on which he has held
for any one year. Usually it will be so, as these rents did
not vary, but if they did, and the conditions were proved^
the rent would have beeui in Bdi Bareli, the average of that
of the years within the term of limitation.

167. With regard to sub-settlement, it may be observed
that no such righti existed in the ^^ Nawdbi." It involves a

( 65 )

right to hold the village at a rent fixed for the term of the-
settlement. As I have already shown at paras. 54 to 56, leas-
ing a village by the old zamindars in the NawAbi did not imply
a right to lease. At the same time I have reason to believe
that in other districts the '' zaminddrs'' did hold on such terms
as, under our system, could hardly be maintained except
by a sub-settlement. At any rate the tenure has been recog-
nized in the Oudh settlement instructions from the very first.

168. Under the old rule, no enquiry was made as to whe-
ther the lease was an under-proprietary right or not. It was
assumed that if held by an old zaminddr it was an under-pro-
prietary right, and the rule went on to declare that to be recog-
nized DOW it must have been continuous, though it admitted of
occasional dispossession, as well as dispossession in company
with the talukddr, as not invalidating the continuity. If this
condition was fulfilled, the sub-settlement was decreed at a rent
determined by the following proportion. As the average gross
rental of the village within the term of limitation, was to the
average rent paid within that term, so is the gross rental at
settlement to the rent of the village for the settlement. It was
competent to the settlement court, at its discretion, to give the
" zaminddrs" the benefit of the rule which admitted them to
hold on the best terms they had held in any one year, instead
of the average of the whole, to determine the above proportion.
This rule was applied by the settlement court or not, as the
interest of the under-proprietor proved to be small or great.

169. Under the new rule, which is the result of a com-
promise, and proceeds on the assumption that a right to a sub-
settlement did not exist in the holder of a lease, he bring an
old zaminddr, but that he enjoyed certain undefined rights
which, in cases provided for by the rule, are best maintained
by a sub-settlement, no sub-settlement is to be made unless
the zaminddr can be shown to have enjoyed, by the propor-
tion mentioned in the last para., a profit amounting to more
than 12 per cent, of the gross rental. Moreover, the word
" continuous '' is defined to mean — *' If the village was in-
eluded in the taluka before the 13th February, 1836'' (2a
years before annexation) " the lease must have been held
^' for not less than 12 years between that date and the annexa^
" tion of the province. If the village was included in the

9

( 66 )

'' taluka after the 13tb February, 1836, but before the 13th

February, 1844" (the commencement of the term of lunitationy

(see Act XVI. of 1865) '^ the lease most have been held for

^' not less than one year more than half the period between

'^ the time in which the village was so included and the an-

^^ nexation of the province. Further, the lease must, in all

'^ cases, have been held for not less than seven years during the

^^ term of limitation, unless the village was included for the

*< first time in the talnka after the 13th February, 1844, in

'' which case the lease must have been held for not less than

<< one year more than half the period between the time in

*^ which the village was so included and the annexation of

^^ the province. Provided that if, for any reason, the taluk-

'^ ddr was, for any period, dispossessed of the village, and

^' the under-proprietor was dispossessed from the lease during

^^ the same period, the term of such dispossession shall not be

'^ reckoned against the under-proprietor. Provided also that

'^ nothing in this rule will apply tp any village which was

*^ included for the first time in the taluka after the 13th

** February, 1844, and in which the under proprietor has held

^^ no lease for any period under the talukdidr."

170. It is further provided that if a man or community,
otherwise entitled to a sub-settlement under these rules,
shall he declared not so entitled by reason of the profits not
exceeding twelve per cent, of the gross rental, he is to receive
the " sir'' and '*nankar/' to which he may be entitled, and
such beneficial interest is to be made up to ten per cent, of the
gross rental as declared at the settlement

171. If, by the rule of proportion given in para. 168, a
man's profits on the sub settlement are shown to be more
than twelve per cent, and less than twenty-five percent, they
are to be made up to the latter sum, half the difference being
a charge to Government in the shape of reduction of jama,
and half a charge to the talukddr. The cesses added at
settlement (1 J per cent on the " assessment" or 2^ per cent,
on the ** jama^ ) are payable by the talukddr, the village
expenses, includin/|f the " patwdri" and " chaukidar," being
payable by the holder of the sub-settlement.

172. It is further provided on behalf of the foundws of
" purwas'' or hamlets, who are not old ''zamindArs" of the

( 67 ) ^

parent village, that if tliey are unable to make out a claim
to sub-settlement, they are to be maintained in any " sir'' or
** nankar^' they may have enjoyed, the same as old '^ zamin-
d/irs/' properly so called.

173. I am of opinion that these rules materially bettor
the condition of the under-proprietors in Rdi Bareli in every
case except that one which comes under the last proviso of
para. 169 ; but their cases, which are especially barred by
the Government letters of October, 1859, which have the force
of law^ and by an express stipulation of tlie talukddrs when
extending the term of limitation, have been especially pro-
vided for by an agreement with the talukddrs, by which the
Financial Commissioner may award such parties compensa-
tion up to twenty-five per cant, of the rental in case the
talukddr never held the village before the summary settle-
ment, and up to ten per cent, in other cases.

174. The efFoct of the new rules will be to cancel a
good proportion of the sub-settlements already decreed in the
district, on the ground that the profits are not more than
twelve per cent., but this will be for the good of all parties,
as they have been decreed at rents which the under-proprie-
tors cannot possibly pay. It will also have the effect of re-
vising the rent of most of those which will stand, for but few
of them have twenty-five per cent, of profit left to them.
There will be a large proportion of the sub-settlements, al-
ready decreed, cancelled, as they have been heretofore decreed
on the most arbitrary construction of the word "continuous,"
and many of those decreed, especially on appeal, will not
stand the test of the definition of *' continuous " now applied.
This will no doubt disgust the inmiediate parties concerned,
but it will not be thought hard in the country, where it is
well known they had no real right to anything but their
" sir*^ and " nankar." The whole number affected, however,
wiD not be great, as, up to the time I gave over charge, only
49 villages had been decreed in sub- settlement. I had stopped
the enquiries into these tenures, as I was aware the subject
was under the consideration of Government.

175. It has also been admitted by the Government in
the new rules that on economical grounds sub-settlements
are not a good thing, and by way of doing away with them,

( 68 )

as far as possible, it is to be urged on settlement officers to
endeavour, in cases where a sub-settlement has been decteed,
to effect a partition of the village between the talukdar and
the under-proprietor, proportionate to their several interests;
so that instead of one village with two proprietary interests,
it may become two villages with only one.

176. Agreeably to the instructions conveyed in the
settlement circulars " talukdari mdfi" as opposed to " Go-
vernment mdfi" has been ignored, and it has been held
that the " talukddr" has the right to demand rent fol* such
tenures if he pleases on the principle that he cannot alienate,
by any deed of his own, the sources of the Government re-
venue. This principle has, however, been strongly question^
ed, and is at ptesent under discussion, for within the category
of *' talukddri mdfi'' are included "marwats** and *'shan-
1(allaps,'* tenures which were perhaps the only things invio-
late under native rule. A case which came before me in mouza
Fahdrpur Khera, parganah Rdi Bareli, brought this principle
fairly to issue. A *'talukd4r," Fatteh Bahddur Singh of
Kurihar Sataon, had been in great straits in the Nawdbi. His
fort was besieged by the **chakladar," his resources were ex-
hausted, arrangements had been made for transferring his estate
another, and his life was in great danger. At this juncture, a to
man who was an inhabitant of the district, and held the office
of deputy military paymaster at Lucknow, came forward, at
the request of Fatteh Bahddur's friends, and, having influence
with the " chakladdr,'' he effected a composition, raised a sum
t)f money to satisfy the immediate demands of the " chakla-
dar,'* and saved the '^talukddr's'* life and estate. It was con-
sidered by the "talukddr's'' friends that propriety required
, that some substantial acknowledgment should be made of
this service on his part. They therefore induced the "taluk-
ddr" to offer the deputy a village rent-free, and he offered
Pahdrpur Khera. After some hesitation, the deputy accepted
the village, and a regular deed of gift was drawn out, which
was produced in court and acknowledged by the '^ talukddr.*'
To the best of my recollection the deputy held the village
throughout the whole term of limitation, and was only dispos-
sessed on the annexation of the province. The village
remained in the *' taluka" and the " talukddr'' paid the Gov-
ernment revenue upon it. The principle on which I decided

( 69 )

was, that so long as the "talukddr'' paid the Government
revenue on his whole estate, for which a single '' kabuliat''
was taken, his right of property in it was absolute, and that
he could dispose of any portion of it as he pleased ; but that
so long as his "kabuliat'' was held by Government and he
held possession of his estate, the Government looked to him
and to him alone for the revenue. I considered that he could
not transfer his obligation to pay the revenue or any part of
it, without taking some steps to obtain the consent of the
Government thereto, or else throwing up his whole engage-
ment, and consequently that his whole estate was the lien for
the revenue of each part of it, and that the Government lien
on each separate *'bigah'' only revived when the '* talukddr's''
.estate was broken up. I further held that the " talukddr'' was .
bound by such an engagement as he had entered into wiih the
deputy, all the existing legal and customary forms having
been observed. On no other principle did it appear to me
could the under-proprietary right to "nankar" lands be main-
tained. For, if it was competent to the *' talukddr" to say,
as has been argued, *^I will have nothing to do with the land;
it is yours, not mine'' and the Government demand thereby be
transferred to the under-proprietor, it amounts to a confis-
cation by the " talukddr'' at his pleasure, of one-half of under-
proprietary right, and the abandonment of the original con-
tract maintained to annexation, and therefore of the condition
upon which the talukddr holds his own estate under his sa-
nad, namely, that of maintaining those subordinate to him in
the rights they formerly enjoyed. Moreover, the principle on
which I decided is strictly in accordance with the custom
of the country. Indeed, otherwise, proprietary right would
appear to be a name only.

The Commissioner, in appeal, did not touch on the main
principle involved, but decided that, under the circulars, the
"talukddr" could set aside his own deed of gift, and resume
the grant at his pleasure. The case was appealed to the
Financial Commissioner, but had not been decided when I
gave up charge, nor has it been, so far as I know, up to the
present time.

177. It had been alleged by the Government of Oudh,
from the very first instructions issued for the conduct of the
settlement, that no such thing as tenant right existed. The

( 70 )

Government of India was not satisfied on the point and
directed an enquiry, the resalt of which, confirming the abore
declaration, has been published in a volnminous report. The
Government, however, was anxions to secure some concession
from the ^^talnkddrs" in favonr of those old proprietors who
had in c »urse of time lost all beneficial interest of every kind.
Anxious to meet the vrishes of the Government, the '* taluk-
ddrs*' have consented to admit a right of occupancy on be-
half of such persons to the lands of which they may now be
in cultivating possession, the rent to be fixed on the principle

5roposed by the Hon'ble Mr. Muir, as a moditication of Act
L of 1859, the limit of the fiivourable rate being twelve and
a half per cent, under that paid by cultivators not having a
right of occupancy, and the re-sdjustment of rent, once de-
cided on this principle, not to take place for a period of fire
years.

178. It has also further been conceded by the talukdars
that when any cultivator has been ousted, be shall receive
compensation for any unexhausted improvements he may have
made by which the annual letting value of the land is
increased. It is, however, optional with the landlord to give
the compensation in the shape of a lease at a rent fixed for
so many years as noay satisfy the tenant, or the court before
which the case may be brought.

179. These rules are a great concession on the part of
the talukdars, and have been acknowledged as such by the
Government of India. The first speaks for itself As for
the second, my belief is that the compensation will take the
shape of leases for a number of years, and thus introduce
into the country the only known system which at once in-
vites capital to invest itself in land, and forms an adequate
protection to the tenant.

180. I do not intend to give the number of cases decid-
ed by the courts, because I think they convey no idea to the
mind, but the proprietary rights in whole villages or harnlets
had been all adjudicated in the eleven parganas under report,
and the claims to share in such rights very nearly so, by
the time I made over charge of the settlement in March last.
The number of claims to sub-settlement decreed has already
been given, but a very far larger number had been rejected

( 11 )

after investigation. Claims to *'sir*' and " nankar" had been
rarely taken up, for it was only just before I left that Extra
Assistant Commissioners were allowed to decide them, and
the time of the European Officers was fiiHy employed in the
hot weather with claims to full proprietary right, and in the
cold weather with the assessment.

181. The great principal which has been observed in
the adjudication of rights is, with the exceptions already
detailed, that the claimant must prove zamindari title either
ancestral or acquired, that the right claimed must have been
recognized in the Nawdbi as a right, and that the claimant
must have been in possession within the term of limitation.
No revenue theories have been allowed to interfere with those
simple rules, as far as the settlement department of the dis-
trict of B^i Bareli is concerned.

182. To this, however, there was one exception, now in
course of rectilBcation. By Circular 22 of 1864, the Settle-
meut Commissioner directed that in separating the shares of
the revenue for which the several coparceners in a village
were liable where the land was divided,^ the settlement offi-
cer was to follow the holding, and not the shares. This
was to change every *' pattiddri" village in Oudh into a
"bhaiachara" one. It is evident, in a district like Rdi Bareli,
where the prevailing tenures were as described ai para. 61 of
this report, the change was a very serious one, altering each
man's interest in the village; for alienations of land to Brah-
mins and fakirs, and the planting of groves, had altered the
relation of the holdings to the shares, whatever th' y might
have been originally. 1 was not, however, lor)g left in doubt
as to the feelings of the people on the subject, and I made an
enquiry and submitted a report showing that the new rule
was unfair in its operation and distasteful to the people. The
Financial Commissioner authorized me lo maintain the old
custom, wherever the people all wished it, and in regard to
eases of dispute, subsequent orders would be sent. These
orders had not been received up to the time of my making
over charge, though since published in Financial Commis-
sioner's book Circular 9 of 1866.

183. Although no tenant right was found in Oudh, it
was unquestionable that mere cultivating tenants-at-will had

( 72 )

"what may be called proprietary rights in certain groves, so
long as they paid rent on their " khdlsa'' land. This has
already been noticed at paras. 65 and 76. There were other
parties found in possession of groves, old proprietors whose
other connection with the village had been entirely severed,
men who had purchased the right to plant, paii;ies who held
either of these tenures in morti^age or those of the cultivators
before mentioned. All these rights have been maintained —
old zamindars and purchasers, or titles derived from them, are
to hold their groves on the footing of under-proprietary rights
rent-free. Persons who, by favour, have been allowed to plant
groves may have a decree for possession, but are held to be
liable to pay rent for them, and cultivators may have decrees
for possession of theire groves, but of course their tenure is
coeval with that of their '^ khdlsa'' land. As however, they
seldom or never throw the latter up, the tenure of the grove
is a pretty secure one, and indeed the landlord does not wish
to interfere with it, because his high rents greatly depend oa

this concession.

•

184. The passion of the people for these groves, for it
can be called nothing else, is very remarkable. Unless very
well looked after they are apt to appropriate land for the pur-
pose. They plant the trees in their own rent paying fields,
and after a few years when the trees are grown 9 good deal
they will claim the grove and declare they got permission ;
arid a court would be very likely to take the landlord's silence
for consent. Not only this, but they have been known to buy
trees three or four years old, transplant them in the night, and
claim the field in which they are as their own grove land. It
is the only thing they can call their own the poor creatures have;
they name it after themselves, and they leave it to their chil-
dren; and when they lie under the shade of their own trees they
are comforted and soothed with the idea of proprietorship.
Many claims to groves have not yet been taken up, as the
establishment has been fully employed in other work, and it
was felt necessary to dispose of the various claims in the
^^khdlsa'' land first.

COST OF THE SETTLEMENT.

185. It will be observed, that I have made no attempt
to classify the cost of the settlement, or indicate the rate at

( 73 )

which the survey was effected or the records prepared. The
reason is that I am quite unable to give them correctly, or
even with such an approximation to truth as would be satis*^
factory. The supervising establishment has been eugaged in
superintending both these operations, as well as in the judi-
cial decision of cases, and it is utterly impossible to say what
charge should be set aside for each. Statement No. 4 of the
Appendix shows the total cost to be Rs. 1,90,943 up to the
time I made over charge, of which Rs. 52,520 is put down to
the survey, Rs. 52,625 to the preparation of records, and
Rs. 85,778 to the judicial and supervising establishment.
The details of the two former sums for each pargana are given :
to divide the latter among them was simply impossible.

CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE.

186. The present condition of the people is undoubtedly
one capable of much improvement. Under a government so
lawless as that of the Nawdbs and Kings of Oudh, whose
authority was supported by the might of the British Govern-
ment, while no steps were taken beyond a feeble remon-
strance, to do anything towards introducing better govern*
ment, the only safety for society was in the talukdaii system.
Each talukddr had his fort and armed retainers, and sent the
" gohar" round among his tenantry at need. Every man in
the country was armed and crimes of violence were fearfully
common ; and beyond the order kept by the talukddrs on
their own estates, and some attempt at government in the
larger towns, there was no control at all.

187. Of course old habits are not unlearned in a day,
and, on annexation, much of the old lawlessness remained.
This was, as might have been expected, increased during
the rebellion, when the country was full of rebel sepoys laden
with the plunder of the stations and treasuries of India. As
soon as the country was re-occupied, however, the people
were disarmed, and the turbulent characters have since then
been gradually but steadily settling down to regular employ-
ment*

188. The " talukddrs'' are, as a class, but little removed,
except in wealth and pride of birth, from the people among

10

wbom tiiey lire. As a rule, th^ are igaonnL VBedacatecL
and mmnfUeat. Ther spend enoniMMis suns ia nainagca
aod oner finnfljr eefcmoiiies^ and are oMiadT iMavflj ia deb^
There liaa been of late, however, a d eci ded im^oTeme&fe
amoi^ theoa- I bdiere the Land Mortage Bank has done
a dealci good. For the first tioK dter have been com-
pelled to lodk forwaid a little, and provide lor the v^^ihur
payment of the interest on theb loans, at any rata, and die
habit is an immense i m prov e mqit on Acg <Jd cns tnm^ Some
of them are sendii^ diieir sonata sdiools, and diey are begin-
niog to Asesrd the train of taking and bobtul, whidi they
Ibrmeriy considered' indispensaUe to thdr digni^. Among
the taloLdiurs are to be found some men of great shrewdness
and eapadty, bat they are not Tery nnmerons in the Bii
BareU district.

189* The zamind^ class, with whom may be classed
the hi^ caste eultiyators, were well-to-do, but I fear hare
lost mneh by the mutiny. General Sleeman states, that at
the time of his tour there were rixteen thousand of them in
the British Army and Civil Service from Baiswara alone. Of
course this number is now greatly reduced, and their savings
are lost to the country* But this class do not object to send
their vounger sons all over India into service of various kinds,
and there is no doubt that much money flows into the district
by these means. Their family remains at home in the village.
The tendency of this dass, under our rule, is to deteriorate,
as their rents were high, and the rigidity of our revenue law
in respect of default would have soon reduced those who were
under-proprietors to mere cultivators only. By raising their in-
terest where they ^ot a sub-settlement to twenty-five per cent,
of the assets, the Viceroy has conferred on them a great and
real boon, and, if they took to tenant farming, they might main-
tain themselves altogether, but I fear the inveterate tendency
of the native, irhen in possession of land enough to live on
the rents only, will prevent that desirable consumation»
This class of people deserve but little at the hands of the
British Government. They had been the pets of our admin-
istration and they turned on us most shamefully in 1857, but
they arc so much superior to the low caste cultivators, not
onl^ in intolligence and spirit, but even in freedom from pre-
judice, and, comparatively, from caste influences, that we

( 75 )

cannot but feel they are a more hopeful class than those
below them.

1 90. The low caste cultivators are very poorly off. They
live almost entirely on the inferior grains of the ^^kharif'
crop, the more valuable "raW going to pay the "mahdjan,"'
for nearly the whole of this class come under advances to the
village "mahdjan/' both for their food and their seed, and
make over the crop to him. They enjoy only a bare subsist-
ence, forjhe usual rate of interest demanded is 50 per cent, at
the harvest. Last year, grain being exceptionally high at the
time of ^*rabi" sowing, as the year before had been one of
short crop, the mahdjans refused to advance seed on the usual
terms, and they were arranged on the basis that the cultivator
was to pay back at the harvest one and a half times as much
grain as the then market price of the seed furnished would
buy when the harvest was reaped. With all this these people
are as improvident as their betters, and when a plentiful har-
vest puts something in their pockets, they spend it at once in
a marriage or something of the kind. In one respect I am
convinced their condition has been made worse by the action
of Government, and that is by the prohibition of the manu-
facture of salt in the country.

191. In 1859, when Mr. G. Campbell was Judicial Com-
missioner of Oudh, and in charge of the salt department he
estimated the population of Oudh with that portion of Nepal
supplied with salt from Oudh, at 10,000,000, which at six seers
per head per annum, gives 15,00,000 maunds of salt. The De-
puty Commissioner of Customs admits that six seers per head
is the propel' quantity, but he states that the inaportation of
western salt this last year into Oudh is between six and seven
lacs maunds. His data are not susceptible of much criticism,
but he is not likely to underrate the quantity. He states
that the manufacture of illicit salt is virtually suppressed, and
the proceedings of his department would seem to indicate it,
for, while more than three thousand persons were sent by the
Customs Department last year before the Magistrates of Oudh
for dealing in illicit salt, less than 160 maunds in all were
seized. The inference is plain, that the people of Oudh do not
get half the salt they require, for the settlement returns have
proved that Mr. Campbell did not exaggerate the population.

( 76 )

192. I had a long conversation on thia subject with Rdna
Shankar Baksb, a talukddr, in whose estate there is a great deal
of salt. He told me that the poorest class of labourers could not
pay for western salt, and did not eat it, that when they lived
on salt lands they fiirtively managed to make a little for their
own consumption, and now and then might sell a ser or so to
a neighbour ; but when they lived on land away from the
saliferous districts, they did without salt at all, or only tasted
it on gala days. I believe that this Want of a proper quantity
of salt has lowered the physical condition of the poorer classes
of people, and rendered tbem more obnoxious to all kinds of
epidemic disease.

193. The main cause of the poverty of the lowest class
of tenants and agricultural labourers is, b<^yond a question,
the density of the population and the disinclination of the
people to move to a new spot; for, dense as the population is,
there is land enough in the district itself to give them a large
measure of relief, if they would only break it up. But this
extreme feeling of local attachment descends to the lowest
grade of the agricultural class, and, as they have no other
em.ployment, they multiply their numbers and subdivide their
holdings till famine puts a limit to both. Major Orr has a
village on the banks of the Ganges, abounding in fair land
and noble trees, but very sparsely populated. He has another
on the banks of the Sye crammed with Edrmis, who are in
great destitution, and by reason of their numbers, living in a
state of positive indecency ; yet, though he has offered them
as much land as they like at very favourable rates in the
Ganges village, with wells, if they will only settle, and
advances to build houses, he cannot get them to go.
They prefer paying enormous rents in their own village to
moving where they would be in comparatively affluent cir-
cumstances.

194. There are no towns in the district, unless Rdi Bareli
be termed one; but I think the rank ot ^^ kasbah'' is as much
as could be assigned to it. It is an old Muhammadan place,
and the Muhammadan population is declining. They are for
the most part very poor and have adopted the Hindu practice
of spending large sums on marriages. The evil has become
ruinous, and by way of correction they have come to make

"-}

( 77 )

marriagea which are positively iDcestuous, to keep the money
in the family. An intelligent Muhammadan of the place ex-
pressed an opinion that Government could hardly confer a
greater boon on the people than to regulate these marriage
expenses by authority, and added that all classes would gladly
submit to it

195. The picture here drawn of the people is not a very
favourable one, but there has been much to keep them back
and nothing to lead them forward. Capital was not likely to
accumulate in a country where it could only be kept by force,
and idleness and improvidence are the natural consequences
of the insecurity of property, while what is accumulated is
hoarded and buried instead of being usefully employed ; nor
will a mere change of Government be at once followed by
confidence, however just its intentions and able its adminis*
tration, a fact, of which I may produce an instance. In the
cold weather of 1864-65, I was engaged in assessing the
pargaua of Kherou, which is nearly entirely irrigated from
jhils, and in that year of drought they were dry. The
water, however, was very near the surface, and, wherever
the rents were paid in money and high the people had dug
little wells and were watering their fields by means of
" dhenklis ;'* but wherever the rents were low or in kind,
they were doing nothing of the sort. The facility of the resort
was shown by the extent of its adoption where the pressure of
rent rendered it absolutely necessary ; but though the price
of grain was very high, not a man would take the trouble
for mere profit, poor as they were. This story was true, not
only of difiPereut villages, but of different fields in the same
village as the rents were high or low. But, considering what
the history of the province has been, there is no reason to
despair of the people.

AGRICULTURK

196. The better agriculture of the district is of a high
class, though it is not economical. It is the result of manual
labour chiefly. The crops look magnificeat and not a weed
is to be seen, for the plots are so small that they are able to
keep their fields as clean as a well ordered garden. The
people thoroughly understand rotation of crops. Indeed they

( 78 )

could not carry on as they do without this knowledge, for
the land is never allowed to lie fallow more than one harvest,
and that after bearing a succession of crops twice a year.
Sometimes they take three crops out of the same land,, a field
which has borne rice in the rains and wheat in the cold
weather having a crop of '*sawan'' sown in it in April. This

grain is cut about six weeks aftierwards Manuring is general
ut insufficient, as the dung of cattle, instead of being put
upon the fields, is made into fuel. There is a great want of
timber for fuel in the country, though the dhdk and babtil
both flourish, and there is abundance of land lying waste
suitable to their growth. Indeed there is much broken land
on the banks of rivers, which, though fertile, is unfit for
arable purposes, that would not only grow fuel most profitably^
but might be made a great source of revenue to the land-
holders if they would only plant suitable forest trees. One
of the most urgent desiderata for improving the economy of
agriculture is the introduction of a better breed of cattle.
I am afraid they cannot be bred in R4i Bareli or the adjacent
districts profitably, as there is great want of pasture, though
possibly the " khadir'* of the Ganges in Dhundia Khera and
Ghdtimpur, where the soil is low and moist, might better
answer this purpose. In the north of Oudh, however, the
Dhaurera and Ndnpdra breeds are excellent for agricultural
and carriage draught, and fairs and markets might easily be
established for the sale of them in every district in Oudh.
The supply is, however, limited, and attention would have to
be paid to the breed of these cattle where they are indigenous,
thrive, and have plenty of natural pasture. In the east of
Oudh, with a better breed of cattle, stall-feeding would have
to come into vogue or they would not answer. The present
plough bullocks are the worst I ever saw, but I believe stall-
feeding better animals would pay. I have more than once
regretted, during the settlement, that I had not the manage-
ment of the wards' estates, as I am convinced that where
lands are irrigated at present by the " beri " or " dugla "
from deep jhlls at a great cost of manual labour, good
strong bullocks with a Persian wheel, would raise the water
out of a cut made into the bank at less than half the cost*
On one occasion, I observe that to keep, one " dugla " going all
day, 32 men were required. I believe with an improved
Persian wheel, which would not have cost Rs. 100, two good

( 79 )

bullocks and two men, or a man and a boy, could have done
the work.

197. The people are, however, desperately averse to
adopt even the smallest improvement. The common mode of
raising water is by a large leathern bucket, two of the small
bullocks dragsfing it up* by a pulley, they going down an in-
cline. There is a man to drive the bullocks, and a man or
woman to empty the bucket. This latter is not unfrequently
over-balanced and falls into the well, and is drowned as often
as not when the accident occurs. Major Orr tried to intro-
duce a long nozzle from the bottom of the bucket, as is I be-
lieve in universal use in the Deccan. It absolutely saves the
labour of the person standing over the well. So long as he
was present they used it steadily and easily, but the moment
his back was turned, they tied it up and returned to the old
plan. It does not, however, do to be easily discouraged among
such a people.

•

198. For milk, probably, a good breed of buffaloes are
the more suitable to the district. In and about the numer-
ous jhils, there is a kind of pasture on which the buffalo
thrives, but which is quite unsuitable for cows. The animals
mi^ht be bred in the country, but some good bulls are re-
qmred. I have seen buffalo cows put to bulls really not
much more than half their size, and assuredly not the slight-
est trouble is taken to select animals to breed from. Local
fairs at well chosen localities where the Commissioner might
be present and invite the talukdars to meet him, would do
much to dissemminate the knowledge of better animals, spe-
cially if at the same time efforts were made to encourage the
breed in the proper quarter, and have the animals sent to the
fairs in question ; and if a little money was given to breeders
who brought good animals and could not sell them, as com-
pensation for their trouble and encouragement to come again
for the first year or two^ to set it agoing, the money woula be
well spent.

TRADE.

199. As might be expected from the description already
given of the country and the people, trade is at a very low ebb.

( 80 )

The imports are cotton and salt, the exports grain, saltpetre
and opium. The cotton grown in the district is not saflS**
cient to supply its wants, and it is supplemented by imports
from across the Jumna. Salt is impiHted mainly on account
of the government fiscal regulations in respect of that article
otherwise the country, it is supposed, could have supplied its
own wants. But the western salt is better, and it found irs
way into the Oudh markets for the consumption of the better
classes, even when the manufacture was carried on in the
province. The district does not export much grain, and its
exports of saltpetre and opium have nearly stopped. The
trade in opium has been stopped by order of the opium de-
partment, as there was too much for the market. The salt-
petre trade has been gradually falling off. There are several
causes for this. The first is the export duty, which, by rais-
ing the price in Europe, has promoted the discovery of a
substitute which is said to be both better and cheaper, and
that it is nothing but the lingering prejudice in favour of the
old article that keeps it in the marset at all. The second is
peculiar to Oudh. It is the failure of Sah Makhan Ldl, the
great contractor, who used to supply the advances necessary
to the crude manufacture, and was the proprietor of nearly
all the refineries in the country. The third is the action of
the Customs Department. It is almost impossible to prevent
salt being educed in the manufacture of Oudh saltpetre, and
the Customs Department wished to put the responsibility of
the prevention of this on the landlords. In this they were
not successful, for the courts would not support them, but
they managed to give the landlords so much trouble and an-
noyance that many of them refused to grant *' pattas'" for the
saltpetre lands.

200. There is but little room for trade as matters are at
present. The district consumes its own produce in the main,
and as there is nothing to export there is nothing to buy
with. The local trade within the boundary of the district is
carried on at small bi-weekly temporary bazars under the
auspices of the landlord on whose ground they are held. He
levies a small ^^ cbungi" and '^biai, ' and pays weigbmen out
of the latter fees to see fair weight pass between the parties.
This trade is intensely local, as proved by the fact that near-
ly every bazar has a different seer weight. A. general reform

( 81 )

of the weights and measures of the country would be a great
boon, and the sooner it is done the better, as, if delayed, the
system will adapt itself better to the altered state of things
and will then be more difficult to change/ The inconve-
nience of the present system is now felt, and advantage should
be taken of the opportunity to introduce a good permanent
general standard at once.

201. I am aware I have not drawn a very flourishing
picture of the trade of the province, but there are signs of
improvement. Communications have been opened, and the
people have built carts in many instances, and it must be
remembered that in the Nawdbi there was really no trade,
for each landholder levied a duty on everything that passed
through his estates. It will be a good while yet, however,
before Oudh will show anything like the trade activity that
is to be seen across the border.

^mm

MANUFACTURES,

202. The manufactures of Hdi Bareli are almost nil.
With the exception of the common country cloth woven by
the **koris" and ^*joUhas" of the district, and a colony of
braziers, who make brass pots in the Naggar bajsar, there
is nothing of the kind in the district Statement No. 2 of
the Appendix gives a detail of the trades of the district
The " mahdjans" are pretty numerous, but they by no means
represent the whole of the lending community. Every vil-
lager, who has had the luck or prudence to amass a little
money, dabbles in money lending. Indeed the whole com-
munity may be divided into lenders and borrowers.

PROSPECTS OF THE DISTRICT.

203. The prospects of the district are, I consider, hopeful.
Roads have been opened in all directions and many bridges
built. The revenue, for the area, is large compared with
many other parts of the country, and therefore there are more
rural local funds. A system of schools, district, tahsil, and
village, with trained schoolmasters for each, has been and
is being introduced into the province. The Canning College
has been founded for the education of the better classes

11

( 82 )

Dispensaries are ia fall work at all the sadr stations, and
branches have been opened whererer they seem likely to be
useful. Vaccination has been introduced, and a beginning
made towards the accomplishment of village sanitation.
A system of rural registration has been established through-
out the province, and the people are more and more availing
themselves of it, and an attempt has been begun to make the
post-office available to the rural districts by appointing
postmasters in suitable localities, and, by means of the d&k
cess, having letters delivered and collected in every village
of the district at an extra fee of half an anna a letter.

204, Oudh possesses great advantages. Its compact
territory, comparatively small area, large revenue, fertile soil,
and healthy climate, and its having an administration to
itself are no small matters ; and, as its revenue law, as it
stands at present, though as yet somewhat undefined, is
unquestionably the most advanced in India, there could be
but little temerity in anticipating for the district a future of
progress and improvement.

CONCLUSION.

205. In concluding this report I have to acknowledge
the assistance I have received. In my political history of
the district, I have freely availed myself of a personal history
of the " talukddrs" of the district, compiled by Mr. Capper,
formerly Deputy Commissioner. My assistants, Mr. Lang
and Captain Ouseley, have given me the most cordial help.
Mr. Lang joined in 1863 and left in April, 1865. He greatly
assisted me in maturing the plan of '^ assessment" and I have
the greatest confidence in his judgment and capacity. Of
Captain Ouseley's ability and application I have also a high
opinion. He joined in April, 1865, and is now in charge.
Both gentlemen assessed their full share of the villages
equally with myself, and though of course I am responsible
for their work in this line, which I here take upon myself
unreservedly, I had no occasion to correct any of their work
to speak of. They both thoroughly comprehended their work
and have done it to my entire satisfaction. I mention this,
as I believe it is not always that Assistant Settlement Officers
are entrusted with actually making the settlement, and I

( 83 )

Tvisli to point out the experience of these officers, and to ex-
press my full confidence in their ability to take charge of a
settlement. Both of them have taken up the highest and
most difficult judicial cases exactly as I have done myself, but
as their decisions came before yourself, your predecessors,
and the Financial Commissioner, and not before me, your
own records will show the quality of their work in this
department, I have already expressed my opinion on the
merits of IkramuUa Kban, Extra Assistant Commissioner,
who had charge of the survey. I believe him to be a first
rate officer. Extra Assistant Commissioner Najjaf Ali
Khdn, who succeeded him, had been doing judicial work,
determining claims to share, and his investigations are
usually full and complete. I have also to bring to notico
Tahsildars Chadami Ldl and Nizdm-ud-din who have been
Sadr Munsarims throughout. Both have worked well and
satisfactorily. Tahsildar Khizr Muhammad Khdn was my
Serishtadar throughout. He rendered me the most valuable
assistance and richly deserved his promotion. I also beg
favourably to mention Extra Assistant Commissioner Ghuldm
Haidar, who was Tahsildar and for some time Sadr Mun-
sarim. I sent him back to district work because I thought
him the best man I had, and the district had sore need of him.
Generally I wish to express my satisfaction with the whole
establishment, of whom there has been wonderfully little
complaint in the district.

I have the honour to be.

Sir,
Your most obedient servant,

I. F. MACANDREW,
Settlement Officer, Rdi Barell.

\

No. S.-

I

o

.a
o

43

OS

5

SIrSldkini.

I

•8
aa

3 .

Bais.

1^

I

1

2

3

4
5
6

7

8

9
10

11

12
13
14

Name of Cultivator.

JaggarNithBaksh, son of Bani Singh, 1
I^imberddr, ... ... j

Kalka Buz, son of GancBh Baksh,
Nar^ Buz, son of Bhawani Baksh, ...

Total area.

Total.
Bent.

B. Bis. Bw. Rs. A. P.

Total,

Bma Singh, Shikmi of Jaggar Nath Baksh,

Bhawamdin, son of Maherban Junw&r,

Bachii Singh, son Bamau Singh,

Kallian Singh, son of HuUs Singh, ...
Budhf Singh,

Indaie Singh, resident of Kharakpur, ...
Bholeh Singh, son of Ganeshi Chaudhn,
Porun, son of Ganesh Baksh,

Dhowkul Singh, ... ^.

Dma Singh, son of Bhagwant,
Bhyru Singh, Chaudhn,

Juddeo Singh, son of Gujrdj Singh,

Banjit Singh, son of Bani Bahadur, .«.
Sheo Bux, son of Duryao Singh,
Bamdin, son of Ousari Singh,

57

31
37

19
19

127 I 1

43

8
17

18

64 12 Ol

38 23
37

139 14 3

Average @ 1/2

Total,

*4

10

20

9
2

7
8
1

18

15
4

22

6
6
3

13

4 6

Average @ 0/15

15

1

13

his

4
17

14
17

137

1

15
6

.1.

19

3

6

14

4

8

14

13

15

17

8
5

34 8

74 2

18 5 9

5 8

10 8

20 12

4

60

32

10

27

60

49

2 4 6

Ehai

84,29

650,65

102,

1184,

65S
1179

72Q,7J

335,4?

5S

843,84

6 1354 3

Average @ 2/9

48

Sbttlement Office,
RXi Barel! :
77^ Gth December 1866.

I

^RENT i

No. 8. A. — JR

t

ITparbar.

1x6%

orahNo.

6,422,645,
9,662,663,
1180,1181,
176, 1011

1668,1178,
^1182,183,

W,726,726

nt.

B

A.P.

Khurah
No.

2,590,591

ai6

8,584
138

4,847,866

),681

] 00
• 00

^

00

To

00
00
00

12
00

*3

Unxrrigated.

Area.

Rent.

121

48,92

59,60

17,20

54,55

21

B.

Bit. Bw.

Ba. A.P.

00

00

6

6

4

I

4

2

17

6

3

32

1

6

11

9

13

11 10

9 12

10

17

5

19

Average

8 00

6

2 4 6

46 6
1/6

I. F. MACANDREW,

aMment Officer,

Irrigated.

1

KhaanJi Ko.

258, 337, 338,

791, 792, 816,

821, 828, 829,

882 and 883,

. 806, 809, 810
and 811,

799 aJid 814,

340 and 341,

800, 801, 802,

816 and 820,

807, 808 and

880

812. and' 886,

253, 254 V887,

287 and 288,
289 and 874,

1881,

817,

339,

482, 484,[498,
499, 603, 504,
505 and ;491,

818 and 890,
200 and 201,

949,
300,

6

•
1

4

6

2

6

1

1
1

19

•• •
8
2

13

15
8
1

17

2

14

19

44

1
1

1

1

1'

10

Average'

8

1
1

• • •

14
13

• • •

•• •

• • •

•••

• ■ •

• ■ t

1

3

1

8

1(

14

Z

8. A.—R

irigated.

B. Bis. Bi

21 13

Average

••• ct*

6 19

t«i I •••

4' 3

1 17 1'

1! 4 <

Kind of
holding.

4^

09

BO

u

S

I

■I

8 M

11

12
13

14

15
16
17
18
19
20

i

2
3

4

6
7
8
9

Name of Cultivator.

lUm Bakflh, son of Edpan, Pandey, ...
Shewdin, son of Eamparshad, Brahman,

Total area.

B. iBis. Bw.

Rs. A. P.

9

28

Stikhni, son of Bhagoli, ...

itf •••

Gangadfn, son of Bamparshad, ...

Girdhari, son of Fakir, Brahman,
Mihm Lfl, son of Sudku, Brahman, ...

Mihln Ldl, son of Tula,

Nidhan, son of Jurawan, Brahman, ...
HiralilandBamBaksh, Brahmans, ...
Jia, son of Khurgf, B rahman, ...

Total, ...

Uman Singh, son of Khtishal Singh,

XJlaiiLUr, ... .•• ••• ••• ••<

Ishri Singh, son of Kalander Singh, ...
On Singh, son of Munna Singh,
Bahdiir Singh, son of Han Singh, ••.

Taji Singh, son of Mtinna Singh,

Basdo Singh, son of Diwan Baksh,
Panchum Singh, son of Sheo Baksh, . . .
Jit Singh, son of Ousari Singh,
Jit Singh, son of Gujraj Singh, Th£ktir,

38

14
21

2
13

11

34

5

12

3

21

1

1

5

15

12

16

1

10

I

11
5
1

7

16

9

11

6

14
4

18
6

14

14

6
1
3
9
8
15

Total
rent.

—I

^1

9
26 12 3 86(

8 7 3

60 14 0^^^
938

21 8 8
53 1 9

10

15

k 10

10

10

13

6

1

4

14 6 3
7

15 14 9

169
17
19

[ 30

46 4 3

6 10

4 8 9

11

22 8

12 9

3

8 10 9

14 11 6

8

f.

» t

\

l/parhar.

[laarah No.

aonnt.

,A.P.

and 947,

3 6

>69, 862, 935,
)39 and 951,

81, 195 &; 199,
180, 188,
191, 193,
& 192,

303,

I & 950,

and 286,

•••

453,

454,
833,

13

5

/5

2

Khasrah
No.

704&707,
1068,

•••

•••

696

701, 703,
706&727,

736

•••

693

610,613,
and 614

•••

66

•••

697&708.

Unirrigated.

Area.

B, Bis.

19

10

Bw.

Amount.

B8.A.P.

12

14

••• •••

2

6

23

11
8
1

3 4

13 6

4
16 9 9

8

«• t t..

9 ' 11

7

12 9 6

Average @ /9

9

!

6

9

2

1 12

•t*

•• •

8

8

3

19

13

3

2 12 6

Irrigated.

Ehasrah No.

. I

•••

455^456

12, 13, 16,

140,153

154,167

&141

5, 6, 21, 156,
163 k 158.

2, 3, 11, 19, 20,
22, 28 & 165.

9, 29, 151, 152, &
164.

Area.

B.

Bis. Bw. 11

8

11

8

14

18

i' '

2 11 18

17

2*

6 2(

11 i-^

'l\\^

-ea.

J. Bw.

A,
E-

18

17

<?

6 2(

•••

1 1:

to

t4

I

I

3

o

I

I

I

26

27

28
29

30

3J
82

33

34

35

..

Name of Cultivator.

Gang& Singh, son of Mar(Un Singh, Go-
Gurd(n SingJf son of Furaat Singh,

JDftl nrOr, ••• ••• •■• •••

Midho Singh, son of Bhawini Singh,
Mat£d(n, son of Lalamand,

Total area.

B. iBiB.

Mohkum Singh, son of Fahlw&n Singh,

Bakhtiiwar Singh, son of B&mdfn

Singh, ... ••• ••. •••

Hanwant Singh, son of Gkund Singh, ...

Sheo Singh, son of Nehfl Singh,

Balwant Singh, son of lUmgiil&m *>
Singh, Thikfir, ... ... j

Ishrf Singh, Ganc& Sineh, Chandi )
Singh and Bhawanf Singh,

$

Totals

L

S
«

M

1

2

Oi^ son of Nuri, Kachf,
Ishrf, son of Ganeshi, Kachi,

Bakht£war, son of Ulsf, Kachi,

32

17

10
6

39

1
5

66

97

•• ••<

17
3

24

Bw.

19

14

4
15

16

12
3

19

3

18

1
16

17

Total,
rent.

Bs. A. P.

5

5

7
16

13

10
9

13

6

1
18

14

!ri^

Ehasra

»r

A

89 8 6

24 8 3

21
8 4 3

42 15 9

8
8 16

63 12 6

35 8 6

4,7,8,
14

b;

-J

%

m

1

■ «

\

i

I

.

ATJ

490,

3 80

36 15 9
3 6 9

255,29
316,31
801
917,
294,236,
QQ ,. q' 262,271,
^ ' " 296,88*

91

' 1

l/pariiar.

j^oindhai

JiKo.

Inigatei

A

a

I*

9

»•

10, 139,

18.

-495,

2,314,
7,318,
5.

930,

241,247,
272,273,
1,888,

Amovint.

B.

W

h

11

13

17

14

t«* r /

B8.A.P.

26 10

••t

12

•••

23 8 6

Kluwrak
No.

690,
62,68,

92,65,
83,

(V 394, 395,
""396, 397,

3 80

53 12 148 8 3

^e@l^

.•I

691, 720,
726,

702, 716,

Unirngated.

Areft.

B.

Bis. Bw.

Amonnt.

Bm. A.F.

•••

8

!

83

9 14
15 14

19

1 1 3
9 00

9

10

16

...
••I

2 8 9

19

46 3

Average @ /9 as.

I'

19

8

18

8

13

Amount.

Rs. A. P.

88

6 O

1
4

10
10
18

8 O
8 O
5 9
O
2 d

44

2 8

20 15 O

20 10 Ol
15 6

10 O
25 3 8

6 13 3
22 1

19 9 6
12 12
27 4 6

88 8

438 S 8
6/15.

ioindhar. aar.

Unirrigated.

lAmount

Rb, a. p.

'Khasrah

38 6

)15
> 10

5 6

30

759, 762,

777,
627, 630,

637,
592, 593,

• ■ •

758,

636, 638,

Area.

B.

5
6

i

4 6

O O

308,
602,

89, 98,
656, 662,

f • •

682, 760,
87, 88, 90,

Bis.

Bw.

3

19

5
10

8

3
6

4
10

• • •

• • •

8

• * •

• • •

14

3

••• ••■

Amount.

Rs. A. P

15

» • •
• • t

4
10

2 6 3

5 5 3

2 4 6

9 3

Khasrah
Wo.

1 12 6

12

4 3

13 6

1 15 9
•••

• • •

1 13 6

4 3

1052,

1062, 208,
209,

1059,

107, 109,

1032,

i;

96,

984, 990,
991, 994,
995, 1055,

•i

•I

Unirri

Name of

'A

(A

OQ

31

32
33
34
36
36
37

38

39

40
41
42

£hurwa, Bon of Bac
Chmgu, son of Gum-

Ghonsi&m, son of I

Mtinnui, son of Ma

Moti, sonof Minda

Mondu, son of Jia, )
Mehrban, son of Ki
Mohan, son of Mine
Nanklia, son of Mak
Nohri, son of Non,
Nidhan Goba,

Hira, son of SadhtS,

Ishri, son of Dewan
Gangii, son of Dew
Kub, son of Bhawii
L&ld, son of Ousar
son of Bandu, I^c

T

Total c

Total of I

B.

An
i

}

J

2

10

1

•

5

1

•

3

t

77

298

Land held

Land recently thro?(

Land he

Total of la

Total of c

Y 16

16
314

■

ITparhar.

kted.

Irrigated.

Unirrigated.

Amount

•

Khasrah

^0.

Area.

Amount.

Khasrah.
No.

Area.

Amount.

•

Bw.

Bs. A.

P.

B.

Bis.

Bw.

Bs. A. P.

B.

Bis.

Bw.
6

Bs. A. P.

• • •

• • •

•t •

•• •

•• •

**•

• • .

724,

3

6

13

9

17

10

6

1048,

19

10

4 8

• • •

. • •

1 1 1

•t.

• • •

• • •

•••

• It

•• •

• • •

• t •

. •*

• .«

...

• • •

*• .

. • .

4

12

1 1

3

53, 106, 97,

4

18

17

4 10 3

• • •

**•

• • •

...

*• ■

2

15

3 7

6

• • •

• ••

•• •

• • •

1 • *

• ••

...

• • •

*.*

• • p

6

2

4
3

5

• • ■

6
18
15

• • •

7

• • •

2 2

10
5

t • •

6

6

1033,* i034,
469,

1037,' 1051,

• • t

3
2

•••
•••
4

• • •

6
8

• • •

• • 1

4

• ••

11
12

• ••
■ • •

18

■ ■ •

12
3

■ 1 •
• • 1

5 7 8

731,
1065, 1066,
470,

636,

m
• ••

1
5
4

•••

•*•

17

17

.••
18
( • «

16

15

2

.• •

8
•••

3 9

2 4 3

.280

■ • •

5 3

* 1 1

2

10

1 4

•■ •

• • •

• •t

• •1 • • •

1

• t*

.* •

• •*

••*

.• «

3

2 14

•••

•••

•• •

• ••

*•*

...

...

• . .

*• .

...

6

• • •

• • •

4 4

• • •

• • •

•••
• • •

■ • •
• • •

• • 1

• • •

• 1 1

• ••

• a.

. . ■

• . •

...
...

...
• • •

•••

4

. 10

•• •

• • •

• It

f ■ •

*••

...

.«•

• . .

• . «

14
age^

••*

6

ra

10

44 12
9 As.

8

•• •

49
204

8
At<

6

2'

^rage

50 8 8

@1/

...

45

6

Avei

18 10 6
^6 As.

7

14

125 2 6

@ 7 Annas
per Bigah.

• • •

3

239 5 6
@ 1 Bupee
and 3 As.
per Bigah.

• »•

190

18

11

90 2
@8 Annas
per Bigah.

• • •

•1 •

1018,

8

•*t

712,

1

14

6

!•«

7

7

•••

211,

1

13

5

• . •

1071,

1

13

12

I««

• • •

•• •

» • •

• ••

« • •

•*•

...

• ••

...

•• •

«.«

• t •

6

• • •

..•

• • •

• >.

...

• • •

...

...

. • .

7
5

t • •
7
1

• * •

• t ■
t • •

• • •

• • f

• ••

1 • •

1
206

• • •

16
2

• • •
5
8

*..

...
. • .

f * I

3

194

7
6

• • •
18
9

« • •

ji.-j

V- '- i
' f

A

4^7fl

\\

-i

J

fl-PJ
K'cyj

APFElf

No. 9.

17 Pdrwas.

FaUiddH Bats.
AIHAB. SuiocABT JakI, Bb. 2,325

Coltivated, ... 1,634
Banjar, ... 730
BagLs, ... 270
tA, ... 261

Chahl, ... 104
Abi, ... 1,290
Unirrigated,... 320

P. W. 7 Depth. Ghapperband, ... 366
K. W. 3 15 Paikaaht, 6

Site,

Total,

... 166
.,. 1,183

Domat, ... 1,017
Matiar, ... 367
Bhdr, ... 269

Goind, ... 428 4
Manjahar, .«• 665
ITparhar, .«• 639

t ChaxLkid&n Bs. 144

... 4,241

DETAIL OF ARBB88MBNT.

■

•

OLD PAFEBa

CtsAMB,

irea.

68

...
69
8
11

127

...

4

• •■

• ••

• ••

r

121

•••
194

28
166
163

649

23
...
44
2
38
82

187

81
...
42

2
...

8

130

122

...

236

21

& 92

} 46

617

67

Ftoposed.

SoQice. "

fear. ^'^•

Ohok Patl]
1,244 ...
Tillag

Ba.

bar.

45

e.

6,287

4.340
8,886

• ••

8,289
1.428

1,861

4,206
1,464

1,866
1,198

lannfl

FAPBR.

Bent]
69

• ••

63

8

14

189

...
...

4

•«•
•■•

• ••

4

619

...
734

68
443
281

2,188

108

...

184
6

64
46

864

712

• ••

289
6

...
6

1,014
666

811

88

266

108

1,77(

• • •

Elate 1

1-2

...

1-1

0-16

1-4

• ••

1-2

..•

...

0-16

• ••

»••
•••

0-16
6.1

• ••

8.13

2.8

2-13

1-18

3-6

4.7
...
8-0
2-1
1-16
1-6

2-9

8-12

• ••

6-12

2.11

...

1.14

7-13

4-10

• ••

8-7

1.13

2-12

2-4

i 8-7

• ••

8-6

Elate

6-0
8-12

• ••

8-12

• ■•

• ••

• •«

• ••

8-18

...
...
...

...

Rent

266

...
221
8

80

...

619

• ••

• ••

16

...
...

16

1

rotal

519
16

Sir. ... 1

»• ••• ?
fff ••• J

„ ...

It . , ••• <»

Vfo, 1 ... 421
„ 8 ... 7
„ 8 ... 593
„ 4 ... 71
„ 6 ... 299
„ 6 ... 240

TahsU,

Lomber-
diKrs,

esiTenii]
, naetioii

W. b..

Total, ...

Total, ...1,6»4

1,241' 1-AQaI

J. b..

f> ••• J
» ••• J
ft ••• *
.» ••• J

Bentbyparga-
nah rates, ...

Goind, ... 2,206
Manj, ...2,420
Upar, ...1,302

42
46

...
48
49

...
58

54
56
...
6^
66

ifinp
LBomi

1,482
1,023

• at

917
469

569

1,822
530

886
810

eesam
tted.

J. b. W. b.,
J. b. and

Thok.

Thattar I>o.,

J. b.. Do.*

Total, ...

Total. ...6,018

J. b , Do.,

Brahmaas,... 1

»• ••• 5

H ••• *
t» ••• J

•• ••• 6

Bent for as-
sessment, ...

Bent, ...5.930
Waste,... 182
OroTes,...

Thattar

Tara.

Oanesh.
Ditto,,
Ditto.,

• Total....

2,188

Total. ...6.118

Chattris, ... 1

„ ... 2

„ ... s

>» ••• 4
ft ••• 6

¥otal, ...

354

1,014

l,77fi

12C

6,0^(

The rates ar
1 in Mgahs

*

KtinnfB, ... 1
,. .»• ■
ff ••• J
ff ••• I

" ••* i
ff ■" ^

Total, ...

Others, ' ... ]

ff •• \
„ ... »

ff ••• ^

»f ••• •

ff .»• '

Total, ...

iB,th«aiiM

Bent-free, ...

Grand Total,

1,63'

1-6,428

\

*

0IXE.3.

A fine large village with much jhfl irrigation. It has always been kacha and the
assets tills year are given at Bapees 5,315. Rates generally good and may be aocepted
except the sir. The sir is very fine and may well pay the Brahman rates. It is gene-
rally better land. I have put the Brahman rates on the s£r and added Rupees 120 for
40 bfeahs m'aff and shankalp which is a low valuation. There is too mnch ITsar al*
lowed out of the waste by the Amin- but as there is a great deal of it, perhaps it is best to
leave it alone. I put 4 annas a bigah however on what he returns as culturable.

Jama, ...
Cesses,

Ghak JamiSy
Cesses. ..t

•••
•••

•••

•••
•••

•••

•••

•• •

•••

3,059

77 3,136

64
2

66

Total Rs., 3,202
Darkhast taken.

•hO

• *•

3 SS«3

• • •

• ...

I

: I • 2 • •

I I • X • •

• • • • • ■

s • • : •

3

*'i§a

CO 00 00
00 00

s

•

pH O)

S eo

3

lO

3

S S

^

3

3*^ IS

i

f

-

[APPEN

No. 9

INjrwasQ

CttltiT»ted, ...1,638 -
Banjar, ... 196
BaffhB, .«. 155
Tit .. 244

8ita f^

Vmage E.hw«. No. 207 Su^^l^J^rm

ChahL ... 350
Ab£, ... 755
Unirrigated, 532

P. W. 19 ^ Depth.
K.W. 3j 12

Ghapperbandy ... 167
Paikaaht, ... 42

Hft*C9y •••

VaaTy

Total,... 2,:

w -

29'
}31

Domat, ... 653
Mattyar, ... 135

Bhtir, ... 850

Goind, ... 345 Chankldira twa, Land
Manjahar,... 893 value, Bs. 60
Ifparhar, ... 400 Ballahir one. Cash „ 12

Detail of Assessment.

Old Papers.

1

22

2

15

...
■••
...

Jama-
bandf.

Proposed.

I

1

1

Class.

1

20

2

14

• ••

• • •

• ■ •

1

0-15
1- 2
1-0

• • •

• ••

• • •

1-

3-3

• » •

2-3

»••

...
...

1

2-0

1

44
2

22

-J?

68
192
347

Jl
S3

!S

L4
)6
H

8£r, ... 1
f, ... 2

99 ••• 3
" ... «

•' ...

99 — 6

No. 1 35
99 2 5
,9 3 5:
99 4 3]
„ 5 2(

99 6 li

Total, ...

39; 38

Total, 1,638

Bent by par-
g a n a h
rates.
Goind, 1,594
Manj, 2,468
ITpar, 693

ShUuni, .,. 1
•• ..• 2
*' ... 3
" ... 4

99 ••• "

99 ••• 6

44

■ ■ *

23

« * •

• • *

68

57
8
81
40
31
23

241

'54

6

277

135

124

83

679

74

• • ■

34
45

• • •

39
192

33

7

104

77

49

45

316

103

163b

< 142

...
50

...

...

192

126
7

143
17
40
12

347

I

Total, ...

2-14

Total, 4,755

Brahxnans, 1

99 ••• 2
99 ••. 3
99 ••• ^
99 .'. ^
99 .•• 6

2- 3
0-15
1-12
0-7
1-5
0- 9

1-7

1-8
2-6

128

3

415

48
148

46

Bent for assess-
ment.
Bent, 2,609
Waste, 12
Groves,

Total, ...

Total, 2,621

C&attrfe, 1

99 ».. 9
99 •»• 3

,, ... -4
,, ... u

9» — C

128 2- 6

3:0-9

2901- 1

48 0- 6
1481- 3

46 0^ 9

666 1-

438 5-15

••• ...

65 1-15

13 0-5

... •••
120-5

-

Total, ...

288 788

&^nu8, ... 1

99 ••• 2

91 ••• 3

99 ••• 4
99 ••• 5
99 ••• ^

530

364

220

2509

Total, ...
Others, ... 1

99 .•• 2
99 ••• 3
99 ... ^
99 ... 5
99 — ft

Total, ...
Bent-free,
Grand Total,

530

73,
12
165
44
60
18

364

• * «

2138

^12

2- 3
1-13
1- 9

0- 9
1-0

0- 6

1- 2

a • •

1- 5

•

*

DIX E 4.

A.

Kacha — T'alukddr's zemindiri.
Soil is generally good.
Surface is level.

More than f rds of cultivation is irrigated from tanks
and wells.

Kental of 1272 f. was.

The rates shown in . the irrigated lands are generally *

very low, and it is quite impossible to
Rs. account for the fluctuation of the rents ;

J^o Cash. the very best lands adjoining each other

and held by the same person, fetching 7
annas and Rs. 3-8 per blgah. Chattrls
2,199 Total. holding at unreasonably low rates in No.

3, their rates have been raised, and the lands held as sir being
the best in the village, the rates on them have also been raised.
Some of the banjar lands are bare, and some covered with
jungle, but all poor looking ; assessed at one anna per blgah.

The lands held by Brahmans
&c., and for service are mostly the
best irrigated lands, and have been
assessed at Bs. 2 per bigah ; and
the Chauklddrs' lands at Rs. 4-10
per blgah, or 94 bigahs @ Rs. 2-5
per bfgah.

854 Kind.
15 Saier.

Of the rent-free lands.
Bigahs.

5 are Baghs.

4 ff patches and fallow.
77 „ held by Brahmans &c.

4 ,, I) for service.
13 „ ., Chaukldars at Ks. 60
or 4-10 per bfgah.

103 Total.

Jamd, ...
Cesses,

• • •

« « •

... 1,260

...

31

Total,
Darkhast taken.

... 1,291

This village has been added as its Shajrali was given.

( ii )

Ben. — A small open basket used for raising water from jhils, Ac, for
irrigating fields.

Bh^r, — Sandy soil.

Bigah. — A native land measure. In this report it means the " Sb4h-
jah&ni bigah'' which is the standard measure of the Oudh field
survey. It is 3,025 square yards, or five -eighths of an acre.

Bijar. — Stiff soil lying low. It is chiefly sown with rice only, but
sometimes gram is srown in it also. It is the land classed as ^^mat-
y4r " and is generally inferior to " diimat''. It is not true uiatyar,
however. Sometimes this land fetches high rents.

Biswa. — ^The twentieth part of a bigah. The size of the biswa varies
greatly in diflTerent villages, — but the proportion between it and the
bigah never varies. It is used sometimes to denote fractional
shares in an estate or holding, the bigah being considered the whole.
In Bai Bareli however, the anna and its parts are far the more
commonly in nse for this purpose.

Budur. — The channels by which water is led from jhils, Ac, in order
to be raised for purposes of irrigaticm.

Bullahir. — A village servant maintained by the zamindar, whose duty it
is to carry messages, d&ks, &c., to wait on travellers, and guide them
on their way to ttie next village.

C.

Cesses. — One and a quarter per cent, of the assessment.

Chdhi. — Land irrigated from wells.

Chak. — An aggregation of contiguous villages used for assessment pur-
poses, or a similar aggregation of contiguous fields in a village for
purposes of measurement.

Chakla. — The territory subject to a chakladar.

'Chakladdr. — A revenue oflScer of the native government, ' sometimes
subordinate to the n6zim, sometimes holding ofiice direct from the
durbar, but with a more Umited jurisdiction than the n&zim.

Chakurdna. — Rent-free land held by village servants.

Chdnda. — Name given to the theodolite stations of the revenue survey
forming the ends of the main lines from which the village bound-
aries are laid down.

Chapparhand. — A cultivator who lives in the village and rents land
within its area. In respect of such land he is said to be,a chap-
parhand cultivator.

CAaiftf/iW.— Formerly a revenue oflScer under the native government,
but of late years it is but a title pertaining to the descendants of
those officers, who are now generally talukdars.

Chaukiddr. — The village policeman.

( ni )

Chiingi — A duty on sales levied in bazars by zamind&rs, and in certain
larger bazars by the local authorities, for their watch and ward and
conservancy.

D.

Del'hli.^^A lever with an earthen pot attached to it, used for raising
water when it is very near the surface. It will only irrigate a very
small area.

Dhi. — A village site*

DhtiL — A small earthen mound, erected to mark the boundary of vil-
lages.

Dihi — See Nankar.

Diwalband. — An armed retainer of a talukddr.

Dikfla. — A larger kind of '^beri/' which see.

Dumat, — Soil composed of two earths, clayey and sandy. It is mixed
in various proportions, and the best land in the district is known
by this name.

i?Mr6ar.— The executive government of a native state. Also the re-
ception in public of native noblemen and gentlemen by a native
prince, or high English official.

F.

Farmdn, — An order in writing issued by a crowned head.

G.

GhallaL — The collection of rent in kind.

Gohar. — A summons sent round by a talukdftr in his strait, calling all
the fighting men on his estate in arms to his assistance, which they
were bound by custom to render. It is similar to the ancient
" fiery cross" of the Scottish Highlands. '

Gaind, — Inlying land. Lanci about the village site, almost invariably
well watered and manured, and the best in the village.

G^oraft.— The same as " ballahir," which see.

H.

Hadbast. — The record of the boundary of a* village.

Balwar.-- An agricultural labourer who works for wages, generally paid
in kind.

^dr.— Classification of the soil according to its distance from the vil-
lage.

JBazAr raft«i?.— Direct payment of the revenue into the treasury, vrith-
out the intervention of any government officer.

( iv )

Hmaddr. — A sharer. In describing particularly the shares in patti-
d&ri estates, this word is used thus. We have the ^' thokddr,*'
headman of the ^' thok/' '< pattid&rs/' headmen of the '^ pattis/'
and "hissad&rs/' sharers in the ^^patti«" These ^^hissad&ra" are,
Jiowever, often spoken of as ^^pattidkrs."

L

Ijdra. — Farming the government revenue. The word is used in con-
tradistinction to '^ am&ni/' and signifies that the nazim or chak-
ladir has engaged to pay the treasury a certain fixed sum for the
year, getting wliat he can from the people for himself.

Ismi, — See Nankar.

J.

Jdffir. — An assignment of the government revenues on a specific
portion of land. The diflerence between it and " mu&fi" is, that
"j^gir" was not understood, under the native government, to
convey the proprietary right, while " sirkari mu4fi" was usually
understood to do so.

Jama. — The government revenue and local cesses payable upon the
land.

Jamabandi.— The rent roll of the village, prepared for the purpose
of assessment.

*/amai.— The collection of rent in money.

Jamogh. — A process, sanctioned under native rule by law or custom
by which the lessor of a village or estate, not having confidence in
the lessee, mi^bt send his own servant to collect the rents an
account being kept of the same, the lessee being entitled to tiie profit
or liable for the loss accordingly as the collections exceeded or fell
short of the sum for which the village had been leased. The lessee,
in such a case, was said, in local parlance, to be in ^^ pucka'' pos-
session of the village, though he had no management of it what-

ever.

Jamoghddr. — The person empowered to. collect the rents under a
jamogh.

JeiWJ.-^The length of the side of a square, the area of which is one
bf gab. It IS therefore the square root of a bigah. It varies neces-
sarily with the bigah. The length of the standard " jarib" of the
khasra survey is 55 yards, and fte chain used in the survey is one
half of it, 2l\ yards. The word is sometimes used for the chain,
but properly speaking, the chain is only a half " jarfb."

Jaulahas, — Mahammadan weavers.

K.

Kahulyat. — Counterpart of a lease ; also the engagement of the " m&lgu-
z&rs " to pay the government revenue.

V

( V )

£ao^a.— Literally raw. The word is used to signify the collection of
the rents direct from the as&mis by the government or the ta-
lakd&r, in contradistinction to ^' pucka" whicn means that some per-
son or community have engaged to pay a sum agreed on for the vil-
laj^e for the year^ taking their chance of profit or loss npon the
collections^ wnich then belong to them. When the collection is
kacha, as above^ if the persons having zamind&ri rights are left in
possession of their sir and nankar, they are said^ in local parlance,
^' to hold kacha ^' ; hence, in such a case, a zamind&r will declare
himself to have been in possession of the village, thotigh lie has
had nothing to do with the management, but such possession he
terms ^^ kacha." Sometimes the zamindars of a village collect
the rents, as ^^ mukaddams," for the talukd&r or the government
officer, receiving some payment for doing the same, either in rent-
free land or in the shape of a deduction from their rent. , Such
management is not termed possession of the village, unless they hold
their sir or nankar (that is dihi or proprietary nankar), and in case
they do hold the sir and nankar, the possession is still only termed
'^ kacha." A person collecting as mukaddam, therefore, who has
no zamind&ri rights, is not said, in the language of the district, to
be in possession at all. The word also means anything imperfect,
or less perfect, in contradistinction to ^^ pucka", which means per-
fect or more perfect. Thus, a " kacha" well means a well simply
dug in the ground and perhaps propped up with wood, or twig-
ropes, or wattles, while a '^ pucka" well is one built with masonry.
It has also the signification of temporary, as opposed to ^' pucka*'
in the sense of permanent.

Kacha nikdsL — See Nik&si.

Kachhdr. — The same as ^^ khadir," which see.

Kddir. — Low land on the banks of rivers, cultnrable and cultivated, but
more or less subject to inundation.

iiTanM^.— Appraisement of the standing crop with a view to fix the share
of the landlord where rent is paid in kind. This custom is resorted
to for the purpose of preventing fraudulent misappropriation on the
part of the tenant if the crop is not divided till gathered.

KantHngo.'^A par^ana revenue officer (land remstrar). This office
was instituted by Todar Mai, as part of Akoar's revenue system, s
and was hereditary, the payment being in rent-free land. Thd
office is retained by us, but the duties are somewhat altered.

Karinda. — Agent of a talukd&r.

KasbcL. — Something between a village and a town.

jR Aa2ia.— Land liable to the payment of rent. The word is used as
opposed to mu&fi.

Khdm. — The Persian word for ^^ kacha"; also sequestration of the profits
of an estate ; a punitive measure to which a ^^m&lguz&r^" uiid^
our laW; is liable for default in payment of his revenue.

( vi )

Kharif. — The antomn crop.

iJiXatfra.*— A list of the fields in a '^mauza'' giving the measurement^
sitaation, quality, and all particulars regarding each field, with the
name of the person cultivating it during the year of survey. In
Oudh. this paper is not a record of right of any sort, differing
in this respect from the '^ khasra " of the Nortn- Western Pro-
vinces.

Khatiauni, — A record of the holdings, forming distinctly several proprie--
tary rights, which have been decreed to any person judicially. Con-
sequently, in a talukd&ri village, where there are no under-proprie-
tary rights, there is no ^^ khatiauni." In such a village, where only-
specific lands are held in under-proprietary right, only such fields
are entered in the ^' khatiauni." In co-parcenary villages, whether
held direct from government in proprietary right or in sub-settle-*
ment from a talukd&r, only those fields are entered which are held
separately by the shares. From this it is evident, this paper is quite
a different tning from what it is in the North- Western Provinces.

Khatta. — ^The tenth part of the chain used in the ^^ khasra " survey.

Kltera. — ^A hamlet situated on the lands of a parent village. Many
" kheras" have in course of time become completely separated, and
are ^^ mauzas" now.

Khewat. — The register of the proprietary shares in an estate or in a
" sub- settlement " where tqe property is coparcenary.

KJiAdJcashi. — Literally, one's own field. The word is used with refer-
ence to the fields a man cultivates with his own ploughs and bullocks.
It is used equally of a proprietor cultivating some of his lands, or of
a tenant in respect of the lands he cultivates himself, as distinguished
from those he may sublet. In Bai Bareli, however, subletting is
not oonmion, so the word generally refers to a proprietor.

Koris. — Hindu weavers.

L. #

Lakhirdj. — Revenue-free; is the opposite of " m&lguz&ri."

Lamharddr.-'The milguzdr or malguzdrs who sign the "kabulyat," and
are the representatives of a coparcenary community.

LopcAarcM.— -Baising water by means of a leathern bucket or bag. This
is the common mode in Oudh, the power being generally bullock
draught.

M.

Mah^an. — A money-lender.

MahdLr^Kn estate.

JUdlffUzdr. — Any person directly responsible for the government revenue.
All the sharers in a coparcenary estate are mAlguzars, provided they

( vii )

hold direct from government, and the estate pays revenue. If the
estate is a sub-settled one^ the sharers are not mftlguz&rs, as what
they pay the talukdar is rent, not revenue, and is recoverable under
a totally different process.

MMguzdrL — Liable to government revenue. It is opposed to *' lakhi-
rtj."

Mdlikdna, — An allowance made sometimes to dispossessed proprietors.
In Oudh it is decreed as a charge on the estate, and the lien lies
next after that of the government for the revenue.

AJanja. — The same as " khadir," which see.

Manjahdr. — Land lying intermediately between the inlying and outlying
lands of a village, with reference to the " ab&di."

Marwat. — See Tenures.

Matyar. — Clayey soil.

Maxiza. — A parcel of land, demarcated in one and having a place and
number in the settlement records. It is usually conterminous with
a village, but sometimes one or more villages go to make a mauza.

Mthton. — The Hindi equivalent of "Mukaddam." In practice, this
word, however, is only applied to low caste men, when in the posi-
tion of village manager.

Mote, — Name of the leather bag used to raise water from wells for the
purpose of irrigation.

Mud/i, — Rent-free. It also means revenue-free where it is held direct
from the state. The word is the opposite of ^' khalsa."

Mukaddam. — An inhabitant of the village who manages it for the pro-
prietor on theproprietor's account. He may be an under-proprie-
tor, or not. He receives an allowance either in rent-free land, or
in deduction from his rent. Such allowances, however, are quite
distinct firom similar zaminddri allowances, and cease the moment
the mukaddam gives up the management of the village.

AMstajir, — A farmer of the Government revenue.

N.

Nankar,-- An allowance or deduction from the rent of land. It is of vari-
ous kinds as follows. 1«^, dUii nankar: — Originally this allowance
was made to the person who engaged for the revenue in the
naw^bi. As that person was the proprietor, it was at once an
acknowledgement of his proprietary right, and an allowance to him
for managing the village. It was deducted from the sum payable
on account of the village, and it so appears, village by village, in
an account of the settlement of the pargana of Bareli by S&dat
Ali Khan, which is extant, and is filed with the settlement pro-
ceedings of Mauza Kowadih, pargana Bareli, and district of
Kai Bareli. in process of time, many of the villages which
appear in this list were incorporated in talukas, and the nankar is

( ^"i )

found sometimes to have been left with the old zamind&rs entirely;
sometimes in pai% and sometimes to hare been appropriated hj the
talukdar. It is not correct therefore to say that this description of
nankar pertains to the malguzar now» In Oudb, it is recognized
as an under-proprietary right, wherever it may prove to have been
held by the under-proprietor within the term of limitation, and is
either deducted from the rent of his ^'sir*' lands, or taken into
consideration in calculating his profits, to determine the amount of
rent he is to nay for the viUage, provided a sub-settlement has been
decreed to him. 2ndy Ismi nankar : — ^This is an allowance made
by favour to some person named in the deed. It was liable to resump-
tion at any time. If it took the shape of a money deduction, it
would not be recognized in Ondh; if it was rent-free land, it would
follow the mu&fi rules ; be upheld in perpetuity if granted by the
Nawabs or Kings of Oudh, or by the Emperor of Delhi, and their
farm&n shown for it ; if, on the contrary, it was held by no valid title,
it would be upheld for the life of the holder, provided it had been
held for twenty years at annexation. If held for a less period, it is
resumed* 8rd, Tankhai nankar :^Au allowance for work done.
This nankar usually took the form of rent-free land. The principal
instances of it were the kaniingo's allowances. Those kanun-

S>s who are retained on the establishment, are now paid in money,
eir rent-free lands being resumed. The lands of the others have
either been resumed and compensation given in a pension or a lump
sum, or they have been released for uie lives of present ineum-
bente. It has been an object of the local government to get rid of
this description of nankar as much as possible. — 4th, Talukddri nan^
kar: — Originally, this was of the nature of " dlhi nankar," and
was one or more villages given to the talukdar, revenue-free, in con-
sideration of his engaging to pay the revenue fixed upou his estate.
Of late years, however, it was much abused, and villages were re-
leased in favour of talukdars who were in favour, or who could con-
ciliate influential people about the nazim or the court, not except-
ing these authorities themselves. If the king's order to release the
viSage was procured, the "nankar*' was called "mujrai daftar," as
it then appeared in the dew&n's books. Notwithstanding that the
firitish Government has restricted its. own demand to 50 per cent,
of the assets, these nankar villages are now maintained, revenue-free,
for the life of the talukd&r, provided he has so held them fur twenty
years before annexation.

Wherever rents are paid in money, nankar is a cash deduetion
and it gets to be rent-free land in this way. The person who receives
it usufdly holds ^' sir" besides, and " sir" alwavs pays some rent.
From so much of it the nankar was deductea, and consequently
that portion came to be rent-free ; but this was made up partly of
the beneficial interest pertaining to the sir holding, and partly
of the nankar. For further information, see ^^ 1 enures," also
an account of the most common coparcenary tenures existing in

( ix )

the district in the naw&bi in the body of the report^ paras. 61
and 62.

If dr. — The rope by which the" mote" (which see) is drawn up fronr
the well.

Nawdbi. — Oudh was so calJed' by the people under the native govern-
ment. Latterly it was a kingdom, but the people generally took
no notice of the change.

Ndzim. — An officer of the Oudh Government, to whom was delegated
all the powers of the government within his jurisdiction. The
province was divided into four niz&mats ; viz*^ Ehyrabad, Sultan-
pur, Gonda-Bharaich. and Baisw&ra ; but of late years it was not
customary to appoint a n&zim to Baiswdra, and the charge was
given to ^* chakladirs.'' The ndzim was an officer of very high
rank and dignity.

Nazrdna. — Presents made to a superior, incumbent on every one seeking
an interview with a superior under native rule.

NazM, — Escheated lands. The word is not applied toescheats to the
government onlv. Thus, groves which were the property of a
cultivator or other persons, and escheated to the proprietor of the
villages for want of heirs, are always termed "nazul."

NiMsi, — The assets of the village. The word is chiefly used as " kacha
nik&si." This means the assets of a village as estimated in the
nawdbi for the revenue. It consisted of the as&miw&r rental, the
sir rents (always favourable) and the sewai, excluding that portion,
of the full rental of the sir lands enjoyed by the proprietors and:
all the village " mudfi," of whatever sort.

P.

JPaikasJU. — A cultivator, who cultivates land in another village. The
same man may be, and indeed is, ^^ chapperband" in respect of
lands in his own village, and " paikasht " in respect of those in an
adjoining, one.

Fatta. — A lease.

Patti. — A subordinate division of a village, separately managed, yet
jointly liable for the whole.

Pattiddr. — Often used to signify a sharer in a coparcenary estate, but
more correctly, the headman or manager of a patti, as opposed to
"hissad&r," which see.

Fattiddri. — See Tenure.

Patwdri. — The village accountant. He keeps the accounts of the
sharers in a coparcenary estate, and those of landlord and tenant
in all. In Oudh he is the absolute servant of the talukd&r, who
pays him and may appoint and dismiss* him at pleasure. In copar-

* His power ot dismissal has recently been modified to a certain extent.

B

( X )

cenary eftiates, wbeUier directly engaging or sabsettled, an heredi-
tary ^* patwiri ^' cannot be dismissed without the order of the
Deputy Commissioner. In other respects they are not interfered
with.

Pucka. — A Hindi word signifying literall^i boiled or cooked. In
revenue matters in Ondn, however, holding '^ pucka'* meant engag--
ing for a village or purwa at a lump sum for the whole year. Ibe
word has nothing whatever to do with proprietary right, and is
eqnally applicabfe to the holding of a village by a '^must&jir" or
'Ubekadar'* as by an old zamindir in the Rai Bareli district.
Nor lias it anything to do with actual possession. The right to t^he
profit on the lease, or the liability to the loss resolling from it, is
what constitutes holding ^^ pucka'* under native rule. Thus, if
the lessee failed to give security, and the talakdSr put in a ^^ jamo^h-
d&r" to manage the village and collect the rents, the jamoghdar

S'ving pattas to the as&mis, still an account was made up, and
e pront or loss credited or debited to the lessee, as the case may
be, and he was held to be in ^^ pucka" possession in consequence.
This has been made the test of possession in deciding claims to
sub*settlement. The word is opposed to ^^ kacha," which see.

Purwa, — A hamlet with land attached to it within the area of a mauza.
It is the same as ^^ khera" ^^ but it is a less local word.

R.

Rabi, — The spring crop.

Bahat.'^-'A Persian wheel.

BerU'free. — Meaning obvious. It is only introduced here to draw atten-
tion to the distinction between it and ^^revenue-free."

Rent-rates, — Average rates of the pargana paid for different classes of
soil, both irrigated and unirrigated. They were the result of a
comparison of villages of all classes, and care has been taken in deter-
mining them. Their use is to enable the officers, superior to the
settlement officer, to institute comparisons if they feel that they
can interfere with the assessment.

Revenue-free. — Meaning obvious. See Rent-free.

S.

Sod-duu — Two per cent. Mr. Carnegy says it was a deduction from the
jama of Todar Mai, allowed on account of the kanungo's wages,
and this is consistent with the nature of this charge ultimately, as it
was commuted into rent-free land, which undoubtedly, under native
rule, was a charge ou the State. The kaniingos of Rai Bareli,
however, unanimously declare that it was a cess in addition to tho
jama, and not a deduction from it. There is nothing impossible in
this, as, from the time the Government of Oudh became hereditary,
Todar Mai's limit appears to have been exceeded in the govern-

( xi )

ment demand, and there was plenty of margin to admit of the go-
vernment allowing the kaniingo's " tankhai nankar." It will be
fnrther explained in the text of the report.

SaUdb. — Land snbject to annual inundation. It is chiefly on the border
of rivers and jhlls.

Sanad. — The title deed of the estate of a talakdar, given to him by the
British Government. The word also means a title given by com-
petent authority.

San bais. — The year 1222 F., corresponding to 1814 A.D., which is
the year of the settlement of Oudh by Nawab Sddat Ali Khan.
No general settlement has since been made until the British Govern-
ment took it up.

Sayer, — The spontaneous product of the soil, in respect of which the
labour of gathering or procuring is only expended.

Settlement. — The whole revenue arrangements, including survey, assess-
ment, and the decision of claims to rights in land.

Sewai. — ^This word has two meanings. One is the cesses fixed at the
settlement over and above the Government revenue, the other
means the assets of a village over and above the rent of tlie land,
including the sayer, bazar dues, &c.

Shajrak. — The field map. Each field in the village is shown in it, and all
waste land, culturable and barren, sites, tanks, wells, roads, &c. The
fields are numbered to correspond with the khasra numbers, where
the particulars of each field are to be found.

Shankalap. — See Tenure.

Sihadda. — The boundary mark where three or more villages join at the
same spot. It is made of masonry to distinguish it irom the com-
mon **dhui."

SijiL — ^A proceeding of the King of Oudh's Court at Lucknow.

Sir. — Land cultivated by a proprietor. In Oudh, it is equally applied
to the land cultivated by an under-proprietor at favourable rates,
and which he holds in virtue of his proprietary right.

Shikmi. — A sub-lease.

Sub-settlement. — A tenure created by our rule, being considered the
equivalent of the right of under-proprietors in a talukd&ri estate
wnich they enjoyed in the nawibi under certain circumstances.
Its effect is to give the under-proprietors the full proprietary right
over the lands included in the decree, subject to a rent to the ta-
lukd&r fixed for the term of the settlement.

T.

Takdvi. — Advances to agriculturists by landlords or government.

Ihkka Mra. — Dues on the occasion of betrothals and marriages, paid to
the old zaaiindars of the village if it is incorporated in a taluka : of

( xii )

course, to the existing zamiad&rs, if they are in possession. The
receipt of the dues is admitted evidence of former proprietary
right.

Talukddr. — A person who holds land under the '^ sanad'' of the British
Government.

Talukddri.'^See Tenure.

Tankhai. — See Nankar.

Tefiures. — Are in great variety ; some of them are the creation of our
policy, some of our revenue system, some we have upheld pure and
simple as we found them. They admit of division into single and
coparcenary, and into proprietary and under-proprietary tenures.
Besides this, however, lately, at the instance of the Viceroy, the
talukd&rs have conceded a right of occupancy, under certain rules
as to the adjudication of rent, to old proprietors who had been dis-
possessed of all beneficial interest.

Single proprietorship may be divided into the simple proprietor-
ship of a single person established in a competent court, and taluk-
d&ri tenure. The tenure of each is equally valid, the proprietorship
equally^ complete. The difference between them is ; first, — if a
village was incorporated in the estate of a man without a sanad,
within the term of limitation, without any valid title arising from
a voluntary transfer on the part of the old proprietor, it would be
decreed to the old proprietor in full proprietary right direct from
government, on the facts being proved* If, on the contrary, the
village had been incorporated m a taluka, the best terms the old
proprietor could get would be a sub-settlement, the rent being
fixed on the basis of his former profits, raised to 25 per cent, of the
^^ assessment,*' in case it was below that, under the rules recently
sanctioned by the government ; secondly, — the tenures difier as to
rule of succession. If the primogeniture clause is in the talukd&r's
sanad, his heir, according to that law, succeeds, provided the
talukd&r dies intestate. But his sanad gives him power to make
a will, and to leave his estate to whomsoever he pleases. In the
case of the proprietor without a sanad, the Hindu or Muhammadan
law, as the case may be, must be followed, modified of course by
any regulating local custom. It may be remarked that in some few
estates, sanads have been given in the name of more than one man.
Each of such persons has all the rights of a talukdar over his share
of the estate ; but, as inconvenience is likely to arise from conflict-
ing claims hereafter, the probable result will be the complete par-
tition of such estates, which are very few in number.

Coparcenary proprietorship collectively possesses exactly the
same rights as single proprietorship without a sanad. It is in
the relation of its members to each other its variety consists. I
proceed to detail such as are to be found in Bai Bareli.

Baiddiara, — The land is divided, and the liabilities are according to the
actual holdings. This tenure, like ^' pattidari," is perfect, if all tho

( xiii )

land is divided, imperfect, if part is divided and part held in com-
mon. In the latter case, there is a special village custom for the
disposal of the common assets.

The tenure of the village being pattidari or baiAohara, it is quite
consistent with the facts, as observed in the Rdi Bareli district,
that its component thoks and pattis exhibit sometimes different
tenures. Thus— the village may be pattid&ri, and one patti may
be zamindari, another baidchara, and a third pattidari as the vil-
lage. Indeed, these sub-divisions are quite independent, and are
united only in their common obligations to their superiors. Their
constitution and internal management are distinct, and in no wise
rest upon each other.

Although the tenures hitherto described are proprietary or supe-
rior tenures, the same description, in everything but the talukdari
tenure, suffices for the tenure called sub-settlement. Except in the
substitution of the words " talukd&r" for "government" and "rent"
for "revenue" the tenures are the same in every respect.

The under-proprietary tenures of " sir" and " nankar" have been
already described under those headings.

Marwat, — Grants of land rent-free or at a low rent, in consequence of
one of the family being killed in battle for the talukddr. This
tenure, like the last, though thrust into the category of " talukdari
muafi," and therefore liable to resumption at me pleasure of the
zaminddr, was, in truth, as well recognised an under-proprietary
right in ttie nawibi as any tenure that could be mentioned. It
was never resumed on any pretext.

It is quite evident from the foregoing, that the tenures in Oudh,
known by the same names, differ greatly from those of the North-
Western Provinces. The definitions of talukddri and coparcenary
tenure in the directions do not apply. It is perfectly possible in
Oudh to find whole talukd&ri est^ites in which there is not a double
proprietorship in a single village, while under-proprietary rights in
coparcenary villages are far from uncommon. In nearly every
taluka, there are some villages in which there are no under-proprie-
tary rights at all. And this is not to be wondered at when the
effect of a law of limitation is considered. In the North-Western
Provinces, what were termed traces or indications of proprietary
right, lost no matter how long before, were considered sufficient to
give some of the village people the settlement of a talukddri village,
the talukd&r only getting " malik&na." And, in the case of copar-
cenary villages me ancestral tree alone determined men^s right to
share. But when we apply a law of limitation, this cannot be
done. The claimant is required to prove possession of the thing
claimed within the period of limitation, and nothing is more com-
mon than to find, in talukddri villages, that persons claiming to be
old proprietors have been deprived of all beneficial interest for
many years ; while in coparcenary villages, sharers, in many in-
stances, contented themselves with the enjoyment of their sir lands.

( xiv )

abandoning all connaction with tlie risk and management of the
village, from a period Ions anterior to the term of limitation,
whicn they left to their breUiren, Under Oudh mlea, the cdaim of
the former of these two is only recognized to the extent of the
right of occupaDcy under conditions already alluded to, and in the
latter the claimant's petition for share would be rejected, while his
title would be upheld to any sir lands ihat he may have been proved
to have held within the term of limitation.

IhUUUri. — The land is divided, and the liabilities are according to the
ancestral shares. This tenure is perfect if all the land is divided,
imperfect if part is divided and nart in common. In Oudh, it is no
part of this tenure that the holdings should correspond with the
shares, and consequently re-partition to adapt the noldings to the
shares, or re-arran^ement of the shares to adapt them to we hold-
ings, are things unheard of.

Shankalap.- — Though not acknowledged by the Oudh rules, as ther
stand at present, as an under-proprietary right, unless jpurchasea,
this tenure had really that character in the naw&bi. It is gift of
rent-free land to a Brahman, and is usually given on special occa-
sions of sorrow or rejoicing. It was never resumed, and it was
coDsidered a misfortune for it to lapse for want of heirs. The re-
consideration of the orders regarding this tenure is, however, I be-
lieve, now engaging the attention of government.

Zaminddru'^'la exactly the same as laid down in the directions to
settlement officers. The land is held in common ; the govern-
ment revenue and village expenses are paid, and what remains
is divided among the coparceners according to their ancestral
shares.

TheJccKldr. — A lessee.

TKoib.— A division of a pattid&ri or hby&chara estate, usually contain-
ing two or more pattis. The headman is termed ^ thokdar^' and is
generally one of the ^^ lambardfirs*' of the village.

U.

Uparhdr. — Outlying lands, with reference to the "abidi.''

W.

TFo/ift-uZ-ar^r.— A record of the existing customs of the village.

Z.

Zabti. — Money rents on the more valuable crops, such as sugar, tobacco,
and cotton, where rent in kind is the rule. I have not met the
word in use in the district, nor any equivalent for it. Special rents
were not agreed on beforehand in such cases, but the landlord used
to levy something extra, sometimes, when the crops were gathered.

( XV )

This, however, was a very exceptional case. The fact is, money
rents prevail throughout the district, and rents in kind are only
found on lands too poor to grow the crops in question.

Zaminddr, — A landholder. In this report, the word is used, in contra-
distinction to talukddr, for the xinder-proprietors as well as for in-
dependent landholders.

Zamvnddri. — See Tenure. In this report it is also used to signify pro-
prietary right.